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https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%95%84%ED%95%9C%20%EB%AA%A8%EB%85%80
์šฐ์•„ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋…€
ใ€Š์šฐ์•„ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋…€ใ€‹๋Š” 2019๋…„ 11์›” 4์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2020๋…„ 3์›” 27์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์˜๋œ KBS 2TV ์ €๋…์ผ์ผ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ธ๋ฐ ๊ทน ์ตœํ›„๋ฐ˜์— ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณ‘ ์„ ๊ณ , ๊ฐ„ ์ด์‹, ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™๋“ค ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๊ณผํ•œ ์ „๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„์ง€์ž ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€์— ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ‰์ด ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํš ์˜๋„ ์›์ˆ˜์˜ ๋”ธ์„ ์œ ๊ดดํ•ด ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์‚ผ์€ ์—„๋งˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ํ™”์‹ ์ด ๋œ ๋”ธ, ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ตœ๋ช…๊ธธ : ์ฐจ๋ฏธ์—ฐ ์—ญ 56์„ธ. ์œ ์ง„๊ณผ ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์–‘์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ด์ž ํ•ด์ค€์˜ ์ƒ๋ชจ. ํŒ๋„๋ผ ์‚ฌ์žฅ์ด์ž ๋กœ๋ผํŒจ์…˜ ํšŒ์žฅ. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์บ๋ฆฌ ์ •(์ •๋ฏธ์• )์œผ๋กœ, ์ฐจ๋ฏธ์—ฐ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณธ๋ช…์„ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žฌ๋ช…๊ณผ ์€ํ•˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚จํŽธ ๋ช…ํ˜ธ์™€ ์•„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด์•„์˜จ ์—ฌ์ž. ์›์ˆ˜์˜ ๋”ธ์ธ ์œ ์ง„์„ ์œ ๊ดดํ•ด ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ฉ”๋ž‘์ด ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฐธํ˜นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€๊ณ  ๋งˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์„ฑ์˜ ์†Œ์œ ์ž. ์ฐจ์˜ˆ๋ จ : ํ•œ์œ ์ง„ ์—ญ (์•„์—ญ : ์ด๋‹ค์ธ, ๋ณ€์ฑ„์—ฐ) 30์„ธ. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์ œ๋‹ˆ์Šค ํ•œ์ด๋ฉฐ ์€ํ•˜์™€ ์ธ์ฒ ์˜ ์นœ๋”ธ(ํ™์œ ๋ผ)์ด์ž ์„ธ๋ผ์˜ ์–ธ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์ด๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ํŒ€์žฅ โ†’ ์ด๊ด„๋ณธ๋ถ€์žฅ โ†’ CEO. ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ์นผ๋‚ ์„ ๊ฒจ๋ˆ„๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ. ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ํ™”์‹ ์ด ๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ ์•ž์—, ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง„์‹ค ์•ž์— ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€. ํ•ด์ค€์˜ ์—ฐ์ธ โ†’ ์•„๋‚ด. ๊น€ํฅ์ˆ˜ : ๊ตฌํ•ด์ค€ ์—ญ (์•„์—ญ : ์ด์„œ์ง„, ์ด์žฌํฌ) 31์„ธ. ์œ ์ง„์˜ ์—ฐ์ธ โ†’ ๋‚จํŽธ. ์žฌ๋ช…๊ณผ ์œค๊ฒฝ์˜ ์–‘์•„๋“ค์ด์ž ๋ฏธ์—ฐ๊ณผ ๋ช…ํ˜ธ์˜ ์นœ์•„๋“ค. ์ œ์ด๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž์ด์ž ์ œ์ด๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ด๊ด„ ๋ณธ๋ถ€์žฅ โ†’ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ํŒ€์žฅ โ†’ ๋ณธ๋ถ€์žฅ โ†’ CEO. ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ. ์œ ์ง„๊ณผ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์™•์ขŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์— ์ฒ ์ €ํžˆ ๋ฐฐ์‹ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์šด์˜ ํ™ฉํƒœ์ž. ์˜ค์ฑ„์ด : ํ™์„ธ๋ผ ์—ญ (์•„์—ญ : ์ดํšจ๋น„, ๊น€์ง€์•ˆ) 28์„ธ. ์€ํ•˜์™€ ์ธ์ฒ ์˜ ๋”ธ์ด์ž ํ•ด์ค€์˜ ๅ‰ ์•ฝํ˜ผ๋…€. ์ œ์ด๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํŒ€์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™”๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งคํ˜น์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ด์ค€์„ ์žƒ์„ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜์ž ์นœ์–ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์œ ์ง„๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ. ํ•ด์ค€๋„ค ๊น€๋ช…์ˆ˜ : ๊ตฌ์žฌ๋ช… ์—ญ 60์„ธ. ํ•ด์ค€์˜ ์–‘์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์ด์ž, ๋„๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ถ€. ํ‰์‚ฌ์›์—์„œ ์ œ์ด๊ทธ๋ฃน ํšŒ์žฅ๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ๋ƒ‰์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ํƒ์š•์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์•…์˜ ์ถ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ. ๋ฏธ์—ฐ์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ์ธ ๋ช…ํ˜ธ์˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋นผ์•—๊ณ  ๋ชฉ์ˆจ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•—์•„๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์บ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ œ์ด๊ทธ๋ฃน ํšŒ์žฅ ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์˜๊ถŒ์„ ๋นผ์•—๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์ง‘์—์„œ ์ซ“๊ฒจ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๊ฒฝ์ˆ™ : ์กฐ์œค๊ฒฝ ์—ญ 55์„ธ. ์žฌ๋ช…์˜ ์•„๋‚ด์ด์ž ํ•ด์ค€์˜ ์–‘์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ. ์ œ์ด๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฌด๋‚จ๋…๋…€ ์™ธ๋™๋”ธ๋กœ ์€ํ•˜์™€๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋™๊ธฐ. ๋ฐ๊ณ  ์ง€ํ˜œ๋กœ์šด ์—ฌ์ธ. ๋น„์„œ์™€์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํ•ด์ค€์„ ๋‚ณ๊ณ  ์žฌ๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ง๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ํ•ด์ค€์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ํ•ด์ค€๊ณผ ์œ ์ง„์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œ ์ง„์—๊ฒŒ ์นœ๋ชจ ์€ํ•˜์™€ ์—ฐ์„ ๋Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข…์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜ํšจ์ • : ์กฐ์ˆœ์ž ํšŒ์žฅ ์—ญ (1~5ํšŒ ํŠน๋ณ„ ์ถœ์—ฐ) 30๋…„ ์ „ 60๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜. ์œค๊ฒฝ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ. ์ œ์ดํ™”์žฅํ’ˆ์˜ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ์ฃผ. ์„ธ๋ผ๋„ค ์ง€์ˆ˜์› : ์„œ์€ํ•˜ ์—ญ 55์„ธ. ์„ธ๋ผ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ด์ž, ์œ ์ง„(์œ ๋ผ)์˜ ์ƒ๋ชจ. ๊ฐ•๋‚จ์˜ ์œ ๋ช… ๋ผ๋ผํ”ผ๋ถ€๊ณผ ์›์žฅ. ํ˜„์ง ์˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ตด๊ณก์ด ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ด๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‚ถ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ. 30๋…„ ์ „ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‚ฐ๋ถ€์ธ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ์˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฏธ์—ฐ์˜ ์•„์ด์™€ ์œค๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ฃฝ์€ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์น˜๊ธฐํ•œ ์žฅ๋ณธ์ธ. ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ํ›„์—๋„ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ตํ†ต์‚ฌ๊ณ  ํ›„ ์บ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์šฉ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‘ ๋”ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ ์ง„๊ณผ ์ธ์—ฐ์„ ๋Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ดํ›ˆ : ํ™์ธ์ฒ  ์—ญ 60์„ธ. ์„ธ๋ผ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์ด์ž, ์œ ์ง„(์œ ๋ผ)์˜ ์ƒ๋ถ€. ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์— ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๊ฑด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ์ •์˜๋กญ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์Šด์ด ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ, ์€ํ•˜์™€์˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์„ ๊ฟˆ๊พธ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ. ์–ธ๋ก ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ์ž ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ์•ผ๋‹น 2์„  ์˜์›. ๋Œ€์„ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ผ์‹ฌ์ด ์ฐฌ ์ธ๋ฌผ. ์œ ์ง„๋„ค ์ดํ•ด์šฐ : ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ ์ • ์—ญ 29์„ธ. ์บ๋ฆฌ ์ •์˜ ์–‘์ž๋กœ ์œ ์ง„์˜ ํ˜ธ์ ์ƒ ๋‚จ๋™์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ด๋ฆ„ ์ •์—ฐํ›„. ๋ชจ๋…€๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ํ˜ธ์œ„๋ฌด์‚ฌ์ด์ž ์ง‘์‚ฌ. ์ง์—…์€ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ. ์œ ์ง„์„ ์ง์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ ์ฐจ ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฃผ์€ : ์˜ค ๋น„์„œ ์—ญ 29์„ธ. ์บ๋ฆฌ ์ •์˜ ๋น„์„œ. ์ด์ •ํ›ˆ : ํ•œ๋ช…ํ˜ธ ์—ญ (1 ~ 4ํšŒ ํŠน๋ณ„ ์ถœ์—ฐ) ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋‹น์‹œ 32์„ธ. ์บ๋ฆฌ ์ •์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ์ด์ž ํ•ด์ค€์˜ ์ƒ๋ถ€. ๋ฒค์ฒ˜ ํ™”์žฅํ’ˆ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ. ์žฌ๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ํŠนํ—ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋นผ์•—๊ธด ํ›„ ์˜๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตํ†ต์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋– ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ ๊น€๋ณด๋ฏธ : ์„ค๋ฏธํ–ฅ ์—ญ (1 ~ 76ํšŒ) 57์„ธ. ์บ๋ฆฌ ์ •์˜ ์ ˆ์นœํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ ์–ธ๋‹ˆ. 30๋…„ ์ „ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ. ์š”์–‘ ๋ณ‘์›์— ์ž…์›ํ•œ ์ค‘์ฆ ์น˜๋งคํ™˜์ž. ๋๋‚ด ์ง„์‹ค์„ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ˆ˜์˜ค : ํ•„๋ฆฝ ์—ญ 31์„ธ. ์„ธ๋ผ์˜ ์นœํ•œ ์˜ค๋น ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ๋‘ฅ์ด. ์„ธ๋ผ์˜ ์ฃผ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง„๊ณผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํŒ…์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์ค€ํ˜„ : ๋‚˜๊ธฐ์ฃผ ์—ญ 43์„ธ. ์€ํ•˜์˜ 30๋…„ ์ „ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๋”ธ ์œ ๋ผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์„ค ํƒ์ •. ์ตœ์™„์ • : ๋ฐ• ์›์žฅ ์—ญ ๋ฏธํ–ฅ์ด ์ž…์›ํ•ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์š”์–‘๋ณ‘์› ์›์žฅ. ๋ฐฑํ˜„์ฃผ : ์ด๋ชจ ์—ญ ๋ช…ํ˜ธ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ชจ๋‹˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ. ์ตœ๋‚˜๋ฌด : ๊น€ํฌ์ • ์—ญ ์œ ์ง„์„ ๋บ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ์—ฐ์ด ๊ณ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฐ€์งœ ํ™์œ ๋ผ. ์žฅ๋ฏธ๋‹ค๋ฐฉ ์—์ด์Šค ์ถœ์‹ . ์†ก๋ฏผ์žฌ : ํ™ฉ๋„๋ฆฌ/๊ตฌ๋„๋ฆฌ ์—ญ 7์„ธ. ์žฌ๋ช…์ด ํ•˜๋ฃป๋ฐค ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ ํ˜ผ์™ธ์ž. ์žฌ๋ช…๊ณผ ์œค๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํ‰์ง€ํ’ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ด์‹œ์œ  : ํ™ฉ์ž์˜ ์—ญ ์žฌ๋ช…์˜ ๋‚ด์—ฐ๋…€๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ์˜ ์นœ๋ชจ. ์žฌ๋ช…์˜ ์ฐจ๋ช… ๊ณ„์ขŒ๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์บ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์žฌ๋ช…์˜ ์ œ์ด๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ฐจ๋ช… ์ฃผ์‹์„ ๋„˜๊ธด๋‹ค. ๋„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ๋งก๊ธด ์ฑ„ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‘๋ฐ”์ด๋กœ ๋– ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊น€๋„์—ฐ : ์ •๋ฏธ์•  ์—ญ ๋ฏธ์—ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋™๊ธฐ. ์ถœ์†Œ ํ›„ ๋ฏธ์—ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฌ๊ด€์—์„œ ์ง€๋‚ด๋‹ค ํ™”์žฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋ฏธ์—ฐ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž์˜ ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ์˜ค๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์ •ํ˜„์„ : ์ตœ ๋น„์„œ ์—ญ - 53์„ธ, ์žฌ๋ช…์˜ ๋น„์„œ ์ตœ์œค์ค€ : ๊ฐ•๋งŒ์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์žฅ ์—ญ - 60์„ธ, ๋กœ๋ผํŒจ์…˜ ๋ฐ”์ง€์‚ฌ์žฅ ์ฐจ๋‹ค์˜ : ์ฐจ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ ์—ญ - 26์„ธ, ์ œ์ด๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…ํŒ€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ ์˜ฅ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ : ๊ฐ„๋ณ‘์ธ ์—ญ - ๋ฏธํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋ณ‘์ธ ๊น€๊ฒฝ์•  : ์˜คย ๋น„์„œ์˜ ์ด๋ชจ ์—ญ - ์š”์–‘๋ณ‘์› ํ™˜์ž ๋ฐ•์ •์–ธ : ๊ตฌ์ฒญ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€๊ณผ ์ง์› ์—ญ - ํ•ด์ค€์ด ์นœ๋ชจ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌ์ฒญ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€๊ณผ ์ง์› ์ •์ˆ˜์ธ : ์—๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ ํ‚ด ์—ญ ๊น€์žฌ์ผ ๊น€ํšจ์ง„ ํ™์œ ์ง„ ์ด๋„์œจ ๊น€๋ฏธํ˜œ ์œ ์˜๋ณต ์„œ๋ช…๋• ์ •์ƒ์ผ ์žฅํ˜„ ์˜ค์ง€ํ˜ ์„œ์œ ๋ฆผ ์ด์ƒํ˜„ ์ •์—ฐ ํŠน๋ณ„ ์ถœ์—ฐ ๊น€์ข…๋ฏผ : ๋ณธ์ธ ์—ญ - ์„ธ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ์˜ˆ์ธ (103ํšŒ) ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ  ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ ์‚ฌ์œ  ๋ฐ ์—ฐ์žฅ ์šฐ์•„ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋…€ ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์ด 100๋ถ€์ž‘์—์„œ 3ํšŒ ์—ฐ์žฅ๋˜์–ด 103๋ถ€์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ™•์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋ฐ ํ›„๋ณด OST Part.1 : ํƒœ์‚ฌ๋น„์•  - ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์ด ๋‚  2019.12.28 Part.2 : ์˜์ง€ - ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์ด ๋‚  ๋– ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ 2020.01.04 Part.3 : ๋””์ผ€์ด์†Œ์šธ - ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ ๊ธฐ์–ต 2020.01.11 Part.4 : ์ œ์ด์„ธ๋ผ - ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์ด ์ €๋งŒ์น˜ ๊ฐ€๋„ค 2020.01.18 Part.5 : ๋น„๋น„์•ˆ - ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฟ์ธ ๊ทธ๋Œ€์—ฌ 2020.01.21 Part.6 : ํ•œ๊ฒฝ์ผ - ์ž˜๊ฐ€์š” ๋‚ด ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ 2020.01.24 Part.7 : ๋ž€ - ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด๋ณ„ 2020.01.26 Part.8 : ๋” ๋ฐ์ด์ง€ - ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งˆ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งˆ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งˆ 2020.02.01 Part.9 : ๋ฆฌ๋””์•„ - ๋ฏธ์•ˆํ•ด ๋ฏธ์•ˆํ•ด์š” 2020.02.02 Part.10 : ์บ”๋„ - ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์— ๋งŒ์•ฝ์€ ์—†๋Š”๊ฑฐ์•ผ 2020.02.08 Part.11 : ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŽ„ ๋‚˜๋ฏธ - ๊ฐ€๋” 2020.02.15 Part.12 : ํ™ฉ๊ฐ€๋žŒ - ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์šธ์ง€๋งˆ 2020.02.22 Part.13 : ์ฒœ์†Œ์•„ - ๋Œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด 2020.02.29 Part.14 : ์„œ์ œ์ด - ๋‚ด ๋ˆˆ์— ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค 2020.03.04 Part.15 : ๋ชจ๋‹์ปคํ”ผ - ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์ด๊ธธ 2020.03.07 Part.16 : ์กฐ๋ฌธ๊ทผ - ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์ด ์„œํˆด๋Ÿฌ์„œ 2020.03.12 Part.17 : ํ•œ์‚ด์ฐจ์ด - ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋‚œ ์•„์ง ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์ผ๊นŒ 2020.03.14 Part.18 : ์†ก๋ฏผ๊ฒฝ - ์ œ๋ฐœ 2020.03.19 Part.19 : ์•ˆ์˜ˆ์Šฌ - ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋งŒ 2020.03.21 Part.20 : ์ฝ”๋‹ค๋ธŒ๋ฆฟ์ง€ - ๋˜ ๋ฉ€์–ด์งˆ๊นŒ๋ด 2020.03.23 Part.21 : ์žฅ์ธํ™˜ - ๊ทธ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ์šธ๊ฒŒ 2020.03.26 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํ•ญ ๋‹น์ดˆ ๋ฐฑ์Šนํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™์„ธ๋ผ ์—ญ์— ๋‚™์ ๋˜์–ด ๋Œ€๋ณธ๋ฆฌ๋”ฉ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์‹ ์ธ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์˜ค์ฑ„์ด๋กœ ๊ต์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์†ก์„ ์•ž๋‘” 2019๋…„ 10์›” 31์ผ, ์„œ์šธ ๊ตฌ๋กœ๊ตฌ ์‹ ๋„๋ฆผ๋™ ๋ผ๋งˆ๋‹คํ˜ธํ…” ๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ๋ณผ๋ฃธ์—์„œ KBS ๊น€์„ ๊ทผ ์•„๋‚˜์šด์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋ฐœํ‘œํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์—ฐ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์ตœ๋ช…๊ธธ, ์ฐจ์˜ˆ๋ จ, ๊น€ํฅ์ˆ˜, ๊น€๋ช…์ˆ˜, ์ดํ›ˆ, ์˜ค์ฑ„์ด, ์–ด์ˆ˜์„  PD๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž‘๋ฐœํ‘œํšŒ์—์„œ ์—ฐ์ถœ์„ ๋งก์€ ์–ด์ˆ˜์„  PD๋Š” "๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๊ทน๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค ํ•œ๋‹ค. '์šฐ์•„ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋…€'๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ชจ๋…€์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. KBS์ด๋‹ค ๋ณด๋‹ˆ, ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ธ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‘ ๋ชจ๋…€์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ™”ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜๋Š”์ง€๊ฐ€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šธ ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ œ์ž‘ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊น€๋ช…์ˆ˜, ์ง€์ˆ˜์›, ์–ด์ˆ˜์„  PD๋Š” 2018๋…„ KBS 1TV ์ผ์ผ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋‚ด์ผ๋„ ๋ง‘์Œ ์ข…์˜ ์ดํ›„ 1๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ์žฌํšŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๊ฒฝ์ˆ™๊ณผ ์˜ค์ƒํฌ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” 2017๋…„ MBC ์ผ์ผ ํŠน๋ณ„๊ธฐํš ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ณ„๋ณ„ ๋ฉฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ ์ข…์˜ ์ดํ›„ 2๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ์žฌํšŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์šฐ์•„ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋…€ ๊ณต์‹ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€ 2019๋…„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ 2020๋…„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ณต์‚ฌ 2TV ์ผ์ผ์—ฐ์†๊ทน 2019๋…„์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2020๋…„์— ์ข…๋ฃŒํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2020๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracious%20Revenge
Gracious Revenge
Gracious Revenge () is a 2019 South Korean television series starring Choi Myung-gil, Cha Ye-ryun, Kim Heung-soo, and Oh Chae-Yi. It is airs on KBS2 every weekday at 19:50 (KST) time slot starting November 4, 2019. Synopsis A story of a woman who was raised as a tool for her mother's revenge and her dangerous love life will be introduced. Cast Main Choi Myung-gil as Jung Mi-ae/Cha Mi-yeon/Carry Jung Cha Ye-ryun as Han Yu-jin/Janice Supporting Kim Heung-soo as Goo Hae-jun as Hong Se-ra Kim Do-yeon as Prisoner Viewership In this table, represent the lowest ratings and represent the highest ratings. N/A denotes that the rating is not known. The latest episode achieved 2.9 million views nationwide. Notes References External links Korean Broadcasting System television dramas 2019 South Korean television series debuts 2020 South Korean television series endings Korean-language television shows South Korean revenge television series Television series by IWill Media
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%98%EB%9D%BC%20%EA%B7%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%86%8C
์—˜๋ผ ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ
์—˜๋ผ ๋กœ์ž ์กฐ๋ฐ˜๋‚˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ” ํƒ๋ถ€์‹œ ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ(Ella Rosa Giovanna Oliva Tambussi Grasso, 1919๋…„ 5์›” 10์ผ ~ 1981๋…„ 2์›” 5์ผ)๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ์œผ๋กœ, 1975๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1980๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‚จํŽธ์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ž๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹น์„ ๋œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ๋กœ, ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์ฃผ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š” ์ฃผ์˜์›๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ํ•˜์›์˜์›, ์ฃผ๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์ฃผ ์ง€์—ญ ์ •๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ ธ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ง€๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์กฐ๊ธฐ ํ‡ด์ž„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์•  ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์ฃผ ์œˆ์ €๋ฝ์Šค์—์„œ ์—˜๋ผ ๋กœ์ž ์กฐ๋ฐ˜๋‚˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ” ํƒ๋ถ€์‹œ()๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณธ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ ์ œ์ž„์Šค ํƒ๋ถ€์‹œ์™€ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”๋Š” ๊ต์œก์„ ๋†’์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฝ ํ•™๊ต๋“ค์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์„ธ์ธํŠธ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ ํ•™๊ต์™€ ์œˆ์ €์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฑ„ํ”ผ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ ํ™€๋ฆฌ์˜คํฌ ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋กœ ์žฅํ•™๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ 1940๋…„ ๋ฌธํ•™์‚ฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1942๋…„ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์—์„œ ์„์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ณต์ง์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ฉ๋“๋œ ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ๋Š” ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋™์•ˆ ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์ฃผ ์ „์Ÿ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์œ„์›ํšŒ์™€ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1942๋…„ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํ† ๋จธ์Šค ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋Š” 2๋ช…์˜ ์ž์‹๋“ค - ์ˆ˜์žฐ๊ณผ ์ œ์ž„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์ฃผ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ์˜ ์—…๋ฌด๋Š” 1943๋…„์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” 1952๋…„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ ์œˆ์ €๋ฝ์Šค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์ฃผ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ํ•˜์›์˜์›์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 1954๋…„์— ์žฌ์„ ๋˜์–ด 1957๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 2๋…„ ํ›„์— ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์ฃผ ์ฃผ๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€์ด ๋˜์–ด ๊ทธ ์ง์œ„์— 12๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜์—ฌ 1835๋…„ ์ด๋ž˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฃผ๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šฑ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 1970๋…„ ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์˜ ํ† ๋จธ์Šค ๋ฉ”์Šคํ‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„์›Œ์ง„ ์ œ6 ์˜ํšŒ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์› ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ํ‚ฌ๋ฒˆ์„ ๊บพ์—ˆ๊ณ  1972๋…„์— ์žฌ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํ•˜์›์˜ ๋ณดํ›ˆ๋ถ€ ์œ„์›ํšŒ์™€ ํ•˜์› ๊ต์œกยท๋…ธ๋™ ์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ˆ™๊ณ ์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ๋Š” ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด D. C.์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž…๋ฒ•์ž๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋†“์€ ์ œ๋„์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ขŒ์ ˆํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  1974๋…„ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋ฉ”์Šคํ‚ฌ์„ ๋„์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ƒ๋Œ€๋Š” ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€ ํ•˜ํŠธํผ๋“œ์˜ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ํ‚ฌ๋ฆฌ์–ธ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ•˜ํŠธํผ๋“œ ์˜ˆ๋น„ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 2,000๊ฐœ์˜ ํˆฌํ‘œ ์ฐจ์ด์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‚ฌ๋ฆฌ์–ธ์— ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ์˜ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ํ›„๋ณด์ง์„ ์ž๋ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‚ฌ๋ฆฌ์–ธ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์–ด๋„ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ธก์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ๋Š” ํ‚ฌ๋ฆฌ์–ธ์„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณต์ฒœ ํ›„๋ณด์— ๋†“๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์˜์žฅ ์กด ๋ฒ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํƒ€ํ˜‘์œผ๋กœ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ›—๋‚ ์˜ ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ A. ์˜ค๋‹์€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์šด๋™ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์›๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•˜์› ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์Šคํ‹ธ์„ ํ›„๋ณด ์ง€๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” 203,321๊ฐœ์˜ ํˆฌํ‘œ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๊ฒผ๋‹ค. 11์›” ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์›๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํœฉ์“ด ์ผ๋ถ€์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ดํšŒ์˜ ํ†ต์น˜๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 83๋Œ€ ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ๋Š” 1975๋…„ 1์›” 8์ผ ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ ์ง์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ฆ‰์‹œ "ํž˜๋“  ๊ณ ๊ฐ"์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์žก์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€๋กœ ์‹ค์Šต ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ๋…ผ์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์—…๋ฌด์— ์ค‘๋…๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ธก๊ทผ์ด ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ํ—Œ์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ์˜์‚ฌ๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐ ์•„์นจ ์ผ์ฐ์ด ์ธก๊ทผ์„ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์‹œ์ดˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ 4๋…„ ์ผ์ฐ์ด ๋ฉ”์Šคํ‚ฌ์ด ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ์ง์„ ํƒํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ๊ทธ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํ–ฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฉ”์Šคํ‚ฌ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 7๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋นš์„ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์•„ ์–ด๋–ค ์—„์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ๊ธฐ์—†๋Š” ์šด๋™๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์šด๋™์—์„œ ์•ฝ์†ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ ์—†์ด ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ 5๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง๋ฌด ๋™์•ˆ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋งŒ์˜ ์ž…๋ฒ• ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋“ค์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž…๋ฒ•์€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์„ ๋•๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ†ต๊ณผ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐœ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒ๋งค์„ธ๋Š” 7 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋กœ ์ƒ์Šน๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ง๋„ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๋ถ€์กฑ์ด ์ž๋ž์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์˜์žฅ ์กด ๋ฒ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์— ์ด์–ด ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ฃผ์˜ ์†Œ๋“์„ธ์˜ ์ดํ–‰์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ๋Š”๊ทธํ•ด 12์›” ์ž…๋ฒ•์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ์†Œ์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฒ ํ…Œ๋ž‘์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ด‰๊ธ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋”๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฃผ๋“ค์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ˜‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ๋Š” ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ์Šค ๊ฒจ์šฐ ์ „์— ์ฃผ์˜ 505๋ช…์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฃผ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1976๋…„ ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์ฃผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์˜ ์ถ”์ฒจ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐ€์†”๋ฆฐ์„ธ์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์™€ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ๋“ค์˜ ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์ฃผ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ์ž‰์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ์„œ ํ•ด๊ณ ๋œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฃผ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ธฐ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ๋ถ€์ •์  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋„์‹œ์™€ ํƒ€์šด๋“ค์— ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ ์›์กฐ์™€ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ์—…์„ธ์˜ ์ถ•์†Œ์™€ ํ•ฉ์นœ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ์˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์ธ์‹์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ •์น˜ ์žฅ๋ฉด์— ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ 1976๋…„ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ํ˜น์€ ๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ—จ๋ฆฌ M. ์žญ์Šจ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ์›์ž์ธ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธํ•ด 6์›” ์ง€๋ฏธ ์นดํ„ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„ฑ์›์„ ์ „ํ–ฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ˆ™๊ณ ์ ์ธ ์ •์น˜์  ๋‹นํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๊ฑด์ €๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ๋Š” ๊ทธํ•ด 7์›” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์ „๋‹น ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ํ•ฉ๋™ ์˜์žฅ์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ์นดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜น์€ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ฃผ์žฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ž„๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฌธ์ด ๋Œ์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณต๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1978๋…„ 2์›” ํญํ’์„ค์ด ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์„ ์ณ ๋ฉฐ์น ๋™์•ˆ ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท ์ฃผ๋ณ‘ ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๋ณธ๋ถ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ž‘์ „๋“ค์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์€ ์ด์ œ ๊ทธ ์ผ์ด ์ •์น˜์ธ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฌ์ „ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ธ์ • ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ๋Š” ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ถ€์ง€์‚ฌ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ํ‚ฌ๋ฆฌ์–ธ์„ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์ฃผ์‹์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธํ•ด ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์›๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณต์ฒœ ํ›„๋ณด์— ๋ถ€์ง€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ์„œ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ A. ์˜ค๋‹์„ ํ›„๋ณด ์ง€๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. "Mother Ella"๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” 1978๋…„์— ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์žฌ์„ ์„ ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์–ด ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ๋„์ „์ž ๋กœ๋„๋“œ ์ƒˆ๋Ÿฌ์‹ ์„ 190,794๊ฐœ์˜ ํˆฌํ‘œ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊บพ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํฐ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์˜ˆ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚จ ํ˜ธ์†Œ ๋‘˜๋‹ค์— ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ 2๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์— ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ช…๋ น์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ์„ฑ์  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์›๋“ค์€ ์ƒํ•˜์› ๋‘˜๋‹ค๋ฅผ ํ†ต์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํฐ ์ž‰์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ์•ฝ์†ํ•œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ„์•ผ๋“ค์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ง€์ถœ์„ ๋Š˜์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ์˜ ๋„์‹œ ํ™œ๋™ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ฃผํƒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰, ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๊ตํ†ต, ๋ณด์œก๊ณผ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์— ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์‚ผ์€ ๋ˆ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋นˆ๊ณค ์ง€์—ญ๋“ค์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ๋“ค์„ ์ง€๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์€ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์น˜๊ณ , ๊ฒจ์šธ์— ๋นˆ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์›์กฐ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ ์œ ๋ฅ˜ ํŒŒ๋™์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŠน์ •์ด ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ช‡๋…„์˜ ์„ธ์›”์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ๊ธˆ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1979๋…„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ํœ˜๋ฐœ์œ  ๋ถ€์กฑ๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆํ˜ธํŒ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ๋‘” ํ™€์ˆ˜/์ง์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ์ œ๋„๋Š” ๋น„์žฅ๊ณผ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ๋“ค์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ‘ ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๋ณธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ธด๊ธ‰ ํœ˜๋ฐœ์œ  ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์บ ํ”„๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ ค์ง„ ์ฒซ ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ๋“ค ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์นดํ„ฐ์˜ 1980๋…„ ์žฌ์„  ์šด๋™์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ๋กœ์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์€ ๋‘˜๋‹ค ๊ทธํ•ด ๋”์šฑ ๋‚˜๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋น„์šฉ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์—…์ด 1์–ต 2์ฒœ 8๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋กœ ๊ณตํ—Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ๊ธˆ๋“ค์— ์ธ์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ํŒ๋งค์„ธ์—์„œ 7๊ณผ 1 ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋กœ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ๋Š” ์„ ํƒํ•  ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3์›” ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์•”๊ณผ ์ง„๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์„ธ์›”์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ๋‚˜๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์•”์ด ํผ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ , ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์ฃผ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ›์„ ์ž๊ฒฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ๋Š” 12์›” ์ดˆ์ˆœ์— ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ์ง์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณต๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์‚ฌ์ž„์€ ๊ทธํ•ด 12์›” 31์ผ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ง€์‚ฌ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ A. ์˜ค๋‹์ด ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์„ ์„œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž„์‹œ ์ƒ์› ์กฐ์ง€ํ”„ ํด๋ฆฌ์†Œ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ง€์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ ์„ ์„œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ง๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฐ 1981๋…„ 2์›” 5์ผ ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ๋Š” 61์„ธ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด์— ๋‚œ์†Œ์•”์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜ํŠธํผ๋“œ ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์‹œ์‹ ์€ 24 ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ฃผ์˜์‚ฌ๋‹น์— ๊ทธ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ˆ„์›Œ ์žˆ์–ด ์–‘๋‹น์˜ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›๊ณผ ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์• ๋„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ณ ํ–ฅ ์œˆ์ €๋ฝ์Šค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ์ธํŠธ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ ๋ฌ˜์ง€์— ์•ˆ์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์ฃผ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๋“ค์— ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณตํ—Œ๋“ค๋กœ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œˆ์ €๋ฝ์Šค์—์„œ ์—˜๋ผ ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ (๋ฃจํŠธ 75)๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์ฃผ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋“ค์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋•„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋กœํ„ด๊ณผ ์ŠคํŠธ๋žซํผ๋“œ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ์„ค๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋•„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์ž๊ธˆ์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋™์ƒ์ด ์ฃผ์˜์‚ฌ๋‹น์˜ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์ฃผ๋ž‘ํ˜„๊ด€ ์œ„์— ๋ฒฝ๊ฐ์— ์„ธ์›Œ์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๋“ค ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ €๋ช…ํ•œ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋™์ƒ๋“ค ๋งŒ์ด ์ฃผ๋ž‘ํ˜„๊ด€์— ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ์˜ ๋™์ƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋†“์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ฒซ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œˆ์ €๋ฝ์Šค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—˜๋ผ ๊ทธ๋ผ์†Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์ง‘๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์•„์ง๋„ ์„œ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ „๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์†์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Brief biography Ella T. Grasso Papers at Mount Holyoke College Archives and Special Collections Connecticut State Library Bio Photo of Grasso's Statue on the Connecticut State Capitol buildingthe first woman to be represented there Brief Bio of Governor Grasso 1919๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1981๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น (๋ฏธ๊ตญ)์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์ฃผ์˜ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ํ•˜์›์˜์› ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ ํƒ€์ž„ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ ํ™€๋ฆฌ์˜คํฌ ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋™๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์ž์œ  ํ›ˆ์žฅ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋‚œ์†Œ์•”์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ๋‹น์›
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella%20Grasso
Ella Grasso
Ella Rosa Giovianna Oliva Grasso (nรฉe Tambussi; May 10, 1919 โ€“ February 5, 1981) was an American politician and member of the Democratic Party who served as the 83rd Governor of Connecticut from January 8, 1975, to December 31, 1980, after rejecting past offers of candidacies for Senate and Governor. She was the first woman elected to this office and the first woman to be elected governor of a U.S. state without having been the spouse or widow of a former governor. She resigned as governor due to her battle with ovarian cancer. Grasso started in politics as a member of the League of Women Voters and Democratic speechwriter. She was first elected to the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1952 and later became the first female Floor Leader in 1955. She was then elected as Secretary of the State of Connecticut in 1958 and served until 1971. Grasso went on to serve two terms in the United States House of Representatives from 1970 to 1974. Then she was elected Governor in 1974 and re-elected in 1978. Early life Ella Rosa Giovianna Oliva Tambussi was born in Windsor Locks, Connecticut, to Italian immigrant parents Maria Oliva and James Giacomo Tambussi, a mill worker. Ella Tambussi learned to speak fluent Italian from her parents. She attended Chaffee School in Windsor. Although she excelled at Chaffee and was named most likely to become mayor in the school year book, Tambussi claimed she often felt out of place as someone from a poor mill town. She went on to study sociology and economics at Mount Holyoke College, in South Hadley, Massachusetts, where she earned her B.A. in 1940. Two years later, she earned a master's degree, also from Mount Holyoke. After graduation, Grasso served as a researcher for the War Manpower Commission in Washington, D.C., rising to the position of assistant director of research before leaving the Commission in 1946. She married Thomas Grasso, a school principal, in 1942; they had two children, Susanne and James. Together the Grassos owned a movie theater in Old Lyme. In the summers, the couple would operate the theater, with Ella Grasso selling tickets at the box office. During Grasso's tenure in the United States House of Representatives, her family remained in Connecticut while Grasso commuted home from Washington, D.C., on weekends. Thomas Grasso retired when his wife became governor. Career Early politics Grasso's entry into politics came in 1942 when she joined the League of Women Voters. In 1943, she became a speechwriter for the Connecticut Democratic Party. After graduating from Mount Holyoke College she joined the Republicans until she switched in 1951 to the Democratic Party to support incumbent Governor Chester Bowles. Through the Connecticut Democratic Party, she met and became an ally of John Moran Bailey. Bailey would become a key figure in Grasso's career, recognizing her as someone who could appeal to voters, particularly women and Italian voters in the state. In 1952, Grasso was elected to the Connecticut House of Representatives and served until 1957. She became first woman to be elected Floor Leader of the House in 1955. As a state representative, Grasso worked to eliminate counties as a level of government in Connecticut. Secretary of State In 1958 she was elected Secretary of the State of Connecticut and was re-elected in 1962 and 1966. She was an architect of the state's 1960 Constitution. In 1961 she chose not to attend the national convention for the National Association of Secretaries of State in Arizona despite the trip being state funded, as she considered it to be of negligible value and would only approve other officials to go to national conventions that would benefit the state. In 1962 the Supreme Court ruled in Baker v. Carr that the 14th Amendment applies to state apportionment and that federal courts are open to lawsuits challenging state legislative districts leading to further lawsuits over redistricting. After Reynolds v. Sims the Joint Committee on Constitutional Conventions to hear proposals for a constitutional convention by the Connecticut General Assembly to bring the state constitution in line with federal rulings. A special election was ordered to choose the eighty four delegates that would attend the convention and Grasso was elected as one. As Secretary of State, Grasso swore in the eighty four delegates divided equally among both parties and was selected as Democratic floor leader by the forty two Democratic delegates. She was the first woman to chair the Democratic State Platform Committee and served from 1956 to 1968. She served as a member of the Platform Drafting Committee for the 1960 Democratic National Convention. She was the co-chairman for the Resolutions Committee for the Democratic National Conventions of 1964 and 1968. U.S. House of Representatives During the 1970 election cycle she was considered a candidate for higher statewide or federal office. After Senator Thomas J. Dodd was censured in 1967 his seat was left up and Ella was considered a possible candidate for the 1970 Senate race with the Democratic Town Committees of Windsor Locks, Glastonbury, and New Milford voting to endorse her if she would announce a Senate campaign. Thomas L. Loy, her Republican opponent for Secretary of State in 1962, asked her to run for governor. Stephen Minot, a novelist who had run for Congress in 1966, asked her to run for the Sixth House District. Sitting Sixth District Congressman Thomas Meskill chose to run for governor leaving his district open and on March 17, 1970, Ella announced that she would run for the Democratic nomination for that district. Grasso faced Republican Richard Kilborn in the general election and narrowly defeated him by 4,063 votes. During her tenure, she served on the Veterans' Affairs and Education and Labor House committees. In December 1971 she and other House members signed a telegram to President Nixon protesting Operation Linebacker II and asking to halt all bombing in Vietnam; Grasso was the only representative from Connecticut to sign the telegram. She was reelected to the House in 1972 against John F. Walsh with 140,290 votes to his 92,783 votes. Governorship In 1973 a gubernatorial poll conducted by the AFLโ€“CIO projected that Grasso would defeat incumbent Governor Meskill by 46% to 39% and a campaign committee was later organized although Grasso had not yet announced her intention to run. On January 8, 1974, she announced that she would run for the governorship and filed with the secretary of state. In order to secure the gubernatorial nomination, a candidate would need to receive the support of 607 out of 1,213 delegates to the state convention with multiple primaries being held beforehand to select the delegates. She participated in a difficult primary against Attorney General Robert Killian who received the support of multiple party leaders, but after narrowly winning the seventy delegates of Hartford by two thousand votes she effectively secured the nomination with her pledged delegates. Democratic Party leader John Moran Bailey preferred Killian as the party nominee and hoping to avoid a primary that would negatively effect the Democratic nominee's chance in the general election Bailey convinced Killian to drop out in exchange for the lieutenant gubernatorial nomination. By the time of the gubernatorial nomination balloting all of her opponents had dropped out except for Norwalk Mayor Frank Zullo who dropped out during the convention, and as she was the only candidate to receive at least twenty percent of the delegate votes appearing on the primary ballot no primary was held. On July 20, 1974, she was given the Democratic nomination by the delegates with acclamation. Her opponent was Republican Representative Robert Steele who she defeated by 200,000 votes. Grasso became the first woman to be elected governor who was not the wife or widow of a previous governor. Upon taking office, Connecticut had an $80 million budget deficit so Grasso promised fiscal responsibility. In 1975 she laid off 505 state employees, decreased her promise of giving $25 million to cities with federal revenue sharing money to $6 million, returned to the state treasury a $7,000 raise she was legally required to take and sold the state's limo and plane. During the 1976 presidential election she supported Senator Henry M. Jackson in the primaries and was presented as a possible vice presidential nominee for the Democratic Party with the Young Democrats of Connecticut attempting to convince her to present herself as a possible vice presidential candidate although municipal leaders angry over the decreased federal revenue sharing funds promised to prevent her nomination and she stated that she was not interested. She later served as co-chair of the national convention. Following John Moran Bailey's death there was no longer someone strong enough to forestall a primary challenge between Grasso and Lieutenant Governor Robert K. Killian. In December 1978 Killian announced his gubernatorial campaign, but after defeating her primary challenge, Grasso was re-elected in 1978 with little difficulty against Representative Ronald A. Sarasin. A high point of her career was her decisive handling of a particularly devastating snowstorm in February 1978. Known as "Winter Storm Larry" and now known as "The Blizzard of 78" this storm dropped around 30 inches of snow across the state, crippling highways and making virtually all roads impassable. She "Closed the State" by proclamation, forbade all use of public roads by businesses and citizens, and closed all businesses, effectively closing all citizens in their homes. This relieved the rescue and cleanup authorities from the need to help the mounting number of stuck cars and instead allowed clean-up and emergency services for shut-ins to proceed. The crisis ended on the third day, and she received accolades from all state sectors for her leadership and strength. In March 1980, she was diagnosed with ovarian cancer and resigned the governorship on December 31. Shortly before her resignation the mayor and city council of Torrington, Connecticut, signed a proclamation thanking her for her service as governor, secretary of state, and representative. Death and legacy On February 5, 1981, less than a year after being diagnosed with ovarian cancer and less than six weeks after leaving office, Grasso died at Hartford Hospital after suffering a heart attack and organ failure after falling into a coma earlier in the day. She was survived by her husband and their two children. Following her death she was laid in state from February 8 to 9 at the Connecticut State Capitol and was later buried in St. Mary's Cemetery in Windsor Locks. In 1981, President Ronald Reagan posthumously awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the National Women's Hall of Fame inducted her in 1993. She was a member of the inaugural class inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame in 1994; the Ella Tambussi Grasso Center for Women in Politics is located there. Metro North named Shoreliner I car 6252 after her. Ella T. Grasso Southeastern Technical High School in Groton is named after her. The Ella T. Grasso Turnpike in Windsor Locks is named after her, as are Ella Grasso Boulevard in New Britain, the Ella T. Grasso building in the University of Connecticut's Hilltop Apartments, and Ella T. Grasso Boulevard (often referred to by New Haven locals simply as "The Boulevard") in New Haven. Over two years after her death, Arch Communications Corp. won a construction permit for Hartford's channel 61 in September 1983; James Grasso was minority partner in Arch Communications. Arch Communications Corp. planned to memorialize Grasso by using the call letters "WETG" for channel 61, as Grasso's initials were ETG, however, Channel 61 came on the air September 17, 1984, as WTIC-TV, and was dedicated in Grasso's honor. Electoral history See also List of female governors in the United States Women in the United States House of Representatives References Further reading Lieberman, Joseph I. (1981). The Legacy: Connecticut Politics, 1930โ€“1980. Purmont, Jon E. (2012). Ella Grasso: Connecticut's Pioneering Governor. External links Brief biography Ella T. Grasso Papers at Mount Holyoke College Archives and Special Collections Connecticut State Library Bio Photo of Grasso's Statue on the Connecticut State Capitol buildingthe first woman to be represented there Brief Bio of Governor Grasso |- |- |- |- 1919 births 1981 deaths People from Windsor Locks, Connecticut Loomis Chaffee School alumni Mount Holyoke College alumni 20th-century American politicians 20th-century American women politicians American people of Italian descent Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Connecticut Democratic Party governors of Connecticut Female members of the United States House of Representatives Democratic Party members of the Connecticut House of Representatives Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Secretaries of the State of Connecticut Women state governors of the United States Women state legislators in Connecticut Deaths from cancer in Connecticut Deaths from ovarian cancer Burials in Connecticut
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRS%20%ED%84%B0%EB%84%90%EB%A7%81%20%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%86%A0%EC%BD%9C
GPRS ํ„ฐ๋„๋ง ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ
GPRS ํ„ฐ๋„๋ง ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ(GPRS Tunnelling Protocol, GTP)์€ GSM, UMTS ๋ฐ LTE ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” IP ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ†ต์‹  ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด๋‹ค. 3GPP ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜์—์„œ GTP ๋ฐ Proxy Mobile IPv6 ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ํฌ์ธํŠธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. GTP๋Š” ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ ์ธ GTP-C, GTP-U ๋ฐ GTP' ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. GTP-C๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด GPRS ์ง€์› ๋…ธ๋“œ (GGSN)์™€ ์„œ๋น™ GPRS ์ง€์› ๋…ธ๋“œ (SGSN) ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์‹œ๊ทธ๋„๋ง์„ ์œ„ํ•ด GPRS ์ฝ”์–ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด SGSN์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋Œ€์‹  ์„ธ์…˜์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” (PDP ์ปจํ…์ŠคํŠธ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”)ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋™์ผํ•œ ์„ธ์…˜์„ ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ SGSN์—์„œ ๋ง‰ ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ž…์ž์˜ ์„ธ์…˜์„ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. GTP-U๋Š” GPRS ์ฝ”์–ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์„  ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์™€ ์ฝ”์–ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ „์†ก๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” IPv4, IPv6 ๋˜๋Š” PPP ํ˜•์‹์˜ ํŒจํ‚ท์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. GTP' (GTP prime)๋Š” GTP-C ๋ฐ GTP-U์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. GSM ๋˜๋Š” UMTS ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์žฅ์น˜ (CDF)์—์„œ ๊ณผ๊ธˆ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด ์žฅ์น˜(CGF)๋กœ ๊ณผ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด๋Š” GGSN๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์š”์†Œ์—์„œ ๊ณผ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์šด์˜์ž์˜ ๊ณผ๊ธˆ ์„ผํ„ฐ์— ๋ณด๋‹ค ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์•™ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. 3GPP ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ RNC, SGSN, GGSN ๋ฐ CGF์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ GTP ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค. GPRS ์ด๋™๊ตญ (MS)์€ GTP๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  SGSN์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค. GTP๋Š” UDP ๋˜๋Š” TCP์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„์ „ 0์˜ ํ„ฐ๋„๋ง X.25๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  UDP๋Š” ๊ถŒ์žฅ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•„์ˆ˜๋‹ค. GTP ๋ฒ„์ „ 1์€ UDP์—์„œ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋ชจ๋“  GTP ๋ณ€ํ˜•์—๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ํŠน์ • ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” UDP / TCP ํ—ค๋” ๋’ค์— GTP ํ—ค๋”๊ฐ€์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ธ€ GTP ๋ฒ„์ „ 1 GTPv1 ํ—ค๋”์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•„๋“œ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ 3 ๋น„ํŠธ ํ•„๋“œ์ด๋‹ค. GTPv1์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ’์€ 1์ด๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ ์œ ํ˜• (PT) GTP (๊ฐ’ 1)์™€ GTP' (๊ฐ’ 0)๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” 1 ๋น„ํŠธ ๊ฐ’ ๋ฆฌ์ €๋ธŒ๋“œ 1 ๋น„ํŠธ ์˜ˆ์•ฝ ํ•„๋“œ (0์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ) ํ™•์žฅ ํ—ค๋” ํ”Œ๋ž˜๊ทธ (E) ํ™•์žฅ ํ—ค๋” ์„ ํƒ ํ•„๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” 1 ๋น„ํŠธ ๊ฐ’ ์‹œํ€€์Šค ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ ํ”Œ๋ž˜๊ทธ (S) ์‹œํ€€์Šค ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ ์˜ต์…˜ ํ•„๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” 1 ๋น„ํŠธ ๊ฐ’ N-PDU ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ ํ”Œ๋ž˜๊ทธ (PN) N-PDU ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ ์˜ต์…˜ ํ•„๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” 1 ๋น„ํŠธ ๊ฐ’ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์œ ํ˜• GTP ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” 8 ๋น„ํŠธ ํ•„๋“œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ 3GPP TS 29.060 ์„น์…˜ 7.1์— ์ •์˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ๊ธธ์ด ํŽ˜์ด๋กœ๋“œ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” 16 ๋น„ํŠธ ํ•„๋“œ (ํ•„์ˆ˜ 8 ๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ GTP ํ—ค๋” ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ํŒจํ‚ท ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€). ์„ ํƒ์  ํ•„๋“œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. TEID (ํ„ฐ๋„ ์—”๋“œ ํฌ์ธํŠธ ์‹๋ณ„์ž) ๋™์ผํ•œ GTP ํ„ฐ๋„์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋‹ค์ค‘ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” 32 ๋น„ํŠธ (4 ์˜ฅํ…Ÿ) ํ•„๋“œ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œํ€€์Šค ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ (์„ ํƒ์ ) 16 ๋น„ํŠธ ํ•„๋“œ. ์ด ํ•„๋“œ๋Š” E, S ๋˜๋Š” PN ๋น„ํŠธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ผœ์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. S ๋น„ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ผœ์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ํ•„๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. N-PDU ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ (์„ ํƒ์ ) 8 ๋น„ํŠธ ํ•„๋“œ. ์ด ํ•„๋“œ๋Š” E, S ๋˜๋Š” PN ๋น„ํŠธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ผœ์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. PN ๋น„ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ผœ์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ํ•„๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ํ™•์žฅ ํ—ค๋” ์œ ํ˜• (์„ ํƒ์ ) 8 ๋น„ํŠธ ํ•„๋“œ. ์ด ํ•„๋“œ๋Š” E, S ๋˜๋Š” PN ๋น„ํŠธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ผœ์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•„๋“œ๋Š” E ๋น„ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ผœ์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ํ•ด์„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ํ™•์žฅ ํ—ค๋”๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ํ™•์žฅ ๊ธธ์ด 8 ๋น„ํŠธ ํ•„๋“œ ์ด ํ•„๋“œ์—๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด, ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ™•์žฅ ํ—ค๋” ํ•„๋“œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ํ™•์žฅ ํ—ค๋”์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ 4 ์˜ฅํ…Ÿ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ 4์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜์—ฌ์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์šฉ ํ™•์žฅ ํ—ค๋” ๋‚ด์šฉ. ๋‹ค์Œ ํ™•์žฅ ํ—ค๋” 8 ๋น„ํŠธ ํ•„๋“œ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ™•์žฅ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ™•์žฅ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉด 0์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ™•์žฅ ํ—ค๋”๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. GTP ๋ฒ„์ „ 2 ๋˜ํ•œ evolved-GTP ๋˜๋Š” eGTP๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. GTPv2-C ํ—ค๋”์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•„๋“œ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. GTPv2-U ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ LTE์˜ GTP-U๋Š” GTPv1-U๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ 3 ๋น„ํŠธ ํ•„๋“œ์ด๋‹ค. GTPv2์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ’์€ 2์ด๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฑ ํ”Œ๋ž˜๊ทธ ์ด ๋น„ํŠธ๊ฐ€ 1๋กœ ์„ค์ •๋˜๋ฉด, ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ—ค๋”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ GTP-C ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์˜ ๋์— ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ƒ์œ„ GTP-C ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ”ผ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฑ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œํ•œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. TEID ํ”Œ๋ž˜๊ทธ ์ด ๋น„ํŠธ๊ฐ€ 1๋กœ ์„ค์ •๋˜๋ฉด TEID ํ•„๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ๊ธธ์ด์™€ ์‹œํ€€์Šค ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—์ฝ” ๋ฐ ์—์ฝ” ์‘๋‹ต์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์—๋Š” TEID๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ๊ธธ์ด ์ด ํ•„๋“œ๋Š” GTP-C ํ—ค๋” (์ฒ˜์Œ 4 ์˜ฅํ…Ÿ)์˜ ์˜๋ฌด ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ์˜ฅํ…Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. TEID (์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ)์™€ ์‹œํ€€์Šค ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด ์นด์šดํŠธ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ๊ณตํ†ต ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์™ธ์—๋„ ํ•œ GSN์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ GSN์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณตํ†ต ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—์ฝ” ์š”์ฒญ ์—์ฝ” ์‘๋‹ต 60 ์ดˆ๋งˆ๋‹ค GSN์€ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  GSN์— ์—์ฝ” ์š”์ฒญ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ชฝ ๋์ด ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ข…๋ฃŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ™œ์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ์‚ญ์ œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•ž์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ ํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋ชจ๋“  GTP ๋ณ€ํ˜•์— ๊ณตํ†ต์  ์ธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ณ„๊ฐœ์˜ 3 ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. GTP-C ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์€ GTP ํ‘œ์ค€์˜ ์ œ์–ด ์„น์…˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ PDP ์ปจํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๋ฉด, SGSN์€ ๊ฐ€์ž…์ž์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” PDP ์ปจํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์ƒ์„ฑ ์š”์ฒญ GTP-C ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ GGSN์— ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ GGSN์€ PDP ์ปจํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์ƒ์„ฑ GTP-C ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์ƒ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์‘๋‹ต ํ•œ๋‹ค.์ด ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋œ PDP ์ปจํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹คํŒจ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด๋‹น ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ํฌํŠธ 2123์˜ UDP ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์ด๋‹ค. eGTP-C (๋˜๋Š” GTPv2-C) ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ Sx ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์—์„œ ํ„ฐ๋„์„ ์ƒ์„ฑ, ์œ ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์‚ญ์ œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์–ด ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ํ„ฐ๋„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์ด๋™์„ฑ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค. LTE ๊ฐ„ ํ•ธ๋“œ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์‹œ SRNS ์ปจํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฐ ์ˆœ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ„ฐ๋„ ์ƒ์„ฑ GTP-U-GTP ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ„ฐ๋„๋ง GTP-U๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๊ฐ ์—”๋“œ ํฌ์ธํŠธ ์„ธํŠธ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋งŽ์€ ํ„ฐ๋„์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ IP ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ„ฐ๋„๋ง ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์ด๋‹ค. UMTS์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ๋•Œ, ๊ฐ ๊ฐ€์ž…์ž๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ„ฐ๋„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ PDP ์ปจํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ’ˆ์งˆ ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํŠน์ • ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ํ„ฐ๋„์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ํ„ฐ๋„์€ GTP-U ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์—์„œ TEID (Tunnel Endpoint Identifier)๋กœ ์‹๋ณ„๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ• ๋‹น ๋œ ๋‚œ์ˆ˜์—ฌ์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž„์˜์˜ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™” ํ’ˆ์งˆ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํŠน์ • ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  3GPP ํ‘œ์ค€์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  GTP ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์ง์ ‘ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ „์†ก๋˜์–ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ UDP ํฌํŠธ 2152์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. GTPv1-U ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์€ Sx ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์—์„œ GTP ํ„ฐ๋„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. UE์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ IP ํŒจํ‚ท์€ GTPv1-U ํŒจํ‚ท์— ์บก์Šํ™”๋˜๊ณ  S1-U ๋ฐ S5 / S8 ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ UE์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „์†ก์„ ์œ„ํ•ด P-GW์™€ eNodeB ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํ„ฐ๋„๋ง๋œ๋‹ค. GTP'-๊ณผ๊ธˆ ์ „์†ก GTP ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์€ ๊ณผ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณผ๊ธˆ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. GTP'๋Š” TCP / UDP ํฌํŠธ 3386์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. GPRS ์ฝ”์–ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด GTP๋Š” GPRS ์ฝ”์–ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์€ GSM ๋˜๋Š” UMTS ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ GGSN์˜ ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜ ์—์„œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ๊ณ„์† ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ž…์ž์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ SGSN์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ž…์ž์˜ ์„ธ์…˜์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” GGSN์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ž…์ž์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. GPRS ์ฝ”์–ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ GTP๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ PDP ์ปจํ…์ŠคํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ํ„ฐ๋„์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ GTP-U ๋‹ค์Œ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ œ์–ด ์ด์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ GTP-C : PDP ์ปจํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์„ค์ • ๋ฐ ์‚ญ์ œ GSN ๋„๋‹ฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ํ™•์ธ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ; ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ฐ€์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•œ SGSN์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ SGSN์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ. ๊ณผ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ GSN์—์„œ ๊ณผ๊ธˆ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•œ GTP'. GGSN ๋ฐ SGSN (ํ†ต์นญํ•˜์—ฌ GSN์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•จ)์€ UDP ํฌํŠธ 2123์—์„œ GTP-C ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์™€ ํฌํŠธ 2152์—์„œ GTP-U ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•œ๋‹ค.์ด ํ†ต์‹ ์€ ๋‹จ์ผ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ตญ์ œ ๋กœ๋ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. GPRS ๋กœ๋ฐ ๊ตํ™˜ (GRX) ์ „์ฒด. CGF ( Charging Gateway Function )๋Š” TCP / UDP ํฌํŠธ 3386์˜ GSN์—์„œ ์ „์†ก ๋œ GTP ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”์–ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ PDP ์ปจํ…์ŠคํŠธ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์ตœ์ข… ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ „์†ก ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์–‘์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผ๊ธˆ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ CGF์— ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค. . ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ด ํ†ต์‹ ์€ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์—…์ฒด ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์˜ต์…˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋…์  ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๋˜๋Š” ๋…์  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. IuPS ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ GPRS ์ฝ”์–ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์™€ RAN ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ IuPS์—์„œ๋Š” GTP-U๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ GTP-C ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ RANAP๋Š” ์ œ์–ด ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ SGSN๊ณผ ๋ฌด์„  ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ปจํŠธ๋กค๋Ÿฌ (RNC) ์‚ฌ์ด์— GTP-U ํ„ฐ๋„์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ ์Šคํƒ GTP๋Š” UDP ๋˜๋Š” TCP์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. GTP ๋ฒ„์ „ 1์€ UDP์—์„œ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ„์ „ 0, 1 ๋ฐ 2์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ„์ „์ด ์ •์˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„์ „ 0๊ณผ ๋ฒ„์ „ 1์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„์ „ 0์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ทธ๋„๋ง ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ (PDP ์ปจํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ„ฐ๋„์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ)์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํฌํŠธ์—์„œ ํ„ฐ๋„๋ง ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„์ „ 1๊ณผ 2๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ œ์–ด (GTP-C๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•จ)์™€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ„ฐ๋„๋ง (GTP-U๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•จ)์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์ด๋‹ค. GTP ๋ฒ„์ „ 2๋Š” GTP-C์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ฒ„์ „ 1๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฒ ์–ด๋Ÿฌ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฒ„์ „ 2์˜ EPS ์šฉ GTP-C์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ •์˜ํ•œ 3GPP ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. GTP-U๋Š” UMTS ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ RNC์—์„œ SGSN์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” GTP-C ๋Œ€์‹  RANAP์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ GTP ๋ฒ„์ „ GTP์˜ ์›๋ž˜ ๋ฒ„์ „ (๋ฒ„์ „ 0)์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฒ„์ „ (๋ฒ„์ „ 1,2)๊ณผ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ„ฐ๋„ ์‹๋ณ„์€ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค; X.25๋ฅผ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜ต์…˜์ด ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ; ๊ณ ์ • ํฌํŠธ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 3386์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค (GTPv1์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณผ๊ธˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹˜). TCP๋Š” UDP ๋Œ€์‹  ์ „์†ก ์˜ต์…˜์œผ๋กœ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ ํƒ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด๋‹ค. ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ’ˆ์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ€์ž… ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„์ „ 0์˜ ๋น„ ๋žœ๋ค TEID๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋กœ๋ฐ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ์•ก์„ธ์Šคํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ GPRS ๋ฐฑ๋ณธ์— ์›๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ํŒจํ‚ท์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ๋ฒ„์ „ 0์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ฒ„์ „ 1๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฌํŠธ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ IP ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฒ„์ „ 0์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. GTP ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™” GTP๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ETSI (GSM ํ‘œ์ค€ 09.60) ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. UMTS ํ‘œ์ค€์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ GTP๋Š” 3GPP ํ‘œ์ค€ 29.060์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋œ 3GPP๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค. GTP'๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ํ˜•์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „์†ก๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋œ ํ˜•์‹๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ 32.295์— ํŠน๋ณ„ ์šฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์‹  ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ TS 29.060์€ GTPv1/v0 ์ธํ„ฐ ์›Œํ‚น์„ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ GSN์ด ์ƒ์œ„ ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํด๋ฐฑ์€ ์—†๋‹ค. GTPv2 (์ง„ํ™” ํŒจํ‚ท ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์šฉ)๋Š” 2008๋…„ ์ดˆ์— ์ดˆ์•ˆ์ด๋˜์–ด ๊ทธํ•ด 12 ์›”์— ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. GTPv2๋Š” ์ด์ „ "Version Not Supported" ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด GTPv1๋กœ ํด๋ฐฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ GTPv0์œผ๋กœ ํด๋ฐฑ์„ ๋ช…์‹œ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํ”„๋ก์‹œ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ IPv6 ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ IP ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ GSM ํ‘œ์ค€ 09.60, ETSI, 1996โ€“98,์ด ํ‘œ์ค€์€ GTP์˜ ์›๋ณธ ๋ฒ„์ „ 0์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. 3GPP TS 29.060 V6.9.0 (2005-06), 3 ์„ธ๋Œ€ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ, 650 Route des Lucioles-Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne-FRANCE, 2005-06. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด GTP ๋ฒ„์ „ 1์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  GTP ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ‘œ์ค€์ด๋‹ค. 3GPP TS 32.295 V6.1.0 (2005-06), 3 ์„ธ๋Œ€ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ, 650 Route des Lucioles-์†Œํ”ผ์•„ ์•ˆํ‹ฐ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค, ๋ฐœ๋ณธ ๋Š-ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค, 2005-06. ์ด ํ‘œ์ค€์€ ๊ณผ๊ธˆ์— GTP ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. 3GPP TS 29.274 V8.1.0 (2009-03), 3 ์„ธ๋Œ€ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ, 650 ๋ฃจํŠธ des Lucioles-์†Œํ”ผ์•„ ์•ˆํ‹ฐ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค, ๋ฐœ๋ณธ ๋Š-ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค, 2009-03. ์ง„ํ™” ๋œ GPRS๋ฅผ์œ„ํ•œ GTPv2. ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ GTP ํ‘œ์ค€์˜ ๋ณธ๊ฑฐ์ง€ ์ธ 3GPP ์›น ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ GPRS ํ„ฐ๋„๋ง ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ ๋ฒ„์ „ 2 (GTPv2) ๋˜๋Š” ์ง„ํ™” ๋œ GTP (eGTP)์˜ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์˜คํ”ˆ ์†Œ์Šค ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ 3GPP ํ‘œ์ค€ GSM ํ‘œ์ค€ ํ„ฐ๋„๋ง ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRS%20Tunnelling%20Protocol
GPRS Tunnelling Protocol
GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (GTP) is a group of IP-based communications protocols used to carry general packet radio service (GPRS) within GSM, UMTS, LTE and 5G NR radio networks. In 3GPP architectures, GTP and Proxy Mobile IPv6 based interfaces are specified on various interface points. GTP can be decomposed into separate protocols, GTP-C, GTP-U and GTP'. GTP-C is used within the GPRS core network for signaling between gateway GPRS support nodes (GGSN) and serving GPRS support nodes (SGSN). This allows the SGSN to activate a session on a user's behalf (PDP context activation), to deactivate the same session, to adjust quality of service parameters, or to update a session for a subscriber who has just arrived from another SGSN. GTP-U is used for carrying user data within the GPRS core network and between the radio access network and the core network. The user data transported can be packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats. GTP' (GTP prime) uses the same message structure as GTP-C and GTP-U, but has an independent function. It can be used for carrying charging data from the charging data function (CDF) of the GSM or UMTS network to the charging gateway function (CGF). In most cases, this should mean from many individual network elements such as the GGSNs to a centralized computer that delivers the charging data more conveniently to the network operator's billing center. Different GTP variants are implemented by RNCs, SGSNs, GGSNs and CGFs within 3GPP networks. GPRS mobile stations (MSs) are connected to a SGSN without being aware of GTP. GTP can be used with UDP or TCP. UDP is either recommended or mandatory, except for tunnelling X.25 in version 0. GTP version 1 is used only on UDP. General features All variants of GTP have certain features in common. The structure of the messages is the same, with a GTP header following the UDP/TCP header. Header GTP version 1 GTPv1 headers contain the following fields: Version It is a 3-bit field. For GTPv1, this has a value of 1. Protocol Type (PT) a 1-bit value that differentiates GTP (value 1) from GTP' (value 0). Reserved a 1-bit reserved field (must be 0). Extension header flag (E) a 1-bit value that states whether there is an extension header optional field. Sequence number flag (S) a 1-bit value that states whether there is a Sequence Number optional field. N-PDU number flag (PN) a 1-bit value that states whether there is a N-PDU number optional field. Message Type an 8-bit field that indicates the type of GTP message. Different types of messages are defined in 3GPP TS 29.060 section 7.1 Message Length a 16-bit field that indicates the length of the payload in bytes (rest of the packet following the mandatory 8-byte GTP header). Includes the optional fields. Tunnel endpoint identifier (TEID) A 32-bit(4-octet) field used to multiplex different connections in the same GTP tunnel. Sequence number an (optional) 16-bit field. This field exists if any of the E, S, or PN bits are on. The field must be interpreted only if the S bit is on. N-PDU number an (optional) 8-bit field. This field exists if any of the E, S, or PN bits are on. The field must be interpreted only if the PN bit is on. Next extension header type an (optional) 8-bit field. This field exists if any of the E, S, or PN bits are on. The field must be interpreted only if the E bit is on. Next Extension Headers are as follows: Extension length an 8-bit field. This field states the length of this extension header, including the length, the contents, and the next extension header field, in 4-octet units, so the length of the extension must always be a multiple of 4. Contents extension header contents. Next extension header an 8-bit field. It states the type of the next extension, or 0 if no next extension exists. This permits chaining several next extension headers. GTP version 2 It is also known as evolved-GTP or eGTP. GTPv2-C headers contain the following fields: There is no GTPv2-U protocol, GTP-U in LTE also uses GTPv1-U. Version It is a 3-bit field. For GTPv2, this has a value of 2. Piggybacking flag If this bit is set to 1 then another GTP-C message with its own header shall be present at the end of the current message. There are restrictions as to what type of message can be piggybacked depending on what the toplevel GTP-C message is. TEID flag If this bit is set to 1 then the TEID field will be present between the message length and the sequence number. All messages except Echo and Echo reply require TEID to be present. Message length This field shall indicate the length of the message in octets excluding the mandatory of the GTP-C header (the first 4 octets). The TEID (if present) and the Sequence Number shall be included in the length count. Connectivity mechanisms Apart from the common message structure, there is also a common mechanism for verifying connectivity from one GSN to another GSN. This uses two messages. echo request echo response As often as every 60 seconds, a GSN can send an echo request to every other GSN with which it has an active connection. If the other end does not respond it can be treated as down and the active connections to it will be deleted. Apart from the two messages previously mentioned, there are no other messages common across all GTP variants meaning that, for the most part, they effectively form three completely separate protocols. GTP-C - GTP control The GTP-C protocol is the control section of the GTP standard. When a subscriber requests a PDP context, the SGSN will send a create PDP context request GTP-C message to the GGSN giving details of the subscriber's request. The GGSN will then respond with a create PDP context response GTP-C message which will either give details of the PDP context actually activated or will indicate a failure and give a reason for that failure. This is a UDP message on port 2123. The eGTP-C (or, GTPv2-C) protocol is responsible for creating, maintaining and deleting tunnels on multiple Sx interfaces. It is used for the control plane path management, tunnel management and mobility management. It also controls forwarding relocation messages; SRNS context and creating forward tunnels during inter LTE handovers. GTP-U - GTP user data tunneling GTP-U is, in effect a relatively simple IP based tunnelling protocol which permits many tunnels between each set of end points. When used in the UMTS, each subscriber will have one or more tunnel, one for each PDP context that they have active, as well as possibly having separate tunnels for specific connections with different quality of service requirements. The separate tunnels are identified by a TEID (Tunnel Endpoint Identifier) in the GTP-U messages, which should be a dynamically allocated random number. If this random number is of cryptographic quality, then it will provide a measure of security against certain attacks. Even so, the requirement of the 3GPP standard is that all GTP traffic, including user data should be sent within secure private networks, not directly connected to the Internet. This happens on UDP port 2152. The GTPv1-U protocol is used to exchange user data over GTP tunnels across the Sx interfaces. An IP packet for a UE (user endpoint) is encapsulated in an GTPv1-U packet and tunnelled between the P-GW and the eNodeB for transmission with respect to a UE over S1-U and S5/S8 interfaces. GTP' - charging transfer The GTP' protocol is used to transfer charging data to the Charging Gateway Function. GTP' uses TCP/UDP port 3386. Within the GPRS core network GTP is the primary protocol used in the GPRS core network. It is the protocol which allows end users of a GSM or UMTS network to move from place to place whilst continuing to connect to the Internet as if from one location at the GGSN. It does this by carrying the subscriber's data from the subscriber's current SGSN to the GGSN which is handling the subscriber's session. Three forms of GTP are used by the GPRS core network. GTP-U for transfer of user data in separated tunnels for each PDP context GTP-C for control reasons including: setup and deletion of PDP contexts verification of GSN reachability updates; e.g., as subscribers move from one SGSN to another. GTP' for transfer of charging data from GSNs to the charging function. GGSNs and SGSNs (collectively known as GSNs) listen for GTP-C messages on UDP port 2123 and for GTP-U messages on port 2152. This communication happens within a single network or may, in the case of international roaming, happen internationally, probably across a GPRS roaming exchange (GRX). The Charging Gateway Function (CGF) listens to GTP' messages sent from the GSNs on TCP/UDP port 3386. The core network sends charging information to the CGF, typically including PDP context activation times and the quantity of data which the end user has transferred. However, this communication which occurs within one network is less standardized and may, depending on the vendor and configuration options, use proprietary encoding or even an entirely proprietary system. Use on the IuPS interface GTP-U is used on the IuPS between the GPRS core network and the RAN, however the GTP-C protocol is not used. In this case, RANAP is used as a control protocol and establishes GTP-U tunnels between the SGSN and the radio network controller (RNC). Protocol Stack GTP can be used with UDP or TCP. GTP version 1 is used only on UDP. there are three versions defined, versions 0, 1 and 2. Version 0 and version 1 differ considerably in structure. In version 0, the signalling protocol (the protocol which sets up the tunnels by activating the PDP context) is combined with the tunnelling protocol on one port. Versions 1 and 2 are each effectively two protocols, one for control (called GTP-C) and one for user data tunneling (called GTP-U). GTP version 2 is different to version 1 only in GTP-C. This is due to 3GPP defining enhancements to GTP-C for EPS in version 2 to improve bearer handling. GTP-U is also used to transport user data from the RNC to the SGSN in UMTS networks. However, in this case signalling is done using RANAP instead of GTP-C. Historical GTP versions The original version of GTP (version 0) had considerable differences from the current versions (versions 1,2): the tunnel identification was non-random; options were provided for transporting X.25; the fixed port number 3386 was used for all functions (not just charging as in GTPv1); TCP was allowed as a transport option instead of UDP, but support for this was optional; subscription-related fields such as quality of service were more limited. The non-random TEID in version 0 represented a security problem if an attacker had access to any roaming partner's network, or could find some other way to remotely send packets to the GPRS backbone. Version 0 is going out of use and being replaced by version 1 in almost all networks. Fortunately, however the use of different port numbers allows easy blocking of version 0 through simple IP access lists. GTP standardization GTP was originally standardized within ETSI (GSM standard 09.60 ). With the creation of the UMTS standards this was moved over to the 3GPP which, maintains it as 3GPP standard 29.060. GTP' uses the same message format, but its special uses are covered in standard 32.295 along with the standardized formats for the charging data it transfers. Later versions of TS 29.060 deprecate GTPv1/v0 interworking such that there is no fallback in the event that the GSN does not support the higher version. GTPv2 (for evolved packet services) went into draft in early 2008 and was released in December of that year. GTPv2 offers fallback to GTPv1 via the earlier "Version Not Supported" mechanism but explicitly offers no support for fallback to GTPv0. See also Proxy Mobile IPv6 Mobile IP PFCP RANAP Notes References GSM standard 09.60, ETSI, 1996โ€“98, this standard covers the original version 0 of GTP. 3GPP TS 29.060 V6.9.0 (2005-06), 3rd Generation Partnership Project, 650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne - FRANCE, 2005โ€“06. This is the primary standard defining all of the GTP variants for GTP version 1. 3GPP TS 32.295 V6.1.0 (2005-06), 3rd Generation Partnership Project, 650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne - FRANCE, 2005โ€“06. This standard covers using GTP for charging. 3GPP TS 29.274 V8.1.0 (2009-03), 3rd Generation Partnership Project, 650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne - FRANCE, 2009โ€“03. GTPv2 for evolved GPRS. External links The 3GPP web site, home of the GTP standard Free and open source implementation of GPRS Tunnelling Protocol version 2 (GTPv2) or Evolved GTP (eGTP) Network protocols Mobile telecommunications standards GSM standard 3GPP standards Tunneling protocols
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%9E%89%20WC-135%20%EC%BD%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%ED%8A%B8%20%ED%94%BC%EB%8B%89%EC%8A%A4
๋ณด์ž‰ WC-135 ์ฝ˜์Šคํƒ„ํŠธ ํ”ผ๋‹‰์Šค
WC-135 ์ฝ˜์Šคํƒ„ํŠธ ํ”ผ๋‹‰์Šค๋Š” ๋ณด์ž‰ C-135 Stratolifter์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ƒ ๋œ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ต ํญ๋ฐœ์„ ํƒ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์šฉ๋„๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋งค์ฒด์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ "๋‚ ์”จ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜" ๋˜๋Š” "์Šค๋‹ˆํผ (sniffer)"๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์šด์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ WC-135๋Š” 1965๋…„ 12์›”์— ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ •์ฐฐ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ž„๋ฌด์—์„œ ๋ณด์ž‰ WB-50 ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— 10 ๋Œ€์˜ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ C-135B ์ˆ˜์†ก๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, MAC (Magic Airlift Command) ๋ฐ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋งฅ ํด๋ ˆ ๋Ÿฐ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง€์˜ ์ œ 55 ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ •์ฐฐ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ง€์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ์›๋ž˜ ๋ชฉ์  ์ด์™ธ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊ณผ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋Š” ์ž„์‹œ๋กœ RAF ๋ฐ€๋“ ํ™€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ 10 ๊ณต์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ด ๋น„ํ–‰ ์ค‘๋Œ€์— EC-135Hs์˜ ๋น„ํ–‰ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ถ•์ ์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ›ˆ๋ จ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ• ๋‹น๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋Š” ํ•„์š”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ์šด์†กํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋Š” 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ํ‡ด์—ญํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 3 ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ จ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 61-2666์€ NC-135๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ RC-135 ์žฅ๋น„ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฒ ๋“œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ จ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 61-2667์€ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ์ด๋ฆ„ ์ฝ˜์Šคํƒ„ํŠธ ํ”ผ๋‹‰์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  WC-135W๋กœ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋„ค๋ธŒ๋ž˜์Šค์นด ์ฃผ Offutt ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง€์—์„œ 45 ์ฐจ ์ •์ฐฐ ์ „๋Œ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ จ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธย 61-2674๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ OC-135B Open Skyes ๊ด€์ธก๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋˜์–ด 1993๋…„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์žฌ๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1997๋…„์— ํ‡ด์—ญ ํ›„ 2๋Œ€์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ต์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „ EC-135C, ์ผ๋ จ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 62-3582๋Š” 1998๋…„ ์ฝ˜์Šคํƒ„ํŠธ ํ”ผ๋‹‰์Šค๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋œ WC-135C๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 4์›”์— 45 ๋Œ€์˜ ์ •์ฐฐ ์ „๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” 2๋Œ€์˜ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 3 ๋Œ€์˜ KC-135R ์œ ์กฐ์„  ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ WC-135R ์ฝ˜์Šคํƒ„ํŠธ ํ”ผ๋‹‰์Šค ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” 2019๋…„ 9์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋นŒ์—์„œ L3 Technologies์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ž„๋ฌด WC-135B ๋ฐ WC-135W ์ฝ˜์Šคํƒ„ํŠธ ํ”ผ๋‹‰์Šค ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” 1963๋…„์˜ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ํ•ต ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ธˆ์ง€ ์กฐ์•ฝ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฝ์ž ์ž”ํ•ด์™€ ๊ฐ€์Šค ์œ ์ถœ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์ •๋ณด ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์™ธํ˜• ์ฝ˜์Šคํƒ„ํŠธ ํ”ผ๋‹‰์Šค์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์•• ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ์ œํ’ˆ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏธ์…˜ ์Šน๋ฌด์›์€ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ์ž”ํ•ด "๊ตฌ๋ฆ„"์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ณผ์ง€์— ๋ฏธ๋ฆฝ์ž๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํ๋ฆ„ ์žฅ์น˜์™€ ๊ณ ์•• ๋ณด์œ  ๊ตฌ์ฒด์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ ๋œ ์ „์ฒด ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์••์ถ•๊ธฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ช…์นญ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  C์™€ W๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ž„๋ฌด ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค (RC-135V ๋ฐ W ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌ). ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—๋Š” ์กฐ์ข…์„ ์Šน๋ฌด์›, ์œ ์ง€ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ์ง์› ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์‘์šฉ ์„ผํ„ฐ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ์žฅ๋น„ ์šด์˜์ž๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ 33๋ช…์˜ ์ขŒ์„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๋…ธ์ถœ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž‘์—… ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์Šน๋ฌด์›์„ ๋ฏธ์…˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์ธ์›์ธ ์กฐ์ข…์‚ฌ, ํ•ญํ•ด์ž ๋ฐ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ์žฅ๋น„ ์šด์˜์ž๋กœ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒจ๋ผ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด WC-135B ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” 1979๋…„์— 25 ์ข…์„ ๋‚ ์•„ ๋ฒจ๋ผ ์œ„์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ์ง€ ๋œ ๋‚จ ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘์˜ ์ด์ค‘ ์„ฌ๊ด‘์ด ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์‹œํ—˜์ธ์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„ ๋ฐ ์ธ๋„ ์ฝ˜์Šคํƒ„ํŠธ ํ”ผ๋‹‰์Šค ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” 1998๋…„ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„๊ณผ ์ธ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ํ•ต ์‹คํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ 2006๋…„ 10์›” 6์ผ, ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ต๋„ ๋‰ด์Šค ๋Œ€๋ณ€์ธ์€ ํ•ต ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์„ ํƒ์ง€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ด๋ฅ™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ ํ•ต ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค. 2006๋…„ 10์›” 9์ผ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๊ณต์‹ ์ค‘์•™ ํ†ต์‹ ์‚ฌ (KCNA)๋Š” ์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํ•˜ ํ•ต ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2006๋…„ 10์›” 13์ผ, CNN์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด๋ณด๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. "๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์€์ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™”์š”์ผ WC-135 ์ฝ˜์Šคํƒ„ํŠธ ํ”ผ๋‹‰์Šค ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋น„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ •๋ณด๊ตญ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์˜ ๋ฐœํ‘œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋น„ ๋ถ„์„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด '๋ถํ•œ ํ•ต ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ํŒŒํŽธ'์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด๊ตญ ์กด ๋„ค๊ทธ๋กœํฐํ…Œ (John Negroponte) ๊ตญ์žฅ์˜์ด ์„ฑ๋ช…์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญํšŒ ์˜์‚ฌ๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. CNN์€ ์˜ํšŒ ์†Œ์‹ํ†ต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด๊ตญ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ˆ˜์š”์ผ์— ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์›”์š”์ผ์— 'ํ’๊ณ„ ์ธ๊ทผ์—์„œ' ํ•ต ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒŒํŽธ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋๋‹ค๊ณ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€๋Š” CNN์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋Šฅ์ด ๊ฐ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ†ต๋ณดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ด ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” ์˜ค ํ‘ธํŠธ AFB์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„๋‘๊ณ  ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€์˜ ์นด๋ฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง€ ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ ธ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์•™์ผ๋ณด๋Š” 2009๋…„ 6์›” 17์ผ ๋ถํ•œ์ด ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ 5์›” 25์ผ ํ•ต ์‹คํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. "๋ฏธ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์€ ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์นด๋ฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง€์—์„œ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ์ •์ฐฐ ์ œํŠธ๊ธฐ WC-135 ์ฝ˜์Šคํƒ„ํŠธ ํ”ผ๋‹‰์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค." 2010๋…„ 11์›” 23์ผ, ์‚ฐ์ผ€์ด ์‹ ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ถํ•œ ํ•ต ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 2010๋…„ 9์›” WC-135๊ฐ€ ์นด๋ฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง€๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 1์›” 31์ผ, WC-135W๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ต ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์นด๋ฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง€์—์„œ ๊ฐ์‹œ ๋น„ํ–‰์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 1์›” 6์ผ, ๋ฏธ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์€ 1์›” 5์ผ(EST) ์ˆ˜์†Œ ํญํƒ„ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถํ•œ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด WC-135๋ฅผ ๊ณง ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 9์›” 8์ผ์—, ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ถํ•œ์ด 0:30(UTC)์— ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•ต ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์ธํ•œ ํ›„ WC-135๊ฐ€ ๊ณง ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ฐ์‹œ ํ•ญ๊ณตํŽธ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 4์›” 12์ผ ๋ถํ•œ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ธด์žฅ์ด ๊ณ ์กฐ๋œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์€ 2017๋…„ 4์›” 3์ผ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 5์›” 19์ผ, 2 ๋Œ€์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ Su-30 ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋™์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•ด์—์„œ WC-135๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ฑ„์„œ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ 2011๋…„ 3์›” 17์ผ, CNN์€ WC-135W๊ฐ€ ๋„ค๋ธŒ๋ž˜์Šค์นด์˜ Offutt ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง€์—์„œ ์•Œ๋ž˜์Šค์นด์˜ Eielson ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง€์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ํƒ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2011๋…„ 3์›” 11์ผ 9.0 ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆ I ์›์ž๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ 1986๋…„ WC-135C๋Š” ์ฒด๋ฅด๋…ธ๋นŒ ์žฌํ•ด ์ดํ›„ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 2์›” 17์ผ, WC-135C๊ฐ€ RAF Mildenhall์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด-๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์˜จ ์š”์˜ค๋“œ-131์˜ ๋ณ€์น™์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ณด๊ณ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ธก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 4์›” 10์ผ ํ˜„์žฌ ์š”์˜ค๋“œ-131 ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์˜ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์›์ธ์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šด์˜์ž ๋งํฌ=|ํ…Œ๋‘๋ฆฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณต๊ตฐ โ€“ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€ 55 ๋ฒˆ ์œ™ โ€“ Offutt AFB, ๋„ค๋ธŒ๋ž˜์Šค์นด ์ œ 45 ์ •์ฐฐ ์ „๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ์–‘ ์Šน๋ฌด์› : ๋ฏธ์…˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„ ๊ธธ์ด : 42.6m (139 ํ”ผํŠธ 11 ์ธ์น˜) ๋‚ ๊ฐœ ๊ธธ์ด : 39.9m ๋†’์ด : 12.8m ๋‚ ๊ฐœ ๋ฉด์  : 2,433ftยฒ (226mยฒ) ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ด๋ฅ™ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ : 136,300 kg (300,500 lb) ๋™๋ ฅ ์žฅ์น˜ : 4 ร— Pratt & Whitney TF33-P-5 (WC-135W); Pratt & Whitney TF33-P-9 (WC-135C) ํ„ฐ๋ณด ํŒฌ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ 16,050 lbf (71.4 kN) ๊ณต์—ฐ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์†๋„ : 350 KIAS (648 km / h) ๋ฒ”์œ„ : 4000 ๋งˆ์ผ (6437km) ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ•œ๋„ : 12,200m (40,000 ํ”ผํŠธ) ๋‚ ๊ฐœ ์ ์žฌ : 123.5 lb / ftยฒ (603 kg / mยฒ) ์ถ”๋ ฅ / ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ : 0.21 ๊ตฐ๋น„ ์—†์Œ ์ฐธ์กฐ ๋ฑ… ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ USAF : WC-135 ์ฝ˜์Šคํƒ„ํŠธ ํ”ผ๋‹‰์Šค โ€“ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ž๋ฃŒ Airliners.net ๋ณด์ž‰ WC-135W (717-158) GlobalSecurity.org WC-135 ํŽ˜์ด์ง€ Fas.org WC-135 ํŽ˜์ด์ง€ ์ƒ์ˆ˜ ํ”ผ๋‹‰์Šค์™€ ๋ถํ•œ ํ•ต ์‹คํ—˜์˜ CNN ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์‚ฌ๋ฐœ ์ œํŠธ๊ธฐ ์ €์ต๊ธฐ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing%20WC-135%20Constant%20Phoenix
Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix
The WC-135 Constant Phoenix is a special-purpose aircraft derived from the Boeing C-135 Stratolifter and used by the United States Air Force. Its mission is to collect samples from the atmosphere for the purpose of detecting and identifying nuclear explosions. It is also informally referred to as the "weather bird" or "the sniffer" by workers on the program and international media respectively. Operational history The WC-135 was introduced in December 1965, replacing Boeing WB-50 aircraft in the weather-reconnaissance and air-sampling mission. Ten aircraft were initially converted from C-135B transport aircraft and were placed in service with the 55th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron at McClellan Air Force Base, California, with the Military Airlift Command (MAC). Detachments were located at various bases throughout the United States and worldwide. The aircraft occasionally took on other roles throughout their careers; several aircraft were temporarily assigned to the 10th Airborne Command and Control Squadron at RAF Mildenhall in the late 1980s and early 1990s as training aircraft so that the unit could slow the accumulation of flight hours on its EC-135Hs, while others served as staff transports on an as-needed basis. Upon retirement from frontline weather reconnaissance service in the early 1990s, five were retained for further use. Serial no.ย 61-2666 was converted to an NC-135 and remains in service as a testbed for RC-135 equipment upgrades. Serial no.ย 61-2667 was upgraded to a WC-135W, given the project name Constant Phoenix, and remains in service with the 45th Reconnaissance Squadron at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. Serial no.ย 61-2674 was converted to the first OC-135B Open Skies observation aircraft, reentering service in 1993. It was later stored in 1997 and replaced with two additional aircraft also converted from WC-135s. In 1998, a former EC-135C, serial no.ย 62-3582, was converted into a WC-135C, also designated Constant Phoenix. In April 2018 it was announced that three KC-135R tanker aircraft would be converted as WC-135R Constant Phoenix aircraft to replace the two aircraft operated by the 45th Reconnaissance Squadron. The first aircraft was scheduled to be converted by L3 Technologies at Greenville, Texas starting in September 2019. In November 2020, WC-135C, tail number 62-3582, was retired during a ceremony at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. During its 56 year career, it amassed 29,680 flight hours and 72,251 landings. During its retirement ceremony, the 55th Wing chaplain dubbed the aircraft "Lucifer's Chariot", although the aircraft was never referred to by that name during its operational life. In June 2022, the first of three planned WC-135R aircraft (serial number 64-14836) completed its maiden test flight, and was delivered to the 55th Wing on 11 July. Mission The WC-135B and WC-135W Constant Phoenix atmospheric-collection aircraft support national-level intelligence consumers by collecting particulate debris and gaseous effluents from accessible regions of the atmosphere in support of the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963. Features The Constant Phoenix's modifications are primarily related to the aircraft's on-board atmospheric collection suite, which allows the mission crew to detect radioactive debris "clouds" in real time. The aircraft is equipped with external flow-through devices to collect particulates on filter paper and a compressor system for whole air samples collected in high-pressure holding spheres. Despite the different designations, both the C- and W-models carry the same mission equipment (with a front-end avionics suite similar to the RC-135V and W aircraft). The interior seats 33 people, including the cockpit crew, maintenance personnel, and special equipment operators from the Air Force Technical Applications Center. On operational sorties, the crew is minimized to just pilots, navigator, and special-equipment operators, to reduce radiation exposure to mission-essential personnel only. Variants WC-135B - 10 initial aircraft, converted from C-135Bs WC-135C - Converted from former Looking Glass EC-135C Tail Number 62-3582, carries the same equipment as WC-135W WC-135R - 3 converted KC-135Rs, announced in 2018 and included on the FY19 budget request. The first converted aircraft, Tail Number 64-14836, was delivered in July 2022. WC-135W - Re-designation of WC-135B Tail Number 61-2667 after upgrades and removal of flight engineer crew position in the 1990s. Operators United States Air Force โ€“ Air Combat Command 55th Wing โ€“ Offutt AFB, Nebraska 45th Reconnaissance Squadron Specifications Activities Vela Incident WC-135B aircraft flew 25 sorties in 1979 to try to ascertain whether a double flash in the South Atlantic that was detected by a Vela satellite was a nuclear weapons test; however, the result was inconclusive. North Korea On October 6, 2006, Japan's Kyodo News agency reported that a US military aircraft, equipped to detect radiation from a nuclear test, took off from southern Japan. This was believed to be part of US efforts to prepare to monitor a North Korean nuclear test. On October 9, 2006, North Korea's official Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) reported that the country had performed a successful underground nuclear test. On October 13, 2006, CNN reported: "The U.S. Air Force flew a WC-135 Constant Phoenix atmospheric collection aircraft on Tuesday to collect air samples from the region. A preliminary analysis of air samples from North Korea shows 'radioactive debris consistent with a North Korea nuclear test', according to a statement from the office of the top U.S. intelligence official. The statement, from the office of Director of National Intelligence John Negroponte, was sent to Capitol Hill but not released publicly. CNN obtained it from a congressional source. The national intelligence office statement said the air samples were collected Wednesday, and analysis found debris that would be consistent with a nuclear test 'in the vicinity of Punggye' on Monday. The South Korean Defense Ministry told CNN that the United States has informed it that radioactivity has been detected." The aircraft was based at Offutt AFB and was sent to Kadena Air Base on Okinawa to operate during the sampling missions. On June 17, 2009, JoongAng Daily reported, in reference to a purported May 25 nuclear test by North Korea: "The U.S. Air Force twice dispatched a special reconnaissance jet, the WC-135 Constant Phoenix from Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, Japan, to collect air samples." On November 23, 2010, Sankei Shimbun reported that a WC-135 had been moved to Kadena Air Base in September 2010, in anticipation of a North Korean nuclear test. On January 31, 2013, the WC-135W was reported to be conducting surveillance flights out of Kadena Air Base in anticipation of another North Korean nuclear test. On January 6, 2016, the United States Air Force confirmed plans to soon deploy the WC-135 to test for radiation near North Korea to examine North Korea's claim that they had successfully conducted a hydrogen-bomb test on January 5 (EST). On September 8, 2016, it was reported that the WC-135 would soon begin surveillance flights near the Korean Peninsula after South Korean officials confirmed that North Korea conducted its fifth nuclear test at approximately 0:30 UTC. On April 12, 2017, it was deployed to Okinawa amid rising tensions with North Korea. North Korea conducted a missile test on April 3, 2017. On May 19, 2017, two Chinese Su-30 fighter jets intercepted a WC-135 over the East China Sea, prompting a formal complaint from the Pentagon. Japan On March 17, 2011, CNN reported that the WC-135W had been deployed from Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska to Eielson Air Force Base in Alaska. From there it assisted in detecting radioactive materials in the atmosphere around Japan, monitoring radioactivity released from the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant caused by the magnitude 9.0 earthquake and subsequent tsunami of March 11, 2011. Europe In 1986, multiple WC-135Bs were deployed to Europe to help monitor the air after the Chernobyl disaster. On February 17, 2017, it was reported that the WC-135C had been deployed to RAF Mildenhall. It was conjectured that this came in response to several reports of anomalous levels of iodine-131 coming from the Norwegian-Russian Border, but as of April 10, 2017, there was no official cause of the iodine-131 release. In late July and early August 2021 a WC-135W deployed to Europe and carried out measurements over the Baltic Sea and Sweden. A connection is suspected with the technical problems of the Russian Oscar-II-class submarine Orel, which subsequently had to be tugged back. See also Bhangmeter References General External links USAF: WC-135 Constant Phoenix โ€“ Factsheet Airliners.net Boeing WC-135W (717-158) GlobalSecurity.org WC-135 page Fas.org WC-135 page CNN coverage of Constant Phoenix and North Korean Nuclear Test C-135W Constant Phoenix C-0135W Constant Phoenix Quadjets Low-wing aircraft
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%8C%EB%B0%94
์คŒ๋ฐ”
์คŒ๋ฐ”(Zumba)๋Š” ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•„์˜ ๋ฌด์šฉ๊ฐ€, ์•ˆ๋ฌด๊ฐ€์ธ ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†  "๋ฒ ํ† " ํŽ˜๋ ˆ์Šค(Alberto "Beto" Pรฉrez)์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๋œ ํ”ผํŠธ๋‹ˆ์Šค ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด๋‹ค. ์œ ๋ž˜์™€ ํŠน์ง• ์คŒ๋ฐ”๋Š” 1998๋…„์— ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•„ ์นผ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์—์–ด๋กœ๋น… ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†  "๋ฒ ํ† " ํŽ˜๋ ˆ์Šค(Alberto "Beto" Pรฉrez)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฐฝ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—์–ด๋กœ๋น… ์ˆ˜์—…์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์นด์„ธํŠธ ํ…Œ์ดํ”„๋ฅผ ์žŠ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๋ฒ ํ†  ํŽ˜๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์‹  ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ์นด์„ธํŠธ ํ…Œ์ดํ”„์—์„œ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋ผํ‹ด ๋Œ„์Šค, ์‚ด์‚ฌ, ๋ฉ”๋ ๊ฒŒ ์Œ์•…์— ๋งž์ถฐ์„œ ์ถค์„ ์ถ”์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ํŽ˜๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” ์ด ์šด๋™์„ '๋ฃธ๋ฐ”์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ'(Rumbacize)๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณค๋‹ค. ๋ฃธ๋ฐ”์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ๋Š” '๋ฃธ๋ฐ”'(Rumba)์™€ '์žฌ์ €์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ'(Jazzercize, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ”ผํŠธ๋‹ˆ์Šค ํ”„๋žœ์ฐจ์ด์ฆˆ ๊ธฐ์—…)์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์–ด์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํ†  ํŽ˜๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ด ์ถค์„ '์คŒ๋ฐ”'๋กœ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ–ˆ๊ณ  1999๋…„์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์คŒ๋ฐ”๋ฅผ ์ „ํŒŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํ†  ํŽ˜๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” 2001๋…„์— ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†  ํŽ˜๋ฅผ๋งŒ(Alberto Perlman), ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†  ์•„๊ธฐ์˜จ(Alberto Aghion)๊ณผ์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํ•ด์„ค์‹ ๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”ผํŠธ๋‹ˆ์Šค ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 2006๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฒ ํ†  ํŽ˜๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์คŒ๋ฐ” ํ”ผํŠธ๋‹ˆ์Šค(Zumba Fitness)๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์คŒ๋ฐ”๋Š” ์คŒ๋ฐ” ํ”ผํŠธ๋‹ˆ์Šค์˜ ๋“ฑ๋ก ์ƒํ‘œ์ธ๋ฐ ์คŒ๋ฐ”์—๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. 2015๋…„์—๋Š” 186๊ฐœ๊ตญ์— 1,400๋งŒ ๋ช…์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์คŒ๋ฐ” ์ˆ˜์—…์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์คŒ๋ฐ”๋Š” ์—์–ด๋กœ๋น…์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๊ทธ ์™ธ์˜ ํ”ผํŠธ๋‹ˆ์Šค ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ, ์šด๋™ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋Œ„์Šค ์Šคํ…์„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์คŒ๋ฐ”๋Š” ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์‹ค์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํด๋Ÿฝ, ํ—ฌ์Šค ํด๋Ÿฝ, ๋Œ„์Šค ํ•™์› ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ์คŒ๋ฐ”๋Š” 16๊ฐ€์ง€์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋™์ž‘ ์ „์ฒด ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์คŒ๋ฐ”์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋™์ž‘์€ ๋ผํ‹ด ๋Œ„์Šค ์žฅ๋ฅด์ธ ์‚ด์‚ฌ, ๋ ˆ๊ฒŒํ†ค, ๋ฉ”๋ ๊ฒŒ, ์ฟฐ๋น„์•„ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋™์ž‘์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์คŒ๋ฐ” ์ˆ˜์—…์€ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ •๋„์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์คŒ๋ฐ” ํ”ผํŠธ๋‹ˆ์Šค(Zumba Fitness)์—์„œ ๊ณต์‹ ์ธ์ฆ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์คŒ๋ฐ” ์ˆ˜์—…์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 600์นผ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์คŒ๋ฐ” ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฟฐ๋น„์•„, ์‚ด์‚ฌ, ๋ฉ”๋ ๊ฒŒ, ๋ง˜๋ณด, ํ”Œ๋ผ๋ฉฉ์ฝ”, ์ฐจ์ฐจ์ฐจ, ๋ ˆ๊ฒŒํ†ค, ์†Œ์นด, ์‚ผ๋ฐ”, ํž™ํ•ฉ ์Œ์•…, ์•…์„ธ, ํƒฑ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋ผํ‹ด ๋Œ„์Šค ์Œ์•…์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์คŒ๋ฐ”์—๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ น๊ณผ ์šด๋™ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ 10๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์คŒ๋ฐ” ๊ณจ๋“œ(Zumba Gold): ์ดˆ๋ณด์ž์™€ ๋…ธ์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋œ ์คŒ๋ฐ” ์ˆ˜์—…์ด๋‹ค. ์คŒ๋ฐ” ์Šคํ…(Zumba Step): ๋ฃจํ‹ด ๋™์ž‘, ์Šคํ… ์—์–ด๋กœ๋น… ๋™์ž‘์— ๋ผํ‹ด ๋Œ„์Šค ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์„ ์ ‘๋ชฉํ•œ ์คŒ๋ฐ” ์ˆ˜์—…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ•˜์ฒด ์šด๋™์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์คŒ๋ฐ” ํ† ๋‹(Zumba Toning): ํ† ๋‹ ์Šคํ‹ฑ(Toning stick, ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง‰๋Œ€๊ธฐ)์œผ๋กœ ์šด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋œ ์คŒ๋ฐ” ์ˆ˜์—…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ณต๊ทผ, ํ—ˆ๋ฒ…์ง€, ํŒ”, ๋ชธ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์™ธ์˜ ๊ทผ์œก๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์คŒ๋ฐ” ์ˆ˜์—…์€ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์šด๋™, ์ฒด๋ ฅ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„์ฟ ์•„ ์คŒ๋ฐ”(Aqua Zumba): ์ˆ˜์˜์žฅ์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์คŒ๋ฐ” ์ˆ˜์—…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์€ ์–•์€ ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ’€์žฅ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์„ ์ง€๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„์ฟ ์•„ ์คŒ๋ฐ”์˜ ๋™์ž‘์€ ์คŒ๋ฐ” ํ”ผํŠธ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์ˆ˜์—…๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ถค์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„, ์•„์ฟ ์•„ ํ”ผํŠธ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ถค์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ์คŒ๋ฐ” ์ธ ๋” ์„œํ‚ท(Zumba in the Circuit): ์ถค๊ณผ ์ˆœํšŒ ๋™์ž‘์„ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ธ ์คŒ๋ฐ” ์ˆ˜์—…์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜์—…์€ ๋ณดํ†ต 30๋ถ„ ์ •๋„ ์ง€์†๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์šด๋™์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์คŒ๋ฐ” ํ‚ค์ฆˆ(Zumba Kids), ์คŒ๋ฐ” ํ‚ค์ฆˆ ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ์–ด(Zumba Kids Jr.): 7์„ธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 11์„ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋œ ์คŒ๋ฐ” ์ˆ˜์—…์ด๋‹ค. ์คŒ๋ฐ” ๊ณจ๋“œ ํ† ๋‹(Zumba Gold-Toning): ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์— ๋งž์ถฐ์„œ ๊ทผ์œก์˜ ํž˜, ์ž์„ธ, ๊ธฐ๋™์„ฑ, ์กฐ์ ˆ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์คŒ๋ฐ” ์ˆ˜์—…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ์คŒ๋ฐ” ์„ผํƒ€์˜ค(Zumba Sentao): ์Œ์ƒ‰์„ ์กฐ๋Ÿฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘๋Š” ์˜์ž ์คŒ๋ฐ” ์ˆ˜์—…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชธ์„ ํŠผํŠผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŠธ๋กฑ ๋„ค์ด์…˜(STRONG Nationโ„ข): ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†๋„์™€ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ๊ต์ฐจ์‹œํ‚จ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์„œ์„œํžˆ ๋†’์—ฌ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋™์ž‘, ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์ž‘์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ทผ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์—…์ด๋‹ค. ์คŒ๋น„๋‹ˆ(Zumbini): 0์„ธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 3์„ธ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์•„๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋œ ์คŒ๋ฐ” ์ˆ˜์—…์ด๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ๋ฐ”์ด ์คŒ๋ฐ”(Plate by Zumba): ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‹์Šต๊ด€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ•™์Šต ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์คŒ๋ฐ”๋Š” ์ „์‹  ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๊ฐ•ํ™” ์šด๋™์ด์ž ์œ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์šด๋™์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์นผ๋กœ๋ฆฌ ์†Œ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์คŒ๋ฐ” ์šด๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 1,000์นผ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์คŒ๋ฐ”๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์คŒ๋ฐ” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์คŒ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์— ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์šด๋™์ž„์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์คŒ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์šด๋™์ž„์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์คŒ๋ฐ”๋Š” ๊ทผ์œก์˜ ํž˜์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ๋™์ž‘๊ณผ ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ์คŒ๋ฐ”๋Š” ์นผ๋กœ๋ฆฌ ์†Œ๋ชจ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์••๊ณผ ๋‚˜์œ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๊ณ  ์ข‹์€ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์คŒ๋ฐ” ํ”ผํŠธ๋‹ˆ์Šค (Zumba Fitness) ์คŒ๋ฐ” ํ”ผํŠธ๋‹ˆ์Šค (Zumba Fitness) ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€ ์œ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์šด๋™ 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์œ ํ–‰
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zumba
Zumba
Zumba is a fitness program that involves cardio and Latin-inspired dance. It was founded by Colombian dancer and choreographer Beto Pรฉrez in 2001, It currently has 200,000 locations, with 15 million people taking classes weekly, and is located in 180 countries. Zumba is a trademark owned by Zumba Fitness, LLC. Origin Zumba was created in the 1990s by dancer and choreographer Beto Pรฉrez, an aerobics instructor in Cali, Colombia. After forgetting his usual music one day, and using cassette tapes of Latin dance music (salsa and merengue) for class, Pรฉrez began integrating the music and dancing into other classes, calling it "Rumbacize". In 2001, Pรฉrez partnered with Alberto Perlman and Alberto Aghion to launch Zumba, and the trio released a series of fitness videos sold via infomercial. Pรฉrez decided on the word "Zumba" because of its similarity to the word "rumba", the Cuban musical genre. Pรฉrez and his partner began to replace the first letter of "rumba" until they landed on "sumba", and Pรฉrez ultimately decided to spell it with the letter 'z' because he liked the fictional character Zorro when he was a child. In 2012, Insight Venture Partners and the Raine Group invested in the venture. The company expanded into class instruction, and by 2015, according to Perlman, there were 14 million Zumba students in 186 countries. Choreography Zumba choreography is composed using all or some of sixteen core steps. There are four basic rhythms: salsa, reggaeton, merengue, and cumbia; each basic rhythm has four core steps. Classes Instructors are licensed by Zumba Fitness, LLC to teach classes. There are eleven types of classes, for different ages and levels of exertion: Zumba โ€” a mix of low and high intensity, interval-style moves. Zumba Step โ€” a lower-body workout that incorporates Zumba routines and step aerobics with Latin dance rhythms. Zumba Toning โ€” for people who do their workouts with toning sticks, targeting the abs, thighs, arms, and other muscles. This type of Zumba class provides participants with a cardio workout and strength training. Aqua Zumba โ€” classes held in a swimming pool. The instructor leads the class poolside while participants follow in shallow water. The moves have been adapted to combine the dance movements used in a Zumba Fitness class with those used in aqua fitness classes. There is less impact on the joints, since it's in water, and natural resistance is created. Zumba Sentao โ€” a combination of strength and resistance training, incorporating dance moves and a chair as your partner. It works your muscles and core without lifting weights. Zumba Gold โ€” a modified, lower-intensity version of a typical Zumba class. Zumba Gold-Toning โ€” a toning class designed for older participants with the goal of improving muscle strength, posture, mobility, and coordination. Zumba Kids (ages 7โ€“11) & Zumba Kids Jr. (ages 4โ€“6) โ€” classes for kids that feature kid-friendly routines based on the original Zumba choreography, while also breaking down the steps and adding games and cultural exploration activities . Zumbini โ€” a class for babies and children, ages of 0โ€“4 years old and their caregivers to learn, bond, and grow in a musical environment. Their live classes stream on BabyFirstTV. Zumba in the Circuit โ€” combines dance with circuit training. These classes usually last 30 minutes and feature strength exercises on various stations in timed intervals. A Plate by Zumba โ€” an e-learning program to learn about healthy eating habits. Health benefits Zumba is intended as a total-body cardio and aerobic workout, which provides calorie consumption. One 2012 study found that a participant burns 300 to 900 kcal with an hour-long Zumba exercise. Because Zumba offers different options, proponents of the Zumba program claim that it is safe for all ages, meaning anyone can participate. Some of the classes are specifically aimed at elderly people. Besides its high calorie burning, Zumba can help lower the risk of heart disease, reduce blood pressure and LDL cholesterol, and increase HDL cholesterol. Events The annual ZIN-con for Zumba instructors from around the world takes place in the United States, including master classes, specialty training and a Zumba concert. In addition to the Annual Zumba Convention, Zumba also operates a number of one-day Academies where instructors can attend master classes and rhythm sessions. These events are held in cities globally. In January 2016, the first Zumba Cruise took place. Products Zumba began selling DVDs via infomercials in 2002, selling more than 10 million DVDs by 2012. In 2005, the Zumba Academy was launched to license instructors for teaching Zumba classes. In 2007, the company launched a clothing line called Zumba Wear; as of 2012, official apparel sales amounted to $10-million per year. In July 2012, Zumba released the compilation album Zumba Fitness Dance Party. Video games In 2010, Zumba released its first fitness video gameโ€”Zumba Fitnessโ€”on 30 November 2010 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 (on Epic Games' Unreal Engine 3), selling 3 million copies by August 2011. It was followed by Zumba Fitness 2, released in November 2011, with a similar game released on the Xbox 360 as Zumba Fitness Rush in February 2012. In October 2012, Zumba Fitness Core was released for the Wii and Xbox 360, including new features such as nutrition tips and the ability to set personal goals. Zumba Fitness: World Party was released on 5 November 2013, featuring a new "World Tour" mode that unlocks songs from seven global destinations as a player progresses, as well as authentic customs, local rhythms and native dance styles. The game was followed a couple weeks later by Zumba Kids on 19 November 2013. On 19 November 2019, Zumba Burn It Up! was released by 505 Games and Sega in Japan and certain countries (digital only) for the Nintendo Switch, as the first Zumba game in six years. Bans In 2013, the Haredi city of Beitar Illit banned all-female participants or female teachers in the activity. In June 2017, Zumba was banned in Iran for being un-Islamic. In August 2017, six people were arrested after being accused of "trying to change lifestyles" by teaching Zumba. References External links How I Built This - Zumba: Beto Pรฉrez & Alberto Perlman 1999 introductions 2000s fads and trends Aerobic exercise Colombian inventions Dance and health Exercise organizations Exercise-related trademarks Franchises
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%AE%EB%8F%84%EB%A7%88%EB%B1%80%EB%B6%99%EC%9D%B4%EC%86%8D
๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†
๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†(Phelsuma)์€ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๊ณผ์— ์†ํ•œ ํฐ ์†์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ฝ”(day geckos, ๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜)๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ข…์˜ ์กด์†์ด ์œ„ํ˜‘๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ํ”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€์†์— ์†ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…์€ CITES ๋ถ€์†์„œ II(:en:CITES Appendix II)์— ๋“ฑ์žฌ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„  ๋ณ„๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, IUCN์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ข…์˜ ์กด์†์— ์œ„ํ—˜ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ข…๋“ค์€ ์• ์™„๋™๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฌ์œก๋œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์„ธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ข…๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์— ํ™œ๋™์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผํ–‰์„ฑ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋‚œ์Ÿ์ด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†, ๋”ธ๋ณด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์† ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋™๊ณต์ด ๋‘ฅ๊ธ€๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ˆˆ๊บผํ’€์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ˆˆ์•Œ์„ ๋ฎ๋Š” ๋‘ฅ๊ทผ ๋ง‰์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ˜“๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฅ์•„ ๋‹ฆ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ข…์€ ๋ฐ์€ ๋…น์ƒ‰, ์ ์ƒ‰, ์ฒญ์ƒ‰์„ ๋„๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํ…Œ๋ผ๋ฆฌ์›€, ๋น„๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์›€์šฉ ์• ์™„๋™๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™”๋ คํ•œ ์ƒ‰๊น”์€ ์ข…์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์œ„์žฅ ์—ญํ• ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” 6.5 - 30cm ์‚ฌ์ด๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฉธ์ข…ํ•œ ๋กœ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์Šคํฐ๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ๋” ์ปธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์— ์ž‘์€ ๋ฐ•ํŒ(:en:Lamella (zoology))์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋นจํŒ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋Œ€๋‚˜๋ฌด๋‚˜ ์œ ๋ฆฌ ๋”ฐ์œ„๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ํ‰ํ‰ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ง, inverted ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ์˜ ์•ˆ์ชฝ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์€ ํ”์ (:en:Vestigiality)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ปท์€ ๋’ท๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ‘๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ‡ด(:en:Femoral triangle)๊ณต์ด ์ž˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•”์ปท์€ ๋Œ€ํ‡ด๊ณต์ด ์ ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์•”์ปท์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๋ชฉ์˜ ์˜†๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋‚ด๋ฆผํ”„(:en:Endolymphatic)์„ํšŒ๋‚ญ์ด ์ž˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‚ญ๋“ค์€ ์•Œ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์นผ์Š˜์„ ์ €์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•”์ปท์ด ์ž„์‹ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ชธํ†ต์˜ ์˜†๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์— ์•Œ๋“ค์ด ํŠ€์–ด๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ฒด๋Š” 6 - 12๊ฐœ์›” ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž‘์€ ์ข…์€ 10๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ํฐ ์ข…์€ ์‚ฌ์œก ์‹œ์— 20๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„œ์‹์ง€ ๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ธ๋„์–‘์˜ ๋‚จ์„œ๋ถ€์— ์„œ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์™ธ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์ œ๋„์™€ ๋ฒต๊ณจ๋งŒ์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ์„ฌ๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์™€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ๋ณธํ† ์˜ ๋™ํ•ด์•ˆ์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ด ๋…€์„๋“ค์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋น„๊ต์  ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฆฌํƒ€๋‹ˆ์™€ ๋งˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค์นด๋ฅด์— ์„œ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ข…์€ ๋งˆ์Šค์นด๋ Œ, ์„ธ์ด์…ธ, ์ฝ”๋ชจ๋กœ ์ œ๋„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ์„ฌ๋“ค์— ์„œ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…€์„๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•˜์™€์ด ์ œ๋„์˜ ํ•˜์™€์ด์„ฌ, ์นด์šฐ์•„์ด์„ฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์„ฌ, ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค์ฃผ์— ํ•ด์ถฉ๊ตฌ์ œ ๋ช…๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๋„ 0 - 2,300m ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ถ„ํฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ชฉ์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…€์„๋“ค์€ ์ฝ”์ฝ”์•ผ์ž๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋‚˜๋‚˜๋ฌด์—๋„ ์„œ์‹ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •์›, ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ, ์ง‘, ํ—›๊ฐ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์™ธ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ฒ„๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ์ข…์ด๋‹ค. ์‹์„ฑ ๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์•ผ์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณค์ถฉ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ ˆ์ง€๋™๋ฌผ์„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ฝƒ๊ฟ€, ๊ฝƒ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ, ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋‚˜๊ฐ™์ด ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ์ž˜ ์ต์€ ๋‹ฌ๋‹ฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ผ๋„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์œก ์‹œ์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹๋‹จ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธ‰์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณผ์ผํŒŒ๋ฆฌ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฒŒ์ง‘๋‚˜๋ฐฉ(:en:wax moth), ์ž‘์€ ์ˆ˜ํผ์›œ(:en:super worm), ์ž‘์€ ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์›œ(:en:Butterworm), ๋ฐ€์›œ ๋”ฐ์œ„์˜ ๊ณค์ถฉ์„ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํŒŒํŒŒ์•ผ, ๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋‚˜ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ฌ๋‹ฌํ•œ ์ž‘์€ ๊ณผ์ผ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์‹œํŒ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด ๊ฝƒ๊ฟ€ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ฃผ์— ๋ช‡ ๋ฒˆ ๊ธ‰์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„์— BBC ์ œ์ž‘์ง„์€ ๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ”Œ๋žœํŠธํ˜ธํผ(:en:planthopper)์˜ ๊ฐ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋จน๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดฌ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†์€ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๋™๋ฌผํ•™์ž ์กด ์—๋“œ์›Œ๋“œ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ 1825๋…„์— ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ๋‚ด๊ณผ์˜ ๋ฌดํฌ ๋ฐ˜ ํŽ ์ˆจ(:en:Murk van Phelsum)์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์„œ ๋ช…๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์†์€ 70 ๊ฐœ ์ข…, ์•„์ข…์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‘ ์ข…, ๋กœ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์Šคํฐ๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์™€ ๋กœ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์Šค๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๋ฉธ์ข…๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์•„๋งˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์ถ•์ด ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋‚ฎ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์•ผ์ƒ ์„œ์‹์ง€, ํŠนํžˆ ์—ด๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฆผ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ฉธ์ข… ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค. Phelsuma abbotti Phelsuma abbotti abbotti โ€“ Aldabra Island day gecko Phelsuma abbotti chekei โ€“ Cheke's day gecko Phelsuma abbotti sumptio โ€“ Assumption Island day gecko Phelsuma andamanense โ€“ Andaman Islands day gecko Phelsuma antanosy Phelsuma astriata โ€“ Seychelles day gecko Phelsuma astriata astovei Phelsuma astriata astriata โ€“ Seychelles small day gecko Phelsuma astriata semicarinata Phelsuma barbouri โ€“ Barbour's day gecko Phelsuma berghofi Phelsuma borai Phelsuma borbonica Phelsuma borbonica agalegae โ€“ Agalega day gecko Phelsuma borbonica borbonica โ€“ Reunion Island day gecko Phelsuma borbonica mater Phelsuma breviceps Phelsuma cepediana โ€“ blue-tailed day gecko Phelsuma comorensis Phelsuma dorsivittata Phelsuma dubia โ€“ dull day gecko, Zanzibar day gecko Phelsuma edwardnewtoni โ€“ Rodrigues day gecko (extinct, last seen 1917) Phelsuma flavigularis โ€“ yellow-throated day gecko Phelsuma gigas โ€“ Rodrigues giant day gecko (extinct, last seen 1842) Phelsuma gouldi Phelsuma grandis โ€“ Madagascar giant day gecko Phelsuma guentheri โ€“ Round Island day gecko Phelsuma guimbeaui โ€“ orange-spotted day gecko, Mauritius lowland forest day gecko Phelsuma guttata โ€“ speckled day gecko Phelsuma hielscheri Phelsuma hoeschi Phelsuma inexpectata โ€“ Reunion Island ornate day gecko Phelsuma kely Phelsuma klemmeri โ€“ yellow-headed day gecko Phelsuma kochi Phelsuma laticauda โ€“ broad-tailed day gecko Phelsuma laticauda angularis Phelsuma laticauda laticauda โ€“ gold dust day gecko Phelsuma lineata Phelsuma lineata bombetokensis Phelsuma lineata elanthana Phelsuma lineata lineata Phelsuma lineata punctulata Phelsuma madagascariensis Phelsuma madagascariensis boehmei โ€“ Boehme's giant day gecko Phelsuma madagascariensis madagascariensis โ€“ Madagascar day gecko Phelsuma malamakibo Phelsuma masohoala Phelsuma modesta โ€“ modest day gecko Phelsuma modesta leiogaster Phelsuma modesta modesta Phelsuma mutabilis โ€“ thicktail day gecko Phelsuma nigristriata โ€“ island day gecko Phelsuma ornata โ€“ Mauritius ornate day gecko Phelsuma parkeri โ€“ Pemba Island day gecko Phelsuma parva Phelsuma pasteuri โ€“ Pasteur's day gecko Phelsuma pronki Phelsuma pusilla Phelsuma pusilla hallmanni โ€“ Hallmann's day gecko Phelsuma pusilla pusilla Phelsuma quadriocellata โ€“ peacock day gecko Phelsuma quadriocellata quadriocellata โ€“ four-spotted day gecko Phelsuma quadriocellata bimaculata Phelsuma quadriocellata lepida Phelsuma ravenala Phelsuma robertmertensi โ€“ Robert Mertens's day gecko Phelsuma roesleri Phelsuma rosagularis โ€“ Mauritius upland forest day gecko Phelsuma seippi โ€“ Seipp's day gecko Phelsuma serraticauda โ€“ flat-tailed day gecko Phelsuma standingi โ€“ Standing's day gecko Phelsuma sundbergi โ€“ Praslin Island day gecko Phelsuma sundbergi ladiguensis โ€“ La Digue day gecko Phelsuma sundbergi longinsulae โ€“ Mahรฉ day gecko Phelsuma sundbergi sundbergi โ€“ Seychelles giant day gecko Phelsuma vanheygeni Phelsuma v-nigra โ€“ Indian day gecko Phelsuma v-nigra anjouanensis โ€“ Anjouan Island day gecko Phelsuma v-nigra comoraegrandensis โ€“ Grand Comoro day gecko Phelsuma v-nigra v-nigra ์ฃผ์˜์‚ฌํ•ญ: ์‚ฝ์ž…์–ด๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด๋ช… ๋ช…๋ช…์ž(:en:Binominal nomenclature)๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ข…์„ ํ˜„์žฌ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†์— ์†ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ–ˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Phelsumania.com Gekkota.com Phelsuma.nl Phelsuma at the Reptile Database ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ Gray JE (1825). "A Synopsis of the Genera of Reptiles and Amphibia, with a Description of some new Species". Annals of Philosophy. New Series [Series 2] 10: 193-217. (Phelsuma, new genus, p.ย 199). ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๊ณผ ์กด ์—๋“œ์›Œ๋“œ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phelsuma
Phelsuma
Phelsuma is a large genus of geckos in the family Gekkonidae. Species in the genus Phelsuma are commonly referred to as day geckos. Some day geckos are seriously endangered and some are common, but all Phelsuma species are CITES Appendix II listed. Little is known about trade in day geckos, but the IUCN considers it a threat to some species. Some species are captive-bred. Taxonomy The genus itself is thought to have originated anywhere between the Late Cretaceous to the mid-Eocene (43 to 75 mya), as that is when its lineage is known to have diverged from the one containing the Namaqua day gecko (Rhoptropella), although it is unknown how closely related both genera are. The crown group containing all recent species is thought to have originated in the early Oligocene, about 30 million years ago, with the most basal of them being the isolated Andaman day gecko (P. andamanensis), which diverged from all other species shortly after the crown group originated. Most of the other divergence among species in areas of the Western Indian Ocean such as the Seychelles is thought to have occurred in the Neogene. Description In contrast to most other gecko species, day geckos of the genus Phelsuma are active mainly during the day. Other diurnal geckos include species of the genera Lygodactylus and Gonatodes. Like most other geckos, day geckos lack eyelids, instead having rounded pupils and a clear, fixed plate covering their eyes which they clean with their tongues. Many species have bright green, red, and blue colors which make them popular terrarium or vivarium pets. These brilliant colors play a role in intraspecies recognition and also serve as camouflage. The total length (including tail) of the different Phelsuma species varies between about , but the extinct Rodrigues giant day gecko was even larger. Day geckos have toe pads consisting of tiny lamellae which allow them to walk on plain vertical and inverted surfaces like bamboo or glass. The inner toe on each foot is vestigial. Males have well-developed femoral pores on the undersurface of their rear limbs. These pores are less developed or absent in females. Females often have well-developed endolymphatic chalk sacs on the sides of their necks. These sacs store calcium, which is needed for egg production. Those eggs can often be seen through the ventral surface of the female's body shortly before they are laid. The hatchlings reach sexual maturity between six and 12 months old. Smaller species may live up to 10 years, whereas the larger species have been reported to live more than 20 years in captivity. Distribution and habitat Day geckos inhabit the islands of the south-west part of the Indian Ocean. The exceptions are Phelsuma andamanense, which is endemic to the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal, and Phelsuma dubia, which is also found on the East Coast of mainland Africa, although it possibly was introduced there. Most Phelsumas species are found in Mauritius and Madagascar. Some species are found on neighboring island groups, including the Mascarenes, Seychelles, and Comoros. Due to human introduction, they are also often found on some of the Hawaiian Islands, including the Big Island, Maui and Kauai, and the state of Florida, where they were introduced as a form of pest control. The different Phelsuma species can be found from sea level up to 2,300 meters. Most day geckos are arboreal. They inhabit, amongst others, coconut palms and banana trees, but can also be found near human settlements, in gardens, on fences, houses, and huts. An exception, Phelsuma barbouri, is a terrestrial species. Diet Day geckos feed on various insects and other invertebrates in the wild. They also eat nectar, pollen, and occasionally soft, ripe and sweet fruits such as bananas. In captivity, such a diet is simulated. Insects which may be used include: (wingless) fruit flies, various flies, wax moths, crickets, small super worms, small butter worms and mealworms. Fruit, which is required a few times a week, may be small pieces of papaya, banana, or other sweet fruit and also commercial gecko nectars. In 2008 a BBC film crew took footage of a day gecko successfully begging a planthopper for honeydew. Classification The genus Phelsuma was first described in 1825 by the British zoologist John Edward Gray, who named it after the Dutch physician Murk van Phelsum. The genus consists of about 70 known species and subspecies. Two Phelsuma species (Phelsuma gigas and Phelsuma edwardnewtoni), both of which were endemic to the Mascarene island of Rodrigues, are now considered to be extinct, probably due to the destruction of their environments by human settlers and their domestic animals. Many day gecko species are endangered today for similar reasons: an increasing percentage of their natural habitat, especially tropical forest, is being destroyed by human activity. Phelsuma abbotti Phelsuma abbotti abbotti โ€“ Aldabra Island day gecko Phelsuma abbotti chekei โ€“ Cheke's day gecko Phelsuma abbotti sumptio โ€“ Assumption Island day gecko Phelsuma andamanensis โ€“ Andaman Islands day gecko Phelsuma antanosy Phelsuma astriata โ€“ Seychelles day gecko Phelsuma astriata astovei Phelsuma astriata astriata โ€“ Seychelles small day gecko Phelsuma astriata semicarinata Phelsuma barbouri โ€“ Barbour's day gecko Phelsuma berghofi Phelsuma borai Phelsuma borbonica Phelsuma borbonica agalegae โ€“ Agalega day gecko Phelsuma borbonica borbonica โ€“ Reunion Island day gecko Phelsuma borbonica mater Phelsuma breviceps Phelsuma cepediana โ€“ blue-tailed day gecko Phelsuma comorensis Phelsuma dorsivittata Phelsuma dubia โ€“ dull day gecko, Zanzibar day gecko Phelsuma edwardnewtoni โ€“ Rodrigues day gecko (extinct, last seen 1917) Phelsuma flavigularis โ€“ yellow-throated day gecko Phelsuma gigas โ€“ Rodrigues giant day gecko (extinct, last seen 1842) Phelsuma gouldi Phelsuma grandis โ€“ Madagascar giant day gecko Phelsuma guentheri โ€“ Round Island day gecko Phelsuma guimbeaui โ€“ orange-spotted day gecko, Mauritius lowland forest day gecko Phelsuma guttata โ€“ speckled day gecko Phelsuma hielscheri Phelsuma hoeschi Phelsuma inexpectata โ€“ Reunion Island ornate day gecko Phelsuma kely Phelsuma klemmeri โ€“ yellow-headed day gecko Phelsuma kochi Phelsuma laticauda โ€“ broad-tailed day gecko Phelsuma laticauda angularis Phelsuma laticauda laticauda โ€“ gold dust day gecko Phelsuma lineata Phelsuma lineata bombetokensis Phelsuma lineata elanthana Phelsuma lineata lineata Phelsuma madagascariensis Phelsuma madagascariensis boehmei โ€“ Boehme's giant day gecko Phelsuma madagascariensis madagascariensis โ€“ Madagascar day gecko Phelsuma malamakibo Phelsuma masohoala Phelsuma modesta โ€“ modest day gecko Phelsuma modesta leiogaster Phelsuma modesta modesta Phelsuma mutabilis โ€“ thicktail day gecko Phelsuma nigristriata โ€“ island day gecko Phelsuma ornata โ€“ Mauritius ornate day gecko Phelsuma parkeri โ€“ Pemba Island day gecko Phelsuma parva Phelsuma pasteuri โ€“ Pasteur's day gecko Phelsuma pronki Phelsuma punctulata โ€“ striped day gecko Phelsuma pusilla Phelsuma pusilla hallmanni โ€“ Hallmann's day gecko Phelsuma pusilla pusilla Phelsuma quadriocellata โ€“ peacock day gecko Phelsuma quadriocellata quadriocellata โ€“ four-spotted day gecko Phelsuma quadriocellata bimaculata Phelsuma quadriocellata lepida Phelsuma ravenala Phelsuma robertmertensi โ€“ Robert Mertens's day gecko Phelsuma roesleri Phelsuma rosagularis โ€“ Mauritius upland forest day gecko Phelsuma seippi โ€“ Seipp's day gecko Phelsuma serraticauda โ€“ flat-tailed day gecko Phelsuma standingi โ€“ Standing's day gecko Phelsuma sundbergi โ€“ Praslin Island day gecko Phelsuma sundbergi ladiguensis โ€“ La Digue day gecko Phelsuma sundbergi longinsulae โ€“ Mahรฉ day gecko Phelsuma sundbergi sundbergi โ€“ Seychelles giant day gecko Phelsuma vanheygeni Phelsuma v-nigra โ€“ Indian day gecko Phelsuma v-nigra anjouanensis โ€“ Anjouan Island day gecko Phelsuma v-nigra comoraegrandensis โ€“ Grand Comoro day gecko Phelsuma v-nigra v-nigra Nota bene: A binomial authority or trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species or subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Phelsuma. References External links Phelsumania.com Gekkota.com Phelsuma.nl Phelsuma at the Reptile Database Further reading Berghof H-P (2016). Taggeckos der Gattung Phelsuma: Lebensweise โ€“ Haltung โ€“ Nachzucht. Mรผnster, Germany: Natur und Tier Verlag. 192 pp. . (in German). Gehring P-S, Crottini A, Glaw F, Hauswaldt S, Ratsoavina FM (2010). "Notes on the natural history, distribution and malformations of day geckos (Phelsuma) from Madagascar". Herpetology Notes 3: 321-327. Glaw F, Rรถsler H (2015). "Taxonomic checklist of the day geckos of the genera Phelsuma Gray, 1825 and Rhoptropella Hewitt, 1937 (Squamata: Gekkonidae)". Vertebrate Zoology 65 (2): 247โ€“283. Gray JE (1825). "A Synopsis of the Genera of Reptiles and Amphibia, with a Description of some new Species". Annals of Philosophy. New Series [Series 2] 10: 193-217. (Phelsuma, new genus, p.ย 199). Rocha S, Rรถsler H, Gehring P-S, Glaw F, Posada D, Harris DJ, Vences M (2010). "Phylogenetic systematics of day geckos, genus Phelsuma, based on molecular and morphological data (Squamata: Gekkonidae)". Zootaxa 2429: 1โ€“28. Fauna of the Mascarene Islands Reptiles of Mauritius Reptiles of Seychelles Reptiles of Madagascar Lizard genera Taxa named by John Edward Gray
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%BC%20%EC%A2%85%EC%A1%B1%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98
๋ฐ˜์ผ ์ข…์กฑ์ฃผ์˜
ใ€Š๋ฐ˜์ผ ์ข…์กฑ์ฃผ์˜ใ€‹(ๅๆ—ฅ ็จฎๆ—ไธป็พฉ)๋Š” ์ด์˜ํ›ˆ, ๊น€๋‚™๋…„, ๊น€์šฉ์‚ผ, ์ฃผ์ต์ข…, ์ •์•ˆ๊ธฐ, ์ด์šฐ์—ฐ์ด ์ €์ˆ ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ด๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 7์›” 10์ผ์— ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ถœ๊ฐ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์ œ๋Š” ใ€ˆ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ทผ์›ใ€‰์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ๋ชฉ ์ด์˜ํ›ˆ์€ ์ด ์ฑ…์˜ ์ œ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ข…์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ ์ด์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ "์„œ์–‘์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ค‘์„ธ์ ์ธ ๋ณดํŽธ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋ผ๋“ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์œ ์ธ, ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์˜์‹์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, "ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด์ž ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ด์ž ์‹ ๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ข…์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋งž๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…ผ๋ž€ ์กฐ๊ตญ์€ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ์ฑ…์ด "์ผ์ œ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฐ•์ œ๋™์›๊ณผ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜ํƒˆ, ์œ„์•ˆ๋ถ€ ์„ฑ๋…ธ์˜ˆํ™” ๋“ฑ ๋ฐ˜์ธ๊ถŒ์ , ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋ฅœ์  ๋งŒํ–‰์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ "์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์งˆ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฑ…์„ ๋‚ผ ์ž์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋“ค์„ โ€˜์นœ์ผํŒŒโ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ž์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™์ค€ํ‘œ ๋˜ํ•œ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ์ฑ…์ด โ€œํ† ์ง€์กฐ์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์—…, ์‡ ๋ง๋š, ์œ„์•ˆ๋ถ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋“ฑ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ์‹์— ์–ด๊ธ‹๋‚˜๊ณ  ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์‹๋ฏผ์‚ฌ๊ด€ ์ฃผ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋งž์•„ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€โ€๋ผ๋ฉฐ โ€œ๋ณด์ˆ˜์šฐํŒŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋„ ์–ด๊ธ‹๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉโ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ณ , โ€œ์™œ ์ด ์ฑ…์„ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ๋„์šฐ๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ ํ™์ค€ํ‘œ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์ง•์šฉ ์ถœ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™์ค€ํ‘œ ์—ญ์‹œ "์ง•์šฉ์— ๋Œ๋ ค๊ฐ”๋‹ค ์‚ด์•„์˜ค์‹  ๋‚ด ์•„๋ฒ„๋‹˜์ด ๋งํ•ด์คฌ๋˜ ์ฐธ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค."๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ก  ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์Ÿ ๋ฐ˜์ผ ์ข…์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋œ ์ดํ›„ ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ด์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ๋„ ์žˆ๋˜ ์‹๊ทผ๋ก  ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋„˜์–ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์€ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ์น˜๋‹ˆ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์„ฑ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์„ ์ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ทน์šฐ๋ฐœ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ์„œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์œ„์•ˆ๋ถ€, ๊ฐ•์ œ์ง•์šฉ ๋“ฑ์€ ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ๋‹ค, ๋…๋„๋„ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋•…์ธ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ด ๊ฐ•์ œ์ ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์„œ์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋…์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์–ธ์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ๋น„ํŒ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์ผ์ธ์‚ฌ์— ๋…๋„๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์ด์Šน๋งŒ์„ ์ฐฌ์–‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ค‘์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์žƒ๊ณ  ๋Œ€์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ์„ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฐ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์žํญ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ์ถœ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์— ๊ท€ํ™”ํ•œ ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์นด ์œ ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜์ผ์ข…์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒํ•œ <์‹ ์นœ์ผํŒŒ>๋ฅผ ์ถœํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ฏธ์•ผ ๋‹ค๋‹ค์‹œ ๋„์ฟ„๋Œ€ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” 2020๋…„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ, ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ด€ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ด์ง€๋Š”๊ฑด ์ข‹์€ ์ผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ์ฑ…์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ธ์‹์ด ๊ท ํ˜•์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ, "์ด ์ฑ…์€ ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ์„ ์–ธ ์ด์ƒ๋„ ์ดํ•˜๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ์ผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋Œ€์ผ๊ด€์„ ์ง„๋ณด ์ •๊ถŒ ๋น„ํŒ์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐ ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฑ…์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ํ•œ์ผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์— ์ฐฌ ์ง€์  ๊ฒฉํˆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต๋„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. 'ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์™œ ์ดํ† ๋ก ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์ผ์ธ๊ฐ€'ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์— ๋‚ด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ์ฑ…์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ฉด์ฃ„ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ถ„ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ผ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค.", "ํ—ˆ๋‚˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์€ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์Ÿ์ด๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์žํ•™๊ด€์„ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ •ํ†ต ๋ณด์ˆ˜์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ง€์ง€ํ•  ๋ฆฌ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ โ€˜์†Œ๋น„โ€™ํ•  ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋Œ€์ผ๊ด€์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ทน์†Œ์ˆ˜์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๊ทน์†Œ์ˆ˜์ธ์ง€ ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ณธ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฑ…์„ โ€˜๋“œ๋””์–ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์„œโ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ์น˜์ผœ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋…ผ๋‹จ์˜ ์ž์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฑ์ •์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค. ํ˜•ํŽธ์—†๋Š” ํ˜ํ•œ๋ก ์ด ์„œ์ ์— ๋„˜์ณ๋‚˜๊ณ , TV์—์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜ˆ์ฐฌ์ด ๋„˜์ณ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž๊ตญ ๋น„ํŒ์˜ ์ฑ…์ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์ฝํžˆ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค."๊ณ  ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒ๋งค ์ด ์ฑ…์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ 2019๋…„ 8์›” 11์ผ ์˜ˆ์Šค24 ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ์…€๋Ÿฌ 1์œ„, ๊ต๋ณด๋ฌธ๊ณ (์˜จ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ํ†ตํ•ฉ)์—์„œ๋Š” 10์ผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ์…€๋Ÿฌ 1์œ„, ์•Œ๋ผ๋”˜์—์„œ๋„ 10์ผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ์…€๋Ÿฌ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ 2020๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์•ฝ 11๋งŒ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํŒ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋ฐ˜์ผ ์ข…์กฑ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ถ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ 1๋ถ€ - ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ์ฑ„๋„ ์ด์Šน๋งŒ TV ๋ฐ˜์ผ ์ข…์กฑ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ถ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ 2๋ถ€ - ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ์ฑ„๋„ ์ด์Šน๋งŒ TV ์œ„๊ธฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ทผ์› : ๋ฐ˜์ผ ์ข…์กฑ์ฃผ์˜ - ์ด์Šน๋งŒ TV ๋ฐ˜์ผ ์ข…์กฑ์ฃผ์˜ ํƒ€ํŒŒ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด์˜ํ›ˆ 2018/12/10 ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง ๊ตญ๋ฏผ, ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง ์ •์น˜, ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง ์žฌํŒ ์ด์˜ํ›ˆ 2018/12/11 ์‡ ๋ง๋š ์†Œ๋™ ๊น€์šฉ์‚ผ 2018/12/13 ๊ฐ•์ œ์—ฐํ–‰์˜ ์‹ ํ™” ์ด์˜ํ›ˆ 2018/12/16 ๊ณผ์—ฐ ๊ฐ•์ œ ๋…ธ๋™์ด์—ˆ๋‚˜? ์ด์šฐ์—ฐ 2018/12/18 ์ค‘์•™์ฒญ ํ•ด์ฒด์˜ ์ง„์‹ค - ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์šฐ๋‹ค. ์ด์šฐ์—ฐ 2018/12/20 ์กฐ์„ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋™์ž ์ž„๊ธˆ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์˜ ์ง„์‹ค ์ฃผ์ต์ข… 2018/12/23 ํ™ฉ๋‹น๋ฌด๊ณ„ ใ€Ž์•„๋ฆฌ๋ž‘ใ€ ๊น€๋‚™๋…„ 2018/12/26 ํ•™๋„์ง€์›๋ณ‘, ๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ ๋ง๊ฐ์˜ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌ ์ด์šฐ์—ฐ 2018/12/30 ์‹๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ˆ˜ํƒˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ? ๊น€๋‚™๋…„ 2019/01/01 ์œก๊ตฐํŠน๋ณ„์ง€์›๋ณ‘, ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ๊ฐ€? ์ •์•ˆ๊ธฐ 2019/01/06 ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฐฉ์‹ ์ฃผ์ต์ข… 2019/01/08 ํ•œ์†์—๋Š” ํ”ผ์Šคํ†จ์„, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ์†์—๋Š” ์ธก๋Ÿ‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ? ๊น€์šฉ์‚ผ 2019/01/11 ์• ๋‹น์ดˆ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•  ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค - ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒํ˜‘์ •์˜ ์ง„์‹ค ๊น€์šฉ์‚ผ 2019/01/13 ํ›„์•ˆ๋ฌด์น˜์™€ ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„์Œ - ํ•œ์ผํšŒ๋‹ด ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์ •์•ˆ๊ธฐ 2019/01/15 ๋ง๊ตญ์˜ ์•”์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‘”๊ฐ‘ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์˜ํ›ˆ 2019/01/17 ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง•๋ณ‘์ธ๊ฐ€? ์ด์˜ํ›ˆ 2019/01/20 '์„์‚ฌ์˜ค์ ' ์ด์™„์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณ€๋ช… ์ด์˜ํ›ˆ 2019/01/22 Never ending story โ€“ โ€œ๋ฐฐ์ƒ! ๋ฐฐ์ƒ! ๋ฐฐ์ƒ!โ€ ์ฃผ์ต์ข… 2019/01/24 ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ฐฝ๊ตฐ, ๊ทธ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•œ ์ง„์‹ค! ์ •์•ˆ๊ธฐ 2019/01/27 ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…๋ฆฝ๊ธฐ๋…๊ด€์ธ๊ฐ€? ๊น€์šฉ์‚ผ 2019/01/29 ๋‚ ์กฐ๋œ ๊น€์ผ์„ฑ ์‹ ํ™”์˜ ์ง„์‹ค(1) ๊น€์šฉ์‚ผ 2019/01/31 ๋‚ ์กฐ๋œ ๊น€์ผ์„ฑ ์‹ ํ™”์˜ ์ง„์‹ค(2) ๊น€์šฉ์‚ผ 2019/02/07 ์นœ์ผ์ฒญ์‚ฐ์ด๋ž€ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊ทน(่ฉๆฌบๅŠ‡) ์ฃผ์ต์ข… 2019/02/10 ์•ผ์Šค์ฟ ๋‹ˆ, ์ž ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ์˜๋ น๋“ค! ์ •์•ˆ๊ธฐ 2019/02/12 ๋ฐฑ๋‘์‚ฐ ์‹ ํ™”์˜ ๋‚ด๋ง‰ ์ด์˜ํ›ˆ 2019/02/21 ๋…๋„, ๋ฐ˜์ผ ์ข…์กฑ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ƒ์ง• ์ด์˜ํ›ˆ 2019/03/05 ๋ฐ˜์ผ ์ข…์กฑ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์‹ ํ•™ ์ด์˜ํ›ˆ 2019/03/07 ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ํ•ด์ฒด, ๋ฐ˜์ผ์ข…์กฑ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์—…๋ณด ์ด์˜ํ›ˆ 2019/03/12 ์ข…๊ฐ•: ์‹œ์ฒญ๊ณผ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์— ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ. ์ด์˜ํ›ˆ 2019/03/14 2019๋…„ ์ฑ… ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋„์„œ ๋ฐ˜์ผ ๊ฐ์ • ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ˆ˜์ •์ฃผ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์™œ๊ณก ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ทน์šฐ์‚ฌ๊ด€
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Japan%20Tribalism
Anti-Japan Tribalism
Anti-Japan Tribalism (๋ฐ˜์ผ์ข…์กฑ์ฃผ์˜, ๅๆ—ฅ็จฎๆ—ไธป็พฉ) is a book written by Lee Young-hoon, Joung An-ki, Kim Nak-nyeon, Kim Yong-sam, Ju Ik-jong, and Lee Woo-yeon. It was published by Miraesa on July 10, 2019. It was subtitled "The Root of the Korean Crisis" (๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ทผ์›). The Japanese version, published on November 14, 2019, is subtitled "The Root of Japan-South Korea Crisis" (ๆ—ฅ้Ÿ“ๅฑๆฉŸใฎๆ นๆบ). The book is based on a series of lectures delivered on the web-based Rhee Syngman TV, of which Lee is the host. The Japanese version was published by Bungeishunjลซ Ltd. in November 2019 and immediately became a bestseller (No. 1 at Amazon on the day of publication). Bungeishunjลซ announced it had sold 200,000 copies within a week. Content Described as "anti-Japan tribalism," the book posits that there is a shamanistic mentality in a small minority of South Korean people who regard Japan as their primary enemy. Such a mentality, the authors argue, gave rise to some anti-Japan arguments among some South Koreans. In the bookโ€™s prologue titled "A Country of Lies," Lee Young-hoon speaks critically of the people who lie, the politics which lie, the scholarship of lies, and the trials of lies. According to this book, the lies are particularly noticeable in some instances of the ROK's national history. Lee and the co-authors thus elucidate how a minority of people in their country has created a small number of forged historical accounts. The book became a bestseller in South Korea as 130,000 copies were sold. Essentially, the book argues that the official history of the ROK has never been empirical. Anti-Japanism has been a dogma for a minority in post-independence South Korea. As such, some anti-Japan forgeries were produced to dramatize the ROK's national history. Critical of such falsification, the book argues that some South Korean scholars, journalists, novelists, artists, activists, and politicians all contributed to this process. Anti-Japan Tribalism is an attempt by some South Korean scholars to argue that there is a distorted historical narrative in their own country. Based on their opinion, the authors discuss some anti-Japan arguments. The book "has a potential to dismantle the ROK's official history, the one that has been taught as right." As discussed by Lee Woo-yeon, the bookโ€™s co-author and researcher at the Naksungdae Institute of Economic Research, Japanโ€™s better wages and employment opportunities attracted 100,000 to 200,000 Korean workers each year through the 1930s and the early 1940s. Moreover, there was little wage discrimination during the war, when Japanese companies were in need of Korean workers. Table of contents The table of contents of this book, in Japanese edition, is as following: Preface to the Japanese Edition Preface Prologue: A Nation of Lies Part 1: Memory of Tribalism 1. Absurd Arirang 2. A pistol in one hand, a surveying instrument in another hand 3. Did you say they plundered the land? 4. The approach of Japanese colonial administration 5. Myth of โ€œthe forced mobilizationโ€ 6. Was it really โ€œforced laborโ€ and โ€œslave laborโ€? 7. Fictiveness of the wage discrimination against Koreans 8. Who are they, special army volunteers? 9. Originally, there was nothing to claim: The truth about the claim agreement 10. Stupid and shameless intrepid opposition against Korea-Japan talks Part 2: Symbol and Fantasy of Tribalism 11. Inside facts of the myth surrounding Mt. Paektu 12. Dok-do, the supreme symbol of anti-Japan tribalism 13. The truth about the iron stakes myth 14. Dismantling of the former governor-generalโ€™s office building: Deleting the ROK's history 15. Fraudulent drama called the liquidation of pro-Japanese vestiges 16. A never ending story: "Compensation! Compensation! Compensation!" 17. Theology of anti-Japan tribalism Part 3: Comfort Women, a Bastion of Tribalism 18. Comfort women within us 19. Establishment and culture of the registered prostitute system 20. The truth about the issue of Japanese militaryโ€™s comfort women 21. In more than 40 years after the liberation, the issue of comfort women has not existed 22. Until the day when the Korea-Japan relations fail Epilogue: Retribution of the Anti-Japan Tribalism Commentary: A Patriotism Interrogated by "Anti-Japan Tribalism" Controversy A confidant of President Moon Jae-in and a short-lived Minister of Justice, Cho Kuk criticized, "This book denies anti-humanist actions conducted by Imperial Japan during the World War II, such as wartime forced labor and sexual slavery," and called it "disgusting" in a Facebook post. Lee Young-hoon responded to Cho's criticism, "it is nasty propaganda that is not worth mentioning." He also said, "I don't think Cho really read my book. He should criticize the book after analyzing its logic and reasoning." Hong Jun-pyo mentioned on his Facebook, "I think this book is inconsistent with our common sense about the Japan's cadastral surveys, installation of iron stakes, wartime forced labor, and comfort women issues. It seems to be consistent with historical views to support Japanese ruling in Korean Peninsula." Professors from various South Korean universities co-authored a comprehensive critique on the book, titled Japanese Imperialist Tribalism and published in October 2019. Yuji Hosaka published a critique on the book in April 2020, arguing that the authors are "New Pro-Japanese Collaborators" (์‹ ์นœ์ผํŒŒ). Footnotes See also Chinilpa Japanโ€“Korea disputes Special law to redeem pro-Japanese collaborators' property O Sonfa External links Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea South Korean books 2019 non-fiction books
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EB%84%88%EB%AF%B8
ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ˆ๋ฏธ
ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ˆ๋ฏธ(frenemy)๋Š” "์นœ๊ตฌ"(friend)์™€ "์ "(enemy)๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์–ด๋กœ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ˜์˜คํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์นœ์ ˆํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ" ๋˜๋Š” "์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ"์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค ์ด ์šฉ์–ด๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ , ์ง€์ •ํ•™์ , ์ƒ์—…์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์šฉ์–ด๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ ์ธ ์šฐํ˜ธ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์ธต์ธ ๋ฏธํŠธํฌ๋“œ ์ž๋งค(Mitford sisters)์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘” ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ด์ž ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€ ์ธ ์ œ์‹œ์นด ๋ฏธํŠธ ํฌ๋“œ(Jessica Mitford)๋Š” ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ ํผํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. "Frenemy๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚ด ๋™์ƒ์ด ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ์˜†์ง‘ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณค ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋†€์•˜๋‹คโ€ฆ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ. ์—ญ์‚ฌ "Frenemy"๋Š” 1953๋…„ ์ดˆ์— "๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ Frienemies๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ?"๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฐ€์‹ญ ์นผ๋Ÿผ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์›”ํ„ฐ ์œˆ์ฒผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋„ค๋ฐ”๋‹ค์ฃผ ์ €๋„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด ๋ง์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค์œ„ํฌ(Businessweek)์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” frenemies๋Š” ์ง์žฅ์—์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋„ ์ž์ฃผ ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ ์  ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์ž‘์—… ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ "์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ง์—…๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ฝํžŒ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ... ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๊ต ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ง์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์–ด์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ์šฐ์ •์„ ์Œ“์„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ด ์ ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋‹ค." ๋‘ ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์„œ๋กœ ์ด์ต์„ ์–ป์„ ๋•Œ ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—๋Š” ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ง์žฅ, ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ํด๋Ÿฝ ๋˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์  ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์น˜์—ดํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์ด ์งˆํˆฌ์‹ฌ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•…ํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ˆ๋ฏธ์‹์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ทธ๋ฌธํŠธ ํ”„๋กœ์ด๋“œ(Sigmund Freud)๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ดโ€œ์นœ๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ฏธ์›€์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋‚ด ๊ฐ์ •์ ์ธ ์‚ถ์— ์—†์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋  ์š”์†Œ์ด๋‹ค....ํ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ.... ์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ ์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Frenemies์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ Frenemies๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹คย : ์ผ๋ฐฉ์  ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ˆ๋ฏธ: ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋„์›€์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜ธ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋งŒ๋‚  ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ˆ๋ฏธ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์‚ถ์—๋Š” ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฑธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€/์—ด์•…ํ•œ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ˆ๋ฏธ: ์ด ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ˆ๋ฏธ๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์š•ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋†€๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ๋ƒ‰์†Œ์ ์ธ ๋†๋‹ด์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž์ฃผ ์šฉ๋‚ฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๊ทธ/๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์ด ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ˆ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์›Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์—ฌ ๋œ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ˆ๋ฏธ: ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ˆ๋ฏธ๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์Šน์ธ์—†์ด ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ/๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€์—†์ด ๊ฐ€์กฑ, ์นœ๊ตฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๋ฝํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ท€์ฐฎ๊ฒŒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์š•์‹ฌ๋งŽ์€ ์ง์žฅ์˜ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ˆ๋ฏธ: ์ด ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ˆ๋ฏธ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž˜ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๊ณ , ์นญ์ฐฌ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์นœ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์—๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ์ผ์„ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ/๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์–‘๋ฉด์„ฑ์˜ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ˆ๋ฏธ: ์ด ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ˆ๋ฏธ๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋„์›€์ด๋˜๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š”์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์งˆํˆฌ ๋งŽ์€ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ˆ๋ฏธ: ์งˆํˆฌ๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ˆ๋ฏธ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์‹œ์ ˆ, ์„ฑ๊ณต, ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€, ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ, ์œ ๋จธ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์œ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ์งˆํˆฌ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•œ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ˆ๋ฏธ: ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋‚˜ ์นœ๋ฐ€๊ฐ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€, ์‹ค์ œ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์นœ๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ฐ€์กฑ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ™•์‹คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์กฐ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ๋‚ด ์ ์˜ ์ ์ด ๋‚ด ์นœ๊ตฌ ์•ผ ์ ์˜ ํ™๋ณด ์‚ฌ๋ž‘-์ฆ์˜ค ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋งˆํ‹ด ์†Œ๋  ๊ฒฝ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ๋…ผ์˜ LA ํƒ€์ž„์ฆˆ: ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์€ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. The Word-Apocalypse Mao: ๋™์–‘์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํ•ด๋จ-ํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ˆ๋ฏธ (Colbert Report) ์šฐ์ • ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ์‹ ์กฐ์–ด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenemy
Frenemy
"Frenemy" (also spelled "frienemy") is an oxymoron and a portmanteau of "friend" and "enemy" that refers to "a person with whom one is friendly, despite a fundamental dislike or rivalry" or "a person who combines the characteristics of a friend and an enemy". The term is used to describe personal, geopolitical and commercial relationships both among individuals and groups or institutions. According to communication scholars, Carol Mills and Paul Mongeau, in interpersonal relationships, frenemyships are often maintained because the "relational benefits (e.g., saving face, maintaining social networks, and sustaining potential instrumental connections) outweigh negative ramifications of dealing with the relationship or terminating it." In these relationships, parties engage in civil interaction in public, but fundamentally distrust or dislike one another. History "Frenemy" appeared in print as early as 1953 in an article titled "Howz about calling the Russians our Frienemies?" by the American gossip columnist Walter Winchell in the Nevada State Journal. The American-based author and activist Jessica Mitford claimed in 1977 that the word was coined by one of her sisters: "... an incredibly useful wordโ€ฆcoined by one of my sisters when she was a small child to describe a rather dull little girl who lived near us. My sister and the frenemy played together constantlyโ€ฆall the time disliking each other heartily." From the mid-1990s it underwent a massive increase in usage. People A Businessweek article stated that frenemies in the workplace are common, even in business to business partnerships. Due to increasingly informal environments and the "abundance of very close, intertwined relationships that bridge people's professional and personal lives ... [while] it certainly wasn't unheard of for people to socialize with colleagues in the past, the sheer amount of time that people spend at work now has left a lot of people with less time and inclination to develop friendships outside of the office." Professional relationships are successful when two or more business partners come together and benefit from one another, but personal relationships require more common interests outside of business. Relationships in the workplace, in a sports club, or any place that involves performance comparing, form because of the commonalities between persons. Due to the intense environment, competitiveness can evolve into envy and strain a relationship. Frenemy type relationships become routine and common because of the shared interest of business dealings or competition. Sigmund Freud said of himself that "an intimate friend and a hated enemy have always been indispensable to my emotional lifeโ€ฆnot infrequentlyโ€ฆfriend and enemy have coincided in the same person". Types Frenemies can be divided into different categories based on their behaviors: Unfiltered/Undermining frenemy: This type of frenemy insults, makes fun of, and cracks sarcastic jokes about the friend so frequently that it gets hard to tolerate. Also, secrets are disclosed in public. Over-involved frenemy: This kind of frenemy gets involved in the friend's life in ways that the friend might not approve of. They reach out to their family, friends, or significant others in inappropriate ways without their permission to find something out. Their over-involvement often bothers and irritates the friend. Competitive work frenemy: This kind of frenemy is a competitor to one person. Since they work in the same place or area, they behave well, make compliments, and act as well-wishers, but in reality, they never want something good to happen to the other. They never want the other to become more successful. Ambivalent frenemy: This kind of frenemy has both positive and negative qualities. Sometimes, they can be helpful and polite, but sometimes, they also act in a selfish or competitive way. Jealous frenemy: Jealousy can turn friends into frenemies. A person may become jealous of their friends because of their raise, success, beauty, personality, humor, or social status. Passive-aggressive frenemy: They make mean remarks and give backhand compliments but never directly to the other's face. They can leave a person feeling confused about whether they have done something wrong. See also Competition The enemy of my enemy is my friend Promoting adversaries Loveโ€“hate relationship References External links Australian Broadcasting Company Sir Martin Sorrell discusses media changes LA Times: Google an ally, not a threat, media exec says, Los Angeles Times The Word - Apocalypse Mao: Murdered by the Orient's Success - Frenemy Colbert Report 1950s neologisms Interpersonal relationships Friendship English words
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%84%9D%EB%8F%84%EB%A7%88%EB%B1%80%EB%B6%99%EC%9D%B4
๋ณด์„๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด
๋ณด์„๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด(Naultinus gemmeus)๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ผ ๊ฒŒ์ฝ”(jewelled gecko)๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ ๋‚จ์„ฌ์— ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ, ๋ฉธ์ข…์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณด์„๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์˜ ์˜คํƒ€๊ณ , ์บ”ํ„ฐ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ, ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค๋žœ๋“œ ํ•˜์œ„์ง‘๋‹จ(subgroup)์€ ์ƒ‰๊น”๊ณผ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์บ”ํ„ฐ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜์ปท์€ ํšŒ์ƒ‰, ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์— ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰, ๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰, ํฐ์ƒ‰ ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํƒ€๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ์ดˆ๋ก์ƒ‰ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์— ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰, ํฐ์ƒ‰ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ, ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค๋žœ๋“œ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ์ง™์€ ๋…น์ƒ‰์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณด์„๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ณค์ถฉ๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋ฐฉ์„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅ˜ ์—ด๋งค๋‚˜ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ๊ฝƒ๊ฟ€๋„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์—„์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋˜๋ฉฐ ํฌํš, ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋Š” ๊ธˆ์ง€๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์„๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ๊ณง์ž˜ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ฐ€์ˆ˜๊พผ๋“ค(:en:Wildlife smuggling)์˜ ํ‘œ์ ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ๋ณด์„๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง™์€ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์—, ๋“ฑ์— ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ณด์„๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋ถ™์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹๋ณ„ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ, ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋Š” ํฐ์ƒ‰, ์ฐฝ๋ฐฑํ•œ ๋…น์ƒ‰, ํ˜น์€ ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰์ด๊ณ  ๋ฌด๋Šฌ์˜ ํ…Œ๋‘๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰์ด๋‚˜ ์ง™์€ ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ์ฐฝ๋ฐฑํ•œ ์ดˆ๋ก๋น› ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰, ๋˜๋Š” ํšŒ์ƒ‰์ด๋ฉฐ ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํƒ€๊ณ , ์บ”ํ„ฐ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ ํ•˜์œ„์ง‘๋‹จ ์‚ฌ์ด์—, ์•”์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์™ธ์–‘์  ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜คํƒ€๊ณ ์™€ ์บ”ํ„ฐ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ ํ•˜์œ„์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์•”์ปท์ด ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ ๋ชจ์–‘ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋ฅผ ๋„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜์ปท์€ ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋ฅผ ๋„๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์˜คํƒ€๊ณ  ํ•˜์œ„์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ž…์•ˆ์€ ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ์ƒ‰, ํ˜€๋Š” ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์บ”ํ„ฐ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ ํ•˜์œ„์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ž…์€ ๋ถ„ํ™์ƒ‰์ด๋ฉฐ ํ˜€๋Š” ๋ถ„ํ™์ƒ‰, ํ˜น์€ ์ฃผํ™ฉ์ƒ‰์ด๋‹ค. ๋ˆˆ์€ ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰์—์„œ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์ƒ‰์„ ๋ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ์ฃผ๋‘ฅ์ด์—์„œ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊นŒ์ง€ 18cm, ํ•ญ๋ฌธ๊นŒ์ง€ 6-8cm๋‹ค. ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ 15g์ด๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ธธ์–ด์„œ 40๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์กด ์ƒํƒœ 2012๋…„์— ๋ณด์กด๋ถ€(:en:Department of Conservation (New Zealand))์—์„œ ๋ณด์„๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅผ ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ๋ฉธ์ข…์œ„๊ธฐ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์ฒด๊ณ„(:en:New Zealand Threat Classification System)์˜ '์œ„ํ—˜(At Risk)'์— ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณด์กด๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด ๋…€์„๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ์‹ฌํ•ด์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” '์œ„ํ—˜' ์œ„ํ˜‘ ์ƒํƒœ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณด์„๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋Š” IUCN ์ ์ƒ‰๋ชฉ๋ก์— '์œ„๊ธฐ' ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ๋ก๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฉ๋ชฉ, ์ œ์ดˆ์ œ, ๋ฐฉํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์„œ์‹์ง€ ํŒŒ๊ดด, ์—ดํ™”, ํŒŒํŽธํ™”์™€ ์นจ์ž…์ข… ํฌ์‹์ž ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ณด์„๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ ๋‚จ์„ฌ ๋‚จ๋™๋ถ€์— ํ† ์ฐฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ข€ ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ๋Š” ์บ”ํ„ฐ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ, ์˜คํƒ€๊ณ ์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ์„œ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์บ”ํ„ฐ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์™€ ์˜คํƒ€๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋„ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋˜๊ณ  ํŒŒํŽธํ™”๋œ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์ด ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ด ์ข…์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œ์„ธ์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ IUCN์— '์œ„๊ธฐ'๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ์‹ ๋ณด์„๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ๋ชฉ์งˆ์˜ ์ดˆ๋ชฉ, ๊ฑด์ง€๋Œ€, ๋ค๋ถˆ์ง€๋Œ€ ๋”ฐ์œ„์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ถ”์œ„์™€ ๋ถˆ์„ ํ”ผํ•  ์€์‹ ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ชฉ์งˆ ์‚ผ๋ฆผ ์ดˆ๋ชฉ์— ์˜์กดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์„๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ชฉ์„ฑ, ์ฃผํ–‰์„ฑ ์ข…์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ฆ‰ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ๋‚ฎ์— ํ™œ๋™์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๋ˆ„์นด(:en:manuka), ๋„ˆ๋„๋ฐค๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅ˜, ๋งˆํƒ€๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ(:en:matagouri) ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด, ๋ค๋ถˆ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋‘๋‚˜ ๋งจ๋“ค๋งจ๋“คํ•œ ๋ฐ”์œ„๋กœ ๋’ค๋ฎ์ธ ๊ณณ๋„ ํฌ์‹์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋„๋ง์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋กœ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ƒ์• ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์•”์ปท์€ ํƒœ์ƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ณดํ†ต ๊ฐ€์„์— ์ถœ์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์˜คํƒ€๊ณ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์บ”ํ„ฐ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ž„์‹  ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ์•ฝ 7๋‹ฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณด์„๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์˜ ์ž„์‹ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‚œํ™ฉํ˜•์„ฑ(:en:vitellogenesis), ๋ฐฐ๋ž€, ์ž„์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‚œํ™ฉ์€ ๊ฐ€์„์— ์ถœ์‚ฐํ•œ ๋’ค์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ๋ž€์€ ๋ด„์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์•”์ปท์€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ํ•œ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ณด์„๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์˜ ์ƒ์• ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค; ์‚ฌ์œก ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋Š” 30๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ, ์„œ์‹์ง€ ํŒŒํŽธํ™”๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜ ์ข…๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์• ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ ํ† ์ฐฉ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ 2-8๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ณด์„๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ 4๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์ˆ™ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋Š” ํ•ด๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ•œ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ถœ์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ ํ† ์ฐฉ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์•Œ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ฒˆ์‹ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ฑ ๊ทœ์น™์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฐฐ๋ž€์€ ๋ด„์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ 7๋‹ฌ ์ •๋„ ์ž„์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์œก ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” 9-10์›”์— ์ง์ง“๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ , 2-5์›”์— ์ถœ์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ข…์€ ๊ณ„์ ˆ์— ์ƒ๊ด€ ์—†์ด ์žŽ๋”๋ฏธ ์œ„์—์„œ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง‘์€ ์•„์นจ์— ํ–‡๋ณ•์„ ์ฌ”๋‹ค. ์ž„์‹ ํ•œ ์•”์ปท์€ ์ œ์ผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด๋ฐ, ๋ฑƒ์†์˜ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ–‡๋น›์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ฌ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์‹๋‹จ, ๋จน์ด์ฐพ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์„๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์•ผ์ƒ์˜ ์‚ผ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ๋ค๋ถˆ์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณค์ถฉ๊ณผ ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ณด์„๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์žก์‹๋™๋ฌผ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณค์ถฉ์„ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ฝ”ํ”„๋กœ์Šค๋งˆ(:en:Coprosma)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ† ์ฐฉ ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ณผ์ผ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฝƒ๊ฟ€๋„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ์‹์ž, ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ, ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋†์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ชฉ, ์„œ์‹์ง€ ํŒŒ๊ดด, ํฌ์‹์ž, ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ€๋ ต๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์„๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์˜ ์กด์†์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” 1953๋…„ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ๋ฒ•(:en:Wildlife act of 1953)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ๋…€์„๋“ค์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋„๋กœ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํŒŒํŽธํ™”, ์นจ์ž…์ข…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํฌ์‹์ž๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜, ์„ค์น˜๋ฅ˜, ์กฑ์ œ๋น„๋ฅ˜, ๊ณ ์–‘์ด, ์กฐ๋ฅ˜, ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ฅ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฌ์‹์ž ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ๊ตฌ์—ญ(predator proof area)๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—ญ์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ€๋ ต์ด๋‹ค. ์„ค์น˜๋ฅ˜, ์ƒ์ฅ๋“ค์€ ๋ค๋ถˆ, ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ์นจ๋ฒ”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ์น˜ ํฐ ํฌ์‹์ž๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์™€ ์กฑ์ œ๋น„๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐค์— ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณด์„๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅผ ์ž์ฃผ ์žก์•„๋จน์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜, ํŠนํžˆ ๊นŒ์น˜์™€ ๋ฌผ์ด์ƒˆ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์„๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ฅ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์Šด๋„์น˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด๋กœ์šด ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋„ ๋งˆ์ฃผ์น˜๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ข…์˜ ์กด์†์— ํฐ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ณด์„๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์— ๊ธฐ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ก๋œ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ์€ ์ฒด์™ธ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ(:en:ectoparasite) Neotrombicula naultini์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ณด์„๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋…น์ƒ‰๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ ๋‚จ์„ฌ์˜ ์€๊ฐ€์ด ํƒ€ํ›„(:en:Ngฤi Tahu) ๋ถ€์กฑ์€ ์ด ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํƒ€์˜จ๊ฐ€(taonga : ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฒœ์—ฐ์ž์›)๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์„œ ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก(:en:List of geckos of New Zealand) ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์•ผ์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ฐ€์ˆ˜(:en:Wildlife smuggling in New Zealand) ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Naultinus gemmeus at the New Zealand Herpetological Society ๋…น์ƒ‰๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์† 1955๋…„ ๊ธฐ์žฌ๋œ ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜ ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋งค์บ”์ด ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelled%20gecko
Jewelled gecko
The jewelled gecko (Naultinus gemmeus) is a threatened species of lizard in the family Diplodactylidae. The species is endemic to the South Island of New Zealand. Subgroups or populations of the jewelled gecko living in Otago, Canterbury, and Southland can be distinguished by their colour and marking. Male Canterbury jewelled geckos tend to be grey or brown with yellow, purple and white rows of stripes or diamonds. Otago jewelled gecko populations are often green with yellow and white markings, and Southland jewelled geckos are usually solid green. The jewelled gecko eats a wide variety of insects and moths. It also eats berries and, more rarely, nectar. The jewelled gecko and other New Zealand geckos are highly protected and it is illegal to capture or disturb them. The jewelled gecko is often targeted by wildlife smugglers. Identification Naultinus gemmeus has a bright to olive green body with either stripes or a pattern of diamonds on its back, a pattern which has given the species its common name, and is an important identifying feature. Colors often seen in the stripes or diamond shapes are white, pale green, or yellow. Those colors are often outlined by black or dark brown. The underbelly is usually a pale greenish yellow or gray and can sometimes have stripes or streaks too. There appear to be some differences in looks between the Otago and Canterbury subgroups of the jewelled gecko, as well as between the males and females. For both the Otago and Canterbury subgroups it seems that the females are more likely to have a jewelled pattern, while the males have stripes or no pattern. For the Otago subgroup the mouth of the jewelled gecko typically has a lining of deep blue color and a blackish tongue, whilst the Canterbury subgroup have a mouth lining of pinkish color and a pink or orange tongue. The eye color ranges from brown to olive colored. The jewelled gecko can get to a total length of with the body usually measuring about from snout tip to anus (snout-to-vent length, abbreviated SVL). It can also weigh up to 15 grams (.53 oz) and has a very long life span lasting at least 40 years. Conservation status In 2012 the Department of Conservation reclassified the jewelled gecko as "At Risk" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System. It was judged as meeting the criteria for "At Risk" threat status as a result of it having a low to high ongoing or predicted decline. The jewelled gecko has a status of "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List, caused by several threats such as habitat destruction, degrading and fragmenting through grazing, herbicides and burning, as well as introduced predators. Geographic Distribution The jewelled gecko is a native species of the South Island of New Zealand. It is found only on the southeast of the South Island. More precisely the main population is found in Canterbury and Otago. Other populations have been found in the area between Canterbury and Otago, but those populations as well as the habitats are small, isolated and fragmented. The species has undergone a decline in population in recent years, and in 2008 was considered "Near Threatened" by the IUCN. Habitat The preferred habitats of the jewelled gecko are diverse woody vegetation, drylands and shrublands. It needs shelter from cold and fires in the landscape, and is therefore dependent on woody forest vegetation. The jewelled gecko is an arboreal, diurnal species, which means it lives in trees and is active during the day. It can live in a wide range of tree and shrub species, like manuka, beech and matagouri. Rocky outcrops and boulder fields also can be suitable habitat for easy escapes from predators. Lifecycle The jewelled gecko is viviparous. Females typically give birth in autumn, usually a little earlier for Canterbury individuals than the Otago ones. Reproduction happens annually, and pregnancy lasts about seven months. The reproductive cycle of the jewelled gecko consists of vitellogenesis, ovulation and pregnancy, with vitellogenesis starting in autumn after birth and ovulation happening during spring. Each female gives birth to one or two juveniles. The lifespan of Naultinus gemmeus is unknown. It is thought to live for over 30 years when predation and habitat fragmentation aren't issues, based on the lifespan of other gecko species in the area. Although most geckos endemic to New Zealand are slow growing and can take 2โ€“8 years to reach maturity, the jewelled gecko takes 4 years to reach maturity. Once reaching maturity it gives birth to one to two young each year, and like other endemic New Zealand geckos, it gives birth to live young and doesn't lay eggs. Research has shown that there is a clear seasonal pattern of reproductive activity, ovulation starting in the spring and the gestation period lasting around 7 months, ending with the birth of one to two young. It has been recorded in captive environments that the jewelled gecko mating time is some time between September and October, and the birth time is February to May. This species basks in the sun on top of foliage especially on warm sunny mornings and does this year round. It has been shown that pregnant females are the easiest to find, and this is most likely due to needing the sun more to help development of young. Diet/Prey/Predators Diet and foraging The jewelled gecko, like other geckos, has a rich diet of insects and berries that come from its habitat of native forest and shrublands. All New Zealand geckos like the jewelled gecko are omnivores and eat a wide variety of insects such as moths and different types of flies, and they also feed on berries from native plants such as those of the genus Coprosma. New Zealand geckos have also been known to feed on the nectar of flowers when available. Predators, parasites and diseases There are many threats that the jewelled gecko faces from farmland grazing, habitat destruction, predators, and illegal poaching. The jewelled gecko is protected under the Wildlife Act of 1953, but its habitats are still being destroyed by either fragmentation by roads or invasive species. The predators that this gecko faces include humans, rodents, mustelids, cats, birds and possums. The human factor is all the illegal poaching that is going on in the predator proof areas and natural areas. Rodents, rats, are a large predator for the jewelled gecko, climbing the branches of the shrubland and forest and infiltrating its habitat. However, there is evidence to show that mustelids and cats are not main predators because they are mainly nocturnal in their hunting behavior. Birds in New Zealand, particularly the magpie and kingfishers, are known to feed on the jewelled gecko. As for other pest mammals, such as possums or hedgehogs, these could possibly pose a problem if encountered, but they are not a main threat to the species. The only known and recorded parasite for the jewelled gecko is the ectoparasite Neotrombicula naultini. Cultural significance There is a large cultural significance tied to the jewelled gecko and many more green species of geckos. The Ngฤi Tahu people of the South Island of New Zealand refer to these geckos as taonga (an object or natural resource which is highly prized), and they are highly thought of in their culture. See also Geckos of New Zealand Wildlife smuggling in New Zealand References Further reading McCann C (1955). "The lizards of New Zealand. Gekkonidae and Scincidae". Dominion Museum Bulletin (17): 1โ€“127. (Heteropholis gemmeus, new species, p.ย 63). External links Naultinus Reptiles described in 1955 Taxa named by Charles McCann Endemic fauna of New Zealand Endemic reptiles of New Zealand
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%9C%EC%9F%81%EC%9D%B4%EB%8F%84%EB%A7%88%EB%B1%80%EB%B6%99%EC%9D%B4%EC%86%8D
๋‚œ์Ÿ์ด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†
๋‚œ์Ÿ์ด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†(Lygodactylus)์€ ๋“œ์›Œํ”„ ๊ฒŒ์ฝ”(dwarf geckos)๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€๋žต 60์ข…์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ฃผํ–‰์„ฑ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ผ์†์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์™€ ๋งˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค์นด๋ฅด์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‘ ์ข…์€ ๋‚จ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์— ์„œ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์ผ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ํฐ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋‚œ์Ÿ์ด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ์ผ€๋ƒ์— ์„œ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋ž˜ ํƒ„์ž๋‹ˆ์•„์—์„œ ๋ฐ์€ ์ƒ‰๊น”์˜ ๋ฉธ์ข…์œ„๊ธฐ์ข… ์ฒญ๋ก์ƒ‰๋‚œ์Ÿ์ด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ถœ๋˜์–ด, ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์—์„œ ๋‚œ์Ÿ์ด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•ผ์ƒ ์ฒญ๋ก์ƒ‰๋‚œ์Ÿ์ด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ด ๋…€์„๋“ค์„ ํฌ์žฅํ•œ ์ƒ์ž๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ผ๋ฒจ์— ๋‚œ์Ÿ์ด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜(Lygodactylus spp.), ๊ณถ๋‚œ์Ÿ์ด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด(:en:Cape dwarf gecko) ๋”ฐ์œ„๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ž…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์„ธ๊ด€์›๋“ค์ด ๋‚œ์Ÿ์ด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, CITES์—์„œ ๋‚œ์Ÿ์ด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜ ์‹๋ณ„ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœํŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์œ„ ์ข…๋“ค์€ ์ข…๋ช…(:en:Specific name (zoology))์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•œ๋‹ค: Lygodactylus angolensis Bocage, 1896 โ€“ Angola dwarf gecko Lygodactylus angularis Gรผnther, 1893 โ€“ angulated dwarf gecko Lygodactylus arnoulti G. Pasteur, 1965 โ€“ Pasteur's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus bernardi V. FitzSimons, 1958 โ€“ Bernard's dwarf gecko, Arnoultโ€™s dwarf gecko Lygodactylus bivittis (W. Peters, 1883) โ€“ tiny scaled gecko Lygodactylus blancae G. Pasteur, 1995 โ€ก Lygodactylus blanci G. Pasteur, 1967 โ€ก โ€“ Blanc's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus bonsi G. Pasteur, 1962 โ€“ Bons's dwarf day gecko Lygodactylus bradfieldi Hewitt, 1932 โ€“ Bradfield's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus broadleyi G. Pasteur, 1995 โ€“ Broadley's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus capensis (A. Smith, 1849) โ€“ Cape dwarf gecko Lygodactylus chobiensis V. FitzSimons, 1932 โ€“ Okavango dwarf gecko, Chobe dwarf gecko Lygodactylus conradti Matschie, 1892 โ€“ Matschie's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus conraui Tornier, 1902 โ€“ Cameroon dwarf gecko Lygodactylus decaryi Angel, 1930 โ€“ Angel's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus depressus K.P. Schmidt, 1919 โ€“ Zaire dwarf gecko Lygodactylus expectatus G. Pasteur & C. Blanc, 1967 โ€“ Ambilobe dwarf gecko Lygodactylus fischeri Boulenger, 1890 โ€“ Fischer's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus grandisonae G. Pasteur, 1962 โ€“ Kenya dwarf gecko Lygodactylus graniticolus Jacobsen, 1992 โ€“ granite dwarf gecko Lygodactylus gravis G. Pasteur, 1965 โ€“ Usambara dwarf gecko Lygodactylus grotei Sternfeld, 1911 Lygodactylus guibei G. Pasteur, 1965 โ€“ western dwarf gecko Lygodactylus gutturalis (Bocage, 1873) โ€“ Uganda dwarf gecko Lygodactylus heterurus Boettger, 1913 โ€“ Boettger's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus inexpectatus G. Pasteur, 1965 โ€“ Dar es Salaam dwarf gecko Lygodactylus insularis Boettger, 1913 โ€“ insular dwarf gecko Lygodactylus intermedius G. Pasteur, 1995 Lygodactylus keniensis Parker, 1936 โ€“ Parker's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus kimhowelli G. Pasteur, 1995 Lygodactylus klemmeri G. Pasteur, 1965 โ€“ Malagasy dwarf gecko Lygodactylus klugei (H.M. Smith, R.L. Martin & Swain, 1977) โ€“ Kluge's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus laterimaculatus G. Pasteur, 1964 Lygodactylus lawrencei Hewitt, 1926 โ€“ Lawrence's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus luteopicturatus G. Pasteur, 1964 โ€“ dwarf yellow-headed gecko, yellow-headed dwarf gecko Lygodactylus madagascariensis (Boettger, 1881) โ€“ Madagascar dwarf gecko Lygodactylus manni Loveridge, 1928 โ€“ Mann's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus methueni V. FitzSimons, 1937 โ€“ Methuen's dwarf gecko, Woodbrush dwarf gecko Lygodactylus miops Gรผnther, 1891 โ€“ Gรผnther's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus mirabilis (G. Pasteur, 1962) Lygodactylus mombasicus Loveridge, 1935 Lygodactylus montanus G. Pasteur, 1965 โ€“ Mount Ivohibe gecko Lygodactylus nigropunctatus Jacobsen, 1992 โ€“ black-spotted dwarf gecko Lygodactylus ocellatus Roux, 1907 โ€“ ocellated dwarf gecko Lygodactylus ornatus G. Pasteur, 1965 โ€“ ornate dwarf gecko Lygodactylus pauliani G. Pasteur & C. Blanc, 1991 Lygodactylus picturatus (W. Peters, 1871) โ€“ white-headed dwarf gecko, painted dwarf gecko Lygodactylus pictus (W. Peters, 1883) โ€“ robust dwarf gecko Lygodactylus rarus G. Pasteur & C. Blanc, 1973 โ€“ thin dwarf gecko Lygodactylus regulus Portik, Travers, Bauer & Branch, 2013 prince dwarf gecko Lygodactylus rex Broadley, 1963 โ€“ king dwarf gecko Lygodactylus roavolana Puente, Glaw, Vieites, & Vences, 2009 Lygodactylus scheffleri Sternfeld, 1912 โ€“ Scheffler's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus scorteccii G. Pasteur, 1959 โ€“ Scortecci's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus somalicus Loveridge, 1935 โ€“ Somali dwarf gecko Lygodactylus stevensoni Hewitt, 1926 โ€“ Stevenson's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus thomensis (W. Peters, 1881) โ€“ Annobon dwarf gecko Lygodactylus tolampyae (Grandidier, 1872) โ€“ Grandidier's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus tuberosus Mertens, 1965 Lygodactylus verticillatus Mocquard, 1895 โ€“ Mocquard's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus viscatus (Vaillant, 1873) Lygodactylus waterbergensis Jacobsen, 1992 โ€“ Waterberg dwarf gecko Lygodactylus wetzeli H.M. Smith, R.L. Martin & Swain, 1977 โ€“ South American dwarf gecko Lygodactylus williamsi Loveridge, 1952 โ€“ Williams's dwarf gecko, turquoise dwarf gecko, electric blue gecko Lygodactylus wojnowskii Malonza, Granthon, & Williams, 2016 โ€“ Mt. Kenya dwarf gecko โ€ก L. blancae (feminine, genitive, singular) is named for (Ms) Franรงoise Blanc, a French geneticist; but L. blanci (masculine, genitive, singular) is named for (Mr.) Charles Pierre Blanc, a French herpetologist. ์ฃผ์˜์‚ฌํ•ญ(:en:Nota bene): ์‚ฝ์ž…์–ด๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด๋ช… ๋ช…๋ช…์ž(:en:Binominal nomenclature)๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ข…์„ ๋‚œ์Ÿ์ด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†(Lygodactylus)๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†์— ์†ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ–ˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๋ถˆ๋ž‘์ œ (1885). Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume I. Geckonidรฆ ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 436 pp. + Plates I-XXXII. (Genus Lygodactylus, pp.ย 158โ€“159). ๋ธŒ๋žœ์น˜(:en:Branch) (2004). Field Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Third Revised edition, Second impression. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 399 pp. . (Genus Lygodactylus, p.ย 245). ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด (1864). "Notes on some Lizards from South-Eastern Africa, with the Descriptions of several New Species". Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1864: 58-62. (Lygodactylus, new genus, p.ย 59). ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๊ณผ ์กด ์—๋“œ์›Œ๋“œ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygodactylus
Lygodactylus
Lygodactylus is a genus of diurnal geckos with 82 species. They are commonly referred to as dwarf geckos. They are mainly found in Africa and Madagascar although two species are found in South America. Lygodactylus picturatus, the best known species, is found in Kenya and commonly known as the white-headed dwarf gecko. Recently, illegal importation from Tanzania of brightly colored (and critically-endangered), Lygodactylus williamsi, known as electric blue geckos, has been gaining attention for Lygodactylus geckos in the reptile trade. Since all trade in wild-caught Lygodactylus williamsi is illegal, shipments of these geckos are often intentionally mislabelled as Lygodactylus spp. or as Lygodactylus capensis. As some customs officials have difficulty identifying members of this genus, a Lygodactylus spp. identification guide has been published online by CITES. Species Species in alphabetical order by specific name: Lygodactylus angolensis Bocage, 1896 โ€“ Angola dwarf gecko Lygodactylus angularis Gรผnther, 1893 โ€“ angulated dwarf gecko Lygodactylus arnoulti G. Pasteur, 1965 โ€“ Pasteur's dwarf gecko, Arnoult's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus baptistai Marques, Cerรญaco, Buehler, Bandeira, Janota & Bauer, 2020 Lygodactylus bernardi V. FitzSimons, 1958 โ€“ Bernard's dwarf gecko, FitzSimon's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus bivittis (W. Peters, 1883) โ€“ tiny scaled gecko Lygodactylus blancae G. Pasteur, 1995 โ€ก Lygodactylus blanci G. Pasteur, 1967 โ€ก โ€“ Blanc's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus bonsi G. Pasteur, 1962 โ€“ Bons's dwarf day gecko Lygodactylus bradfieldi Hewitt, 1932 โ€“ Bradfield's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus broadleyi G. Pasteur, 1995 โ€“ Broadley's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus capensis (A. Smith, 1849) โ€“ Cape dwarf gecko, common dwarf gecko Lygodactylus chobiensis V. FitzSimons, 1932 โ€“ Okavango dwarf gecko, Chobe dwarf gecko Lygodactylus conradti Matschie, 1892 โ€“ Matschie's dwarf gecko, Conradt's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus conraui Tornier, 1902 โ€“ Cameroon dwarf gecko Lygodactylus decaryi Angel, 1930 โ€“ Angel's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus depressus K.P. Schmidt, 1919 โ€“ Zaire dwarf gecko Lygodactylus expectatus G. Pasteur & C. Blanc, 1967 โ€“ Ambilobe dwarf gecko Lygodactylus fischeri Boulenger, 1890 โ€“ Fischer's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus fritzi Vences, Multzsch, Gippner, Miralles, Crottini, Gehring, Rakotoarison, Ratsoavina, Glaw, & Scherz, 2022 Lygodactylus grandisonae G. Pasteur, 1962 โ€“ Kenya dwarf gecko, Bunty's dwarf gecko, Grandison's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus graniticolus Jacobsen, 1992 โ€“ granite dwarf gecko Lygodactylus gravis G. Pasteur, 1965 โ€“ Usambara dwarf gecko Lygodactylus grotei Sternfeld, 1911 โ€“ Grote's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus guibei G. Pasteur, 1965 โ€“ western dwarf gecko Lygodactylus gutturalis (Bocage, 1873) โ€“ Uganda dwarf gecko, chevron-throated dwarf gecko Lygodactylus hapei Vences, Multzsch, Gippner, Miralles, Crottini, Gehring, Rakotoarison, Ratsoavina, Glaw, & Scherz, 2022 Lygodactylus heeneni De Witte, 1933 Lygodactylus heterurus Boettger, 1913 โ€“ Boettger's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus hodikazo Vences, Multzsch, Gippner, Miralles, Crottini, Gehring, Rakotoarison, Ratsoavina, Glaw, & Scherz, 2022 Lygodactylus incognitus Jacobsen, 1992 โ€“ cryptic dwarf gecko Lygodactylus inexpectatus G. Pasteur, 1965 โ€“ Dar es Salaam dwarf gecko Lygodactylus insularis Boettger, 1913 โ€“ insular dwarf gecko Lygodactylus intermedius G. Pasteur, 1995 Lygodactylus keniensis Parker, 1936 โ€“ Parker's dwarf gecko, Kenya dwarf gecko Lygodactylus kimhowelli G. Pasteur, 1995 โ€“ Kim Howell's dwarf gecko, Tanzanian dwarf gecko, zebra dwarf gecko Lygodactylus klemmeri G. Pasteur, 1965 โ€“ Malagasy dwarf gecko, Klemmer's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus klugei (H.M. Smith, R.L. Martin & Swain, 1977) โ€“ Kluge's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus laterimaculatus G. Pasteur, 1964 โ€“ side-spotted dwarf gecko Lygodactylus lawrencei Hewitt, 1926 โ€“ Lawrence's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus luteopicturatus G. Pasteur, 1964 โ€“ dwarf yellow-headed gecko, yellow-headed dwarf gecko Lygodactylus madagascariensis (Boettger, 1881) โ€“ Madagascar dwarf gecko Lygodactylus manni Loveridge, 1928 โ€“ Mann's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus methueni V. FitzSimons, 1937 โ€“ Methuen's dwarf gecko, Woodbrush dwarf gecko Lygodactylus miops Gรผnther, 1891 โ€“ Gรผnther's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus mirabilis (G. Pasteur, 1962) Lygodactylus mombasicus Loveridge, 1935 โ€“ white-headed dwarf gecko Lygodactylus montanus G. Pasteur, 1965 โ€“ Mount Ivohibe gecko Lygodactylus montiscaeruli Jacobsen, 1992 โ€“ Makgabeng dwarf gecko Lygodactylus nigropunctatus Jacobsen, 1992 โ€“ black-spotted dwarf gecko Lygodactylus nyaneka Marques, Cerรญaco, Buehler, Bandeira, Janota & Bauer, 2020 Lygodactylus ocellatus Roux, 1907 โ€“ ocellated dwarf gecko, spotted dwarf gecko Lygodactylus ornatus G. Pasteur, 1965 โ€“ ornate dwarf gecko Lygodactylus pauliani G. Pasteur & C. Blanc, 1991 โ€“ ornate dwarf gecko Lygodactylus petteri Pasteur & Blanc. 1967 โ€“ Petterโ€™s dwarf gecko Lygodactylus picturatus (W. Peters, 1871) โ€“ white-headed dwarf gecko, painted dwarf gecko Lygodactylus pictus (W. Peters, 1883) โ€“ robust dwarf gecko Lygodactylus rarus G. Pasteur & C. Blanc, 1973 โ€“ thin dwarf gecko Lygodactylus regulus Portik, Travers, Bauer & Branch, 2013 โ€“ prince dwarf gecko Lygodactylus rex Broadley, 1963 โ€“ king dwarf gecko Lygodactylus roavolana Puente, Glaw, Vieites, & Vences, 2009 Lygodactylus roellae Vences, Multzsch, Gippner, Miralles, Crottini, Gehring, Rakotoarison, Ratsoavina, Glaw, & Scherz, 2022 Lygodactylus salvi Vences, Multzsch, Gippner, Miralles, Crottini, Gehring, Rakotoarison, Ratsoavina, Glaw, & Scherz, 2022 Lygodactylus scheffleri Sternfeld, 1912 โ€“ Scheffler's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus scorteccii G. Pasteur, 1959 โ€“ Scortecci's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus somalicus Loveridge, 1935 โ€“ Somali dwarf gecko Lygodactylus soutpansbergensis Jacobsen, 1994 โ€“ Soutpansberg dwarf gecko Lygodactylus stevensoni Hewitt, 1926 โ€“ Stevenson's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus tantsaha Vences, Multzsch, Gippner, Miralles, Crottini, Gehring, Rakotoarison, Ratsoavina, Glaw, & Scherz, 2022 Lygodactylus tchokwe Marques, Cerรญaco, Buehler, Bandeira, Janota & Bauer, 2020 Lygodactylus thomensis (W. Peters, 1881) โ€“ Annobon dwarf gecko Lygodactylus tolampyae (Grandidier, 1872) โ€“ Grandidier's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus tsavoensis Malonza, Bauer, Granthon, D. Williams & Wojnowski, 2019 โ€“ Tsavo dwarf gecko Lygodactylus tuberosus Mertens, 1965 Lygodactylus ulli Vences, Multzsch, Gippner, Miralles, Crottini, Gehring, Rakotoarison, Ratsoavina, Glaw, & Scherz, 2022 Lygodactylus verticillatus Mocquard, 1895 โ€“ Mocquard's dwarf gecko Lygodactylus viscatus (Vaillant, 1873) โ€“ Howell's dwarf gecko, Copal dwarf gecko Lygodactylus waterbergensis Jacobsen, 1992 โ€“ Waterberg dwarf gecko Lygodactylus wetzeli (H.M. Smith, R.L. Martin & Swain, 1977) โ€“ South American dwarf gecko Lygodactylus williamsi Loveridge, 1952 โ€“ Williams' dwarf gecko, turquoise dwarf gecko, electric blue gecko Lygodactylus winki Vences, Multzsch, Gippner, Miralles, Crottini, Gehring, Rakotoarison, Ratsoavina, Glaw, & Scherz, 2022 Lygodactylus wojnowskii Malonza, Granthon & D. Williams, 2016 โ€“ Mt. Kenya dwarf gecko โ€ก L. blancae (feminine, genitive, singular) is named for (Ms) Franรงoise Blanc, a French geneticist; but L. blanci (masculine, genitive, singular) is named for (Mr.) Charles Pierre Blanc, a French herpetologist. Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was original described in a genus other than Lygodactylus. References Further reading Boulenger GA (1885). Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume I. Geckonidรฆ ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 436 pp. + Plates I-XXXII. (Genus Lygodactylus, pp.ย 158โ€“159). Branch, Bill (2004). Field Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Third Revised edition, Second impression. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 399 pp. . (Genus Lygodactylus, p.ย 245). Gray JE (1864). "Notes on some Lizards from South-Eastern Africa, with the Descriptions of several New Species". Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1864: 58-62. (Lygodactylus, new genus, p.ย 59). Mezzasalma M, Andreone F, Aprea G, Glaw F, Odierna G, Guarino FM (2016). "Molecular phylogeny, biogeography and chromosome evolution of Malagasy dwarf geckos of the genus Lygodactylus (Squamata, Gekkonidae)". Zoologica Scripta 46 (1): 42โ€“54. Puente M, Glaw F, Vieites DR, Vences M (2009). "Review of the systematics, morphology and distribution of Malagasy dwarf geckos, genera Lygodactylus and Microscalabotes (Squamata: Gekkonidae)". Zootaxa 2103: 1โ€“76. Rรถll B, Prรถhl H, Hoffmann K-P (2010). "Multigene phylogenetic analysis of Lygodactylus dwarf geckos (Squamata: Gekkonidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56 (1): 327โ€“335. Taxa named by John Edward Gray Lizard genera
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%86%A0%20%EC%95%84%ED%82%A4%EC%BD%94
์‚ฐํ†  ์•„ํ‚ค์ฝ”
์‚ฐํ†  ์•„ํ‚ค์ฝ”(, 1942๋…„ 5์›” 11์ผ ~ )์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์ถœ์‹  ์ •์น˜์ธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์†Œ์† ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์›์ด์ž ์ œ32๋Œ€ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์žฅ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์•„์†Œ ๋‹ค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ํšŒ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋ฏผ๋‹น ๋‚ด ํŒŒ๋ฒŒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์‹œ์ฝ”์นด์ด(, ํ†ต์นญ ์•„์†ŒํŒŒ)์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊ผฝํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 8์„  ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์›์œผ๋กœ์จ, ํ˜„์—ญ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์› ์ค‘ ์ตœ๋‹ค์„ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ2์ฐจ ๊ฐ€์ดํ›„ ๊ฐœ์กฐ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ฒญ(ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•™์„ฑ) ์žฅ๊ด€, ์ฐธ์˜์› ๋ถ€์˜์žฅ, ์ž๋ฏผ๋‹น ์–‘์› ์˜์›์ดํšŒ์žฅ์„ ์—ญ์ž„ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2017๋…„ ์•„์†ŒํŒŒ์™€ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ˜์ดˆ ์ •์ฑ…์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ(, ํ†ต์นญ ์‚ฐํ† ํŒŒ)์˜ ํšŒ์žฅ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ๋„์ฟ„๋ถ€ ๋„์ฟ„์‹œ ์„ธํƒ€๊ฐ€์•ผ๊ตฌ(ํ˜„ ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ์„ธํƒ€๊ฐ€์•ผ๊ตฌ) ์ถœ์‹ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€์˜€๋˜ ๋‹จ ์ด์ฟ ๋งˆ์˜ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋กœ 11์‚ด์˜ ๋‚˜์ด์— ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ๋„์ฟ„(ํ˜„ TBS)์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๋กœ ์—ฐ์˜ˆ๊ณ„์— ์ง„์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 15์‚ด์—๋Š” ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ "์•„์นด๋„ ์Šค์ฆˆ๋…ธ์Šค์ผ€()"์˜ ๋‚ด๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. 16์‚ด์—๋Š” ๋„์—์ด์™€ ์ „์† ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์นด์ฟ ๋ผ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ "๋‹ค๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ()" ๋“ฑ์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 19์‚ด ๋•Œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋žœ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๋ผ๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—๋„ ์ง„์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ์ข… ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž ์ถœ์—ฐ๋„ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ "ํ€ด์ฆˆ ํƒ€์ž„ ์‡ผํฌ"์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•ด์„œ๋Š” 5์ฃผ ์—ฐ์†์œผ๋กœ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ "ํ€ด์ฆˆ์˜ ์—ฌ์™•"์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ ธ๋‹ค. 1974๋…„ ๋‹ค๋‚˜์นด ๊ฐ€์ฟ ์—์ด ๋‚ด๊ฐ์ด๋ฆฌ๋Œ€์‹ ์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ ๋กœ ์ œ10ํšŒ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์› ํ†ต์ƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ์ „๊ตญ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ๊ณต์ฒœ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ถœ๋งˆํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์•ฝ 125๋งŒ ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด 32์„ธ์— ์ตœ์—ฐ์†Œ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์›์œผ๋กœ ๋‹น์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1980๋…„(์ „๊ตญ๊ตฌ), 1986๋…„(๋น„๋ก€๋Œ€ํ‘œ) ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ๋„ ๋‹น์„ ๋˜์–ด 3์„ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1990๋…„ 12์›”, ์ œ2์ฐจ ๊ฐ€์ดํ›„ ๊ฐœ์กฐ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ฒญ(ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•™์„ฑ) ์žฅ๊ด€์— ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์ƒ 6๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๊ฐ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1992๋…„ ์ œ16ํšŒ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์› ํ†ต์ƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๋น„๋ก€๋Œ€ํ‘œ์— ์ถœ๋งˆํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚™์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์› 4์„ ์— ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1995๋…„์— ๋‹ค๋‚˜๋ฒ  ๋ฐ์“ฐ์˜ค()๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜์›์ง์„ ์Šน๊ณ„ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•ด์ธ 1996๋…„ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์›์ง์„ ์‚ฌํ‡ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ41ํšŒ ์ค‘์˜์› ์˜์› ์ด์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ฐ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€์™€ํ˜„ ์ œ6๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋งˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚™์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ž ์‹œ ์ •๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2001๋…„ ์ œ19ํšŒ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์› ํ†ต์ƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ๋น„๋ก€๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ถœ๋งˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹น์„ , 5๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ์˜์›์ง์— ๋ณต๊ท€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’ค๋กœ 2007๋…„, 2013๋…„, 2019๋…„ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์—ฐ์† ๋‹น์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ ์ œ21ํšŒ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์› ํ†ต์ƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์ด ์ฐธํŒจํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์ œ2๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ €์•‰์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ œ1๋‹น์ด ๋œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์ด ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์žฅ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๊ณ , ์ž๋ฏผ๋‹น์€ ๋ถ€์˜์žฅ์„ ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‚ฐํ† ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์˜์› ๋ถ€์˜์žฅ์— ์ทจ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์˜์žฅ ์ทจ์ž„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ด€๋ก€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹น์ ์—์„œ ์ดํƒˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 4์›”, ๋ฐ˜์ดˆ ์ •์ฑ…์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ()์˜ ํšŒ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ์ž„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ž๋ฏผ๋‹น ๋‚ด ํŒŒ๋ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์žฅ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 7์›”, ๋ฐ˜์ดˆ ์ •์ฑ…์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ฝ”์นด์ด() ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋ฆ„์ธ ์‹œ์ฝ”์นด์ด()๋กœ ์ถœ๋ฒ”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฐํ† ๋Š” ์‹œ์ฝ”์นด์ด ํšŒ์žฅ ๋Œ€ํ–‰์— ์ทจ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์‚ฐํ† ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” 77์„ธ์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฐธ์˜์› ๋น„๋ก€๋Œ€ํ‘œ์˜ ์ •๋…„์„ 70์„ธ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•œ ๋‹น๋‚ด ๊ทœ์น™์ด ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 6๋ช…๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํŠน๋ก€๋กœ ์ œ25ํšŒ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์› ํ†ต์ƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ณต์ฒœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐํ† ๋Š” 2013๋…„ ์ œ23ํšŒ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์› ํ†ต์ƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ๋„ ์ •๋…„ ํŠน๋ก€ ๊ณต์ฒœ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 8์„ ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์› 8์„ ์€ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 8์›” 1์ผ์— ์†Œ์ง‘๋œ ์ž„์‹œ ๊ตญํšŒ์—์„œ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 2004๋…„~2007๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด ์˜์žฅ์„ ์—ญ์ž„ํ•œ ์˜ค๊ธฐ ์ง€์นด๊ฒŒ() ์ดํ›„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์žฅ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ฝ๋ ฅ 1974๋…„ - ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์› ์ดˆ์„  1978๋…„ - ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ฒญ ์ •๋ฌด์ฐจ๊ด€ (์ œ1์ฐจ ์˜คํžˆ๋ผ ๋‚ด๊ฐ) 1978๋…„ - ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ฒญ ์ •๋ฌด์ฐจ๊ด€ (์ œ2์ฐจ ์˜คํžˆ๋ผ ๋‚ด๊ฐ) 1983๋…„ ~ 1986๋…„ - ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ ํšŒ์žฅ 1984๋…„ ~ 1986๋…„ - ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ๋ถ€์ธ๊ตญ์žฅ 1987๋…„ - ์ฐธ์˜์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝํŠน๋ณ„์œ„์›ํšŒ ์œ„์›์žฅ 1989๋…„ - ์ฐธ์˜์› ์™ธ๋ฌด์œ„์›ํšŒ ์œ„์›์žฅ 1990๋…„ - ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ฒญ ์žฅ๊ด€ (์ œ2์ฐจ ๊ฐ€์ดํ›„ ๊ฐœ์กฐ ๋‚ด๊ฐ) 1991๋…„ - ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์šด๋™๋ณธ๋ถ€์žฅ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ 2001๋…„ ~ 2005๋…„ - ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ํ˜ธ์ฟ ๋ฆฌ์ฟ  ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์œ„์›์žฅ 2004๋…„ ~ 2007๋…„ - ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์–‘์› ์˜์›์ดํšŒ์žฅ 2006๋…„ - ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์› ์žฌ์ง 25๋…„ ์˜๋…„๊ทผ์†ํ‘œ์ฐฝ 2007๋…„ ~ 2010๋…„ - ์ฐธ์˜์› ๋ถ€์˜์žฅ 2010๋…„ ~ 2012๋…„ - ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ๋‹น๊ธฐ์œ„์›์žฅ 2012๋…„ - ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์‹์œก์กฐ์‚ฌํšŒ์žฅ 2013๋…„ - ์ฐธ์˜์› ๋‚ด๊ฐ์œ„์›ํšŒ ์œ„์›์žฅ 2019๋…„ - ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์žฅ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์žฅ ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์‹์œก์กฐ์‚ฌํšŒ์žฅ ์žฌ์ž„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ "์‹์œก๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฒ•"์„ ์ œ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ ํƒ์  ๋ถ€๋ถ€ ๋ณ„์„ฑ์ œ ๋„์ž…์— "๋ฐ˜๋Œ€"ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ 12์›” 5์ผ ์ฐธ์˜์› ๋ณธํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณผ๋œ ๋ฏธํ˜ผ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์™€ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ํ›„์— ์ธ์ง€๋˜๋ฉด ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ตญ์ ์„ ์ทจ๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์— ๊ธฐ๊ถŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ์ œ9์กฐ ๊ฐœ์ •์— ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ž์œ„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด "๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ"์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž์œ„๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ›„ํ…๋งˆ ๊ธฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ—ค๋…ธ์ฝ” ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค(ํ›„ํ…๋งˆ ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์ด์ „ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ฐธ์กฐ). ์ด๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์•ผ์Šค์ฟ ๋‹ˆ ์‹ ์‚ฌ ์ฐธ๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ์„ธ์œจ(์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ๋น„์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊นŽ์•„์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ) ๋„์ž…์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ธˆ ๊ฐ€์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚ ์ˆ˜๋ก ์—ฐ๊ธˆ ์ง€๊ธ‰์•ก ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด์ฉ” ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์›์ž๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ๋Š” ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์™ธ๊ตญ์—๋„ ์ˆ˜์ถœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋™ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ๊ธฐ์—… ์ธก์ด ์ง์›์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธˆ์ „์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•ด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ˜• ์ œ๋„์— ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„, ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ถŒ ์—ฐ๋ น์„ "๋งŒ 18์„ธ ์ด์ƒ"์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ๊ณต์ง์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์˜ ์ฐธ์˜์› ๋ณธํšŒ์˜ ํ‘œ๊ฒฐ์—์„œ ํˆฌํ‘œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๊ถŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํก์—ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ์˜์› ์—ฐ๋งน ํšŒ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ 2020๋…„ ๋„์ฟ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋ฐ ํŒจ๋Ÿด๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํก์—ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๊ณต๊ณต ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํก์—ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฌดํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” "๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํก์—ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ"์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ฆ์„ธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, "์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ๊ณผ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๊ฐ‘์— 1000์—” ์ •๋„๋กœ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด ๋…ผ๋ž€์„ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 7์›” ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฏธํ•˜๋ผ ์žฅ์• ์ธ ์‹œ์„ค ์‚ด์ƒ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ ค๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ, ์žฌ๋ฒ” ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด GPS๋ฅผ ๋ชธ ์†์— ๋‚ด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜ ํ—Œ๊ธˆ ์‚ฐํ†  ์•„ํ‚ค์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ์ด์ฟ„ ๋Œ€ํ•™(๋„์ฟ„๋„ ์ดํƒ€๋ฐ”์‹œ๊ตฌ ์œ„์น˜) ์ด์žฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1995๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2000๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 5๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ 100๋งŒ ์—”์˜ ์ •์น˜ ํ—Œ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ ๋ฌธ ์•„์นดํ•˜ํƒ€์˜ ๋ณด๋„๊ฐ€ 2002๋…„ 8์›” 23์ผ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์ฆ์กฐ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ „์ง ๊ฐ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€์™€ํ˜„ ์ฐธ์‚ฌ์˜€๋˜ ๋ฌด์“ฐ ๋ฌด๋„ค๋ฏธ์“ฐ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ณต์ด์ž ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๊ธฐ์ด ์ง€์—ญ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ๊ต์œก์ž์ด์ž ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ธ ์‚ฐํ†  ์ง€์นดํ† ()์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ž‘์€ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์ „์ง ์ค‘์˜์› ์˜์›์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ณ ๋‹ค๋งˆ ๋ฃŒํƒ€๋กœ()์ด๋‹ค. ์†Œ์†๋œ ์˜์› ์—ฐ๋งน ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ํก์—ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ์˜์› ์—ฐ๋งน (ํšŒ์žฅ) ์ผ๋ณธํšŒ์˜ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์› ๊ฐ„๋‹ดํšŒ ๋‹ค ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์•ผ์Šค์ฟ ๋‹ˆ ์‹ ์‚ฌ์— ์ฐธ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์› ๋ชจ์ž„ ์‹ํ’ˆ ๋‚ญ๋น„ ์ ˆ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ํ‘ธ๋“œ๋ฑ…ํฌ ์ง€์›์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์› ์—ฐ๋งน (ํšŒ์žฅ) ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฃผํ•ด ์ถœ์ฒ˜ํ•ด ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์‚ฐํ†  ์•„ํ‚ค์ฝ” ๊ณต์‹ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ๊ณต์‹ Facebook ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ 1942๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ๊ฐ๋ฃŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ •์น˜์ธ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ฒญ ์žฅ๊ด€ ๋ ˆ์ง€์˜น ๋„๋‡Œ๋ฅด ์Šˆ๋ฐœ๋ฆฌ์— ํ›ˆ์žฅ ์ˆ˜ํ›ˆ์ž ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์ผ๋ณธํšŒ์˜ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์› ๊ฐ„๋‹ดํšŒ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ์ถœ์‹  ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€ ์ถœ์‹  ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น (์ผ๋ณธ)์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์› ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์žฅ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiko%20Sant%C5%8D
Akiko Santล
is a Japanese politician who was the president of the House of Councillors of Japan from 2019 to 2022. A member of the Liberal Democratic Party, she was previously the vice president of the House of Councillors from 2007 to 2010. Background and career A native of Tokyo and graduate of Bunka Gakuin, Santo is the grandniece of Kodama Ryลtarล (September 1872 โ€“ October 25, 1921), a member of the House of Representatives. Santo was elected to the House of Councillors for the first time in 1974 after working as an actress and reporter. She was parliamentary vice-minister of environment (Ohira cabinet), and minister of state and director general of the Science and Technology Agency (Kaifu cabinet, 1990โ€“91). She became vice president of the House of Councillors in 2007, and chaired the joint plenary meeting of party members of both houses of the Diet. The Senkaku episode Santo played a role in the sale of three of the Senkaku Islands. She had known the landowner (Kurihara family) for 30 years, and in 2011 he told her that he wanted to sell to the governor of Tokyo, Shintaro Ishihara (whose nationalistic book he liked), instead of to the government and the prime minister, Yoshihiko Noda. The latter proposed a land swap, the former cash, and eventually the state bought the land for $25.5 million in 2012. Like Ishihara, Santo is affiliated to the openly revisionist lobby Nippon Kaigi, which claims Japan's ownership of these islands, which are also claimed by China (as Diaoyu). References External links Government ministers of Japan Members of the House of Councillors (Japan) Women government ministers of Japan Female members of the House of Councillors (Japan) Japanese actresses Japanese actor-politicians Members of Nippon Kaigi Living people 1942 births Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) politicians Presidents of the House of Councillors (Japan)
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A4%EB%B9%84%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC
์„ค๋น„๊ด€๋ฆฌ
์„ค๋น„๊ด€๋ฆฌ(่จญๅ‚™็ฎก็†, )๋Š” ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌยท์—ฐ๊ตฌยท์„ค๊ณ„ยท์ œ์ž‘ยท์„ค์น˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€๋™ ํ›„์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์œ ์ง€ ๋“ฑ ํ๋ฌผํ™”๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ™”ยท์ž๋™ํ™”ยท๊ณ ๋„ํ™”์˜ ์ง„์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ค๋น„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์กด๋„, ์„ค๋น„ํˆฌ์ž์•ก์˜ ์ฆ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ˜„๋˜๊ณ , ํˆฌ์žํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์œ ์ง€ยทํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์„ ์ •. ์„ค๋น„์˜ ํšจ์œจ์  ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์„ค๋น„๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ด‘์˜๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์žฅ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์น˜์™€ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ฑด์„ค๊ณผ ์„ค์น˜ ๋ณด์ „์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์™€ ์„ค๋น„์˜ ๊ฐฑ์‹  ์œ ํ‹ธ๋Ÿฌํ‹ฐ(utility)์˜ ์šด์ „ ๊ณต์žฅ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌ ํ˜‘์˜๋กœ๋Š” ์„ค๋น„์˜ ๋ณด์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋งŒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ค๋น„๋ณด์ „ ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์˜ ๋Œ€์ฒด(ไปฃๆ›ฟ)ยท๋ณด์ˆ˜(่ฃœไฟฎ)ํ™œ๋™ ๋“ฑ ๋ณด์ „๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๋ณด์ „ํ™œ๋™์„ ์†Œํ™€ํžˆ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ๋…ธํ›„ํ™”ยท์ •์ง€๋“ฑ์˜ ์†์‹ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์„ค๋น„ ๋ณด์ „์€ ๋ณด์ „๋น„์šฉ+๋…ธํ›„ํ™”ยท์ •์ง€ ์†์‹ค์„ ์ตœ์†Œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๋ณด์ „ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ค๋น„์˜ ๋…ธํ›„ํ™”ยท๊ณ ์žฅ์ •์ง€ ์†์‹ค ์„ค๋น„๋ณด์ „ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์†Œํ™€ํžˆ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์†์‹คํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ์ €ํ•˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์†์‹ค โ€• ์ด๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„์ด์ตร—์ƒ์‚ฐ์ €ํ•˜ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ํ’ˆ์งˆ์ €ํ•˜ ์†์‹ค โ€• ์„ค๋น„์˜ ๋…ธํ›„ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ’ˆ์งˆ์ €ํ•˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์†์‹ค๋กœ์„œ ํŒ๋งค๋‹จ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฐจ์•กร—์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰, ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ’ˆ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋น„์šฉ, ์‹ ์šฉ์˜ ์ €ํ•˜ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์šฉ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†์‹ค โ€• ์›์žฌ๋ฃŒยทํˆฌ์ž…๋…ธ๋ฌด ๋“ฑ ํˆฌ์ž…์›๋‹จ์œ„(ๆŠ•ๅ…ฅๅŽŸๅ–ฎไฝ)์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•œ ์†์‹ค. ๋‚ฉ๊ธฐ์ง€์—ฐ์†์‹ค โ€• ์‹œ๊ฐ„์™ธ ์ž‘์—…ยท์‹ฌ์•ผ์ž‘์—… ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋ฒŒ๊ณผ๊ธˆ์ง€๋ถˆยท์ฒด์„ ๋ฃŒ(ๆปฏ่ˆนๆ–™)ยท์‹ ์šฉ์˜ ์ €ํ•˜. ์•ˆ์ „ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์ €ํ•˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์†์‹ค โ€• ์„ค๋น„๊ณ ์žฅ์˜ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์€ ์ข…์—…์›์˜ ์ž‘์—…์˜์š•์„ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ•œ ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ณตํ•ด๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์›์ธ๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ค๋น„๋ณด์ „์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ์„ค๋น„์˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์—ฐ์— ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๋ณด์ „(PM๏ผšpreventive maintenance)์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฒ€์‚ฌยท์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์ค€ยท์ˆ˜์ง€๊ณ„ํš ๋“ฑ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์„ค๋น„๋ณด์ „์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๋ณด์ „ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๋ณด์ „(่ฑซ้˜ฒไฟๅ…จ, PM๏ผšpreventivemaintenance)์€ ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์„ค๋น„์˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€ ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์ •๋น„์—…๋ฌด์˜ ๋‘˜๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. PM์˜ ์ด๋น„์šฉ()=์ƒ์‚ฐ์ •์ง€์— ์˜ํ•œ ์†์‹ค()+๋ณด์ „๋น„์šฉ() PM์ˆ˜๋ฆฌยท๋Œ๋ฐœ๊ณ ์žฅ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒํšŸ์ˆ˜๋Š” PM๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์งง์œผ๋ฉด ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํšŸ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์ „๋ณด์ˆ˜(ไบ‹ๅ‰่ฃœไฟฎ)๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋Œ๋ฐœ๊ณ ์žฅ์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œ๋œ๋‹ค. ,์€ ๋ณด์ „๊ณต(ไฟๅ…จๅทฅ)์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉด ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์ •์ง€์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‹จ์ถ•๋˜์–ด ์˜ ๊ฐ’์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์˜ ๊ฐ’์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ •๊ธฐ๋ณด์ „ ์ •๊ธฐ๋ณด์ „์€ ๋งค์ผ ๋˜๋Š” ๋งค์ฃผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์ ๊ฒ€ยท์†Œ์ œยท์กฐ์ •ยท๊ธ‰์œ ยท๋Œ€์ฒด ๋“ฑ์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰๋ณด์ „ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰๋ณด์ „(CM๏ผšcorrective maintenance)์€ ์„ค๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์žฅ๋‚œ ํ›„ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ณ€๊ฒฝยท์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ฐœ์„ ยท๋ถ€ํ’ˆ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋“ฑ์„ค๋น„์ˆ˜๋ช… ์—ฐ์žฅ, ๋…ธํ›„ํ™” ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณด์ „ํ™œ๋™์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ „์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์„ค๋น„๋ณด์ „์€ PM, CM ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ณด์ „ํ™œ๋™๋งŒ์ด ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ , ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณด์ „์„ ์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์„ค๋น„๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์„ค๋น„๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ยท์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์„ ๋ณด์ „์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ(MP๏ผšmaintenance prevention)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ(ไฟก่ณดๆ€ง)์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ์„ค๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ทœ์ •๋œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •๋œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทœ์ •๋œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ „์„ฑ์€ ๋ณด์ „๋„(maintenability)๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ณด์ „๋„๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ์„ค๋น„์˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ›„ ๊ทœ์ •๋œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ทœ์ •๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์— ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜๋Š” ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณด์ „์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์€ ์„ค๋น„์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„์™€ ๋ณด์ „๋„๋ฅผ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๋น„์˜ ๊ฐ€๋™๋ฅ ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ค๋น„๋ณด์ „์˜ ์กฐ์ง ์„ค๋น„๋ณด์ „ ์—…๋ฌด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ (์„ค๋น„์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๋ถ„์„ยท๊ณ ์žฅ๋ถ„์„, ๊ฐ์ข… ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ์ž‘์„ฑ, ์„ค๋น„ ๊ฐœ์„ ยท๋Œ€์ฒด๋ถ„์„), ๊ด€๋ฆฌ(๋ณด์ „์ž‘์—…๊ณ„ํš ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌยท์ž‘์—…์ง€์‹œยท์˜ˆ์‚ฐํŽธ์„ฑยท๋ณด์ „๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ฐ ๋ณด๊ณ ยท๋ณด์ „ํšจ๊ณผ ์ธก์ •ยท์˜ˆ๋น„ํ’ˆ๊ด€๋ฆฌ) ๋ฐ ์ง์ ‘ ์ž‘์—…(๊ฒ€์‚ฌยท์ •๋น„ยท์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ) ๋“ฑ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณด์ „์ž‘์—…์€ ์กฐ์ง์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์กฐ์งํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง‘์ค‘๋ณด์ „(้›†ไธญไฟๅ…จ) โ€• 1์ธ์˜ ๋ณด์ „์ฑ…์ž„์ž ๋ฐ‘์—์„œ ๋ณด์ „ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ์งํ˜•ํƒœ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณด์ „(ๅœฐๅŸŸไฟๅ…จ) โ€• ์กฐ์ง์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ง‘์ค‘๋ณด์ „๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‚˜, ์ œํ’ˆ๋ณ„ยท์ œ์กฐ๋ถ€๋ฌธ๋ณ„ ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ „์—…๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜๋Š” ์กฐ์งํ˜•ํƒœ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ๋ณด์ „(้ƒจ้–€ไฟๅ…จ) โ€• ๋ณด์ „์—…๋ฌด๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ œ์กฐ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ , ์ œ์กฐ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์ž์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์ „ ์—…๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์ง€์‹œยท๊ฐ๋…๋˜๋Š” ์กฐ์งํ˜•ํƒœ ์ ˆ์ถฉ๋ณด์ „(ๆŠ˜่กทไฟๅ…จ) โ€• ์œ„์˜ 3๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ ˆ์ถฉํ•œ ์กฐ์งํ˜•ํƒœ ์„ค๋น„๋ณด์ „์˜ ์ž‘์—…๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ณด์ „์ž‘์—…์€ ์šฐ๋ฐœ์  ๊ธด๊ธ‰์ž‘์—…์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ผ์ •๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณด์ „์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋น„๋กœ ์ž‘์—…๋Šฅ๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทผ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๋ณด์ „์˜ ๋„์ž…์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ „์ž‘์—…์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ํ‘œ์ค€์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ž‘์—…ํ‘œ์ค€์˜ ์„ค์ •๋„ UMS(universal maintenance standards), MTM(method-time measurement) ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. UMS์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ „์ž‘์—… ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฒค์น˜๋งˆํฌ(bench mark๏ผšๅŸบๆบ–ไฝœๆฅญ)์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค€๋น„์‹œ๊ฐ„ยท์—ฌ์œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒค์น˜๋งˆํฌ๋Š” MTM์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ํ•œ PTS๋ฒ•(predetermined elementaltime standards)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ค์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋น„๊ต์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์ „์ž‘์—…์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ• ๋‹น๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์€ UMS๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์šฉ, ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๋ณด์ „ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž‘์—…๋Šฅ๋ฅ ๋„ ๋ณดํ†ต 50% ์ดํ•˜์—์„œ 90โˆผ95%๊นŒ์ง€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ค๋น„๋ณด์ „์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ธก์ • ์„ค๋น„๋ณด์ „ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณค๋ž€ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์„ค๋น„๋ณด์ „์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.ํ”„๋ฆด(V. Z. Priel)์— ์˜ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ณด์ „์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑยท๋ณด์ „์ž‘์—…๋Ÿ‰ยท๋ณด์ „๋น„์šฉ์˜ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ 20๊ฐœ์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ•์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ „์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ(maintenance effectiveness) ๋ณด์ „์ž‘์—…๋Ÿ‰(amount of maintenance) ๋˜ํ•œ ๋Ÿฌํฌ(W. S. Luck)์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋“€ํ(Du Pont)๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๊ณ„ํšยท์ž‘์—…๋Ÿ‰ยท๋น„์šฉยท์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ , ๋„ํ‘œ๋กœ์จ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ใ€”ํ‘œ 3ใ€•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์š”์†Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜(็ง€๏ผšE) ์šฐ(ๅ„ช๏ผšG), ๋ณดํ†ต์ด์ƒ(+A), ๋ณดํ†ต(A), ๋ณดํ†ต ์ดํ•˜(-A), ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰(P)์˜ 6๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ตฌ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ž์‚ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facility%20management
Facility management
Facility management or facilities management (FM) is a professional management discipline focused on the efficient and effective delivery of logistics and other support services related to real property and buildings. It encompasses multiple disciplines to ensure functionality, comfort, safety and efficiency of the built environment by integrating people, place, process and technology, as defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The profession is certified through Global Facility Management Association (Global FM) member organizations. History The term, "facilities management" was coined in the 1960s by IBM alumnus and Electronic Data Systems founder Ross Perot, in reference to network management of IT systems, and soon expanded to include all elements of commercial space management. Facility management as integral to the processes of strategic organizational planning was represented during a 1979 conference sponsored by Herman Miller. Following the meeting, the furniture manufacturer opened the Facility Management Institute (FMI), with its headquarters in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The National Facility Management Association (NFMA) was formed in 1980, separating the overall profession from a single enterprise. In 1982, the NFMA expanded to form the International Facility Management Association (IFMA) In 1986, the first professional FM organization was launched in the UK, as the Association of Facility Managers (AFM). Definitions and scope Professional FM as an interdisciplinary business function has the objective of coordinating demand and supply of facilities and services within public and private organizations. The term "facility" (pl. facilities) means something that is built, installed or established to serve a purpose, International Facility Management Association (IFMA), 1998 which, in general, is every "tangible asset that supports an organization". Examples include: real estate property, buildings, technical infrastructure, HVAC, lighting, transportation, IT-services, furniture, custodial, grounds maintenance and other user-specific equipment and appliances. In April 2017, the International Organization for Standardization published the ISO 41011:2017 standard for facility management, defining it as the "organizational function which integrates people, place and process within the built environment with the purpose of improving the quality of life of people and the productivity of the core business." The ISO definition was formally adopted by BIFM in August 2017. A management system standard for facilities management has also been developed by ISO and published as ISO 41001:2018. Scope Facilities management is divided into two areas: space and infrastructure, such as planning, design, workplace, construction, lease, occupancy, maintenance, and furniture people and organisation, such as catering, cleaning, ICT, HR, accounting, marketing, and hospitality. Its two broad areas of operation are commonly referred to as "hard FM" and "soft FM". The first refers to the physical built environment with a focus on work space and building infrastructure. The second covers the people and the organization and is related to work psychology and occupational physiology. According to the IFMA: "FM is the practice of coordinating the physical workplace with the people and work of the organization. It integrates the principles of business administration, architecture, and the behavioral and engineering sciences." In a 2017 global job task analysis, IFMA identified eleven competencies of facility management as: leadership and strategy operations and maintenance finance and business environmental stewardship and sustainability project management Human factors and ergonomics real estate and property management facility and technology management risk management communication quality and performance The Institute of Workplace and Facilities Management, formerly the British Institute of Facilities Management, adopted the European definition and through its accredited qualification framework offers career path curriculum ranging from school leaver level through to master's degree level that is aligned with the European Qualifications framework. FM may also cover activities other than business services: these are referred to as non-core functions and vary from one business sector to another. FM is also subject to continuous innovation and development, under pressure to reduce costs and to add value to the core business of public or private sector client organizations. Accredited academics Facility management is supported with education, training, and professional qualifications often coordinated by FM institutes, universities, and associations. Degree programs exist at both undergraduate and post-graduate levels. Facility Management has been a recognised academic discipline since the 1990s. Initial FM research work in Europe started in universities in the UK, the Netherlands and the Nordic countries, where academies funded research centers and began to establish courses at Bachelors, Masters, and PhD levels. Early European FM research centers include the Centre for Facilities Management (CFM), founded in Glasgow in 1990; the Centre for People and Buildings at Delft University of Technology; and Metamorphose at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. The University of Moratuwa Faculty of Architecture in Sri Lanka has offered a BSc. degree in Facilities Management since 2006. In 2018, 50 universities and research institutions were represented in EUROFM. The German Facility Management Association (GEFMA) has certified 16 FM study programs and courses at universities and universities of applied sciences in Germany. As of 2021, the IFMA accredits university degree programs the United States, Sri Lanka, South Korea, Singapore, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, and the Netherlands. Role of the facilities manager Facilities managers (FMs) operate across business functions. The main priority of an FM is keeping people alive and safe. Facility managers need to operate at two levels: Strategically and tactically: helping clients, customers and end-users understand the potential impact of their decisions on the provision of space, services, cost, and business risk. Operationally: ensuring a corporate and cost-effective environment for the occupants to function. EHS: environment, health and safety The FM department in an organization is required to identify, analyze, evaluate, control, and manage many environment and safety-related issues. Failure to do so may lead to unhealthy conditions leading to employees falling sick, injury, loss of business, prosecution, and insurance claims. The confidence of customers and investors in the business may also be affected by adverse publicity from safety lapses. Fire safety The threat from fire carries one of the highest risks to loss of life, and the potential to damage property or shut down a business. The facilities management department will have in place maintenance, inspection, and testing for all of the facility's fire safety equipment and systems, keeping records and certificates of compliance. Security Protection of employees and the business often comes under the control of the facilities management department, particularly the maintenance of security hardware. Manned guarding may be under the control of a separate department. Maintenance, testing and inspections Maintenance, testing, and inspection schedules are required to ensure that the facility is operating safely and efficiently in compliance with statutory obligations, to maximize the life of equipment, and to reduce the risk of failure. The work is planned, often using a computer-aided facility management (CAFM) system. Building maintenance includes all preventative, remedial, and upgrades works required for the upkeep and improvement of buildings and their components. These works may include disciplines such as painting and decorating, carpentry, plumbing, glazing, plastering, and tiling. Buildings may be designed with a view to minimizing their maintenance requirement. Cleaning Cleaning operations are often undertaken out of business hours, but provision may be made during times of occupations for the cleaning of toilets, replenishing consumables (such as toilet rolls, soap) plus litter picking and reactive response is scheduled as a series of periodic (daily, weekly and monthly) tasks. Operational The facilities management department has responsibilities for the day-to-day running of the building; these tasks may be outsourced or carried out by directly employed staff. This is a policy issue, but due to the immediacy of the response required in many of the activities involved the facilities manager will often require daily reports or an escalation procedure. Some issues require more than just periodic maintenance, for example, those that can stop or hamper the productivity of the business or that have safety implications. Many of these are managed by the facilities management "help desk" that staff is able to be contacted either by telephone or email. The response to help desk calls is prioritized but may be as simple as too hot or too cold, lights not working, photocopier jammed, coffee spills, or vending machine problems. Help desks may be used to book meeting rooms, car parking spaces, and many other services, but this often depends on how the facilities department is organized. Facilities may be split into two sections, often referred to as "soft" services such as reception and post room, and "hard" services, such as the mechanical, fire, and electrical services. Due to climate change, FM providers are increasingly focused on environmental, social and governance compliance considerations. Business continuity planning All organizations should have a continuity plan so that in the event of a fire or major failure the business can recover quickly. In large organizations, it may be that the staff move to another site that has been set up to model the existing operation. The facilities management department would be one of the key players should it be necessary to move the business to a recovery site. Space allocation and changes In many organizations, office layouts are subject to frequent changes. This process is referred to as churn, and the percentage of the staff moved during a year is known as the "churn rate". These moves are normally planned by the facilities management department using a computer-aided design (CAD) system. In addition to meeting the needs of the business, compliance with statutory requirements related to office layouts include: The minimum amount of space to be provided per staff member fire safety arrangements lighting levels signage ventilation temperature control welfare arrangements such as toilets and drinking water Consideration may also be given to vending, catering, or a place where staff can make a drink and take a break from their desk. World Facilities Management Day Since 2009, Global FM has sponsored an annual World Facilities Management Day, "World FM Day". The theme for the 2022 World FM Day (22 May 2022) was "leading a sustainable future"; the purpose of the day is " to recognise and celebrate the vital work that workplace and facilities managers and the wider industry contributes to business worldwide". See also 1:5:200 Activity relationship chart Activity-based working AM/FM/GIS Building information modeling Building management Computerized maintenance management system Facility information model U.S. GSA Public Buildings Service Global Facility Management Association (Global FM) Hard infrastructure Industrial architecture Institute of Workplace and Facilities Management Janitor Physical plant Property management References Further reading Property management Management science Logistics
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%8B%A4%20%EC%BC%88%EB%A6%AC%20%EC%9E%84%EA%B3%84%EC%82%AC%EA%B3%A0
์„ธ์‹ค ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ ์ž„๊ณ„์‚ฌ๊ณ 
์„ธ์‹ค ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ ์ž„๊ณ„์‚ฌ๊ณ ()๋Š” 1958๋…„ 12์›” 30์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‰ด๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์ฃผ ๋กœ์Šค์•จ๋Ÿฌ๋ชจ์Šค ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ž„๊ณ„์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์›์ž๋กœ ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ž„๊ณ„์‚ฌ๊ณ  10๊ฑด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. 1958๋…„ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” 6์›” 16์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ…Œ๋„ค์‹œ์ฃผ ์˜คํฌ๋ฆฌ์ง€์˜ Y-12 ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋ณด์•ˆ๊ตฌ์—ญ ์ž„๊ณ„์‚ฌ๊ณ , 10์›” 15์ผ ์œ ๊ณ ์Šฌ๋ผ๋น„์•„ ๋ฒ ์˜ค๊ทธ๋ผ๋“œ์˜ ๋นˆ์ฐจ ํ•ต์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ์ž„๊ณ„์‚ฌ๊ณ ์— ์ด์–ด ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ 3๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ž„๊ณ„์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ด๋‹ค. ์•ก์ฒด ์‹œ์•ฝ์— ์šฉํ•ด๋œ ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์— ์ž„๊ณ„ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ํ™”ํ•™์ž ์„ธ์‹ค ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ 35์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋งŒ์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ „๊ฐœ ์„ธ์‹ค ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ(, 1920๋…„ 10์›” 16์ผ~1958๋…„ 12์›” 31์ผ)๋Š” 11๋…„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ 38์„ธ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ์„ ๋กœ์Šค์•จ๋Ÿฌ๋ชจ์Šค ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” 1,000L ์ •๋„ ๋˜๋Š” ์Šคํ…Œ์ธ๋ ˆ์Šค์ œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ํƒฑํฌ๋ฅผ ์šด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒฑํฌ ๋‚ด์—๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋„์ค‘ ๋‚จ์€ ์ž”๋ฅ˜ ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„-239์™€ ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํšŒ์ˆ˜ํ•  ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ๊ธฐ ์šฉ๋งค์™€ ์‚ฐ์ด ๋…น์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์•ก์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์ƒ์˜จ์˜ ์˜จ๋„, ์••๋ ฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„์€ ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์€๋น›์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ธˆ์†์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ธฐ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋ฉด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€์ƒ‰๋˜๋ฉฐ ์—ผ์‚ฐ, ์•„์ด์˜ค๋”˜์‚ฐ, ๊ณผ์—ผ์†Œ์‚ฐ ๋“ฑ์— ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์šฉํ•ด๋œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์ผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ํƒฑํฌ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ๋ถ€์‹์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์งˆ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์šฉ๊ธฐ ๋ถ€์‹์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”์šฉ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ์œ ๊ธฐ์šฉ๋งค์— ์šฉํ•ด๋œ ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„(์šฉ๋งค 1L ๋‹น ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„ 0.1g ์ดํ•˜)์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•ตํ™”ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์šฉ์•ก์„ ๋ฆฐ(lean)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ด ํƒฑํฌ ๋‚ด๋กœ ์ตœ์†Œ 2๋ฒˆ ์ด์ƒ "๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž…"์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜(๋‹ค๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜๋„์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถœ์ฒ˜๋Š” ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ธ์‹ค ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ๋„ ์˜์‹ฌํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค.) ํƒฑํฌ ๋‚ด ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„์˜ ๋†๋„๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์˜์—ญ์—์„  ์›๋ž˜ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋Œ€๋žต 200๋ฐฐ ๋” ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์šฉ์•ก ๋‚ด ์šฉ์งˆ๋„ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์„ž์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์šฉ์•ก ์œ„์ชฝ์€ ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„ 3kg ์ด์ƒ์ด ํ•จ์œ ๋˜์–ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ  ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์Šจ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋„ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ž„๊ณ„์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์› ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ํƒฑํฌ๋ฅผ ์ž‘๋™์‹œํ‚ค์ž ์šฉ์•ก์ด ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด ์น˜๊ณ  ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ์ด ์ผ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒฑํฌ ๋‚ด์— ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์•ก ์ธต์€ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋ ค๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฐ์‹ธ์กŒ๊ณ  ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€, ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„์ด ๋†์ถ•๋œ ์ธต์€ ์šฉ๊ธฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด์ณค๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ค‘ ์ž„์˜์˜ ํ•ต๋ถ„์—ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ž„๊ณ„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ŒํŒŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ด์ƒ์  ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์ด ์ œ์ผ ์ž‘์€ ๊ตฌ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ๋„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„์˜ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์šฉ์•ก์€ ๊ตฌํ˜•์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด๊ฐ€ ์šฉ์•ก์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ชจ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋‹น ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋ฐ๋‹ค ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๋ฌผ์ธต์ด ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์œจ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ ์šฉํ•ด๋œ ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„์€ ๋Œ€๋žต 1์ดˆ ๋‚ด์— ์ž„๊ณ„ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ŒํŒŒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž„๊ณ„ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ๋‚ด์˜ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๋นˆ๋„๋กœ ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„ ์›์žํ•ต์„ ๋•Œ๋ ค ํ•ต๋ถ„์—ด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ต ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๋Œ€๋žต 200๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ดˆ(0.2์ดˆ)๋งŒ ์ง€์†๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์–‘์˜ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž์™€ ๊ฐ๋งˆ์„ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ•ต์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ž„๊ณ„์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. 3์ดˆ๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜์–ด ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ์ธต์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์ž„๊ณ„ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ •์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผํญ ์„ธ์‹ค ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž„๊ณ„์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„ ๋‹น์‹œ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์— ๋ฐœ์„ ๋””๋”˜ ์ฑ„ ํƒฑํฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๋ง์ฐฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ํƒฑํฌ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ๋‚ด์— ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž 2๋ช…์€ ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ๋น›์ด ๋ฒˆ์ฉ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ํฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฒด๋ Œ์ฝ”ํ”„ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์™€ ์˜์‹ ์ด์ƒ์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์„ ํ—›๋”›๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋•…์— ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ํƒฑํฌ์˜ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ป๋‹ค ์ผฐ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ˆˆ ์†์—์„œ ์šด๋™์‹ค์กฐ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋น ์ง„ ์ฑ„ "์˜จ ๋ชธ์ด ๋ถˆํƒ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด!"๋งŒ ์—ฐ์‹  ์™ธ์น˜๋Š” ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ํƒฑํฌ์— ์ž„๊ณ„ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ŒํŒŒ ๋ถ•๊ดด ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์กฐ ๋“ฑ์— ๋น ์ง„ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์”ป์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ƒค์›Œ์‹ค์— ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ณ ์„  ๋ฏน์„œ์˜ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ป๋‹ค. ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฌด์˜์‹ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ง์›๋“ค์ด ํ˜„์žฅ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธ‰์„ฑ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์  ์ฆ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์–ผ๊ตด์ด ๋ฐ์€ ๋ถ„ํ™์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋– ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™๋ฐ˜ ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋กœ์Šค์•จ๋Ÿฌ๋ชจ์Šค ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ฆ‰๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๊ฐ์‹œํŒ€์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค์— ๋Œ€๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์›๋“ค์€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ํƒฑํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋œ ์•ŒํŒŒ์„ ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด ํƒฑํฌ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•ŒํŒŒ์„  ํ™œ๋™์ด ๋ฐฉ ๊ตฌ์„๊ตฌ์„์— ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 18๋ถ„ ํ›„ ๊ฐ์‹œํŒ€์€ ๊ฐ๋งˆ์„  ๊ด€์ธก์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ณง์ด์–ด ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ํƒฑํฌ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋ผ๋“œ(rad)์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฐ๋งˆ์„ ์„ ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ฐ๋งˆ์„ ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•ต๋ถ„์—ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๋“ค์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋น›์„ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฆ์–ธํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณง ์ž„๊ณ„์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ํ›„ ์ฒซ 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ 40๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ ์—†์ด ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ช‡ ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ๊ตฌํ† ์™€ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์งˆ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŽ˜ํ‹ฐ๋”˜ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ ์ฆ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์•„์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณง์ด์–ด ์•ˆ์ •์„ ๋˜์ฐพ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜์‹์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•ด ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋งฅ๋ฐ•์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋ฝ‘์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฐ•์€ ๋ถ„๋‹น 160ํšŒ, ํ˜ˆ์••์€ 80/40์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฐ๋งˆ์„ ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ† ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ณ€์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์ด ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผํญ 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ 40๋ถ„ ํ›„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์›์†Œ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ํ™”๋˜์–ด ์†Œ๋“-24๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ ์† ์ค‘์„ฑ์ž์„ ์— 9 ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด(Gy), ๊ฐ๋งˆ์„ ์— 27 Gy, ์ด 36 Gy์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์— 2 Gy ์ •๋„ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ด์ง„ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์ˆ˜ ์น˜์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰์€ 2.4โ€“3.4 Gy์ด๋ฉฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰์ด 5 Gy ์ด์ƒ์ด๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ฑ์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์น˜์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰๋ณด๋‹ค 7๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์„ ๋งž์•˜๋‹ค. ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„๋“ค์€ ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๋œ์–ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŽ˜ํ‹ฐ๋”˜๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํ•€์„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ „ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋Šฅ ํ”ผํญ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์€ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 6์‹œ๊ฐ„๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜์–ด ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฆผํ”„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ”ผํญ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ›„ ๊ณจ ์ƒ๊ฒ€์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ณจ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ”ผ ์ƒ‰๊น”์ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ฌผ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šฐ๋ฉฐ ์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ ํ˜ˆ์•ก๋งŒ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ˜ˆ์„ ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์ง„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผํญ 2์ผ์ฐจ ๋ฐค์ด ๋˜์ž ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณต๋ถ€์˜ ํ†ต์ฆ์„ ์ ์  ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋Š๊ปด ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋กœ๋„ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ •๋งฅ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฏธ์—†์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋ช…๋˜์–ด ์ฃผ์ž…์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผํญ 35์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ›„ ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ฌํ•œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ, ๋™์š”, ๋ฐœํ•œ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ—๊ฒจ์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋งฅ๋ฐ•์ด ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•ด์ง€๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ „์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋งจํ•ดํŠผ ๊ณ„ํš ๊ฐ์ฃผ 1958๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์›์ž๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์˜๋ฃŒ ๋…ผ์Ÿ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil%20Kelley%20criticality%20accident
Cecil Kelley criticality accident
A criticality accident occurred on December 30, 1958, at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, in the United States. It is one of 60 known criticality events that have occurred globally outside the controlled conditions of a nuclear reactor or test, though it was the third such event that took place in 1958 after events on June 16 at the Y-12 Plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and on October 15 at the Vinฤa Nuclear Institute in Vinฤa, Yugoslavia. The accident involved plutonium compounds dissolved in liquid chemical reagents; within 35 hours, it killed chemical operator Cecil Kelley by severe radiation poisoning. Context of the accident Cecil Kelley was a 38-year-old chemical operator with 11 years of experience; he had spent more than half of this time at the Los Alamos lab, where one of his duties was to operate a large, 1000-liter capacity, stainless-steel mixing tank. The tank contained residual plutonium-239โ€”a mostly man-made element existing in trace amounts in natureโ€”from other experiments and applications, along with various organic solvents and acids in an aqueous solution for the purpose of recovery and reuse. In pure form and under normal temperature and pressure conditions, plutonium is a solid, silvery metal. It tarnishes quickly when exposed to air and readily dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric, hydroiodic, and perchloric acids, as well as others. On the day of the accident, the mixing tank was supposed to contain a "lean" concentration of dissolved plutonium (โ‰ค0.1ย g of plutonium per liter of solution) in a bath of highly corrosive nitric acid and a caustic, stabilized, aqueous, organic emulsion. The concentration of plutonium in the mixing tank was nearly 200 times higher than Kelley anticipated, however, as a result of at least two improper transfers of plutonium waste to the tank from undetermined sources. Additionally, the plutonium was distributed unevenly, with the upper layer of solution containing especially high concentrations, amounting to a total of over 3ย kg of plutonium, dangerously close to criticality. When Kelley switched on the mixer, a vortex began to form. The denser aqueous layer within the tank was forced outward and upward forming a "bowl", and the less dense, plutonium-rich layer was drawn toward the vessel's center. Supercritical mass Among other ideal characteristics, the optimal shape for any fissile substance to become supercritical is the shape of least surface area, a sphere. Although the plutonium-rich solution was not spherical, the vortex made it thicker in the center, and this, along with the corresponding increase in density and the neutron reflectivity of the aqueous layer surrounding it, caused the dissolved plutonium to reach and cross the criticality threshold in approximately one second: neutrons within the mixture began to bombard the nuclei of the solution's plutonium atoms with sufficient frequency to cause these atoms to break apart and release other neutrons in a sustained nuclear chain reaction lasting only 200ย microseconds but releasing a huge burst of neutrons and gamma radiation. Such an uncontrolled release of nuclear energy is often referred to as an excursion. Within 3ย seconds, the layers in the mixture had become dispersed, and no further excursions were possible. Events of the excursion Kelley had been standing on a ladder looking at the contents of the mixing tank through a viewing window when the excursion event occurred. Two other technicians working within the laboratory witnessed a bright flash of blue light followed by the sound of a thud. The power burst either caused Kelley to collapse or knocked him off the ladder, and he had fallen to the ground. He arose disoriented, and apparently switched the mixer off and then back on again before running out of the building. The other technicians found Kelley outdoors in a state of ataxia (uncoordinated muscle movement) and repeating the phrase, "I'm burning up! I'm burning up!" Because the possibility of an excursion taking place in a mixing tank had been considered to be virtually non-existent, the technicians decided that Kelley must have somehow been exposed to either alpha radiation, the acid bath, or both, and one of them took him to a chemical shower while the other switched off the mixer. Additional staff members arrived at the scene within minutes to find Kelley virtually unconscious. The bright pink color of his face indicated erythema (redness of the skin) brought on by cutaneous radiation syndrome. Any accident at Los Alamos involving a radioactive substance requires an immediate investigation by a team of radiation monitoring staff. Even before Kelley was taken to an emergency room, these staff members began an examination of the mixing room with radiation detectors capable of assessing the alpha radiation emitted by escaped plutonium. Alpha activity would have been widespread if any of the plutonium mixture had escaped from the tank, but none was found. Eighteen minutes later, the team began searching for gamma radiation, and were surprised to find intense gamma radiation near the mixing tank, on the order of tens of rads per hour. Such intense gamma radiation could only be produced by significant amounts of fission product; this, combined with the otherwise inexplicable flash of light reported by the other two technicians, was sufficient to confirm that a criticality accident had occurred. Kelley's clinical course For the first hour and forty minutes following the accident, Kelley had been incoherent, and had gone through waves of intense vomiting and retching. He then stabilized, was once again able to converse normally, and was able to have his pulse taken and his blood drawn. The blood sample indicated that Kelley had been exposed to approximately 9 Gy from fast neutrons and 27 Gy from gamma rays, for a total of 36 Gy. For an adult human, exposure to 2 Gy from an unfocused radiation source such as an excursion will cause radiation sickness but is not considered definitely lethal; about 4 Gy is the median lethal dose; a dose of 8 Gy almost always kills. Kelley had received more than seven times the adult human lethal dose. Although the medical staff in the emergency room took steps to ease his pain with pethidine and morphine, previous research on radiation exposure in animals indicated Kelley's death was inevitable. Within six hours his lymphocytes were all but gone. A bone biopsy performed 24 hours after the incident produced bone marrow that was watery and contained no red blood cells. Numerous blood transfusions had no lasting helpful effect: Only 35 hours after his initial exposure and after a final bout of intense restlessness, agitation, sweating, becoming ashen-skinned, and having an irregular pulse, Kelley died of heart failure. Implications An investigation into the circumstances of the accident never resulted in a public explanation of how the mixing tank became filled with such a high concentration of plutonium; initially, the blame was placed on Kelley himself. Robert L. Nance, a colleague of Kelley, was the chemist assigned to recover the remaining plutonium in the tank. This task revealed to him that the solvent in the tank was not as potent as expected (possibly broken down by extended exposure to radiation), so there may have been a build up to a higher concentration for that reason. The report prepared by Nance was not approved to be published. Although Kelley had neither ingested nor inhaled any plutonium during the accident, he, like many laboratory technicians at Los Alamos, had been exposed to minute particles of airborne plutonium over the course of several years. An event such as this was therefore considered an "experiment of opportunity." Careful records were kept of every moment of Kelley's life from accident through death and onto the autopsy table. His organs were kept for pathological examination and their plutonium levels analyzed. The results of these tissue analyses were considered fundamental to understanding what would happen to a population during a nuclear attack and impossible to obtain any other way. Although the bone marrow biopsy of Kelley's sternum was performed under the premise that the physicians wished to determine if he were a candidate for a bone marrow transplant, Kelley's death was inevitable, and an actual transplant was not seriously considered. Court case Kelley's death left a widow, Doris Kelley, and two children, then aged eight years and 18 months. Doris Kelley did not receive notification while he was still alive that her husband had been irradiated, and only learned of his death from the laboratory authority when representatives visited her at her home shortly afterward. Assuring her verbally that they would provide her with financial compensation for her husband's death, they convinced her not to file any lawsuits against the laboratory. Despite such assurances, the only compensation Doris Kelley received was a lifetime-level position working for the lab itself at near-poverty levels, until she had to retire for health reasons. In 1996, Doris Kelley and her daughter, Katie Kelley-Mareau, filed a lawsuit against Clarence Lushbaugh, the pathologist who performed the autopsy on Cecil Kelley. The case alleged the misconduct of doctors, the hospital, and the administration of Los Alamos in removing organs from the deceased without consent from next-of-kin over a span of many years (1958โ€“1980). Kelley's autopsy was the first instance of this type of post-mortem analysis, but there were many more performed by Lushbaugh and others in later years at Los Alamos. During a deposition for the case, Lushbaugh, when asked who gave him the authority to take of organs and tissue from Kelley's body, said, "God gave me permission." The class action suit was settled by the defendants for about $9.5 million in 2002 and an additional $800,000 in 2007. None of the defendants admitted any wrongdoing. References 1958 in New Mexico Medical controversies in the United States Victims of radiological poisoning Los Alamos National Laboratory Deaths from laboratory accidents 1958 disasters in the United States Nuclear accidents and incidents in the United States
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EB%A7%88%EB%A6%AC%20%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%B4%EB%A0%88%EB%A5%B4
์žฅ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ฅดํด๋ ˆ๋ฅด
์žฅ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ฅดํด๋ ˆ๋ฅด(, 1697๋…„ 11์›” 24์ผ ~ 1764๋…„ 10์›” 26์ผ)๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœํฌ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ์ด์ž ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ํ˜•์ œ๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ๋ฆฌ์˜น์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ถค๊ณผ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ† ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋กœ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1716๋…„ 1728๋…„ ์ฆˆ์Œ์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ๋Œ„์„œ Marie-Rose Casthanie์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฅดํด๋ ˆ๋ฅด๋Š” 1723๋…„ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ Concert Spirituel์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก Op. 1 No. 1 โ€“ Violin Sonata in A minor Op. 1 No. 2 โ€“ Violin Sonata in C major Op. 1 No. 3 โ€“ Violin Sonata in B flat major Op. 1 No. 4 โ€“ Violin Sonata in D major Op. 1 No. 5 โ€“ Violin Sonata in G major Op. 1 No. 6 โ€“ Violin Sonata in E minor Op. 1 No. 7 โ€“ Violin Sonata in F major Op. 1 No. 8 โ€“ Violin Sonata in G major Op. 1 No. 9 โ€“ Violin Sonata in A major Op. 1 No. 10 โ€“ Violin Sonata in D major Op. 1 No. 11 โ€“ Violin Sonata in B flat major Op. 1 No. 12 โ€“ Violin Sonata in B minor Op. 2 No. 1 โ€“ Violin Sonata in E minor Op. 2 No. 2 โ€“ Violin Sonata in F major Op. 2 No. 3 โ€“ Violin Sonata in C major Op. 2 No. 4 โ€“ Violin Sonata in A major Op. 2 No. 5 โ€“ Violin Sonata in G major Op. 2 No. 6 โ€“ Violin Sonata in D major Op. 2 No. 7 โ€“ Violin Sonata in B flat major Op. 2 No. 8 โ€“ Violin Sonata in D major Op. 2 No. 9 โ€“ Violin Sonata in E major Op. 2 No. 10 โ€“ Violin Sonata in C minor Op. 2 No. 11 โ€“ Violin Sonata in B minor Op. 2 No. 12 โ€“ Violin Sonata in G minor Op. 3 No. 1 โ€“ Sonata for 2 violins in G major Op. 3 No. 2 โ€“ Sonata for 2 violins in A major Op. 3 No. 3 โ€“ Sonata for 2 violins in C major Op. 3 No. 4 โ€“ Sonata for 2 violins in F major Op. 3 No. 5 โ€“ Sonata for 2 violins in E minor Op. 3 No. 6 โ€“ Sonata for 2 violins in D major Op. 4 No. 1 โ€“ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in D minor Op. 4 No. 2 โ€“ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in B flat major Op. 4 No. 3 โ€“ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in D minor Op. 4 No. 4 โ€“ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in F major Op. 4 No. 5 โ€“ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in G minor Op. 4 No. 6 โ€“ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in A major Op. 5 No. 1 โ€“ Violin Sonata in A major Op. 5 No. 2 โ€“ Violin Sonata in F major Op. 5 No. 3 โ€“ Violin Sonata in E minor Op. 5 No. 4 โ€“ Violin Sonata in B flat major Op. 5 No. 5 โ€“ Violin Sonata in B minor Op. 5 No. 6 โ€“ Violin Sonata in C minor Op. 5 No. 7 โ€“ Violin Sonata in A minor Op. 5 No. 8 โ€“ Violin Sonata in D major Op. 5 No. 9 โ€“ Violin Sonata in E major Op. 5 No. 10 โ€“ Violin Sonata in C major Op. 5 No. 11 โ€“ Violin Sonata in G minor Op. 5 No. 12 โ€“ Violin Sonata in G major Op. 6 โ€“ Rรฉcrรฉation de musique in D major Op. 7 No. 1 โ€“ Violin Concerto in D minor (1737 homotonal, with all movements in D minor) Op. 7 No. 2 โ€“ Violin Concerto in D major Op. 7 No. 3 โ€“ Violin Concerto in C major Op. 7 No. 4 โ€“ Violin Concerto in F major Op. 7 No. 5 โ€“ Violin Concerto in A minor Op. 7 No. 6 โ€“ Violin Concerto in A major Op. 8 โ€“ Rรฉcrรฉation de musique in G minor Op. 9 No. 1 โ€“ Violin Sonata in A major Op. 9 No. 2 โ€“ Violin Sonata in E minor Op. 9 No. 3 โ€“ Violin Sonata in D major Op. 9 No. 4 โ€“ Violin Sonata in A major Op. 9 No. 5 โ€“ Violin Sonata in A minor Op. 9 No. 6 โ€“ Violin Sonata in D major Op. 9 No. 7 โ€“ Violin Sonata in G major Op. 9 No. 8 โ€“ Violin Sonata in C major Op. 9 No. 9 โ€“ Violin Sonata in E flat major Op. 9 No. 10 โ€“ Violin Sonata in F sharp minor Op. 9 No. 11 โ€“ Violin Sonata in G minor Op. 9 No. 12 โ€“ Violin Sonata in G major Op. 10 No. 1 โ€“ Violin Concerto in B flat major Op. 10 No. 2 โ€“ Violin Concerto in A major Op. 10 No. 3 โ€“ Violin Concerto in D major Op. 10 No. 4 โ€“ Violin Concerto in F major Op. 10 No. 5 โ€“ Violin Concerto in E minor Op. 10 No. 6 โ€“ Violin Concerto in G minor Op. 11 โ€“ Scylla et Glaucus, tragรฉdie en musique with prologue and five acts (opera, fp. 1746) Op. 12 No. 1 โ€“ Sonata for 2 violins in B minor Op. 12 No. 2 โ€“ Sonata for 2 violins in E major Op. 12 No. 3 โ€“ Sonata for 2 violins in D major Op. 12 No. 4 โ€“ Sonata for 2 violins in A major Op. 12 No. 5 โ€“ Sonata for 2 violins in G minor Op. 12 No. 6 โ€“ Sonata for 2 violins in B flat major Divertissement for Le danger des รฉpreuves, a 1 act comedy given at the Duke of Gramont's theatre at Puteaux on 19 June 1749 [lost] Apollon et Climรจne, second entrรฉe of Les amusements lyriques, given at the Duke of Gramont's theatre at Puteaux, in February 1750 [lost] Incidental airs and dances for various theatrical productions (1751โ€“1764) [lost] Op. 13 No. 1 โ€“ Ouvertura for 2 violins & continuo in G major Op. 13 No. 2 โ€“ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in D major Op. 13 No. 3 โ€“ Ouvertura for 2 violins & continuo in D major Op. 13 No. 4 โ€“ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in B minor Op. 13 No. 5 โ€“ Ouvertura for 2 violins & continuo in A major Op. 13 No. 6 โ€“ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in G minor Op. 14 โ€“ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in A major Op. 15 โ€“ Violin Sonata in F major ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1697๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1764๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ํด๋ž˜์‹ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ํด๋ž˜์‹ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ํด๋ž˜์‹ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž ๋ฆฌ์˜น ์ถœ์‹ 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie%20Leclair
Jean-Marie Leclair
Jean-Marie Leclair l'aรฎnรฉ (Jean-Marie Leclair the Elder) (10 May 1697ย โ€“ 22 October 1764) was a French Baroque violinist and composer. He is considered to have founded the French violin school. His brothers, the lesser-known Jean-Marie Leclair the younger (1703โ€“77) as well as Pierre Leclair (1709โ€“84) and Jean-Benoรฎt Leclair (1714โ€“after 1759), were also musicians. Biography Leclair was born in Lyon, but left to study dance and the violin in Turin. In 1716, he married Marie-Rose Casthanie, a dancer, who died about 1728. Leclair had returned to Paris in 1723, where he played at the Concert Spirituel, the main semi-public music series. His works included several sonatas for flute and basso continuo. In 1730, Leclair married for the second time. His new wife was the engraver Louise Roussel, who prepared for printing all his works from Opus 2 onward. He was named ordinaire de la musique (Director of Music of the Chapel and the Apartments) by Louis XV in 1733, Leclair dedicated his third book of violin sonatas to the king. Leclair resigned in 1736 after a clash with Jean-Pierre Guignon over control of the musique du Roi. Leclair was then engaged by the Princess of Orange โ€“ a fine harpsichordist and former student of Handel โ€“ and from 1738 until 1743, served three months annually at her court in Leeuwarden, working in The Hague as a private for the remainder of the year. He returned to Paris in 1743. His only opera Scylla et Glaucus was first performed in 1746 and has been revived in modern times. From 1740 until his death in Paris, he served the Duke of Gramont, in whose private theatre at Puteaux were staged works to which Leclair is known to have contributed. They included, in particular, a lengthy divertissement for the comedy (1749) and one complete entrรฉe, , for the opรฉra-ballet by various authors, (1750). Leclair was renowned as a violinist and as a composer. He successfully drew upon all of Europe's national styles. Many suites, sonatas, and concertos survive along with his opera, while some vocal works, ballets, and other stage music are lost. Murder In 1758, after the break-up of his second marriage, Leclair purchased a small house in a dangerous Parisian neighborhood in the northern part of Le Marais near the old Temple, where he was found stabbed to death on October 23, 1764. Although the murder remains a mystery, there is a possibility that his ex-wife may have been behind itโ€”her motive being financial gainโ€”although suspicion also rests on his nephew, Guillaume-Franรงois Vial. See also List of unsolved murders List of works Op. 1 No. 1 โ€“ Violin Sonata in A minor Op. 1 No. 2 โ€“ Violin Sonata in C major Op. 1 No. 3 โ€“ Violin Sonata in B flat major Op. 1 No. 4 โ€“ Violin Sonata in D major Op. 1 No. 5 โ€“ Violin Sonata in G major Op. 1 No. 6 โ€“ Violin Sonata in E minor Op. 1 No. 7 โ€“ Violin Sonata in F major Op. 1 No. 8 โ€“ Violin Sonata in G major Op. 1 No. 9 โ€“ Violin Sonata in A major Op. 1 No. 10 โ€“ Violin Sonata in D major Op. 1 No. 11 โ€“ Violin Sonata in B flat major Op. 1 No. 12 โ€“ Violin Sonata in B minor Op. 2 No. 1 โ€“ Violin Sonata in E minor Op. 2 No. 2 โ€“ Violin Sonata in F major Op. 2 No. 3 โ€“ Violin Sonata in C major Op. 2 No. 4 โ€“ Violin Sonata in A major Op. 2 No. 5 โ€“ Violin Sonata in G major Op. 2 No. 6 โ€“ Violin Sonata in D major Op. 2 No. 7 โ€“ Violin Sonata in B flat major Op. 2 No. 8 โ€“ Violin Sonata in D major Op. 2 No. 9 โ€“ Violin Sonata in E major Op. 2 No. 10 โ€“ Violin Sonata in C minor Op. 2 No. 11 โ€“ Violin Sonata in B minor Op. 2 No. 12 โ€“ Violin Sonata in G minor Op. 3 No. 1 โ€“ Sonata for 2 violins in G major Op. 3 No. 2 โ€“ Sonata for 2 violins in A major Op. 3 No. 3 โ€“ Sonata for 2 violins in C major Op. 3 No. 4 โ€“ Sonata for 2 violins in F major Op. 3 No. 5 โ€“ Sonata for 2 violins in E minor Op. 3 No. 6 โ€“ Sonata for 2 violins in D major Op. 4 No. 1 โ€“ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in D minor Op. 4 No. 2 โ€“ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in B flat major Op. 4 No. 3 โ€“ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in D minor Op. 4 No. 4 โ€“ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in F major Op. 4 No. 5 โ€“ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in G minor Op. 4 No. 6 โ€“ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in A major Op. 5 No. 1 โ€“ Violin Sonata in A major Op. 5 No. 2 โ€“ Violin Sonata in F major Op. 5 No. 3 โ€“ Violin Sonata in E minor Op. 5 No. 4 โ€“ Violin Sonata in B flat major Op. 5 No. 5 โ€“ Violin Sonata in B minor Op. 5 No. 6 โ€“ Violin Sonata in C minor Op. 5 No. 7 โ€“ Violin Sonata in A minor Op. 5 No. 8 โ€“ Violin Sonata in D major Op. 5 No. 9 โ€“ Violin Sonata in E major Op. 5 No. 10 โ€“ Violin Sonata in C major Op. 5 No. 11 โ€“ Violin Sonata in G minor Op. 5 No. 12 โ€“ Violin Sonata in G major Op. 6 โ€“ Rรฉcrรฉation de musique in D major Op. 7 No. 1 โ€“ Violin Concerto in D minor (1737 homotonal, with all movements in D minor) Op. 7 No. 2 โ€“ Violin Concerto in D major Op. 7 No. 3 โ€“ Violin Concerto in C major Op. 7 No. 4 โ€“ Violin Concerto in F major Op. 7 No. 5 โ€“ Violin Concerto in A minor Op. 7 No. 6 โ€“ Violin Concerto in A major Op. 8 โ€“ Rรฉcrรฉation de musique in G minor Op. 9 No. 1 โ€“ Violin Sonata in A major Op. 9 No. 2 โ€“ Violin Sonata in E minor Op. 9 No. 3 โ€“ Violin Sonata in D major Op. 9 No. 4 โ€“ Violin Sonata in A major Op. 9 No. 5 โ€“ Violin Sonata in A minor Op. 9 No. 6 โ€“ Violin Sonata in D major Op. 9 No. 7 โ€“ Violin Sonata in G major Op. 9 No. 8 โ€“ Violin Sonata in C major Op. 9 No. 9 โ€“ Violin Sonata in E flat major Op. 9 No. 10 โ€“ Violin Sonata in F sharp minor Op. 9 No. 11 โ€“ Violin Sonata in G minor Op. 9 No. 12 โ€“ Violin Sonata in G major Op. 10 No. 1 โ€“ Violin Concerto in B flat major Op. 10 No. 2 โ€“ Violin Concerto in A major Op. 10 No. 3 โ€“ Violin Concerto in D major Op. 10 No. 4 โ€“ Violin Concerto in F major Op. 10 No. 5 โ€“ Violin Concerto in E minor Op. 10 No. 6 โ€“ Violin Concerto in G minor Op. 11 โ€“ Scylla et Glaucus, tragรฉdie en musique with prologue and five acts (opera, fp. 1746) Op. 12 No. 1 โ€“ Sonata for 2 violins in B minor Op. 12 No. 2 โ€“ Sonata for 2 violins in E major Op. 12 No. 3 โ€“ Sonata for 2 violins in D major Op. 12 No. 4 โ€“ Sonata for 2 violins in A major Op. 12 No. 5 โ€“ Sonata for 2 violins in G minor Op. 12 No. 6 โ€“ Sonata for 2 violins in B flat major Divertissement for Le danger des รฉpreuves, a one-act comedy given at the Duke of Gramont's theatre at Puteaux on 19 June 1749 [lost] Apollon et Climรจne, second entrรฉe of Les amusements lyriques, given at the Duke of Gramont's theatre at Puteaux, in February 1750 [lost] Incidental airs and dances for various theatrical productions (1751โ€“1764) [lost] Op. 13 No. 1 โ€“ Ouvertura for 2 violins & continuo in G major Op. 13 No. 2 โ€“ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in D major Op. 13 No. 3 โ€“ Ouvertura for 2 violins & continuo in D major Op. 13 No. 4 โ€“ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in B minor Op. 13 No. 5 โ€“ Ouvertura for 2 violins & continuo in A major Op. 13 No. 6 โ€“ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in G minor Op. 14 โ€“ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in A major Op. 15 โ€“ Violin Sonata in F major References Notes Bibliography Pougin, Arthur, Le violon: Les violonistes et la musique de violon du XVIe au XVIIIe siรจcle, Paris, Fishbacher, 1924 (accessible online at Gallica BNF) Sadler, Graham, Leclair, Jean-Marie, in Sadie, Stanley (ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, New York, Grove (Oxford University Press), 1997, II, pp.ย 1118โ€“1119 () External links 1697 births 1764 deaths 18th-century classical composers 18th-century French composers 18th-century French male classical violinists French Baroque composers French male classical composers Musicians from Lyon Deaths by stabbing in France French murder victims Male murder victims People murdered in Paris Unsolved murders in France 18th-century male musicians
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A1%EB%8A%94%EA%BC%AC%EB%A6%AC
์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ
์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ(prehensile tail, grasping tail)๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์›€์ผœ์ฅ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ™์žก๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ์‘ํ•œ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค. ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๋ถ™์žก๊ณ  ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ์ˆ˜๋ชฉ์„ฑ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์œ„์—์„œ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋จน๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฑธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค - ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ๊ฐ€์ง€์— ๋งค๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์–ด์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ์šฉ๋„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜์–ด ๋‹จ์–ด prehensile ์€ "์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ด๋ฉฐ, "์žก๋Š”"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์˜ ๋ผํ‹ด์–ด ๋‹จ์–ด prehendere์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง„ํ™” ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋งŒํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋‹ค. ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์‹ ์„ธ๊ณ„, ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์™€ ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚จ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์— ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ๋‚จ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์‚ผ๋ฆผ์ด ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋‚˜ ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋…ผ์Ÿํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋“ฌ์„ฑ๋“ฌ์„ฑํ•œ ์‚ผ๋ฆผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ•์ฅ์›์ˆญ์ด(:en:colugos), ๋‚ ๋ฑ€(:en:flying snakes)๊ฐ™์€ ํ™œ๊ฐ•๋™๋ฌผ(:en:Flying and gliding animals)์ด ๋” ํ”ํ•˜๋‹ค; ๋‚จ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ๋„ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ํ™œ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒ™์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆผ์€ ๋ฉ๊ตด๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋ฐ, ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์™€ ์•„์‹œ์•„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฉ๊ตด๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋จน์–ด์น˜์šธ ํฐ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ์ ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค; ๋ฉ๊ตด์ด ๋ฌด์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ™œ๊ฐ•๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—๋Š” ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋„, ํ™œ๊ฐ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋„ ๋งŽ๋‹ค; ์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํ™œ๊ฐ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์ธก๋ฉด ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฒ™์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค; ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „๊ฐˆ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ฌด์ฒ™์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ๋„ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ถ€์†์ง€(:en:appendage)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฒ™์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ๋งŒ์ด ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์žก๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งจ์‚ด ๋ถ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ '๋งˆ์ฐฐํŒ(friction pad)'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋™๋ฌผ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜ ๊ด‘๋น„์›๋ฅ˜. ๊ณ ํ•จ์›์ˆญ์ด, ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์›์ˆญ์ด, ์–‘ํ„ธ์›์ˆญ์ด ๋“ฑ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์›์ˆญ์ด๊ณผ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‹ ์„ธ๊ณ„์›์ˆญ์ด๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ„ธ์—†๋Š” ์ด‰๊ฐํŒ(:en:tactile pad)์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ธด๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์›์ˆญ์ด์˜ ๋จผ ์นœ์ฒ™๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ฅ. ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜ ์œ ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ. ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ฅ๊ฐ€ ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘ฅ์ง€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์ƒ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฏธํ•ฅ๊ธฐ. ๊ฐœ๋ฏธํ•ก๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์— ์„œ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์• ๊ธฐ๊ฐœ๋ฏธํ•ฅ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ž‘์€๊ฐœ๋ฏธํ•ฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋นˆํˆฌ๋กฑ. ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ช‡ ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋™๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ๋…€์„๋“ค์€ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋๋ถ€๋ถ„๋งŒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‚จ์นด์ฃผ. ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹์œก๋ชฉ์—์„œ ๋นˆํˆฌ๋กฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹จ ๋‘˜ ๋ฟ์ธ ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฉง๋ฐญ์ฅ. ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฉง๋ฐญ์ฅ๋„ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ๊ณก๋ฌผ ์ž‘๋ฌผ(ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฐ€๊ณผ ์˜คํŠธ), ๊ธธ๊ฐ€ ํ’€๋ฐญ, ์ƒ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ, ์ œ๋ฐฉ, ์—ผ์Šต์ง€ ๋”ฐ์œ„์˜ ํ‚คํฐ ํ’€๋ฐญ์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นดํ˜ธ์ €๋ฅ˜์˜ ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌํ˜ธ์ €์†, ๊ฐ€๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌํ˜ธ์ €์†์€ ๊ธฐ์–ด์˜ค๋ฅด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์—์„œ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋ฌด์ฒœ์‚ฐ๊ฐ‘. ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ช‡ ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜. ์ž‘์€๊ธด๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋•ƒ์ฅํ…๋ ‰. ์ˆ˜๋ชฉ์„ฑ ํ…๋ ‰ ์ข…. ์–ด๋ฅ˜ ํ•ด๋งˆ. ํ•ด๋งˆ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด์ดˆ, ์กฐ๋ฅ˜, ํ•ด๋ฉด, ์‚ฐํ˜ธ, ์ธ๊ณต๋ฌผ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์žก๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋™๋ฌผ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜ ๊ด‘๋น„์›๋ฅ˜. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ๋Š”์›์ˆญ์ด. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ๋Š”์›์ˆญ์ด๋Š” ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ๋„ ๋‚จ์„ ์ง€๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งจ์‚ด์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์—†์ด ์˜จํ†ต ํ„ธ์—๋งŒ ๋’ค๋ฎ์—ฌ์žˆ์–ด ๋งˆ์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ์ € ๋งค๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋งŒ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์žก๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋ชจ์ž๋ผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นดํ˜ธ์ €๋ฅ˜. ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌํ˜ธ์ €์†์˜ 15์ข…. ๋‚จ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•œ ์ข…์€ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์—๊นŒ์ง€ ์„œ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…์ด ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ค์น˜๋ฅ˜. ์–ด๋–ค ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์„œ ๊ฐ์Œ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž ๊น๋™์•ˆ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ๋งค๋‹ฌ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ์„ฌ. ์ด 63์ข…์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ํฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ์€ ์œ ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜์˜ ์•„๋ชฉ ์ฟ ์Šค์ฟ ์Šค์•„๋ชฉ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ, ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„, ๋‰ด๊ธฐ๋‹ˆ์™€ ๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์„ฌ๋“ค์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์•„๋ชฉ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋“ค์€ ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค; ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊นƒํ„ธ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ฅ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์€ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์œ ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ๋‹จ ์…‹ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ํ™œ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ์ด ์ด ์•„๋ชฉ์— ์†ํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฅ์บฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฃจ. ๋ฒ ํ†ต๊ธฐ์•„์†, ์ฅ์บฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฃจ์†์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š”, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ. ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋‹ˆ๋˜ ๋ธ ๋ชฌํ† . ๋‚จ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ์ž‘์€ ์œ ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜. ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜ ์Šคํ‚จํฌ. ์†”๋กœ๋ชฌ์„ฌ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€ ๋”ฐ์œ„์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์Šคํ‚จํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์นด๋ฉœ๋ ˆ์˜จ. ๋ฑ€. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฑ€์€ ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ(ํ˜น์€ ์žก๋Š”๋ชธํ†ต)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ข…์€ ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์Šค๋ฌด์„ผ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด(:en:Urocoyledon rasmusseni). ์šฐ๋“œ์ค‘์™€(:en:Udzungwa)์‚ฐ๋งฅ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜์ด๋‹ค. ์•จ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์ดํ„ฐ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€(:en:Alligator lizard). ๋‚จ๋ถ€์•จ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์ดํ„ฐ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€(:en:southern alligator lizard), ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค์•จ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์ดํ„ฐ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€(:en:southern alligator lizard), ๋‚˜๋ฌด์•จ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์ดํ„ฐ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€(:en:Abronia (animal)) ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์•จ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์ดํ„ฐ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€์ด ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘์„œ๋ฅ˜ ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ. ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์‚ผ๋ฆผ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ๋Š”๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ(:en:climbing salamander)๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์–ด์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฐ ์š”๊ธดํ•œ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ๊ธฐ๋Š”๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ์†์— ์†ํ•œ ์•ˆ๊ฐœ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ(:en:Aneides ferreus), ๊ฑฐ๋Š˜๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ(:en:wandering salamander), ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ(:en:Aneides lugubris), ๋ฌผ๊ฐˆํ€ด๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ์†์˜ ์ค‘์•™์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ€์€๋ฌผ๊ฐˆํ€ด๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ(:en:Bolitoglossa sombra), ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์™€ ์ค‘์•™์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๊ธฐ๋Š”๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ(:en:Bolitoglossa mexicana), ๋ฉ์น˜ ํฐ ๋ถ‰์€์–ธ๋•๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ(:en:Phaeognathus hubrichti), ๋™๊ตด๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ(:en:Eurycea lucifuga)์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋ฅ˜ ์‹ค๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ณผ. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์†ํ•œ ํ•ด๋งˆ, ํŒŒ์ดํ”„ํ”ผ์‰ฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ข…์ด ์žก๋Š”๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Canopy life More on canopy life ์ฒ™์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehensile%20tail
Prehensile tail
A prehensile tail is the tail of an animal that has adapted to grasp or hold objects. Fully prehensile tails can be used to hold and manipulate objects, and in particular to aid arboreal creatures in finding and eating food in the trees. If the tail cannot be used for this it is considered only partially prehensile; such tails are often used to anchor an animal's body to dangle from a branch, or as an aid for climbing. The term prehensile means "able to grasp" (from the Latin prehendere, to take hold of, to grasp). Evolution One point of interest is the distribution of animals with prehensile tails. The prehensile tail is predominantly a New World adaptation, especially among mammals. Many more animals in South America have prehensile tails than in Africa and Southeast Asia. It has been argued that animals with prehensile tails are more common in South America because the forest there is denser than in Africa or Southeast Asia. In contrast, less dense forests such as in Southeast Asia have been observed to have more abundant gliding animals such as colugos or flying snakes; few gliding vertebrates are found in South America. South American rainforests also differ by having more lianas, as there are fewer large animals to eat them than in Africa and Asia; the presence of lianas may aid climbers but obstruct gliders. Curiously, Australia-New Guinea contains many mammals with prehensile tails and also many mammals which can glide; in fact, all Australian mammalian gliders have tails that are prehensile to an extent. Anatomy and physiology Tails are mostly a feature of vertebrates; however, some invertebrates such as scorpions also have appendages that can be considered tails. However, only vertebrates are known to have developed prehensile tails. Many mammals with prehensile tails will have a bare patch to aid gripping. This bare patch is known as a "friction pad". Animals with fully prehensile tails Mammals New World monkeys. Many New World monkeys in the family Atelidae, which includes howler monkeys, spider monkeys and woolly monkeys, have grasping tails often with a bare tactile pad. This is in contrast with their distant Old World monkey cousins who do not have prehensile tails. Opossum. A marsupial group from the Americas. The tail is occasionally used as a grip to carry bunches of leaves or bedding materials to the nest. Anteaters. Anteaters are found in Central and South America. Three of the four species of anteater, the silky anteater and the two species of tamandua, have prehensile tails. Binturong. One of the few Old World animals with fully prehensile tails, although they use only the tip of the tail. Kinkajou. The kinkajou of South and Central America is the only other animal of the order Carnivora, besides the binturong, to sport the adaptation. Harvest mouse. Another old world mammal, the harvest mouse (Micromys minutus) also has a fully prehensile tail. It is commonly found amongst areas of tall grasses such as cereal crops (particularly wheat and oats), roadside verges, hedgerows, reedbeds, dykes and salt-marshes. New World porcupines of the genera Coendou and Chaetomys have fully prehensile tails that help them to climb and prevent them from falling from trees. Tree pangolin. One of the few Old World mammals with a fully prehensile tail. Microgale longicaudata, an arboreal species of the tenrec family. Fish Seahorses. Seahorses have fully prehensile tails, which they use to attach themselves to objects such as seagrass, algae, sponges, corals, or even man-made objects. Animals with partially prehensile tails Mammals New World monkeys. The capuchin monkey. The capuchin is more than intelligent enough to make full use of its prehensile tail, but since the tail lacks an area of bare skin for a good grip it is only used in climbing and dangling. Other reasons for partial prehensility might include the lack of strength or flexibility in the tail, or simply having no need to manipulate objects with it. Tree porcupines. The 15 species of tree porcupine (genus Coendou). They are found in South America, with one species extending to Mexico. All have prehensile tails. Rats have been known to be able to wrap the tail around an object after running around it, therefore giving the creature a small bit of balance. They have also been seen to be able to briefly hang off an object, though not for long. Possums. This large, diverse group of 63 species forms the marsupial suborder Phalangeriformes, found in Australia, New Guinea, and some nearby islands. All members of the suborder have prehensile tails; however, the tails of some members such as the Acrobatidae have only limited prehensile capacity. Notably, all three marsupial glider groups belong to this suborder. Potoroidae. A marsupial group found in Australia that includes the bettongs and the potoroos. They have weakly prehensile tails. Monito del monte. A small South American marsupial with a prehensile tail. Reptiles Prehensile-tailed skink. Several kinds of skink (e.g. Corucia zebrata) have partially prehensile tails. Chameleons. Snakes. Many snakes have prehensile tails (or a prehensile body) Crested gecko and their relatives have prehensile tails Urocoyledon rasmusseni. A gecko recently discovered in the Udzungwa mountains. Alligator lizard. Some alligator lizards such as the southern alligator lizard, the Texas alligator lizard, and the arboreal alligator lizards (genus Abronia) have prehensile tails. Big-headed turtle, and juvenile specimens of the family Chelydridae. Amphibians Salamanders. A number of North American forest-dwelling climbing salamanders have prehensile tails that help them climb. Some are from the genus Aneides such as the clouded salamander (Aneides ferreus), the wandering salamander (Aneides vagrans), and the arboreal salamander (Aneides lugubris). Others are the large Red Hills salamander (Phaeognathus hubrichti) and the cave salamander (Eurycea lucifuga). There are also the Central American Bolitoglossa sombra and Mexican and Central American Bolitoglossa mexicana salamanders. Fish Syngnathidae. Many species from this group, which includes seahorses and pipefish, have prehensile tails. References External links Canopy life More on canopy life Vertebrate anatomy
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%20%EC%B9%B4%EB%9E%8C%EC%A7%84
๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ์ด ์นด๋žŒ์ง„
๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ์ด ๋ฏธํ•˜์ผ๋กœ๋น„์น˜ ์นด๋žŒ์ง„(, 1766๋…„ 12์›” 12์ผ ~ 1826๋…„ 6์›” 3์ผ)์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์ž‘๊ฐ€, ์‹œ์ธ, ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€, ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค. ์ง€์ฃผ ๊ท€์กฑ ์ถœ์‹ . ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋…ธ๋น„์ฝ”ํ”„์˜ ์žก์ง€์— ๊ธฐ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 80๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„œ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฌํ–‰, ๊ท€๊ตญ ํ›„ <๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์ธ ์—ฌํ–‰์ž์˜ ํŽธ์ง€>(1791-92)๋ฅผ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ฐฝ๊ฐ„ํ•œ ์žก์ง€์— ๊ฒŒ์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์†Œ์„ค <๊ฐ€๋ จํ•œ ๋ฆฌ์ž>(1792)๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ฃผ์ •์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์†Œ์„ค์€ ๋†์‚ฌ๊พผ ๋”ธ์˜ ๊ท€์กฑ ์ถœ์‹  ์ฒญ๋…„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„๋ จ์„ ์ฒญ์‹ ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ฒด๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์†Œ์„ค๋กœ ๋†์‚ฌ๊พผ ์—ฌ์ž์ผ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋…์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊นŠ์€ ๊ฐ๋™์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์žฅ์–ด(ๆ–‡็ซ ่ชž)๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‹œํ‚จ ์ ์—์„œ๋„ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๊ณต์ ์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋…„์—๋Š” ๋Œ€์ž‘ <๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ œ๊ตญ์‚ฌ(ๅธๅœ‹ๅฒ)>์˜ ์ง‘ํ•„์— ๋ชฐ๋‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์š” ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ์ด ๋ฏธํ•˜์ผ๋กœ๋น„์น˜ ์นด๋žŒ์ง„์€ 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ์ค‘ ๋‹น๋Œ€๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ›„๋Œ€์— ๋ผ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฐ๋ฌธ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹œ, ์—ญ์‚ฌ์„œ, ๋…ผ๋ฌธ, ๋ฒˆ์—ญ, ์žก์ง€ ์ฐฝ๊ฐ„ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๊ธด ๋‹จํŽธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์€ ์–ธ์–ด, ์Šคํƒ€์ผ, ์ฃผ์ œ ๋“ฑ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋‹น์‹œ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต ์—ญ์‹œ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์–ด์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ โ€˜๋…์„œโ€™์˜ ์žฌ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด๋žŒ์ง„ ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋ฌธํ•™ ์‚ด๋กฑ๋“ค์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ท€์กฑ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ˆ„๋ ค์ง€๋˜ โ€˜์ฑ…์„ ์ฝ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฏธโ€™๊ฐ€, ์นด๋žŒ์ง„์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฌธํ•™ ์‚ด๋กฑ์˜ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์„ธ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ, ๋˜ ๊ท€์กฑ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ„์ธต์—๊ฒŒ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋ฒˆ์ ธ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹น๋Œ€์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„œ๊ตฌ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋˜ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์ธ์˜ ๋…์„œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ด๋Š” ์นด๋žŒ์ง„ ์ดํ›„ ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ด๋„๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฝฅ์Šคํ‚ค๋‚˜ ํ‘ธ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€๋ฌธํ˜ธ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์„ฑ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ์ƒ๋˜๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋…์ž์ธต์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™์  ํ† ์–‘์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ฃผ์˜ ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฒจ๋ฆฐ์Šคํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์นด๋žŒ์ง„์„ โ€œ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋ฌธํ•™์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์žฅ์„ ์—ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒโ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๊ณผ์žฅ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด๋žŒ์ง„์€ ์‹ฌ๋น„๋ฅด์Šคํฌ ํ˜„์—์„œ ํ‡ด์—ญ ์žฅ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋‘˜์งธ ์•„๋“ค๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ์—๋Š” ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ์˜์ง€์—์„œ ์ง€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฝ ๊ธฐ์ˆ™ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1784๋…„ ๋ชจ์Šคํฌ๋ฐ” ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”์ด์Šจ์˜ ์ผ์›์ธ ์ด๋ฐ˜ ์„ธ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ์˜ˆ๋น„์น˜ ํˆฌ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ๋„คํ”„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”์ด์Šจ์˜ ์ž์œ ยทํ‰๋“ฑยทํ˜•์ œ์• ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ผํ† ๋‹‰ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘, ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ์‹ค์กด์ฃผ์˜์  ์ธก๋ฉด๋“ค, ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘(๋†๋…ธ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ๊ณผ ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ด์ • ๋“ฑ์€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊นŠ์€ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™๊ณผ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์— ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 1789๋…„์—๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋•Œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒƒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›์€ ์ธ์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์ƒ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด 1791๋…„ โ‰ช๋ชจ์Šคํฌ๋ฐ” ์žก์ง€โ‰ซ์— ๏ผœ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์—ฌํ–‰์ž์˜ ํŽธ์ง€๏ผž๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์žฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด๋žŒ์ง„์˜ ๏ผœ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์—ฌํ–‰์ž์˜ ํŽธ์ง€๏ผž๋Š” ๋‹น๋Œ€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ์ผ๊ธฐแจ์„œ๊ฐ„์ฒด ํ˜•์‹์˜ ์—ฌํ–‰๊ธฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€ 1820๋…„๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1791๋…„ โ‰ช๋ชจ์Šคํฌ๋ฐ” ์žก์ง€โ‰ซ๋ฅผ ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  1802๋…„ โ‰ช์œ ๋Ÿฝ ํ†ต๋ณดโ‰ซ ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜์ธ์ด ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ •์‹ ์ ์ธ ์ง€๋„์ž์˜€์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™แจ๋น„๋ฌธํ•™ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ์ง€๋„์ž ์—ญํ• ๋„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žก์ง€๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์งˆ ์ข‹์€ ํ† ๋ก ์žฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋ฌธํ•™์— ์žˆ์–ด ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์นด๋žŒ์ง„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์€ 1790๋…„๋Œ€์™€ 1802๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์“ฐ์˜€๋‹ค. 1802๋…„ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์ƒํ™œ 1๋…„ ๋‚จ์ง“ ๋˜๋˜ ํ•ด, ์ Š์€ ์•„๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ๋Š” ๋ถˆํ–‰์ด ๋‹ฅ์ณค๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 1803๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž„์ข…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 23๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์นด๋žŒ์ง„์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ฑ… โ‰ช๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌโ‰ซ๋ฅผ ์ง‘ํ•„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด๋žŒ์ง„์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์‚ฐ๋ฌธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๏ผœ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์—ฌํ–‰์ž์˜ ํŽธ์ง€๏ผž, ๏ผœ๊ฐ€์—พ์€ ๋ฆฌ์ž๏ผž, ๏ผœ๋Œ€๊ท€์กฑ์˜ ๋”ธ ๋‚˜ํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•ผ๏ผž, ๏ผœ๋ณด๋ฅธํ™€๋ฆ„ ์„ฌ๏ผž, ๏ผœ์‹œ์—๋ผ ๋ชจ๋ ˆ๋‚˜๏ผž, ๏ผœ์œจ๋ฆฌ์•ผ๏ผž ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์—ญ์‚ฌ์„œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ „ 12๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ๋Œ€์ž‘ โ‰ช๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌโ‰ซ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐ–์—๋„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์˜ˆ์ง‘ โ‰ช์•„๊ธ€๋ผ์•ผโ‰ซ์™€ โ‰ช์•„์˜ค๋‹ˆํŠธโ‰ซ๋ฅผ ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๊ณผ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์žก์ง€๋ฅผ ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ•ด ๋…์„œ์ธต์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋†’์ž„์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‘ธ์‹œํ‚จ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋งž์„ ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Karamzin's History of the Russian State Karamzin's Aglaia I-II, 2nd edition (1796) Karamzin. Poem English translations of 4 epigrams, "Inscriptions on a Statue of Cupid" 1766๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1826๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด-๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์–ด ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๊ฐ€ ์šธ๋ฆฌ์•ผ๋†‰์Šคํฌ ์ถœ์‹  ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ž ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ๊ท€์กฑ ํƒ€ํƒ€๋ฅด๊ณ„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์ธ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๊ฐ€ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay%20Karamzin
Nikolay Karamzin
Nikolay Mikhailovich Karamzin (; ) was a Russian historian, romantic writer, poet and critic. He is best remembered for his fundamental History of the Russian State, a 12-volume national history. Early life Karamzin was born in the small village of Mikhailovka (modern-day Karamzinka village of the Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia) near Simbirsk in the Znamenskoye family estate. Another version exists that he was born in 1765 in the Mikhailovka village of the Orenburg Governorate (modern-day Preobrazhenka village of the Orenburg Oblast, Russia) where his father served, and in recent years Orenburg historians have been actively disputing the official version. His father Mikhail Yegorovich Karamzin (1724โ€”1783) was a retired Kapitan of the Imperial Russian Army who belonged to the Russian noble family of modest means founded by Semyon Karamzin in 1606. For many years its members had served in Nizhny Novgorod as high-ranking officers and officials before Nikolay's grandfather Yegor Karamzin moved to Simbirsk with his wife Ekaterina Aksakova of the ancient Aksakov dynasty related to Sergey Aksakov. According to Nikolay Karamzin, his surname derived from Kara-mirza, a baptized Tatar and his earliest-known ancestor who arrived to Moscow to serve under Russian rule. No records of him were left. The first documented Karamzin lived as early as 1534. His mother Ekaterina Petrovna Karamzina (nรฉe Pazukhina) also came from a Russian noble family of moderate income founded in 1620 when Ivan Demidovich Pazukhin, a long-time officer, was granted lands and a title for his service during the Polishโ€“Russian War. His two sons founded two family branches: one in Kostroma and one in Simbirsk which Ekaterina Karamzina belonged to. Her father Peter Pazukhin also made a brilliant military career and went from Praporshchik to Colonel; he had been serving in the Simbirsk infantry regiment since 1733. As far as the family legend goes, the dynasty was founded by Fyodor Pazukh from Lithuanian szlachta who left Mstislavl in 1496 to serve under Ivan III of Russia. Ekaterina Petrovna was born between 1730 and 1735 and died in 1769 when Nikolay was only over 2 years old. In 1770 Mikhail Karamzin married for the second time to Evdokia Gavrilovna Dmitrieva (1724โ€”1783) who became Nikolay's stepmother. He had three siblings โ€” Vasily, Fyodor and Ekaterina โ€” and two agnate siblings. Nikolay Karamzin was sent to Moscow to study under Swiss-German teacher Johann Matthias Schaden; he later moved to St Petersburg, where he made the acquaintance of Ivan Dmitriev, a Russian poet of some merit, and occupied himself with translating essays by foreign writers into his native language. After residing for some time in Saint Petersburg he went to Simbirsk, where he lived in retirement until induced to revisit Moscow. There, finding himself in the midst of the society of learned men, he again took to literary work. In 1789, he resolved to travel, visiting Germany, France, Switzerland and England. On his return he published his Letters of a Russian Traveller, which met with great success. These letters, modelled after Irish-born novelist Laurence Sterne's A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy, were first printed in the Moscow Journal, which he edited, but were later collected and issued in six volumes (1797โ€“1801). In the same periodical, Karamzin also published translations from French and some original stories, including Poor Liza and Natalia the Boyar's Daughter (both 1792). These stories introduced Russian readers to sentimentalism, and Karamzin was hailed as "a Russian Sterne". As a writer In 1794, Karamzin abandoned his literary journal and published a miscellany in two volumes entitled Aglaia, in which appeared, among other stories, The Island of Bornholm and Ilya Muromets, the former being one of the first Russian Gothic novels and the latter, a story based on the adventures of the well-known hero of many a Russian legend. From 1797 to 1799, he issued another miscellany or poetical almanac, The Aonides, in conjunction with Derzhavin and Dmitriev. In 1798 he compiled The Pantheon, a collection of pieces from the works of the most celebrated authors ancient and modern, translated into Russian. Many of his lighter productions were subsequently printed by him in a volume entitled My Trifles. Admired by Alexander Pushkin and Vladimir Nabokov, the style of his writings is elegant and flowing, modelled on the easy sentences of the French prose writers rather than the long periodical paragraphs of the old Slavonic school. Karamzin also promoted a more "feminine" style of writing. His example proved beneficial for the creation of a Russian literary language, a major contribution for the history of Russian literature. In 1802 and 1803, Karamzin edited the journal the Envoy of Europe (Vestnik Evropy). It was not until after the publication of this work that he realized where his strength lay, and commenced his 12 volume History of the Russian State. In order to accomplish the task, he secluded himself for two years at Simbirsk. When Emperor Alexander learned the cause of his retirement, Karamzin was invited to Tver, where he read to the emperor the first eight volumes of his history. He was a strong supporter of the anti-Polish policies of the Russian Empire, and expressed hope that "there would be no Poland under any shape or name". In 1816, he removed to St Petersburg, where he spent the happiest days of his life, enjoying the favour of Alexander I and submitting to him the sheets of his great work, which the emperor read over with him in the gardens of the palace of Tsarskoye Selo. He did not, however, live to carry his work further than the eleventh volume, terminating it at the accession of Michael Romanov in 1613. He died on 22 May (old style) 1826, in the Tauride Palace. A monument was erected to his memory at Simbirsk in 1845. As a linguist and philologist Karamzin is credited for having introduced the letter ร‹/รซ into the Russian alphabet some time after 1795. Prior to that simple E/e had been used, though there was also a rare form patterned after the extant letter ะฎ/ัŽ. Note that ร‹/รซ is not an obligatory letter, and simple E/e is still often used in books other than dictionaries and schoolchildren's primers. As a historian Karamzin is well-regarded as a historian. Until the appearance of his work, little had been done in this direction in Russia. The preceding attempt of Vasily Tatishchev was merely a rough sketch, inelegant in style, and without the true spirit of criticism. Karamzin was most industrious in accumulating materials, and the notes to his volumes are mines of interesting information. Perhaps Karamzin may justly be criticized for the false gloss and romantic air thrown over the early Russian annals; in this respect his work is reminiscent of that of Sir Walter Scott, whose writings were at that time creating a great sensation throughout Europe and probably influenced Karamzin. Karamzin wrote openly as the panegyrist of the autocracy; indeed, his work has been styled the Epic of Despotism and considered Ivan III as the architect of Russian greatness, a glory that he had earlier (perhaps while more under the influence of Western ideas) assigned to Peter the Great. (The deeds of Ivan the Terrible are described with disgust, though.) In the battle pieces, he demonstrates considerable powers of description, and the characters of many of the chief personages in the Russian annals are drawn in firm and bold lines. As a critic Karamzin was of great service to his country; in fact he may be regarded as the founder of the review and essay (in the Western style) among the Russians. Also, Karamzin is sometimes considered a founding father of Russian conservatism. Upon appointing him a state historian, Alexander I greatly valued Karamzin's advice on political matters. His conservative views were clearly expounded in The Memoir on Old and New Russia, written for Alexander I in 1812. This scathing attack on reforms proposed by Mikhail Speransky was to become a cornerstone of official ideology of imperial Russia for years to come. Commemoration Several places in Russia were named after the writer: Karamzina village (it is part of Ulyanovsk nowadays); Proyezd Karamzina (a road in Moscow); Nikolay Karamzin street (a street in Kaliningrad, Krasnoyarsk, Mayna, Ulyanovsk Oblast); A monument was built in honor of Nikolay Karamzin in Ulyanovsk; Another monument was built in honor of Nikolay Karamzin at Ostafyevo Museum-Estate near Moscow Ring Road. In Veliky Novgorod the monument Millennium of Russia, showing 129 statues of the most outstanding people in Russian history (by 1862), includes a statue of Nikolay Karamzin; The Karamzin Public Library in Simbirsk, created in honor of the famous countryman, was opened to readers on April 18, 1848; In 2016 the Dvorets knigi (Russian ะ”ะฒะพั€ะตั† ะบะฝะธะณะธ, a close translation - Book Palace) - the Ulyanovsk State Regional Scientific Library with the support of the Ministry of Art and Cultural Policy of the Ulyanovsk Region, the Ulyanovsk branch of the Union of Russian Writers and the literary magazine "Simbirsk" (Russian ะกะธะผะฑะธั€ัะบัŠ) organized an open literary competition ยซTebe, nash dobriy, chistiy geniyโ€ฆยป (Russian ยซะขะตะฑะต, ะฝะฐัˆ ะดะพะฑั€ั‹ะน, ั‡ะธัั‚ั‹ะน ะณะตะฝะธะนโ€ฆยป, a close translation - To you, our kind, pure genius..), dedicated to the 250 years anniversary of the birth of Nikolay Mikhailovich Karamzin. For this competition only poems about Karamzin and poems based on his works were accepted. In 2016 on the occasion of the 250th birthday of the writer, the Central Bank of Russia issued a silver 2-ruble coin in the series โ€œOutstanding People of Russiaโ€: N.M. Karamzin, writer. Two commemorative stamps were issued depicting N.M. Karamzin: in 1991 in the USSR as part of the Russian Historians stamp series, face value of 10 Russian kopeks, and in 2016 as part of the Outstanding Russian historians stamp series, face value of 25 Russian rubles. Selected works Prose Fiction Evgenyi i Yuliya (), English translation: Evgeniy and Julia (1789) Bednaya Liza (), English translation: Poor Liza (1792) Natalya, boyarskaya doch (), English translation: Natalya the Boyar's Daughter (1792) Prekrasnaia tsarevna i schastlivyi karla (), English translation: The Beautiful Princess and the Happy Dwarf (1792) Ostrov Borngolm (), English translation: Island of Bornholm (1793) Afinskaya zhizn (), English translation: Athenian Life (1794) Melodor k Filaletu (), English translation: Melodor to Filalet (1794; paired with a sequel, Filalet to Melodor) Yuliya (), English translation: Julia (1796) Marfa-posadnitsa (), English translation: Martha the Mayoress (1802) Moya ispoved (), English translation: My Confession (1802) Chuvstvitelnyi i kholodnyi (), English translation: The Sensitive and the Cold (1803) Rytsar nashego vremeni (), English translation: A Knight of Our Times (1803) Non-fiction Pisma russkogo puteshestvennika (), English translation: Letters of a Russian Traveler (1791โ€“92) Zapiska o drevney i novoy Rossii (), English translation: Memoir on Ancient and Modern Russia (1811) Istoriya gosudarstva Rossiyskogo (), English translation: History of the Russian State (1816โ€“26) Poetry Poetry (), 1787 Darovaniya (), English translation: Gifts (1796) Solovey (), English translation: Nightingale (1796) Protey, ili Nesoglasiya stikhotvortsa (), English translation: Proteus, or Inconsistencies of a Poet (1798) Ego imperatorskomu velichestvu Alexandru I, samoderzhtsu vserossiyskomu, na vosshestvie ego na prestol (, English translation: To His Imperial Highness Alexander I, All-Russian Autocrat, on the Occasion of His Rise to the Throne (1801) Gimn gluptsam (), English translation: Hymn to the Fools (1802) K Emilii (), English translation: To Emilie (1802) K dobrodeteli (), English translation: To Virtue (1802) Osvobozhdenie Evropy i slava Alexandra I (), English translation: The Freeing of Europe and the Glory of Alexander I (1814) See also List of Russian historians Notes References Further reading Anderson, Rogerย B. N.M. Karamzin's Prose: The Teller and the Tale. Houston: Cordovan Press, 1974. Black, J.L. Nicholas Karamzin and Russian Society in the Nineteenth Century: A Study in Russian Political and Historical Thought. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1975 (hardcover, ). Cross, A.G. N.M. Karamzin: A Study of His Literary Career, 1783โ€“1803. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1971 (). Essays on Karamzin: Russian Man-of-Letters, Political Thinker, Historian, 1766โ€“1826 (Slavistic Printings and Reprintings; 309). Edited by J.L. Black. The Hague; Paris: Mouton, 1975. Grudzinska Gross, Irena. "The Tangled Tradition: Custine, Herberstein, Karamzin, and the Critique of Russia", Slavic Review, Vol.ย 50, No.ย 4. (Winter, 1991), pp.ย 989โ€“998. [Karamzin, N.M.] Selected Prose of N.M. Karamzin. Trans. and Intr. by Henryย M. Nebel, Jr. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1969. Nebel, Henryย M., Jr. N.M. Karamzin: A Russian Sentimentalist. The Hague: Moutonย &ย Co., 1967. Pipes, Richard. Karamzin's Memoir on Ancient and Modern Russia: A Translation and Analysis (Russian Research Center Studies; 33). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959. Fraanje, Maarten. Nikolai Karamzin and Christian Heinrich Spiess: "Poor Liza" in the Context of the Eighteenth-Century German Suicide Story. Study Group on Eighteenth-Century Russia Newsletter Volume 27 (1999). External links Karamzin's History of the Russian State Karamzin's Aglaia I-II, 2nd edition (1796) Karamzin. Poem English translations of 4 epigrams, "Inscriptions on a Statue of Cupid" 1766 births 1826 deaths 18th-century poets from the Russian Empire 18th-century male writers 19th-century historians from the Russian Empire 19th-century novelists from the Russian Empire 19th-century poets from the Russian Empire Burials at Tikhvin Cemetery Conservatism in Russia Frenchโ€“Russian translators Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences Members of the Russian Academy People from Ulyanovsk Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class Russian male writers Russian male poets Russian untitled nobility Russian translators Russian people of Tatar descent Russian scientists
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%A0%88
์ž์ ˆ
์ž์ ˆ(Autotomy - ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด auto- "์ž๊ธฐ-" ์™€ tome "์ž๋ฅด๊ธฐ"์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜, ฮฑแฝฯ„ฮฟฯ„ฮฟฮผฮฏฮฑ) ํ˜น์€ ์ž๊ธฐ์ ˆ๋‹จ(self-amputation)์€ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ํ•œ ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ถ€์†์ง€(:en:appendage)๋ฅผ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ž๋ฅด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ๋กœ ํฌ์‹์ž์˜ ํ’ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด์„œ ๋„๋ง์น˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐฉ์–ด๊ธฐ์ œ๋กœ์„œ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ™์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜์™€ ์–‘์„œ๋ฅ˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€, ๋„๋กฑ๋‡ฝ, ํˆฌ์•„ํƒ€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์žกํžˆ๋ฉด ๋„๋ง์น˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ข…์˜ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฟˆํ‹€๊ฑฐ๋ ค์„œ, ๋„๋ง์น˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ํฌ์‹์ž์˜ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ช‡ ์ฃผ, ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ์งง๊ณ , ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ผˆ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ฌผ๋ ๋ผˆ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ”ผ๋ถ€์˜ ์ƒ‰๊น”๊ณผ ์งˆ๊ฐ์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ์ด์ „๊ณผ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ˆ ์šฉ์–ด๋Š” ์ž๋ฏธ์ ˆ๋‹จ(caudal autotomy)์ด๋‹ค. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ž์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ์žกํ˜”์„ ๋•Œ๋งŒ ๋Š์–ด์ง€์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋“ค์€ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์ž์ ˆ์„ ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ๊ฐœ๋ฏธํ•œํ…Œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ๋•Œ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Š์–ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€์˜ ์ž๋ฏธ์ ˆ๋‹จ์€ ๋‘ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ„์ž์ ˆ(intervertebral autotomy)์€ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ผˆ ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋Š์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ถ”๋‚ด์ž์ ˆ(intervertebral autotomy)์€ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์˜ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ๋ถ€์œ„, ํŒŒ๊ดด๋‹จ๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ๊ทผ์œก์„ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์‹œ์ผœ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณจ์ ˆ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—” ๊ด„์•ฝ๊ทผ์ด ๋ฏธ๋™๋งฅ(:en:caudal artery)์„ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์‹œ์ผœ ์ถœํ˜ˆ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฏธ์ ˆ๋‹จ์€ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋“คํ•œํ…Œ ํ”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค; 20๊ณผ ์ค‘ 13๊ณผ์— ์†ํ•œ ์ข…๋“ค์ด ์ž๋ฏธ์ ˆ๋‹จ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฏธ์ ˆ๋‹จ์€ ๋ฐ˜ํฌ์‹์ž ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋™์ข…๋Œ€๋ฆฝ, ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ข…๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์•„๊ฐ€๋งˆ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€(:en:Agama agama)์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™์ข…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•ด ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์ฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํœ˜๋‘๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ์‹ธ์šด๋‹ค. ์ž์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž…์ง€์™€ ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ ์น˜๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋‹์•„๋‚œ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณค๋ด‰์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž๋ผ๋‚˜ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ž์ ˆ๊ณผ ์žฌ์ƒ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ ์ƒ์กด, ๋ฒˆ์‹ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ž์ ˆ์€ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํฐ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜ค์ง ์ตœํ›„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Š์–ด์ง€๋ฉด ๋ฉด์—ญ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ•ด์ ธ์„œ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด๋กœ์šด ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์ฒด์— ๋” ํฐ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ ๋‹ค. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ๊ณ ๋กœ์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์‰ฝ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋Š์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํฌ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๋“ค์€ ํ™œ๋™ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž์ ˆ ํ›„์˜ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ์ง„ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋น„์ถ•๋ถ„ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‡„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์š” ์˜์–‘๋ถ„ ์ €์žฅ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋“ค์€ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฐ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€, ๋น„์ถ•ํ•œ ์˜์–‘์†Œ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ผ๋„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋จน์–ด์น˜์šด๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ข…๋“ค์€ ๋™์กฑ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก์•„๋‘๊ณ , ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋Š์–ด๋‘” ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋จน์–ด์น˜์šด๋‹ค. ์ž์ ˆ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์žฌ์ƒ์ด ์ตœ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋™๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฒˆ์‹๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋˜์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ž๋ฏธ์ ˆ๋‹จ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ณต๊ท€๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ๋™์ข…๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•—์•„๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ํ™”์„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์€ ์ž์ ˆ ์ž์ ˆ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€ ์™ธ ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ™”์„์€ ์„ํƒ„๊ธฐ ๋ง๊ธฐ, ํŽ˜๋ฆ„๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€ ๋‘ ์ข…, Eichstaettisaurus schroederi ์™€ Ardeosaurus digitatellus๋Š” ์ถ”๋‚ด์ž์ ˆ๋‹จ๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ข…๋“ค์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ๊ฒฉ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜ ์ตœ์†Œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ƒ์ฅ์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ์ข…, ์ผํ”„๊ฐ€์‹œ์ฅ์™€ ํผ์‹œ๋ฒŒ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ฅ๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ํฌ์‹์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์žกํžŒ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ž์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒ—์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…€์„๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ง“์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…€์„๋“ค์€ ์ž์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒ—๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์†์ƒ๋œ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์žฌ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค - ๋ชจ๋‚ญ, ํ”ผ๋ถ€, ๋•€์ƒ˜, ๋ชจ๋ฐœ, ์—ฐ๊ณจ์ด ํ‰ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜, ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ž๋ผ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฌ์ƒ ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์ฒ™์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ 200 ์ข… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌด์ฒ™์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ์ด ํšŒํ”ผ, ๋ฐฉ์–ด ํ–‰๋™์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ž์ ˆ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ์กด์— ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์†์ง€๋ฅผ ๋Š์–ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ž์ ˆ์€ ํ™”ํ•™์ , ์˜จ๋„์ , ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์ž๊ทน์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ํฌ์‹์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์žกํ˜”์„ ๋•Œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์ž๊ทน์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ๋งŽ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž์ ˆ์€ ํƒˆ์ถœ์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ผ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฐ ๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ ๋…์ด ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋“ ์ง€ ํ•ด์„œ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์ž”์—ฌ๋ฌผ์ด ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์†์ƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์ฒด๋ฅ˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ข…์˜ ๋ฌธ์–ด๋Š” ์ƒ์กด, ๋ฒˆ์‹์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค: ์ˆ˜์ปท์˜ ๊ต์ ‘์šฉ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ(:en:hectocotylus)๋Š” ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ ๋„์ค‘ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์•”์ปท์˜ ์™ธํˆฌ(:en:mantle (mollusc))๋‚ญ์•ˆ์— ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. Prophysaon ์†์˜ ๋ฏผ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด ์ข…์€ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ž์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด(:en:Oxynoe panamensis)๋„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉด ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ž์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฏผ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด(:en:sea slug)๋Š” ์ž์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Discodoris lilacina ์™€ Berthella martensi๋Š” ๋ถ™์žกํžˆ๋ฉด ์™ธํˆฌ๊ธฐ(mantle skirt) ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์Šต์„ฑ ๋•์— Discodoris lilacina๊ฐ€ Discodoris fragilis ๋กœ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. Phyllodesmium ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์€ (:en:cerata)๋ฅผ ๋–จ๊ตฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ๋๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์ ์•ก๋‚ญ์ด ์ ์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ‘๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ์ž์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ๊ฒŒ(:en:Florida stone crab)๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž๋ผ๋‚˜๋Š” ์Œ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์˜ ํ•œ์ชฝ, ์–‘์ชฝ ์ง‘๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ธ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋–ผ๋‚ธ ๋ถ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž๋ผ๋‚˜๋„๋ก ๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ™•ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹คํ—˜ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ์—…์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ์–‘์ชฝ ์ง‘๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๋Œ๊ฒŒ์˜ 47%, ํ•œ์ชฝ ์ง‘๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๋Œ๊ฒŒ์˜ 28%๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค; ๊ทธ ์ค‘ 76%๋Š” ์ง‘๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ๋—€ ์ง€ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์— ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด์—… ์ˆ˜ํ™•๋ถ„์—์„œ ์žฌ์ƒ๋œ ํŒ”์ด ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์ค‘์€ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค; ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 10% ๋ฏธ๋งŒ, ์ข€ ๋” ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 13%๋งŒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒํ•œ ํŒ”์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.(์ง‘๊ฒŒ๋–ผ๊ธฐ(:en:Declawing of crabs)๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜๋ผ) ์–ดํš ํ›„ ๋ถ€์†์ง€ ์ž์ ˆ์€ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฒŒ, ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€์žฌ ์–ด์—…์—์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ฐ‘๊ฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฏผ๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜, ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์ƒ์ž์˜ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•œ ์†Œ๊ธˆ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๊ณ ์—ผํ•ด์ˆ˜์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋ฉด ํ”ํžˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ‘๊ฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ž์ ˆ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๊ฐ‘๊ฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ "๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š”์ง€"์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ์„œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” "๊ณ ํ†ต"์˜ ์ •์˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์ด ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๋“  ๋ฐ˜์ฆํ•˜๋“  ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜๋„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ ์ž์—ฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ํ˜ธ๋ž‘๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋ฅ˜(:en:Argiope (spider))๋Š” ๋ง๋ฒŒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฒŒ์ด ์œ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ž์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์— ๋ฒŒ๋…, ๋ง๋ฒŒ๋…์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถ€์†์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ผ๋ถ„๋งŒ์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ž์ ˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์•ก์ฒด์˜ ์ฃผ์ž…์ด๋‚˜ ์นจ์ž… ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ž์ ˆ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒํ•œํ…Œ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š”(์„ธ๋กœํ† ๋‹Œ, ํžˆ์Šคํƒ€๋ฏผ, ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌํŽ˜์ด์ฆˆ A2(:en:phospholipase A2), ๋ฉœ๋ฆฌํ‹ด(:en:melittin)) ๋… ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ž์ ˆํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋… ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ž์ ˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฒŒ๊ณผ ๋ง๋ฒŒ ๊ฟ€๋ฒŒ์ด ํฌ์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ๋…์นจ(:en:Stinger)์œผ๋กœ ์  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋Š˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ์นจ์ด ํŒŒ๋ฌปํžŒ ์ฑ„ ๋‚จ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฒŒ์˜ ๋ณต๋ถ€์—์„œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ(:en:ganglion), ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ๊ทผ์œก, ๋…๋‚ญ(:en:venom sac), ์†Œํ™”๊ด€์ด ๋๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ง์ดˆ๋ถ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์นจ์— ํ†ต์งธ๋กœ ๋”ธ๋ ค๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๋ณต๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํŒŒ์—ด๋œ ๋ฒŒ์€ ์ฃฝ๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‹ค. ๊ฟ€๋ฒŒ ์ผ๋ฒŒ์€ ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋งŒ ์  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค: ๋ฏธ๋Š˜ ๋ชจ์–‘ ๋…์นจ์ด ํฌ์ƒ์ž์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ๋ฐ•ํžˆ๋ฉด ๋ฒŒ์˜ ๋ณต๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ฐข๊ฒจ์ ธ์„œ ์ฃฝ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์€ ์œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋‘๊บผ์šธ ๋•Œ๋งŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๊ฟ€๋ฒŒ ์—ฌ์™•๋ฒŒ์˜ ๋…์นจ์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋Š˜์ด ์—†๊ณ , ์ž์ ˆํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฟ€๋ฒŒ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ข…๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋…์นจ์„ ์ž์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. (:en:Polybia rejecta), ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋‚จ๋ถ์น˜๊ธฐ๋ฒŒ(:en:Synoeca surinama)์˜ ๋‘ ๋ง๋ฒŒ๊ณผ ์ข…์ด ๋ฐฉ์–ด๊ธฐ์ œ๋กœ์„œ ๋…์นจ์„ ์ž์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜ํŽ„์˜ ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ(:en:Drone (bee))์˜ ๋‚ด๋‚จ๊ทผ(endophallus), ๊ท€๋‘(cornua) ๋ถ€์œ„๋„ ์ง์ง“๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ž์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ๋งˆ๊ฐœ(:en:mating plug)๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‹ค์Œ ์ˆ˜ํŽ„์ด ์—ฌ์™•๊ณผ ๊ต๋ฏธํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ด๊ฑธ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜ํŽ„์€ ๋ช‡ ๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง์ง“๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์ค‘์— ์ฃฝ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทนํ”ผ๋™๋ฌผ ํ•ด์‚ผ์ด ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์žฅํƒˆ์ถœ(:en:Evisceration)๋„ ์ž์ ˆ์˜ ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์žฌ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŒ”์„ ๋–ผ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ํŒ”์€ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ž๋ผ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์„œ ์•„์ธํ›”(:en:Ainhum) ๋ฐ˜ํฌ์‹์ž ์ ์‘(:en:Antipredator adaptation) ์ž๊ฐ€์ ˆ๋‹จ(:en:Autoamputation) ์‹ ์ฒดํ†ตํ•ฉ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์žฅ์•  ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ Autotomy in sea gastropod ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋™๋ฌผํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™ ๋™๋ฌผํ–‰๋™ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜ํฌ์‹์ž ์ ์‘ ์ ˆ๋‹จ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotomy
Autotomy
Autotomy (from the Greek auto-, "self-" and tome, "severing", ฮฑแฝฯ„ฮฟฯ„ฮฟฮผฮฏฮฑ) or 'self-amputation', is the behaviour whereby an animal sheds or discards one or more of its own appendages, usually as a self-defense mechanism to elude a predator's grasp or to distract the predator and thereby allow escape. Some animals have the ability to regenerate the lost body part later. Autotomy has multiple evolutionary origins and is thought to have evolved at least nine times independently in animals. The term was coined in 1883 by Leon Fredericq. Vertebrates Reptiles and amphibians Some lizards, salamanders and tuatara when caught by the tail will shed part of it in attempting to escape. In many species the detached tail will continue to wriggle, creating a deceptive sense of continued struggle, and distracting the predator's attention from the fleeing prey animal. In addition, many species of lizards, such as Plestiodon fasciatus, Cordylosaurus subtessellatus, Holaspis guentheri, Phelsuma barbouri, and Ameiva wetmorei, have elaborately colored blue tails which have been shown to divert predatory attacks toward the tail and away from the body and head. Depending upon the species, the animal may be able to partially regenerate its tail, typically over a period of weeks or months. Though functional, the new tail section often is shorter and will contain cartilage rather than regenerated vertebrae of bone, and in color and texture the skin of the regenerated organ generally differs distinctly from its original appearance. However, some salamanders can regenerate a morphologically complete and identical tail. Some reptiles such as the crested gecko do not regenerate the tail after autotomy. Mechanism The technical term for this ability to drop the tail is 'caudal autotomy'. In most lizards that sacrifice the tail in this manner, breakage occurs only when the tail is grasped with sufficient force, but some animals, such as some species of geckos, can perform true autotomy, throwing off the tail when sufficiently stressed, such as when attacked by ants. Caudal autotomy in lizards takes two forms. In the first form, called intervertebral autotomy, the tail breaks between the vertebrae. The second form of caudal autotomy is intravertebral autotomy, in which there are zones of weakness, fracture planes across each vertebra in the mid-part of the tail. In this second type of autotomy the lizard contracts a muscle to fracture a vertebra, rather than break the tail between two vertebrae. Sphincter muscles in the tail then contract around the caudal artery to minimize bleeding. Another adaptation associated with intravertebral autotomy is that skin flaps fold over the wound at the site of autotomy to readily seal the wound, which can minimize infection at the autotomy site. Caudal autotomy is prevalent among lizards; it has been recorded in 13 of approximately 20 families. Effectiveness and costs Caudal autotomy is present as an anti-predator tactic but is also present in species that have high rates of intraspecific competition and aggression. The Agama agama lizard fights by using its tail as a whip against other conspecifics. It can autotomize its tail but this is met with a social cost - tail loss decreases social standing and mating ability. For example, Uta stansburiana suffers reduced social status following caudal autotomy, while Iberolacerta monticola experiences reduced mating success. Among Coleonyx brevis, smaller eggs or no eggs at all are produced after the tail is lost. However, the regenerated tail in Agama agama takes on a new club-like shape providing the male with a better fighting weapon, such that autotomy and regeneration work together to increase the lizard's ability to survive and reproduce. There are also examples in which salamanders will attack the tails of conspecifics in order to establish social dominance and decrease the fitness of competitors. Despite this mechanismโ€™s effectiveness, it is also very costly and is employed only after other defenses have failed. One cost is to the immune system: tail loss results in a weakened immune system which allows for mites and other harmful organisms to have a larger negative impact on individuals and reduce their health and lifespan. Since the tail plays a significant role in locomotion and energy storage of fat deposits, it is too valuable to be dropped haphazardly. Many species have evolved specific behaviors after autotomy, such as decreased activity, in order to compensate for negative consequences such as depleted energy resources. Some such lizards, in which the tail is a major storage organ for accumulating reserves, will return to a dropped tail after the threat has passed, and will eat it to recover part of the sacrificed supplies. Conversely, some species have been observed to attack rivals and grab their tails, which they eat after their opponents flee. There are also adaptations that help mitigate the cost of autotomy, as seen in the highly toxic salamander, Bolitoglossa rostrata, in which the individual will delay autotomy until the predator moves its jaws up the tail or holds on for a long time, allowing the salamander to retain its tail when toxicity alone can ward off predators. Regeneration is one of the highest priorities after autotomy, in order to optimize locomotor performance and recoup reproductive fitness. While regenerating their tails, caudal autotomy is restored at an energetic cost that often hinders body growth or intraspecies interactions. Autotomy in the fossil record Fossils of reptiles possessing the ability to autotomize that are not within the lizard family have been found that date back to the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian, belonging to the groups Recumbirostra and Captorhinidae. Two squamate species from the Jurassic period, Eichstaettisaurus schroederi and Ardeosaurus digitatellus, were identified as having intervertebral autotomy planes, and these species were placed in the squamate taxonomy as being an ancestor of current existing geckos. Mammals At least two species of African spiny mice, Acomys kempi and Acomys percivali, are capable of autotomic release of skin, e.g. upon being captured by a predator. They are the first mammals known to do so. They can completely regenerate the autotomically released or otherwise damaged skin tissue โ€” regrowing hair follicles, skin, sweat glands, fur and cartilage with little or no scarring. These and other species of rodent are also known to exhibit a so-called "false caudal autotomy," whereby the skin on the tail slides off with minimal force, leaving only the bare vertebral structure. Examples of species possessing this ability are cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus), eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus), and degu (Octodon degus). Invertebrates Over 200 species of invertebrates are capable of using autotomy as an avoidance or protective behaviour. These animals can voluntarily shed appendages when necessary for survival. Autotomy can occur in response to chemical, thermal and electrical stimulation, but is perhaps most frequently a response to mechanical stimulation during capture by a predator. Autotomy serves either to improve the chances of escape or to reduce further damage occurring to the remainder of the animal such as the spread of a chemical toxin after being stung. Molluscs Autotomy occurs in some species of octopus for survival and for reproduction: the specialized reproductive arm (the hectocotylus) detaches from the male during mating and remains within the female's mantle cavity. Species of (land) slugs in the genus Prophysaon can self-amputate a portion of their tail. There is known autotomy of the tail of sea snail Oxynoe panamensis under persistent mechanical irritation. Some sea slugs exhibit autotomy. Both Discodoris lilacina and Berthella martensi will often drop their entire mantle skirt when handled, leading to Discodoris lilacina also being called Discodoris fragilis. The members of Phyllodesmium will drop a large number of their cerata each, on the tip having a large sticky gland that secretes a sticky substance. Young specimens of two Elysia species, E. atroviridis and E. marginata, can regenerate their whole parasitised body from their head which may have evolved as a defence-mechanism against internal parasites. These sea slugs are known to be able to conduct photosynthesis via incorporating chloroplasts from algal food into their cells which they use to survive after separation from their digestive system. Crustaceans Autotomic stone crabs are used as a self-replenishing source of food by humans, particularly in Florida. Harvesting is accomplished by removing one or both claws from the live animal and returning it to the ocean where it can regrow the lost limb(s). However, under experimental conditions, but using commercially accepted techniques, 47% of stone crabs that had both claws removed died after declawing, and 28% of single claw amputees died; 76% of the casualties died within 24 hours of declawing. The occurrence of regenerated claws in the fishery harvest is low; one study indicates less than 10%, and a more recent study indicates only 13% have regenerated claws. (See Declawing of crabs) Post-harvest leg autotomy can be problematic in some crab and lobster fisheries, and often occurs if these crustaceans are exposed to freshwater or hypersaline water in the form of dried salt on sorting trays. The autotomy reflex in crustaceans has been proposed as an example of natural behaviour that raises questions concerning assertions on whether crustaceans can "feel pain", which may be based on definitions of "pain" that are flawed for lack of any falsifiable test, either to establish or deny the meaningfulness of the concept in this context. Spiders Under natural conditions, orb-weaving spiders (Argiope spp.) undergo autotomy if they are stung in a leg by wasps or bees. Under experimental conditions, when spiders are injected in the leg with bee or wasp venom, they shed this appendage. But, if they are injected with only saline, they rarely autotomize the leg, indicating it is not the physical injection or the ingress of fluid per se that causes autotomy. In addition, spiders injected with venom components which cause injected humans to report pain (serotonin, histamine, phospholipase A2 and melittin) autotomize the leg, but if the injections contain venom components which do not cause pain to humans, autotomy does not occur. In spiders, autotomy can also play a role in mating. The male of Nephilengys malabarensis from Southeast Asia breaks off his pedipalp when transferring sperm and plugs the female's genital opening, after which the palp keeps pumping. This helps the male to avoid sexual cannibalism and if escape succeeds, the male goes on to guard "his" female from competitors. Bees and wasps Sometimes when honey bees (genus Apis) sting a victim, the barbed stinger remains embedded. As the bee tears itself loose, the stinger takes with it the entire distal segment of the bee's abdomen, along with a nerve ganglion, various muscles, a venom sac, and the end of the bee's digestive tract. This massive abdominal rupture kills the bee. Although it is widely believed that a worker honey bee can sting only once, this is a partial misconception: although the stinger is barbed so that it lodges in the victim's skin, tearing loose from the bee's abdomen and leading to its death, this only happens if the skin of the victim is sufficiently thick, such as a mammal's. The sting of a queen honey bee has no barbs, however, and does not autotomize. All species of true honey bees have this form of stinger autotomy. No other stinging insect have the sting apparatus modified this way, though some may have barbed stings. Two wasp species that use sting autotomy as a defense mechanism are Polybia rejecta and Synoeca surinama. The endophallus and cornua portions of the genitalia of male honey bees (drones) also autotomize during copulation, and form a mating plug, which must be removed by the genitalia of subsequent drones if they are also to mate with the same queen. The drones die within minutes of mating. Echinoderms Evisceration, the ejection of the internal organs of sea cucumbers when stressed, is also a form of autotomy, and they regenerate the organ(s) lost. Some starfish shed their arms. The arm itself may even be able to regrow into a new starfish. See also Ainhum Anti-predator adaptation Autoamputation Evisceration (autotomy) Self-amputation References Further reading Autotomy in sea gastropod External links Physiological and Biochemical Zoology Focused Collection: Caudal Autotomy and Regeneration in Lizards: Patterns, Costs, and Benefits Animal anatomy Antipredator adaptations Types of amputations Ethology Articles containing video clips
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EA%B0%80%EC%99%80%20%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%98%A4
์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€ ๋„์‹œ์˜ค
์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€ ๋„์‹œ์˜ค(, 1948๋…„ 3์›” 18์ผ ~ )๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ์ด์ž ์ „์ง ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ, ํŒ์‚ฌ, ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž…ํ—Œ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์†Œ์† ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์›์ด์ž ์ž…ํ—Œ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์ƒ์ž„๊ณ ๋ฌธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ œ32๋Œ€ ์ฐธ์˜์› ๋ถ€์˜์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„ ์ œ1์ฐจ ๊ฐœ์กฐ ๋‚ด๊ฐ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ„ ์ œ2์ฐจ ๊ฐœ์กฐ ๋‚ด๊ฐ, ๋…ธ๋‹ค ๋‚ด๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด ๋ถ€(ๅ‰ฏ)๋Œ€์‹ ์„ ์ง€๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋…ธ๋‹ค ์ œ1์ฐจ ๊ฐœ์กฐ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋Œ€์‹ (์ œ89๋Œ€)์„ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์žฌํŒ๊ด€ ํƒ„ํ•ต์žฌํŒ์†Œ์˜ ์žฌํŒ์žฅ์„ ๋งก์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏผ์ง„๋‹น ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์ฐธ์˜์› ๊ฐ„์‚ฌ์žฅ, ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์›ํšŒ์žฅ์„ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์‹œ์ ˆ์—๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์ฐธ์˜์› ๊ฐ„์‚ฌ์žฅ ๋ฐ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์ •์ฑ…์‹ฌ์˜ํšŒ์žฅ, ์ฐธ์˜์› ์™ธ๊ต๋ฐฉ์œ„์œ„์›ํšŒ ์œ„์›์žฅ, ๋†๋ฆผ์ˆ˜์‚ฐ์œ„์›ํšŒ ์œ„์›์žฅ, ๋‚ด๊ฐ์œ„์›ํšŒ ์œ„์›์žฅ, ๊ฒฐ์‚ฐ์œ„์›ํšŒ ์œ„์›์žฅ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  1948๋…„ ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ๋„ค๋ฆฌ๋งˆ๊ตฌ ์ถœ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฆฟ์ฟ„ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋ฐ ๋ฆฟ์ฟ„ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฒ•ํ•™๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1970๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์‹œํ—˜์— ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1973๋…„ ํŒ์‚ฌ๋ณด์— ์ž„๊ด€, ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นด ์ง€๋ฐฉ์žฌํŒ์†Œ์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1976๋…„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ „๊ด€(่ฝ‰ๅฎ˜)ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์ฟ„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ์ฒญ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์—ญ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1981๋…„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ํ‡ด๊ด€ ํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์—…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1988๋…„์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์ด์น˜๊ฒŒ ์š”์‹œ์—()์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ดํ›„ ์ดํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ฐ„๋ฌธ์ถ˜ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์žก์ง€๋‚˜ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ดํ˜ผ์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€์˜ ๊ฐ€์ •ํญ๋ ฅ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€ ์ธก์€ ์˜ํ˜น์„ ์ „๋ฉด ๋ถ€์ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋„ํ•œ ์žก์ง€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ ์นจํ•ด์ฃ„๋กœ ๊ณ ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋„์ฟ„ ๊ณ ๋“ฑ์žฌํŒ์†Œ์—์„œ ์–‘ ์ธก์ด ํ™”ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์Œ). ์ดํ›„ ์ •๊ณ„์— ์ž…๋ฌธํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ๋‹น ์‚ฌํ‚ค๊ฐ€์ผ€์— ์ž…๋‹นํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 1996๋…„์— ํƒˆ๋‹นํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํ•ด ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ์ œ41ํšŒ ์ค‘์˜์› ์˜์› ์ด์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ตฌ(่ˆŠ) ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์˜ ๊ณต์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ์ œ9๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋งˆํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹ ์ง„๋‹น ๊ณต์ฒœ์˜ ์š”์‹œ๋‹ค ๊ณ ์ด์น˜()์— ๋ฐ€๋ ค ๋‚™์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1998๋…„ ์ œ18ํšŒ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์› ํ†ต์ƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ๊ณต์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋งˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์ดˆ์„ ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 2004๋…„ ์ œ20ํšŒ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์› ํ†ต์ƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ๋„ ์žฌ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2007๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์ฐธ์˜์› ๊ฐ„์‚ฌ์žฅ, ์ฐธ์˜์› ์™ธ๊ต๋ฐฉ์œ„์œ„์›ํšŒ ์œ„์›์žฅ, ์ฐธ์˜์› ๊ฒฐ์‚ฐ์œ„์›ํšŒ ์œ„์›์žฅ์„ ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 6์›”์—๋Š” ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ๋™์ง€์ด์ž ๊ฐ™์€ ๋„์ฟ„๋„๋ฅผ ์ง€์—ญ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋‘” ๊ฐ„ ๋‚˜์˜คํ† ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์— ์„ ์ถœ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ฐ„ ๋‚˜์˜คํ†  ์ง€๋„๋ถ€์˜ ๋‘ํ„ฐ์šด ์‹ ์ž„์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ œ22ํšŒ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์› ํ†ต์ƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋งˆํ•˜์—ฌ 3์„ ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ•ด 9์›”, ๊ฐ„ ์ œ1์ฐจ ๊ฐœ์กฐ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด ๋ถ€(ๅ‰ฏ)๋Œ€์‹ ์— ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ ํ•ด 11์›” ์•ผ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋‹ค ๋ฏธ๋…ธ๋ฃจ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋Œ€์‹ ์ด ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์› ์งˆ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต๋ณ€ ๋…ผ๋ž€์œผ๋กœ ์ž์ง„ ์‚ฌํ‡ดํ•˜์ž, ํ›„์ž„ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋Œ€์‹ ์— ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์˜ค๋ฅด๋‚ด๋ ธ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋‚ด๊ฐ๊ด€๋ฐฉ์žฅ๊ด€์ธ ์„ผ๊ณ ์ฟ  ์š”์‹œํ† ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋Œ€์‹ ์„ ๊ฒธ์งํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ํ›„์ž„์ด ์ •ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ 1์›” ์ถœ๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๊ฐ„ ์ œ2์ฐจ ๊ฐœ์กฐ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์—์„œ ์œ ์ž„๋์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ํ•ด 9์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด ๋ถ€(ๅ‰ฏ)๋Œ€์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ 11์›”, ๋‹ˆ์‹œ์˜ค์นด ๋‹ค์ผ€์˜ค ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์žฅ์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํžˆ๋ผํƒ€ ๊ฒ์ง€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์ฐธ์˜์› ๊ฐ„์‚ฌ์žฅ์ด ํ›„์ž„ ์˜์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ์ž„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณต์„์ด ๋œ ์ฐธ์˜์› ๊ฐ„์‚ฌ์žฅ์— ์ทจ์ž„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 1์›” ๋…ธ๋‹ค ์ œ1์ฐจ ๊ฐœ์กฐ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋Œ€์‹ ์— ์ž„๋ช…๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋Œ€์‹  ์žฌ์ž„ ์ค‘ ์˜ค์ž์™€ ์ด์น˜๋กœ์˜ ์ž๊ธˆ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด์ธ ๋ฆฌ์ฟ ์ž”์นด์ด()์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์˜ํ˜น์„ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋˜ ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ ์œ„์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ž, ์†Œ๊ด€ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์ธ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์„ฑ์˜ ์ˆ˜์žฅ์ธ ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์— ๋น„ํŒ์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์žฌ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€ํœ˜๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฐœ๋™ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋…ธ๋‹ค ์š”์‹œํžˆ์ฝ” ์ด๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ์ด๋ฆฌ์™€์˜ ๋ถˆํ™”์„ค์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ์ธ 2012๋…„ 6์›” ๊ฐœ๊ฐ์—์„œ ๊ต์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ž„ 5๊ฐœ์›”์—ฌ ๋งŒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€๋Š” ํ›—๋‚  ์–ธ๋ก ๊ณผ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฆฌ์™€์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋Œ€์‹  ํ•ด์ž„์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 2012๋…„ 12์›”, ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์œ„์›ํšŒ ์ˆ˜์„ ์ด์‚ฌ์— ์ทจ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 10์›”, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์ฐธ์˜์› ๊ฐ„์‚ฌ์žฅ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ทจ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 7์›” 10์ผ ์‹ค์‹œ๋œ ์ œ24ํšŒ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์› ํ†ต์ƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ๋ฏผ์ง„๋‹น ๊ณต์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ๋งˆ, 6๋ช…์„ ์„ ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์ธ ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ 6์œ„์˜ ๋“ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ„์‹ ํžˆ ๋‹น์„  ํ„ฑ๊ฑธ์ด์— ์„ฑ๊ณต, 4์„ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์„  ํ›„ ๋ฏผ์ง„๋‹น ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์›ํšŒ์žฅ์— ์ทจ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 11์›” 17์ผ์—๋Š” ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์›ํšŒ์žฅ์— ์—ฐ์ž„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ ์ œ48ํšŒ ์ค‘์˜์› ์˜์› ์ด์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„ ์•ผ๊ถŒ ๋ถ„์—ด์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฏผ์ง„๋‹น์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2018๋…„ ์ดˆ ๋ฏผ์ง„๋‹น๊ณผ ํฌ๋ง์˜ ๋‹น์ด ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์ž ์ด์— ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ 4์›” 27์ผ ํƒˆ๋‹น๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ œ์ถœ, ์ž…ํ—Œ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์— ์ž…๋‹นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ•ด 5์›” 11์ผ, ์ž…ํ—Œ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์ƒ์ž„๊ณ ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ์ž„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 8์›” 1์ผ, ์ฐธ์˜์› ๋ถ€์˜์žฅ์— ์ทจ์ž„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์žฅ ์ •์น˜์  ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์ •๊ถŒ๊ต์ฒด ์ด์ „ 2007๋…„ 3์›” 5์ผ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์œ„์›ํšŒ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์“ฐ์˜ค์นด ๋„์‹œ์นด์“ฐ ๋†๋ฆผ์ˆ˜์‚ฐ๋Œ€์‹ ๊ณผ์˜ ์งˆ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋งˆ์“ฐ์˜ค์นด์˜ ์ž๊ธˆ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด์ธ "๋งˆ์“ฐ์˜ค์นด ๋„์‹œ์นด์“ฐ ์‹ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ •๊ฒฝ ๊ฐ„๋‹ดํšŒ"๊ฐ€ ์ „๊ธฐ, ์ˆ˜๋„ ์š”๊ธˆ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณผ๊ธˆ์ด ๋ฉด์ œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์›ํšŒ๊ด€์—์„œ 2005๋…„ ํ•œ ํ•ด์—๋งŒ 500๋งŒ ์—”์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณผ๊ธˆ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์งˆ์˜ํ•˜์ž, ๋งˆ์“ฐ์˜ค์นด๋Š” "์ •์ˆ˜ ์žฅ์น˜์™€ ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ ์žฅ์น˜์— ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ˆ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋‹ต๋ณ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด์— ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งˆ์“ฐ์˜ค์นด์—๊ฒŒ "๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฑด ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ํ—ˆ์œ„ ๊ธฐ์žฌ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์ •๊ถŒ๊ต์ฒด ์ดํ›„ 2010๋…„ 2์›” 10์ผ ์˜ค์ž์™€ ์ด์น˜๋กœ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ๊ฐ„์‚ฌ์žฅ์˜ ์ž๊ธˆ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด์ธ ๋ฆฌ์ฟ ์ž”์นด์ด()์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ "๋ฆฌ์ฟ ์ž”์นด์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด", ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ฑด์„ค์‚ฌ์ธ ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋งˆ์“ฐ ๊ฑด์„ค๊ณผ ์ •์น˜๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ถ€ํŒจ ์Šค์บ”๋“ค ๋“ฑ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋น„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์†์† ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ž ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€๋Š” ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ์ด ์ฒ ์ €ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์–ธ๋ก ์— ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„์„คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ "์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ์ •๋ณด ์œ ์ถœ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋Œ€์ฑ…๋ฐ˜"์„ ๋ฐœ์กฑ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€๊ฐ€ ์•„์‚ฌํžˆ ์‹ ๋ฌธ๊ณผ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ์ด ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ "๋„์ฟ„ ์ง€๊ฒ€ ํŠน์ˆ˜๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„์„คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ์—ฌ๋ก ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ์„ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ๋‰˜์•™์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐœ์–ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์ž๋ฏผ๋‹น ๋“ฑ ์•ผ๋‹น์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ธ๋ก  ๋ณด๋„์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์นจํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์„ผ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์„ ์ƒ€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ์ด ์กฐ์ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€ ๋„์‹œ์˜ค์™€ ์•„์‚ฌํžˆ ์‹ ๋ฌธ๊ณผ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 2์›” 27์ผ, ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์ œ22ํšŒ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์› ํ†ต์ƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 6๋ช…์˜ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์›๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ "๊ธฐ์—…ยท๋‹จ์ฒด ํ—Œ๊ธˆ์˜ ์ „๋ฉด ๊ธˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌํšŒ"๋ฅผ ์ถœ๋ฒ”์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ํšŒ์žฅ์— ์ทจ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚œ ๋’ค ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์€ ๋Œ์—ฐ "๊ธฐ์—…ยท๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ํ—Œ๊ธˆ์„ ์ „๋ฉด ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•œ ์ •์น˜์ž๊ธˆ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์ด ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ ์ž์ œํ•ด์˜ค๋˜ ๊ธฐ์—…ยท๋‹จ์ฒด ํ—Œ๊ธˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ ์žฌ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 4์›” 27์ผ, ํ•˜ํ† ์•ผ๋งˆ ์œ ํ‚ค์˜ค ์ด๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ •์น˜ ์ž๊ธˆ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด์ธ "์šฐ์•  ์ •๊ฒฝ ๊ฐ„๋‹ดํšŒ"๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์ •์น˜์ž๊ธˆ๋ฒ• ์œ„๋ฐ˜ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ์ผ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ดํ›„ ๋„์ฟ„ ์ œ4 ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ์‹ฌ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜ํ† ์•ผ๋งˆ ์ด๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ธฐ์†Œ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์ž "์•ˆ์‹ฌ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ „์ง ๋น„์„œ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์œ ์ฃ„ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•˜ํ† ์•ผ๋งˆ ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ธฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถˆํ–‰ ์ค‘ ๋‹คํ–‰์ด๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ธฐยท๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฒ• ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ 1999๋…„ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€(ๅœ‹ๆญŒ)๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์˜ ์ฐธ์˜์› ๋ณธํšŒ์˜ ํ‘œ๊ฒฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋˜์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž์œ„๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ ์ธ์ • ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ 2014๋…„ 4์›” 21์ผ, ์ „์ง ํ–‰์ • ์‡„์‹  ๋‹ด๋‹น ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ Œํ˜ธ์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ๋‹น์ˆ˜ ์š”์‹œ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋‹คํ† ๋ชจ๋Š” ์ œ2์ฐจ ์•„๋ฒ  ๋‚ด๊ฐ์ด ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ํ•ด์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž์œ„๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์„ ์šฉ์ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๋ฒ„๋ฝ ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์—๊ฒŒ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ด€์— ์ „๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ์— ๊ฐ™์ด ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋‹ค ๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ์š”์‹œ, ๊ณ ๋‹ˆ์‹œ ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค, ์•„๋ฆฌํƒ€ ์š”์‹œํ›„, ๋„์ฟ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์—๋ฆฌ, ํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆ ๋ฏธ์ฆˆํ˜ธ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ž์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์ง€๋„๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์›€์ง์ž„์— ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์„œ์ž, ๋…ธ๋‹ค ์ œ3์ฐจ ๊ฐœ์กฐ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์œ„ ๋ถ€(ๅ‰ฏ)๋Œ€์‹ ์„ ์ง€๋‚ธ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์†Œ์† ์ค‘์˜์› ์˜์› ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์‹œ๋งˆ ์•„ํ‚คํžˆ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด "๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์†๊ตญ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ , ํ•œํƒ„์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ˜• ์ง‘ํ–‰ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋Œ€์‹  ์ทจ์ž„ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ธฐ์žํšŒ๊ฒฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์ž„ ํžˆ๋ผ์˜ค์นด ํžˆ๋ฐ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์—๋‹ค ์‚ฌ์“ฐํ‚ค, ์„ผ๊ณ ์ฟ  ์š”์‹œํ†  ๋“ฑ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋Œ€์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋˜ ์‚ฌํ˜• ์ง‘ํ–‰ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ "๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ด ์ •ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋Œ€์‹ ์˜ ์ง๋ฌด์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๊ดด๋กญ๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ ์ง์ฑ…์„ ํ†กํ†กํžˆ ํ•ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌํ˜• ์ง‘ํ–‰์— ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ 2010๋…„ ์ง€๋ฐ” ๊ฒŒ์ด์ฝ” ์ „์ง ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋Œ€์‹ ์ด ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌํ˜• ์ œ๋„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํšŒ๋„ "์ด๋ฏธ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ ํ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 3์›” 29์ผ, ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํ˜• ์ง‘ํ–‰ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฏธ์•ผ์žํ‚ค ์—ฐ์† ์‚ด์ธ ๊ฐ•๋„ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ฒ”์ธ ๋ฐ ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ ์ „์ฒ˜ ์ผ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ฒ”์ธ, ์šฐ์™€๋ฒ  ์•ผ์Šค์•„ํ‚ค ๋“ฑ 3๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌํ˜•์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง‘ํ–‰์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋„์ฟ„, ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ, ํ›„์ฟ ์˜ค์นด์˜ ๊ตฌ์น˜์†Œ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌํ˜• ์ง‘ํ–‰์€ 2010๋…„ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋Œ€์‹  ์ง€๋ฐ” ๊ฒŒ์ด์ฝ”์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํ˜•์ˆ˜ 2๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง‘ํ–‰ํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ์•ฝ 1๋…„ 8๊ฐœ์›” ๋งŒ์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋…ธ๋‹ค ๋‚ด๊ฐ ํ•˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒซ ์ง‘ํ–‰์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ˜• ์ง‘ํ–‰ ํ›„์˜ ๊ธฐ์žํšŒ๊ฒฌ์—์„œ ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€๋Š” "๋‚ด๊ฐ๋ถ€์˜ ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ 85%์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด ์‚ฌํ˜• ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์žฌํŒ๊ด€๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌํ˜•์ด ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ "์‚ฌํ˜• ์ง‘ํ–‰์€ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋Œ€์‹ ์˜ ์ง๋ฌด๋กœ์จ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์˜ ๊ทœ์ •๋Œ€๋กœ ์ง๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋Œ€์‹ ์˜ ์˜๋ฌด์ด๋‹ค"๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌํ˜• ์ง‘ํ–‰์€ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋Œ€์‹ ์˜ ์ง๋ฌด์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌํ˜•์ด ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„์•ˆ๋ถ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ œ1์ฐจ ์•„๋ฒ  ๋‚ด๊ฐ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ธ 2007๋…„ 3์›” 5์ผ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์œ„์›ํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•˜์›์ด ์œ„์•ˆ๋ถ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•˜์› 121ํ˜ธ ๊ฒฐ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์•„๋ฒ  ์‹ ์กฐ ์ด๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ "์‚ฌ๊ณผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์ž„์—๋„ '์œ„์•ˆ๋ถ€ ์ฆ์–ธ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ฌด๊ทผ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ตญ์ œ ์—ฌ๋ก ์€ ์ด์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€๋Š” "๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ํญ์–ธ์ด๊ตฐ์š”", "์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ํ•˜์› ์™ธ๊ต์œ„์›ํšŒ ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์ •๋„์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์ œ๋Š” ํ•˜์› ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ํ‰๊ฐ€, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ €ํ•˜๋  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ผ๋ คํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค" ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์•™๋œ ๋น„ํŒ์„ ์ด์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€๋Š” ์ด ๊ฒฐ์˜์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋œ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡๋œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ธ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ๋„ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์„ ํƒ์  ๋ถ€๋ถ€ ๋ณ„์„ฑ ์ œ๋„ ์„ ํƒ์  ๋ถ€๋ถ€ ๋ณ„์„ฑ์ œ ๋„์ž…์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์— ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญํšŒ์˜ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ ์ œ์ถœ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ๋ฐœ์˜์ž์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์  ๋ถ€๋ถ€ ๋ณ„์„ฑ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด "์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋ฉด, ์•„๋ฌด๋ž˜๋„ ์‚ฌ์ •์ƒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํฌ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณ„์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•ด ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ€ ๋™์„ฑ(ๅŒๅง“)์„ ์˜๋ฌด๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํํ•ด๋“ค๋„ ์—†์•จ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 6์›” 12์ผ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๋ฐœ์˜์ž๋กœ์„œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ๋“ฑ ์•ผ๋‹น์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋‹ด์€ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์„ ์ฐธ์˜์›์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ผ์™ธ์ž ์ฐจ๋ณ„ ์ฒ ํ ํ˜ผ์™ธ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ ์ฒ ํ์— ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 11์›” 21์ผ, ์ถœ์ƒ ์‹ ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์žฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์—์„œ ์ ์ถœ(ๅซกๅ‡บ) ๋ฐ ๋น„์ ์ถœ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์„ ์—†์• ์ž๋Š” ์ทจ์ง€์˜ ํ˜ธ์ ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์„ ์•ผ๋‹น ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์˜์›์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์ฃผ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ถŒ ๋ถ€์—ฌ ์ถ”์ง„ 2009๋…„ 11์›” 26์ผ ์ค‘์˜์› ์ œ1 ์˜์›ํšŒ๊ด€์—์„œ ์žฌ์ผ๋ณธ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ฒญ๋…„ํšŒ, ์žฌ์ผ๋ณธ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹จ(๋ฏผ๋‹จ)์ด ๊ณต๋™ ์ฃผ์ตœํ•œ "์˜์ฃผ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ฐธ์ •๊ถŒ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์˜ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ž…๋ฒ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” 11ยท26 ๊ธด๊ธ‰ ์›๋‚ด ์ง‘ํšŒ"์— ์Šค์—๋งˆ์“ฐ ์š”์‹œ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ, ์™€ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฒ  ๊ณ ์ด์น˜๋กœ, ๋ฐ์ฆˆ์นด ์š”์‹œ์˜ค, ํ•˜์“ฐ์‹œ์นด ์•„ํ‚คํžˆ๋กœ, ํ•˜์ฟ  ์‹ ์ฟค, ๊ณค๋„ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋ฏธ์น˜, ์šฐ์˜ค์ฆˆ๋ฏธ ์œ ์ด์น˜๋กœ, ์™€๋‹ˆ๋ถ€์น˜ ์š”์ฝ”, ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์ด ์•„ํ‚ค๋ผ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ์ผ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฐธ์ •๊ถŒ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์„ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ๋œป์„ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 2์›” 21์ผ, ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋Œ€์‹ ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ค‘์˜์› ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ์ถœ์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜์ฃผ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ฐธ์ •๊ถŒ ๋ถ€์—ฌ์— ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค(์‹œ๋ฐ”์•ผ๋งˆ ๋งˆ์‚ฌํžˆ์ฝ” ์ž๋ฏผ๋‹น ์˜์›์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต๋ณ€). ์ธ๊ถŒ ์˜นํ˜ธ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ ์ถ”์ง„ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋Œ€์‹  ์ทจ์ž„ ํ›„ ์˜์ฃผ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ(์ฐธ์ •๊ถŒ ๋ณด์œ ์ž)๋„ ์œ„์›์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๊ถŒ์œ„์›ํšŒ ์„ค์น˜ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 6์›” 4์ผ ๋…ธ๋‹ค ์ œ2์ฐจ ๊ฐœ์กฐ ๋‚ด๊ฐ ์ถœ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋Œ€์‹ ์—์„œ ํ‡ด์ž„ํ•œ ๋’ค ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋ถ€๋ฌธํšŒ์˜์— ์ทจ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ธ๊ถŒ ์นจํ•ด ๊ตฌ์ œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ "์ธ๊ถŒ์œ„์›ํšŒ"๋ฅผ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์„ฑ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ(ๅค–ๅฑ€)์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ์„คํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” "์ธ๊ถŒ ์˜นํ˜ธ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ"์˜ ์ž…๋ฒ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‹น๋‚ด ์‹ ์ค‘๋ก ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์ข… ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€๋Š” "๋” ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹น๋‚ด ์˜๊ฒฌ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ขํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ฌ์„œ, ์ด์ฐธ์— ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ์ดํ›„ ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€๊ฐ€ ๋‹น๋‚ด์—์„œ "์ฐจ๊ธฐ ์ค‘์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ์ถœ๋งˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๊ถŒ ๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋” ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๋žต"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฆฌ์˜ ์•ผ์Šค์ฟ ๋‹ˆ ์‹ ์‚ฌ ์ฐธ๋ฐฐ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์ด๋ฆฌ๋Œ€์‹ ์ด ์•ผ์Šค์ฟ ๋‹ˆ ์‹ ์‚ฌ์— ์ฐธ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ •๊ต๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ฐธ๋ฐฐ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ , ์ข…๊ต์ , ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋…ผ๋ž€์„ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์•ผ์Šค์ฟ ๋‹ˆ ์‹ ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•ด ์ „๋ชฐ์ž๋“ค(A๊ธ‰ ์ „๋ฒ”์„ ์ œ์™ธ)์„ ์•ˆ์žฅํ•  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์ถ”๋„ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํƒˆ์›์ „ ํƒˆ์›์ „ ์ •์ฑ…์— ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. TPP ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ํ™˜ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋™๋ฐ˜์ž ํ˜‘์ •(TPP)์—๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„ํ…๋งˆ ๊ธฐ์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ›„ํ…๋งˆ ๊ธฐ์ง€์˜ ์ด์ „ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ—ค๋…ธ์ฝ” ์ง€์—ญ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ตญ์™ธ๋กœ ์ด์ „ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋ชจ์ฃ„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ 2006๋…„ 4์›” 26์ผ, ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์›ํšŒ๊ด€์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ "๊ณต๋ชจ์ฃ„์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ดˆ๋‹นํŒŒ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ธด๊ธ‰ ์›๋‚ด ์ง‘ํšŒ"๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฏผ, ๊ณต์‚ฐ, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ๋“ฑ 3๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์€ "๊ณต๋ชจ์ฃ„๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์น˜์•ˆ์œ ์ง€๋ฒ•"์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ  ๊ทœ์ œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ 2003๋…„์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์•„๋™ ํฌ๋ฅด๋…ธ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋งŒํ™”, ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๋ฌผ ๊ทœ์ œ ๋ฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์†Œ์ง€ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒญ์›์— ์„œ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  "์•„๋™ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๋ฌผ ๊ทœ์ œ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒญ์› ์„œ๋ช…"์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์˜์›์„ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ ์ œ24ํšŒ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์› ํ†ต์ƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๋•Œ ์•„ํ‚คํ•˜๋ฐ”๋ผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์œ ์„ธ์—์„œ ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€๋Š” "ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏผ์ง„๋‹น ์ •์ฑ…์ง‘์— ์ฐฝ์ž‘๋ฌผ ๊ทœ์ œ์™€ ๊ด€ํ•ด ์˜คํ•ด๋ฅผ ์‚ด ๋งŒํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์ด๋‚˜ ๋งŒํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ทœ์ œํ•˜์ž๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์—๋‹ค๋…ธ ์œ ํ‚ค์˜ค ๋ฏผ์ง„๋‹น ๊ฐ„์‚ฌ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฐœ์–ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋™์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ž์‚ฐ๊ฐ€ 2010๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€์˜ ์ด ์ž์‚ฐ์€ 1์–ต 5010๋งŒ ์—”(๋ณธ์ธ ๋ช…์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์€ ์•ฝ 1์–ต 3000๋งŒ ์—”)์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์› ์ค‘ 5๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž์‚ฐ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 2005๋…„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2011๋…„์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ 5์œ„๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๋งˆ ๊ฒฝ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋งค์šฐ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์†Œ์œ ํ•  ์ •๋„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋งˆ ์• ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ๋งˆ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ์ค‘์•™๊ฒฝ๋งˆํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” "๋‹›์ผ€์ด์ƒ"์„ 2๋ฒˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•œ ๋ง๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ "์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ"์ด๋‹ค. ์ทจ๋ฏธ ๊ฐ€๋ผ์˜ค์ผ€(ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฐฉ)์—์„œ ์ด์‹œํ•˜๋ผ ์œ ์ง€๋กœ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฒจ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์—ฌํ–‰, ์ˆ˜์˜, ๊ณจํ”„์ด๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์Œ์‹์€ ์†Œ๋ฐ”, ์•ผํ‚ค๋‹ˆ์ฟ , ์ค‘๊ตญ ์š”๋ฆฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ช…์˜ˆ ํ›ผ์† ๋ณด๋„ ์žฌํŒ ํ˜ธ์น˜ ์‹ ๋ฌธ()์ด ๋ณด๋„ํ•œ ์ „์ฒ˜์™€์˜ ์ดํ˜ผ ์›์ธ์ด ๊ฐ€์ •ํญ๋ ฅ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋ฌด๊ทผ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€๋Š” ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์ฟ„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์žฌํŒ์†Œ ๋ฐ ๋„์ฟ„ ๊ณ ๋“ฑ์žฌํŒ์†Œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•ด๋‹น ์–ธ๋ก ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ทจ์†Œ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณผ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ๊ฒŒ์žฌ, ์œ„์ž๋ฃŒ ์ง€๋ถˆ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ฐ„์‹ ์กฐ()์˜ 2012๋…„ 1์›” 26์ผ์ž์—์„œ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜ํ˜น์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ž ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋ฌด๊ทผ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†์ฃ„๋กœ ํ•ด๋‹น ์–ธ๋ก ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์†Œ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 220๋งŒ ์—”์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ๊ธˆ์„ ์–ป์–ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐ–์— ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋‰˜์•™์Šค์˜ ๋ณด๋„๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ฐ„๋ฌธ์ถ˜์—๋„ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ๊ฑธ์–ด, 2012๋…„ 11์›” 2์ผ ๋„์ฟ„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์žฌํŒ์†Œ์—์„œ 200๋งŒ ์—” ์†ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์ƒ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณผ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ช…๋ นํ•˜๋Š” ์Šน์†Œ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ƒ๊ธ‰์‹ฌ์—์„œ๋„ ์ตœ์ข… ์Šน์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฃผ๊ฐ„๋ฌธ์ถ˜์€ 2016๋…„ 9์›” 1์ผ์ž 110์ชฝ์— ์‚ฌ๊ณผ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์‹ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์†๋œ ๋‹จ์ฒด ๋ฐ ์˜์› ์—ฐ๋งน ํ•œ์ผ์˜์›์—ฐ๋งน ์žฌ์ผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์˜์ฃผ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ์ง€์œ„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์› ์—ฐ๋งน ์ €์„œ ใ€Ž์ง€ํœ˜๊ถŒ ๋ฐœ๋™ - ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ์˜ ์ •์˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค-ใ€ ์•„์‚ฌํžˆ ์‹ ๋ฌธ ์ถœํŒใ€€ISBN 978-4-02-331194-7 ใ€Ž๋ชจ๋ฆฌํ† ๋ชจยท๊ตญ์œ ์ง€ ๋ถˆํ•˜ ๋น„๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐใ€ ๋…นํ’์ถœํŒใ€€ISBN 978-4-8461-1802-0 ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์˜ค๊ฐ€์™€ ๋„์‹œ์˜ค ๊ณต์‹ WEB ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ 1948๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์› ์ž…ํ—Œ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น (์ผ๋ณธ, 2017๋…„)์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ ์ž…ํ—Œ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น (์ผ๋ณธ, 2020๋…„)์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น (์ผ๋ณธ, 1998๋…„)์˜ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์› ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํŒ์‚ฌ ๋งˆ์ฃผ ๋ฆฟ์ฟ„ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋™๋ฌธ ๋ฆฟ์ฟ„ ๋‹ˆ์ž ์ค‘ํ•™๊ตยท๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€ ์ถœ์‹  ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋Œ€์‹  ๋ฏผ์ง„๋‹น์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshio%20Ogawa
Toshio Ogawa
is a Japanese politician of the Constitutional Democratic Party and a member of the House of Councillors in the Diet (national legislature). Ogawa is a former Minister of Justice. A native of Nerima, Tokyo, and a graduate of Rikkyo University, he was elected to the House of Councillors for the first time in 1998 after working as a prosecutor. Political career In 1996, he ran for a lower house seat with support from the Democratic Party of Japan, but failed. In 1998, he ran for an upper house election, and was elected. In 2004, he again got elected in an upper house election. In 2012, he was appointed justice minister. He was re-elected in 2004, 2010 and 2016, and is currently the longest serving councillor from Tokyo. When the Democratic Party merged with Kibล no Tล to form the DPP in May 2018, Ogawa did not join the new party and decided to join the CDP instead. References External links Official website |- |- 1948 births Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan politicians Democratic Party of Japan politicians Ministers of Justice of Japan 20th-century Japanese judges Japanese prosecutors Japanese racehorse owners and breeders Living people Members of the House of Councillors (Japan) Politicians from Tokyo Rikkyo University alumni
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%ED%95%98%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4%20%ED%8F%BC%ED%8E%98
์š”ํ•˜๋„ค์Šค ํผํŽ˜
์š”ํ•˜๋„ค์Šค ํผํŽ˜(Johannes Lijdius Catharinus Pompe van Meerdervoort, 1829๋…„ 5์›” 5์ผ~1908๋…„ 10์›” 7์ผ)์€ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์˜ ์ด๋“ฑ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„ํŠธ๋ ˆํํŠธ ์œก๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์˜ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์˜ํ•™์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฐ์˜๋กœ ์ž„๊ด€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง‰๋ง ์ผ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋‚˜์™€ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ ์˜ํ•™์„ ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๊ตฌ์‹ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์˜ํ•™ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ „์Šต์†Œ ๋ถ€์†๋ณ‘์›๋„ ์„œ์–‘์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. (ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์‚ฌํ‚ค ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€) ๋˜ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‹ ๋ถ„์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ์ง„๋ฃŒํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค.1862๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฒด๋ฅ˜ํ•œ ๋’ค ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”๋‹ค. ํ›—๋‚  ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ์˜ ์ฒด๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฟˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์•„๋ จํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํšŒ๊ณ ํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ•™ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ 1857๋…„ 11์›” 12์ผ์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์„œ์–‘ ์˜ํ•™ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์‚ฌํ‚ค ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ฐœ๊ต์ผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋…๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ•™์ „์Šต์†Œ ํผํŽ˜๋Š” ์นดํ…๋””์ผ€(Kattendijke)๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์‚ฌํ‚ค ํ•ด๊ตฐ ์ „์Šต์†Œ์— ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ ๋ฐœํ•œ 2์ฐจ ๊ต๊ด€๋‹จ์— ์†ํ•ด์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋ชจํ†  ๋ฃŒ์ค€์ด ๋ฐ”์‚ ์›€์ง์—ฌ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์˜ํ•™์ „์Šต์†Œ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์„œ์–‘์˜ํ•™์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ดํ›„ ๊ตฐ์˜์ด๊ฐ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋ชจํ†  ๋ฃŒ์ค€์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•ด ๅธ้ฆฌๅ‡Œๆตทใ€ๅฒฉไฝ็ด”ใ€้•ทไธŽๅฐ‚ๆ–Žใ€ไฝ่—คๅฐšไธญใ€้–ขๅฏ›ๆ–Žใ€ไฝใ€…ๆœจๆฑๆด‹ใ€ๅ…ฅๆพคๆญๅนณ ๋“ฑ ์„œ์–‘์˜ํ•™์˜ ๊ธฐํ‹€์„ ์žก๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1855๋…„ 1์ฐจ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์ „์Šต์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์ผ๋ณธ์— ์™”์„ ๋•Œ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ˜ ๋ด ๋ธŒ๋ฃจํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผํ•™์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋˜ ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์—…์€ ์•„์ง ๋‹จํŽธ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์น˜์ฟ ์  ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€์™€๋…ธ ํ…Œ์ด์กฐ(ๆฒณ้‡Ž็ฆŽ้€ )๋Š” ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์–ด ํ™”ํ•™์„œ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ฐ€ํŽธ๋žŒใ€Ž่ˆŽๅฏ†ไพฟ่ฆงใ€์„ ํŽด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธํ›„ 1857๋…„ 2์ฐจ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์ „์Šต์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ํผํŽ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•™ ์ „๋ฐ˜์„ ๋งก์•„ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1857๋…„ 11์›” 12์ผ์˜ ์ผ๋กœ ์ด๋‚ ์ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์‚ฌํ‚ค๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€์˜ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ์ผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์—” ํ•™์ƒ 12๋ช…์„ ๋†“๊ณ  ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ•™์ƒ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜๋ฉด์„œ ้ซ˜ๅณถ็ง‹ๅธ†์˜ ์ €ํƒ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ ์ˆ˜์—…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํผํŽ˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™, ํ™”ํ•™, ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™, ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™, ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋“ฑ ์˜ํ•™ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณค๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํŠธ๋ ˆํํŠธ ์œก๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์˜ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๋‚ด์šฉ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์—” ์–ธ์–ด๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฝค ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ ์ฐจ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ ธ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— 8์‹œ๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 1859๋…„์— ์‹คํ–‰๋œ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์‹œ์ฒด ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™ ์‹ค์Šต์—๋Š” ์ง€๋ณผ๋“œ์˜ ๋”ธ ๊ตฌ์Šค๋ชจํ†  ์ด๋„ค๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ 46๋ช…์˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด ์ฐธ๊ด€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํผํŽ˜์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๊ฐ€ํƒ€ ๊ณ ์•ˆ์ด ๋ฐํ‚ค์ฃผ์ฟ  ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋˜ ้•ทไธŽๅฐ‚ๆ–Ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šธ์ •๋„๋กœ ํผํŽ˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์—…์€ ์ตœ์‹ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1860๋…„์—๋Š” ํ•ด๊ตฐ์ „์Šต์ด ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํผํŽ˜๋Š” ๋‚จ์•˜๋‹ค. ํผํŽ˜๋Š” 1862๋…„ 11์›” 1์ผ์— ์ผ๋ณธ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ 5๋…„๊ฐ„ 61๋ช…์„ ์กธ์—…์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์™€์ค‘์—๋„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€๋žต 14,530๋ช…์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ„ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์—…ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ ์‹ญ์ž ์ผ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฌผ 1857๋…„ ๋ง์—๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ข…๋‘๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1858๋…„์— ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์‚ฌํ‚ค์—์„œ ํผ์ง„ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ ํ‡ด์น˜์—๋„ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1861๋…„์—” ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์‚ฌํ‚ค์— 124 ์นจ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์˜ํ•™๊ต์œก๋ณ‘์›์ธ ์ฝ”์ง€๋งˆ ์–‘์ƒ์†Œๅฐๅณถ้คŠ็”Ÿๆ‰€๋ฅผ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. ํผํŽ˜์˜ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๋นˆ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก์€ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ •๋„์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—๋„ ํผํŽ˜๋Š” ์œ ๊ณฝ์ธ ๋งˆ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋งˆ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค๋… ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋ชจํ†  ๋ฃŒ์ค€์ด ์—๋„์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ้ †ๅคฉๅ ‚์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ•์˜๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ์‹คํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํผํŽ˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋ชจํ† ๋Š” ์„œ์–‘์˜ํ•™์„ ์ฒจ๋‹จ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์กด ์˜์‚ฌ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์ด ์‹ฌํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฃŒ์ค€์ด ๊ทธ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์กฐ์ •์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์กด ์˜์‚ฌ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํผํŽ˜์˜ ๋ณด๊ฑด์œ„์ƒ๊ฐ๊ฐ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๊ณต์œ ๋˜์–ด ํ›—๋‚  ์‹ ์„ ์กฐ ์ฃผ๋‘”์ง€์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋“ฑ์—๋„ ์ฐธ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. . ํ›—๋‚  ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์˜ค๊ฐ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์œ ํ•™์ค‘์— ์ ์‹ญ์ž ๊ตญ์ œ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ํผํŽ˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ƒ์„ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋•Œ ํผํŽ˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ผ๋“ค์€ ๊ฟˆ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ๋“ ๋‹ค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ๋…„์— ํผํŽ˜๋Š” ๊ตด ์–‘์‹์—…์—๋„ ์†์„ ๋Œ”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ„ํŠธ๋ ˆํํŠธ ์œก๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์˜ํ•™๊ต๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ œ1๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ ˆ์ด๋˜์˜ ์œก๊ตฐ๋ณ‘์›๋ถ€์†ํ•™๊ต ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์„ธ์›Œ์กŒ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ์œ„ํŠธ๋ ˆํํŠธ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์˜ํ•™๋ถ€์™€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์— ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•  ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„์„ ์–‘์„ฑํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. 1850๋…„๋Œ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์— ์˜จ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์ธ ์˜์‚ฌ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋„ ์ด๊ณณ ์ถœ์‹ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์˜ํ•™๊ต์œก์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์›ํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ 1875๋…„ ํ๊ต๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ํ˜ธํ…”๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํผํŽ˜๋Š” ์Šต์‹์‚ฌ์ง„์ˆ ์—๋„ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž์ธ ไธŠ้‡Žๅฝฆ้ฆฌ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ด‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ์ˆœ๋„์˜ ์•Œ์ฝœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ข…์ข… ํผํŽ˜๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. . ํผํŽ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๊ธด ๋ง์ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์‚ฌํ‚ค ๋Œ€ํ•™์— ๋ช…ํŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋œ ์ฒœ์ง์„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ง์—…์„ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ์ด์ƒ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์ ์ด ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง์—…์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ด๋ผ. ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” "์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณค๋‹ค . ํผํŽ˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์—… ๊ฐ•์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ํ‘œ ์ฑ„๊ด‘ํ•™์€ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์‚ฌํ‚ค ๋ถ€๊ต์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ํ‘œ (์šฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ํ‘œ์‹œ) ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ้•ทๅดŽๅคงๅญฆ่–ฌๅญฆ้ƒจ็ทจใ€Žๅ‡บๅณถใฎใใ™ใ‚Šใ€ใ€€ไนๅทžๅคงๅญฆๅ‡บ็‰ˆไผšใ€2000ๅนดใ€‚ ้€ฑๅˆŠๆœๆ—ฅ็ทจ้›†้ƒจ็ทจใ€Žๅธ้ฆฌ้ผๅคช้ƒŽใฎๅน•ๆœซ็ถญๆ–ฐIIIใ€Œ้ฃ›ใถใŒๅฆ‚ใใ€ใ€Œๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๅฐ†่ปใ€ใ€Œ่ƒก่ถใฎๅคขใ€ใฎไธ–็•Œใ€ ๆœๆ—ฅๆ–‡ๅบซใ€2012ๅนดใ€‚ ๆฒผ็”ฐๆฌก้ƒŽใ€่’็€ฌ้€ฒๅ…ฑ่จณใ€Žใƒใƒณใƒšๆ—ฅๆœฌๆปžๅœจ่ฆ‹่ž่จ˜-ๆ—ฅๆœฌใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹ไบ”ๅนด้–“ใ€ ๆ–ฐ็•ฐๅ›ฝๅขๆ›ธ๏ผš้›„ๆพๅ ‚ๅ‡บ็‰ˆใ€ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ53ๅนด๏ผˆ1978ๅนด๏ผ‰ใ€‚ ๅฎฎๆฐธๅญใ€Žใƒใƒณใƒš ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ฟ‘ไปฃๅŒปๅญฆใฎ็ˆถใ€ ็ญ‘ๆ‘ฉๆ›ธๆˆฟใ€ๆ˜ญๅ’Œ60ๅนด๏ผˆ1985ๅนด๏ผ‰ใ€‚ ๅธ้ฆฌ้ผๅคช้ƒŽใ€Ž่ƒก่ถใฎๅคขใ€ ๆ–ฐๆฝฎๆ–‡ๅบซๅ…จ3ๅทปใ€‚ๆ”น็‰ˆๅนณๆˆ17ๅนด๏ผˆ2005ๅนด๏ผ‰ใ€‚ๅธ้ฆฌๅ‡ŒๆตทใŒไธปไบบๅ…ฌใ€‚ ๅ‰ๆ‘ๆ˜ญใ€Žๆšใฎๆ—…ไบบใ€ ่ฌ›่ซ‡็คพใ€ๅนณๆˆ17ๅนด๏ผˆ2005ๅนด/ ่ฌ›่ซ‡็คพๆ–‡ๅบซใ€ๅนณๆˆ20ๅนด๏ผˆ2008ๅนด๏ผ‰ใ€‚ๆพๆœฌ่‰ฏ้ †ใŒไธปไบบๅ…ฌใ€‚ ่Šๅ“ฒๅคซ่จณใ€ŽใƒใƒณใƒšๅŒ–ๅญฆๆ›ธใ€€ๆ—ฅๆœฌๆœ€ๅˆใฎๅŒ–ๅญฆ่ฌ›็พฉ้Œฒใ€ ๅŒ–ๅญฆๅŒไบบใ€ๅนณๆˆ17ๅนด๏ผˆ2005ๅนด๏ผ‰ใ€‚ ็›ธๅทๅฟ ่‡ฃใ€Œใƒใƒณใƒšใƒปใƒ•ใ‚กใƒณใƒปใƒกใƒผใƒซใƒ‡ใƒซใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒซใƒˆ ่ฟ‘ไปฃ่ฅฟๆด‹ๅŒปๅญฆๆ•™่‚ฒใฎ็ˆถใ€ใ€ใ€Žไนๅทžใฎ่˜ญๅญฆ-่ถŠๅขƒใจไบคๆตใ€ใ€303-310้ ใ€‚ ใƒดใ‚ฉใƒซใƒ•ใ‚ฌใƒณใ‚ฐใƒปใƒŸใƒ’ใ‚งใƒซใ€้ณฅไบ•่ฃ•็พŽๅญใ€ๅทๅถŒ็œžไบบๅ…ฑ็ทจ ใ€ๆ€ๆ–‡้–ฃๅ‡บ็‰ˆใ€ๅนณๆˆ21ๅนด๏ผˆ2009ๅนด๏ผ‰ใ€‚ISBN 978-4-7842-1410-5ใ€‚ ใ€Ž้•ทๅดŽๅคงๅญฆๅŒปๅญฆ้ƒจ ๅ‰ต็ซ‹150ๅ‘จๅนด่จ˜ๅฟต่ชŒใ€ใ€‚ISBN 978-4-9904432-0-7ใ€‚ ใ€Žๆ—ฅๆœฌไบบใจๆ—ฅๆœฌๆ–‡ๅŒ–ใ€๏ผˆๅธ้ฆฌ้ผๅคช้ƒŽใ€ใƒ‰ใƒŠใƒซใƒ‰ใƒปใ‚ญใƒผใƒณๅฏพ่ซ‡้›†๏ผ‰ ็ฌฌๅ…ญ็ซ  ๆ—ฅๆœฌใซใใŸๅค–ๅ›ฝไบบใฎ้ …ใงใƒใƒณใƒšใซ่งฆใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ฃผ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ํผํŽ˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฒฌ๋ฌธ๊ธฐ 1908๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง 1829๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์‚ฌํ‚ค ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ-์ผ๋ณธ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ธŒ๋คผํ—ˆ ์ถœ์‹  ์ผ๋ณธ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์ธ ๋ง‰๋ง์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20L.%20C.%20Pompe%20van%20Meerdervoort
J. L. C. Pompe van Meerdervoort
Johannes Lijdius Catharinus Pompe van Meerdervoort (5 May 1829, in Bruges โ€“ 7 October 1908, in Brussels) was a Dutch physician based at Nagasaki, in Bakumatsu period Japan. While in Japan, he briefly taught medicine, chemistry and photography at the Nagasaki Naval Training Center, and established a medical school and hospital. Some of his noted students included Nagayo Sensai and Matsumoto Jun. Biography Pompe van Meerdervoort was born into an aristocratic family originally from Dordrecht, and was the son of an officer in the Royal Dutch Army, Johan Antoine Pompe van Meerdervoort of Leiden, and Johanna Wilhelmina Hendrika de Moulin of Kampen. Pompe studied medicine at the Imperial Academy for Military Medicine in Utrecht and became a naval surgeon in 1849. Pompe van Meerdervoort traveled to Japan in 1857 with the second Dutch military mission led by Lieutenant Willem Huyssen van Kattendijke. Since the beginning of the seventeenth century, the ruling Tokugawa shogunate of Japan pursued a policy of isolating the country from outside influences. Foreign trade was maintained only with the Dutch and the Chinese and was conducted exclusively at Nagasaki. However, by the early nineteenth century, this policy of isolation was increasingly under challenge. Following the Perry Expedition and with the increased threat to Japanese sovereignty posed by the European powers and their Black ships, the Japanese government turned towards the Dutch for technical and military assistance. The Nagasaki Naval Training Center was opened in 1855 with Dutch military advisors to teach the Japanese about steam warship technology. On arrival, he found that his predecessor Jan Karel van den Broek had been devoting much of his energies into production of a Japanese-Dutch/Dutch-Japanese dictionary, and acting as technical advisor on a wide range of engineering and technical questions, rather than concentrating on medicine or medical education. However, this provided Pompe van Meerdervoort with a foundation on which he was able to establish a school of western medicine on 12 November 1857. Initially, he had only twelve students and used the residence of Takashima Shลซhan to lecture on biology, chemistry, human anatomy, physiology, and pathology. He performed the first recorded human autopsy in Japan, and his student base quickly expanded to over 133 students, including Kusumoto Ine, the daughter of Philipp Franz von Siebold. The Nagasaki Naval Training Center was closed in 1860 and its Dutch staff withdrawn, with the exception of Pompe van Meerdervoort. At the time, a widespread cholera outbreak was killing thousands in Japan, and at Pompe van Meerdervoort's suggestion the Tokugawa shogunate agreed to open Japan's first western-style hospital, the Nagasaki Yojosho, with 124 beds and a medical school in Nagasaki in 1861 This facility is now the medical school of Nagasaki University. People were surprised by his insistence on treating all patients equally without regard to their wealth or social standing. Pompe van Meerdervoort returned to the Netherlands in 1862, accompanied by two of his students, who thus became the first Japanese to study western medicine abroad. In 1867-1868 Pompe published a book titled Vijf jaren in Japan ("Five Years in Japan"). Among Pompe's photography students were Ueno Hikoma, one of the first professional Japanese photographers, and Uchida Kuichi, who was the first to photograph the Emperor Meiji and Empress Shลken. In Voorburg, near The Hague, a Pompe van Meerdervoortstraat was named after him. Notes References Anglo-American Name Authority File, s.v. "Pompe van Meerdervoort, J. L. C.", LC Control Number n 85206160. Accessed 11 October 2006. External links : Scan of Vijf jaren in Japan at Google Books : Image of J. L. C. Pompe van Meerdervoort 1829 births 1908 deaths 19th-century Dutch physicians Dutch expatriates in Japan Pioneers of photography Photography in Japan
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EB%8B%88%EC%A6%88%20%ED%98%B8
๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ํ˜ธ
๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ํ˜ธ(, , ๋ณธ๋ช…: ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ํ˜ธ์™„์‹œ(Denise Ho Wan-see), 1977๋…„ 5์›” 10์ผ ~ )๋Š” ํ™์ฝฉ, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜, ์‹ฑ์–ด์†ก๋ผ์ดํ„ฐ, ๋ฐฐ์šฐ, ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ํ˜ธ๋Š” 1977๋…„ 5์›” 10์ผ์— ํ™์ฝฉ์—์„œ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋กœ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ€์˜ ๋”ธ๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ 11์„ธ ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ํ€˜๋ฒก ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์ „๊ณตํ–ˆ๊ณ  1996๋…„์— ํ™์ฝฉ TVB ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ตญ์ด ์ฃผ์ตœํ•œ ์Œ์•… ๊ฒฝ์—ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ ใ€Š์‹ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ ๊ฒฝ์—ฐ ๋Œ€ํšŒใ€‹(ๆ–ฐ็ง€ๆญŒๅ”ฑๅคง่ณฝ)์—์„œ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ํ˜ธ๋Š” 2001๋…„์— ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฒซ EP ์Œ๋ฐ˜์ธ ใ€Šfirst.ใ€‹๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๊ณ  2002๋…„์—๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฒซ ์ •๊ทœ ์Œ๋ฐ˜์ธ ใ€ŠFree Loveใ€‹๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2006๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2007๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™์ฝฉ, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ํ† ๋ก ํ† , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์• ํ‹€๋žœํ‹ฑ์‹œํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ์˜ค๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฒซ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ ํˆฌ์–ด์ธ ใ€ŠLive in Unityใ€‹๋ฅผ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ํ˜ธ๋Š” 2012๋…„ 11์›” 10์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ™์ฝฉ ํ”„๋ผ์ด๋“œ ํผ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ ˆ์ฆˆ๋น„์–ธ์ž„์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๊ณ  2013๋…„ 1์›”์—๋Š” ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ฒด์ธ ๋Œ€์• ๋™๋งน(ๅคงๆ„›ๅŒ็›Ÿ)์„ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ ํ™์ฝฉ ์‹œ์œ„ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™์ฝฉ ์‹œ์œ„๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•œ ์šฐ์‚ฐ ํ˜๋ช…์„ ์ฐฌ์–‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ™์ฝฉ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์‹œ์œ„ ์ง„์••์„ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ณธํ† ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ ๊ธˆ์ง€ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 6์›”์—๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ํ™”์žฅํ’ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์ธ ๋ž‘์ฝค์ด 2016๋…„ 6์›” 19์ผ์— ํ™์ฝฉ์—์„œ ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ด€์˜ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์ธ ใ€Šํ™˜๊ตฌ์‹œ๋ณดใ€‹๋Š” ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ "ํ™์ฝฉ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์šด๋™ ์ง€๋„์ž"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋‹ด๊ธด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ž‘์ฝค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋งค ์šด๋™์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ž‘์ฝค์€ ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ํ˜ธ์˜ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ทจ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ™์ฝฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ž‘์ฝค์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์— ๊ตด๋ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ ์—ฌ๋ก ์ด ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ํ™์ฝฉ์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ํ˜ธ๋Š” 2016๋…„์— ์˜๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ณต์‚ฌ(BBC)๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ 100์ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ช…๋‹จ์ธ 100 ์œ„๋ฏผ(100 Women)์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ํ˜ธ๋Š” 2019๋…„ ํ™์ฝฉ ์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ ์ž์œ , ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์„ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ํ˜ธ๋Š” 2019๋…„ 7์›”์— ์Šค์œ„์Šค ์ œ๋„ค๋ฐ”์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์œ ์—” ์ธ๊ถŒ ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ์„ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ ์ž์œ , ์ธ๊ถŒ, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ์œ ์—” ์ธ๊ถŒ ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ถ•์ถœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์„ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์œ ์—” ์ฃผ์žฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์™ธ๊ต๊ด€๋“ค๊ณผ 2์ฐจ๋ก€์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ์„ค์ „์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 9์›” 17์ผ์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜ํšŒ์˜์‚ฌ๋‹น์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜ํšŒ ์‚ฐํ•˜ ์˜ํšŒยทํ–‰์ •๋ถ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์œ„์›ํšŒ ์ฒญ๋ฌธํšŒ์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™์ฝฉ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ์‹œ์œ„์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜ํšŒ์— ใ€Šํ™์ฝฉ ์ธ๊ถŒยท๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฒ•ใ€‹(Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act)์„ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒ…์†ฝ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์™ธ๊ต๋ถ€ ๋Œ€๋ณ€์ธ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ํ™์ฝฉ ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋นŒ๋ฏธ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚ด์ •์— ๊ฐ„์„ญํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ„์›์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 9์›” 29์ผ์—๋Š” ํƒ€์ด์™„ ํƒ€์ด๋ฒ ์ด์‹œ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ™์ฝฉ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™” ์‹œ์œ„ ์ง€์ง€ ์ง‘ํšŒ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋˜ ๋„์ค‘์— ํŽ˜์ธํŠธ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก ์ •๊ทœ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ 2002๋…„ ใ€ŠFree Loveใ€‹ 2003๋…„ ใ€ŠDress Me Up!ใ€‹ 2005๋…„ ใ€Š่‰ถๅ…‰ๅ››ๅฐ„ใ€‹ 2005๋…„ ใ€Šๆข็ฅไธ‹ไธ–ๅ‚ณๅฅ‡ใ€‹ 2006๋…„ ใ€ŠOur Time Has Comeใ€‹ 2007๋…„ ใ€ŠWhat Really Mattersใ€‹ 2008๋…„ ใ€ŠTen Days in the Madhouseใ€‹ 2009๋…„ ใ€ŠHeroesใ€‹ 2010๋…„ ใ€Š็„กๅยท่ฉฉใ€‹ 2011๋…„ ใ€ŠAwakeningใ€‹ 2012๋…„ ใ€ŠAwakening ่ณˆๅฏถ็Ž‰ใ€‹ 2013๋…„ ใ€Šๅ…ฑๅญ˜ใ€‹ 2013๋…„ ใ€ŠRecollectionsใ€‹ ์ปดํ•„๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ 2003๋…„ ใ€ŠRoundupใ€‹ 2004๋…„ ใ€ŠThe Best of HOCCใ€‹ 2008๋…„ ใ€ŠGoomusic Collection 2004-2008ใ€‹ EP ์Œ๋ฐ˜ 2001๋…„ ใ€Šfirst.ใ€‹ 2002๋…„ ใ€Šhoccยฒใ€‹ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ 2007๋…„ ใ€ŠWe Stand As Oneใ€‹ 2010๋…„ ใ€Š่ฉฉ่ˆ‡่ƒก่ชชใ€‹ 2011๋…„ ใ€ŠGreenใ€‹ 2012๋…„ ใ€Š็„ก่‡‰ไบบใ€‹ 2015๋…„ ใ€Šๆ˜ฏๆœ‰็จฎไบบใ€‹ 2016๋…„ ใ€ŠDearest Blackใ€‹ 2018๋…„ ใ€ŠๆฅตๅคœๅพŒใ€‹ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ 2007๋…„ ใ€ŠHocc Live in Unity 2006ใ€‹ 2007๋…„ ใ€ŠSmall Mattersใ€‹ 2009๋…„ ใ€Šๅฟซๆจ‚ๆ˜ฏๅ…่ฒป็š„้Ÿณๆจ‚ๆœƒใ€‹ 2010๋…„ ใ€ŠSupergooไฝ•้Ÿป่ฉฉๆผ”ๅ”ฑๆœƒ2009ใ€‹ 2011๋…„ ใ€ŠHocc Homecoming Live 2010ใ€‹ 2014๋…„ ใ€ŠMementoไฝ•้Ÿป่ฉฉๆผ”ๅ”ฑๆœƒ2013ใ€‹ 2015๋…„ ใ€ŠRe-imagine Hocc Live 2015ใ€‹ 2017๋…„ ใ€ŠDear Friend, ไฝ•้Ÿป่ฉฉ2016ๆผ”ๅ”ฑๆœƒใ€‹ 2019๋…„ ใ€ŠOn the Pulse of Hocc 2018 Liveใ€‹ ์ถœ์—ฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก ์˜ํ™” 1998๋…„ ใ€Š็ƒˆ็ซ้‘ๆ˜ฅใ€‹ (Rumble Ages) 2000๋…„ ใ€Šๅฆ–ๆ€ชๅ‚ณใ€‹ (The Slayer of Demons) 2003๋…„ ใ€Š่ฑชๆƒ…ใ€‹ (Naked Ambition) 2003๋…„ ใ€Šๅฐ‹ๆ‰พๅ‘จๆฐๅ€ซใ€‹ (Hidden Track) 2003๋…„ ใ€Šๅฎ‰ๅจœ่ˆ‡ๆญฆๆž—ใ€‹ (Anna in Kung Fu Land) 2003๋…„ ใ€Š1:99้›ปๅฝฑ่กŒๅ‹•ใ€‹ - ใ€ˆ่ชฐๆ˜ฏ้ฆ™ๆธฏๅฐๅง?ใ€‰ (1:99 Shorts: Who Is Miss Hong Kong?) 2007๋…„ ใ€Š้˜ฟๆฃฎไธ€ๆ—ๅคง้›ปๅฝฑใ€‹ (The Simpsons Movie) 2008๋…„ ใ€ŠๅŠŸๅคซ็†Š่ฒ“ใ€‹ (Kung Fu Panda) 2009๋…„ ใ€Šๆธธ้พๆˆฒ้ณณใ€‹ (Look for a Star) 2010๋…„ ใ€Š72ๅฎถ็งŸๅฎขใ€‹ (72 Tenants of Prosperity) 2010๋…„ ใ€Š่ฒ“็‹—้ฌฅๅคš็•ชใ€‹ (Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore) 2010๋…„ ใ€Šๆฑ้ขจ็ ดใ€‹ (Merry-Go-Round) 2011๋…„ ใ€ŠๅŠŸๅคซ็†Š่ฒ“ 2ใ€‹ (Kung Fu Panda 2) 2011๋…„ ใ€Šๅฅชๅ‘ฝ้‡‘ใ€‹ (Life Without Principle, ํƒˆ๋ช…๊ธˆ: ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ํ–‰๋ฐฉ) 2012๋…„ ใ€Š2012ๆˆ‘ๆ„›HK ๅ–œไธŠๅŠ ๅ›ใ€‹ (I Love Hong Kong 2012) 2012๋…„ ใ€Š่ก€ๆปดๅญใ€‹ 2013๋…„ ใ€Šๅคๆƒ‘ไป”๏ผšๆฑŸๆน–ๆ–ฐ็งฉๅบใ€‹ (Young and Dangerous: Reloaded) ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ 1999๋…„ ใ€Šๅ้ป‘ๅ…ˆ้‹’ใ€‹ (Anti-Crime Squad) 2000๋…„ ใ€Š้™€ๆงๅธซๅงIIใ€‹ (Armed Reaction II) 2004๋…„ ใ€ŠไธŠๆตท็˜ไน‹ไฟ ้†ซๅ‚ณๅฅ‡ใ€‹ (Shanghai Legend) 2007๋…„ ใ€Šๆฃฎไน‹ๆ„›ๆƒ…ใ€‹ (Colours of Love) 2010๋…„ ใ€Šๅฅณ็Ž‹่พฆๅ…ฌๅฎคใ€‹ (O.L. Supreme) ์ˆ˜์ƒ 2006๋…„ ์–ผํ‹ฐ๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ ์†ก ์ฐจํŠธ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ ์—ฌ์ž ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ๊ธˆ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ 2012๋…„ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์˜ํ™” ๋งค์ฒด์ƒ ์—ฌ์šฐ์กฐ์—ฐ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ 2013๋…„ ์–ผํ‹ฐ๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ ์†ก ์ฐจํŠธ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๋ฐ›๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ์ˆ˜์ƒ 2014๋…„ ์–ผํ‹ฐ๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ ์†ก ์ฐจํŠธ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ž˜ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๊ตฌ๋ฎค์ง ๊ณต์‹ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€ 1977๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์‹ฑ์–ด์†ก๋ผ์ดํ„ฐ ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์˜ํ™” ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์ธ๋ฌผ ๋ ˆ์ฆˆ๋น„์–ธ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์ธ๊ถŒ์šด๋™๊ฐ€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋กœ ๊ท€ํ™”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ™์ฝฉ๊ณ„ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์ธ ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์šด๋™๊ฐ€ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise%20Ho
Denise Ho
Denise Ho Wan-see (born 10 May 1977) is a Hong Kong-born Canadian Cantopop singer and actress. She is also a pro-democracy and Hong Kong human rights activist. In 2012, Ho came out as lesbian, the first mainstream Cantonese singer to do so. In 2014, Ho was blacklisted by the Chinese government and by the luxury brand Lancome for her participation in the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong. Ho is a Canadian citizen. On 28 December 2021, Ho was arrested by the Hong Kong police under the joint charges of both production and distribution of seditious materials. Early life and education Ho was born in Hong Kong. Both of her parents were teachers. She began her primary school education at the Diocesan Girls' Junior School. In 1988, she moved with her parents to Montreal, Canada. Ho first attended Collรจge Jean de la Mennais, an elementary and middle school in La Prairie, on the South Shore of Montreal, then attended Collรจge Jean-de-Brรฉbeuf, a Catholic college preparatory secondary school and private college. There, she received a Quebec Diploma of College Studies in Arts and Communications. In 1996, she returned to Hong Kong to take part in the New Talent Singing Awards (NTSA). Afterwards, she began her studies at Universitรฉ du Quรฉbec ร  Montrรฉal (UQAM) in graphic design. She was enrolled for only one semester before returning to Hong Kong to kickstart her career. Career 1996โ€“1999: Career begins At age 19, Ho enrolled in the 1996 New Talent Singing Awards and to her stated surprise, won the competition. This gave her the opportunity to meet Anita Mui, a renowned singer of Cantopopโ€”"queen of Hong Kong movies andโ€ฆrenowned in theโ€ฆ world of Cantonese pop music"โ€”of whom she had been a fan since childhood, and who would become her mentor following her win. This launched her career, and at this time she took on the stage name, "HoCC"; this gave her the opportunity to record an album, and gave her a recording contract with Capital Artists. In the intervening period between the contents win and her first album, Ho toured as a background vocalist with Mui, and hosted various television programs produced by TVB. 2000โ€“2004: Breakthrough Ho released her first album "First" in 2001, in her fourth year of the contract with Capital Artists. Produced by Choy Yat Chi of Grasshopper (band), this EP, containing her first single "Thousands More of Me" (ๅƒๅƒ่ฌ่ฌๅ€‹ๆˆ‘) and "Home of Glory" (ๅ…‰ๆฆฎไน‹ๅฎถ), defined with success Ho's style as the rock pop independent female she is up till recent years. She earned the award of โ€œBest New Singerโ€ in various prize presentation ceremonies that year. In October, Capital Artists announced bankruptcy, resulting in the end of Ho's first record label era. After Capital Artists closed, Ho joined EMI in 2002. Although she was only with the company for a brief 2-year period, it was during this time that her musical talents flourished. She teamed up with Ying C Foo (่‹ฑๅธซๅ‚…) for her first EMI label release, Hoccยฒ. The song "Angel Blues" (ๅคฉไฝฟ่—), composed by Ho herself, not only reached top spots on music charts, but according to Ho, it is also her "growing up" song. Another single in the EP, "Rosemary" (้œฒ็ตฒ็‘ช่Ž‰), written by Wyman Wong, created considerable controversies at the time, as it touched on the topic of lesbianism. This song also marked the beginning of Ho's series of songs containing gay themes. Following the success of "Rosemary" (้œฒ็ตฒ็‘ช่Ž‰), Ho continued the story of the two lovers in "Goodbye... Rosemary" (ๅ†่ฆ‹...้œฒ็ตฒ็‘ช่Ž‰) in her first full-length album, โ€œfree {love}โ€. In 2002, Ho's two singles "Angel Blues" (ๅคฉไฝฟ่—) and "Goodbye... Rosemary" (ๅ†่ฆ‹...้œฒ็ตฒ็‘ช่Ž‰) won multiple music awards in Hong Kong, including CASH Golden Sail Music Awards (CASH้‡‘ๅธ†้Ÿณๆจ‚็Ž) โ€“ "Best Vocal Performance by a Female Artist" for the song "Angel Blues". In the same year, Ho won the renowned "Female Singer Bronze Award" in the Ultimate Song Chart Awards Presentation (ๅฑๅ’ๆจ‚ๅฃ‡ๆต่กŒๆฆœ้ ’็Žๅ…ธ็ฆฎ). In 2003, Ho held a "Music is Live" concert with Andy Hui, who is also an apprentice of Anita Mui. Their performance won praise from the critics, and Ho proved to the audience her abilities to perform live as a musician. Later that year, Ho released her second full-length album "Dress Me Up!". She was the credited as the producer of the album, indicating that Ho has finally gained full control over her music. In September 2003, Ho's longtime mentor, Anita Mui announced she was diagnosed with cervical cancer. Shortly after the announcement, Anita lost her battle against cervical cancer and died on 30 December 2003. Between 2003 and 2004, Ho took on the role of hosting TVB's weekly live music show, Jade Solid Gold. In 2004, she appeared in Sammi Cheng's 2004 "Sammi vs. Sammi" concert as a cross-dressing cigarette-smoking admirer of Sammi Cheng. Ho's critically acclaimed performance in the short musical segment not only brought attention to the role she played, but also further established herself as a tremendous live performer. In September 2004, Ho signed a contract with East Asia Music. 2005โ€“2009: Continued success The album "Glamorous", which pays tribute to the superstars of the 1980s, was released in January 2005. It also marked the start of a close collaboration between Ho and the Green Mountain Orchestra band. She was named the Orbis Student Ambassador 2005, and visited Hainan in July. In September 2005, Ho performed in the musical Butterfly Lovers (ๆข็ฅไธ‹ไธ–ๅ‚ณๅฅ‡) as the leading actress, producer and musical director. Her album of the same name gave her three Number 1 singles โ€“ "Becoming a Butterfly" (ๅŒ–่ถ), "Lawrence and Lewis" (ๅ‹žๆ–ฏ๏ผŽ่Šๆ–ฏ) and "Coffee in a Soda Bottle" (ๆฑฝๆฐดๆจฝ่ฃก็š„ๅ’–ๅ•ก), which are all based on the story of the Butterfly Lovers, with possible homosexual themes. These singles helped her to receive the "Female Singer Silver Award" at the Ultimate Song Chart Awards Presentation 2005 (ๅฑๅ’ๆจ‚ๅฃ‡ๆต่กŒๆฆœ้ ’็Žๅ…ธ็ฆฎ). Ho held her first Hong Kong Coliseum concert "Live in Unity 2006" on 26โ€“28 October 2006. The concert was a great success and was positively received by the public. She decided to stage a second concert, "Live in Unity 2007", on 19โ€“20 January 2007 following the original concert's success. Her single, "We Stand As One", named after the slogan for the "Live in Unity" concerts, was released on 11 January 2007. Recordings of the concert were later released in February 2007. She went on a worldwide tour, performing in Toronto, Canada and Atlantic City, New Jersey. The significant public attention and positive reception to her music helped her garner the "Female Singer Gold Award" at the Ultimate Song Chart Awards Presentation 2006 (ๅฑๅ’ๆจ‚ๅฃ‡ๆต่กŒๆฆœ้ ’็Žๅ…ธ็ฆฎ). She sang the Chinese version of Ayumi Hamasaki's song "Secret", known as "Wounded City Secret" (ๅ‚ทๅŸŽ็ง˜ๅฏ†), for the 2006 movie Confession of Pain. She continued as the Orbis Student Ambassador 2006 and visited Vietnam, and later started her own charitable fund. In 2008, a new album "Ten Days in the Madhouse" was released. She produced this album from the viewpoint of society's outcasts and to raise awareness of mental health issues. She encouraged people to understand and find out more about people with mental illnesses and those who formerly suffered from mental illnesses, and care about their needs and situations. Ho encouraged communication between them and the public, ultimately, to achieve social harmony. "Ten Days in the Madhouse" was Ho's most ambitious project. Yet, with the release of a documentary by Hong Kong director Yan Yan Mak (Butterfly) and an exhibition for charity, Ho showed that a multimedia project by a musician can be about something more important than clothing tie-ins. In 2009, she followed up her plan from the previous year and organised a free concert called "Happiness is Free" in the outdoor courtyard of Diocesan Boys' School. She managed to book the place because her father was a teacher there. In June, she began shooting a new TVB sitcom titled O.L. Supreme with Liza Wang. In July, she released her new song "The Old Testament" (่ˆŠ็ด„) and announced that she would hold her "SUPERGOO" themed concerts from 9โ€“12 October that year. Following the concerts, Ho took on a role in the new stage comedy "Man and Woman, War and Peace" (็”ทไบบ่ˆ‡ๅฅณไบบไน‹ๆˆฐ็ˆญ่ˆ‡ๅ’Œๅนณ) directed by Edward Lam. The stage comedy was presented on 13โ€“16 November at Kwai Tsing Theatre in Hong Kong. 2010โ€“2015: Political awakening In 2010, Ho appeared in the film Life Without Principle directed by Johnnie To. In September 2010, her first Mandarin album "Nameless Poem" (็„กๅ๏ผŽ่ฉฉ) was released in Taiwan and Hong Kong, and she held "Homecoming" concerts in Hong Kong in December 2010. In 2011, Ho received her first nomination in the 22nd Golden Melody Awards as โ€œBest Mandarin Female Singerโ€. In 2012, she was nominated in the 49th Golden Horse Award for โ€œBest Actressโ€ for her performance in the movie โ€œLife Without Principleโ€. In the same year, she came out as gay at the fourth annual Hong Kong Pride Parade, becoming the first "mainstream female singer in Hong Kong to come out of the closet". Since then, Ho has been actively involved in striving for LGBT rights. In 2013, Ho continued the tour of her play, โ€œAwakeningโ€, in Singapore and in many cities in China. She released her second Mandarin album, โ€œCoexistenceโ€, which touches upon the theme of loving others despite differences. Ho received her second nomination in the 25th Golden Melody Awards as โ€œBest Mandarin Female Singerโ€ in 2014. At the end of 2014, the Umbrella Movement emerged in Hong Kong. Ho was a staunch supporter of the movement, and was later arrested when the police cleared the protest camps. Her active participation in Hong Kong's large-scale social movement led her to be blacklisted and banned from performing in China. 2015โ€“present: Independent artist In March 2015, Ho's contract with Media Asia Music (previously named as East Asia Music) expired. She announced in her Facebook and newspaper column in Apple Daily that she would become an independent artist. Afterwards, she organized multiple events on her own: โ€œReimagine Liveโ€, a self-funded concert in Taiwan, and a local charity market co-organized with Nomad Nomad. On 19โ€“24 August 2015, she also held a self-funded concert โ€œReimagine HK18โ€ in Hong Kong Queen Elizabeth Stadium. On 7โ€“10 October 2016, Ho returned to the Hong Kong Coliseum for her first crowdfunded concert โ€œDear Friend,โ€. As she was banned and blacklisted by China, Ho could not find any powerful sponsor that would support her shows. So she came up with a crowdfunding alternative she called โ€œTogetherly Exclusive.โ€ She invited individuals and small and medium enterprises to pledge sponsorship for the event. Eventually, sponsored by over 300 small enterprises and individuals, the four-day concert was successfully held and revisited 24 of the singer's greatest hits. Approaching the end of 2016, Ho was selected by the BBC as one of the โ€œ100 Women 2016โ€. From the end of 2017 to 2018, she went on a worldwide tour called โ€œDear Self, Dear Worldโ€, performing in Britain, Taiwan and the United States and Canada. She originally planned to continue the tour in Malaysia, but was forced to cancel as her visa application was rejected by the Immigration Department of Malaysia. In May 2018, Ho published a new song โ€œPolarโ€, marking her first attempt to write lyrics for a song. In September, Ho collaborated with Taiwanese band Chthonic on their song Millennia's Faith Undone, which required her to sing in Taiwanese Hokkien. Later, an acoustic version of the song was also released. At the end of 2018, she successfully organized a 6-day event called โ€œOn The Pulse Ofโ€ Festival in Hong Kong Science Park. The event is a combination of local market, music festival and Ho's concert. She tried to invite Chthonic to perform together in the festival, but the band's work visa application was denied. Eventually, Ho managed to make a joint performance on stage with Chthonic in her concert through video chat. In 2019, Ho started to become an active speaker in international human rights forum. In May 2019, Ho was invited to participate in Oslo Freedom Forum. She made a speech on the topic โ€œUnder the umbrella : Creative dissent in Hong Kongโ€ and performed โ€œPolarโ€ to the audience. Followed by that is Hong Kong's anti-extradition law amendment bill protests. Ho, as a Canto-pop star turned activist, got worldwide media coverage due to her active participation in the movement. On 8 July, she attended the United Nations Human Rights Council's meeting in Geneva. During her short speech, she called on the council to remove China from the body and convene an urgent session to protect Hongkongers, sparking two interruptions by Chinese delegate Dai Demao. On 20 August, Ho participated in Singularity University's (SU) annual Global Summit and did a keynote speech about how Hong Kong people utilize technology in their social movements. On 29 December 2021, Ho and five other people linked to Stand News, including barrister Margaret Ng, were arrested by Hong Kong Police on suspicion of breaching the colonial-era law covering conspiracy to print or distribute seditious materials. Ho is a Canadian citizen who partly grew up in Montreal; a Canadian government spokesman expressed concern about the arrests and stated that Canada and its allies would issue a statement. Activism When asked about the origins of her "passion for freedom of expression," Ho replied to reporter Frรฉdรฉric Leliรจvre of La Presse that it was probably from her being an adolescent in Montreal at the time of the 1995 Quebec referendum. LGBT issues Ho proudly announced herself as "tongzhi" (Cantonese: tung4 zi3), a Chinese slang term for homosexuals, at age 35, at the fourth annual Hong Kong Pride Parade on 10 November 2012. Sara Gates of The Huffington Post reports that the various Hong Kong media outlets had indicated that Ho was the first "mainstream female singer in Hong Kong to come out of the closet." Since then, Ho has been involved in the Big Love Alliance (ๅคงๆ„›ๅŒ็›Ÿ), a civil rights group striving equal rights for the LGBT community. This marks the start of her involvement in striving LGBT rights. Days later, she watched in appalled amazement as the city's parliament struck down a motion to launch a public consultation on LGBT discrimination. "It wasn't about gay marriage, nothing serious like that, just trying to do a public survey and it was blocked," she said. "I was so angry back then, and that was the first time I saw how unfair the system is, how the government controlled everything." Ho faced a visa refusal by Malaysia in February 2018, which forced her to cancel the concert in April, allegedly related to her stance on LGBT and her LGBT identity. Pro-democracy activism In 2014, Ho made her stance clear when police fired tear gas in a futile attempt to disperse thousands of mostly-young pro-democracy protesters who had taken to the streets for the "Umbrella Movement". "That was an enraging moment for me and for many other Hong Kong people," Ho said. "As a celebrity, as a public persona, as an adult, you have to speak out in support of these students and these other Hong Kong citizens." She took to the streets herself, becoming one of the movement's most outspoken supporters, and one of the last to be hauled off by the police when they cleared the protest camps. On 5 June 2016, French cosmetics brand Lancรดme cancelled a promotional concert by Denise Ho that was scheduled to be held on 19 June in Sheung Wan. This action was taken in response to a boycott campaign launched by the Communist Party-controlled Global Times, which accused her of supporting Hong Kong and Tibet independence, and backlash from mainland Chinese internet users. Lancรดme added, in a Facebook post, that Ho is not a spokesperson for the brand. The Tibet allegation appeared to have stemmed from Ho's May 2016 meeting with the Dalai Lama. Ho says that citizens' wish for self-rule is not a crime. Shortly after the Lancรดme incident, Ho announced a crowd-sponsorship campaign named "Togetherly Exclusive Sponsorship" for her Hong Kong Coliseum concert "Dear Friend,โ€. It was planned to be held in October of the same year, in response to being avoided by corporates. Approaching the end of 2016, Ho was selected by the BBC as one of the โ€œ100 Women 2016โ€. In 2019, Ho became an active speaker in international human rights forum. In May 2019, Ho was invited to participate in Oslo Freedom Forum, a global platform for human rights defenders to share their stories. She made a speech on the topic โ€œUnder the umbrella : Creative dissent in Hong Kongโ€ and performed โ€œPolarโ€ to the audience. Followed by that was her response to Hong Kong's anti-extradition law amendment bill protests. Ho got worldwide media coverage due to her supposed active participation in the movement. On 8 July, she attended the United Nations Human Rights Council's (UNHRC) meeting in Geneva. She asked the United Nations (UN) and the international community to protect the people of Hong Kong from infringements on their freedoms, saying that human rights were under "serious attack" in Hong Kong, and called on the UN to remove China from the Human Rights Council. According to Ho, China has engaged in kidnappings, jailed activists, disqualified pro-democracy lawmakers, and restricts universal suffrage. Her speech was interrupted twice by Chinese diplomat Dai Demao, who asserted Chinese sovereignty over Hong Kong. Dai accused Ho of "[mentioning] Hong Kong side-by-side with China", which he called an "affront" and accused her of using "abusive language." Her speech at the UNHRC was in reference to the China extradition bill protests and the ongoing freedom and democracy movement in Hong Kong. Speaking about the protests, Ho stated that police engage in excessive force, and that if the Hong Kong government continues to ignore citizen demands the opposition movement will continue. During an interview prior to the UN session, Ho called Beijing's abuses a global issue, and mentioned Tibet and Xinjiang as regions also suffering from human rights violations. On 20 August, Ho participated in Singularity University's (SU) annual Global Summit and did a keynote speech about how Hong Kong people utilize technology in their social movements. She attended the following events: Antidote 2019, a festival organized by the Sydney Opera House; "Be Water: Hong Kong vs China", a seminar co-organized with Badiucao in Melbourne; and this year's second Oslo Freedom Forum, which will take place in Taiwan. On 17 September, Ho and other activists participated in a Congressional-Executive Commission on China (CECC) commission in the United States Capitol. She emphasized that the Hong Kong police were using excessive violence on the protesters, and urged the U.S. Congress to pass the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act. In response, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Geng Shuang called for foreign legislatures to not interfere in China's internal affairs. Ho rejected this in her testimony, saying, "This is not a plea for so-called foreign interference. This is a plea for democracy." A 90-minute documentary film produced by Sue Williams, Denise Ho: Becoming the Song, released on 1 July 2020 in solidarity with the protest, marking the 23rd anniversary of Britain's handover of Hong Kong to China in 1997. On 11 May 2022, Ho was arrested under the charge of "colluding with foreign forces" by the national security police. Discography Studio albums first. (EP) (2001) hoccยฒ (EP) (2002) free {love} (2002) Dress Me Up (2003) Glamorous (2005) Butterfly Lovers (2005) Our Time Has Come (2006) What Really Matters (2007) Ten Days in the Madhouse (2008) Heroes (2009) Unnamed.Poem (2010) Awakening (2011) Coexistence (2013) Recollections (2013) Compilation albums Roundup (New + Best Selection) (2003) Goomusic Collection 2004-2008 (2008) Live albums HOCC Live in Unity (2007) Supergoo ยท Live (2009) Coexistence ยท Legacy Taipei Live (2013) Memento Live 2013 (2014) Reimagine Live 2015 (2015) Dear Friend, Concert 2016 Live (2017) Dear Self, Dear World ยท Live in Montreal (2019) On the Pulse of HOCC 2018 Live (2019) Filmography Film 1998 โ€“ Rumble Ages (็ƒˆ็ซ้’ๆ˜ฅ) 1999 - Anti Crime Squad 2000 โ€“ The Slayer of Demons (ๅฆ–ๆ€ชๅ‚ณ) โ€“ Voice only: Sakuya (่ฒๆผ”: ็ฅžๆœจๆซปๅคœ) 2003 โ€“ 1:99 2003 โ€“ Naked Ambition (่ฑชๆƒ…) 2003 โ€“ Anna in Kungfuland (ๅฎ‰ๅจœ่ˆ‡ๆญฆๆž—) 2003 โ€“ Hidden Track (ๅฐ‹ๆ‰พๅ‘จๆฐๅ€ซ) 2006 โ€“ Superstition 2007 โ€“ The Simpsons Movie (้˜ฟๆฃฎไธ€ๆ—ๅคง้›ปๅฝฑ) โ€“ Hong Kong Voice only: Bart Simpson 2008 โ€“ Kung Fu Panda (ๅŠŸๅคซ็†Š่ฒ“) โ€“ Hong Kong Voice only: Tigress 2009 โ€“ Look for a Star (ๆธธ้พๆˆฒ้ณณ) 2010 โ€“ 72 Tenants of Prosperity (72ๅฎถ็งŸๅฎข) 2010 โ€“ Merry-Go-Round (ๆฑ้ขจ็ ด) 2011 โ€“ Kung Fu Panda (ๅŠŸๅคซ็†Š่ฒ“) โ€“ Hong Kong Voice only: Tigress 2011 โ€“ Life Without Principle (ๅฅชๅ‘ฝ้‡‘) 2012 โ€“ I Love Hong Kong 2012 (2012ๆˆ‘ๆ„›HK ๅ–œไธŠๅŠ ๅ›) 2013 โ€“ Young and Dangerous: Reloaded (ๅคๆƒ‘ไป”๏ผšๆฑŸๆน–ๆ–ฐ็งฉๅบ) 2020 โ€“ Denise Ho: Becoming the Song โ€“ documentary film produced by Sue Williams TV series 1999 โ€“ Anti-Crime Squad (ๅ้ป‘ๅ…ˆ้‹’) as ๅ–ฎ่งฃๅฟƒ 2004 โ€“ Shanghai Legend (ไธŠๆตท็˜ไน‹ไฟ ้†ซๅ‚ณๅฅ‡)as ๆฑŸ้›ช 2010 โ€“ O.L. Supreme (ๅฅณ็Ž‹่พฆๅ…ฌๅฎค) as Music Miu ็น†ๆƒœไน‹ Concerts and tours Live in Unity (2006) Happiness is Free (2009) Supergoo (2009) Homecoming Live (2010) Memento Live (2013) Reimagine Hong Kong (2015) Dear Friend, (2016) Dear Self, Dear World (2017-2018) On The Pulse Of (2018) International conferences and talks May 2019 โ€“ Oslo Freedom Forum (Oslo) July 2019 โ€“ United Nations Human Rights Council's meeting (Geneva) August 2019 โ€“ Singularity University's (SU) annual Global Summit (San Francisco) September 2019 โ€“ Antidote 2019 by Sydney Opera House (Sydney) September 2019 โ€“ "Be Water: Hong Kong vs China" Seminar with Badiucao (Melbourne) September 2019 - Oslo Freedom Forum (Taipei) October 2019 - Oslo Freedom Forum (New York) December 2019- TEDWomen โ€” Brilliant and Bold February 2020- Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy โ€” (Geneva) Awards and nominations Ho has received numerous awards. As a solo artist she has achieved IFPI's "Top 10 Best-selling Local Artists Award" for 9 consecutive years, making her one of the best-selling artists in Hong Kong. She had also won the title of "Best Female Singer" and "My Favourite Female Singer" in the CRHK Ultimate Song Chart Awards Presentation over the past years, securing her position as a leading pop diva in the city. In recent years, although she is blacklisted by China, she has started up her own record label and continued to produce music. In 2019, she has collaborated with CHTHONIC, a Taiwanese band, to make the song "Millennia's Faith Undone". The song is nominated as "Song of the Year" in the 30th Golden Melody Awards. Despite her robust music career, she has also made numerous attempts in the area of film and drama. As one of the leading actress in Johnnie To's award-winning film, "Life Without Principles", she had received recognition for her performance by achieving nominations and awards in the Hong Kong Film Awards, Golden Horse Awards and Chinese Film Media Awards respectively. Films Dramas Music See also LGBT culture in Hong Kong 2014 Umbrella Revolution 2019โ€“20 Hong Kong protests References External links Denise Ho's Official Blog Denise Ho's Former Official Blog 1977 births Activists from Montreal Actresses from Montreal Hong Kong contraltos Hong Kong emigrants to Canada 20th-century Hong Kong women singers Hong Kong film actresses Hong Kong television actresses Lesbian singers Hong Kong lesbian actresses Hong Kong lesbian musicians Hong Kong LGBT rights activists Hong Kong LGBT singers Living people Naturalized citizens of Canada New Talent Singing Awards contestants Singers from Montreal Hong Kong democracy activists Hong Kong women activists 20th-century Canadian actresses 20th-century Canadian women singers 20th-century Hong Kong actresses 21st-century Canadian actresses 21st-century Canadian women singers 21st-century Hong Kong actresses 21st-century Hong Kong women singers Women civil rights activists 20th-century Hong Kong LGBT people 21st-century Hong Kong LGBT people
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%96%B4%EC%8A%A4
์›์–ด์Šค
{{์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ •๋ณด | ์ด๋ฆ„ = ์›์–ด์Šค | ์›์–ด์ด๋ฆ„ = ONEUS | ๋กœ๊ณ  = Oneus logo.svg | ๊ทธ๋ฆผ = ์›์–ด์Šค (ONEUS) @ 190115 tbs ํŒฉํŠธ์ธ์Šคํƒ€ ํŒฉํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ํฌํ† ํƒ€์ž„ (1).png | ์„ค๋ช… = | ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์ง€์—ญ = ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ | ์žฅ๋ฅด = K-pop, ๋Œ„์Šค, ์–ผํ„ฐ๋„ˆํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํž™ํ•ฉ, R&B | ํ™œ๋™์‹œ๊ธฐ = 2019๋…„ 1์›” 9์ผ ~ ํ˜„์žฌ | ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ” = | ์†Œ์†์‚ฌ = RBW | ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ = | ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› = ์ด์„œํ˜ธ์ด๋„๊ฑดํฌํ™˜์›…์†๋™์ฃผ| ์ „๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› = ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ}}์›์–ด์Šค'''(ONEUS)๋Š” 2019๋…„ 1์›” 9์ผ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ 5์ธ์กฐ ๋ณด์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด๋‹ค. ํŒ€๋ช… ์›์–ด์Šค(ONEUS)๋Š” '์œ  ๋ฉ”์ดํฌ ์–ด์Šค(You Make Us)โ€™์˜ ์–ด์Šค(Us)์™€ ํ•˜๋‚˜(One)๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ด ํ•ฉ์ณ์ง„ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด๋‹ค. 'ํŒฌ ํ•œ ๋ช… ํ•œ ๋ช…(ONE)์˜ ํž˜์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ(US)'๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 'ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ(US)๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ชจ์—ฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜(ONE)์˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค'๋Š” ํฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŒฌ๋ค๋ช…์€ TOMOON์ด๋‹ค. ํ™œ๋™ 2019: ๋ฐ๋ท”, LIGHT US 2019๋…„ 1์›” 9์ผ, ์›์–ด์Šค๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ใ€ŠLIGHT USใ€‹์„ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹น์ผ ์˜คํ›„์— ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ๊ด‘์ง„๊ตฌ ์˜ˆ์Šค24 ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒํ™€์—์„œ ๋ฐ๋ท” ์‡ผ์ผ€์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ๊ณก์€ ใ€ˆ๋ฐœํ‚ค๋ฆฌ (Valkyrie)ใ€‰์ด๋‹ค. 2019: RAISE US 2019๋…„ 5์›” 29์ผ, ์›์–ด์Šค๋Š” 4๊ฐœ์›” ๋งŒ์— ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ใ€ŠRAISE USใ€‹์„ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹น์ผ ์˜คํ›„์— ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ๋งˆํฌ๊ตฌ ์„œ๊ต๋™ ํ™๋Œ€ ๋ฌด๋ธŒํ™€์—์„œ ์ปด๋ฐฑ ์‡ผ์ผ€์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์Œ๋ฐ˜์€ ํ•ด์งˆ๋…˜์„ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์†๋‹ด โ€˜๊ฐœ์™€ ๋Š‘๋Œ€์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„โ€™์„ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ๊ณก์€ ใ€ˆํƒœ์–‘์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค (Twilight)ใ€‰์ด๋‹ค. 2019: FLY WITH US 2019๋…„ 9์›” 30์ผ, ์›์–ด์Šค๋Š” 4๊ฐœ์›” ๋งŒ์— ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ใ€ŠFLY WITH USใ€‹์„ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ๊ณก์€ ใ€ˆ๊ฐ€์ž (LIT)ใ€‰์ด๋‹ค. 2020: IN ITS TIME 2020๋…„ 3์›” 24์ผ, ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ใ€ŠIN ITS TIMEใ€‹์„ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ๊ณก์€ ใ€ˆ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง„ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ใ€‰์ด๋‹ค. 2020: LIVED 2020๋…„ 8์›” 19์ผ, ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ใ€ŠLIVEDใ€‹ ๋กœ ์ปด๋ฐฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ๊ณก์€ ใ€ˆTo Be Or Not To Beใ€‰์ด๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก ใ€ˆAirplaneใ€‰์œผ๋กœ ํ›„์† ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2020: ๋ฟŒ์…”(BBUSYEO) 2020๋…„ 12์›” 1์ผ, ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ใ€Š๋ฟŒ์…”(BBUSYEO)ใ€‹๋กœ ์ปด๋ฐฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ๊ณก์€ ใ€ˆ๋ฟŒ์…”(BBUSYEO)ใ€‰์ด๋‹ค. 2021: DEVIL 2021๋…„ 1์›” 19์ผ, ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ •๊ทœ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ใ€ŠDEVILใ€‹๋กœ ์ปด๋ฐฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ๊ณก์€ ใ€ˆ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•๋ถˆ๊ฐ€>์ด๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก ใ€ˆ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ ํ๋ฅธ๋‹คใ€‰๋กœ ํ›„์† ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค 2021: Binary Code 2021๋…„ 5์›” 11์ผ, ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ใ€ŠBinary Codeใ€‹๋กœ ์ปด๋ฐฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ๊ณก์€ ใ€ˆBLACK MIRRORใ€‰์ด๋‹ค. 2021: BLOOD MOON, ๋ฐ๋ท” ํ›„ ์ฒซ 1์œ„ 2021๋…„ 11์›” 9์ผ, ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ใ€ŠBLOOD MOONใ€‹๋กœ ์ปด๋ฐฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ๊ณก์€ ใ€ˆLUNA (์›”ํ•˜๋ฏธ์ธ)ใ€‰์ด๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 11์›” 17์ผ, ์‡ผ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์—์„œ ๋ฐ๋ท” ํ›„ ์ฒซ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2022: TRICKSTER 2022๋…„ 5์›” 17์ผ, ์ผ๊ณฑ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ใ€ŠTRICKSTERใ€‹๋กœ ์ปด๋ฐฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ๊ณก์€ ใ€ˆ๋ค๋ฒผ (Bring it on)ใ€‰์ด๋‹ค. 2022: MALUS, ๋ฉค๋ฒ„ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ ํƒˆํ‡ด 2022๋…„ 9์›” 5์ผ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ใ€ŠMALUSใ€‹๋กœ ์ปด๋ฐฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ๊ณก์€ ใ€ˆSame Scentใ€‰์ด๋‹ค. ํ™œ๋™ ํ›„ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ์ด ํƒˆํ‡ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2023: PYGMALION 5์ธ ์ฒด์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐœํŽธ ํ›„ 2023๋…„ 5์›” 8์ผ, ์•„ํ™‰ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ใ€ŠPYGMALIONใ€‹๋กœ ์ปด๋ฐฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ๊ณก์€ ใ€ˆERASE MEใ€‰์ด๋‹ค. 2023: La Dolce Vita 2023๋…„ 9์›” 26์ผ, ์—ด ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ใ€ŠLa Dolce Vitaใ€‹๋กœ ์ปด๋ฐฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ๊ณก์€ ใ€ˆBaila Conmigoใ€‰์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ์ด์ „ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๊ทœ EP ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์ˆ˜์ƒ TV ๊ฐ€์š” ์ฐจํŠธ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์‹œ์ƒ์‹ 2019๋…„ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ์ผ€์ด๋ฎค์ง ์–ด์›Œ์ฆˆ ๋„ฅ์ŠคํŠธ ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ์ƒ 2020๋…„ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ์ผ€์ด๋ฎค์ง ์–ด์›Œ์ฆˆ ์‹ ํ•œ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฎค์ง ์•„์ด์ฝ˜์ƒ 2020๋…„ ์ œ5ํšŒ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ ์–ด์›Œ์ฆˆ AAA ํฌ์ปค์Šค์ƒ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์›์–ด์Šค - ์Šคํฌํ‹ฐํŒŒ์ด ์›์–ด์Šค - ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ์ฑ„๋„ ์›์–ด์Šค RBW ์†Œ์† ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน K-pop ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํŒ ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ„์Šค ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ณด์ด ๋ฐด๋“œ ์•„์ด๋Œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์•„์ด๋Œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน 2020๋…„๋Œ€ ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน 5์ธ์กฐ ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน 2019๋…„ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ๋œ ์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneus
Oneus
Oneus (, pronounced as "One Us") is a South Korean boy band formed by RBW. The group consists of five members: Seoho, Leedo, Keonhee, Hwanwoong and Xion. The group released their debut extended play Light Us on January 9, 2019. History 2017โ€“2018: Pre-debut Individual members of Oneus came out of various trainee programs. Seoho, then known as Gunmin, Keonhee and Hwanwoong were trainees for RBW in the second season of Produce 101 during the first half of 2017, and Ravn and Seoho were trainees for RBW on the YG survival show Mix Nine during the second half of 2017. Leedo also participated in Mix Nine as an independent trainee, but did not pass the first audition. RBW started a pre-debut project "RBW Trainee Real Life โ€“ We Will Debut" in late 2017, to showcase the label's promising male trainees. Produce 101 frontrunners Keonhee and Hwanwoong were the first to join the lineup. In December 2017, They participated in the second chapter 'Special Party' with their label-mates MAS. In early 2018, Keonhee and Hwanwoong, with the addition of Ravn and Seoho, were introduced as pre-debut team RBW Boyz, with Leedo and Xion added in March 2018. They were renamed Oneus in June 2018. On September 27, Oneus and their label-mates Onewe (formerly MAS) released a pre-debut single "Last Song". 2019: Debut The group's debut EP Light Us was released on January 9, with "Valkyrie" serving as its lead single. The single charted in the top ten of several countries' iTunes charts, including at number one in the U.S. and Australia, as well as at number fifteen on Billboard'''s World Digital Song Sales chart. Oneus released their second EP Raise Us on May 29, with the lead single titled "Twilight". Releasing a Japanese version of the single on August 27, Oneus made their official Japanese debut. The Japanese version of "Twilight" sold more than 60,000 copies by October. The group also held their first concert in Japan, 2019 Oneus Japan 1st Live: ๅ…‰ๅทฎ, with shows at Osaka's Zepp Namba on July 28 and Tokyo's Zepp DiverCity on August 25. In August, the group won the "Next Artist Award" at the 2019 Soribada Best K-Music Awards. Oneus released their third EP Fly with Us on September 30, with the lead single titled "Lit". Following the release of the EP, they held their first tour in the U.S., also called Fly With Us in November 2019. The tour made stops in six cities: New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Dallas, Minneapolis and Los Angeles. On December 18, they had their first Japanese comeback with the single "808". "808" debuted at number 1 on the Oricon Daily Single Chart with 3,662 copies sold on the first day of release. 2020: In Its Time, Road to Kingdom, Lived, and "Bbusyeo" On January 10, Oneus held a fan-meeting in honor of their one-year anniversary, called Our Moment, at Yes 24 Live Hall in Seoul. In early February, Oneus had a second concert series in Japan, Fly With Us Final, performing in Osaka on February 8 and 9 and in Chiba on February 15 and 16. The concert had 2,200 in attendance in Osaka and 3,800 in attendance in Chiba. On March 20, it was announced that the group would join Mnet's reality television competition Road to Kingdom. For the show's finale on June 12, Oneus released their song "Come Back Home" and finished in fourth place overall. On March 24, the group released their first single album called In Its Time with the lead single "A Song Written Easily". The song was the group's third single to chart on Billboard's World Digital Song Sales chart, ranking the highest of the three singles at number eleven. On August 19, the group released their fourth EP Lived, with the lead single "To Be Or Not To Be". On December 1, the group released their first digital single "Bbusyeo". 2021: Devil, Binary Code, and Blood Moon On January 19, the group released their first studio album Devil, with the album consisting of eleven tracks, including the lead single "No Diggity". On May 11, the group released their fifth EP Binary Code, with the lead single "Black Mirror". The EP also contained a rock version of their debut song "Valkyrie". It was announced that Oneus would be holding an online and offline concert "Oneus Theatre: Blood Moon" in Seoul from November 6 to 7. On November 9, the group released their sixth EP Blood Moon, with the lead single "Luna". On November 17, the group earned their first music show win of their career with "Luna" on MBC M's Show Champion. On December 21, Oneus released a new collaboration single with Onewe titled "Stay". 2022: Blood Moon tour, Trickster, Malus and Ravn's departure In February 2022, Oneus began their U.S. tour, with twelve stops including major cities such as New York City and Los Angeles and smaller cities such as Wilkes-Barre and Lawrence. In April, Oneus announced two stops to continue their Blood Moon tour, holding their third Japanese concert with a show in Chiba and in Osaka. They also announced a comeback with their seventh EP Trickster, which was released on May 17, with the lead single "Bring It On". On June 1, RBW released the poster "2022 Oneus Japan 1st Fanmeeting 'Summer'" via ONEUS's official SNS which is a Japanese fan meeting event that was held on June 25 and July 3. On August 16, they announced their comeback on September 5 with their eighth EP, Malus''. On October 17, 2022, RBW announced the temporary suspension of Ravn's activities due to reports of inappropriate behavior, and until the fact check is complete. On October 27, 2022, RBW announced that after consideration, Ravn had made the decision to voluntarily leave the group, making Oneus a five-member group. Members Adapted from Naver. Current Seoho () Leedo () Keonhee () Hwanwoong () Xion () Former Ravn () โ€“ (2018โ€“2022) Discography Studio albums Extended plays Single album Singles As lead artist Collaborations Other songs Filmography Reality shows Web dramas Hosting Awards and nominations Notes References External links South Korean boy bands South Korean dance music groups K-pop music groups Musical groups established in 2018 2018 establishments in South Korea
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4%20%EC%A0%9C%EC%9D%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4
์ฐฐ์Šค ์ œ์ธ์›จ์ด
์ฐฐ์Šค ์ œ์ธ์›จ์ด(Charles Alderson Janeway, Jr., 1943 โ€“ 2003)๋Š” ์„ ์ฒœ๋ฉด์—ญ (innate immunity)์˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ ํ•™์ž์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ณผํ•™์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ (National Academy of Sciences )์˜ ํšŒ์›์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” Yale University ์˜๋Œ€์—์„œ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ง์„ ์—ญ์ž„ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) ์ฑ…์ž„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์•  1943๋…„ 2์›” 5์ผ ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด์—์„œ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ Charles A. Janeway์™€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ Elizabeth B. Janeway ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์ œ์ธ์›จ์ด๋Š” ๋งค์‚ฌ์ถ”์„ธ์Šค์ฃผ ์›จ์Šคํ„ด์—์„œ ์ž๋ž๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‰ดํ—ดํŠธ์…”์ฃผ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•„๋ฆฝ์Šค ์—‘์Šคํ„ฐ(Phillips Exeter Academy)๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ•˜๊ณ  Harvard ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ 1963๋…„ ์ƒ์œ„ 5%์˜ ํ•™์ ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ (summa cum laude, ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ƒ) ํ™”ํ•™ ํ•™์‚ฌ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์˜ํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „ํ•ด์ง„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ Charles Alderson Janeway๋Š” 1946๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1974๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ Boston Children 's Hospital์˜ ์ˆ˜์„์˜์‚ฌ(physician in chief)์˜€๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” Boston Lying-In Hospital์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์‚ฌ์˜€๋‹ค. 1969๋…„ ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ์˜ํ•™ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋“ํ•œ Janeway๋Š” ์ €๋ช…ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ๊ณ„์Šน๋˜๋Š” ๊ธด ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊ณ„์—ด์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์™ธ์—๋„ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์ธ Theodore C. Janeway๋Š” Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine์˜ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ „์ž„ ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฆ์กฐ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์ธ Edward G. Janeway๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•์‹œ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ตญ์žฅ (Health Commissioner)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ Janeway๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ(Harvard) ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ํœด ๋งฅ๋ฐ๋น„ํŠธ(Hugh McDevitt ), ์˜๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ์˜ํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ(National Institute for Medical Research)์˜ ์กด ํ—˜ํ”„๋ฆฌ(John Humphrey ), ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์ผ€์ž„๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต(Cambridge University)์˜ ๋กœ๋นˆ ์ฟฐ์Šค(Robin Coombs)๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด์˜ Peter Bent Brigham Hospital์—์„œ ๋‚ด๊ณผ ์ธํ„ด์‰ฝ์„ ๋งˆ์ณค๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๋ฆด๋žœ๋“œ์ฃผ ๋ฒ ๋ฐ์Šค๋‹ค(Bethesda)์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๋ณด๊ฑด์› (National Institutes of Health)์—์„œ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์•” ํด (William E. Paul)๊ณผ 5๋…„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์Šค์›จ๋ด ์›์‚ด๋ผ ๋Œ€ํ•™ (Uppsala University)์—์„œ Hans Wigzell๊ณผ 2๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ํ›„ 1977๋…„ Yale ๊ต์ˆ˜์ง„์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ 1983๋…„ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ ์Šน์ง„ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 1988๋…„ ์˜ˆ์ผ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋ฉด์—ญ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๋ถ„๊ณผ (Section of Immunobiology)๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ณตํ—Œ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Section of Immunobiology๋Š” 1998๋…„๋„์— ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญํ•™๊ณผ์˜ ์ „์‹ ์ด๋‹ค. Janeway๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฉด์—ญํ•™์ž ์ค‘ ํ•œ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฉด์—ญํ•™์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” T ๋ฆผํ”„๊ตฌ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ดํ•ด์— ํฐ ๊ณตํ—Œ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์„ ์ธ ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ๋ฉด์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ฒ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Janeway๋Š” 1989๋…„์— ์ ์‘์„ฑ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘(adaptive immune response)์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์„ ์ฒœ์ ๋ฉด์—ญ๊ณ„(innate immune response)์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ†ต์ œ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ ์ฒœ์  ๋ฉด์—ญ์ธ์‹์ด ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์ธ์‹ ์ด๋ก (pattern recognition theory)์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ ์‘๋ฉด์—ญ์˜ ์„ ์ฒœ์  ์กฐ์ ˆ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์€ ์ดํ›„ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ•™์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ ์ฐจ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ ์ฒœ๋ฉด์—ญ๊ณ„์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ์„ ์ฒœ๋ฉด์—ญ๊ณผ ์ ์‘๋ฉด์—ญ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ํ‹€์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์€ 2011๋…„ ๋…ธ๋ฒจ์˜ํ•™์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ณ„์„ธํ•œ ํ›„์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ์™€ ํ›„๋ฐฐ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์—…์ ์ด ์ธ์ •์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ 1989๋…„ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ, Approaching the asymptote Evolution and revolution in immunology (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2700931/), ์— ์ž˜ ์„ค๋ช…๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Janeway๋Š” ์ด ์™ธ์—๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญํ•™์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Janeway๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ›„ ๊ณผ์ • ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž์ฒด ํ•ญ์›์ด MHC ํด๋ž˜์Šค II ๋ถ„์ž์™€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ ํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ T ์ž„ํŒŒ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด (T cell antigen receptor)๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ MHC ํด๋ž˜์Šค II ๋ถ„์ž์™€ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ ์ธ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (9). ์ด ๋ฐ–์—๋„ ๊ทธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ •๋„์ด๋‹ค. Janeway๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์• ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉด์—ญํ•™ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์ธ Immunobiology ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ €์ž๋กœ 1993๋…„์— Yale ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ•์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ต์žฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ 2004๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋œ ๋ฒ„์ ผ์„ ์ œ 6ํŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ ์ดํ›„ Ken Murphy๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋™๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ํ›„๋ฐฐ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด Immunobiology๋ฅผ ๊ฐฑ์‹  ์ถœํŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ถœํŒ ๋œ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํŒ ๋“ค์€ ์ œ์ธ์›จ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•˜์—ฌ Janeway์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™(Janeway's Immunobiology)์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Š” 300 ํŽธ์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฉด์—ญํ•™์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋†“๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. Janeway๋Š” Trudeau Institute ๋ฐ Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB)์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์˜ ์ด์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ 1997-1998๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฉด์—ญํ•™์ž ํ˜‘ํšŒ(American Association of Immunologists) ํšŒ์žฅ์„ ์—ญ์ž„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Janeway๋Š” Kim Bottomly, Ph.D.์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜์—ฌ Katherine A. Janeway, MD, Hannah H. Janeway, MD ๋ฐ Megan G. Janeway, MD์˜ ์„ธ ๋”ธ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋”ธ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์„ ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์˜ํ•™์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 2003๋…„ 4์›” 12์ผ ๋‰ดํ—ค์ด๋ธ ์žํƒ์—์„œ ๋ณ„์„ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ 2003๋…„ ์•” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ Institute of William B. Coley Award 2001 ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฉด์—ญ ํ•™์ž ํ˜‘ํšŒ ํ‰์ƒ ๊ณต๋กœ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์—์ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ ๋žœ๋“œ ์Šคํƒ€์ด๋„ˆ ์ƒ Yale University, Bohmfalk Teaching Award (1991) ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ Janeway ๋“ฑ. ๋ฉด์—ญ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ . ์ œ 7ํŒ ISBN ย  0-8153-4101-6 . (5th ed.๋Š” NCBI์—์„œ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐ ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค .) ) 9. Soon-Cheol Hong, AdinaChelouche, Rong-hwaLin, DavidShaywitz, Ned S.Braunstein, LaurieGlimcher, Charles A.JanewayJr (1992). "An MHC interaction site maps to the amino-terminal half of the T cell receptor ฮฑ chain variable domain. (Cell). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(92)90618-M โˆ—https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/009286749290618M ํ•„๋ฆฝ์Šค ์—‘์„œํ„ฐ ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ๋™๋ฌธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณผํ•™ ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ์˜ ํšŒ์› ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญํ•™์ž 2003๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง 1943๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Janeway
Charles Janeway
Charles Alderson Janeway, Jr. (1943โ€“2003) was a noted immunologist who helped create the modern field of innate immunity. A member of the National Academy of Sciences, he held a faculty position at Yale University's Medical School and was an Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator. Early life Born in Boston on February 5, 1943, to Charles A. and Elizabeth B. Janeway, Charles Janeway was raised in Weston, Massachusetts. He was educated at Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire, and Harvard College, where he graduated summa cum laude in 1963 with a bachelor's degree in chemistry. His interest in medicine was inspired by his parents: his father Charles Alderson Janeway was physician-in-chief at Boston Children's Hospital from 1946 to 1974 and his mother was a social worker at the Boston Lying-In Hospital. By earning his medical degree from Harvard Medical School in 1969, Janeway joined a long family line of prominent physicians. In addition to his father, his grandfather, Theodore C. Janeway, was the first full-time professor of medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and his great-grandfather, Edward G. Janeway, was the Commissioner of Health of the City of New York. Career Janeway trained in basic-science research with Hugh McDevitt at Harvard, John Humphrey at the National Institute for Medical Research in England, and with Robin Coombs at Cambridge University in England. He completed an internal medicine internship at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston. Following five years of immunology research at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Md., under William E. Paul, and two years at Uppsala University in Sweden under Hans Wigzell, he joined the faculty of Yale University in 1977. In 1983, he was promoted to Professor of Pathology. In 1998, he was a founding member of the Section of Immunobiology at Yale University School of Medicine. Janeway was one of the leading immunologists of his generation, studying the innate immune system and the biology of T cells. In 1989, he predicted that activation of the adaptive immune response is controlled by the more ancient innate immune system recognizing patterns of pathogens. Janeway made fundamental contributions to many other areas of immunology, including co-discovery of bacterial superantigens. Together with Alexander Rudensky, Janeway also characterized how self antigens associate with MHC class II molecules. Janeway is particularly well known as the lead author of Immunobiology, a standard textbook on immunology. Since the 2008 publishing of its seventh edition, it has been renamed as Janeway's Immunobiology in his memory. He also published more than 300 scientific papers. Janeway also served on the board of directors of several research institutes, including the Trudeau Institute, and the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. He was president of the American Association of Immunologists from 1997 to 1998. Janeway was married to H. Kim Bottomly, Ph.D., and had three daughters: Katherine A. Janeway, M.D., Hannah H. Janeway, M.D., and Megan G. Janeway, M.D. He died on April 12, 2003, in his home in New Haven, Connecticut. Awards 2003 Cancer Research Institute William B. Coley Award 2001 American Association of Immunologists Lifetime Achievement Award 2002 German Society for Immunology Avery-Landsteiner Award 1991 Bohmfalk Teaching Award, Yale University References 1943 births 2003 deaths American immunologists Howard Hughes Medical Investigators Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Harvard Medical School alumni Phillips Exeter Academy alumni People from Weston, Massachusetts
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC%20%EB%A6%BC%ED%94%84%EC%A2%85
B-์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…
B-์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…()์€ B ์„ธํฌ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…์€ ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ์—์„œ์˜ "ํ˜ˆ์•ก์•”"์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋…ธ์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ™”๋œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์—์„œ ๋” ์ž์ฃผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. B ์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…์€ ํ˜ธ์ง€ํ‚จ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋น„ํ˜ธ์ง€ํ‚จ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ „ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €์„ฑ์žฅ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฌด์ฆ์ƒ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์กฐ์ ˆ(์™„ํ™”) ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘์ค‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ์˜ˆํ›„์™€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํŠน์ • ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์น˜๋ฃŒ์—๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๋ฐ ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์ €์„ฑ์žฅ์„ฑ B ์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…์€ ์ข…์ข… ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์—†์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์€ 70-90%์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์†๋„๋กœ ํ™”ํ•™ ์š”๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ง๊ธฐ ๋ฌด์ฆ์ƒ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…์€ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ›„๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์€ 70% ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์†๋„๋กœ ํ™”ํ•™ ์š”๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ข…๋ฅ˜ B ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ WHO ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋กœ, ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋น„ํ˜ธ์ง€ํ‚จ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข… ํ™˜์ž 4๋ช… ์ค‘ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 3๋ช…์€ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์—ด๊ฑฐ๋œ 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€์ด๋‹ค. ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ฑ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ B ์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข… (Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: DLBCL) ์—ฌํฌ์„ฑ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข… (Follicular lymphoma) ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ตฌ์—ญ(Marginal zone) B ์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข… (MZL) ๋˜๋Š” ์ ๋ง‰ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฆผํ”„ ์กฐ์ง ๋ฆผํ”„์ข… (MALT) ์†Œ๋ฆผํ”„๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข… (๋˜๋Š” chronic lymphocyte leukemia, CLL)๋กœ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค) ( Small lymphocytic lymphoma (๋˜๋Š” chronic lymphocytic leukemia, CLL) ์™ธํˆฌ์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข… (MCL) ํฌ๊ท€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฐ‘์— ์—ด๊ฑฐ๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ์ž์ฃผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. DLBCL ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ํ•˜์œ„ ์œ ํ˜• (sub-type) ์›๋ฐœ ์ข…๊ฒฉ๋™(Primary mediastinal) (ํ‰์„ )(thymic) ํฐ B ์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข… T ์„ธํฌ/์กฐ์ง์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ํฐ B ์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข… ์›๋ฐœ์„ฑ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ฑ(primary cutaneous diffuse) ํฐ B- ์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…, ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ์œ ํ˜• (1 ์ฐจ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ DLBCL, ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ์œ ํ˜•) ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ EBV ์–‘์„ฑ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ฑ ํฐ B ์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข… ์—ผ์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ฑ ํฐ B ์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข… ๋ฒ„ํ‚ท ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…(Burkitt's lymphoma) Waldenstrรถm์˜ macroglobulinemia(Waldenstrรถm's macroglobulinemia) ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…์–‘ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…(Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma) ๊ฒฐ์ ˆ ์ฃผ๋ณ€๋ถ€ B ์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…(Nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma) (NMZL) ๋น„์žฅ ๋ณ€์—ฐ๋ถ€ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…(Splenic marginal zone lymphom, SMZL) ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋‚ด ํฐ B ์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…(Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma) ์›๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์‚ผ์ถœ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…(Primary effusion lymphoma) ๋ฆผํ”„์ข… ์œก์•„ ์ข…์ฆ(Lymphomatoid granulomatosis) ์›๋ฐœ ์ค‘์ถ” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…(Primary central nervous system lymphoma) ALK- ์–‘์„ฑ ํฐ B- ์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…(ALK-positive large B-cell lymphoma) ํ˜•์งˆ ์•„์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…(Plasmablastic lymphoma) HHV8 ๊ด€๋ จ ๋‹ค ์‹ฌ์„ฑ Castleman 's disease์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํฐ B ์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…(Large B-cell lymphoma arising in HHV8-associated multicentric Castleman's disease) B- ์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…, ํ™•์‚ฐ ์„ฑ ํฐ B- ์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…๊ณผ ๋ฒ„ํ‚ท ๋ฆผํ”„์ข… ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Œ(B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma) ํ™•์‚ฐ ์„ฑ ๋Œ€ํ˜• B- ์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ „์  ํ˜ธ ์ง€ํ‚จ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข… ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” B- ์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…(B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma) ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ AIDS ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉด์—ญ๊ณ„ ์žฅ์• ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…์„ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ ํ˜ธ์ง€ํ‚จ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข… ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ ˆ๋ฆผํ”„๊ตฌ ์šฐ์„ธ ํ˜ธ์ง€ํ‚จ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…(nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma)์€ ์ด์ œ B-์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด ์ „์ขŒ immunoglobulin heavy locus (IGH @)์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด ์ „์ขŒ(Chromosomal translocations)๋Š” ์—ฌํฌ์„ฑ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…, ๋งจํ‹€์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข… ๋ฐ ๋ฒ„ํ‚ท ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ B-์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์„ธํฌ ์œ ์ „์  ์ด์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ ์ค‘์งˆ ์œ ์ „์ž์ขŒ(Ig heavy chain locus)๋Š” ์ฆ์‹์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ญ-์•„ํฌํ† ์‹œ์Šค ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์œตํ•ฉ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ B ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ•ญ์ฒด ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉด์—ญ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ ์ค‘ ์œ ์ „์ž์ขŒ์˜ ์ธํ•ธ์„œ(enhancer) ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์œตํ•ฉ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ์ „์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œตํ•ฉ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” B ์„ธํฌ์— ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์ฆ์‹ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ญ-์•„ํฌํ† ์‹œ์Šค ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„ํ‚ท๋ฆผํ”„์ข… ๋ฐ ๋งจํ‹€์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…์—์„œ๋Š”, ์œตํ•ฉ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ c-myc (์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด 8) ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์ดํด๋ฆฐ D1 (์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด 11)์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์œตํ•ฉ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ฆ์‹์„ฑ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌํฌ์„ฑ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…์—์„œ, ์œตํ•ฉ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด Bcl-2 (์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด 18)์ด๋ฉด, ์ด๋Š” ์œตํ•ฉ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ํ•ญ-์•„ํฌํ† ์‹œ์Šค ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์กฐ ๋ฆฌํžˆํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” T ์„ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข… ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ harvard.edu์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” ๋ฐ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ฆผํ”„์ข… ํ˜‘ํšŒ โ€“ ํ™˜์ž, ๊ฐ€์กฑ, ์นœ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ„๋ณ‘์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ์ •๋ณด ๋ฐ ์ง€์›์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ ์ž์„  ๋‹จ์ฒด ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-cell%20lymphoma
B-cell lymphoma
The B-cell lymphomas are types of lymphoma affecting B cells. Lymphomas are "blood cancers" in the lymph nodes. They develop more frequently in older adults and in immunocompromised individuals. B-cell lymphomas include both Hodgkin's lymphomas and most non-Hodgkin lymphomas. They are typically divided into low and high grade, typically corresponding to indolent (slow-growing) lymphomas and aggressive lymphomas, respectively. As a generalisation, indolent lymphomas respond to treatment and are kept under control (in remission) with long-term survival of many years, but are not cured. Aggressive lymphomas usually require intensive treatments, with some having a good prospect for a permanent cure. Prognosis and treatment depends on the specific type of lymphoma as well as the stage and grade. Treatment includes radiation and chemotherapy. Early-stage indolent B-cell lymphomas can often be treated with radiation alone, with long-term non-recurrence. Early-stage aggressive disease is treated with chemotherapy and often radiation, with a 70โ€“90% cure rate. Late-stage indolent lymphomas are sometimes left untreated and monitored until they progress. Late-stage aggressive disease is treated with chemotherapy, with cure rates of over 70%. Types There are numerous kinds of lymphomas involving B cells. The most commonly used classification system is the WHO classification, a convergence of more than one, older classification systems. Common Five account for nearly three out of four patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) Follicular lymphoma Marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MZL) or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue lymphoma (MALT) Small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL, also known as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, CLL) Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) Rare The remaining forms are much less common: DLBCL variants or sub-types of Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B cell lymphoma T cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma Primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type (Primary cutaneous DLBCL, leg type) EBV positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the elderly Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma associated with chronic inflammation Fibrin-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma Primary testicular diffuse large B-cell lymphoma Burkitt's lymphoma Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, which may manifest as Waldenstrรถm's macroglobulinemia Nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma (NMZL) Splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) Intravascular lymphomas variants Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma Intravascular NK-cell lymphoma Intravascular T-cell lymphoma Primary effusion lymphoma Lymphomatoid granulomatosis Primary central nervous system lymphoma ALK+ large B-cell lymphoma Plasmablastic lymphoma Large B-cell lymphoma arising in HHV8-associated multicentric Castleman's disease B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma Other Additionally, some researchers separate out lymphomas that appear to result from other immune system disorders, such as AIDS-related lymphoma. Classic Hodgkin's lymphoma and nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma are now considered forms of B-cell lymphoma. Diagnosis When a person appears to have a B-cell lymphoma, the main components of a workup (for determining the appropriate therapy and the person's prognosis) are: Establishing the precise subtype: Initially, an incisional or excisional biopsy is preferred. A core needle biopsy is discouraged except in case a lymph node is not easily accessible. Fine-needle aspiration is only acceptable in selected circumstances, in combination with immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Determining the extent of the disease (localized or advanced; nodal or extranodal) The person's general health status. Associated chromosomal translocations Chromosomal translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy locus is a classic cytogenetic abnormality for many B-cell lymphomas, including follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma and Burkitt's lymphoma. In these cases, the immunoglobulin heavy locus forms a fusion protein with another protein that has pro-proliferative or anti-apoptotic abilities. The enhancer element of the immunoglobulin heavy locus, which normally functions to make B cells produce massive production of antibodies, now induces massive transcription of the fusion protein, resulting in excessive pro-proliferative or anti-apoptotic effects on the B cells containing the fusion protein. In Burkitt's lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma, the other protein in the fusion is c-myc (on chromosome 8) and cyclin D1 (on chromosome 11), respectively, which gives the fusion protein pro-proliferative ability. In follicular lymphoma, the fused protein is Bcl-2 (on chromosome 18), which gives the fusion protein anti-apoptotic abilities. See also Richter's transformation T-cell lymphoma References External links Lymphoma
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ํ”„๋žœ ์ปค๋น„
ํ”„๋žœ์„ธ์Šค์นด ์ปค๋น„(, 1993๋…„ 1์›” 29์ผ ~ )๋Š” ํ”„๋žœ ์ปค๋น„()๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฒผ์‹œ FC ์œ„๋ฏผ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋“œํ•„๋”๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2022๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์†Œ์—ฐ(ํ˜„ ์ˆ˜์› FC ์œ„๋ฏผ)๊ณผ ํ•œ์†ฅ๋ฐฅ์„ ๋จน๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ํ”„๋žœ ์ปค๋น„๋Š” 7์„ธ ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์„ ์—ฐ๊ณ ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํด๋Ÿฝ์ธ ๋ ˆ๋”ฉ ์œ ์Šค ํŒ€์— ์ž…๋‹จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 16์„ธ ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ๋ ˆ๋”ฉ 1๊ตฐ ํŒ€์—์„œ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•ด์— ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ถ•๊ตฌ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„์— ๋ ˆ๋”ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•œ ํ”„๋žœ ์ปค๋น„๋Š” 2012-13 FA ์—ฌ์ž ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์„œ๋˜ ๋””๋น„์ „ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ 21๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ 32๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋“์ ์™•์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ๋”ฉ์€ 2014๋…„์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ฒ”ํ•œ FA ์—ฌ์ž ์Šˆํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2(WSL2)๋กœ ์Šน๊ฒฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋žœ ์ปค๋น„๋Š” 2014 FA ์—ฌ์ž ์Šˆํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ 16๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ 24๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋“์ ์™•์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๊ณ  ๋ ˆ๋”ฉ์ด 3์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋žœ ์ปค๋น„๋Š” ๋ ˆ๋”ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•œ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  2014๋…„ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํ˜‘ํšŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ฑ์‹์—์„œ๋Š” WSL2 ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์˜์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์•˜๋‹ค. ํ”„๋žœ ์ปค๋น„๋Š” 2015 FA ์—ฌ์ž ์Šˆํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ 5๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ 11๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ ˆ๋”ฉ์€ 2015 FA ์—ฌ์ž ์Šˆํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ FA ์—ฌ์ž ์Šˆํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1(FA WSL1)๋กœ ์Šน๊ฒฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋žœ ์ปค๋น„๋Š” 2015๋…„ 7์›”์— 2015๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต์ด ๋๋‚œ ์ดํ›„์— ์ฒผ์‹œ๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒผ์‹œ๋Š” 2015๋…„ 8์›”์— ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์›ธ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€์—์„œ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์—ด๋ฆฐ 2015๋…„ FA ์—ฌ์ž์ปต ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋…ธ์ธ  ์นด์šดํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ 1-0์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ณ  ์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ปค๋น„๋Š” ์ฒผ์‹œ๋กœ ์ด์ ํ•œ ์ง€ ์–ผ๋งˆ ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ์—ฌ์„œ ์ถœ์ „ ์ž๊ฒฉ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ด€์ค‘์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฒผ์‹œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฒซ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฒผ์‹œ๋Š” 2015๋…„ 10์›”์— ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฒซ FA ์—ฌ์ž ์Šˆํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 ์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ปค๋น„๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ฌ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ  ์‹œํ‹ฐ์™€์˜ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ฒผ์‹œ์˜ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋žœ ์ปค๋น„๋Š” 2016๋…„ 4์›”์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋งจ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ ์‹œํ‹ฐ์™€์˜ 2015-16 FA ์—ฌ์ž์ปต ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ์žฅ์ „์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒฐ์Šน๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฒผ์‹œ์˜ 2-1 ์Šน๋ฆฌ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒผ์‹œ๋Š” 2016๋…„ 5์›”์— ์›ธ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์•„์Šค๋„๊ณผ์˜ 2016๋…„ FA ์—ฌ์ž์ปต ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 0-1๋กœ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ค€์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 2016 FA ์—ฌ์ž ์Šˆํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ๋Š” 7๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ 5๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฒผ์‹œ์˜ ์ค€์šฐ์Šน์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 4์›” 22์ผ์—๋Š” ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ํ”„๋กœ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ˜‘ํšŒ(PFA)๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒ, ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ์ž ํ˜‘ํšŒ(FWA)๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ํ”„๋žœ ์ปค๋น„๋Š” 2013๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2014๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์—ฌ์ž U-23 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ 6์›”์—๋Š” FA ์—ฌ์ž ์Šˆํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 ์†Œ์† ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์€ ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋ฃจ์Šค, ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์™€์˜ 2015๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ง€์—ญ ์˜ˆ์„  ์›์ • ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋ฃจ์Šค์™€์˜ ์›์ • ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ต์ฒด ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ”„๋žœ ์ปค๋น„๋Š” 2014๋…„ 8์›” 3์ผ์— ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ํ•˜ํ‹€ํ’€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํŒŒํฌ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์Šค์›จ๋ด๊ณผ์˜ ์นœ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ์ปค๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ 2๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ณจ์— ํž˜์ž…์–ด ์Šค์›จ๋ด์— 4-0 ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ๊ณจ์€ ์ปค๋น„์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ”„๋žœ ์ปค๋น„๋Š” 2015๋…„ 5์›”์— ๋งˆํฌ ์ƒ˜ํ”„์Šจ ๊ฐ๋…์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ 2015๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ปค๋น„๋Š” ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์™€์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ 1๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ 2-1 ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ƒ˜ํ”„์Šจ ๊ฐ๋…์€ ์ปค๋น„๋ฅผ "์ž‘์€ ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋„ฌ ๋ฉ”์‹œ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋†’์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ปค๋น„๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์™€์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•„์™€์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด์™€์˜ 16๊ฐ•์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—๋„ ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์™€์˜ 8๊ฐ•์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์˜ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๋…์ผ๊ณผ์˜ 3ยท4์œ„์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ 3์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ปค๋น„๋Š” "ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด์ž ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒฝํ—˜"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋žœ ์ปค๋น„๋Š” 2015๋…„ 9์›” 21์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์—์Šคํ† ๋‹ˆ์•„์™€์˜ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2017 ์˜ˆ์„  ์›์ • ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์— ๋ณต๊ท€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 2๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ 8-0 ์Šน๋ฆฌ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ปค๋น„๋Š” 2016๋…„ 5์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2017๋…„ 5์›”๊นŒ์ง€ 12๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ๋ชฉ ๋ถ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚˜์„œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋žœ ์ปค๋น„๋Š” ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2017์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์— ๋ณต๊ท€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ์™€์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์กฐ๋”” ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ํŒจ์Šค๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ค์ฃผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ 1๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ณจ์„ ์–ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ์— 6-0 ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ”„๋žœ ์ปค๋น„๊ฐ€ 1๊ณจ, ์กฐ๋”” ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ 1๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์—ฌ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์— 2-0 ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 8๊ฐ•์ „์— ์ง„์ถœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์™€์˜ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์—์„œ 0-3์œผ๋กœ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ปค๋น„๋Š” "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ช‡ ์ฐจ๋ก€์˜ ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐํ‚ฅ์„ ํš๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ค๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค."๋ฉฐ ์œ ๊ฐ์„ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋žœ ์ปค๋น„๋Š” 2018๋…„ 10์›” 6์ผ์— ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ๋…ธํŒ…์—„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋ฉ”๋„ ๋ ˆ์ธ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ๊ณผ์˜ ์นœ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์Šน๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ 1-0 ์Šน๋ฆฌ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ํ•„ ๋„ค๋นŒ ๊ฐ๋…์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚œ ์ดํ›„์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ "๋‚˜๋Š” ํ”„๋žœ ์ปค๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ 10๋ฒˆ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ž˜ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค."๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ปค๋น„๊ฐ€ 6์ฐจ๋ก€์— ๊ฑธ์ณ FIFA ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ธ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฐ์œ„์— ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ˆจ๊น€์—†์ด ์„ ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ํด๋Ÿฝ ์ฒผ์‹œ FA ์—ฌ์ž ์Šˆํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 3ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน (2015, 2017 ์Šคํ”„๋ง ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ, 2017-18) FA ์—ฌ์ž์ปต 2ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน (2014-15, 2017-18) ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ 2015๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต 3์œ„ 2019๋…„ ์‹œ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์Šค์ปต ์šฐ์Šน ๊ฐœ์ธ 2017-18 ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ํ”„๋กœ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ˜‘ํšŒ(PFA) ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜์ƒ 2017-18 ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ํ”„๋กœ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ˜‘ํšŒ(PFA) WSL 1 ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ํŒ€ ์„ ์ • 2017-18 ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ์ž ํ˜‘ํšŒ(FWA) ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ํ”„๋žœ ์ปค๋น„ ํ”„๋กœํ•„ - ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํ˜‘ํšŒ ํ”„๋žœ ์ปค๋น„ ํ”„๋กœํ•„ - ์ฒผ์‹œ FC ์œ„๋ฏผ 1993๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜ 2015๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2017 ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2019๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์‹œ์•„๋“œ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์‹œ์•„๋“œ ๊ธˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ 2020๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์„ ์ˆ˜ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์‚ฌ๋žŒ FA ์—ฌ์ž ์Šˆํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2022 ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ฒผ์‹œ FC ์œ„๋ฏผ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2013๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์‹œ์•„๋“œ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%20Kirby
Fran Kirby
Francesca Kirby (born 29 June 1993) is an English professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Chelsea and the England national team. She began her career with hometown club Reading before moving to Chelsea in July 2015. In August 2014, Kirby won her first senior cap for England. She represented her country at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup in Canada, the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup in France and the UEFA Women's Euro 2017 in the Netherlands. In April 2018, Kirby was awarded the PFA Women's Players' Player of the Year and the Football Writers' Women's Footballer of the Year. She was named to the shortlist for the Ballon d'Or in 2021, ranking 10th. She was also named to the Top 10 of The Guardian The 100 Best Female Footballers In The World in 2021, ranking 7th. As of December 2020, she is Chelsea's all-time top scorer. Early life Born and raised in Reading with her brother Jamie and parents Denise and Steve, Kirby began playing football as a young girl after watching her brother play. She would play any chance she got: at school, in the street, in the front garden. At a young age, her mother, Denise, wrote in a birthday card that Fran would play in a World Cup one day: she was her biggest supporter. Kirby attended Caversham Park Primary School and Chiltern Edge, Sonning Common where she played against boys. As part of the "Where Greatness Is Made" campaign, a plaque honouring Kirby was installed at local club Caversham Trents. At age 7, she joined Reading's academy and made her senior debut at 16. Club career Reading, 2012โ€“15 Kirby joined her hometown club Reading at the age of seven and worked her way through the youth teams. She made her debut for the first team at the age of sixteen but quit football the following year after an onset of depression, brought about by the death of her mother. Kirby returned to the club in 2012 and went on to become the FA Women's Premier League Southern Division's top scorer for the 2012โ€“13 season, with 32 goals in 21 appearances. With Reading promoted to the newly formed Women's Super League 2 for 2014, Kirby helped the team achieve third place with 24 goals in sixteen appearances. She ended the season as the league's top goalscorer; netting four against London Bees, as well as hat-tricks against Durham, Watford and Doncaster Rovers Belles. Shortly after, she became the first female player to receive a professional contract from the club. At the 2014 FA Women's Awards, Kirby was named the inaugural WSL2 Players' Player of the Year. Kirby continued her goalscoring form into the 2015 WSL2 season, taking 11 goals in five league appearances for Reading, including all four goals in a 4โ€“2 away win against Yeovil Town and five goals in a 7โ€“0 win against London Bees. Following the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, Reading accepted an undisclosed transfer fee from Chelsea and she completed a move in July 2015. It was reported that the fee of between ยฃ40,000 and ยฃ60,000 constituted a British record, although Chelsea denied this was the case and Kirby was not aware of the figure. Chelsea, 2015 โ€“ present At the 2015 FA Women's Cup Final, staged at Wembley Stadium for the first time, Kirby was a cup-tied spectator for Chelsea's 1โ€“0 win over Notts County. It was Chelsea's first major trophy. In October 2015, she scored twice in Chelsea's 4โ€“0 win over Sunderland which secured the club's first FA WSL title; a league and cup double. The same month, Kirby scored Chelsea's first ever UEFA Women's Champions League goal in a 1โ€“0 win over Glasgow City. Kirby's form extended into the 2016 FA WSL season. In April, she secured Chelsea's return to Wembley Stadium by scoring a late, extra-time winner against Manchester City in the FA Women's Cup semi-final. Four days later, she scored both goals in Chelsea's 2โ€“0 WSL win at Arsenal. On 22 April 2018, Kirby was awarded the PFA Women's Players' Player of the Year and the Football Writers' Women's Footballer of the Year for the 2017โ€“18 season. In February 2020, Chelsea announced that Kirby was diagnosed with pericarditis, which had ruled her out of the team since November 2019. She overcame her infection, despite being told by cardiologists that she may never play again, and played 70 minutes in Chelsea's FA Community Shield win against Manchester City on 29 August 2020. On 9 December 2020, Kirby's 2 goals in a 5โ€“0 win against Benfica in the UEFA Women's Champions League, saw her overtake Eniola Aluko as Chelsea's all-time goal scorer, with her 69th and 70th goals for the club, five years after signing. During a match against her former club, Reading on 10 January 2021, Kirby scored four goals lifting Chelsea to a 5โ€“0 win. In the 2021 FA Women's League Cup final match against Bristol City W.F.C., Kirby scored two goals and created four assists as defending champions Chelsea won 6โ€“0 at Vicarage Road. Kirby was singled out by observers as the top performer for Chelsea during their double-winning 2020โ€“21 campaign. She later won FWA's 2021 Women's Footballer of the Year award. On 5 December, Kirby scored the opening goal in the delayed 2020โ€“21 FA Cup final against Arsenal, helping her team lift the trophy and secure the domestic quadruple of the 2020โ€“21 season, the first English women's club to achieve the feat. International career Early in her career, Kirby was a member of the England under-23 squad. She became the first WSL 2 player to be called up to the senior squad, in June 2014 for the World Cup qualifiers against Belarus and Ukraine. She was named on the substitutes' bench against Belarus but did not make an appearance. She made her senior international debut against Sweden in August 2014, getting the second goal in a 4โ€“0 friendly win at Victoria Park, Hartlepool. In May 2015, England manager Mark Sampson named Kirby in his final squad for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, hosted in Canada. She scored in England's 2โ€“1 win over Mexico and was hailed "mini Messi" by Sampson. Although Kirby was disappointed to be ruled out by injury from the quarter-finals onwards, England's eventual third-place finish left her with a positive overall impression of the tournament: "a fantastic experience and one I won't forget in a hurry." Sampson kept Kirby in the national team for the UEFA Women's Euro 2017 qualifying campaign. In Estonia on 21 September 2015 she scored twice in England's 8โ€“0 win. After "12 months of hell" caused by knee and ankle injuries, Kirby returned to England's line-up for UEFA Women's Euro 2017 in the Netherlands. In England's opening fixture against rivals Scotland, second striker Kirby's clever dummy sent Jodie Taylor through to score England's opening goal in a 6โ€“0 rout. In the next match Kirby and Taylor scored in a 2โ€“0 win over Spain, which secured England's place in the quarter-final. When England were thrashed 3โ€“0 by the hosts in the semi-final, Kirby was rueful: "We had chances and could have had a few penalties. We are bitterly disappointed". On 6 October 2018, Kirby scored in England's 1โ€“0 friendly win over Brazil at Meadow Lane. In post-match interviews England coach Phil Neville breathlessly proclaimed Kirby's superiority to six-time World Player of the Year Marta: "I'd take my No 10 over Brazil's No 10, that's for sure". In June 2022 Kirby was included in the England squad which won the UEFA Women's Euro 2022. Kirby was allotted 186 when the FA announced their legacy numbers scheme to honour the 50th anniversary of Englandโ€™s inaugural international. In 2023, Kirby confirmed that she would miss the upcoming FIFA Women's World Cup 2023 due to requiring surgery for an ongoing knee problem. Great Britain Kirby was hailed as a "stand out player" in Great Britain's gold medal-winning team at the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan, Russia. She went on to represent Great Britain at the delayed 2020 Tokyo Olympics. Personal life While growing up, Kirby was very close to her mother Denise. When Kirby was 14, Denise died suddenly from a brain haemorrhage. Two years later, Kirby experienced a deep depression, and stated that she "just could not comprehend what had happened. And it stayed like that for many years." Away with England U17, Kirby broke down because she "missed [her] mum". She returned home and dropped out of football. She later reflected that "I'd have days where I wouldn't get out of bed. Or I wouldn't go to college. I could get as far as the bus stop, then I'd just break down crying." One day, one of her friends invited her to play with her amateur team, where she found her love for football again. In October 2019, Kirby received the honorary degree of Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) from the University of Winchester for her "achievements both on and off the field, in particular her work supporting mental health and wellbeing." In February 2020, Chelsea revealed Kirby had successfully recovered from pericarditis, a potentially career-ending illness. Kirby had fallen ill in November 2019 and came close to retiring from the game as a result. In April 2020, Kirby was named in Diva magazine's '"Visible Lesbian 100" list during Lesbian Visibility Week. In April 2022, Kirby stated on Twitter that she had continued to deal with to an "on-going issue" throughout her career and wanted to "put [her] health first". Emma Hayes, the manager of Chelsea Women, clarified during a press conference that Kirby had been "suffering a lot with fatigue", yet the cause was unknown. Career statistics Club International Scores and results list England's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Kirby goal. Honours Chelsea FA Women's Super League: 2015, Spring Series, 2017โ€“18, 2019โ€“20, 2020โ€“21, 2021โ€“22 FA Women's Cup: 2014โ€“15, 2017โ€“18, 2020โ€“21, 2021โ€“22 FA Women's League Cup: 2019โ€“20, 2020โ€“21 FA Women's Community Shield: 2020 UEFA Women's Champion's League runners-up: 2020โ€“21 England FIFA Women's World Cup: third place 2015 UEFA Women's Championship: 2022 Individual PFA Women's Players' Player of the Year: 2017โ€“18, 2020โ€“21 PFA WSL 1 Team of the Year: 2017โ€“18, 2020โ€“21 FWA Women's Footballer of the Year: 2017โ€“18, 2020โ€“21 FA Women's Super League Player of the Month: January 2021, September 2021 London Football Awards Women's Super League Player of the Year: 2020โ€“21 FA Women's Super League Player of the Year: 2020โ€“21 Chelsea Women's Player of the Year: 2017โ€“18, 2020โ€“2021 Freedom of the City of London (announced 1 August 2022) Records All-time leading scorer for Chelsea Women: 101 See also List of UEFA Women's Championship goalscorers List of England women's international footballers List of FA WSL hat-tricks List of Nike sponsorships List of people from Reading, Berkshire References Further reading Aluko, Eniola (2019), They Don't Teach This, Random House, Brown, Charlotte (2019), Kirby, John Blake Caudwell, Jayne (2013), Women's Football in the UK: Continuing with Gender Analyses, Taylor & Francis, Clarke, Gemma (2019), Soccerwomen: The Icons, Rebels, Stars, and Trailblazers Who Transformed the Beautiful Game, Dunn, Carrie (2019), Pride of the Lionesses: The Changing Face of Women's Football in England, Pitch Publishing (Brighton) Limited, Dunn, Carrie (2016), The Roar of the Lionesses: Women's Football in England, Pitch Publishing Limited, Grainey, Timothy (2012), Beyond Bend It Like Beckham: The Global Phenomenon of Women's Soccer, University of Nebraska Press, Smith, Kelly (2012), Footballer: My Story, Transworld, Stay, Shane (2019), The Women's World Cup 2019 Book: Everything You Need to Know About the Soccer World Cup, Books on Demand, Theivam, Keiran and Jeff Kassouf (2019), The Making of the Women's World Cup: Defining Stories from a Sport's Coming of Age, Little, External links Football Association player profile Chelsea FC player profile 1993 births Living people Women's association football forwards English women's footballers England women's under-23 international footballers England women's international footballers Chelsea F.C. Women players Women's Super League players Footballers from Reading, Berkshire Reading F.C. Women players 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players Footballers at the 2020 Summer Olympics FISU World University Games gold medalists for Great Britain Universiade medalists in football Medalists at the 2013 Summer Universiade Lesbian sportswomen LGBT association football players English LGBT sportspeople Olympic footballers for Great Britain Footballers from Berkshire UEFA Women's Euro 2022 players UEFA Women's Championship-winning players UEFA Women's Euro 2017 players
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EB%B9%88%20%EB%B0%A9%EB%AC%B8
๊ตญ๋นˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ
๊ตญ๋นˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ(ๅœ‹่ณ“่จชๅ•, State visit)์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜์˜ ์ดˆ์ฒญ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์™ธ๊ตญ์„ ๊ณต์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์ผ์ปซ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋นˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‘ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์šฐํ˜ธ์ ์ธ ์–‘์ž์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ณดํ†ต ๊ณต์‹ ๊ณต๊ณต์˜๋ก€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ์˜์›๋‚ด๊ฐ์ œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ดˆ์ฒญํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ดˆ์ฒญ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜์˜ ์กฐ์–ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™ธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ดˆ์ฒญํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ดˆ์ฒญ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋นˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ™˜์˜ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋œ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณต์‹ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ, ๊ณต์‹ ์‹ค๋ฌด ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ, ์‹ค๋ฌด ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ, ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋นˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ(State visit) ๊ณต์‹ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ(Official Visit) ๊ณต์‹ ์‹ค๋ฌด ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ(Official working visit) ์‹ค๋ฌด ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ(Working Visit) Guest-of-government visit ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ(Private Visit) ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฒ ์Šค 2์„ธ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ˆœ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜์ธ๋ฐ, ์žฌ์œ„ 60์ฃผ๋…„์ด์—ˆ๋˜ 2012๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 261๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ณต์‹ ์ˆœ๋ฐฉ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ๊ณ  116๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ 96๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ตญ๋นˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฒ ์Šค 2์„ธ๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์™•๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ณดํ†ต ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ ์‹ ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋นˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์˜๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์™•๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๋นˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ด๋…์ด ์˜๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์™•๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•ด ๋งž์ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ตญ๋นˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต ์™ธ์— ๋ณดํ†ต ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต์‹ ์‚ฌ์ ˆ๊ณผ ์‹ ์ž„์žฅ์„ ์ ‘์ˆ˜๋ฐ›์€ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ ๋„์ฐฉ์„ ๋งž์ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋œป์—์„œ 21๋ฐœ์˜ ์˜ˆํฌ๋ฅผ ์œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ์•…๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ณดํ†ต ์ดˆ์ฒญ๋ฐ›์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜์žฅ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์—ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ„ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์›๋“ค์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์„ ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋ฏธ๋ณต ๋˜๋Š” ํ„ฑ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ž…๊ณ  ๊ตญ๋นˆ ๋งŒ์ฐฌ์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ์ฒญํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€๋” ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์‹ ์—ฐ์„ค์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌ˜์ง€์— ํ—Œํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ดˆ์ฒญํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ช…์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™” ํ–‰์‚ฌ์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๊ตญ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ์™ธ๋ฌด๋ถ€ ์žฅ๊ด€ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ ์œ„ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”, ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋นˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ด ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ์— ์™ธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ดˆ์ฒญํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ต๋ฐฉ์„ ์ดˆ์ฒญํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋นˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์— ๋“œ๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ์ดˆ์ฒญํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ดˆ์ฒญํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ด€์ €์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์˜ˆ์•ฝํ•œ ์ˆ™์†Œ, ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ž๊ตญ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ด€ ๋“ฑ์— ๋จธ๋ฌธ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆํฌ 21๋ฐœ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์˜ˆํฌ๋Š” ์‹ธ์›€์—์„œ ์ด๊ธด ์ชฝ์ด ํŒจํ•œ ์ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์žฅํ•ด์ œ์˜ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋กœ ํฌ๋‚˜ ํƒ„ํ™˜์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ 17์„ธ๊ธฐ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ๊ด€์Šต์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ํ•จ์ •์— ์ ์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€์ ์ธ ํฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 7๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฐฉ์•ˆํ•ด 7๋ฐœ์˜ ํฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์˜ˆํฌ๋กœ ์˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ํ™”์•ฝ์€ ์งˆ์‚ฐ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ ธ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์œก์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์›Œ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ 1๋ฐœ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•  ๋•Œ, ์œก์ƒ์—์„  3๋ฐœ์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ 7๋ฐœ์„ ์  ๋•Œ ์œก์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” 21๋ฐœ์„ ์  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด 21๋ฐœ์˜ ์œ ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋๋‹ค. ํ›„์— ํ•ด๊ตฐ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ํ•ด๊ตฐ ์—ญ์‹œ 21๋ฐœ๋กœ ๋Š˜๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆํฌ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ  21๋ฐœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ™€์ˆ˜๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์†Œ 11๋ฐœ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด๋‚˜ ๊ตญ์™•, ์—ฌ์™• ๋“ฑ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์›์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” 21๋ฐœ, ๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค 2๋ฐœ ์ ์€ 19๋ฐœ์„ ์œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์ง์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 2๋ฐœ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ™€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์˜๋ฉฐ 11๋ฐœ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์•ผ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ด€๋ก€๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ ์™•์‹ค์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋“ฑ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์›์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์— 21๋ฐœ์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตญ๋นˆ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ 41๋ฐœ์„, ์—ฌ์™•์˜ ์ƒ์ผ์—๋Š” 61๋ฐœ์˜ ์˜ˆํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. 2004๋…„ ๋…ธ๋ฌดํ˜„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด 2๋ฐ• 3์ผ ์ผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์˜๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋นˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋…ธ๋ฌดํ˜„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๋‚ด์™ธ์™€ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฒ ์Šค ์—ฌ์™• ๋‚ด์™ธ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์—ด๋Œ€์— ์„œ์ž ์˜๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ 41๋ฐœ์˜ ์˜ˆํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋๋‹ค. ์˜ˆํฌ์˜ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ํƒ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์›์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 21๋ฐœ, ์ด๋ฆฌ, ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์žฅ, ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์žฅ 19๋ฐœ, ์žฅ๊ด€, ๋Œ€์žฅ 17๋ฐœ, ์ค‘์žฅ 15๋ฐœ, ์†Œ์žฅ 13๋ฐœ, ์ค€์žฅ 11๋ฐœ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์€ ์™ธ๋นˆ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์‹œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์›์ˆ˜๋Š” 21๋ฐœ, ์™ธ๊ตญ๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น, ์‚ผ๋ถ€์š”์ธ์— ํ•ด๋‹น ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๋ฃŒ, ํŠน๋ช…์ „๊ถŒ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€์žฅ๊ด€ 19๋ฐœ, ์ฐธ๋ชจ์ด์žฅ ๋ฐ ์ค‘์žฅ 17๋ฐœ, ํŠน๋ช…์ „๊ถŒ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์†Œ์žฅ 15๋ฐœ, ์ค€์žฅ 13๋ฐœ, ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์ด์˜์‚ฌ 11๋ฐœ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ๊ตญ๋นˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ตญ๋นˆ ํ™˜์˜ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ  ์ „ํ†ต ์˜์žฅ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•œ ๋’ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์ฃผ, ์˜์žฅ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ์—ด, ํ™˜์˜ ์ธ์‚ฌ, ๊ณต์‹ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์›๊ณผ์˜ ์ธ์‚ฌ ๊ตํ™˜์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ์„œ์šธํ˜„์ถฉ์›์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ํ—Œํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ตญํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์„ค์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด D.C.๋กœ์˜ ๊ตญ๋นˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜์ด์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์ดˆ์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋งŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. 1874๋…„์— ํ•˜์™€์ด ์™•๊ตญ์˜ ์™•์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์นผ๋ผ์นด์šฐ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋นˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1876๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ํŽ˜๋“œ๋ฃจ 2์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ๊ตญ๋นˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ์•…๊ด€์ด ๊ตญ๋นˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ์ฒญํ•œ ์™ธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŒ์ฐฌ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋•Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๋ฐ, 2009๋…„ 9์›”์— ์ธ๋„์˜ ์ด๋ฆฌ ๋งŒ๋ชจํ•œ ์‹ฑ์ด ๊ตญ๋นˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” 6์–ต 8์ฒœ 2๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ์›์ด ๋“ค์–ด ํ•œ ๋ช…๋‹น 2๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ์›์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , 2011๋…„ 10์›”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์ด๋ช…๋ฐ•์ด ๊ตญ๋นˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๋งŒ์ฐฌ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ 2์–ต 4์ฒœ 2๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ์›์ด ๋“ค์–ด ํ•œ ๋ช…๋‹น 120๋งŒ ์›์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ ์˜๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๊ตญ๋นˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์€ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์™•๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์ด ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์™•์‹ค ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ™˜์˜ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ํ˜ธ์Šค ๊ฐ€์ฆˆ ํผ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒ„ํ‚น์—„๊ถ์ด๋‚˜ ์œˆ์ €์„ฑ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ์œ„๋Œ€๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ๊ตญ๋นˆ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์ค€๋น„ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ฆฐ ๋’ค ํ–‰์ง„์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์—ด์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜์™€ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ์™•์‹ค๊ธฐ๋ณ‘๋Œ€์˜ ํ˜ธ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋ฒ„ํ‚น์—„๊ถ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ™˜์˜ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ํŒŒํฌ์™€ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ํƒ‘์—์„œ๋Š” 21๋ฐœ์˜ ์˜ˆํฌ๋ฅผ ์œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„ํ‚น์—„๊ถ์˜ ๋ฌด๋„ํšŒ์žฅ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ €๋… ๊ตญ๋นˆ ๋งŒ์ฐฌ์—๋Š” ์•ฝ 150๋ช…์ด ์ดˆ์ฒญ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์™•๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ตญ์€ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ์˜๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์™•๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ตญ์ธ 15๊ฐœ ๋‚˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๊ตญ๋นˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์™•๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ตญ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋กœ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ ์ž๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์™•๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ตญ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๊ณต์‹ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์˜๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์™•๊ตญ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ตญ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ์ด๋…์ด ์˜๊ตญ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋„ ๊ณต์‹ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ๊ตญ๋นˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ์ฒญํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€์˜ ์นœ์„  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ฆ์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜๋Š” ์˜๋นˆ๊ด€์—์„œ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ณธ ์ฒœํ™ฉ๊ณผ ํ™˜๋‹ด์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์•„์‚ฌํžˆ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์€ 2019๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋นˆ์„ ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์ดˆ์ฒญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์•ฝ 2์ฒœ 5๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ์—”์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ตญ๋นˆ ํ™˜์˜ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์‹œ์˜ ์ธ๋ฏผ๋Œ€ํšŒ๋‹น์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ์•…๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ ๋’ค ํฌ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๊ฐ€ 21๋ฐœ์˜ ์˜ˆํฌ๋ฅผ ์œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’ค ๋‘ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์˜์žฅ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์—ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฝƒ๊ณผ ๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ”๋“œ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์•ˆ๊ณ , ๊ตฐ์•…๋Œ€๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํ–‰์ง„๊ณก์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฏผ์š”๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด๋‚˜ ์ด๋…, ๊ตฐ์ฃผ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฃผ์„์ด ํ™˜์˜ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์—ด๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ์™•์„ธ์ž ๋ฐ ์™•์„ธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ตญ๋ฌด์› ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๋‹ค. ์˜์žฅ๋Œ€๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ํ†ˆ์•ˆ๋จผ ๊ด‘์žฅ์„ ํ–‰์ง„ํ•œ ๋’ค ์—ด๋ณ‘์‹์„ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜์˜ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์นœ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋นˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์šฐ์˜ํ›ˆ์žฅ ๋“ฑ ํ›ˆ์žฅ์„ ์ˆ˜์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ ๊ตญ๋นˆ ํ™˜์˜ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋Š” ์—˜๋ฆฌ์ œ๊ถ์ด๋‚˜ ์•ต๋ฐœ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋นˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ด ๋๋‚  ๋ฌด๋ ต ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ด‰๊ถ์—์„œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ƒ์› ์˜์›๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์„ค์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜์›๋“ค๊ณผ ํšŒ๋‹ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—ํˆฌ์•Œ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ฌด๋ช… ์šฉ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฌด๋ค์— ํ—Œํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ 2018๋…„ 9์›” 18์ผ, ๋ถํ•œ์ด ๋‚จ๋ถ์ •์ƒํšŒ๋‹ด์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ‰์–‘์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฌ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๋ถ€๋ถ€์—๊ฒŒ ๊ตญ๋นˆ์ •์ƒ๊ธ‰ ์˜ˆ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” '์˜ˆํฌ 21๋ฐœ'์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ๋ถ ์ •์ƒ์ด ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ '์˜ˆํฌ 21๋ฐœ'์ด ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋œ ๊ฑด ์ด๋ฒˆ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅด๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ์•„ ๊ตญ๋นˆ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„๋ฅด๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ํ™˜์˜ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ตœํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณต์‹๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„๋ฅด๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™˜์˜ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ตœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ •์ƒํšŒ๋‹ด ์ƒํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ก€ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ด€๊ณ„
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20visit
State visit
A state visit is a formal visit by a head of state to a foreign country, at the invitation of the head of state of that foreign country, with the latter also acting as the official host for the duration of the state visit. Speaking for the host, it is generally called a state reception. State visits are considered to be the highest expression of friendly bilateral relations between two sovereign states, and are in general characterised by an emphasis on official public ceremonies. Less formal visits than a state visit to another country with a lesser emphasis on ceremonial events, by either a head of state or a head of government, can be classified (in descending order of magnitude) as either an official visit, an official working visit, a working visit, a guest-of-government visit, or a private visit. In parliamentary democracies, while heads of state in such systems of government may formally issue and accept invitations, they do so on the advice of their heads of government, who usually decide on when the invitation is to be issued or accepted in advance. Queen Elizabeth II was the most travelled head of state in world history, having made 261 official overseas visits and 96 state visits to 116 countries by the time of her Diamond Jubilee in 2012. Although she was sovereign of each of the Commonwealth realms, in practice, she usually performed full state visits as Queen of the United Kingdom, while the relevant governor-general undertook state visits for his or her respective country on the sovereign's behalf. However, the Queen occasionally made some state and official visits representing one of her other Commonwealth realms. Components of a state visit State visits typically involve some or all the following components (each host country has its own traditions): The visiting head of state is immediately greeted upon arrival by the host (or by a lesser official representative, if the two heads of state are to meet later at another location) and by his or her ambassador (or other head of mission) accredited to the host country. A 21-gun salute is fired in honor of the visiting head of state. The playing of the two national anthems by a military band. The guest country's anthem is usually played first. A review of a military guard of honour. The visiting head of state is formally introduced to senior officials/representatives of the host country and the hosting head of state is introduced to the delegation accompanying the visiting head of state. An exchange of gifts between the two heads of state. A state dinner, either white tie or black tie, is mounted by the hosting head of state, with the visiting head of state being the guest of honour. A visit to the legislature of the host country, often with the visiting head of state being invited to deliver a formal address to the assembled members of the legislature. High-profile visits by the visiting heads of state to host country landmarks such as laying a wreath at a military shrine or cemetery. The staging of cultural events celebrating links between the two nations. The visiting head of state is usually accompanied by a senior government minister, usually by a foreign minister. Behind the diplomatic protocol, delegations made up from trade organizations also accompany the visiting head of state, offer an opportunity to network and develop economic, cultural, and social links with industry leaders in the nation being visited. At the end of a state visit, the foreign head of state traditionally issues a formal invitation to the head of state of the nation being visited who at another time in the future, would pay a reciprocal state visit. While the costs of a state visit are usually borne by state funds of the host country, most nations host fewer than ten state visits per year, with some as few as two. Most foreign heads of state will stay in the official residence of the head of state who is hosting the state visit, in a guest house reserved for foreign visitors, or in their own nation's embassy located in the foreign nation being visited. State visits by well-known global leaders or figures, such as the British Monarch, the president of the United States or the pope, often draw much publicity and large crowds. Occasionally, these include protesters. State visits by country Armenia State visits to Armenia are held in the capital of Yerevan, with a welcoming ceremony usually being held at Zvartnots International Airport. Foreign heads of state are welcomed at the President's Residence while heads of government are welcomed at the Residence of the Prime Minister. These visits consist of the following components: Since 1991, foreign leaders who embark on visits to Armenia have paid tribute to the victims of the Armenian genocide at the Tsitsernakaberd complex. During a visit to the complex, most leaders receive a tour of the museum, plant trees near the memorial, and lay wreaths at the eternal flame. Belgium A state visit in Belgium starts with an inspection of the troops in front of the Royal Palace of Brussels, whereafter the king and queen have a private audience with the visiting head of state and his or her spouse. The first day of the state visit traditionally comes to a close with a state banquet at the Castle of Laeken, which is the official residence of the king of the Belgians. It is customary to be awarded the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold during state visits. Canada The Office of Protocol coordinates the operational aspects of state and official visits to Canada and manages all events that are related to the visit. It also defines the protocol standards for state visits of heads of state and government. The Governor General's Foot Guards, one of two household foot guards, take part in state and official visits to Ottawa. Arrival ceremonies take place at either Parliament Hill or Rideau Hall, where the visitor will be received by the governor general of Canada (for state visits) or prime minister of Canada (for official visits). State visits also include a visit to the National War Memorial. State and official visits by Canada are performed by the Canadian monarch or a representativeโ€”the governor general, a lieutenant governor, or another member of the royal family. The first state visit by Canada was to the United States in 1937, when the US accorded the governor general the equivalent status given to a visiting head of state. Tours of Canada by the country's monarch (and other members of the royal family) are not state or official visits, as the monarch conducts royal tours in his capacity as the Canadian head of state, not as a foreign head of state. Additionally, because the Canadian sovereign is shared with 14 other Commonwealth realms, state visits are not conducted between realms, with official visits performed by the realms' respective governor-general, or prime minister. China, People's Republic of State arrival ceremonies in China take place at the East Court of the Great Hall of the People on Tiananmen Square in Beijing. The guard of honour for the ceremony is provided by the Beijing Garrison Honor Guard, with musical accompaniment provided by the Central Military Band of the People's Liberation Army of China. As the military band plays the national anthems of the two countries, an artillery battery fires a 21-gun salute. After the band finishes its performance, the two leaders then inspect the guard of honour at the invitation of the guard commander. Following the inspection, both leaders embrace schoolchildren who wave flowers and the flags of both countries. At this time, the band performs a military march or folk song from the guest country. If a prime minister or chancellor or crown prince visits China, the welcoming ceremony is held by the premier. If a president, governor-general or king visits, the welcoming ceremony is held by the president. The People's Liberation Army (PLA) Honor Guard then marches off the square to the tune of the March of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. The ceremony ends with the marching band of the PLA performing an exhibition of military drill. During state visits, national awards are presented to visiting dignitaries, including the Order of Friendship. Since 1954, the State Protection Unit has provided motorcades for visiting dignitaries traveling from the airport to their meeting place. China, Republic of A 30-minute ceremony at the Plaza of the National Performing Arts Center in Taipei takes place to honor visiting dignitaries to the Republic of China (Taiwan). After the anthems are played, the president escorts the visitor past the tri-service honor guard of the Republic of China Armed Forces, led by a colonel. After inspecting the troops, the president of Taiwan delivers welcome remarks, after which the foreign leader speaks, before receiving a key to the city from the mayor of Taipei, and the director of the Department of Protocol of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs then introducing members of the cabinet to the dignitary and members of the delegation to the ROC president. Czech Republic The military welcome accorded to foreign leaders at Prague Castle are provided by troops of the Prague Castle Guard, Honor Guard of the Czech Armed Forces, the Czech Army Central Band, the Band of the Castle Guards and Police and units of the Prague Garrison Command. Finland The Protocol Services of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is responsible for arranging high-level international visits and Finland's own state events. The task of the protocol services is to take care of receiving, escorting, accommodation, transportation and meal arrangements for guests. In Finland, state visits usually follow a certain pattern that has already become a tradition. The official reception ceremonies take place in front of the Presidential Palace or alternatively at Helsinki Airport. At the reception ceremony, the head of the visiting country, together with the President of Finland, inspects the guard of honor to the rhythm of the Bjรถrneborgarnas marsch. After the inspection of the honor guard and the performance of the national anthems, the heads of state greet the public from the balcony of the Presidential Palace, from where they move to the yellow salon to drink welcome toasts, take official photos and exchange gifts and badges of honor. Usually, the official program includes at least the laying a wreath on Marshal Mannerheim's grave at the Hietaniemi Cemetery, and a visit to the Parliament House or the Helsinki City Hall. The visit usually ends with state dinners held at the Presidential Palace, where the heads of state give their speeches. France State arrival ceremonies are held at either the Elysee Palace or Les Invalides, with the participation of the Infantry and Fanfare Band of the French Republican Guard Band and the 1st Infantry Regiment of the Republican Guard. The Vestibule d'Honneur (Hall of Honour) in the Elysee is where the president of France meets visiting dignitaries and holds bilateral meetings. Towards the end of the visit, the head of state or governments will give a speech at the Palais Bourbon to the Senate of France, and will hold meetings with members of parliament. Sometime during the state visit, the visiting dignitary will lay a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the Arc de Triomphe. Georgia State visits in Georgia are held outside the Presidential Palace of Georgia in Tbilisi. Ceremonial honours are provided by the Honour Guard and the Band of the National Guard of Georgia. The band plays Georgian Army songs during the inspection of the honour guard. During the presidency of Mikheil Saakashvili, the band played the March of the Preobrazhensky Regiment during state visits. During state visits, dignitaries usually meet with the prime minister, chairperson of the Parliament, and the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia separately from the president. State dinners are also held inside the presidential palace with officials from both countries present. Germany During state visits to Germany, honours are provided by the German Wachbataillon (Guard battalion) and the Staff Band of the Bundeswehr. An exception to this was on 3 May 2007 during the visit of French President Jacques Chirac to Berlin, during which the Franco-German Brigade provided the honors. Depending on the status of the guest, state ceremonies are either held at the Bellevue Palace or the Federal Chancellery Complex. In recent years, state visits have been marked with dignitaries paying homage at memorials such as the Berlin Victory Column, the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, and the Soviet War Memorial (Tiergarten). During state visits, foreign dignitaries typically visit German federal states outside the capital. It this regard, a full honors ceremony is also held with the minister-president being the presiding officer. In break with the traditional Berlin military protocol, chairs have since July 2019 been set up outside the Chancellery due to Chancellor Angela Merkel's unusual episodes of shaking and uneasiness during the honours ceremony. Currently, only Moldovan Premier Maia Sandu and Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen have had to be received under this arrangement. India Foreign leaders are received at the Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi during state visits. The dignitary first receives the salute from the President's Bodyguard (PBG), and the Tri-Services Guard of Honour. Heads of state are also given a 21-gun salute, with a 19-gun salute being to heads of government. The massed bands and the commander of the guard of honour is chosen by a rotation between the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force. In 2015, Wing Commander Pooja Thakur became the first female officer to lead the guard of honour for a foreign leader. All military honours are organized by Section D of the Ministry of Defence. State banquets are also held for foreign dignitaries at the Rashtrapati Bhavan which are hosted by the president of India. Over 100 guests are invited to attend state banquets, including the vice-president of India, the prime minister of India, as well as government officials and leaders of the ruling party. Israel The president of the State of Israel, in his or her position as head of state, leads the welcoming events and is the official host of foreign leaders who visit Israel. A guard of honor made up of personnel of all the service branches of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) are usually lined up at the main V.I.P terminal of Tel Aviv International Airport. During some state visits, the itinerary has included a visit to the Yad Vashem memorial. There the leader, accompanied by the prime minister, will rekindle the Eternal Flame, and will also lay a wreath in memorial of the 6 million Jews murdered in the holocaust. Italy When dignitaries arrive in the Italian capital of Rome, they are received in a short reception ceremony at the airport by the head of the Diplomatic Ceremonial Office among other officials, who then briefly entertain the guest in the boardroom to allow the handling of airport formalities. Arrival honors for foreign dignitaries visiting Rome are held either at the Quirinal Palace (official residence of the president of the Italian Republic) or the Palazzo Chigi (official residence of the prime minister of the Italian Republic). During the ceremony, the guard of honor is provided by a military unit (most likely the Corazzieri and a selected ceremonial unit such as the Honour Company "Goito" from the 1ยฐ Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna") and a supporting military band that performs 3 Ruffles and flourishes known as "Onori" ("Honors") prior to playing the national anthem of the dignitary's home country and Il Canto degli Italiani. In recent years, the Bersaglieri, the Carabinieri, and the Italian Navy have provided honor guards for the ceremony. The rest of the day includes bilateral meetings, one on one conversations, a joint press conference, and a state dinner, where the exchange of gifts and the awarding of honors takes place. The next day sees the laying of wreaths at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in the Altar of the Homeland. All protocol events in the capital are organized by the State Ceremonial Office. In particular, the Ceremonial Office of the Ministry of Defense handles protocol related to the Italian Armed Forces, and the Diplomatic Ceremonial Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs handles protocol related to the diplomatic corps. Japan Japan extends invitations for state visitors and official visitors aims to promote the friendship and relation between Japan and the country of the invitee. In addition to state and official visits, the Japanese government also extends several other forms of invitations to visit the country. The invitation of official practical visitors, practical visitors, and visitors to Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs aim to promote negotiations, to strengthen security and to be used for policy coordination, etc. The invitation of ministers is an invitation extended to ministers from other countries, and aims to have them deepen their understanding of Japan and send information about Japan based on the knowledge obtained through invitations through conference, inspection, etc. with Japanese VIPs and experts. The invitation of strategic practitioners is an invitation extended to certain members in certain positions or those who are expected to hold a certain leadership position in the future, in political, economic, governmental, academic, etc., in foreign countries or international organizations. It aims to promote understanding of Japan's various policies and fields such as culture and society, to facilitate the promotion of Japan's foreign policy through personal connections with Japanese experts, and to promote pro-Japan in the medium- and long-term through briefings with private experts, Japanese cultural experiences, and local visits. During the state visits by people belonging to the upper two categories, guards of honour are mounted by the Imperial Guard of the National Police Agency and the 302nd Military Police Company of the Japan Self-Defense Forces. Kyrgyzstan State visits are planned in accordance with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs one month in advance. Arrival ceremonies for state visits to Kyrgyzstan typically take place at Manas International Airport with the participation of the Honour Guard Battalion of the 701st Military Unit of the National Guard and the Band of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Kyrgyzstan. A wreath-laying ceremony is also held at Victory Square. A bilateral meeting, press conference, and state dinner are all held at the Ala Archa State Residence. The Kyrgyz official welcoming group includes the chairman of the Supreme Council, the prime minister, and the minister of foreign affairs. The official morning breakfast reception takes place from 11:00ย am to 3:00ย pm. Arrival ceremonies are also held at the state residences all over the country. Mexico State visits to Mexico City are held on a regular basis. Arrival ceremonies are usually held at the National Palace, the president's workplace or at Mexico City International Airport. On certain occasions, a full honors ceremony with the participation of the National Guard's Presidential Guards Corps are held at Campo Marte, where the corps' two military police brigades are stationed. The arrival ceremony begins with a platoon of National Guards presenting arms at the arrival of the state guest at the entrance of the National Palace. After the state guest arrives with the president of Mexico (and his first lady if present) in the palace' south courtyard the NG's Presidential Guards honor guard company presents arms while the Representative Music Band of the Mexican Armed Forces plays the anthems of the two countries (the Himno Nacional Mexicano is always played first). Then the president of Mexico introduces members of his or her cabinet before the visiting dignitary introduces members of their delegation accompanying them on this visit. After this is done, the commander of the National Guard's honour guard company then delivers the following report to the dignitary: โ€œWith your permission Mr/Madam President of the United Mexican States, I am the commander of the honour guard of the (states dignitary's position) and I invite you to review the guard of honour present, sir/ma'am." The president and the dignitary then inspect the guard, paying homage to the Mexican flag and the flag of the guest country along the way. The ceremony then ends and the two go into the palace to begin their bilateral meeting. The Campo Marte ceremony is similar in style to the palace ceremony with the main differences being a 21-gun salute, opening remarks, and the military parade being added to the program. The unit responsible currently for the 21-gun salute is the State Honors Artillery Battery, coming under the 1st Artillery Battalion (Separate) of the 1st Army Corps. Moldova The State Diplomatic Protocol (SDP) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Moldova organizes activities concerning state visits to the Moldovan capital of Chisinau. All state arrival ceremonies take place at the Presidential Administration or the Presidential Palace, involving the Honor Guard Company and the Presidential Band. During the inspection, the foreign guest will greet the personnel of the company in the Romanian language (the dignitary will say buna ziua or "good morning" to which the soldiers will respond by saying salutari or "greetings"). Foreign guests may also visit the Gagauz capital of Comrat. Netherlands State visits in the Netherlands revolve around and are centered on the capital of Amsterdam. A characteristic of a state visit is that it is usually carried out by a foreign head of state, rather than a head of government. Upon arrival to the country, the dignitary will be given a tour through the capital, which includes a wreath-laying ceremony at the National Monument. Foreign dignitaries are usually received by the monarch at the Royal Palace of Amsterdam, where they receive a guard of honour formed by the Grenadiers' and Rifles Guard Regiment upon arrival. It is here where all matters of state and bilateral meetings take place over the course of the visit. During a state visit, the Dutch monarch always hosts a state dinner in honor of the guest, sometimes at the Royal Palace in Amsterdam and at other times at the monarch's residence at the Noordeinde Palace in The Hague. It is customary to be awarded the Knight Grand Cross Order of the Netherlands Lion during state visits. North Korea Although state visits to North Korea do not happen often, they are held to the highest standard when they occur. Portraits of the visiting leader and the Supreme Leader of North Korea are hung all over the city and at Pyongyang Sunan International Airport, where the arrival ceremony takes place. During the ceremony, the Guard of Honour Company of the Korean People's Army's Supreme Guard Command, made up of servicemen from the Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, Special Operations and the Strategic Forces, together with a platoon of the Worker-Peasant Red Guards renders honours while the Central Band of the KPA performs the visiting anthem and Aegukka, the anthem of the DPRK. After this, the commander of the guard reports to the leader before they inspect the troops and review a marchpast. They then ride in a motorcade that takes them to the Paekhwawon State Guest House and or the Kumsusan Guesthouse for bilateral negotiations. The former guest house was first used for state visits in the early 2000s for the visits of Madeleine Albright and Junichiro Koizumi and became relevant once again during the 2018โ€“19 Korean peace process. The latter was only built in the spring of 2019 in time for the visit of the Chinese President and General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. En route to the guesthouse, a Korean Children's Union guard of honour company takes its position to award an honorary red neckerchief to the visiting leader in the name of all members present, and in addition, flower bouquets can be given by representatives on behalf of the KPA, the people of Pyongyang, and the city government. Notable state visits held in the 21st century were those by South Korean leaders such as Roh Moo-hyun in 2007 and Moon Jae In in 2018, as well as Chinese leader Xi Jinping that same year. During Xi's visit, he became the first Chinese Paramount leader to visit the Kumsusan Palace of the Sun and took part in the reopening of the Arirang Mass Games at Rungrado 1st of May Stadium. For many state visits, the Korean People's Army State Merited Chorus and Symphony Orchestra have performed pieces native to the visitors homeland, such as Katyusha during Vladimir Putin's visit in 2000. Other lower-level world leaders who have undertaken state visits to the DPRK include Cuban leader Miguel Diaz-Canel in November 2018 and Mongolian President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj in 2013, with the latter being played down as it did not include a meeting with Chairman Kim Jong Un. Norway State visits to the Norwegian capital of Oslo begin with the inspecting of the 3rd Company, Hans Majestet Kongens Garde at the Royal Palace by the visiting dignitary and the Norwegian monarch. Once they are in the palace, the monarch takes the dignitary to the Bird Room to engage in an exchange of gifts. The visit also includes a wreath-laying ceremony at Akershus Fortress, which is also an official residence of the prime minister of Norway. In the evening, a gala dinner hosted by the royal family of Norway is held at the Royal Palace in honour of the visiting head of state. As it refers to state visits by the monarch of Norway, they are always accompanied by the Norwegian foreign minister and representatives of the Government. Between two and four state visits to Oslo and royal visits to other countries are made per year, usually by the reigning monarch. Poland State visits take place on a regular basis in Poland. Ceremonial honours a provided by the Representative Honor Guard Regiment of the Polish Armed Forces at the Presidential Palace. Musical accompaniment is provided by the Representative Central Band of the Polish Armed Forces. The White Hall in the Presidential Palace is used to host foreign heads of state. The hall is located at the main entrance from the courtyard, where the welcoming ceremony takes place. Russia The Department of State Protocol of the Russian Foreign Ministry is responsible for organizing the itinerary for state visits to the country. It was founded on 18 December 1991, by Decree No. 291 of President Boris Yeltsin on the basis of the Foreign Policy Service of the RSFSR. The decree, in effect, provided a new unified protocol practice in the Russian Federation. Its duties range from organizing invitations to the country to developing an event schedule for the dignitary's visit. Common practices organized by the department include protocol events meetings, wreath-laying, breakfast, and lunch, among others. The Presidential Protocol Office in the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation also serves a similar purpose. A foreign head of state or government receives arrival honours from the 154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment and the Special Exemplary Military Band upon their arrival at the VIP terminal at Vnukovo International Airport in Moscow, where they are usually greeted by the Russian deputy foreign minister. Heads of state also take part in a welcoming ceremony with the president of Russia in the Hall of the Order of St. George of the Grand Kremlin Palace. The following is Estonian diplomat Tiit Matsulevitลก's opinion on Russian protocol for state visits: Spain State visits to the Kingdom of Spain are held with the participation of the King and Queen of Spain. The day's events begin as the visiting dignitary arrives in a special vehicle at the Palacio Real in the Spanish capital of Madrid. As the dignitary arrives, units of the Spanish Royal Guard (including the Mounted Band of Timpani and Bugles and the Lancers Troop) prepares for the start of the arrival ceremony. The ceremony starts with all units presenting arms at the sound of a bugle call and performing a royal salute, with the playing of the guest anthem and the Marcha Real taking place. Once the regiment is orders arms, three senior officers from the guard (a senior commander, a bugler and a guidon bearer) approach the central grandstand to report to the guest and the king on the readiness of the regiment for inspection. They then begin their inspection, reviewing the infantry as well as the mounted units. Once the review is complete, a large military parade in the forecourt of the palace is held with the massed bands playing military music as the units march past. The other notable state ceremony that takes place in the palace is the state dinner, which is hosted by the king, and is attended by the visiting dignitary, his or her delegation, the Spanish royal family, the Spanish prime minister, and other government officials. During the course of the visit, the visiting leader may deliver an address to a joint session of the bicameral Cortes Generales (composed of the Senate and the Congress of Deputies). Ukraine State visits to Ukraine are managed by the Main Department on State Protocol and Ceremonies of the Office of the President of Ukraine as well as the State Protocol Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. State visits involve the president of Ukraine, the chairman of the Verkhovna Rada, and the prime minister of Ukraine. Heads of state are met at the Boryspil International Airport, during which they are met by children in Ukrainian national costumes handing them bread. after which they are driven to the Mariinskyi Palace to receive a guard of honour from the Kyiv Presidential Honor Guard Battalion. The battalion band performs national anthems of both countries, during which a 21-gun artillery salute. As the guest bows his or her head to the state flag of Ukraine, they greet the honor guard with the battle cry of Glory to Ukraine (the official greeting of the Armed Forces of Ukraine). After the ceremony, negotiations and a working breakfast/lunch are arranged in honor of the guest. In Kyiv, there is a tradition of laying wreaths at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, the ceremony of which is as follows: a march of the three man team carrying a wreath through the Alley of Glory, wreath laying in front of the eternal flame, performance of national anthems, a march past of a guard of honour. On the first day of the visit, as a rule, a public dinner is held on behalf of the president of Ukraine in honor of the head of state in the Red Hall. At the end of the state dinner, a concert of musicians is held in the White Hall. Protocol stipulates that a state visit lasts longer (3โ€“4 days) than an official visit (2โ€“3 days). United Arab Emirates The United Arab Emirates Air Force does a flyover while painting the sky in the colors of the visiting country's flag as the leader's car arrives at the presidential palace with an Army mounted escort. Upon arrival, he or she is greeted by the president of the UAE or the deputy supreme commander of the United Arab Emirates Armed Forces, where they both receive military honors from the UAE Presidential Guard as well as a 21-gun salute from members of the Army. While inside the palace they are also greeted by children holding UAE flags as well as flags of the visiting country. The entire city of Abu Dhabi is usually decorated for the visit, with flags being laid out in the streets and large pictures of the leaders of the visiting country and the UAE being put on large buildings. During the visit of Vladimir Putin in October 2019, police cars were sprayed with the Cyrillic letters "ะ”ะŸะก", which stands for the "ะ”ะพั€ะพะถะฝะพ-ะฟะฐั‚ั€ัƒะปัŒะฝะฐั ัะปัƒะถะฑะฐ" (). United Kingdom A state visit to the United Kingdom is a royal event which involves the King and other members of the royal family. An arrival ceremony usually takes place on Horse Guards Parade (There are also some instances where it takes place at Buckingham Palace or Windsor Castle) with a guard of honour being provided by members of the King's Guard. The guard of honour will always report to the dignitary in the language of the visitor, with the report being along the lines of the following: "Your Excellency, the guard of honour, provided by the (states name of unit), is formed up, and ready for inspection." Depending on the area where the ceremony takes place, a march past will immediately take place following the inspection. The foreign guest and the King then travel to Buckingham Palace in a carriage procession escorted by a large number of mounted soldiers from the Household Cavalry. The welcome ceremony is accompanied by 21-gun salutes fired from Green Park and the Tower of London. Around 150 guests are invited to Buckingham Palace for the state banquet in the evening in the ballroom. State visits do not formally occur between the United Kingdom and the 14 other Commonwealth realms, as the realms all share a common monarch and head of state. A visit conducted by the monarch to another Commonwealth realm is also not considered a state visit, but is termed a royal tour. Tours of Commonwealth realms by the monarch are conducted in their capacity as the monarch of that respective realm, and not as the British monarch. As a result, visits on behalf of the United Kingdom to other Commonwealth realms are typically conducted as official visits by the prime minister of the United Kingdom. Conversely, official visits to the United Kingdom by another Commonwealth realm is typically performed by their respective governor-general, or prime minister. United States State visits to Washington, D.C., occur only on the invitation of the president of the United States in their position as head of state and head of the federal government of the United States. Official visits refer to a visit by a head of government to Washington. During state visits, there are usually many events taking place in the capital, with the participation of hundreds of individuals. The first state visit took place in 1874 by Kalฤkaua of the Kingdom of Hawaii, followed by Pedro II of Brazil in 1876. Events can range from a flight line ceremony at Joint Base Andrews, an arrival ceremony (either at the White House or The Pentagon depending on the guest), a State Department luncheon, a state dinner and an address to the Congress. See also Air transports of heads of state and government Foreign relations Motorcade Reciprocity (international relations) State banquet Summit (meeting) References External links Visits by Foreign Leaders โ€“ Organized by the Office of the Historian of the United States Department of State; lists visits by year and by country, including names of the visiting leader and a brief description of the visit REFEED: Putin begins state visit to UAE FULL VIDEO: Queen Elizabeth II hosts welcoming ceremony for Chinese President Xi Jinping State ritual and ceremonies Heads of state
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%BF%EC%BA%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%85
๊ตฟ์บ์ŠคํŒ…
ใ€Š๊ตฟ์บ์ŠคํŒ…ใ€‹์€ 2020๋…„ 4์›” 27์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2020๋…„ 6์›” 16์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์˜ํ•œ SBS ์›”ํ™” ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋กœ, ์ฒซ ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์ „์ธ 2020๋…„ 2์›”์— 100% ์ œ์ž‘์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ์‚ฌ์ „์ œ์ž‘ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํš์˜๋„ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฐ€๋ ค๋‚˜ ๊ทผ๊ทผ์ด ์ฑ…์ƒ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๊ตญ์ •์› ์š”์›๋“ค์ด ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ํ˜„์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ์ถœ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์•ก์…˜ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ. ๋“ฑ์žฅ ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ตœ๊ฐ•ํฌ : ๋ฐฑ์ฐฌ๋ฏธ(๊ฐ€๋ช… ๋ฐฑ์žฅ๋ฏธ) ์—ญ - 38์„ธ, 3๋…„ ์ „ ์ „์„ค์˜ ๋ธ”๋ž™ ์š”์›. ๊ตญ์ •์› ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ์•ˆ๋ณดํŒ€ โ†’ ์ผ๊ด‘ํ•˜์ดํ… ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ด์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋น„์„œ๋กœ ์œ„์žฅ ์œ ์ธ์˜ : ์ž„์˜ˆ์€(๊ฐ€๋ช… ์ž„์ •์€) ์—ญ - 28์„ธ, ๊ตญ์ •์› ์‚ฐ์—…๋ณด์•ˆํŒ€ ํ˜„์žฅ์ง€์›๋ถ€ โ†’ ์ผ๊ด‘ํ•˜์ดํ… ๊ด‘๊ณ ๊ธฐํšํŒ€ ์ธํ„ด์‚ฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ์œ„์žฅ ๊น€์ง€์˜ : ํ™ฉ๋ฏธ์ˆœ(๊ฐ€๋ช… ๊ธฐ๋ฏธ์„ ) ์—ญ - 48์„ธ, ๊ตญ์ •์› ๊ตญ์ œ ๋Œ€ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ๋Œ€์‘ํŒ€ โ†’ ์‹น์‹นํด๋ฆฐ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ์ง ์ฒญ์†Œ์šฉ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์œ„์žฅ ์ด์ƒ์—ฝ : ์œค์„ํ˜ธ ์—ญ - 35์„ธ, ์ผ๊ด‘ํ•˜์ดํ… ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ด์‚ฌ ์ด์ค€์˜ : ๊ฐ•์šฐ์› ์—ญ - 29์„ธ, ๋ชจ๋ธ์ถœ์‹  ๋ฐฐ์šฐ, ์ผ๊ด‘ํ•˜์ดํ… ๋ฐฅ์†ฅ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ด์ข…ํ˜ : ๋™๊ด€์ˆ˜ ์—ญ - 43์„ธ, ์ฐฌ๋ฏธ์™€๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‚ฌ๋‚ด์ปคํ”Œ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ์ด. ๊ตญ์ •์› ๊ตญ๋‚ดํŒŒํŠธ ์‚ฐ์—…๋ณด์•ˆ 3ํŒ€ ํŒ€์žฅ ๊ตญ์ •์› ๋ผ์ธ ์ •์ธ๊ธฐ : ์„œ๊ตญํ™˜ ์—ญ - 50๋Œ€, ๊ณฐ์˜ ํƒˆ์„ ์“ด ์—ฌ์šฐ. ์•ฝ์‚ญ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋‚ด์ •์น˜์˜ ๋‹ฌ์ธ. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์‚ฐ์—…๋ณด์•ˆํŒŒํŠธ ์ด๊ด„ ๊ตญ์žฅ ๋ฐ•๊ฒฝ์ˆœ : ๋ฐฐ๋ฌดํ˜ ์—ญ - 20๋Œ€, ๊ตญ์ •์› ์ธํ„ด์‚ฌ์›. ํ˜„์žฅ์— ํˆฌ์ž…๋œ ์•„์คŒ๋งˆ๋“ค์˜ ์„œํฌํ„ฐ ์—…๋ฌด ๋‹ด๋‹น ํ™ฉ๋ณด๋ฏธ : ๊ฐ„ํƒœํฌ ์—ญ - 30๋Œ€, ๊ตญ์ •์› ๋ธ”๋ž™ ์š”์› ์ผ๊ด‘ํ•˜์ดํ… ๋ผ์ธ ์šฐํ˜„ : ๋ช…๊ณ„์ฒ  ์—ญ - 50๋Œ€, ์ „๋ฌด. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ์ถœ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ์„  ํŒŒ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์Šน์ง„์„ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ, ์ „๋ฌด์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ค๋ฆ„ ์ด์ƒํ›ˆ : ํƒ์ƒ๊ธฐ ์—ญ - 40๋Œ€, ๊ธฐํš๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋ณธ๋ถ€์žฅ. ๋ช… ์ „๋ฌด์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅธํŒ”๋กœ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ๋”๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ผ์„ ๋„๋งก์•„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์ธก๊ทผ ๊น€์šฉํฌ : ์˜ฅ์ฒ  / ๋งˆ์ดํด ์—ญ - 50๋Œ€, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์žฅ. ์•ฝ์ž ์•ž์— ์„œ๋ฉด ๋์—†์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์ด์ค‘์ธ๊ฒฉ์ž ํ—ˆ์žฌํ˜ธ : ๋ณ€์šฐ์„ ์—ญ(๋ณ€ ๋น„์„œ) - 30๋Œ€, ์œค์„ํ˜ธ ๋ณธ๋ถ€์žฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋น„์„œ ํ•œ์ˆ˜์ง„ : ๊ตฌ ๋น„์„œ ์—ญ - 40๋Œ€, ๊ธฐํš๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋ณธ๋ถ€ ๋น„์„œ. ํ™”๊ต ์ถœ์‹  ์กฐ์˜ํ›ˆ : ์„ค์˜ํ›ˆ ์—ญ - 30๋Œ€, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ์˜ฅ์†Œ์žฅ์˜ ์ด์• ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ง„ : ์ผ๊ด‘ํ•˜์ดํ… ์ฒญ์†Œ ๋ฐ˜์žฅ ์—ญ ๊น€๊ฒฝ์ˆ™ : ๋ฐ•๊ฒฝ์ˆ™ ์—ญ - ์ผ๊ด‘ํ•˜์ดํ… ํ™๋ณด ํŒ€์žฅ ์ง„์ˆ˜ํ˜„ : ํšจ์ง„ ์—ญ - ์˜ˆ์€์˜ ์ง์žฅ์ƒ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ•์‹œํ˜„ : ์ผ๊ด‘ํ•˜์ดํ… ์ง์› ์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ฐจ์ˆ˜์—ฐ : ์‹ฌํ™”๋ž€ ์—ญ - LK์—์Šคํ…Œํ‹ฑ ์˜ค๋„ˆ, ์œค์„ํ˜ธ์˜ ๅ‰ ์ฒ˜. 4์„  ์˜์›์„ ์ง€๋‚ธ ์‹ฌ์ฐฌ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์› ๋”ธ ์ด์Šนํ˜• : ๋‚จ๋ด‰๋งŒ ์—ญ - 40๋Œ€, ํšŒ์‚ฌ์›, ๋ฏธ์ˆœ์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ ๊น€๋ณด์œค : ๋‚จ์ฃผ์—ฐ ์—ญ - ๋ฏธ์ˆœ์˜ ๋”ธ, ์—ฌ๊ณ ์ƒ, ๊ฐ•์šฐ์› ํŒฌ ๋ฐฐ์ง„์›… : ํ”ผ์ฒ ์›… ์—ญ - 30๋Œ€, ์–ด์ฉŒ๋‹ค ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๋ญฃ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ•์šฐ์›์˜ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ € ์„ฑํ˜ : ๊ถŒ๋ฏผ์„ ์—ญ - ์ž„์˜ˆ์€์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ. ๊ถŒ์†Œํฌ์˜ ์•„๋น  ๋…ธํ•˜์—ฐ : ๊ถŒ์†Œํฌ ์—ญ - ์ž„์˜ˆ์€์˜ ๋”ธ ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ ๊น€์ง„ํ˜ธ : ๊ธˆ๋™์„ ์—ญ - ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด์› ์ฐจ์žฅ ์žฅ๋‚จ์—ด : ์™•์นด์ด ์—ญ ์„ ํ•™ : M ์—ญ - ์™•์นด์ด์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜ ๊น€๋ฏธํ˜œ : ์Šน๋ฌด์› ์—ญ ์ •์ข…์šฐ ์„œ๋™์„ ์†ก๋ฏผ์žฌ ์•ˆ์ˆ˜๋นˆ ์„œ๋ฒ”์‹ ์•„๋‚˜์Šคํƒ€์ƒค ์†Œ์ฝ”๋กœ๋ฐ” : ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋ฐ”๋ผ ์—ญ - ๊ต๋„์†Œ์— ์ˆ˜๊ฐ๋œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 2020 SBS์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์ƒ ์ตœ๊ฐ•ํฌ ์ดฌ์˜์ง€ ๊ตฌ ์„ฑ๋™๊ตฌ์น˜์†Œ SBS ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ํƒ€์›Œ - ์ผ๊ด‘ํ•˜์ดํ… ์ด์›”๋“œ ์••๊ตฌ์ •๋‚˜๋“ค๋ชฉ ํ† ๋ผ๊ตด ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ  ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํ•ญ ๋‹น์ดˆ ์ˆ˜๋ชฉ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ใ€Š์‹œํฌ๋ฆฟ ๋ถ€ํ‹ฐํฌใ€‹์˜ ํ›„์†์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ์„ฑ๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ž ์ • ํœด๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์›”ํ™”๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋กœ ํŽธ์„ฑ์ด ํ™•์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜ ์ œ๋ชฉ์€ ใ€ˆ๋ฏธ์Šค์บ์ŠคํŒ…ใ€‰์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„๋†“๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋“  ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์œผ๋กœ ใ€Š๊ตฟ์บ์ŠคํŒ…ใ€‹์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์ข… ํ™•์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋Š” ํ”ฝ์…˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ์‹ค์ œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—†์Œ์„ ๋ฐํžŒ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๋ ˆํ„ฐ๋ฐ•์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ • ์ง์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ›ผ์†ํ•  ์†Œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ด ๋ฐฉ์†ก์œ„์›ํšŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ "๊ถŒ๊ณ " ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ดฌ์˜์ง€ ๊ตฌ ์„ฑ๋™๊ตฌ์น˜์†Œ SBSํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ํƒ€์›Œ - ์ผ๊ด‘ํ•˜์ดํ… ์ด์›”๋“œ ์••๊ตฌ์ •๋‚˜๋“ค๋ชฉ ํ† ๋ผ๊ตด ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ๊ด€์•…๊ตฌ ์‹ ๋ฆผ๋™ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ์ผ์‚ฐ์‹œ SBS ํƒ„ํ˜„ ์ œ์ž‘์„ผํ„ฐ ๊ฐ•์›๋„ ํ‰์ฐฝ๊ตฐ ๋Œ€๊ด€๋ น ์•ŒํŽœ์‹œ์•„ ๋ฆฌ์กฐํŠธ ๋™์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ KBS ์›”ํ™” ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ใ€Š๋ณธ ์–ด๊ฒŒ์ธใ€‹ (2020๋…„ 4์›” 20์ผ ~ 2020๋…„ 6์›” 9์ผ) MBC ์›”ํ™” ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ใ€Š์ €๋… ๊ฐ™์ด ๋“œ์‹ค๋ž˜์š”?ใ€‹ (2020๋…„ 5์›” 25์ผ ~ 2020๋…„ 7์›” 14์ผ) JTBC ์›”ํ™”๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ใ€Š์•ผ์‹๋‚จ๋…€ใ€‹ (2020๋…„ 5์›” 25์ผ ~ 2020๋…„ 6์›” 30์ผ) ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ <๊ตฟ์บ์ŠคํŒ…> ๊ณต์‹ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€ <๊ตฟ์บ์ŠคํŒ…> ์ „ํšŒ์ฐจ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋ณด๊ธฐ SBS ์›”ํ™”๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ 2020๋…„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์•ก์…˜ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ 2020๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2020๋…„์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2020๋…„์— ์ข…๋ฃŒํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good%20Casting
Good Casting
Good Casting () is a 2020 South Korean television series starring Choi Kang-hee, Yoo In-young, Kim Ji-young, Lee Sang-yeob, Lee Jun-young and Lee Jong-hyuk. It aired on SBS TV from April 27 to June 16, 2020. Synopsis Legendary espionage agents give girl power a whole new meaning in this thrilling action comedy. Once part of South Korea's top secret National Intelligence Service, a group of talented female agents are reassigned to go undercover in a case involving corruption and leaked trade secrets at the country's largest conglomerate. After several mistakes during important missions, Baek Chan Mi (Choi Kang Hee) was reassigned to the cybersecurity team, but dreams of returning to her former role. Hwang Mi Soon has left agent life behind and become a full-time homemaker. Meanwhile, Lim Ye Eun, a smart single mom and desk agent dreams of being promoted to an undercover spymaster working in the field. Their lives collide when Don Kwan Soo, a longtime director in the NIS, recruits all three for a do or die mission. Cast Main Choi Kang-hee as Baek Chan-mi / Baek Jang-mi Yoo In-young as Im Ye-eun / Im Jung-eun Kim Ji-young as Hwang Mi-soon / Gi Mi-sun Lee Sang-yeob as Yoon Seok-ho Lee Jun-young as Kang Woo-won Lee Jong-hyuk as Dong Kwan-soo Supporting National Intelligence Service Jung In-gi as Seo Gook-hwan Park Kyung-soon as Bae Moo-hyuk Hwang Bo-mi as Gan Tae-hee Kim Jin-ho as Geum Dong-seok Il Kwang Hitech Woo Hyun as Myung Gye-chul Lee Sang-hoon as Tak Sang-gi Kim Yong-hee as Ok Chul as Byun Woo-seok Han Soo-jin as Assistant Goo Jo Young-hoon as Seol Young-hoon Kim Kyung-sook as Park Kyung-sook Main's entourage Cha Soo-yeon as Shim Hwa-ran Lee Seung-hyung as Nam Bong-man Yoon Sa-bong as Prison boss Kim Bo-yoon as Nam Joo-yeon Bae Jin-woong as Pi Chul-woong Sung Hyuk as Kwon Min-seok Noh Ha-yeon as Kwon So-hee Production Development The series is based on a screenplay which was one of the winners of the 2016 2H MBC Drama Screenplay Competition (miniseries category), alongside the 2019โ€“20 SBS television series Hot Stove League. Early working title of the series is Miscasting (). Director Choi Young-hoon first wanted to name the series that way because the characters are miscasted for the operation, but he changed it to Good Casting as all three actresses showed good team work. Filming The series is entirely pre-produced. Filming ended on February 7, 2020. Original soundtrack Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Viewership Awards and nominations References External links Seoul Broadcasting System television dramas Korean-language television shows 2020 South Korean television series debuts 2020 South Korean television series endings South Korean action television series South Korean comedy television series National Intelligence Service (South Korea) in fiction South Korean pre-produced television series
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B2%A0%EB%85%B8%20%EB%AC%B4%EB%84%A4%ED%86%A0
์•„๋ฒ ๋…ธ ๋ฌด๋„คํ† 
์•„๋ฒ ๋…ธ ๋ฌด๋„คํ† ()๋Š” ํ—ค์ด์•ˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ค‘๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌด์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์“ฐ๊ตญ์˜ ํ›„์Šˆ(ไฟ˜ๅ›š)์˜ ์ˆ˜์žฅ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ํ˜ธ์กฑ ์•„๋ฒ ์”จ(ๅฎ‰ๅ€ๆฐ, ๋ฌด์“ฐ ์•„๋ฒ ์”จ)์˜ ์•„๋ฒ ๋…ธ ์š”๋ฆฌํ† ํ‚ค(ๅฎ‰ๅ€้ ผๆ™‚)์˜ ์…‹์งธ ์•„๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ๋„๋…ธ๋ฏธ ์š”์ƒˆ(้ณฅๆตทๆŸต)์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋ฒ ๋…ธ ๋„๋…ธ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ฌด๋„คํ† (ๅฎ‰ๅ€้ณฅๆตทไธ‰้ƒŽๅฎ—ไปป)๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์š”๋ฆฌํ† ํ‚ค์˜ ์ ์ฒ˜(ๅซกๅฆป)์˜€๋˜ ๊ธฐ์š”ํ•˜๋ผ ์”จ(ๆธ…ๅŽŸๆฐ) ์†Œ์ƒ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋กœ ์ ์ž์— ์ค€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์œ„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์„ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ์ „9๋…„์˜ ์—ญ ์˜ค์Šˆ์˜ ์˜ค์ฟ  6๊ตฐ(ๅฅฅๅ…ญ้ƒก)์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์š”๋ฆฌํ† ํ‚ค์™€ ํ˜• ์‚ฌ๋‹คํ† ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ชจํ† ๋…ธ ์š”๋ฆฌ์š”์‹œ(ๆบ้ ผ็พฉ)์— ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์› ๋‹ค(์ „9๋…„์˜ ์—ญ). 12๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ๋ถ„์ „ ๋์— ์‚ฌ๋‹คํ†  ๋“ฑ์€ ์ตœ๋ถ๋‹จ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์•ผ๊ฐ€์™€ ์š”์ƒˆ(ๅŽจๅทๆŸต)์—์„œ ์‚ดํ•ด๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฌด๋„คํ†  ๋“ฑ์€ ํ•ญ๋ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ๊ฑด์ง€๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ชจํ† ๋…ธ ์š”์‹œ์ด์—(ๆบ็พฉๅฎถ)์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ตํ† ๋กœ ์—ฐํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌด๋ ต ์˜ค์Šˆ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์—๋ฏธ์‹œ(่ฆๅคท)๋“ค์€ ๊ฝƒ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์กฐ๋กฑํ•˜๋˜ ์–ด๋Š ๊ท€์กฑ์ด ๋งคํ™”๊ฝƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ โ€œ์ €๊ฒŒ ๋ญ”์ง€๋Š” ์•„๋Š๋ƒ?โ€๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋น„์›ƒ์ž ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ใ€Œ๋‚˜ ์‚ด๋˜ ๋•…์—ฃ ๋งคํ™”๊ฝƒ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ๊ณ  ๋†’์€ ๋ถ„๊ป˜์„  ์–ด์ธ ๋ง์”€์ด์˜จ์ง€ใ€(ใ‚ใŒๅ›ฝใฎใ€€ๆข…ใฎ่Šฑใจใฏ ่ฆ‹ใคใ‚Œใฉใ‚‚ใ€€ๅคงๅฎฎไบบใฏ ใ„ใ‹ใŒใ„ใตใ‚‰ใ‚€)๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์Š์–ด ๊ตํ†  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋†€๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค(ใ€Žํ—ค์ด์ผ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐใ€) ์œ ๋ฐฐ ์•„๋ฒ ๋…ธ ๋ฌด๋„คํ† ๋Š” ์‹œ์ฝ”์ฟ (ๅ››ๅ›ฝ)์˜ ์ด์š”๊ตญ(ไผŠไบˆๅ›ฝ)์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ด๋งˆ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์‹œ(ไปŠๆฒปๅธ‚)์˜ ๋„๋ฏธํƒ€(ๅฏŒ็”ฐ) ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ 3๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๋’ค์— ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‚ค์› ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง€๋žด์ฟ (ๆฒปๆšฆ) 3๋…„(1067๋…„) ๊ทœ์Šˆ(ไนๅทž) ์ง€์ฟ ์  (็ญ‘ๅ‰)์˜ ๋ฌด๋‚˜๊ฐ€ํƒ€ ๊ตฐ(ๅฎ—ๅƒ้ƒก)์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์ฟ ์   ์˜ค์‹œ๋งˆ(็ญ‘ๅ‰ๅคงๅณถ)๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ๊ธˆ ์œ ๋ฐฐ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ›—๋‚  ๋ฌด๋‚˜์นดํƒ€์˜ ๋‹ค์ด๋ฌ˜(ๅคงๅ)๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๋ฌด๋‚˜์นดํƒ€ ์”จ(ๅฎ—ๅƒๆฐ)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋‚˜ ์†ก(ๅฎ‹)๊ณผ ๊ต์—ญ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋งก์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜ค์‹œ๋งˆ์˜ ์ตœ์Šน์ง€์— ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ํ˜ธ์‹ ๋ถˆ๋กœ์จ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋˜ ์•ฝ์‚ฌ์œ ๋ฆฌ๊ด‘์—ฌ๋ž˜(่–ฌๅธซ็‘ ็’ƒๅ…‰ๅฆ‚ๆฅ)๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•ˆ์ฐฝ์›(ๅฎ‰ๆ˜Œ้™ข)์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์‡ผ 3๋…„(1108๋…„) 2์›” 4์ผ์— 77์„ธ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์•„๋ฒ ๋…ธ ๋ฌด๋„คํ† ์˜ ์œ ๋ฐฐ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์š”์—์„œ ์ง€์ฟ ์  ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ค๋„ ์ง€์ฟ ์   ์ด์ „์— ๋‹ค์ž์ดํ›„(ๅคงๅฎฐๅบœ)์— ์œ ๋ฐฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ค๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๋…€ ์žฅ๋‚จ - ์•„๋ฒ ๋…ธ ๋ฌด๋„ค์š”์‹œ(ๅฎ‰ๅ€ๅฎ—่‰ฏ) ๋ฌด๋„ค์š”์‹œ๋Š” ์˜ค์‹œ๋งˆ ํƒ€๋กœ(ๅคงๅณถๅคช้ƒŽ)ยท์•„๋ฒ ๋…ธ ๊ณค๋…ธ์นด๋ฏธ(ๅฎ‰ๅ€ๆจฉ้ ญ)๋กœ์จ ์˜ค์‹œ๋งˆ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฃŒ(็ตฑ้ ˜)๋ฅผ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ž์†์ธ ์•„๋ฒ ๋…ธ ์š”๋ฆฌํ† (ๅฎ‰ๅ€้ ผไปป)๋Š” ๊ทœ์Šˆ์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ˜ธ(ๅ‰ฃ่ฑช)๋กœ์จ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์•Œ๋ ธ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์ด๋ฌ˜ ์•„ํ‚ค์ฆˆํ‚ค์”จ(็ง‹ๆœˆๆฐ) ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์— ์ถœ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„๋ฒ ๋ฆฝ๊ฒ€๋„(ๅฎ‰ๅ€็ซ‹ๅ‰ฃ้“)๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ€์ˆ ์œ ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋‚จ - ์•„๋ฒ ๋…ธ ๋‚˜์นดํ† (ๅฎ‰ๅ€ไปฒไปป) ๋‚˜์นดํ† ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์“ฐ๋งˆ๊ตญ(่–ฉๆ‘ฉๅ›ฝ)์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์‚ผ๋‚จ - ์•„๋ฒ ๋…ธ ์Šค์—ํ† (ๅฎ‰ๅ€ๅญฃไปป) ์Šค์—ํ† ๋Š” ํžˆ์  ๊ตญ(่‚ฅๅ‰ๅ›ฝ)์˜ ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋ผ(ๆพๆตฆ)๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ ธ์„œ ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋ผ ์”จ(ๆพๆตฆๆฐ)์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋ผ๋…ธ ์‚ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ๋‹ค์ดํ›„ ์‚ฌ๋„คํ† (ๆพๆตฆไธ‰้ƒŽๅคงๅคซๅฎŸไปป)๋ผ ์ด๋ฆ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ž์†์€ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ๊ทœ์Šˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ตฐ(ๆฐด่ป) ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋ผํ† (ๆพๆตฆๅ…š)๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์กฑ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์žฅ๋…€ - ํ›„์ง€์™€๋ผ๋…ธ ๋ชจํ† ํžˆ๋ผ(่—คๅŽŸๅŸบ่กก)์˜ ์•„๋‚ด(๋‹ค๋งŒ ์˜๋ฌธ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค) ์˜ค์Šˆ ํ›„์ง€์™€๋ผ ์”จ 3๋Œ€ ๋‹น์ฃผ ํ›„์ง€์™€๋ผ๋…ธ ํžˆ๋ฐํžˆ๋ผ(่—คๅŽŸ็ง€่กก)์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ(์ด์„ค๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค). ๋ง‰๋‚ด ๋”ธ - ์‚ฌ์‚ฌํ‚ค ์Šค์—์‚ฌ๋‹ค(ไฝใ€…ๆœจๅญฃๅฎš)์˜ ์•„๋‚ด ์‚ฌ์‚ฌํ‚ค ์Šค์—์š”์‹œ(ไฝใ€…ๆœจ็ง€็พฉ)์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ. ํ—ค์ด์ง€์˜ ๋‚œ(ๅนณๆฒปๅˆๆˆฆ) ์ดํ›„ ๋ณธ๊ด€์ง€์ธ ์˜ค๋ฏธ๊ตญ(่ฟ‘ๆฑŸๅ›ฝ) ๊ฐ€๋ชจ ๊ตฐ(่’ฒ็”Ÿ้ƒก)์˜ ์‚ฌ์‚ฌํ‚ค ์žฅ(ไฝใ€…ๆœจๅบ„)์—์„œ ์ซ“๊ฒจ๋‚œ ์Šค์—์š”์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๊ฐ€์ชฝ ์—ฐ์ค„์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ค์Šˆ ํ›„์ง€์™€๋ผ ์”จ์— ์˜์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋˜ ๋„์ค‘์— ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฏธ๊ตญ(็›ธๆจกๅ›ฝ)์˜ ๋ฌด์žฅ ์‹œ๋ถ€์•ผ ์‹œ๊ฒŒ์ฟ ๋‹ˆ(ๆธ‹่ฐท้‡ๅ›ฝ)์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ๋ฌด์šฉ์ด ๋ˆˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด ์‹œ๊ฒŒ์ฟ ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์‹๊ฐ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž์† ์•„๋ฒ ๋…ธ ๋ฌด๋„คํ† ์˜ ์…‹์งธ ์•„๋“ค ์Šค์—ํ† ๋Š” ํžˆ์   ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋ผ ์ผ์กฑ๊ณผ ์ธ์ฒ™๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๏ฝข๋งˆ์“ฐ๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋„คํ† ๏ฝฃ(ๆพๆตฆๅฎŸไปป)๋ผ ์นญํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ž์†์ธ ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์นดํ† ์‹œ(ๆพๆตฆ้ซ˜ไฟŠ)๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด๋ผ๋…ธ ๊ธฐ์š”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ(ๅนณๆธ…็››)์˜ ์ธก๊ทผ์œผ๋กœ ํ—ค์ด์ผ€(ๅนณๅฎถ) ์ˆ˜๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง€์‡ผ-์ฃผ์—์ด์˜ ๋‚œ ์ดํ›„ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ์•ผ๋งˆ๊ตฌ์น˜ํ˜„(ๅฑฑๅฃ็œŒ) ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ํ† ์‹œ(้•ท้–€ๅธ‚) ์•„๋ถ€๋ผ์•ผ(ๆฒน่ฐท)๋กœ ์œ ๋ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’ค ๋‹ค์นดํ† ์‹œ์˜ ๋”ธ์€ ๋‹ค์ด๋ผ๋…ธ ๋„๋ชจ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ(ๅนณ็Ÿฅ็››)์˜ ์…‹์งธ ์•„๋“ค ๋‹ค์ด๋ผ๋…ธ ๋„๋ชจํƒ€๋‹ค(ๅนณ็Ÿฅๅฟ )์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์ง‘๊ฐ”์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฒ์ง€(ๆบๆฐ)์˜ ๋ฐ•ํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•ด ๋„๋ชจํƒ€๋‹ค์˜ ์ผ์กฑ์€ ์•„๋‚ด์˜ ์กฐ๋ถ€๋กœ์จ ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋ผ ์”จ๋ฅผ ์นญํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์Šค์—ํ† (์‚ฌ๋„คํ† )์˜ ํ˜ผ์„ธ(ๆœฌๅง“)์ธ ใ€Œ์•„๋ฒ ใ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ์ž๋ฏผ๋‹น ์ค‘์˜์›์œผ๋กœ์จ ์™ธ๋ฌด๋Œ€์‹ ์„ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋˜ ์•„๋ฒ  ์‹ ํƒ€๋กœ(ๅฎ‰ๅ€ๆ™‹ๅคช้ƒŽ)์™€ ๊ทธ ์•„๋“ค๋กœ์จ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์ด๋ฆฌ๋Œ€์‹ (ๅ†…้–ฃ็ท็†ๅคง่‡ฃ)์ด ๋œ ์•„๋ฒ  ์‹ ์กฐ(ๅฎ‰ๅ€ๆ™‹ไธ‰) ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•œ ์•ผ๋งˆ๊ตฌ์น˜ ํ˜„์˜ ์•„๋ฒ  ์”จ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋•Œ ๊ฒ์ง€์˜ ๋ฐ•ํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•ด ์•„๋‚ด์˜ ์„ฑ์”จ๋ฅผ ์นญํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋„๋ชจํƒ€๋‹ค์˜ ํ›„์†์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ผ์ปฌ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์‚ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ด์™€ํ…Œ ํ˜„ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์˜ค์นด์‹œ(็››ๅฒกๅธ‚) ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ท€์กฑ์› ์˜์›์œผ๋กœ ์ œ18 ใƒป 22๋Œ€ ๋„์ฟ„๋ถ€์ง€์‚ฌ(ๆฑไบฌๅบœ็Ÿฅไบ‹)๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋˜ ์•„๋ฒ  ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ(้˜ฟ้ƒจๆตฉ)๋Š” ํ—ค์ด์ผ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์— ์‹ค๋ ค ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„๋ฒ ๋…ธ ๋ฌด๋„คํ† ์™€ ๋งคํ™”์˜ ๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋นŒ์–ด ์•„๋ฒ  ์”จ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์˜ค์นด ์‹œ ์•„๋ฒ ๋…ธํƒ€ํ…Œ ์ •(ๅฎ‰ๅ€้คจ็”บ)์— ๋ณ„์ €(ๅˆฅ้‚ธ)๋ฅผ ์ง“๊ณ  ๊ณ ์ฝ”๋ชจ์ดˆ(ๅพ้ƒทๆฅณ่˜)๋ผ ์ด๋ฆ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ใ€Œ๋‚ด ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์˜ ๋งคํ™”๋ฐญใ€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋‹ค. ํŽธ์•ก์˜ ํœ˜ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์ดํ†  ํžˆ๋กœ๋ถ€๋ฏธ(ไผŠ่—คๅšๆ–‡)๊ฐ€ ์ผ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์˜ค์นด ์‹œ ์›๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋…๊ด€(็››ๅฒกๅธ‚ๅŽŸๆ•ฌ่จ˜ๅฟต้คจ)์ด ์†Œ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์•ผ๊ฐ€์™€ ์š”์ƒˆ์—์„œ ๊ดด๋ฉธ๋œ ์•„๋ฒ  ์”จ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์˜ค์นด ์‹œ๋ฆฝ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์•ผ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต(็››ๅฒกๅธ‚็ซ‹ๅŽจๅทไธญๅญฆๆ ก)๋Š” ๋งคํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ใ€Ž๋ถˆํƒ€์˜ค๋ฅด๋‹คใ€(็‚Ž็ซ‹ใค, NHK ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ, 1993 - 1994๋…„) - ๋ฐฐ์—ญ : ๊ฐ€์™€๋…ธ ํƒ€๋กœ(ๅท้‡Žๅคช้ƒŽ) 1032๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1108๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์˜ค์Šˆ ์•„๋ฒ ์”จ ํ—ค์ด์•ˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฌด์‚ฌ ์ „9๋…„์˜ ์—ญ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe%20no%20Munet%C5%8D
Abe no Munetล
was a samurai of the Abe clan during the Heian period of Japan. He was the son of Abe no Yoritoki, the head of the Abe clan of Emishi who were allowed to rule the six Emishi districts in the from Morioka to Hiraizumi in what is now Iwate Prefecture. Abe no Yoritoki was the Chinjufu-shลgun (general in charge of overseeing the Ainu and the defense of the north). In the Zenkunen War, he fought, together with his brother Sadato, alongside his father against the Minamoto. Abe no Munetล was based at the Isawa Stockade. He occupied the fort called the Tonomi Palisade (้ณฅๆตทๅ†Š, tonomi-saku) that was established on the north side of the Isawa at an uncertain date. In 1061, during the Zenkunen War, Abe no Munetล defeated the Minamoto forces in the Battle of Tonomi Palisade. Siblings Abe no Sadato (1019โ€“1062) who occupied the Kuriyagawa Stockade; Abe no Masato who occupied the Kurosawa Stockade; Abe no Norito who stayed at the Koromo Stockade with his father; a sister who married Taira no Nagahira; a sister who married Fujiwara no Tsunekiyo. Through her his father Yoritoki became the grandfather of Fujiwara no Kiyohira, the founder of the Northern Fujiwara dynasty. External links Abe no Munetล biographical data People from Iwate Prefecture 1108 deaths Samurai People of Heian-period Japan 1032 births
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%98%ED%99%98%EA%B8%B0
์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ
์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ(็ฝฎๆ›ๅŸบ, )๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™์—์„œ ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์˜ ๋ชจ์ฒด ์‚ฌ์Šฌ ์ƒ์˜ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์›์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ž ๋˜๋Š” ์›์ž๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ, ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค(์˜ˆ: ๊ณ์‚ฌ์Šฌ, ํŽœ๋˜ํŠธ๊ธฐ)์„ ์ง€์นญํ•˜๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋Š” ๋ชจ์ฒด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ตํ™˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณ ๋ถ„์žํ™”ํ•™์—์„œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์—์„œ ๊ณ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์€ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฐ์žฅ๋˜์–ด์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์—์„œ ๊ณ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์€ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์˜ ฮฑ ํƒ„์†Œ ์›์ž์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ "โˆ’์ผ(โˆ’yl)"์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•  ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ค‘ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด "โˆ’์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ด(โˆ’ylidene)", ์‚ผ์ค‘ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด "โˆ’์ผ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค์ธ(โˆ’ylidyne)"์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•  ๋•Œ, ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ํƒ„์†Œ ์›์ž์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์œ„์น˜ ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด์„ฑ์งˆ์ฒด๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทน์„ฑ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์œ ๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ฉ”์†Œ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ”ผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ž…์ฒด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์น˜ํ™˜๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ๊ฒŒ ์น˜ํ™˜๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์šฉ์–ด์—์„œ ๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์ธ์€ ๋น„๊ต ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์ธ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์›์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์น˜ํ™˜๋ ์ˆ˜๋ก, ๊ทธ ๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ์น˜ํ™˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๋ฅด์ฝ”๋ธŒ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ”„์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”(์•Œํ‚ฌ ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ ์Œ) ํƒ„์†Œ์— ์ˆ˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž์ด์ฒดํ”„์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ์น˜ํ™˜๋œ(๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ) ์ด์ค‘ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์•Œ์ผ„์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ช…๋ช…๋ฒ• ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ "โˆ’์ผ(โˆ’yl)"์€ ์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์—์„œ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์ข…(์ž์œ  ๋ผ๋””์นผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•จ) ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž์— ํ™”ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ์ผ๋ถ€(๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•จ)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ผ๋””์นผ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ์˜ ์˜› ์ด๋ฆ„์ธ "๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ Œ(methylene)" (๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด๋กœ "๋ฉ”ํ‹ฐ(methy)"๋Š” ํฌ๋„์ฃผ(wine)"๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ด๊ณ , "hศณlฤ“"์€ "๋‚˜๋ฌด(wood)"๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ž„)์—์„œ ๋”ฐ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด๋Š” ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์—์„œ "๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ(methyl)"๋กœ ๋‹จ์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ช…๋ช…๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ช‡ ์ฐจ๋ก€์˜ ๊ฐœ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ๊ธฐ ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์ฒด ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ(๋ฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋„)์—์„œ ์น˜ํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์›์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. 1993๋…„์˜ IUPAC ์ง€์นจ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. "โˆ’์ผ(โˆ’yl)"์€ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์›์ž 1๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์น˜ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. "โˆ’์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ด(โˆ’ylidene)"์€ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์›์ž 2๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์น˜ํ™˜๋˜์–ด ๋ชจ์ฒด ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ด์ค‘ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. "โˆ’์ผ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค์ธ(โˆ’ylidyne)"์€ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์›์ž 3๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์น˜ํ™˜๋˜์–ด ๋ชจ์ฒด ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์‚ผ์ค‘ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ "โˆ’์ผ๋ฆฌ๋”˜(โˆ’ylidine)" ("โˆ’yne" ๋˜๋Š” "โˆ’ene" ๋Œ€์‹ ์— "โˆ’ine"์ด ํฌํ•จ)์ด ์‚ฐ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ "โˆ’์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ด(โˆ’ylidene)"์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ์ฒ ์ž๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ IUPAC ์ง€์นจ์—๋Š” ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ฒด ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ ‘๋‘์‚ฌ "๋‹ค์ดโˆ’(diโˆ’)", "ํŠธ๋ผ์ดโˆ’(triโˆ’)", "ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผโˆ’(tetraโˆ’)" ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. "โˆ’๋‹ค์ด์ผ(โˆ’diyl)"์€ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ, "โˆ’ํŠธ๋ผ์ด์ผ(โˆ’triyl)์€ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ, "โˆ’ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผ์ผ(โˆ’tetrayl)"์€ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ, "โˆ’๋‹ค์ด์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ด(โˆ’diylidene)"์€ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด์ค‘ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. "โˆ’์ผ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ๋ด(โˆ’ylylidene)"์€ 1๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ 1๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด์ค‘ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ, "โˆ’์ผ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ๋‹ค์ธ(โˆ’ylylidyne)"์€ 1๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ 1๊ฐœ์˜ ์‚ผ์ค‘ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ, "โˆ’๋‹ค์ด์ผ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ๋ด(โˆ’diylylidene)"์€ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ 1๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด์ค‘ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์ฒด ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•œ์ชฝ ๋(1๋ฒˆ ์œ„์น˜)์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์— ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ IUPAC 2013๋…„ ๊ทœ์น™์€ IUPAC ์šฐ์„ ๋ช…์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜ํ‘œ์‹œ์ž(locant)๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ "โˆ’ane"์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์‚ฌ์Šฌํ˜• ํฌํ™” ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์™€ ๋‹จ์ผ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ทœ์†Œ, ์ €๋งˆ๋Š„, ์ฃผ์„, ๋‚ฉ, ๋ถ•์†Œ์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ์ฒด ์ˆ˜์†Œํ™”๋ฌผ์—๋งŒ ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ "X-ic acid"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์นด๋ณต์‹ค์‚ฐ, "X-anol" (๋˜๋Š” "X-yl alcohol")๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ๋˜๋Š” "X-ane"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•Œ์ผ€์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, "X-yl"์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋“ค ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ง๋‹จ ํƒ„์†Œ ์›์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์›์ž๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ป์–ด์ง€๋Š” 1๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€์นญํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋ง๋‹จ์˜ "โˆ’e"๋งŒ ์ƒ๋žตํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, 1๋ฒˆ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ๋„(์‚ผ์ค‘ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ ํƒ„์†Œ ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์„ ์ข…๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”"โˆ’์ผ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค์ธ(โˆ’ylidyne)"์€ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ), "โˆ’์ผ(โˆ’yl)" ์•ž์— ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์ธ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. "ํŽœํƒ„-1-์ผ(pentan-1-yl)"์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ์˜ˆ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ „ ์ง€์นจ์˜ "ํŽœํ‹ธ(pentyl)"๊ณผ ๋™์˜์–ด์ด๋‹ค. "๋น„๋‹"("ํด๋ฆฌ๋น„๋‹"์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋Œ€์ค‘์ ์ธ ์šฉ์–ด๋“ค์€ ์ „์ฒด ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ช…์นญ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ"โˆ’์ผ(โˆ’yl)"์€ "๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ(methyl)"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ถ”์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์ธ ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ ์ƒ๊ธฐ ๊ทœ์น™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž ๋‚ด์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ ์›์ž๋Š” ํƒ„์†Œ ์›์ž์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์›์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€์™€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐ ํ™”ํ•™ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์‹์—์„œ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๊ธฐ, ์—ํ‹ธ๊ธฐ, ์•„๋ฆด๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ๊ธฐ ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ R(๋˜๋Š” R1, R2 ๋“ฑ)๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. "R"์€ "radical" ๋˜๋Š” "rest"๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์œ„์น˜ ํ‘œ์‹œ์ž์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ž‘์„ฑ์ž๊ฐ€ ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™์‹์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1844๋…„์— ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์ž ์ƒค๋ฅผ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋ฐ๋ฆญ ๊ฒŒ๋ผ๋ฅดํŠธ(Charles Frรฉdรฉric Gerhardt)๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ "R"์„ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ˜ธ "X"๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ํ• ๋กœ์  ํ™”๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „๊ธฐ์Œ์„ฑ์˜ ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„ํฌ ์–ด๋–ค ํ™”ํ•™์ •๋ณดํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํƒ„์†Œ, ์ˆ˜์†Œ, ์งˆ์†Œ, ์‚ฐ์†Œ, ํ™ฉ, ์ธ, ์…€๋ ˆ๋Š„, ํ• ๋กœ์   ๋“ฑ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 12๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋น„์ˆ˜์†Œ ์›์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” 3,043,941 ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์—์„œ 849,574๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์˜ 1% ์ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” 50๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , 0.1% ์ด์ƒ์—์„œ 438์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ์˜ 64%๋Š” ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ถ„์ž์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ƒ์œ„ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๊ธฐ, ํŽ˜๋‹๊ธฐ, ํด๋กœ๋กœ๊ธฐ, ๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ๊ธฐ, ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๊ธฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์—์„œ ์œ ๊ธฐ ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜ ์ด ์ˆ˜๋Š” 3,100,000์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด 6.7ร—1023 ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๊ธฐ(โˆ’CH3)์™€ ํŽœํ‹ธ๊ธฐ(โˆ’C5H11)์—์„œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํƒ„์†Œ ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฌดํ•œํ•œ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ช…๋ช…๋ฒ• ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituent
Substituent
In organic chemistry, a substituent is one or a group of atoms that replaces (one or more) atoms, thereby becoming a moiety in the resultant (new) molecule. (In organic chemistry and biochemistry, the terms substituent and functional group, as well as side chain and pendant group, are used almost interchangeably to describe those branches from the parent structure, though certain distinctions are made in polymer chemistry. In polymers, side chains extend from the backbone structure. In proteins, side chains are attached to the alpha carbon atoms of the amino acid backbone.) The suffix -yl is used when naming organic compounds that contain a single bond replacing one hydrogen; -ylidene and -ylidyne are used with double bonds and triple bonds, respectively. In addition, when naming hydrocarbons that contain a substituent, positional numbers are used to indicate which carbon atom the substituent attaches to when such information is needed to distinguish between isomers. Substituents can be a combination of the inductive effect and the mesomeric effect. Such effects are also described as electron-rich and electron withdrawing. Additional steric effects result from the volume occupied by a substituent. The phrases most-substituted and least-substituted are frequently used to describe or compare molecules that are products of a chemical reaction. In this terminology, methane is used as a reference of comparison. Using methane as a reference, for each hydrogen atom that is replaced or "substituted" by something else, the molecule can be said to be more highly substituted. For example: Markovnikov's rule predicts that the hydrogen atom is added to the carbon of the alkene functional group which has the greater number of hydrogen atoms (fewer alkyl substituents). Zaitsev's rule predicts that the major reaction product is the alkene with the more highly substituted (more stable) double bond. Nomenclature The suffix -yl is used in organic chemistry to form names of radicals, either separate species (called free radicals) or chemically bonded parts of molecules (called moieties). It can be traced back to the old name of methanol, "methylene" (from , 'wine' and , 'wood', 'forest'), which became shortened to "methyl" in compound names, from which -yl was extracted. Several reforms of chemical nomenclature eventually generalized the use of the suffix to other organic substituents. The use of the suffix is determined by the number of hydrogen atoms that the substituent replaces on a parent compound (and also, usually, on the substituent). According to the 1993 IUPAC recommendations: -yl means that one hydrogen is replaced. -ylidene means that two hydrogens are replaced by a double bond between parent and substituent. -ylidyne means that three hydrogens are replaced by a triple bond between parent and substituent. The suffix -ylidine is encountered sporadically, and appears to be a variant spelling of "-ylidene"; it is not mentioned in the IUPAC guidelines. For multiple bonds of the same type, which link the substituent to the parent group, the infixes -di-, -tri-, -tetra-, etc., are used: -diyl (two single bonds), -triyl (three single bonds), -tetrayl (four single bonds), -diylidene (two double bonds). For multiple bonds of different types, multiple suffixes are concatenated: -ylylidene (one single and one double), -ylylidyne (one single and one triple), -diylylidene (two single and one double). The parent compound name can be altered in two ways: For many common compounds the substituent is linked at one end (the 1 position) and historically not numbered in the name. The IUPAC 2013 Rules however do require an explicit locant for most substituents in a preferred IUPAC name. The substituent name is modified by stripping -ane (see alkane) and adding the appropriate suffix. This is "recommended only for saturated acyclic and monocyclic hydrocarbon substituent groups and for the mononuclear parent hydrides of silicon, germanium, tin, lead, and boron". Thus, if there is a carboxylic acid called "X-ic acid", an alcohol ending "X-anol" (or "X-yl alcohol"), or an alkane called "X-ane", then "X-yl" typically denotes the same carbon chain lacking these groups but modified by attachment to some other parent molecule. The more general method omits only the terminal "e" of the substituent name, but requires explicit numbering of each yl prefix, even at position 1 (except for -ylidyne, which as a triple bond must terminate the substituent carbon chain). Pentan-1-yl is an example of a name by this method, and is synonymous with pentyl from the previous guideline. Note that some popular terms such as "vinyl" (when used to mean "polyvinyl") represent only a portion of the full chemical name. Methane substituents According to the above rules, a carbon atom in a molecule, considered as a substituent, has the following names depending on the number of hydrogens bound to it, and the type of bonds formed with the remainder of the molecule: Notation In a chemical structural formula, an organic substituent such as methyl, ethyl, or aryl can be written as R (or R1, R2, etc.) It is a generic placeholder, the R derived from radical or rest, which may replace any portion of the formula as the author finds convenient. The first to use this symbol was Charles Frรฉdรฉric Gerhardt in 1844. The symbol X is often used to denote electronegative substituents such as the halides. Statistical distribution One cheminformatics study identified 849,574 unique substituents up to 12 non-hydrogen atoms large and containing only carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, selenium, and the halogens in a set of 3,043,941 molecules. Fifty substituents can be considered common as they are found in more than 1% of this set, and 438 are found in more than 0.1%. 64% of the substituents are found in only one molecule. The top 5 most common are the methyl, phenyl, chlorine, methoxy, and hydroxyl substituents. The total number of organic substituents in organic chemistry is estimated at 3.1 million, creating a total of 6.7ร—1023 molecules. An infinite number of substituents can be obtained simply by increasing carbon chain length. For instance, the substituents methyl (-CH3) and pentyl (-C5H11). See also Functional groups are a subset of substituents References Organic chemistry Chemical nomenclature
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ํ˜ธ์•™ํˆฌ์ด
ํ˜ธ์•™ํ‹ฐํˆฌ์ด(๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์–ด: Hoร ng Thแป‹ Thรนy, ํ•œ์ž: ้ปƒๆฐๅž‚(ํ™ฉ์ˆ˜), 1992๋…„ 3์›” 15์ผ ~)๋Š” ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ ใ€Š๋„์ „! ์ˆ˜ํผ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จใ€‹ ์‹œ์ฆŒ 2์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•ด ์šฐ์Šนํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ ์ œ3ํšŒใ€Š๋ฏธ์Šค ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์Šค ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จใ€‹์„ ๋ฐœ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ์ค€์šฐ์Šนํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ์Šค ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์Šค ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ 2019์œผ๋กœ ๋ฝ‘ํ˜”์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2019๋…„ 12์›” 8์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์กฐ์ง€์•„์ฃผ ์• ํ‹€๋žœํƒ€์‹œํ‹ฐ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฏธ์Šค ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์Šค 2019 ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ Top 20์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ข…์ข… 1990๋…„๋Œ€์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ํ•™๋ ฅ ๋ค์ž1๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต (์กธ์—…) ํ•˜๋…ธ์ด๊ฑด์ถ•๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต (์กธ์—…) ์„ผํŠธ๋Ÿด ์„ธ์ธํŠธ ๋งˆํ‹ด์Šค (์กธ์—…) ์ƒ์•  1992โ€“2011: ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์•  ํ˜ธ์•™ํˆฌ์ด๋Š” ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ํƒ€์ธํ˜ธ์•„์„ฑ ๋ค์žํ˜„์˜ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” 2010๋…„ ๋ค์ž1 ๊ทธ๋“ฑํ•˜๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋…ธ์ด ๊ฑด์ถ• ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ 2ํ•™๋…„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋„์ „! ์Šˆํผ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ 2011(Vietnam's Next Top Model)์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 2011โ€“2017:ใ€ŠVietnam's Next Top Modelใ€‹์—์„œ ์šฐ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋Œ€ํšŒ๋“ค ํ›„ ํ™œ๋™ ํˆฌ์ด๋Š” 2011๋…„ 9์›” 25์ผ ๋„์ „! ์Šˆํผ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ 2011์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํƒ€์ด๋ผ ๋ฑ…ํฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 2012๋…„ 1 ์›” 8์ผ์— ์šฐ์Šน์ž๋กœ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ ๋…์ผ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์—์„œ ํƒ‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋” ์›”๋“œ(Top Model of the Word)์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ Top 15์— ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ์บฃ์›Œํฌ ์–ด์›Œ(Best Catwalk Award)๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์ „! ์Šˆํผ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜ ์ž๋งˆ์ž ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•, ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ๋Œ€ํ–‰์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ 2์›”, ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ํŒจ์…˜ ์œ„ํฌ(LFW)๋Š” ์บ์ŠคํŒ…์„ ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์–ผ๋งˆ ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋ฏธ์•„ํ™ฉ์€ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๋ฝ ์—†์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฑ„๋„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ๋กœ ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ํŒจ์…˜ ์œ„ํฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ธ ์žฅ ํ”ผ์—๋ฅด ๋ธŒ๋ผ๊ฐ„์ž(Jean Pierre Braganza)๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ํ›„ ๋ธŒ๋ผ๊ฐ„์ž๋Š” ํŒจ์…˜ ์œ„ํฌ์—์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์‡ผ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋“ค์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์ ์ด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” 2015๋…„ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์—์„œ PRM ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„, ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์—˜๋ฅด(Elle)์™€ ๊ทธ๋ผ์ง€์•„(Grazia)์˜ ์žก์ง€์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ ํ˜ธ์•™ํˆฌ์ด๋Š” ใ€Š๋” ํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ(The Face Vietnam)ใ€‹์‹œ์ฆŒ 2์˜ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ž(mentor)๋กœ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์˜ ์Šน์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋„ˆ ๋ž€์ฟ ์—์˜ ํŒ€์— ์†ํ•œ ๋šœํ•˜์˜ค์ด๋‹ค. 2017โ€“ํ˜„์žฌ: ์ œ3ํšŒใ€Š๋ฏธ์Šค ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์Šค ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จใ€‹์—์„œ ์ค€์šฐ์Šน์— ์˜ค๋ฆ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์Šค ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์Šค ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ 2019 ์—ญํ• ์˜ ํ™œ๋™ ๋” ํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ํ›„ ์–ผ๋งˆ ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” 2017๋…„ ์ œ3ํšŒ ๋ฏธ์Šค ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์Šค ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 2์œ„(1st runner-up)์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 5์›” 6์ผ, ํ˜ธ์•™ํˆฌ์ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ์Šค ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์Šค์—์„œ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๋ฏธ์Šค ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์Šค ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ 2019์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์‹ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019 ๋ฏธ์Šค ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์Šค์—์„œ 20์œ„ ์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019 ๋ฏธ์Šค ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์Šค ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ํ›„ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ฏธ์Šค ์ˆ˜ํ”„๋ผ๋‹ˆ์…”๋„์—์„œ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์ดˆ์ฒญ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํŒฌ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ์Šค ์ˆ˜ํ”„๋ผ๋‚ด์…”๋„์—์„œ 2020 ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์ดˆ์ฒญ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ปค๋ฒ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์žก์ง€ ์ปค๋ฒ„ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์žก์ง€๋“ค: ใ€Š์ฝ”์Šค๋ชจํด๋ฆฌํƒ„ใ€‹์žก์ง€ (2010๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2015๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์žก์ง€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž„) 2012๋…„ 7์›” ์ถœํŒ ๋œ ์ปค๋ฒ„ ใ€ŠฤแบธPใ€‹์žก์ง€ (2010๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์žก์ง€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž„) 2012๋…„ 7์›” ์ถœํŒ ๋œ ์ปค๋ฒ„ 2013๋…„ 10์›” ์ถœํŒ ๋œ ์ปค๋ฒ„ 2014๋…„ 7์›” ์ถœํŒ ๋œ ์ปค๋ฒ„ 2014๋…„ 9์›” ์ถœํŒ ๋œ ์ปค๋ฒ„ ใ€Š์—˜๋ฅดใ€‹์žก์ง€ (2010๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2020๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์žก์ง€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž„) 2016๋…„ 4์›” ์ถœํŒ ๋œ ์ปค๋ฒ„ ใ€Šํ•˜ํผ์Šค ๋ฐ”์žใ€‹์žก์ง€ (2010๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์žก์ง€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž„) 2016๋…„ 7์›” ์ถœํŒ ๋œ ์ปค๋ฒ„ 2019๋…„ 9์›” ์ถœํŒ ๋œ ์ปค๋ฒ„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žก์ง€: 2012๋…„ 2์›”ใ€Šํ—ˆ๋ฅด ์›”๋“œใ€‹์ถœํŒ ๋œ ์ปค๋ฒ„ 2012๋…„ 2์›”ใ€ŠThแปƒ thao vร  vฤƒn hรณaใ€‹์ถœํŒ ๋œ ์ปค๋ฒ„ 2012๋…„ 2์›”ใ€ŠHoa hแปc trรฒใ€‹์ถœํŒ ๋œ ์ปค๋ฒ„ 2012๋…„ 3์›”ใ€ŠNgฦฐแปi ฤ‘แบนpใ€‹์ถœํŒ ๋œ ์ปค๋ฒ„ 2012๋…„ 4์›”ใ€ŠSร nh ฤ‘iแป‡uใ€‹์ถœํŒ ๋œ ์ปค๋ฒ„ 2012๋…„ 4์›”ใ€ŠDu lแป‹ch Giแบฃi trรญใ€‹์ถœํŒ ๋œ ์ปค๋ฒ„ 2012๋…„ 5์›”ใ€ŠThแบฟ giแป›i ngฦฐแปi nแป•i tiแบฟngใ€‹์ถœํŒ ๋œ ์ปค๋ฒ„ 2012๋…„ 6์›”ใ€ŠTravelliveใ€‹์ถœํŒ ๋œ ์ปค๋ฒ„ 2012๋…„ 12์›”ใ€Šํ—ˆ๋ฅด ์›”๋“œใ€‹์ถœํŒ ๋œ ์ปค๋ฒ„ 2013๋…„ 1์›”ใ€ŠNew Fashionใ€‹์ถœํŒ ๋œ ์ปค๋ฒ„ 2015๋…„ 2์›”ใ€Šํฌ๋ธŒ์Šคใ€‹์ถœํŒ ๋œ ์ปค๋ฒ„ 2015๋…„ 9์›”ใ€ŠF (์—ํ”„)ใ€‹์ถœํŒ ๋œ ์ปค๋ฒ„ 2015๋…„ 9์›”ใ€ŠStyleใ€‹์ถœํŒ ๋œ ์ปค๋ฒ„ 2015๋…„ 10์›”ใ€Šํ—ˆ๋ฅด ์›”๋“œใ€‹์ถœํŒ ๋œ ์ปค๋ฒ„ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋ธ ์• ๋ฐฐ์„œ๋” ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์†ก ํ™œ๋™ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋ฐ ํ›„๋ณด ์„ ๋ฐœ๋Œ€ํšŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์‹œ์ƒ์‹์˜ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋ฐ ํ›„๋ณด ๊ฐ์ฃผ 1992๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํƒ€์ธํ˜ธ์•„์„ฑ ์ถœ์‹  ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ๋ชจ๋ธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng%20Th%C3%B9y
Hoร ng Thรนy
Hoร ng Thแป‹ Thรนy or Hoร ng Thรนy ( ; born 15 March 1992) is a Vietnamese model and beauty pageant titleholder. She began her career in 2011, after winning cycle two of Vietnam's Next Top Model. Eight years later, she was sashed as Miss Universe Vietnam 2019 to represent Vietnam at Miss Universe 2019 and placed in the Top 20. She is often considered one of the most successful Vietnamese models on international runway as well as of Vietnamese 1990s-born model generation. Background and education Thรนy was born and raised in the commune of Thiแปn Lรขm, Tฤฉnh Gia District, Thanh Hรณa Province of Vietnam to a poor family of four daughters. When she was young, she used to sell rice cakes on coach buses to assist her family. Despite financial struggles, her family continued to support their daughters to continue their education. Thรนy graduated from Tฤฉnh Gia 1 High School in 2010. She was a sophomore majoring in industrial design at Hanoi Architectural University before participating in the second season of Vietnam's Next Top Model and pursuing modelling afterwards. In 2016, she started enrolling in fashion design courses at Central Saint Martins in London. Career Vietnam's Next Top Model In 2011, Thรนy joined Vietnam's Next Top Model cycle 2. Throughout the cycle, Thรนy performed consistently well and only landed in the bottom two once. In the season finale, Thรนy was announced to be the winner over the runners-up Trร  My and Lรช T. Thรบy. In 2015, it was revealed that Tyra Banks, creator of the Top Model franchise and also the special judge of the season 2 finale, fought for Thรนy to become the winner of that cycle. Post show career She joined Top Model of the World 2012 in Berlin, Germany where she placed in the Top 15 and also won the Best Catwalk Award. Thรนy started working both domestically and internationally as soon as she left Vietnam's Next Top Model. She was rejected multiple times by agencies in New York, Paris and London. In February 2014, she went to London to try out for its fashion week's casting calls without having an agency. With no personal contacts, she sent her portfolio by email to all the designers participating in Autumn/Winter 2014 London Fashion Week via any channels she could find. She first heard back from Jean Pierre Braganza and proceeded to successfully book 4 shows that season, which was a turning point in her international career. Since then, she has walked the runways of New York Fashion Week, London Fashion Week and Vietnam International Fashion Week. Thanks to her outstanding achievements, Hoร ng Thรนy was named in Forbes Vietnam's 30 Under 30 list in early 2015. She signed with PRM Models in London in 2015 and landed a fashion spread on Elle as well as Grazia shortly after, becoming the first Vietnamese model to do so. The same year, Thรนy made an appearance on BBC One's The Clothes Show and was the only Asian model in that edition's cast. In 2017, she became a coach in the second season of The Face Vietnam. Throughout the show, general viewers called Thรนy "the master of proverbs" due to her tendency to use Vietnamese proverbs in her confessions. Miss Universe Vietnam 2017 Shortly after season two of The Face Vietnam ended, it was revealed that Thรนy had signed up to join Miss Universe Vietnam 2017. She was a favorite throughout the competition. Ultimately, Thรนy was named as the 1st Runner-up and received the People's Choice Award. The top three of the competition were all Vietnam's Next Top Model alumnae with the winner H'Hen Niรช participating in cycle 6 (finishing 8th), Thรนy winning cycle 2 and Mรขu T. Thanh Thแปงy winning cycle 4. Due to the biennial hosting of Miss Universe Vietnam, the next edition would be held in 2019. Thus, Hoร ng Thรนy has a chance to represent Vietnam at Miss Universe 2019 if the pageant is held sooner than the country's selection that year. Miss Universe 2019 On 6 May 2019, Thรนy was officially appointed to be Vietnam's representative at Miss Universe 2019 after she placed 1st runner up in Miss Universe Vietnam 2017. Thรนy competed in Miss Universe 2019 and placed in the Top 20 as she was one of the five most outstanding candidates from Africa and Asia Pacific. Titles, Awards and Nominations Competitions and Pageants Awards and nominations References 1992 births Living people Miss Universe 2019 contestants Next Top Model winners People from Thanh Hรณa province Vietnamese beauty pageant winners Vietnamese expatriates in England Vietnamese female models 21st-century Vietnamese women 21st-century Vietnamese people
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%99%EC%83%89%EC%A2%85
์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข…
์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข…(Chordoma)์€ ํƒœ์•„๊ธฐ ์ž”์žฌ์กฐ์ง(์ฒ™์ƒ‰, notochord)์˜ ์„ธํฌ ์ž”์žฌ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ์ปค์ง€๋Š” ์•…์„ฑ์ข…์–‘์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ๋Š” ์ข…์–‘์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์œ„์น˜์™€ (์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ถ• "nuraxis" ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ƒ๊น€), ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์กฐ์ง๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ํŒจํ„ด ๋ฐ ํƒœ์•„๊ธฐ ์ž”์žฌ์กฐ์ง ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ๊ธฐ์ €๋ถ€ (clivus) ๋ฐ ์ฒ™์ถ”์˜ ์•„๋ž˜ ๋ ๋ถ€๋ถ„, ์—‰์น˜๋ผˆ(sacrococcygeal) ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ์„ธ ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข…์€ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์˜ ๋ผˆ์™€ ์ฒ™์ถ” ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์–ด๋Š ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‘๊ฐœ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ €๋ถ€ ๋ผˆ์™€ ์—‰์น˜๋ผˆ์˜ ๋งจ ์•„๋ž˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ์œ ์ „ ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข…์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ข…์–‘๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ์ค‘ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ ์ „์‚ฌ์ธ์ž์ธ brachyury ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ณต์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข…์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์ ˆ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ™”์ฆ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด (tuberous sclerosis complex) (TSC1 ๋˜๋Š” TSC2)์™€์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ž‘ mTOR ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ์‚ฐ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์ฒœ๊ณจ์„ฑ ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข…์—์„œ ๊ณผ์ž‰ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ 10๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฒœ๊ณจ์„ฑ ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข… ์ค‘ 10๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ง๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์†œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ s6 ๋ฐ EIF4EBP1์˜ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ฒœ๊ณจ์„ฑ ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข…์—์„œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์  ๋˜๋Š” ์™„์ „ํ•œ PTEN ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค 49๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข… ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ Akt, TSC2 ๋ฐ EIF4EBP1์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 92%, 96% ๋ฐ 98% ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 21๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข…์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์–ด๋ ˆ์ด์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ์œ ๋ž˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด(Platelet-derived growth factor receptor)-๋ฒ ํƒ€ (PDGFR-b), ํ‘œํ”ผ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด (EGFR), KIT ( CD117) ๋ฐ HER2 ๊ฐ€ 100%, 67%, 33% ๋ฐ 0% ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด 9p21์˜ CDKN2A (p16) ๋ฐ CDKN2B (p15) ์œ ์ „์ž์ขŒ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ณจ์ข…์—์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ญ์ œ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ CDKN2A ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ์ด ๋‹จ์ง€ 4%์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ณจ์ข…์˜ 62%๋Š” ๋ฉด์—ญ์š”๋ฒ•์˜ ํ‘œ์ ์ด ๋œ ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋กœ์ดํ‹ด ์„คํŽ˜์ดํŠธ ํ”„๋กœํ…Œ์˜ค๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์นธ 4 (CSPG4)๋กœ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ณ  ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰ ํ‘์ƒ‰์ข… ๊ด€๋ จ ํ•ญ์›์„ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2009๋…„์— ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณต์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์žฅ์• ์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข…์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ „์„ฑ ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข…์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ ์•ฝ 0.4% ์ผ€์ด์Šค๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์ง„๋‹จ ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข… ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ํ†ต์ผ๋œ ์ง€์นจ์ด 2015๋…„ Lancet Oncology์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข…์—๋Š” 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค: ๊ณ ์ „(๋˜๋Š” "๊ธฐ์กด์˜")์ ์ธ ์กฐ์ง, ์—ฐ๊ณจํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์กฐ์ง ๋ฐ ํƒˆ๋ถ„ํ™” ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์กฐ์ง์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ „์  ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข…์˜ ์กฐ์งํ•™์  ์™ธ๊ด€์€ ์„ฌ์œ ์งˆ ๊ฒฉ๋ง‰์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ์„ธํฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์†Œ์—ฝ ์ข…์–‘์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์›ํ˜• ํ•ต๊ณผ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์•กํฌ์„ฑ ์„ธํฌ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐํฌ ๋˜๋Š” ์•กํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ณจ ์—ฐ๊ณจ์ข…์€ ์—ฐ๊ณจ์ข…๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณจ ์œก์ข…์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ์กฐ์ง์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์™„์ „์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์š”๋ฒ•์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์€ ์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ๋”์šฑ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žฌ๋ฐœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ธ๋‹ค. ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์ค‘์ถ” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ์ ‘์„ฑ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข…์€ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์— ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‡Œ์ค„๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข…์˜ ๊ทผ์ ‘์„ฑ์€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ชผ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์–‘์„ ์ œํ•œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์–‘์„ฑ์ž์š”๋ฒ•(proton therapy) ๋ฐ ํƒ„์†Œ์ด์˜จ์š”๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋†์ถ•๋œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—‘์Šค๋ ˆ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข… ์น˜๋ฃŒ์šฉ ์Šน์ธ๋œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์€ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ PDGFR(PDGFR) ์–ต์ œ์ œ์ธ ์ด๋งˆํ‹ฐ๋‹™(Imatinib)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข… ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์€ ์ด๋งˆํ‹ฐ๋‹™๊ณผ ์‹œ๋กค๋ฆฌ๋ฌด์Šค(sirolimus)๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด๋งˆํ‹ฐ๋‹™ ๋‹จ๋…์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. olaparib์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ ๋˜ํ•œ 2019๋…„์— ์ถœ๊ฐ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆํ›„ ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—‰์น˜๋ผˆ ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 10๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์ด 46%์ด๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ณจ์˜ ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข…์€ ๋” ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ญํ•™ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข…์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ ์€ ์•ฝ 100๋งŒ๋ช… ์ค‘ 1๋ช… ๊ผด์ด๋‹ค. ๋งค๋…„ 300๋ช…์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์†Œ๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ „์‚ฌ์ธ์ž brachyury์˜ ์ƒ์‹๊ณ„์—ด ์ค‘๋ณต(germline duplication)์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข… ๊ณ„์—ด์—์„œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด ์—†์ง€๋งŒ ์นœ์ฒ™ ์ค‘์— ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข…์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์  ์†Œ์ธ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข…์˜ ์œ ์ „ํ•™์  ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ ์ธ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ์•”์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ(National Cancer Institute)์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด ์ข…์–‘์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ฑ ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข… ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(Familial Chordoma Study)๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ "์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข…์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ถŒ์žฅ์‚ฌํ•ญ"(Expert Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chordoma")์€ ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข…์žฌ๋‹จ(Chordoma Foundation)์—์„œ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ํ•ธ๋“œ๋ถ์œผ๋กœ, ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข… ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœํ•˜๋Š” 40๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๊ถŒ์žฅ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜์–ด, ์ค‘๊ตญ์–ด, ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์–ด, ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์–ด ๋ฐ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด๋กœ ์ „์ž ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋ฉฐ ์˜์–ด ๋ฐ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด๋Š” ์ธ์‡„๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ œ๊ณต๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ Salon์˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์นผ๋Ÿผ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ์ธ ์บ๋ฆฌ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์Šค(Cary Tennis)๋Š” 2009๋…„ 11์›” 19์ผ ์นผ๋Ÿผ์—์„œ ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข… ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ˜ธ์„ธ ์—”๋ฆฌ์ผ€(Josรฉ Enrique)๋Š” 2018๋…„ 5์›”์— ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข… ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธํ•ด 6์›”์— ์ข…์–‘์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 2019๋…„ 4์›”์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Chordoma Foundation-Chordoma ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ์ง Chordoma์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€-์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  (CT ๋ฐ MRI ์Šค์บ”), ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ถ€๊ฒ€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ฒ™์ƒ‰์ข… (WikiGenes)์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ •๋ณด ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์งˆํ™˜ ๊ณจ๋ณ‘
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordoma
Chordoma
Chordoma is a rare slow-growing neoplasm thought to arise from cellular remnants of the notochord. The evidence for this is the location of the tumors (along the neuraxis), the similar immunohistochemical staining patterns, and the demonstration that notochordal cells are preferentially left behind in the clivus and sacrococcygeal regions when the remainder of the notochord regresses during fetal life. In layman's terms, chordoma is a type of spinal cancer. Presentation Chordomas can arise from bone in the skull base and anywhere along the spine. The two most common locations are cranially at the clivus and in the sacrum at the bottom of the spine. Sacral chordoma is presented with chronic low back pain. Genetics A small number of families have been reported in which multiple relatives have been affected by chordoma. In four of these families, duplication of the brachyury gene was found to be responsible for causing chordoma. A possible association with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC1 or TSC2) has been suggested. Mechanism mTOR signaling is hyperactive in sporadic sacral chordomas: in one study 10 out of 10 sacral chordomas exhibited phosphorylation of Ribosomal protein s6 and EIF4EBP1 by immunohistochemistry Partial or complete PTEN (gene) deficiency is observed in nearly all sacral chordomas In a study of 49 chordomas Akt, TSC2, and EIF4EBP1 were phosphorylated in 92%, 96% and 98% of cases, respectively. In a tissue microarray containing 21 chordomas Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFR-b), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), KIT (CD117) and HER2 were detected in 100%, 67%, 33% and 0% of cases, respectively. The CDKN2A (p16) and CDKN2B (p15) loci on chromosome 9p21 are frequently deleted in chordomas Another study found CDKN2A immunoreactivity in just 4% of cases. 62% of chordomas express the High Molecular Weight Melanoma Associated Antigen, also known as Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) which has been the target of immune therapy. In 2009, scientists discovered that an inherited gene duplication is responsible for the familial form of this disorder. Familial chordoma are rare, with an estimated rate of 0.4% in all Chordomas. Diagnosis In 2015 the first consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chordoma were published in The Lancet Oncology. These tumors express brachyury and cytokeratin, which can be detected by immunohistochemistry. Classification There are three histological variants of chordoma: conventional, chondroid and dedifferentiated. The histological appearance of classical chordoma is of a lobulated tumor composed of groups of cells separated by fibrous septa. The cells have small round nuclei and abundant vacuolated cytoplasm, sometimes described as physaliferous (having bubbles or vacuoles). Chondroid chordomas histologically show features of both chordoma and chondrosarcoma. Treatment In most cases, complete surgical resection followed by radiation therapy offers the best chance of long-term control. Incomplete resection of the primary tumor makes controlling the disease more difficult and increases the odds of recurrence. The decision whether complete or incomplete surgery should be performed primarily depends on the anatomical location of the tumor and its proximity to vital parts of the central nervous system. Chordomas are relatively radioresistant, requiring high doses of radiation to be controlled. The proximity of chordomas to vital neurological structures such as the brain stem and nerves limits the dose of radiation that can safely be delivered. Therefore, highly focused radiation such as proton therapy and carbon ion therapy are more effective than conventional x-ray radiation. There are no drugs currently approved to treat chordoma, however a clinical trial conducted in Italy using a tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib demonstrated a modest response in some chordoma patients. The same group in Italy found that the combination of imatinib and sirolimus caused a response in several patients whose tumors progressed on imatinib alone. Erlotinib-like EGFR inhibitors have been also reported to be effective in chordoma. Although EGFR mutation is not present in chordoma, EGFR expression might predict response to erlotinib (as shown in report by Dr Sameer Rastogi). A report of response to olaparib has been published. Prognosis In one study, the 10-year tumor free survival rate for sacral chordoma was 46%. Chondroid chordomas appear to have a more indolent clinical course. Epidemiology In the United States, the annual incidence of chordoma is approximately 1 in one million (300 new patients each year). Sacral chordomas make up 2 to 4% of all primary bone tumours and 44% of all primary sacral tumours, thus making it the most common malignant sacral tumour. About 50 to 60% of chordomas are located in the sacrococcygeal region. Males aged between 40 and 50 years are twice as likely as women to get sacral chordoma. There are currently no known environmental risk factors for chordoma. As noted above germline duplication of brachyury has been identified as a major susceptibility mechanism in several chordoma families. While most people with chordoma have no other family members with the disease, rare occurrences of multiple cases within families have been documented. This suggests that some people may be genetically predisposed to develop chordoma. Because genetic or hereditary risk factors for chordoma may exist, scientists at the National Cancer Institute are conducting a Familial Chordoma Study to search for genes involved in the development of this tumor. Society Expert Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chordoma is a handbook produced by the Chordoma Foundation, which summarizes recommendations developed by a group of over 40 leading doctors who specialize in caring for chordoma patients. It is available electronically in English, Chinese, Italian, Dutch, and Spanish and hardcopies are available in English and Spanish. Notable cases NFL player Craig Heyward was treated for a chordoma in 1998, which ended his career. While initially thought to be successfully removed, the tumor returned in 2005, and caused Heyward's death in May 2006. Pro skateboarder Ray Underhill, a member of the Powell-Peralta Bones Brigade, battled chordoma for two years before succumbing to his disease in August 2008. Cary Tennis, the popular advice columnist for Salon, announced in his column of November 19, 2009, that he had been diagnosed with a chordoma. Former Spanish footballer Josรฉ Enrique was diagnosed with chordoma in May 2018 and underwent surgery to remove the tumour in June of that year. He announced in April 2019 that he had been given the all clear. References External links Images of Chordoma - mostly radiological (CT and MRI scans), one autopsy image Research information on chordoma (WikiGenes) Osseous and chondromatous neoplasia Dermal and subcutaneous growths
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EA%B1%B4%20%EB%8D%94%20%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%A4%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B8
๋ฉ”๊ฑด ๋” ์Šคํƒค๋ฆฌ์–ธ
๋ฉ”๊ฑด ์กฐ๋ณธ ๋ฃจ์Šค ํ”ผํŠธ(Megan Jovon Ruth Pete, 1995๋…„ 2์›” 15์ผ ~ )๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ช… ๋ฉ”๊ฑด ๋” ์Šคํƒค๋ฆฌ์–ธ(Megan Thee Stallion)์œผ๋กœ ๋” ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ž˜ํผ์ด๋‹ค. ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค์ฃผ ํœด์Šคํ„ด ์ถœ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ, ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ์˜์ƒ์ด ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ ๋“ฑ ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์—์„œ ํ™”์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 2018๋…„์— 300 ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ์™€ ๊ณ„์•ฝํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•œ ๋ฏน์Šคํ…Œ์ดํ”„ Fever (2019)์™€ EP Suga (2020)๋Š” ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ 200 10์œ„ ์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ •๊ทœ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ Good News (2020)๋Š” ํ‰๋‹จ์˜ ํ˜ธํ‰์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋น„์š˜์„ธ๊ฐ€ ํ”ผ์ฒ˜๋งํ•œ "Savage" ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์Šค์™€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ํ”ผ์ฒ˜๋งํ•œ ์นด๋”” ๋น„์˜ "WAP"์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ ํ•ซ 100 1์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๋„์ž ์บฃ์ด ํ”ผ์ฒ˜๋งํ•œ ์•„๋ฆฌ์•„๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ž€๋ฐ์˜ 2021๋…„ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ "34+35 Remix"๋Š” ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ ํ•ซ 100 2์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ปดํ•„๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ Something for Thee Hotties๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ 200 10์œ„ ์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก "Thot Shit"์€ ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ ํ•ซ 100 20์œ„ ์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏธ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ๋žฉ ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๊ฑด ๋” ์Šคํƒค๋ฆฌ์–ธ์€ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏธ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ 3๊ฐœ, ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ ๋ฎค์ง ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ 1๊ฐœ, ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ฎค์ง ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ 4๊ฐœ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์Œ์•…์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ63ํšŒ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏธ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ์—์„œ 1999๋…„ ๋กœ๋ฆฐ ํž ์ดํ›„ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ์‹ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋ž˜ํผ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„์— ํƒ€์ž„ '๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” 100์ธ'์— ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ๋ฐ ํ•™๋ ฅ ๋ฉ”๊ฑด ์กฐ๋ณธ ๋ฃจ์Šค ํ”ผํŠธ๋Š” 1995๋…„ 2์›” 15์ผ์— ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค์ฃผ ์ƒŒ์•ˆํ† ๋‹ˆ์˜ค์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜ ํœด์Šคํ„ด์—์„œ ์ž๋ž๋‹ค. 14์‚ด ๋•Œ ๋žฉ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 1ํ•™๋…„ ๋•Œ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์…จ๊ณ , 2013๋…„์— ํŽ„๋žœ๋“œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ ˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ทฐ A&M ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์žฌํ•™ ์ค‘ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ์˜์ƒ์„ SNS์— ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ดํผ์—์„œ ๋‚จ์ž ๋ž˜ํผ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋žฉ ๋ฐฐํ‹€์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์ƒ์ด ํ™”์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ทธ์˜ SNS ํŒ”๋กœ์›Œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํœดํ•™ ํ›„ ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค ์„œ๋˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ฐœํ–ˆ๊ณ , 2021๋…„์— ์˜๋ฃŒํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํฐ ํ‚ค(5'10" ๋˜๋Š” 178cm)๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ธฐ์— ์ข…๋งˆ(stallion)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ ค ์˜ˆ๋ช…์„ "Megan Thee Stallion"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 2016-2017: ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฉ”๊ฑด ๋” ์Šคํƒค๋ฆฌ์–ธ์€ 2016๋…„์— ๋ฐ๋ท” ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ "Like a Stallion"์„ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•œ ํ›„, ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ์— ๋ฏน์Šคํ…Œ์ดํ”„ Rich Rachet๊ณผ Megan Mix๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„์— ๋ฐ๋ท” EP Make It Hot์„ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018-2019: Tina Snow์™€ Fever ๋ฉ”๊ฑด ๋” ์Šคํƒค๋ฆฌ์–ธ์€ 2018๋…„ ์ดˆ์— 1501 Certified ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ์™€ ๊ณ„์•ฝํ•œ ํ›„ 6์›”์— EP Tina Snow๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 11์›”์— 300 ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ์™€ ๊ณ„์•ฝํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋ž˜ํผ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 1์›”์— ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ "Big Ole Freak"๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์ค‘ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ ํ•ซ 100์— ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ˆœ์œ„ 65์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 5์›”์— ๋ฏน์Šคํ…Œ์ดํ”„ Fever๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ํ‰๋ก ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ํ˜ธํ‰์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 6์›”์— 'XXL ํ”„๋ ˆ์‹œ๋งจ ํด๋ž˜์Šค'์— ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8์›”์— ๋ž˜ํผ ๋‹ˆํ‚ค ๋ฏธ๋‚˜์ฆˆ์™€ ํƒ€์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ ์‚ฌ์ธ์ด ํ”ผ์ฒ˜๋งํ•œ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ "Hot Girl Summer"๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ ํ•ซ 100 11์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 9์›”์— ๋ฝ ๋„ค์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ง€๋จผํŠธ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๊ณ , 11์›”์— 'ํƒ€์ž„ 100 ๋„ฅ์ŠคํŠธ'์— ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2020-2021: Suga, Good News, Something for Thee Hotties ๋ฉ”๊ฑด ๋” ์Šคํƒค๋ฆฌ์–ธ์€ 2020๋…„ 1์›”์— EP Suga์˜ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๊ณ ํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ "B.I.T.C.H."๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 3์›”์— 1501 Certified์™€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ ์žฌํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ EP ๋ฐœ๋งค๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 1501์™€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๊ณ„์•ฝํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ด์‹œํƒœ๊ทธ #FreeTheeStallion์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ 1501์— ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ๊ธˆ์ง€ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ํ›„, ๋ฉ”๊ฑด ๋” ์Šคํƒค๋ฆฌ์–ธ์€ Suga๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก "Savage"๋Š” ํ‹ฑํ†ก์—์„œ ํฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4์›”์— ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ๋น„์š˜์„ธ๊ฐ€ ํ”ผ์ฒ˜๋งํ•œ "Savage Remix"๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ ํ•ซ 100 1์œ„ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8์›”์— ๋ž˜ํผ ์นด๋”” ๋น„์˜ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ "WAP"์— ํ”ผ์ฒ˜๋งํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ 1์œ„ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™”์žฅํ’ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ๋ ˆ๋ธ”๋ก ์˜ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์•ฐ๋ฒ„์„œ๋”๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 9์›”์— ํƒ€์ž„ '๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” 100์ธ'์— ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 11์›”์— ๋ฐ๋ท” ์ •๊ทœ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ Good News๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ 200 2์œ„๋กœ ์ง„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 3์›”์— ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏธ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ์—์„œ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ์‹ ์ธ ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๊ณ , "Savage Remix"๋Š” ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ๋žฉ ๋…ธ๋ž˜์™€ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ๋žฉ ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 10์›”์— ๋ฏธ๋ฐœ๋งค๊ณก๊ณผ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ๋ชจ์€ ์ปดํ•„๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ Something for Thee Hotties๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ 200 5์œ„๋กœ ์ง„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 11์›”์— ๊ธ€๋ž˜๋จธ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ฎค์ง ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ์—์„œ ์ƒ 3๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 2022: Traumazine ๋ฉ”๊ฑด ๋” ์Šคํƒค๋ฆฌ์–ธ์€ 2022๋…„ 2์›”์— ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์‹  ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ํ™€๋ฆฌ ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค์™€ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์กฐ์„ธํ”„ ํ”ผํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ”ผํŠธ์™€ ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ์žฌ๋‹จ์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 3์›”์— ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ๋‘์•„ ๋ฆฌํŒŒ์™€ ํ•ฉ์ž‘ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ "Sweetest Pie"๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๊ณ , 8์›”์— 2๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ •๊ทœ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ Traumazine์„ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์„ฑ ๋ฉ”๊ฑด ๋” ์Šคํƒค๋ฆฌ์–ธ์€ ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ, ๊ด€๋Šฅ์„ฑ, ๋…ธ๊ณจ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ, ๋น„๋””์˜ค, ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„น์Šˆ์–ผ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ์น˜ํฌํฌ์™€์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ "๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์„น์‹œํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋‚ด ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๋””์Šค์ฝ”๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ ์ •๊ทœ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ Good News (2020) Traumazine (2022) ํ•„๋ชจ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ TV ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋ฐ ํ›„๋ณด ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1995๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ๋ž˜ํผ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋ž˜ํผ ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค์ฃผ ์ถœ์‹  ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€ ์ƒŒ์•ˆํ† ๋‹ˆ์˜ค ์ถœ์‹  ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏธ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž ์ƒŒ์•ˆํ† ๋‹ˆ์˜ค์˜ ์Œ์•…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan%20Thee%20Stallion
Megan Thee Stallion
Megan Jovon Ruth Pete (born February 15, 1995), known professionally as Megan Thee Stallion (pronounced "Megan the Stallion"), is an American rapper. Originally from Houston, Texas, she first garnered attention when videos of her freestyling became popular on social media platforms such as Instagram. Megan Thee Stallion signed to 300 Entertainment in 2018, where she released the mixtape Fever (2019) and the extended play Suga (2020), both of which reached the top ten of the Billboard 200. She released her debut studio album Good News in 2020, to critical acclaim, appearing on several year-end best album lists. She earned her first and second number-one singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 with the remix of her song "Savage" (featuring fellow Houston native Beyoncรฉ), and her feature on Cardi B's single "WAP" (both in 2020); the latter song was her first number-one in several international markets, as well as on the Billboard Global 200 chart. In 2021, she was featured alongside Doja Cat on the remix of Ariana Grande's 2020 single "34+35", which reached number-two on the Billboard Hot 100. She followed this with her debut compilation album Something for Thee Hotties (2021), which reached the top ten on the Billboard 200, and spawned the single "Thot Shit", which reached the top twenty in the US, and earned a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance. In July 2020, Megan Thee Stallion was shot in the foot by Canadian rapper Tory Lanez during an altercation in the Hollywood Hills, California. The shooting was a major thematic element of her debut album, Good News. In December 2022, Lanez was tried and convicted on all counts in relation to the attack on her. She has received several accolades, including six BET Awards, five BET Hip Hop Awards, four American Music Awards, two MTV Video Music Awards, a Billboard Women in Music Award, and three Grammy Awards. At the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, she became the second female rapper to win Best New Artist, after Lauryn Hill in 1999. In 2020, Time named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world on their annual list. Outside of music, she has focused on her education, graduating from Texas Southern University with a Bachelor of Science in Health Administration in 2021. She is also an avid follower of Anime, with some stylistic elements of the genre influencing her music videos, citing some of her favorites as Attack on Titan, Black Butler, Black Clover, Bleach, My Hero Academia, Naruto and Soul Eater. Early life and education Megan Jovon Ruth Pete was born on February 15, 1995, in San Antonio, Texas, and her mother, Holly Thomas, immediately moved to Houston after her birth. Thomas rapped under the name "Holly-Wood" and would bring her daughter with her to recording sessions instead of putting her in daycare. Pete was raised in the South Park neighborhood of Houston before moving with her mother to Pearland at age 14, where she lived until she turned 18. Pete began writing raps at age 14. When she eventually showed Thomas her rapping skills at age 18, Thomas required that Pete wait until she was 21 to pursue rapping as a career. Her mother commented that her lyrics were too sexually suggestive for her young age. Pete attended Pearland High School and graduated in 2013. Her father died during her freshman year of high school. In 2013, while Pete was a student at Prairie View A&M University, she began uploading videos of herself freestyling on social media. A clip of Pete battling against male opponents in a "cypher" went viral. The exposure helped Pete gain a larger digital presence and following on social media. She garnered fans by posting her freestyles on her Instagram while in college. She refers to her fans as "hotties" and credits her hyperactive fan base for her early success. After taking time off from school, Pete resumed her studies at Texas Southern University. She graduated on December 11, 2021, with a Bachelor of Science in health administration. She adopted the stage name "Megan Thee Stallion" because she was called a "stallion" in adolescence due to her height () and "thick" body frame; voluptuous and statuesque women in the Southern United States are colloquially called "stallions." Career 2016โ€“2017: Early beginnings In April 2016, Megan Thee Stallion released her first single "Like a Stallion". This was followed by the small SoundCloud-exclusive mixtapes Rich Ratchet (2016), and Megan Mix (2017). In September 2017, Megan Thee Stallion made her professional solo debut with the commercially released EP Make It Hot. The EP's 2017 single "Last Week in HTx" became her most successful single during this time, amassing several million views on YouTube. In 2017, Megan Thee Stallion released the song "Stalli (Freestyle)", as a rework of late musician XXXTentacion's "Look at Me!". Around this time, Megan Thee Stallion auditioned to be a cast member on Love & Hip Hop: Houston; however, the proposed spin-off of the Love & Hip Hop franchise was postponed indefinitely in June 2016. 2018โ€“2019: Tina Snow and Fever In early 2018, Megan Thee Stallion signed with 1501 Certified Entertainment, an independent label in Houston run by T. Farris and owned by former baseball player Carl Crawford. The first female rapper signed to the label, she then performed at SXSW in March 2018. In June 2018, Megan Thee Stallion released a 10-song extended play titled Tina Snow under the label. The EP was named after her alter ego, "Tina Snow", who she describes as "a more raw version" of herself. Tina Snow was mainly produced by 1501 in-house producer LilJuMadeDaBeat, and was positively received by critics. Eric Torres of Pitchfork wrote: "she provided plenty of freak anthems with quotable lyrics to wield against ain't-shit men". She stated in an interview with Mic that she is not afraid to talk about sexuality, nor does she feel boxed in to either the "intelligent" or "freak" dichotomy. Nandi Howard of The Fader referred to her ability to rap with "electrifying pace and precision". In November 2018, Megan Thee Stallion announced that she had signed with 300 Entertainment, making her the first female rapper to be signed by the label. It was during this time that she was scheduled to support Australian rapper Iggy Azalea on her Bad Girls Tour; however, the tour was later cancelled. On January 22, 2019, Megan Thee Stallion released "Big Ole Freak" as a single from her EP, Tina Snow, and also filmed a music video for the track. The single, "Is It Love This Time", is sampled throughout the single. On April 15, "Big Ole Freak" charted at number 99 on the Billboard Hot 100 giving Megan Thee Stallion her first chart entry, with it later peaking at number 65 on the Hot 100. Fever, her second mixtape, was released on May 17, 2019. The album received critical acclaim and landed on several year-end critics lists, with Paper calling it the best album of 2019. Taylor Crumpton of Pitchfork rated the album 8/10 and wrote in the review, "Megan's delivery of perfectly executed bars are comparable to successions from a fully automatic machine gun; a carefully studied aim of fiery stanzas that could only be carried by a rapper with extensive knowledge of the genre's early practices of battle rap." On May 21, 2019, she released the music video for the opening album track, "Realer", which is inspired by the blaxploitation film style. On June 20, 2019, she was announced to be one of eleven artists included in the 12th edition of XXLs "Freshman Class". Her freestyle in the cypher was praised by music critics. In July 2019, Chance The Rapper released his debut studio album, The Big Day, and Megan Thee Stallion was featured on the track, "Handsome". On August 2, 2019, A Black Lady Sketch Show premiered on HBO; the show uses Megan Thee Stallion's song "Hot Girl" in the opening title sequence. On August 9, 2019, Megan Thee Stallion released the single "Hot Girl Summer", featuring fellow American rapper Nicki Minaj and singer Ty Dolla Sign. The song, an ode to her viral "hot girl summer" meme, came about after an Instagram Live session between Minaj and Megan Thee Stallion. It peaked at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming Megan Thee Stallion's first top 20 single, and topped the Rolling Stone 100. The week thereafter, she featured on Quality Control compilation album, Quality Control: Control the Streets, Volume 2, on the track "Pastor", alongside Quavo and City Girls. In September 2019, Megan Thee Stallion signed a management deal with Roc Nation. In October 2019, she created and starred in a horror series, Hottieween, directed by Teyana Taylor. In that same month, she performed a NPR Tiny Desk Concert during the Tiny Desk Fest. In November 2019, Time placed Megan Thee Stallion on their inaugural "Time 100 Next" list. 2020โ€“2021: Career stardom, Suga and Good News In January 2020, Megan Thee Stallion released the single "Diamonds" with singer Normani, for the soundtrack of the superhero film Birds of Prey released the same year. That same month, she announced her debut album Suga and released the lead single "B.I.T.C.H.". In February 2020, she featured on the single "Fkn Around" by Phony Ppl, and appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, performing "B.I.T.C.H.". The next month, she announced that her debut album was delayed as a result of her attempting to renegotiate her contract with 1501 Certified. She started the hashtag "#FreeTheeStallion" to raise awareness of the issue, noting that "[she did not] understand some of the verbiage" when she signed the initial contract with 1501. On March 6, 2020, she released the EP, Suga, against the wishes of 1501, after a judge granted a temporary restraining order against the label. That same month, the song "Savage" from the EP went viral on TikTok, when popular user Keara Wilson used it for a dance challenge video, which racked up 15.7ย million views and 2.4ย million likes as of March 20, 2020. A remix featuring Beyoncรฉ was released on April 29, 2020. The song became Megan Thee Stallion's first top 10 entry in the United States shortly after the remix's release, eventually becoming her first chart topper in the country. "Savage" also helped boost Sugas sales, propelling it up to number 7 on the Billboard 200. Proceeds from the song went to Houston nonprofit Bread of Life which provides disaster relief for residents affected by COVID-19. Megan Thee Stallion was also judge on the HBO Max voguing competition show Legendary which debuted in May 2020. She released the song "Girls in the Hood" on June 26, 2020, before featuring on Cardi B's single "WAP" and appearing in its music video in August 2020. "WAP" became her second number-one single in the U.S., breaking the record for the most streams for a song in its first week of release in the U.S. (93ย million). Megan Thee Stallion became a Global Brand Ambassador for Revlon in August 2020. She received her first-ever Billboard Music Award nomination when she was nominated for Top Rap Female Artist in September 2020. A few days later, she was featured in the annual Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world. Her write-up for this listing was composed by American actress Taraji P. Henson. Megan Thee Stallion tied with Drake when she received eight nominations at the 2020 BET Hip Hop Awards, including Artist of the Year, Song of the Year and Album of the Year. She also tied with Justin Bieber as the most nominated musician at the 2020 People's Choice Awards, earning six nominations each. Megan Thee Stallion would also become the second most-nominated act at the 2020 American Music Awards. In October 2020, she released the single, "Don't Stop" featuring rapper Young Thug, and promoted it by performing it on the 46th season premiere of Saturday Night Live. She performed a "politically charged" version of "Savage" that evening, in which she addressed racism, the Attorney General of Kentucky Daniel Cameron, and sent a message about the importance of protecting black women and the Black Lives Matter movement. She continued working for this cause by writing an op-ed for The New York Times titled "Why I Speak Up for Black Women", which received acclaim. Megan Thee Stallion appeared in the 2020 comedy special Sarah Cooper: Everything's Fine. She received four nominations at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, including Best New Artist and Record of the Year for "Savage (Remix)". She went on to win the former, which made her the first female hip hop artist to do so since Lauryn Hill in 1999, as well as Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance, both for "Savage (Remix)". On November 13, 2020, Megan Thee Stallion announced the release of her debut studio album Good News, which was released on November 20, 2020. The release of the album also coincided with its fourth single "Body" as well as its music video. The album debuted at number 2 on the Billboard 200 and at number 1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums with over 100,000 album-equivalent units sold. On January 14, 2021, Megan Thee Stallion was featured on the remix of Ariana Grande's single "34+35", the second single from her sixth studio album Positions alongside American singer and rapper Doja Cat. A music video for the remix was later released on February 12, 2021. In June, she released the single "Thot Shit" with a music video that follows around an hypocritical social conservative politician. Megan Thee Stallion won the most awards at the 2021 BET Awards ceremony with four. Boy band BTS released a remix of the single "Butter" featuring the rapper, which reached number three on the Billboard Global 200. She also led the nominations for the 2021 BET Hip Hop Awards along with Cardi B, with nine each; both rappers won the most awards during the ceremony with three for "WAP". Megan Thee Stallion was featured on DJ Snake's single "SG", along with Ozuna and Lisa of Blackpink, released in October. Megan released Something for Thee Hotties, a collection of previously unreleased songs and freestyles, on October 29, 2021. The compilation album debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200, becoming Megan Thee Stallion's fourth top 10. On September 16, 2021, Post Malone announced the Posty Fest 2021 lineup, with Megan Thee Stallion as one of the performers at the festival based in Arlington, Texas, next October. Megan was honored as one of Glamours Women of the Year in November. Megan won three awards at the 2021 American Music Awards, tying with Doja Cat and BTS for the most during the night. Megan Thee Stallion graduated from Texas Southern University on December 11, 2021. Shortly after, Megan was honored with the 18th Congressional District of Texas Hero Award by Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee for her philanthropy efforts in Houston. In the coming days after Megan's graduation, she signed an exclusive first-look deal with Netflix that will see her create and produce executive content, including television series and other projects. 2022โ€“present: Traumazine On March 11, 2022, Megan Thee Stallion released a collaboration with English singer Dua Lipa, named "Sweetest Pie". On March 27, Megan made a surprise appearance at the 94th Academy Awards where she performed alongside various artists "We Don't Talk About Bruno" from the film Encanto. Megan made history becoming the 2nd female rapper to perform the Academy Awards, the first being Queen Latifah in the 81st Academy Awards ceremony. She received acclaim at the Oscars for the surprise performance, with Rolling Stone stating: "Megan Thee Stallion Makes 'Encanto' Track...All the More Magical at Oscars." Outside of music, on February 15, 2022 - her birthday - Megan Thee Stallion announced the launching of a nonprofit, the Pete and Thomas Foundation, in honor of her late mother and father Holly Thomas & Joseph Pete Jr. The foundation seeks to help underserved communities in Houston, Texas and beyond with education, housing, and health and wellness needs. On May 1, 2022, the Mayor of Houston Sylvester Turner honored Megan for her philanthropic and humanitarian efforts for the Houston people by proclaiming May 2 Megan Thee Stallion Day in Houston, Texas, which falls on the same day as her grandmother and late mother's birthday. She received an honorary key to the City of Houston, a symbolic cowboy hat and belt buckle. In a Rolling Stone cover story, Megan revealed that she collaborated with Future for her upcoming second album on a song titled "Pressurelicious". On August 11, 2022, Megan Thee Stallion took to Twitter to announce that her second studio album Traumazine would be released the next day. Upon release, Traumazine received positive reviews from critics, who complimented its production and Megan's flow. In 2023 she will star in the Larry Charles directed A24 musical film Dicks: The Musical (2023). The film based on the off-Broadway musical Fucking Identical Twins by Josh Sharp and Aaron Jackson will debut at the 2023 Toronto International Film Festival. She will co-star alongside Nathan Lane, Bowen Yang, and Megan Mullally. On September 4, 2023, Cardi B and Megan Thee Stallion announced their new single "Bongos". On October 27, she announced an upcoming project titled "Cobra", slated for release on November 2. Artistry Public image Megan Thee Stallion was noted for presenting her sexuality throughout her lyrics, videos, and live performances. In an interview with Pitchfork she stated, "It's not just about being sexy, it's about being confident and me being confident in my sexuality." On her Texas rap origins, she told Rolling Stone, "I don't feel like we ever really had a female rapper come from Houston or Texas and shut shit down. So that's where I'm coming from." She is often regarded as a sex symbol. Influences Megan Thee Stallion cites her mother as her first and biggest influence. She has considered Pimp C and his 2006 solo album, Pimpalation, an influence since her childhood, admiring his talk-rap delivery and "cockiness". Other inspirations she has mentioned are the Notorious B.I.G., Lil' Kim, Queen Latifah, Eve, Three 6 Mafia, Trina, Salt-N-Pepa, Missy Elliott,Foxy Brown and she credits Q-Tip as her mentor. She has said in interviews that when she was coming of age in the 2000s, she would listen to her favorite rap songs from acts like Three 6 Mafia and Pimp C, and ask herself, "How good would this sound if a girl did it?" She has also been influenced by Beyoncรฉ. In her Grammy Awards acceptance speech with Beyoncรฉ for "Savage", she said: "Ever since I was little, I was like, 'you know what? One day, I'm gonna grow up and I'm gonna be like the rap Beyoncรฉ.' That was definitely my goal. [..] I love her work ethic, I love the way she is, I love the way she carries herself." In a Teen Vogue interview, she spoke about Nicki Minaj as another influence: "[she] was here before us, so this is who we had to look at, at this time. So, definitely she has been an inspiration to me." Alter egos In multiple interviews, Megan Thee Stallion has referred to herself as "Tina Snow", one of her alter egos and also the name of her debut EP, Tina Snow. It was influenced by Pimp C's alias Tony Snow, and has similar confidence and an unapologetically sexually dominant delivery. "Hot Girl Meg" is another alter ego who is described as embodying Megan Thee Stallion's carefree and outgoing side, which she compares to a "college, party girl." She stated that she introduced "Hot Girl Meg" on her EP, Fever. She has also referred to herself as "Thee Hood Tyra Banks". Trademarks Megan originated the viral catchphrase "hot girl summer" on social media. It is a derivative of another of her most-known catchphrases, "hot girl", also derived from "real hot girl shit". She first used the phrase in a tweet on April 14, 2018. It later appeared on the Fever album cover, which read, "She's thee HOT GIRL and she's bringing THEE HEAT." She defined the term as "women and men being unapologetically them, just having a good-ass time, hyping up their friends, doing you." Megan Thee Stallion officially trademarked the term "hot girl summer" in September 2019 after applying for it in July of that year. A song of the same name was released on August 9, 2019. In addition to "hot girl" and "hot girl summer", Megan Thee Stallion is known for her signature ad-lib which involves sticking her tongue out, creating a "creaky", audible "agh" or "blah" sound. In August 2019, Twitter created an official emoji for this tongue symbol which could be spawned directly after the hashtag "#MeganTheeStallion". This symbol also inspired the cover art of her EP Suga which was revealed in March 2020. Other ventures In September 2021, Megan partnered with Nike for a promotional campaign and fitness program through the Nike Training Club app. In October 2021, Megan appeared on First We Feast and Complex Media's Hot Ones. On October 14, 2021, it was announced that Megan Thee Stallion signed a wide-ranging deal with multinational fast-food company Popeyes that includes her own Popeyes franchise, a new hot sauce (Megan Thee Stallion Hottie Sauce) and co-branded merchandise. She partnered with Cheetos for a Super Bowl commercial in 2022. Megan was on the grid of the 2021 United States Grand Prix where attempts to interview her by Martin Brundle were snubbed by her bodyguards leading to criticism, causing F1 to introduce the "Brundle Clause", prohibiting bodyguards on the race grid. Television and film In 2020, Megan Thee Stallion appeared as a judge on the premiere season of HBOโ€™s ballroom and voguing competition series Legendary. She would continue appearing as a judge for the seriesโ€™ second season in 2021, before being replaced by Keke Palmer, in the third and final season, due to scheduling and contractual agreements. On December 16, 2021, she signed an exclusive first-look deal at Netflix, to create and executive produce new series and other projects. On February 17, 2022, it was announced that Megan will co-star in A24's first movie musical titled Dicks: The Musical, described as "a spin on The Parent Trap". She guest starred in the Disney+ Marvel Cinematic Universe series She-Hulk: Attorney at Law as a fictionalized version of herself. Philanthropy She contributed $15,400 worth of Thanksgiving turkeys and helped hand them out to 1,050 households in need at the Houston Food Bank portwall pantry, in November 2019. In April 2020, she donated over $10,000 to bail relief effort for Houston protestors. The same month, Megan teamed up with Amazon Music to donate to a Nursing Facility in Houston. All the proceeds collected from her collaboration on Beyoncรฉ's Savage (remix) went to Bread of Life, which helps local Houston communities with Covid-19 relief efforts. The song raised over $2.5 million. In October 2020, she partnered with Amazon Music's rap rotation and launched the "Don't Stop" scholarship fund that awarded two women of color pursuing associate, bachelor or postgraduate degrees, $10,000 each. In February 2021, she launched "Hotties Helping Houston" with US House Democrat Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee of Texas, the National Association of Christian Churches disaster services, Taraji P. Henson, 300 Entertainment, Maroon 5, Revlon, Mielle Organics, Fashion Nova, and Billie Eilish to help senior citizens and single moms recovering from the area's storm related devastation. In March 2021, she collaborated with Fashion Nova for the 'Women on Top" initiative, which would give away $1 million to support female-owned businesses and organizations. The same month, along with Fashion Nova and journalist May Lee, they donated $50,000 after the Atlanta spa shootings to the legal non-profit, Advancing Justice Atlanta. In June 2021, she offered a full tuition, four-year scholarship to the Roc Nation school of music, sports & entertainment at Long Island University. In June 2021, she partnered with Cash App to make "Investing for Hotties" educational videos. This partnership also donated $1 million worth of stock to randomly-selected fans. In October 2021, as part of her wide-ranging agreement with Popeyes, she made a six-figure donation to the charitable organization Houston Random Acts of Kindness. BTS Army launched "Thee Army Fund" project, in collaboration with the "Hotties" which raised over $120,000 to donate to three different organizations: (Women for Afghan Women, Black Women of Wellness, and Houston Food Bank) in her name to congratulate her on the Butter (Remix). As part of her ceremony to receive the key to the city of Houston, the non-profit Pete and Thomas Foundation donated $5,000 to three people in Houston to assist with their education, housing and wellness expenses. Personal life Megan Thee Stallion mentioned being part Creole in her songs "Cocky AF" and "Freak Nasty" as well as in a tweet in September 2017. Her mother, Holly Thomas, died in March 2019 from a longstanding cancerous brain tumor, and Megan's great-grandmother died in the same month. She mentioned her mother's death (Ever since my mama died, 2019) on beginning of her song "Flip Flop" from the second studio album, Traumazine, released on August 12, 2022. In addition to acting as her manager, Megan's grandmother was a major influence on her decision to study health administration and also helped foster her goal to establish assisted living facilities in her hometown of Houston. She is a self-described fan of anime and her favorites are My Hero Academia and Naruto. Manga artist Shลta Noguchi, who assists My Hero Academia creator Kลhei Horikoshi, has published several renditions of MHA character Rumi Usagiyama using Instagram photos of Megan Thee Stallion as reference. In turn, Megan Thee Stallion published photos of her 2022 Halloween costume of Usagiyama. She has previously cosplayed as MHA character Shoto Todoroki and Usagi Tsukino from Sailor Moon. Megan Thee Stallion confirmed her relationship with fellow rapper Pardison Fontaine via Instagram Live on February 19, 2021. Their relationship would go on to break up in 2023. While she has never publicly stated a particular label for her sexuality, she has expressed interest in women over the years. Tory Lanez shooting On July 15, 2020, Megan Thee Stallion stated that she had suffered gunshot wounds, and that she had undergone surgery to remove the bullets. Her statement countered an earlier TMZ report that she had injured her foot on broken glass three days prior when she was in a car with rap and R&B musician Tory Lanez (Daystar Peterson) and an unidentified woman. The car was pulled over by police, and Lanez was arrested on gun charges following a vehicle search. On July 27, 2020, Megan revealed that she had been shot in both feet, and denounced rumors in an Instagram Live session where she recounted the shooting incident and cried. The following month, Megan claimed that Lanez was the person who shot her, saying, "I didn't tell the police what happened immediately right there because I didn't want to die." On September 25, 2020, Lanez released his fifth album, Daystar, in which he addressed Megan's allegations in nearly every song, denying that he shot her while also claiming that she and her team were "trying to frame" him. The same day, in a statement to Variety, Megan's attorney, Alex Spiro, claimed Lanez's representatives had attempted to launch a "smear campaign," using falsified messages to "peddle a false narrative" discrediting Megan. Lanez's team denied this, stating that they would investigate whoever was behind the fake emails, then would take appropriate action. Megan later confirmed that she had been offered money by Lanez and his team to keep quiet on the incident, following the incident. On October 8, 2020, Lanez was charged with shooting Megan Thee Stallion by L.A. County prosecutors. His arraignment was scheduled on October 13; however, it was rescheduled for November 18 after Lanez's attorney requested a continuance. Megan was issued a protection order against Lanez, directing him to stay at least away from her, and to not contact her. He was also ordered to surrender any guns he owns. In an op-ed for The New York Times, published on October 13, 2020, Megan addressed the shooting allegation further, writing, "Black women are still constantly disrespected and disregarded in so many areas of life. I was recently the victim of an act of violence by a man. After a party, I was shot twice as I walked away from him. We were not in a relationship. Truthfully, I was shocked that I ended up in that place." Lanez pleaded not guilty to assault with a semiautomatic handgun in late November 2020. In the same month, Megan Thee Stallion released her debut studio album, Good News, on which the album opener is the diss track "Shots Fired" directed towards Lanez. The song gained acclaim, with critics praising its use of sampling and interpolation of the 1995 song "Who Shot Ya?" by The Notorious B.I.G. In April 2022, Lanez was arrested for violating the protection order relating to the case; and he was released shortly after on an increased bond of $350,000. On December 13, 2022, Megan Thee Stallion testified in Lanez's assault trial and stated that she "wish[ed Tory] would have just shot and killed me." On December 23, 2022, a jury convicted Lanez on three felony charges stemming from the shooting: assault with a semiautomatic handgun, having a loaded and unregistered firearm in a vehicle, and gross negligence in discharging his firearm. On August 8, 2023, Tory Lanez was sentenced to 10 years in prison for the shooting. Discography Good News (2020) Traumazine (2022) Filmography Film Television Tours Supporting Bad Girls Tour (2018; Cancelled) Legendary Nights Tour (2019) Future Nostalgia Tour (2022) Awards and nominations See also List of artists who reached number one in the United States Southern hip hop List of YouTubers Notes References External links 1995 births Living people 21st-century American rappers 21st-century American songwriters 21st-century American LGBT people 21st-century women rappers African-American women rappers African-American women singer-songwriters American bisexual musicians American people of Creole descent American shooting survivors American women hip hop singers American women rappers American YouTubers Bisexual women musicians Grammy Award winners African-American LGBT people LGBT rappers MTV Video Music Award winners Music YouTubers Pearland High School alumni People from Pearland, Texas Prairie View A&M University alumni Rappers from Houston Rappers from San Antonio Women shooting survivors Singer-songwriters from Texas Southern hip hop musicians Texas Southern University alumni Trap musicians
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๋น„๋””์˜ค ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ํŠœ๋ธŒ
๋น„๋””์˜ค ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ํŠœ๋ธŒ(video camera tube) ๋˜๋Š” ์ดฌ์ƒ๊ด€(ๆ’ฎๅƒ็ฎก)์€ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์†Œ์ž(CCD)๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋˜๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์— ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์Œ๊ทน์„ ๊ด€์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์žฅ์น˜์ด๋‹ค. 1930๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1980๋…„๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํŠœ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ด์ฝ”๋…ธ์Šค์ฝ”ํ”„ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์˜ค์‹œ์ฝ˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์˜ค์‹œ์ฝ˜(image orthicon)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์€ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์™ผ์ชฝ ๋์˜ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ(face plate)๋ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋‚ด๋ฉด์— ๊ด‘์ „๋ฉด์ด ๋ถ™์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด‘์ „๋ฉด์€ ์•ž์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ BiยญOยญAgยญCs์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฝ์ž(ๅพฎ็ฒ’ๅญ)๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์—ฌ์„œ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ฆฝ์ž์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์†Œ ๊ด‘์ „๊ด€(ๅพฎๅฐๅ…‰้›ป็ฎก)์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋™์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น›์ด ๊ด‘์ „๋ฉด์— ๋‹ฟ์œผ๋ฉด ์ด ๊ด‘์ „๋ฉด์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ(๋‚ด๋ถ€)์œผ๋กœ ๊ด‘์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ด‘์ „์ž๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ ํƒ€๊นƒ ๋ฉ”์‹œ(target mesh)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋™๋ฐ•(้Š…็ฎ”์˜ ์ „๊ทน์„ ์ง€๋‚˜ ํƒ€๊นƒ ๊ธ€๋ผ์Šค(target glass)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์–‡์€ ํŒ์— ์ถฉ๋Œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ถฉ๋Œ๋กœ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ํŠ•๊ฒจ์ ธ ๋‚˜์™€ ํƒ€๊นƒ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์— ํก์ˆ˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํŠ•๊ฒจ์ ธ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ์ „์ž(1์ฐจ ์ „์ž)์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 2์ฐจ ์ „์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ์–‘์€ 1์ฐจ ์ „์ž๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฆํญ(ๅขžๅน…)์ด ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์— ์ƒ์˜ ๋ช…์•”์— ์‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ถ•์ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „ํ•˜์ƒ(้›ป่ทๅƒ)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์—ฌ์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ „๊ธฐ์ €ํ•ญ์€ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๋†’์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํŒ์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ๋ฉด์˜ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ณง ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๋ฉด์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๋์˜ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ „๊ทน, ์ฆ‰ ์ „์ž์ด(้›ปๅญ้Šƒ)์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „์ž๋น”(้›ปๅญ beam๏ผš์ „์ž์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„)์„ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ, ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„ ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋งŒ์ผ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์— ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ์ด ์ „์ž๋น”์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด ๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์— ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ „์ž๋น” ์†์˜ ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ์Šค์˜ ์ „์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์œ ๋ฆฌํŒ์— ๋‹ฟ์•„ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์™€ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์œ ๋ฆฌํŒ์— ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ „์ž์˜ ์ ์ด ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ ์ ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์œ ๋ฆฌํŒ ์œ„์˜ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•ž์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ด‘์ „๋ฉด์ƒ(ๅ…‰้›ป้ขไธŠ)์— ๋ง‰์•„์ง„ ์ƒ์˜ ๋ช…์•”์— ์‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ „์ž์ด ๋ถ€๊ทผ์— ๋˜๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋Š” ๋น”(beam)์˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ™”์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ์ ์˜ ๋ช…์•”์— ์‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ „์ž๋น”์ด ์ „ํ™˜ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์‹ค์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™”์ƒ(็•ตๅƒ)์ด ์ „๊ธฐ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ „์ž์ด์˜ ๋‘˜๋ ˆ์— ๋ถ™์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด๋…ธ๋“œ(dynode)๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ด ๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ์ฆํญํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์€์ด๋‚˜ ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋„ค์Š˜์˜ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฟ์œผ๋ฉด ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ 2์ฐจ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด 2์ฐจ ์ „์ž์˜ ์–‘๋„ 1์ฐจ์ „์ž์˜ ์–‘๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํฐ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ์–ป์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „์ž๋ฅ˜์ฆ๋ฐฐ(้›ปๅญๆตๅขžๅ€)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์˜ค์‹œ์ฝ˜์€ ๋‹ฌ๋น› ์†์—์„œ๋„ ํ™”์ƒ์„ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐ๋„ยทํ™”์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ ์—์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ดฌ์ƒ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๊ผฝํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด ๋‚˜ ๋˜์–ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์šฉ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์ฝ˜ ๋น„๋””์ฝ˜(vidicon)์€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์˜ค์‹œ์ฝ˜๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ด‘๋„์ „ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํŽ˜์ด์Šค ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ์˜ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฉด์— ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ์‚ฐํ™”์ฃผ์„(SnO2)์˜ ๋„ค์‚ฌ๋ง‰(nesa ่†œ)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ค์‚ฌ๋ง‰์€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ์ „๊ทน์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋™์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ด‘๋„์ „๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ ์‚ผํ™ฉํ™”์•ˆํ‹ฐ๋ชฌ(Sb2S3)์€ ์ด ๋„ค์‚ฌ๋ง‰์˜ ์ „์ž์ด์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋‘๊ป˜ ์ˆ˜ฮผ์˜ ์–‡์€ ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ™์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋„ค์‚ฌ๋ง‰์— 20-40V์˜ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์ „์••์„ ๊ฑธ์–ด ๋‘”๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋น›์ด ๋„ค์‚ฌ๋ง‰์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด‘๋„์ „๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฐ•์ธต(่–„ๅฑค)์— ๋‹ฟ์œผ๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ์ „๊ธฐ์ €ํ•ญ์€ ๋น›์˜ ์–‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ €ํ•˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ•์ธต์˜ ์ „์ž์ด์ธก์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—๋Š” ๋น›์˜ ๊ฐ•์•ฝ, ์ฆ‰ ์ƒ์˜ ๋ช…์•”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ „ํ•˜์ƒ(้›ป่ทๅƒ)์€ ๋„ค์‚ฌ๋ง‰๊ณผ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์ •์ „์šฉ๋Ÿ‰(้œ้›ปๅฎน้‡)์— ์ถ•์ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „์ž๋น”์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๋น” ์†์˜ ์ „์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“ ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์–‘์€ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„, ์ฆ‰ ๋น›์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„ค์‚ฌ๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋น›์˜ ๋ช…์•”์— ์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜, ์ฆ‰ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์–ป์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์ฝ˜(vidicon)์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ด€(็ฎก)์˜ ์ง๊ฒฝ๋„ 25mm๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ์ค€์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ–์— ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋น„๋””์ฝ˜์€ ํœด๋Œ€์šฉ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•„๋ฆ„ ์ดฌ์ƒ์šฉ์˜ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ, ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์˜ ๋ณด์กฐ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ, ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์„œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์œ„์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋กœ์ผ“์˜ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ด‘๋„์ „๋ฌผ์งˆ(ๅ…‰ๅฐŽ้›ป็‰ฉ่ณช)๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ผํ™ฉํ™”์•ˆํ‹ฐ๋ชฌ ๋Œ€์‹  ์‚ฐํ™”๋‚ฉ(P)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ค์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ”„๋ž€๋น„์ฝ˜์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „์šฉ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์ฝ˜๋„ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์˜ค์‹œ์ฝ˜๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋Š” ๋น” ๋ฐ ์ „์ž๋ฅ˜์ฆ๋ฐฐ(้›ปๅญๆตๅขžๅ€)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์„ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์“ฐ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Orthicon: Brief history, description and diagram. The Cathode Ray Tube site CCD Technology - A Brief History The German TV museum with a lot of knowledge (in German) Most of the TV tubes were shown and carefully explained (in German) ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ง„๊ณต๊ด€
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20camera%20tube
Video camera tube
Video camera tubes were devices based on the cathode ray tube that were used in television cameras to capture television images, prior to the introduction of charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensors in the 1980s. Several different types of tubes were in use from the early 1930s, and as late as the 1990s. In these tubes, an electron beam was scanned across an image of the scene to be broadcast focused on a target. This generated a current that was dependent on the brightness of the image on the target at the scan point. The size of the striking ray was tiny compared to the size of the target, allowing 480โ€“486 horizontal scan lines per image in the NTSC format, 576 lines in PAL, and as many as 1035 lines in Hi-Vision. Cathode ray tube Any vacuum tube which operates using a focused beam of electrons, originally called cathode rays, is known as a cathode ray tube (CRT). These are usually seen as display devices as used in older (i.e., non-flat panel) television receivers and computer displays. The camera pickup tubes described in this article are also CRTs, but they display no image. Early research In June 1908, the scientific journal Nature published a letter in which Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton, fellow of the Royal Society (UK), discussed how a fully electronic television system could be realized by using cathode ray tubes (or "Braun" tubes, after their inventor, Karl Braun) as both imaging and display devices. He noted that the "real difficulties lie in devising an efficient transmitter", and that it was possible that "no photoelectric phenomenon at present known will provide what is required". A cathode ray tube was successfully demonstrated as a displaying device by the German Professor Max Dieckmann in 1906; his experimental results were published by the journal Scientific American in 1909. Campbell-Swinton later expanded on his vision in a presidential address given to the Rรถntgen Society in November 1911. The photoelectric screen in the proposed transmitting device was a mosaic of isolated rubidium cubes. His concept for a fully electronic television system was later popularized as the "Campbell-Swinton Electronic Scanning System" by Hugo Gernsback and H. Winfield Secor in the August 1915 issue of the popular magazine Electrical Experimenter and by Marcus J. Martin in the 1921 book The Electrical Transmission of Photographs. In a letter to Nature published in October 1926, Campbell-Swinton also announced the results of some "not very successful experiments" he had conducted with G. M. Minchin and J. C. M. Stanton. They had attempted to generate an electrical signal by projecting an image onto a selenium-coated metal plate that was simultaneously scanned by a cathode ray beam. These experiments were conducted before March 1914, when Minchin died, but they were later repeated by two different teams in 1937, by H. Miller and J. W. Strange from EMI, and by H. Iams and A. Rose from RCA. Both teams succeeded in transmitting "very faint" images with the original Campbell-Swinton's selenium-coated plate, but much better images were obtained when the metal plate was covered with zinc sulphide or selenide, or with aluminum or zirconium oxide treated with caesium. These experiments would form the base of the future vidicon. A description of a CRT imaging device also appeared in a patent application filed by Edvard-Gustav Schoultz in France in August 1921, and published in 1922, although a working device was not demonstrated until some years later. Image dissector An image dissector is a camera tube that creates an "electron image" of a scene from photocathode emissions (electrons) which pass through a scanning aperture to an anode, which serves as an electron detector. Among the first to design such a device were German inventors Max Dieckmann and Rudolf Hell, who had titled their 1925 patent application Lichtelektrische Bildzerlegerrรถhre fรผr Fernseher (Photoelectric Image Dissector Tube for Television). The term may apply specifically to a dissector tube employing magnetic fields to keep the electron image in focus, an element lacking in Dieckmann and Hell's design, and in the early dissector tubes built by American inventor Philo Farnsworth. Dieckmann and Hell submitted their application to the German patent office in April 1925, and a patent was issued in October 1927. Their experiments on the image dissector were announced in September 1927 issue of the popular magazine Discovery and in the May 1928 issue of the magazine Popular Radio. However, they never transmitted a clear and well focused image with such a tube. In January 1927, American inventor and television pioneer Philo T. Farnsworth applied for a patent for his Television System that included a device for "the conversion and dissecting of light". Its first moving image was successfully transmitted on September 7 of 1927, and a patent was issued in 1930. Farnsworth quickly made improvements to the device, among them introducing an electron multiplier made of nickel and using a "longitudinal magnetic field" in order to sharply focus the electron image. The improved device was demonstrated to the press in early September 1928. The introduction of a multipactor in October 1933 and a multi-dynode "electron multiplier" in 1937 made Farnsworth's image dissector the first practical version of a fully electronic imaging device for television. It had very poor light sensitivity, and was therefore primarily useful only where illumination was exceptionally high (typically over 685 cd/m2). However, it was ideal for industrial applications, such as monitoring the bright interior of an industrial furnace. Due to their poor light sensitivity, image dissectors were rarely used in television broadcasting, except to scan film and other transparencies. In April 1933, Farnsworth submitted a patent application also entitled Image Dissector, but which actually detailed a CRT-type camera tube. This is among the first patents to propose the use of a "low-velocity" scanning beam and RCA had to buy it in order to sell image orthicon tubes to the general public. However, Farnsworth never transmitted a clear and well focused image with such a tube. Dissectors were used only briefly for research in television systems before being replaced by different much more sensitive tubes based on the charge-storage phenomenon like the iconoscope during the 1930s. Although camera tubes based on the idea of image dissector technology quickly and completely fell out of use in the field of television broadcasting, they continued to be used for imaging in early weather satellites and the Lunar lander, and for star attitude tracking in the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station. Operation The optical system of the image dissector focuses an image onto a photocathode mounted inside a high vacuum. As light strikes the photocathode, electrons are emitted in proportion to the intensity of the light (see photoelectric effect). The entire electron image is deflected and a scanning aperture permits only those electrons emanating from a very small area of the photocathode to be captured by the detector at any given time. The output from the detector is an electric current whose magnitude is a measure of the brightness of the corresponding area of the image. The electron image is periodically deflected horizontally and vertically ("raster scanning") such that the entire image is read by the detector many times per second, producing an electrical signal that can be conveyed to a display device, such as a CRT monitor, to reproduce the image. The image dissector has no "charge storage" characteristic; the vast majority of electrons emitted by the photocathode are excluded by the scanning aperture, and thus wasted rather than being stored on a photo-sensitive target. Charge-storage tubes Iconoscope The early electronic camera tubes (like the image dissector) suffered from a very disappointing and fatal flaw: They scanned the subject and what was seen at each point was only the tiny piece of light viewed at the instant that the scanning system passed over it. A practical functional camera tube needed a different technological approach, which later became known as Charge - Storage camera tube. It based on a new physical phenomenon which was discovered and patented in Hungary in 1926, but became widely understood and recognised only from around 1930. An iconoscope is a camera tube that projects an image on a special charge storage plate containing a mosaic of electrically isolated photosensitive granules separated from a common plate by a thin layer of isolating material, somewhat analogous to the human eye's retina and its arrangement of photoreceptors. Each photosensitive granule constitutes a tiny capacitor that accumulates and stores electrical charge in response to the light striking it. An electron beam periodically sweeps across the plate, effectively scanning the stored image and discharging each capacitor in turn such that the electrical output from each capacitor is proportional to the average intensity of the light striking it between each discharge event. After Hungarian engineer Kรกlmรกn Tihanyi studied Maxwell's equations, he discovered a new hitherto unknown physical phenomenon, which led to a break-through in the development of electronic imaging devices. He named the new phenomenon as charge-storage principle. (further information: Charge-storage principle) The problem of low sensitivity to light resulting in low electrical output from transmitting or camera tubes would be solved with the introduction of charge-storage technology by Tihanyi in the beginning of 1925. His solution was a camera tube that accumulated and stored electrical charges (photoelectrons) within the tube throughout each scanning cycle. The device was first described in a patent application he filed in Hungary in March 1926 for a television system he dubbed Radioskop. After further refinements included in a 1928 patent application, Tihanyi's patent was declared void in Great Britain in 1930, and so he applied for patents in the United States. Tihanyi's charge storage idea remains a basic principle in the design of imaging devices for television to the present day. In 1924, while employed by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Russian-born American engineer Vladimir Zworykin presented a project for a totally electronic television system to the company's general manager. In July 1925, Zworykin submitted a patent application titled Television System that included a charge storage plate constructed of a thin layer of isolating material (aluminum oxide) sandwiched between a screen (300 mesh) and a colloidal deposit of photoelectric material (potassium hydride) consisting of isolated globules. The following description can be read between lines 1 and 9 in page 2: "The photoelectric material, such as potassium hydride, is evaporated on the aluminum oxide, or other insulating medium, and treated so as to form a colloidal deposit of potassium hydride consisting of minute globules. Each globule is very active photoelectrically and constitutes, to all intents and purposes, a minute individual photoelectric cell". Its first image was transmitted in late summer of 1925, and a patent was issued in 1928. However the quality of the transmitted image failed to impress H.P. Davis, the general manager of Westinghouse, and Zworykin was asked "to work on something useful". A patent for a television system was also filed by Zworykin in 1923, but this filing is not a definitive reference because extensive revisions were done before a patent was issued fifteen years later and the file itself was divided into two patents in 1931. The first practical iconoscope was constructed in 1931 by Sanford Essig, when he accidentally left a silvered mica sheet in the oven too long. Upon examination with a microscope, he noticed that the silver layer had broken up into a myriad of tiny isolated silver globules. He also noticed that, "the tiny dimension of the silver droplets would enhance the image resolution of the iconoscope by a quantum leap". As head of television development at Radio Corporation of America (RCA), Zworykin submitted a patent application in November 1931, and it was issued in 1935. Nevertheless, Zworykin's team was not the only engineering group working on devices that used a charge storage plate. In 1932, the EMI engineers Tedham and McGee under the supervision of Isaac Shoenberg applied for a patent for a new device they dubbed the "Emitron". A 405-line broadcasting service employing the Emitron began at studios in Alexandra Palace in 1936, and patents were issued in the United Kingdom in 1934 and in the US in 1937. The iconoscope was presented to the general public at a press conference in June 1933, and two detailed technical papers were published in September and October of the same year. Unlike the Farnsworth image dissector, the Zworykin iconoscope was much more sensitive, useful with an illumination on the target between 40and215lux (4โ€“20 ft-c). It was also easier to manufacture and produced a very clear image. The iconoscope was the primary camera tube used by RCA broadcasting from 1936 until 1946, when it was replaced by the image orthicon tube. Super-Emitron and image iconoscope The original iconoscope was noisy, had a high ratio of interference to signal, and ultimately gave disappointing results, especially when compared to the high definition mechanical scanning systems then becoming available. The EMI team under the supervision of Isaac Shoenberg analyzed how the Emitron (or iconoscope) produces an electronic signal and concluded that its real efficiency was only about 5% of the theoretical maximum. This is because secondary electrons released from the mosaic of the charge storage plate when the scanning beam sweeps across it may be attracted back to the positively charged mosaic, thus neutralizing many of the stored charges. Lubszynski, Rodda, and McGee realized that the best solution was to separate the photo-emission function from the charge storage one, and so communicated their results to Zworykin. The new video camera tube developed by Lubszynski, Rodda and McGee in 1934 was dubbed "the super-Emitron". This tube is a combination of the image dissector and the Emitron. It has an efficient photocathode that transforms the scene light into an electron image; the latter is then accelerated towards a target specially prepared for the emission of secondary electrons. Each individual electron from the electron image produces several secondary electrons after reaching the target, so that an amplification effect is produced. The target is constructed of a mosaic of electrically isolated metallic granules separated from a common plate by a thin layer of isolating material, so that the positive charge resulting from the secondary emission is stored in the granules. Finally, an electron beam periodically sweeps across the target, effectively scanning the stored image, discharging each granule, and producing an electronic signal like in the iconoscope. The super-Emitron was between ten and fifteen times more sensitive than the original Emitron and iconoscope tubes and, in some cases, this ratio was considerably greater. It was used for an outside broadcast by the BBC, for the first time, on Armistice Day 1937, when the general public could watch in a television set how the King laid a wreath at the Cenotaph. This was the first time that anyone could broadcast a live street scene from cameras installed on the roof of neighboring buildings. On the other hand, in 1934, Zworykin shared some patent rights with the German licensee company Telefunken. The image iconoscope (Superikonoskop in Germany) was produced as a result of the collaboration. This tube is essentially identical to the super-Emitron, but the target is constructed of a thin layer of isolating material placed on top of a conductive base, the mosaic of metallic granules is missing. The production and commercialization of the super-Emitron and image iconoscope in Europe were not affected by the patent war between Zworykin and Farnsworth, because Dieckmann and Hell had priority in Germany for the invention of the image dissector, having submitted a patent application for their Lichtelektrische Bildzerlegerrรถhre fรผr Fernseher (Photoelectric Image Dissector Tube for Television) in Germany in 1925, two years before Farnsworth did the same in the United States. The image iconoscope (Superikonoskop) became the industrial standard for public broadcasting in Europe from 1936 until 1960, when it was replaced by the vidicon and plumbicon tubes. Indeed, it was the representative of the European tradition in electronic tubes competing against the American tradition represented by the image orthicon. The German company Heimann produced the Superikonoskop for the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games, later Heimann also produced and commercialized it from 1940 to 1955, finally the Dutch company Philips produced and commercialized the image iconoscope and multicon from 1952 until 1963, when it was replaced by the much better Plumbicon. Operation The super-Emitron is a combination of the image dissector and the Emitron. The scene image is projected onto an efficient continuous-film semitransparent photocathode that transforms the scene light into a light-emitted electron image, the latter is then accelerated (and focused) via electromagnetic fields towards a target specially prepared for the emission of secondary electrons. Each individual electron from the electron image produces several secondary electrons after reaching the target, so that an amplification effect is produced, and the resulting positive charge is proportional to the integrated intensity of the scene light. The target is constructed of a mosaic of electrically isolated metallic granules separated from a common plate by a thin layer of isolating material, so that the positive charge resulting from the secondary emission is stored in the capacitor formed by the metallic granule and the common plate. Finally, an electron beam periodically sweeps across the target, effectively scanning the stored image and discharging each capacitor in turn such that the electrical output from each capacitor is proportional to the average intensity of the scene light between each discharge event (as in the iconoscope). The image iconoscope is essentially identical to the super-Emitron, but the target is constructed of a thin layer of isolating material placed on top of a conductive base, the mosaic of metallic granules is missing. Therefore, secondary electrons are emitted from the surface of the isolating material when the electron image reaches the target, and the resulting positive charges are stored directly onto the surface of the isolated material. Orthicon and CPS Emitron The original iconoscope was very noisy due to the secondary electrons released from the photoelectric mosaic of the charge storage plate when the scanning beam swept it across. An obvious solution was to scan the mosaic with a low-velocity electron beam which produced less energy in the neighborhood of the plate such that no secondary electrons were emitted at all. That is, an image is projected onto the photoelectric mosaic of a charge storage plate, so that positive charges are produced and stored there due to photo-emission and capacitance, respectively. These stored charges are then gently discharged by a low-velocity electron scanning beam, preventing the emission of secondary electrons. Not all the electrons in the scanning beam may be absorbed in the mosaic, because the stored positive charges are proportional to the integrated intensity of the scene light. The remaining electrons are then deflected back into the anode, captured by a special grid, or deflected back into an electron multiplier. Low-velocity scanning beam tubes have several advantages; there are low levels of spurious signals and high efficiency of conversion of light into signal, so that the signal output is maximum. However, there are serious problems as well, because the electron beam spreads and accelerates in a direction parallel to the target when it scans the image's borders and corners, so that it produces secondary electrons and one gets an image that is well focused in the center but blurry in the borders. Henroteau was among the first inventors to propose in 1929 the use of low-velocity electrons for stabilizing the potential of a charge storage plate, but Lubszynski and the EMI team were the first engineers in transmitting a clear and well focused image with such a tube. Another improvement is the use of a semitransparent charge storage plate. The scene image is then projected onto the back side of the plate, while the low-velocity electron beam scans the photoelectric mosaic at the front side. This configurations allows the use of a straight camera tube, because the scene to be transmitted, the charge storage plate, and the electron gun can be aligned one after the other. The first fully functional low-velocity scanning beam tube, the CPS Emitron, was invented and demonstrated by the EMI team under the supervision of Sir Isaac Shoenberg. In 1934, the EMI engineers Blumlein and McGee filed for patents for television transmitting systems where a charge storage plate was shielded by a pair of special grids, a negative (or slightly positive) grid lay very close to the plate, and a positive one was placed further away. The velocity and energy of the electrons in the scanning beam were reduced to zero by the decelerating electric field generated by this pair of grids, and so a low-velocity scanning beam tube was obtained. The EMI team kept working on these devices, and Lubszynski discovered in 1936 that a clear image could be produced if the trajectory of the low-velocity scanning beam was nearly perpendicular (orthogonal) to the charge storage plate in a neighborhood of it. The resulting device was dubbed the cathode potential stabilized Emitron, or CPS Emitron. The industrial production and commercialization of the CPS Emitron had to wait until the end of the second world war; it was widely used in the UK until 1963, when it was replaced by the much better Plumbicon. On the other side of the Atlantic, the RCA team led by Albert Rose began working in 1935 on a low-velocity scanning beam device they came to dub the orthicon. Iams and Rose solved the problem of guiding the beam and keeping it in focus by installing specially designed deflection plates and deflection coils near the charge storage plate to provide a uniform axial magnetic field. The orthicon's performance was similar to that of the image iconoscope, but it was also unstable under sudden flashes of bright light, producing "the appearance of a large drop of water evaporating slowly over part of the scene". Image orthicon The image orthicon (sometimes abbreviated IO), was common in American broadcasting from 1946 until 1968. A combination of the image dissector and the orthicon technologies, it replaced the iconoscope in the United States, which required a great deal of light to work adequately. The image orthicon tube was developed at RCA by Albert Rose, Paul K. Weimer, and Harold B. Law. It represented a considerable advance in the television field, and after further development work, RCA created original models between 1939 and 1940. The National Defense Research Committee entered into a contract with RCA where the NDRC paid for its further development. Upon RCA's development of the more sensitive image orthicon tube in 1943, RCA entered into a production contract with the U.S. Navy, the first tubes being delivered in January 1944. RCA began production of image orthicons for civilian use in the second quarter of 1946. While the iconoscope and the intermediate orthicon used capacitance between a multitude of small but discrete light sensitive collectors and an isolated signal plate for reading video information, the image orthicon employed direct charge readings from a continuous electronically charged collector. The resultant signal was immune to most extraneous signal crosstalk from other parts of the target, and could yield extremely detailed images. For instance, image orthicon cameras were still being used by NASA for capturing Apollo/Saturn rockets nearing orbit, although the television networks had phased the cameras out. Only they could provide sufficient detail. An image orthicon camera can take television pictures by candlelight because of the more ordered light-sensitive area and the presence of an electron multiplier at the base of the tube, which operated as a high-efficiency amplifier. It also has a logarithmic light sensitivity curve similar to the human eye. However, it tends to flare in bright light, causing a dark halo to be seen around the object; this anomaly was referred to as blooming in the broadcast industry when image orthicon tubes were in operation. Image orthicons were used extensively in the early color television cameras, where the increased sensitivity of the tube was essential to overcome the very inefficient, beam-splitting optical system of the camera. The image orthicon tube was at one point colloquially referred to as an Immy. Harry Lubcke, the then-President of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences, decided to have their award named after this nickname. Since the statuette was female, it was feminized into Emmy. Operation An image orthicon consists of three parts: a photocathode with an image store (target), a scanner that reads this image (an electron gun), and a multistage electron multiplier. In the image store, light falls upon the photocathode which is a photosensitive plate at a very negative potential (approx. -600ย V), and is converted into an electron image (a principle borrowed from the image dissector). This electron rain is then accelerated towards the target (a very thin glass plate acting as a semi-isolator) at ground potential (0ย V), and passes through a very fine wire mesh (nearly 200 wires per cm), very near (a few hundredths of a cm) and parallel to the target, acting as a screen grid at a slightly positive voltage (approx +2ย V). Once the image electrons reach the target, they cause a splash of electrons by the effect of secondary emission. On average, each image electron ejects several splash electrons (thus adding amplification by secondary emission), and these excess electrons are soaked up by the positive mesh effectively removing electrons from the target and causing a positive charge on it in relation to the incident light in the photocathode. The result is an image painted in positive charge, with the brightest portions having the largest positive charge. A sharply focused beam of electrons (a cathode ray) is generated by the electron gun at ground potential and accelerated by the anode (the first dynode of the electron multiplier) around the gun at a high positive voltage (approx. +1500ย V). Once it exits the electron gun, its inertia makes the beam move away from the dynode towards the back side of the target. At this point the electrons lose speed and get deflected by the horizontal and vertical deflection coils, effectively scanning the target. Thanks to the axial magnetic field of the focusing coil, this deflection is not in a straight line, thus when the electrons reach the target they do so perpendicularly avoiding a sideways component. The target is nearly at ground potential with a small positive charge, thus when the electrons reach the target at low speed they are absorbed without ejecting more electrons. This adds negative charge to the positive charge until the region being scanned reaches some threshold negative charge, at which point the scanning electrons are reflected by the negative potential rather than absorbed (in this process the target recovers the electrons needed for the next scan). These reflected electrons return down the cathode ray tube toward the first dynode of the electron multiplier surrounding the electron gun which is at high potential. The number of reflected electrons is a linear measure of the target's original positive charge, which, in turn, is a measure of brightness. Dark halo The mysterious dark "orthicon halo" around bright objects in an orthicon-captured image (also known as "blooming") is based on the fact that the IO relies on the emission of photoelectrons, but very bright illumination can produce more of them locally than the device can successfully deal with. At a very bright point on a captured image, a great preponderance of electrons is ejected from the photosensitive plate. So many may be ejected that the corresponding point on the collection mesh can no longer soak them up, and thus they fall back to nearby spots on the target instead, much as water splashes in a ring when a rock is thrown into it. Since the resultant splashed electrons do not contain sufficient energy to eject further electrons where they land, they will instead neutralize any positive charge that has been built-up in that region. Since darker images produce less positive charge on the target, the excess electrons deposited by the splash will be read as a dark region by the scanning electron beam. This effect was actually cultivated by tube manufacturers to a certain extent, as a small, carefully controlled amount of the dark halo has the effect of crispening the visual image due to the contrast effect. (That is, giving the illusion of being more sharply focused than it actually is). The later vidicon tube and its descendants (see below) do not exhibit this effect, and so could not be used for broadcast purposes until special detail correction circuitry could be developed. Vidicon A vidicon tube is a video camera tube design in which the target material is a photoconductor. The vidicon was developed in the 1950s at RCA by P. K. Weimer, S. V. Forgue and R. R. Goodrich as a simple alternative to the structurally and electrically complex image orthicon. While the initial photoconductor used was selenium, other targetsโ€”including silicon diode arraysโ€”have been used. The vidicon is a storage-type camera tube in which a charge-density pattern is formed by the imaged scene radiation on a photoconductive surface which is then scanned by a beam of low-velocity electrons. The fluctuating voltage coupled out to a video amplifier can be used to reproduce the scene being imaged. The electrical charge produced by an image will remain in the face plate until it is scanned or until the charge dissipates. By using a pyroelectric material such as triglycine sulfate (TGS) as the target, a vidicon sensitive over a broad portion of the infrared spectrum is possible. This technology was a precursor to modern microbolometer technology, and mainly used in firefighting thermal cameras. Prior to the design and construction of the Galileo probe to Jupiter, in the late 1970s to early 1980s NASA used vidicon cameras on nearly all the unmanned deep space probes equipped with the remote sensing ability. Vidicon tubes were also used aboard the first three Landsat earth imaging satellites launched in 1972, as part of each spacecraft's Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) imaging system. The Uvicon, a UV-variant Vidicon was also used by NASA for UV duties. Vidicon tubes were popular in 1970s and 1980s, after which they were rendered obsolete by solid-state image sensors, with the charge-coupled device (CCD) and then the CMOS sensor. All vidicon and similar tubes are prone to image lag, better known as ghosting, smearing, burn-in, comet tails, luma trails and luminance blooming. Image lag is visible as noticeable (usually white or colored) trails that appear after a bright object (such as a light or reflection) has moved, leaving a trail that eventually fades into the image. The trail itself does not move, rather it progressively fades as time passes, so areas that were exposed first fade before areas that were later exposed fade. It cannot be avoided or eliminated, as it is inherent to the technology. To what degree the image generated by the vidicon is affected will depend on the properties of the target material used on the vidicon, and the capacitance of the target material (known as the storage effect) as well as the resistance of the electron beam used to scan the target. The higher the capacitance of the target, the higher the charge it can hold and the longer it will take for the trail to disappear. The remmanant charges on the target eventually dissipate making the trail disappear. Plumbicon (1963) Plumbicon is a registered trademark of Philips from 1963, for its lead(II) oxide (PbO) target vidicons. Used frequently in broadcast camera applications, these tubes have low output, but a high signal-to-noise ratio. They have excellent resolution compared to image orthicons, but lack the artificially sharp edges of IO tubes, which cause some of the viewing audience to perceive them as softer. CBS Labs invented the first outboard edge enhancement circuits to sharpen the edges of Plumbicon generated images. Philips received the 1966 Technology & Engineering Emmy Award for the Plumbicon. Compared to Saticons, Plumbicons have much higher resistance to burn-in, and comet and trailing artifacts from bright lights in the shot. Saticons though, usually have slightly higher resolution. After 1980, and the introduction of the diode-gun Plumbicon tube, the resolution of both types was so high, compared to the maximum limits of the broadcasting standard, that the Saticon's resolution advantage became moot. While broadcast cameras migrated to solid-state charge-coupled devices, Plumbicon tubes remained a staple imaging device in the medical field. High resolution Plumbicons were made for the HD-MAC standard. Until 2016, Narragansett Imaging was the last company making Plumbicons, using factories Philips built in Rhode Island, USA. While still a part of Philips, the company purchased EEV's (English Electric Valve) lead oxide camera tube business, and gained a monopoly in lead-oxide tube production. Saticon (1973) Saticon is a registered trademark of Hitachi from 1973, also produced by Thomson and Sony. It was developed in a joint effort by Hitachi and NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories (NHK is The Japan Broadcasting Corporation). Its surface consists of selenium with trace amounts of arsenic and tellurium added (SeAsTe) to make the signal more stable. SAT in the name is derived from (SeAsTe). Saticon tubes have an average light sensitivity equivalent to that of 64 ASA film. A high-gain avalanche rushing amorphous photoconductor (HARP) can be used to increase light sensitivity to up to 10 times that of conventional saticons. Saticons were made for the Sony HDVS system, used to produce early analog high-definition television using multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding. Pasecon (1972) Originally developed by Toshiba in 1972 as chalnicon, Pasecon is a registered trademark of Heimann GmbH from 1977. Its surface consists of cadmium selenide trioxide (CdSeO3). Due to its wide spectral response, it is labelled as panchromatic selenium vidicon, hence the acronym 'pasecon'. Newvicon (1973) Newvicon is a registered trademark of Matsushita from 1973. The Newvicon tubes were characterized by high light sensitivity. Its surface consists of a combination of zinc selenide (ZnSe) and zinc cadmium Telluride (ZnCdTe). Trinicon (1971) Trinicon is a registered trademark of Sony from 1971. It uses a vertically striped RGB color filter over the faceplate of an otherwise standard vidicon imaging tube to segment the scan into corresponding red, green and blue segments. Only one tube was used in the camera, instead of a tube for each color, as was standard for color cameras used in television broadcasting. It is used mostly in low-end consumer cameras, such as the HVC-2200 and HVC-2400 models, though Sony also used it in some moderate cost professional cameras in the 1980s, such as the DXC-1800 and BVP-1 models. Although the idea of using color stripe filters over the target was not new, the Trinicon was the only tube to use the primary RGB colors. This necessitated an additional electrode buried in the target to detect where the scanning electron beam was relative to the stripe filter. Previous color stripe systems had used colors where the color circuitry was able to separate the colors purely from the relative amplitudes of the signals. As a result, the Trinicon featured a larger dynamic range of operation. Sony later combined the Saticon tube with the Trinicon's RGB color filter, providing low-light sensitivity and superior color. This type of tube was known as the SMF Trinicon tube, or Saticon Mixed Field. SMF Trinicon tubes were used in the HVC-2800 and HVC-2500 consumer cameras, as well as the first Betamovie camcorders. Light biasing All the vidicon type tubes except the vidicon itself were able to use a light biasing technique to improve the sensitivity and contrast. The photosensitive target in these tubes suffered from the limitation that the light level had to rise to a particular level before any video output resulted. Light biasing was a method whereby the photosensitive target was illuminated from a light source just enough that no appreciable output was obtained, but such that a slight increase in light level from the scene was enough to provide discernible output. The light came from either an illuminator mounted around the target, or in more professional cameras from a light source on the base of the tube and guided to the target by light piping. The technique would not work with the baseline vidicon tube because it suffered from the limitation that as the target was fundamentally an insulator, the constant low light level built up a charge which would manifest itself as a form of fogging. The other types had semiconducting targets which did not have this problem. Color cameras Early color cameras used the obvious technique of using separate red, green and blue image tubes in conjunction with a color separator, a technique still in use with 3CCD solid state cameras today. It was also possible to construct a color camera that used a single image tube. One technique has already been described (Trinicon above). A more common technique and a simpler one from the tube construction standpoint was to overlay the photosensitive target with a color striped filter having a fine pattern of vertical stripes of green, cyan and clear filters (i.e. green; green and blue; and green, blue and red) repeating across the target. The advantage of this arrangement was that for virtually every color, the video level of the green component was always less than the cyan, and similarly the cyan was always less than the white. Thus the contributing images could be separated without any reference electrodes in the tube. If the three levels were the same, then that part of the scene was green. This method suffered from the disadvantage that the light levels under the three filters were almost certain to be different, with the green filter passing not more than one third of the available light. Variations on this scheme exist, the principal one being to use two filters with color stripes overlaid such that the colors form vertically oriented lozenge shapes overlaying the target. The method of extracting the color is similar however. Field-sequential color system During the 1930s and 1940s, field-sequential color systems were developed which used synchronized motor-driven color-filter disks at the camera's image tube and at the television receiver. Each disk consisted of red, blue, and green transparent color filters. In the camera, the disk was in the optical path, and in the receiver, it was in front of the CRT. Disk rotation was synchronized with vertical scanning so that each vertical scan in sequence was for a different primary color. This method allowed regular black-and-white image tubes and CRTs to generate and display color images. A field-sequential system developed by Peter Goldmark for CBS was demonstrated to the press on September 4, 1940, and was first shown to the general public on January 12, 1950. Guillermo Gonzรกlez Camarena independently developed a field-sequential color disk system in Mexico in the early 1940s, for which he requested a patent in Mexico on August 19 of 1940 and in the US in 1941. Gonzalez Camarena produced his color television system in his laboratory Gon-Cam for the Mexican market and exported it to the Columbia College of Chicago, who regarded it as the best system in the world. Magnetic focusing in typical camera tubes The phenomenon known as magnetic focusing was discovered by A. A. Campbell-Swinton in 1896. He found that a longitudinal magnetic field generated by an axial coil can focus an electron beam. This phenomenon was immediately corroborated by J. A. Fleming, and Hans Busch gave a complete mathematical interpretation in 1926. Diagrams in this article show that the focus coil surrounds the camera tube; it is much longer than the focus coils for earlier TV CRTs. Camera-tube focus coils, by themselves, have essentially parallel lines of force, very different from the localized semi-toroidal magnetic field geometry inside a TV receiver CRT focus coil. The latter is essentially a magnetic lens; it focuses the "crossover" (between the CRT's cathode and G1 electrode, where the electrons pinch together and diverge again) onto the screen. The electron optics of camera tubes differ considerably. Electrons inside these long focus coils take helical paths as they travel along the length of the tube. The center (think local axis) of one of those helices is like a line of force of the magnetic field. While the electrons are traveling, the helices essentially don't matter. Assuming that they start from a point, the electrons will focus to a point again at a distance determined by the strength of the field. Focusing a tube with this kind of coil is simply a matter of trimming the coil's current. In effect, the electrons travel along the lines of force, although helically, in detail. These focus coils are essentially as long as the tubes themselves, and surround the deflection yoke (coils). Deflection fields bend the lines of force (with negligible defocusing), and the electrons follow the lines of force. In a conventional magnetically deflected CRT, such as in a TV receiver or computer monitor, basically the vertical deflection coils are equivalent to coils wound around an horizontal axis. That axis is perpendicular to the neck of the tube; lines of force are basically horizontal. (In detail, coils in a deflection yoke extend some distance beyond the neck of the tube, and lie close to the flare of the bulb; they have a truly distinctive appearance.) In a magnetically focused camera tube (there are electrostatically focused vidicons), the vertical deflection coils are above and below the tube, instead of being on both sides of it. One might say that this sort of deflection starts to create S-bends in the lines of force, but doesn't become anywhere near to that extreme. Size The size of video camera tubes is simply the overall outside diameter of the glass envelope. This differs from the size of the sensitive area of the target which is typically two thirds of the size of the overall diameter. Tube sizes are always expressed in inches for historical reasons. A one-inch camera tube has a sensitive area of approximately two thirds of an inch on the diagonal or about 16ย mm. Although the video camera tube is now technologically obsolete, the size of solid-state image sensors is still expressed as the equivalent size of a camera tube. For this purpose a new term was coined and it is known as the optical format. The optical format is approximately the true diagonal of the sensor multiplied by . The result is expressed in inches and is usually, though not always, rounded to a convenient fraction (hence the approximation). For instance, a sensor has a diagonal of and therefore an optical format of 8.0 ร— = , which is rounded to the convenient imperial fraction of . The parameter is also the source of the "Four Thirds" in the Four Thirds system and its Micro Four Thirds extensionโ€”the imaging area of the sensor in these cameras is approximately that of a video-camera tube at approximately . Although the optical format size bears no relationship to any physical parameter of the sensor, its use means that a lens that would have been used with (say) a -inch camera tube will give roughly the same angle of view when used with a solid-state sensor with an optical format of of an inch. Late use and decline The lifespan of videotube technology reached as far as the 90s, when high definition, 1035-line videotubes were used in the early MUSE HD broadcasting system. While CCDs were tested for this application, as of 1993 broadcasters still found them inadequate due to issues achieving the necessary high resolution without compromising image quality with undesirable side-effects. Modern charge-coupled device (CCD) and CMOS-based sensors offer many advantages over their tube counterparts. These include a lack of image lag, high overall picture quality, high light sensitivity and dynamic range, a better signal-to-noise ratio and significantly higher reliability and ruggedness. Other advantages include the elimination of the respective high and low-voltage power supplies required for the electron beam and heater filament, elimination of the drive circuitry for the focusing coils, no warm-up time and a significantly lower overall power consumption. Despite these advantages, acceptance and incorporation of solid-state sensors into television and video cameras was not immediate. Early sensors were of lower resolution and performance than picture tubes, and were initially relegated to consumer-grade video recording equipment. Also, video tubes had progressed to a high standard of quality and were standard issue equipment to networks and production entities. Those entities had a substantial investment in not only tube cameras, but also in the ancillary equipment needed to correctly process tube-derived video. A switch-over to solid-state image sensors rendered much of that equipment (and the investments behind it) obsolete and required new equipment optimized to work well with solid-state sensors, just as the old equipment was optimized for tube-sourced video. See also Monoscope Professional video camera References External links Orthicon: Brief history, description and diagram. The Cathode Ray Tube site CCD Technology - A Brief History The German TV museum with a lot of knowledge (in German) Most of the TV tubes were shown and carefully explained (in German) Television technology Vacuum tubes
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8E%85%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%B4%20%EB%B0%B1%EC%8B%A0
๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด ๋ฐฑ์‹ 
๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ณด๊ฑด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(WHO)๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข… ์ „ ์„ ๋ณ„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ง€์—ญ๋‚ด ์œ ๋ฐœ๋ฅ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์„œํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด๋ฐฑ์‹  CYD-TDV๋กœ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ถŒ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค (9์„ธ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ตœ์†Œ 80%). 2017๋…„์— ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ถŒ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์•…ํ™” ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด 733,000๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์™€ 50,000๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์„ฑ์ธ ์ž์›๋ด‰์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์ ‘์ข…์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์—์„œ ์Šค์บ”๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ 1929๋…„ ์ดˆ์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ณ‘์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด ํ˜ˆ์ฒญํ˜• ๋ชจ๋‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ฑ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ง„๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…์„ฑ์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚จ(live attenuated) ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„๋ฃจ์Šค, ๋ถˆํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œํ‚จ (inactivated) ๋น„๋ฃจ์Šค, DNA ๋ฐ ์„œ๋ธŒ์œ ๋‹› ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ํ›„๋ณด๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋…์„ฑ์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚จ(live attenuated) ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„๋ฃจ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์ง„๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์žˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”, ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€, ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„, ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ, ์—˜์‚ด๋ฐ”๋„๋ฅด, ์ฝ”์Šคํƒ€๋ฆฌ์นด, ํŒŒ๋ผ๊ณผ์ด, ๊ณผํ…Œ๋ง๋ผ, ํŽ˜๋ฃจ, ํƒœ๊ตญ, ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ๋“ฑ 11๊ฐœ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฑ์‹ (Dengvaxia)์ด ์ƒ์šฉํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ถŒ์žฅ 3ํšŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ์•ฝ 207๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์š”๋œ๋‹ค. WHO๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์Œ์„ฑ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ ‘์ข…์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์Œ์„ฑ ๊ฐœ์ธ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‹ฌํ•œ ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ 2018๋…„ 9์›” Dengvaxia ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ถŒ์žฅ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ ‘์ข…์„๋ฐ›์€ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์Œ์„ฑํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋“ฏํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค์€ ํ•ญ์ฒด์˜์กด์„ฑํ–ฅ์ƒ(antibody-dependent enhancement.) ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. CYD-TDV ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋Ž…๋ฐฑ์‹œ์•„(Dengvaxia)๋กœ ํŒ๋งค๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋…ธํ”ผ ํŒŒ์Šคํ…Œ๋ฅด(Sanofi Pasteur๊ฐ€) ์ œ์กฐํ•œ CYD-TDV๋Š” ์•ฝํ™”๋œ ํ™ฉ์—ด๋ณ‘ 17D ๊ท ์ฃผ์˜ PrM (์‚ฌ์ „ ๋ง‰) ๋ฐ E(๋ด‰ํˆฌ) ๊ตฌ์กฐ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ DNA ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 4 ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด ์œ ์ „์ž๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์กฐ๋œ ์ƒํ‚ค๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฐฑ์‹  (live attenuated chimeric vaccine)์ด๋‹ค. 2017๋…„์— ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ถŒ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ํ›„์†๊ฐ์—ผ์ด ์•…ํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์€ ์ด์ „์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž์—์„œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ ‘์ข… ์ „์— ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ํ˜ˆ์•ก ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 11์›” Sanofi๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋…ธ์ถœ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ WHO์˜ ์ง€์›์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข… ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ฐ ์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰์ค‘์ธ 3์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์€ 2์„ธ์—์„œ 14์„ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ 31,000๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œํ—˜์˜ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ, ์ ์–ด๋„ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ํšจ๋Šฅ์€ ์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” 56.5%, ๋ผํ‹ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ๋Š” 64.7%์˜€๋‹ค. ํšจ๋Šฅ์€ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ๋‘ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์•ฝ 80% ์ค„์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถ”์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ 3๋…„์งธ์˜ ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ฐ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” 9์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์˜ ๋ณ‘์› ์ž…์›์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ 65.6%์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์–‘์„ฑ(์ด์ „ ๋Ž…๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ„)์ธ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ข‹์€ (81.9%) ๋ฐฑ์‹  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์ ‘์ข…์€ 0, 6 ๋ฐ 12๊ฐœ์›” 3ํšŒ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ 2015๋…„ 12์›” ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”, ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๋ฐ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ, ์—˜์‚ด๋ฐ”๋„๋ฅด, ์ฝ”์Šคํƒ€๋ฆฌ์นด, ํŒŒ๋ผ๊ณผ์ด, ๊ณผํ…Œ๋ง๋ผ, ํŽ˜๋ฃจ, ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„, ํƒœ๊ตญ ๋ฐ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด์—์„œ 2016๋…„์— ์Šน์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ž…๋ฐฑ์‹œ์•„ (Dengvaxia)๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒํ‘œ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ 9์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ์Šน์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ํ˜•์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์‹  DENVax ๋˜๋Š” TAK-003 DENVax ๋˜๋Š” TAK-003์€ ์›๋ž˜ ๋ฐฉ์ฝ•์˜ Mahidol ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด ํ˜„์žฌ Inviragen (DENVax) ๋ฐ Takeda (TAK-003)๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Ž…๊ธฐ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์œ ํ˜• 2 (DENV2) ๋ฐฑ๋ณธ์— DENV1, DENV3 ๋ฐ DENV4 ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ ํ‚ค๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•„, ํ‘ธ์—๋ฅดํ†  ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”, ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ๋ฐ ํƒœ๊ตญ์—์„œ 1๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์‹œํ—˜์ด ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค . Lancet Infectious Diseases ์ €๋„์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ์ตœ์‹  18๊ฐœ์›”์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, TAK-003์€ ์ด์ „ ๋Ž…๊ธฐ ๋…ธ์ถœ ๋ฐ ํˆฌ์•ฝ ์ผ์ •์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ท ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ํ•ญ์ฒด ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผ๋ฐฑ์Šค -DV TetraVax-DV๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฉด์—ญ์›์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋œ 1๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์˜ 4๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ 1์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํƒœ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์—์„œ 2์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์—์„œ๋Š” Instituto Butantan ๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. TDEN PIV TDEN PIV๋Š” GSK์™€ Walter Reed Army Institute of Research ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ 1์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ 4๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ์•ฝ๋…ํ™” ํ›„๋ณด๋ฐฑ์‹ (live attenuated vaccine)๊ณผ ํ”„๋ผ์ž„ ๋ถ€์ŠคํŠธ ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์Šน์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋„ II์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ผ์ž„ ๋ถ€์ŠคํŒ…์—์„œ๋Š”, ํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ๋ฉด์—ญ์›์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ŠคํŠธ๋œ๋‹ค. V180 ๋จธํฌ(Merck)๋Š” ์ดˆํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋œ ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ ์†Œ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋ฐฑ์‹ (subunit vaccine)์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2015๋…„ ํ˜„์žฌ 1๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. DNA ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์˜๋ฃŒ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ(Naval Medical Research Center)๋Š” DNA ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋ฏธ๋“œ 1๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ์›์„ฑ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋„ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด Panacea Biotec ๊ณผ Biological E. Limited๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ํ›„๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์˜ ํ•œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ (VABIOTECH)๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ณด๊ฑด์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ( National Institutes of Health)์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ TetraVax-DV ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ๋ฌธํ™” ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๋…ผ์Ÿ 2017๋…„ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์—์„œ์˜ ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข… ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋…ธํ”ผ ํŒŒ์Šคํ‡ด๋ฅด์˜ CYD-TDV (Dengvaxia)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ์ ‘์ข…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์‚ฌ๋…ธํ”ผ ํŒŒ์Šคํ‡ด๋ฅด (Sanofi Pasteur)๊ฐ€ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ์ •๋ถ€์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์ „์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ด ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋งž์œผ๋ฉด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถฉ๊ณ ํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์—ฌ ์šด์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€์™€ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…์„ ํ•œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์นœ ํ˜์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ ธ์•ผํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์น˜์  ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. </br> ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ (๋ฐฑ์‹ )
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue%20vaccine
Dengue vaccine
Dengue vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent dengue fever in humans. Development of dengue vaccines began in the 1920s, but was hindered by the need to create immunity against all four dengue serotypes. As of 2023, there are two commercially available vaccines, sold under the brand names Dengvaxia and Qdenga. Dengvaxia is only recommended in those who have previously had dengue fever or populations in which most people have been previously infected. The value of Dengavaxia is limited by the fact that it may increase the risk of severe dengue in those who have not previously been infected. In 2017, more than 733,000 children and more than 50,000 adult volunteers were vaccinated with Dengvaxia regardless of serostatus, which led to a controversy. Qdenga is designated for people not previously infected. There are other vaccine candidates in development including live attenuated, inactivated, DNA and subunit vaccines. History In December 2018, Dengvaxia was approved in the European Union. In May 2019, Dengvaxia was approved in the United States as the first vaccine approved for the prevention of dengue disease caused by all dengue virus serotypes (1, 2, 3 and 4) in people ages nine through 16 who have laboratory-confirmed previous dengue infection and who live in endemic areas. Dengue is endemic in the US territories of American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands. The safety and effectiveness of the vaccine was determined in three randomized, placebo-controlled studies involving approximately 35,000 individuals in dengue-endemic areas, including Puerto Rico, Latin America and the Asia Pacific region. The vaccine was determined to be approximately 76 percent effective in preventing symptomatic, laboratory-confirmed dengue disease in individuals 9 through 16 years of age who previously had laboratory-confirmed dengue disease. In March 2021, the European Medicines Agency the filing package for TAK-003 (Qdenga) intended for markets outside of the EU. In August 2022, the Indonesian FDA approved Qdenga for use in individuals six years to 45 years of age and become the first authority in the world to approve Qdenga. Qdenga was approved in the European Union in December 2022. CYD-TDV (Dengvaxia) CYD-TDV, sold under the brand name Dengvaxia and made by Sanofi Pasteur, is a live attenuated tetravalent vaccine that is administered as three separate injections, with the initial dose followed by two additional shots given six and twelve months later. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted the application for Dengvaxia priority review designation and a tropical disease priority review voucher. The approval of Dengvaxia was granted to Sanofi Pasteur. The vaccine has been approved in 19 countries and the European Union, but it is not approved in the US for use in individuals not previously infected by any dengue virus serotype or for whom this information is unknown. Dengvaxia is a chimeric vaccine made using recombinant DNA technology by replacing the PrM (pre-membrane) and E (envelope) structural genes of the yellow fever attenuated 17D strain vaccine with those from the four dengue serotypes. Evidence indicates that CYD-TDV is partially effective in preventing infection, but may lead to a higher risk of severe disease in those who have not been previously infected and then do go on to contract the disease. It is not clear why the vaccinated seronegative population have more serious adverse outcomes. A plausible hypothesis is the phenomenon of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). American virologist Scott Halstead was one of the first researchers to identify the ADE phenomenon. Dr. Halstead and his colleague Dr. Phillip Russell proposed that the vaccine only be used after antibody testing, to check for prior dengue exposure and avoid vaccination of sero-negative individuals. Common side effects include headache, pain at the site of injection, and general muscle pains. Severe side effects may include anaphylaxis. Use is not recommended in people with poor immune function. Safety of use during pregnancy is unclear. Dengvaxia is a weakened but live vaccine and works by triggering an immune response against four types of dengue virus. Dengvaxia became commercially available in 2016 in 11 countries: Mexico, the Philippines, Indonesia, Brazil, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Paraguay, Guatemala, Peru, Thailand, and Singapore. In 2019 it was approved for medical use in the United States. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In Indonesia it costs about for the recommended three doses as of 2016. In 2017, the manufacturer recommended that the vaccine only be used in people who have previously had a dengue infection, as outcomes may be worsened in those who have not been previously infected. This led to a controversy in the Philippines where more than 733,000 children and more than 50,000 adult volunteers were vaccinated regardless of serostatus. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that countries should consider vaccination with the dengue vaccine CYD-TDV only if the risk of severe dengue in seronegative individuals can be minimized either through pre-vaccination screening or recent documentation of high seroprevalence rates in the area (at least 80% by age nine years). The WHO updated its recommendations regarding the use of Dengvaxia in 2018, based on long-term safety data stratified by serostatus on 29 November 2017. Seronegative vaccine recipients have an excess risk of severe dengue compared to unvaccinated seronegative individuals. For every 13 hospitalizations prevented in seropositive vaccinees, there would be 1 excess hospitalization in seronegative vaccinees per 1,000 vaccinees. WHO recommends serological testing for past dengue infection In 2017, the manufacturer recommended that the vaccine only be used in people who have previously had a dengue infection as otherwise there was evidence it may worsen subsequent infections. The initial protocol did not require baseline blood samples prior to vaccination in order to establish an understanding of increased risk of severe dengue in participants who had not been previously exposed. In November 2017, Sanofi acknowledged that some participants were put at risk of severe dengue if they had no prior exposure to the infection; subsequently the Philippine government suspended the mass immunization program with the backing of the WHO which began a review of the safety data. Phase III trials in Latin America and Asia involved over 31,000 children between the ages of two and 14 years. In the first reports from the trials, vaccine efficacy was 56.5% in the Asian study and 64.7% in the Latin American study in patients who received at least one injection of the vaccine. Efficacy varied by serotype. In both trials vaccine reduced by about 80% the number of severe dengue cases. An analysis of both the Latin American and Asian studies at the 3rd year of follow-up showed that the efficacy of the vaccine was 65.6% in preventing hospitalization in children older than nine years of age, but considerably greater (81.9%) for children who were seropositive (indicating previous dengue infection) at baseline. The vaccination series consists of three injections at 0, 6 and 12 months. The vaccine was approved in Mexico, the Philippines, and Brazil in December 2015, and in El Salvador, Costa Rica, Paraguay, Guatemala, Peru, Indonesia, Thailand, and Singapore in 2016. Under the brand name Dengvaxia, it is approved for use for those aged nine years of age and older and can prevent all four serotypes. TAK-003 (Qdenga) TAK-003 or DENVax, sold under the brand name Qdenga and made by Takeda, is a recombinant chimeric attenuated vaccine with DENV1, DENV3, and DENV4 components on a dengue virus type 2 (DENV2) backbone originally developed at Mahidol University in Bangkok and now funded by Inviragen (DENVax) and (TAK-003). Phase I and II trials were conducted in the United States, Colombia, Puerto Rico, Singapore and Thailand. Based on the 18-month data published in the journal Lancet Infectious Diseases, indicated that TAK-003 produced sustained antibody responses against all four virus strains, regardless of previous dengue exposure and dosing schedule. Data from the phase III trial, which began in September 2016, show that TAK-003 was efficacious against symptomatic dengue. TAK-003 appears to not lack efficacy in seronegative people or potentially cause them harm, unlike CYD-TDV. The data appear to show only moderate efficacy in other dengue serotypes than DENV2. Qdenga received approval for use in the European Union in 2022 for people aged 4 and above, and is also approved in the United Kingdom, Brazil, Argentina, Indonesia, and Thailand.ย Takeda voluntarily withdrew their application for the vaccination's approval in the United States in July 2023 after the FDA sought further data from the firm, which the company stated could not be addressed during the current review cycle. In development TV-003/005 TV-003/005 is a tetravalent admixture of monovalent vaccines, that was developed by NIAID, that were tested separately for safety and immunogenicity. The vaccine passed phase I trials and phase II studies in the US, Thailand, Bangladesh, India, and Brazil. NIH has conducted phase I and phase II studies in over 1,000 participants in the US. It has also conducted human challenge studies while having conducted NHP model studies successfully. NIH has licensed their technology for further development and commercial scale manufacturing to Panacea Biotec, Serum Institute of India, Instituto Butantan, Vabiotech, Merck, and Medigen. In Brazil, phase III studies are being conducted by Instituto Butantan in-collaboration with NIH. Panacea Biotec has conducted phase II clinical studies in India. A company in Vietnam (Vabiotech) is conducting safety tests and developing a clinical trial plan. All four companies are involved in studies of a TetraVax-DV vaccine in conjunction with the US National Institutes of Health. TDENV PIV TDENV PIV (tetravalent dengue virus purified inactivated vaccine) is undergoing phase I trials as part of a collaboration between GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) and the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR). A synergistic formulation with another live attenuated candidate vaccine (prime-boost strategy) is also being evaluated in a phase II study. In prime-boosting, one type of vaccine is followed by a boost with another type in an attempt to improve immunogenicity. V180 Merck is studying recombinant subunit vaccines expressed in Drosophila cells. , it had completed phase I stage and V180 formulations found to be generally well tolerated. DNA vaccines In 2011, the Naval Medical Research Center attempted to develop a monovalent DNA plasmid vaccine, but early results showed it to be only moderately immunogenic. Society and culture Legal status On 13 October 2022, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Qdenga, intended for prophylaxis against dengue disease. The applicant for this medicinal product is Takeda GmbH. The active substance of Qdenga is dengue tetravalent vaccine (live, attenuated), a viral vaccine containing live attenuated dengue viruses which replicate locally and elicit humoral and cellular immune responses against the four dengue virus serotypes. Qdenga was approved for medical use in the European Union in December 2022. In February 2023, Qdenga was approved by the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) for people aged four years and older. In July 2023, Takeda withdrew its application for Qdenga before the FDA, citing the FDA's requirement for additional data not captured in the phase III studies. Economics In Indonesia, Dengvaxia cost about for the recommended three doses as of 2016. Indonesia was the first country to approve Qdenga, in late 2022. Controversies Philippines The 2017 dengue vaccine controversy in the Philippines involved a vaccination program run by the Philippines Department of Health (DOH). The DOH vaccinated schoolchildren with Sanofi Pasteur's CYD-TDV (Dengvaxia) dengue vaccine. Some of the children who received the vaccine had never been infected by the dengue virus before. The program was stopped when Sanofi Pasteur advised the government that the vaccine could put previously uninfected people at a somewhat higher risk of a severe case of dengue fever. A political controversy erupted over whether the program was run with sufficient care and who should be held responsible for the alleged harm to the vaccinated children. References External links Dengue fever Vaccines World Health Organization essential medicines (vaccines) Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EB%82%98%20%EA%B4%B4%EC%8A%AC%EB%A7%81
๋ ˆ๋‚˜ ๊ดด์Šฌ๋ง
๋ ˆ๋‚˜ ๊ดด์Šฌ๋ง(, 1986๋…„ 3์›” 8์ผ ~ )์€ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ํฌ์ง€์…˜์€ ๋ฏธ๋“œํ•„๋”์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ ๋…์ผ ํ”„๋ผ์šฐ์—”-๋ถ„๋ฐ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์˜ VfL ๋ณผํ”„์Šค๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋ ˆ๋‚˜ ๊ดด์Šฌ๋ง์€ SV ๋ขฐ๋„ค-์˜ค๋ฒ ๋ฅธ๋ฒ ํฌ ์œ ์Šค ํŒ€์—์„œ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. SV ์ค€๋ฐ๋ฅธ, FC ๊ท€ํ…Œ๋ฅด์Šฌ๋กœ 2000 ์œ ์Šค ํŒ€์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๊ณ  2002๋…„์—๋Š” ๋…์ผ U-17 ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2003๋…„์— FC ๊ท€ํ…Œ๋ฅด์Šฌ๋กœ 2000 1๊ตฐ ํŒ€์œผ๋กœ ์Šน๊ฒฉ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ 2. ํ”„๋ผ์šฐ์—”-๋ถ„๋ฐ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ๊ณ  2006๋…„์— SC 07 ๋ฐ”ํŠธ๋…ธ์ด์—๋‚˜์–ด๋กœ ์ด์ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ”„๋ผ์šฐ์—”-๋ถ„๋ฐ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ๋‚˜ ๊ดด์Šฌ๋ง์€ 2011๋…„ 6์›”์— VfL ๋ณผํ”„์Šค๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2012-13 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ๋Š” VfL ๋ณผํ”„์Šค๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ์˜ ํ”„๋ผ์šฐ์—”-๋ถ„๋ฐ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์Šน, ์—ฌ์ž DFB-ํฌ์นผ ์šฐ์Šน, UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013-14 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ๋Š” VfL ๋ณผํ”„์Šค๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ์˜ ํ”„๋ผ์šฐ์—”-๋ถ„๋ฐ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์Šน, UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ–ˆ๊ณ  2016-17 ์‹œ์ฆŒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2018-19 ์‹œ์ฆŒ๊นŒ์ง€ VfL ๋ณผํ”„์Šค๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ์˜ ํ”„๋ผ์šฐ์—”-๋ถ„๋ฐ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์Šน, ์—ฌ์ž DFB-ํฌ์นผ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋ ˆ๋‚˜ ๊ดด์Šฌ๋ง์€ 2002๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2007๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋…์ผ ์—ฌ์ž U-17, U-19, U-20, U-23 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ 2004๋…„ UEFA U-19 ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์ค€์šฐ์Šน์— ๊ณตํ—Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ๋‚˜ ๊ดด์Šฌ๋ง์€ ํƒœ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ 2004๋…„ FIFA U-19 ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํƒœ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 2๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์— ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„์™€์˜ 8๊ฐ•์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—๋„ ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์šฐ์Šน์— ๊ณตํ—Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ 2006๋…„ FIFA U-20 ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—๋„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋…์ผ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ 8๊ฐ•์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ๋‚˜ ๊ดด์Šฌ๋ง์€ 2008๋…„ 2์›”์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ์นœ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋…์ผ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง• ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ, ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2009 ๋ณธ์„ ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋…์ผ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์˜ˆ๋น„ ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ์ข… ๋ช…๋‹จ์—์„œ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋…์ผ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ 2011๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์™€์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์˜ 8๊ฐ•์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋…์ผ์€ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์˜ 8๊ฐ•์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ๋‚˜ ๊ดด์Šฌ๋ง์€ 2011๋…„ 10์›” 22์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„์™€์˜ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2013 ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์›จ๋ด์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2013 ๋ณธ์„ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์™€์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์•„์ด์Šฌ๋ž€๋“œ์™€์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€์˜ 8๊ฐ•์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์Šค์›จ๋ด๊ณผ์˜ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด์™€์˜ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์šฐ์Šน์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ๋‚˜ ๊ดด์Šฌ๋ง์€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ 2015๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต์—์„œ ์ฝ”ํŠธ๋””๋ถ€์•„๋ฅด์™€์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด์™€์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์Šค์›จ๋ด๊ณผ์˜ 16๊ฐ•์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์™€์˜ 8๊ฐ•์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์™€์˜ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์™€์˜ 3ยท4์œ„์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋…์ผ์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ 4์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋ฐ์ž๋„ค์ด๋ฃจ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณธ์„  6๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ธˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ๋‚˜ ๊ดด์Šฌ๋ง์€ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2017์—์„œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๋ด๋งˆํฌ์™€์˜ 8๊ฐ•์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋…์ผ์€ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ์™€์˜ 8๊ฐ•์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ 2019๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต์—๋„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์Šค์›จ๋ด๊ณผ์˜ 8๊ฐ•์ „์—์„œ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•ด ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์—์„œ ์€ํ‡ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ํด๋Ÿฝ VfL ๋ณผํ”„์Šค๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ ํ”„๋ผ์šฐ์—”-๋ถ„๋ฐ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 5ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน (2012-13, 2013-14, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19) ์—ฌ์ž DFB-ํฌ์นผ 6ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน (2012-13, 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19) UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน (2012-13, 2013-14) ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ 2004๋…„ UEFA U-19 ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์ค€์šฐ์Šน 2004๋…„ FIFA U-19 ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน 2012๋…„ ์•Œ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋ธŒ์ปต ์šฐ์Šน UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2013 ์šฐ์Šน 2014๋…„ ์•Œ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋ธŒ์ปต ์šฐ์Šน 2016๋…„ ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋ฐ์ž๋„ค์ด๋ฃจ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ธˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋ ˆ๋‚˜ ๊ดด์Šฌ๋ง ํ”„๋กœํ•„ - ๋…์ผ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์—ฐ๋งน 1986๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋…์ผ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋ฏธ๋“œํ•„๋” FIFA ์„ผ์ถ”๋ฆฌ ํด๋Ÿฝ ์—ฌ์ž ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2011๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2013 ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2015๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2016๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ธˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ 2016๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2017 ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2019๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ”„๋ผ์šฐ์—”-๋ถ„๋ฐ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ VfL ๋ณผํ”„์Šค๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ (์—ฌ)์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena%20Goe%C3%9Fling
Lena GoeรŸling
Lena GoeรŸling (born 8 March 1986) is a German former footballer. She played as a midfielder. Career Club GoeรŸling began her career at her local football club SV Lรถhne-Obernbeck. She later joined FC Gรผtersloh 2000, where she won the German Under-17 championship. GoeรŸling played two seasons in the second Bundesliga with Gรผtersloh, before joining the top division side SC 07 Bad Neuenahr in 2006. After five years and 97 games for the club, she announced her transfer to VfL Wolfsburg for the 2011โ€“12 season. After the 2020โ€“21 season, she announced her retirement. International GoeรŸling won the 2004 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship with Germany. She had three appearances for the team and scored twice in the first group game against Thailand. Two years later, she again competed at the 2006 FIFA U-20 Women's World Championship. Now a regular starter, she was eliminated with her team in the quarter-finals against the United States. In February 2008, GoeรŸling made her debut for the German national team against China. Twice she has been denied a place in a German squad at international tournaments. She was named to the 26 player preliminary squads at the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2009 European Championship, but failed to make the final 21 player squad at both tournaments. GoeรŸling has been called up for the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, which was her first major tournament. She was part of the squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics, where Germany won the gold medal. She announced her retirement after the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup. International goals Scores and results list Germany's goal tally first: Source: Honours International Summer Olympic Games: Gold medal, 2016 UEFA Women's Championship: Winner 2013 Algarve Cup: Winner 2012, 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup: Winner 2004 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship: Runner-up 2004 Club VfL Wolfsburg UEFA Women's Champions League : Winner 2012โ€“13, 2013โ€“14 Bundesliga : Winner 2012โ€“13, 2013โ€“14, 2016โ€“17, 2017โ€“18, 2018โ€“19 DFB Pokal : Winner 2012โ€“13, 2014โ€“15, 2015โ€“16, 2016โ€“17, 2017โ€“18, 2018โ€“19 Individual IFFHS World's Best Woman Playmaker: 2013 UEFA Women's Championship All-Star Team: 2013 Silbernes Lorbeerblatt: Winner 2016 IFFHS Women's World Team: 2020 IFFHS World's Woman Team of the Decade 2011โ€“2020 IFFHS UEFA Woman Team of the Decade 2011โ€“2020 See also List of women's footballers with 100 or more caps References External links Player German domestic football stats at DFB 1986 births Living people Footballers from Bielefeld German women's footballers SC 07 Bad Neuenahr players VfL Wolfsburg (women) players 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup players 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players Women's association football midfielders Germany women's international footballers Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics Olympic gold medalists for Germany Olympic medalists in football Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics Frauen-Bundesliga players Olympic footballers for Germany UEFA Women's Championship-winning players FIFA Women's Century Club 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players UEFA Women's Euro 2017 players
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%BC%EB%AF%BC%EB%8B%A4%EB%A6%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%A7%88%EB%B1%80
๋ฒ„ํŠผ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€
๋ฒ„ํŠผ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€(Lialis burtonis)์€ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ ๋ ˆ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ(Burton's legless lizard)๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๊ณผ์— ์†ํ•œ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„, ํŒŒํ‘ธ์•„๋‰ด๊ธฐ๋‹ˆ ๊ณ ์œ ์ข…์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ข…์€ ์•ž๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ณ  ๋’ท๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ”์ ๋งŒ์ด ๋‚จ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ฅ˜๋Š” "๋ ˆ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ(legless lizards)", "ํ”Œ๋žซํ’‹ ๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ(flap-footed lizards)", "์Šค๋„ค์ดํฌ ๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ(snake-lizards)"๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์–ด์› ์ข…๋ช… burtonis๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€ ์—๋“œ์›Œ๋“œ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ(:en:Edward Burton (zoologist))(1790โ€“1867)์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์™€ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๊ณผ์— ์†ํ•œ ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€์†์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๊ณผ์— ์†ํ•œ 40 ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ข… ์ค‘์—์„œ ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€์†์— ์†ํ•œ ์ข…์€ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข… ํ•˜๋‚˜ (L. jicari) ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€์†์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์ข…๋“ค์€ macrostomata์— ์†ํ•œ ๋ฑ€๋“ค๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ๋“ค์ด ํฐ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ต์งธ๋กœ ์‚ผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ ์‘ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€์€ ๋ฑ€๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋…์ƒ˜๋„ ์—†๊ณ , ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†๊ณ , ํ˜“๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์€ ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์ง€์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ํ†ตํ†ตํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ท“๊ตฌ๋ฉ๊ณผ ๋’ท๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ํ”์ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๊ณผ์— ์†ํ•ด์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๊ณผ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ, ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๊ณผ์™€ ์ œ์ผ ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค. ๊ฒ‰๋ณด๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฑ€๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜๋ ด์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„ํŠผ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋ฒ„๋‘ฅ์น˜๋Š” ํฐ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์  ์ ์‘์„ ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋‚ ์นด๋กญ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง„, ์›€์ง์ด๋Š”(hinged) ์ด๋นจ์ด ์ค„์ค„์ด ๋‚œ ๊ธธ์ญ‰ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋‘ฅ์ด๋Š” ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ™์žก๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ธธ์ญ‰ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋‘ฅ์ด ๋•ํƒ์— ๋‘ ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋…ธ๋ ค์„œ(:en:binocular vision) ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฎ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์œ ์—ฐํ•œ mesokinetic, hypokinetic ๊ด€์ ˆ ๋•์— ํ„ฑ์ด ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์Œ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋ˆˆ์„ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ ํฌ์‹์ž(visual predator)์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๋ฐ, ์ด ๋•์— ์‹ธ์šธ ๋•Œ ๋ˆˆ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„œ์‹์ง€ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํƒœ์ฆˆ๋ฉ”์ด๋‹ˆ์•„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‚จ๋™๋ถ€ ์ผ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด ์ข…์€ ํŒŒํ‘ธ์•„๋‰ด๊ธฐ๋‹ˆ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ•œ ์ž‘์€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„ํŠผ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„œ์‹์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถ„ํฌ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด๋ณด์•„ ์žˆ์„๋ฒ•ํ•œ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณ ์‚ฐ์ง€๋Œ€์™€ ๋ถ๋ถ€์˜ ํ˜น๋…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ†ต ํ•˜์ธต์‹์ƒ์ด๋‚˜, ์žŽ๋”๋ฏธ ๋”ฐ์œ„์˜ ์ง€๋ฉด์˜ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์†์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์žŽ๋”๋ฏธ๋Š” ์—ด๋Œ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ž, ์—ด๋Œ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ํฌํšํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์žŽ๋”๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์„ ํ˜ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฆ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์žŽ๋”๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์—†๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์„œ์‹์ง€์—์„œ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ’€, ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง„ ๊ตด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ์€์‹ ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹์„ฑ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋งŒ์„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Šคํ‚จํฌ๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€, ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด, ์•„๊ฐ€๋งˆ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€ ๋”ฐ์œ„๋„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์˜ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์˜ ์œ„ ์†์˜ ์Œ์‹์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ฑ€๋„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ด ์ข…์€ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ž์ฃผ ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์‹ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฒˆ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„ํŠผ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๋ž€๊ณผ ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต 9์›”์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.(๋‚จ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„์ ˆ์ด ๋ถ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์™€ 6๊ฐœ์›” ์ฐจ์ด๋‚œ๋‹ค.) ์ด ์ข…์€ ๋‚œ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ณดํ†ต 11์›”์—์„œ 1์›”์— ์‚ฐ๋ž€ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฒˆ์‹์€ ๋ฒˆ์‹๊ธฐ(:en:Breeding season)๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ์–ธ์ œ๋“  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•”์ปท์€ ์•Œ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ๋‚ณ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•Œ์€ ๋‚˜๋ฌดํ† ๋ง‰์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”์œ„ ๋ฐ‘, ์ง€๋ฉด, ์žŽ๋”๋ฏธ ๋ฐ‘, ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” sugar ants์˜ ๋‘ฅ์ง€ ์•ˆ์— ๋†“์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…€์„๋“ค์€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— 1 - 3 ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ป์งˆ์ด ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ์•Œ์„ ์žฌ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚ณ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ณดํ†ต์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‘ฅ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•œ ๋‘ฅ์ง€์— 20๊ฐœ ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์•Œ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„ํŠผ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ์•”์ปท์˜ ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์ง•์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฒˆ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •์ž๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฒ˜๋…€์ƒ์‹์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ“ ๋ถ€ํ™”ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋ผ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” 13 cm ์ •๋„๋‹ค. ์Šต์„ฑ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฃผํ–‰์„ฑ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋จน์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์— ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์–ด๋Š ๋•Œ๋“  ํ™œ๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„ํŠผ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋”์šด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณ ์ฒด์˜จ์ฆ, ๋งน๊ธˆ๋ฅ˜ ๋”ฐ์œ„์˜ ์ฃผํ–‰์„ฑ ํฌ์‹์ž์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ํšŒํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐค์— ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐค์— ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์— ์›€์ง์ด๋‹ค ๋จน์ž‡๊ฐํ•œํ…Œ ์€์‹  ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋“คํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋™๊ณผ ๋จน์ด์ฐพ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ด ์ข…์ด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋„๋ฆฌ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์„œ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š”, ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๋ฎ์น˜๋Š” ํฌ์‹์ž์ด๋ฉฐ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์Šต๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์€์‹ ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์€์‹ ์ฒ˜๋Š” ํฌ์‹์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ชธ์„ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ผ์ผฐ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์›€์ง์ด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์„œ ํฌ์‹์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ๋ฒ„๊ฑฐ์›Œ์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‹  ์€์‹ ์ฒ˜๋Š” ์ฒด์˜จ์กฐ์ ˆ์—๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋‘ํ„ฐ์šด ์žŽ๋”๋ฏธ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ข‹์€ ์€์‹ ์ฒ˜์ธ๋ฐ, ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๊นŠ์ˆ™์ด ํŒŒ๊ณ  ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ ์ˆจ์–ด์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„ํŠผ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋‚š์‹œ(:en:Caudal luring)๋กœ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์œ ์ธํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€ํ•œํ…Œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋‚š์‹œ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๊ธฐ์Šต๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์žก๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋งŒ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋จน์ด๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ง์ณค๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์“ฐ์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ์ „๋žต์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋จน์€ ํ›„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋‚š์‹œ๋Š” ๋จน์ž‡๊ฐ์„ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋ฎ์น˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋”ด ๋ฐ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋†“์นœ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์žก๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„ํŠผ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด ๋จน์ด์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์ „๋žต์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๋ฐ, ์ด ๋…€์„๋“ค์ด ๋ฌผ๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ์‹ฌํ•œ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์ž…์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ํฐ ๋จน์ž‡๊ฐ์„ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฒ„ํŠผ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จน์ž‡๊ฐ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฎ์น˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ํฐ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฎ์น  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋’ค๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๋ชฉ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํฐ ๋จน์ด๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์ž…ํžˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋„๋ก ์‚ผํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ™”๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊พน ์›€์ผœ์ฅ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ž‘์€ ๋จน์ด๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋ฒ„๋‘ฅ์น˜๋Š” ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋“œ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋“œ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐœ๋ฒ„๋‘ฅ์น˜๋“  ๋ง๋“  ํ†ต์งธ๋กœ ์‚ผํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ข…์€ ํŠนํžˆ ์œ„ํ˜‘๋ฐ›์„ ๋•Œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํฌ์‹์žํ•œํ…Œ ์žกํžˆ๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ž์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žƒ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํฐ ์†์‹ค์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž๋ผ๋ ค๋ฉด ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณด์กด ๋ฒ„ํŠผ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ œ์ผ ๋„๋ฆฌ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๋Š” ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทนํžˆ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณด์กด์— ์šฐ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ผ ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„ํŠผ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํ”ํ•œ์ง€๋Š” ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ์ข…์ด ๊ทนํžˆ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. ์•„์ง IUCN ๋ณด์กด ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ‰๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด "๊ด€์‹ฌ ํ•„์š”" ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ ฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ Gray JE (1835). "Characters of a New Genus of Reptiles (Lialis) from New South Wales". Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1834: 134-135. (Lialis burtonis, new species). (in Latin and English). ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€์† 1835๋…„ ๊ธฐ์žฌ๋œ ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜ ์กด ์—๋“œ์›Œ๋“œ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton%27s%20legless%20lizard
Burton's legless lizard
Burton's legless lizard (Lialis burtonis) is a species of lizard in the family Pygopodidae. The species lacks forelegs and has only rudimentary hind legs. Pygopodid lizards are also referred to as "legless lizards", "flap-footed lizards" and "snake-lizards". This species is native to Australia and Papua New Guinea. Taxonomy English zoologist John Edward Gray described Burton's legless lizard in 1835. The specific name, burtonis, is in honour of British army surgeon Edward Burton (1790โ€“1867). Burton's legless lizard (Lialis burtonis) is a member of the genus Lialis within the family Pygopodidae. There are approximately 40 species in the family Pygopodidae, however, Burton's legless lizard and another species (L. jicari) are the only species that fall within genus Lialis. Members in genus Lialis are considered analogous to macrostomatan snakes as these taxonomic groups have functionally similar adaptations such as the ability to swallow relatively large prey whole. However, their resemblance to snakes is merely superficial example of convergent evolution, and they are not closely related. Differences between legless lizards and snakes include the lack of venom glands in legless lizards, their inability to constrict prey, the presence of a fleshy tongue rather than a forked tongue, visible ear holes, and remnant hind limbs. Burton's legless lizard and the Pygopodidae, as a whole, are members of the infraorder Gekkota, meaning that they are essentially legless geckos. Pygopods are the namesake of the Australasian gecko superfamily Pygopodoidea (sometimes called Diplodactyloidea), and they are the sister taxon to legged geckos in the family Carphodactylidae. Description Burton's legless lizard has significant morphological adaptations to enable it to deal with large struggling prey items. The first adaptation is a skull with an elongated snout that may, along with its pointed, recurved and hinged teeth, be an adaptation that assists it to grip its prey. In addition, this elongated snout may also promote binocular vision which would allow strikes to be more accurately directed. Another adaptation that assists Burton's legless lizard to hold its prey is its flexible mesokinetic and hypokinetic joints which allow its jaws to encircle prey. Lastly, the ability of the species to retract its eyes is of key importance as it is a visual predator that relies on eyesight and this adaptation effectively protects them during conflict. Distribution and habitat Burton's legless lizard occurs almost Australia wide but it is absent in parts of southern Australia including Tasmania. This species is also found in Papua New Guinea, although populations are limited to one small area. Burton's legless lizard is found in a variety of habitats from deserts to the margins of rainforests but not in southern alpine areas and extreme northern deserts as would be expected based on its distribution. It is usually found in low vegetation or debris on the ground such as leaf litter which has been shown to be important to specimens located in tropical environments. This was demonstrated in an experiment where individuals were given a choice of several thermally comparable environments and there was an overwhelming preference for leaf litter by specimens from the tropics. In areas where leaf litter is not as readily available this species will use grasses, abandoned burrows and other shelter that it can find as habitat. Diet L. burtonis feeds almost exclusively on lizards. Generally, skinks are the main prey item taken but other legless lizards, geckos and dragons are also a part of the diet of Burton's legless lizard. In addition, it has been reported that this species will eat small snakes on rare occasions and this has been documented in a study of the stomach contents of museum specimens. Notably, this species also feeds rather infrequently according to a recent study. Reproduction Reproduction seems to be seasonal in populations of Burton's legless lizard and mating occurs at similar times throughout Australia. Ovulation and mating for the species usually occurs from September until summer. The species is oviparous and eggs are generally laid from November to January, although, reproduction can occur at any time outside of the usual breeding season and females are capable of laying more than one clutch each year. Eggs are laid under logs or rocks, on the ground, under leaf litter and sometimes in the nests of sugar ants. Clutches can be laid in quick succession with each clutch containing 1 to 3 tough, leathery eggs, although a clutch size of 2 eggs is by far the most common. Nesting can be communal and up to 20 eggs have been found in a nest. Another characteristic that has been discovered is the ability of females of this species to either store sperm for reproduction at a later time or to reproduce through parthenogenesis which does not require mating to be successful. Hatchlings are approximately 13 centimetres long. Captivity In Australia a license is required to keep the Burton's legless lizard as a pet. Behaviour Burton's legless lizard is generally a diurnal feeder as prey is most commonly encountered during the day but it can be active at any time. This is highlighted as its movements tend to be nocturnal to take advantage of benefits such as reduced risks of hyperthermia during hot conditions and reduced risks of predation from diurnal predators like raptors. Another reason for it to move at night is to avoid revealing its ambush position in the day when it has the highest likelihood of encountering an otherwise unsuspecting prey item. In addition, there is geographic variation in movement and feeding patterns which is expected as this species is very widespread and inhabits a variety of different environments. This lizard is a visually oriented predator that strikes based on movement and requires shelter to ambush its prey. Shelter is also required to hide from predators and may be particularly important after feeding as individuals become more sedentary than usual which is thought to be an anti-predator response. Alternatively, shelter also plays a key role in lizard thermoregulation. Deep leaf litter for example, is very good shelter as individuals can bury themselves at an appropriate depth to regulate temperature and remain hidden at the same time. Burton's legless lizard also uses caudal luring as a feeding strategy which is rare in lizards. Notably, this behaviour only occurs if its initial ambush attack is unsuccessful in capturing its intended prey. However, this tactic is not exhibited every time that prey escapes as the likelihood of this tactic being used increases with time since an individual's last meal. Caudal luring can be used to recapture prey in 3 ways as it can be used to lure prey towards it, to distract prey at the moment that it strikes or both. Feeding strategies are a very important behaviour for this species as the lizards it eats can often be large enough to inflict a retaliatory bite that could cause serious harm. This is thought to be the reason that this species will modify its strike precision according to prey size as strikes at large prey will be directed at either the head or neck to prevent them from biting back. Furthermore, Burton's legless lizard will hold large prey until it is incapacitated before swallowing to prevent harm to itself whereas it swallows small prey that is still struggling as swallowing live prey costs less energy than waiting for it to be incapacitated. This species also has a tendency to vocalise, especially, when it is threatened. Furthermore, if it is seized by a predator it can drop its tail like many other lizards. However, there are substantial costs associated with a lizard losing its tail as it requires time and energy to grow back. Conservation L. burtonis is not a priority for conservation as it is Australia's most widespread reptile and inhabits almost all Australian habitat types with only a few exceptions. In addition, it is not known how abundant Burton's legless lizard is, but there has been no indication that this species is rare or rapidly declining. Consequently, while Burton's legless lizard has not been assessed for an IUCN conservation status yet, it is predicted with a fair degree of confidence that it would be given the status of "least concern". References Further reading Cogger HG (2014). Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, Seventh Edition. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. xxx + 1,033 pp. . Goin CJ, Goin OB, Zug GR (1978). Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. xi + 378 pp. . (Lialis burtonis, p. 286). Wilson, Steve; Swan, Gerry (2013). A Complete Guide to Reptiles of Australia, Fourth Edition. Sydney: New Holland Publishers. 522 pp. . External links Reptiles of Western Australia Lialis Reptiles described in 1835 Taxa named by John Edward Gray Pygopodids of Australia
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%A7%95%EC%96%B4%EC%99%80%20%EA%B3%A0%EB%9E%98
์˜ค์ง•์–ด์™€ ๊ณ ๋ž˜
ใ€Š์˜ค์ง•์–ด์™€ ๊ณ ๋ž˜ใ€‹()๋Š” 2005๋…„ ์„ ๋Œ„์Šค ์˜ํ™”์ œ์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋””, ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์˜ํ™”์ด๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์•„ ๋ฐ”์›€๋ฐฑ ๊ฐ๋…์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋ฉฐ ์›จ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ์ด ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ, ์ œํ”„ ๋Œ€๋‹ˆ์–ผ์Šค, ์ œ์‹œ ์•„์ด์  ๋ฒ„๊ทธ, ์˜ค์–ธ ํด๋ผ์ธ์ด ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์ดํ˜ผ ํ›„ ๋ถ„์—ด์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” 4์ธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. 2005๋…„ ์„ ๋Œ„์Šค ์˜ํ™”์ œ์—์„œ ์ด ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ๊ฐ๋…, ๊ฐ๋ณธ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ธŒ๋ฃจํด๋ฆฐ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ„ํฌ๋จผ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ์•„๋น  ๋ฒ„๋‚˜๋“œ, ์—„๋งˆ ์กฐ์•ค, ํฐ์•„๋“ค ์›”ํŠธ, ์ž‘์€์•„๋“ค ํ”„๋žญํฌ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„๋‚˜๋“œ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์žƒ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒŒ์–ด๋จน๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๋ฌผ๊ฐ„ ์†Œ์„ค๊ฐ€์ด๋ฉฐ, ์•„๋‚ด ์กฐ์•ค์€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ ์œ ๋ช…์„ธ๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์›”ํŠธ๋Š” ์Œ์•…์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ๊ณ  ํ”„๋žญํฌ๋Š” ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์Šค์— ์—ด์˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋Š ๋‚  ๋ฒ„๋‚˜๋“œ์™€ ์กฐ์•ค์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹คํˆฐ ๋’ค, ์•„๋“ค๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ดํ˜ผํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ†ต๋ณดํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฒ„๋‚˜๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๋™ ์–‘์œกํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด์„œ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋งค์ผ ์˜ค๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ํ˜•์ œ๋Š” ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ๊ฒช๋Š”๋‹ค. ์›”ํŠธ๋Š” ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์ชฝ์— ๊ธฐ์šธ์ง€๋งŒ ํ”„๋žญํฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์˜ณ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธด๋‹ค. ์›”ํŠธ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ž€ํ•œ ์™€์ค‘ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ '์†Œํ”ผ'๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž์•„์ด์™€ ๋งŒ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์›”ํŠธ๋Š” ์†Œํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ณ  ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋‚ฎ์žก์•„ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋Š” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด์จŒ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‘˜์€ ์—ฐ์ธ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ํ”„๋žญํฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋†“๊ณ  ์ˆ ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์š•์„ค๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„๋‚˜๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์•ค์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์™ธ๋„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐํ˜”์„ ๋•Œ, ์›”ํŠธ๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ํ˜์˜คํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ง€๋‚ด๋ ค ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ํ”„๋žญํฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์ง‘์„ ํƒˆ์ถœํ•ด์„œ๋ผ๋„ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„๋‚˜๋“œ๋Š” ๋…์„œ ๋ชจ์ž„์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ์ œ์ž ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์€๊ทผํžˆ ๋ฒ„๋‚˜๋“œ๋ฅผ ์œ ํ˜นํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ ์›”ํŠธ๋Š” ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ชป์ƒ๊ธด ์†Œํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธด๋‹ค. ์กฐ์•ค์€ ํ”„๋žญํฌ์˜ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์„ ์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์ด์›ƒ ์•„์ด๋ฒˆ๊ณผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋žญํฌ๋Š” ์ž์œ„ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์†์˜ท์— ํƒ๋‹‰ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ๋ชฐ๋ž˜ ์ž์œ„ํ•œ ๋’ค ์ •์•ก์„ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ๊ณง ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์— ์ •์•ก์„ ๋ฌปํžˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ๋˜์–ด ๋ฒ„๋‚˜๋“œ์™€ ์กฐ์•ค์ด ํ•™๊ต์— ๋ถˆ๋ ค์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋– ๋„˜๊ธด๋‹ค. ์›”ํŠธ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต ์Œ์•… ๊ณต์—ฐ์—์„œ ์ž์ž‘๊ณก์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์—ฌ ํฐ ํ˜ธ์‘์„ ์–ป๊ณ  ์—ฌ์ž์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์ž ๊ณง ์šฐ์ญํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๋…ธ๊ณจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์†Œํ”ผ์™€ ํ—ค์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์™€ ์„น์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜ ์›”ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ์ž์ž‘๊ณก์ด ์‹ค์€ ํ•‘ํฌ ํ”Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ์˜ ๊ณก์„ ํ‘œ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์ ธ, ์›”ํŠธ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ƒ๋‹ด์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋‹ด์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด์„œ, ์›”ํŠธ๋Š” ์ ์ฐจ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž์—ฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์—์„œ ์˜ค์ง•์–ด์™€ ๊ณ ๋ž˜์˜ ์‹ธ์›€์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋ฌด์„œ์›Œ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ผ์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋Š˜ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•ด์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜€์Œ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ตญ์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ๋ฒ„๋‚˜๋“œ๋Š” ์กฐ์•ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ™”ํ•ดํ•˜์ž๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ƒ‰์„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์‹ธ์›€์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„๋‚˜๋“œ๊ฐ€ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ชป ์ด๊ธฐ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋›ฐ์ณ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋งŒ ์ฐจ์— ์น˜์—ฌ ๋ณ‘์›์— ์‹ค๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณ‘๋ฌธ์•ˆ์„ ๊ฐ„ ์›”ํŠธ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹์‚ฌ๋ผ๋„ ํ•˜์ž๋Š” ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์น˜๊ณ  ๋ณ‘์›์„ ๋‚˜์™€์„œ, ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ์  ๋ณด์•˜๋˜ ์˜ค์ง•์–ด์™€ ๊ณ ๋ž˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์‘์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ถœ์—ฐ ์ œํ”„ ๋Œ€๋‹ˆ์–ผ์Šค - ๋ฒ„๋‚˜๋“œ ๋ฒ„ํฌ๋จผ ๋กœ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ - ์กฐ์•ค ๋ฒ„ํฌ๋จผ ์ œ์‹œ ์•„์ด์  ๋ฒ„๊ทธ - ์›”ํŠธ ๋ฒ„ํฌ๋จผ ์˜ค์–ธ ํด๋ผ์ธ - ํ”„๋žญํฌ ๋ฒ„ํฌ๋จผ ์• ๋‚˜ ํŒจํ€ธ - ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋ณผ๋“œ์œˆ - ์•„์ด๋ฒˆ ํ•ผ๋ฆฌ ํŒŒ์ดํผ - ์†Œํ”ผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ฒ„๊ทธ ์ผ„ ๋  - ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ƒ๋‹ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ๋ฒค์ € - ์นผ ์• ๋ค ๋กœ์ฆˆ - ์˜คํ†  ํ”ผํ„ฐ ๋‰ด๋จผ - ์†Œํ”ผ๋„ค ์•„๋น  ํŽ˜๊ธฐ ๊ณฐ๋ฆฌ - ์†Œํ”ผ๋„ค ์—„๋งˆ ๊ทธ๋ ˆํƒ€ ํด๋ผ์ธ - ์†Œํ”ผ๋„ค ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์•ค ํ”Œ๋ ํ‚ท - ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ ๋ ˆ๋ชฌ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ณต๋™์ œ์ž‘: ์ œ๋‹ˆํผ ๋กœ์Šค ๋ฏธ์ˆ : ์•ค ๋กœ์Šค ์„ธํŠธ: ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์ฝ”๋ฒจ๋งŒ ์˜์ƒ: ์—์ด๋ฏธ ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ์ฝง ๋ฐฐ์—ญ: ๋”๊ธ€๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์•„์ด๋ฒจ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œํŠธ๋ž™ "Park Slope" โ€“ Britta Phillips & Dean Wareham "Courting Blues" โ€“ Bert Jansch "Holland Tunnel" โ€“ John Phillips "Lullaby" โ€“ Loudon Wainwright III "Heart Like a Wheel" โ€“ Kate & Anna McGarrigle "The Bright New Year" โ€“ Bert Jansch "Drive" โ€“ The Cars "Let's Go" โ€“ The Feelies "Figure Eight" โ€“ Blossom Dearie "Come Sing Me a Happy Song to Prove We All Can Get Along the Lumpy, Bumpy, Long & Dusty Road" โ€“ Bert Jansch "Hey You " โ€“ Pink Floyd (Performed by Dean Wareham) "Family Conference" โ€“ Britta Phillips & Dean Wareham "Street Hassle" โ€“ Lou Reed "The Swimming Song" โ€“ Loudon Wainwright III "Love on a Real Train" โ€“ Tangerine Dream ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ The Squid and the Whale: 4 Way Street an essay by Kent Jones at the ํฌ๋ผ์ดํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์–ธ ์ปฌ๋ ‰์…˜ 2005๋…„ ์˜ํ™” ์˜์–ด ์˜ํ™” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์˜ํ™” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์˜ํ™” ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ๋…ธ์•„ ๋ฐ”์›€๋ฐฑ ๊ฐ๋… ์˜ํ™” 1986๋…„์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ๋ธŒ๋ฃจํด๋ฆฐ์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ๊ต์œก์ž๋ฅผ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์ดํ˜ผ์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ๋ชจ์ž๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ๋ถ€์ž๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Squid%20and%20the%20Whale
The Squid and the Whale
The Squid and the Whale is a 2005 American independent comedy-drama film written and directed by Noah Baumbach and produced by Wes Anderson. It tells the semi-autobiographical story of two boys in Brooklyn dealing with their parents' divorce in 1986. The film is named after the giant squid and sperm whale diorama housed at the American Museum of Natural History, which is seen in the film. The film was shot on Super 16ย mm, mostly using a handheld camera. At the 2005 Sundance Film Festival, the film won awards for best dramatic direction and screenwriting, and was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize. Baumbach later received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay. The film received six Independent Spirit Award nominations and three Golden Globe nominations. Baumbach became one of the few screenwriters to ever sweep "The Big Four" critics awards (Los Angeles Film Critics' Association, National Board of Review, National Society of Film Critics, and New York Film Critics' Circle). Plot It is 1986. Bernard Berkman is an arrogant, once-promising novelist whose career has gone into a slow decline; he cannot find an agent. His unfaithful wife, Joan, has recently begun publishing her own work to widespread acclaim, which only increases the growing tension between them. One day, Bernard and Joan tell their two sons, 16-year-old Walt and 12-year-old Frank, that they are separating, with Bernard renting a house on the other side of Prospect Park from their home in Park Slope, Brooklyn. The parents agree to joint custody, and to spending equal time with their children, but, after separation, the parental relationship becomes more combative than before. Joan begins dating Ivan, Frank's tennis instructor, and Bernard starts sharing his new house with Lili, one of his students. The two boys begin taking sides in the battle between their parents, with Frank siding with their mother and Walt with their father. Walt idolizes their father and tries to emulate him: he blames their mother. Along with the trouble both boys exhibit verbally with their parents, they also show internal struggles and very different ways of handling the stress of their parents' divorce. Frank repeatedly masturbates at school; he begins to drink beer and imitates Ivan's mannerisms. Over-influenced by his father, Walt spoils his relationship with Sophie, his girlfriend, and she breaks up with him. He performs and claims to have written "Hey You" by Pink Floyd at his school's talent show. After he wins first place and receives praise from his family and friends, his school realizes that he did not write the song. At this point, the school calls Bernard and Joan in to discuss Walt. They all agree that he should see a therapist. At the meeting with the therapist, Walt starts to see things without the taint of his father's opinions. The therapist asks Walt for a happy memory. After some reluctance, he tells how his mother would take him, when he was very young, to see the giant squid and whale exhibit at the American Museum of Natural History; the exhibit scared him, so he would look at it through his fingers. Then, at home, they would discuss what they saw. As they talked, the exhibit would become less scary. It becomes clear to Walt that his father was never really present, and that his mother was the one who cared for him. After a heated argument between Bernard and Joan over custody and whether Joan would take him back, Bernard collapses on the street outside their home and is taken to the hospital. Bernard asks Walt to stay by his side, but Walt instead runs to the Natural History Museum. The film ends with him standing in front of the exhibit, now able to look at it. Cast Jeff Daniels as Bernard Berkman; a selfish and arrogant writer. Laura Linney as Joan Berkman; a writer and unfaithful former wife. Jesse Eisenberg as Walt Berkman Owen Kline as Frank Berkman Anna Paquin as Lili William Baldwin as Ivan Halley Feiffer as Sophie Greenberg Ken Leung as School Therapist David Benger as Carl Adam Rose as Otto Peter Newman as Mr. Greenberg Peggy Gormley as Mrs. Greenberg Greta Kline as Greta Greenberg Maryann Plunkett as Ms. Lemon Alexandra Daddario as Pretty Girl Production Bill Murray, a frequent collaborator to producer Wes Anderson, was considered for the role of Bernard Berkman. John Turturro was also considered for the role. Noah Baumbach looked to documentaries, French New Wave films, and John Cassavetes and early Martin Scorsese films when envisioning the style of the film. He shot the film in Super 16 rather than digital video "to give the film an authentic 1980โ€™s feel", commenting "Super 16 also feels lived-in, instantly looks like an older film. I wanted to handhold the movie, but steadily, so you detect only a hint of movement. It added to the immediacy of the whole thing." The screenplay was intentionally pared down. Baumbach explained, "I really wanted this [film] to be an experience that people live through. Which is how people talk about action films. In some ways, maybe the cinematic equivalent of that would be not to give people moments of reflection. So that youโ€™re taken through each scene, and then youโ€™re right into another. A lot of scenes start on the dialogue, and the dialogue prelapses the next scene โ€” So you never have time. Thereโ€™s no sun rises over Brooklyn shot, no establishing shot." Baumbach has said the film is semi-autobiographical. Reception On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 92% approval rating, based on 154 reviews, with an average rating of 7.90/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "This is a piercingly honest, acidly witty look at divorce and its impact on a family." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 82 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". On an episode of Ebert & Roeper, both critics praised the film and gave it a "two thumbs up" rating. Premiere critic Glenn Kenny praised the film, writing, "It's a rare film that can be convincingly tender, bitterly funny, and ruthlessly cutting over the course of fewer than 90 minutes. The Squid and the Whale not only manages this, it also contains moments that sock you with all three qualities at the same time." Time critic Richard Corliss wrote, "The Squid and the Whale is domestic tragedy recollected as comedy: a film whose catalog of deceits and embarrassments, and of love pratfalling over itself, makes it as (excruciatingly) painful as it is (exhilaratingly) funny." The English Indie folk band Noah and the Whale takes its name from a combination of the director's name (Noah Baumbach) and the film's title. Accolades Home media The film was released on DVD on March 21, 2006 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. The DVD includes a 45-minute commentary with director Noah Baumbach, another 40-minute commentary with Baumbach and Phillip Lopate, cast interviews, and trailers. In 2013 Mill Creek Entertainment released the film for the first time on Blu-ray in a 2 pack set with Running with Scissors. All extras were dropped for the Blu-ray release. The Criterion Collection re-released the film on DVD and Blu-ray on November 22, 2016 which included new interviews with Baumbach and actors Jeff Daniels, Jesse Eisenberg, Owen Kline and Laura Linney; a new conversation about the score and other music in the film between Baumbach and composers Dean Wareham and Britta Phillips; a 2005 documentary titled Behind The Squid and the Whale; audition footage; and the original trailers. Music The soundtrack features two songs by Loudon Wainwright III and one by Kate & Anna McGarrigle. It reuses Tangerine Dream's "Love on a Real Train", from Risky Business, for the scenes of Frank's sexual awakenings. Other contemporary popular music is played in the background of scenes, such as The Cars' "Drive" and Bryan Adams' "Run to You". "Figure Eight", from Schoolhouse Rock, is used as both an instrumental and a vocal. Pink Floyd's "Hey You" is heard several times in the movie, since it plays a role in the plot and is cited by Walt as capturing his emotional state. Both the original version, and diegetic performances by Jesse Eisenberg and Owen Kline, are used. Baumbach originally wanted to use The Who's "Behind Blue Eyes" instead but he could not secure the rights. Soundtrack "Park Slope" โ€“ Britta Phillips & Dean Wareham "Courting Blues" โ€“ Bert Jansch "Holland Tunnel" โ€“ John Phillips "Lullaby" โ€“ Loudon Wainwright III "Heart Like a Wheel" โ€“ Kate & Anna McGarrigle "The Bright New Year" โ€“ Bert Jansch "Drive" โ€“ The Cars "Let's Go" โ€“ The Feelies "Figure Eight" โ€“ Blossom Dearie "Come Sing Me a Happy Song to Prove We All Can Get Along the Lumpy, Bumpy, Long & Dusty Road" โ€“ Bert Jansch "Hey You " โ€“ Pink Floyd (Performed by Dean Wareham) "Family Conference" โ€“ Britta Phillips & Dean Wareham "Street Hassle" โ€“ Lou Reed "The Swimming Song" โ€“ Loudon Wainwright III "Love on a Real Train" โ€“ Tangerine Dream References External links The Squid and the Whale: 4 Way Street an essay by Kent Jones at the Criterion Collection 2005 films 2000s coming-of-age comedy-drama films American coming-of-age comedy-drama films Films about writers Films about dysfunctional families Films directed by Noah Baumbach Films set in 1986 Films set in the 1980s Films set in Brooklyn Films about educators Films produced by Wes Anderson Sundance Film Festival award-winning films 2005 independent films Films about divorce Films about brothers Films about motherโ€“son relationships Films about fatherโ€“son relationships Films shot in 16 mm film 2000s English-language films 2000s American films
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%B8%EB%B3%B4%EB%8F%84%EB%A7%88%EB%B1%80%EB%B6%99%EC%9D%B4%EC%86%8D
๋”ธ๋ณด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†
๋”ธ๋ณด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†(Gonatodes)์€ ๋•…๋”ธ์ด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๊ณผ์— ์†ํ•œ, ๋‚œ์Ÿ์ด ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ผ์†์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์„ธ ๋”ธ๋ณด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ข…์€ ์ฃผํ–‰์„ฑ์ด๊ณ , ์ˆ˜๋ชฉ์„ฑ(:en:Arboreal locomotion)์ด๋ฉฐ, ์„ฑ์  ์ด์ƒ‰์„ฑ์„ ๋„๋ฉฐ, ์„ฑ์ฒด์˜ ์ฒด์žฅ(์ฃผ๋‘ฅ์ด-ํ•ญ๋ฌธ ๊ธธ์ด)์€ 28 - 65 mm ์— ๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹์„ฑ ๋”ธ๋ณด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ž‘์€ ์ ˆ์ง€๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์‹ ์•Œ๋ฌด๋”๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์•Œ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ข…์€ ํ•ด๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‘์„ธ ๋ฒˆ ์•Œ์„ ๋‚ณ๊ณ , ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ๊ณต๋™ ์‚ฐ๋ž€ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„œ์‹์ง€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ข…์€ ์Šตํ•œ ์—ด๋Œ€์‚ผ๋ฆผ์—, ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ์ €์ง€๋Œ€์—, ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ์‹œ์›ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ข…๋“ค์€ ๋” ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๋œ, ์‚ผ๋ฆผ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ข€ ๋” ๊ฑด์กฐํ•œ ์„œ์‹์ง€, ์—ด๋Œ€ ๊ฑด์กฐ ๊ณ„์ ˆ ์‚ผ๋ฆผ, ๋ค๋ถˆ ์šฐ๋ฆผ์— ์„œ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋“ค(๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์ข€ ๋” ๊ฑด์กฐํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์ข…๋“ค)์€ ์ข€ ๋” ๋„“๊ฒŒ ํŠธ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์†๊ธธ์ด ๋‹ฟ์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ์กฐ์ฐจ, ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ๋„์‹œํ™”๋œ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์„œ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ธ๋ณด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€์†์˜ ์ข…๋“ค์€ ํ™œ๋™ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ง€๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ง€๋ฉด ์œ„ 0.6m (๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” 2 - 3m) ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ณณ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์ค„๊ธฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฃจํ„ฐ๊ธฐ, ํ†ต๋‚˜๋ฌด, ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์œ„, ํ˜น์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ง‘ ๋”ฐ์œ„์˜ ์•‰์•„์žˆ์„๋งŒํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ์ˆ˜์ง์œผ๋กœ, ํ˜น์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋””๋“  ์•‰์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•œ ํ–‡๋น›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์•‰๋Š” ์ผ์€ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ณ , ํ–‡๋ณ•์„ ์ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ทธ๋Š˜์ด๋‚˜ ์ง์‚ฌ๊ด‘์„ ์ด ๋œ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์ฌ๋Š” ๊ณณ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋”ธ๋ณด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†์˜ ์ข…์€ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ๋‚จ๋ถ€, ์ฟ ๋ฐ”์„ฌ, ํžˆ์ŠคํŒŒ๋‹ˆ์˜ฌ๋ผ์„ฌ, ์ž๋ฉ”์ด์นด, ๊ทธ๋ ˆ๋‚˜๋”˜ ์ œ๋„์˜ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์„ฌ, ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธŒํ•ด์˜ ์„ฌ๋“ค ๋”ฐ์œ„์˜ ์ค‘์•™์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด, ํŽ˜๋ฃจ, ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•„, ์—์ฟ ์•„๋„๋ฅด, ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„, ๊ธฐ์•„๋‚˜, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๋ น ๊ธฐ์•„๋‚˜, ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋‚จ, ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€, ๋ฒ ๋„ค์ˆ˜์—˜๋ผ, ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋“œ ํ† ๋ฐ”๊ณ ์˜ ์„ฌ๋“ค, ๋‚จ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ถ๋ถ€ ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์„ฌ๋“ค ๋”ฐ์œ„์˜ ๋‚จ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ถ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋„์ž…์ข… ํ•œ ์ข…์€ ๊ฐˆ๋ผํŒŒ๊ณ ์Šค ์ œ๋„์—, ํ•œ ์ข…์€ ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค์ฃผ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋“ค์€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ–‰๋™(human activity)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€๋žต์ ์ธ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์•ˆ์˜, ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์œ„ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ 31 ๊ฐœ ์ข…์ด ์œ ํšจํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์•„์ข… ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. Gonatodes albogularis (A.M.C. Dumรฉril & Bibron, 1836) โ€“ yellow-headed gecko Gonatodes albogularis albogularis (A.M.C. Dumรฉril & Bibron, 1836) Gonatodes albogularis bodinii Rivero-Blanco, 1968 Gonatodes albogularis notatus (J.T. Reinhardt & Lรผtken, 1862) Gonatodes alexandermendesi Cole & Kok, 2006 Gonatodes annularis Boulenger, 1887 โ€“ annulated gecko Gonatodes antillensis (Lidth de Jeude, 1887) โ€“ Antilles gecko Gonatodes astralis Schargel et al., 2010 Gonatodes atricucullaris Noble, 1921 โ€“ Cajamarca gecko Gonatodes caudiscutatus (Gรผnther, 1859) โ€“ shieldhead gecko Gonatodes ceciliae Donoso-Barros, 1966 โ€“ brilliant South American gecko Gonatodes concinnatus (O'Shaughnessy, 1881) โ€“ O'Shaughnessy's gecko Gonatodes daudini Powell & Henderson, 2005 โ€“ Grenadines clawed gecko, Union Island gecko Gonatodes eladioi Nascimento et al., 1987 โ€“ South American gecko Gonatodes falconensis Shreve, 1947 โ€“ Estado Falcon gecko Gonatodes hasemani Griffin, 1917 โ€“ Haseman's gecko Gonatodes humeralis (Guichenot, 1855) โ€“ Trinidad gecko Gonatodes infernalis Rivas & Schargel, 2008 Gonatodes lichenosus Rojas-Runjaic et al., 2010 - Perijรก lichen gecko Gonatodes ligiae Donoso-Barros, 1967 Gonatodes nascimentoi Sturaro & รvila-Pires, 2011 Gonatodes naufragus Rivas et al., 2013 Gonatodes ocellatus (Gray, 1831) โ€“ eyespot gecko Gonatodes petersi Donoso-Barros, 1967 โ€“ Peters's gecko Gonatodes purpurogularis Esqueda, 2004 Gonatodes rayito Schargel, Rivas, Garcia-Perez, Rivero-Blanco, Chippindale, & Fujita, 2017 Gonatodes riveroi Sturaro & Avila-Pires, 2011 Gonatodes rozei Rivero-Blanco & Schargel, 2012 - Rozeโ€™s gecko Gonatodes seigliei Donoso-Barros, 1966 โ€“ Estados Sucre gecko Gonatodes superciliaris Barrio-Amorรณs & Brewer-Carรญas, 2008 - Sarisariรฑama Forest gecko Gonatodes taniae Roze, 1963 โ€“ Estado Aragua gecko Gonatodes tapajonicus Rodrigues, 1980 โ€“ Parรก gecko Gonatodes timidus Kok, 2011 Gonatodes vittatus (Lichtenstein, 1856) โ€“ Wiegmann's striped gecko ์ฃผ์˜์‚ฌํ•ญ: ์‚ฝ์ž…์–ด๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด๋ช… ๋ช…๋ช…์ž(:en:Binominal nomenclature)๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ข…์„ ์†(Gonatodes)๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†์— ์†ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ–ˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ Fitzinger L (1843). Systema Reptilium, Fasciculus Primus, Amblyglossae. Vienna: Braumรผller & Seidel. 106 pp. + indices. (Gonatodes, new genus, pp.ย 18, 90-91). (in Latin). ๋•…๋”ธ์ด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๊ณผ ๋ ˆ์˜คํดํŠธ ํ”ผ์นญ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonatodes
Gonatodes
Gonatodes is a genus of New World dwarf geckos of the family Sphaerodactylidae. Description The majority of the species in the genus Gonatodes are diurnally active, scansorial, and sexually dichromatic, with adult body size (snoutโ€“vent length) ranging from for known species. Diet The diets of the various species of Gonatodes are composed mainly of very small arthropods. Reproduction Clutch size is one, with most species producing several clutches per year, and some utilizing communal egg-laying sites. Habitat Most species are humid tropical forest dwelling (some in warm lowlands, and others in somewhat cooler montane regions), with relatively fewer species utilizing more open, drier habitats at forest edge, tropical dry seasonal forest and scrub forest. Some species (usually those that use drier natural habitats) are able to utilize even more open human modified environments; in some cases including highly urbanized areas. Gonatodes usually spend most of their active hours perched anywhere from ground level to about 0.6 metres (2 feet) above ground, sometimes up to 2 or 3 metres (6.6 or 9.8 feet), on vertical or near vertical surfaces of tree trunks, tree stumps, logs and sometimes rocks (as well as on walls and house-posts for those that are able to use human altered environments). They seldom sit exposed to direct strong sunlight (they do not appear to bask), and most seem to prefer shade / filtered light with less exposure to direct sun light. Geographic range Species of Gonatodes are found in Central America including southern Mexico, a few Caribbean Islands (including Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica and Union Island in St. Vincent and the Grenadines) and the northern part of South America, including Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname, parts of Brazil, Venezuela, the islands of Trinidad and Tobago, and some of the small islands just off the cost of northern South America. Introduced species Human mediated introductions have occurred with Gonatodes caudiscutatus in the Galapagos Islands and G. albogularis in Florida. In addition, some species have been transplanted by human activity to various regions within the general range of the genus where the particular species did not previously exist. Species The following 34 species are recognized as being valid. Some subspecies are also listed. Gonatodes albogularis (A.M.C. Dumรฉril & Bibron, 1836) โ€“ white-throated clawed gecko, white-throated gecko, yellow-headed gecko Gonatodes albogularis albogularis (A.M.C. Dumรฉril & Bibron, 1836) Gonatodes albogularis bodinii Rivero-Blanco, 1968 Gonatodes albogularis notatus (J.T. Reinhardt & Lรผtken, 1862) Gonatodes alexandermendesi Cole & Kok, 2006 Gonatodes annularis Boulenger, 1887 โ€“ annulated gecko Gonatodes antillensis (Lidth de Jeude, 1887) โ€“ Antilles gecko, Venezuelan coastal clawed gecko Gonatodes astralis Schargel et al., 2010 Gonatodes atricucullaris Noble, 1921 โ€“ Cajamarca gecko Gonatodes castanae Carvajal-Cogollo, Eguis-Avendaรฑo & Meza-Joya, 2020 โ€“ Castaรฑo's Gecko Gonatodes caudiscutatus (Gรผnther, 1859) โ€“ shieldhead gecko Gonatodes ceciliae Donoso-Barros, 1966 โ€“ brilliant clawed gecko, brilliant South American gecko Gonatodes chucuri Meneses-Pelayo & Ramรญrez, 2020 โ€“ Chucuri gecko Gonatodes concinnatus (O'Shaughnessy, 1881) โ€“ O'Shaughnessy's gecko Gonatodes daudini Powell & Henderson, 2005 โ€“ Grenadines clawed gecko, Union Island clawed gecko, Union Island gecko Gonatodes eladioi Nascimento, รvila-Pires & Cunha, 1987 โ€“ South American gecko Gonatodes falconensis Shreve, 1947 โ€“ Estado Falcรณn gecko Gonatodes hasemani Griffin, 1917 โ€“ Haseman's gecko Gonatodes humeralis (Guichenot, 1855) โ€“ South American clawed gecko, Trinidad gecko Gonatodes infernalis Rivas & Schargel, 2008 Gonatodes lichenosus Rojas-Runjaic et al., 2010 - Perijรก lichen gecko Gonatodes ligiae Donoso-Barros, 1967 Gonatodes machelae Rivero-Blanco & Schargel, 2020 Gonatodes nascimentoi Sturaro & รvila-Pires, 2011 Gonatodes naufragus Rivas et al., 2013 โ€“ La Blanquilla clawed gecko Gonatodes ocellatus (Gray, 1831) โ€“ eyespot clawed gecko, eyespot gecko, ocellated gecko Gonatodes petersi Donoso-Barros, 1967 โ€“ Peters' gecko Gonatodes purpurogularis Esqueda, 2004 Gonatodes rayito Schargel, Rivas, Garcรญa-Pรฉrez, Rivero-Blanco, Chippindale & Fujita, 2017 Gonatodes riveroi Sturaro & รvila-Pires, 2011 Gonatodes rozei Rivero-Blanco & Schargel, 2012 - Roze's gecko Gonatodes seigliei Donoso-Barros, 1966 โ€“ Estado Sucre gecko Gonatodes superciliaris Barrio-Amorรณs & Brewer-Carรญas, 2008 - Sarisariรฑama forest gecko Gonatodes taniae Roze, 1963 โ€“ Estado Aragua gecko, ring-necked clawed gecko Gonatodes tapajonicus Rodrigues, 1980 โ€“ Parรก gecko Gonatodes timidus Kok, 2011 Gonatodes vittatus (Lichtenstein, 1856) โ€“ striped clawed gecko, Wiegmann's striped gecko Nota bene: A binomial authority or trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species or subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Gonatodes. References Further reading Fitzinger L (1843). Systema Reptilium, Fasciculus Primus, Amblyglossae. Vienna: Braumรผller & Seidel. 106 pp. + indices. (Gonatodes, new genus, pp.ย 18, 90โ€“91). (in Latin). Vertebrates of Guyana Lizard genera Taxa named by Leopold Fitzinger
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๋ฆฌ๋„ค ๋ขฐ๋””ํฌ ํ•œ์„ผ
๋ฆฌ๋„ค ๋ขฐ๋””ํฌ ํ•œ์„ผ(, 1988๋…„ 1์›” 31์ผ ~ )์€ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ํฌ์ง€์…˜์€ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ ์—˜๋ฆฌํ…Œ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜ค๋„จ์˜ FC ๋…ธ๋ฅด์…ธ๋ž€์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋ขฐ๋””ํฌ ํ•œ์„ผ์€ 2007๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2009๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ธŒ๋ขด๋ท” IF ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ธŒ๋ขด๋ท” IF์˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌํ…Œ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜ค๋„จ 2ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน, ๋ด๋งˆํฌ ์—ฌ์ž์ปต 1ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ขด๋ท” IF ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์˜์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ขฐ๋””ํฌ ํ•œ์„ผ์€ 2010๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2014๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๋‹ค๋ง์Šค๋ฒค์Šค์นธ ์†Œ์† ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํด๋Ÿฝ์ธ ํŠ€๋ ˆ์‡  FF ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๊ณ  2012 ๋‹ค๋ง์Šค๋ฒค์Šค์นธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ ํŠ€๋ ˆ์‡  FF์˜ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฒซ ๋‹ค๋ง์Šค๋ฒค์Šค์นธ ์šฐ์Šน์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ 3์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋™์•ˆ์—๋Š” ๋ ˆํ”„ํŠธ ๋ฐฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 2013๋…„์— ์‚ฌ๋ผ ํˆฌ๋„ค๋ธŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ํŠ€๋ ˆ์‡  FF์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„ผํ„ฐ ๋ฐฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ–ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„์—๋Š” ํŠ€๋ ˆ์‡  FF์˜ 2013-14 UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ์ง„์ถœ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ํŠ€๋ ˆ์‡  FF๋Š” VfL ๋ณผํ”„์Šค๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ์— 3-4๋กœ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ค€์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„์— ํŠ€๋ ˆ์‡  FF๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ง์Šค๋ฒค์Šค์นธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ๋ถˆ์ฐธํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ขฐ๋””ํฌ ํ•œ์„ผ์€ ์†Œ์† ํŒ€์—์„œ ๋›ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ž์œ  ๊ณ„์•ฝ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ 7์›”์—๋Š” ๋ง๋ซผ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ณ ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์Šค์›จ๋ด์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํด๋Ÿฝ์ธ FC ๋กœ์…์˜ค๋ฅด๋“œ์™€ 2๋…„ 6๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๊ณ  FC ๋กœ์…์˜ค๋ฅด๋“œ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ง์Šค๋ฒค์Šค์นธ 2ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 1์›”์—๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋””๋น„์ง€์˜น 1 ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹Œ ์†Œ์† ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํด๋Ÿฝ์ธ ์˜ฌ๋žญํ”ผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์˜น์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์˜ฌ๋žญํ”ผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์˜น์˜ ๋””๋น„์ง€์˜น 1 ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹Œ ์šฐ์Šน, ์ฟ ํ”„ ๋“œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹Œ ์šฐ์Šน์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋žญํ”ผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์˜น์€ 2015-16 UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ขฐ๋””ํฌ ํ•œ์„ผ์€ ์ถœ์ „ ์ž๊ฒฉ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ขฐ๋””ํฌ ํ•œ์„ผ์€ 2016๋…„ 7์›”์— ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”๋ผ ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜จ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ๋‚˜ ์†Œ์† ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํด๋Ÿฝ์ธ FC ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์…€๋กœ๋‚˜ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ๋กœ ์ด์ ํ•œ ์ดํ›„์— ํŒ€์˜ ์ฝ”ํŽ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ผ ๋ ˆ์ด๋‚˜ 2ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 7์›”์—๋Š” ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ ์—๋ ˆ๋””๋น„์‹œ ํ”„๋ผ์šฐ์–ธ ์†Œ์† ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํด๋Ÿฝ์ธ AFC ์•„์•ฝ์Šค ํ”„๋ผ์šฐ์–ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋ขฐ๋””ํฌ ํ•œ์„ผ์€ 2004๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2005๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ ์—ฌ์ž U-17 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2004๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2006๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ ์—ฌ์ž U-19 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2006๋…„ 2์›” 15์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์Šค์œ„์Šค์™€์˜ ์นœ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์ „์— ๊ต์ฒด ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ๊ณ  2007๋…„, 2008๋…„ ์•Œ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋ธŒ์ปต์—์„œ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ์˜ ์ค€์šฐ์Šน์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ขฐ๋””ํฌ ํ•œ์„ผ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ 2007๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณธ์„ ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2009์—์„œ๋Š” ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  3๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ๋Š” ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„ ์—์„œ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ด๋งˆํฌ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํ˜‘ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์›จ๋ด์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2013์—์„œ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ์˜ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ์ง„์ถœ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2015๋…„ 9์›” 17์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„์™€์˜ ์นœ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ A๋งค์น˜ 100๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์ „ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2017์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ด๋งˆํฌ์˜ ์ค€์šฐ์Šน์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ํด๋Ÿฝ ๋ธŒ๋ขด๋ท” IF ์—˜๋ฆฌํ…Œ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜ค๋„จ 2ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน (2007, 2008) ๋ด๋งˆํฌ ์—ฌ์ž์ปต 1ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน (2007) ํŠ€๋ ˆ์‡  FF ๋‹ค๋ง์Šค๋ฒค์Šค์นธ 1ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน (2012) FC ๋กœ์…์˜ค๋ฅด๋“œ ๋‹ค๋ง์Šค๋ฒค์Šค์นธ 2ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน (2014, 2015) ์˜ฌ๋žญํ”ผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์˜น ๋””๋น„์ง€์˜น 1 ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹Œ 1ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน (2015-16) ์ฟ ํ”„ ๋“œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹Œ 1ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน (2015-16) FC ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์…€๋กœ๋‚˜ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ ์ฝ”ํŒŒ ๋ฐ ๋ผ ๋ ˆ์ด๋‚˜ 2ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน (2017, 2018) ์ฝ”ํŒŒ ์นดํƒˆ๋ฃจ๋ƒ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ๋‚˜ 2ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน (2016, 2017) ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ 2007๋…„ ์•Œ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋ธŒ์ปต ์ค€์šฐ์Šน 2008๋…„ ์•Œ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋ธŒ์ปต ์ค€์šฐ์Šน UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2017 ์ค€์šฐ์Šน ๊ฐœ์ธ 2010๋…„ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์„ ์ • ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1988๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜ FIFA ์„ผ์ถ”๋ฆฌ ํด๋Ÿฝ ์—ฌ์ž ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2007๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2009 ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2013 ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2017 ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ F์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์˜ฌ๋žญํ”ผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์˜น ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹Œ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ FC ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์…€๋กœ๋‚˜ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋””๋น„์ง€์˜น 1 ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹Œ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋‹ค๋ง์Šค๋ฒค์Šค์นธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20R%C3%B8ddik%20Hansen
Line Rรธddik Hansen
Line Rรธddik Hansen (born 31 January 1988) is a Danish former footballer who played as a defender for Danish club FC Nordsjรฆlland and the Denmark women's national team. She previously played for French club Lyon and Spanish club FC Barcelona, as well as Tyresรถ FF and FC Rosengรฅrd of the Swedish Damallsvenskan. She accrued 132 caps for the Denmark women's national football team between her debut in February 2006 and her retirement in December 2020. Club career After joining Brรธndby IF in 2007 Rรธddik Hansen won the Danish championship in her first season with the club. She was named club Player of the Year in 2008. She scored seven goals for Brรธndby in a total of 78 appearances across all competitions. Copenhagen-born Rรธddik Hansen left Brรธndby IF for newly promoted Damallsvenskan club Tyresรถ FF ahead of the 2010 season, rejecting a competing offer from the American Women's Professional Soccer (WPS). She spent three seasons playing at left-back, before moving inside to centre back when the Swedish club signed Sara Thunebro in 2013. Tyresรถ dramatically won the Damallsvenskan title for the first time in the 2012 season and Rรธddik Hansen collected her first league winner's medal. She played in Tyresรถ's 4โ€“3 defeat by Wolfsburg in the 2014 UEFA Women's Champions League Final. Tyresรถ suffered a financial implosion in 2014 and withdrew from the 2014 Damallsvenskan season, expunging all their results and making all their players free agents. The Stockholm County Administrative Board published the players' salaries, showing Rรธddik Hansen was one of the lower paid players, at SEK 25 000 per month. In July 2014, Rรธddik Hansen signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with reigning Damallsvenskan champions, FC Rosengรฅrd, of Malmรถ. She transferred to French champions Lyon in January 2016. She was cup-tied for Lyon's win in the 2016 UEFA Women's Champions League Final. In July 2016 Rรธddik Hansen signed for FC Barcelona. Rรธddik Hansen spent the final year of her career playing for Danish club FC Nordsjรฆlland. She announced her retirement from football in an Instagram post in December 2020. International career On 25 February 2006 Rรธddik Hansen made her senior Denmark debut, playing the second half of a 3โ€“2 friendly win in Switzerland. She was the youngest member of the Danish squad at the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup in China at the age of 19 but did not appear in any matches. At UEFA Women's Euro 2009 in Finland Rรธddik Hansen played in all three group games as Denmark made a first round exit. In 2010, she was named Danish Football Player of the Year. The 2013 Algarve Cup match against Germany marked Rรธddik Hansen's 75th international cap. She was named in national coach Kenneth Heiner-Mรธller's squad for UEFA Women's Euro 2013. She was also named in national coach Nils Nielsen's squad for UEFA Women's Euro 2017 where she was an integral part of Denmark achieving second place. Honours Brรธndby IF Elitedivisionen: Winner 2007, 2008 Danish Women's Cup: Winner 2007 Tyresรถ FF Damallsvenskan: Winner 2012 FC Rosengรฅrd Damallsvenskan: Winner 2014, 2015 FC Barcelona Copa de la Reina de Fรบtbol: Winner 2017, 2018 Copa Catalunya: Winner 2016, 2017 Style of play Upon joining Barcelona, Rรธddik Hansen said that she liked the team's possession-based tactics: "I play both at centre back and left back, and I think Iโ€™m good at playing the ball out of defence." Personal life Rรธddik Hansen graduated from the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences in June 2013, with a qualification in sports coaching. References External links 1988 births Living people Danish women's footballers Denmark women's international footballers Tyresรถ FF players Damallsvenskan players Brรธndby IF (women) players FC Rosengรฅrd players Expatriate women's footballers in Sweden Danish expatriate sportspeople in Sweden Danish expatriate sportspeople in France Danish expatriate sportspeople in Spain Olympique Lyonnais Fรฉminin players Expatriate women's footballers in France Expatriate women's footballers in Spain FIFA Women's Century Club Liga F players FC Barcelona Femenรญ players Division 1 Fรฉminine players Women's association football defenders Danish expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup players FC Nordsjรฆlland (women) players Ballerup-Skovlunde Fodbold (women) players Footballers from Copenhagen UEFA Women's Euro 2017 players
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EA%B7%9C%EC%84%B1
์กฐ๊ทœ์„ฑ
์กฐ๊ทœ์„ฑ(ๆ›บๅœญๆˆ, 1998๋…„ 1์›” 25์ผ~)์€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํฌ์ง€์…˜์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์ด์ปค์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ ์ˆ˜ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์˜ FC ๋ฏธํŠธ์œŒ๋ž€๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต์—์„œ 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— 2๋“์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์„ ์ˆ˜, ์›”๋“œ์ปต์—์„œ ๋“์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ 24๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์„ ์ˆ˜, ์›”๋“œ์ปต์—์„œ 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋กœ 2๋“์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ FC ์•ˆ์–‘ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ์•ˆ์‚ฐ์‹œ ์ƒ๋ก๊ตฌ ๋ณธ์˜ค๋™์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์กฐ๊ทœ์„ฑ์€ FC ์•ˆ์–‘ ์œ ์ŠคํŒ€์ธ ์•ˆ์–‘๊ณต์—…๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ•œ ๋’ค 2019๋…„ ๊ด‘์ฃผ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์žฌํ•™ ์ค‘ ์—ฐ๊ณ  ํด๋Ÿฝ์ธ FC ์•ˆ์–‘์˜ ์šฐ์„  ์ง€๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ FC ์•ˆ์–‘์— ์ž…๋‹จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•ˆ์–‘ ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ FC ์•ˆ์–‘ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์•ˆ์–‘์˜ ์œ ์ŠคํŒ€์„ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 2019๋…„ 3์›” 2์ผ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ ์•„์ดํŒŒํฌ์™€์˜ 2019๋…„ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 ๊ฐœ๋ง‰์ „์— ์„ ๋ฐœ ์ถœ๊ฒฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ”„๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”์ „์„ ์น˜๋ €๊ณ  ์ „๋ฐ˜ 18๋ถ„ ์•Œ๋ ‰์Šค ๋ชฌํ…Œ์ด๋ฃจ ์ง€ ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ์˜ ๋“์ ์„ ์–ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒ€์˜ 4-1 ์Šน๋ฆฌ์— ์ผ์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 4์›” 20์ผ ์•„์‚ฐ ๋ฌด๊ถํ™”์™€์˜ 7๋ผ์šด๋“œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”๊ณจ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ 2-0 ์™„์Šน์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 5์›” 1์ผ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ˆ˜์› FC์™€์˜ 9๋ผ์šด๋“œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ๊ณจ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ํŒ€์˜ 2-1 ์Šน๋ฆฌ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 7์›” 8์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋Œ€์ „ ์‹œํ‹ฐ์ฆŒ๊ณผ์˜ 18๋ผ์šด๋“œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ๊ณจ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ 2-1 ์Šน๋ฆฌ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ 2019 ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 14๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋“์  ๋žญํ‚น 3์œ„์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ํŒ€์˜ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ์ง„์ถœ์„ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์•ˆ์–‘์€ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์—์„œ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ ์•„์ดํŒŒํฌ์— 0-1๋กœ ํŒจํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์Šน๊ฐ• ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ์ง„์ถœ์—๋Š” ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์กฐ๊ทœ์„ฑ ์ž์‹ ์€ 2019 ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ํ›„ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ 11์— ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ถ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ„ฐ์Šค 1๊ธฐ 2020 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ˜ธ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ถ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ„ฐ์Šค๋กœ ์ด์ ํ•œ ๋’ค 2020๋…„ 2์›” 12์ผ ์ผ๋ณธ J1๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ F. ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ์Šค์™€์˜ 2020๋…„ AFC ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ H์กฐ ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ๊ต์ฒด ์ถœ์ „์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋ถ ํ˜„๋Œ€์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฐ๋ท”์ „์„ ์น˜๋ €์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 35๋ถ„ ์ „๋ถ ์ด์  ํ›„ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํŒ€์€ 1-2๋กœ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ 2020 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 23๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 4๊ณจ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•ด ๊ณต์‹์ „ 34๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 8๊ณจยท3์–ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํŒ€์˜ ๋”๋ธ” ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ(2020๋…„ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 ์šฐ์Šน, 2020๋…„ FA์ปต ์šฐ์Šน)์— ์ผ์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€์ฒœ ์ƒ๋ฌด 2021 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ๊ตฐ์ธ ์ถ•๊ตฌํŒ€์ธ ๊น€์ฒœ ์ƒ๋ฌด์— ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉํ•œ ํ›„ ์ž…๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2021 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต์‹์ „ 27๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 8๊ณจยท3์–ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ 2021๋…„ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 ์šฐ์Šน ๋ฐ 2022๋…„ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 ์Šน๊ฒฉ์„ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๊ณ  2021๋…„ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ 11 ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ํ›„๋ณด์—๋„ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋‚จ FC์™€์˜ 2022๋…„ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 23๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ 1๊ณจ 2์–ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊น€์ฒœ์˜ ์Šน๋ฆฌ์— ์ผ์กฐํ•œ ํ›„ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฐ๋ณต๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ  ๊น€์ฒœ ์ƒ๋ฌด์—์„œ ์ „๋ถ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต๊ท€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ถ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ„ฐ์Šค 2๊ธฐ ์ „๋ถ ํ˜„๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณต๊ท€ ํ›„ ์ธ์ฒœ ์œ ๋‚˜์ดํ‹ฐ๋“œ์™€์˜ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 38๋ผ์šด๋“œ ์ตœ์ข…์ „์—์„œ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ฆฐ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ๊ณจ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•ด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ 17๋“์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ œ์ฃผ ์œ ๋‚˜์ดํ‹ฐ๋“œ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๊ทœ์™€ ๋“์  ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๋™๋ฅ ์„ ์ด๋ค˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๊ทœ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ถœ์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์–ด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋“์ ์™•์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๊ทœ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ 11 ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ FC ์„œ์šธ๊ณผ์˜ 2022๋…„ FA์ปต ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ 1์ฐจ์ „๊ณผ 2์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ 3๊ณจ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ ธ๊ณ  ๋น„๋ก FA์ปต ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์ „์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์—ˆ๋˜ ํฌํ•ญ ์Šคํ‹ธ๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์ค€์— ๋ฐ€๋ ค ๋“์ ์™•์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํŒ€์˜ 2๋…„๋งŒ์˜ FA์ปต ์ •์ƒ ํƒˆํ™˜์„ ์ด๋ˆ ๊ณต์„ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์•„ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์˜ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜์— ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2023๋…„ 7์›” 9์ผ ์ „๋ถ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ„ฐ์Šค๋Š” ๊ณต์‹ ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด FC ์„œ์šธ๊ณผ์˜ 2023๋…„ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 21๋ผ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๊ทœ์„ฑ์ด ์ „๋ถ์„ ๋– ๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. FC ๋ฏธํŠธ์œŒ๋ž€ 2023๋…„ 7์›” 11์ผ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ ์ˆ˜ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์˜ FC ๋ฏธํŠธ์œŒ๋ž€๊ณผ 5๋…„ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ด์ ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ด์  ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ณต์‹ SNS์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด '์ด์ ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์•ฝ 43์–ต์›'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  11์ผ ํ›„ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ๋น„๋„์šฐ๋ ˆ IF์™€์˜ 2023-24 ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ ์ˆ˜ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ง‰์ „์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ๋ฐ๋ท”์ „์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 10๋ถ„ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”๊ณจ์ด์ž ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์Šน๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŒ€์˜ 1-0 ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋” ๋งค์น˜๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ 8์›” 18์ผ ํ‚คํ”„๋กœ์Šค 1๋ถ€ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ AC ์˜ค๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์•„์™€์˜ ์œ ๋กœํŒŒ์ปจํผ๋Ÿฐ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์„  3๋ผ์šด๋“œ 2์ฐจ์ „ ํ™ˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 2023-24 ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๊ณต์‹์ „ 4๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋“์ ์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ํŒ€์˜ 1ยท2์ฐจ์ „ ํ•ฉ๊ณ„ 5-2 ์—ญ์ „์Šน๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ์ง„์ถœ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ U-23 ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ 2019๋…„ 5์›” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ U-23 ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์— ๋ฐœํƒ๋œ ํ›„ 2020๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ ์˜ˆ์„ ์„ ๊ฒธํ•œ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์ธ 2020๋…„ AFC U-23 ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ž€๊ณผ์˜ C์กฐ ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋“์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒ€์˜ 2-1 ์Šน๋ฆฌ์— ๊ณตํ—Œํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์š”๋ฅด๋‹จ๊ณผ์˜ 8๊ฐ•์ „์—์„œ๋„ ํ—ค๋” ์„ ์ทจ๊ณจ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฒซ AFC U-23 ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ์ปต ์šฐ์Šน๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 9ํšŒ ์—ฐ์† ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋ณธ์„  ์ง„์ถœ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ A ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ 2021๋…„ 9์›” 7์ผ ๋ ˆ๋ฐ”๋…ผ๊ณผ์˜ 2022๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ ์ตœ์ข… ์˜ˆ์„  A์กฐ 2์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋กœ์„œ ์ฒซ A๋งค์น˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๊ณ  2022๋…„ 1์›” 15์ผ ํŠ€๋ฅดํ‚ค์˜ˆ ์•ˆํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด์Šฌ๋ž€๋“œ์™€์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ „์—์„œ ์ฒซ A๋งค์น˜ ๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ฌด์—์„œ์˜ ๊ตฐ ๋ณต๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ  ์ „๋ถ ํ˜„๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•œ ๋’ค 2022๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต 26์ธ ์ตœ์ข… ์—”ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์— ์„ ๋ฐœ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ƒ์•  ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์›”๋“œ์ปต ๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ๋‚˜์„œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 11์›” 28์ผ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์•Œ๋ผ์ด์–€์˜ ์—๋“€์ผ€์ด์…˜ ์‹œํ‹ฐ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜์™€์˜ 2022๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต H์กฐ 2์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ์›”๋“œ์ปต ๋ฐ๋ท”๊ณจ์ด์ž ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์›”๋“œ์ปต 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 2๋“์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์›”๋“œ์ปต ํ†ต์‚ฐ 35ํ˜ธ, 36ํ˜ธ ๊ณจ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋“์  ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋‚ด์—ญ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ์ „๋ถ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ„ฐ์Šค K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1: 2020 FA์ปต: 2020, 2022 ๊น€์ฒœ ์ƒ๋ฌด K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2: 2021 ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ U-23 AFC U-23 ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ์ปต: 2020 ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ EAFF E-1 ํ’‹๋ณผ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ ์ค€์šฐ์Šน: 2022 ๊ฐœ์ธ์ƒ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ 11: 2019 K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ 11: 2022 K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋“์ ์ƒ: 2022 FA์ปต MVP: 2022 ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1998๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์ด์ปค FC ์•ˆ์–‘์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ „๋ถ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ„ฐ์Šค์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๊น€์ฒœ ์ƒ๋ฌด FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ FC ๋ฏธํŠธ์œŒ๋ž€์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋‚จ์ž U-23 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ ์ˆ˜ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ง„์ถœ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ ์ง„์ถœ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2022๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ 11 ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ 11 ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž ์•ˆ์‚ฐ์‹œ ์ถœ์‹  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ์ถœ์‹  ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ดํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ์›๊ณก์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ์•ˆ์–‘๊ณต์—…๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ๊ด‘์ฃผ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho%20Gue-sung
Cho Gue-sung
Cho Gue-sung (; born 25 January 1998) is a South Korean footballer who plays as striker for Danish Superliga club Midtjylland and the South Korea national team. Club career Early career in South Korea Cho played defensive midfielder during his youth career and freshman year at Gwangju University. However, Cho was not evaluated as a good midfielder by his university's head coach Lee Seung-won and changed his position to striker in 2017. In 2019, Cho joined K League 2 side FC Anyang where he was a youth player before. He was selected for the K League 2 Best XI by becoming the No. 3 goalscorer in his first professional season and transferred to K League 1 club Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors the next year. Cho had difficulty proving his worth in his first season at Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors. In 2021, he joined the military team Gimcheon Sangmu to serve his mandatory duty and get a stable spot. As a result, he developed physically and technically while being trained at Gimcheon. He became the top goalscorer in the 2022 K League 1 and led Jeonbuk to the 2022 Korean FA Cup title. In January 2023, Jeonbuk received transfer bids for him from Mainz 05, Celtic and Minnesota United. Cho was attracted to Mainz and Celtic but rejected their offers after judging that his body condition was not good enough to play in Europe. Midtjylland On 11 July 2023, Cho signed Danish Superliga club Midtjylland on a five-year contract for a fee reported to be around ยฃ2.6 million. On 22 July 2023, he made his Danish Superliga debut with Midtjylland, scoring in a 1-0 win over Hvidovre. International career Cho made his senior debut for South Korea on 7 September 2021 in a World Cup qualifier against Lebanon. In November 2022, Cho was named to the 26-man squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. In Korea's second match at the tournament, he scored two goals against Ghana in an eventual 2โ€“3 defeat, becoming the first South Korean player to ever score 2 or more goals in a single World Cup match. Despite losing that match, the goals proved decisive in ultimately sending Korea through to the Round of 16 on goal difference, at the expense of Uruguay. Due to his performance in 2022 FIFA World Cup, Cho proved to be one of the greatest players in the air in Qatar. The young Korean forward won 21 aerial duels, putting him second in terms of success in the air among all players at the World Cup, after Moroccoโ€™s Youssef En-Nesyri. Career statistics Club International Scores and results list South Korea's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Cho goal. Honours Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors K League 1: 2020 Korean FA Cup: 2020, 2022 Gimcheon Sangmu K League 2: 2021 South Korea U23 AFC U-23 Championship: 2020 South Korea EAFF Championship runner-up: 2022 Individual K League 2 Best XI: 2019 Korean FA Goal of the Year: 2020 K League 1 top goalscorer: 2022 K League 1 Best XI: 2022 Korean FA Cup Most Valuable Player: 2022 Notes References External links Cho Gue-sung at KFA Gue-sung Cho at FC Midtjylland Gue-Sung Cho at Danish Superliga 1998 births Living people Men's association football forwards South Korean men's footballers South Korea men's under-23 international footballers South Korea men's international footballers FC Anyang players Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors players Gimcheon Sangmu FC players FC Midtjylland players K League 1 players K League 2 players Danish Superliga players People from Ansan Footballers from Gyeonggi Province South Korean expatriate men's footballers South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Denmark Expatriate men's footballers in Denmark 2022 FIFA World Cup players
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNOMED%20CT
SNOMED CT
The International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation๋Š” SNOMED CT๋ฅผ ์•ฝ์ž(acronym)๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ๋ช…์นญ(brand name)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ „์— SNOMED๋Š” Systematized Nomenclature Of Medicine์˜ ์•ฝ์ž์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, SNOMED๊ฐ€ CTV3(Clinical Terms Version 3)์™€ ํ•ฉ์ณ์ ธ SNOMED Clinical Terms(SNOMED CT)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์—†์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. SNOMED CT ๋˜๋Š” SNOMED Clinical Terms๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ ๋ฌธ์„œ์™€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์šฉ์–ด์™€ ๋™์˜์–ด, ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š”, ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋˜์–ด ์ „์‚ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์˜ํ•™์šฉ์–ด(medical term)์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ด๋‹ค. SNOMED CT๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์ค‘์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ ํ—ฌ์Šค์ผ€์–ด ์šฉ์–ด์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค. SNOMED CT์˜ ์ผ์ฐจ์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ํ™˜์ž ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ •๋ณด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฝ”๋“œํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ž„์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. SNOMED CT๋Š” ์ „์ž๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ธฐ๋ก(electronic health records)์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์šฉ์–ด์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. SNOMED CT๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•œ๋‹ค : ์ž„์ƒ์†Œ๊ฒฌ(clinical findings)๊ณผ ์ฆ์ƒ(symptoms), ์ง„๋‹จ(diagnoses), ์ฒ˜์น˜(procedures), ์‹ ์ฒด๊ตฌ์กฐ(body structures), ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด(organisms)์™€ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ณ‘์ธ(other etiologies), ๋ฌผ์งˆ(substances), ์•ฝ์žฌ(pharmaceuticals), ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ(devices), ๊ฒ€์ฒด(specimens). SNOMED CT๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ํ‘œ์ค€๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ธ SNOMED International์—์„œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. SNOMED International์€ 2007๋…„ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation (IHTSDO)์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ด๋‹ค. SNOMED CT๋Š” ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๊ตํ™˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ƒํ˜ธ์šด์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ „์ž๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ธฐ๋ก์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. SNOMED CT๋Š” ์ง„๋ฃŒํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž„์ƒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์ƒ‰์ธ, ์ €์žฅ, ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰, ์ˆ˜์ง‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ ์ง„๋ฃŒ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ณผ ์ฝ”๋“œํ™”, ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ์ค„์ž„์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ „์ž๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ธฐ๋ก์˜ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. SNOMED CT๋Š” ์ „์ž๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ธฐ๋ก ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž„์ƒ ๋‚ด์—ญ๋“ค์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณต๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฅ๊ธฐํ™˜์ž์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ž„์ƒ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฒฝ๋กœ(clinical care pathway)์™€ ๊ณต์œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„ํš(shared care plans), ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ง€์‹์ž์›์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œ์ผœ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ž„์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์ฝ”๋“œํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆœ์„œํ™”๋œ SNOMED CT ์šฉ์–ด ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ƒ์˜ ์ž๋™ํ™”๋œ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋“ค์˜ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์šฉ์–ด์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. SNOMED CT๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ์ œํ‘œ์ค€๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์ฒด๊ณ„๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ๋งคํ•‘์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด์ฒด๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฐฐํฌํŒ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์–ธ์–ด ๋ฐฐํฌํŒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์šฉ์–ด๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์—์„œ 2009๋…„ 12์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋œ SNOMED CT-AU๋Š” SNOMED CT์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฐฐํฌํŒ์„ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์— ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค๊ณผ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ SNOMED๋Š” 1965๋…„์— Systematized Nomenclature of Pathology (SNOP)๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ—ฌ์Šค์ผ€์–ด ์šฉ์–ด์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. SNOMED CT๋Š” 1999๋…„์— 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์šฉ์–ด์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ํ™•์žฅ, ์žฌ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค: College of American Pathologists (CAP)์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ SNOMED Reference Terminology (SNOMED RT)์™€ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ National Health Service(NHS)์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ Clinical Terms Version 3 (CTV3) (์ด์ „์—๋Š” Read codes๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ). ์ตœ์ข… ์ œํ’ˆ์€ 2002๋…„ 1์›”์— ๋ฐฐํฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. SNOMED์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ•์ ์€ ์˜ํ•™์  ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 120,000๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ SNOMED RT๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณตํ†ต์˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ์šฉ์–ด์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ์„œ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. CTV3์˜ ๊ฐ•์ ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‹ค๋ฌด์šฉ ์šฉ์–ด์ฒด๊ณ„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 200,000๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ CTV3๋Š” ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ํ™˜์ž์ค‘์‹ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ก์—์„œ 1์ฐจ ์˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ SNOMED CT๋Š” 311,000๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „์ž๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ธฐ๋ก(EHR)์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ์šฉ์–ด์ฒด๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. 2003๋…„ 7์›”์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ HHS๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ National Library of Medicine (NLM)์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด National Library of Medicine's Unified Medical Language System UMLS Metathesaurus๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ SNOMED CT๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™ํšŒ์™€ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. NLM ํ˜‘์˜ํŒ€์€ Betsy Humphreys๊ฐ€ ๋ฆฌ๋”์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, NLM์— ํ•ต์‹ฌ SNOMED CT(์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด์™€ ์˜์–ด)์™€ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ๋ผ์ด์„ผ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ 4์›”์— SNOMED CT ์ง€์ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์ด SNOMED CT์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, CAP์—์„œ International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation (IHTSDO)๋กœ ์ด์ „๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.์ง€๊ธˆ์€ SNOMED International๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ "SNOMED CT์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์œ ์ง€ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ํ’ˆ์งˆ๋ณด์žฅ, ๋ฐฐํฌ"์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,ํšŒ์›์€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” eํ—ฌ์Šค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค: ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ, ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์—, ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋‚˜์ด, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค, ์ฒด์ฝ” ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ, ์น ๋ ˆ, ๋ด๋งˆํฌ, ์—์Šคํ† ๋‹ˆ์•„, ํ™์ฝฉ, ์•„์ด์Šค๋žœ๋“œ, ์ธ๋„, ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ, ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜, ๋ฆฌํˆฌ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„, ๋ง๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ์•„, ๋งํƒ€, ๋„ค๋œ๋žœ๋“œ, ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ, ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด, ํด๋ž€๋“œ, ํฌ๋ฃจํˆฌ๊ฐˆ, ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํด, ์Šฌ๋กœ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค์•„ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ, ์Šฌ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ, ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ, ์Šค์›จ๋ด, ์Šค์œ„์Šค, ์˜๊ตญ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด. SNOMED CT๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด์ฒด๊ณ„์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ์ง€์—ญ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. SNOMED CT๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์–ด, ์˜๊ตญ ์˜์–ด, ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด, ๋ด๋งˆํฌ์–ด, ์Šค์›จ๋ด์–ด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด์™€ ๋…์ผ์–ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. SNOMED CT๋Š” ICD-9-CM๊ณผ ICD-10, ICD-O-3, ICD-10-AM, LOINC, OPCS-4์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์šฉ์–ด์ฒด๊ณ„๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ๋งคํ•‘์ด ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ANSI์™€ DICOM, HL7, ISO ํ‘œ์ค€์„ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. SNOMED CT๋Š” World Health Organization (WHO)์™€ ๊ณต๋™ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์ธ ์˜จํ†จ๋กœ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ [ICD-11]] ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ 2020๋…„ 8์›” SNOMED International์˜ 39๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํšŒ์›์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ์ •๋ณด์›์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฐฐํฌ์„ผํ„ฐ(NRC, National Release Center)๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐ SNOMED CT๋Š” 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค: Concept Codes โ€“ ์ž„์ƒ ์šฉ์–ด๋“ค์„ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆซ์ž๋กœ๋œ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋“ค์ด๋ฉฐ, primitive ๋˜๋Š” fully defined๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜์–ด ๊ณ„์ธต๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ Descriptions โ€“ Concept Codes์˜ ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด Relationships โ€“ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” Concept Codes ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ Reference Sets โ€“ Concepts ๋˜๋Š” Descriptions์„ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌถ์–ด ์„ธํŠธ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ฐธ์กฐ์„ธํŠธ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์ฒด๊ณ„๋‚˜ ํ‘œ์ค€์— ์ƒํ˜ธ๋งคํ•‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•จ. SNOMED CT "Concepts"๋Š” ํ—ฌ์Šค์ผ€์–ด ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํŠน์ง•์ง€์šฐ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ•  ํ•„์š”์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฒ”์ฃผํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„์ด๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ SNOMED CT๋Š” 352,000๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์œ ์ผํ•œ concept ID๋กœ ์‹๋ณ„๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด concept 22298006๋Š” Myocardial infarction(์‹ฌ๊ทผ๊ฒฝ์ƒ‰)์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  SNOEMD CT concepts๋Š” ๋น„์ˆœํ™˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•™์  ๊ณ„์ธต๊ตฌ์กฐ(is-a)๋กœ ์กฐ์งํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค; ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด Viral pneumonia(๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ํ๋ ด) IS-A Infectious pneumonia(๊ฐ์—ผ์„ฑ ํ๋ ด) IS-A Pneumonia(ํ๋ ด) IS-A Lung disease(ํ์งˆํ™˜). Concepts๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘์˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, Infectious pneumonia(๊ฐ์—ผ์„ฑ ํ๋ ด)์€ Lung disease(ํ์งˆํ™˜) ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ Infectious disease(๊ฐ์—ผ์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜)์˜ ์ž์‹์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ €์žฅ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ดํ›„์— ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. SNOMED CT concepts๋Š” 3,040,000๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ 'relationships'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งํฌ๋“ค๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. Concepts๋Š” Descriptions๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ ์šฉ์–ด๋“ค ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋‹จ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋“ค์€ Fully Specified Names(์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ช…์‹œ๋œ ๋ช…์นญ) (FSNs), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Preferred Terms(์„ ํ˜ธ์šฉ์–ด) (PTs), Synonyms(๋™์˜์–ด)๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ Concepts๋Š” SNOMED CT ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ 1๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ FSN๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ 1๊ฐœ์˜ PT๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ž„์ƒ์˜์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ํ•ด๋‹น concept์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก PT๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ synonym์ด ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ synonyms๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Synonyms๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น concept๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์šฉ์–ด๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฌธ๋‹จ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. SNOMED CT์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ธ ์ •๊ทœ ๋ชจ๋ธ SNOMED CT๋Š” ์˜จํ†จ๋กœ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘์–ธ์–ด ์‹œ์†Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋กœ ํŠน์ง•์ง€์›Œ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์†Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน์ง•์€ ์ปจ์…‰-์šฉ์–ด ๊ด€๊ณ„์ธ๋ฐ, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, concept 82272006์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋™์˜์–ด descriptions๋Š” "Acute coryza", "Acute nasal catarrh", "Acute rhinitis", "Common cold" (๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ๋กœ "resfrรญo comรบn"์™€ "rinitis infecciosa")์ด๋‹ค. ์˜จํ†จ๋กœ์ง€์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ƒ์„ธํžˆ๋ณด๋ฉด, SNOMED CT๋Š” (ICD์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ํด๋ž˜์Šค๋“ค์˜ ์ค‘์ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”) ํด๋ž˜์Šค ๊ณ„์ธต์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ SNOMED CT concept 82272006์ด "common cold(๊ฐ๊ธฐ)"์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์งˆํ™˜ ์ธ์Šคํ„ด์Šค์˜ ํด๋ž˜์Šค๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค (์˜ˆ, ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ก์— "head cold"๋ผ๊ณ  ์ ํ˜€์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๋ก์— "Acute corynza"๋ผ๊ณ  ์ ํ˜€์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ๋ชจ๋‘ "common cold"์˜ ์ธ์Šคํ„ด์Šค๋กœ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค). ์ˆ˜ํผํด๋ž˜์Šค (IS-A) ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ํด๋ž˜์Šค๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ธ "cold-processes"๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์„ฑ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋„๊ฐ์—ผ(๊ทธ๋ฆผ)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํด๋ž˜์Šค Common cold์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ์œ„ํด๋ž˜์Šค์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. SNOMED CT์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ˜• ๋ฌธ์žฅ(relational statements)์€ finding site๊ณผ due to ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ (linkage concepts๋ผ๋Š”) ๊ด€๊ณ„ํƒ€์ž…์ธ Relationx์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” Concept1 โ€“ Relationx โ€“ Concept2์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์„ธ ์Œ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์„ธ ์Œ์˜ ํ•ด์„์€ (ํ•จ์ถ•์ ์œผ๋กœ) ๋‹จ์ˆœ Description logic (DL)์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์„ธ ์Œ Common Cold(๊ฐ๊ธฐ) โ€“ causative agent(๋ณ‘์ธ) โ€“ Virus(๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค)์€ ์ผ์ฐจ์ˆ ์–ด๋…ผ๋ฆฌ(first-order) ํ‘œํ˜„๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. forall x: instance-of (x, Common cold) -> exists y: instance-of (y, Virus) and causative-agent (y, x) ๋˜๋Š” ๋” ์ง๊ด€์ ์ธ DL ํ‘œํ˜„ Common cold subClassOf causative-agent some Virus Common cold(๊ฐ๊ธฐ) ์˜ˆ์—์„œ, concept description์€ "primitive"์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ ์ธ์Šคํ„ด์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ํ•„์š”(necessary) ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ Common cold์˜ ์ธ์Šคํ„ด์Šค๋กœ ์งˆํ™˜์ด ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€๋Š”(sufficient) ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ Viral upper respiratory tract infection(๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์„ฑ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋„๊ฐ์—ผ)์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ fully defined concept(์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ •์˜๋œ ๊ฐœ๋…)๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค: Viral upper respiratory tract infection equivalentTo Upper respiratory infection and Viral respiratory infection and Causative-agent some Virus and Finding-site some Upper respiratory tract structure and Pathological-process some Infectious process ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ •์˜์  ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์งˆํ™˜์€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์„ฑ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋„๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์ธ์Šคํ„ด์Šค๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ 2011๋…„, SNOMED CT ์ปจํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ EL++ ์ •๊ทœ์‹์˜ ํ•˜์œ„์„ธํŠธ๋กœ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ž๋กœ ์ œํ•œํ–ˆ๋‹ค: Top, bottom Primitive roles and concepts with asserted parent(s) for each Concept definition and conjunction but NOT disjunction or negation Role hierarchy but not role composition Domain and range constraints Existential but not universal restriction A restricted form of role inclusion axiom (xRy ^ ySz => xRz) ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— General Concept Inclusion Axioms๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ™•์žฅ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, concept์˜ stated view๊ณผ inferred view๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. State view๋ฅผ ๋” ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, SNOMED CT๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— "proximal parent" ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ ์ดํ›„, "proximal primitive parent"๋ผ๋Š” ๋” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ์กฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ ํ›„์กฐํ•ฉ SNOMED CT๋Š” SNOMED CT concepts์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋“ค์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์‹์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” compositional syntax๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, "third degree burn of left index finger caused by hot water (๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ขŒ์ธก ๊ฒ€์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์˜ 3๋„ ํ™”์ƒ)"๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์—†๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ compositional syntax๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค 284196006 | burn of skin | : 116676008 | associated morphology | = 80247002 | third degree burn injury | , 272741003 | laterality | = 7771000 | left | , 246075003 | causative agent | = 47448006 | hot water | , 363698007 | finding site | = 83738005 | index finger structure ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„์‹์„ 'postcoordinated(ํ›„์กฐํ•ฉ)'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ›„์กฐํ•ฉ์€ SNOMED CT ๋‚ด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ fully defined concepts๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ค์€ precoordinated(์„ ์กฐํ•ฉ) ํ‘œํ˜„๋งŒ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์„œ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„์‹์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ›„์กฐํ•ฉ ํ‘œํ˜„์‹์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ๋น„๊ต๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์ „์ž๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ธฐ๋ก(EHRs)์€ IHTSDO์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ‘œ์ค€๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ›„์กฐํ•ฉ ํ‘œํ˜„์‹์˜ "๋ณต์žก๋„"์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์œ„์˜ ํ›„์กฐํ•ฉ๋œ ํ‘œํ˜„์‹์€ ํ‘œ์ค€์ ์ธ ๋ฃฐ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ "normal form expression(์ •๊ทœํ‘œํ˜„์‹)"์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 64572001 | disease | : 246075003 | causative agent | = 47448006 | hot water | , 363698007 | finding site | = ( 83738005 | index finger structure | : 272741003 | laterality | = 7771000 | left | ) , { 116676008 | associated morphology | = 80247002 | third degree burn injury | , 363698007 | finding site | = 39937001 | skin structure | } ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™ ์ปจํ…์ธ  SNOMED CT์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฐฐํฌํŒ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์šฉ์–ด๋“ค๊ณผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„์— ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์€ SNOMED CT ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™ ํ™•์žฅํŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ „๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ™•์žฅํŒ์€ Virginia Tech์˜ Va-Md College of Veterinary Medicine์— ์žˆ๋Š” Veterinary Terminology Services Lab์—์„œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ฒฐํ•จ ๋ฐ ์™„ํ™” ์ „๋žต SNOMED ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฒ„์ „๋“ค์€ ์‹œ๋งจํ‹ฑ ์ถ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆœ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋“ค์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํฐ ์•ฝ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•ฝ์ ์€ ํ›„์กฐํ•ฉ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์— ์นœํ™”์ ์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜์–ด, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ SNOMED ๋ฒ„์ „๋“ค์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋„์ž…์— ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•ฝ์ ์€ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์› ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, Acute appendicitis(๊ธ‰์„ฑ์ถฉ์ˆ˜๋Œ๊ธฐ์—ผ)์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์  ๋™์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ›„์กฐํ•ฉ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. SNOEMD RT๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ ๊ณต์‹์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. CTV3์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์ด ์ •๊ทœํ‘œํ˜„์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์žฌ์ •์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ์นœ๋ฐ€ํ•œ, ๋งŽ์€ descriptions๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ CTV3์™€์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ SNOMED CT์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘์ƒ์†์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณ„์ธต๋‹จ๊ณ„๋“ค์˜ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ(์˜ˆ. Acute appendicitis๋Š” 36๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•™์  ์กฐ์ƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค)์— ๋”ํ•ด์„œ, ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์˜์กด์ ์ธ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ SNOMED CT์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ ์กฐํ•ฉ์€ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ง„๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” 350๊ฐœ์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™”์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. SNOMED CT์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ํŠน์ง•์ง€์šฐ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์†Œ์œ„ epistemic intrusion(์ „์—ผ์„ฑ ์นจํˆฌ)์ด๋‹ค. ์›์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฉ์–ด์ฒด๊ณ„ (๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์˜จํ†จ๋กœ์ง€)์˜ ์ž„๋ฌด๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์— ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ์šฉ์–ด ๋ฐ ํด๋ž˜์Šค ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๋ฌธ๋งฅํ™”๋Š” ์ด์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ž„๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋Š”, Ectopic pregnancy(์ž๊ถ์™ธ ์ž„์‹ ) vs Suspected pregnancy(์ž„์‹ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Œ)์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งˆ์น˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผํ™”๋œ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์—”ํ„ฐํ‹ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ž˜๋ชป์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง„์งœ ์ž„์‹ ์„ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒƒ์€ (๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•œ) ์ •๋ณด์˜ ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ด๋‹ค. SNOMED CT์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ (๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ „๋ถ€๋Š” ์•„๋‹Œ) ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์˜์กด์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์€ Situation with explicit context์˜ ํ•˜์œ„๊ณ„์ธต์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ํ˜„ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ •๋ณด๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„, ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— SNOMED CT๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. IHTSDO์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜, SNOMED CT๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฉ์–ด์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์•ฝ์ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ’ˆ์งˆ๋ณด์žฅ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์—๋„ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ IHTSDO๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ (๋˜ํ•œ ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์ธ) ๋น„ํŒ์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡ ๋…„๊ฐ„, ํ’ˆ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋„๊ตฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ง„์ „์ด ์žˆ์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ๋” ์›์น™์ ์ธ ์˜จํ†จ๋กœ์ง€์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์€ ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋” ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ปค์กŒ๋‹ค. Observables, disorder๊ณผ findings,, substance, organisms ๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์žฌ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์‹ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ปจํ…์ธ  ์ œ์ถœ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ, ์„ ์กฐํ•ฉ ์ปจํ…์ธ ์˜ ํฌํ•จ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ „๋žต์ด ์ƒ์„ธํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. SNOMED CT์˜ "ontological commitment"(์กด์žฌ๋ก ์  ๊ฐœ์ž…)๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์—”ํ„ฐํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ SNOMED CT ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ์ธ์Šคํ„ด์Šค์ธ์ง€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ์šฉ์–ด๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ™˜์ž๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, Tumour(์ข…์–‘)์€ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‚˜ ์กฐ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  Allergy(์•Œ๋ ˆ๋ฅด๊ธฐ)๋Š” ์•Œ๋ ˆ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ˆ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์ „๋žต์€ SNOMED CT ์ปจํ…์ธ ์—์„œ ๋ชจํ˜ธ์„ฑ์„ ์—†์• ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํƒ€์ž…์ด ์ง€์ •๋œ ์ƒ์œ„๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์˜ ์˜จํ†จ๋กœ์ง€๋“ค์„ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ™˜์ž์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ SNOMED CT ์ฑ„ํƒ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋” ํฐ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ SNOMED CT ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ €์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ํ• ๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ์ž์›์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ SNOMED CT๋ฅผ ํŠผํŠผํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณ„์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€์ด ๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜‘์—…์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์‹๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ํˆด๊ณผ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. SNOMED CT์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ SNOMED CT์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋“ค์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ถ”๋ก ์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ›„๋ณด ํ›„์กฐํ•ฉํ‘œํ˜„์‹์ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์„ ์กฐํ•ฉ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์ธ์ง€ ์„ ์กฐ์ธ์ง€ ์ž์‹์ธ์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž์†์ธ์ง€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์น˜์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ CTV3์™€์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, SNOMED๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๋ณต๋œ primitive์™€ defined concepts๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์ด primitive๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์€ ์—ญ์‹œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋‚ด์— ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ primitives์™€ roles๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์  ์ปจํ…์ธ ์˜ ์ƒ๋žต๊ณผ ์‹ค์งˆ์  ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ค‘๋ณต๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ํฌ์„ญ(subsumption) ๋˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์  ๋™์น˜(equivalence)๋ฅผ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ ฅ์€ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•˜๋‹ค. SNOMED CT ๊ฒ€์ฆ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ๋ฃฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ SNOMED CT์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. 2009๋…„์— ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์˜ Machine Readable Concept Model (MRCM)์ด SNOMED CT ํŒ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ž‘์—…์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ SNOMED CT expression constraints๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐœ์ •๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. SNOMED CT์™€ ICD SNOMED CT๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ์  ๋ชฉ์ ์—์„œ ํ™˜์ž ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํš๋“ ๋ฐ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์ž„์ƒ ์šฉ์–ด์ฒด๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. [International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems]] (ICD)๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” medical classification(์˜ํ•™ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์ฒด๊ณ„) ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ, ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์—ญํ•™, ๋ณดํ—˜๊ธˆ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ, ์ž์› ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง„๋‹จ์ฝ”๋“œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ •ํŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์น˜์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ• ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ค์€ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋œ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์ „์ž๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ธฐ๋ก(EHR) ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต์˜ ์˜ํ•™ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. SNOMED CT๋Š” ํ™˜์ž ์ง„๋ฃŒ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ EHR ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ICD๋Š” ์ด์ฐจ์  ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •๋ณด๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ๋˜๋Š” ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. SNOMED CT์™€ LOINC LOINC๋Š” ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด์ฒด๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. 2017๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, SNOMED CT International์€ LOINC components๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์šฉ์–ด๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ LOINC ์šฉ์–ด๋“ค์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด SNOMED CT ํ‘œํ˜„์‹ ์„ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ SNOMED CT๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค : ํ—ฌ์Šค์ผ€์–ด ์ œ๊ณต์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ƒ์„ธ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์ž„์ƒ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ณต์œ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ํ—ฌ์Šค์ผ€์–ด ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง„๋ฃŒ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ด๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด์„œ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ด์•ผํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ํ™˜์ž ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ •๋ณด ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณตํ†ต ์šฉ์–ด์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ํ•ด์„์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณตํ†ต๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ์—๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์— ์žˆ์–ด ์™„์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์ง€์›, ๋น„์šฉํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์‹ค๋ฌด์ž‘์—…, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ์ž„์ƒ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž„์ƒ ์šฉ์–ด์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ํ—ฌ์Šค์ผ€์–ด ์ œ๊ณต์ž๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ฝ”๋“œํ™”๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹, ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์ถ”์ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ฆˆ ์ผ€์ด์Šค ๋” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์€ SNOMED CT๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค : ์ „์ž๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ธฐ๋ก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์˜ค๋”์ž…๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(Computerized Provider Order EntryCPOE) ์˜ˆ. ์ „์ž์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ(E-Prescribing) ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์‹ค ์˜ค๋”์ž…๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(Laboratory Order Entry) ์ž„์ƒ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์นดํƒ€๋กœ๊ทธ; ์˜ˆ, ์ง„๋‹จ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€(Diagnostic Imaging procedures) ์ž„์ƒ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ (clinical decision support systems (CDSS)) ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์‹ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์›๊ฒฉ ์ค‘ํ™˜์ž์‹ค ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‘๊ธ‰์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์ฐจํŒ… ์•” ๋ณด๊ณ  ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ์•ก์„ธ์Šค SNOMED CT๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ, ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ํ‘œ์ค€๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ธ SNOEMD CT International์—์„œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐํฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ’ˆ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ SNOMED CT์˜ ์ด์šฉ์—๋Š” ๋ผ์ด์„ผ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ผ์ด์„ผ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค: SNOMED International ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€/์ง€์—ญ ํšŒ์› (gross national product์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ€๊ณผ). ์–ดํ•„๋ฆฌ์—์ดํŠธ(Affiliate) ๋ผ์ด์„ผ์Šค (์ตœ์ข…์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฆ„). LCDs (least developed countries(์ตœ๋นˆ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ))๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ์—†์ด SNOMED CT๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ์ •๋ณดํ•™ ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, ๋ฐ๋ชจ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉ์ ์—์„œ SNOEMD CT ์†Œ์Šค๋Š” ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ” ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์›๋ณธ SNOMED CT ์†Œ์Šค๋Š” ํ•ฉ์˜์— ๋™์˜ํ•œ Unified Medical Language System (UMLS)์— ๋“ฑ๋ก๋œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ์•ก์„ธ์Šคํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ๊ณผ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ์ €๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. SNOMED CT ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ผ์ด์„ผ์Šค๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œํ•˜๊ธธ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ IHTSDO ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š” ๋งํฌ์ธ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฐฐํฌ์„ผํ„ฐ(National Release Centre)์— ์—ฐ๋ฝํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ด์„ผ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์„œ๋ธŒ์„ธํŠธ SNOMED CT์˜ ์ฑ„ํƒ์„ ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ‘œ์ค€์—์„œ SNOMED CT์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, ๋ผ์ด์„ผ์Šค์—†๋Š” ์„œ๋ธŒ์„ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, (IHTSDO ํšŒ์› ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์ œํ•œ์—†์ด)DICOM ํ˜ธํ™˜ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” 7,314 ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์šฉ์–ด๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Top level concepts SNOMED CT ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์€ (์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ-๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์„ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ ) ์ „ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ณ„์ธต๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ณ„์ธต๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ •์˜๋œ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค (์˜ˆ. clinical findings). ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ๋“ค (์˜ˆ. Organism, Substance, Qualifier value)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ง ์ •์˜๋œ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์—†๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ Event ๊ณ„์ธต์€ ์ •์˜๋œ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. 2006๋…„์— 'Clinical findings' ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์ด Event ๊ณ„์ธต์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ „๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ์†์„ฑ๋“ค(attributes)์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค (์˜ˆ. causative agent) Observable entities SNOMED International์€ observable entities๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Pharmaceutical / biologic product Pharmaceutical and biologic products๋Š” ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ฑ๋ถ„(active ingredient)๊ณผ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ํ‘œ๊ธฐ(presentation strength), ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ถ„(basis of strength)์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ SNOMED CT ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ์ปจํ…์ธ ์™€ IDMP ํ‘œ์ค€๊ณผ์˜ ์กฐ์ •์ด ํŽธ์ง‘๋ชฉํ‘œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ์—”ํ„ฐํ‹ฐ ํƒ€์ž…์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค: Medicinal product ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฃนํ•‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์šฉ์–ด. ์˜ˆ, 398731002 | Product containing sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (medicinal product) | Clinical Drug ์ž„์ƒ ์‹ค๋ฌด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…. ์˜ˆ, 317335000 | Product containing precisely esomeprazole 20milligram/1 each conventional release oral tablet (clinical drug)| Dose Form ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์ด ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…. ์˜ˆ, 385219001 | Conventional release solution for injection (dose form) |. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ CDISC Clinical Care Classification System DOCLE EN 13606 MEDCIN MedDRA Omaha System ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ SNOMED International website SNOMED International's online browsers for SNOMED CT CAP SNOMED Terminology Solutions โ€“ the original creators of SNOMED US National Library of Medicine SNOMED CT resources NHS Digital SNOMED CT resources Veterinary Extension of SNOMED CT ์˜ํ•™์  ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™ ์šฉ์–ด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNOMED%20CT
SNOMED CT
SNOMED CT or SNOMED Clinical Terms is a systematically organized computer-processable collection of medical terms providing codes, terms, synonyms and definitions used in clinical documentation and reporting. SNOMED CT is considered to be the most comprehensive, multilingual clinical healthcare terminology in the world. The primary purpose of SNOMED CT is to encode the meanings that are used in health information and to support the effective clinical recording of data with the aim of improving patient care. SNOMED CT provides the core general terminology for electronic health records. SNOMED CT comprehensive coverage includes: clinical findings, symptoms, diagnoses, procedures, body structures, organisms and other etiologies, substances, pharmaceuticals, devices and specimens. SNOMED CT is maintained and distributed by SNOMED International, an international non-profit standards development organization, located in London, UK. SNOMED International is the trading name of the International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation (IHTSDO), established in 2007. SNOMED CT provides for consistent information interchange and is fundamental to an interoperable electronic health record. It provides a consistent means to index, store, retrieve, and aggregate clinical data across specialties and sites of care. It also helps in organizing the content of electronic health records systems by reducing the variability in the way data are captured, encoded and used for clinical care of patients and research. SNOMED CT can be used to directly record clinical details of individuals in electronic patient records. It also provides the user with a number of linkages to clinical care pathways, shared care plans and other knowledge resources, in order to facilitate informed decision-making, and to support long-term patient care. The availability of free automatic coding tools and services, which can return a ranked list of SNOMED CT descriptors to encode any clinical report, could help healthcare professionals to navigate the terminology. SNOMED CT is a terminology that can cross-map to other international standards and classifications. Specific language editions are available which augment the international edition and can contain language translations, as well as additional national terms. For example, SNOMED CT-AU, released in December 2009 in Australia, is based on the international version of SNOMED CT, but encompasses words and ideas that are clinically and technically unique to Australia. History SNOMED started in 1965 as a Systematized Nomenclature of Pathology (SNOP) and was further developed into a logic-based health care terminology. SNOMED CT was created in 1999 by the merger, expansion and restructuring of two large-scale terminologies: SNOMED Reference Terminology (SNOMED RT), developed by the College of American Pathologists (CAP); and the Clinical Terms Version 3 (CTV3) (formerly known as the Read codes), developed by the National Health Service of the United Kingdom (NHS). The final product was released in January 2002. The International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation now considers SNOMED CT to be a brand name rather than an acronym. Previously SNOMED was an acronym of Systematized Nomenclature Of Medicine, but it lost that meaning when SNOMED was combined with CTV3 (Clinical Terms Version 3) into the merged product called SNOMED Clinical Terms, which was shortened to SNOMED CT. The historical strength of SNOMED was its coverage of medical specialties. SNOMED RT, with over 120,000 concepts, was designed to serve as a common reference terminology for the aggregation and retrieval of pathology health care data recorded by multiple organizations and individuals. The strength of CTV3 was its terminologies for general practice. CTV3, with 200,000 interrelated concepts, was used for storing structured information about primary care encounters in individual, patient-based records. The January 2020 release of the SNOMED CT International Edition included more than 350,000 concepts. In July 2003, the National Library of Medicine (NLM), on behalf of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, entered into an agreement with the College of American Pathologists to make SNOMED CT available to U.S. users at no cost through the National Library of Medicine's Unified Medical Language System UMLS Metathesaurus. The NLM negotiation team was led by Betsy Humphreys, and the contract provided NLM with a perpetual license for the core SNOMED CT (in Spanish and English) and its ongoing updates. In April 2007, SNOMED CT intellectual property rights were transferred from the CAP to the International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation (IHTSDO) in order to promote international adoption and use of SNOMED CT. Now trading as SNOMED International, the organization is responsible for "ongoing maintenance, development, quality assurance, and distribution of SNOMED CT" internationally and its Membership consists of a number of the world's leading e-health countries and territories, including: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brunei, Canada, Czech Republic, Chile, Denmark, Estonia, Hong Kong, Iceland, India, Ireland, Israel, Lithuania, Malaysia, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Singapore, Slovak Republic, Republic of Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States and Uruguay. SNOMED CT is a multinational and multilingual terminology, which can manage different languages and dialects. SNOMED CT is currently available in American English, British English, Spanish, Danish and Swedish, with other translations underway or nearly completed in French and Dutch. SNOMED CT cross maps to other terminologies, such as: ICD-9-CM, ICD-10, ICD-O-3, ICD-10-AM, Laboratory LOINC and OPCS-4. It supports ANSI, DICOM, HL7, and ISO standards. Structure SNOMED CT consists of four primary core components: Concept Codes โ€“ numerical codes that identify clinical terms, primitive or defined, organized in hierarchies Descriptions โ€“ textual descriptions of Concept Codes Relationships โ€“ relationships between Concept Codes that have a related meaning Reference Sets โ€“ used to group Concepts or Descriptions into sets, including reference sets and cross-maps to other classifications and standards. SNOMED CT "Concepts" are representational units that categorize all the things that characterize healthcare processes and need to be recorded therein. In 2011, SNOMED CT included more than 311,000 concepts, which are uniquely identified by a concept ID, e.g. the concept 22298006 refers to Myocardial infarction. All SNOMED CT concepts are organized into acyclic taxonomic (is-a) hierarchies; for example, Viral pneumonia IS-A Infectious pneumonia IS-A Pneumonia IS-A Lung disease. Concepts may have multiple parents, for example Infectious pneumonia is also a child of Infectious disease. The taxonomic structure allows data to be recorded and later accessed at different levels of aggregation. SNOMED CT concepts are linked by approximately 1,360,000 links, called relationships. Concepts are further described by various clinical terms or phrases, called Descriptions, which are divided into Fully Specified Names (FSNs), Preferred Terms (PTs), and Synonyms. Each Concept has exactly one FSN, which is unique across all of SNOMED CT. It has, in addition, exactly one PT, which has been decided by a group of clinicians to be the most common way of expressing the meaning of the concept. It may have zero to many Synonyms. Synonyms are additional terms and phrases used to refer to this concept. They do not have to be unique or unambiguous. Semantic tag SNOMED CT assigns each concept a semantic tag. It is present in parentheses in Fully Specified Name of each concept. There can be multiple semantic tags used within each SNOMED CT top level hierarchy. For example, top level hierarchy of Pharmaceutical/biologic Product uses semantic tags of: product, medicinal product, medicinal product form and clinical drug. Only one semantic tag can be used for each concept. The formal model underlying SNOMED CT SNOMED CT can be characterized as a multilingual thesaurus with an ontological foundation. Thesaurus-like features are conceptโ€“term relations such as the synonymous descriptions "Acute coryza", "Acute nasal catarrh", "Acute rhinitis", "Common cold" (as well as Spanish "resfrรญo comรบn" and "rinitis infecciosa") for the concept 82272006. Under ontological scrutiny, SNOMED-CT is a class hierarchy (with extensive overlap of classes in contrast to typical statistical classifications like ICD). This means that the SNOMED CT concept 82272006 defines the class of all the individual disease instances that match the criteria for "common cold" (e.g., one patient may have "head cold" noted in their record, and another may have "Acute coryza"; both can be found as instances of "common cold"). The superclass (Is-A) Relation relates classes in terms of inclusion of their members. That is, all individual "cold-processes" are also included in all superclasses of the class Common Cold, such as Viral upper respiratory tract infection (Figure). SNOMED CT's relational statements are basically triplets of the form Concept1 โ€“ Relationx โ€“ Concept2, with Relationx being from a small number of relation types (called linkage concepts), e.g. finding site, due to, etc. The interpretation of these triplets is (implicitly) based on the semantics of a simple Description logic (DL). E.g., the triplet Common Cold โ€“ causative agent โ€“ Virus, corresponds to the first-order expression forall x: instance-of (x, Common cold) -> exists y: instance-of (y, Virus) and causative-agent (y, x) or the more intuitive DL expression Common cold subClassOf causative-agent some Virus In the Common cold example the concept description is "primitive", which means that necessary criteria are given that must be met for each instance, without being sufficient for classifying a disorder as an instance of Common Cold . In contrast, the example Viral upper respiratory tract infection depicts a fully described concept, which is represented in description logic as follows: Viral upper respiratory tract infection equivalentTo Upper respiratory infection and Viral respiratory infection and Causative-agent some Virus and Finding-site some Upper respiratory tract structure and Pathological-process some Infectious process This means that each and every individual disorder for which all definitional criteria are met can be classified as an instance of Viral upper respiratory tract infection. Description logics As of 2021, SNOMED CT content limits itself to a subset of the EL++ formalism, restricting itself to the following operators: Top, bottom Primitive roles and concepts with asserted parent(s) for each Concept definition and conjunction but NOT disjunction or negation Role hierarchy but not role composition Domain and range constraints Existential but not universal restriction A restricted form of role inclusion axiom (xRy ^ ySz => xRz) General Concept Inclusion axioms (A โŠ† B). For understanding the modelling, it is also important to look at the stated view of a concept versus the inferred view of the concept. In further considering the state view, SNOMED CT used in the past a modelling approach referred to as 'proximal parent' approach. After 2015, a superior approach called "proximal primitive parent" has been adopted. Precoordination and postcoordination SNOMED CT provides a compositional syntax that can be used to create expressions that represent clinical ideas which are not explicitly represented by SNOMED CT concepts. This mechanism exists because it is challenging to create and maintain all possible concepts upfront (as precoordinated concepts). For example, there is no explicit concept for a "third degree burn of left index finger caused by hot water". However, using the compositional syntax it can be represented as 284196006 | burn of skin | : 116676008 | associated morphology | = 80247002 | third degree burn injury | , 272741003 | laterality | = 7771000 | left | , 246075003 | causative agent | = 47448006 | hot water | , 363698007 | finding site | = 83738005 | index finger structure Such expressions are said to have been 'postcoordinated'. Post-coordination avoids the need to create large numbers of defined Concepts within SNOMED CT. However, many systems only allow for precoordinated representations. Reliable analysis and comparison of post-coordinated expressions is possible using appropriate algorithms machinery to efficiently process the expression taking account of the underlying description logic. Major Electronic Health Record Systems (EHRS) have repeatedly complained to IHTSDO and other standards organizations about the "complexity" of post-coordinated expressions. For example, the postcoordinated expression above can be transformed using a set of standard rules to the following "normal form expression" which enables comparison with similar concepts. 64572001 | disease | : 246075003 | causative agent | = 47448006 | hot water | , 363698007 | finding site | = ( 83738005 | index finger structure | : 272741003 | laterality | = 7771000 | left | ) , { 116676008 | associated morphology | = 80247002 | third degree burn injury | , 363698007 | finding site | = 39937001 | skin structure | } Postcoordination is an important desirable feature of a terminology. Prior 2020, International Classification of Diseases (ICD) did not allow post-coordination and SNOMED CT was the only terminology that supported postcoordination. Since 2020, a new version of ICD-11 now also supports postcoordination. Veterinary content The International Edition of SNOMED CT only includes human terms. In 2014, clearly veterinary concepts were moved into a SNOMED CT veterinary extension. This extension is managed by the Veterinary Terminology Services Lab at the Va-Md College of Veterinary Medicine at Virginia Tech. Known deficiencies and mitigation strategies Earlier SNOMED versions had faceted structure ordered by semantic axes, requiring that more complex situations required to be coded by a coordination of different codes. This had two major shortcomings. On the one hand, the necessity of post-coordination was perceived as a user-unfriendly obstacle, which has certainly contributed to the rather low adoption of early SNOMED versions. On the other hand, uniform coding was difficult to obtain. E.g.,Acute appendicitis could be post-coordinated in three different ways with no means to compute semantic equivalences. SNOMED RT had addressed this problem by introducing description logic formula. With the addition of CTV3 a large number of concepts were redefined using formal expressions. However, the fusion with CTV3, as a historically grown terminology with many close-to user descriptions, introduced some problems which still affect SNOMED CT. In addition to a confusing taxonomic web of many hierarchical levels with massive multiple inheritance (e.g. there are 36 taxonomic ancestors for Acute appendicitis), many ambiguous, context-dependent concepts have found their way into SNOMED CT. Pre-coordination was sometimes pushed to extremes, so there are, for example, 350 different concepts for burns found on the head. A further phenomenon which characterizes parts of SNOMED CT is the so-called epistemic intrusion. In principle, the task of terminology (and even an ontology) should be limited to providing context-free term or class meanings. The contextualization of these representational units should be ideally the task of an information model. Human language is misleading here, as we use syntactically similar expression to represent categorically distinct entities, e.g. Ectopic pregnancy vs. Suspected pregnancy. The first one refers to a real pregnancy, the second one to a piece of (uncertain) information. In SNOMED CT most (but not all) of these context-dependent concepts are concentrated in the subhierachy Situation with explicit context. A major reason for why such concepts cannot be dispensed with is that SNOMED CT takes on, in many cases, the functionality of information models, as the latter do not exist in a given implementation. With the establishment of IHTSDO, SNOMED CT became more accessible to a wider audience. Criticism of the state of the terminology was sparked by numerous substantive weaknesses as well as on the lack of quality assurance measures. From the beginning IHTSDO was open regarding such (also academic) criticism. In the last few years considerable progress has been made regarding quality assurance and tooling. The need for a more principled ontological foundation was gradually accepted, as well as a better understanding of description logic semantics. Redesign priorities were formulated regarding observables, disorders, findings, substances, organisms etc. Translation guidelines were elaborated as well as guidelines for content submission requests and a strategy for the inclusion of pre-coordinated content. There are still known deficiencies regarding the "ontological commitment" of SNOMED CT, e.g., the clarification of which kind of entity is an instance of a given SNOMED CT concept. The same term can be interpreted as a disorder or a patient with a disorder, for example Tumour might denote a process or a piece of tissue; Allergy may denote an allergic reaction or just an allergic disposition. A more recent strategy is the use of rigorously typed upper-level ontologies to disambiguate SNOMED CT content. The increased take-up of SNOMED CT for research into applications in daily use across the world to support patient care is leading to a larger engaged community. This has led to an increase in the resource allocated to authoring SNOMED CT terms as well as to an increase in collaboration to take SNOMED CT into a robust industry used standard. This is leading to an increase in the number of software tools and development of materials that contribute to knowledge base to support implementation. A number of on-line communities that focus on particular aspects of SNOMED CT and its implementation are also developing. In theory, description logic reasoning can be applied to any new candidate post-coordinated expressions in order to assess whether it is a parent or ancestor of, a child or other descendant of, or semantically equivalent to any existing concept from the existing pre-coordinated concepts. However, partly as the continuing fall-out from the merger with CTV3, SNOMED still contains undiscovered semantically duplicate primitive and defined concepts. Additionally, many concepts remain primitive whilst their semantics can also be legitimately defined in terms of other primitives and roles concurrently in the system. Because of these omissions and actual or possible redundancies of semantic content, real-world performance of algorithms to infer subsumption or semantic equivalence will be unpredictably imperfect. SNOMED CT validation Using consistent rules is important for the quality of SNOMED CT. To that end, in 2009, a prototype Machine Readable Concept Model (MRCM) was created by the SNOMED CT team. In a follow-up work, this model is being revised to utilize SNOMED CT expression constraints. SNOMED CT and other terminologies SNOMED CT and ICD SNOMED CT is a clinical terminology designed to capture and represent patient data for clinical purposes. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) is an internationally used medical classification system; which is used to assign diagnostic and, in some national modifications, procedural codes in order to produce coded data for statistical analysis, epidemiology, reimbursement and resource allocation. Both systems use standardized definitions and form a common medical language used within electronic health record (EHR) systems. SNOMED CT enables information input into an EHR system during the course of patient care, while ICD facilitates information retrieval, or output, for secondary data purposes. In 2010s, the advantage of SNOMED CT over ICD was the multiple parent hierarchy of SNOMED CT. Since 2020 release of ICD 11, this advantage is less important because ICD-11 foundational level allows an ICD 11 concept to have multiple parents. SNOMED CT and LOINC LOINC is a terminology that contains laboratory tests. Since 2017, SNOMED International started creating terms for LOINC components and created a set of SNOMED CT expressions that capture the meaning of many LOINC terms. SNOMED CT and MedDRA There is overlap between MedDRA and SNOMED CT that is not beneficial for pharmaceutical industry. In 2021, two maps map between SNOMED CT and MedDRA were jointly published by both organizations (from SNOMED CT to MedDRA and from MedDRA to SNOMED CT). Use SNOMED CT is used in a number of different ways, some of which are: It captures clinical information at the level of detail needed for the provision of healthcare Through sharing data it can reduce the need to repeat health history at each new encounter with a healthcare professional Information can be recorded by different people in different locations and combined into simple information views within the patient record Use of a common terminology decreases the potential for differing interpretation of information Electronic recording in a common way reduces errors and can help to ensure completeness in recording all relevant data Standardised information makes analysis easier, supporting quality, cost effective practice, research and future clinical guideline development A clinical terminology allows a health care provider to identify patients based on specified coded information, and more effectively manage screening, treatment and follow up Use cases More specifically, the following sample computer applications use SNOMED CT: Electronic Health Record Systems Computerized Provider Order Entry CPOE such as E-Prescribing or Laboratory Order Entry Catalogues of clinical services; e.g., for Diagnostic Imaging procedures Knowledge databases used in clinical decision support systems (CDSS) Remote Intensive Care Unit Monitoring Laboratory Reporting Emergency Room Charting Cancer Reporting Genetic Databases Access SNOMED CT is maintained and distributed by SNOMED International, an international non-profit standards development organization, located in London, UK.. The use of SNOMED CT in production systems requires a license. There are two types of license: Country/territory membership in SNOMED International (charged according to gross national product). Affiliate license (dependent on the number of end users). LDCs (least developed countries) can use SNOMED CT without charges. For scientific research in medical informatics, for demonstrations or evaluation purposes SNOMED CT sources can be freely downloaded and used. The original SNOMED CT sources in tabular form are accessible by registered users of the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) who have signed an agreement. Numerous online and offline browsers are available. Those wishing to obtain a license for its use and to download SNOMED CT should contact their National Release Centre, links to which are provided on the IHTSDO website. License free subsets To facilitate adoption of SNOMED CT and use of SNOMED CT in other standards, there are license free subsets. For example, a set of 7 314 codes and descriptions is free for use by users of DICOM-compliant software (without restriction to IHTSDO member countries). Global Patient Set (GPS) subset GPS was released in Sep 2019 and contains 21 782 concepts. Top level concepts SNOMED CT concepts typically belong to a single hierarchy (with the exception of drug-device combined concepts). Some hierarchies, have a concept model defined (e.g., clinical findings). For other domains (e.g., Organism, Substance, Qualifier value), there is no concept model yet defined. Procedure Concept in this hierarchy represent procedures performed on a patient. There is a well established defined concept model for procedures. Procedure site (direct or indirect) specifies on what part of body the procedure is performed. A separate set of rules exist for evaluation procedures. Evaluation procedures are procedures where evidence is evaluated to support the determination of a value, inference or conclusion. Evaluation procedures have additional attributes, such as 'Has specimen','Property' or 'Measurement method'. Event As of 2016, the Event hierarchy does not have a concept model defined. In 2006, some concepts from the 'Clinical Finding' hierarchy were moved to the Event hierarchy. Those concepts retained some of their attributes. (e.g., causative agent) Observable entities SNOMED International is working on creating a concept model for observable entities. Body Structure Body parts represent one of the largest hierarchies within SNOMED CT. The modeling is based on Foundational Model of Anatomy but it differs from the model in some aspects (e.g., region is taken as 3D region and not a 2D region). Important attributes include: 'Laterality', several types of 'Part of' relationships, and 'Is a'. Pharmaceutical / biologic product Pharmaceutical and biologic products are modeled using constructs of active ingredient, presentation strength, and basis of strength. Since 2018, harmonization of SNOMED CT drug content with IDMP standard is an editorial goal. The following types of entities are present: Medicinal product A higher level term grouping drugs. For example, 398731002 | Product containing sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (medicinal product) | Clinical Drug Concept that represents a concrete drug product as used in clinical practice. For example, 317335000 | Product containing precisely esomeprazole 20milligram/1 each conventional release oral tablet (clinical drug)| Dose Form Concept representing how the product is delivered. For example, 385219001 | Conventional release solution for injection (dose form) |. Authoring conventions A goal for SNOMED CT is consistency. Several mechanisms are employed to ensure this. Machine readable concept model is used to check for compliance with a set of rules. Rules for creating fully specified name for a concept define allowed and not allowed patterns. When defining a concept, a proximal primitive parent rule is used (in stated definition) to employ best description logic derived classification of concepts. Separate conventions govern grouping of relationships. Ability to group related relationships is an important strength of SNOMED CT. Rules in Machine Readable Concept Model (MRCM) specify by domain which relationships are never grouped (e.g., 'Is a' or 'Laterality' attributes) and which relationships are always grouped (e.g., 'Finding site'). For correct subsumption inference, some relationships may be in a group but consist of a single relationship. Another convention for SNOMED CT international edition is to avoid creating intermediate primitive concepts (unless medically necessary and impossible to define with existing concept model). An intermediate primitive (=not defined) concept is a non-defined concept that has children concepts and parent concepts. This convention is related to the use of description logic to facilitate terminology maintenance. Because primitive concepts can not be processed by the description logic classifier, the maintenance of such concepts relies solely on human editors. Adding new intermediate primitive concepts requires changes to all affected concepts and is demanding in terms of terminology maintenance. See also CDISC Clinical Care Classification System DOCLE EN 13606 MEDCIN MedDRA Omaha System ICD11 Foundational Model of Anatomy Notes References External links SNOMED International website SNOMED International's online browsers for SNOMED CT US National Library of Medicine SNOMED CT resources NHS Digital SNOMED CT resources Veterinary Extension of SNOMED CT Medical classification Diagnosis codes Nursing classification Standards for electronic health records Anatomical terminology
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%20%EC%B9%A8%EB%A1%80%EA%B5%90%20%EC%8B%A0%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90
๋‚จ ์นจ๋ก€๊ต ์‹ ํ•™๊ต
๋‚จ์นจ๋ก€์‹ ํ•™๊ต (The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, SBTS)๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ ์นจ๋ก€๊ต ํ˜‘์•ฝ (SBC)๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ 6 ๊ฐœ ์‹ ํ•™๊ต ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์‹ ํ•™๊ต์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹ ํ•™๊ต๋Š” 1859๋…„ ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค ์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋นŒ์—์„œ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ํผ๋จผ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์บ ํผ์Šค์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ๋ถ ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘์— ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์€ ํ›„ 1877๋…„ ๋ฃจ์ด๋นŒ ์‹œ๋‚ด์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ์บ ํผ์Šค๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธด ํ›„ ํฌ๋ ˆ์„ผํŠธ ํž ์ธ๊ทผ์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ์œ„์น˜๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. 50๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์‹ ํ•™๊ต๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์žฌ 3300๋ช…์˜ ์‹ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋“ฑ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๋™๋ฌธ Jason K. Allen, ์ค‘์„œ๋ถ€ ์นจ๋ก€ ์‹ ํ•™ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํšŒ์žฅ 2012 โ€“ ํ˜„์žฌ Charles C. Baldwin, 2004-2008๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ์ฐธ๋ชจ์žฅ ๋ ˆ์ง€๋‚ ๋“œ ๋น„๋น„, ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ•™์ž LaVerne Butler, 1969-1988๋…„ ๋ฃจ์ด๋นŒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” 9 ๋ฒˆ์งธ & O ์นจ๋ก€ ๊ตํšŒ ๋ชฉ์‚ฌ; 1988๋…„์—์„œ 1997๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฉ”์ดํ•„๋“œ (Mayfield) ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋“œ ์ปจํ‹ฐ๋„จํƒˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต (University of Continent University) ํšŒ์žฅ, 1970๋…„๋Œ€์™€ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์นจ๋ก€๊ต ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์  ์ธ ๋ถ€ํ™œ์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž Douglas Carver, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์œก๊ตฐ ์ฐธ๋ชจ์žฅ 2007โ€“2011 ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ํด๋ผํฌ (Chris Clarke), ์ผ„ํ„ฐํ‚ค (Kentucky) ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์Šน๋งˆ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ WA ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์Šค, ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์Šค ์ตœ์ดˆ ์นจ๋ก€ ๊ตํšŒ ๋ชฉ์‚ฌ; ์ €์ž; ๋‚จ ์นจ๋ก€ํšŒ ์ดํšŒ ํšŒ์žฅ (1969-1970). Miguel A. De La Torre, ํžˆ์ŠคํŒจ๋‹‰๊ณ„ ์ข…๊ต ์ƒํ™œ ์ €์ž; 1999๋…„ ~ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฝœ๋กœ๋ผ๋„ ์ฃผ ๋ด๋ฒ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ ๋ฆฌํ”„ ์‹ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ˆ˜. ๊ตญํšŒ ์˜์‚ฌ๋‹น ์นจ๋ก€๊ต ๋ชฉ์‚ฌ ์ธ Mark Dever ; ์žฅ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋„ ๊ตํšŒ๋ก ์˜ ์ง€์ง€์ž ์ธ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์—ฐ์‚ฌ, ์ €์ž ๋ฐ ์‹ ํ•™์ž Amzi Dixon, ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ์ด์ฃผ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ ์˜ Moody Church ๋ชฉ์‚ฌ (1906โ€“1911); ๋ฐ ์˜๊ตญ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ํƒœ๋ฒ„ ๋‚ดํด (1911โ€“1919). ์œŒ๋จธ ํด๋ ˆ ๋ชฌํŠธ ํ•„๋“œ (1922-2018), ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์นจ๋ก€๊ต ๋Œ€ํšŒ ํ™๋ณด ๋‹ด๋‹น ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์žฅ; ์นจ๋ก€ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ฐ ์นจ๋ก€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ํŽธ์ง‘์ž; ์นจ๋ก€๊ต ์ถœํŒ๋ถ€ ์ด์‚ฌ. ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ํผํ‹ฑ (Steven Furtick), ๊ตํšŒ ๊ตํšŒ ๋ชฉ์‚ฌ; ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ชฉ์‚ฌ, ์—ฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์ €์ž. David P. Gushee, ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ์œค๋ฆฌ ํ•™์ž, ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€, ๊ณต๊ณต ์ง€์‹์ธ ๋ฐ ํ™€๋กœ ์ฝ”์ŠคํŠธ ํ•™์ž. Paul R. House, ํ•™์ž, ์ €์ž ๋ฐ ์‹ ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์ˆ˜. ๋ฒค ์บ ๋ฒจ ์กด์Šจ, ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ๋น„์•„ ์‹ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆ ๊ต์ˆ˜, ์ €์ž Koinonia Farm (Habitat for Humanity)์˜ ์ฐฝ์‹œ์ž์ด์ž ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ํ•™์ž ์ธ Clarence Jordan ์€ ๋‚จํ•œ์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ์•ฝ์„ Cotton Patch ๋ฒ„์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. RT Kendall, 1977-2002๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฏผ์Šคํ„ฐ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฐ๋‹น ๋ชฉ์‚ฌ. ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ๊ณ ๋“  ๋ฆฌ์˜น (David Gordon Lyon), ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ์‹ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ํ™€๋ฆฌ์Šค ํšŒ์žฅ, ์…ˆํ‹ฑ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์˜ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ ํ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ ์ œ์ž„์Šค ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌํŠธ (James Merritt), 2000๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2002๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์นจ๋ก€๊ต ์ดํšŒ ํšŒ์žฅ Grady Nutt, ์ข…๊ต์  ์œ ๋จธ ๋ก ์ž ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ; 1982๋…„ ๊ณต์Šต์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. Luis G. Pedraja, ๋ผํ‹ด๊ณ„ ์‹ ํ•™์ž, ์ฒ ํ•™์ž, ์ž‘๊ฐ€, ํ•™์ž ๋ฐ ๊ต์œก์ž Cicero Washington Pruitt, ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ. ๋ธŒ๋ก ์Šจ ๋ ˆ์ด (Bronson Ray), ๋‚จ ์นจ๋ก€ํšŒ ( Southern Baptist Convention )์˜ ์™ธ๋ฌด์œ„์›ํšŒ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด๊ตญ ์žฅ (1928โ€“1932). ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ ํ˜‘ํšŒ์˜ ์ฐฝ์‹œ์ž ์ธ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋ฒจ ๋ผ์ผ๋ฆฌ ํ…Œ๋„ค์‹œ ํ…œํ”Œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ์ž ์ธ ๋ฆฌ ๋กœ๋ฒ„์Šจ (Lee Roberson )์€ ๋‚จ ์นจ๋ก€๊ต ์นœ๊ต ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋„์ž์ด์ž ํ…Œ๋„ค์‹œ์ฃผ ์ฐจํƒ€ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ (Chattanooga)์— ์žˆ๋Š” Highland Park Baptist Church ๋ชฉ์‚ฌ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ์•จ๋Ÿฐ ์† ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ (Gregory Alan Thornbury), ๋‰ด์š•์˜ ํ‚น์Šค ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ํšŒ์žฅ (2013โ€“2018). Jeff Struecker, ๋ชฉ์‚ฌ, ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์ „ ๋ฏธ ์œก๊ตฐ ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ์ฑ„ํ”Œ๋ฆฐ. Ed Stetzer, ์ €์ž, ์—ฐ์‚ฌ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›, ๋ชฉ์‚ฌ, ๊ตํšŒ ๊ฐœ์ฒ™์ž ๋ฐ Christian missiologist . Edwin O. Ware, Sr., ์ผ„ํ„ฐํ‚ค ์ถœ์‹  , ๋ฃจ์ด์ง€์• ๋‚˜์ฃผ ํŒŒ์ธ๋นŒ ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฃจ์ด์ง€์• ๋‚˜ ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ํšŒ์žฅ ์ œ์ž„์Šค ์—๋จธ๋ฆฌ ํ™”์ดํŠธ (James Emery White), ๋ชฉํšŒ์ž, ์ €์ž, ์‹ ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์ˆ˜ Steve Willis, ๋ชฉ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์šด๋™๊ฐ€ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ๋ผ์ดํŠธ (Briant Wright), 2010๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2011๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์นจ๋ก€๊ต ์ดํšŒ ํšŒ์žฅ. ๊ต์ˆ˜์ง„ ์•Œ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ๋ชฐ๋Ÿฌ(R. Albert Moher, Jr.): ํ˜„ ์ด์žฅ, ์กฐ์ง์‹ ํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํด ํ—ค์ดํ‚จ(Michael Haykin), ๊ตํšŒ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๊ต์ˆ˜. ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์‚ฌ์—ญ (2007 ~ ํ˜„์žฌ)์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณผ ํ•™์ž์ด์ž C. Edwin Gheens ํšŒ์žฅ ์ธ Timothy Paul Jones๋Š” ๊ตํšŒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์‚ฌ์—ญ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ์˜ ์ผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๊ตํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋น„ํŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ์Šˆ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ(Thomas Schreiner): ์‹ ์•ฝํ•™์ž์ด์ž ๋ฐ”์šธ์„œ์‹ ์„œ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ๊ถŒ์œ„์ž. ํ”ผํ„ฐ ์  ํŠธ๋ฆฌ(Peter Gentry): ๊ตฌ์•ฝํ•™์ž ๋ฐ Semitic ์–ธ์–ด ํ•™์ž. ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ์Šค ์›จ์–ด(Bruce Ware): ์‹ ํ•™์ž, ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ๋ณต์Œ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์„ฑ์„œ ๋ฐ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ์‹ ํ•™๋ถ€ ์ „ ํšŒ์žฅ, ๋ณต์Œ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹ ํ•™ํšŒ ํšŒ์žฅ . ๊ทธ๋ ‰ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์Šจ(Gregg Allison): ์กฐ์ง์‹ ํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜. ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ๋„คํ‹€์Šค(Thomas J. Nettles): ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์นจ๋ก€๊ต ์—ญ์‚ฌ์‹ ํ•™ ํ•™์ž. ์€ํ‡ด๊ต์ˆ˜์ด๊ธด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜น ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ์—ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์—ญ๋Œ€์ด์žฅ 1888 James Petigru Boyce (1859โ€“87 ๊ต์ˆ˜์ง„ ์ œ๋ชฉ) 1888๋…„ ~ 1895๋…„ John Albert Broadus 1895๋…„ ~ 1899๋…„ William Heth Whitsitt 1899๋…„ ~ 1928๋…„ Edgar Young Mullins 1929๋…„ ~ 1942๋…„ John Richard Sampey 1942โ€“1950 ์—˜๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•„๋‹ด์Šค ํ’€๋Ÿฌ 1951โ€“1982 ๊ณต์ž‘ ํ‚ด ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ ๋งฅ์ฝœ 1982โ€“1993 Roy Lee Honeycutt (๋กœ์ด ๋ฆฌ ํ—ˆ๋‹ˆ ์ปท) 1993๋…„ โ€“ ํ˜„์žฌ R. Albert Mohler, Jr. ์ฐธ์กฐ ๋ฃจ์ด๋นŒ ์žฅ๋กœ๊ต ์‹ ํ•™๊ต ๋ฃจ์ด๋นŒ, ์ผ„ํ„ฐํ‚ค์˜ ์ข…๊ต ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋งˆํฌ ์•Œ ์œŒ์Šจ ์นจ๋ก€๊ต ๋‚จ์ชฝ์—์„œ์˜ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ์˜ค์–ธ ์นด๋ฒ„์˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ (Mercer University Press; 2010) 235 ํŽ˜์ด์ง€. ๋‚จ ์นจ๋ก€๊ต ์‹ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์ €๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ต์ˆ˜ (1868 ~ 1954)์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ต๋‹จ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฃผ์š” ๋…ผ์Ÿ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋‚จ ์นจ๋ก€๊ต ์‹ ํ•™๊ต ๋‚จ ์นจ๋ก€๊ต ์‹ ํ•™๊ต ์ปฌ๋ ‰์…˜ โ€“ Furman University ํŠน๋ณ„ ์ปฌ๋ ‰์…˜ SBTS ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹ ํ•™๊ต ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์นจ๋ก€๊ต ์ผ„ํ„ฐํ‚ค์ฃผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ๋ฃจ์ด๋นŒ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์นจ๋ก€๊ต ์‹ ํ•™๊ต ๋‚จ์นจ๋ก€ํšŒ 1859๋…„ ๊ฐœ๊ต
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20Baptist%20Theological%20Seminary
Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary (SBTS) is a Baptist theological institute in Louisville, Kentucky. It is affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention. The seminary was founded in 1859 in Greenville, South Carolina, where it was at first housed on the campus of Furman University. The seminary has been an innovator in theological education, establishing one of the first Ph.D. programs in religion in the year 1892. After being closed during the Civil War, it moved in 1877 to a newly built campus in downtown Louisville and moved to its current location in 1926 in the Crescent Hill neighborhood. In 1953, Southern became one of the few seminaries to offer a full, accredited degree course in church music. For more than fifty years Southern has been one of the world's largest theological seminaries, with an FTE (full-time equivalent) enrollment of over 3,300 students in 2015. History 19th Century to Early 20th Century (1835โ€“1950) Basil Manly Sr. first issued a call for a new seminary for Baptists in the south in 1835. Over the next two decades, he was the driving force in a movement to establish the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. In 1856, South Carolina Baptists gathered together and met in Greenville, South Carolina with James P. Boyce to discuss the need to finance a seminary. In that meeting, Southern Baptists agreed to pledge $100,000 in the establishment of a theological school. In 1857, Boyce convinced members of the convention in Louisville, KY to approve a motion to establish The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. In the fall of 1859, Southern began its first academic year with 26 students. The seminary continued to grow until it temporarily closed from 1861 to 1865 due to American Civil War. After the war, the seminary had to recover at a different location. The Board of Trustees along with Boyce decided the new location would be the seminary's current location of Louisville, Kentucky. In 1889, John A. Broadus became the seminary's second President. Attendance and enrollment continued to grow and the Master of Divinity (M.Div.) and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) began to be offered as graduate degrees starting in the early 1890s. After Broadus, William Whitsitt became the third President of Southern in 1895. After a difficult tenure along with controversy dealing with Landmarkism amongst Baptists during that period, Whitsitt was succeeded by E.Y. Mullins (Boyce's College main dormitory is named after him) as president. Under Mullins, the seminary reached an endowment of an estimated 1.8 million dollars. It was during the early 1900s when women were beginning to be admitted to the classes. Modern History (1950sโ€“present) In 1951, Duke McCall became the President of Southern. Under McCall's leadership. the School of Religious Education was established to prepare students for Christian education. Three academic schools were organized: School of Religious Education, School of Theology, and the School of Music. A chair in evangelism was dedicated to the American evangelist Billy Graham in 1966. Southern began to offer the Doctor of Ministry (D.Min.) program in 1970. Enrollment under McCall reached an estimated 1,500 students. Boyce College (known as Boyce Bible College at the time) was established as an adult education program in 1974. McCall retired in 1981 and his legacy has drawn praise and controversy. Roy Honeycutt succeeded McCall as the 8th President of Southern in 1981. Under his leadership, the seminary opened the Carver School of Church Social Work and reached an all-time peak in enrollment of students in 1986. Honeycutt also oversaw the leadership of the seminary during a tumultuous time within the Southern Baptist Convention, now known as the Southern Baptist Convention conservative resurgence. After the election of Adrian Rogers as the President of the Southern Baptist Convention, the school began to slowly return to its traditional theological positions such as the inerrancy of Scripture. Honeycutt retired in 1992. The seminary Board of Trustee's then elected R. Albert Mohler as the 9th President of Southern in 1993. Under Mohler's leadership, every member of the faculty was required to sign the confession of the seminary known as the "Abstract of Principles" and the "Baptist Faith and Message". They were also required to believe that the Bible is without any error. Boyce Bible College, then an adult education program, was reorganized and established as an undergraduate college. In 2017, the seminary experienced the largest enrollment of students ever in the school's history with over 5,000 students enrolled. For the year 2021โ€“2022, it had 4,448 students. Campus In the wake of the Civil War, the seminary suspended classes for several years. With the financial help of several wealthy Baptists, including John D. Rockefeller and a group of Kentucky business leaders who promised to underwrite the construction of a new campus, the seminary relocated to Fifth Street and Broadway in downtown Louisville, Kentucky, in 1877. In 1926, during the administration of Southern president Edgar Y. Mullins, the seminary occupied "The Beeches", a suburban campus east of the city center designed by the Frederick Law Olmsted firm. The campus now contains 10 academic and residential buildings in Georgian architecture and three housing villages for married students. Civil rights history In 1951, President Duke Kimbrough McCall integrated the campus, in defiance of Kentucky state laws that established segregation at public facilities. At the height of the Civil Rights Movement, Southern would become the only SBC agency to host a visit by Baptist minister and civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. (1961). During King's address at SBTS, he mentioned he had been to the seminary's chapel several times in the past when accompanying his mother since King's mother was an organist for the Women's Auxiliary of the National Baptist Convention. As a result, many donors withheld their gifts to Southern, and some demanded McCall's resignation for letting King speak in the seminary chapel. In 2018, a report was released about its connections to slavery. Controversy regarding this subject was circulated and interracial ministers coalition requested The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary to financially support nearby black colleges as a result. Despite the request, The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary denied the request. As a response to the request, President R. Albert Mohler Jr. and board Chair F.Matthew Schmucker released the following statement:โ€œWe agree with the policy of the Southern Baptist Convention in this regard, and we do not believe that financial reparations are the appropriate response,โ€ There are claims stating that the founders owned more than 50 slaves. Administration and organizational structure In 1938, Southern was among the first group of seminaries and divinity schools accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada. Thirty years later, in 1968, Southern was one of the first seminaries to be accredited by its regional accrediting body, Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. Throughout its history, Southern has been an innovator in theological education, establishing one of the first Ph.D. programs in religion (1892), the first department of Christian missions (1902), the first curriculum in religious education (1925), and the first accredited, seminary-based social work program (1984). In 1953, President McCall and the trustees reorganized the institution along the lines of a small university. The curriculum was distributed among three graduate-professional schoolsโ€”Theology, headed by Dean Penrose St. Amant; Religious Education, led by Dean Gaines S. Dobbins; and Church Music, under Dean Forrest Heeren. In 1984, Anne Davis became founding dean of the Carver School of Church Social Work, which launched the first seminary-based Master of Social Work program to be accredited by the Council on Social Work Education (1987). The school was disbanded in 1997 by a subsequent seminary administration. It decided that secular social work was inappropriate for a seminary, and replaced the program with a school for training evangelists, missionaries and church-growth specialists. In 1968, Southern helped establish Kentuckiana Metroversity, a local consortium of two seminaries, two state universities, a community college and two private colleges. They offer a joint library catalog, cross-registration of any student in any member institution, and faculty and cultural exchanges. In 1970, Southern helped create the Theological Education Association of Mid-America (TEAM-A), one of the United States' first seminary "clusters," a consortium of five schools related to the Presbyterian, Wesleyan Methodist, Disciples of Christ, Roman Catholic and Baptist traditions. They provide inter-institutional team teaching, cross-registration among students, and a joint library catalog. The seminary is governed by a board of trustees nominated and elected by the SBC. It receives almost one-third of its $31ย million annual budget from the SBC Cooperative Program, the unified financial support system that distributes gifts from the congregations to the agencies and institutions of the denomination. In fiscal year 2007โ€“08, Southern received $9.5ย million through the Cooperative Program. Its endowments and invested reserves totaled $78ย million. Southern is currently organized into three schools: The School of Theology The Billy Graham School of Missions, Evangelism, and Ministry Boyce College Academics, philosophy and faculty The seminary's mission statement is: "Under the Lordship of Jesus Christ, the mission of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary is to be totally committed to the Bible as the Word of God, to the Great Commission as our mandate, and to be a servant of the churches of the Southern Baptist Convention by training, educating, and preparing ministers of the gospel for more faithful service." Southern was one of the first seminaries in the nation to offer the PhD degree, beginning in 1892. During the 1970s and 1980s, it had the largest accredited PhD program in religion in the United States. It was the first seminary in the nation to offer courses in religious education, beginning in 1903. This program ultimately expanded into a School of Religious Education in 1953. In 1907, William Owen Carver founded the Women's Missionary Union Training School, which eventually became the Carver School of Missions and Social Work. In 1910, Southern established the Norton Lectures, a series of lectures on "Science and Philosophy in their Relations to Religion." Speakers have included conservative scholars William A. Dembski, Marvin Olasky, Gregory Alan Thornbury, and Alvin Plantinga. In 1953, Southern became one of the few seminaries to offer a full, accredited degree course in church music. After endowing the Billy Graham Chair of Evangelism in 1965 (the first such professorship in any Baptist seminary), Southern expanded it in 1994 into the Billy Graham School of Missions, Evangelism and Church Growth. It is the first program in the SBC dedicated solely to training missionaries and evangelists. In the 1980s, Southern became the first seminary or divinity school to establish a school of church social work offering an accredited, seminary-based M.S.W. degree. In 1993, the seminary's president Albert Mohler came into office re-affirming the seminary's historic "Abstract of Principles", part of the original charter of Southern created in 1858. The charter stated that every Professor must agree to "teach in accordance with, and not contrary to, the Abstract of Principles hereinafter laid down" and that "a departure" from the principles in the Abstract of Principles would be grounds for resignation or removal by the Trustees. Mohler, following these instructions, required that current professors affirm, without any spoken or unspoken reservations, the Abstract of Principles. Professors were also asked to affirm the Baptist Faith and Message (BF&M, the doctrinal statement of the SBC), since Southern is an agency of the SBC and the SBC mandated affirmation of the BF&M as a requirement for continued employment. An overwhelming majority of faculty affirmed the Abstract of Principles, but declined to affirm some of the doctrines stated in the BF&M which had recently been amended to bring it in line with more conservative positions held by the SBC. In the wake of the subsequent dismissal or resignation of a large percentage of the faculty, Southern has replaced them with new professors who agree to adhere to the BF&M in addition to the seminary's Abstract of Principles. In 2005, Southern revised its pastoral care and counseling major. It ended the counseling program which it had been offering since the 1950s, under Wayne Oates and his colleagues. It replaced it with the "Nouthetic Counseling" or Bible-based counseling program, championed by Jay E. Adams since the 1970s. The dean of Southern Seminary's school of theology stated that the change was necessary because a successful integration of modern psychology and theology was not possible. Notable associates Alumni Jason K. Allen, President of Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary 2012โ€“Present Charles C. Baldwin, Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force 2004โ€“2008 Reginald Bibby, sociologist LaVerne Butler, pastor of 9th & O Baptist Church in Louisville, 1969โ€“1988; president of Mid-Continent University in Mayfield, 1988โ€“1997, leader of conservative resurgence in Southern Baptist Convention in the 1970s and 1980s Douglas Carver, Chief of Chaplains of the United States Army 2007โ€“2011 Chris Clarke, missionary to the equestrian community in Kentucky and neighboring states Dondi E. Costin, Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force 2015โ€“2018, 6th President of Liberty University 2023โ€“Present W.A. Criswell, pastor of the First Baptist Church of Dallas, Texas; author; and president of the Southern Baptist Convention (1969โ€“1970). Miguel A. De La Torre, author on Hispanic religious life; social ethics professor at Iliff School of Theology in Denver, CO, 1999โ€“present. Mark Dever, pastor of Capitol Hill Baptist Church; well-known speaker, author, and theologian. Amzi Dixon, pastor of Moody Church, Chicago, IL (1906โ€“1911); and Metropolitan Tabernacle, London, England (1911โ€“1919). Wilmer Clemont Fields (1922โ€“2018), vice president for public relations for the Southern Baptist Convention; editor of Baptist Record and Baptist Program; director of the Baptist Press. Steven Furtick, pastor of Elevation Church; well-known pastor, speaker, and author. Jimmy Scroggins, Pastor of Family Church in West Palm Beach (multi campus neighborhood strategy church), creator of 3 Circles Evangelism Tool, former Dean of Boyce College. David P. Gushee, Christian ethicist, historian, public intellectual, and Holocaust scholar. Paul R. House, scholar, author, and seminary professor. Ben Campbell Johnson, Professor Emeritus at Columbia Theological Seminary, author Clarence Jordan, founder of Koinonia Farm (forerunner of Habitat for Humanity) and Greek scholar who translated the New Testament into a Cotton Patch version using the vernacular of the Civil Rights era in the South. R.T. Kendall, pastor of Westminster Chapel, London, England, 1977โ€“2002. Pleasant Daniel Gold, Baptist pastor and newspaper publisher Matt Lockett, member of the Kentucky House of Representatives for the 39th District, 2021โ€“Present David Gordon Lyon, Hollis Chair at Harvard Divinity School and founding curator of Semitic Museum James Merritt, pastor, president of the Southern Baptist Convention from 2000 to 2002 Russell D. Moore, second president of the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission. J. Frank Norris, fundamentalist Baptist pastor, trustee at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, established Arlington Baptist College. Grady Nutt, religious humorist and national television personality; died in air crash, 1982. Wayne Oates, an American psychologist and religious educator who coined the word 'workaholic'. Luis G. Pedraja, Latino theologian, philosopher, author, scholar and educator Cicero Washington Pruitt, missionary to Northern China. Bronson Ray, Executive Secretary of the Foreign Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention (1928โ€“1932). William Bell Riley, late founder of the World Christian Fundamentals Association Lee Roberson, founder of Tennessee Temple University, influential leader in the Southwide Baptist Fellowship, and former pastor of Highland Park Baptist Church in Chattanooga, Tennessee Gregory Alan Thornbury, president of The King's College in New York City (2013โ€“2018). Jeff Struecker, pastor, author, and former US Army Ranger Chaplain. Ed Stetzer, author, speaker, researcher, pastor, church planter, and Christian missiologist. John D. W. Watts, Old Testament Scholar and Theologian, Old Testament Editor for the Word Biblical Commentary, Professor. Edwin O. Ware Sr., Kentucky native who was first president of Louisiana College in Pineville, Louisiana James Emery White, pastor, author, and Professor of Theology and Culture Steve Willis, pastor and health activist Norman Barton Wood, pastor, author, lecturer Bryant Wright, pastor, president of the Southern Baptist Convention from 2010 to 2011. Faculty Peter Gentry, Old Testament scholar and Semitic linguist. Michael Haykin, Professor of Church History. Timothy Paul Jones, apologist and C. Edwin Gheens Chair of Christian Family Ministry (2007โ€“present), noted for his response to Misquoting Jesus by Bart D. Ehrman and for his critique of family integrated church. Thomas R. Schreiner, New Testament scholar. Crawford Howell Toy (1869โ€“1879), Hebrew and Old Testament scholar. Dismissed for his views on biblical inspiration and evolution. Bruce Ware, theologian, former Chairman of the Department of Biblical and Systematic Theology at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School and former president of the Evangelical Theological Society. Presidents See also Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary Religion in Louisville, Kentucky References Further reading Mark R. Wilson. William Owen Carver's Controversies in the Baptist South (Mercer University Press; 2010) 235 pages. Biography of a prominent professor (1868โ€“1954) at The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary who was involved in several major controversies in the denomination. Robert P. Jones, White Too Long โ€“ The Legacy of White Supremacy in American Christianity (Simon & Schuster Paperbacks; 2020) 314 pages. External links Southern Baptist Theological Seminary Collection โ€“ Furman University Special Collections Universities and colleges established in 1859 1859 establishments in South Carolina 1877 establishments in Kentucky Seminaries and theological colleges affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention Baptist organizations established in the 19th century Baptist Christianity in Kentucky Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Christianity in Louisville, Kentucky Seminaries and theological colleges in Kentucky Universities and colleges in Louisville, Kentucky
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%B9%98%EB%B3%BC%EB%93%9C%20%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%8D%94%20%ED%98%B8%EC%A7%80
์•„์น˜๋ณผ๋“œ ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋” ํ˜ธ์ง€
์•„์น˜๋ณผ๋“œ ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋” ํ˜ธ์ง€(Archibald Alexander Hodge, 1823๋…„ 7์›” 18์ผ โ€“ 1886๋…„ 11์›” 12์ผ)๋Š” 1823๋…„ 7์›” 18์ผ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์‹ ํ•™์ž ์ฐฐ์Šค ํ˜ธ์ง€์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ 1878๋…„์—์„œ 1886๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šคํ„ด ์‹ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์กฐ์ง์‹ ํ•™์„ ๊ฐ•์˜ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์žฅ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” 1823๋…„ 7์›” 18์ผ ๋‰ด์ €์ง€ ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šคํ„ด์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์™€ ์ฐฐ์Šค ํ•ซ์ง€์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šคํ„ด ์‹ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์ฒซ ๊ต์žฅ, ์•„์น˜๋ณผ๋“œ ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋”์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์„œ ์ฐฐ์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ•ซ์ง€๋Š” 1841๋…„ ๋‰ด์ €์ง€ ๋Œ€ํ•™ (ํ›„๊ธฐ ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šคํ„ด ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต)์— ์ž…ํ•™ํ•œ ํ›„ 1847๋…„ ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šคํ„ด ์‹ ํ•™๊ต์— ์ž…ํ•™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ธ๋„์—์„œ 3๋…„๊ฐ„ (1847 โ€“ 1850) ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ด‰์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋ฆด๋žœ๋“œ ์ฃผ ๋กœ์–ด ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ ๋…ธํŒ…์—„ (1851 โ€“ 1855) , ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ ํ”„๋ ˆ ๋” ๋ฆญ์Šค ๋ฒ„๊ทธ (1855 โ€“ 1861) , ํŽœ์‹ค๋ฒ ์ด๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ ์œŒํฌ์Šค ๋ฐ”๋ ˆ (1861 โ€“ 1864)์—์„œ ๋ชฉํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1864๋…„์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ํŽœ์‹ค๋ฒ ์ด๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ ํ”ผ์ธ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์„œ๋ถ€ ์‹ ํ•™๊ต (์ดํ›„ ํ”ผ์ธ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ ์‹ ํ•™๊ต )์˜ ์กฐ์ง์‹ ํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ดˆ์ฒญ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” 1877๋…„์— ์กฐ์ง์‹ ํ•™์ž๋กœ ์ €๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์ฐฐ์Šค ํ•ซ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šคํ„ด ์‹ ํ•™๊ต์— ์กฐ๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ดˆ์ฒญ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 1878๋…„์—๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์‹ ํ•™๊ณผ๋ชฉ์˜ ์ •๊ต์ˆ˜์ง์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ์‹ ํ•™ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹ ํ•™์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ข…๊ต๊ณผํ•™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„ํ–‰๋ฌผ The Rule of Faith and Practice The Protestant rule of faith The Rules of Interpreting Scripture The Holy Scriptures - Canon and Inspiration (Part 1) (Part 2) The Inspiration of the Bible Commentary on the Westminster Confession of Faith God - His Nature And Relation To The Universe Assurance and Humility A Short History of Creeds and Confessions God's Covenants With Man--The Church Baptism The Mode of Baptism Sanctification (revised by B.B. Warfield) Free Will Outlines of Theology Justification (Part 1) (Part 2) (Part 3) Predestination Selected Essays by Archibald Alexander Hodge A commentary on the Confession of Faith : with questions for theological students and Bible classes (1869) https://archive.org/details/commentaryonconf00hodguoft (Robarts - University of Toronto) (1869) https://archive.org/details/acommentaryonthe00hodguoft (Knox - University of Toronto) (1869) https://archive.org/details/commentaryonconf00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) (1901 printing) https://archive.org/details/commentaryonconf1901hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) A commentary on the confession of faith [of the Assembly of divines] ed. by W.H. Goold (1870) https://archive.org/details/acommentaryonco00hodggoog (Oxford University) Comentario de la Confesion de fe de Westminster de la Iglesia Presbiteriana (1897) https://archive.org/details/comentariodelaco00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) The atonement (1867) (1867) https://archive.org/details/theatonement00hodguoft (Trinity College - University of Toronto) (1867) https://archive.org/details/atonement00hodguoft (Robarts - University of Toronto) (1867) https://archive.org/details/atonement00publgoog (New York Public Library) (1867) https://archive.org/details/atonement00hodg (New York Public Library) Outlines of theology (1860) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo1860hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) (1861) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) (1863) https://archive.org/details/outlinestheolog03hodggoog (Harvard University) (1863) (ed. by W.H. Goold) https://archive.org/details/outlinestheolog01hodggoog (Oxford University) (1865) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo1865hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) (1866) https://archive.org/details/outlinestheolog02hodggoog (unknown library) (1876) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheo00hodg (New York Public Library) (1877) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo00hodguoft (Emmanuel - University of Toronto) (1878) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo1878hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) (1879) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo1879hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) (1879) (ed. by W.H. Goold) https://archive.org/details/outlinestheolog00hodggoog (Oxford University) There is also a companion to this book by William Passmore (1873)A compendium of evangelical theology given in the words of holy Scripture https://archive.org/details/acompendiumevan00unkngoog The life of Charles Hodge ... professor in the Theological seminary, Princeton, N.J. (1880) https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharleshodg00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharleshod00hodg0 (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharlesh00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharleshod00hodgrich (University of California Libraries) https://archive.org/details/lifecharleshodg01hodggoog (University of California) https://archive.org/details/lifecharleshodg02hodggoog (New York Public Library) (1881) https://archive.org/details/lifecharleshodg00hodggoog (Oxford University) Popular lectures on theological themes (1887) https://archive.org/details/popularlectures00hodggoog https://archive.org/details/popularlectures00publgoog https://archive.org/details/popularlectures00hodguoft https://archive.org/details/popularlectureso00hodg Inspiration (1881) (Reprinted from the Presbyterian review, April, 1881) https://archive.org/details/inspiration00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) Westminster doctrine anent holy scripture : tractates by professors A. A. Hodge and Warfield (1891) https://archive.org/details/westminsterdoct00howi (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) Manual of forms for baptism, admission to the communion, administration of the Lord's Supper, marriage and funerals : conformed to the doctrine and discipline of the Presbyterian Church (1877) https://archive.org/details/manualofformsfor00hodg https://archive.org/details/manualofforms00hodg (1882 copyright, 1883 published) https://archive.org/details/manualofforms00hodguoft (Emmanuel - University of Toronto) The system of theology contained in the Westminster shorter catechism opened and explained (1888) https://archive.org/details/systemoftheology00hodg Questions on the text of the Systematic Theology of Dr. Charles Hodge : together with an exhibition of various schemes illustrating the principles of theological construction (by A. A. Hodge)(1885) https://archive.org/details/questionsontexto00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) Address at the funeral of the Rev. Henry Augustus Boardman, D.D. (1881) https://archive.org/details/addressatfuneral00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) Van Dyke, Joseph Smith (1886) Theism and evolution : an examination of modern speculative theories as related to theistic conceptions of the universe. With an introduction by Archibal Alexander Hodge https://archive.org/details/theismandevolut00vanduoft (Trinity College - University of Toronto) https://archive.org/details/theismevolutione00vand (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ๊ฐ์ฃผ 1886๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง 1823๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šคํ„ด ์‹ ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šคํ„ด ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์žฅ๋กœ๊ต๋„ ์กฐ์ง์‹ ํ•™์ž ์นผ๋ฑ…ํŒŒ์™€ ๊ฐœํ˜ํŒŒ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์ธ ์žฅ๋กœ๊ต ๋ชฉ์‚ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ณต์Œ์ฃผ์˜์ž
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald%20Alexander%20Hodge
Archibald Alexander Hodge
Archibald Alexander Hodge (July 18, 1823 โ€“ November 12, 1886), an American Presbyterian leader, was the principal of Princeton Seminary between 1878 and 1886. Biography He was born on July 18, 1823, to Sarah and Charles Hodge in Princeton, New Jersey. He was named after Charles' mentor, the first principal of Princeton Seminary, Archibald Alexander. Hodge attended the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University) in 1841 and then Princeton Theological Seminary in 1847. He served as a missionary in India for three years (1847โ€“1850). He held pastorates at Lower West Nottingham, Maryland (1851โ€“1855), Fredericksburg, Virginia (1855โ€“1861), and Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania (1861โ€“1864). In 1864 he accepted a call to the chair of systematic theology in Western Theological Seminary (later Pittsburgh Theological Seminary) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. There he remained until in 1877 he was called to Princeton to be the associate of his father, Charles Hodge, in the distinguished chair of systematic theology. He took on the full responsibilities of the chair of systematic theology in 1878. He died on November 12, 1886, in Princeton, New Jersey, from "a severe cold ... which settled in his kidneys". Influence At the time of his death, he was a trustee of the College of New Jersey and a leader in the Presbyterian Church. His interests extended beyond religion. He touched the religious world at many points. During the years immediately preceding his death he did not slacken his work, but continued his work of writing, preaching, lecturing, making addresses, coming into contact with men, influencing them, and by doing so widening the influence of Christianity. Among the most influential was an article titled Inspiration that began a series in the Presbyterian Review which established the discipline of biblical theology as a historical science. This article was coauthored with B. B. Warfield in 1880. Characteristics Hodge's distinguishing characteristic as a theologian was his power as a thinker. He had a mind of singular acuteness, and though never a professed student of metaphysics, he was essentially and by nature a metaphysician. His theology was that of the Reformed confessions. He had no peculiar views and no peculiar method of organizing theological dogmas; in this he may be identified with his father, who claimed at the end of his life that he had taught and written nothing new. Though he taught the same theology that his father had taught before him, he was independent as well as reverent. His first book and that by which he is best known was his Outlines of Theology (New York City, 1860; enlarged ed., 1878; reprinted 1996, ), which was translated into Welsh, modern Greek, and Hindustani. The Atonement (Philadelphia, 1867; reprinted 1989, ) is still one of the best treatises on the subject. This was followed by his commentary on the Westminster Confession of Faith (1869, ), a very useful book, full of clear thinking and compact statement. He contributed some important articles to encyclopedias โ€“ Johnson's, McClintock and Strong's, and the Schaff-Herzog (the Schaff-Herzog encyclopedia furnished the kernel from which this article developed). He was one of the founders of the Presbyterian Review, to the pages of which he was a frequent contributor. Sermons In the pulpit, Hodge had few sermons, and he preached them frequently. They were never written nor deliberately planned. They grew from small beginnings and, as he went through the process of thinking them over as often as he preached them, they gradually became more elaborate. Publications The Rule of Faith and Practice The Protestant rule of faith The Rules of Interpreting Scripture The Holy Scriptures - Canon and Inspiration (Part 1) (Part 2) The Inspiration of the Bible Commentary on the Westminster Confession of Faith God - His Nature And Relation To The Universe Assurance and Humility A Short History of Creeds and Confessions God's Covenants With Man--The Church Baptism The Mode of Baptism Sanctification (revised by B.B. Warfield) Free Will Outlines of Theology Justification (Part 1) (Part 2) (Part 3) Predestination Selected Essays by Archibald Alexander Hodge A commentary on the Confession of Faith : with questions for theological students and Bible classes (1869) https://archive.org/details/commentaryonconf00hodguoft (Robarts - University of Toronto) (1869) https://archive.org/details/acommentaryonthe00hodguoft (Knox - University of Toronto) (1869) https://archive.org/details/commentaryonconf00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) (1901 printing) https://archive.org/details/commentaryonconf1901hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) A commentary on the confession of faith [of the Assembly of divines] ed. by W.H. Goold (1870) https://archive.org/details/acommentaryonco00hodggoog (Oxford University) Comentario de la Confesion de fe de Westminster de la Iglesia Presbiteriana (1897) https://archive.org/details/comentariodelaco00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) The atonement (1867) (1867) https://archive.org/details/theatonement00hodguoft (Trinity College - University of Toronto) (1867) https://archive.org/details/atonement00hodguoft (Robarts - University of Toronto) (1867) https://archive.org/details/atonement00publgoog (New York Public Library) (1867) https://archive.org/details/atonement00hodg (New York Public Library) Outlines of theology (1860) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo1860hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) (1861) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) (1863) https://archive.org/details/outlinestheolog03hodggoog (Harvard University) (1863) (ed. by W.H. Goold) https://archive.org/details/outlinestheolog01hodggoog (Oxford University) (1865) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo1865hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) (1866) https://archive.org/details/outlinestheolog02hodggoog (unknown library) (1876) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheo00hodg (New York Public Library) (1877) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo00hodguoft (Emmanuel - University of Toronto) (1878) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo1878hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) (1879) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo1879hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) (1879) (ed. by W.H. Goold) https://archive.org/details/outlinestheolog00hodggoog (Oxford University) There is also a companion to this book by William Passmore (1873)A compendium of evangelical theology given in the words of holy Scripture https://archive.org/details/acompendiumevan00unkngoog The life of Charles Hodge ... professor in the Theological seminary, Princeton, N.J. (1880) https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharleshodg00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharleshod00hodg0 (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharlesh00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharleshod00hodgrich (University of California Libraries) https://archive.org/details/lifecharleshodg01hodggoog (University of California) https://archive.org/details/lifecharleshodg02hodggoog (New York Public Library) (1881) https://archive.org/details/lifecharleshodg00hodggoog (Oxford University) Popular lectures on theological themes (1887) https://archive.org/details/popularlectures00hodggoog https://archive.org/details/popularlectures00publgoog https://archive.org/details/popularlectures00hodguoft https://archive.org/details/popularlectureso00hodg Inspiration (1881) (Reprinted from the Presbyterian review, April, 1881) https://archive.org/details/inspiration00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) Westminster doctrine anent holy scripture : tractates by professors A. A. Hodge and Warfield (1891) https://archive.org/details/westminsterdoct00howi (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) Manual of forms for baptism, admission to the communion, administration of the Lord's Supper, marriage and funerals : conformed to the doctrine and discipline of the Presbyterian Church (1877) https://archive.org/details/manualofformsfor00hodg https://archive.org/details/manualofforms00hodg (1882 copyright, 1883 published) https://archive.org/details/manualofforms00hodguoft (Emmanuel - University of Toronto) The system of theology contained in the Westminster shorter catechism opened and explained (1888) https://archive.org/details/systemoftheology00hodg Questions on the text of the Systematic Theology of Dr. Charles Hodge : together with an exhibition of various schemes illustrating the principles of theological construction (by A. A. Hodge)(1885) https://archive.org/details/questionsontexto00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) Address at the funeral of the Rev. Henry Augustus Boardman, D.D. (1881) https://archive.org/details/addressatfuneral00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) Van Dyke, Joseph Smith (1886) Theism and evolution : an examination of modern speculative theories as related to theistic conceptions of the universe. With an introduction by d Alexander Hodge https://archive.org/details/theismandevolut00vanduoft (Trinity College - University of Toronto) https://archive.org/details/theismevolutione00vand (Princeton Theological Seminary Library) Articles References External links 1823 births 1886 deaths American Calvinist and Reformed theologians American Presbyterians American evangelicals Princeton Theological Seminary faculty People from Fredericksburg, Virginia Presbyterian Church in the United States of America ministers Christianity in Pittsburgh Religious leaders from Pittsburgh Contributors to the Schaffโ€“Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge 19th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians Presidents of Calvinist and Reformed seminaries Pittsburgh Theological Seminary faculty Princeton University alumni Princeton Theological Seminary alumni 19th-century American clergy
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0%20%EC%9E%A5%EB%8B%98%20%EC%B9%98%EB%A3%8C
์˜ˆ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฅ๋‹˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ
์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณต๊ด€๋ณต์Œ์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋‚œ ์ „์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์˜ˆ๋ฆฌ๊ณ (๊ณต๋™๋ฒˆ์—ญ), ์—ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ (๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต), ์˜ˆ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”(๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ)์—์„œ์˜ ์žฅ๋‹˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๋ฅด์ฝ”์˜ ๋ณต์Œ์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์žฅ๋‹˜์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๋งค์˜ค(๊ณต๋™๋ฒˆ์—ญ, ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ), ๋ฐ”๋””๋งค์˜ค(๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต) ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋งˆํƒœ์˜ค์˜ ๋ณต์Œ์„œ์™€ ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ณต์Œ์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ„์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ œ์ž๋“ค์ด ์˜ˆ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์— ๋“ค๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ์„ ๋– ๋‚  ๋•Œ ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๋งค์˜ค๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ž ์ž ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๊พธ์ง–์„ ๋•Œ์—๋„ "๋‹ค์œ—์˜ ์ž์† ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ์Œํžˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์†Œ์„œ!"๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ง–๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ผ ํ•œ ๋’ค ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌป๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๋งค์˜ค๋Š” ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณง ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ด๋ฅธ ๋ฒ„์ „์ธ ๋งˆ๊ฐ€๋ณต์Œ 10:46-52์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๋งค์˜ค(ํ‹ฐ๋งค์˜ค์˜ ์•„๋“ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป)๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ˆˆ๋จผ ๊ฑฐ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„์˜ ์น˜์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ด๋“ค์ค‘์— ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฅ˜ํ•€(Uryupin)์˜ ์‹ ํ•™์ž ์˜ฌ๋ ‰ ๋ชฐ๋ Œ์ฝ”(Oleg Molenko)๋Š” ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์น˜์œ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ค‘์— ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋“ค์€ ํ›„๋Œ€์˜ ๊ตํšŒ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๋ด‰์‚ฌํ•œ ์ž๋“ค์ด๊ณ , ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ž๋“ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ, ์š”ํ•œ๋ณต์Œ 5:2-15์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชป ์˜†์˜ 38๋…„๊ฐ„ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์นœ ๋’ค ๋” ์‹ฌํ•ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์‹œ๋Š” ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ(5:14)๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ดํ›„์— ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ง“๋Š” ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์šธ์–ด์ง„๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๋งค์˜ค๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋”ฐ๋ž๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณต์Œ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ณธ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๋งค์˜ค๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ "๋‹ค์œ—์˜ ์ž์† ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ์Œํžˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์†Œ์„œ!"๋ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋„์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜์  ์‹œ์•ผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋™๋ฐฉ์ •๊ตํšŒ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‹ ํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋„ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋˜ ๊ทธ ๋งน์ธ์€ ๊ฒ‰์˜ท์„ ๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์•„์˜ค๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์†Œ์œ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋’ค์— ๋‘๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๊ป˜ ๋‚˜์•„์™€์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งน์ธ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์ธ "๋‹ค์œ—์˜ ์ž์†"์€ ์˜ค์ง ๋งˆ๊ฐ€๋ณต์Œ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์ธ๋ฐ, ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์•„๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆํƒœ๋ณต์Œ 20:29-34์—๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋‘ ๋ช…์˜ ๋งน์ธ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ธธ ๊ฐ€์— ์•‰์•„์žˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ '๋ถˆ์Œํžˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ ' ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ„์ „์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ž๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ ๋งˆํƒœ๋ณต์Œ 9:27-31์—์„œ๋„ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ์ณ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ž€ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์€ ๋’ค ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜์ž, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฏฟ์Œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋งŒ์ ธ ๋ฐํ˜€์ค€๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด ์ผ์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•˜๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ผ์„ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€๋ณต์Œ 18:35-43์€ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋งน์ธ์„ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚  ๋•Œ ๋งˆ์ฃผ์นœ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์—ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋˜ ์ค‘์— ๋งˆ์ฃผ์นœ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‚ญ๊ฐœ์˜ค์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์•ž์— ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์œ—์˜ ์ž์† ๋ฒ„๋…ผ K. ๋กœ๋นˆ์Šค(Vernon K. Robbins)๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๋งค์˜ค์˜ ์น˜์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๊ฐ€๋ณต์Œ์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์น˜์œ ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ , ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜์—์„œ ํ•œ ๋‹ค์œ—์˜ ์ž์†์˜ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ธ์ž์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋‚œ์„ ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด์ „์— ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นœ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ง“๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด ๋งน์ธ์˜ ์น˜์œ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์™€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ œ์ž๋“ค์ด '๋งน์ธ'์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๋จ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ฑ„ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ํ†ต๋ฐ›์•„ ์ฃฝ์–ด์„œ ๋งˆ๊ฐ€๋ณต์Œ 15: 39์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ด๋ฐฉ์ธ๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ์ธ ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ง“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํด๋ผ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ๋ฆญ์„ผ(Paula Fredriksen)์€ "๋‹ค์œ—์˜ ์ž์†"๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ‘œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‹ญ์ž๊ฐ€ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ™œ ์ดํ›„์— ๋ถ™์—ฌ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋งˆํƒœ์™€ ๋งˆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์ด ์น˜์œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์—์„œ "๋‹ค์œ—์˜ ์ž์†"์ด๋ผ ์„ ํฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ "์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์—, ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ณ ๋‚œ์„ ์˜ˆ๊ณ "ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. "๋‹ค์œ—์˜ ์ž์†"์€ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์•„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋งˆ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๋งค์˜ค์˜ ์™ธ์นจ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ธํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋น„๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งˆ๊ฐ€๋ณต์Œ 8:27-30์˜ ๋ฒ ๋“œ๋กœ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑ ์ดํ›„ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๋งค์˜ค ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๋งค์˜ค๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์€ (1) ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด๊ณ , (2) ์…ˆ์–ด์™€ ํ—ฌ๋ผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, (3) "ํ‹ฐ๋งค์˜ค์˜ ์•„๋“ค"์„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ๋“ค์ด ์ด ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ์‹ค์กด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ”Œ๋ผํ†ค์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ก ๊ณผ ์‹ ํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €์ž‘์ธ ํ‹ฐ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค์Šค๋ฅผ ๋น„์œ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ผํ†ค์€ ์ด ์ €์ž‘์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋” ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹ ์•ฝ ์† ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ถ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ณต์ƒ์•  ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋น„์œ  ๋ฒ ์‹ธ์ด๋‹ค์˜ ์†Œ๊ฒฝ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ Paula Fredriksen, From Jesus to Christ (2000), Vernon K. Robbins, Jesus the Teacher: A Socio-Rhetorical Interpretation of Mark 2009, ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๋งค์˜ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค ์‹ค๋ช… ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์  ์ดˆ์ž์—ฐ์  ์น˜์œ 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healing%20the%20blind%20near%20Jericho
Healing the blind near Jericho
Each of the three Synoptic Gospels tells of Jesus healing the blind near Jericho, as he passed through that town, shortly before his passion. The Gospel of Mark tells of the curing of a man named Bartimaeus, healed by Jesus as he is leaving Jericho. The Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke include different versions of this story. Narrative The Gospel of Mark () tells of the curing of a blind beggar named Bartimaeus (literally "Son of Timaeus"). He is one of the few recipients of healing whose names evangelists let us know. As Jesus is leaving Jericho with his followers, Bartimaeus calls out: 'Son of David, have mercy on me!' and persists even though the crowd tries to silence him. Jesus has them bring the man to him and asks him what he wants; he asks to be able to see. Jesus tells him that his faith has cured him; he immediately receives his sight and follows Jesus. Apart from telling a miracle story that shows the power of Jesus, the author of the Gospel uses this story to advance a clearly theological purpose. It shows a character who understands who Jesus is and the proper way to respond to him โ€“ with faith. The beggar, on being called to Jesus, discards his cloak, symbolizing the leaving behind of possessions. And the use of the title 'Son of David' โ€“ the only occasion on which this is used in the Gospel of Mark โ€“ serves to identify Jesus as the Messiah. It was also a reference to Jesus' kingly authority, which the Jews would have seen as placing him at odds with Caesar. The emperor was the perceived proper referent of the call of kyrie eleison, as he would have been referred to as kyrios in Greek ('lord' in English). The Gospel of Matthew has two unnamed blind men, sitting by the roadside; Jesus is 'moved by compassion' and touches their eyes. A version of the same story is told earlier in the narrative, when Jesus is preaching in Galilee. On this occasion, he asks the blind men if they believe he can cure them, and when they assure him that they do, he commends their faith and touches their eyes, restoring their sight. He warns them to tell nobody of this, but they go and spread the news throughout the district. (Matthew 9:27-31) The Gospel of Luke handles the story in a different way; there is one unnamed blind man, and the author shifts the incident to take place as Jesus is approaching Jericho, so it can lead into the story of Zacchaeus. Son of David Vernon K. Robbins emphasizes that the healing of Bartimaeus is the last of Jesusโ€™ healings in Mark, and links Jesus' earlier teaching about the suffering and death of the Son of Man with his Son of David activity in Jerusalem. The story blends the Markan emphasis on the disciples' 'blindness' โ€“ their inability to understand the nature of Jesus' messiahship โ€“ with the necessity of following Jesus into Jerusalem, where his suffering and death make him recognizable to Gentiles as Son of God (see Mark 15:39 where, at the crucifixion, the Roman centurion says "surely this man was son of God"). Paula Fredriksen, who believes that titles such as "Son of David" were applied to Jesus only after the crucifixion and resurrection, argued that Mark and Matthew placed that healing with the proclamation "Son of David!" just before "Jesus' departure for Jerusalem, the long-foreshadowed site of his sufferings." The title "Son of David" is a messianic name. Thus, Bartimaeus' exclamation was, according to Mark, the first public acknowledgement of the Christ, after St. Peter's private confession at Mark . Bartimaeus The naming of Bartimaeus is unusual in several respects: (a) the fact that a name is given at all, (b) the strange Semitic-Greek hybrid, with (c) an explicit translation "Son of Timaeus." Some scholars see this as confirmation of a reference to a historical person;<ref>Vincent Taylor. The Gospel according to St. Mark. 1966 St. Martin's Press Inc. p 448.</ref> however, other scholars see a special significance of the story in the figurative reference to Plato's Timaeus who delivers Plato's most important cosmological and theological treatise, involving sight as the foundation of knowledge. Notes See also Life of Jesus in the New Testament Ministry of Jesus Parables of Jesus The Blind Man of Bethsaida References Paula Fredriksen, From Jesus to Christ (2000), Vernon K. Robbins, Jesus the Teacher: A Socio-Rhetorical Interpretation of Mark'' 2009, Mythological blind people Miracles of Jesus Supernatural healing Gospel of Mark Gospel of Matthew Gospel of Luke
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EB%8C%80%ED%98%95%20%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%AC%ED%8F%AC
์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ
์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ(่ถ…ๅคงๅž‹ๆ”พๅฐ„็ ฒ)๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ตœ์‹ ํ˜• 600 mm ๋Œ€๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ตฐ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์ฝ”๋“œ 19-5 SRBM์ด๋‹ค. KN-25๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์‚ฌ์ •ํฌ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธด 380 km์ด๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ 2019๋…„ 8์›” 24์ผ, ๋ถํ•œ์ด ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ—˜๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€์ •์€์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์ฐธ๊ด€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 400 mm ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ธก๋œ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์›จ์ด์Šค ๋กœ์ผ“ WS-2D์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ์ด 425 mm์ด๋‹ค. ์ตœ์†Œ 60 km ์ตœ๋Œ€ 480 km๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ„๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 24์ผ ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ ํ•จ๊ฒฝ๋‚จ๋„ ์„ ๋• ์ผ๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋™ํ•ด ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์ฒด 2๋ฐœ์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ฉ๋™์ฐธ๋ชจ๋ณธ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์ฒด์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋„๋Š” 97 km, ๋น„ํ–‰๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•ฝ 380์—ฌ km๋กœ ํƒ์ง€๋๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ๋Š” ์›ํ†ตํ˜• ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๊ด€ 4๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์— ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋กœ์ผ“ ํƒ„๋‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—๋Š” ์นด๋‚˜๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์œ ๋„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์œ ๋„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์—ฐ์žฅ ๋กœ์ผ“์ด ์œ ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 480 km ์ด๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ, ๋‹ค๋งŒ ํƒ„๋‘์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ํœด์ „์„ ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๊นŒ์ง€ 360 km ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 480 km ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ๋Š” ์ œ์ฃผ๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๋‚จํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ „์—ญ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ„๋‘์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ 90 kg ์ฒœ๋ฌด๋Š” ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์„œ์šธ ๊ฒฝ๋ณต๊ถ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฉด์ ์˜ 70% ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ดˆํ† ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์— ์žํƒ„ 900๋ฐœ์ด ํƒ‘์žฌ๋˜์–ด, ์ถ•๊ตฌ์žฅ 3๊ฐœ ๋ฉด์ ์„ ์ดˆํ† ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ WS-2D์˜ ํƒ„๋‘์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์€ 250 kg์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์—๋Š” 450 mm ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ ์•„์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ์Šค II MLRS๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์งง๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง๊ฒฝ 400 mm๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์ƒํ˜• KN-25: ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ 600 mm, ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 400 km ์‹ ํ˜• KN-25: ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ 600 mm, ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 500 km 2020๋…„ 10์›” ์—ด๋ณ‘์‹์—์„œ KN-25๋Š” 4ยท5ยท6์—ฐ์žฅ ๋“ฑ 3์ข…์ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ํ–ฅํ›„ INF ์กฐ์•ฝ ํ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ์••๋ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ๋“ค์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ •์‚ฌ์‹คํ™” ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ์ค‘๊ตญ๋„ ๋ถํ•œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒจ๋‹จ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ํŒ๋งค๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ œ๊ณต์„ ๋”์šฑ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. INF ์กฐ์•ฝ ํ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€, ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋ถํ•œ๊ตฐ์€ ๋…ธ๋™๊ธ‰ ์ค‘๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ฃผํ•œ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ผ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์€ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ฐ„์˜ INF ์กฐ์•ฝ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋…ธ๋™ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ–ฅํ›„ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์— ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜๋„๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋กœ๋„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๋„์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ํ˜์‹  ์ผ๋Œ€์ผ๋กœ, ์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ IT ์‚ฐ์—… ํ™”์›จ์ด, ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌํ™”์˜ ๊ธฐ์ถ•ํ†ตํ™” ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ ค ๋™๋ถ์•„ ์ฃผํ•œ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ผ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋Œ€ํญ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜๋„๊ฐ€ ์ž์ฃผ ๋ณด๋„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ํ˜์‹  ์ผ๋Œ€์ผ๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ณ  ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ธ๋„ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ ๋งž๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ์„ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ์ตœ์ดˆ์— ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฌธ์žฌ์ธ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ์ค‘๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ๊ตฐ๋น„์ฆ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ฒฐ์€ ๋„๋„๋“œ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์—ฌ์•ผ๊ฐ€ ํ•ฉ์น˜๋œ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋”์šฑ ๋ถํ•œ์— ์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ง€์›์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ•œ๋ฏธ์ผ์€ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋งž๋Œ€์‘ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ตฐ๋น„์ฆ๊ฐ•์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. KN-25 2019๋…„ 9์›” 4์ผ, ๋ถํ•œ์ด 2019๋…„ 8์›” 24์ผ ํ•จ๊ฒฝ๋‚จ๋„ ์„ ๋•์—์„œ ๋™ํ•ด๋กœ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ›„ โ€˜์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌโ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์ฒด์— ์ฃผํ•œ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ด KN-25๋ผ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ช…์„ ๋ถ™์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์ฒด์˜ ์ง๊ฒฝ(ํƒ„๋‘ ์ง€๋ฆ„)์€ 600mm์ด๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์‹ ํ˜• ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌํƒ„๋„๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ(SRBM)๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋๋‹ค. ์ฃผํ•œ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ ์ธ๋„ํƒœํ‰์–‘์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€์™€ ๋ฏธ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€์— ๋ณด๊ณ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ตฐ๊ณผ๋„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ์ •๋ถ€ ์†Œ์‹ํ†ต์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ฃผํ•œ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์€ ์ด ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๋’ค ๋ถํ•œ์ด 7์›” 31์ผ๊ณผ 8์›” 2์ผ์— ์œ ์‹ ํ˜•๋Œ€๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ์กฐ์ข…๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ข…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด ๋” ํฌ๊ณ  ํƒ„์ฒด๋„ ๋” ๊ธด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๋กœ์ผ“์˜ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด 400 mm, 500 mm, 600 mm ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ตฐ ์†Œ์‹ํ†ต์€ โ€œ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์žฅ์ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฌ์œ  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌํƒ„์˜ ์ง๊ฒฝ์€ 400โˆผ500mm๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ข…์šฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๋ณดํฌ๋Ÿผ(KODEF) ์„ ์ž„๋ถ„์„๊ด€์€ ์กฐ์„ ์ผ๋ณด์™€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ "๋ถํ•œ์ด ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์€ 122 mm ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹คโ€๋ฉฐ โ€œ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ํญ 2.5 m ๋“ฑ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด 500mm๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œํ”„๋ฆฌ ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค ์†Œ์žฅ์€ "์•„์ง ์ตœ์ข… ๋ถ„์„์ด ๋‚จ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ˜„์žฌ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” (๋ถํ•œ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ์˜) ํƒ„๋‘ ์ง€๋ฆ„์ด 600 mm๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ปค์Šค ์‰ด๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” "๋กœ์ผ“์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์ด๋ž€์˜ ์ ค์ž˜ ๋˜๋Š” ํŒŒํ…Œ-110 ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ๊ณผ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ค์ž˜ ๋กœ์ผ“์€ ์ง๊ฒฝ 610 mm, ๋ฌด์œ ๋„ ๋กœ์ผ“์ธ๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์œ ๋„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋„ฃ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŒŒํ…Œ-110 ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ž€ ํŒŒํ…Œ-110 ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์˜ ์ตœ์‹  ๋ฒ„์ „์€ ํŒŒํ…Œ-313์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 500 km, ์ง๊ฒฝ 610 mm (24์ธ์น˜)์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์—์ดํƒœํ‚ด์Šค ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ๋„ ์ง๊ฒฝ 610 mm (24์ธ์น˜)์ด๋‹ค. ๋กœ์ผ“ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๊ด€ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด 533 mm ์ด๋ฉด ํ† ๋งˆํ˜ธํฌ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ณ ์ฒด์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ๋กœ์ผ“์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ œํŠธ์—”์ง„์˜ ์ˆœํ•ญ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ์•„์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ์Šค II MLRS๊ฐ€ ์ง๊ฒฝ 450 mm ์ธ๋ฐ, ๊ณ ์ฒด์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋‹ค์—ฐ์žฅ ๋กœ์ผ“ ๋Œ€์‹  ์ˆœํ•ญ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ๋„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ† ๋งˆํ˜ธํฌ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 2500 km์ด๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ํŒ ํ† ๋งˆํ˜ธํฌ์ธ Kh-55๋Š” ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด 533 mm์ธ๋ฐ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ† ๋งˆํ˜ธํฌ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ธธ์–ด์„œ, ์ˆœํ•ญ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 5000 km์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ ํ˜•๋Œ€๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ์กฐ์ข…๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ตฐ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์ฝ”๋“œ 19-2 SRBM, 19-3 SRBM์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜•๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ๋Š” 19-5 SRBM๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ตฐ์€ 2019๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด 600mm๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 480km ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ•์›๋„ ์›์‚ฐ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฉด ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ •๊ถŒ์— ํฌํ•จ๋จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ 12์›” 31์ผ, ํ•ฉ์ฐธ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฐฉ์œ„์„ฑ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด 31์ผ์˜ SRBM 3๋ฐœ์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ณ ๋„ 100km, ๋น„ํ–‰๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 350์—ฌkm๋ฅผ ๋‚ ์•„์„œ KN-25์ผ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ 5์›” 7์ผ, ์‹ ์Šน๊ธฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์œ„์›์€ '๋ถํ•œ ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ตฐ ์ฐฝ๊ฑด ์ฃผ๋…„ ๊ธฐ๋… ์—ด๋ณ‘์‹ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ํ•จ์˜' ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ "๊ธฐ์กด KN-25์™€ ์‹ ํ˜• KN-25 ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ชจ๋‘ 4์ถ• ์ฐจ๋ฅœํ˜•์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ „๋ฐฉ 2์ถ•๊ณผ ํ›„๋ฐฉ 2์ถ• ์‚ฌ์ด ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์†Œํญ ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ "๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด KN-25 ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ „์žฅ์ด ์†Œํญ ํ™•๋Œ€๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” "ํ™•๋Œ€๋œ ์ „์žฅ๋งŒํผ ์ถ”์ง„์ œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํƒ‘์žฌ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ KN-25(400~500ใŽž) ๋Œ€๋น„ ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 500ใŽž ์ „ํ›„๋กœ ์†Œํญ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜๋ฉฐ ํƒ„๋‘ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ ์—ญ์‹œ ์†Œํญ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ "๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์ „์—ญ์ด ์‹ ํ˜• KN-25 ์‚ฌ์ •๊ถŒ์— ํฌํ•จ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ง๋œ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2023๋…„ 1์›” 1์ผ, ํ•ฉ๋™์ฐธ๋ชจ๋ณธ๋ถ€๋Š” "๋ถํ•œ์ด 2์‹œ 50๋ถ„๊ป˜ ํ‰์–‘ ์šฉ์„ฑ ์ผ๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋™ํ•ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ 1๋ฐœ์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ ํƒ„๋„๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์€ 400km๋ฅผ ๋น„ํ–‰ ํ›„ ๋™ํ•ด์ƒ์— ํƒ„์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ก 2020๋…„ 3์›” 2์ผ, ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜•๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ 2๋ฐœ์„ 20์ดˆ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋™ํ•ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 6์ฐจ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ, ๊ณ ๋„ 35 km, ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 240 km์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ณ ๊ณ ๋„ 30 km์ธ ํŒจํŠธ๋ฆฌ์–ดํŠธ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋น„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ์ €๊ณ ๋„ 50 km์ธ ์‚ฌ๋“œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋น„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์‚ฐ ์ฒœ๊ถ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์€ ์ตœ๊ณ ๊ณ ๋„๊ฐ€ 15 km๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณด๋„๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , 40 km๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณด๋„๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ์š”๊ฒฉ ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•Š๋‹ค. 240 km ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ‰ํƒ ์ฃผํ•œ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์บ ํ”„ ํ—˜ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฒจ๋ƒฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒํ…Œ-110 ์ง๊ฒฝ 600 mm ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜•๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ง๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ๋กœ, ์ด๋ž€์˜ ์ง๊ฒฝ 610 mm ํŒŒํ…Œ-110 SRBM์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฒ„์ „์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 200-300 km, ํƒ„๋‘์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ 450-650 kg, ์†๋„ ๋งˆํ•˜3-5, ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜•๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํƒ„๋‘๋ถ€์— ์นด๋‚˜๋“œ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ ์ด๋ž€์€ ํŒŒํ…Œ ๋ชจ๋นˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ํ‚คํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ‚คํŠธ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํŒŒํ…Œ-110 ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์— ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ข…๋ง์œ ๋„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ์™ธ์„  ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ์œ ๋„์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํƒ‘์žฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘ ์ด๋ž€์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถํ•œ์ด ํƒ„๋‘์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ 500 kg์ธ SRBM์„ ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•œ ์ ์€ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, ํƒ„๋‘์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ 500 kg์ด๋ฉด 500 kt ์ˆ˜์†Œํญํƒ„์„ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ 12์›” 31์ผ, ๊น€์ •์€ ๋ถํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฌด์œ„์›์žฅ์€ 31์ผ๊ณผ 1์ผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ(600ใŽœ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด "๋‚จ์กฐ์„ ์ „์—ญ์„ ์‚ฌ์ •๊ถŒ์— ๋‘๊ณ  ์ „์ˆ ํ•ตํƒ‘์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ˜• ๋ฌด๊ธฐ"๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„  ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น ์ค‘์•™์œ„์›ํšŒ ์ œ8๊ธฐ 6์ฐจ์ „์›ํšŒ์˜ ์—ฐ์„ค์—์„œ ์ด๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ ๊ตญ์ œํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์˜ ์ œํ”„๋ฆฌ ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋น„ํ™•์‚ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์†Œ์žฅ์€ โ€œ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ๋Š” ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘ ํƒ‘์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒโ€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ „๋ง์„ ๋‚ด๋†จ๋‹ค. ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค ์†Œ์žฅ์€ โ€œ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์œ ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ท„๊ณ , 600ใŽœ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ(์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ)๋Š” ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘ ํƒ‘์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒโ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋‹ค๋ดค๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ•œ ๋‹น๊ตญ์ž๋Š” โ€œ๋ถํ•œ์ด 2016๋…„ 3์›”์— ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ง๊ฒฝ(๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ) 600mm์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹คโ€๋ฉฐ โ€œ600mm ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜•๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ์— ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘์— ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ์ด ์ž‘์•„์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 7์ฐจ ํ•ต์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง๊ฒฝ 600mm๋ฏธ๋งŒ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒโ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋‹ค๋ดค๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ถํ•œ์ด ๊ทผ๋ž˜์— ํ•ต์‹คํ—˜ ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์นœ ํ•จ๊ฒฝ๋ถ๋„ ๊ธธ์ฃผ๊ตฐ ํ’๊ณ„๋ฆฌ ํ•ต์‹คํ—˜์žฅ 3๋ฒˆ ๊ฐฑ๋„์—์„œ 7์ฐจ ํ•ต์‹คํ—˜์„ ๊ฐํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ ๋“ฑ์— ํƒ‘์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์†Œํ˜•ํ™”๋œ ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ด ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋Š” ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋‘ํ˜„ ์•„์‚ฐ์ •์ฑ…์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ์ˆ˜์„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์œ„์›์€ 11์ผ '๋ถํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‚จ/๋Œ€์™ธ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€? : ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜-19 ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ'๋ž€ ๊ธ€์—์„œ "'์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ๋Š” ์ค‘ยท์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•ต์ „๋ ฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์™€ ๊ทธ ์ธ๊ทผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด๋ฉฐ ํ•ต ํƒ‘์žฌ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. 600ใŽœ๊ธ‰ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ์— ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ต์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋ƒ‰์ „ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋•Œ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ์ „์ˆ ํ•ต ์ค‘ 155ใŽœใ†203ใŽœ ๊ณก์‚ฌํฌ ํฌํƒ„์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ํ•ต์ง€๋ขฐใ†ํ•ต๋ฐฐ๋‚ญ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1950๋…„๋Œ€์™€ 1960๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•ตํญํƒ„์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ W54 ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘๋กœ์„œ, ์ง๊ฒฝ 10.75 ์ธ์น˜ (270 mm), ๊ธธ์ด 15.7 ์ธ์น˜ (400 mm), ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ 23 kg (50 lbs)์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹ ํƒ€์ด๋จธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ ํ™”๋˜๋ฉฐ, TNT 10 ํ†ค์—์„œ 1 KT ํญ๋ฐœ๋ ฅ์ด๋‹ค. W54 ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘๋Š” ๋ฐ์ด๋น„ ํฌ๋กœ์ผ“ ํ•ต๋Œ€ํฌ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ† ๋งˆํ˜ธํฌ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์— ํƒ‘์žฌ๋˜๋Š” W80 ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘๋Š” ์ง๊ฒฝ 30cm, ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ 130 kg, ํญ๋ฐœ๋ ฅ 150 kt์˜ ์ˆ˜์†Œํญํƒ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ์˜ ์ง๊ฒฝ์€ 600 mm๋‚˜ ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ํ† ๋งˆํ˜ธํฌ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์— ํƒ‘์žฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ง๊ฒฝ 300 mm W80 ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํƒ€๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ 5์›” 5์ผ, ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ๋‹น๊ตญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ 400โˆผ500ใŽ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ 1~2kt(ํ‚ฌ๋กœํ†คยท1kt์€ TNT 1000t์˜ ํญ๋ฐœ๋ ฅ)๊ธ‰ ๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘ ์ œ์ž‘์„ ์™„์„ฑํ•œ ์ •ํ™ฉ์„ ํฌ์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น๊ตญ์ด ํŒŒ์•…ํ•œ ์†Œํ˜• ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘์˜ ์ง๊ฒฝ์€ 60ใŽ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ ํƒ„๋‘์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋Œ€๋žต 500 kg ์ •๋„ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ง๊ฒฝ์€ 600 mm ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ด๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…์ž ํ•ต๋ฌด์žฅ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ ์„œ๊ท ๋ ฌ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ ๊ต์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, 100 kt ์ˆ˜์†Œํญํƒ„์—๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„ 5 kg์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ , ํ•ต์‹คํ—˜๋„ ํ•„์š”์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„œ๊ท ๋ ฌ ๊ต์ˆ˜์˜ 100 kt ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ง๊ฒฝ 600 mm ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘๋“ค์˜ ์ง๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ํญ๋ฐœ๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ •์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง๊ฒฝ 600 mm ํ•ตํญํƒ„์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. B83 ํ•ตํญํƒ„์€ ์ง๊ฒฝ์€ ์ž‘์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ 1ํ†ค์ด๋‚˜ ๋˜์–ด์„œ, ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ์—๋Š” ํƒ‘์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ตํญํƒ„๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ€๋ณ๋‹ค. W70 ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘. ์ง๊ฒฝ 460 mm, ํญ๋ฐœ๋ ฅ 100 kt, ๋ฐ•์ •ํฌ ์ •๋ถ€ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ฃผํ•œ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ๋žœ์Šค ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์— ํƒ‘์žฌ. W85 ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘. ์ง๊ฒฝ 330 mm, ํญ๋ฐœ๋ ฅ 80 kt, ํผ์‹ฑ II ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ. W50 ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘. ์ง๊ฒฝ 390 mm, ํญ๋ฐœ๋ ฅ 400 kt, MGM-31 ํผ์‹ฑ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ. W80 ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘. ์ง๊ฒฝ 300 mm, ํญ๋ฐœ๋ ฅ 150 kt, ํ† ๋งˆํ˜ธํฌ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ B83 ํ•ตํญํƒ„. ์ง๊ฒฝ 460 mm, ํญ๋ฐœ๋ ฅ 1.2๋ฉ”๊ฐ€ํ†ค, B-52, B-1, B-2, F-15E, F-16, F/A-18. ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ค‘ B61 ํ•ตํญํƒ„. ์ง๊ฒฝ 330 mm, ํญ๋ฐœ๋ ฅ 340 kt, B-52, B-1, B-2, F-15E, F-16, F/A-18. ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ค‘ ํ•ต๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ณด์œ ๋Ÿ‰ 2022๋…„ 12์›” 16์ผ, ์ •๋ถ€์ถœ์—ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์€ '2022 ํ•˜๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ ๋ถํ•œ๊ตฐ์‚ฌํฌ๋Ÿผ'์„ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ๊ทœ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ์•ˆ๋ณด์ „๋žต์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ผํ„ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์œ„์›์€ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ถํ•œ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ ๊ณ ๋†์ถ• ์šฐ๋ผ๋Š„์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์•ฝ 2044 kg, ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 78 kg์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๋ณด์œ  ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” 88-89๋ฐœ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. NRDC ํ† ๋จธ์Šค ์ฝ”ํฌ๋ž€ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜ 1995๋…„ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๊ณ ๋†์ถ•์šฐ๋ผ๋Š„ 4 kg, ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„ 2 kg์ด๋ฉด 10 kt ํ•ตํญํƒ„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ณ ๋†์ถ• ์šฐ๋ผ๋Š„ 2044 kg, ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„ 78 kg์ด๋ฉด 10 kt ํ•ตํญํƒ„ 550๋ฐœ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํญ๋ฐœ๋ ฅ์„ ๋†’์ด๋ฉด ํ•ตํญํƒ„ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ ๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…์ž ํ•ต๋ฌด์žฅ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ ์„œ๊ท ๋ ฌ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ ๊ต์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, 100 kt ์ˆ˜์†Œํญํƒ„์—๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„ 5 kg์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ณ ๋†์ถ• ์šฐ๋ผ๋Š„ 2044 kg, ํ”Œ๋ฃจํ† ๋Š„ 78 kg์ด๋ฉด 100 kt ์ˆ˜์†Œํญํƒ„ 220๋ฐœ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๊ตญ์˜์–ธ๋ก ์€ RS-28 ์‚ฌ๋ฅด๋งˆํŠธ ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๋กœ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ „์ฒด(551,695kmยฒ) ํ˜น์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค์ฃผ(695,662kmยฒ) ์ •๋„์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ดˆํ† ํ™” ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ํƒ„๋‘์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ 10ํ†ค์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ LGM-118 ํ”ผ์Šคํ‚คํผ ICBM์€ 300 kt W87 ์ˆ˜์†Œํญํƒ„ 10๋ฐœ์„ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜๊ณ , ํƒ„๋‘์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ 3.6ํ†ค์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฉด์ ์€ 100,210kmยฒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉด, ํƒ„๋‘์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ 1.44ํ†ค, 100 kt ํ•ตํญํƒ„ 12๋ฐœ์ด๋ฉด ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด ์ดˆํ† ํ™” ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ํ•ต๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ณด์œ ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์„ ์ดˆํ† ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋„˜์–ด์„ฐ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, 2022๋…„ 12์›” 31์ผ, ๊น€์ •์€ ๊ตญ๋ฌด์œ„์›์žฅ์€ ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘ ๋ณด์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธ‰์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์นจ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์š”๊ฒฉ ์—ฐ์†๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ ์—ฐ์† ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์—ญ์‹œ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋ผ์™”๋‹ค. ์ง€๋‚œํ•ด๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด์–ด์ง„ ์‹œํ—˜๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๋ฐœ ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์€ 17๋ถ„, 19๋ถ„, 3๋ถ„, 30์ดˆ, 20์ดˆ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ถ•๋๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋ฐœ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ฃผํ•œ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์˜ ์š”๊ฒฉ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง„๋‹ค. ํƒ์ง€์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์žฅ์˜๊ทผ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” "ํ•œ๊บผ๋ฒˆ์— ์ค„์ค„์ด ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ (์š”๊ฒฉ ์ฒด๊ณ„) ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ์ข‹์•„๋„ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ"๋ผ๋ฉฐ "์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 230ใŽž์— ๊ณ ๋„ 30ใŽž๋ฉด 3๋ถ„ ๋‚ด์— ํ•œ๊ตญ์— ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. 3๋ถ„ ๋‚ด๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด ์š”๊ฒฉ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌํƒ„์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜ฌ ๋•Œ ๋งˆํ•˜ 6~7์ด ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํŒจํŠธ๋ฆฌ์–ดํŠธ-3์ด๋‚˜ ํƒ„๋„ํƒ„์š”๊ฒฉ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์ฒ ๋งค๋Š” ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งˆํ•˜ 4~4.5 ๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ชป ์žก๋Š”๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด์„œ "์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐํŒŒ์ธ(ํƒ„๋„ํƒ„์กฐ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๋ ˆ์ด๋”)์ด๋‚˜ ์ด์ง€์Šคํ•จ ๋ ˆ์ด๋”๋กœ ํƒ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ (๋ถํ•œ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์ฒด๊ฐ€) ์˜ฌ๋ผ์™€์„œ 20์ดˆ ์ด์ƒ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ์•ผ ์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด. ์šด ๋‚˜์˜๋ฉด 40~50์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ "๋น„ํ–‰์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด 3๋ถ„์ธ๋ฐ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‚˜. ์กฐ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ณด ์œ„์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋ง๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ๋Š” ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด 60cm๋กœ ์ž‘๊ณ , ๋™์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ, ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋ฐœ์ด ๋‚ ์•„์˜ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐฉ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋น„ํ–‰๊ณ ๋„๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 35km์—ฌ์„œ ์ฃผํ•œ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์˜ ํŒจํŠธ๋ฆฌ์–ดํŠธ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์š”๊ฒฉ ๊ณ ๋„๋ณด๋‹จ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚ ๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๋“œ์˜ ์ตœ์ € ์š”๊ฒฉ๊ณ ๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚ ์•„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ๊ณต๋ง์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ์ง€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ข…์šฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๋ณดํฌ๋Ÿผ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด๊ตญ์žฅ์€ "๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ถ„๊ณ„์„ ๊ณผ 40์—ฌkm ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์ˆ˜๋„๊ถŒ์— ๋™์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ ์•„์˜ฌ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ์š”๊ฒฉ์ด ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ด๋” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํŒจํŠธ๋ฆฌ์–ดํŠธ ๋ ˆ์ด๋”๋Š” ์ „๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๊ณ ๋„์—์„œ ํŒจํŠธ๋ฆฌ์–ดํŠธ ๋ ˆ์ด๋” ํ›„๋ฐฉ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ, ์„ ํšŒ๋น„ํ–‰์„ ํ•ด์„œ ํŒจํŠธ๋ฆฌ์–ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„๋ฐฉ์— ์‚ฌ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌ๋“œ ์š”๊ฒฉ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํŒจํŠธ๋ฆฌ์–ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ 360๋„ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ํƒ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ์ตœ์‹ ํ˜• ํŒจํŠธ๋ฆฌ์–ดํŠธ ๋ ˆ์ด๋”๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์‹ ํ˜• ๋ ˆ์ด๋”๋Š” 360๋„ ํšŒ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ›„๋ฐฉ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ํƒ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—, ๊ตญ์‚ฐ ํŒจํŠธ๋ฆฌ์–ดํŠธ์ธ ์ฒœ๊ถ์€ 360๋„ ํšŒ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ›„๋ฐฉ๊นŒ์ง€ ํƒ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์˜ค์ธ 2022๋…„ 7์›” 22์ผ, ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ ๋‹น๊ตญ์ž๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ ์—…๋ฌด ๋ณด๊ณ ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ, "(๋ถํ•œ์ด) ์„ž์–ด ์˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถํ•œ ์žฅ์‚ฌ์ •ํฌ์ธ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ, ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ถค๋„๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚ ์•„์˜จ๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ "๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ํŒจํŠธ๋ฆฌ์–ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์š”๊ฒฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŒจํŠธ๋ฆฌ์–ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹น๊ตญ์ž๋Š” "๋ถํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ๋Š” ํƒ„์•ฝ์ด ๋งŽ์€๋ฐ ํŒจํŠธ๋ฆฌ์–ดํŠธ๋Š” ๋น„์‹ธ๋‹ˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์ž์‚ฐ์ด ๋‚ญ๋น„๋œ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ „์Ÿ 2022๋…„ 9์›” 6์ผ, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ณ ์†๊ธฐ๋™ํฌ๋ณ‘๋กœ์ผ“์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(HIMARSยทํ•˜์ด๋งˆ์Šค) ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•ด ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ 'KN-25' ๊ตฌ์ž…์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ฃผ๊ฐ„์ง€ ๋‰ด์Šค์œ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์†๊ธฐ๋™ํฌ๋ณ‘๋กœ์ผ“์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(HIMARSยทํ•˜์ด๋งˆ์Šค): ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ 227 mm ๋‹ค์—ฐ์žฅ ๋กœ์ผ“ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ: ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ 600 mm ๋‹ค์—ฐ์žฅ ๋กœ์ผ“ ์ฒœ๋ฌด ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋‹ค์—ฐ์žฅ๋กœ์ผ“์ธ 300ใŽœ ์‹ ํ˜•๋Œ€๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ์กฐ์ข…๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ 600ใŽœ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜•๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ(๊ดด๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ) ์œ„ํ˜‘์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด 2022๋…„ ์ „๋ฐฉ 7๊ฐœ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์— ๊ตญ์‚ฐ ๋‹ค์—ฐ์žฅ ๋กœ์ผ“ K239 ์ฒœ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํš๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ•๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ ํฌ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” 300ใŽœ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ์™€ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜•๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ๋Š” ํœด์ „์„  ์ธ๊ทผ์— ์ „์ง„๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋„๊ถŒ ๋ฐ ๊ณ„๋ฃก๋Œ€ ๋“ฑ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์ง€์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ ์ธ ํฌ๋ณ‘ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ ๋ถํ•œ์€ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ์™€ ์Šค์ปค๋“œ๋กœ ๋‚จํ•œ์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ-7์€ ์ž์œ ๋‚™ํ•˜ ๋ฌด์œ ๋„ ๋กœ์ผ“์ด๊ณ , ์Šค์ปค๋“œ๋Š” ์œ ๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, 2022๋…„ ๋ถํ•œ์€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ์™€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ, ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ๋กœ ๋‚จํ•œ์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ-7, ์ง๊ฒฝ 550 mm, ํƒ„๋‘์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ 550 kg, ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 70 km, ์†๋„ ๋งˆํ•˜ 3 ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ, ์ง๊ฒฝ 600 mm, ํƒ„๋‘์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ 500 kg, ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 500 km, ์†๋„ ๋งˆํ•˜ 6 ๋น„๊ต ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ง๊ฒฝ 600mm ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. FROG-3, , ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ 2.2ํ†ค, ๋ฌด์œ ๋„, ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 30 km, ์†Œ๋ จ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ „์ˆ ์œ ๋„ํƒ„ FROG-7, , ์ง๊ฒฝ 550 mm, ๊ธธ์ด 9 m, ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ 2.5ํ†ค, ๋ฌด์œ ๋„, ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 70 km ์—์ดํƒœํ‚ด์Šค ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ, , ์ง๊ฒฝ 610 mm, ๊ธธ์ด 4 m, ์ •๋ฐ€์œ ๋„, ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ 1.5ํ†ค, 2์—ฐ์žฅ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋Œ€ KTSSM, , ์ง๊ฒฝ 610 mm, ๊ธธ์ด 4 m, ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ 1.5ํ†ค, ์ •๋ฐ€์œ ๋„, 2์—ฐ์žฅ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋Œ€, ์—์ดํƒœํ‚ด์Šค ๊ตญ์‚ฐํ™”, ์ฐจ๊ธฐ์ „์ˆ ์œ ๋„ํƒ„ ํŒŒํ…Œ-110, , ์ง๊ฒฝ 610 mm, ๊ธธ์ด 10 m, ์ •๋ฐ€์œ ๋„, 2์—ฐ์žฅ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋Œ€ ์ ค์ž˜-2, , ์ง๊ฒฝ 610 mm, ๊ธธ์ด 10 m, ๋ฌด์œ ๋„, 2์—ฐ์žฅ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜•๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ, , ์ง๊ฒฝ 600 mm, ๊ธธ์ด 10 m, ์ •๋ฐ€์œ ๋„, 4์—ฐ์žฅ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋Œ€ ์—์ดํƒœํ‚ด์Šค๋Š” ์œก๊ตฐ์ „์ˆ ์œ ๋„ํƒ„์˜ ์˜์–ด์•ฝ์ž์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋žต ์ง๊ฒฝ 600mm ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ๋“ค์„ ์ „์ˆ ์œ ๋„ํƒ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์› (ํŒŒํ…Œ-110 ๋ธ”๋ก4) ๊ธธ์ด: 10 m (๋Œ€๋žต) ์ง๊ฒฝ: 610 mm ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ: 300 km (์ด๋ž€), 380 km (๋ถํ•œ) ํƒ„๋‘์ค‘๋Ÿ‰: 650 kg ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋Œ€: 4 x 4 ํŠธ๋Ÿญ, 2์—ฐ์žฅ (์ด๋ž€), 4์—ฐ์žฅ (๋ถํ•œ) ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ณ ๋„: 98 km (๋ถํ•œ) ์ตœ๊ณ ์†๋„: ๋งˆํ•˜ 3 ์ •ํ™•๋„: ์ •๋ฐ€์œ ๋„ ์œ ๋„๋ฐฉ์‹: INS, GPS ๋” ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹ ํ˜•๋Œ€๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ์กฐ์ข…๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ KN-09 ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋กœ์ผ“ en:KN-25
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KN-25
KN-25
KN-25 is a designation given to a North Korean tactical ballistic missile. Design The KN-25 is officially described to be a "super-large calibre" multiple launch rocket system, but the larger size and greater range of the missile compared to traditional rocket artillery led the United States Forces Korea (USFK) to categorize it as an SRBM, and it flies on a controlled ballistic trajectory. Missiles are estimated to be 600ย mm in diameter, 8.2 meters long, and weigh 3,000ย kg. They have an unspecified guidance system and have six rotating rear fins with four moving forward fins, which likely provide the attitude control of the rocket. They are mounted on either a four-tube Tatra 813 8ร—8 wheeled transporter-erector-launcher (TEL) or a tracked chassis with 10 road wheels on each side carry six tubes. It is a battlefield weapon, suitable for deployment at battalion-level to attack enemy rear-echelon targets out to 380ย km with a conventional blast-fragmentation warhead. In October 2022, the KN-25 was included in a statement among other missiles North Korea claimed were part of its capability to deliver tactical nuclear weapons. At a parade in February 2023, the KN-25 was included among other missiles which North Korean press collectively referred to these as "tactical nuclear weapons operation units." The six rotating rear fins are an unusual feature for rocket artillery, a considerable innovation of North Korea. Their purpose is to provide stabilisation of the rocket while in flight, compared to other rocket artillery rounds, which are usually spin stabilised by rotating the entire body. This method of stabilisation creates a more favourable environment for the guidance systems, as the rest of the missile does not rotate. It is possible that the missile will be stabilised through rolling the missile when it enters the upper atmosphere, where the smaller control fins are unable to function optimally, and then stopping the spin as it re-enters into denser air. The missile possibly derives from the OTR-21 Tochka/KN-02 Toksa, which has a similarly sized motor, at 62ย cm diameter. Connecting three such motor segments would result in a length similar to that of the KN-25 rocket. It has a 300ย kg heavy warhead and circular error probable accuracy of 80 to 90 meters. The KN-25 is likely an indigenous project, as media coverage of this missile emphasis its research, using words such as 'Juche projectiles' to describe it, unlike the KN-23. 30 TELs were presented as a gift to the plenary meeting of the Worker's Party of Korea on January 1, 2023, with Kim Jong-un attending and making a speech. The system was described as 'unprecedented', in both the munitions industry as having no equal and its presentation, being on the lawn of the party central committee. 30 6-tube tracked launchers plus at least nine 4-tube wheeled launchers publicly showcased to be in North Korea's possession would give them the ability to fire up to 216 projectiles, requiring many fewer launch vehicles than would be needed to fire a similar number of traditional ballistic missiles to saturate South Korean ballistic missile defenses. Cruise missile launcher On 13 September 2021, North Korea announced they had conducted successful flight tests of a land attack cruise missile (LACM) over the past two days. The mobile launcher appears to be the same vehicle used to carry KN-25 "oversized" rockets, both weapons likely being similar in diameter. The cruise missile could carry a conventional or nuclear warhead and is claimed to have a range from to . It was later revealed to be named the Hwasal-1/2. Tests See also KN-02 KN-09 References External links KN-25. Military-Today Tactical ballistic missiles Ballistic missiles of North Korea Tactical ballistic missiles of North Korea Wheeled self-propelled rocket launchers Multiple rocket launchers of North Korea
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS%2013
IOS 13
iOS 13์€ ์• ํ”Œ์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ์•„์ดํฐ ์ „์šฉ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋กœ iOS 12์˜ ํ›„์†๋ฒ„์ „์ด๋‹ค. iOS 13์€ 2019๋…„ 6์›”์— WWDC 2019์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์„์— ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ๋‹คํฌ๋ชจ๋“œ, ์• ํ”Œ ์•„์ผ€์ด๋“œ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์†Œ๊ฐœ ๋ฐ ์ถœ์‹œ iOS 13๊ณผ iPadOS 13์€ 2019๋…„ 6์›” 3์ผ WWDC ๊ธฐ์กฐ์—ฐ์„ค์—์„œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง ์ˆ˜์„ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์žฅ์ธ Craig Federighi์— ์˜ํ•ด ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฒ ํƒ€๋Š” ํ‚ค๋…ธํŠธ ์ดํ›„์— ๋“ฑ๋ก๋œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฒ ํƒ€๋Š” 2019๋…„ 6์›” 18์ผ ๋“ฑ๋ก ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ๋ฒ ํƒ€๋Š” 2019๋…„ 6์›” 24์ผ์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. iOS 13์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋ฒ„์ „ 13.0์œผ๋กœ 2019๋…„ 9์›” 19์ผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ: ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์• ํ”Œ ์•„์ผ€์ด๋“œ ์•ฑ์Šคํ† ์–ด์˜ ์˜ค๋ฝ์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. ์• ํ”Œ ์•„์ผ€์ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋…ํ˜• ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์ด๋ฉฐ iOS 13์ด์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹คํฌ๋ชจ๋“œ ๋‹คํฌ๋ชจ๋“œ๋Š” ์•ฑํ™”๋ฉด ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์—๋Š” ๋‹คํฌ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์• ํ”Œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์•ฑ๋งŒ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์•ฑ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์• ํ”Œ๋กœ ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธ "์• ํ”Œ๊ณผ ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธ"์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์‚ฌ์ธ์˜จ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” iOS 13๊ณผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ •๋ณด๋กœ ํƒ€์‚ฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ„์ •์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ผํšŒ์šฉ ์ „์ž ๋ฉ”์ผ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋ฐ ์ต๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ผ ์ „์ž ๋ฉ”์ผ ์ฃผ์†Œ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์–‘์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์‚ฌ ์†Œ์…œ ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  iOS ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์€ ์• ํ”Œ ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. iOS ํœด๋จผ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์ง€์นจ์—๋Š” ์• ํ”Œ ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธ์€ ์‘์šฉ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฐ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ช…์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ iOS 13์€ ์œ„์น˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•ฑ์ด ์œ„์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์•ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ• ์ง€, ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋งŒ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ• ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ๋ฐฑ๊ทธ๋ผ์šด๋“œ ์œ„์น˜ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค์™€ ์•ฑ์ด Bluetooth ๋˜๋Š” Wi-Fi(๋น„๋™์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ์ถ”์ ์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญํ•  ๋•Œ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ”„๋กฌํ”„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 8์›”, 2020๋…„ 4์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, VoIP์šฉ ํ‘ธ์‹œํ‚ท API๊ฐ€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ „ํ™” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด ๋ฐฑ๊ทธ๋ผ์šด๋“œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•ฑ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ "๋ฃจํ”„ํ™€"์ด ๋‹ซํž ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. UI ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ „์—ญ ๋‹คํฌ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ „์ฒด iOS ๋ฐ iPadOS์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐ์€ ์ƒ‰ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. OS ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค, ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๋ฐ ์ง€์›๋˜๋Š” ํƒ€์‚ฌ ์•ฑ. ์ˆ˜๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ผœ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ค‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ์€ ๋ชจ๋“œ์™€ ์–ด๋‘์šด ๋ชจ๋“œ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณผ๋ฅจ ํ‘œ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ๋” ํฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฒ„๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณผ๋ฅจ ํ‚ค ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์ˆ˜์ง์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ์Šฌ๋ฆผํ•œ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋งจ ์œ„์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ง‰๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ต์ฒดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง‰๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์• ํ”Œ ๋ฎค์ง, ์• ํ”Œ ํŒŸ์บ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฐ ์• ํ”Œ ๋ถ์Šค์˜ ์นด๋“œ UI ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ํƒ€์‚ฌ ์•ฑ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ต์…˜์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ „์ฒด์— ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Siri Siri๋Š” "Neural TTS"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์ƒ์„ฑ ์Œ์„ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ „ ๋ฒ„์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. Siri๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Siri ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์•ฑ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์น˜๋œ๋‹ค. Siri๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ํ™ˆํŒŸ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์ธ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค. Siri๋Š” ์—์–ดํŒŸ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ‚ค๋ณด๋“œ QuickType ๊ฐ€์ƒ ํ‚ค๋ณด๋“œ๋Š” QuickPath ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ‚ค๋ณด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ฌธ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹จ์–ด์™€ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์„ ์™„์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์ด์ „์—๋Š” SwiftKey, Adaptxt, Gboard ๋˜๋Š” Swype๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํƒ€์‚ฌ ํ‚ค๋ณด๋“œ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ชจํ‹ฐ์ฝ˜ ์Šคํ‹ฐ์ปค๋Š” ์ด๋ชจํ‹ฐ์ฝ˜ ํ‚ค๋ณด๋“œ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ด๋ชจํ‹ฐ์ฝ˜์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋””๋“  ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ํŽธ์ง‘ iOS 13์€ ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ด๊ธฐ, ๋ณต์‚ฌ, ๋ถ™์—ฌ๋„ฃ๊ธฐ, ์‹คํ–‰ ์ทจ์†Œ ๋ฐ ์žฌ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์ œ์Šค์ฒ˜ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์™ผ์ชฝ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ„๋ฅผ ์„ธ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅด๋ฉด ์‹คํ–‰ ์ทจ์†Œ๋˜๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๋˜๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ์„ธ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹คํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค. ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ผฌ์ง‘์œผ๋ฉด ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋˜๊ณ , ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ๊ผฌ์ง‘์œผ๋ฉด ์ž˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์„ธ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ๋ฒŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๋ถ™์—ฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ต์…˜์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ๋ฉ”๋‰ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์ปค์„œ๋Š” ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ํ•„๋“œ ์ฃผ์œ„๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ํƒญํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•ด๋‹น ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒ๋˜๊ณ , ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ ํƒญํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ์„ ํƒ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌธ๋‹จ์„ ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ ํƒญํ•˜๋ฉด ์„ ํƒ๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์„ ํƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜ต์…˜๋„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์› ์žฅ์น˜ ์•„์ดํฐ ์•„์ดํฐ 11 ์•„์ดํฐ 11 ํ”„๋กœ ์•„์ดํฐ 11 ํ”„๋กœ ๋งฅ์Šค ์•„์ดํฐ XS ๋งฅ์Šค ์•„์ดํฐ XS ์•„์ดํฐ XR ์•„์ดํฐ X ์•„์ดํฐ 8 ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์•„์ดํฐ 8 ์•„์ดํฐ 7 ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์•„์ดํฐ 7 ์•„์ดํฐ 6s ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์•„์ดํฐ 6s ์•„์ดํฐ SE (1์„ธ๋Œ€) ์•„์ดํฐ SE (2์„ธ๋Œ€) ์•„์ดํŒŸ ํ„ฐ์น˜ ์•„์ดํŒŸ ํ„ฐ์น˜ (7์„ธ๋Œ€) ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๊ณต์‹ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ 13 2019๋…„ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์šด์˜์ฒด์ œ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS%2013
IOS 13
iOS 13 is the thirteenth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. for the iPhone, iPod Touch and HomePod. The successor to iOS 12, it was announced at the company's Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) on June 3, 2019, and released on September 19, 2019. It was succeeded by iOS 14, released on September 16, 2020. As of iOS 13, the iPad lines run a separate operating system, derived from iOS, named iPadOS. Both iPadOS 13 and iOS 13 dropped support for devices with less than 2 GB of RAM. Overview iOS 13 and iPadOS 13 were introduced by Senior Vice President of Software Engineering Craig Federighi at the WWDC keynote address on June 3, 2019. The first beta was made available to registered developers after the keynote. The second beta was released to registered developers on June 18, 2019, and the first public beta was released on June 24, 2019. The initial release of iOS 13 was version 13.0, which was released to the public on September 19, 2019. System features Privacy iOS 13 changes the handling of location data. When an app requests access to location, the user chooses whether to grant access whenever they are using the app, never, or only once. The user will receive similar prompts for background location access, and when an app requests access to Bluetooth or Wi-Fi (which may also be used for non-consensual location tracking). In August 2019, it was reported that beginning in April 2020, the PushKit API for VoIP would be restricted to internet telephone usage, closing a "loophole" that had been used by other apps for background data collection. User interface A system-wide dark mode allows users to enable a light-on-dark color scheme for the entire iOS and iPadOS user interface, all native applications, and supported third-party apps. It can be manually turned on or set to automatically switch between light and dark modes based on the time of day. The volume indicator was redesigned, replacing the larger, centered overlay with a slimmer bar shown vertically near the volume keys in portrait orientation, or at the top in landscape. The bar can also be manipulated directly. The card UI elements from Apple Music, Apple Podcasts, and Apple Books has been implemented system-wide, being an option for third-parties to use in their apps. Siri Siri uses a software-generated voice called "Neural TTS", intended to sound more natural than previous versions that use clips of human voices. Siri also became more functional and new sound control is available. The Siri Shortcuts app is installed by default. Siri also uses HomePod to learn and recognize voices of different people. It is also possible for Siri to automatically read incoming messages aloud on AirPods. Keyboard The QuickType virtual keyboard features QuickPath, allowing the user to swipe their finger across the keyboard to complete words and phrases. This functionality was previously exclusively available via third-party keyboard applications such as SwiftKey, Adaptxt, Gboard, or Swype. Emoji stickers have been included on the emoji keyboard and can be used wherever regular emoji can be. Text editing iOS 13 and iPadOS 13 add a new system-wide gesture interface for cut, copy, paste, undo, and redo. A three-finger swipe left or up will undo; three fingers right or down will redo. A single three-finger pinch will copy, a second three-finger pinch will cut, and a three-finger spread pastes. A three-finger single tap will bring up a shortcut menu with all five options. The blue text cursor can be moved around text fields by pressing and holding to pick it up and move it. Many new options for text selection have also been added: double-tapping a word will select it, triple-tapping selects a sentence, and quadruple-tapping a paragraph selects it. Sign in with Apple A new single sign-on service known as "Sign in with Apple" is integrated with iOS 13, and allows users to create accounts for third-party services with a minimal amount of personal information. Users may optionally generate a disposable email address for each account, improving privacy and anonymity, and reducing the amount of information that can be associated with a single email address. All iOS applications that support third-party social login are required to implement Sign in with Apple, The iOS human interface guidelines also state that Sign in with Apple should be given prominence above any other login provider in application interfaces. Performance iOS 13 contains several performance improvements. Face ID unlocks the iPhone X, XS / XS Max, and XR up to 30% faster than on iOS12. A new file format makes app downloads as much as 50% smaller, app updates as much as 60% smaller, and app launches up to twice as fast. Battery lifespan extender Similar to many laptops, iOS 13 has a feature to limit the battery charging percentage to 80%. Keeping the battery percentage more centered instead of complete charges and discharges reduces strain onto the battery. This reduces the battery aging of the lithium-ion battery and extends its lifespan. Haptics iOS 13 introduced a new Core Haptics framework. Prior to iOS 13, apps could only provide the default haptic patterns. Core Haptics gives developers more fine-grained control over the iPhone's Taptic Engine, including synchronized audio, allowing apps to provide customized haptic and audio feedback. This feature is only available on iPhone 8 or newer. It is also not supported on the iPod Touch due to the lack of a haptic motor in those devices. External storage iOS 13 introduced the ability to connect to external USB drives. Although primarily designed for thumb drives and hard drives, a wide variety of USB disk devices will work, thanks to the iOS's support of the SCSI subclass of USB Mass Storage. Native SCSI disk devices will work as well, when used with a SCSI to USB adapter. Exposure Notification API On 20 May 2020, Apple released iOS 13.5, which includes the Exposure Notification API that provides access to the Apple / Google privacy-preserving contact tracing system that Apple have developed jointly with Google. This is provided to support digital contact tracing which came to light during the COVID-19 pandemic. ARKit 3 ARKit 3 was released as a part of iOS 13 and brought new features, such as People occlusion, which allowed AR objects to be in front or behind people in a more realistic way. New features were restricted to devices with A12 processors and newer โ€“ like iPhone XS, iPhone XR, and the 2018 iPad Pro. Other features of ARKit 3 were multiple face tracking and collaborative sessions. ARKit 3.5 Released with the 2020 iPad Pro, ARKit 3.5 vastly improved positioning in virtual environments due to new anchors and use of data from a LiDAR scanner. It also improved its motion capture and people occlusion. Other changes The version of iOS for iPad devices was renamed iPadOS, reflecting the precedence for the OS to include additional features intended primarily for use on tablets. iOS13 adds official support for the Sony DualShock 4 and the Microsoft Xbox One controller. iOS13 also adds support for wireless audio sharing for AirPods and certain Beats headphones. A new multi-select gesture is available in supported applications such as Files and Mail. Multiple items, such as files or emails, can be quickly selected by dragging two fingers over the desired items. App features Music Apple Music now supports real-time synced song lyrics that animate along with the music as theyโ€™re being sung, rapped or spoken. The currently playing line is highlighted in white color. The feature also lets the user skip to a part of a song simply by tapping on the lyric. Messages and Memoji User profiles can be created and Memoji can be used as an iMessage profile picture. All iOS devices with an A9 processor or newer can create custom Memoji. Memoji and Animoji can be used as a sticker in iMessage and other apps; they are also available as regular emoji for use anywhere the emoji keyboard is available. There are a variety of new customization options for Memoji. Maps The Maps app features a redesigned maps UI, featuring more detailed maps, and Look Around, a street level imagery implementation similar to Google Street View. Reminders Redesigned and rebuilt from the ground up with new features such as the ability to suggest when a reminder should be delivered to the user, and the ability to tag contacts so that references to reminders can be surfaced elsewhere, such as in Messages. Photos The Photos app includes a redesigned UI and uses machine learning to auto-hide "clutter" images such as screenshots and documents. Photos has a redesigned interface showing users photos they took in the past year, month, week and day. This brings all photos to one page and shows users photos based on what their device suggests for them. Problems There were a number of issues following the release of iOS 13, some relating to battery drain, call-dropping, and ringtones not functioning properly, resulting in frequent software updates and patches. Despite the frequency of bug fix releases, the updates have introduced new issues. Other issues included incorrect artwork for user's playlists. Users reported the artwork is repeated for some playlists or uses a different picture. Supported devices iOS13 requires 2 GB of RAM. It drops support for all iPhones and iPod touches using an Apple A7 or A8 SoC and devices that shipped with 1 GB of RAM, which are the iPhone 5s, iPhone 6, iPhone 6 Plus and iPod Touch (6th generation). To further differentiate features between iPhones and iPads, Apple rebranded the tablet-oriented platform with its own operating system, iPadOS. iPhone iPhone 6S & 6S Plus iPhone SE (1st generation) iPhone 7 & 7 Plus iPhone 8 & 8 Plus iPhone X iPhone XS & XS Max iPhone XR iPhone 11 iPhone 11 Pro & 11 Pro Max iPhone SE (2nd generation) iPod Touch iPod Touch (7th generation) Release history See Apple's main page for iOS 13 release notes, as well as their 2019 and 2020 security update contents. See also iPadOS 13 macOS Catalina tvOS 13 watchOS 6 References External links Official website 13 2019 software Products introduced in 2019 Mobile operating systems Proprietary operating systems
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%B9%B4%EB%85%B8%20%EC%A1%B0%EC%97%90%EC%9D%B4
๋‹ค์นด๋…ธ ์กฐ์—์ด
ํƒ€์นด๋…ธ ์ดˆ์—์ด (้ซ˜้‡Ž้•ท่‹ฑ, ใŸใ‹ใฎ ใกใ‚‡ใ†ใˆใ„, 1804๋…„ 6์›” 12์ผ-1850๋…„ 12์›” 3์ผ) ์—๋„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ํ›„๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ, ๋‚œํ•™์ž์ด๋‹ค. ํ†ต์นญ์€ ๆ‚ฆไธ‰้ƒŽ, ํœ˜๋Š” ์œ ์ฆˆ๋ฃจ(่ญฒ), ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์ฆˆ์ด์ฝ”(็‘ž็š). ์นœ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ๅพŒ่—คๅฎŸๆ…ถ, ์–‘์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์ˆ™๋ถ€์ธ ้ซ˜้‡Ž็Ž„ๆ–Ž์ด๋‹ค. ์—๋„ ๋ง‰๋ถ€์˜ ์ด๊ตญ์„  ํƒ€๊ฒฉ๋ น์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๊ตญ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํƒ„์••๋‹นํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1898๋…„์— ์ •4์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ๋ฌด์“ฐ๊ตญ ์„ผ๋‹ค์ด๋ฒˆ ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ์‚ฌ์™€๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฐ€์‹ ์ธ ๅพŒ่—คๅฎŸๆ…ถ์˜ ์…‹์งธ ์•„๋“ค๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์–‘๋ถ€๋Š” ์—๋„์—์„œ ์Šค๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ฒํŒŒ์ฟ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚œํ•™ ์˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šด ํ„ฐ๋ผ ์ง‘์— ๋‚œํ•™์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„์„œ ์ดˆ์—์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆด๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•™๋ฌธ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. 1820๋…„ ๆ‰็”ฐไผฏๅ…ƒ์™€ ๅ‰็”ฐ้•ทๆท‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์› ๊ณ  ์Šค์Šน์—๊ฒŒ ์ธ์ •์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์Šค์Šน์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„ ํ•œ๊ธ€์ž๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ์„œ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ดˆ์—์ด(้•ท่‹ฑ)๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1820๋…„ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์‚ฌํ‚ค์‹œ๋กœ ์œ ํ•™๊ฐ€์„œ ์ง€๋ณผํŠธ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฃจํƒ€ํ‚ค์ฃผ์ฟ ้ณดๆปๅกพ์— ์ž…ํ•™ํ•ด ์˜ํ•™, ๋‚œํ•™์„ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ ์ˆ™๋‘(์šฐ๋‘๋จธ๋ฆฌ ํ•™์ƒ)๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1828๋…„ ์ง€๋ณผํŠธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ไบŒๅฎฎๆ•ฌไฝœ๋‚˜ ้ซ˜่‰ฏๆ–Ž ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ œ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ดˆ์—์ด๋Š” ์˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋„๋ง์ณค๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ถ„๊ณ ๊ตญ ํžˆํƒ€์—์„œ ๅบƒ็€ฌๆทก็ช“์˜ ์ œ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜ ์ค‘ ์–‘์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ท€ํ–ฅํ•˜๋ผ ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ์ดˆ์—์ด๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง‘์•ˆ์˜ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ž‡์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฌด์‚ฌ ์‹ ๋ถ„๋„ ์žƒ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1830๋…„ ์—๋„๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€ ้บน็”บ์— ๋‚œํ•™์ˆ™์„ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ฆˆ์Œ ๋ฏธ์นด์™€๊ตญ ๋‹คํ•˜๋ผ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์™€ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฒ  ์นด์ž”์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋˜์–ด ๋‹คํ•˜๋ผ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ ๋‚œํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผํƒ€๊ณ ๋ผ์Šค, ๊ฐˆ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์˜ค ๊ฐˆ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์ด, ์กด ๋กœํฌ, ๋ณผํ”„ ๋“ฑ์„ ์š”์•ฝ, ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•œ ํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1832๋…„ ๊ธฐ์Šˆ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์œ ํ•™์ž ้ ่—คๅ‹ๅŠฉ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€๋˜ ๋ดํฌ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ทผ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์œ„์›ํšŒ์ธ ๅฐšๆญฏไผš์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์นด์ž”, ่—ค็”ฐๆฑๆน– ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์ดˆ์—์ด๋Š” ๊ตฌํ™ฉ์ด๋ฌผ๊ณ ใ€Žๆ•‘่’ไบŒ็‰ฉ่€ƒใ€๋ฅผ ์ผ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋ฃจํƒ€ํ‚ค์ฃผ์ฟ ์˜ ์ˆ ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์–ด ์™ธ์˜ ๋ง์„ ์ž…๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ฉด ๋ฒŒ๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋†€์ด๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ ๊น€์— ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฒŒ๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ด๊ณค ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ดˆ์—์ด๋งŒํผ์€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์–„๋ฐ‰๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ๋™๋ฃŒ ไผŠๆฑ็Ž„ๆœด๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ์—์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์—์„œ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋ฐ€์–ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋•Œ๋„ ์ดˆ์—์ด๋Š” GEVAARLIJK!(์œ„ํ—˜ํ•ด!)๋ผ๊ณ  ์™ธ์ณค๋‹ค๋Š” ์ผํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ์—์ด๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ์ž๋งŒํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ‰ํŒ๋„ ์ฉ ์ข‹์ง„ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹น์‹œ ๋‚œํ•™์ž๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์ž์ž„์„ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1837๋…„ ์ด๊ตญ์„  ํƒ€๊ฒฉ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ƒ์„ ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์Šจ ํ˜ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1838๋…„ ์ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ดˆ์—์ด๋Š” ์“ธ๋ชจ์—†๋Š” ์ง“์„ ๊ทธ๋งŒํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋‹ด์•„ ์นด์ž” ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ง‰๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ์—์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋‹ด์€ ๋ฌด์ˆ ๋…„ ๊ฟˆ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐใ€ŽๆˆŠๆˆŒๅคข็‰ฉ่ชžใ€๋ฅผ ์จ์„œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ธ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ณด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์ฑ…์€ ์ดˆ์—์ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋Œ๋ ค๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. 1839๋…„ ๋งŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜ฅ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์ดˆ์—์ด๋Š” ๋ง‰๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ˜์˜๋กœ ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ข…์‹ ํ˜•์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ไผ้ฆฌ็”บ็‰ขๅฑ‹ๆ•ท์— ์ˆ˜๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ œ์†Œ์ž์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ์— ํž˜์“ฐ๊ณ  ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ œ์†Œ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์นœ๋ถ„์„ ์Œ“๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์šฐ๋‘๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ฅ์ค‘์ผ๊ธฐ์ธ ใ€Žใ‚ใ™ใ‚ŒใŒใŸใฟใ€๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. 1844๋…„ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์˜ ํ™”์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ‹ˆํƒ€ ํƒˆ์˜ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ™”์žฌ๋Š” ์ดˆ์—์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋˜ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ถ”๊ฒจ ๋ฐฉํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ค์ด ์œ ๋ ฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ํƒˆ์˜ฅ์‹œ ์‚ฌํ˜๋‚ด์— ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋ฉดํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์‚ฌํ˜•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋„ค๋“ค์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ดˆ์—์ด๋Š” ๋ฌด์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒˆ์˜ฅํ›„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง€๋ช…์ˆ˜๋ฐฐ์ „๋‹จ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ๋˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋ผ ์งˆ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ํƒœ์›Œ ์ธ์ƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ฉด์„œ ๋„๋ง์ณค๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๅคง้–“ๆœจ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์„œ ้ซ˜้‡Ž้š†ไป™์—๊ฒŒ ๋ชธ์„ ๋งก๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์ˆจ์–ด์žˆ๋˜ ์ง‘์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฌธํ™”์žฌ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ž ์‹œ ์—๋„์— ์™€์„œ ้ˆดๆœจๆ˜ฅๅฑฑ์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์„œ์ ์„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ้ˆดๆœจๆ˜ฅๅฑฑ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์ด์š”๊ตญ ์šฐ์™€์ง€๋งˆ๋ฒˆ์ฃผ์ธ ๋‹คํ…Œ ๋ฌด๋„ค๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋น„ํ˜ธ ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ณ„์† ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์„œ์ ์„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์€ ํฌ๊ฐ€ํ•„๋… ็ ฒๅฎถๅฟ…่ชญ 11 ๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์Œ“์€ ํฌ๋Œ€์ธ ไน…่‰ฏ็ ฒๅฐ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ง‘๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—๋„๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€ ใ€Œๆฒขไธ‰ไผฏใ€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์„ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฐœ์—…์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ง€๋‚ด๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ž์ฃผ ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ์ „์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์งˆ์‚ฐ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์–ผ๊ตด ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์ข…์ข… ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1850๋…„ ์•„์˜ค์•ผ๋งˆ ํ–์ฟ ๋‹Œ์ดˆ์— ์ˆจ์–ด์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ€๊ณ ๋˜์–ด ์ •๋ด‰ํ–‰์†Œ ๊ด€์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒดํฌ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ตฌํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ•ด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋นˆ์‚ฌ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๊ณ  ์–ด์ฉ”์ˆ˜์—†์ด ๊ฐ€๋งˆ๋กœ ํ˜ธ์†กํ•˜๋˜ ๋„์ค‘ ์ž์‚ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์“ฐ ๊ฐ€์ด์Šˆ๋Š” "ํƒ€์นด๋…ธ ์ดˆ์—์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ•ํ•™ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด๋ผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‚ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ•œ๋‹ฌ์ฏค ์ „ ๆจช่ฐทๅฎ—่ˆ‡์—์„œ ๋ชจ์ž„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•œ๋ฐค์ค‘์— ์ฐพ์•„์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋ก ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ์•„๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ž ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ˆจ์–ด์ง€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ชธ์ด๋ผ ๋ญ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ง€ ์˜์ง€๋งŒ์„ ๋“œ๋ฆด ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์ž์‹ ์ด ํ•„์‚ฌํ•œ ์˜ค๊ทœ ์†Œ๋ผ์ด์˜ ใ€Ž่ปๆณ•ไธๅฏฉใ€์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค."๊ณ  ํšŒ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ํ…Œํ˜„ ์˜ค์Šˆ์‹œ ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ์—๋Š” ๊ณ ํ†  ์‹ ํŽ˜์ด, ์‚ฌ์ดํ†  ๋งˆ์ฝ”ํ† ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ดˆ์—์ด๊ฐ€ ์กด๊ฒฝ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2004๋…„์—” ์ดˆ์—์ด ํƒ„์ƒ 200์ฃผ๋…„ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋ จ์„œ ์ €์„œ ์ „์ง‘ ใ€Ž้ซ˜้‡Ž้•ท่‹ฑๅ…จ้›†ใ€€๏ผˆๅ…จ6ๅทป๏ผ‰ใ€ใ€€็ฌฌไธ€ๆ›ธๆˆฟใ€1978ๅนด - 1982ๅนด ้ †ใซใ€ŒๅŒปๆ›ธ1ใ€ใ€ŒๅŒปๆ›ธ2ใ€ใ€Œๅ…ตๆ›ธใ€ใ€Œ้›‘ๆ›ธใ€ใ€Œ็ ฒๅฎถๅฟ…่ชญใ€ใ€Œ่˜ญๆ–‡ใ€ ์นด์ž”, ์ดˆ์—์ด ๋…ผ์ง‘ ใ€Ž่ฏๅฑฑใƒป้•ท่‹ฑ่ซ–้›†ใ€ใ€€ไฝ่—คๆ˜Œไป‹ๆ ก่จ‚ใ€ๅฒฉๆณขๆ–‡ๅบซใ€1978ๅนด ใ€Žๆ—ฅๆœฌใฎๅ่‘—25๏ผŽ้ซ˜้‡Ž้•ท่‹ฑใปใ‹ใ€ใ€€ไฝ่—คๆ˜Œไป‹่ฒฌไปป็ทจ้›†ใ€ไธญๅคฎๅ…ฌ่ซ–็คพใ€็พไปฃ่ชž่จณใ€‚ ์ „๊ธฐ ้ถด่ฆ‹ไฟŠ่ผ”ใ€€ใ€Ž่ฉ•ไผ้ซ˜้‡Ž้•ท่‹ฑใ€ใ€€่—คๅŽŸๆ›ธๅบ—ใ€2007ๅนดใ€ๆ—ง็‰ˆใ‚’ๆ”น่จ‚ใ€‚ ๅ…ƒ็‰ˆใ€Ž้ซ˜้‡Ž้•ท่‹ฑใ€ใ€€ๆœๆ—ฅ้ธๆ›ธใ€‚ใฎใกใ€Ž้ถด่ฆ‹ไฟŠ่ผ”้›† ็ถš3ใ€ใ€€็ญ‘ๆ‘ฉๆ›ธๆˆฟใ€2002ๅนดใซๅŽ้Œฒ ไฝ่—คๆ˜Œไป‹ใ€€ใ€Ž้ซ˜้‡Ž้•ท่‹ฑใ€ใ€€ๅฒฉๆณขๆ–ฐๆ›ธใ€1997ๅนด ้ซ˜้‡Ž้•ท้‹ใ€€ใ€Ž้ซ˜้‡Ž้•ท่‹ฑไผใ€ใ€€ๅฒฉๆณขๆ›ธๅบ—ใ€ๅ†ๅข—่จ‚็‰ˆ1972ๅนดใ€ๅ…ƒ็‰ˆใฏๆˆฆๅ‰ๅˆŠ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ็”ฐไธญๅผ˜ไน‹ใ€€ใ€Žใ€Œ่›ฎ็คพใฎ็„ใ€ใฎใ™ในใฆใ€๏ผˆๅ‰ๅทๅผ˜ๆ–‡้คจใ€2011ๅนด๏ผ‰ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋งŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜ฅ ๋‚œํ•™ ์„ธ์ด์š”์‹œ ์šฐ์™€์ง€๋งˆ์‹œ ๊ณ ํ†  ์‹ ํŽ˜์ด ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด๋Ÿด (๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ) ํƒˆ์˜ฅ ์ž์‚ดํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 1850๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง 1804๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์šฐ์™€์ง€๋งˆ๋ฒˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์„ผ๋‹ค์ด๋ฒˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์—๋„ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ•™์ž ๋‚œํ•™์ž
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takano%20Ch%C5%8Dei
Takano Chลei
was a prominent scholar of Rangaku (western science) during the Bakumatsu period in Japan. Life Chลei was born as Gotล Kyลsai, the third son of Gotล Sลsuke, a middle-ranking samurai in Mizusawa Domain of Mutsu Province in what is now part of Iwate Prefecture. At an early age, however, he was adopted by his uncle Takano Gensai who had studied medicine under Sugita Genpaku and influenced Chลei to follow in the same profession. He first studied medicine in Edo in 1820 after winning money in a lottery that he used to pay his way. There he first studied under Sugita Hakugen, then Yoshida Chลshuku, who gave him the name Chลei. After the death of his teacher in 1824 he took over some of the teaching duties in the school. A year later he left for Nagasaki to study under Philipp Franz von Siebold. There he paid for his education by writing papers about Japanese life and culture for von Siebold, gathering plants and translating books from Dutch to Japanese. One of his fellow students was Watanabe Kazan. After the school was shut down and von Siebold expelled from Japan in 1828, Chลei was forced to flee. He finally settled in Edo in 1830 where he wrote his Fundamentals of Western Medicine. There he was reunited with Watanabe Kazan, and both attended meetings of Shลshikai, a study group of intellectuals interested in foreign affairs. In 1838 Chลei married and then published Yumemonogatari (The Tale of a Dream), a book critical of the Tokugawa shogunate's handling of the 1837 Morrison Incident. Since he was of samurai status he was dealt with harshly by the authorities and sent to the Kodenmachล prison where he spent five years of his life sentence in the commoners' section. While in prison he wrote a treatise on Western learning in Japan called Bansha Sลyaku Shลki ("A Short Record of a Meeting with Misfortune"). The book examines the history of Western knowledge entering Japan from the Sengoku Period to the 1830s. In 1844 he arranged to have a fire started in the prison and made his escape. He then spent the rest of his life in hiding using various aliases. At one point he is said to have poured acid on his face to disguise his appearance and elude arrest. He returned to Edo in March 1850 and lived in hiding in Aoyama Hyakunin-cho (present-day Minami Aoyama). The area had a concentration of official residences of the Shลgun's foot soldiers and Chลei ran a medical practice under a false name. However, on the last day of October in the same year, an informant told police official where he was hiding, and the Edo Machi-bugyล sent a number of men to arrest him. The actual course of events is uncertain, but Chลei was severely beaten with jitte as he resisted arrest and was killed. Official reports stated that he drew a dagger and stabbed himself in the neck during the melee. A stone monument, inscribed with "The hiding place of Doctor Chลei Takano", commemorates the location, and his grave at the temple of Zenko-ji in Kita-Aoyama has an inscription by Katsu Kaishลซ. Takano Choei former residence The house where Chลei lived until he left for Edo at the age of 17 in ลŒshลซ, Iwate has been preserved as a memorial museum. This Edo period samurai residence was designated a National Historic Site. on April 13, 1933. The house was extensively restored in 1876, but retains two rooms facing the front courtyard on the west side in the original condition in which they were used by Chลei. However, as the house is in private hands, the rooms are not normally open to the public. Works Fundamentals of Medicine, vol.1 in five books (1832) Treatise on Two Things for the Relief of Famine (1836) Treatise on Contagious Diseases, including Methods of Avoiding Epidemic Diseases, in two volumes (1836) The Tale of a Dream (1838) References Biography original Japanese version: Others Practical Pursuits: Takano Choei, Takahashi Keisaku, and Western Medicine in Nineteenth Century Japan, Ellen Gardner Nakamura; Harvard University Press, 2005 External links Prominent People of Minato City Choei Takano Memorial Hall People of Edo-period Japan Rangaku 1804 births 1850 deaths
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%95%BC%EC%99%80%20%EB%A7%88%EC%A7%80%EB%A7%89%20%EB%93%9C%EB%9E%98%EA%B3%A4
๋ผ์•ผ์™€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋“œ๋ž˜๊ณค
"๋ผ์•ผ์™€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋“œ๋ž˜๊ณค"()์€ 2021๋…„ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์•ก์…˜ ๋ชจํ—˜ ํŒํƒ€์ง€ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์˜ํ™”์ด๋‹ค. ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„๊ณ„ ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ ํ”„๋ฆฐ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ ํ™€๊ณผ ์นด๋ฅผ๋กœ์Šค ๋กœํŽ˜์Šค ์—์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๋…์„, ์•„๋ธ ๋ฆผ์ด ๊ฐ๋ณธ์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด 2020๋…„ 11์›” 25์ผ์— ๋ถ๋ฏธ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฒ”์œ ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ด‰์ด 2021๋…„ 3์›” 5์ผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 3์›” 5์ผ, ๋ถ๋ฏธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทน์žฅ๊ณผ ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ+์—์„œ ๋™์‹œ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 500๋…„ ์ „ ์ฟ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋ผ๋Š” ์•…๋ น๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ํ•œ ๋•…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ˜ผ์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์˜€๋‹ค.๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฟ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋ผ์˜ ์šฉ์€ ๋‚จ์€ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์— ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋“œ๋ฃจ๋ฃฌ์„ ๋’ค๋ฎ์€ ๊ถค๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.๋ฃจ๋ฃฌ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋“œ๋ž˜๊ณค ๋ณด์„์˜ ํž˜์„ ์›ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์กŒ๋‹ค. ํŒฝ, ํ•˜ํŠธ, ํ…Œ์ผ, ์ŠคํŽœ๋Ÿฐ, ํƒˆ๋ก  ๋“ฑ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ๊ฐ€ ๊ถค๋„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์Šตํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ์ง€์ผœ์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 500๋…„ ํ›„, ์‹ฌ์žฅ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์˜ ๋ฒค์ž ๋Œ€์žฅ์€ ๋”ธ ๋ผ์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ถค๋„๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ œ์ณ๋‘๊ณ  ์ฟ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์•ผ๋Š” ์†ก๊ณณ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์กฑ์žฅ ๋น„๋ผ๋‚˜ ๋”ธ๊ณผ ์นœ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๋“œ๋ž˜๊ณค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ผ์•ผ์—๊ฒŒ ์šฉ์˜ ๋ชฉ๊ฑธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ , ํšŒ์ „ ํ›„ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ถค๋„์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ผ์•ผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณง ์†ก๊ณณ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋ณด์„์„ ํ›”์น˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ถ€์กฑ๋“ค์€ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ธ์›€์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋ณด์„์„ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ž ๋ด‰์ธ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋˜ ๋‘๋ฃฌ์ด ๊นจ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋“œ๋ฃจ์šด์€ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ํ›”์น˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์•ผ๋Š” ๋ฒค์ž๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ๋กœ ๋Œ์„ ๋˜์งˆ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋„๋ง์น˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 6๋…„ ๋’ค ๋ผ์•ผ๋Š” ์‹œ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์†Œํ™˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ•์˜ ๋์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์šฉ์€ ๊ถค๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด์ธ ์šฉ ์‹œ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊นจ์› ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์— ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ํ…Œ์ผ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•ด์„œ ์‹œ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์†Œํ™˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ถค๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋‚˜์ด ๋งŽ์€ ํ˜•์ œ๋“ค์ด ํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ํŒŒ์›Œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ธ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํƒœ์ผ ์‚ฌ์›์˜ ๋‚จ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ์ˆ˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๋“ค ๋‘˜์€ ๋“œ๋ฃฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ์žƒ์€ ์ Š์€ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณดํŠธ์—์„œ ํƒˆ์ถœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์นœ์ ˆํ•œ ์ฒ™์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ผ์•ผ๋Š” ์‹œ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์šฉ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ํƒ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌผ์œ„๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง‘์„ ์ง€์€ ํƒˆ๋ก  ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋“œ๋ฃจ์šด์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋ผ์•ผ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋”๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ถค๋„์˜ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋˜์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์•ผ๋Š” ์ด ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋ฃจ๋ฃฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์‹  ํ›„ ์ž…์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ๋…ธ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋™๋งน์„ ๋งบ์€ โ€˜์™ˆ๋น„์Šคโ€™๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ โ€˜์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊พผโ€™์„ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ด์•ผ๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฒฉ์ด ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ๋•๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์„ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฐพ์œผ๋Ÿฌ ๋งˆ์„๋กœ ๊ฐ”๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ธ์›€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ซ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋ฆฌ๋”์— ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ด์•ผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ•ด ์‹œ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๊ฐœ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋‚ด์–ด ์พจ์•„ ์พจ์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์พจ์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์พจ์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์พจ์ง€๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ผ์•ผ์™€ ์‹œ์ˆ˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งˆ์„๋กœ ์ง„์ž…์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค ํ•˜๋Š” ์Šคํ”ผ์ธ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ 'ํ†ต'์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ• ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฌด์„œ์šด ์ „์‚ฌ'๋กœ ์žกํ˜”๋‹ค. ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์นจ์ž…ํ•ด์„œ ํ’€๋ ค๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ๋‚จ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋„์ฐฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ํ† ์”จ๋Š” ๋‚จ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ€์™€ ๊ต์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์•ผ๋Š” ๋‚จ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹œ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋“œ๋ž˜๊ณค์˜ ์„œ์‹๊ณผ ๋‚จ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ, ํŒฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํŒฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํŒฌ๋“œ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋– ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „ ๋‚จ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๋™์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋น„๋ผ๋‚˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋น„๋ผ๋‚˜์— ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์šฉ์„ ๋˜์‚ด๋ ค์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณดํŠธ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€, ๋ผ์•ผ๋Š” ์‹œ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ์—ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ถค๋„๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋น„๋ฅผ ์†Œํ™˜ํ•  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์–ป๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์•ผ๋Š” ํ—ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋˜์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์„ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋Œ๋ ค๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹œ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์Šด ์†์˜ ๋‚จ์€ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ํ˜•์ œ๋“ค์˜ ์šด๋ช…์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด์ฃ . ์‹œ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ถค๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ํ˜•์ œ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์•ผ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์šฉ์˜ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ข…์—…์ž๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์•ผ์™€ ์‹œ์Šค๋Š” ๋‚จ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ถค๋„์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ž๋งˆ์ž ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ์„๊ถ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉํ‡ดํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ผ์•ผ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ํ™”์‚ด์— ๋งž๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์— ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฃจ๋ฃฌ๊ณผ์˜ ํ—ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์œ„๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค. ๋“œ๋ฃจ๋ฃฌ ๊ตฐ๋‹จ์— ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋ฃจ๋ฃฌ ์†์— ๋น„๋ž€์˜ ์šด๋ช…์„ ์Šฌํผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋‚˜๋ฆฌ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฃผ์นœ ๋‚˜๋ฅด์˜ ๋‚จ๋ฏธ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฃผ์น˜์ž. ์–‘์ธก์€ ํˆฌ์Ÿ ์ค‘ ํ†ต, ๋ถ„, ๋…ธ์ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‰ผํ‹ฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋ฃจ๋ฃฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์•ผ๋Š” ๋‚จ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•  ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑธ ์žƒ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๋„์šฐ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ, ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ๊ถค๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์ฃ  ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ํž˜์„ ์žƒ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด์— ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋“œ๋ฃฌ์— ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์—ฌ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์•ผ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์•ผ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ณด์„์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋†“๊ณ  ๋“œ๋ฃฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€์˜ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ ๋‚˜๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋“œ๋ฃฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋จนํžˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋“œ๋ฃฌ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋“œ๋ž˜๊ณค๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋Œ์•„์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ผ์•ผ ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ถ์„ ๋˜์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด๋‹ค. ๋ผ์•ผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฒค์ž์™€ ์žฌ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์š”์‹œ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€์กฑ๋“ค์ด ํ‰ํ™”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์—ฌ์„œ ์ถ•ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ง์ด๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์šฐ์ง„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ง ์—ฐ์ถœ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์—ฐ์ถœ: ๋ฐ•์›๋นˆ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ: ์ด๋ ˆ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ ์—ฐ์ถœ: ์ด๋‚˜๋ฆฌ๋ฉ” ๋…ธ๋ž˜ ๊ฐœ์‚ฌ: ๋ฏผ์—ฐ์žฌ, ๋ฐ•์›๋นˆ ๋”๋น™ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค: ์• ๋“œ์› ๋ฏน์‹ฑ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค: SHEPERTON INTERNATIONAL ํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์ˆ˜ํผ๋ฐ”์ด์ €: ์ด์œ ๋ฏธ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ์ œ์ž‘: Disney Character Voices Internatioanl,Inc. ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ ์ „ ์ •๋ณด 2019๋…„ D23 ์—‘์Šคํฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ณต์‹ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 2021๋…„ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์˜ํ™” 2021๋…„ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์˜ํ™” ์˜์–ด ์˜ํ™” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์˜ํ™” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํŒํƒ€์ง€ ๋ชจํ—˜ ์˜ํ™” ํŒํƒ€์ง€ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์˜ํ™” ๋ชจํ—˜ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์˜ํ™” ๊ฐ€๊ณต์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์šฉ์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์˜ํ™” ๋ณ€์‹ ์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์•„์ด๋งฅ์Šค ์˜ํ™” ๋ˆ ํ™€ ๊ฐ๋… ์˜ํ™” ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ+ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„ ์˜ํ™” ์›”ํŠธ ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค ์˜ํ™” ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฒ”์œ ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋œ ์˜ํ™”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raya%20and%20the%20Last%20Dragon
Raya and the Last Dragon
Raya and the Last Dragon ( ) is a 2021 American animated fantasy action-adventure film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It was directed by Don Hall and Carlos Lรณpez Estrada, co-directed by Paul Briggs and John Ripa, and produced by Osnat Shurer and Peter Del Vecho. The screenplay was primarily written by Qui Nguyen and Adele Lim with additional contributions from various writers, based on story ideas by Bradley Raymond and Helen Kalafatic. Raya and the Last Dragon stars the voices of Kelly Marie Tran, Awkwafina, Izaac Wang, and Gemma Chan, and follows the titular warrior princess, Raya, as she seeks out the fabled last dragon to save her father and the land of Kumandra from evil spirits called Druun. Development began in October 2018, and in August 2019 the project was officially announced, with the title and voice cast being revealed. During production, Disney replaced several cast and crew members, including the initially announced lead actress Cassie Steele for Tran, to conform with changes in character and plot. The film is inspired by traditional Southeast Asian cultures. During design and animation, the team focused on its diverse environments and characters while maintaining authentic cultural representation. James Newton Howard composed the score. Raya and the Last Dragon was released in theaters in the United States on March 5, 2021, simultaneously in theaters and through Disney+ with Premier Access. It was delayed twice from an original November 2020 release date due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The film became the third-most-streamed film of 2021, and, excluding its Disney+ Premier Access revenue, grossed $130.4million worldwide. Raya and the Last Dragon received generally positive reviews; critics praised the imagery and depth, but criticized the story and limited Southeast Asian representation. It was nominated for various accolades, including an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. Plot The Druun, mindless spirits that turn every living thing in their path to stone, ravage the prosperous land of Kumandra. Sisu, the last surviving dragon, concentrates her magic into a gem and blasts the Druun away, reviving Kumandra's people but not its dragons. A power struggle for the gem divides Kumandra's people into five separate chiefdoms called Fang, Heart, Spine, Talon, and Tail, corresponding to their placement along a gigantic dragon-shaped river. Five hundred years later, Chief Benja of the Heart tribe retains possession of the gem and trains his young daughter, the warrior princess Raya, to protect it. Believing Kumandra can be reunited, Benja holds a feast for all five tribes. During the feast, Raya befriends Namaari, princess of the Fang tribe, who gives her a dragon pendant. Trusting Namaari, Raya shows her the gem's chamber, but Namaari betrays her as part of a plot to help Fang steal the gem. After being alerted to the attack, Benja and the other tribes arrive and start fighting over the gem, breaking it into five pieces in the scuffle. The gem's destruction creates a fissure which releases the Druun once more, quickly overtaking the Land of Heart. As the tribe leaders each steal a piece of the gem and flee, Benja notices that water repels the Druun and saves Raya's life by throwing her in the river before being turned to stone. Six years later, Raya treks across Kumandra, searching for Sisu to have her create another gem and banish the Druun once more. She manages to summon her in Tail, where Sisu admits she did not create the gem but wielded it on behalf of her four siblings, who all contributed their magic to the gem. Raya and Sisu resolve to take back the four pieces of the gem, reassemble it, and use it to banish the Druun and restore those who were turned to stone. Raya and Sisu travel across the realm, reclaiming pieces of the gem and making new friends: the young restaurateur Boun from Tail, the baby con artist Little Noi and her three ongis from Talon, and the warrior Tong from Spine, all of whom have lost loved ones to the Druun. Namaari pursues Raya, hoping to gain the gem shards for the Fang tribe. Each gem shard they acquire blesses Sisu with one of her siblings' magical powers. Raya, not fully trusting their new companions, insists Sisu remain disguised as a human, but she reveals herself to save Raya from Namaari at Spine. At Fang, Sisu persuades Raya to propose an alliance to Namaari rather than steal the final shard. As a gesture of trust, Raya returns the pendant Namaari gave her years ago. Namaari, torn between her responsibility to Fang and her wish to help defeat the Druun, threatens them with a crossbow. Sisu tries to calm Namaari, but Raya attacks with her whipsword after seeing Namaari's finger on the trigger, causing the crossbow to fire and kill Sisu; her death drains all the water away, allowing the Drunn to overrun the realm. Furious by Namaariโ€™s actions, Raya pursues her and finds her grieving the petrification of her mother, and they fight while Raya's companions use the gem pieces to evacuate the people of Fang. Raya prepares to kill Namaari, but stops when Namaari reminds Raya of her role in Sisuโ€™s death due to her inability to trust others, and they go to aid the others. As the Druun gain on her group, Raya remembers how trust allowed Sisu to save the world. She urges the others to unite and reassemble the gem, showing her faith in Namaari by handing over her gem piece and allowing the Druun to turn her into stone. Boun, Tong, Noi, and the ongis follow suit, and Namaari reassembles the gem before being petrified as well. This unleashes a shockwave that spreads throughout Kumandra, vanquishing all the Druun and conjuring up a magical rainstorm which revives everyone. It also revives the dragons, who later revive Sisu. The group reunites with their loved ones; the tribes and dragons gather at Heart to unify as Kumandra once again. Voice cast Kelly Marie Tran as Raya, a fierce and virtuous warrior princess of Heart who has been training to become a Guardian of the Dragon Gem. To save her father from petrification and restore peace to Kumandra, she embarks on a search for the last dragon. Awkwafina as Sisu, the last dragon in existence. She has a ludicrous and somewhat unstable personality, but she is also brave, kind, and wise. Izaac Wang as Boun, a charismatic 10-year-old entrepreneur from Tail who lost his family to the Druun. Gemma Chan as Namaari, the warrior princess of Fang and Raya's rival. Jona Xiao as young Namaari. Daniel Dae Kim as Chief Benja, Raya's father, the chief of Heart. Benedict Wong as Tong, a formidable, towering, kind-hearted warrior from Spine who lost his family and fellow villagers to the Druun. Sandra Oh as Virana, Namaari's mother and the chieftess of Fang. Thalia Tran as Little Noi, a toddler con artist from Talon who lost her mother to the Druun. She was raised by the ongis, creatures that resemble monkeys with catfish whiskers. Lucille Soong as Dang Hu, the chieftess of Talon. Alan Tudyk as Tuk Tuk, Raya's best friend and trusty steed who is a mix of armadillo and pill bug. His name is a reference to the nickname of auto rickshaws in Thailand. The film also featured the voice of Dichen Lachman as General Atitaya of Fang and a Spine warrior; Patti Harrison as the chief of Tail; Dumbfoundead as Chai, a flower guy; Sung Kang voices Dang Hai, the former chief of Talon; Sierra Katow voices both a Talon merchant and a Fang officer; Ross Butler voices the chief of Spine; Franรงois Chau voices Wahn; and Gordon Ip and Paul Yen voice Talon merchants. Production In October 2018, Deadline Hollywood reported Disney was developing a fantasy animated film produced by Osnat Shurer from a screenplay by Adele Lim, with additional directorial debuts by Paul Briggs and Dean Wellins. Most of them had previously been involved in other Disney films including Frozen (2013), Zootopia (2016) and Moana (2016). In August 2019, Disney announced the film during its D23 Expo Walt Disney Animation Studios' presentation, casting Cassie Steele as Raya and of Awkwafina as Sisu. In August 2020, Disney announced the replacement of several cast and crew members. Don Hall and Carlos Lรณpez Estrada replaced Paul Briggs and Dean Wellins as directors, with Briggs and Wellins demoted to co-directors. Ripa later also replaced Wellins as a co-director, and Wellins was credited as a contributor writer in the credits. Qui Nguyen joined Lim as co-writer and Peter Del Vecho joined Shurer as producer. Kelly Marie Tran replaced Steele to conform to changes in characters and plot; Shurer said the cast must embody the same spirit as the character and that Tran was better suited for the role. According to Hall, Disney recast the role because Raya was originally conceived as a "stoic loner", but the team began to infuse her with "levity" and "swagger" characteristics similar to those of Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) Star-Lord. Tran had unsuccessfully auditioned for the role of Raya. However, in January 2020, when Tran replaced Steele as Raya, she assumed that Disney had already rejected her before but was now hiring her to replace the lead actress. Disney hired each cast members separately and had them record their lines individually, keeping a secret from each of them until they accidentally discovered one another's involvement in the film before Disney revealed it to them. Despite the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the film industry, they worked and successfully completed the project from home. Overall, the budget was approximately $100million. Development and design Raya and the Last Dragon is inspired by traditional Southeast Asian cultures. The filmmakers consulted with Southeast Asia Story Trust experts to ensure an accurate cultural representation in the film. During production, the filmmakers emphasized the importance of avoiding stereotypical portrayals of Asian characters. To conduct background research, they traveled to Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia, where they were inspired by the local sense of acceptance, unity, and trust which they adopted as themes for the film. The artists explored various ways to express Kumandra's distinct characteristics and personalities, before consulting with the Trust and integrating cultural elements in their designs. Designing Kumandra's five fractured lands was challenging, and the team approached this by infusing them with unique climates and characteristics to reflect the diverse beliefs and culture of their people, with each land and its people representing a mandala icon revolving around Kumandra. This is inspired by the religious, cultural principles teaching that everything is centered around a common belief system or cosmology. During the worldbuilding of Kumandra, the designers focused on the expression of fantasy through using unfamiliar shapes, playing with scale and color, and placing objects in unexpected locations. Kumandra's Dragon River is inspired by the Mekong, and its dynamic colors in different lands are used to illustrate Raya's location in the film. The filmmakers focused the core of the film on Raya and Sisu, and their conflicting characteristics of trust issues and over-trusting acted as the basis for the film's humor and emotion. They initially designed the characters separately, drawing various designs of Raya and Sisu. However, they felt that there was something lacking and incomplete in their designs, and they realized the importance of designing them together, helping them better understand how they complemented each other both visually and thematically. Raya was conceived as a serious swordswoman focusing on her goal to find Sisu, and Sisu was conceived as a dragon trapped in her human form who refused to help Raya. However, as the writing progressed, Raya softened and Sisu become more helpful; the writers approached Raya as a character who act flawlessly and Sisu who does everything sideways. The designers ensured that Raya's observed quality would be culturally authentic, functional for her role as a swordswoman, and reflective of her emotional journey throughout the film. They designed her with feminine nose and strong, prominent cheekbones qualities. Her outfit is based on traditional sabai top and dhoti pants with cultural dragon references; her high-collar cape and large hat acted as protective layers that the filmmakers intended to remove as she emotionally evolves with the film. They aimed to make Raya exceptionally expressive and emotionally diverse, focusing on her playful and comedic aspects. Sisu is inspired by the naga, mythical beings who can manifest as serpent or human and are usually associated with water. The designers were inspired by the naga's cultural influence and powerful presence in Southeast Asia that evokes a feeling that they "actually exist in an invisible world of which we are not a part", and they sought to explore this concept in the story where the dragons were revered and similarly reflected this effect. They explored many silhouettes and attitudes of Sisu, ranging from ethereal and magical to the ferocious and skeptical, and they consulted with the Trust to help maintain her fantastical and unique characteristics while also addressing cultural customs and beliefs. Specific design elements in her dragon form were intentionally retained in her human attire to create a cohesive and recognizable character design. The poses of the dragon statues represent the designers' efforts to convey the same sense of grandeur, reverence, and awe-inspiring presence that dragons have in Southeast Asian culture. The dragons' footsteps radiate colorful, refracted ripples of light to emphasize cultural association with water. They designed the dragons with glowing characteristics and fluid grooms and textures, referencing various design elements such as scales and translucent fins. Water is a central element in the story; it is used to illustrate Raya's emotional growth, where colored bodies of water represent moments in which Raya feels close to those around her while high contrast, dark-colored ones represent her distrust and insecurity. The Druun were approached as embodiments of hopelessness and dread with a dynamic, cloudy form that is difficult to be perceived as one continuous form; their concepts include aquatic life, water boiling in reverse, dough folding in on itself, black holes, and parasitic behaviors. Dragons are a central aspect in Heart's design; they appear in its sacred fortress and palace and serve as cultural symbols. The dragons' design were influenced by water, which were reflected in Heart's rounded-shape architecture designs that form pattern of ripples. The designers aimed to make Heart's pond a magical and sacred place because it represent an important character moment between Raya and her father, incorporating elements of flowers that only bloom at night. While researching these flowers, they were inspired by an art installation involving lamps that would grow stronger and dimmer based on a person's location to create the Kumandra flowers. Similarly, they light up when the Dragon Gem, symbol of hope, was near; this illustrated an important theme in the story. Tail is inspired by fantasy plateaus and sand waterfalls and was intended as the "wild west" of Kumandra. Talon, the floating land that acted as a trading crossroad in the story, is inspired by Southeast Asia's cultural floating markets and night markets. The designers approached Talon's as a pier that had five different levels, envisioning the pier starting at the top level, and as the waterline lowered due to the drought, new platforms would be constructed underneath. Spine's design was influenced by its cultural connection with bamboo and focused on natural forms and textures, consisting of a black bamboo frame and a colossal woolly mammoth-like tusked roofline with large stone foundations from the surrounding rocky mountain. Spine's snowy, black bamboos becomes deep blue with maroon hints and lit color schemes create a striking visual contrast that greatly enhances its grand atmosphere. The designers employed a "lost-and-found approach to [the] edges", playing with shadows and lighting to create a sense of mystery and drama for Spine. Fang's design aesthetic reflects its commitment to strict and stringent principles. They based their designs on brutalism and strong, monolithic, and rigid geometric shapes, reinforcing their rigid identifies. The designers explored stretching Fang buildings and incorporating repeated rooflines to evoke the ominous sensation of a large creature peering down. In the Fang Palace, tall, vertical banners and giant gold fang-like sculptures hang ominously from sky high ceilings. Their rectangular with sharp edges and cold, sterile feel designs were designed to contrast the floral motifs and round, organic shapes those of Heart. Namaari is Raya's close friend before she betrayed her to steal the Dragon Gem for her people, the Fang, acting as one of the main antagonists and her rival. To express Namaari's strength and power, the designers focused on her facial expressions and physicality such as her aggressive nature and fierce stare. They adorned her with a hard-edge outfit with a predominantly off-white color palette to express her tough personality, reflecting Fang's geometric shapes of silhouette and patterning. Young Namaari's attire is designed to contrast her from young Raya, with stark white and gold elements representing Fang's harsh lifestyle as opposed to Raya's draped, soft, and blue designs with an overall serene feel. Animation and cinematography Kelsey Hurley, Gabriela Hernandez, and Shweta Viswanathan supervised an all-female technical leadership team that oversaw the flow of animation tools and other technical resources. Approximately 800 artists worked on the film from multiple departments, using various software applications such as Autodesk Maya, Houdini, and Nuke. Raya and the Last Dragon employs partial traditional animation techniques, creating a unique style characterized by warmth, imperfection, and distinctiveness that distinguishes it from conventional CG animations. This approach incorporates a flattened look reminiscent of shadow puppets used in Chinese storytelling, imbuing the film with a human-touched quality and emotional resonance effects. The animation team used intricate lighting and atmospheric designs to create Kumandra's diverse environments. They skillfully draped the characters' garments by deftly folding long panels of cloth, minimizing reliance on seams to maintain the structure. This departure from the traditional standard pattern-based pipelines approach made the process exceptionally challenging. To handle the challenge of casting and choreographing a wide array of diverse characters, the team enhanced their crowd system to efficiently manage the increasing diversity within the film. They meticulously studied and modified their workflows and pipelines to support this approach, adapting their tools and processes to handle the complexities. These adaptations were achieved through art-directed, simulated, and procedural approaches, utilizing Disney's Houdini-based Skeleton Library system. To depict the diverse tribes residing in different lands, an innovative modular approach was adopted, involving strategic element reuse and new techniques to introduce variation. A tracking system was implemented to validate assets and ensure their efficient use downstream. Collaborative efforts and an improved workflow between departments enabled the team to creatively and efficiently generate mass crowd assets. Various animation techniques, including anisotropic distances in physical and Boids simulations, as well as procedural fish/dragon animation layers and distance integral invariants for detecting dragon foot contacts, were employed to handle complex shots. These shots included beetles crawling atop one another and intricate fish/dragon choreography. Creating Sisu in computer-generated imagery (CGI) was challenging; her unique, otherworldly form was exceptionally complex to rig, and her fluid shape needed to be done as both bipedal and quadrupedal. Talon's exceptionally complex and intricate elements, assets, models, and characters with the added necessity to move them around water make it the most complex environment to produce. Rendering Tail's minimalist landscape in CGI proved challenging due to the need for the camera to be extremely close to capture the desert floor. Added complexities arose from the manually modeling of cracks and the scattering of rocks and vegetation elements throughout the scene. Cinematography focused on emphasizing Raya's characterization and her distrust of the world. They create contrasts from various camera and lighting styles to illustrate trust and distrust, applying them sequence-to-sequence and shot-to-shot based on her story arc. For example, the distrustful Raya was shot with a wide lens, deep focus, and a narrow color palette, while the trusting Sisu was shot with a long lens, shallow focus, and a broader color palette. To highlight the abrupt transition when Raya was thrown into the blue waters of the Dragon River in Heart to the scene six years later in Tail's harsh desert, the cinematographers employed light distortion techniques. These techniques were used to create a mirage effect, a shimmering illusion typical of hot environments, accentuating the dramatic shift in lighting, color, climate, and water in the film. Music James Newton Howard composed the score for Raya and the Last Dragon. Jhenรฉ Aiko wrote and performed a song entitled "Lead the Way" in the end credits. The score was released on February 26, 2021. Filipino singer KZ Tandingan was hired as the performer of "Gabay" (Guide), Disney's first-ever Filipino-language song, in March 2021. The track, the Filipino version of "Lead the Way", was released as part of the film's soundtrack for the Filipino dub of the film. Allie Benedicto, studio marketing head of Disney Philippines, said that the song "demonstrates [their] commitment to work with local creative talents". Marketing and release When Disney released the trailers on January 26, 2021, viewers expressed concerns about the limited Southeast Asian representation in the film's primarily East Asian-based cast and advocated for a more culturally accurate and diverse representation. Disney collaborated with various brands ranging from toys to merchandise such as McDonald's, LG, and Procter & Gamble to help market Raya and the Last Dragon. They also partnered with Southeast Asian brands like Omsum and Sanzo to pay tribute to the Southeast Asia cultures that inspired the film, and they supported and promoted many local, emerging advertisers there in their marketing efforts. When choosing promotional partners, they accounted for the film's target audience and the increasing number of people returning to theaters despite the COVID-19 pandemic. The 107-minute Raya and the Last Dragon was initially scheduled for release on November 25, 2020, but was later pushed back to March 12, 2021, before moving up a week. These shifts were reportedly made in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Its eventual shift enabled the film to be simultaneously released in theaters and on Disney+ Premier Access, which was available for purchase until June 4, 2021, before making it free for all subscribers from that date. In theaters, Raya and the Last Dragon was accompanied by a short film, Us Again (2021). Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Raya and the Last Dragon for digital download on April 2, 2021, and on Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray, and DVD on May 18. The digital release also included Us Again. Bonus features bundled with its Blu-ray release include "An Introduction to Us Again", a behind-the-scenes look of the short Us Again; "Taste of Raya", a virtual Southeast Asian dining experience; "Raya: Bringing It Home", an inside look on how the animators worked at home; "Martial Artists", a lesson on the martial art forms and weapons used in the film; "We are Kumandra", the cultural influences of the film from the Southeast Asia Story Trust; outtakes from the film; facts and Easter eggs; Ripa's experience of working on the storyboard; and deleted scenes. Thematic analysis Raya and the Last Dragon deals with the theme of trust, forgiveness, and reconciliation. Raya learned not to trust anyone in the story's broken world, while her father and Sisu, the last dragon, believed that the broken world only exists because people do not trust one another. Their conflicted beliefs drive the story, and as each character is introduced, they each challenge the theme of trust. Raya's severe trust issues stem from childhood betrayal when her friend, Namaari, deceived her for the Dragon Gem, leading her to overreact and distance herself from others. Her father's unwavering trust in others despite betrayal leads to a traumatic incident that intensifies her distrust. Throughout her journey, Raya encounters repeated betrayals, reinforcing her lack of faith in people. Consequently, she became constantly vigilant and overprotective toward Sisu. Sisu assists Raya by challenging her beliefs and encouraging her to trust again. She imparts a powerful lesson about the transformative impact of trust, showing how a simple act of faith can bridge immense gaps. Raya, initially scarred by betrayal, learns to overcome her past and bravely forgives, demonstrating the importance of trust and unity. By working together, Raya and her friends save their world, underscoring the importance of mutual trust and cooperation. When Namaari's actions lead them to a dire situation, Raya realizes her mistakes and chooses to trust Namaari, culminating in the revival of Kumandra from petrification. The film conveys essential moral messages including friendship, responsibility, leadership, courage, trust, and unity. Sri Wulan compared her experience to how children learn to distrust their perceptions in social interactions when they are confronted by double messages in their family. She observed that her overly protective, vigilant, and isolating behavior, as well as her tendency to assume and anticipate recurring betrayals, are all key signs of trust issues studied in clinical research. Tawakkal, Monix, and Watani wrote that it addresses social issues like division and conflict arising from prejudice, hatred, greed, and the thirst for power, examining the importance of introspection and mutual understanding. The film is interpreted as a reflection of evolving themes of feminism, gender equality, and diverse female empowerment in Disney animated films, breaking traditional stereotypes and challenging patriarchal dominance. Unlike previous Disney princess films which romanticized love and emphasized physical beauty, Raya and the Last Dragon portrays a strong female warrior protagonist as she struggles to reunite her country, highlighting women's mutual support without patriarchal influence. The film's feminist message is robust, depicting the main female character as rational, courageous, and independent, free from male dominance. Wardah and Kusuma wrote that it focused on trust in women as leaders, emphasized friendship over romance, and portrayed a strong female warrior image. In animation and visual cultures, various elements such as characters, settings, lighting, and sound help convey cultural narration and messages. Characters shape the story and ensure events unfold cohesively, and characterizations are their traits and nature; both serve as mediums through which creators convey various meanings in the story. According to Citra Kemala Putri, Bahasa Rupa, the traditional visual language, remains relevant in the arts as an opportunity to move beyond the use of Western visual language. Films like Raya And The Last Dragon can transition from conventional to digital media by harnessing cultural principles and technological advancements. This transition preserves the original purpose of epic storytelling and imparts moral teachings while simultaneously rejuvenating and alleviating the saturation of the traditional arts. It can also produce captivating narratives, visually appealing presentations, and rich audio, as well as engage the senses, stimulating the imagination, and evoking emotional responses. The fusion of martial arts, such as Pencak Silat from Indonesia and Arnis from the Philippines, is used to give Raya a unique fighting style based on various Southeast Asian cultures, but this approach may be criticized for potential misrepresentation due to the diverse philosophical aspects inherent to each martial art style. Shienny Megawati Sutanto wrote that the film could achieve a more authentic representation of Pencak Silat by delving into specific styles and their philosophical meanings, going beyond visual displays to create a more profound characterization of Raya's fighting style. Similarly, Raya's costumes although encompass the diversity of Southeast Asian cultures, led to a shallow representation, lacking the depth of meaning found in each garment and the respective cultures they represent. The film's portrayal of Southeast Asian visual cultures, including weapons, martial arts styles, and clothing worn by Raya, remained limited to surface-level signs and meanings. Despite using Southeast Asian visual cultures as a reference, the incorporation of various cultures into the characters resulted in a superficial appearance, undermining the diversity and richness of Southeast Asian cultures. She concluded that reinterpretation of cultural elements in films, if not done carefully, can result in a loss of meaning and turn the inspiration into an empty visual representation devoid of cultural significance, and although the film may seem inspired by various Southeast Asian cultural elements ostensibly, it fails to communicate the true diversity and uniqueness of Southeast Asian cultures. In Nirwana's analysis, the film effectively portrays the identity of Nusantara Southeast Asian culture through selected scenes and the main character, Raya. She possesses qualities like bravery, honesty, loyalty, and an appreciation of cultural diversity which are highly regarded in Indonesian culture. The film conveys positive messages about cultural diversity and the significance of cooperation to achieve common goals which are essential values in the Indonesian society, incorporating essential aspects of daily life and spiritual activities that align with the values commonly practiced in Indonesia and throughout Southeast Asia. Multiculturalism is prominently portrayed in the film, symbolized through food and shared experiences. This is demonstrated through characters discussing ingredients from various villages, representing the diversity of Southeast Asian cuisines. The film promotes unity and togetherness, emphasizing the significance of multiculturalism. It also emphasizes the concept of unity among different tribes, with pluralism acting as a means to achieve a harmonious union. It showcases various cultural and multicultural elements to convey a message of unity and the richness of diversity within Southeast Asian cultures. The film also emphasizes the importance of maintaining a harmonious relationship with nature, highlighting that such balance leads to peace, prosperity, and unity. Kumandra was constructed as a metaphor for environmental harmony, illustrating it as an ideal and heavenly life where everything coexists in harmony. Chief Benja of Heart strives to restore this environmental harmony after the tribes are divided due to greed, hatred, and the Dragon Gems. Wulan, Nurhasanah, and Sahri wrote that it promotes unity ecocritically and showcases the need to preserve environmental sustainability. Reception Box office Raya and the Last Dragon grossed $54.7million in the United States and Canada, and $75.7million in other territories for a worldwide total of $130.4million. During its opening weekend in the US and Canada, Raya and the Last Dragon grossed $2.5million on its first day and went on to debut to $8.5million across 2,045 theaters, topping the box office. Theater chains Cinemark and Harkins in the US, and Cineplex in Canada, did not initially run the film after declining Disney's rental terms, which led to Raya and the Last Dragon failing to match the opening-weekend grosses of family-centered The Croods: A New Age (2020) and Tom & Jerry (2021). Raya and the Last Dragon performance, however, improved in the following weeks, matching and eventually surpassing Tom & Jerry's box office numbers. The film grossed $5.5million in its second weekend and $5.2million in its third, remaining atop the box office. Worldwide, Raya and the Last Dragon debuted in 32 markets, grossing $26.2million in its opening weekend; the top countries were China ($8.6million) and Russia ($2.8million). The film earned $11.5million in its second weekend and $8million in its third from 29 markets. Audience viewership In its first three days in the week of March 1, Raya And The Last Dragon was watched for 355million minutes and placed fourth for the week among films. The film was released on Disney+ without any additional cost on June 4, 2021, worldwide; it was the second-most-viewed streaming title after Netflix's Lucifer. It was viewed for approximately 1.1billion minutes from May 31 to June 6, a significant increase for the film and any streaming title, which previously had 115million viewing minutes a week when it was only available as a premium title for $30. According to the official list of the most watched streaming titles of 2021 released on January 21, 2022, by Deadline Hollywood and Nielsen Holdings, Raya and the Last Dragon was ranked the third-most-streamed film of 2021 with 8.34billion minutes watched, behind Luca (2021) and Moana with 10.5billion and 8.9billion minutes watched respectively. In January 2022, tech firm Akamai reported that the film was the ninth-most-pirated film of 2021. Critical response Raya and the Last Dragon has an approval rating of based on professional reviews on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of . The consensus reads; "Another gorgeously animated, skillfully voiced entry in the Disney canon, Raya and the Last Dragon continues the studio's increased representation while reaffirming that its classic formula is just as reliable as ever." Metacritic (which uses a weighted average) assigned Raya and the Last Dragon a score of 74 out of 100 based on 48 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported 92% of those gave it a positive score, with 78% said that they would recommend it. Critics including Shirley Li of The Atlantic and Brandon Katz of Observer praised the imagery and themes. Allen Johnson of the San Francisco Chronicle, among others, said that the film expertly balances emotion, humor, and social politics against a backdrop of stunning visual beauty and captivating storyline. IndieWire noted its rich storytelling and emotional depth, complemented by humor and heartwarming moments. Rolling Stone and RogerEbert.com praised its masterful blend of imagery and cultural mythologies, creating a visually stunning and emotionally engaging narrative reminiscent of classic Disney animated repertoires. Similarly, Vanity Fair and Vulture said that it expertly conveys the emotional depth and themes of the story through visually stunning animations and compelling characters. In addition, praise was also directed to the strong cast choice. and diverse characters. The story and limited Southeast Asian representation were criticized. Li criticized Raya's lack of depth, describing her as behaving more like a tourist than a genuine representation of the cultures depicted. She pointed out that unlike other successful fantasy films such as Black Panther (2018) and Moana, where cultural specificity is integral to the hero's journey, Raya struggles to seamlessly integrate its world into the narrative. In The New York Times, Beatrice Loayza expressed that the film falls short of the familiar Disney princess formula, questioning its cultural representation and corporate strategy. She stated that while the story is engaging, it feels somewhat trite in its message. In his Variety review, Peter Debruge criticized the dense and occasionally rushed story and world-building executions, which lacked an elegant and smooth narrative flow. Reviewers for The Irish Times and Vox cited its unwieldy central conceit and indistinct and insensitive cultural representation, respectively. Accolades Notes References Works cited External links Official screenplay 2020s American animated films 2020s children's animated films 2020s English-language films 2020s fantasy action films 2020s fantasy adventure films 2021 action films 2021 computer-animated films 2021 fantasy films 2021 films American animated adventure films American animated fantasy films American animated feature films American fantasy adventure films Animated buddy films Animated films about dragons Animated films about magic Anime-influenced Western animation Disney Princess films Films about shapeshifting Films directed by Carlos Lรณpez Estrada Films directed by Don Hall Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic Films produced by Peter Del Vecho Films scored by James Newton Howard Films set in a fictional country Films with Disney+ Premier Access IMAX films Southeast Asia in fiction Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures animated films
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๋ˆ ํƒœ์šฐ๊ธฐ
๋ˆ ํƒœ์šฐ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์ž ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ง€ํ์— ๋ถˆ์„ ๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ์„ ํƒœ์šฐ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ์†Œ์œ ์ž์˜ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ˆ์„ ํƒœ์šฐ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์  ํšจ๊ณผ, ํ•ญ์˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ, ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์  ์‹ ํ˜ธ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋“ฑ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ด๋ก ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ต์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ˆ ํƒœ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์ „๋žต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ˆ ํƒœ์šฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ƒ, ๋ˆ์„ ํƒœ์šฐ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ์œ ํ†ต๋˜๋Š” ํ†ตํ™”๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜์›ํžˆ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ด ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ํ†ตํ™”๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ†ตํ™” ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ด๋‹ค. ์ค‘์•™์€ํ–‰์€ ๊ตญ์ฑ„๋‚˜ ์™ธํ™”๋ฅผ ํŒ”์•„ ์œ ํ†ต๋˜๋Š” ๋ˆ์„ ํšŒ์ˆ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ์„ ํƒœ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ค‘์•™์€ํ–‰์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ž์‚ฐ๊ณผ๋„ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•ด์ค„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ณ , ์ค‘์•™์€ํ–‰(๋˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ ๋ฐœ๊ถŒ ๊ธฐ๊ด€)์— ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฌด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ ๊ณ ์šฉ ํ‰ํ˜• ์ƒํƒœ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋””ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ (๋˜๋Š” ์ธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋น„์œจ)์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ, ์œ ํ†ต ์ค‘์ธ ํ™”ํ์˜ ์‹ค์งˆ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค,. ๋ถˆ์— ํƒ„ ๋ˆ์ด ๋ฌด์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚ด์žฌ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ง€ํ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์žฌํ™”๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์‹ค๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์—†๊ณ , ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ˆ์€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์Šนํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ˆ์˜ ์–‘์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ๋žœ์ฆˆ๋ฒ„๊ทธ๋Š” ์ €์„œ ใ€Š์•ˆ๋ฝ์˜์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์žใ€‹์—์„œ ๋ˆ์„ ํƒœ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žฌ๋ฌด๋ถ€์— ์–‘๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ์ž์„ ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1920๋…„์— ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ๋‹‰์Šจ ์นด๋ฒ„๋Š” ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ˆ์„ (๊ณ ์šฉ๋œ ๋…ธ๋™๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜) ๋‚ญ๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋” ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ผ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์ค‘์•™์€ํ–‰์€ ์ƒˆ ํ™”ํ์™€ ๊ตํ™˜๋œ ๋‚ก์•„๋น ์ง„ ๋™์ „๊ณผ ์ง€ํ๋ฅผ ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐํ•ด ํŒŒ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ†ตํ™” ๊ณต๊ธ‰์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ†ตํ™”์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ข‹๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์ค‘์•™์€ํ–‰์ด ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐํ•œ ๋ˆ์„ ํƒœ์›Œ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ˆ์„ ํ›”์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ˆ์„ ํƒœ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๋„๋‘‘์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์€ํ–‰์˜ ํ™”ํ ์†Œ๊ฐ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์ด ๋„๋‘‘ ๋งž์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ 2001๋…„์˜ ํ•ซ ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์™€ 2008๋…„์˜ ๋งค๋“œ ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ๋‘ ํŽธ์˜ ์˜ํ™”์— ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ์œ„์กฐ์ง€ํ ์ œ์ž‘์ด๋‹ค. ์ ๋ฐœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์œ„์กฐ์ง€ํ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ํ™”ํ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ ค ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํ•ด์•…์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์œ„ํ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ด๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋‹น๊ตญ์˜ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ธ ์ด์œ  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ์œ„์กฐ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ค‘์•™์€ํ–‰์˜ ํ†ตํ™”์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ค€๋น„์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ธ์‡„ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ์ฑ„๋ฅผ ๋งค์ž…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต (๋‚˜์ค‘์—๋Š” ์ด์ž)๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์žฌ๋ฌด๋ถ€๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์œ„์กฐ ์ง€ํ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์žฌ๋ฌด๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์žƒ์€ ์ˆ˜์ต ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์ž๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ชฉ์  ๋ˆ์„ ํƒœ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ์ˆœ์ „ํžˆ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๋ฐ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ์„ ํƒœ์šฐ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Š” ์ •์‹ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์ง•ํ›„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ „๋ฌธ์˜์˜ ์ž๋ฌธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ์žฌ์ •์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๊ตฌ์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ์„ ํƒœ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ธ์ง€์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๋™๊ธฐ์  ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค: ์†ํ†ฑ๋ฌผ๊ธฐ ์งˆํ™˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋‹น ์Šต๊ด€์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ˆ์„ ํƒœ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ง•๋ฒŒ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ• ๋งŒํผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๋ˆ์„ ํƒœ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž ์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐํฌ์Šค๋Š” ํ•ด์ ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์ž ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ๋ˆ์„ ์„ธ์–ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ๋น ๋œจ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค์ผ€๋กœ๋Š” "๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ๋ˆ์„ ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์“ธ๋ชจ์—†๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐํ‘ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์„๋•Œ์˜ ๋ณต์•ˆ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋…ผํ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ์€ 2015๋…„๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ˆ ํƒ€๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๊ธ‰์ฆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. '๋ฏธ์Šคํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์›€' ๋„์„œ ๋ฐ ์ธํ„ฐ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ํƒ€์ž„์ฆˆ์— ์žฌ์ธ์‡„๋œ 'Kinded Spirit' ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ ๋ฐ”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋งค๋…„ ๊ฐ€์„ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ์นตํ• ๊ทน์žฅ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ˆ์„ ํƒœ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งค์Šค๋ฒˆ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ง•์ฃผ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ์„ ํƒœ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•ญ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ํ–‰์œ„ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฐ€์น˜ํ•จ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. 1984๋…„์— ์„ธ๋ฅด์ฃผ ๊ฐฑ์Šค๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ค‘๊ณผ์„ธ์— ํ•ญ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „์—์„œ 500 ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํ”„๋ž‘ ์ง€ํ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ์— ํƒœ์› ๋‹ค. 1994๋…„ 8์›” 23์ผ K Foundation (๋นŒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ชฌ๋“œ์™€ ์ง€๋ฏธ ์ปคํ„ฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋“€์˜ค)์€ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ์ฃผ๋ผ ์„ฌ์—์„œ ์˜๊ตญ ๋ˆ 100๋งŒ ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ํƒœ์› ๊ณ , ๋“€์˜ค๋Š” ์—ฐ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1995๋…„ ์˜ํ™” "๋ฐ๋“œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ง€๋˜ํŠธ"์—์„œ ์นด์ผ ์ฟ ํผ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์ถœํ•œ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ์‹œํ€€์Šค๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์€ํ–‰๊ถŒ์„ ํƒœ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ดํ‹€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ข…์ด ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์ดฌ์˜์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ, ๋‰ด์š•์‹œ ๋ฒ•์›์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์€ ์œ„์กฐ์ง€ํ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆํƒœ์›Œ์„œ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌด๊ฐ€์น˜ํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์˜ ์ œ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ธˆ ์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ํƒœ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‚ด์„ธ์—์„œ ๋ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์•ˆ๋ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์‹์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜๊ตฌ์ƒ ์ •๋‹น์˜ ๋Œ€๋ณ€์ธ ๊ตฌ๋“œ๋ฃฌ ์‰ฌ๋งŒ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ž„๊ธˆ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ์„ค์—์„œ 10๋งŒ ํฌ๋กœ๋„ค๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ์— ํƒœ์› ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ด๋ก  ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ด๋ก ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ˆ ํƒœ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ˜‘์€ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด์˜ ์ „๋žต์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์„ฑ ๋Œ€๊ฒฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ ๋ˆ์„ ํƒœ์šฐ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ˆ์„ ํƒœ์šฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋„ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ฐ€์น˜ ๋ถˆํ™˜ํ™”ํ๋Š” ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์–ด ์ƒํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ, ์ธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์•ก๋ฉด๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์žฌ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋–จ์–ด์งˆ ๋•Œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ ์ธ๋„์˜ ๋ฃจํ”ผ ๋™์ „์€ ์•ก๋ฉด๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์Šคํ…Œ์ธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๊ฐ• ๊ฐ’ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€์ž ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๋กœ, 1965๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ฟผํ„ฐ ์ฃผํ™”๋ฅผ ์€ํ™”์—์„œ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ-๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์ „์˜ ์€ํ™”๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์•ก๋ฉด๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ์„œ ์ด์œค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…น์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ด๋งˆ๋ฅด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์ธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ์ตœ๊ณ ์กฐ์ผ ๋•Œ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ง€ํ๋ฅผ ๋•”๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.1969๋…„ ์Šค์œ„์Šค 5ํ”„๋ž‘ ๋™์ „์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋™์ „์„ ์€๊ดด๋กœ ๋…น์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ํ™”ํ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ๊ธˆ์œต ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ๋ถˆ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money%20burning
Money burning
Money burning or burning money is the purposeful act of destroying money. In the prototypical example, banknotes are destroyed by setting them on fire. Burning money decreases the wealth of the owner without directly enriching any particular party. It also reduces the money supply and (very slightly) slows down the inflation rate. Money is usually burned to communicate a message, either for artistic effect, as a form of protest, or as a signal. In some games, a player can sometimes benefit from the ability to burn money (battle of the sexes). The burning of money is illegal in some jurisdictions. Macroeconomic effect For the purposes of macroeconomics, burning money is equivalent to removing the money from circulation, and locking it away forever; the salient feature is that no one may ever use the money again. Burning money shrinks the money supply, and is therefore a special case of contractionary monetary policy that can be implemented by anyone. In the usual case, the central bank withdraws money from circulation by selling government bonds or foreign currency. The difference with money burning is that the central bank does not have to exchange any assets of value for the money burnt. Money burning is thus equivalent to gifting the money back to the central bank (or other money issuing authority). If the economy is at full employment equilibrium, shrinking the money supply causes deflation (or decreases the rate of inflation), increasing the real value of the money left in circulation. Assuming that the burned money is paper money with negligible intrinsic value, no real goods are destroyed, so the overall wealth of the world is unaffected. Instead, all surviving money slightly increases in value; everyone gains wealth in proportion to the amount of money they already hold. Economist Steven Landsburg proposes in The Armchair Economist that burning one's fortune (in paper money) is a form of philanthropy more egalitarian than deeding it to the United States Treasury. In 1920, Thomas Nixon Carver wrote that dumping money into the sea is better for society than spending it wastefully, as the latter wastes the labor that it hires. Opposites Central banks routinely collect and destroy worn-out coins and banknotes in exchange for new ones. This does not affect the money supply, and is done to maintain a healthy population of usable currency. The practice raises an interesting possibility. If an individual can steal the money before it is incinerated, the effect is the opposite of burning money; the thief is enriched at the expense of the rest of society. One such incident at the Bank of England inspired the 2001 TV movie Hot Money and the 2008 film Mad Money. Another, more common near-opposite is the creation of counterfeit money. Undetected counterfeit decreases the value of existing moneyโ€”one of the reasons why attempting to pass it is illegal in most jurisdictions and is aggressively investigated. Another way to analyze the cost of forgery is to consider the effects of a central bank's monetary policy. Taking the United States as an example, if the Federal Reserve decides that the monetary base should be a given amount, then every $100 bill forged is a bill the Fed cannot print and use to buy Treasury bonds. The interest earnings (after expenses) on those bonds is turned over to the US Treasury, so any lost interest must be made up by U.S. taxpayers, who therefore bear the cost of counterfeiting. Rationales Behaviorally speaking, burning money is usually seen as a purely negative act. The cognitive impact of burning money can even be a useful motivational tool: patients who suffer from nail biting may be trained to burn a dollar bill every time they engage in the habit. One study found this form of suppression training by self-punishment to be effective compared to control groups, although not as effective as substitution training. On the other hand, there are some situations where burning money might not be so unreasonable. It is said that the ancient Greek philosopher Aristippus was once on a ship at sea when he was threatened by pirates; he took out his money, counted it, and dropped it into the sea, commenting, "Better for the money to perish because of Aristippus than vice versa." Cicero would later cite this episode as an example of a circumstance that must be considered in its full context: "...it is a useless act to throw money into the sea; but not with the design which Aristippus had when he did so." Since around 2015 the UK has experienced a surge of interest in money burning. This has been noted in both the book The Mysterium and in a Kindred Spirit article that is reprinted in International Times. An annual Mass Burn Event - where people are invited to burn money - is held at the Cockpit Theatre in London every autumn. Symbolism Publicly burning money can be an act of protest or a kind of artistic statement. Often the point is to emphasize money's intrinsic worthlessness. In 1984, Serge Gainsbourg burned a 500 French franc note on television to protest against heavy taxation. On 23 August 1994, the K Foundation (an art duo consisting of Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty) burned one million pounds sterling in cash on the Scottish island of Jura. This money represented the bulk of the K Foundation's funds, earned by Drummond and Cauty as The KLF, one of the United Kingdom's most successful pop groups of the early 1990s. The duo have never fully explained their motivations for the burning. In the 1995 film Dead Presidents, the title sequence directed by Kyle Cooper features close shots of burning U.S. bills; it took two days of shooting and experimenting with the paper to get the effect right. In the early 18th century, New York City courts would publicly burn the counterfeit bills they gathered, to show that they were both dangerous and worthless. In traditional Chinese and Vietnamese ancestor veneration, imitation money in the form of joss paper are ceremonially burned, with the aspiration that the dead may use the money to finance a more comfortable afterlife. In 2010, the spokesperson for the Swedish Feminist Initiative, Gudrun Schyman, burned SEK 100,000 during a speech about the inequality in wages for men and women. In 2018, a collective of artists called Distributed Gallery have created a machine named Chaos Machine which burns banknotes and turns them into cryptocurrencies while playing music. Game theory In game theory, a threat to burn money can affect the strategies of the players involved; a classic example is the situation described as 'battle of the sexes', where the ability to burn money allows the player to achieve the desired equilibrium without actually having to burn money. For commodity value Fiat money can sometimes be destroyed by converting it into commodity form, rather than completely forfeiting the value of the money. Sometimes, currency intended for use as fiat money becomes more valuable as a commodity, usually when inflation causes its face value to fall below its intrinsic value. For example, in India in 2007, Rupee coins disappeared from the market when their face value dropped below the value of the stainless steel from which they were made. Similarly, in 1965, the US government had to switch from silver to copper-nickel clad quarter coins because the silver value of the coins had exceeded their face value and were being melted down by individuals for profit. The same occurred to 5-franc coins of Switzerland, which up to the year 1969 were minted using a silver alloy. At the peak of hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic, people burned banknotes for warmth, as their face value had fallen below their value as fuel. Legality The legality of money burning varies with jurisdiction. Australia Section 16 of the Crimes (Currency) Act 1981 prohibits deliberate damage and destruction of Australian money without a relevant legal permit. The law covers both current Australian money and historical coins and notes. Breaking this law can lead to detention or a fine. According to this law, even writing words on a banknote can be punished. Brazil In Brazil, whether it is illegal for a person to burn his or her own money is a controversial topic. It is not mentioned explicitly in Brazilian law. Joรฃo Sidney Figueiredo Filho, the head of the central bank, has affirmed that "when money is inside the Central Bank, then it is the property of the National Treasury. When it leaves, it is not." But the chief of police Jรฉferson Botelho Pereira has concluded that "whoever rips money is committing a crime against the property of the Union". The production of paper money by the State Bank is under the exclusive authority of the Central Bank, and is issued by the Brazilian Union. By that reasoning, the paper on which the money is printed is the property of the State, and its intrinsic value belongs to the person. Articles 98 and 99 of the New Brazilian Civil Code give "money" its own definition. This is because a banknote cannot become a common good, if the owner himself decides to keep it in his possession indefinitely. This makes money different from other state assets such as rivers, seas, streets, roads and piazzas, which are all immobile. Canada The Currency Act states that "no person shall melt down, break up or use otherwise than as currency any coin that is legal tender in Canada." Similarly, Section 456 of The Criminal Code of Canada says: "Every one who (a) defaces a current coin, or (b) utters a current coin that has been defaced, is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction." However neither the Currency Act nor Criminal Code mention paper currency. It therefore remains legal to completely destroy paper currency. Euro Zone According to the European Commission's Recommendation dated 22 March 2010, "Member states must not prohibit or punish the complete destruction of small quantities of Euro coins or notes when this happens in private. However they must prohibit the unauthorised destruction of large amounts of Euro coins or notes." Also, "Member states must not encourage the mutilation of Euro notes or coins for artistic purposes, but they are required to tolerate it. Mutilated coins or notes should be considered unfit for circulation." The European Union defines "falsifying or fraudulently altering money in any way" as a crime. Also, according to the EU ruling 1210/2010, "all money that is unfit for circulation must be delivered to the relevant national authority". EU countries must remove the currency from circulation and reimburse the holder", no matter what the country of issue. The European Central Bank has established that "Member states may refuse to reimburse Euro money that has been deliberately rendered unfit for circulation, or where it has been caused by a process that would predictably have led to the money becoming unfit. The exception to this is money collected for charitable purposes, such as coins thrown into a fountain". The ECB legal department also states "the ECB will refuse to replace money that has been stamped for advertising purposes". The European Union provides an obligation at the community level to retire "neutralized" notes from circulation, or those rendered unfit for security systems. New Zealand Section 28 of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act 1990 makes it an offence to wilfully deface, disfigure, or mutilate any bank note in New Zealand. The penalty is a fine of up to NZ$1,000. Singapore Singapore's Currency Act states that any person who mutilate, destroy, deface, or causes any change (to diminish value/utility of) currency note or coin is fined up to $2,000. Taiwan Intentionally damaging coins or notes, and rendering them unusable, is fined up to 5 times the nominal value of such coins or notes. Turkey In Turkey, defacement or destruction of banknotes can be punished with fines or with prison sentences. United Kingdom The Currency and Bank Notes Act 1928 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to banknotes. Among other things, it makes it a criminal offence to deface a banknote (but not to destroy one). Under Section 10 of the Coinage Act 1971 "No person shall, except under the authority of a licence granted by the Treasury, melt down or break up any metal coin which is for the time being current in the United Kingdom or which, having been current there, has at any time after 16th May 1969 ceased to be so." As the process of creating elongated coins does not require them to be melted nor broken up, however, Section 10 does not apply and coin elongation is legal within the UK with penny press machines. United States In the United States, burning banknotes is prohibited under , which includes "any other thing" that renders a note "unfit to be reissued". In an amicus brief for Atwater v. City of Lago Vista, Solicitor General Seth Waxman writes that arresting an individual who removes the corner dollar values "may expose a counterfeiting operation". It is unclear if the statute has ever been applied in response to the complete destruction of a bill. Certainly people have publicly burned small amounts of money for political protests that were picked up by the media โ€” Living Things at South by Southwest, Larry Kudlow on The Call, both in 2009 โ€” without apparent consequence. The question of legality has been compared to the much more politically charged issue of flag desecration. It can be argued that the desecration of the flag is comparable to the desecration of a photograph of Legal Tender (provided it was modified as to not violate counterfeiting laws). In 1989, in a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing on the Flag Protection Act, William Barr testified that any regulation protecting something purely for its symbolic value would be struck down as unconstitutional. The Senate report recommending passage of the Act argued that Barr's theory would render 18 U.S.C. ยง 333 unconstitutional as well. In a dissent in Smith v. Goguen, Justice Rehnquist counted 18 U.S.C. ยง 333 in a group of statutes in which the Government protects its interest in some private property which is "not a traditional property interest". On the other hand, the Government's interest in protecting circulating currency might not be purely symbolic; it costs the Bureau of Engraving and Printing approximately 5 cents to replace a note. Legal Tender, a 1996 telerobotic art installment by Ken Goldberg, Eric Paulos, Judith Donath, and Mark Pauline, was an experiment to see if the law could instill a sense of physical risk in online interactions. After participants were advised that 18 U.S.C. ยง 333 threatened them with up to six months in jail, they were given the option of remotely defacing small portions of a pair of "purportedly authentic" $100 bills over the web. A crime may be occurring โ€” but "only if the bills are real, the web site is authentic, and the experiment actually performed." In fact, one bill was real and the other counterfeit. Almost all of the participants reported that they believed the experiment and the bills to be faked. The destruction of money is also bound by the same laws that govern the destruction of other personal property. In particular, one cannot empower the executor of one's estate to burn one's money after one dies. See also Crop burning K Foundation Burn a Million Quid Fireproof banknote References Further reading Monetary economics Fire Financial crimes
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%80%ED%83%80%EB%82%98%EB%B2%A0%20%EA%B0%80%EC%9E%94
์™€ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฒ  ๊ฐ€์ž”
์™€ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฒ  ์นด์ž”(ๆธก่พบๅด‹ๅฑฑ, ใ‚ใŸใชใน ใ‹ใ–ใ‚“, 1793๋…„ 10์›” 20์ผ ~ 1841๋…„ 11์›” 23์ผ)์€ ์—๋„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ํ›„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌด์‚ฌ, ํ™”๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹คํ•˜๋ผ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋ฒˆ์‚ฌ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ›—๋‚  ๊ฐ€๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ต์นญ์€ ๋…ธ๋ณด๋ฆฌ(็™ป, ํ˜น์€ ๋…ธ๋ณด๋ฃจ) ํœ˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋‹ค์•ผ์Šค(ๅฎš้™). ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์นด์ž”์œผ๋กœ ่ฏๅฑฑ๋ผ ์ผ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 35์„ธ์ฏค๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๅด‹ๅฑฑ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ผ๋‹ค ๊ทธ ์™ธ์— ์  ๋ผ์ฟ ๋„(ๅ…จๆฅฝๅ ‚)์ด๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€๋„(ๅฏ“็”ปๅ ‚) ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›—๋‚  ์ •4์œ„์— ์ฆ์œ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๋…„ ๋‹คํ•˜๋ผ๋ฒˆ์‚ฌ์ธ ์™€ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฒ  ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฏธ์น˜(ๆธก่พบๅฎš้€š)์™€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์‚ฌ์นด์—์˜ ์žฅ๋‚จ์œผ๋กœ ์—๋„ ๊ณ ์ง€๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹คํ•˜๋ผ๋ฒˆ์ฃผ์˜ ์ €ํƒ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์™€ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฒ  ์ง‘์€ ํƒ€ํ•˜๋ผ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ƒ๊ธ‰ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด๋ผ์ด์—ฌ์„œ ๋Œ€๋Œ€๋กœ 100 ์„์˜ ๋…น์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ๋Œ€์—์„œ 27์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์‚ญ๊ฐ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์žฌ์ •๋‚œ์œผ๋กœ 12์„์ด ์ฑ„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ๋ณ‘์น˜๋ ˆ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์–ด๋ฆฐ์‹œ์ ˆ์„ ๊ทน๋„์˜ ๋นˆ๊ณค์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์‹์‚ฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋™์ƒ๋“ค๋„ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€ ์ผํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด์ž”์ด ์žฅ๋…„๊ธฐ์— ์“ด ํ‡ด์—ญ์›์„œ์ง€๊ณ ใ€Ž้€€ๅฝน้ก˜ๆ›ธไน‹็จฟใ€์— ์ƒ์„ธํžˆ ์ ์–ด๋‘” ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋น„๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์นด์ž”์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์ดํ›„ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์—๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹ค๋ฆด ์ •๋„์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜ ์ค‘ ์•„์ง ์†Œ๋…„์ด๋˜ ์นด์ž”์€ ์ž์‹ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์‹ค๋ ฅ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ์ƒ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋•๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ํƒ€๋‹ˆ ๋ถ„์ตธ(่ฐทๆ–‡ๆ™)์—๊ฒŒ ์ž…๋ฌธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์„ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์•„ 20๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜ ์ด๋ฏธ ํ™”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋’ค์— ์ƒํ™œ๊ณ ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ํ•™๋ฌธ์—๋„ ํž˜์จ ํƒ€ํ•˜๋ผ๋ฒˆ์‚ฌ์ธ ํƒ€์นด๋ฏธ ์„ธ์ด์ฝ”(้ทน่ฆ‹ๆ˜Ÿ็š)์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ํ•™์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  18 ์„ธ์—” ์ฐฝํ‰ํšก์— ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌํ†  ์ž‡์‚ฌ์ด(ไฝ่—คไธ€ๆ–Ž)์™€ ๋งˆ์ธ ์žํ‚ค ์ฝ”๋„(ๆพๅดŽๆ…Šๅ ‚)์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์‚ฌํ†  ๋…ธ๋ถ€ํžˆ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋†ํ•™์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด๋ผ์ด๋กœ์„œ ์นด์ž”์€ 8์‚ด๋•Œ ๋ฒˆ์ฃผ ๋ฏธ์•ผ์ผ€ ์•ผ์Šคํ† ๋ชจ(ไธ‰ๅฎ…ๅบทๅ‹)์˜ ์ ์ž์ธ ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”ํ‚ค์น˜(ไบ€ๅ‰)์˜ ์‹œ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”ํ‚ค์น˜๊ฐ€ ์š”์ ˆํ•œ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋™์ƒ ๋ชจํ† ํ‚ค์น˜(ํ›—๋‚ ์˜ ๋ฒˆ์ฃผ ๋ฏธ์•ผ์ผ€ ์•ผ์Šคํ…Œ๋ฃจไธ‰ๅฎ…ๅบทๆ˜Ž)๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์‹œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ๋ฒˆ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์—๋„ ๋“œ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์‹œ์ ˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒˆ์ฃผ ์ง‘์•ˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์นด์ž”์€ ๋ฒˆ์ฃผ ์ผ๊ฐ€์— ์นœ๊ทผ๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ์„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ถฉ์„ฑ์‹ฌ๋„ ๊ฐ•ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 16์„ธ์—” ์—๋„ ์†Œ์žฌ ๋ฒˆ์ € ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž[ๆฑŸๆˆธๅฑ‹ๆ•ท]๋กœ ์ •์‹ ์ž„๋ช…๋œ ์ดํ›„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ด€์ง(็ดๆˆธๅฝนใƒปไฝฟ็•ช ๋“ฑ)์„ ๋งก์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฒˆ์ฃผ์™€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1823๋…„ ๋‹คํ•˜๋ผ ๋ฒˆ์‚ฌ์ธ ์™€๋‹ค(ๅ’Œ็”ฐ)์ง‘์•ˆ์˜ ํƒ€์นด์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  1825๋…„์—” ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋กœ 32์„ธ์— ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์„ ์ด์–ด 80์„์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ก์„ ์ด์–ด๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 1826๋…„์— ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ต์„ญ๊ฐ€[ๅ–ๆฌกๅฝน]๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1827๋…„ ๋ฒˆ์ฃผ ์•ผ์Šคํ…Œ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ 28์„ธ๋กœ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌํ•˜์ž ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋‡Œ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋นˆ๊ถํ•œ ์žฌ์ • ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น„๊ต์  ์œ ๋ณตํ•œ ํžˆ๋ฉ”์ง€๋ฒˆ์—์„œ ์ง€์ฐธ๊ธˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์–‘์ž๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด์ž”์€ ์ด์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งˆํ‚ค์‹œ[็œŸๆœจๅฎšๅ‰]๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐฐ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™์ƒ ๋ฏธ์•ผ์ผ€ ํ† ๋…ธ๋…ธ๋ถ€(ไธ‰ๅฎ…ๅ‹ไฟก)๋ฅผ ๋ฒˆ์ฃผ๋กœ ์˜น๋ฆฝํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด์ž”์˜ ์‹œ๋„๋Š” ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ ๋ฒˆ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์•ผ์ผ€ ์•ผ์Šค๋‚˜์˜ค(ไธ‰ๅฎ…ๅบท็›ด)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด์ž”์€ ์žํฌ์ž๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹ฌ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ ์— ๋น ์ ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋ฒˆ ์ˆ˜๋‡Œ๋ถ€์™€ ํžˆ๋ฉ”์ง€ ๋ฒˆ์€ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ† ๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ถ€์˜ ์•„๋“ค์„ ์•ผ์Šค๋‚˜์˜ค์˜ ๋”ธ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ›—๋‚  ๋ฒˆ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์•ผ์ผ€ ์•ผ์Šค์š”์‹œ(ไธ‰ๅฎ…ๅบทไฟ)์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋ฒˆ ์ˆ˜๋‡Œ๋ถ€๋Š” ์นด์ž”์ชฝ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ž˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ํ† ๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ „ ๋ฒˆ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์Šค๊ฐ€๋ชจ์— ์ €ํƒ์„ ๋‚ด์–ด์ฃผ์–ด ์ง€๋‚ด๊ฒŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด์ž”์€ ํ† ๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ธ์ด ๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์ง€๋ƒˆ๊ณ  ํ›—๋‚  ์นด์ž”์ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋‚œํ•™์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ ํ† ๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ”์พŒํžˆ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ† ๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ถ€๋Š” ์นด์ž”์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„์ธ 1881๋…„์— ์นด์ž”์˜ ์ „๊ธฐใ€Žๅด‹ๅฑฑๅ…ˆ็”Ÿ็•ฅไผ่ฃœใ€๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋‹ค 1832๋…„ 5์›” ์นด์ž”์€ ๋‹คํ•˜๋ผ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋กœ(ํ† ์‹œ์š”๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ง์„)๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 20๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์–ป๊ณ ์žˆ๋˜ ์นด์ž”์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ •์น˜์—์„œ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ํฌ๋ง๋Œ€๋กœ ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์นด์ž”์€ ๋ฒˆ์ • ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ฑ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๆ ผ้ซ˜ๅˆถ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ด‰๋ก์ œ ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด ๋ฒˆ ์žฌ์ •์ง€์ถœ์„ ์ค„์—ฌ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋†ํ•™์ž์ธ ๅคง่”ตๆฐธๅธธ๋ฅผ ๋‹คํ•˜๋ผ๋ฒˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ๋น™ํ•ด ์‹์‚ฐํฅ์—…์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋†๋ฒ•๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ณ ๋ž˜๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฒผ ํ•ด์ถฉ ํ‡ด์น˜๋ฒ•์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ํฐ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ๋“ค์—์„œ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒํ’ˆ์ž‘๋ฌผ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌํƒ•์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๆธฅ็พŽ๋ฐ˜๋„์—์„œ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋ณด๋ ค ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ž˜ ๋˜์ง„ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์— ๊ฒ€์–‘์˜ป๋‚˜๋ฌด๋‚˜ ใ‚ณใ‚ฆใ‚พ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ๋“ฑ๋„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฒˆ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์—…์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™๊ตฌ์ด ์ธํ˜•(ๅœŸ็„ผไบบๅฝข) ์ œ์กฐ๋„ ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1836๋…„์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๋ดํฌ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ทผ์˜ ์ „์— ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์‹๋Ÿ‰๋น„์ถ•์ฐฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๊ทผ๋Œ€์‘์„œ์ธ ํ‰ํ™ฉ์‹ฌ๋“์„œใ€Žๅ‡ถ่’ๅฟƒๅพ—ๆ›ธใ€๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์žก๊ณ  ์ฒ ์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ˆ์•ฝ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ๋“ค ๊ตฌ์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฒˆ๋‚ด์— ์•„์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ง‰๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฒˆ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์นด์ž”์€ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ์ฑ…์„ ํ•‘๊ณ„์‚ผ์•„ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์Šค์ผ€๊ณ (ๅŠฉ้ƒท) ๋ฉด์ œ ํƒ„์›์„ ํ˜ธ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒ€ํ•˜๋ผ ๋ฒˆ์€ ๋ง‰๋ถ€๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒˆ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•ด์ƒ ๋ฐฉ๋น„ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•‘๊ณ„์˜€๊ณ  ์นด์ž” ์ž์‹ ์€ ๊ฐœ๊ตญ๋ก ์ž์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‡„๊ตญ์ •์ฑ…์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๋ก ์—๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๊ธฐ์Šˆ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์œ ํ•™์ž ้ ่—คๅ‹ๅŠฉ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•œ ์ƒ์น˜ํšŒ(ๅฐšๆญฏไผš)์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒ€์นด๋…ธ ์ดˆ์—์ด ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ทผ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ดˆ์—์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ์ž(้ฆฌ้ˆด่–ฏ)์™€ ๋ฉ”๋ฐ€(ๆ—ฉใ‚ฝใƒ)์„ ๊ตฌํ™ฉ์ž‘๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๊ตฌํ™ฉ์ด๋ฌผ๊ณ ใ€Žๆ•‘่’ไบŒ็‰ฉ่€ƒใ€๋ฅผ ์ผ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์ž˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋˜ ์นด์ž”์ด ์‚ฝํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋„ฃ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1837๋…„ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์Šจ ํ˜ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘์„ ํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ํ•™๋ฌธํšŒ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‚œํ•™์ž์ธ ์ดˆ์—์ด๋‚˜ ๅฐ้–ขไธ‰่‹ฑใ€ๅนกๅดŽ้ผŽ ๋“ฑ์ด, ๋ง‰๋ถ€์˜ ์‹ ํ•˜์ธ ๅท่ทฏ่–่ฌจใ€็พฝๅ€‰็ฐกๅ ‚ใ€ๆฑŸๅท่‹ฑ้พ ๋“ฑ๋„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๋ก  ๋“ฑ์„ ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ํ† ๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์—๊ฐ€์™€๋Š” ์นด์ž”์—๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ์–ป์–ด ๋ง‰๋ถ€์˜ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ์ฑ…์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์นด์ž”์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋ชจ์ž„์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ่—ค็”ฐๆฑๆน–๋Š” ๋‚œํ•™์˜ ํฐ ์‹œ์ฃผใ€Œ่˜ญๅญฆใซใฆๅคงๆ–ฝไธปใ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €๋‹ค. ์นด์ž”์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋‚œํ•™์ž๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋‚œํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๅนกๅดŽใƒปๅท่ทฏใƒป็พฝๅ€‰ใƒปๆฑŸๅท๋Š” ์ƒ์น˜ํšŒ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์นด์ž”๊ณผ ๅท่ทฏใƒปๆฑŸๅท๊ฐ„์— ์นœ๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€์ ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์นด์ž”์ด๋‚˜ ์ดˆ์—์ด, ไธ‰่‹ฑ๋Š” ์†์œผ๋กœ ์‡„๊ตญ์ฒ ํ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์นด์ž”์€ ๋ง‰๋ถ€์˜ ์‡„๊ตญ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๋ก ์ž๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๆฑŸๅท๋Š” ์นด์ž”์„ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๋ก ์ž๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ‘๊ทผํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์นด์ž”์€ ์™ธ๋ ค ๆฑŸๅท์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๋ก ์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป์„ ์ผ๊นจ์šฐ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๊ตญ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ์นด์ž”๊ณผ ์™„๊ณ ํ•œ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๋ก ์ž์˜€๋˜ ๆฑŸๅท๋Š” ๋™์ƒ์ด๋ชฝ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜ฅ 1838๋…„ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์Šจ ํ˜ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์นด์ž”๊ณผ ์ดˆ์—์ด๋Š” ๋ง‰๋ถ€์˜ ์ด๊ตญ์„  ํƒ€๊ฒฉ๋ น์— ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๊ปด ์นด์ž”์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ก ใ€Žๆ…ŽๆฉŸ่ซ–ใ€์„ ์ผ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์ฑ…์€ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๋ก ์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ•ด์ƒ๋ฐฉ์œ„๊ฐ€ ์—‰์„ฑํ•จ์„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋…ผ์ง€์— ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์—†์–ด ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์Šจ ํ˜ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ž๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ฑ„ ๋ง‰๋ถ€ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ…์„ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์ง“๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ชจ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๊ตญ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ž์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒ‰์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๋ก ์ž์˜€๋˜ ์นด์ž”์€ ๋ง‰๋ถ€์˜ ๋Œ€์™ธ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋น„ํŒํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ํƒ€ํ•˜๋ผ๋ฒˆ์˜ ํ† ์‹œ์š”๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ดˆ์—์ด๊ฐ€ ์ต๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์ˆ ๊ฟˆ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐใ€ŽๆˆŠๆˆŒๅคข็‰ฉ่ชžใ€๋ฅผ ์“ด ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด์ž”์€ ์ด ์ฑ…์„ ์ดˆ๊ณ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์น˜ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ดํ›„ ๋งŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜ฅ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€ํƒ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰์ค‘์— ๋ด‰ํ–‰์†Œ์— ๋ฐœ๊ฐ๋˜์–ด ๋‹จ์ฃ„์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ ๋ง์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋•Œ ๋งŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜ฅ์€ ๋ง‰๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ํŒŒ ๋ฉ”์ธ ์ผ€์ธ ้ณฅๅฑ…่€€่”ต๊ฐ€ ๋‚œํ•™์ž๋“ค์„ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ่—ค็”ฐ่Œ‚ๅ‰๊ฐ€ ์ž์œ  ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ ์šด๋™์„ ์—ฐ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ้ณฅๅฑ…์™€ ๆฑŸๅท่‹ฑ้พ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถˆํ™”๊ฐ€ ์›์ธ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  1839๋…„ 5์›” ้ณฅๅฑ…๋Š” ๆฑŸๅท์™€ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์”Œ์šฐ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๆฑŸๅท๋Š” ๋กœ์ฅฌ ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ๋…ธ ๋‹ค๋‹ค์ฟ ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์‹ธ์„œ ๋ณ„์ผ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์นด์ž”์€ ๊ฐ€ํƒ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์‹ ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ตญ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋– ๋“  ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์–ด ํƒ€ํ•˜๋ผ๋ฒˆ์—์„œ ์นฉ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ช…๋ น๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ†ต์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์—ฌ ์—๋„๋งŒ ์ˆœ์‹œ ๋•Œ ้ณฅๅฑ…์™€ ๆฑŸๅท์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ ๋‘˜์€ ์›๋ž˜ ์ ˆ์นœํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ด์ด๋ฉฐ ๋˜ ์ดํ›„ ้ณฅๅฑ…๊ฐ€ ์‹ค๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” 1844๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‘˜์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง€์ ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ้ณฅๅฑ…๋Š” ์—๋„๋งŒ ์ˆœ์‹œ๋‚˜ ๋งŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜ฅ 1๋…„๋„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ่Šฑไบ•่™Žไธ€๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ์นด์ž”์˜ ๋™ํ–ฅ์„ ์‚ดํ”ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋งŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜ฅ์€ ๋ฌด์ˆ  ๊ฟˆ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ €์ž๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋‚œํ•™์˜ ๋Œ€ ์‹œ์ฃผ๋ผ๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋˜ ์นด์ž”์„ ๋‹จ์ฃ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‡„๊ตญ ์™„ํ™” ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ผ๋ฒŒ๋ฐฑ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐํš๋œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1841๋…„ ํƒ€ํ•˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๊ทผ์‹ ์ค‘์ด๋˜ ์นด์ž” ์ผ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ƒํ™œ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๋˜ ็ฆ็”ฐๅŠ้ฆ™์ด ์นด์ž”์˜ ํšŒํ™”ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์—ด์–ด ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์ต๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ™œ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋งˆ์ € ๋ง‰๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฒˆ์— ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์นด์ž”์€ ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถˆํšจ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธ€์”จ๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ํ• ๋ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €์„œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„œ์–‘์‚ฌ์ •์„œ ์ดˆ๊ณ ใ€Žๅˆ็จฟ่ฅฟๆด‹ไบ‹ๆƒ…ๆ›ธใ€, ์„œ์–‘์‚ฌ์ •์„œ ์žฌ๊ณ ใ€Žๅ†็จฟ่ฅฟๆด‹ไบ‹ๆƒ…ๆ›ธใ€, ์™ธ๊ตญ์‚ฌ์ •์„œใ€Žๅค–ๅ›ฝไบ‹ๆƒ…ๆ›ธใ€, ใ€Ž้ดƒ่ˆŒๆˆ–ๅ•ใ€ใ€Ž้ดƒ่ˆŒๅฐ่จ˜ใ€๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜ ์นด์ž”ํŒŒ์˜ ์••๋ ฅ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋ง‰๋ถ€์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๋„ ์žˆ์–ด ์•„๋“ค ๆธก่พบๅฐๅด‹๊ฐ€ ์™€ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฒ ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ด์€ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋„ ์นด์ž”์˜ ๋ฌ˜๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด์ž”์˜ ๋ฌ˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์œ ์‹  ์ง์ „์ธ 1868๋…„ 4์›” 7์ผ์— ํ—ˆ๋ฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์™€ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฒ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋Š๊ฒผ๋‹ค. 1891๋…„ ์นด์ž”์€ ์ •4์œ„์— ์ถ”์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. . ์นด์ž”์˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์นด์ž”์€ ์–ด๋ฆด๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ ค์™”๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ์‚ผ์ดŒ์ธ ๅนณๅฑฑๆ–‡้ก์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์› ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ็™ฝๅท่Šๅฑฑ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์› ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํŒŒ๋ฌธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ์—ฐ์ค„๋กœ ้‡‘ๅญ้‡‘้™ต์˜ ์ œ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ้‡‘ๅญ้‡‘้™ต์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์šด ์ดํ›„ ์นด์ž”์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์‹ค๋ ฅ์€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์—” ๋“ฑ๋กฑ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ๋„์™”๊ณ  ์ด๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ์ตํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์–ป์€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ›—๋‚  ์—ฌํ–‰์ค‘ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๋“ค์„ ๊ทธ๋ ค ๋‚จ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ้‡‘ๅญ้‡‘้™ต์˜ ์Šค์Šน์ธ ํƒ€๋‹ˆ ๋ถ„์ตธ(่ฐทๆ–‡ๆ™)์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋‹ค. ํƒ€๋‹ˆ ๋ถ„์ตธ(่ฐทๆ–‡ๆ™)์€ ์นด์ž”์˜ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์ธํ™”๊ฐ€๋ผ๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์นด์ž”์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฒ”์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด์ž”์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚จํ™”(ๅ—็”ป)์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ™”ํ’์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์ธํ™” ์ค‘์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒญ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์šด๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ดˆ์ƒํ™”์—์„œ ์Œ์˜์„ ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ฐ์„ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ์–‘ํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ „๋ก€์—†์ด ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ํ™”ํ’์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ใ€Œ้ทน่ฆ‹ๆณ‰็Ÿณๅƒใ€ใƒปใ€Œไฝ่—คไธ€ๆ–Žๅƒใ€ใƒปใ€Œๅธ‚ๆฒณ็ฑณๅบตๅƒใ€๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์นด์ž”์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ฑ์— ์ง‘์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ์ผํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1835๋…„ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ธ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๆปๆฒข็ดๅถบ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์ž ์นด์ž”์€ ์žฅ๋ก€์‹์žฅ์—์„œ ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ๊ต์ฟ ํ…Œ์ด ๋ฐ”ํ‚จ์—๊ฒŒ ์ดˆ์ƒํ™”๋ฅผ ์˜๋ขฐ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์ดˆ์ƒํ™”๋Š” ์‚ฌํ›„์— ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„ ์‹ค์ œ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ๋ณด์ง€๋ชปํ•œ ์ฑ„ ๊ธฐ์–ต์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์นด์ž”์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€ํ–‰์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€์„ ์—ด์–ด ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๊ณ  ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ๋งŒ์ ธ๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋‹ค ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์ด๋‚˜ ๊ด€์Šต์—์„œ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ํ–‰๋™์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜ ์นด์ž”์€ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์„ ์ด๊ฒจ๋‚ด๋ ค๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ ธ์œผ๋‚˜ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์ด ๋งŒ๊ฐœํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋„“์€ ์‹œ์•ผ์™€ ์ธ๋งฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์— ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ํ’์†์„ ๋‹ด์€ ์ผ์†Œ๋ฐฑํƒœ๋„ใ€Œไธ€ๆŽƒ็™พๆ…‹ๅ›ณใ€๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋ฌธ์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•„๊ธฐํ–‰๋ฌธ์ธ ์ „๋ฝ๋‹น์ผ๋กใ€Žๅ…จๆฅฝๅ ‚ๆ—ฅ้Œฒใ€, ๋‹›์ฝ”๊ธฐํ–‰ใ€Žๆ—ฅๅ…‰็ด€่กŒใ€ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์žฅ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฝํ™” ๋“ฑ์ด ์—ฌํ–‰์˜ ํ’๊ฒฝ์„ ์ž˜ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋‚˜ ํ’์†์„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž๋กœ๋Š” ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค ์นœ์ž”(ๆคฟๆคฟๅฑฑ)ใƒป็ฆ็”ฐๅŠ้ฆ™ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ง‰๋‚ด๋™์ƒ ๅฆ‚ๅฑฑ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ผœ ํ™”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ คํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Š” 22์„ธ๋กœ ์š”์ ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋‹คํ•˜๋ผ์‹œ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ ํ‰์•ผ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ ( ํ•˜๋งˆ ๋งˆ์ธ ์‹œ ) 1793๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1841๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ์‹  (์—๋„ ์‹œ๋Œ€) ํ• ๋ณตํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋‹คํ•˜๋ผ๋ฒˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์—๋„ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•„๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ์ƒํ™”๊ฐ€ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—๋„ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ธ ์—๋„ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚œํ•™์ž
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watanabe%20Kazan
Watanabe Kazan
was a Japanese painter, scholar and statesman member of the samurai class. Biography He was born Watanabe Sadayasu in Edo (now Tokyo) to a poor samurai family, and his artistic talent was developed from an early age. His family served the lord of the Tahara Domain, located in present-day Aichi prefecture. Watanabe himself served the lord of Tahara as a senior councilor, one of his achievements being said to be protecting the domain from even a single death from starvation during the Tenpล famine. He was heavily influenced by the artistic styles of the West, forming a unique style with elements of Japanese and European art. Like many other Edo-period artists, Kazan painted realistic portraits of his subjects using the effects of shading which he learned from European paintings. On the one hand, he was a traditionalist Confucian, who believed in filial piety and loyalty to his daimyล, and on the other he was enthusiastic about Western ideas regarding science and politics. He wrote two private essays which were interpreted as being critical of the Shogunate's defense of Tokyo Bay and promoting Western ideas. Although these papers were discarded by Watanabe, they were found and he was tried and exiled to his home province of Tahara. One of the conditions of his exile was that he wouldn't sell his paintings, however Watanabe continued selling his paintings in secret due to financial hardships. This was eventually discovered leading to the suppression of his works and house arrest. Due to the political turmoil involved in this, Watanabe committed ritual suicide (seppuku) as a way to amend for the embarrassment he caused his lord. Works References Watanabe Kazan at Artcyclopedia.com External links 1793 births 1841 deaths Artists who died by suicide Karล Suicides by seppuku Japanese portrait painters 1840s suicides Artists from Tokyo Metropolis
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%8B%AC%20%EB%8B%AE%EC%9D%8C%20%EB%B3%80%ED%99%98
์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋‹ฎ์Œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜
์•„ํ•€ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋‹ฎ์Œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜(ไธญๅฟƒ-่ฎŠๆ›, )์€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋˜ ์ด ์ ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ถ•์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์œ ํด๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์œ„์—์„œ๋งŒ ์œ ํšจํ•œ ์ •์˜์ด๋‚˜, ์ž„์˜์˜ ์•„ํ•€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์œ„์—๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•์žฅ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•„ํ•€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์œ„์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋‹ฎ์Œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ณผ ํ‰ํ–‰ ์ด๋™์€ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฐ์„ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง์„ ์„ ์ด์— ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ „๋‹จ์‚ฌ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ •์˜ ์ฒด ์œ„์˜ ์•„ํ•€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์™€ ์  ๋ฐ 0์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ƒ์ˆ˜ ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž. ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋‹ฎ์Œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด๋Š” ํ•ญ๋“ฑ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด๋Š” ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์ฒด ์œ„์˜ ์•„ํ•€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์œ„ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋™์น˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ณ€ํ™˜(ๆ“ดๅคง่ฎŠๆ›, )์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋Š” ์•„ํ•€ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ ์„ ํ˜• ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์„ ํ˜•๊ตฐ ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์˜ ์›์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. (์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋Š” ์˜ ํ‰ํ–‰ ์ด๋™๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค.) ๋Š” ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋‹ฎ์Œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ‰ํ–‰ ์ด๋™์ด๋‹ค. (์‚ฌ์‹ค, ํ‰ํ–‰ ์ด๋™์€ ๋ฌดํ•œ์›์ ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋‹ฎ์Œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.) ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋‹ฎ์Œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ž„์˜์˜ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋Š” ๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜• ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„ํ•€ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ฐ€ ํ‰ํ–‰ ์ด๋™์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ํ‰ํ–‰ ์ด๋™ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ž„์˜์˜ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋Š” ํ•ญ๋“ฑ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ์„ ์„ ํ˜• ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„ํ•€ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ฐ€ ์˜ ์›์†Œ ์„ ์„ ํ˜• ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„ํ•€ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ž„์˜์˜ ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜์ž. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ž„์˜์˜ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋Š” ๋ฅผ ํ‰ํ–‰ ์ด๋™ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ‰ํ–‰ ์ด๋™์ด๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์•„ํ•€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋Š” ์˜ ๊ณ ์ •์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ž„์˜์˜ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ด๋Š” ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋‹ฎ์Œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์งˆ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜์  ์„ฑ์งˆ ์•„ํ•€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์œ„์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋“ค์€ ์•„ํ•€ ๊ตฐ ์˜ ์ •๊ทœ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ตฐ ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๋ชจ๋“  ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋‹ฎ์Œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ์ „๋‹จ์‚ฌ ์•„ํ•€ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ์„ฑ์งˆ ์ฒด ์œ„์˜ ์•„ํ•€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์œ„ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ , ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋™์น˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋Š” ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋Š” ์ „๋‹จ์‚ฌ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ž„์˜์˜ ์•„ํ•€ ์ง์„  ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์€ ์— ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„ํ•€ ์ง์„ ์ด๋‹ค. ํŽธ์˜์ƒ ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์šฐ์„  ๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ•€ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ž„์˜์˜ ์•„ํ•€ ์ง์„  ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์—ญ์‹œ ์•„ํ•€ ์ง์„ ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ ์„ ํ˜• ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž„์˜์˜ ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜์ž. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์€ ์— ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ฐ€ ์ž„์˜์˜ ์•„ํ•€ ์ง์„ ์˜ ์ƒ์ด ์ด์™€ ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„ํ•€ ์ง์„ ์ธ ์ „๋‹จ์‚ฌ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ž„์˜์˜ ์•„ํ•€ ์ง์„  ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์€ ์— ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„ํ•€ ์ง์„ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋‹ค์Œ์„ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž„์˜์˜ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ, , ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์•„ํ•€ ์ง์„ ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ , ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์•„ํ•€ ์ง์„ ์— ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์€ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋Š” , ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์•„ํ•€ ์ง์„ ์˜ ๊ต์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณผ ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์•„ํ•€ ์ง์„  ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹  ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž„์˜์˜ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋Š” ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋‹ฎ์Œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ ๋Š” ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๊ณผ ์›๋ž˜ ์  ๋ฅผ ์ž‡๋Š” ์ง์„  ์œ„์˜ ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์œ ํด๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋‹ฎ์Œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์›์ƒ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กœ ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ชฝ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์Œ์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กœ ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ชฝ์ด๋‹ค. ์œ ํด๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋‹ฎ์Œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‘ ์  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์˜ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ยท์ถ•์†Œ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ด๋Š” ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ฎ์Œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ 3์ฐจ์› ์œ ํด๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์˜ ์›์  ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  2๋ฅผ ๋‹ฎ์Œ๋น„๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋‹ฎ์Œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์•„ํ•€๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์™€ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ (ํ•จ์ˆ˜)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homothety
Homothety
In mathematics, a homothety (or homothecy, or homogeneous dilation) is a transformation of an affine space determined by a point S called its center and a nonzero number called its ratio, which sends point to a point by the rule for a fixed number . Using position vectors: . In case of (Origin): , which is a uniform scaling and shows the meaning of special choices for : for one gets the identity mapping, for one gets the reflection at the center, For one gets the inverse mapping defined by . In Euclidean geometry homotheties are the similarities that fix a point and either preserve (if ) or reverse (if ) the direction of all vectors. Together with the translations, all homotheties of an affine (or Euclidean) space form a group, the group of dilations or homothety-translations. These are precisely the affine transformations with the property that the image of every line g is a line parallel to g. In projective geometry, a homothetic transformation is a similarity transformation (i.e., fixes a given elliptic involution) that leaves the line at infinity pointwise invariant. In Euclidean geometry, a homothety of ratio multiplies distances between points by , areas by and volumes by . Here is the ratio of magnification or dilation factor or scale factor or similitude ratio. Such a transformation can be called an enlargement if the scale factor exceedsย 1. The above-mentioned fixed point S is called homothetic center or center of similarity or center of similitude. The term, coined by French mathematician Michel Chasles, is derived from two Greek elements: the prefix homo- (), meaning "similar", and thesis (), meaning "position". It describes the relationship between two figures of the same shape and orientation. For example, two Russian dolls looking in the same direction can be considered homothetic. Homotheties are used to scale the contents of computer screens; for example, smartphones, notebooks, and laptops. Properties The following properties hold in any dimension. Mapping lines, line segments and angles A homothety has the following properties: A line is mapped onto a parallel line. Hence: angles remain unchanged. The ratio of two line segments is preserved. Both properties show: A homothety is a similarity. Derivation of the properties: In order to make calculations easy it is assumed that the center is the origin: . A line with parametric representation is mapped onto the point set with equation , which is a line parallel to . The distance of two points is and the distance between their images. Hence, the ratio (quotient) of two line segments remains unchanged . In case of the calculation is analogous but a little extensive. Consequences: A triangle is mapped on a similar one. The homothetic image of a circle is a circle. The image of an ellipse is a similar one. i.e. the ratio of the two axes is unchanged. Graphical constructions using the intercept theorem If for a homothety with center the image of a point is given (see diagram) then the image of a second point , which lies not on line can be constructed graphically using the intercept theorem: is the common point th two lines and . The image of a point collinear with can be determined using . using a pantograph Before computers became ubiquitous, scalings of drawings were done by using a pantograph, a tool similar to a compass. Construction and geometrical background: Take 4 rods and assemble a mobile parallelogram with vertices such that the two rods meeting at are prolongued at the other end as shown in the diagram. Choose the ratio . On the prolongued rods mark the two points such that and . This is the case if (Instead of the location of the center can be prescribed. In this case the ratio is .) Attach the mobile rods rotatable at point . Vary the location of point and mark at each time point . Because of (see diagram) one gets from the intercept theorem that the points are collinear (lie on a line) and equation holds. That shows: the mapping is a homothety with center and ratio . Composition The composition of two homotheties with the same center is again a homothety with center . The homotheties with center form a group. The composition of two homotheties with different centers and its ratios is in case of a homothety with its center on line and ratio or in case of a translation in direction . Especially, if (point reflections). Derivation: For the composition of the two homotheties with centers with one gets by calculation for the image of point : . Hence, the composition is in case of a translation in direction by vector . in case of point is a fixpoint (is not moved) and the composition . is a homothety with center and ratio . lies on line . The composition of a homothety and a translation is a homothety. Derivation: The composition of the homothety and the translation is which is a homothety with center and ratio . In homogenous coordinates The homothety with center can be written as the composition of a homothety with center and a translation: . Hence can be represented in homogeneous coordinates by the matrix: A pure homothety linear transformation is also conformal because it is composed of translation and uniform scale. See also Scaling (geometry) a similar notion in vector spaces Homothetic center, the center of a homothetic transformation taking one of a pair of shapes into the other The Hadwiger conjecture on the number of strictly smaller homothetic copies of a convex body that may be needed to cover it Homothetic function (economics), a function of the form f(U(y)) in which U is a homogeneous function and f is a monotonically increasing function. Notes References H.S.M. Coxeter, "Introduction to geometry" , Wiley (1961), p.ย 94 External links Homothety, interactive applet from Cut-the-Knot. Transformation (function)
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%88%ED%8D%BC%20%EC%8B%9C%EB%A1%9C
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ใ€Š์Šˆํผ ์‹œ๋กœใ€‹()๋Š” 2019๋…„ 10์›” 14์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2020๋…„ 9์›” 7์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•„๋ฒ ๋งˆ TV์™€ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ฐ•์Šค์—์„œ ์ฐฉ์‹ ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์›น ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์ด์ž, TV ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์ธ ์งฑ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ชป๋ง๋ ค์˜ ์Šคํ•€์˜คํ”„์ž‘์ด๋‹ค. ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์ œ์ž‘์€ ์‹ ์—์ด ๋™ํ™”์—์„œ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ใ€Š์Šˆํผ ํฐ๋‘ฅ์ดใ€‹๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ 2020๋…„ 4์›” 10์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2020๋…„ 9์›” 11์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์นดํˆฐ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ, 4์›” 23์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 9์›” 24์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ํˆฌ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์Šค์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์Šˆํผ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ๋กœ ๋ณ€์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€ ์‹œ๋กœ(ํฐ๋‘ฅ์ด). ์ „์„ค์˜ ๋ผˆ๋‹ค๊ท€๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณธ์„ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ •๋ณต์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€ ํ…Œ์นดํ”„์™€ ๋งž์„œ๋ฉฐ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋„ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถœ๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ ์‹œ๋กœ(, ํฐ๋‘ฅ์ด) ๋ณธ์ž‘์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต. ํฌ๋ ˆ์šฉ ์‹ ์งฑ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…ธํ•˜๋ผ ์‹ ๋…ธ์Šค์ผ€์˜ ์ง‘์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ์• ์™„๊ฒฌ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ์Šน๊ฒฉ๋˜์–ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ๋„ ์‹ ์งฑ๋„ค์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ํžˆํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ณ€์‹  ์•„์ดํ…œ์ด ๊ฐ€์Šด์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์Šˆํผ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์— ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์–ด์„œ ์Šˆํผ ์‹œ๋กœ(ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋”๋น™ํŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์Šˆํผ ํฐ๋‘ฅ์ด)๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ†ต ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ํฌ๋ ˆ์šฉ ์‹ ์งฑ ๋•Œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ชฉ์— ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ๊ฐœ ๋ชฉ์ค„์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํžˆํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „์†ก์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ชฉ์ค„์„ ํ’€๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์Šด์— ๋ณ€์‹  ์•„์ดํ…œ์„ ๋ถ™์ด๊ณ  ๋ถ‰์€ ๋งํ† ๋ฅผ ํœ˜๋‚ ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์Šˆํผ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ๋กœ ๋ณ€์‹ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ๋‚ ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ฐœ๊ฑธ์Œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ด๋™์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํžˆํฌ์™€ ๊ต์‹ ์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งค๋ฒˆ ๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณธ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์งœ๋กœ ํŒ๋ช…๋˜์–ด์„œ ํญ๋ฐœ์— ํœ˜๋ง๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์šฐ๋Š” ๋งˆ์‹œ๋ฐ” ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ(ๆ—ฅ) / ์ •์œ ๋ฏธ(้Ÿ“) ํžˆํฌ(๋น„๋ณด) ์Šˆํผ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ณธ๋ถ€ ์†Œ์†์˜ ํœด๋จธ๋…ธ์ด๋“œ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์‹œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์Šˆํผ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•œ ์žฅ๋ณธ์ธ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜๋Š” ๋„๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋งŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์Šˆํผ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋…ธํ•˜๋ผ ์‹ ๋…ธ์Šค์ผ€๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋งŒ ์ฃผ์ธ์ด ์˜ˆ์œ ๋ˆ„๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๋„๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์‹œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งž์ถ”๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด์„œ ์‹œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์Šˆํผ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ์ง‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๊ต์‹ ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์šฐ๋Š” ์œ ์นด๋‚˜(ๆ—ฅ) / ๊น€ํ˜„์‹ฌ(้Ÿ“) ํ…Œ์นดํ”„(๋””์นดํ‘ธ) ์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ฒŒ๊ฒฉ์ธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ฒฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ™์ƒ‰ ๋ชธ์ƒ‰๊น”์— X๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์€ ๋…ธ๋ž€ ๋ชจ์ž๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณธ์„ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ ค๋Š” ์•ผ์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ž ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ „์„ ๋ฒŒ์ธ๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์นดํ‘ธ์นดํ‘ธ๋ผ๋Š” ์–ด๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์Šค์Šน ๊ฐœ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ X๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์€ ๋…ธ๋ž€ ๋ชจ์ž๋Š” ์Šค์Šน์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์žฅ์น˜๋กœ ์ด ๋ชจ์ž๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ณ ๋‚œ ํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋ฉด์„œ ์–ด๋ฏธ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ถ™์ธ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์šฐ๋Š” ์นด์ธ  ์•ˆ๋ฆฌ(ๆ—ฅ) / ๊น€์ง€์œจ(้Ÿ“) ์˜ค๋ผ(์˜ฌ๋ผ) 8ํ™”์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€๋•์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ์Œํ‰ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€. ์‹œ๋กœ๋‚˜ ํ…Œ์นดํ”„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณธ์„ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๋“ฏ์ด ์ž์‹ ๋„ ๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณธ์„ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•˜๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์šฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌํ†  ์„ธ์ธ ์ง€(ๆ—ฅ) / ๊น€์ •์€(้Ÿ“) ์บ”์บ”(์บ‰์บ‰) ๋ถ€์ž์ง‘์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ์•”์บ๋กœ ํ‘ธ๋“ค ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์šฐ์•„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Š˜์”ฌํ•œ ๋ชธ๋งค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋…€๋„ ๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณธ์„ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์šฐ๋Š” ํ‚ค๋„ ์ด๋ถ€ํ‚ค(ๆ—ฅ) / ๊น€๋„ํฌ(้Ÿ“) ๋„๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋งŒ ์›๋ž˜ ์‹œ๋กœ ์ด์ „์— ์Šˆํผ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฌ์ข…์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„˜๊ฒจ์ฃผ๋ฉด์„œ ์—‘์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์šฐ๋Š” ์ด์‹œ์ด ํƒ€์นด์œ ํ‚ค(ๆ—ฅ) / ํ™์Šนํšจ(้Ÿ“) ๋…ธํ•˜๋ผ ์‹ ๋…ธ์Šค์ผ€(์‹ ์งฑ๊ตฌ) ํฌ๋ ˆ์šฉ ์‹ ์งฑ์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด์ž ์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ. ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—‘์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ์–ผ๊ตด์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋‚˜์™”์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜์ค‘์—๋Š” ์–ผ๊ตด๋„ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์šฐ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋ฐ”์•ผ์‹œ ์œ ๋ฏธ์ฝ”(ๆ—ฅ) / ๋ฐ•์˜๋‚จ(้Ÿ“) ๋…ธํ•˜๋ผ ํžˆ๋งˆ์™€๋ฆฌ(์‹ ์งฑ์•„) ํฌ๋ ˆ์šฉ ์‹ ์งฑ์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์‹ ์งฑ์˜ ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ. ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—‘์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉฐ 22ํ™”์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ“๋‚œ์•„๊ธฐ๋ผ ๋ง์€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์šฐ๋Š” ์ฝ”์˜ค๋กœ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌํ† ๋ฏธ(ๆ—ฅ) / ์—ฌ๋ฏผ์ •(้Ÿ“) ๋…ธํ•˜๋ผ ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ(์‹ ์˜์‹) / ๋…ธํ•˜๋ผ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์—(๋ด‰๋ฏธ์„ ) ํฌ๋ ˆ์šฉ ์‹ ์งฑ์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์‹ ์งฑ, ํžˆ๋งˆ์™€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ. ์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์—‘์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์นด์™€ ํ† ์‹œ์œ ํ‚ค(ๆ—ฅ) / ๊น€ํ™˜์ง„(้Ÿ“)(๋…ธํ•˜๋ผ ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ(์‹ ์˜์‹)), ๋‚˜๋ผํ•˜์‹œ ๋ฏธํ‚ค(ๆ—ฅ) / ๊ฐ•ํฌ์„ (้Ÿ“)(๋…ธํ•˜๋ผ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์—(๋ด‰๋ฏธ์„ )) ๋‚ด๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ํ•ด์„ค์ž๋กœ ์‹œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์Šˆํผ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ๋กœ ๋ณ€์‹ ํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์šฐ๋Š” ์˜ค์˜ค์ธ ์นด ์•„ํ‚ค์˜ค(ๆ—ฅ) / ๋ฐ•์„ฑํƒœ(้Ÿ“) ๋“ฑ์žฅ ์•„์ดํ…œ ๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณธ ๋ณธ์ž‘์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฐœ ๋ผˆ๋‹ค๊ท€ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ์•„์ดํ…œ. ๊ฒ‰์€ ๊ฐœ ๋ผˆ๋‹ค๊ท€๋กœ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ „์„ค์˜ ๋ผˆ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ…Œ์นดํ”„๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์„œ ์ •๋ณตํ•  ์•ผ์š•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์‹œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ €์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๋ณธ๋ถ€๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฐพ์„ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฐ€์งœ๋กœ ํŒ๋ช…๋˜๋ฉด ํญ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ดํŒ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์ถœ์—ฐ ์ •์œ ๋ฏธ: ํฐ๋‘ฅ์ด ๋ฐ•์„ฑํƒœ: ํ•ด์„ค ๊น€ํ˜„์‹ฌ: ๋น„๋ณด ๊น€์ง€์œจ: ๋””์นดํ‘ธ ๊น€์ •์€: ์˜ฌ๋ผ ํ™์Šนํšจ: ๋„๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋งŒ ๊น€๋„ํฌ: ์บ‰์บ‰ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–: ๊น€๋‹ค์˜ฌ, ์œ ์˜, ๋ฐ•์‹œ์œค, ๊ฐ•์ƒˆ๋ด„, ์ด์ƒํ˜ธ, ๊ฐ•์„ฑ์šฐ ์ œ์ž‘์ง„ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์ œ์ž‘ : ์‹ ์—์ด ๋™ํ™” ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ดํŒ ๊ธฐํš: ๊น€์˜์šฑ ์ฑ…์ž„ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ: ์„์ข…์„œ, ์‹ ๊ธธ์ฃผ ๊ธฐํš ์ œ์ž‘ 3CP: ๋ฅ˜์ •ํ˜œ, ์ •์†ก์ด, ์ด๊ณ„ํ›ˆ, ์ด์ƒํ˜„ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ํŽธ์„ฑ ๊ธฐํš: ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜, ์ด๋ฏผ์ˆœ, ๊น€ํฌ์ •, ์กฐ์•„๋ผ, ์กฐ์Šน์—ฐ, ์ฐจ์ฃผํ˜„, ๊ฐ•์€ํฌ, ๊น€ํ˜œ์ˆ˜, ํ™ฉ์˜ˆ์ง„, ๋ฅ˜์ œ์ธ์ˆ˜์ •, ๋ฅ˜์กฐ์€ ๊ณต์—ฐ ์ „์‹œ ์‚ฌ์—…: ๋ฏผ์ง€ํ˜œ, ๊น€์•„๋žŒ, ์„œ์‹ฌ์ง€, ๊น€์ง„ํฌ, ๋ฐ•ํ˜•์ค€ ํŒ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์—…: ์„ฑ์ˆ˜ํฌ, ์–‘์ •๋ฏผ, ๊น€๋ฏผ์ง€, ๊ตฌํฌ์ค€, ์‹ ์ฐฌ์–‘, ์œ ํ˜œ์ •, ๊น€์œค์ฃผ, ๊น€๋ฏธํฌ ์‚ฌ์—… ๊ด€๋ฆฌ: ๊น€ํ˜ธ์˜, ์œ ์ง€์›, ์•ˆ์ •๋ž€, ๊ณตํƒœํ›ˆ, ๊น€๋ฏผํฌ, ์ด์†Œ์ •, ์†ก์€์„, ์ตœํฌ์„ , ์ด์•„์—ฐ, ์ด์ฑ„์œค ๋ฒˆ์—ญ: ์กฐํฌ๊ฒฝ ๋…น์Œ&๋ฏน์‹ฑ: ๊น€์žฌํ˜• ์—ฐ์ถœ: ์กฐ์Šนํฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ง ์ œ์ž‘: ํˆฌ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์Šค ์Œ์•… ์—”๋”ฉ(ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ดํŒ) ์ œ๋ชฉ: ์Šˆํผ ํฐ๋‘ฅ์ด ์Œ์•… ๊ฐ๋…: ๊น€์ •์•„ ๋…ธ๋ž˜: ๋ฆฌ์œค์„œ ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก 1ํ™”: ํฐ๋‘ฅ์ด๋Š” ์Šˆํผ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ 2ํ™”: ์ด์ƒํ•œ ๊ณผ์ž ๊ณต์žฅ 3ํ™”: ๋ณด์„์€ ๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณธ 4ํ™”: ์•Œ์„ ๋นผ์•—์•„๋ผ 5ํ™”: ์—ฐ๋ชป ์†์—๋Š” 6ํ™”: ์งฑ๊ตฌ์™€ ์•„์นจ ์ฒด์กฐ 7ํ™”: ํ”๋“ค๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ๋žฉ์†Œ๋”” 8ํ™”: ๋ถ€์ง€๋Ÿฐํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค 9ํ™”: ์ถ”์šด๊ฑด ์‹ซ์–ด 10ํ™”: ํ’์„ ์„ ์ซ“์•„๋ผ 11ํ™”: ํ’์„ ์„ ์ซ“์•„๋ผ 12ํ™”: ์Šˆํผํ•œ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ 13ํ™”: ๋ง‰๊ฐ• ์Šค๋ฉœ ํ†ต์กฐ๋ฆผ 14ํ™”: ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์บ‰์บ‰ 15ํ™”: ๋ฐ๊ตด๋ฐ๊ตด ๋ณผ๋ง 16ํ™”: ์ˆจ์€ ์šฐ์‚ฐ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ 17ํ™”: ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ณต์‚ฌ์žฅ 18ํ™”: ๋ณ‘, ๋ณ‘, ๋ณ‘ 19ํ™”: ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฐญ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฐํˆฌ 20ํ™”: ์บ‰์บ‰์€ ๊ทธ๋„ค๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ด 21ํ™”: ๋น™์–ด ๋‚š์‹œ ๋Œ€์†Œ๋™ 22ํ™”: ๋‚ฎ์ž  ์ž˜ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์กฐ์šฉํžˆ 23ํ™”: ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ ์ธํ„ฐ์Šคํ…”๋ผ 24ํ™”: ๋””์นดํ‘ธ, ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ๊ฟˆ๊พธ๋‹ค 25ํ™”: ๊ฟ€๋ฒŒ์˜ ๋‹ฌ์ฝคํ•œ ์ƒํ™œ 26ํ™”: ๋ฌด์„œ~์šด ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜ ์ €ํƒ 27ํ™”: ์›€์ง์ด๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ผ! 28ํ™”: ๋จธ์Šฌ, ๋จธ์Šฌ, ๋จธ์Šฌ! 29ํ™”: ์ด๋ฅผ ์†Œ์ค‘ํžˆ 30ํ™”: ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žกํžŒ ๋„๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋งŒ 31ํ™”: ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šด ๋ฒ„์„ฏ ๋”ฐ๊ธฐ 32ํ™”: ๋™๊ตด ์•ž์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜์ž๋ž‘ 33ํ™”: ์—ฐ๋ชป ์†์˜ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ์ง‘ 34ํ™”: ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ์˜ ํœด์ผ 35ํ™”: ์ •๊ธ€์—์„œ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ชจํ—˜ 36ํ™”: ์บ‰์บ‰์˜ ํ•˜๋ฃจํ•˜๋ฃจ 37ํ™”: ๋‹ฌ๋ฐค์˜ ์ž ์ž… ์ž‘์ „ 38ํ™”: ๋ฐฐ์ง€์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€ 39ํ™”: ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ™œ 40ํ™”: ์ผ์š”์ผ์˜ ๊ณจํ”„ 41ํ™”: ์ž ๋“ค์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐค 42ํ™”: ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ 43ํ™”: ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋„๋ง์น˜๊ณ , ๋’ค์ซ“์•„๋ผ 44ํ™”: ์‹ ๋น„ํ•œ ๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณธ 45ํ™”: ํŒŒํŒŒํŒŒํŒŒํŒ์ฝ˜ 46ํ™”: ์•Œ๋ก๋‹ฌ๋ก ๋นจ๋ž˜๋“ค 47ํ™”: ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ• ์ตœ์ข…ํ™”(48): ํ•œ๋ฐค์ค‘์˜ ๋ฐฑํ™”์  ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ชฉ๋ก ์งฑ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ชป๋ง๋ ค ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ SUPER SHIRO ๊ณต์‹ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์งฑ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ชป๋ง๋ ค 2019๋…„ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ 2020๋…„ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์›น ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์นดํˆฐ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ํˆฌ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์Šค์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Shiro
Super Shiro
is a Japanese anime television series produced by Science SARU. A spin-off of the popular Crayon Shin-chan franchise, the series focuses on the adventures of Shiro, a seemingly-normal family dog who, when the Earth is threatened, secretly transforms into a canine superhero to protect the planet from nefarious villains. The series, consisting of 48 five-minute episodes, aired in Japan on the TV Asahi-affiliated streaming platforms AbemaTV and Telasa from October 2019 to September 2020, and was subsequently aired on Cartoon Network in Australia, India, and throughout Southeast Asia. Premise Shiro, a seemingly ordinary dog, lives with the Nohara family and leads a seemingly ordinary life. With his human family often involved in various adventures, Shiro is frequently left to his own devices, and it is during these times when he is alone that the secret life of this extraordinary dog is revealed. For Shiro is no regular hound - he is Super Shiro, a superhero dog tasked with protecting the Earth from nefarious evil-doers. Whenever he puts on his super hero badge, he transforms into an ultra-cool canine protector of justice (complete with a deep, ultra-cool superhero voice). His mission is to find and secure the "Bobobobobone," a legendary dog bone that, it is said, grants its owner the power to rule the world. But Shiro isn't alone in this quest: the scheming canine scientist Dekapoo is also after the bone and hopes to use its powers to make himself World President. Complicating matters is that neither Shiro nor Dekapoo knows what the legendary bone looks like. They only know it by reputation: that it is supposedly "glorious, elegant, and wild" (attributes which can be determined by smelling the bone). Shiro is aided in his search by Bibo, an alien ally stationed at Super Hero Space Headquarters, a space station distant from Earth. Whenever Shiro finds a bone he thinks might be the one, he must send it via a teleporter to Bibo... but if he's gotten it wrong and the bone isn't the right one, it will cause an explosion and Shiro will be sent back to square one on his quest. Before long, the search attracts other doggy attention, including from Can Can, a stylish lady hound who's just as eager to make the "Bobobobobone" hers. Can Shiro get the mysterious bone before it falls into the wrong paws? Characters The titular character of the series. When Shiro is in the form of a normal dog, he speaks/barks in his normal "doggie voice" (played by Mari Mashiba). However, when he transforms into his superhero self, he gains a deeper "hero voice" (played by Akio Otsuka). Shiro's "hero voice" serves as an internal monologue (his inner thoughts, as well as the narration of the story), but whenever he speaks out loud, he still has his normal "doggie voice." Director Masaaki Yuasa noted that his intention with Shiro's "hero voice" was to make him sound like as cool of a character as possible, since this is the voice that Shiro speaks with in his heart. Shiro's task is to find the "Bobobobobone" before any ill-meaning miscreants can use it to oppress or destroy the world. Yuasa described Shiro as "a hero who doesn't cooperate, unless he's asked to." Super Shiro's nemesis. A mad genius scientist and inventor, he is always using his latest creations to try and defeat Shiro. Dekapoo is obsessed with finding the "Bobobobobone" so that he can rule the world. Super Shiro's alien ally, Bibo helps direct Shiro's quest for the "Bobobobobone" and provides helpful advice. According to Yuasa, Bibo has "a coworker's detachment" from Shiro in that he is just someone she has to work with, though the natural kindness in her voice helps balance this out. A stylish female dog who has lived a life of privilege: anything she wants, she "can" have. She sets her sights on acquiring the "Bobobobobone" to have even more friends, parties, and luxury. Yuasa identified her as a character he particularly likes. A mysterious crow always looking to stir up mischief. Yuasa described him as a character with a particularly interesting appearance and manner of speaking. Production Production of Super Shiro arose out of director Masaaki Yuasa's longstanding affiliation with the Crayon Shin-chan series. Yuasa first became involved with the franchise in 1992 while early in his career as an animator, where he took on a variety of creative roles including key animation, storyboarding, set and background design, prop and vehicle design, and contribution of story concepts and ideas. Over the course of the next decade, he specialized in imagining, designing, and animating the inventive visual climaxes of the annual Crayon Shin-chan films. Crayon Shin-chan was not only an important early work in Yuasa's career, but also provided him with the first project he truly enjoyed and felt he had artistic freedom to express his own style; moreover, his creative success while working on the series inspired his desire to become a director. Even after becoming a director, Yuasa periodically returned to the Crayon Shin-chan franchise, directing Shin-men (2010-12), a group of special episodes embedded within the main Crayon Shin-chan television series, and contributing the production resources of his studio Science SARU to the production of two franchise films, Crayon Shin-chan: Intense Battle! Robo Dad Strikes Back (2014) and Crayon Shin-chan: My Moving Story! Cactus Large Attack! (2015). As such, Yuasa's involvement in the Super Shiro project represented a return to his origins as an animator and creator in the industry. In addition to Yuasa, the Super Shiro series featured the contributions of other Crayon Shin-chan franchise veterans. Chief director and character designer Tomohisa Shimoyama, who made his series directorial debut with Super Shiro after a long career as an animator, had earlier provided animation on two of the Crayon Shin-chan films. Lead screenwriter Kimiko Ueno previously wrote three films in the franchise, and co-composer Akifumi Tada wrote music for four of the franchise's films. Development Yuasa set out to create a short-format, slapstick comedy series in the style of the American cartoon series Tom and Jerry (1940-present), where (unlike in Crayon Shin-chan), the camera and perspective of the narrative is from a "dog's-eye view" of the world. According to Yuasa, Tom and Jerry was an extremely influential inspiration for the series, not only in regards to the comedic approach, but also in terms of the storytelling. The idea to use a narrator (whom the characters would hear and react to) was inspired by Tom and Jerry, with the American sitcom Bewitched (1964-72) serving as an additional inspiration. With regard to the slapstick format, Shimoyama stated that the series afforded him, Yuasa, and the animators an unusual degree of freedom. Shimoyama and Yuasa described the depiction of movement, particularly fast movement, as the most important thing for determining whether the comedy aspects would succeed. The music for the series was written early in the development process, which allowed the animation team to create sequences with specific musical cues in mind. This was another inspiration from Tom and Jerry, as the classic shorts were made in this way, with the music existing before the animation. Casting According to Shimoyama, Yuasa initially pitched the idea for Super Shiro as a dog superhero voiced by Akio ลŒtsuka. As such, ลŒtsuka was always envisioned in the lead role. For the role of Aura, Setsuji Satล was also envisioned from the beginning, as he had previously played a mysterious character in Yuasa's anime series The Tatami Galaxy (2010). Yuasa had been looking to work with him again, and Super Shiro provided an ideal opportunity. Anri Katsu, who played Dekapoo, was identified by Shimoyama as a master of ad-libbing moments which enhanced the visual slapstick; as a result, many of his line additions and alterations were incorporated into the episodes. Shimoyama ultimately decided to keep Dekapoo's scripted lines to a minimum, allowing Katsu to fill in the rest based on the suggestion of the storyboards and animated visuals. Katsu helped inspire the other actors with interpreting the visuals (which were often not finished at the time of dialogue recording) to have a better sense of how to play each scene. Business Development Super Shiro was a joint production between TV Asahi (the longtime broadcaster of Crayon Shin-chan) and Turner Asia Pacific, with Turner securing broadcast rights for the series across the Asia Pacific region (excluding China) in exchange for a significant financial investment. The collaboration represented the first regional deal between TV Asahi and Turner. Music The series theme song, "Super Shiro Gymnastics" (ใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใ‚ทใƒญไฝ“ๆ“), was performed by singer-songwriter Mewhan. The music video for the song was a hit on social media, receiving over 16 million views on TikTok. Mewhan subsequently performed the song in a live concert which was filmed and released on Blu-ray in May 2020. Release Super Shiro was originally released in Japan on October 14, 2019, on the streaming platforms AbemaTV and Telasa. The release continued with one episode per week and concluded on September 7, 2020. An international release on Cartoon Network throughout Southeast Asia and Australia continued in 2020, and the series premiered on Cartoon Network India on February 22, 2021. Home Video Release In Japan, the first half of the series was released on DVD on April 27, 2021. The DVD release of the second half, as well as a compilation Blu-ray set of the complete series, are scheduled for release on September 28, 2021. Reception The series was nominated in the category of Best 2D Animated Program at the 2020 Asian Television Awards. Related Media Crayon Shin-chan Special Crossover Episode Following the conclusion of Super Shiro, Science SARU and main Crayon Shin-chan production studio Shin-Ei Animation collaborated on a special crossover episode of Crayon Shin-chan. The special, which aired in Japan on TV Asahi on October 10, 2020, consisted of three short mini-episodes which featured the Super Shiro characters interacting with the main series characters. Manga Adaptation A manga version of the series, written and illustrated by Kenta Aiba and published by Futabasha in Monthly Manga Town magazine, was released in conjunction with the anime. The first compiled volume of the manga was published in Japan on May 12, 2021. Sanrio Character Crossover In October 2020, character goods company Sanrio entered into a collaboration with the Super Shiro series, featuring Shiro and the Sanrio characters Cinnamoroll, Pompompurin, and Pochacco grouped together on assorted merchandise. Additionally, Sanrio's indoor theme park Sanrio Puroland hosted an online Halloween music festival on October 30, 2020, in which Shiro and series theme song artist Mewhan performed alongside the Sanrio characters. Web Browser Game In Japan, the content sharing website GIFMAGAZINE posted a Shiro Bobobobobone Catching Game on March 29, 2020, which could be played via a web browser. References External links 2019 anime television series debuts 2019 Japanese television series debuts Japanese children's animated comedy television series Science Saru
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%AC%EB%9F%AC%20%EC%9D%B8%20%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%EC%BF%A8
ํ‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธ ํ•˜์ด์Šค์ฟจ
ใ€Šํ‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธ ํ•˜์ด์Šค์ฟจใ€‹()์€ 2015๋…„ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฒฉ๋ณด ์•ก์…˜ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ์˜ํ™”์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๋…์€ ์นด์ผ ๋‰ด๋จผ์ด๊ณ , ํ—ค์ผ๋ฆฌ ์Šคํƒ€์ธํŽ ๋“œ, ์†Œํ”ผ ํ„ฐ๋„ˆ, ์ƒˆ๋ฎค์–ผ L. ์žญ์Šจ, ์ œ์‹œ์นด ์•Œ๋ฐ”, ๋„๋ธŒ ์บ๋จธ๋Ÿฐ, ํ† ๋จธ์Šค ๋งจ์ด ์ถœ์—ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฌธ ํ‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ์„œ ๊ต์œก๋œ ์†Œ๋…€๊ฐ€ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํƒˆ์ถœํ•œ ๋’ค ์‹ ๋ถ„์„ ์†์ด๊ณ  ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šค์ฝง ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ๋Š” ๊ณ ์•„ ์†Œ๋…€๋“ค์„ ์ „๋ฌธ ์•”์‚ด ์š”์›์œผ๋กœ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๋‹ค. ์ฑ…์ž„์ž์ธ ํ•˜๋“œ๋จผ์ด ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ์ œ1์˜ ์›์น™์€ '์• ์ฐฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ๋ง ๊ฒƒ'์ด์ง€๋งŒ, 83๋ฒˆ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ƒ๋งŒ์€ ๊ทธ์— ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. 83๋ฒˆ์€ ์ž„๋ฌด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ค‘ ๋ชฐ๋ž˜ 10๋Œ€ ์žก์ง€์™€ ํ•œ๋ฌผ๊ฐ„ ํ•˜์ดํ‹ด ์˜ํ™”, ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋“ค์„ ์„ญ๋ ตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ 10๋Œ€ ์ƒํ™œ์— ๋™๊ฒฝ์„ ํ’ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 83๋ฒˆ์€ ๋…น์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ์•…๋ช… ๋†’์€ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๋ฐ€๋งค๋ฒ”์„ ์ฒด์ฒธ์—์„œ ์ƒํฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 83๋ฒˆ์€ ํฌ๋กœ๋กœ ์œ„์žฅํ•œ ๋’ค ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋…น์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ์••ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ๋ฐง์ค„๋กœ ๋ฌถ์–ด ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šค์ฝง์˜ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ์— ๋งค๋‹ฌ๊ณ  ์ž๊ธฐ๋„ ์ค„์„ ์žก๊ณ  ๋’ค๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋…น์Šค๋Š” ์ค„์„ ์ž˜๋ผ์„œ 83๋ฒˆ์„ ๊ฐ•์— ์ถ”๋ฝ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ 83๋ฒˆ์€ ์ด๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๋…ธ๋ ค ํƒˆ์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•˜๋“œ๋จผ์˜ ์—ฐ๋ฝ์„ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ™์žกํžŒ ๋…น์Šค๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ณ„๋ฐ›์€ ํ•˜๋“œ๋จผ์€ 83๋ฒˆ์„ ํ–‰๋ฐฉ๋ถˆ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋– ๋‚œ๋‹ค. 83๋ฒˆ์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ฟˆ๊พธ๋˜ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ 10๋Œ€์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค. '๋ฉ”๊ฑด'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋ฆฌ์ž์ด๋‚˜์—์„œ ์˜จ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•™์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ๋ถ„์„ ์œ„์žฅํ•ด์„œ ๋ผ์Šจ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์ง‘์—์„œ ํ™ˆ์Šคํ…Œ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‚จํŽธ๊ณผ ์ดํ˜ผํ•œ ๋ผ์Šจ ์•„์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์„ ์นœ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋‹Œ์ž๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘˜์งธ ํŒŒ์ปค๋„ ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์„ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ”๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ 10๋Œ€ ์—ฌ๊ณ ์ƒ์ธ ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋Š” ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์„ ๋ฐฑ์•ˆ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‰ดํ„ด ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์— ํŽธ์ž…ํ•œ ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋˜ ์˜ํ™” ์† ๋ชจ์Šต๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹ค์ œ ํ•™๊ต ์ƒํ™œ์— ์ ์‘์„ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๋†€๋ฆผ๊ฐ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณง ๋กœ์ €๋ผ๋Š” ์†Œ์‹ฌ์Ÿ์ด ๋‚จํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ์นœํ•ด์ง€๊ณ , ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์บ์‹œ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚จํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์€ ์บ์‹œ์˜ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•™๊ต ๋งˆ์Šค์ฝ”ํŠธ ์ธํ˜•์˜ท์„ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ์—ฐ๊ธฐ์ธ ์ค„์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋ผ์ด๋ฒŒ ํ•™๊ต ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๋•Œ๋ ค๋ˆ•ํžˆ๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์€ ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฌ์›Œ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ์˜์ƒ์ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธ์‘์„ ์–ป์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋†€๋ฆผ๊ฐ ์‹ ์„ธ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์—ฌํŒŒ๋กœ ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์€ ๊ณง ํ•˜๋“œ๋จผ๊ณผ ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šค์ฝง ์š”์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฉ์น˜๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋“œ๋จผ์€ ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐฐ์‹ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜คํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์—๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ฐฑ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ๋„๋ง์นœ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋“œ๋จผ์€ ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์„ ํ’€์–ด์ฃผ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๊ณค๊ฒฝ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋„์™€์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์€ ์บ์‹œ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Š” ํ™ˆํŒŒํ‹ฐ์— ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋†€๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์น˜์™€ ์นœ๋ฐ€ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋ฉ”๊ฑด๋„ ์บ์‹œ์˜ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šค์ฝง ์‹œ์ ˆ์˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ฒŒ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ 84๋ฒˆ ์š”์›์ด 'ํ—ค๋”'๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์„œ ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์€ ํ•˜๋“œ๋จผ์ด ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ—ค๋”๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒํ‹ฐ ํ›„์—, ํ•˜๋“œ๋จผ์ด ์Šค์ฟจ๋ฒ„์Šค ์šด์ „์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ณ€์žฅํ•ด์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๋…น์Šค๊ฐ€ ํƒˆ์ถœํ•ด์„œ ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์„ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์€ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฐ€๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฒด๋ถˆ๋ช…์˜ ์•”์‚ด์ž์˜ ์ด๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์–ด์ฉ” ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ด ์ž๊ธฐ์˜ ์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํžŒ ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์€ ์ถ”๊ฒฉ์ „ ๋์— ์•”์‚ด์ž์˜ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋Œ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์•”์‚ด์ž๋Š” ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋„๋ง์ณค์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์€ ์ฐจ ์•ˆ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ณ  ์•”์‚ด์ž์˜ ์ •์ฒด๋Š” ํ—ค๋”์ž„์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋“œ๋จผ์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๋ฝํ•ด์„œ ํ—ค๋”๊ฐ€ ๋…น์Šค์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์€ ํ—ค๋”๊ฐ€ ํ™ˆ์ปค๋ฐ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๋…ธ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜ˆ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ™ˆ์ปค๋ฐ ๋‚  ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์ธ ์บ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์™€ ๊ฒฐ๋ณ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋กœ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑ์„ ๋“ฃ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ—ค๋”๊ฐ€ ๋กœ์ €์˜ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋กœ์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ธ์›€์„ ๊ฑด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์˜ ์‹ธ์›€์€ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์žฅ์„ ๋„˜์–ด ํ•™๊ต ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ํ—ค๋”๊ฐ€ ๋…น์Šค์™€ ์—ฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉ”๊ฑด๊ณผ ๋ผ์Šจ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ์ฃฝ์ผ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๋ฉฐ ์นผ์„ ์ง‘์–ด๋“ค์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆจ์–ด์žˆ๋˜ ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ํ—ค๋”์˜ ํ—ˆ๋ฒ…์ง€๋ฅผ ์‡ ๊ผฌ์ฑ™์ด๋กœ ์ฐŒ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์ด ํ”„๋ผ์ดํŒฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ—ค๋”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ ˆ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ„ ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋…น์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ™์žกํžŒ ์•„์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์™€ ํŒŒ์ปค๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…น์Šค์™€ ์‹ธ์šฐ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณง ๋ถ™์žกํžˆ๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‹ค. ๋…น์Šค๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šค์ฝง์˜ 1๋ฒˆ ์š”์›์ด์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐํžŒ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์ปค์˜ ๊ธฐ์ง€๋กœ ๋นˆํ‹ˆ์„ ์ฐพ์€ ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์€ ๋…น์Šค๋ฅผ ๋„๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฉํˆฌํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ•˜๋“œ๋จผ์ด ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šค์ฝง ์š”์›๋“ค์„ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ  ๋…น์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถ™์žก๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋“œ๋จผ์€ ์ž ์ž… ์š”์›๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์—๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์€ ํ™ˆ์ปค๋ฐ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ํ—ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฝฅํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์šด์ „ํ•ด์„œ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋˜ ๋กœ์ €์˜ ์•ž์„ ๋ง‰์•„์„ ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์€ ํ‚ค์Šคํ•œ ๋’ค ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๋„๋ง์นœ ํ—ค๋”๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์„ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ๋…น์Šค์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ”๊ฑด์ด ์ž…ํ•™ํ•  ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ฒŒ ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ถœ์—ฐ ํ—ค์ผ๋ฆฌ ์Šคํƒ€์ธํŽ ๋“œ - 83๋ฒˆ ์š”์› / ๋ฉ”๊ฑด ์›”์‹œ ๋งค๋“ค๋ฆฐ ์Šคํƒ - 83๋ฒˆ(8์„ธ) ์†Œํ”ผ ํ„ฐ๋„ˆ - 84๋ฒˆ ์š”์› / ํ—ค๋” ์—๋ฐ” G. ์ฟ ํผ - 84๋ฒˆ(8์„ธ) ์ œ์‹œ์นด ์•Œ๋ฐ” - ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋…น์Šค ์ƒˆ๋ฎค์–ผ L. ์žญ์Šจ - ํ•˜๋“œ๋จผ ๋„๋ธŒ ์บ๋จธ๋Ÿฐ - ์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฒ ์Šค "๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ" ๋ผ์Šจ ํ† ๋จธ์Šค ๋งจ - ๋กœ์ € ๋งˆ์ปค์Šค ๋กญ ํœด๋ธ” - ๋กœ์ €๋„ค ์•„๋น  ํ† ๋น„ ์„œ๋ฐฐ์Šค์ฒœ - ์บ์‹œ ํŽœํ„ด ๊ฒŒ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐฐ์†Œ - ๋ฒ„๋‚˜๋“œ / ๊ตฌ์น˜ ์ œ์ด๋ฏธ ํ‚น - ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ ๋ ˆ์ด์ฒ  ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค - ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ ๋ผ์Šจ ์ œ์ด์Šจ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ปค - ํŒŒ์ปค ๋ผ์Šจ ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋“œ๋ผ ํฌ๋กœ์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ - ์‹ ๋”” ์—๋งˆ ํ™€์ € - ๋„๋‚˜ ๋Œ„ ํฌ๊ธ€๋Ÿฌ - ๋“œ๋Ÿผ ์„ ์ƒ ํ”ผ๋„ค์Šค ๋ฏธ์ฒผ - ์™€์ด์Šค๋จผ ๊ต์žฅ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํผ ๋„ค์ด์„  ๋ฐ€๋Ÿฌ - ์ƒˆ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์˜ค - ํŽ˜๋“œ๋กœ ํ† ํผ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค - ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋„ค ์•„๋น (์‚ฌ์ง„ ์นด๋ฉ”์˜ค ์ถœ์—ฐ) ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์„ธํŠธ: ๋ฉœ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค ์ƒŒ๋”์Šค ์˜์ƒ: ํ”„๋žœ์‹  ์ œ์ด๋ฏธ์Šจ ํƒ ์ฒ™ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 2015๋…„ ์˜ํ™” ์˜์–ด ์˜ํ™” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹ญ๋Œ€ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ์˜ํ™” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์•ก์…˜ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ์˜ํ™” ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์• ํ‹€๋žœํƒ€์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” A24 ์˜ํ™” RKO ํ”ฝ์ฒ˜์Šค ์˜ํ™”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barely%20Lethal
Barely Lethal
Barely Lethal is a 2015 American action comedy film directed by Kyle Newman, written by John D'Arco, starring Hailee Steinfeld, Sophie Turner, Jessica Alba, Dove Cameron, and Samuel L. Jackson. Steinfeld stars as Agent 83, a teenage intelligence agent yearning for a normal adolescence who disappears and enrolls as an exchange student in a suburban American high school. Barely Lethal received a digital release through DirecTV Cinema on April 30, 2015, and a limited release in theaters by A24 and through video-on-demand on May 29, 2015. The film received poor reviews from critics. Plot The young female orphans in the government-run Prescott Academy are trained to become field operatives. Their number one rule, taught by trainer Hardman, is "no attachments". Agent 83's top skills are rivalled by Agent 84. 83 is curious about the world, learning teen culture through magazines and watching Mean Girls and Beverly Hills, 90210. Hardman assigns the orphans to capture Victoria Knox, an arms dealer. Undercover in Chechnya, 83 poses as one of those captured and brought before Knox. She latches herself and Knox onto Hardman's passing jet but 83 drops into a river as Knox is apprehended, causing Hardman to declare her missing. 83 adopts the name Megan and poses as a Canadian student and arrives in Newtown, Connecticut to live with her host family, the Larsons. Mrs. Larson and her son, Parker, welcome Megan, but Liz, her daughter, is cold and distant. Megan is mocked at school, leaving both her and Liz embarrassed. She soon makes friends with Roger, a classmate, and becomes attracted to Cash, a popular student, hacking the school's system to assign him as her biology lab partner. Cindy and Donna, two popular bullies, convince Megan to try out as the school mascot. When students from a rival school follow tradition and try to kidnap Newton High's mascot from a game, she fights them off, with a video of her actions going viral. It earns her some popularity, while annoying Liz. Later, Megan is apprehended by a Prescott agent and brought to Hardman. He assumes she is working with their enemies, but she reveals she wanted to enjoy normal life outside the academy, leading to Hardman letting her go with a warning. Megan and Liz both attend a house party hosted by the school's class clown, Gooch. Megan hangs out with Cash, while Liz gets drunk and begins to bond with Gooch, as 84 arrives at the party, calling herself Heather. Megan assumes Hardman sent Heather to shadow her, but Heather denies this and tries to seduce Cash to irritate her. Megan eventually wins Cash's attention and gets asked by him to the homecoming dance. The next morning, Hardman warns Megan that Knox has escaped from the academy. Liz drives Megan to school, but they are pursued by a masked assassin. Megan reveals her secret to Liz and crashes the two cars, but the assassin escapes. Megan recognizes the smell of perfume, identifying Heather. The two leave for the hospital, where Roger and Gooch visit the girls separately. At the homecoming dance, Megan becomes bored by Cash and leaves him before making amends with Roger. However, Heather reveals herself as Roger's date, provoking a fight between her and Megan. Heather reveals she joined Knox's operation in order to get a chance to kill Megan. Liz sneaks up on Heather and stabs her in the leg and the two escape. Megan and Liz return home to find that Knox and her mercenaries have seized Mrs. Larson and Parker as hostages. Knox reveals that she was Prescott Agent 1, but she left and turned against them for robbing her of her life. Hardman comes in with reinforcements and subdues Knox and her mercenaries. Megan uses a Prescott helicopter to stop Roger, who is driving home. She tells Roger her true feelings for him and the two kiss before joining Liz and Gooch in the helicopter. In a mid-credits scene, Heather meets with a former henchman of Knox and orders him to find out where Megan is going to college. Cast Hailee Steinfeld as Megan Walsh/83 Madeleine Stack as Megan (age 8) Sophie Turner as Heather/84 Eva Cooper as Heather (age 8) Jessica Alba as Victoria Knox Samuel L. Jackson as Hardman Dove Cameron as Liz Larson Thomas Mann as Roger Marcus Rob Huebel as Mr. Marcus Toby Sebastian as Cash Fenton Gabriel Basso as Gooch Jaime King as Analyst Knight Rachael Harris as Mrs. Larson Jason Drucker as Parker Larson Alexandra Krosney as Cindy Emma Holzer as Donna Dan Fogler as Mr. Drumm Finesse Mitchell as Principal Weissman Christopher Nathan Miller as Fred the Freshman Steve-O as Pedro Production Filming Principal photography began in Atlanta, Georgia in November 2013 and ended in December. Post-production On July 7, 2014, it was announced that Mateo Messina would be scoring the music for the film. The film originally received an R rating by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), but the filmmakers appealed for PG-13 rating without having to cut or edit any scenes. The film is now rated PG-13 on appeal for 'sexual material, teen drinking, language, drug references and some action violence'. The film debuts the original song "You Don't Know Me", performed by The Rumor Mill with Chetti, which plays over the opening title sequence. Release On February 25, 2015, the film was acquired by A24 and DirecTV before being released in theaters and on demand with a planned release in 2015 by A24. The film was released on DirecTV Cinema on April 30, 2015. The film was released in a limited release and through video on demand beginning on May 29, 2015. The film was released in the United Kingdom on August 28, 2015, in select cinemas and was released through video-on-demand and on DVD and Blu-ray on October 26, 2015, by Signature Entertainment. Home media The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 4, 2015, by Lionsgate Home Entertainment. Both contained an UltraViolet digital copy of the film. Special features included deleted scenes, a behind-the-scenes featurette titled "Back to School: On Set with Barely Lethal" and an audio commentary with director Kyle Newman and actors Dove Cameron and Thomas Mann. Reception On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 26% based on 35 reviews, and an average rating of 4.3/10. The website's critical consensus states: "Just like its underserved protagonist, Barely Lethal is in disguise -- it wants you to think it's smarter than it is but it fails by falling prey to all the clichรฉs it mocks". On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average scored 44 out of 100, based on 10 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Rebecca Keegan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a poor review, commenting that: "Barely Lethal is clearly confused about its intended audience, starting with the icky title, a pun on the porn label that selects and photographs models to emphasize their youth." Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a more positive review, calling it a "fun-enough teen action comedy." Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film a mixed review saying that: Barely Lethal has some laughs, and will probably serve nicely as a movie you can land on for a few minutes when it shows up on cable. But it slides into the rote generic-teen-comedy mode too soon to be anything more.' Score The original motion picture soundtrack for Barely Lethal was released on June 9, 2015, by Lakeshore Records. The album features the film's original music composed by Mateo Messina. The album does not contain "You Don't Know Me", performed by The Rumor Mill with Chetti, an original song for the film. The song does appear in the opening title sequence of the film. See also Kill Me Baby References External links 2015 films 2015 action comedy films 2010s English-language films 2010s high school films 2010s teen comedy films American action comedy films American high school films American teen comedy films Films directed by Kyle Newman Films shot in Atlanta RKO Pictures films Teen action films 2010s American films
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์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ
์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ()์€ ์ˆ˜๋„์›์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋„์›์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์Šค์œ„์Šค ์Šˆ๋น„์ธ ์ฃผ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜์ฒด์ด์ž ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. 10์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 12์›” 31์ผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ, ์ธ๊ตฌ์ˆ˜๋Š” 15,867๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์ค‘์„ธ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์— ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์ •์ฐฉ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์„ ์‚ฌ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊พผ๋“ค์ด ๋‚จ๊ธด ์ค‘์„๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ณต์˜ˆํ’ˆ์ด ํšŒ์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜ โ€˜์•”์žโ€™๋Š” ํ˜ธํ—จ์ด๋ ˆ๋ฅธ ๋ฐฑ์ž‘์˜ ๋ฒ ๋„ค๋”•ํ† ํšŒ ์ˆ˜๋„์‚ฌ์ธ ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์ธ๋ผํŠธ(St. Meinrad)์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์„ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋งˆ์ธ๋ผํŠธ๋Š” 835๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 861๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ํŠธ์ฒผ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋น„ํƒˆ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ 80๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์ธ๋ผํŠธ์˜ ์€๋‘”์ง€์—๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฒ”์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ ค๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์€๋‘”์ž๊ฐ€ ๋“๊ธด ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „์— ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์Šค๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ ์ด๋…์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์—๋ฒ„ํ•˜๋ฅดํŠธ(Eberhard)๋ผ๋Š” ์€๋‘”์ž ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ์ˆ˜๋„์›๊ณผ ๊ตํšŒ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์› ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ˆ˜๋„์›์žฅ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋„์› ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋Š” 934๋…„์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—๋ฒ„ํ•˜๋ฅดํŠธ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ธ ํ™˜์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒˆ ๊ตํšŒ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ชจ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์—๊ฒŒ ํ—Œ๋‚ฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋„์› ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊พผ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ˆฒ์˜ ์†Œ๋†๋“ค์€ ๊ท€์กฑ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋„์›์žฅ์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„ ์•„๋ž˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋„์› ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์ˆฒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฐœํŠธ๋กœ์ดํŠธ(Waldleute, ์ˆฒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค)๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋„์›์€ ๋ฐœํŠธ๋กœ์ดํŠธ๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๋งˆ์„์— ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง“๋„๋ก ์žฅ๋ คํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ์˜ ์ •์ฐฉ์€ 1073๋…„์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์‚ฐ ๊ณ„๊ณก์€ ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ ์ ์  ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 1250๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์‚ฌ์—…์€ ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์œกํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฉ์ดˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ทผ ๊ณ ์‚ฐ ๊ณ„๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์Šˆ๋น„์ธ ์™€ 2์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์Šค์œ„์Šค ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ผ์ฐ์ด 1100๋…„์— ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ๊ณผ ์Šˆ๋น„์ธ ์˜ ๋งˆ์„์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฏธํ…์‚ฐ(Mythen) ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ๋•…์„ ๋†“๊ณ  ๋ถ„์Ÿ์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ํ† ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฒ•์ • ๋ถ„์Ÿ๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ์ „ํˆฌ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 1173๋…„์— ํ•ฉ์Šค๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์Šˆ๋น„์ธ  ๋งˆ์„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์™€ 1283๋…„์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜๋„์›์„ ํ•ฉ์Šค๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์Šน๊ฒฉ์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๋•Œ , ์ด๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฉ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ํ•ฉ์Šค๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ ์™•๊ฐ€๋Š” 1291๋…„ ์Šˆ๋น„์ธ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ, ์šดํ„ฐ๋ฐœ๋ด์ด ํ•ฉ์Šค๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ ์™•๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ์ง„์ •์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1314๋…„์— ์Šˆ๋น„์ธ ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถˆํƒ€์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 1315๋…„์— ํ•ฉ์Šค๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ์˜ ์นจ๊ณต๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฐ€๋ฅดํ… ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ์ฐธํŒจ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ์Šต๊ฒฉ์„ ์ด‰๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1350๋…„์ด ๋˜์–ด์„œ์•ผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ๊ณผ ์Šˆ๋น„์ธ  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1394๋…„์— ์ˆ˜๋„์›์€ ์Šˆ๋น„์ธ ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ฒ•๊ด€์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์Šˆ๋น„์ธ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๊ถŒ์€ ์ˆ˜๋„์›์— ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ์€ ๋ฅด๋„ค์ƒ์Šค ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์ด์ž ์—ฐ๊ธˆ์ˆ ์‚ฌ์ธ ํŒŒ๋ผ์ผˆ์ˆ˜์Šค์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ง€์ด๋ฉฐ ์•„์—ฐ์„ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1399๋…„์— ๋“œ๋ผ์ด ํƒ€์ผ๋ ˆ(Drei Teile, โ€˜์„ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„โ€™: ์ˆ˜๋„์›, ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๋งˆ์„์˜ ๋ฐœํŠธ๋กœ์ดํŠธ ๋ฐ ์Šˆ๋น„์ธ ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ํšŒ)์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๋“œ๋ผ์ด ํƒ€์ผ๋ ˆ๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๋ฐœํŠธ๋กœ์ดํŠธ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋งŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1564๋…„์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„ธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ชจ๋‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์†๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ น์„ ๊ณตํฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1657๋…„์— ๋“œ๋ผ์ด ํƒ€์ผ๋ ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์„ โ€˜์„ธ์…˜โ€™์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ˆœํƒ„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1764๋…„ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋„์›์žฅ์€ ์ƒ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ฌด์—ญ์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋“ค๋ฅ˜ํŠธ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์ธ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์Šˆ๋น„์ธ ๋Š” ๋ฐœํŠธ๋กœ์ดํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„์›์„ ์ง€์› ํ–ˆ๊ณ  1766๋…„์— ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์„ ์ง„์••ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜๋„์›์€ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์žƒ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋Š” ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์Šˆ๋น„์ธ ์˜ ์‹ ํ•˜๋กœ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ทจ๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€์‚ฌ 1798๋…„ ๋‚˜ํด๋ ˆ์˜น์ด ์Šค์œ„์Šค๋ฅผ ์นจ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ˆ˜๋„์›์€ ์•ฝ 3๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์–ต์••์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋•…์€ ์Šˆ๋น„์ธ  ์‹œ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์นจ๊ณต ํ›„ ํ—ฌ๋ฒ ํ‹ฐ์•„ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดด๋œ ํ›„ 1803๋…„ ์ค‘์žฌ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ์€ ์Šˆ๋น„์ธ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฒ ์ง€๋ฅดํฌ(๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ)๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1815๋…„์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๋ณต์›๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ˆ˜๋„์›์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์€ ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ปค์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœํ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ด๋ง์€ 3์›”, ํ€ด์Šค๋‚˜ํํŠธ์™€ ํŽ˜ํ”ผ์ฝ˜์„ 1832๋…„ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์Šˆ๋น„์ธ ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€๋ น(Canton of Schwyz, Outer Lands)์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋„์›์€ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ํŒŒ ํŽธ์— ์„ฐ๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด 1848๋…„ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๋งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๊ธด์žฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฆฌ ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ์€ ์•Œํ”„๊ฐ•์˜ ๊ณ„๊ณก์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Bennau, Egg, Willerzell, Euthal, Gross ๋ฐ Trachslau์˜ 6๊ฐœ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ฒ„๋ธŒ๋ฃจํฌ ๋งˆ์„์€ ํฌ์ด์ง€์Šค๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ ์‹œ์ •์ดŒ๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ์˜ ์ด๋ฉด์ ์€ 99.1kใŽก์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์ค‘ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜(47.1%)์ด ๋†์—…์ด๊ณ  ์•ฝ๊ฐ„(44.5%)๋งŒ์ด ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ํ† ์ง€๋Š” ์ •์ฐฉ(5.5%)ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋ถˆ๋ชจ์ง€(2.8% ๋ฏธ๋งŒ)์ด๋‹ค. ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ์€ ์ทจ๋ฆฌํžˆ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋‚จ์ชฝ ๋์—์„œ ์•ฝ 7.5km, ์ธ๊ณตํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์ธ ์งˆ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ 2km ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ์›(ํ•ด๋ฐœ ์•ฝ 880m)์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ์ทจ๋ฆฌํžˆ ๋ณด๋‹ค 470m ๋†’์€ ๊ณ ๋„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฒ ๋„๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋„์ด์ž, ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ง€์ž์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ›„ 1961๋…„๊ณผ 1990๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ์€ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ํ‰๊ท  ๊ฐ•์šฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด 156.7์ผ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ‰๊ท  ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์€ 1,753mm์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์Šตํ•œ ๋‹ฌ์€ 6์›”๋กœ ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์€ 206mm์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ ํ‰๊ท  ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜์ผ์€ 15.3์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ฌ์€ 5์›”๋กœ ํ‰๊ท  15.3์ผ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์€ 158mm์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•œ ๋‹ฌ์€ 2์›”๋กœ 15.3์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ํ‰๊ท  ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด 108mm์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ(2020๋…„ 12์›” 31์ผ ๊ธฐ์ค€)๋Š” 16,247๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ฒด ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 13.4%๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” 14.8%์˜ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2000๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ 92.3%๊ฐ€ ๋…์ผ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„ธ๋ฅด๋น„์•„-ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ(1.9%)๋˜๊ณ . ์•Œ๋ฐ”๋‹ˆ์•„์–ด๊ฐ€ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ(1.4%)๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. 2000๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ 50.4%, ์—ฌ์„ฑ 49.6%์˜€๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ ํ˜„์žฌ ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 3,211๋ช…(์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 25.4%)์€ 0~19์„ธ์ด๋‹ค. 3,628๋ช…(28.7%)์€ 20~39์„ธ, 3,964๋ช…(31.4%)์€ 40~64์„ธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ น์ž ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” 1,009๋ช…(8.0%)์ด 65~65์„ธ์ด๋‹ค. 70~79์„ธ๋Š” 609๋ช…(4.8%), 80์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์€ 201๋ช…(์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 1.59%)์ด๋‹ค. ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ์—๋Š” 100์„ธ ์ด์ƒ ๋…ธ์ธ์ด ํ•œ ๋ช… ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2000๋…„ ํ˜„์žฌ 5,093๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์ค‘ 1,649๊ฐ€๊ตฌ(์•ฝ 32.4%)๊ฐ€ 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. 347๋ช…(์•ฝ 6.8%)์€ 5์ธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋‹น์€ 43.5%์˜ ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ SVP์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ ์ •๋‹น์€ CVP (18.8%), FDP (17.7%), SPS (14.8%)์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ์Šค์œ„์Šค ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์œก ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์•ฝ 66%(25-64์„ธ ์‚ฌ์ด)๊ฐ€ ๋น„ํ•„์ˆ˜ ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๊ต์œก ๋˜๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๊ต์œก(๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋˜๋Š” ์‘์šฉํ•™๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™)์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ์˜ ์‹ค์—…๋ฅ ์€ 1.29%์ด๋‹ค. 2005๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 1์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— 551๋ช…์ด ๊ณ ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ์•ฝ 209๊ฐœ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1,630๋ช…์ด 2์ฐจ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ๊ณ ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— 199๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 3,017๋ช…์ด 3์ฐจ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ๊ณ ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—๋Š” 486๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2000๋…„ ์ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 9,834๋ช…(77.9%)์ด ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ์‹ ์ž์ด๊ณ , 1,240๋ช…(9.8%)์ด ์Šค์œ„์Šค ๊ฐœํ˜ ๊ตํšŒ์— ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ค‘ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค์ฐฌ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ตํšŒ ์‹ ์ž๋Š” 5๋ช… ๋ฏธ๋งŒ, ์ •๊ตํšŒ ์‹ ์ž๋Š” 288๋ช…(์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์•ฝ 2.28%)์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 5๋ช…(์•ฝ 0.04%)์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ๊ตํšŒ์— ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 332๋ช…(์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์•ฝ 2.63%)์ด ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ๊ต๋„์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตํšŒ์— ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” 106๋ช…์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ(๋˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์•ฝ 0.84%)์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ(์ธ๊ตฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋‚˜์—ด๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ), 486๋ช…(๋˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์•ฝ 3.85%)์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ตํšŒ์—๋„ ์†ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ก ์ž ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์‹ ๋ก ์ž์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  329๋ช…(์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์•ฝ 2.61%)์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ํ‘œ์— ๋‚˜์™€ ์žˆ๋‹ค: ๊ด€๊ด‘ ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ ๋งˆ์„์€ ์Šค์œ„์Šค ์ค‘๋ถ€์˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ด‘์ง€์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์„ ์•ˆ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋ฒ ๋„ค๋”•ํ† ํšŒ ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋„์›์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ์ˆœ๋ก€์ง€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๋ฉฐ, โ€œ์Šค์œ„์Šค์—์„œ ์„ฑ๋ชจ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์—๊ฒŒ ํ—Œ์ •๋œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ˆœ๋ก€์ง€โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋„์› ์™ธ์—๋„ ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ์€ ์ผ๋…„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์Šคํฌ์ธ ๋กœ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์„์—๋Š” ๋ฆฌํ”„ํŠธ์™€ ์Šคํ‚ค ์ ํ”„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์Šคํ‚ค์žฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์„ธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค ์ฑ„ํ”Œ(Graces Chapel)๊ณผ ๋ธ”๋ž™ ๋งˆ๋ˆ๋‚˜(Black Madonna) ๋™์ƒ์ด ์ˆœ๋ก€์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋™์ƒ์€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ฅ๋ผ ๋งˆ์„ ํํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์—์—์„œ๋„ ๋ณต์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋งค๋…„ 150,000~200,000๋ช…์˜ ์ˆœ๋ก€์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค ์ฑ„ํ”Œ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„์ธ์‹œ๋ธ๋ฅธ์€ ์ˆœ๋ก€์ง€์ผ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฒจ์šธ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ด‘์ง€์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์„์—๋Š” Hoch-Ybrig ๋ฐ Brunni์˜ ์ธ๊ทผ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ž์ฒด ์Šคํ‚ค ์ ํ”„๋Œ€, ์Šคํ‚ค ๋ฆฌํ”„ํŠธ, ์Šคํ‚ค ๊ฒฌ์ธ ์žฅ์น˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒจ์šธ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์„ผํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Schwedentritt ํฌ๋กœ์Šค ์ปจํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์Šคํ‚ค ์ฝ”์Šค๋Š” ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋„์› ์˜†์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ทผ ์ €์ˆ˜์ง€์ธ ์งˆ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜์˜, ์„œํ•‘, ํ•ญํ•ด์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฒจ์šธ์—๋Š” ์•„์ด์Šค ์Šค์ผ€์ดํŒ…์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์งˆ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ์€ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ทจ๋ฆฌํžˆ ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์งˆ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฒ”๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ„๊ณก ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์š”์ฆ˜์€ ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์ˆœ๋ก€์ž๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ด์ „ ํ˜ธํ…” ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์— ๋งˆ์„์€ ๋ง‘์€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์™€ ์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์น˜๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹น์ผ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋†’์€ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์Šค์œ„์Šค์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตํ†ต ์•„์ธ์ง€๋ธ๋ฅธ์—ญ์€ ์ฅํ† ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฐ˜์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” S13 ๋ฐ S40 ๋…ธ์„ ์˜ ์ทจ๋ฆฌํžˆ S-๋ฐ˜ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„ ์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Einsiedeln - Place of Culture and Pilgrimage at visit-einsiedeln.ch ์Šค์œ„์Šค์˜ ๋„์‹œ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsiedeln
Einsiedeln
Einsiedeln () is a municipality and district in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland known for its monastery, the Benedictine Einsiedeln Abbey, established in the 10th century. History Early history There was no permanent settlement in the area prior to the early medieval period, but numerous artefacts left by prehistoric hunters, dated to the Mesolithic to Bronze Age were recovered. The original "hermitage" is associated with St. Meinrad, a Benedictine monk family of the Counts of Hohenzollern. According to legend, Meinrad lived on the slopes of Mt. Etzel from 835 until his death in 861. During the next eighty years Saint Meinrad's hermitage was never without one or more hermits emulating his example. One of the hermits, named Eberhard, previously Provost of Strasburg, erected a monastery and church there, of which he became first abbot. Work on the monastery is said to have begun in 934. Following a miraculous vision by Eberhard, the new church was dedicated to the Virgin Mary. At the time of the foundation of the Abbey, the local hunters and small farmers of the forest, placed themselves under the authority of the noble-born Abbot. The surrounding population was known as Waldleute (forest people) because of the forests around the Abbey. The Abbey encouraged the Waldleute to settle in surrounding villages and begin farming. The settlement of EInsiedeln is first mentioned in 1073. The alpine valleys were used to raise cattle, which became increasingly more important to the village. By 1250 the major business in the village was breeding and raising cattle. Expansion of grazing land into nearby alpine valleys led to a two century conflict with Schwyz. Old Swiss Confederacy As early as 1100, the villages of Einsiedeln and Schwyz were in conflict over land near the two Mythen mountains. Over the following century, conflicts over the land led to many court battles and actual battles. In 1173 when the Habsburgs gained rights over the village of Schwyz and in 1283 when they raised the Abbey to an independent principality under the Habsburgs, this raised a local conflict into a regional one. The Habsburgs were able to quiet the conflict for a few years, until 1291 when Schwyz, Uri and Unterwalden revolted against the Habsburgs. In 1314 the conflict flared up again with an attack by Schwyz into Einsiedeln. This attack triggered a series of border raids that, along with other events, in 1315 led to a Habsburg invasion and their crushing defeat at the Battle of Morgarten. It wasn't until 1350 that the conflict was resolved and the borders between Einsiedeln and Schwyz were fixed. In 1394 the Abbey came under the protection of Schwyz and the rights of high justice went over to Schwyz. Low justice though remained with the Abbey. Einsiedeln is the birthplace of Paracelsus, a Renaissance physician and alchemist who is credited with first naming zinc. In 1399 the Drei Teile ("Three Parts": a council that included the Abbey, the Waldleute from the surrounding villages, and Schwyz) is first mentioned. Initially the Drei Teile only addressed any issues that affected the free Waldleute. In 1564 they were able to issue a binding ordinance for all three groups. In 1657 the Drei Teile changed its name to the "Session". The relationship between the three parties was not always smooth. In 1764, an attempt by the Abbot to require tradesmen to only practise their trade in Einsiedeln and preventing skilled workers from settling in among the Waldleute led to open conflict. Schwyz supported the Abbey against the Waldleute and in 1766 crushed the revolt. However, the Abbey lost much of its independence and thereafter was treated more as a subject of Schwyz instead of a partner. Modern history During Napoleon's invasion of Switzerland in 1798, the Abbey was suppressed for about three years and the land was added to the city of Schwyz. Following the collapse of the post-invasion Helvetic Republic, in 1803 as part of the Act of Mediation Einsiedeln became a Bezirk (or District) in the Canton of Schwyz. During the Restoration starting in 1815, the Abbey's power began to grow in the Canton. A desire for reform led the Districts of March, Kรผssnacht and Pfรคffikon to declare themselves Kanton Schwyz รคusseres Land (Canton of Schwyz, Outer Lands) with a liberal constitution in 1832. The Abbey stood on the side of the conservative faction in the Canton, which caused tense relations between them and the surrounding villages until the creation of the Federal State in 1848. Geography Einsiedeln is situated in the valley of the Alp river. It comprises six localities: Bennau, Egg, Willerzell, Euthal, Gross and Trachslau. The village of Biberbrugg is shared with the municipality of Feusisberg. Einsiedeln has a total area of , of which nearly half (47.1%) is agricultural and only slightly less (44.5%) is forested. The rest of the land is either settled (5.5%) or non-productive (less than 2.8%). Einsiedeln is located approximately from the southern end of the Lake of Zurich, and west of the artificial Sihlsee lake. It is on a plateau (ca. above sea level). The town is located at an altitude of higher than Zurich, with which it has a railway connection. Einsiedeln is also the capital and only municipality of the District of Einsiedeln. Demographics Einsiedeln has a population (as of ) of . , 13.4% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 14.8%. Most of the population () speaks German (92.3%), with Serbo-Croatian being second most common (1.9%) and Albanian being third (1.4%). the gender distribution of the population was 50.4% male and 49.6% female. The age distribution, , in Einsiedeln is; 3,211 people or 25.4% of the population is between 0 and 19. 3,628 people or 28.7% are 20 to 39, and 3,964 people or 31.4% are 40 to 64. The senior population distribution is 1,009 people or 8.0% are 65 to 74. There are 609 people or 4.8% who are 70 to 79 and 201 people or 1.59% of the population who are over 80. There is one person in Einsiedeln who is over 100 years old. there are 5,093 households, of which 1,649 households (or about 32.4%) contain only a single individual. 347 or about 6.8% are large households, with at least five members. In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 43.5% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (18.8%), the FDP (17.7%) and the SPS (14.8%). The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Einsiedeln about 66% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Einsiedeln has an unemployment rate of 1.29%. , there were 551 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 209 businesses involved in this sector. 1,630 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 199 businesses in this sector. 3,017 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 486 businesses in this sector. From the , 9,834 or 77.9% are Roman Catholic, while 1,240 or 9.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there are less than 5 individuals who belong to the Christian Catholic faith, there are 288 individuals (or about 2.28% of the population) who belong to the Orthodox Church, and there are 5 individuals (or about 0.04% of the population) who belong to another Christian church. There are 332 (or about 2.63% of the population) who are Islamic. There are 106 individuals (or about 0.84% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), 486 (or about 3.85% of the population) belong to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 329 individuals (or about 2.61% of the population) did not answer the question. Historic population The historical population is given in the following table: Transport Einsiedeln railway station is a terminal station of the Zรผrich S-Bahn on the lines S13 and S40, provided by the Sรผdostbahn. Climate Between 1961 and 1990 Einsiedeln had an average of 156.7 days of rain per year and on average received of precipitation. The wettest month was June during which time Einsiedeln received an average of of precipitation. During this month there was precipitation for an average of 15.3 days. The month with the most days of precipitation was May, with an average of 15.3, but with only of precipitation. The driest month of the year was February with an average of of precipitation over 15.3 days. Sports Schanzen Einsiedeln is the national ski jumping venue of Switzerland. Tourism The village of Einsiedeln is a popular tourist destination in central Switzerland. The Benedictine Einsiedeln Abbey, located within the village, is considered one of the most important Roman Catholic pilgrimage sites in Europe and is called "the most important place of pilgrimage dedicated to the Virgin Mary in Switzerland". In addition to the Abbey, Einsiedeln is also a popular destination for sports year round. The village has 3 ski areas which include lifts as well as ski jumps. Since the Middle Ages the Graces Chapel and a statue of the Black Madonna have been the centerpiece of the pilgrimage. The statue is so famous that a copy can also be seen in the French Jura town of Pontarlier. Between 150,000 and 200,000 pilgrims visit the Graces Chapel each year. Besides being a site for pilgrimages, Einsiedeln is a tourist destination for those interested in winter sports. The village has its own ski jump, ski lifts, ski tows and winter sports centres, which are in the nearby area of Hoch-Ybrig and Brunni. The Schwedentritt cross-country skiing trail starts next to the Einsiedeln Abbey. The nearby reservoir, Sihlsee, is used in summer for swimming, surfing and sailing, and in the winter for ice-skating. The dam, which retains the lake, produces electricity for the trains and protects the city of Zurich further down the valley from the flood of the Sihl. These days, fewer pilgrims come to Einsiedeln. For that reason, some of the former hotels have now closed. At the same time, the village has experienced a boom with day tourists, owing to the clear air and mountain views. Because of the high quality of life locally, the population is growing faster than is normal in Switzerland. Notable people Paracelsus (1493 in Egg โ€“ 1541), physician, alchemist and astrologer of the German Renaissance Albrecht von Bonstetten (c.1443 โ€“ c.1504), a Swiss humanist, entered Einsiedeln Abbey at a young age, made deacon of Einsiedeln in 1469 Johann Baptist Babel (1716โ€“1799), preeminent sculptor of Baroque era, settled in Einsiedeln in 1746 Joseph Charles Benziger (1762โ€“1841) founded the Catholic publishing house RCL Benziger Gall Morel (1803 - Einsiedeln Abbey 1872), a poet, scholar, aesthete and educationist Joseph A. Steinauer (1834โ€“1907), Swiss emigrant to America who, with his two brothers, founded Steinauer, Pawnee County, Nebraska Aloysius Maria Benziger (1864โ€“1942), a Swiss Catholic bishop and pioneer missionary Meinrad Lienert (1865โ€“1933), a Swiss writer, poet, journalist and editor Artur Beul (1915โ€“2010), a Swiss songwriter Lee Scratch Perry (1936โ€“2021), Jamaican record producer and musician Eric Honegger (born 1946), a Swiss politician and businessman, lives in Einsiedeln Milica Pavloviฤ‡ (born 1991), Serbian pop-folk singer Sport Josef Wehrli (born 1954), a Swiss former professional racing cyclist Marcel Fรคssler (born 1976), a Swiss professional racing driver. Andreas Kรผttel (born 1979), a Swiss former Ski Jumper "World Champion 2009" References External links Einsiedeln - Place of Culture and Pilgrimage at visit-einsiedeln.ch Cities in Switzerland Municipalities of the canton of Schwyz Districts of the canton of Schwyz
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9D%B4%EB%AF%B8%20%EB%A7%A4%ED%81%B4%EB%9E%98%EB%9F%B0
์ œ์ด๋ฏธ ๋งคํด๋ž˜๋Ÿฐ
์ œ์ด๋ฏธ ๋งคํด๋ž˜๋Ÿฐ(, 1993๋…„ 7์›” 29์ผ ~ )์€ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ํฌ์ง€์…˜์€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜์ด๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์žฌ A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฉœ๋ฒ„๋ฅธ ์‹œํ‹ฐ FC ์†Œ์†์ด๋‹ค. ํด๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์ œ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฉ”ํด๋ž˜๋Ÿฐ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ FC์—์„œ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งคํด๋ ˆ๋Ÿฐ์€ ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๊ตด๋ฆฌ SC์—์„œ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2009๋…„ 7์›”์—๋Š” ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๋ธ”๋ž™๋ฒˆ ๋กœ๋ฒ„์Šค FC์— ์ž…๋‹จํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•ด ๋ธ”๋ž™๋ฒˆ์˜ ์œ ์†Œ๋…„ํŒ€์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ธ”๋ž™๋ฒˆ์˜ 1๊ตฐํŒ€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์Šน๊ฒฉ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2012-13์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ดํ›„ ํŒ€์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2013-14์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ๋งคํด๋ž˜๋Ÿฐ์€ A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ํผ์Šค ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ณ„์•ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งคํด๋ ˆ๋Ÿฐ์€ ์ดํ›„ ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ์œ ๋‚˜์ดํ‹ฐ๋“œ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”์ „์„ ์น˜๋ €๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 10์›” 27์ผ ๋ฉœ๋ฒ„๋ฅธ ์‹œํ‹ฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013-14์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ๋งคํด๋ ˆ๋Ÿฐ์€ 18๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 2๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งคํด๋ ˆ๋Ÿฐ์€ 2014-15์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 23๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 10๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2015-16์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ๋งคํด๋ž˜๋Ÿฐ์€ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฒˆ ๋กœ์–ด์— ์ž…๋‹จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 10์›” 8์ผ ์›จ์Šคํ„ด ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ์›๋”๋Ÿฌ์Šค์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฒˆ ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ €์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งคํด๋ž˜๋Ÿฐ์€ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์นœ์ฒญํŒ€์ธ ํผ์Šค ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฆฌ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 50๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ถœ์ „์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017-18์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ๋…์ผ์˜ SV ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์Šˆํƒ€ํŠธ 98๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 8์›” 4์ผ 1. FC ์นด์ด์ €์Šฌ๋ผ์šฐํ…Œ๋ฅธ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋…์ผ ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ €๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 1์›” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ถœ์ „ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด์‹ญ์˜ ํ•˜์ด๋ฒ„๋‹ˆ์–ธ FC๋กœ ์ž„๋Œ€ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 1์›” 24์ผ ๋˜๋”” FC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ €๋‹ค. 2์›” 3์ผ ๋ ˆ์ธ์ €์Šค FC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ๋ฐ๋ท”๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018-19์‹œ์ฆŒ์—๋„ ํ•˜์ด๋ฒ„๋‹ˆ์–ธ์— ์ž„๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™•์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 1์›”, ๋งคํด๋ž˜๋Ÿฐ์€ ํ•˜์ด๋ฒ„๋‹ˆ์–ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์ž„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ค‘๋‹จํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฉœ๋ฒ„๋ฅธ ์‹œํ‹ฐ๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 2์›” 9์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ์œ ๋‚˜์ดํ‹ฐ๋“œ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฉœ๋ฒ„๋ฅธ ์ž…๋‹จ ์ดํ›„ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ €์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฉœ๋ฒ„๋ฅธ ์ž…๋‹จ ์ดํ›„ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งคํด๋ ˆ๋Ÿฐ์€ ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋™์•ˆ 9๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•ด 5๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉœ๋ฒ„๋ฅธ์—์„œ์˜ 2๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ 2019-20์‹œ์ฆŒ์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ๋„ํ•ฉ 28๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์ „ 28๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ด์ ์ธ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž์‹ ์˜ 2๋ฒˆ์งธ A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ณจ๋“  ๋ถ€์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋งคํด๋ž˜๋Ÿฐ์€ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ํ˜ˆํ†ต ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์— ์„ ๋ฐœ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ 2011๋…„์— ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ U-19 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์— ์„ ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์„ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ U-20 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์— ์„ ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด 2013๋…„ FIFA U-20 ์›”๋“œ์ปต์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ AFC U-23 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์˜ˆ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ U-23 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์— ์ฐจ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ™์ฝฉ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ•ดํŠธํŠธ๋ฆญ, ๋ฏธ์–€๋งˆ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ด ๋Œ€ํšŒ ๋ณธ์„  ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋กœ ์„ ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ U-23 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋“์ ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„, ๋งคํด๋ž˜๋Ÿฐ์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋Œ€์‹  ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์—์„œ ๋›ฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 5์›” ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€๊ณผ์˜ ์นœ์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์— ์„ ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„์—๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์Šˆํƒ€ํŠธ์—์„œ์˜ ์ถœ์ „ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€์กฑ์„ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€๊ณผ ๋ฉ€์–ด์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ, ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ์ด์  ์ดํ›„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์— ๋Œ์•„์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ 2018๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์ตœ์ข… ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ AFC ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ์ปต์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์ตœ์ข… ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2์ฐจ์ „์ธ ํŒ”๋ ˆ์Šคํƒ€์ธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๋ฐ๋ท”๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๊ฐœ์ธ A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ Young Footballer of the year: 2015-16, 2016-17 PFA A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํŒ€ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋” ์‹œ์ฆŒ: 2015-16 A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ณจ๋“  ๋ถ€์ธ : 2016-17, 2019-20 ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1993๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ๋‚จ์ž ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚จ์ž U-20 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚จ์ž U-23 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํผ์Šค ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฆฌ FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฒˆ ๋กœ์–ด FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ SV ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์Šˆํƒ€ํŠธ 98์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ•˜์ด๋ฒ„๋‹ˆ์–ธ FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฉœ๋ฒ„๋ฅธ ์‹œํ‹ฐ FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฉ˜์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ์‹œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด์‹ญ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2. ๋ถ„๋ฐ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2017๋…„ FIFA ์ปจํŽ˜๋”๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์Šค์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2018๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2019๋…„ AFC ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2022๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋…์ผ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์ธ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์ธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie%20Maclaren
Jamie Maclaren
Jamie Maclaren (born 29 July 1993) is an Australian professional soccer player who plays as a striker for A-League club Melbourne City. He has also previously played for Darmstadt 98, Perth Glory, Brisbane Roar and Hibernian. Maclaren initially represented Scotland at youth level, but has since appeared for Australia at both youth and senior international level. He is a five time A-League Golden Boot winner as A-League top scorer in the 2016โ€“17 (19 goals), 2019โ€“20 (22 goals), 2020โ€“21 (25 goals) and 2021โ€“22 (15 goals) season, 2022โ€“23 and 24 goals). He is now the A-League all-time leading goalscorer overtaking Besart Berisha with 144. Club career Early years Maclaren grew up in the north-western suburbs of Melbourne. He first joined the junior side of local team Sunbury United at the early age of four or five, then switched to the youth ranks of nearby Victorian Premier League (now National Premier Leagues Victoria) side Green Gully in 2003, where although he continued to play against older players, his team was very successful, at one point winning around 50 games in a row. Blackburn Rovers In July 2009, aged 15, he was invited to trial for Blackburn Rovers' under-16 squad. In his first trial match he scored two goals against Derby County's under-16 squad, followed by a hat-trick against Manchester United, which resulted in a contract offer from Rovers. Maclaren benefited from the mentorship of fellow Australians Vince Grella and Brett Emerton at Blackburn, where he soon progressed to be a regular under-21 squad player and training with the senior team. However, after four years in England having not broken into the first team, he was released by Rovers at the end of the 2012โ€“13 season. Perth Glory Seeking first-team game time, Maclaren elected to return to Australia and signed a three-year contract with A-League club Perth Glory at the beginning of the 2013โ€“14 season. Maclaren made his Perth Glory debut, where he played 90 minutes, in a 3โ€“1 loss against Adelaide United. Maclaren then scored his first goal for Perth Glory weeks later, on 27 October 2013, in a 1โ€“0 win over Melbourne City and scored his second Perth Glory goal on 23 November 2013 The 2014โ€“15 season was his breakout year, scoring 10 goals in 23 appearances across all competitions, and earning the April nomination for the league's young player of the year award. He also made a number of appearances in the National Premier Leagues side scoring 11 goals in just five games. Maclaren scored his first senior club hat-trick, scoring all three of Glory's goals in a 3โ€“1 win against Melbourne City on 19 April 2015. At the end of the 2014โ€“15 season, in the fallout from the Perth Glory salary cap scandal, Glory agreed to release all contracted players who wished to leave the club, with the sole exception of Maclaren. In response, he lodged a formal breach-of-contract notice against Perth Glory to the players' Union, Professional Footballers Australia. Maclaren was subsequently released by Glory on 29 June 2015. Brisbane Roar During the A-League off-season, on 5 July 2015, Brisbane Roar signed Maclaren to a two-year deal. Maclaren made his debut with the Roar against the Western Sydney Wanderers on 8 October 2015. In the same game, he scored a brace for the Roar, with goals in the 9th and 34th minutes of the match. Later that season Maclaren reached his 50th senior A-League appearance, scoring a goal and assisting another against his former club, Perth Glory. He scored his second senior club hat-trick in a win against Melbourne Victory on 12 March 2016. Maclaren finished the A-League regular season with 18 goals, second in the Golden Boot race to Melbourne City's Uruguayan striker Bruno Fornaroli, however his season tally was enough to become the all-time A-League record for an Australian player. Maclaren scored two more goals in the finals series to make his final club goal count 20 from 25 games. At the end of the 2015โ€“16 season, he was awarded as the Young Player of the Year by the FFA. Maclaren scored 19 goals for the Roar in the 2016โ€“17 A-League regular season, tying with Besart Berisha for the Golden Boot. Darmstadt 98 In May 2017, Maclaren joined German 2. Bundesliga club Darmstadt 98 signing a three-year deal. He made his debut in the second round of the season as a 63rd minute substitution in a 1โ€“1 draw away to FC Kaiserslautern on 4 August. Loans to Hibernian Maclaren was loaned to Scottish club Hibernian in January 2018, in the hope that more playing time would boost his chances of being selected by Australia for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. He made his Scottish Premiership debut in a 1โ€“0 win at Dundee on 24 January. Maclaren scored his first goal for Hibs on 3 February, converting a match-winning penalty against Rangers. He scored the second goal in a 2โ€“0 win for Hibs in an Edinburgh derby on 9 March, and helped to delay Celtic's title celebrations by scoring the first goal in a 2โ€“1 win for Hibs on 21 April. He ended his season in Scotland by scoring a hat-trick in a 5โ€“5 draw with Rangers. After the loan spell ended, Maclaren said that he hoped Darmstadt would make him available for transfer. On 3 August, Maclaren returned to Hibernian on a season-long loan. This spell was less productive, as Maclaren only scored one goal and he struggled to hold down a regular place in the starting lineup. The Hibs terminated the loan on 31 January 2019. Melbourne City On 31 January 2019, Maclaren signed for A-League club Melbourne City FC on a marquee deal to see him at the club till May 2022. He scored in his first game for City with a backheel against Adelaide United on 9 February. He won the Golden Boot that season with 22 goals, three more than the nearest competitor, Adam Le Fondre. On 6 March 2021, Maclaren scored and assisted two in Melbourne City's 6โ€“0 away win over city rivals Melbourne Victory. On the next meeting on 17 April 2021, he became the first player to score five goals in the A-League regular season history, and just the second of all time, as the hosts won 7โ€“0. He became Melbourne City's record goalscorer with 58 goals on 13 May 2021, when his team won 4โ€“1 against Adelaide United at home overtaking Bruno Fornaroli. International career His international career started when he was called up for Scotland under-19, who he was eligible to play for through his father Donald. Maclaren made two appearances for the team, playing against Denmark and Norway. Maclaren was then involved with the Australian under-20 squad, and scored a goal against the hosts Turkey in the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup. Maclaren joined the Australian under-23 team ("Olyroos") for 2016 AFC U-23 Championship qualification Group F games held in Taiwan in March 2015, which doubled as Olympic qualification. He played in two of the Olyroos' three games, scoring a hat-trick against Hong Kong and another two goals against Myanmar, achieving the second highest tally for the qualification stage out of the entire AFC. Maclaren was named in the Australian squad for the 2016 AFC U-23 Championship, where he played every minute of Australia's campaign in three games against the UAE, Vietnam and Jordan, scoring against Vietnam. In February 2016, Maclaren announced that and pledged to play for Australia rather than Scotland, but later expressed his pride at having been selected for the young Scots. In May 2016, Maclaren was called up to the Socceroos for the first time for a friendly match away to England, in which he started. After a solid start to the 2016โ€“17 A-League season, Maclaren was called up again to the Socceroos squad in November 2016 for Australia's 2018 World Cup Qualifying Third Round match against Thailand in Bangkok. He started the match, playing 57 minutes in the eventual 2โ€“2 draw before being substituted for Nathan Burns. He was again called up for the final two Round 3 matches in August and September 2017, coming on in the 71st minute of the crucial final match at home to Thailand, which the Socceroos won 2โ€“1. Maclaren dropped out of the Australia squad later in 2017, due to his lack of playing time at Darmstadt. A major factor in him seeking a loan move in January 2018 was to try and earn selection for the 2018 World Cup squad. He was named in a 32-man provisional squad for the World Cup, but was cut from the 26-man squad to go to a pre-tournament camp in Turkey. Following an injury to Tomi Juric, Maclaren was added to the training squad. He played in a preparatory friendly match against Czech Republic, and was selected in the final 23-man squad. Incoming Socceroo coach Graham Arnold selected Maclaren in the Australian squad for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup. He came on as a 64th minute substitute in the only pre-tournament friendly against Oman, and started all three matches in the group stage; a loss against Jordan, having a potential equaliser ruled offside, the second match against Palestine, scoring his first international goal in the 18th minute with a header from a Tom Rogic cross, and the last game, a win against Syria. Maclaren continued in the starting XI for the Socceroos in the first knockout stage match, against Uzbekistan, playing the first 75 minutes before being replaced by Apostolos Giannou in the eventual win on penalties. He was named to start alongside Giannou in a changed two-striker formation in the Quarter Final against hosts UAE. Maclaren scored a hat-trick in a 5โ€“0 win against Nepal on 10 October 2019. Personal life Maclaren holds a British passport, and is half-Maltese through his mother. This partial Maltese heritage led to Malta approaching Maclaren to play for them, however, he turned down the request. His father Donald had a short career as a footballer with Dunfermline Athletic (after failing to break through at Heart of Midlothian) prior to emigrating to Australia, while his paternal uncle Ross MacLaren played in the English leagues with Shrewsbury Town, Derby County and Swindon Town. Maclaren is an Aston Villa fan and Collingwood in the AFL Career statistics Club International Honours Melbourne City A-League Men Premiership: 2020โ€“21, 2021โ€“22, 2022โ€“23 Individual A-League Young Footballer of the Year: 2015โ€“16, 2016โ€“17. PFA A-League Team of the Season: 2015โ€“16, 2019โ€“20, 2020โ€“21, 2021โ€“22, 2022โ€“23 A-League Golden Boot: 2016โ€“17, 2019โ€“20, 2020โ€“21., 2021โ€“22 Harry Kewell Medal: 2016. A-Leagues All Star: 2022 See also List of sportspeople who competed for more than one nation References External links 1993 births Living people Australian men's soccer players Australia men's international soccer players Australian expatriate men's soccer players Australian expatriate sportspeople in Germany Australian expatriate sportspeople in Scotland Expatriate men's footballers in Germany Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland Scottish men's footballers Scotland men's youth international footballers Australian people of Scottish descent Australian expatriate sportspeople in England Expatriate men's footballers in England Soccer players from Melbourne Men's association football forwards Perth Glory FC players Brisbane Roar FC players SV Darmstadt 98 players Hibernian F.C. players Melbourne City FC players A-League Men players National Premier Leagues players 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup players 2. Bundesliga players Australian people of Maltese descent Scottish Professional Football League players 2018 FIFA World Cup players 2019 AFC Asian Cup players Marquee players (A-League Men) People from Sunbury, Victoria 2022 FIFA World Cup players
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%99%EB%A6%AC%20%EB%93%9C%20%EB%A4%BC%EB%B0%95
์•™๋ฆฌ ๋“œ ๋คผ๋ฐ•
์•™๋ฆฌ ๋“œ ๋คผ๋ฐ• (Henri-Marie Joseph Sonier de Lubac SJ, ; Henri de Lubac, 1896๋…„ 2์›” 20์ผ โ€“ 1991๋…„ 9์›” 4์ผ)์€ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ตํšŒ์˜ ์ถ”๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ํšŒ ์‚ฌ์ œ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ 20 ์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ํ•™์ž์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ €์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ต๋ฆฌํ•™์€ ์ œ 2 ์ฐจ ๋ฐ”ํ‹ฐ์นธ ๊ณต์˜ํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ Publication of de Lubac's Oeuvres completes (50 vols; Paris: Cerf, 1998-), in progress. Catholicisme: les aspects sociaux du dogme, (Paris, 1938: seven editions were published, the last in 1983), translated as Catholicism, trans. Sheppard, L. & Englund, E, (London: Longman Green, 1950), and later reissued as Catholicism: Christ and the Common Destiny of Man, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1988). Corpus Mysticum: Essai sur L'Eucharistie et lโ€™ร‰glise au moyen รขge, (Paris, 1944), translated as Corpus Mysticum: The Eucharist and the Church in the Middle Ages, trans Gemma Simmonds with Richard Price and Christopher Stephens, (London, 2006). , (Paris, 1944), translated as The Drama of Atheist Humanism, trans. Riley, M., Nash, A. & Sebanc, M., (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1995 โˆ’ translation of the 1983 edition including chapters omitted from the 1949 translation). De la Connaissance de Dieu, (Paris, 1945). A greatly expanded version of this book later appeared under the title Sur les chemins de Dieu, (Paris, 1956); this later work was translated as The Discovery of God, trans Alexander Dru with Mark Sebanc and Cassian Fulsom, (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1996). Surnaturel: ร‰tudes historiques, (1946). A new French edition issued by (Paris: Desclรฉe de Brouwer, 1991) contains a complete translation into French of all Greek and Latin citations. There is not yet (2013) an English translation. However, Augustinianism and modern theology (1967) closely follows Part One of Surnaturel, and the conclusion is translated by David Coffey in Philosophy and Theology, 11:2, (1999), 368-80. Histoire et esprit: l'intelligence de l'ร‰criture d'apres Origene, (Paris, 1950), translated as History and Spirit: The Understanding of Scripture According to Origen, trans. Anne Englund Nash with Juvenal Merriell, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2007). Aspects du bouddhisme, (Paris, 1951), translated as Aspects of Buddhism, trans George Lamb, (London: Sheed and Ward, 1953). Rencontre du bouddhisme et de l'occident, (Paris, 1952). Mรฉditation sur l'ร‰glise, (Paris, 1953), translated as The Splendor of the Church, trans Michael Mason, (London: Sheed & Ward, 1956), and later reissued by (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1986). Aspects du bouddhisme, vol 2: Amida, (Paris: Seuil, 1955), translated as History of Pure Land Buddhism, trans. Amita Bhaka,Buddha Dhyana Dana Review, 12: 5-6 (2002); 13: 1, (2003). Exรฉgรจse mรฉdiรฉvale, 4 vols, (Paris, 1959, 1961, 1964), translated as Medieval Exegesis, trans. Mark Sebanc (vol i), Edward M Macierowski (vols ii and iii), 4 vols, (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1998-). Teilhard de Chardin: the man and his meaning, trans. Rene Hague, (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1965). Augustisme et thรฉologie moderne, (Paris, 1965), translated as Augustinianism and Modern Theology, (London: G Chapman; New York: Herder & Herder, 1969), and reissued as (New York: Crossroad, 2000). Le Mystere du surnaturel, (1965), translated as The Mystery of the Supernatural, trans. Rosemary Sheed, (London: G Chapman, 1967), new edition by (New York: Crossroad Publishing Company, 1998). The religion of Teilhard de Chardin,trans. Rene Hague, (New York: Desclee Co.,1967). Teilhard explained, trans. Anthony Buono, (New York: Paulist Press,1968). The Eternal Feminine: a study on the poem by Teilhard de Chardin, trans. Renรฉ Hague, (New York: Harper & Row,1971). Petite catรฉchese sur nature et grace, (Paris, 1980), translated as A Brief Catechesis on Nature and Grace, trans. Richard Arnauder, FSC, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press. 1984). Trois jรฉsuites nous parlent: Yves de Montcheuil,1899-1944, Charles Nicolet,1897-1961, Jean Zupan, 1899-1968, (Paris, 1980), translated as Three Jesuits speak: Yves de Montcheuil,1899-1944, Charles Nicolet,1897-1961, Jean Zupan, 1899-1968. Presented by Henri de Lubac, trans. by K. D. Whitehead, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1987). The Motherhood of the Church, trans. Sergia Englund, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1982). Paradoxes of Faith. trans. Simon, P., Kreilkamp, S., & Beaumont, E., (San Francisco: Ignatius Press. 1987). The Christian Faith: an essay on the structure of the Apostles' Creed, trans. Richard Arnandez, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1986). At the Service of the Church: Henri de Lubac reflects on the circumstances that occasioned his writings, trans. Anne Englund Nash, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1993). Theology in History, trans. Anne Englund Nash, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1996). More Paradoxes. trans. A. Nash. (San Francisco: Ignatius Press. 2002 โˆ’ a translation of Autres Paradoxes. ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Henri de Lubac์˜ IgnatiusInsight.com ์•ฝ๋ ฅ Ignatius Press๊ฐ€ ์ถœํŒ ํ•œ Henri de Lubac ์ฑ… Henri de Lubac ํ”„๋กœํ•„๊ณผ Goodreads ๊ด€๋ จ ์„œ์  ์ œ2์ฐจ ๋ฐ”ํ‹ฐ์นธ ๊ณต์˜ํšŒ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ๊ด€๋ จ์ž ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ฐธ์ „ ๊ตฐ์ธ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์ถ”๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ 1991๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง 1896๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri%20de%20Lubac
Henri de Lubac
Henri-Marie Joseph Sonier de Lubac (; 20 February 1896 โ€“ 4 September 1991), better known as Henri de Lubac, was a French Jesuit priest and cardinal who is considered one of the most influential theologians of the 20th century. His writings and doctrinal research played a key role in shaping the Second Vatican Council. Early life and ordination Henri de Lubac was born in Cambrai to an ancient noble family of the Ardรจche. He was one of six children; his father was a banker and his mother a homemaker. The family returned in 1898 to the Lyon district, where Henri was schooled by Jesuits. A born aristocrat in manner and appearance, de Lubac studied law for a year before, aged 17, joining the Society of Jesus in Lyon on 9 October 1913. Owing to the political climate in France at the time as a result of the French anti-church laws of the early twentieth century, the Jesuit novitiate had temporarily relocated to St Leonards-on-Sea, East Sussex, where de Lubac studied before being drafted to the French army in 1914 due to the outbreak of the Great War. He received a head wound at Les ร‰parges on All Saints Day, 1917, which would give him recurring episodes of dizziness and headaches for the rest of his life. Following demobilisation in 1919, de Lubac returned to the Jesuits and continued his philosophical studies, first at Hales Place in Canterbury and then, from 1920 to 1923, at the Maison Saint-Louis, the Jesuit philosophate located at that time in St. Helier, Jersey. It was here that he would encounter the thought of Maurice Blondel and Pierre Rousselot. The encounter with Blondel would prove especially important. In 1932, de Lubac would eventually write to Blondel and tell him of his encounter with L'Action in the early 1920s, and how Blondel's thought around the problem of integralism became one of the central instigators of de Lubac's search for a renewed understanding of the relationship between nature and grace. De Lubac taught at the Jesuit College at Mongrรฉ, in the Rhรดne, from 1923 to 1924, and then in 1924 returned to England and began his four years of theological studies at Ore Place in Hastings, East Sussex. In 1926, the Jesuit college was relocated back to Fourviรจre in Lyons, where de Lubac completed the remaining two years of his theological studies. He was ordained to the priesthood on 22 August 1927. Professor and theologian In 1929, de Lubac was appointed professor of fundamental theology at the Catholic University of Lyon (the required doctorate having been conferred by the Gregorian University in Rome at the behest of the Father General of the Society of Jesus, without de Lubac's setting foot there or ever submitting a dissertation). He would teach there from 1929 to 1961, though with two interruptions โ€“ first during World War II, when he was forced underground because of his activities with the French Resistance, and then from 1950 to 1958, when the Society of Jesus, under pressure from Rome, removed him from his teaching responsibilities and the Fourviรจre Jesuit residence. During the 1930s de Lubac spent his time teaching at the Catholic University and researching, as well as teaching (between 1935 and 1940) one course at the Jesuit seminary at Fourviรจre (where he also lived from 1934 onwards). His first book, the now-classic Catholicisme (English title of the current edition: Catholicism: Christ and Common Destiny of Man) was published in 1938, before the war. In 1940, he founded the series Sources Chrรฉtiennes ("Christian Sources"), co-edited with fellow Jesuit Jean Daniรฉlou, a collection of bilingual, critical editions of early Christian texts and of the Church Fathers that has reinvigorated both the study of patristics and the doctrine of Sacred Tradition. During the Second World War, the first interruption to this pattern came: de Lubac joined a movement of "spiritual resistance," assisting in the publication of an underground journal of Nazi resistance called , or Christian Testimony. It was intended to show the incompatibility of Christian belief with the philosophy and activities of the Nazi regime, both in Germany and also under the cover of the Vichy government in southern France, which was theoretically independent of the Reich. De Lubac was often in hiding from the Germans and several of his co-workers on the journal were captured and executed. Even in hiding, he continued to study and write. From 1944 onwards, with the end of the Nazi occupation of France, de Lubac came out of hiding and published a number of texts (many of them begun or completed before the war but not published in the early 1940s because of the shortage of paper) which became major interventions in twentieth-century Catholic theology. These included: Corpus Mysticum, which had been ready for publication in 1939, and appeared in February 1944; Le Drame de l'humanisme athรฉe, published in December 1944; De la connaissance de Dieu published in 1945; Surnaturel: ร‰tudes historiques (a book which de Lubac had started at Hastings in his student days), published in 1946 in a print run of 700 copies, because of the ongoing paper shortage. "The dark years" In June 1950, as de Lubac himself said, "lightning struck Fourviรจre." De Lubac, who resided at Fourviรจre but actually did no teaching there, and four Fourviรจre professors were removed from their duties (in de Lubac's case these included his professorship at Lyon and his editorship of Recherches de science religieuse) and required to leave the Lyon province. All Jesuit provincials were directed to remove three of his books (Surnaturel, Corpus mysticum, and Connaissance de Dieu) and one article from their libraries and, as far as possible, from public distribution. The action came through the Jesuit Superior General, Jean-Baptiste Janssens, under pressure from the curial office, and was because of "pernicious errors on essential points of dogma." Two months later, Pope Pius XII issued the encyclical Humani generis, widely believed to have been directed at de Lubac and other theologians associated with the nouvelle thรฉologie, an intellectual movement characterized by renewed attention to the patristic sources of Catholicism, a willingness to address the ideas and concerns of contemporary men and women, a focus on pastoral work and respect for the competencies of the laity, and a sense of the Catholic Church as existing in history and affected by it. What de Lubac called "the dark years" lasted nearly a decade. It was not until 1956 that he was allowed to return to Lyon and not until 1958 that the University got verbal approval from Rome for de Lubac to return to teaching the courses he previously taught. Although everything de Lubac wrote during these years was subject to censorship in Rome, he never ceased to study, write, and publish. During these years he brought out a study of Origen's biblical exegesis (1950), three books on Buddhism (1951, 1952, 1955), Mรฉditations sur l'ร‰glise (1953 โ€“ a text which would have great influence on Lumen Gentium, the document produced at Vatican II on the nature of the church), and Sur les chemins de Dieu (1956). Return to acceptance His pioneering study Exรฉgรจse mรฉdiรฉvale (1959โ€“1965) revived interest in the spiritual exegesis of scripture and provided a major impetus to the development of covenantal theology. Just before and during the conciliar years, with the blessing of his order, de Lubac also began to write and publish books and articles in defense of the writings of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, his older friend and fellow Jesuit, who had died in 1955. Teilhard's ideas had influenced several of the theologians of the nouvelle thรฉologie and had also met with extreme disfavour in Rome. Second Vatican Council In August 1960, Pope John XXIII appointed de Lubac as a consultant to the Preparatory Theological Commission for the upcoming Second Vatican Council. He was then made a peritus (theological expert) to the council itself, and later, by Pope Paul VI, a member of its Theological Commission (as well as of two secretariats). Although the precise nature of his contribution during the council is difficult to determine, his writings were certainly an influence on the conciliar and post-conciliar periods, particularly in the area of ecclesiology where one of his concerns was to understand the church as the community of the whole people of God rather than just the clergy. De Lubac's influence on Lumen gentium (Dogmatic Constitution on the Church) and Gaudium et spes (Constitution on the Church in the Modern World) is generally recognized. Late years In 1969 Pope Paul VI, an admirer of de Lubac's works, had proposed making him a cardinal but de Lubac demurred, believing that for him to become a bishop, as required of all cardinals, would be "an abuse of an apostolic office". Paul VI, having committed to creating a Jesuit cardinal, conferred the honor on de Lubac's junior colleague Jean Daniรฉlou instead. In the years after Vatican II, de Lubac came to be known as a "conservative theologian", his views completely in line with the magisterium โ€“ in contrast to his progressive reputation in the first part of his life. Contributing to this reputation, in 1972 de Lubac, alongside Joseph Ratzinger who later became Pope Benedict XVI, and Hans Urs von Balthasar, founded the journal Communio โˆ’ a journal which acquired a reputation as offering a more conservative theology than Concilium. In 1983 Pope John Paul II offered to make de Lubac a cardinal, this time with a dispensation from being consecrated a bishop. De Lubac accepted and became the first non-bishop cardinal since the 1962 rule requiring cardinals to be bishops. In the consistory of 2 February 1983, Pope John Paul II raised de Lubac, at 87, to the College of Cardinals. He was created Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Domnica. On 24 May 1990, de Lubac became the oldest living cardinal. He died in Paris in 1991. Possible canonization On March 31, 2023, the French conference of Catholic bishops voted successfully to open the cause for canonization of Cardinal de Lubac, due to his influence on Catholic theology and philosophy, especially before, during, and after the Second Vatican Council. If the Vatican agrees, he will be given the title of "Servant of God". Selected bibliography Publication of de Lubac's Oeuvres completes (50 vols; Paris: Cerf, 1998). Catholicisme: les aspects sociaux du dogme, (Paris, 1938: seven editions were published, the last in 1983), translated as Catholicism, trans. Sheppard, L. & Englund, E, (London: Longman Green, 1950), and later reissued as Catholicism: Christ and the Common Destiny of Man, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1988). Corpus Mysticum: Essai sur L'Eucharistie et lโ€™ร‰glise au moyen รขge, (Paris, 1944), translated as Corpus Mysticum: The Eucharist and the Church in the Middle Ages, trans Gemma Simmonds with Richard Price and Christopher Stephens, (London, 2006). Le drame de l'humanisme athรฉe, (Paris, 1944), translated as The Drama of Atheist Humanism, trans. Riley, M., Nash, A. & Sebanc, M., (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1995 โˆ’ translation of the 1983 edition including chapters omitted from the 1949 translation). De la Connaissance de Dieu, (Paris, 1945). A greatly expanded version of this book later appeared under the title Sur les chemins de Dieu, (Paris, 1956); this later work was translated as The Discovery of God, trans Alexander Dru with Mark Sebanc and Cassian Fulsom, (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1996). Surnaturel: ร‰tudes historiques, (1946). A new French edition issued by (Paris: Desclรฉe de Brouwer, 1991) contains a complete translation into French of all Greek and Latin citations. There is not yet (2013) an English translation. However, Augustinianism and modern theology (1967) closely follows Part One of Surnaturel, and the conclusion is translated by David Coffey in Philosophy and Theology, 11:2, (1999), 368-80. Histoire et esprit: l'intelligence de l'ร‰criture d'apres Origene, (Paris, 1950), translated as History and Spirit: The Understanding of Scripture According to Origen, trans. Anne Englund Nash with Juvenal Merriell, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2007). Aspects du bouddhisme, (Paris, 1951), translated as Aspects of Buddhism, trans George Lamb, (London: Sheed and Ward, 1953). Rencontre du bouddhisme et de l'occident, (Paris, 1952). Mรฉditation sur l'ร‰glise, (Paris, 1953), translated as The Splendor of the Church, trans Michael Mason, (London: Sheed & Ward, 1956), and later reissued by (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1986). Aspects du bouddhisme, vol 2: Amida, (Paris: Seuil, 1955), translated as History of Pure Land Buddhism, trans. Amita Bhaka, Buddha Dhyana Dana Review, 12: 5-6 (2002); 13: 1, (2003). Exรฉgรจse mรฉdiรฉvale, 4 vols, (Paris, 1959, 1961, 1964), translated as Medieval Exegesis, trans. Mark Sebanc (vol i), Edward M Macierowski (vols ii and iii), 4 vols, (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1998-). Teilhard de Chardin: the man and his meaning, trans. Rene Hague, (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1965). Augustisme et thรฉologie moderne, (Paris, 1965), translated as Augustinianism and Modern Theology, (London: G Chapman; New York: Herder & Herder, 1969), and reissued as (New York: Crossroad, 2000). Le Mystere du surnaturel, (1965), translated as The Mystery of the Supernatural, trans. Rosemary Sheed, (London: G Chapman, 1967), new edition by (New York: Crossroad Publishing Company, 1998). The religion of Teilhard de Chardin, trans. Rene Hague, (New York: Desclee Co., 1967). Teilhard explained, trans. Anthony Buono, (New York: Paulist Press, 1968). The Eternal Feminine: a study on the poem by Teilhard de Chardin, trans. Renรฉ Hague, (New York: Harper & Row, 1971). Petite catรฉchese sur nature et grace, (Paris, 1980), translated as A Brief Catechesis on Nature and Grace, trans. Richard Arnauder, FSC, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press. 1984). Trois jรฉsuites nous parlent: Yves de Montcheuil, 1899-1944, Charles Nicolet, 1897-1961, Jean Zupan, 1899-1968, (Paris, 1980), translated as Three Jesuits speak: Yves de Montcheuil, 1899-1944, Charles Nicolet, 1897-1961, Jean Zupan, 1899-1968. Presented by Henri de Lubac, trans. by K. D. Whitehead, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1987). The Motherhood of the Church, trans. Sergia Englund, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1982). Paradoxes of Faith. trans. Simon, P., Kreilkamp, S., & Beaumont, E., (San Francisco: Ignatius Press. 1987). The Christian Faith: an essay on the structure of the Apostles' Creed, trans. Richard Arnandez, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1986). At the Service of the Church: Henri de Lubac reflects on the circumstances that occasioned his writings, trans. Anne Englund Nash, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1993). Theology in History, trans. Anne Englund Nash, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1996). More Paradoxes. trans. A. Nash. (San Francisco: Ignatius Press. 2002 โˆ’ a translation of Autres Paradoxes. Vatican Council Notebooks, Vol. 1, trans. Andrew Stefanelli and Anne Englund Nash (San Francisco: Ignatius Press. 2015). Vatican Council Notebooks, Vol. 2, trans. Anne Englund Nash (San Francisco: Ignatius Press. 2016). Notes References Citations Works cited Further reading External links IgnatiusInsight.com biography of Henri de Lubac 1896 births 1991 deaths 20th-century French Catholic theologians 20th-century French Jesuits Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II 20th-century French cardinals French military personnel of World War I French people of World War II Jesuit cardinals Jesuit theologians Members of the Acadรฉmie des sciences morales et politiques Participants in the Second Vatican Council Patristic scholars People from Cambrai Fundamental theologians
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๋ง› ์ข€ ๋ณด์‹ค๋ž˜์š”
ใ€Š๋ง› ์ข€ ๋ณด์‹ค๋ž˜์š”ใ€‹๋Š” 2019๋…„ 11์›” 12์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2020๋…„ 5์›” 1์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์˜๋œ SBS ์•„์นจ์—ฐ์†๊ทน์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํš ์˜๋„ ์ง€๊ทนํžˆ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ง€๊ทนํžˆ ํ†ต์†์ ์ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ™๊ณ , ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ๊ฐ™์€ "์œ ์พŒ ๋ฐœ๋ž„ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ํ†ต์†๊ทน" ์ œ์ž‘์ง„ ์—ฐ์ถœ : ์œค๋ฅ˜ํ•ด (๊ฐ•๋‚จ ์Šค์บ”๋“ค, ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๋ณต, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์„ ๋ฌผ, ์„ธ ์ž๋งค ์—ฐ์ถœ) ๊ทน๋ณธ : ๊น€๋„ํ˜„ (์กฐ์€์ง€ ํŒจ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ, ๊ตฟ๋ฐ”์ด ๋งˆ๋ˆŒ, ๋งˆ์ด ์‹œํฌ๋ฆฟ ํ˜ธํ…” ์ง‘ํ•„) ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ๋ฌผ ์‹ฌ์ด์˜ : ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์ง„(36์„ธ) ์—ญ - ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ 9๋…„์ฐจ, ํ•˜๋Š˜์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰ ์ง์› โ†’ ์‘์‘๋ˆ๊นŒ์Šค ์ฃผ์ธ โ†’ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋„์šฐ๋ฏธ โ†’ ์š”๋ฆฌํ”„๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰์ž, ์ง„์ƒ์˜ ์ „์ฒ˜ โ†’ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด ์„œ๋„์˜ : ์˜ค๋Œ€๊ตฌ(42์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์œ ๋ž€์˜ ์ „๋‚จํŽธ, ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ๊ตญ์–ด๊ต์‚ฌ โ†’ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์ž‘๊ฐ€(ํ•„๋ช… : ์˜ค๋Œ€์˜ค) โ†’ ์‘์‘๋ˆ๊นŒ์Šค ์ข…์—…์› โ†’ ์Šคํƒ€ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์ž‘๊ฐ€, ํ•ด์ง„์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ ์„œํ•˜์ค€ : ์ด์ง„์ƒ(30์„ธ) ์—ญ - ํ•ด์ง„๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ „ ๋‚จํŽธ, ๋ฒ•๋Œ€์ƒ, ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ถˆ๋ฅœ๋‚จ โ†’ ์Šคํƒ€๋งํฌ ์ง์› โ†’ ํ•ด์ง„์˜ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ € ํ•œ๊ฐ€๋ฆผ : ์ •์ฃผ๋ฆฌ(24์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์ค€ํ›„์˜ ์ด๋ณต์—ฌ๋™์ƒ, ์ง„์ƒ์˜ ๋ถˆ๋ฅœ๋…€ โ†’ ์ง„์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ โ†’ ์ง„์ƒ๊ณผ ์ดํ˜ผ โ†’ ์ธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์žฌํ˜ผ โ†’ ์ธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ดํ˜ผ ์ด์Šฌ์•„ : ๋ฐฐ์œ ๋ž€(36์„ธ) ์—ญ - ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ „ ๋ถ€์ธ์ด์ž ์ค€ํ›„์˜ ๋‚ด์—ฐ๋…€, ๋ฐฐ์šฐ โ†’ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์š”๋ฆฌ ์‰ํ”„ โ†’ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ์ž ์ตœ์šฐ์„ : ์ •์ค€ํ›„(42์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ด๋ณต์˜ค๋น , ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋™๊ธฐ, ์œ ๋ž€์˜ ๋‚ด์—ฐ๋‚จ, ์Šคํƒ€๋งํฌ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ โ†’ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ด์‚ฌ ํ•ด์ž„ ๋ฐ ์ขŒ์ฒœ โ†’ ์ •์›๊ณผ ์ดํ˜ผ โ†’ ๋„์—ฌ์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์†์ ˆ๋‹นํ•จ ํ•ด์ง„ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์ด๋•ํฌ : ์˜ค์˜ฅ๋ถ„(58์„ธ) ์—ญ - ํ•ด์ง„๊ณผ ์ฒ ์ง„์˜ ์—„๋งˆ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ •์›๋„ค์˜ ์ง‘ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋„์šฐ๋ฏธ ์†ก์ธ๊ตญ : ๊ฐ•์ฒ ์ง„(30์„ธ) ์—ญ - ํ•ด์ง„์˜ ๋‚จ๋™์ƒ, ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ PD ์‹ ๋น„ : ์ด์œ ๋ฆฌ(7์„ธ) ์—ญ - ํ•ด์ง„๊ณผ ์ง„์ƒ์˜ ๋”ธ ์ง„์ƒ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์ž„์ฑ„๋ฌด : ์ด๋ฐฑ์ˆ˜(63์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์ง„์ƒ๊ณผ ์ง„๋ด‰์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€, ๋ฐฑ์ˆ˜์‹๋‹น ๅ‰ ์ฃผ์ธ ์•ˆ์˜ˆ์ธ : ์ด์ง„๋ด‰/์ด์ง„์ฃผ(26์„ธ) ์—ญ (์•„์—ญ : ์žฅํฌ์œค) - ์ง„์ƒ์˜ ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ, ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์ง€๋ง์ƒ โ†’ ์น˜ํ‚จ์ง‘ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ์ƒ โ†’ ์ฒ ์ง„์˜ ์•„๋‚ด ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊น€์ •ํ™” : ํ•œ์ •์›(36์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์ค€ํ›„์˜ ์•„๋‚ด, ํ•ด์ง„์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ, ์Šคํƒ€๋งํฌ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ์ด์‚ฌ โ†’ ์ค€ํ›„์˜ ์ „์ฒ˜ ์ดํ˜„๊ฒฝ : ๋„์—ฐ๊ฒฝ(49์„ธ) ์—ญ - ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถˆ๋ฅœ๋…€๋กœ, ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์นœ๋ชจ์ด์ž ์ค€ํ›„์˜ ๊ณ„๋ชจ. ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ ์žฅ์„ ์œจ : ์˜ค๊ด‘์ฃผ(7์„ธ) ์—ญ - ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์™€ ์œ ๋ž€์˜ ์•„๋“ค ํ—ˆ์ฐธ : ํ—ˆ์˜๋ฃŒ(63์„ธ) ์—ญ - ๋ฐฑ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋™๋„ค ์นœ๊ตฌ, ์ฒœ๊ถ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์žฅ ์ด์ข…๊ตฌ : ํ•œ๋™์‚ฐ(63์„ธ) ์—ญ - ๋ฐฑ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋™๋„ค ์นœ๊ตฌ, ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ ์‚ฌ์žฅ ์„œ์ƒ์› : ์˜๊ตฌ ์—ญ - ์ง„์ƒ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋™๊ธฐ์ด์ž ์นœํ•œ ๋™์ƒ, '์žฅ๋ชจ๋‹˜ ์น˜ํ‚จ' ์ข…์—…์› ๋ฐ•์„ฑ์ฐฌ : ๋™๋ฐฐ ์—ญ - ์ง„์ƒ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋™๊ธฐ์ด์ž ์นœํ•œ ๋™์ƒ, '์žฅ๋ชจ๋‹˜ ์น˜ํ‚จ' ์ข…์—…์› ์ด์ฐฌํฌ : ๋‹ฌ๋‚จ ์—ญ - ํ•ด์ง„์˜ ์‹๋‹น ์ข…์—…์› โ†’ ์ง„๋ด‰์ด ์ผํ•˜๋Š” '์žฅ๋ชจ๋‹˜ ์น˜ํ‚จ' ์‚ฌ์žฅ ์ด์ดˆ์› : ์˜ค๋กœ๋ผ ์—ญ - ์ •์›์˜ ์กฐ๋ ฅ์ž, ์Šคํƒ€๋งํฌ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ํŒ€์žฅ โ†’ ์ œ์ž‘๋งค๋‹ˆ์ง€๋จผํŠธ ๋ณธ๋ถ€์žฅ (69ํšŒ ~ ) ์•ˆ์ง€ํ›ˆ : ๋…ธ์ธ์„ฑ ์—ญ - ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ณผ์™ธ ์„ ์ƒ, ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์žฅ ์•„๋“ค, ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊พผ ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ฐ์ธ โ†’ ๋‚จํŽธ โ†’ ์ „๋‚จํŽธ ํ™์Šน๋ฒ” : ํƒ์‹œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์—ญ ์ •์ด๋ž‘ : ์ง‘ ์ฃผ์ธ ์—ญ - ์ง„์ƒ์ด ์‚ด๋˜ ์ง‘ ์ฃผ์ธ ์˜ฅ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ : ์˜ท๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์ธ ์—ญ ์ „์€๋ฏธ : ์‹ ์ž… ํƒค๋ŸฐํŠธ ์„ ๋ฐœ ์˜ค๋””์…˜ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์› ์—ญ ๋ณ€๊ฑด์šฐ : ์‹ ์ž… ํƒค๋ŸฐํŠธ ์„ ๋ฐœ ์˜ค๋””์…˜ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์› ์—ญ ํ—ˆ์ˆ˜์ • : ํ—ˆ์ˆ˜์ • ์—ญ - ์Šคํƒ€๋งํฌ ํ™๋ณด์‹ค์žฅ (69ํšŒ ~ ) ์ •ํ˜„์ฒ  : ์ •ํ˜„์ฒ  ์—ญ - ์Šคํƒ€๋งํฌ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์‹ค์žฅ (69ํšŒ ~ ) ์˜ค๋‹ค์€ : ๊น€ ๋น„์„œ / ์˜ค๋‹ค์€ ์—ญ - ์ง„์ƒ์˜ ๊ฟˆ ์† ๋น„์„œ (62ํšŒ) / ์Šคํƒ€๋งํฌ ์ œ์ž‘์‹ค์žฅ (69ํšŒ ~ ) ์–‘์ •์ˆ˜ : ์–‘์ •์ˆ˜ ์—ญ - ์Šคํƒ€๋งํฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‹ค์žฅ (69ํšŒ ~ ) ๊ฐ•๋ฌธ๊ฒฝ : ์˜ค๊ทผํ™˜ ์—ญ - ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ (78ํšŒ, 79ํšŒ) ํ•˜๋ฏผ : ์ตœ์ฐฝ์ˆ™ ์—ญ - ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ (78ํšŒ, 79ํšŒ) ์ด์ˆ™ : ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋™์ƒ ์—ญ - ์ดํ˜ผ๋…€ (116 ~ 123ํšŒ) ๊น€์ •์ˆ˜ : ์ •์›์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์—ญ (118ํšŒ, 122ํšŒ, 123ํšŒ) ์ด์ฐฝ : ์ด๋ถ€์žฅ ์—ญ ํŠน๋ณ„ ์ถœ์—ฐ ํ™ฉ๋ช…ํ™˜ : ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ ์—ญ (12ํšŒ) ์ถ”๊ท€์ • : ์‹๋‹น ์ฃผ์ธ ์—ญ (51 ~ 54ํšŒ) ์‹ฌ์ง€ํ˜ธ : ํ•ด์ง„์˜ ์ƒ์ƒย ์† ๋ณธ๋ถ€์žฅ ์—ญ (68ํšŒ) ๋ฌธ์„œ์—ฐ : ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์œ ๋ž€์˜ ์—„๋งˆ ์—ญ (111ํšŒ) ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ  ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ์ˆซ์ž๋Š” '์ตœ์ € ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ '์ด๊ณ , ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ์ˆซ์ž๋Š” '์ตœ๊ณ  ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ '์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ ์กฐ์‚ฌํšŒ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ ์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŽธ์„ฑ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ์žฅ 2019๋…„ 11์›” 11์ผ ์•„์นจ 8์‹œ 35๋ถ„์— ์ฒซ๋ฐฉ์˜๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ใ€Š2019๋…„ FIFA U-17 ์›”๋“œ์ปต 8๊ฐ•์ „ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ VS ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”ใ€‹ ์ค‘๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์†ก์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ 11์›” 12์ผ ์•„์นจ 8์‹œ 35๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์ฒซ๋ฐฉ์˜์ผ์ด ํŽธ์„ฑ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 11์›” 26์ผ : ใ€Šํ•œ-์•„์„ธ์•ˆ ํŠน๋ณ„์ •์ƒํšŒ์˜ใ€‹ ํŽธ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ 20๋ถ„ ์•ž๋‹น๊ฒจ์ง„ ์˜ค์ „ 8์‹œ 15๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ์„ฑ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ. (11ํšŒ) 2020๋…„ 3์›” 31์ผ : ๋ง› ์ข€ ๋ณด์‹ค๋ž˜์š” ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์ด 120๋ถ€์ž‘์—์„œ 4ํšŒ ์—ฐ์žฅ๋˜์–ด 124๋ถ€์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ™•์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋ฐ ํ›„๋ณด ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํ•ญ ๋‹น์ดˆ SBS ์ผ์ผ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ใ€Š์‚ฌ๋ž‘์€ ๋ฐฉ์šธ๋ฐฉ์šธใ€‹์˜ ํ›„์† ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์˜๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ €๋… ์ผ์ผ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ํ์ง€๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฌด์‚ฐ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์ด์˜๊ณผ ์„œ๋„์˜์€ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ SBS ์•„์นจ์—ฐ์†๊ทน์˜ ์ฃผ์—ฐ์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์ด์˜๊ณผ ์ž„์ฑ„๋ฌด๋Š” ํ•ดํ”ผ์‹œ์Šคํ„ฐ์ฆˆ ์ดํ›„ 1๋…„ ๋ฐ˜ ๋งŒ์— ๊ตฌ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ์ด๋กœ ํ˜ธํก์„ ๋งž์ถ˜๋‹ค. ์„œ๋„์˜, ์ž„์ฑ„๋ฌด, ์œค๋ฅ˜ํ•ด PD๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋‚จ์Šค์บ”๋“ค ์ดํ›„ 6๊ฐœ์›” ๋งŒ์— ํ˜ธํก์„ ๋งž์ถ˜๋‹ค. ์„œํ•˜์ค€์€ SBS ์ธก์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์œค๋ฅ˜ํ•ด PD์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ๋กœ ์บ์ŠคํŒ…๋˜์–ด 3๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ์•ˆ๋ฐฉ๊ทน์žฅ ๋ณต๊ท€๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์ดˆ ์ด์Šฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋งก์€ ๋ฐฐ์œ ๋ž€ ์—ญ์—๋Š” ํ•œ์˜์ด ๋‚™์ ๋์œผ๋‚˜ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ MBC ์ผ์ผ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ใ€Š๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค ์ฟต๋”ฐ๋ฆฌใ€‹ (2019๋…„ 7์›” 16์ผ ~ 2019๋…„ 11์›” 29์ผ) ใ€Š๋‚˜์œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ใ€‹ (2019๋…„ 12์›” 2์ผ ~ 2020๋…„ 5์›” 29์ผ) ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ <๋ง› ์ข€ ๋ณด์‹ค๋ž˜์š”> ๊ณต์‹ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€ <๋ง› ์ข€ ๋ณด์‹ค๋ž˜์š”> ์ „ํšŒ์ฐจ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋ณด๊ธฐ 2019๋…„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ 2020๋…„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ SBS ์•„์นจ์—ฐ์†๊ทน ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ 2020๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2019๋…„์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2020๋…„์— ์ข…๋ฃŒํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Want%20a%20Taste%3F
Want a Taste?
Want A Taste? () is a South Korean television series starring Shim Yi-young, Seo Do-young and Seo Ha-joon. It aired daily on SBS TV from November 12, 2019 to May 1, 2020 at 8:35 a.m. (KST) time slot for 124 episodes. Plot Hae-Jin (Shim Yi-Young) is 36-years-old. She is married to Jin-Sang (Seo Ha-Jun), who is 6 years younger than her, and they have a daughter Yoo-Ri (Shin Bi). Hae-Jin runs a restaurant that she took over from her father-in-law. She supported her husband Jin-Sang while he studied to enter a university. Because of Hae-Jin, Jin-Sang is now attending a prestigious university, but he has an affair with Joo-Ri (Han Ga-Rim). She is the young daughter of a rich family. Hae-Jin becomes aware of her husband's affair, but she doesn't want a divorce. Meanwhile, Dae-Gu (Seo Do-Young) appears in front Hae-Jin. Dae-Gu is a drama series writer. He was once in demand for his screenwriting, but his popularity has waned. His marriage life is not doing well either. Cast Main Shim Yi-young as Kang Hae-jin Seo Do-young as Oh Dae-gu Seo Ha-joon as Lee Jin-sang Han Ga-rim as Jung Joo-ri Lee Seul-ah as Bae Yoo-ram Choi Woo-seok as Jung Joon-ho Supporting Lee Duk-hee as Oh Ok-bun Song In-guk as Kang Cheol-jin Shin Bi as Lee Yoo-ri Lim Chae-mu as Lee Baek-soo Ahn Ye-in as Lee Jin-bong Kim Jung-hwa as Han Jeong-won Lee Hyun-kyung as Do Yeon-gyeong Others Jang Seon-yul as Oh Gwang-ju Heo Cham as Heo Eui-ruo Lee Jong-gu as Han Dong-san Seo Sang-won Park Seong-chan Lee Chan-hee Lee Cho-won Ahm Ji-hun Hong Seung-bum Jung Yi-rang Ok Ju-ri Eunmi Jeon Byun Gun-woo Hur Soo-jung Jung Hyeon-cheol Oda-eun Yang Jeong-su Kyung Kang-moon Lee Sook Kim Jung-soo Special appearances Hwang Myung-hwan Chu Gwi-jeong Shim Ji-ho Yeon Do-yeon Production Want A Taste? was initially planned as an evening daily drama, airing Monday to Friday 7:20ย p.m., replacing Bubbly Lovely in June 2017. It was supposed to star Lee Tae-ran, Ryu Jin, Shim Ji-ho, Han Bo-reum, and Hwang Ji-hyun in the roles of Kang Hae-jin (Shim Yi-young), Oh Dae-gu (Seo Do-young), Lee Jin-sang (Seo Ha-joon), Jung Joo-ri (Han Ga-rim) and Bae Yoo-ram (Lee Seul-ah), respectively. However, due to the financial losses and the low ratings of You Are a Gift and Bubbly Lovely (average of 7.6% and 7.8%, respectively), SBS decided to cancel the timeslot. It was revived as a morning daily drama airing Monday to Friday 8:35ย a.m. more than two years later, with Kim Do-hyun still being the writer but with the cast being totally replaced. Ratings In this table, represent the lowest ratings and represent the highest ratings. N/A denotes that the rating is not known. Notes References External links Seoul Broadcasting System television dramas 2019 South Korean television series debuts Korean-language television shows 2020 South Korean television series endings Television series by Celltrion Entertainment
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%EB%85%84%20%ED%83%9C%ED%92%8D
2020๋…„ ํƒœํ’
์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” 2020๋…„์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœํ’๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2020๋…„์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํƒœํ’์€ ์ด 23๊ฐœ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” 1981๋…„ ~ 2010๋…„ ํ‰๊ท  ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์ธ 25.6๊ฐœ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ์€ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ด๋‹ค. ํƒœํ’ ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋’ค์— (์ œ๋ช…)์ด ๋ถ™์€ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์ธ๋ช… ๋ฐ ์žฌ์‚ฐํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋˜๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์ดํด๋ก ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„๊ณผ ์ค‘๋ณต๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํƒ€ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์•„์‹œ์•„ํƒœํ’์œ„์›ํšŒ์—์„œ ์ตœ์ข… ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ํƒœํ’ ์ด๋ฆ„ 140๊ฐœ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ผ์ด ์—†๋Š” ํƒœํ’ ์ด๋ฆ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋‹ค. ํ†ต๊ณ„ ์›”๋ณ„ ํƒœํ’ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜ ํƒ€์ž„๋ผ์ธ SSHS ํƒœํ’ ์ด๋ฆ„ ํŠน์ง• 2020๋…„์˜ ์ฒซ ํƒœํ’์ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋ด‰ํ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” 5์›” 12์ผ๋กœ, ๊ธฐ์ƒ ๊ด€์ธก ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ 8๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋Šฆ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํ•ด๋Š” 1998๋…„์œผ๋กœ, ์ œ1ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’์ธ ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ์ด 7์›” 9์ผ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํ•ด๋Š” 2016๋…„์œผ๋กœ, ์ œ1ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’์ธ ๋„คํŒŒํƒ์ด 7์›” 3์ผ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 5์›” 15์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ์˜ ํƒœํ’ ๊ฐ•๋„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ์ดˆ๊ฐ•๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์ด ์‹ ์„ค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํƒœํ’์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ด ์—†์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ผ๋‹ˆ๋ƒ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ด€์ธก ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ 7์›”์— ํƒœํ’์ด 1๊ฐœ๋„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 8์›”๊ณผ 10์›”์— ๋ฌด๋ ค 7๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 10์›”์— ํƒœํ’์ด 7๊ฐœ๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ตœ๋‹ค ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด๋ฉฐ, 1984๋…„, 1992๋…„๊ณผ ํƒ€์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ8ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋ฐ”๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ์œ„ 23.4๋„๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถํšŒ๊ท€์„ ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ„๋„์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 950hPa, 10๋ถ„ ํ‰๊ท  ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 44m/s์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ก€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํƒœํ’ ๋ฐ”๋น„๋Š” ํƒœํ’ ๋ง๋ง (2019๋…„)์„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ์— ์—ญ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ8ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋ฐ”๋น„, ์ œ12ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋Œํ•€, ์ œ13ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๊ตฌ์ง€๋ผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ถ์œ„ 20๋„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ„๋„์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ14ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ์ฐฌํ™ˆ์€ 10์›” ์ดˆ(10์›” 9์ผ)์— ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋™ํ•ด์•ˆ์— ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค˜์„œ 2014๋…„ ์ œ19ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋ด‰ํ๊ณผ 2019๋…„ ์ œ19ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋น„์Šค ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 2012๋…„์˜ ํƒœํ’ ๋ณผ๋ผ๋ฒค, ๋ด๋นˆ, ์‚ฐ๋ฐ”์— ์ด์–ด ํƒœํ’ ๋ฐ”๋น„, ๋งˆ์ด์‚ญ, ํ•˜์ด์„ ์ด 3์—ฐ์†์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฌธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ํƒœํ’ ๋ฆฐํŒŒ, ๋‚ญ์นด, ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ธ, ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋ฒ , ๊ณ ๋‹ˆ ๊ฐ€ 5์—ฐ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ์ œ19ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๊ณ ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•ฉ๋™ํƒœํ’๊ฒฝ๋ณด์„ผํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 1๋ถ„ ํ‰๊ท  ํ’์† 170kts(์•ฝ 87ใŽง)์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†๋ณด ํ•ด์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 1๋ถ„ ํ‰๊ท  ํ’์† 170kts ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํƒœํ’์ด ํƒœํ’ ๋ฏ€๋ž€ํ‹ฐ (2016๋…„) ์ดํ›„๋กœ 4๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2020๋…„์˜ ํƒœํ’ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ‰๋…„๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ผ๋‹ˆ๋ƒ์™€ ์ธ๋„์–‘ ๋‹ค์ดํด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2020๋…„์˜ ํƒœํ’ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋Š” 2020๋…„ ๋ถ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘ ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ ํƒœํ’ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋ด‰ํ(์ œ๋ช…) 2020๋…„ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋ด‰ํ(VONGFONG)์€ 5์›” 12์ผ 21์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1002hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 18m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 280km(๋ถ๋™์ชฝ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ)์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 570km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ๋ถ~์„œ๋ถ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ธ‰๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ, 5์›” 14์ผ 15์‹œ์— ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ๋ถ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 260km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์œก์ƒ(์‚ฌ๋งˆ๋ฅด์„ฌ)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 960hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 44m/s์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ '๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•'์˜ ํƒœํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 5์›” 14์ผ 15์‹œ์— ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ์‚ฌ๋งˆ๋ฅด์„ฌ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์„ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์œก์ƒ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ๋กœ ์•ฝํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด์™€ ๋ฃจ์† ํ•ดํ˜‘์— ์ง„์ถœํ•œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถ~๋ถ๋ถ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋†’์€ ์—ฐ์ง์‹œ์–ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ธ‰์•ฝํ™”๋˜์–ด์„œ, ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 5์›” 17์ผ 3์‹œ์— ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๋งˆ๋‹๋ผ ๋ถ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 601km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(๋ฃจ์† ํ•ดํ˜‘)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1004hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 5์›” 17์ผ 3์‹œ์— ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๋งˆ๋‹๋ผ ๋ถ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 570km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(๋ฃจ์† ํ•ดํ˜‘)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1002hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ด‰ํ์€ ๋งˆ์นด์˜ค์—์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ง๋ฒŒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ํƒœํ’์ด ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์— ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์ณ ์ œ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ2ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ 2020๋…„ ์ œ2ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ(NURI)๋Š” 6์›” 12์ผ 21์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 998hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 18m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 220km์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๋งˆ๋‹๋ผ ์„œ๋ถ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 460km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ์„œ~์„œ๋ถ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ 31ยฐC์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์˜จ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ, 6์›” 13์ผ 9์‹œ์— ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ™์ฝฉ ๋‚จ๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 460km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 996hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 21m/s์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„ ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด์—์„œ ๊ณ„์† ๋ถ์„œ~์„œ๋ถ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋†’์€ ์—ฐ์ง์‹œ์–ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์•ฝํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 6์›” 14์ผ 9์‹œ์— ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ๊ด‘๋‘ฅ์„ฑ ์–‘์žฅ์‹œ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 6์›” 14์ผ 9์‹œ์— ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ํ™์ฝฉ ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 226km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์œก์ƒ(์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ๊ด‘๋‘ฅ์„ฑ ์–‘์žฅ์‹œ)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1002hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 6์›” 14์ผ 9์‹œ์— ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ํ™์ฝฉ ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 210km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์œก์ƒ(์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ๊ด‘๋‘ฅ์„ฑ ์–‘์žฅ์‹œ)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1002hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ง๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ฒญ์ƒ‰ ๋ฒผ์Šฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ž‰๊ผฌ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ3ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ์‹ค๋ผ์ฝ” 2020๋…„ ์ œ3ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ์‹ค๋ผ์ฝ”(SINLAKU)๋Š” 8์›” 1์ผ 15์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 994 hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 18m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 1,100km(๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ)์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ํ•˜๋…ธ์ด ๋™๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 540km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ํ†ตํ‚น๋งŒ์—์„œ ์„œ๋ถ์„œ~์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ, 8์›” 2์ผ 15์‹œ์— ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ํ•˜๋…ธ์ด ๋‚จ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 160km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(ํ†ตํ‚น๋งŒ)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 985hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 21m/s์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•œ ๋’ค์— ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•œ ๋’ค์— ๊ธ‰์•ฝํ™”๋˜์–ด์„œ 8์›” 2์ผ 21์‹œ์— ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ํ•˜๋…ธ์ด ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 190km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์œก์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 994hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค๋ผ์ฝ”๋Š” ๋ฏธํฌ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ „์„ค ์†์˜ ์—ฌ์‹ ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ4ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ํ•˜๊ตฌํ• 2020๋…„ ์ œ4ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ํ•˜๊ตฌํ•(HAGUPIT)์€ 8์›” 1์ผ 21์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1002hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 18m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 220km(๋ถ๋™์ชฝ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ)์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ ๋‚จ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 590km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ๋ถ๋ถ์„œ~๋ถ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ, 8์›” 4์ผ 3์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 975hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 36m/s์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ '๊ฐ•'์˜ ํƒœํ’์ธ ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ €์žฅ์„ฑ ์›์ €์šฐ์‹œ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ ์ดํ›„ ์œก์ƒ๋งˆ์ฐฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ธ‰์•ฝํ™”๋œ ๋’ค ๋ถ~๋ถ๋™์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„œํ•ด์ƒ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 8์›” 6์ผ 3์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1000hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 18m/s์˜ ๋น„๊ต์  ์•ฝํ•œ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถํ•œ ์˜น์ง„๋ฐ˜๋„์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ๋ถํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ ๋’ค ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์—์„œ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ถ๋™์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์˜จ๋Œ€์ €๊ธฐ์••ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์„œ, 8์›” 6์ผ 9์‹œ์— ๋ถํ•œ ๊ฐ•์›๋„ ํ†ต์ฒœ๊ตฐ ๋ถ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 12km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(๋™ํ•ด)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1000hPa์˜ ์˜จ๋Œ€์ €๊ธฐ์••์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์งˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์žฅ๋งˆ์ „์„ ์— ํƒœํ’ ํ•˜๊ตฌํ•์˜ ์ˆ˜์ฆ๊ธฐ ์œ ์ž…์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 8์›” 6์ผ 9์‹œ์— ์˜จ๋Œ€์ €๊ธฐ์••์ด ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์žฅ๋งˆ์ „์„ ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์— ๊ฐ•ํ’๊ณผ ํ˜ธ์šฐ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 8์›” 3์ผ ์˜ค์ „ 7์‹œ 22๋ถ„์— ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ํ˜„ ์ด์‹œ๊ฐ€ํ‚ค์„ฌ์—์„œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 36.4m/s๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ ์ œ4ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ํ•˜๊ตฌํ•์€ 2020๋…„ 11์›” 27์ผ์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„ํ•ด์„์—์„œ ๋ถํ•œ ์˜น์ง„๋ฐ˜๋„ ์ƒ๋ฅ™์ด ์ทจ์†Œ๋˜์–ด์„œ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๊ตฌํ•์€ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์—์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์ฐ์งˆ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ5ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ์žฅ๋ฏธ 2020๋…„ ์ œ5ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ์žฅ๋ฏธ(JANGMI)๋Š” 8์›” 9์ผ 3์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1000hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 18m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 460km(๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ)์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ ๋‚จ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 600km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ๋ถ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ, 8์›” 9์ผ 21์‹œ์— ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ ์„œ๋ถ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 180km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(๋™์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 996hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 23m/s์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ถ~๋ถ๋ถ๋™์ง„ํ•œ ๋’ค ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 2020๋…„ 8์›” 10์ผ 16์‹œ๊ฒฝ ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์—์„œ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์•ฝํ™”๋œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 998hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 21m/s์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋‚จ๋„ ์ฐฝ์›์‹œ ์ง„ํ•ด๊ตฌ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 2020๋…„ 8์›” 10์ผ 14์‹œ 50๋ถ„๊ฒฝ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋‚จ๋„ ๊ฑฐ์ œ์‹œ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 2020๋…„ 8์›” 10์ผ 17์‹œ๊ฒฝ ์šธ์‚ฐ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ ์„œ๋ถ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 10km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์œก์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 998hPa์˜ ์˜จ๋Œ€์ €๊ธฐ์••์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์งˆ๋˜์–ด ์†Œ๋ฉธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํƒœํ’ ์žฅ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•œ ๋’ค ๋™ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋ถ~๋ถ๋ถ๋™์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์˜จ๋Œ€์ €๊ธฐ์••ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”๋˜์–ด์„œ, 8์›” 11์ผ 9์‹œ์— ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋ธ”๋ผ๋””๋ณด์Šคํ† ํฌ ๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 332km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(๋™ํ•ด)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 996hPa์˜ ์˜จ๋Œ€์ €๊ธฐ์••์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์งˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ์žฅ๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ6ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋ฉ”์นผ๋ผ 2020๋…„ ์ œ6ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋ฉ”์นผ๋ผ(MEKKHALA)๋Š” 8์›” 10์ผ 12์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 998hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 18m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 185km์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์‚ฐํ„ฐ์šฐ ๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 473km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด)์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด์—์„œ ๋ถ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ, 8์›” 11์ผ 3์‹œ์— ์ค‘๊ตญ ์‚ฐํ„ฐ์šฐ ๋™๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 170km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 992 hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 25m/s์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•œ ๋’ค์— ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•œ ๋’ค์— ๊ธ‰์•ฝํ™”๋˜์–ด์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 8์›” 11์ผ 15์‹œ์— ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ‘ธ์ €์šฐ ์„œ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 220km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์œก์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1002hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 8์›” 11์ผ 21์‹œ์— ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ‘ธ์ €์šฐ ๋ถ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 312km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์œก์ƒ(์ค‘๊ตญ ์žฅ์‹œ์„ฑ ์ž‰ํƒ„์‹œ)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1004hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์นผ๋ผ๋Š” ํƒœ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ฒœ๋‘ฅ์˜ ์ฒœ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ7ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ํžˆ๊ณ ์Šค 2020๋…„ ์ œ7ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ํžˆ๊ณ ์Šค(HIGOS)๋Š” 8์›” 18์ผ 9์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1000hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 18m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 220km(๋ถ๋™์ชฝ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ)์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ž”์žฅ ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 710km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด)์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ถ์„œ์ง„ํ•ด์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ด‘๋‘ฅ์„ฑ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ ์ง์ „์ธ 8์›” 19์ผ 6์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 992hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 28m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 185km(๋™์ชฝ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ)์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’(STS)์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ 8์›” 19์ผ 9์‹œ์— ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ™์ฝฉ ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 121km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์œก์ƒ(์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ด‘๋‘ฅ์„ฑ ์žฅ๋จผ์‹œ)์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ ์ดํ›„ ์„œ๋ถ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์œก์ƒ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ธ‰์•ฝํ™”๋˜์–ด์„œ, 8์›” 20์ผ 3์‹œ์— ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ž”์žฅ ๋ถ๋ถ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 270km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์œก์ƒ(์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ด‘์‹œ ์ขก์กฑ ์ž์น˜๊ตฌ ๋ผ์ด๋นˆ์‹œ)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1004hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํžˆ๊ณ ์Šค๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌดํ™”๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ8ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋ฐ”๋น„ 2020๋…„ ์ œ8ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋ฐ”๋น„(BAVI)๋Š” 8์›” 22์ผ 9์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1002hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 18m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 220km(๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ)์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋งŒ ํƒ€์ด๋ฒ ์ด ๋‚จ๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 200km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ๋ถํƒœํ‰์–‘ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์••์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง€ํ–ฅ๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋™~๋™๋ถ๋™์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ง€ํ–ฅ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ๋™์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด์— ์ง„์ถœํ•œ ๋’ค 8์›” 25์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ๋ถ์„œ~๋ถ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋Šฆ์€ ํญ์—ผ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์•„์ง„ ์ˆ˜์˜จ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ, 8์›” 26์ผ 9์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์„œ๊ท€ํฌ ์„œ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 210 km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(๋™์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 950 hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 44 m/s์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ '๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•'์˜ ํƒœํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด์™€ ํ™ฉํ•ด์—์„œ ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ถ์œ„ 35๋„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ์•ฝํ™”๋˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์ด๋™ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๋ผ์กŒ๊ณ , ๋™๊ฒฝ 124๋„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณ„์† ๋ถ์ง„ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ๋ถ๋ถ๋™์ง„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 8์›” 27์ผ 5์‹œ 30๋ถ„์— ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ํ™ฉํ•ด๋‚จ๋„ ์˜น์ง„๊ตฐ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 965 hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 37 m/s์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 8์›” 27์ผ 6์‹œ์—์„œ 7์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ํ™ฉํ•ด๋‚จ๋„ ์˜น์ง„๊ตฐ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 965 hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 33 m/s(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€)์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ ํ™ฉํ•ด๋‚จ๋„ ์˜น์ง„๊ตฐ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ ๋’ค ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋ถ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์˜จ๋Œ€์ €๊ธฐ์••ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์„œ, 8์›” 27์ผ 15์‹œ์— ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์„ ์–‘์‹œ ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 180km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์œก์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 992 hPa์˜ ์˜จ๋Œ€์ €๊ธฐ์••์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์งˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.(ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 990 hPa์˜ ์˜จ๋Œ€์ €๊ธฐ์••์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์งˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.) ํƒœํ’ ๋ฐ”๋น„๋กœ ์ธํ•ด 8์›” 26์ผ 20์‹œ 29๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ „๋ผ๋‚จ๋„ ์‹ ์•ˆ๊ตฐ ํ‘์‚ฐ๋„์—์„œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 47.4 m/s๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํƒœํ’ ๋ฐ”๋น„๋Š” ํƒœํ’ ๋ง๋ง (2019๋…„)์„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ์— ์—ญ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋น„๋Š” ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์—์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋น„์‚ฐ๋งฅ์—์„œ ๋”ฐ์˜จ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ9ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋งˆ์ด์‚ญ 2020๋…„ ์ œ9ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋งˆ์ด์‚ญ(MAYSAK)์€ 8์›” 28์ผ 15์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 996 hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 18 m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 280 km(๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ)์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๋งˆ๋‹๋ผ ๋™๋ถ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 1,040 km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ถ๋ถ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ธ‰๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ, 9์›” 1์ผ 9์‹œ์— ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 200 km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(๋™์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 935hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 49 m/s์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ '๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•'์˜ ํƒœํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„ ๋™์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด์—์„œ 9์›” 1์ผ 14~15์‹œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ๋ถ๋™์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ–ฅ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์†Œ ์•ฝํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ๋™์ชฝ ํ•ด์ƒ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ถ~๋ถ๋ถ๋™์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ 2020๋…„ ์ œ8ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋ฐ”๋น„(BAVI)๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ•ด์—ญ์˜ ์—ด์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•œ ๋’ค, ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 9์›” 3์ผ 2์‹œ 20๋ถ„ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ ํ•ด์•ˆ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 9์›” 3์ผ 2์‹œ์—์„œ 3์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 950hPa, 10๋ถ„ ํ‰๊ท  ํ’์† 44m/s์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋‚จ๋„ ๊น€ํ•ด์‹œ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ ์ดํ›„ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋ถ๋ถ๋™์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์˜จ๋Œ€์ €๊ธฐ์••ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์„œ, ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 9์›” 3์ผ 12์‹œ์— ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ํ•จ๊ฒฝ๋‚จ๋„ ํ•จํฅ์‹œ ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 130km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(๋™ํ•ด)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 970 hPa์˜ ์˜จ๋Œ€์ €๊ธฐ์••์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์งˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 9์›” 3์ผ 15์‹œ์— ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ํ•จ๊ฒฝ๋‚จ๋„ ํ•จํฅ์‹œ ๋ถ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 252km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์œก์ƒ(์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ํ•จ๊ฒฝ๋ถ๋„ ์—ฐ์‚ฌ๊ตฐ)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 974 hPa์˜ ์˜จ๋Œ€์ €๊ธฐ์••์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์งˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒœํ’ ๋งˆ์ด์‚ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด 9์›” 1์ผ 3์‹œ 30๋ถ„์— ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ”์„ฌ์—์„œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 54.5 m/s๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํƒœํ’ ๋งˆ์ด์‚ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด 9์›” 2์ผ 18์‹œ 18๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ์ œ์ฃผ์‹œ ํ•œ๊ฒฝ๋ฉด ๊ณ ์‚ฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 49.2 m/s๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํƒœํ’ ๋งˆ์ด์‚ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋‚จ๋„ ๊ฑฐ์ œ์‹œ์—์„œ 9์›” 3์ผ 1์‹œ 43๋ถ„์— ํ•ด๋ฉด๊ธฐ์••์ด 957.0hPa๊นŒ์ง€ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํƒœํ’ ๋งˆ์ด์‚ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ถ๋„ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์‹œ์—์„œ 9์›” 3์ผ 3์‹œ 38๋ถ„์— ํ•ด๋ฉด๊ธฐ์••์ด 959.1hPa๊นŒ์ง€ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ด์‚ญ์€ ์บ„๋ณด๋””์•„์—์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ10ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ํ•˜์ด์„  2020๋…„ ์ œ10ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ํ•˜์ด์„ (HAISHEN)์€ 9์›” 1์ผ 21์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1000hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 21m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 220km์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ดŒ ๋ถ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 780 km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ์„œ๋‚จ์„œ~์„œ๋ถ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋‹ค์ดํ†  ์ œ๋„ ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ธ‰๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ, 9์›” 4์ผ 21์‹œ์— ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ ๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 710 km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 910hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 54m/s์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ '๋งน๋ ฌํ•œ'์˜ ํƒœํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ์„œ~๋ถ๋ถ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ 9์›” 6์ผ 3์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•„๋งˆ๋ฏธ ์ œ๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์—ฐ์ง์‹œ์–ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์„œ์„œํžˆ ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋ถ๋ถ์„œ~๋ถ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทœ์Šˆ์™€ ์“ฐ์‹œ๋งˆ์„ฌ ์„œ์ชฝ ํ•ด์ƒ์„ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋’ค ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 9์›” 7์ผ 9์‹œ ์šธ์‚ฐ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ ๋‚จ์ชฝ ํ•ด์•ˆ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 9์›” 7์ผ 9์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 955hPa, 10๋ถ„ ํ‰๊ท  ํ’์† 36m/s์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์šธ์‚ฐ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ ์šธ์ฃผ๊ตฐ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ ์ดํ›„ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋ถ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์˜จ๋Œ€์ €๊ธฐ์••ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์„œ, ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 9์›” 7์ผ 21์‹œ์— ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ํ•จ๊ฒฝ๋‚จ๋„ ํ•จํฅ์‹œ ๋™๋ถ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 100km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์œก์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 980hPa์˜ ์˜จ๋Œ€์ €๊ธฐ์••์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์งˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 9์›” 8์ผ 3์‹œ์— ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ํ•จ๊ฒฝ๋‚จ๋„ ํ•จํฅ์‹œ ๋ถ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 252km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์œก์ƒ(์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ํ•จ๊ฒฝ๋ถ๋„ ์—ฐ์‚ฌ๊ตฐ)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 988hPa์˜ ์˜จ๋Œ€์ €๊ธฐ์••์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์งˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒœํ’ ํ•˜์ด์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด 9์›” 5์ผ 21์‹œ 38๋ถ„์— ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋‹ค์ดํ† ์„ฌ์—์„œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 51.6m/s๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํƒœํ’ ํ•˜์ด์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด 9์›” 7์ผ 1์‹œ 45๋ถ„์— ์ผ๋ณธ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์‚ฌํ‚คํ˜„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์‚ฌํ‚ค์‹œ ๋…ธ๋ชจ์žํ‚ค์—์„œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 59.4m/s๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒœํ’ ํ•˜์ด์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ์—์„œ 9์›” 7์ผ 8์‹œ 16๋ถ„์— ํ•ด๋ฉด๊ธฐ์••์ด 957.6hPa๊นŒ์ง€ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ด์„ ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ์‹ ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ11ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋…ธ์„ 2020๋…„ ์ œ11ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋…ธ์„(NOUL)์€ 9์›” 16์ผ 3์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1000hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 18m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 110km์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๋งˆ๋‹๋ผ ์„œ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 320km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด)์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด์—์„œ ์„œ~์„œ๋ถ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ, 9์›” 17์ผ 15์‹œ์— ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๋‹ค๋‚ญ ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 510km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 992hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 23m/s์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•œ ๋’ค 9์›” 18์ผ 9์‹œ์—์„œ 10์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ํŠธ์–ดํ‹ฐ์—”ํ›„์—์„ฑ ํ›„์— ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์œก์ƒ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์œก์ƒ๋งˆ์ฐฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ธ‰์•ฝํ™”๋˜์–ด์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 9์›” 18์ผ 21์‹œ์— ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๋‹ค๋‚ญ ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 520km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์œก์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 996hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 9์›” 19์ผ 3์‹œ์— ํƒœ๊ตญ ๋ฐฉ์ฝ• ๋ถ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 366km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์œก์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 998hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์„์€ ๋ถํ•œ์—์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ์„์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ12ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋Œํ•€ 2020๋…„ ์ œ12ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋Œํ•€(DOLPHIN)์€ 9์›” 21์ผ 12์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 998hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 21m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 240km(๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ)์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ ๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 680km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ๋ถ๋ถ๋™~๋ถ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ 9์›” 22์ผ 15์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 975hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 31m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 440km(๋ถ๋™์ชฝ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ)์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’(STS)์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฐ€๊ณ ์‹œ๋งˆ ๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 600km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ๋‹น์‹œ์— ๋ถ๋™์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ–ฅ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ ๋ถ๋™์ง„ ๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ •์ฒดํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์˜จ๋Œ€์ €๊ธฐ์••ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 9์›” 24์ผ 15์‹œ์— ์ผ๋ณธ ๋„์ฟ„ ๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 361km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 992hPa์˜ ์˜จ๋Œ€์ €๊ธฐ์••์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์งˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 9์›” 24์ผ 18์‹œ์— ์ผ๋ณธ ๋„์ฟ„ ๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 450km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 996hPa์˜ ์˜จ๋Œ€์ €๊ธฐ์••์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์งˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œํ•€์€ ํ™์ฝฉ์—์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ํ™์ฝฉ ๊ทผํ•ด์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ํฐ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ13ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๊ตฌ์ง€๋ผ 2020๋…„ ์ œ13ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๊ตฌ์ง€๋ผ(KUJIRA)๋Š” 9์›” 27์ผ 9์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1002hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 18m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 460km(๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ)์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ดŒ ๋™๋ถ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 1,730 km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ๋ถ๋ถ์„œ~๋ถ์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 9์›” 28์ผ 21์‹œ์— ๋ถ์œ„ 28.8๋„์—์„œ ๋ถ๋™์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ–ฅํ•œ ๋’ค์— ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ์˜จ๋Œ€์ €๊ธฐ์••์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ƒ์ธต ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ ์ด‰์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ณ ์œ„๋„์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธ‰๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ 9์›” 29์ผ 9์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 980hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 31m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 520km(๋™์ชฝ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ)์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’(STS)์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋„์ฟ„ ๋™๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 1,370km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ถ๋ถ๋™~๋ถ๋™์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์˜จ๋Œ€์ €๊ธฐ์••ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 9์›” 30์ผ 15์‹œ์— ์ผ๋ณธ ์‚ฟํฌ๋กœ ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 1,810km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 996hPa์˜ ์˜จ๋Œ€์ €๊ธฐ์••์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์งˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ง€๋ผ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ„์ž๋ฆฌ ์ค‘ ๊ณ ๋ž˜์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ14ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ์ฐฌํ™ˆ 2020๋…„ ์ œ14ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ์ฐฌํ™ˆ(CHAN-HOM)์€ 10์›” 5์ผ 9์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 998hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 18m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 280km(๋‚จ์ชฝ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ)์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ ๋™๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 1,230km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ •์ฒด~์„œ๋ถ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ, 10์›” 8์ผ 21์‹œ์— ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฐ€๊ณ ์‹œ๋งˆ ๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 360 km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 965 hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 36 m/s์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ '๊ฐ•'์˜ ํƒœํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์ธ 10์›” 8์ผ 16์‹œ์— ๋ถ์œ„ 28.8๋„์—์„œ ๋ถ๋™์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ–ฅํ•œ ๋’ค์— ๋ถ๋ถ๋™~๋™๋‚จ๋™์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜จ๊ณผ ๋ถ์„œ์ชฝ์˜ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์•ฝํ™”๋˜์–ด์„œ, ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 10์›” 11์ผ 21์‹œ์— ์ผ๋ณธ ๋„์ฟ„ ๋‚จ๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 500 km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 998hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 10์›” 12์ผ 9์‹œ์— ์ผ๋ณธ ๋„์ฟ„ ๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 665km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1004hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐฌํ™ˆ์€ ๋ผ์˜ค์Šค์—์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ15ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋ฆฐํŒŒ(์ œ๋ช…) 2020๋…„ ์ œ15ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋ฆฐํŒŒ(LINFA)๋Š” 10์›” 11์ผ 3์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1000hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 18m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 390km(๋ถ์„œ์ชฝ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ)์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๋‹ค๋‚ญ ๋™๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 350km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด์—์„œ ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ, 10์›” 11์ผ 9์‹œ์— ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๋‹ค๋‚ญ ๋‚จ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 220km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 996 hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 21m/s์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•œ ๋’ค์— ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ 10์›” 11์ผ 12์‹œ์—์„œ 13์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๊ฝ์‘์•„์ด ์„ฑ ๊ฝ์‘์•„์ด์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•œ ๋’ค์— ๊ธ‰์•ฝํ™”๋˜์–ด์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 10์›” 11์ผ 21์‹œ์— ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๋‹ค๋‚ญ ๋‚จ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 140km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์œก์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1002hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 10์›” 12์ผ 3์‹œ์— ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๋‹ค๋‚ญ ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 174km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์œก์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1002hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2018๋…„์˜ ํƒœํ’ ์†๋ค๊ณผ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฆฐํŒŒ๋Š” ๋งˆ์นด์˜ค์—์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฝƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ํƒœํ’์ด 100๋ช… ๋„˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ช…ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋‚ด ์ œ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, 2018๋…„์˜ ์ œ22ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋ง์ฟณ ์ดํ›„ 2๋…„๋งŒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ16ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋‚ญ์นด 2020๋…„ ์ œ16ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋‚ญ์นด(NANGKA)๋Š” 10์›” 12์ผ 15์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 998hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 18m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 390km(๋ถ์ชฝ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ)์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ™์ฝฉ ๋‚จ๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 540km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด์—์„œ ์„œ~์„œ๋ถ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•œ ๋’ค 10์›” 13์ผ 21์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 992hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 23m/s์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•˜์ด๋‚œ์„ฌ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•˜์ด๋‚œ์„ฌ์„ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ์„œ๋ถ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ†ตํ‚น๋งŒ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 10์›” 14์ผ 3์‹œ์— ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ž”์žฅ ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 237km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(ํ†ตํ‚น๋งŒ)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 990hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 23m/s์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•œ ๋’ค์— ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ 10์›” 14์ผ 15์‹œ์—์„œ 16์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1000hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 18m/s์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•œ ๋’ค์— ์œก์ƒ๋งˆ์ฐฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ธ‰์•ฝํ™”๋˜์–ด์„œ 10์›” 14์ผ 21์‹œ์— ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ํ•˜๋…ธ์ด ๋‚จ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 120km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์œก์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1002hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1000hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.) ๋‚ญ์นด๋Š” ๋ง๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์—ด๋Œ€๊ณผ์ผ์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ17ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ธ 2020๋…„ ์ œ17ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ธ(SAUDEL)์€ 10์›” 20์ผ 9์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1000hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 18m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 390km(๋ถ์„œ์ชฝ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ)์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๋งˆ๋‹๋ผ ๋™๋ถ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 420km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๋ฃจ์†์„ฌ์„ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•œ ๋’ค ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด์— ์ง„์ถœํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ์„œ~์„œ๋ถ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ 10์›” 23์ผ 3์‹œ์— ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๋‹ค๋‚ญ ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 800km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 965hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 39m/s์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ '๊ฐ•'์˜ ํƒœํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„ ์„œ~์„œ๋ถ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•˜์ด๋‚œ์„ฌ์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํ†ตํ‚น๋งŒ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์„ฑ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์••์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์ƒ์ธต ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์•…ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์•ฝํ™”๋˜์–ด์„œ, 10์›” 26์ผ 3์‹œ์— ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๋‹ค๋‚ญ ๋ถ๋ถ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 240km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(ํ†ตํ‚น๋งŒ)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1006hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1002hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.) ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ธ์€ ๋ฏธํฌ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ „์„ค ์† ์ถ”์žฅ์˜ ํ˜ธ์œ„๋ณ‘์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ18ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋ฒ (์ œ๋ช…) 2020๋…„ ์ œ18ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋ฒ (MOLAVE)๋Š” 10์›” 25์ผ 3์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1000hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 18m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 220km(๋ถ๋™์ชฝ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ)์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๋งˆ๋‹๋ผ ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 760km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 980hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 33m/s(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€)์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์„ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•œ ๋’ค ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด์— ์ง„์ถœํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ธ‰๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ 10์›” 27์ผ 15์‹œ์— ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๋‹ค๋‚ญ ๋™๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 610km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 950hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 44m/s์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ '๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•'์˜ ํƒœํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„ ์„œ๋ถ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 10์›” 28์ผ 12์‹œ์—์„œ 13์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 965hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 39m/s(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€)์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๊ฝ์‘์•„์ด ์„ฑ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ ์ดํ›„ ์œก์ƒ๋งˆ์ฐฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ธ‰์•ฝํ™”๋˜์–ด์„œ 10์›” 29์ผ 9์‹œ์— ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๋‹ค๋‚ญ ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 362km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์œก์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1004hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 10์›” 29์ผ 3์‹œ์— ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๋‹ค๋‚ญ ์„œ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 310km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์œก์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1000hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.) ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋ฒ ๋Š” ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์—์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์ œ์ž‘์šฉ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํƒœํ’์ด ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์— ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์ณ ์ œ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ19ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๊ณ ๋‹ˆ(์ œ๋ช…) 2020๋…„ ์ œ19ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๊ณ ๋‹ˆ(GONI)๋Š” 10์›” 29์ผ 3์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1008hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 18m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 110km์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ดŒ ์„œ๋ถ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 1,000km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ์„œ~์„œ๋‚จ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ธ‰๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ, 11์›” 1์ผ 3์‹œ์— ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๋งˆ๋‹๋ผ ๋™๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 450km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 905hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 62m/s์˜ '๋งน๋ ฌํ•œ' ํƒœํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ 11์›” 1์ผ 6์‹œ์— ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๋ฃจ์†์„ฌ ์นดํƒ„๋‘์•„๋„ค์Šค์ฃผ Bato ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ ์ดํ›„ ์œก์ƒ๋งˆ์ฐฐ๋กœ ๊ธ‰์•ฝํ™”๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด์— ์ง„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด ์ง„์ถœ ์ดํ›„ ์„œ~์„œ๋‚จ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์„ฑ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์••์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์ƒ์ธต ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์•…ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ ์ง์ „์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์•ฝํ™”๋˜์–ด์„œ, ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 11์›” 5์ผ 21์‹œ์— ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๋‹ค๋‚ญ ๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 380km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1002hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 11์›” 6์ผ 3์‹œ์— ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๋‹ค๋‚ญ ๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 377km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1002hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•ฉ๋™ํƒœํ’๊ฒฝ๋ณด์„ผํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํƒœํ’ ๊ณ ๋‹ˆ๋Š” 2020๋…„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์ด์ž ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์˜ ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ 5๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ ํƒœํ’์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํƒœํ’์ด ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์— ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์ณ ์ œ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ20ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ์•—์‚ฌ๋‹ˆ 2020๋…„ ์ œ20ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ์•—์‚ฌ๋‹ˆ(ATSANI)๋Š” 10์›” 29์ผ 21์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1000hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 18m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 280km์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ดŒ ๋‚จ๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 770km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ์„œ๋ถ์„œ~๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ •์ฒดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋”๋””๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ 11์›” 4์ผ 21์‹œ์— ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๋งˆ๋‹๋ผ ๋ถ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 1,010km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 994hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 25m/s์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„ ์„œ๋ถ์„œ~๋ถ๋ถ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฃจ์† ํ•ดํ˜‘์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋Œ€๋งŒ์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•ด์„œ ๊ธ‰์•ฝํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 11์›” 7์ผ 15์‹œ์— ๋Œ€๋งŒ ํƒ€์ด๋ฒ ์ด ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 360km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1002hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 11์›” 7์ผ 21์‹œ์— ๋Œ€๋งŒ ํƒ€์ด๋ฒ ์ด ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 495km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1012hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•—์‚ฌ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ํƒœ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ21ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ์•„ํƒ€์šฐ 2020๋…„ ์ œ21ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ์•„ํƒ€์šฐ(ETAU)๋Š” 11์›” 9์ผ 3์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 998hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 18m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 280km(๋ถ์„œ์ชฝ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ)์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๋งˆ๋‹๋ผ ์„œ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 600km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด)์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด์—์„œ ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ, 11์›” 9์ผ 15์‹œ์— ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ํ˜ธ์น˜๋ฏผ ๋™๋ถ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 620km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 992hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 23m/s์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„ ์„œ๋‚จ์„œ~์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•ฝํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 11์›” 10์ผ 15์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1000hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 18m/s์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€)์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ์œก์ƒ๋งˆ์ฐฐ๋กœ ๊ธ‰์•ฝํ™”๋˜์–ด์„œ, ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 11์›” 10์ผ 18์‹œ์— ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ํ˜ธ์น˜๋ฏผ ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 353km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์œก์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1004hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 11์›” 10์ผ 21์‹œ์— ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ํ˜ธ์น˜๋ฏผ ๋ถ๋ถ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 260km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์œก์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1004hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„ํƒ€์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ํญํ’ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ22ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋ฐค๊ผฌ(์ œ๋ช…) 2020๋…„ ์ œ22ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ๋ฐค๊ผฌ(VAMCO)๋Š” 11์›” 9์ผ 15์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1002hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 18m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 390km์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๋งˆ๋‹๋ผ ๋™๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 1,060km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ์„œ๋ถ์„œ~์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ 11์›” 2์ผ 3์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 970hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 36m/s(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€)์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๋ฃจ์†์„ฌ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ ์ดํ›„ ์œก์ƒ๋งˆ์ฐฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ์•ฝํ™”๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด์— ์ง„์ถœํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์—ฐ์ง์‹œ์–ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ธ‰๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ 11์›” 14์ผ 6์‹œ์— ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๋‹ค๋‚ญ ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 330km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 950hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 44m/s์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ '๊ฐ•'์˜ ํƒœํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ์ตœ์„ฑ๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„ ์„œ๋ถ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑด์กฐํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์„œ์„œํžˆ ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 11์›” 15์ผ 18์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1002hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 21m/s(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€)์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ ์ดํ›„ ์œก์ƒ๋งˆ์ฐฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ธ‰์•ฝํ™”๋˜์–ด์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 11์›” 15์ผ 21์‹œ์— ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๋‹ค๋‚ญ ๋ถ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 360km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์œก์ƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1006hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 11์›” 16์ผ 0์‹œ์— ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๋‹ค๋‚ญ ๋ถ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 403km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์œก์ƒ(๋ผ์˜ค์Šค)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1012hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐค๊ผฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์—์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํƒœํ’์ด ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€, ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์— ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์ณ ์ œ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ23ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ํฌ๋กœ๋ฐ˜ 2020๋…„ ์ œ23ํ˜ธ ํƒœํ’ ํฌ๋กœ๋ฐ˜(KROVANH)์€ 12์›” 20์ผ 15์‹œ์— ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1000hPa, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ’์† 18m/s, ๊ฐ•ํ’ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ 220km(๋ถ์„œ์ชฝ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ)์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๋ณด๋ผ์นด์ด ์„œ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ ์•ฝ 830km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด)์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’์ •๋ณด ์†๋ณด์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์—†์ด ์„œ~๋‚จ๋‚จ์„œ์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•ฝํ™”๋˜์–ด์„œ 12์›” 21์ผ 9์‹œ์— ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ํ˜ธ์น˜๋ฏผ ๋™๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ ์•ฝ 750km ๋ถ€๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ(๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด)์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1004hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.(ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์•• 1002hPa์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.) ํฌ๋กœ๋ฐ˜์€ ์บ„๋ณด๋””์•„์—์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ 2020๋…„ ๋ถ์ธ๋„์–‘ ์‚ฌ์ดํด๋ก  2020๋…„ ๋™ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ 2020๋…„ ๋ถ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘ ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ 2020๋…„ ๋ถ์„œํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์—ด๋Œ€์ €์••๋ถ€ 2020~2021๋…„ ๋‚จ์„œ์ธ๋„์–‘ ์‚ฌ์ดํด๋ก  2020~2021๋…„ ๋‚จํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์‚ฌ์ดํด๋ก  2020~2021๋…„ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ทผํ•ด ์‚ฌ์ดํด๋ก  ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ๋‚ ์”จ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ ํƒœํ’ ์ •๋ณด ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฒญ ํƒœํ’ ์ •๋ณด 2020๋…„ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%20Pacific%20typhoon%20season
2020 Pacific typhoon season
The 2020 Pacific typhoon season was the first with below-average tropical cyclone activity since 2017, with 23 named storms, 10 of which became typhoons and only 2 became super typhoons. This low activity was a consequence of La Niรฑa that persisted from the summer of the year. It had the fifth-latest start in the basin on record, slightly behind 1973, and was the first to start that late since 2016. The first half of the season was unusually inactive, with only four systems, two named storms and one typhoon at the end of July. Additionally, the JTWC recorded no tropical cyclone development in the month of July, the first such occurrence since reliable records began. The season's first named tropical cyclone, Vongfong, developed on May 8, while the season's last named tropical cyclone, Krovanh, dissipated on December 24. However, the season's last system was an unnamed tropical depression which dissipated on December 29. The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean to the north of the equator between 100ยฐE and 180th meridian. Within the northwestern Pacific Ocean, there are two separate agencies that assign names to tropical cyclones which can often result in a cyclone having two names. The Japan Meteorological Agencyย (JMA) will name a tropical cyclone should it be judged to have 10-minute sustained wind speeds of at least anywhere in the basin, whilst the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administrationย (PAGASA) assigns names to tropical cyclones which move into or form as a tropical depression in their area of responsibility located between 135ยฐE and 115ยฐE and between 5ยฐNโ€“25ยฐN regardless of whether or not a tropical cyclone has already been given a name by the JMA. Tropical depressions that are monitored by the United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Centerย (JTWC) are given a number with a "W" suffix. Seasonal forecasts During the year several national meteorological services and scientific agencies forecast how many tropical cyclones, tropical storms, and typhoons will form during a season and/or how many tropical cyclones will affect a particular country. These agencies include the Tropical Storm Riskย (TSR) Consortium of University College London, PAGASA and Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau. The first forecast for the year was released by PAGASA on January 22 predicting the first half of 2020, within its monthly seasonal climate outlook. The PAGASA predicts that only 0โ€“4 tropical cyclones are expected to form or enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility between January and March, while 5โ€“8 tropical cyclones are expected to form between April and June. This was due to the fact that the El Niรฑoโ€“Southern Oscillation was seeing neutral conditions across the Pacific, and could persist until midyear. On May 21, the TSR issued their extended-range forecast for 2020, forecasting tropical activity below the average normal, with 26 tropical storms, 15 typhoons and 8 intense typhoons. These numbers were supported by the current values from the Indian Ocean Dipole, the Accumulated Cyclone Energy index and the sea-surface temperatures in the Niรฑo 3.75 region, leading to a stronger than normal trade windspeed throughout much of the Western Pacific. On June 24, the PAGASA issued a climate forecast, predicting the number of tropical cyclones for the second half of the season. They predicted that 6โ€“10 tropical cyclones are expected to form between the months of July and September, while 4โ€“7 tropical cyclones are expected to form between the months of October and December. On July 9, TSR issued their forecast for the season, predicting a well-below average season with 26 named storms, 14 typhoons and only 7 intense typhoons. On August 6, TSR issued their third and final forecast for the season, lowering their numbers to 21 named storms, 13 typhoons and 5 intense typhoons. They mentioned that the 2020 season is expected to be one of the "least active typhoon seasons on record", with a predicted ACE index barely half of the normal and a 96% probability of being a below-average season. Season summary The first few months of 2020 were inactive, with no tropical systems developing until May. On May 8, the season saw its first tropical system with the development of Tropical Depression 01W (Ambo), making it the sixth-latest starting season on record, as well as the latest since 2016. 2 days later, the system strengthened to the first officially named tropical storm of the season, Vongfong. Tropical Storm Vongfong then rapidly intensified into a significant typhoon and struck the central part of the Philippines on May 14, first making its landfall in San Policarpo, Eastern Samar, crossing 4 more islands and then hitting mainland Luzon. After Vongfong, another month of inactivity ensued, and on June 10, a new tropical depression formed off the coast of Samar, Philippines, and was named Butchoy by the PAGASA a day later. Butchoy made landfall in the Philippines as the JTWC issued a TCFA for it. Once it exited Philippine landmass, Butchoy was upgraded into a tropical depression by the JTWC and all warnings issued by PAGASA were lifted, and Butchoy further intensified into a tropical storm in the South China Sea and was named Nuri by the Japan Meteorological Agency. After Nuri dissipated over mainland China, the basin became quiet again for more than a month with only Tropical Depression Carina forming east of Luzon; this led to the first time that no tropical storms developed within the month of July since reliable records began. The activity in the West Pacific increased somewhat with the formation of Tropical Storm Sinlaku, and the formation and intensification of Hagupit for a typhoon, ending a fast of more than 2 months without any significant typhoon. Hagupit affected China as a mid-Category 1-equivalent storm and caused US$441ย million in damage. The storm then transitioned to an Extratropical cyclone and affected North Korea and Russia. A few days later, a new tropical depression formed, and then intensified into Tropical Storm Jangmi. Just southwest of Jangmi, a disorganized low-pressure area formed and would soon become Severe Tropical Storm Mekkhala, reaching China. A few days later, a new tropical depression formed in the South China Sea, and the PAGASA named the system as Helen. Shortly after, Helen intensified into a Severe Tropical Storm Higos, the 7th named storm on the 2020 typhoon season. Higos then went on to hit China. Soon after Higos dissipated, a new system formed in the east of the Philippines, and was named Igme. Igme then went on to become Tropical Storm Bavi and rapidly intensify in the coastal waters of Taiwan. In late August, Typhoon Maysak formed along with Typhoon Haishen, with both systems reaching Korean Peninsula and Japan, respectively. September started with Maysak weakening on its way to Korea, while a new Haishen threatened the same areas that Maysak and previously Bavi affected. Typhoon Maysak made landfalls in South Korea and North Korea, while Typhoon Haishen intensified into the first super typhoon of the season. In mid-September, Tropical Storm Noul formed in the South China Sea, made landfall in Vietnam, and dissipated soon after. Later in the month, Tropical Storm Dolphin formed off the east coast of Japan and dissipated after a short life. Near the end of the month, Kujira formed and intensified into a severe tropical storm, before weakening and later becoming extratropical. October was an extremely active month. The season started out with Typhoon Chan-hom, which lasted for 14 days before dissipating. On October 9, Tropical Storm Linfa formed, becoming the first of a train of tropical systems to affect Vietnam. Linfa killed more than 100 people and caused severe flooding in Vietnam and Cambodia. Nangka formed a few days after Linfa, though impacts were much less. A tropical depression, dubbed Ofel by the PAGASA went through the Philippines and then hit Vietnam, affecting the already flooded areas from Linfa.. After a short lull in systems, Typhoon Saudel formed on October 18, causing flooding in the Philippines. Afterwords, two very powerful typhoons formed after Saudel: Molave and Goni. The former killed 41 people throughout The Philippines, Vietnam, and Malaysia, while the latter became a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon. After Goni, Atsani formed and lashed Northern Luzon and Southern Taiwan as a tropical storm. As Atsani dissipated, another depression formed and affected Visayas as a depression, receiving the name Tonyo. The next day, it was upgraded to a tropical storm, earning the name Etau. Etau lasted from November 7 until November 11. On November 8, a depression formed in the Philippine Area of Responsibility and was given the name Ulysses. The next day, it was upgraded to a tropical storm, giving the name Vamco. Vamco strengthened into a Categoryย 2-equivalent typhoon as it brushed the Luzon landmass. It quickly exited the Philippine Area of Responsibility the next day as the PAGASA stated that it restrengthened as a typhoon. It rapidly strengthened and reached its peak intensity as a Category 4-equivalent typhoon. It weakened until it dissipated north of Laos. At last in the month of December, three systems formed with one named as Krovanh which formed at the South China Sea. Then the season concluded on December 29 with a weak depression close to the coast of Vietnam. Systems Typhoon Vongfong (Ambo) A low-pressure area was first noted on May 9 by the JTWC near Micronesia and was given a medium chance of developing into a tropical cyclone. The following day, the JMA declared that it had developed into a tropical depression to the east of Mindanao, Philippines and was expected to slowly move west. The JTWC then issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) for the system just hours later while convection began to gradually obscure the center. Later that day, the PAGASA followed suit and upgraded the system to a tropical depression, assigning it the name Ambo, as it became the first tropical cyclone to enter their area of responsibility for 2020. The system began to slowly drift westwards throughout the following days, and on the next day, the JTWC upgraded Ambo to a tropical depression, designating it as 01W. The storm gradually intensified throughout the day and began to turn north. At this time, the JMA upgraded 01W to a tropical storm and assigned it the first name of the year, Vongfong. Shortly after, the JTWC followed and upgraded the system to tropical storm intensity. Vongfong began to rapidly intensify due to favorable conditions by early May 13, With the JMA upgrading the system to a severe tropical storm and the JTWC upgrading the storm to a Category 1-equivalent typhoon with 1-minute sustained winds of as the structure quickly improved. The PAGASA and JMA would then upgrade the system to a typhoon later in the day, with the JTWC quickly upgrading the system to a Category 2-equivalent typhoon as the eye became clearer. A few hours later, Vongfong intensified to a Category 3-equivalent typhoon. Then, the storm later went an eyewall replacement cycle, quickly finishing the cycle while fluctuating in intensity. At 12:15ย pm PST on May 14, Vongfong made its first landfall in San Policarpo, Eastern Samar. Vongfong gradually weakened shortly after, crossing over the Ticao Pass as it moved further inland. By the succeeding day, PAGASA recorded five more landfalls: hitting the islands of Dalupiri Island, Capul Island, Ticao Island, Burias Island, and San Andres, Quezon in Luzon Island's Bondoc Peninsula. Ambo weakened into a Category 1-equivalent typhoon following the landfalls. The system further weakened on May 15, and was downgraded by both the JMA and PAGASA to a severe tropical storm, with the JTWC downgrading it to a tropical storm as well. Vongfong made its seventh landfall on Real, Quezon, further weakening and being downgraded by the JMA and the PAGASA into a tropical storm. The weakening trend continued, and by May 16, Vongfong emerged into the Luzon Strait as a low-end tropical storm. 6 hours later, the JTWC downgraded Vongfong to a tropical depression, and issued their final warning. Soon after, PAGASA and the JMA followed suit as well. The remnants of the storm fully dissipated by May 17, with PAGASA downgrading the storm's remains into a low-pressure area. In preparation for the incoming typhoon, Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal (TCWS) #3 warnings were issued for Northern Samar and the northern portion of Eastern Samar. According to the NDRRMC, Typhoon Vongfong (Ambo) left โ‚ฑ1.57ย billion (US$31.1ย million) worth of damages in agriculture, and left 5 dead, as of Mayย 27. The international name Vongfong and Philippine name Ambo were retired from use by the Typhoon Committee and PAGASA, being replaced with Penha and Aghon respectively. Tropical Storm Nuri (Butchoy) On June 10, the JMA began monitoring on a weak tropical depression that had developed to the east of the Philippine island of Samar in Visayas. During the next day, the PAGASA began tracking the system, giving the local name Butchoy. The storm then made its first landfall in Polillo Island in Quezon at 5:30ย pm PHT, and making its second landfall in Infanta, Quezon shortly thereafter. Soon after, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert for the storm. Afterwards, the JTWC officially upgraded Butchoy to a tropical depression, and designated it as 02W. With a favorable environment with low vertical wind shear, moderate equatorial outflow and 30โ€“31ย ยฐC sea surface temperatures, Butchoy started to intensify in the South China Sea, becoming a tropical storm and receiving the name Nuri from the JMA later on the same day. Then, PAGASA issued their final warning on Nuri as it exited the Philippine Area of Responsibility. By the next day, Nuri intensified further and subsequently peaked in intensity, with the JMA analyzing the storm's peak winds of . Six hours later, the JTWC upgraded Nuri to a tropical storm. However, later in the same day, the JTWC downgraded Nuri into a tropical depression, citing that the storm has drifted into high vertical wind shear. The JMA followed suit, downgrading Nuri into a depression. The JTWC issued their final warning on Nuri as the storm subsequently made landfall in Yanjiang, China. The JMA followed suit six hours later, issuing their final warning on the system. The PAGASA issued Tropical Cyclone Signal No. 1 for western Mindanao, southern Luzon, and Visayas on Juneย 11 as Butchoy neared the Philippines. The combination of the system and prevailing southwesterly winds brought showers and thunderstorms across the Philippines. Heavy rainfall in Albay led to the activation of disaster risk management officials and other emergency assets. The rains from the tropical depression prompted PAGASA to declare the start of the rainy season in the Philippines on June 12, 2020, which was also during the country's Independence Day. In Hong Kong, Nuri brought heavy rain. One person also drowned due to rough waters. Tropical Depression Carina After about one month of inactivity, on July 11, the JMA designated a low-pressure area near Luzon as a tropical depression. The next day, the JTWC designated the depression as an invest and was given a low chance of developing, and later upgraded to a medium chance. On the following day, the PAGASA upgraded the low-pressure system to a tropical depression and named it Carina. Carina moved north-northwest over an environment favorable for further development, with low vertical wind shear, established equatorial outflow and 28โ€“29ย ยฐC sea surface temperatures. By 12:00 UTC on July 14, Carina rapidly weakened into a low-pressure area, due to an unfavorable environment with strong wind shear. PAGASA then issued their final advisory to Carina, and the remnants dissipated on July 15. As the low-pressure system was named Carina, PAGASA immediately hoisted Signal #1, the lowest of their storm warning signals, to Batanes, Babuyan Islands and the northeastern portion of Cagayan. Heavy rainfall from Carina caused some damage on Ilocos Norte, Abra and Isabela. Typhoon Hagupit (Dindo) On July 31, JMA began monitoring a weak tropical depression that had developed in the Philippine Sea. Later, PAGASA named Dindo to the storm. By the next day, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center designated Dindo as 03W. With favorable conditions of low vertical wind shear, strong equatorial outflow and 31ย ยฐC sea surface temperatures, Dindo intensified into a tropical storm on midday of the same time, and the Japan Meteorological Agency named it as Hagupit. Hagupit then began intensifying in the Philippine Sea, and by August 2, Hagupit was upgraded into a typhoon by the JTWC. The JMA later upgraded Hagupit to a severe tropical storm late on August 2. As Hagupit exited the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), the PAGASA issued its final bulletin on the system. Hagupit was then upgraded into typhoon status by the JMA on August 3, and will later peak in intensity with a pressure of 975 hPa. At around 19:30 UTC, Hagupit made landfall in Wenzhou, China, with winds of 85ย mph and pressure of 975 mbar (hPa). After its landfall, Hagupit gradually weakened over China, and by early August 4, the JTWC downgraded the typhoon into a tropical storm. Around midday of the same day, JTWC downgraded Hagupit into a tropical depression and later issued their final advisories on the storm, but the JMA still monitored Hagupit as a tropical storm. The system later would undergo an extratropical transition, a process which got completed on August 6, and the JMA issued their final advisory on the extratropical Hagupit. In advance of Hagupit, Chinese officials ordered the evacuation of areas vulnerable to flooding. Hagupit caused torrential rainfall over portions of China peaking at 13.11 inches (333ย mm) in the Jingshan district of Wenzhou. 15 people were reported dead across South Korea, 6 of them following a landslide in South Chungcheong Province, 11 people were reported missing, and 7 people were injured. Tropical Storm Sinlaku On July 29, a tropical disturbance formed and was situated a couple hundred miles east of Manila, Philippines. Struggling to consolidate, the disturbance crossed Luzon with little to no organization and began organizing in the South China Sea. Environmental conditions became conducive for development, and the JMA declared that a tropical depression had formed in the early hours of July 31. Then early on August 1, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Sinlaku. The storm failed to intensify much afterward, and during the following day, Sinlaku made landfall on northern Vietnam. Shortly thereafter, both agencies issued final advisories on the storm. Sinlaku produced heavy rain across central and northern Vietnam, resulting in significant flooding. Two people died, one from a collapsed embankment and the other from flash flooding. Thousands of homes were inundated and crops suffered extensive damage. Damage in the nation was about nearly 5.4 billion ฤ‘แป“ng (US$232,900). Flash floods across Thailand also killed two people. The remnants of Sinlaku emerged in the Indian Ocean and intensified into a well marked low-pressure area between August 5โ€“8, recreating a lot of torrential rain in portions of India. Tropical Storm Jangmi (Enteng) On August 6, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration started to monitor a low-pressure area that developed well east of Virac, Catanduanes. On the next day, the Japan Meteorological Agency designated the low-pressure area as a weak tropical depression. Despite a broad and elongated low-level circulation center, it gradually organized, prompting the Joint Typhoon Warning Center to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the depression. Early on next day, the PAGASA upgraded it to a depression, naming it Enteng. Later around the same day, the JTWC designated the depression as 05W. But, near end on the same day, the Japan Meteorological Agency upgraded the depression to a tropical storm, receiving the name Jangmi. As such, Jangmi became the fifth named tropical storm of the 2020 typhoon season. On August 9, Jangmi was upgraded into a tropical storm by the JTWC. Despite being at favorable conditions of low vertical shear and 29โ€“30ย ยฐC sea surface temperatures, an upper-level low present to the west of the system prohibited the broad Jangmi to organize further. Around the same time, the PAGASA dropped advisories on Jangmi as it quickly exited the Philippine Area of Responsibility. Moving northward at 23 knots, the JMA reported that Jangmi already peaked at 45 knots (50ย mph; 85ย km/h). Around 05:50 UTC on August 10, Jangmi made landfall on the southern tip of Geojedo, Gyeongsang Province in South Korea. The JTWC issued their final advisories on Jangmi around 15:00 UTC of the same day, and the JMA issued their final advisory early on the next day, August 11. Jangmi dropped drenching rainfall through the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, with a peak amount of 2.2 inches (55.8ย mm) recorded on the island of Kumejima. In South Korea, Jangmi dropped up to 2.6 inches (66.04ย mm) of precipitation, in an area already hard hit by flooding in the months previous to Jangmi. Tropical Depression 06W (Gener) Due to the fact that the disturbance already had tropical-storm-force winds, it was immediately declared a tropical storm by the JTWC on August 9. The next day, the tropical depression reached its peak intensity of 35ย mph with an unusually high pressure of 1012 mbar. Soon afterwards 06W began to gradually weaken, and at 15:00 UTC on August 10, the JTWC downgraded 06W to a tropical depression. After moving generally westward, the system began to move to the southwest and, at 20:00 UTC (4:00ย am, August 13 PST), it entered the Philippine's area of responsibility and was given the name Gener by PAGASA. Severe Tropical Storm Mekkhala (Ferdie) Another area of persistent convection formed within the proximity of the trough that would also spawn Tropical Storm Jangmi On August 7, west of Luzon. As Jangmi became the dominant system in the area, this low-pressure area remained disorganized. However, on the next day, as Jangmi moved away from the area, the system began to organize, and on August 9, the JTWC upgraded the storm to a Tropical Depression. Soon after, at 8:00ย pm. PST, the PAGASA followed and upgraded the storm and gave it the name Ferdie. At 07:30 CST on August 11 (23:30 UTC on August 10), Mekkhala made landfall at Zhangpu County in Fujian, China shortly after peak intensity. Mekkhala forced a Signal No. 1 warning to be placed for the Ilocos region in the Philippines. Mekkhala brought monsoonal conditions to portions of Luzon, shortly after its formation. Although remain well offshore Taiwan, the storm still brought heavy rainfall to the island. In China, local officials suspended ferry services and told ships to return to port, in preparation for Mekkhala. The China Meteorological Administration issued a Level III emergency response, while flood control workers were sent to areas which were hit by Mekkhala. Mekkhala dropped torrential rainfall over China with amounts of up to 7.874 inches (200ย mm) reported in some areas. Train services were halted and flights were canceled at local airports as Mekkhala moved onshore. In Zhangzhou, Fujian, damage from the storm reached 1.1ย billion yuan (US$159ย million). Severe Tropical Storm Higos (Helen) A new tropical depression formed from the Intertropical Convergence Zone east of Luzon on August 16. At 15:00 UTC, the PAGASA named the system Helen and began issuing severe weather bulletins for the tropical depression, but dropped the alerts as Helen left the Philippine area of responsibility after 4 hours. The Hong Kong Observatory and Macau Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau upgraded Higos into a marginal typhoon prior to landfall, with sustained hurricane-force winds in Macau indicating such an intensity. Higos made landfall over Zhuhai, Guangdong at peak intensity at around 06:00 CST on August 19 (22:00 UTC on August 18). In preparation for Higos, the Hong Kong Observatory raised the number 9 tropical cyclone warning signal in Hong Kong to warn of the possibility of hurricane-force winds. Winds generally reached gale to storm force over the southern part of Hong Kong under the influence of Higos' small circulation. The Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau issued the number 10 signal, the highest signal, at 05:00ย am local time. Over 65,000 people evacuated and schools were closed across these areas. Although heavily populated areas of China were directly hit by Higos, damage was mostly limited to downed trees and power outages. Two campers who were unaware of the approaching storm had to be rescued from Tap Mun Island after arriving on August 14. The storm also left 7 deaths and 45ย billion ฤ‘แป“ng (US$2ย million) in damages in Vietnam. Typhoon Bavi (Igme) On August 19, the JTWC began monitoring a broad area of low pressure situated a couple hundred miles northeast of the Philippine archipelago. By the next day, the system rapidly organized, and the JTWC subsequently issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA). On August 21, the area of low pressure became Tropical Depression 09W. At 15:00 UTC, the PAGASA named the system Igme and issued a severe weather bulletin for it. By the next day, Igme intensified into a tropical storm, according to the JMA and was given the name Bavi, subsequently prompting the JTWC to follow suit and upgrade 09W from a tropical depression to a tropical storm. Favorable conditions allowed Bavi to rapidly intensify, and by 12:00 UTC on August 22, the system became a severe tropical storm. As the system left the Philippine Area of Responsibility, the PAGASA stopped issuing weather bulletins for the severe tropical storm. Bavi's period of rapid intensification was brief, and it began a slow intensification phase on August 23. On August 24, Bavi slowly intensified, and it was later upgraded by the JMA into a typhoon. Later on that day, it became a Category 2-equivalent typhoon. By the next day, Bavi intensified even more to become a Category 3-equivalent typhoon. As Bavi moved closer to the Korean peninsula, one person died in Jeju island on August 25. At around 00:30 UTC on August 27, Bavi made landfall over North Pyongan Province, North Korea. After that, Typhoon Bavi transitioned into an extratropical storm in Manchuria, China. Typhoon Maysak (Julian) A low-pressure area east of the Philippines consolidated into a tropical depression on August 27, and simultaneously, a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert was issued for the system. Early on August 28, PAGASA upgraded it to a tropical depression with the local name Julian, shortly before the JMA upgraded it to a tropical storm and assigned the international name Maysak. Subsequently, the JTWC upgraded Maysak to a tropical storm too, and then the JMA upgraded it to a severe tropical storm despite its elongated low-level circulation center. and two hours later, PAGASA followed and also upgraded the system to typhoon status. Later on that day, it became a Category 2-equivalent typhoon. By the next day, Maysak intensified even more to become a Category 3-equivalent typhoon. Then later on afternoon, it was upgraded to a Category 4-equivalent typhoon. Soon, Maysak began to weaken bit-by-bit as it passed the East China Sea, 1-minute winds slowing back down to Category 3-equivalent speeds. Typhoon Maysak then made landfall near Busan, South Korea at 02:20 KST on September 3 (17:20 UTC on September 2), with 10-minute maximum sustained winds at and the central pressure at . equivalent to a Category 2 typhoon. After that, it crossed the Sea of Japan and hitting North Korea into Jilin, Manchuria in China. Soon after, Typhoon Maysak degenerated into an extratropical low in northeast China. On September 2, the Panamanian-registered animal transport ship Gulf Livestock 1 transmitted a Mayday and launched lifeboats, at least one of which was found. The ship was west of Japan's Amami ลŒshima Island. The Japan Coast Guard has said that the freighter was carrying a crew including 39 Filipinos, 2 Australians, and 2 New Zealanders when it disappeared. The cargo was 5,867 cattle, loaded in Napier, New Zealand, and bound for the port of Jingtang in Tangshan, China. Two fatalities occurred in South Korea where also 120,000 households lost power. In North Korea, Maysak dropped 15.157 inches (385ย mm) of precipitation in Wonsan. Typhoon Haishen (Kristine) By the next day, the disturbance had quickly organized, and the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) for the low-pressure area, and by the next day, it intensified into Tropical Depression 11W. Traversing generally southwestward, the depression quickly intensified into a tropical storm. Upon entering the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), the Philippine Atmospheric, Geological and Atmospheric Services Administration (PAGASA) named the system Kristine. Early on September 4, the JTWC assessed that Haishen became a Category 4-equivalent super typhoon โ€“ with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 135 kt (155ย mph; 250ย km/h), with a clear, symmetrical eye visible on satellite imagery. On September 5, as Haishen's latitude increased, the ocean heat content in the area decreased, which disrupted the system's core and caused its eye to appear ragged on satellite imagery, subsequently indicating weakening, and dropping below super typhoon status. Later that day, the system left the PAR and PAGASA issued its last bulletin on the typhoon. As the system continued its northward track toward the Japanese archipelago, it continued to weaken and became a Category 3-equivalent typhoon, and not too long after it weakened to a Category 2-equivalent typhoon as it neared the Southern Ryukyu Islands of Japan. A mandatory evacuation order was issued for western Japan as millions of people evacuated accordingly. Haishen made landfall in Ulsan, South Korea at around 09:00 KST (00:00 UTC) on September 7, Haishen caused two fatalities in Japan, while four others went missing after a mudslide occurred in Miyazaki Prefecture. Two more fatalities occurred in South Korea and widespread flooding occurred in neighboring North Korea. Tropical Depression 12W On September 10 at 00:00 UTC, the JMA began tracking a tropical depression. At 15:00 UTC that day, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the system. On September 11 at 18:00 UTC, the JTWC upgraded the disturbance to a tropical depression, designating it as 12W; it was downgraded back to a tropical disturbance six hours later. The JMA had stopped tracking the depression by September 13th. Tropical Storm Noul (Leon) On September 14 at 12:00 UTC, the JMA began tracking a tropical depression. On the morning of September 15, the JTWC issued a tropical cyclone formation alert for a tropical system forming in the Philippine Sea. The JTWC later upgraded it to a tropical depression at 15:00 UTC as they issued their first warning on the system as Tropical Depression 13W. Since the depression formed inside of the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), the PAGASA immediately issued a severe weather bulletin on the storm and named the system Leon. At 21:00 on September 16, the storm left the PAR and PAGASA issued its final warning on the system. At 03:00 UTC September 18, Noul made landfall between Quแบฃng Trแป‹ and Thแปซa Thiรชn-Huแบฟ provinces. At 09:00 UTC, the JTWC issued its final warning on the system. After being downgraded to a low-pressure area (LPA), Noul followed a westward path and emerged in the Indian Ocean. A few days before the storm hit Vietnam, the Vietnamese government closed three airports and evacuated more than one million people in the affected areas. Noul damaged homes and knocked down trees and power lines in Hue, Vietnam. Heavy precipitation amounts peaking at 310ย mm (12.20 inches) fell in Da Nang. The storm caused 6 deaths and 705ย billion ฤ‘แป“ng (US$30.4ย million) in damage. Severe Tropical Storm Dolphin (Marce) On September 20 at 06:00 UTC, as a tropical disturbance strengthened in the extreme northeast corner of the Philippine Area of Responsibility, PAGASA upgraded the system to a tropical depression, giving it the local name Marce. At the time, the JTWC only recognized the system as an area of convection and only issued a medium level of warning for the system. The JTWC upgraded the system to a tropical storm at 12:00 UTC. On September 21 at 03:00 UTC, the system left the Philippine Area of Responsibility. The system then intensified into a tropical storm south of Japan, and was given the international name Dolphin by the JMA. After the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, the JTWC issued its final warning on the system on September 24 at 03:00 UTC. Severe Tropical Storm Kujira The storm drifted north-northwestwards before recurving to the northeast while intensifying into a Category 1-equivalent typhoon early on September 29. Kujira weakened to a tropical storm 12 hours after it intensified into a typhoon due to very high wind shear and cool waters. At 21:00 UTC, the JTWC issued the last advisory for the system. Typhoon Chan-hom On Octoberย 2, the JTWC began to monitor a large area of thunderstorms in the open Pacific Ocean. The system gradually organized, and it was classified as a tropical depression on Octoberย 4. On the next day, the JMA upgraded the storm to a tropical storm and named it Chan-hom. On October 7, the system was upgraded by the JMA into a typhoon. The JMA issued their final warning on the system on Octoberย 12 at 00:45ย UTC. The JTWC later followed, issuing their final warning on the system at 09:00ย UTC. The JMA, however, still tracked Chan-hom as a tropical depression until it was last noted on October 16. Tropical Storm Linfa On October 9, the JTWC began tracking a tropical system east-southeast of Da Nang, Vietnam. On October 10, the system was declared as a tropical depression by the JTWC and the JMA. Later that day, the JMA upgraded the system into a tropical storm and named it Linfa. The system continued westward, making landfall on October 11 at 03:00 UTC in Vietnam. The JTWC issued their final warning on the system at 09:00 UTC that day. The JMA later followed, issuing their final warning on the system at 18:00 UTC. Linfa brought historic amounts of rainfall to Central Vietnam, peaking at 90.16 inches (2,290ย mm) in A Lฦฐแป›i (Huแบฟ), 59.842 inches (1,520ย mm) in Hฦฐแป›ng Linh (Quแบฃng Trแป‹). That made it the 12th wettest tropical cyclone in history. At least 370,000 people in Vietnam lost power after the storm. So far the storm and its flood have left 104 people dead and 38 remain missing in Vietnam and Cambodia. In Cambodia, severe flooding affected 16 provinces including Phnom Penh, killed at least 21 people, damaged over 25,000 homes over and over 180,000 hectares of farmland. Tropical Storm Nangka (Nika) On October 11, the JMA began tracking a tropical depression off the west coast of Luzon. The PAGASA declared the system as a tropical depression at 12:00 UTC, and since the storm formed inside of the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) the agency named the system Nika. On the same day at 21:00, the JTWC began issuing warnings on the system. On October 12, the system was declared a tropical storm by the JMA, and was named Nangka. At 09:00 UTC, the system left the PAR and the PAGASA issued its final bulletin on the system. At 19:20 CST (11:20 UTC) on October 13, Nangka made landfall over Qionghai, Hainan. On October 13, the storm crossed the Gulf of Tonkin and made landfall in the Nam ฤแป‹nh, Ninh Bรฌnh, and Thanh Hรณa provinces in Northern Vietnam on October 14. On the same day, both the JMA and JTWC issued their final warnings for the system. The system dissipated on October 14, 2020. After the passage of Nangka over Hainan Island, 2 people died and 4 are missing as a result of a capsized boat. In Northern Vietnam, the storm killed 2 people in Hรฒa Bรฌnh, another missing in Yรชn Bรกi. Over 585 houses were destroyed, while 135,731 others across central Vietnam were flooded. Tropical Depression Ofel A low-pressure area formed in the Philippine Sea, east of Leyte, on October 13. Soon, the PAGASA declared the newly formed system as a tropical depression and assigned it the name Ofel. The PAGASA immediately raised warning signals for the province of Sorsogon and for parts of the Samar province. On the same day at 18:30 UTC, Ofel made landfall over Can-avid, Eastern Samar. As the system entered the South China Sea in the early hours of October 15 UTC, the PAGASA lifted all tropical cyclone warning signals for Ofel. On the same day at 20:00 UTC, Ofel left the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) and PAGASA issued their final bulletin for the system. While Ofel was inside the PAR, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center issued tropical cyclone formation alerts for the system, however it was canceled as the system entered a less favorable environment on October 16. The storm dissipated at 03:00 UTC on that day. Flooding was reported due to moderate to heavy rains. According to the Department of Agriculture Regional Office 5, total damages have topped to an estimated โ‚ฑ9.1ย million (US$187,000). Typhoon Saudel (Pepito) On October 16 UTC, the JTWC began tracking an area of convection approximately east-southeast of Palau. On October 18 at 21:00 UTC, the PAGASA upgraded the system into a tropical depression, and named the system Pepito. A few hours later, the JMA also recognized the system into a tropical depression, and subsequently issued their first warning on the system. As the system intensified as it approached Northern Luzon, the JMA upgraded the system into a tropical storm and named the system Saudel. The PAGASA also declared the system as a tropical storm, and began issuing Signal #2 tropical cyclone warnings in preparation for its landfall. Saudel made landfall over the San Ildefonso Peninsula in Casiguran, Aurora on October 20 at 13:00 UTC (21:00 PHT) and began crossing the Luzon Island, emerging over the South China Sea hours later. As the storm left the Philippine Area of Responsibility, the developing severe tropical storm was upgraded into a typhoon by the JMA, the JTWC, and by the PAGASA in their final bulletin for the system. As of October 24, the NDRRMC reported total damages of about โ‚ฑ105.8ย million (US$2.18ย million). Tropical Depression 20W On October 19, both the JMA and the JTWC began tracking a tropical depression, with the JTWC designating it as 20W. 20W formed over marginally favorable conditions for development, before turning southwest after originally moving northeastward, encountering strong wind shear. On October 21, the JTWC assessed that 20W was no longer a tropical depression, also assessing that it had transitioned into an extratropical cyclone the next day. The JMA stopped tracking 20W on October 23. Typhoon Molave (Quinta) On October 23, the JMA began tracking a tropical depression approximately north of Palau. On the same day, PAGASA followed suit as the system formed inside of the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), east of Mindanao, and named the system Quinta. On October 24, the JTWC also recognized the system as a tropical depression. At 15:00 of the same day, the JTWC upgraded the system into a tropical storm, with the JMA and PAGASA doing the same a few hours apart from each other. Now a tropical storm, the system was named Molave by the JMA. On October 25, PAGASA upgraded the system into a severe tropical storm as it tracked closer to the Bicol Region. Later that day, the PAGASA then upgraded Molave into a typhoon as it headed for Albay and Camarines Sur, prompting the raising of Signal #3 tropical cyclone warnings for both and adjacent provinces. Moments later, the JMA also upgraded the system to a typhoon and the JTWC followed a few hours later. At 18:10 PHT (10:10 UTC), Molave made its first landfall on the San Miguel Island in Albay, with another in Malinao just 40 minutes later. Molave made a total of 5 landfalls in the Luzon area before entering the South China Sea on October 26. On October 27 at 00:00 UTC, Molave left the PAR, with PAGASA issuing their last bulletin for the system later at 15:00. After that, Typhoon Molave intensified even more and peaked as a Category 3-equivalent typhoon in the South China Sea. , the NDRRMC reported that 27 people were killed, 40 people were injured and four went missing after the typhoon. Damage from infrastructure and agriculture counted to be โ‚ฑ1.56ย billion (US$32.2ย million) and โ‚ฑ2.66ย billion (US$54.9ย million) respectively, with a total damage of โ‚ฑ4.22ย billion (US$87.1ย million) nationwide. In Vietnam, Molave left 41 dead, 143 were injured and 42 people missing. Economic losses were estimated to be 12.92 trillion dong (US$558 million). Typhoon Goni (Rolly) After Typhoon Molave devastated the Philippines, the JMA announced the formation of a new tropical depression in the Pacific Ocean, west of the Mariana Islands, on October 27. By the next day, the JTWC had also followed and upgraded the system into a tropical depression. As the system continued tracking westward under favorable conditions in the Pacific Ocean, the JMA and JTWC upgraded the system into a tropical storm, with the JMA assigning the name Goni to the intensifying storm. Due to the warm waters surrounding the storm, the system underwent rapid intensification and became a typhoon. On October 29, at 9:30 UTC, Goni entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) and was named Rolly by the PAGASA. By 18:00 UTC, Goni had intensified into a Category 4-equivalent typhoon, with 1-minute sustained winds at , and eventually the first Category 5-equivalent typhoon of the season a few hours later. Warm sea surface temperatures, low vertical wind shear and high ocean heat content continually supported Goni as it edged closer to the Philippines, and it maintained its intensity into the next day. At 18:00 UTC October 31 (2:00 PST November 1), PAGASA upgraded Goni to a super typhoon on the agency's tropical cyclone intensity scale at which time the JMA and PAGASA both reported 10-minute sustained winds of and , respectively, marking the second time Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal #5 was raised by PAGASA since Typhoon Haima in 2016 and Typhoon Megi in 2010. Goni made its first two landfalls at peak intensity over Bato, Catanduanes (20:50 UTC) and Tiwi, Albay (23:20 UTC). After that, it weakened into a strong typhoon and made a third landfall in San Narciso, Quezon. Due to three landfalls and land interaction, Goni lost its immense strength and weakened into a minimal typhoon as it made a fourth landfall in San Juan, Batangas. Before exiting the PAR, Goni slightly intensified, but further development was hampered by unfavorable conditions. The capital, Manila, experienced some tropical storm-force winds from Goni. , the NDRRMC has reported โ‚ฑ12.9ย billion (US$266ย million) of infrastructure damages, along with โ‚ฑ5ย billion (US$103ย million) of agricultural damage, with a combined total of โ‚ฑ17.9ย billion (US$369ย million), and at least 25 deaths, 399 injured and 6 missing. Goni is estimated to have caused at least โ‚ฑ48.058ย billion (US$1.04ย billion) in damages in the Philippines. Severe Tropical Storm Atsani (Siony) On October 28, the JTWC began tracking another tropical disturbance south-southwest of Chuuk in the Federated States of Micronesia. This disturbance would eventually strengthen into a new tropical depression in the early hours of October 29. Later that day, the JMA upgraded the system into a tropical storm. On November 1, at 00:00 UTC, Atsani entered the PAGASA's Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), with the PAGASA naming the system Siony. The storm tracked northwest through the Philippine Sea, passing through the Luzon Strait on November 4. The system left the PAR on November 7 at 21:00 UTC. Shortly afterwards, the system rapidly weakened and dissipated thereafter. Atsani downed trees, caused landslides, and damaged street lights in parts of Taiwan. Rockfalls caused some roads to close in Taitung County. 3 minor injuries were reported within Taitung County in the townships of Haiduan and Jinfeng. The storm brought heavy rains to Batanes and the Babuyan Islands in the Philippines, causing โ‚ฑ4.9 million (US$101 thousand) in agricultural damage. Tropical Storm Etau (Tonyo) On November 7, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) began tracking a tropical depression east-southeast of Manila. At 12:00 UTC on the same day, the PAGASA declared the system as a tropical depression and assigned it the name Tonyo as it formed directly over Burias Island. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center recognized the system as a tropical depression at 15:00 UTC on November 8. Etau caused rains over Calabarzon, Mimaropa, and the Bicol Region before exiting the Philippine Area of Responsibility on November 9 at 21:00 UTC. It continued its way towards Vietnam, after crossing Philippines. Etau killed two people in Quแบฃng Nam and Bรฌnh ฤแป‹nh and damaged 400 houses when it made landfall in central Vietnam on November 10. The storm produced over 250ย mm (10ย in) of rain in the provinces of Bรฌnh ฤแป‹nh, Khรกnh Hรฒa, and Phรบ Yรชn, with peak at 858ย mm in Lake Thแปงy Yรชn (Thแปซa Thiรชn Huแบฟ). The storm also caused gusty winds which uprooted trees and ripped roofs of buildings, many of which were still recovering from the adverse impacts of Typhoon Molave and the weakened Tropical Storm Goni. In addition, power outages locally affected the city of Tuy Hรฒa. Economic losses in Tuy An, Phรบ Yรชn were counted as 122 billion VND (US$5.26 million). Typhoon Vamco (Ulysses) On November 8, the JMA began tracking a new tropical depression north-northwest of Palau. At 12:00 UTC on the same day, the PAGASA declared the system as a tropical depression inside of the Philippine Area of Responsibility and named it Ulysses. The next day at 7:15 UTC, the system strengthened into a tropical storm, with the JMA giving it the name Vamco, with the Joint Typhoon Warning Center later issuing their first warning on the system as a tropical depression. As the system tracked closer to southern Luzon, both the PAGASA and the JMA upgraded Vamco into a severe tropical storm. Vamco was then upgraded into typhoon status by the JMA on November 11, followed by the JTWC and the PAGASA shortly after, as the PAGASA raised Signal #3 tropical cyclone wind signals in preparation for the storm. At 14:30 UTC and 15:20 UTC, Vamco made its first two landfalls over the island towns of Patnanungan and Burdeos, respectively, both in Quezon Province. Later at 17:40 UTC, Vamco made its third landfall over General Nakar, Quezon, in the Luzon landmass. At 00:00 UTC, the system emerged over the western seaboard of Zambales and entered the South China Sea. The system left the PAR at 01:30 UTC as the PAGASA redeclared the system as a typhoon. Vamco rapidly re-strengthened in the South China Sea and peaked as a Category 4-equivalent typhoon briefly before weakening back into a Category 3-equivalent storm heading for Vietnam. The typhoon then weakened before making another landfall as a Category 1-equivalent typhoon in Vietnam. As of January 13, 2021, the NDRRMC reported a total of 196 casualties (Including 101 validated deaths, 85 injuries and 10 missing) caused by the typhoon, along with () worth of agriculture damages and () worth of infrastructural damages. The Cagayan Valley experienced the highest total amount of damage. At least 5,184,824 individuals were affected by the typhoon's onslaught. The Armed Forces of the Philippines and Philippine National Police reportedly rescued 265,339 and 104,850 individuals, respectively. According to Aon, total economic losses caused by the typhoon were estimated to top (). Tropical Storm Krovanh (Vicky) On December 17 at 21:00 UTC, the PAGASA began issuing bulletins for a system east-southeast of Davao. The PAGASA had already recognized the system as a tropical depression and named it Vicky, however at the time, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) only recognized the system as a low-pressure area. The next day, the JMA followed suit and recognized the system as a tropical depression. At 14:00 PHT (6:00 UTC), the system made landfall in Baganga, Davao Oriental. 9 hours later, it emerged off the coast of Misamis Oriental and entered the Bohol Sea, later entering the Sulu Sea on the next day at 5:00 PHT (23:00 UTC). On December 19 at 23:00 PHT (15:00 UTC), Krovanh made its second landfall over central Palawan, emerging into the South China Sea shortly after. As the storm traversed the South China Sea, the system had strengthed into a tropical storm according to the JMA as it emerged into a region of relatively favorable atmospheric conditions, thus given the name Krovanh. On December 20 at 14:00 PHT (6:00 UTC), Krovanh left the Philippine Area of Responsibility, although storm signals were still raised for the Kalayaan Islands. The PAGASA then upgraded Krovanh into a tropical storm, and issued a Signal No. 2 warning for the Kalayaan Islands. The next day, December 21, Krovanh was downgraded into a tropical depression by both the JMA and by the PAGASA in their final advisories for the storm. The JTWC then issued their final warning on Krovanh the next day shortly after most of its central convection had dissipated due to increasingly hostile wind shear. Large swaths of Visayas and Mindanao were placed under Signal No. 1 warnings due to Krovanh. Floods and landslides were triggered in Cebu, Agusan del Sur, Davao de Oro, and in Leyte, where two senior citizens were killed in a landslide. In Lapu-Lapu City, 300 residents were forced to evacuate after 76 houses near the shore were swept into sea. Around 6,702 individuals were affected by the storm in the Philippines, with 5,646 in evacuation centers. Damages have been estimated to total up to โ‚ฑ213.2 million (US$4.48 million). At least eight people were killed by the effects of Krovanh. Other systems Late on July 27, the JMA began to track a weak tropical depression in the open Western Pacific. Later on the following day, the system was unofficially classified as a subtropical depression by the JTWC, having been given a low chance of transitioning to a tropical cyclone. In a marginal environment with cyclonic easterly flow, moderate to strong wind shear and 28โ€“30ย ยฐC sea surface temperatures, the system was expected to recurve poleward and be absorbed by a larger extratropical low. The depression, however, dissipated on July 30. The JMA began monitoring on another tropical depression to the south of Japan on September 27. The system moved in a general northeastward direction until it was last noted on 18:00 UTC on September 29. On October 7, the Vietnam Center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting (VNCHF) monitored a tropical depression that had made landfall in the Khรกnh Hรฒa province. Enhanced by the seasonal northeast monsoon, the system caused many provinces nearby to experience heavy rainfall with average accumulations of 200โ€“300ย mm. In Sa Huแปณnh (Quแบฃng Ngรฃi), rainfalls peaked at 360ย mm. By October 11, heavy floods killed 9 people. On December 5, a tropical depression formed to the south of Japan. The depression was short-lived, however, as it dissipated the next day after being embedded into a frontal zone. On December 29, the JMA started to track a weak tropical depression to the east of Vietnam. Storm names Within the Northwest Pacific Ocean, both the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) assign names to tropical cyclones that develop in the Western Pacific, which can result in a tropical cyclone having two names. The Japan Meteorological Agency's RSMC Tokyoย โ€“ Typhoon Center assigns international names to tropical cyclones on behalf of the World Meteorological Organization's Typhoon Committee, should they be judged to have 10-minute sustained windspeeds of . PAGASA assigns names to tropical cyclones which move into or form as a tropical depression in their area of responsibility located between 135ยฐE and 115ยฐE and between 5ยฐN and 25ยฐN even if the cyclone has had an international name assigned to it. The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired, by both PAGASA and the Typhoon Committee. Should the list of names for the Philippine region be exhausted then names will be taken from an auxiliary list of which the first ten are published each season. Unused names are marked in . International names During the season, 23 tropical storms developed in the Western Pacific and each one was named by the JMA, when the system was judged to have 10-minute sustained windspeeds of . The JMA selected the names from a list of 140 names, that had been developed by the 14 members nations and territories of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. During the season, the name Saudel was used for the first time after it replaced Soudelor, which was retired following the 2015 season. Retirement After the season, the Typhoon Committee announced that the names Vongfong, Linfa, Molave, Goni, and Vamco would be removed from the naming lists due to the damages and deaths it caused in their respective onslaughts, and they will never be used again for another typhoon name. In 2022, they were replaced by Penha, Peilou, Narra, Gaenari and Bang-Lang respectively. With five names retired, this season was tied with the 2006 and 2019 seasons for the highest number of retired storm names after a single typhoon season, a record it jointly held until it was surpassed by the 2022 season which had six retired names. Philippines During the season PAGASA used its own naming scheme for the 22 tropical cyclones, that either developed within or moved into their self-defined area of responsibility. The names were taken from a list of names, that had been last used during 2016 and are scheduled to be used again during 2024. The names Kristine, Leon and Nika were used for the first time after the names Karen, Lawin and Nina. Aside from those names, Pepito and Vicky were also used for the first time this year. The name Pepito replaced Pablo after 2012, while the name Vicky replaced Violeta after 2004 but not used in previous seasons. Retirement After the season, PAGASA announced that the names Ambo, Quinta, Rolly and Ulysses will be removed from its rotating naming lists due to the number of deaths and amount of damage they caused, and they will not be used again. On January 21, 2021, they will be replaced with Aghon, Querubin, Romina and Upang for the 2024 season. Season effects This table summarizes all the systems that developed within or moved into the North Pacific Ocean, to the west of the International Date Line during 2020. The tables also provide an overview of a system's intensity, duration, land areas affected and any deaths or damages associated with the system. |- | Vongfong (Ambo) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Palau, Philippines, Taiwan || || || |- | Nuri (Butchoy) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, South China || Unknown || || |- | Carina || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Taiwan || Minimal || None|| |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None || |- | Hagupit (Dindo) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, East China, Korean Peninsula, Kamchatka Peninsula || || || |- | Sinlaku || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || South China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar || || || |- | Jangmi (Enteng) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| ||Philippines, Ryukyu Islands, Korean Peninsula|| || None || |- | 06W (Gener) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Bonin Islands, Ryukyu Islands || None || None || |- | Mekkhala (Ferdie) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Taiwan, East China || || None || |- | Higos (Helen) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, South China, Northern Vietnam || || || |- | Bavi (Igme) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Korean Peninsula, North China || || || |- | Maysak (Julian) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Japan, Korean Peninsula, Northeast China || || || |- | Haishen (Kristine) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Mariana Islands, Northeast China, Japan, Korean Peninsula || || || |- | 12W || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japan || None || None || |- | Noul (Leon)|| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnam || || || |- | Dolphin (Marce) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None || |- | Kujira || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None || |- | Chan-hom || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japan || None || None || |- | Linfa || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar || || || |- | Nangka (Nika) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, South China, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar || || || |- | Ofel || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Vietnam, Laos || || || |- | Saudel (Pepito) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, South China, Vietnam || || None || |- | 20W || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None || |- | Molave (Quinta) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Spratly Island, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia || || || Vietnam November 2020 Report |- | Goni (Rolly) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos || || || |- | Atsani (Siony) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Mariana Islands, Philippines, Taiwan, South China || || None || |- | Etau (Tonyo) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia || || || |- | Vamco (Ulysses) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand || || || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None || |- | Krovanh (Vicky) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand || || || |- | TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None || |- See also Weather of 2020 Tropical cyclones in 2020 Pacific typhoon season List of wettest tropical cyclones 2020 Atlantic hurricane season 2020 Pacific hurricane season 2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 2019โ€“20, 2020โ€“21 Australian region cyclone seasons: 2019โ€“20, 2020โ€“21 South Pacific cyclone seasons: 2019โ€“20, 2020โ€“21 Notes References External links Articles which contain graphical timelines Pacific typhoon seasons Tropical cyclones in 2020
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%A9%EC%9E%AC%EB%A7%8C
ํ™ฉ์žฌ๋งŒ
ํ™ฉ์žฌ๋งŒ(้ปƒๅœจ่ฌ, 1953๋…„ 1์›” 24์ผ ~ 2010๋…„ 5์›” 28์ผ)์€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์ „ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ด์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋…์ด๋ฉฐ, ํฌ์ง€์…˜์€ ์™ผ์ชฝ ํ’€๋ฐฑ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๋“œํ•„๋”์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์‹œ์ ˆ ๋กฑ์Šค๋กœ์ธ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํ‚ฅ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์Š›์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ๋“์ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋Œ€์ธ๋งˆํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋น„๋ ฅ์„ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ™ฉํ˜ผ๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋Š” ํด๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋งก์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ํด๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ™”์„ฑ๊ตฐ ์•ˆ๋ฃก๋ฉด ์˜ค๋ชฉ์ฒœ๋ฆฌ(ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ์ˆ˜์›์‹œ ์˜ค๋ชฉ์ฒœ๋™) ์ถœ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์›๋ถ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต, ์ค‘๋™์ค‘ํ•™๊ต, ์ค‘๋™๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณค์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1971๋…„ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์— ์ž…ํ•™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1974๋…„ ์ „๊ตญ์ถ•๊ตฌ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•ด ํŒ€์˜ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์•„ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ๊ฐํˆฌ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’ค 1975๋…„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์‹ ํƒ์€ํ–‰ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ์— ์ž…๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 1976๋…„ ํŒ€์ด ์„œ์šธ์€ํ–‰ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ํ•ด ์„œ์šธ์‹ ํƒ์€ํ–‰ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœํŽธ๋œ ์ดํ›„ ํŒ€์˜ ์›๋…„ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹น์ดˆ์—๋Š” 1975๋…„ ์œก๊ตฐ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ์— ์ž…๋Œ€ํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์˜ˆ์ •์ด ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์–ด 1976๋…„ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ์— ์ž…๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1978๋…„ ์„ธ๋ฏธํ”„๋กœ ํŒ€์œผ๋กœ ์ฐฝ๋‹จ ์ค€๋น„ ์ค‘์ด๋˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ด์ ์„ค์ด ๋‚˜์™”์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1979๋…„ ๊ตฐ์‹ค์—… ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์˜ ์ผ์›์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ „์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ณ ์—ฐ OB ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ „์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ํ•ด ๊ณต๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„œ์šธ์‹ ํƒ์€ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’ค 1980๋…„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ฐฝ๋‹จ ์ค€๋น„์ค‘์ธ ํ• ๋ ๋ฃจ์•ผ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ์— ์ž…๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1979๋…„ 9์›” 23์ผ ํ• ๋ ๋ฃจ์•ผ์˜ ์ผ์›์œผ๋กœ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ๋น„ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ FC์™€์˜ ์ž์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•ด ํŒ€์˜ 3-0 ์Šน๋ฆฌ์— ์ผ์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1980๋…„ ํ• ๋ ๋ฃจ์•ผ์™€ ์•„์ธํŠธ๋ผํํŠธ ํ”„๋ž‘ํฌํ‘ธ๋ฅดํŠธ์™€์˜ ์ž์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚˜์„ฐ๊ณ , ํŒจ๋„ํ‹ฐํ‚ฅ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ถ•ํ•ด ํŒ€์˜ 0-2 ํŒจ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’ค ๋ถ๋ฏธ ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋กœ์˜ ์ด์ ์„ค์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1980๋…„ 12์›” 20์ผ ํ• ๋ ๋ฃจ์•ผ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ์ด ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ฐฝ๋‹จํ•˜์ž ์›๋…„ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1981๋…„ 3์›” 28์ผ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด๋ˆ„ FC์™€ ์ฐฝ๋‹จ ์ฒซ ๋ฐ๋ท”์ „์—์„œ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒ€์˜ 2-1 ์Šน๋ฆฌ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1982๋…„ 4์›” 22์ผ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋›ฐ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํŒ€์€ 1-2๋กœ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’ค ํŒ€์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด๋˜ ์ด์˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ํŒ€์„ ๋ฌด๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํƒˆํ•˜์ž ๊ทธ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด์„œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ์ด์–ด๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, 6์›” 6์ผ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฆฌ์šฐ FC์™€์˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๋ฐฐ ๊ตญ์ œ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ์ง์ „ ๋กฑ์Šค๋กœ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค์„์žฌ์˜ ๋™์ ๊ณจ์„ ์–ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ฌด์Šน๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํšŒ 4๊ฐ•์—์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€๊ณผ ๋งž๋ถ™์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋‹ค์‹œ 1-2๋กœ ํŒจํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์Šน ์ง„์ถœ์—๋Š” ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ํ•ด 11์›” 4์ผ ํŒ€์˜ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋„ˆ๋กœ ๋ณด์ง์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1983๋…„ ์ˆ˜ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ์„ค๋˜์ž ํ• ๋ ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹น์‹œ ์ฝ”์น˜์˜€๋˜ ํ™ฉ์žฌ๋งŒ์ด ํ›„๋ณด ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋“ฑ๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํ•ด 11์›” ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์˜ฌ์Šคํƒ€์ „์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœํŒ€ ์ฝ”์น˜๋ฅผ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. 1984๋…„์—๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํŒ€์˜ ๋ถ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฝ”์น˜ ์‹ ๋ถ„์ž„์—๋„ ํ›„๋ณด ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋“ฑ๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋„์ค‘ 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ 1971๋…„ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ U-20 ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์˜ ์ผ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์˜ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์—์„œ ํŒ€์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์Šน๋ถ€์ฐจ๊ธฐ ํ‚ค์ปค๋กœ ๋‚˜์„œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ํŒ€์˜ ์ค€์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1972๋…„ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ข‹์€ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ํŒ€์˜ 2ํšŒ ์—ฐ์† ์ค€์šฐ์Šน์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’ค 1972๋…„ AFC ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ์ปต์—๋„ ์„ ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 5์›” 7์ผ ์ด๋ผํฌ์™€์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ฒฐ์ •์ „์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์— ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํ™ฉ์žฌ๋งŒ์€ ์Šน๋ถ€์ฐจ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์‹ค์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํŒ€์€ ์Šน๋ถ€์ฐจ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 2-4๋กœ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ์Šน๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฃผ์ „ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•ด ํŒ€์˜ ์ค€์šฐ์Šน์— ์ผ์กฐํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ๋ฉ”๋ฅด๋ฐ์นด ๊ตญ์ œ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—๋„ ์„ ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ข‹์€ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ํŒ€์˜ ์šฐ์Šน์— ๊ณตํ—Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ œ1ํšŒ ํ•œ์ผ ์ •๊ธฐ์ „ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ•๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ปต ์Ÿํƒˆ ์•„์‹œ์•„์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—๋„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋‘ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์ง„ํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ข‹์€ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€์˜ ์นœ์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ‚น์Šค์ปต์—๋„ ์ถœ์ „ํ•ด ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์˜ ๋ถ€์ง„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ข‹์€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ 1972๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ์ถ•๊ตฌํ˜‘ํšŒ ์‹œ์ƒ์‹์—์„œ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ 11์— ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1973๋…„ 6์›” ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ ์ž์นด๋ฅดํƒ€ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ ๊ธฐ๋…๋Œ€ํšŒ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์— ์„ ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ข‹์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ์Šน์— ์‹คํŒจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ ํ•ด 7์›” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ๊ฐœํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ๋ฐœ ๋ช…๋‹จ์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’ค 1974๋…„ ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ•๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ปต ์Ÿํƒˆ ์•„์‹œ์•„์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด ์†Œ์ง‘๋œ ์ƒ๋น„๊ตฐ ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž์ฒด ํ‰๊ฐ€์ „์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์Šน๊ณจ์„ ๋“์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ข‹์€ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์ตœ์ข… ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์— ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฏธ๋“ค์„น์Šค ์›๋”๋Ÿฌ์Šค AFC์™€์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ „์—์„œ ์ฐจ๋ฒ”๊ทผ์˜ ๋™์ ๊ณจ์„ ์–ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ข‹์€ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ฟ ์›จ์ดํŠธ์™€์˜ ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ๋ผ์šด๋“œ 3์ฐจ์ „์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•ด ๋ถ€์ง„ํ•œ ํ™œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ€์˜ ๋Œ€ํŒจ์— ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์–ป์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ผ๋งˆ ๋’ค ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ œ3ํšŒ ํ•œ์ผ ์ •๊ธฐ์ „์—๋Š” ๊ณ ์—ฐ์ „ ์ถœ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์ฐธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ ํ‚น์Šค์ปต์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ง๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ์•„์™€์˜ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์—์„œ ์Šน๋ถ€์ฐจ๊ธฐ ํ‚ค์ปค๋กœ ๋‚˜์„œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ํƒœ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์—์„œ ๋กฑ์Šค๋กœ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ€์˜ ๊ฒฐ์Šน๊ณจ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•ด ํŒ€์˜ 2์—ฐ์† ์šฐ์Šน์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋ฐ ์†Œ์†ํŒ€์—์„œ์˜ ํ™œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ 1974๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ์ถ•๊ตฌํ˜‘ํšŒ ์‹œ์ƒ์‹์—์„œ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ 11์— ์žฌ์ฐจ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1975๋…„์—๋Š” 1976๋…„ AFC ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ์ปต ์˜ˆ์„ ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•  ์ƒ๋น„๊ตฐ ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์Šน๊ณจ์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ํŽผ์ณค๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ์Šค ๋ณด๋ฃจ์‹œ์•„ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ์˜ 2์ฐจ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ „์—์„œ ํŒ€์˜ ๋™์ ๊ณจ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ธ์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , 3๋ฒˆ์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ „ ์ดํ›„ ์ข‹์€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ•ด ๋ฐ•๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ปต ์Ÿํƒˆ ์•„์‹œ์•„์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ, ๋ฉ”๋ฅด๋ฐ์นด ๊ตญ์ œ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ์— ์—ฐ๋‹ฌ์•„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์˜ 2๊ฐœ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฉ”๋ฅด๋ฐ์นด ๊ตญ์ œ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน ์ดํ›„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฒด์œกํ›ˆ์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฐ์žฅ์„ ์ˆ˜์—ฌ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ‚น์Šค์ปต ๋ฐ 1976๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์˜ˆ์„ ์—๋„ ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ‚น์Šค์ปต์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ํŒ€์˜ ์šฐ์Šน์— ์ผ์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ 1975๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ์ถ•๊ตฌํ˜‘ํšŒ ์‹œ์ƒ์‹์—์„œ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 3ํšŒ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ 11์— ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’ค 1976๋…„ ํ˜ธ๋งˆ FC์™€์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ „์—์„œ ์ธ์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์–ด ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ ์œก๊ตฐ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ๊ณผ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ „์—์„œ๋„ ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ์„ ๋“์ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ข‹์€ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ํŽผ์ณค๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ฝ”๋ผˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ํฐ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์ž…์—ˆ๊ณ , ์งํ›„ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ค‘ํ™” ํƒ€์ด๋ฒ ์ด์™€์˜ 1976๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋ถˆ์ฐธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋งจ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ ์‹œํ‹ฐ FC์™€์˜ 2์ฐจ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ „์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์งํ›„ ๋ฉ”๋ฅด๋ฐ์นด ๊ตญ์ œ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ•๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ปต ์Ÿํƒˆ ๊ตญ์ œ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ์— ํ™”๋ž‘ํŒ€ ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ธ๋„์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ด์˜๋ฌด์˜ ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ์„ ์–ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน์— ๊ณตํ—Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ•ด ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ œ5ํšŒ ํ•œ์ผ ์ •๊ธฐ์ „์— ๋‚˜์™€ ๊ฒฐ์Šน๊ณจ์„ ๋“์ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒ€์˜ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ‚น์Šค์ปต์—๋„ ์ถœ์ „ํ•ด ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํŒ€์˜ ๊ฒฐ์Šน๊ณจ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ข‹์€ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์€ ๊ฒฐ์Šน ์ง„์ถœ์— ์‹คํŒจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ 1976๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ์ถ•๊ตฌํ˜‘ํšŒ ์‹œ์ƒ์‹์—์„œ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 4ํšŒ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ 11์— ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1977๋…„์—๋Š” 1978๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์˜ˆ์„  ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜๊ณผ์˜ ํ™ˆ & ์›์ • 1๋ผ์šด๋“œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์˜ ํ™ˆ & ์›์ • 1๋ผ์šด๋“œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ด๋ž€๊ณผ์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ์˜ˆ์„  ํ™ˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€์˜ ์›์ • ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ํ—ˆ๋ฒ…์ง€ ๋ถ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํŒ€๋„ ํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณง์ด์–ด ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ฟ ์›จ์ดํŠธ์™€์˜ ํ™ˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ถ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ€์ƒ์ด ์™„์น˜๋œ ๋’ค ์ด๋ž€๊ณผ์˜ ์›์ • ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜๋น„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์˜ค์‹ฌ ๋…ผ๋ž€์— ํœ˜๋ง๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ํŒ€์˜ ํŒจ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’ค 1978๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋ฅด๋ฐ์นด ๊ตญ์ œ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์˜ ์šฐ์Šน์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ•๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ปต ์Ÿํƒˆ ๊ตญ์ œ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—๋„ ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์Šคํฌ๋ฅดํŒ… ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒˆ๊ณผ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ „์— ๋‚˜์™€ ํŒจ๋„ํ‹ฐํ‚ฅ ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ์„ ๋“์ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒ€์˜ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1978๋…„ ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ตœ์ข… ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์˜ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ 1978๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ์ถ•๊ตฌํ˜‘ํšŒ ์‹œ์ƒ์‹์—์„œ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 5ํšŒ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ 11์— ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1979๋…„ ์ œ7ํšŒ ํ•œ์ผ ์ •๊ธฐ์ „์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํŒ€์€ 1-2๋กœ ํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ผ๋งˆ ๋’ค ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์˜ˆ๋น„๋ช…๋‹จ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์Šคํฌ๋ฅดํŒ… ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒˆ๊ณผ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ „์—์„œ ์ธ์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ BํŒ€์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ BํŒ€์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฉ”๋ฅด๋ฐ์นด ๊ตญ์ œ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ์— ์ฃผ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์˜ ๊ณต๋™ ์šฐ์Šน์— ์ผ์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์‹œ์•„๋“œ์— ๋‚˜์„ฐ๊ณ , ์ฟ ์›จ์ดํŠธ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊น€์ตํ˜•์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๊ณจ์„ ์–ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ํŽผ์ณค์œผ๋‚˜ ํŒ€์€ ๊ฒฐ์„  ์ง„์ถœ์— ์‹คํŒจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€๋„์ž ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 1984๋…„์„ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ• ๋ ๋ฃจ์•ผ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ฝ”์น˜๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1988๋…„ ํŒ€์˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๋ฐฐ ์ „๊ตญ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ํŒ€์˜ ๊ฐ๋…์ด ๋˜์–ด 1991๋…„ ํŒ€์˜ ์ „๊ตญ์ฒด์œก๋Œ€ํšŒ ๋ฐ ๊ตฐ-์‹ค์—… ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ 2๊ด€์™•์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฐ-์‹ค์—… ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์ง€๋„์ž ๊ฐ๋…์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’ค 1992๋…„ ํŒ€์˜ ๊ตฐ-์‹ค์—… ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ 2์—ฐํŒจ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ง€๋„์ž ๊ฐ๋…์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1993๋…„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์‹ค์—…์ถ•๊ตฌ์—ฐ๋งน์˜ ์ด์‚ฌ๋กœ ์„ ์ž„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด ํŒ€์— ์ „๊ตญ์‹ค์—…์ถ•๊ตฌ์—ฐ๋งน์ „ ์ถ˜๊ณ„๋Œ€ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ์•ˆ๊ฒผ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€๋„์ž ๊ฐ๋…์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’ค 1993๋…„ ์‹ ํ˜„ํ˜ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ๋… ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋„˜๊ฒจ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ™ฉ์žฌ๋งŒ ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ์ด๊ฐ๋…์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1998๋…„ ์™ธํ™˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํŒ€์ด ํ•ด์ฒด๋˜์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2004๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ ํœ ์ฒด์–ด ๋Ÿญ๋น„ ํ˜‘ํšŒ์˜ ํšŒ์žฅ์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ํˆฌ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ง 1986๋…„ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์— ๋‹ค๋…€์˜จ ์ดํ›„ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์งˆํ™˜์ธ ์ฒ™์ˆ˜์—ผ์„ ์•“์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์ง€๋„์ž ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ์‹ ์ดŒ๋™์˜ ์„ธ๋ธŒ๋ž€์Šค๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์žฌํ™œ์— ๋งค์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2000๋…„ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ณ ์šฐ์ฒด์œกํšŒ ์ฃผ์ตœ๋กœ ์—ด๋ฆฐ '2000 ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ฒด์œก์ธ์˜ ๋‚ '์—์„œ ํ™ฉ์žฌ๋งŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชจ๊ธˆ ์šด๋™์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2006๋…„ ์ค‘๋™์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐ ์ค‘๋™๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๊ฐœ๊ต 100์ฃผ๋…„์„ ๋งž์ดํ•ด ์ด๋™๋ฌธํšŒ์—์„œ ํ™ฉ์žฌ๋งŒ์—๊ฒŒ '์˜์ง€์˜ ์ค‘๋™์ธ์ƒ'์„ ์ˆ˜์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2008๋…„์—๋Š” ์กฐ๋™ํ˜„, ๋ฐ•๋ณ‘์ฒ  ๋“ฑ 1971๋…„ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ•œ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ์ž„์ธ '71 ๋™์‹ฌํšŒ'์—์„œ ํšŒ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์•„ ์„ฑ๊ธˆ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 7์›” 28์ผ ์ฒ™์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋งˆ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์•…ํ™”๋˜์–ด ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋– ๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์œ ํ•ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ™”์„ฑ์‹œ ๋ณ‘์ ์˜ ์„ ์˜์— ์•ˆ์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€ 1976๋…„ 3์›” 27์ผ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์˜ 1976๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋งŒ 23์„ธ 65์ผ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋กœ A๋งค์น˜ 50ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•ด ์—ญ๋Œ€ 2์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1983๋…„ 3์›” 30์ผ ์žฌ์ผ๊ตํฌ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฐจ๋‚จ์ธ ํ™ฉ๋Œ€๊ท  ๋˜ํ•œ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. 2003๋…„ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ์ผ๋ ˆ๋ธ ์ฐฝ๊ฐ„ 33์ฃผ๋…„์„ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•ด ์„ ์ •ํ•œ 'ํ•œ๊ตญ์ถ•๊ตฌ 100๋…„์„ ๋น›๋‚ธ 55์ธ' ์ค‘ '70๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ11'์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋ฒ”๊ทผ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์ด ์ธ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต, ์„œ์šธ์‹ ํƒ์€ํ–‰ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ, ๊ณต๊ตฐ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ, ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์—์„œ ํ•œ์†ฅ๋ฐฅ์„ ๋จน์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ธ์—ฐ์„ ์Œ“์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฐจ๋ฒ”๊ทผ์ด ์•„์ด์Šค ๋ฒ„ํ‚ท ์ฑŒ๋ฆฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ๋‹น์‹œ ๋‹น์‹œ ํ™ฉ์žฌ๋งŒ์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํžˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก ํด๋Ÿฝ 1971๋…„ ~ 1974๋…„: ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต 1975๋…„ ~ 1976๋…„: ์„œ์šธ์‹ ํƒ์€ํ–‰ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ 1977๋…„ ~ 1979๋…„: ๊ณต๊ตฐ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ 1980๋…„ ~ 1984๋…„: ํ• ๋ ๋ฃจ์•ผ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ 1971๋…„ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ (U-20) 1972๋…„ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ (U-20) 1972๋…„ AFC ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ์ปต ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๋ฉ”๋ฅด๋ฐ์นด ๊ตญ์ œ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์ œ1ํšŒ ํ•œ์ผ ์ •๊ธฐ์ „ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๋ฐ•๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ปต ์Ÿํƒˆ ์•„์‹œ์•„์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ํ‚น์Šค์ปต ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ 1973๋…„ ์ž์นด๋ฅดํƒ€ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ ๊ธฐ๋…๋Œ€ํšŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ 1974๋…„ ๋ฐ•๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ปต ์Ÿํƒˆ ์•„์‹œ์•„์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ 1974๋…„ ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ํ‚น์Šค์ปต ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ 1975๋…„ 1976๋…„ AFC ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ์ปต ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๋ฐ•๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ปต ์Ÿํƒˆ ์•„์‹œ์•„์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์ž์นด๋ฅดํƒ€ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ ๊ธฐ๋…๋Œ€ํšŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๋ฉ”๋ฅด๋ฐ์นด ๊ตญ์ œ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์ œ4ํšŒ ํ•œ์ผ ์ •๊ธฐ์ „ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ํ‚น์Šค์ปต ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ 1976๋…„ 1976๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๋ฉ”๋ฅด๋ฐ์นด ๊ตญ์ œ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๋ฐ•๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ปต ์Ÿํƒˆ ๊ตญ์ œ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์ œ5ํšŒ ํ•œ์ผ ์ •๊ธฐ์ „ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ํ‚น์Šค์ปต ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ 1977๋…„ 1978๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์ œ6ํšŒ ํ•œ์ผ ์ •๊ธฐ์ „ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ 1978๋…„ ๋ฉ”๋ฅด๋ฐ์นด ๊ตญ์ œ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๋ฐ•๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ปต ์Ÿํƒˆ ๊ตญ์ œ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ 1978๋…„ ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ 1980๋…„ AFC ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ์ปต ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ 1979๋…„ ์ œ7ํšŒ ํ•œ์ผ ์ •๊ธฐ์ „ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๋ฉ”๋ฅด๋ฐ์นด ๊ตญ์ œ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ (BํŒ€) ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์‹œ์•„๋“œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ (BํŒ€) ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ํ†ต์‚ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ก: 98๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 2๊ณจ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋“์  ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋“์ ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์˜ ๋“์ ์„ ๋จผ์ € ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ํด๋Ÿฝ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ „๊ตญ์ถ•๊ตฌ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน 2ํšŒ: 1971๋…„, 1974๋…„ ์„œ์šธ์‹ ํƒ์€ํ–‰ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ ์ „๊ตญ์‹ค์—…์ถ•๊ตฌ์—ฐ๋งน์ „ ์šฐ์Šน 1ํšŒ: 1976๋…„ ์ถ˜๊ณ„ ํ• ๋ ๋ฃจ์•ผ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ ์ˆ˜ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์šฐ์Šน 1ํšŒ: 1983๋…„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์ค€์šฐ์Šน 2ํšŒ: 1971๋…„, 1972๋…„ AFC ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ์ปต ์ค€์šฐ์Šน 1ํšŒ: 1972๋…„ ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์šฐ์Šน 1ํšŒ: 1978๋…„ ๋ฉ”๋ฅด๋ฐ์นด ๊ตญ์ œ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน 4ํšŒ: 1972๋…„, 1975๋…„, 1978๋…„, 1979๋…„ (BํŒ€) ๋ฐ•๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ปต ์Ÿํƒˆ ๊ตญ์ œ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน 4ํšŒ: 1974๋…„, 1975๋…„, 1976๋…„, 1978๋…„ ํ‚น์Šค์ปต ์šฐ์Šน 2ํšŒ: 1974๋…„, 1975๋…„ ๊ฐ๋… ์ „๊ตญ์ถ•๊ตฌ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์ค€์šฐ์Šน 1ํšŒ: 1991๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๋ฐฐ ์ „๊ตญ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน 1ํšŒ: 1988๋…„ (์ฝ”์น˜) ์ „๊ตญ์‹ค์—…์ถ•๊ตฌ์—ฐ๋งน์ „ ์šฐ์Šน 2ํšŒ: 1990๋…„ ์ถ”๊ณ„, 1993๋…„ ์ถ˜๊ณ„ ์ค€์šฐ์Šน 5ํšŒ: 1986๋…„ ์ถ”๊ณ„ (์ฝ”์น˜), 1987๋…„ ์ถ˜๊ณ„ (์ฝ”์น˜), 1991๋…„ ์ถ˜๊ณ„, 1992๋…„ ์ถ˜๊ณ„, 1993๋…„ ์ถ”๊ณ„ ์ „๊ตญ์ฒด์œก๋Œ€ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน 2ํšŒ: 1991๋…„, 1993๋…„ ์ค€์šฐ์Šน 1ํšŒ: 1987๋…„ (์ฝ”์น˜) ๊ตฐ-์‹ค์—… ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน 2ํšŒ: 1991๋…„, 1992๋…„ ๊ฐœ์ธ 1974๋…„ ์ „๊ตญ์ถ•๊ตฌ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ๋Œ€ํšŒ ๊ฐํˆฌ์ƒ 1975๋…„ ์ฒด์œกํ›ˆ์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฐ์žฅ ๋Œ€ํ•œ์ถ•๊ตฌํ˜‘ํšŒ ์‹œ์ƒ์‹ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ 11: 5ํšŒ (1972๋…„, 1974๋…„, 1975๋…„, 1976๋…„, 1978๋…„) 1991๋…„ ๊ตฐ-์‹ค์—… ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์ง€๋„์ž ๊ฐ๋…์ƒ 1992๋…„ ๊ตฐ-์‹ค์—… ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์ง€๋„์ž ๊ฐ๋…์ƒ 1993๋…„ ์ „๊ตญ์‹ค์—…์ถ•๊ตฌ์—ฐ๋งน์ „ ์ง€๋„์ž ๊ฐ๋…์ƒ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Club & Country ํ†ต๊ณ„ 1953๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 2010๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ํ• ๋ ๋ฃจ์•ผ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ• ๋ ๋ฃจ์•ผ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… 1972๋…„ AFC ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 1974๋…„ ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 1978๋…„ ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋ฏธ๋“œํ•„๋” ์ˆ˜์›์‹œ ์ถœ์‹  ์ค‘๋™๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํœ ์ฒด์–ด ๋Ÿญ๋น„ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwang%20Jae-man
Hwang Jae-man
Hwang Jae-man (Korean: ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜๋•, 1 January 1953 โ€“ 5 January 2010) was a South Korean former football player and manager, playing as a left-back and midfielder. He is known as a long throw-in during his playing days, and has scored on several occasions with mid-range shots based on powerful kicks. He also displayed solid defensive skills with strong man-to-man marks, and from his twilight years onwards, he captained the club and South Korea, demonstrating leadership. Club career He was born in Orokcheonri, Anyongmyeon, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi (modern-day , Suwon, Gyeonggi-do), and attended Suwonbuk Middle School, , and Joongdong High School, and entered Korea University in 1971. He then scored several attacking goals in the 1974 Korean National Football Championship, contributing significantly to the team's victory in the tournament, and was awarded the Honorable Mention of the tournament for his performance. He then joined the Korea Trust Bank Football Club in 1975, and became a first-year member of the team after the team merged with the Seoul Bank Football Club in 1976 and was reorganized as the . He was also originally scheduled to join the Army Football Club in 1975, but his schedule was changed, and he joined the in 1976. Later in 1978, rumors of a move to Hyundai Football Club, which was preparing to be founded as a semi-professional team, were abandoned, and in 1979 he played in the All-Star Game as a member of the Military Unemployment All-Stars. He also played in the Goyeon OB All-Star Game in the same year, and was discharged from the Air Force that year and returned to Seoul Trust Bank. In 1980, he agreed to join the newly formed Hallelujah FC, and on September 9, 1979, he played in a charity match against Vitรณria in Brazil as part of Hallelujah, helping the club to a 3โ€“0 victory. Later, on the 20th, he played in a charity match between Hallelujah and Eintracht Frankfurt, where he was awarded a penalty kick but would miss, failing to prevent the team from losing 0โ€“2. Rumors about Hwang playing overseas in the North American Soccer League would emerge but he would never make the transfer to any club there, instead continuing to play for Hallelujah, becoming an original member of the club when it was founded on December 12, 1980. He then made his official debut for the club on March 24, 1981, against Americano, contributing to the team's 2โ€“1 win, and on April 22 he played in a match against South Korea, which the team lost 1โ€“2. Lee Young-moo, took over as captain after he left the team without permission, and on June 26, he assisted Oh Seok-jae's equalizer with a long throw-in just before the end of the second half in a dramatic draw against Operรกrio. In the quarter-finals of the tournament, he once again faced against South Korea, but again failed to qualify for the finals after losing 1โ€“2, and on November 4 of that year, he changed his position as the team's manager. After the K League's establishment in 1983, Hallelujah was selected to participate in the 1983 season but due to the shortage of players, Hwang would return to participate as a player and later coached the team during the All-Star Game in November of that year. At the age of 34, as the team's injuries increased, he was listed as a candidate player despite his coaching status and made a record of one appearance during the 1984 season. International career He participated in the 1971 AFC Youth Championship as a part of the South Korea U-20 team, and was the team's final penalty kicker in the semi-final against Japan, leading the team to a runner-up finish. He then played again in the 1972 AFC Youth Championship, where he played well and contributed to the team's two consecutive runners-up finishes. He was also selected for the 1972 AFC Asian Cup, and made his official debut for the South Korea national football team on May 5 in a group match against Iraq, but Hwang missed the penalty shootout and the team lost 7โ€“2 on penalties. However, he played as a key player until the final, contributing to the team achieving the runner-up title, and was also selected for the 1972 Merdeka Tournament, where he played well as a key player and contributed to the team's victory. He also participated in the 21st Japan-Korea Regular Tournament and the 1972 President's Cup Football Tournament, but the team would perform poorly in both tournaments. However, he was given another opportunity in a friendly match against Australia and also played in the 1972 King's Cup, where he was well received despite the team's poor performance. For these performances, he would win his first title at the 1972 KFA Awards. He was selected for South Korea at the 1973 Jakarta Anniversary Tournament, but his poor performance and the national team failed to win the title. Eventually, in July of that year, he was removed from the national team starting list due to a reshuffle of the South Korean squad, and he wouldn't play for the national team for a while. He was then included in the standing army roster for the 1974 Asian Games and the Asian Football Cup, and returned to the national team after a good performance, including scoring the winning goal in an exhibition match. He was in good form in the same year, assisting Cha Bum-kun's equalizer in an exhibition match against Middlesex Wanderers, but was unable to get any further opportunities as he played a part in the team's defeat due to a poor performance in the third leg of the Asian Games group stage against Kuwait. He was absent from the 23rd Japan-Korea Regular Tournament held shortly afterwards due to his participation in the Koyeon Exhibition. He then participated in the 1973 King's Cup, and was involved in the team's winning goal with a long throw-in in the semi-final against Malaysia and a long throw-in in the final against Thailand, helping the team win their second consecutive title. For his performances for the national team and his affiliates, he won his second title at the 1974 KFA Awards. In 1975, he was included in the standing army for the 1976 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers, and he scored the winning goal against South Vietnam. In the same year, he performed impressively, including being involved in the team's equalizer goal in the second exhibition match against Borussia Berlin, and was well received after three exhibition matches. In that year, he participated in the 1975 President's Cup Football Tournament and the in succession, leading the national team to two further tournament titles. After winning the Merdeka International Football Tournament, he was awarded the Order of Sport Merit along with other members of the national team. He also competed in the 1975 King's Cup and the 1976 Summer Olympics qualifiers, where he would make a major contribution to the team's title in the former. For this performance, he won his third title at the 1976 KFA Awards. He then impressed in an exhibition match against Homa in 1976, and also performed well in an exhibition match against the that followed, scoring the opening goal. However, he suffered a serious injury in the game, breaking his nose bone, and was unable to participate in the 1976 Summer Olympics qualifying match against Chinese Taipei shortly afterwards. On March 6, 1976, during a qualifier match against Japan for the 1976 Summer Olympics, Hwang would play in his 65th international football match at the age of 23 years and 65 days, became the second youngest player to reach the feat. He played in the second exhibition match against Manchester City in the same year, and shortly thereafter took part in the . He was also listed as part of the South Korean squad for the 1976 President Park's Cup Football Tournament, and contributed to the tournament's victory by assisting Lee Young-moo's opening goal against India. He also played in the 29th Japan-Korea Regular Tournament and scored the winning goal to lead his team to victory. Hwang also played in the 1976 King's Cup, scoring the winning goal against Singapore, but the national team failed to qualify for the final. For his yearly performance, he would win his fourth title at the 1976 KFA Awards. In 1977, he played in the 1978 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, and his performance was solid in the first round of home and away matches against Israel. He also played in the home and away first round home and final qualifying home matches against Iran, but was unable to play due to a thigh injury in the lead-up to the away match against Australia but the team would lose. He also missed the following home game against Kuwait due to injury, and after recovering from his injury, he played in an away game against Iran, but was unable to prevent his team from losing as he was embroiled in a controversy over a mistrial while he was playing defense. In 1978, he participated in the 1978 Merdeka Tournament and helped the national team win the title, and also competed in the 1978 President Park's Cup Football Tournament, but was unable to play after the semi-finals due to injury. He also scored the opening goal from the penalty spot in an exhibition match against Sporting Cristal, and was included in the final roster for the 1978 Asian Games to lead the national team to victory. For this performance, he won his fifth title for the 1978 KFA Awards. Later, in 1979, he participated in the 35th Japan-Korea Regular Tournament, but the team lost 1โ€“2. He was included in the preliminary list of the national team announced shortly afterwards, but failed to impress in another exhibition match against Sporting Cristal and was moved to South Korea B. He later played for the national B team, captaining the team during the , and helping the national team to a joint title. He also competed in the 1979 Summer Universiade, assisting Kim Ik-hyung's extra goal against Kuwait, but the team failed to qualify for the finals. Managerial career After his retirement from playing in 1984, he became the coach of Hallelujah and led the team to gain their first title in the 1988 Korean President's Cup National Football Tournament. He later became the team's head coach and in 1991, won the team's two national sports championships and the military-unemployed football tournament, and won the military-unemployed football Coach of the Year Award. In 1992, he led the team to two consecutive military-unemployed football championships, where he once again won the 1992 Coach of the Year award. In 1993, he was appointed to the board of directors of the , and in the same year, he led the team to the National Unemployed Football Federation Spring Tournament and won the Coach of the Year Award. Later, in 1993, he handed over the directorship to Shin Hyun-ho, with Hwang Jae-man himself as the general manager. He later retired from managing in 1998 when the team disbanded due to the 1997 Asian financial crisis. From 2004 until his death, he had been president of the Korea Wheelchair Rugby Association. Family and personal life On March 30, 1983, he married his spouse from Japan. His second son, , is also a footballer. After visiting Mexico in 1986, Hwang suffered from myelitis, a neurological disease, Upon initial return, Hwang would state that he still felt healthy but after a few days, started to feel symptoms of a severe cold, his body slowly reducing responsiveness and his toes going numb. He was later paralyzed from the lower body and spent rehabilitation at Severance Hospital in Sinchon-dong, Seoul, in parallel with his managerial career while in a wheelchair. In 2000, a fundraising campaign for Hwang was held at the 2000 Ancient Athletes Day held by Korea University's Ko Woo Sports Association. In 2003, in commemoration of the 33rd anniversary of the founding of Best Eleven, he was included in the "Best 11 of the '70s" among the "55 players who shone through 100 years of Korean football". In 2006, in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the opening of the and the Joongdong High School, the General Alumni Association awarded Hwang Jae-man the Joongdong Award of Will. In 2008, the 1971 Dongsim Association, a group of football players who graduated from high school in 1971, including Cho Dong-hyun and Park Byung-chul, collected dues and donated the money. Hwang passed away on July 7, 2010, due to worsening spinal nerve palsy, and his remains were interred in Seonyeong, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi. Hwang and Cha Bum-kun had developed a friendship within their careers in Korea University, , , and South Korea by eating Korean pot rice together. When Cha performed the Ice Bucket Challenge in 2014, he thought about Hwang performing the challenge with him intribute to his passing. Career Statistics International goals References 1953 births 2010 deaths People from Hwaseong, Gyeonggi Men's association football fullbacks Men's association football midfielders South Korean men's footballers Hallelujah FC players South Korean football managers Hallelujah FC managers 1972 AFC Asian Cup players Footballers from Gyeonggi Province Korea University alumni Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea Medalists at the 1978 Asian Games Asian Games medalists in football Footballers at the 1978 Asian Games Deaths from spinal cancer
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%8B%88%20%EB%8D%94%EA%B1%B4
ํ† ๋‹ˆ ๋”๊ฑด
ํ† ๋‹ˆ ๋”๊ฑด(, 1991๋…„ 7์›” 25์ผ ~ )์€ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”๋ผ ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜จ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ๋‚˜์˜ ์•„ํ‹€๋ ˆํ‹ฐ์ฝ” ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ๋…ธ์—์„œ ์œ™์–ด ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 16์„ธ ์‹œ์ ˆ์ด๋˜ 2007๋…„์— ์—๋ฒ„ํ„ด์— ์ž…๋‹จํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2008๋…„์—๋Š” ์—๋ฒ„ํ„ด์˜ FA ์—ฌ์ž ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ปต(ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ FA ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ๋‚ด์…”๋„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ปต) ์šฐ์Šน์„ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2009๋…„์—๋Š” ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํ˜‘ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๊ณ  2010๋…„์—๋Š” ์—๋ฒ„ํ„ด์˜ FA ์—ฌ์ž์ปต ์šฐ์Šน์„ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 11์›”์— ๋งจ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ ์‹œํ‹ฐ๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2015-16 FA ์—ฌ์ž ์Šˆํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ ๋งจ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ ์‹œํ‹ฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฒซ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ณธ์„  ์ง„์ถœ์„ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 7์›”์—๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”๋ผ ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜จ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ๋‚˜ ์†Œ์† ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํด๋Ÿฝ์ธ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์…€๋กœ๋‚˜๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  2019๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์…€๋กœ๋‚˜์˜ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ค€์šฐ์Šน์„ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 7์›”์—๋Š” ์•„ํ‹€๋ ˆํ‹ฐ์ฝ” ํŽ˜๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ๋…ธ๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 15์„ธ ์‹œ์ ˆ์ด๋˜ 2007๋…„ 3์›”์— ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์—ฌ์ž U-17 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์—์„œ ๊ต์ฒด ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ธฐ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2008๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2012๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์—ฌ์ž U-19, U-20, U-23 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์น ๋ ˆ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ 2008๋…„ FIFA U-20 ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต, ๋…์ผ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ 2010๋…„ FIFA U-20 ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋ฃจ์Šค์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ 2009๋…„ UEFA U-19 ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์šฐ์Šน์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 9์›” 19์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„์™€์˜ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2013 ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์›จ๋ด์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2013์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 1๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„ ์—์„œ 1๋ฌด 2ํŒจ๋กœ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 9์›” 26์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ„ฐํ‚ค์™€์˜ 2015๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ง€์—ญ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฒซ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ํ•ดํŠธํŠธ๋ฆญ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2014๋…„ 4์›” 5์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋ชฌํ…Œ๋„ค๊ทธ๋กœ์™€์˜ 2015๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ง€์—ญ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋„ ํ•ดํŠธํŠธ๋ฆญ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ 2015๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์™€์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์™€์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•„์™€์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด์™€์˜ 16๊ฐ•์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์˜ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ 3์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ผ€์ž„๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๊ณต์ž‘ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„์€ ์ผ„์ง•ํ„ด๊ถ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์˜๊ตญ ์™•์‹ค์˜ ํ™˜์˜ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์—์„œ ํ† ๋‹ˆ ๋”๊ฑด์„ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2017์—์„œ๋Š” ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ์™€์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 1๊ณจ, ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ๊ณผ์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 1๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ 4๊ฐ•์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ 2019๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์นด๋ฉ”๋ฃฌ๊ณผ์˜ 16๊ฐ•์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด์™€์˜ 8๊ฐ•์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ 4์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ ํ† ๋‹ˆ ๋”๊ฑด์€ 2010๋…„์— ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ๋ ˆ์Šคํ„ฐ์…”์ฃผ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋Ÿฌํ”„๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์— ์ถ•๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ธ์ข… ์ฐจ๋ณ„์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๋‹จ์ฒด์ธ ํ‚ฅ ์ž‡ ์•„์›ƒ(Kick It Out), ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์ž์„  ๋‹จ์ฒด์ธ ์„ธ์ด๋น™ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์Šค(Saving Lives)์˜ ํ™๋ณด ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 5์›”์—๋Š” ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ ๊ณ„์ • ํŒ”๋กœ์›Œ 100,000๋ช…์„ ๋ŒํŒŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ํด๋Ÿฝ ์—๋ฒ„ํ„ด FA ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ๋‚ด์…”๋„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ปต 1ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน (2007-08) FA ์—ฌ์ž์ปต 1ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน (2009-10) ๋งจ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ ์‹œํ‹ฐ FA ์—ฌ์ž ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ปต 2ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน (2014, 2016) FA ์—ฌ์ž ์Šˆํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน (2016) FA ์—ฌ์ž์ปต 1ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน (2016-17) ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์…€๋กœ๋‚˜ ์ฝ”ํŒŒ ๋ฐ ๋ผ ๋ ˆ์ด๋‚˜ 1ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน (2018) ์ฝ”ํŒŒ ์นดํƒˆ๋ฃจ๋ƒ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ๋‚˜ 1ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน (2018) UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1ํšŒ ์ค€์šฐ์Šน (2018-19) ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ 2009๋…„ UEFA U-19 ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน 2015๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต 3์œ„ 2019๋…„ ์‹œ๋นŒ๋ฅด๋ธŒ์Šค์ปต ์šฐ์Šน ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1991๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์œ™์–ด ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2013 ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2015๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2017 ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2019๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ FA ์—ฌ์ž ์Šˆํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ F์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋งจ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ ์‹œํ‹ฐ WFC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ FC ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์…€๋กœ๋‚˜ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์•„ํ‹€๋ ˆํ‹ฐ์ฝ” ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ๋…ธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni%20Duggan
Toni Duggan
Toni Duggan (born 25 July 1991) is an English footballer who plays as a winger or forward for Everton and the England national team. She has previously played in England for Everton and Manchester City, and in Spain for Barcelona and Atlรฉtico Madrid. Club career Everton: 2007โ€“2013 Duggan broke into the Everton side in the 2007โ€“08 season when the regular forwards suffered injuries. She scored the winning extraโ€“time goal against Watford Ladies to put Everton into that season's FA Women's Premier League Cup final. Duggan was the named the FA Women's Young Player of the Year in 2009, the England Women's Under-23 Player of the Year in 2012 and the North West Female Player of the Year in 2013. Duggan also played in Everton's 2010 FA Women's Cup final win over Arsenal. Her form in the second part of the 2011 FA WSL season led teammate Rachel Unitt to predict a callโ€“up to the senior England squad. Manchester City: 2014โ€“2017 After seven years at Everton, it was announced on 28 November 2013 that Duggan had signed with Manchester City. In August 2015, she became the first female player to receive the club's Goal of the Season award following an impressive goal against Chelsea in the Women's Super League. She was part of the team when Manchester City played in the Women's Champions League for the first time. In November 2016, Duggan scored a noted goal in City's Champions League match with Brรธndby. Barcelona: 2017โ€“2019 Toni Duggan signed for FC Barcelona Femenรญ on 6 July 2017. She was part of the squad that finished runners up to Lyon in the 2019 UEFA Women's Champions League Final. On 5 July 2019, Duggan announced she was leaving Barcelona after two seasons in Spain in search of a "new challenge." Atlรฉtico Madrid: 2019โ€“2021 On 31 July 2019, Duggan joined Atlรฉtico Madrid. On January 16 2021 she won her first trophy as an Atlรฉtico player appearing as a 2nd half substitute in their 3-0 win in the Supercopa de Espaรฑa Femenina final against Levante. After two seasons, Duggan left Atlรฉtico Madrid. She made 55 appearances in all competitions. Everton: 2021โ€“present On 9 July 2021, Duggan returned to Everton, signing a two-year contract with the club. International career In March 2007, 15-yearโ€“old Duggan came off the substitute's bench to score on her debut for England Under-17s. She has since represented England at Under-19, Under-20 and Under-23 levels. She played in the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup in both 2008 and 2010. On Duggan's 18th birthday, she scored one of the two goals in England's 2009 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship maiden final win, against Sweden in Belarus. Duggan completed her first cap for Hope Powell's senior team in England's 3โ€“0 win over Croatia at Bescot Stadium on 19 September 2012. She scored her first international hat-trick in a match against Turkey on 26 September 2013. She scored another hat-trick in England's World Cup qualifying game against Montenegro in April 2014. In 2015, Duggan was part of England's squad for the FIFA Women's World Cup in Canada. The team came third in the competition, securing the bronze medal, and were subsequently congratulated by Prince William at a reception held at Kensington Palace. Duggan was allotted 179 when the FA announced their legacy numbers scheme to honour the 50th anniversary of Englandโ€™s inaugural international. Personal life Like nearly all of today's professional women footballers, Duggan started playing with boys โ€“ for an under-eight team known as the Jellytots. Duggan attended Notre Dame Catholic College and graduated from Loughborough College in 2010. Duggan is an ambassador for Kick It Out, football's anti-discrimination organisation and the charity Saving Lives. On 27 September 2022, Duggan announced that she was pregnant with her first child, and would miss the rest of the WSL season. In March 2023, she announced the birth of her daughter. Career statistics Club . International goals As of match played 2 July 2019. England score listed first, score column indicates score after each Duggan goal. Honours Everton FA Women's League Cup: 2007-08 FA Women's Cup: 2009โ€“10 Manchester City FA Women's League Cup: 2014, 2016 FA WSL: 2016 Women's FA Cup: 2016โ€“17 Barcelona Copa de la Reina: 2018 Copa Catalunya: 2018, 2017 UEFA Women's Champions League runner-up: 2018โ€“19 Atlรฉtico Madrid Supercopa de Espaรฑa Femenina: 2020-21 England FIFA Women's World Cup third place: 2015 SheBelieves Cup: 2019 References External links Profile at La Liga Profile at The Football Association Living people English women's footballers Everton F.C. (women) players FA Women's National League players Footballers from Liverpool 1991 births Women's Super League players England women's under-23 international footballers England women's international footballers Manchester City W.F.C. players 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players English expatriate sportspeople in Spain Expatriate women's footballers in Spain Liga F players FC Barcelona Femenรญ players Women's association football forwards Women's association football wingers 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players Atlรฉtico Madrid Femenino players UEFA Women's Euro 2017 players Alumni of Loughborough College
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%95%BC%ED%8C%8C
๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ
์š”์…‰ ๋ฒค ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ(๊ณต๋™๋ฒˆ์—ญ), ๊ฐ€์•ผ๋ฐ”(๊ฐœ์—ญ๊ฐœ์ •), ์นด์•ผํŒŒ(๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ) (; , 14 BC ~ 46 AD)๋Š” ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ์˜ ๋Œ€์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณต์Œ์„œ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชจ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฐํ—ค๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์žฌํŒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ์˜ ์ƒ์• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ์ฐจ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์‹ ์•ฝ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์š”์„ธํ‘ธ์Šค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์™ธ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋Œ€์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ฆ์–ธ ์š”์„ธํ‘ธ์Šค 1์„ธ๊ธฐ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™์ž ์š”์„ธํ‘ธ์Šค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ ์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ ๋น™์„ฑ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ €์ž‘์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋Œ€์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์ด ๋งก์€ ์—…๋ฌด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ํ†ต์ผ์„ฑ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์š”์„ธํ‘ธ์Šค๋Š” ์œ ๋Œ€ ๊ณ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ 18์žฅ 33-35์ชฝ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ๋Œ€ ๊ณ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ 18์žฅ 95-97์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋ฃจํ‚ค์šฐ์Šค ๋น„ํ…”๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ์˜ ์žฅ์ธ์ธ ์•ˆ๋‚˜์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ž„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์š”์„ธํ‘ธ์Šค๋Š” ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋Œ€์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์„ ๋งก์•˜๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๋Œ€์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์š”์„ธํ‘ธ์Šค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ๋Š” ์„œ๊ธฐ 18๋…„์— ํฐํ‹ฐ์šฐ์Šค ํ•„๋ผํˆฌ์Šค์˜ ์ „์ž„์ž๋กœ์„œ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์ด๋…์„ ๋งก์•˜๋˜ ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค ๊ทธ๋ผํˆฌ์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋Œ€์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ๋Š” ์„ธ์Šค์˜ ์•„๋“ค ์•ˆ๋‚˜์Šค(์•„๋‚˜๋ˆ„์Šค๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆผ)์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ„์ด๋‹ค. ์•ˆ๋‚˜์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์ž„๋œ ํ›„, ์‚ฌ์œ„์™€ ์•„๋“ค ์ด 5๋ช…์ด ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๋Œ€์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์ง์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์„ธ์Šค์˜ ์•„๋“ค ์•„๋‚˜๋ˆ„์Šค (๊ธฐ์›ํ›„ 6โ€“15) ์•„๋‚˜๋ˆ„์Šค์˜ ์•„๋“ค ์—˜๋ฅด์•„์ž˜ (16โ€“17) ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ, ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ์˜ ์•„๋“ค ์š”์…‰ (18โ€“36). ์•ˆ๋‚˜์Šค์˜ ๋”ธ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•จ (์š”ํ•œ๋ณต์Œ 18:13). ์•„๋‚˜๋ˆ„์Šค์˜ ์•„๋“ค ์š”๋‚˜๋‹จ (36โ€“37, 44) ๋ฐ์˜คํ•„๋ฃจ์Šค ๋ฒค ์•„๋‚˜๋ˆ„์Šค (37โ€“41) ๋งˆํ‹ฐ์•„์Šค ๋ฒค ์•„๋‚˜๋ˆ„์Šค (43) ์•„๋‚˜๋ˆ„์Šค ๋ฒค ์•„๋‚˜๋ˆ„์Šค (63) ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ์™€ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ์•” ๋‚ฉ๊ณจ๋‹น ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ์˜ ์œ ๊ณจํ•จ 1990๋…„ 11์›”, ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜ ๋ถ€๊ทผ ์•„๋ถ€ ํ†จ์˜ ํ•œ ์ˆฒ์—์„œ ๊ธธ์„ ๋‚ด๋˜ ์ž‘์—…์ž๋“ค์€, ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์œ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™”๋ คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋œ ์„ํšŒ์„ ์œ ๊ณจํ•จ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜†๋ฉด์—๋Š” ์•„๋žŒ์–ด๋กœ "๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ์˜ ์•„๋“ค ์š”์…‰"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋น„๋ฌธ์ด ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ์œ ํ•ด๋Š” ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์œ ๊ณจํ•จ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ๋น„๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฒ ์ž๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ์˜ ๋Œ€์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์ง์—๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก, (๋น„๋ก ์œ ๊ณจํ•จ์€ ํ™”๋ คํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ) ๋ฌด๋ค์ด ๋งค์šฐ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์  ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋„์ „์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ์•” ์œ ๊ณจํ•จ 2011๋…„ 6์›” ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์ผ๋ž€(Bar-Ilan) ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ณผ ํ…”์•„๋น„๋ธŒ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์—˜๋ผ(Elah) ๊ณ„๊ณก์˜ ๋ฌด๋ค์—์„œ ๋„๊ตด๋‹นํ•œ ์œ ๊ณจํ•จ์„ ๋ณต์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์žฌ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ตญ์€ ์ด ์œ ๊ณจํ•จ์ด ์ง„ํ’ˆ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ณธ๋ž˜์˜ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ(in situ) ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์— ์•„์‰ฌ์›€์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ด ์œ ๊ณจํ•จ์—๋Š” "๋ฒณ ์ž„๋ฆฌ(Beth Imri) ์ถœ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์•„์‹œ์•ผ(Ma'aziah)์˜ ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์ธ ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ์˜ ์•„๋“ค ์—ฌํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์•„์˜ ๋”ธ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ์•”"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธ€์ด ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ๋Š” ๋‹ค์œ—์™•์ด ์„ธ์šด ์‹œ์„ค์ธ ๋งˆ์•„์‹œ์•ผ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์ง์ž ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฃŒํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์œ ์ถ”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์•ฝ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ ์š”ํ•œ๋ณต์Œ: ๋กœ๋งˆ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ์˜ ์žฅ์ธ ์•ˆ๋‚˜์Šค๋Š” ์„œ๊ธฐ 6๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 15๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ€์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์ง์„ ๋งก์•˜๊ณ , ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ์œ ๋Œ€์˜ ์ •๋ฌด์—์„œ ๊ณ„์† ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ์•ˆ๋‚˜์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์œ ๋Œ€์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ๋“ค๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋‘๊ฐœํŒŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋œป์„ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ์˜ ๋น„๊ต์  ๊ธด 18๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง‘๊ถŒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋กœ๋งˆ ๋‹น๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ข‹์€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•”์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์š”ํ•œ๋ณต์Œ 11์žฅ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ๋Š” ๋‚˜์‚ฌ๋กœ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ™œ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐํ—ค๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์˜ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์ง‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํด๋กœ๋“œ ์š”์…‰ ๋“œ๋ฃจ(Claude-Joseph Drioux)๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€๋ณต์Œ์— ์ด์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€๋ณต์Œ 16์žฅ 28-30์ ˆ์—๋Š” ์ฃฝ์–ด์„œ ์ง€์˜ฅ์— ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ง€ ๋‚˜์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ž๊ธฐ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์™€ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ํ˜•์ œ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ด ์ฆ์–ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋“œ๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ด ๋น„์œ ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ์˜ ์žฅ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ์ฒ˜๋‚จ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋ชจ์˜ํ•œ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์ƒˆ์ธ์„ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ณ , ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํผ์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ• ์ง€ ์˜๋…ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ "์ด๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‘๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด์š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋กœ๋งˆ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์™€์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋•…๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์„ ๋นผ์•—์•„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ผ"๊ณ  ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์š”ํ•œ๋ณต์Œ 18์žฅ์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์•ˆ๋‚˜์Šค์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฒ˜๋กœ ์žกํ˜€๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์•ˆ๋‚˜์Šค๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ œ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ตํ›ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณธ ๋’ค ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ๋Š” "ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ(์˜ˆ์ˆ˜)"์ด ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃฝ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ ์ตํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ž๋น„์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ์„ ์ธ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ ๋ง์ด๋‹ค(Gen. R. 94:9). ์ดํ›„์— ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋กœ๋งˆ์˜ ์œ ๋Œ€ ์ด๋…์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ํฐํ‹ฐ์šฐ์Šค ํ•„๋ผํˆฌ์Šค๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ง„๋‹ค. ํ•„๋ผํˆฌ์Šค๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ๋“ค์ด ์•Œ์•„์„œ ์žฌํŒํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ๋“ค์€ ์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ฃฝ์ผ ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•„๋ผํˆฌ์Šค๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง„ ํ›„, "๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์•„๋ฌด ์ฃ„๋„ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€"๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•„๋ผํˆฌ์Šค๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์œ ์›”์ ˆ ๊ด€๋ก€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃ„์ธ์„ ๋†“์•„์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ฐ”๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋†“์•„์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆํƒœ๋ณต์Œ: ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜์˜ ์žฌํŒ ๋งˆํƒœ๋ณต์Œ 26์žฅ 56-67์ ˆ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฐํ—ค๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์˜์›๋“ค์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‹ฌ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์น  ๊ฑฐ์ง“ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์–ป์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„์ธ์ง€ ๋งํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์•„๋ฌด๋ง๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋Š” "๋„ค๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋Š๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฅด๋…ธ๋‹ˆ ์ด ํ›„์— ์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ถŒ๋Šฅ์˜ ์šฐํŽธ์— ์•‰์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ํ•˜๋Š˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„ˆํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋ฆฌ๋ผ"๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•œ๋‹ค (์ด ๋‹ต๋ณ€์€ ๋งˆ๊ฐ€๋ณต์Œ 14์žฅ 62์ ˆ์—๋„ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค). ์ด์— ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ ์„ฑ๋ชจ๋…์˜ ์ฃ„๋ชฉ์„ ์”Œ์šฐ๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌํ˜•์„ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜์  ํ•จ์˜ ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋‚˜์Šค์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ„๋กœ ์‹ ์•ฝ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๋Œ€์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ทธ ์ง๋ถ„์„ ๋งก๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์œ ๋Œ€ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋กœ๋งˆ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์™€ ๋กœ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ซ“์•„๋‚ด๋ ค๋Š” ์—ด์‹ฌ๋‹น ์šด๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฑฑ์ •์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋งˆ์ธ๋“ค์€ ํ• ๋ผ์นด๋ฅผ ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฉด์„œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌํ˜•์„ ์ง‘ํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‹ ์„ฑ๋ชจ๋…์˜ ์ฃ„๋ชฉ์€ ํ•„๋ผํˆฌ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์‹ ์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋…์„ ์ €์ง€๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์•„๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ ์–ธํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹ค์œ—์˜ ์™•๊ตญ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์Ÿ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ž€ ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋กœ๋งˆ์˜ ์ฆ‰๊ฒฐ ์ฒ˜ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋„ํ–‰์ „: ๋ฒ ๋“œ๋กœ์™€ ์š”ํ•œ์ด ์กฐ์šฉํžˆ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•จ ์ดํ›„์— ์‚ฌ๋„ํ–‰์ „ 4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š”, ๋ฒ ๋“œ๋กœ์™€ ์‚ฌ๋„ ์š”ํ•œ์ด ์žฅ์• ์ธ์„ ๊ณ ์นœ ํ›„์— ์•ˆ๋‚˜์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ์™€ ์•ˆ๋‚˜์Šค๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ๋„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๊ถŒํ•œ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ ์„ ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋Š๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฒ ๋“œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ น์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“์ฐจ ๋‚˜์‚ฌ๋ › ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ด ํž˜์˜ ์›์ฒœ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์ œ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ต์œก๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ๋ฐ๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์›์ž๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋‹ด๋Œ€ํžˆ ์›…๋ณ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋†€๋ž€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ๋Š” ์šฐ์„  ์ด ์‚ฌ๋„๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ ์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฌธ์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํŽด์กŒ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๋Œ€์‹  ์‚ฌ๋„๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•˜์ž๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฒ ๋“œ๋กœ์™€ ์š”ํ•œ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ๋ช…๋ น์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‘˜์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š๋‹˜์˜ ๋ง์”€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹น์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•˜๋Š๋‹˜ ๋ณด์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ณ์€ ์ผ์ด๊ฒ ๋Š”์ง€ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ํŒ๋‹จํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ์˜ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋“ค ํ—ฌ๋ Œ ์บ์„œ๋ฆฐ ๋ณธ๋“œ(Helen Catharine Bond)์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋ž๋น„ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์— ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ „ํ•ด์ ธ์˜ค๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์–ด์› ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ์–ด์›์€ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. "์ž˜์ƒ๊ธด"์˜ ์•„๋žŒ์–ด "๋ฐ”์œ„"๋‚˜ "๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ๋‚œ ๋ฐ”์œ„"(Kefa)๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ์•„๋žŒ์–ด "๊ณจ์งœ๊ธฐ"๋‚˜ "์›€ํ‘นํ•œ ๋•…"์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ์•„์นด๋“œ์–ด ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ๋ฌธํ•™ ๋‹จํ…Œ์˜ ์‹ ๊ณก ์ค‘ ์ง€์˜ฅํŽธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ๋Š” ์œ„์„ ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ‡ํžˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์›์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฏ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์€ ์˜์›ํ•œ ์‹ญ์ž๊ฐ€ํ˜•์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ, ์œ„์„ ์ž์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑท๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์˜์›ํžˆ ๋ฐŸ๊ณ  ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ๋ธ”๋ ˆ์ดํฌ์˜ ์†Œ์„ค์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์‹ ์ž๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์ƒˆ์ธ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธํ•˜์ผ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ฝ”ํ”„์˜ ์†Œ์„ค ๊ฑฐ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋งˆ๋ฅด๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํƒ€์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์•ผํŒŒ๋Š” ํฐํ‹ฐ์šฐ์Šค ํ•„๋ผํˆฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌํ˜•์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋„๋ก ์ข…์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ถœ์ฒ˜ NETBible: Caiaphas ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ The Ossuary of Joseph Caiaphas Images of the Ossuary of Caiaphas ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 10๋…„๋Œ€ ์ถœ์ƒ 40๋…„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜์™€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์œ ๋Œ€ ์†์ฃผ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caiaphas
Caiaphas
Joseph ben Caiaphas (; c. 14 BC โ€“ c. 46 AD), known simply as Caiaphas in the New Testament, was the Jewish high priest during the years of Jesus' ministry, according to Josephus. The Gospels of Matthew, Luke and John indicate he was an organizer of the plot to kill Jesus. He famously presided over the Sanhedrin trial of Jesus. The primary sources for Caiaphas' life are the New Testament, and the writings of Josephus. The latter records he was made high priest by the Roman procurator Valerius Gratus after Simon ben Camithus had been deposed. Etymology The Babylonian Talmud (Yevamot 15B) gives the family name as Kuppai, while the Jerusalem Talmud (Yevamot 1:6) mentions Nekifi. The Mishnah, Parah 3:5, refers to the family name as hakKof (perhaps "the Monkey", a play on his name for opposing the Pharisees). The family name Caiaphas ืงึทื™ึธึผืคึธื” has a few possible origins: from ืงื•ึผืคึธึผื” 'basket', 'tub', verbalized as ืงึดื™ึตึผืฃ , whence ืงึทื™ึธึผืฃ meaning 'basket maker', or a worker utilizing baskets such as to sell spices ฮบฮตฯ†ฮฌฮปฮฑฮนฮฟฯ‚: from ฮบฮตฯ†ฮฑฮปฮฎ (kephalแธ—, โ€œheadโ€) + -ฮนฮฟฯ‚ (-ios, adjective suffix) - meaning: main, chief, principal, primary "as comely" in Aramaic a "dell", or a "depression" in Akkadian. Accounts New Testament John: relations with Romans Annas, father-in-law of Caiaphas (John 18:13), had been high-priest from AD 6 to 15, and continued to exercise a significant influence over Jewish affairs. Annas and Caiaphas may have sympathized with the Sadducees, a religious movement in Judaea that found most of its members among the wealthy Jewish elite. The comparatively long eighteen-year tenure of Caiaphas suggests he had a good working relationship with the Roman authorities. In the Gospel of John (John 11), the high priests call a gathering of the Sanhedrin in reaction to the raising of Lazarus. In the parable related in the Gospel of Luke (Luke 16:28โ€“30), the likely reaction of the "five brothers" to the possibility of the return of the beggar Lazarus has given rise to the suggestion by Claude-Joseph Drioux and others that the "rich man" is itself an attack on Caiaphas, his father-in-law, and his five brothers-in-law. Caiaphas considers, with "the Chief Priests and Pharisees", what to do about Jesus, whose influence was spreading. They worry that if they "let him go on like this, everyone will believe in him, and the Romans will come and destroy both our holy place and our nation." In the Gospel of John (John 18), Jesus is brought before Annas, whose palace was closer. Annas questioned him regarding his disciples and teaching, and then sent him on to Caiaphas. Caiaphas makes a political calculation, suggesting that it would be better for "one man" (Jesus) to die than for "the whole nation" to be destroyed. Similar ideas can be found in rabbinical discussion in Talmud and Midrash. According to John 11:51-52 it states that "He did not say this of his own accord, but being high priest that year he prophesied that Jesus would die for the nation, and not for the nation only, but also to gather into one the children of God who are scattered abroad." Afterward, Jesus is taken to Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea. Pilate tells the priests to judge Jesus themselves, to which they respond they lack authority to do so. Pilate questions Jesus, after which he states, "I find no basis for a charge against him." Pilate then offers the gathered crowd the choice of one prisoner to releaseโ€”said to be a Passover traditionโ€”and they choose a criminal named Barabbas instead of Jesus. Matthew: trial of Jesus In the Gospel of Matthew (Matthew 26:56โ€“67), Caiaphas and others of the Sanhedrin are depicted interrogating Jesus. They are looking for evidence with which to convict Jesus, but are unable to find any. Jesus remains silent throughout the proceedings until Caiaphas demands that Jesus say whether he is the Christ. Jesus replies "The words are your own: and you will see the Son of Man seated at the right hand of power, and coming on the clouds of heaven." (Mark 14:62) Caiaphas and the other men charge him with blasphemy and sentence him to corporal punishment for his crime. Political implications Caiaphas was the son-in-law of Annas by marriage to his daughter and ruled longer than any high priest in New Testament times. For Jewish leaders of the time, there were serious concerns about Roman rule and an insurgent Zealot movement to eject the Romans from Israel. The Romans would not perform executions for violations of Halakha, therefore a charge of blasphemy would not have mattered to Pilate. Caiaphas' position, therefore, was to establish that Jesus was guilty not only of blasphemy, but also of proclaiming himself to be the Messiah, which was understood as the return of the Davidic kingship. Acts: Peter and John refuse to be silenced Later, in Acts 4, Peter and John went before Annas and Caiaphas after having healed a crippled beggar. Caiaphas and Annas questioned the apostles' authority to perform such a miracle. When Peter, full of the Holy Spirit, answered that Jesus of Nazareth was the source of their power, Caiaphas and the other priests realized that the two men had no formal education yet spoke eloquently about the man they called their saviour. Caiaphas sent the apostles away, and agreed with the other priests that the word of the miracle had already been spread too much to attempt to refute, and instead the priests would need to warn the apostles not to spread the name of Jesus. However, when they gave Peter and John this command, the two refused, saying "Judge for yourselves whether it is right in God's sight to obey you rather than God. For we cannot help speaking about what we have seen and heard." Josephus The 1st-century Jewish historian Josephus is considered the most reliable extra-biblical literary source for Caiaphas. His works contain information on the dates for Caiaphas' tenure of the high priesthood, along with reports on other high priests, and also help to establish a coherent description of the responsibilities of the high-priestly office. Josephus (Antiquitates Judaicae 18.33โ€“35) relates that Caiaphas became a high priest during a turbulent period. He also states that the Legate of Syria Lucius Vitellius the Elder deposed Caiaphas (Antiquitates Judaicae 18.95โ€“97). Josephus' account is based on an older source, in which incumbents of the high priesthood were listed chronologically. According to Josephus, Caiaphas was appointed in AD 18 by the Roman prefect Valerius Gratus who preceded Pontius Pilate. According to John, Caiaphas was the son-in-law of the high priest Annas, who is widely identified with Ananus the son of Seth, mentioned by Josephus. Annas was deposed after the death of Augustus, but had five sons who served as high priest after him. The terms of Annas, Caiaphas, and the five brothers are: Ananus (or Annas) the son of Seth (6โ€“15) Eleazar the son of Ananus (16โ€“17) Caiaphas, properly called Joseph son of Caiaphas (18โ€“36/37), who had married the daughter of Annas () Jonathan the son of Ananus (spring 37) Theophilus ben Ananus (37โ€“41) Matthias ben Ananus (43) Ananus ben Ananus (63) Rabbinic literature According to Helen Bond, there may be some references to Caiaphas in the rabbinic literature. Archaeology In November 1990, workers found an ornate limestone ossuary while paving a road in the Peace Forest south of the Abu Tor neighborhood of Jerusalem. This ossuary appeared authentic and contained human remains. An Aramaic inscription on the side was thought to read "Joseph son of Caiaphas" and on the basis of this the bones of an elderly man were considered to belong to the High Priest Caiaphas. Since the original discovery, this identification has been challenged by some scholars on various grounds, including the spelling of the inscription, the lack of any mention of Caiaphas' status as High Priest, the plainness of the tomb (although the ossuary itself is as ornate as might be expected from someone of his rank and family), and other reasons. In June 2011, archaeologists from Bar-Ilan University and Tel Aviv University announced the recovery of a stolen ossuary, plundered from a tomb in the Valley of Elah. The Israel Antiquities Authority declared it authentic, and expressed regret that it could not be studied in situ. It is inscribed with the text: "Miriam, daughter of Yeshua, son of Caiaphas, Priest of Maโ€™aziah from Beth โ€˜Imri". Based on it, Caiaphas can be assigned to the priestly division of Maโ€™aziah, instituted by king David. Literature and arts Literature In the thirteenth-century French text Estoire del Saint Graal, Caiaphas is responsible for imprisoning Joseph of Arimathea. the Roman emperor Vespasian promises not to slay or burn him for information about Joseph. To punish him, he instead sets him adrift at sea. In Inferno, Dante Alighieri places Caiaphas in the sixth realm of the eighth circle of Hell, where hypocrites are punished in the afterlife. His punishment is to be eternally crucified across the hypocrites' path, who eternally step on him. Caiaphas is mentioned throughout the works of William Blake as a byword for a traitor or Pharisee. Caiaphas and his ossuary are the subjects of Bob Hostetler's novel, The Bone Box (2008). Caiaphas is mentioned in the 19th verse of The Ballad of Reading Gaol by Oscar Wilde: He is also depicted having an argument with Pontius Pilate regarding the passing of the death sentence against Jesus in The Master and Margarita by Mikhail Bulgakov. Arts Christ before Caiaphas, c.1490, is one of only a handful of works attributed to Antonio della Corna, who was active primarily in his native Lombardy in northern Italy. Film portrayals Actors who have portrayed Caiaphas include Rudolph Schildkraut in Cecil B. DeMille's film King of Kings (1927), Guy Rolfe in Nicholas Ray's film King of Kings (1961), Rodolfo Wilcock in Pier Paolo Pasolini's film The Gospel According to St. Matthew (1964), Martin Landau in George Stevens' film The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965), Bob Bingham in Norman Jewison's film Jesus Christ Superstar (1973), Anthony Quinn in Franco Zeffirelli's television miniseries Jesus of Nazareth (1977), Christian Kohlund in Jesus (1999), David Schofield in The Miracle Maker (2000), Mattia Sbragia in Mel Gibson's film The Passion of the Christ (2004), Bernard Hepton in Son of Man, Adrian Schiller in the TV miniseries The Bible (2013) and the film Son of God (2014), both by same production team, Rufus Sewell in Killing Jesus (2015) and Richard Coyle in A.D. The Bible Continues, an NBC miniseries by Mark Burnett and Roma Downey. See also List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources Aristobulus III of Judea - High priest who was the last Hasmonean royal Notes Citations Sources NETBible: Caiaphas External links The Ossuary of Joseph Caiaphas Images of the Ossuary of Caiaphas 10s BC births 40s deaths 1st-century High Priests of Israel 1st-century clergy Jesus and history Judea (Roman province) People in the canonical gospels Religious leaders from the Roman Empire Characters in the Divine Comedy
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๋“๋Š”์  ์˜ค๋ฆ„
๋“๋Š”์  ์˜ค๋ฆ„์€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ์•ก์ฒด(์šฉ๋งค)์˜ ๋“๋Š”์ ์ด ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์šฉ๋งค์˜ ๋“๋Š”์ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์†Œ๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์šฉ์งˆ์ด ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์šฉ๋งค์— ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์–ธ์ œ๋“ ์ง€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋“๋Š”์ ์€ ์ด๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์˜ค์Šค์ฝ”ํ”„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ค๋ช… ์šฉ๋งค์— ์šฉ์งˆ์ด ๋…น์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋“๋Š”์  ์˜ค๋ฆ„์€ ์ด๊ด„์„ฑ, ์ฆ‰ ์šฉ์งˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์—๋งŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์™ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์—๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์„ฑ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์šฉ์งˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์šฉ์•ก์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด์ƒ ์šฉ์•ก์—์„œ๋„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋–ค ์šฉ์งˆ-์šฉ๋งค ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋“๋Š”์  ์˜ค๋ฆ„์€ ์šฉ์งˆ์ด ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„, ๋น„์ „ํ•ด์งˆ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ด์—ญํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๋“๋Š”์  ์˜ค๋ฆ„์€ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์šฉ๋งค์˜ ์ฆ๊ธฐ์••์ด๋‚˜ ํ™”ํ•™ ํผํ…์…œ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์šฉ์งˆ์ด ์•ก์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์— ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, (์ดˆ๊ณ ์˜จ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ์„ ) ๊ธฐ์ฒด ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ฆ๊ธฐ์•• ์ฆ๊ธฐ์••์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์•ก์ฒด๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ฆ๊ธฐ์••์ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ธฐ์••๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•„์งˆ ๋•Œ ๋“๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฉ์งˆ์ด ๋…น์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฉ๋งค๋Š” ๊ทธ ์šฉํ•ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฆ๊ธฐ์••์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋น„ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์šฉ์งˆ์€ 0์˜ ์ฆ๊ธฐ์••์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์šฉ์•ก์˜ ์ฆ๊ธฐ์••์€ ์šฉ๋งค์˜ ์ฆ๊ธฐ์••๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ฆ๊ธฐ์••๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ์••์„ ์ผ์น˜์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋“๋Š”์ ์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ™”ํ•™ ํผํ…์…œ ํ™”ํ•™ ํผํ…์…œ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๋“๋Š”์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™ ํผํ…์…œ(๋˜๋Š” ์ฆ๊ธฐ์••)์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ด ๋‘ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ™”ํ•™ ํผํ…์…œ์€ ์˜จ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด์ƒํƒœ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์ƒํƒœ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™ ํผํ…์…œ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ํผํ…์…œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋น„ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์šฉ์งˆ์ด ๋”ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด, ์•ก์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ์ธ ์šฉ๋งค์˜ ํ™”ํ•™ ํผํ…์…œ์ด ์šฉํ•ด์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ์šฉ๋งค์˜ ํ™”ํ•™ ํผํ…์…œ์€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•ก์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ํ‰ํ˜•์ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜จ๋„๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ๋“๋Š”์  ์˜ค๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์–ด๋Š”์  ๋‚ด๋ฆผ์€ ๋“๋Š”์  ์˜ค๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋Š”์ ์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋“๋Š”์ ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ •๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฌ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด, ์šฉ์•ก์ด ์•ก์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜จ๋„์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋„“์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋†๋„์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹ ๋น„ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์šฉ์งˆ์˜ ๋“๋Š”์  ์˜ค๋ฆ„์€ ๋ผ์šธ์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™๊ณผ ํด๋ผ์šฐ์ง€์šฐ์Šค-ํด๋ผํŽ˜๋กฑ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹์„ ์ „๊ฐœํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋ฌฝ์€ ์ด์ƒ ์šฉ์•ก์—์„œ ๋“๋Š”์  ์˜ค๋ฆ„์€ ์šฉ์•ก์˜ ๋ชฐ๋ž„ ๋†๋„์— ์ •๋น„๋ก€ํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ตœ์ข… ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ฮ”Tb = Kb ยท bB ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋“๋Š”์  ์˜ค๋ฆ„ ฮ”Tb์€ Tb (์šฉ์•ก) - Tb (์šฉ๋งค).๋กœ ์ •์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Kb์€ ๋“๋Š”์  ์˜ค๋ฆ„ ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋กœ, ์šฉ๋งค์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋Š” Kb = RTb2M/ฮ”Hv๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ R์€ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์ƒ์ˆ˜, Tb๋Š” ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์šฉ๋งค์˜ ๋“๋Š”์ [์ ˆ๋Œ€์˜จ๋„], M์€ ์šฉ๋งค 1๋ชฐ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰, ฮ”Hv๋Š” ์šฉ๋งค 1๋ชฐ์„ ๊ธฐํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐํ™”์—ด์ด๋‹ค. bB๋Š” ์šฉ์•ก์˜ ๋ชฐ๋ž„ ๋†๋„๋กœ, ๋“๋Š”์  ์˜ค๋ฆ„์ด ์ด๊ด„์„ฑ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šฉ์งˆ์˜ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜ํŠธ ํ˜ธํ”„ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ i๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ bB = b์šฉ์งˆ ยท i๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ i๋Š” ์šฉ์งˆ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋…น์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์šฉ๋งค ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ž…์ž(์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์˜จ)์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ๊ฐฏ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ’์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ์— ๋…น์€ ์„คํƒ•์€ i = 1๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ์— ๋…น์€ ์—ผํ™” ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ์€ i = 1.9๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ, NaCl์ด ๋ฌผ ์†์—์„œ Na+์™€ Clโˆ’๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 2๋กœ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์“ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ์— ๋…น์€ ์—ผํ™” ์นผ์Š˜์€ i = 2.3๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ, CaCl2๊ฐ€ Ca2+์™€ 2๊ฐœ์˜ Clโˆ’๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 3์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์“ด๋‹ค. ์ •์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ i๊ฐ’์€ ์šฉ์•ก์—์„œ ์ด์˜จ์Œ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์šฉ์•ก ๋‚ด์˜ ์œ ํšจ ์ž…์ž ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฐ˜ํŠธํ˜ธํ”„ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋“๋Š”์  ์˜ค๋ฆ„ ์‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ฮ”Tb = Kb ยท bsolute ยท i ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์šฉ์•ก์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์šฉ์•ก์„ ์ด์ƒ์šฉ์•ก์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์œ„ ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฉ์งˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ด ์‹์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •์ธ ์šฉ์•ก์˜ ๋น„ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ง“์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์œ„ ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฉ์งˆ์ด ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ๋“๋Š”์  ์˜ค๋ฆ„์€ ์ƒํ‰ํ˜• ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์€ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์šฉ๋งค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋“๋Š”์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋“๋Š”์ ์€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ถˆ๋ณ€ ๋“์Œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋“๋Š”์  ์˜ค๋ฆ„ ์ƒ์ˆ˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋“๋Š”์  ์˜ค๋ฆ„ ์ƒ์ˆ˜ Kb์˜ ๊ฐ’์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์šฉ๋ก€ ์œ„์˜ ์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋“๋Š”์  ์˜ค๋ฆ„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฉ์งˆ 1๋ชฐ๋‹น ํ•ด๋ฆฌ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋“๋Š”์  ์ƒ์Šน๋ฒ•(, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด๋กœ "๋“์Œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ"์„ ์˜๋ฏธ)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ์—ดํ˜„์ƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ฮ”Tb๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฒ ํฌ๋งŒ ์˜จ๋„๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ด๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒจ์–ธํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์–ด๋Š”์  ๋‚ด๋ฆผ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋Š”์  ๋‚ด๋ฆผ ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋“๋Š”์  ์˜ค๋ฆ„ ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฐ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ธก์ •์ด ๋” ์‰ฝ๋‹ค. ๋“๋Š”์  ์˜ค๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋œ ๋„์‹œ์ „์„ค๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํŒŒ์Šคํƒ€๋ฅผ ์š”๋ฆฌํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋“๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ํ›„์— ์†Œ๊ธˆ์„ ๋„ฃ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์†Œ๊ธˆ์˜ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ 1๋ฆฌํ„ฐ์— 10g์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ 0.17ย ยฐC๋ฐ–์— ์˜ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์†Œ๊ธˆ๋ฌผ์ด ๋†’์€ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ ๋“๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์˜คํ•ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ด๊ด„์„ฑ ์–ด๋Š”์  ๋‚ด๋ฆผ ๋’ค๋ง์˜ ๊ทœ์น™ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์„ฑ์งˆ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ™”ํ•™
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling-point%20elevation
Boiling-point elevation
Boiling-point elevation describes the phenomenon that the boiling point of a liquid (a solvent) will be higher when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a higher boiling point than a pure solvent. This happens whenever a non-volatile solute, such as a salt, is added to a pure solvent, such as water. The boiling point can be measured accurately using an ebullioscope. Explanation The boiling point elevation is a colligative property, which means that it is dependent on the presence of dissolved particles and their number, but not their identity. It is an effect of the dilution of the solvent in the presence of a solute. It is a phenomenon that happens for all solutes in all solutions, even in ideal solutions, and does not depend on any specific soluteโ€“solvent interactions. The boiling point elevation happens both when the solute is an electrolyte, such as various salts, and a nonelectrolyte. In thermodynamic terms, the origin of the boiling point elevation is entropic and can be explained in terms of the vapor pressure or chemical potential of the solvent. In both cases, the explanation depends on the fact that many solutes are only present in the liquid phase and do not enter into the gas phase (except at extremely high temperatures). Put in vapor pressure terms, a liquid boils at the temperature when its vapor pressure equals the surrounding pressure. For the solvent, the presence of the solute decreases its vapor pressure by dilution. A nonvolatile solute has a vapor pressure of zero, so the vapor pressure of the solution is less than the vapor pressure of the solvent. Thus, a higher temperature is needed for the vapor pressure to reach the surrounding pressure, and the boiling point is elevated. Put in chemical potential terms, at the boiling point, the liquid phase and the gas (or vapor) phase have the same chemical potential (or vapor pressure) meaning that they are energetically equivalent. The chemical potential is dependent on the temperature, and at other temperatures either the liquid or the gas phase has a lower chemical potential and is more energetically favorable than the other phase. This means that when a nonvolatile solute is added, the chemical potential of the solvent in the liquid phase is decreased by dilution, but the chemical potential of the solvent in the gas phase is not affected. This means in turn that the equilibrium between the liquid and gas phase is established at another temperature for a solution than a pure liquid, i.e., the boiling point is elevated. The phenomenon of freezing-point depression is analogous to boiling point elevation. However, the magnitude of the freezing point depression is larger than the boiling point elevation for the same solvent and the same concentration of a solute. Because of these two phenomena, the liquid range of a solvent is increased in the presence of a solute. The equation for calculations at dilute concentration The extent of boiling-point elevation can be calculated by applying Clausiusโ€“Clapeyron relation and Raoult's law together with the assumption of the non-volatility of the solute. The result is that in dilute ideal solutions, the extent of boiling-point elevation is directly proportional to the molal concentration (amount of substance per mass) of the solution according to the equation: ฮ”Tb = Kb ยท bc where the boiling point elevation, is defined as Tb (solution) โˆ’ Tb (pure solvent). Kb, the ebullioscopic constant, which is dependent on the properties of the solvent. It can be calculated as Kb = RTb2M/ฮ”Hv, where R is the gas constant, and Tb is the boiling temperature of the pure solvent [in K], M is the molar mass of the solvent, and ฮ”Hv is the heat of vaporization per mole of the solvent. bc is the colligative molality, calculated by taking dissociation into account since the boiling point elevation is a colligative property, dependent on the number of particles in solution. This is most easily done by using the van 't Hoff factor i as bc = bsolute ยท i, where bsolute is the molality of the solution. The factor i accounts for the number of individual particles (typically ions) formed by a compound in solution. Examples: i = 1 for sugar in water i = 1.9 for sodium chloride in water, due to the near full dissociation of NaCl into Na+ and Clโˆ’ (often simplified as 2) i = 2.3 for calcium chloride in water, due to nearly full dissociation of CaCl2 into Ca2+ and 2Clโˆ’ (often simplified as 3) Non integer i factors result from ion pairs in solution, which lower the effective number of particles in the solution. Equation after including the van 't Hoff factor ฮ”Tb = Kb ยท bsolute ยท i At high concentrations, the above formula is less precise due to nonideality of the solution. If the solute is also volatile, one of the key assumptions used in deriving the formula is not true, since it derived for solutions of non-volatile solutes in a volatile solvent. In the case of volatile solutes it is more relevant to talk of a mixture of volatile compounds and the effect of the solute on the boiling point must be determined from the phase diagram of the mixture. In such cases, the mixture can sometimes have a boiling point that is lower than either of the pure components; a mixture with a minimum boiling point is a type of azeotrope. Ebullioscopic constants Values of the ebullioscopic constants Kb for selected solvents: Uses Together with the formula above, the boiling-point elevation can in principle be used to measure the degree of dissociation or the molar mass of the solute. This kind of measurement is called ebullioscopy (Latin-Greek "boiling-viewing"). However, since superheating is difficult to avoid, precise ฮ”Tb measurements are difficult to carry out, which was partly overcome by the invention of the Beckmann thermometer. Furthermore, the cryoscopic constant that determines freezing-point depression is larger than the ebullioscopic constant, and since the freezing point is often easier to measure with precision, it is more common to use cryoscopy. See also Colligative properties Freezing point depression Dรผhring's rule List of boiling and freezing information of solvents References Amount of substance Chemical properties Physical chemistry
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%9F%B0%20%EB%AC%B4%EC%9D%B4
์—๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌด์ด
์—๋Ÿฐ ํ”„๋žญํฌ ๋ฌด์ด(, 1990๋…„ 9์›” 15์ผ ~ )๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์€ํ‡ดํ•œ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ํฌ์ง€์…˜์€ ๋ฏธ๋“œํ•„๋”๋กœ ํ™œ์•ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ŸฝํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์—๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌด์ด๋Š” ๋ณผํ„ด ์›๋”๋Ÿฌ์Šค FC ์œ ์†Œ๋…„ ํŒ€์—์„œ ๋›ฐ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณผํ„ด์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ฑ„ ๋ฐ๋ท” ์‹œ์ฆŒ์ธ 2009-10์„ ๋งˆ์ณค์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์ด ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋ณผํ„ด๊ณผ์˜ ์žฌ๊ณ„์•ฝ์— ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2010-11์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ์‹œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์„ธ์ธํŠธ ๋ฏธ๋ Œ FC์— ์ž…๋‹จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 10์›” 23์ผ ํ•˜ํŠธ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋กœ๋””์–ธ FC์™€์˜ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”์ „์„ ์น˜๋ €๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ 1์›” 18์ผ ํ”ผํ„ฐํ—ค๋“œ FC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2010-11์‹œ์ฆŒ 18๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 1๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2011-12์‹œ์ฆŒ์—๋Š” ๋“ฑ์— ํ”ผ๋กœ๊ณจ์ ˆ์„ ์ž…์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ์ถœ์ „์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ  12์›”์ด ๋˜์–ด์„œ์•ผ ๋Œ์•„์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2012-13์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹ ์ƒํŒ€์ธ ์›จ์Šคํ„ด ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ์›๋”๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์ด๋Š” ์„ผํŠธ๋Ÿด์ฝ”์ŠคํŠธ ๋งค๋ฆฌ๋„ˆ์Šค์™€์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ง‰์ „์—์„œ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์†Œํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 2์›” 28์ผ ํผ์Šค ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฆฌ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ ธ๋‹ค. 2014-15์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ๋ฉœ๋ฒ„๋ฅธ ์‹œํ‹ฐ๋กœ ํŒ€์„ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์ด์  ์ดํ›„ ๋ฌด์ด๋Š” ๋” ์ข‹์€ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 28๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 7๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒ€ ์ตœ๋‹ค๋“์ ์ž์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 9์›” 29์ผ ํ•˜์ด๋ธ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ ์œ ๋‚˜์ดํ‹ฐ๋“œ์™€์˜ ์ปต ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ํ•ดํŠธํŠธ๋ฆญ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2016-17์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ๋งจ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ ์‹œํ‹ฐ์— ์ž…๋‹จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž…๋‹จ 6์ผ ํ›„ ๋ฌด์ด๋Š” EFL ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ์˜ ํ—ˆ๋”์ฆˆํ•„๋“œ ํƒ€์šด AFC๋กœ ์ž„๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 8์›” 6์ผ ๋ธŒ๋ ŒํŠธํผ๋“œ FC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ด์  ํ›„ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์†Œํ™”ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ์œ ๋‚˜์ดํ‹ฐ๋“œ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ฒซ ๋“์ ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ฌด์ด๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2017-18์‹œ์ฆŒ ํŒ€์˜ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์Šน๊ฒฉ์— ์ผ์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017-18์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ํ—ˆ๋”์ฆˆํ•„๋“œ ํƒ€์šด์œผ๋กœ ์™„์ „์ด์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์• ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌด์ด๋Š” ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒˆ ํŒฐ๋ฆฌ์Šค์™€์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ง‰์ „์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ํ›„์ธ ๋‰ด์บ์Šฌ ์œ ๋‚˜์ดํ‹ฐ๋“œ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 10์›” 21์ผ ๋งจ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ ์œ ๋‚˜์ดํ‹ฐ๋“œ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2-1 ํŒ€ ์Šน๋ฆฌ์— ์ผ์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017-18์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ตœ์ข…๊ธฐ๋ก์€ 38๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 4๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018-19์‹œ์ฆŒ์ด ๋œ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ํ—ˆ๋”์ฆˆํ•„๋“œ์˜ ์ฃผ์ „์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉฐ 30๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 3๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ—ˆ๋”์ฆˆํ•„๋“œ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ์„ ๋ง‰์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019-20์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ดํ„ด & ํ˜ธ๋ธŒ ์•จ๋น„์–ธ FC๋กœ ์ž„๋Œ€ ์ด์ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 2019-20์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ๋„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ๋›ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2020์‹œ์ฆŒ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ์ด์ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ์ค‘๊ตญ ์Šˆํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ƒํ•˜์ด ์ƒ๊ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2022์‹œ์ฆŒ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ์ด์ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ์‹œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด์‹ญ์˜ ์…€ํ‹ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ฌด์ด๋Š” 2009๋…„ FIFA U-20 ์›”๋“œ์ปต์— ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ U-20 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 3์ฐจ์ „ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์ „์—์„œ ๋“์ ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 12์›” 7์ผ ๊ดŒ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€๊ณผ์˜ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•ˆ์ปต ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋ฐ๋ท”์ „์„ ์น˜๋ค˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‚ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋“์ ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ EAFF ๋™์•„์‹œ์•ˆ์ปต ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋“์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ธ Sam์ด Mooy์˜ ์ผ์ƒ ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ์šด์ „ ๋ฉดํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹ ์„ธ์…˜์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋ฐ๋ ค๋‹ค์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Sam์€ Aaron์„ "์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ์˜ํ˜ผ"์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ €์กฐํ•œ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 21์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•œ Aaron์€ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ฑ์ธ์‹์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์—ญ ํŽ์—์„œ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์Œ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ , ๊ทธ์˜ 15์„ธ ๋œ ๋™์ƒ Alex๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ง€๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์—์„œ, Aaron Mooy๋Š” 2011๋…„ ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋งŒ๋‚œ Nicola Mooy์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ 2017๋…„ 5์›” ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ›„ ์›ธ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€์—์„œ ํ—ˆ๋”์ฆˆํ•„๋“œ ํƒ€์šด๊ณผ์˜ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ๊ฒฐ์Šน ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ€์—๋Š” ๋‘ ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2015๋…„์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ๋”ธ์ธ Skylar Mooy์™€ 2018๋…„์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์•„๋“ค์ธ Maximilian Andrew Mooy๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ํŒฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด Aaron์ด ์ƒํ•˜์ด์™€ ์œ ๋งํ•œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๋„์ „์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ Aaron์€ ์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ๊ตํ›ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ํŒ€์—์„œ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ƒํ•˜์ด์—์„œ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์›Œ์ง€๊ณ  2022๋…„ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์— ์ผˆํ‹ฑ์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ํฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ธ Skylar์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, Aaron Mooy๋Š” Celtic์—์„œ ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์€ ํ›„ "S" ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ์ œ์Šค์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ƒ์ง•์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Aaron Mooy๋Š” ์€ํ‡ดํ•œ ์ „ ํ”„๋กœ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ธ Brodie Mooy ์‚ฌ์ดŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ผ์ดŒ์ธ Paul Cosgrove๋Š” ์ฟผ์ปค์Šค ํž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๊ด€์‚ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ์•„ํŠธ๋ฆญ ์ง€์ง€์ž์ธ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹œ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์ธ Ian์€ ํ‰์ƒ ๋™์•ˆ ์ผˆํ‹ฑ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Mooy๋ณด๋‹ค 6์‚ด ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋™์ƒ Alex๋Š” National Premier Leagues์—์„œ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” A-League์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์•„๋ž˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Aaron์€ ๋™์ƒ Alex๋ฅผ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ํŒฌ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‘˜์€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„ Alex๋Š” 2021๋…„ 6์›”์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ™”์œ ์‚ฐ ํ”„๋กœ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, Aaron Mooy๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”์œ ์‚ฐ์„ ๋ฌธ์‹ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 16์„ธ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ ๋ณผํ„ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์–ป์€ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ์ฒœ์‚ฌ ๋ฌธ์‹ ์„ ์–ด๊นจ์— ์ƒˆ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์–ด๋กœ "Leven, Lachen, Liefde"๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค๋„ ๊ทธ์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ง€์นจ ์›์น™์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "Mooy"๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์€ Aaron์˜ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์—์„œ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฏผํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ธ์ฃผํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Aaron Mooy์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ธ Sam์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ ๋ฌธํ™”์œ ์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Aaron์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ณธ ์ ์€ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊นŠ์ด ์กด๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” Aaron Mooy์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ Sam์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ์ธ Alan Todd๊ฐ€ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ๋Ÿญ๋น„ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์‹ฌํŒ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ Alan์€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ Aaron์—๊ฒŒ ์™ผ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์˜ค๋ฅธ๋ฐœ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋•๋ถ„์— Aaron์€ ๋‘ ๋ฐœ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋Š ํ•œ์ชฝ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์–‘์†์žก์ด ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ํŒ€ A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด์‹ญ: 2012-13 ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋ฉœ๋ฒ„๋ฅธ ์‹œํ‹ฐ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜: 2014-15, 2015-16 PFC A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํŒ€ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋” ์‹œ์ฆŒ: 2014-15, 2015-16 PFC ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜: 2015-16, 2016-17 PFC ํŒ€ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋” ์ด์–ด: 2016-17 ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1990๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋ฏธ๋“œํ•„๋” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ง„์ถœ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚จ์ž U-20 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚จ์ž U-23 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ณผํ„ด ์›๋”๋Ÿฌ์Šค FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ์ธํŠธ ๋ฏธ๋ Œ FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์›จ์Šคํ„ด ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ์›๋”๋Ÿฌ์Šค FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฉœ๋ฒ„๋ฅธ ์‹œํ‹ฐ FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋งจ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ ์‹œํ‹ฐ FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ—ˆ๋”์ฆˆํ•„๋“œ ํƒ€์šด AFC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ดํ„ด & ํ˜ธ๋ธŒ ์•จ๋น„์–ธ FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ƒํ•˜์ด ํ•˜์ด๊ฐ•์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์…€ํ‹ฑ FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ์‹œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด์‹ญ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฉ˜์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹œ ํ’‹๋ณผ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์Šˆํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ์ถœ์‹  2017๋…„ FIFA ์ปจํŽ˜๋”๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์Šค์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2018๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2022๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์ธ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์ธ ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์ธ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ์‹œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron%20Mooy
Aaron Mooy
Aaron Frank Mooy (; ; born 15 September 1990) is an Australian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He is considered to be one of the greatest Australian midfielders of all time and one of Huddersfield Town's greatest players in recent decades. Mooy was voted PFA Footballer of the Year a record three times, consecutively, and was nominated for the 2017 Asian Footballer of the Year award. He was named in the A-League Men Team of the Season twice, and was named in the PFA Team of the Year and EFL Team of the Season once. He was voted and named in Australia's Team of the Century. Born in Sydney, Mooy made his professional debut with St Mirren in 2010 before returning to Australia with Western Sydney Wanderers, winning the A-League Premiers' title in their inaugural season. However, after inconsistent playing time, he left for Melbourne City and eventually joined Manchester City in 2016. Mooy was immediately loaned to Huddersfield, achieving promotion to the Premier League for the first time in the club's history. He signed a permanent deal the following season. After spending two more seasons and being relegated, Mooy was loaned out to Brighton in August 2020 and signed a permanent deal in January 2021. The same year, he then agreed a transfer deal to the Chinese Super League with Shanghai Port but was released due to the COVID outbreak. He joined Celtic in July 2022, being a key part in their 8th treble, winning the Scottish Premiership, Scottish League Cup and Scottish Cup before retiring in June 2023. An Australian international, Mooy amassed a total of 57 caps and 7 goals during his time playing for Australia, mainly playing in the World Cup qualifying campaigns. He played in two World Cups, the 2018 World Cup and 2022 World Cup, with his final appearance against Argentina before retiring in June 2023. Early life Aaron Frank Mooy was born on 15 September 1990 in Sydney, Australia. At birth, he was given the name Aaron Kuhlman, but his surname was changed by his Dutch mother after she divorced his father during Mooy's early childhood. Mooy had minimal contact with his father, with their only meeting occurring when Mooy was a toddler, and briefly again at 14 during which his father signed forms for his Dutch passport. During this time, Mooy met his brother Alex at a shopping centre whilst accompanied by his Wanderers teammates. During his upbringing, Mooy developed an interest in watching Premier League matches, particularly favouring Manchester United. David Beckham became his favourite player, and he would watch Beckham's games and practice free kicks, often pretending to be him. One day, Mooy expressed his enjoyment of playing with friends to his mother, who promptly registered him with the Carlingford Redbacks, a club that his German stepfather, Alan Todd, would soon join to coach his team. Mooy's early football journey included stints with various clubs such as the Carlingford Redbacks, Granville Magpies, Blacktown City, and Northern Spirit. He enrolled at the New South Wales Institute of Sport (NSWIS) at Sydney Olympic Park and attended Westfields Sports High School. Mornings were dedicated to training, while afternoons were reserved for academic classes. Following the path of many aspiring footballers, Mooy left his home country at the age of 15 to pursue his ambitions. Club career Early career Mooy started his career in Europe as a youth scholar at Bolton Wanderers after being spotted by Chris Sulley. He rejected a contract extension from Bolton in July 2010 in search of more first team football. Mooy joined Scottish Premier League club St Mirren on 23 October 2010, and made his league debut for the Saints on the same day in a 3โ€“0 loss to Hearts. On 18 January 2011, he scored his first goal for the club, in the fourth-round replay, in a 6โ€“1 win over Peterhead. Having made 18 appearances and scoring once in all competitions, he was offered a new contract in April 2011 before agreeing a two-year contract with the club in May. The 2011โ€“12 season was marked by Mooy having suffered a stress fracture in his back. As months went by, his recovery started going well. Soon after, he went to a specialist to get over his injury. On 17 December 2011, Mooy made his return, coming as a substitute, in a 1โ€“1 draw against Motherwell and the next game, he scored his first league goal for the club against Rangers at St Mirren Park on Christmas Eve 2011. On 20 June 2012, Mooy was released from St Mirren, expected to return back in Australia, and join an A-League club in West Sydney. He departed the club, making a total of 30 appearances. Western Sydney Wanderers On 25 June 2012, Mooy signed with Western Sydney Wanderers, becoming one of the club's first signings for their inaugural season in the A-League. The official media launch took place at Parramatta Stadium, where he was introduced alongside two players, Tarek Elrich and Kwabena Appiah, ahead of the 2012โ€“13 A-League season. Following the launch, Mooy would be joined with Mark Bridge, Michael Beauchamp and Shannon Cole prior to the club's first training session on 2 July. Mooy made his unofficial debut at Cook Park, St Marys, in front of a crowd of 3,612, in the Wanderers' 5โ€“0 debut win against Nepean on 26 July. On 6 October, Mooy made his competitive debut in the opening game of the season in a 0โ€“0 home draw against Central Coast Mariners. He played in the first Sydney Derby match on 20 October, where his side succumbed to a 1โ€“0 defeat after Alessandro Del Piero scored the winner for Sydney FC. On 23 February 2013, Mooy scored his first goal for the club, netting the winner in a 1โ€“0 win against Perth Glory, but was benched the next game by Tony Popovic before the Wanderers' won their 8th successive win in a row. Mooy would miss the final games against Brisbane Roar and Newcastle due to a knee injury, as the Wanderers lifted the Premiers' Plate in the last round at Hunter Stadium in front of 8,000 Wanderers fans. He made his return in the Grand Final where his side lost 2โ€“0 to Central Coast Mariners. In January 2014, Mooy handed in a request for a transfer, effective immediately, to Western Sydney Wanderers after being unhappy with inconsistent game time during the season. In the following games, he scored in two consecutive matches, netting his 2nd and 3rd goals of the season against Perth Glory and Newcastle respectively. Leading into February, Mooy was in the finalised squad for the Wanderers in their first AFC Champions League campaign. He scored his first AFC Champions League goal in a 5โ€“0 group stage victory over Guizhou Renhe, securing his side qualification to the Round of 16. Two weeks later, Mooy was subbed on in his second consecutive Grand Final where he was booked in extra time before losing 2โ€“1 to Brisbane Roar in front of 51,153 attendees at Suncorp Stadium. On 21 May, Mooy was released by the club. Melbourne City 2014โ€“15 On the day of his release, Mooy signed a two-year contract with Melbourne City. He made his league debut on 11 October 2014 against Sydney FC, sitting in midfield behind a forward line consisting of David Villa. The following matches, after registering two assists, Mooy was named as Melbourne City's inaugural Etihad Player of the month for October, and soon for November due his performance in City's first win of the season against Brisbane Roar. Mooy scored his first goal on 7 December, the only goal from a penalty in the home fixture against Brisbane. He was voted Man of the match for his performance. On 27 December, Mooy received his second Man of the match award, scoring a goal in City's 1โ€“1 draw against Perth Glory. Continuing his form in February, Mooy scored the winning goal from 20 metres against his former club, Western Sydney Wanderers, to secure his side a 2โ€“1 win. His performances labelled him by John van 't Schip as his "most stable and most important player". By the end of the season, Mooy was named on three awards; collecting the Golden Boot (7 goals), Supportersโ€™ Player of the Year and the Player of the Year in Melbourne City's award ceremony. In reflection to this, he contributed to 47% of City's total goals, led the A-League for balls into the penalty area, completed crosses, completed through balls and shot assists, while defensively he was second in the competition for effective tackles. 2015โ€“16 On 11 August 2015, Mooy re-signed with the club, a three-year deal as the club's marquee player ahead of the 2015โ€“16 season. He started his campaign, scoring the opening goal from a penalty, in a 5โ€“1 win over Wellington Phoenix in the FFA Cup. In the subsequent round, Mooy scored his first hat-trick, the first City player to do so in a cup match, in a 5โ€“0 victory against Heidelberg United at Olympic Village. In the first Melbourne Derby of the league season, Mooy assisted twice, giving Bruno Fornaroli his first league goal for the club, before losing 3โ€“2 to Melbourne Victory at Etihad Stadium. In the following month, Mooy would accumalte 13 goal contributions, including 6 goals and 7 assists, peaking interest from Saudi Arabian club Al Nassr whom City rejected a record $2 million dollar offer from. Following pasts the New Year, Mooy missed the game against Sydney FC due to a rib fracture he received three weeks before. Mooy made his return on 9 January 2016, against his former side Western Sydney Wanderers, helping his side to a 3โ€“2 win and ending the Wanderers' 10 game unbeaten streak. On 26 February, Mooy scored his 10th goal of the season, from a deflected free kick, in a 2โ€“1 league defeat to Wellington at Westpac Stadium. Mooy would score his 11th on 18 March against Brisbane, followed by Harry Novillo who scored his 10th on 28 March, with City becoming the first A-League club to have three players with double-figures in goals; with Novillo (10), Mooy (11) and Fornaroli (21). City finished their league campaign, following a 4โ€“1 loss to Adelaide United in the A-League semi-final. By the end of the season, Mooy finished with 11 goals and 21 assists in the league, setting a new record for the most assists in an A-League season and became the first player in A-Leagues history to reach double digits in both goals and assists in a single season. Mooy was placed second in the Johnny Warren Medal, losing to Perth Glory's Diego Castro. Huddersfield Town 2016โ€“17: Acquisition from Man City and loan to Huddersfield Mooy was signed by Manchester City on a three-year deal on 30 June 2016. His contract was understood to be around $4 million per year, making him one of the highest-paid Australian footballers. Six days after signing for Manchester City, Mooy was loaned to Championship side Huddersfield Town for the 2016โ€“17 season. He made his Huddersfield debut in their 2โ€“1 win over Brentford on 6 August, and scored his first goal for them on 10 September in a 1โ€“0 win over Leeds United in a West Yorkshire derby. On 28 November 2016, he scored the equaliser in an eventual 2โ€“1 loss at home to Wigan Athletic. Huddersfield Town fans voted Mooy as the best player of the season. Mooy was involved in the squad that won the play-off final, scoring one of Huddersfield's four penalties in the penalty shootout against Reading, which secured them Premier League status for the 2017โ€“18 season, the first time in the club's history. 2017โ€“2019: Permanent transfer and Premier league debut On 15 June 2017, it was reported that Huddersfield had agreed a fee with Manchester City to sign Mooy on a permanent basis. The fee was reported to be an initial ยฃ8ย million, potentially rising to ยฃ10ย million depending on add-ons. City would also have a buy-back clause for Mooy. The transfer was finalised on 30 June. Mooy made his Premier League debut for Huddersfield in their first game of the 2017โ€“18 season, a 3โ€“0 win over Crystal Palace, Mooy himself involved in two of the goals. He scored his first Premier League goal one week later, the only goal of the game as Huddersfield defeated Newcastle United. On 21 October 2017, Mooy scored the opening goal as Huddersfield upset Manchester United 2โ€“1 in a Premier League clash at Kirklees Stadium. Following the match, a fan gifted Mooy ยฃ5 for his performance, which he later donated to the club's Town Foundationโ€”a charitable organization dedicated to supporting children in the local community. On 17 December, Mooy added his 3rd and 4th goal of the season, including a brace in the 89th minute from the penalty spot, securing a 4โ€“1 win over Watford. He helped Huddersfield clinch survival on 9 May 2018, assisting Laurent Depoitre, to draw 1โ€“1 at Stamford Bridge against Chelsea. After recovering from bad form in the early stages of the 2018โ€“19 season, Mooy scored two goals, his second being a free kick past Rui Patrรญcio, to secure a 2โ€“0 win against Wolverhampton Wanderers, sending his side above the relegation zone. In addition to this, Mooy ended his 29 game run without scoring a goal. However, during December, Mooy sustained a knee injury after a match against Arsenal which consigned him on the sidelined for two months. From there, Huddersfield recorded 6 losses and 1 draw in their next 7 games, returning to the bottom of the table and manager David Wagner departing soon afterwards. Mooy returned to fitness in late January 2019, but his side form began to falter resulting in relegation after a 3โ€“0 defeat to Crystal Palace before the end of March; equalling Derbyโ€™s record for the earliest relegation from the division. Mooy would look to depart the club, having a reported asking price set on $25 million valuation before the transfer window closes on August 9. Brighton & Hove Albion On 8 August 2019, Mooy joined Brighton & Hove Albion on a one-year loan from Huddersfield Town, joining alongside international teammate Mathew Ryan. He made his debut for the club as a substitute on 17 August, in a 1โ€“1 home draw against West Ham United in the Premier League. On 19 October, Mooy was sent off for the first time in his club career after receiving two bookings in the 30th and 35th minute (for fouling Jack Grealish) in Brighton's eventual 2โ€“1 loss to Aston Villa. On 9 December, Mooy assisted the winning goal, a cross to Neal Maupay, to win the game 2โ€“1 against Arsenal at Emirates Stadium. In the same month, on 28 December, Mooy scored his first goal for The Albion in a 2โ€“0 victory over Bournemouth. His goal was nominated in Premier League Goal of the Month. On 24 January 2020, Brighton announced the permanent signing of Mooy, on a three-and-a-half-year contract, in a deal reported to be worth ยฃ5 million. He finished his first season for the south-coast team, making 32 appearances. Shanghai Port On 28 August 2020, it was announced that Mooy had signed for Chinese Super League team Shanghai SIPG (now known as Shanghai Port) after activating a ยฃ4 million release clause. Brighton head coach Graham Potter said upon his departure "I have really enjoyed working with him, and on behalf of everyone at the club I would like to thank him for his contribution and wish him well for the future". On 15 September 2020, Mooy scored the winning goal on his debut, after coming on in the second half in a 2โ€“1 win against Wuhan. He would lead his side to second in the AFC Champions League group stage, before getting knocked out in the Round of 16 after a 2โ€“0 loss to Vissel Kobe. The next season, Mooy missed out on the 2021 AFC Champions League after Shanghai Port withdrawn due to lockdown rules in China. As the lockdowns extended, Mooy refused to return to China for pre-season despite multiple request from Shanghai, in fear of being caught in the pandemic. Shanghai soon negotiated an early release to Mooy in July 2022. His last competitive appearance for the club was on 9 January, after making 13 appearances and 5 goals during the campaign. In order to keep fit, Mooy returned to Glasgow, where his family were based, to train with a fitness coach who flew from Australia's training camp in Dubai. Celtic On 19 July 2022, Mooy signed a two-year deal with Celtic, reuniting with former manager, Ange Postecoglou. His contract was worth ยฃ1.2 million per year, having taken a salary cut from his ยฃ3 million per year contract in China. Mooy made his debut for the club on 31 July, coming on as a late substitute in a 2โ€“0 home win over Aberdeen in the Scottish Premiership. He made his Champions League debut in a 3โ€“0 home loss to defending champions Real Madrid on 6 September, and later earning his first start for the club in a 2โ€“0 away loss against St Mirren on 18 September. On 28 December, Mooy scored his first goals for Celtic, leading his side by netting the opener and a brace in a 4โ€“0 victory against Hibernian at Easter Road. Mooy went on to provide 6 goals and 6 assists in all competitions by 5 February 2023, after adding a goal and an assist in a 4โ€“1 win over St Johnstone. On 26 February, Mooy started in Celtic's 2โ€“1 victory over Rangers in the League Cup final, contributing to the build-up of the second goal and securing his side's first trophy of the season. Continuing on his form in the Scottish Cup, on 11 March, Mooy scored the opening goal within just over 100 seconds, to lead his side into an eventual 3โ€“0 quarter finals victory over Hearts. However, a week later, Celtic announced that Mooy will be out due to injury, after carrying "soreness" for a couple of weeks during their tight schedule. He made his return on 8 April, where his side won 3โ€“2 against Rangers. On 7 May, Mooy helped Celtic retained the Scottish Premiership title, achieving a double, after assisting Oh Hyeon-gyu brace to ensure a 2โ€“0 victory against Hearts at home. Consequently, it would be Mooy's final appearance for the club due to back problems in recent weeks leading to him being ruled out in the Scottish Cup final. Celtic went on to achieve a historic domestic treble, for a record 8th time, following a 3โ€“1 final win over Inverness. In the wake of Postecoglou's departure, Mooy announced his retirement from professional football on 30 June. International career 2009โ€“2012: U20 World Cup and Olympic As a dual Australian-Dutch national, Mooy is eligible to play for the national team of both countries. In recognition of his performances with the under-20 side, senior manager Pim Verbeek gave Mooy his first call-up for a friendly match against Republic of Ireland on 12 August 2009. He was an unused substitute on the day as Australia won 3โ€“0 at Thomond Park. Returning to the youths, Mooy represented Australia U20 side in the U-20 World Cup, being benched and playing one group match before starting on 3 October 2009, where he scored the opening goal for his side, a 40-yard free kick, against Brazil in the final group stage match. Australia lost 3โ€“1 at full time, finishing bottom of the group; the nation's worst-ever finish at the tournament. In June 2011, Mooy was named in the Australia U23 squad under coach Aurelio Vidmar. Ahead of the Olympic Games qualifiers, Australia played two legs, between 19 and 23 June, against Yemen in which Mooy recorded 1 assist off the bench in a 7โ€“0 aggregate victory to qualify for the group stage. Australia would be knocked out after failing to score a goal throughout the whole group stage; finishing bottom of the group with 4 draws and 2 losses, thus missing the Olympics for the first time since 1984. Mooy declared his desire to represent Australia in December 2011. 2012โ€“2017: Senior debut and World Cup qualifiers On 7 December 2012, Mooy made his senior debut for Australia at Hong Kong Stadium, scoring the opening goal in a 9โ€“0 victory against Guam in the second preliminary round of the East Asian Cup. Two days later, he scored his second goal for his nation in an 8โ€“0 win against Chinese Taipei, ensuring qualification to the final stage of the competition. From there Mooy didn't make another senior appearance until he started in the last group match on 28 July 2013, scoring the equaliser, in a 4โ€“3 loss to China. Ahead of the 2015 Asian Cup, Mooy was initially included in the 46-man provisional squad by manager Ange Postecoglou, who would finalise a trimmed 23-man squad before the tournament began. However, he was ultimately excluded from the final selection and instead participated in a 12-day camp at New York University in Abu Dhabi alongside the other 22 unselected players, playing scheduled friendlies from 11 to 18 January 2015. Although he missed the opening match in June, Mooy was recalled under Postecoglou despite concerns of his fitness, for the World Cup qualifiers in September. In the following matches, he scored a brace in Australia's 5โ€“0 win over Bangladesh and was involved in their opening goal of a 3โ€“0 victory in their next match against Tajikistan. At the second round of the group stage, now placed as a starter, Mooy assisted once and forced an error from keeper Ruslan Amirov that led to an own goal in a 3โ€“0 win against Kyrgyzstan, before helping The Socceroos top the table after providing a hat-trick of assists for his side in a 4โ€“0 victory against Bangladesh on 17 November. In March 2016, Mooy went on to record 1 goal and 2 assists in the last two matches of the group against Tajikistan (7โ€“0), and Jordan (5โ€“1). In the next stage of the competition, Mooy started in all group matches, continuing to be the key midfielder to provide his side chances. Australia won their first two games before drawing consecutively in the next three matches; Mooy assisted once during the first half of the group. Following the second round of the group, Mooy assisted the opening goal in a 1โ€“1 draw against Iraq. After a 2โ€“0 win over United Arab Emirates, he assisted the winning goal, a sharp pass to Tom Rogic in the 72nd minute, in a crucial 3โ€“2 win against Saudi Arabia to keep his nation in contention for World Cup qualification. Australia finished the campaign in third place, missing out on direct qualification and resorted to qualify through a play-off round. Mooy was involved in the winning goal at extra time, securing a 3โ€“2 aggregate win over Syria to progress to the final round against Honduras on 15 November 2017. After an initial 0โ€“0 draw, Australia won 3โ€“1 in the second leg to ensure qualification for the 2018 World Cup in Russia. 2018โ€“2021: World Cup and pandemic On 16 June 2018, Mooy made his World Cup debut at Kazan Arena, starting in the opening match against France. He was involved in the lead-up to Australia's penalty goal, which resulted from a free kick being handled by French defender Samuel Umtiti. Mooy's presence in midfield was instrumental in limiting the opposition's scoring opportunities and creating key chances in the attacking front as his side lost 2โ€“1 at full-time. Unfortunately, due to their lack of attacking presence, Australia fell bottom of the group, only able to score their goals from the penalty spot following a 1โ€“1 draw against Denmark and a 2โ€“0 defeat to Peru. Following the tournament, Mooy would miss the entirety of the Asian Cup campaign in January 2019 due to a torn medial collateral ligament in his right knee which was expected to keep him out for three months. Despite this, he was added into the final squad for the tournament under newly appointed manager Graham Arnold. Mooy made his international return on 10 September, scoring a brace in a 3โ€“0 win over Kuwait in Australia's first match of the 2022 World Cup qualifier. In the following matches, Mooy gathered three assists, helping his side triumph over Nepal and Chinese Taipei to continue their perfect start. However, after 18-months of no international football due to COVID-19, Mooy made his return with Australia in August 2021 after being added to the 27-man squad set to play in the remaining group matches and third round fixtures. He made his eventual return as a substitute on 2 September in a 3โ€“0 victory over China. For the remaining matches, Mooy was delegated onto the bench, only to come on to keep possession for his side when in a winning lead. He made his first start, since returning from COVID, for Australia on 12 October in a 2โ€“0 loss to Japan at Saitama Stadium. After his side's loss, Mooy was recalled back to his club, Shanghai, to return into quarantine due to the Chinese Government's rules and regulations in the pandemic which interfered with his playing time at international level. As a result, he missed the crucial qualifier matches against Saudi Arabia and China. 2022โ€“2023: Last World Cup and retirement After the end of his club's domestic season, Mooy was called-up to Australia in January 2022 for the forthcoming matches of the World Cup qualifier. On 1 February, he scored a goal, his first in three-and-a-half years, for Australia in a 2โ€“2 draw against Oman. Later that year, whilst ignoring his club's request to return, Mooy made his 50th appearance for Australia on 1 June in a friendly match against Jordan. A week forward, he started in the crucial match against the United Arab Emirates in the World Cup qualification fourth round after his nation finished third in the group stage of round three; Mooy was involved in the winning goal as his corner was deflected off towards Ajdin Hrustic, whose goal gave Australia the lead in the 84th minute and ensured a 2โ€“1 win at Ahmad bin Ali Stadium. In the play-off final against Peru, a match in which Australia was heavily favoured as the underdog, Mooy played the entire 120 minutes for his nation until the match led into a penalty shootout after 0โ€“0 draw at the end of extra time. He scored the second penalty in the shootout before Australia eventually won 5โ€“4 to secure World Cup qualification to Qatar. At the 2022 FIFA World Cup, Mooy started in Australia's opening match against France where his side lost 4โ€“1 after being 1โ€“0 in front in the early stages of the match. However, a positive performance from Mooy in the subsequent match against Tunisia inspired his side to keep their 1โ€“0 lead until full time. The win was Australia's first since 2010 against Serbia and first clean sheet in more than 48 years at the world stage. In the final match against Denmark, Mooy continued his good form, playing a pivotal role in midfield to influence a 1โ€“0 win, qualifying to the Round of 16 for the first time since 2006. He started in the match against the eventual champions Argentina where Australia would lose 2โ€“1 at full time, ending their World Cup campaign in the process. After the tournament, Mooy missed the "Welcome Home" matches in March 2023 against Ecuador due to back soreness, forcing him to continue recovery in Scotland. His continuous back problem eventually led him to miss the friendly match against Argentina on 15 June. On 30 June, Mooy announced his retirement from professional football โ€“ in club and international football โ€“ with immediate effect. He ended his international career with 57 caps and 7 goals for Australia. Player profile Style of play Known as the "Pasty Pirlo" and "Aussie Iniesta," Mooy possesses a unique playing style that combines technical ability, vision, and tactical awareness. Mooy began his professional career at St Mirren, where he played as a deep-lying playmaker in a midfield role. He showcased his ability to find space for his teammates under pressure and his speed of thought, vision, and understanding of space. This led to his nickname, the "Pasty Pirlo," drawing comparisons to the retired Italian star Andrea Pirlo. As Mooy moved to different clubs, including Western Sydney Wanderers, Melbourne City, Huddersfield Town, Brighton, Shanghai Port, and Celtic, his playing style evolved. He became a box-to-box midfielder, contributing both defensively and in attack. He displayed his versatility by playing in various positions, including the right centre midfield role in Shanghai's formations and as a quarterback-like player for Huddersfield, orchestrating the team's attacks. In terms of attacking contributions, Mooy has showcased his goal-scoring ability and his accuracy in shots on target. He is also capable of making dangerous passes and has impressive vision and passing range. Defensively, Mooy's numbers are average, but he excels in positioning and intercepting passes. He is a clean passer of the ball and possesses excellent vision and calmness under pressure. While not known for his physicality, he compensates with his work rate off the ball, contributing to team efforts in pressing and breaking up opponents' play. Mooy's playing style is characterized by his ball retention, composure, and ability to find space in crowded areas. He is a meticulous passer, rarely misplacing passes, and excels at dictating the pace and tempo of the game from a deeper position. His intelligence in movement and positioning allows him to control and manage matches effectively. As Mooy joined Celtic under manager Ange Postecoglou, he fit well into the team's 4-3-3 system as one of the "free eights" in midfield. His networking abilities and precise passing make him a vital asset in advancing the team's play. Despite lacking pace, Mooy's ability to protect and carry the ball effectively compensates for this. While Mooy's injury record raises concerns due to his age, his versatility and impact on the field remain significant. His awareness, vision, and set-piece-taking abilities make him a valuable asset in creating scoring opportunities for his team. Reception Mooy has received widespread acclaim for his performances throughout his career, earning recognition as one of Australia's greatest-ever midfielders. His technical ability, defensive qualities, and unique playing style have garnered praise from players, coaches, and fans alike. Huddersfield Town legend Andy Booth, who scored 137 goals for the club, went as far as suggesting that Mooy may be the best player in the club's 109-year history. Booth emphasized Mooy's phenomenal achievements and workload, highlighting his exceptional contributions to the team. David Wagner, former Huddersfield Town manager, praised Mooy for his technical ability and defensive qualities, highlighting the unusual playing style that made him stand out. Pep Guardiola, renowned as one of the top coaches in world football, praised Mooy during his loan spell at Huddersfield Town, describing his performances as "amazing." Even outside the world of football, Mooy gained recognition. Former adult film star Mia Khalifa, a notable West Ham fan, included Mooy in her top three favourite footballers alongside legends Zinedine Zidane and David Beckham. Mooy's accolades extend beyond club recognition. He was voted and named in Australia's Team of the Century, solidifying his status as one of the country's greatest-ever midfielders. Former Socceroo goalkeeper Mark Bosnich hailed him as the best Australian midfielder playing anywhere in the world during his time at Melbourne City. In addition, former Socceroos boss Ange Postecoglou described Mooy as the best and most exciting player in the A-League. Mooy's individual achievements are notable as well. He won the PFA Men's Footballer of the Year award three times consecutively from 2015 to 2018, becoming the first player to achieve this feat and the first to win the award in three consecutive seasons. His consistent performances and contributions to his teams did not go unnoticed. Mooy was recognized as the Melbourne City Player of the Year twice consecutively. In his debut season for Huddersfield Town, he was named the club's Player of the Year after leading them to their historic promotion to the top flight. In addition, he was nominated for 2017 Asian Footballer of the Year. Mooy's impact on Huddersfield Town was further evident in the fans' affection for him. They dedicated a song to Mooy, adapted from the nursery rhyme "Polly Wolly Dolly," sung to the tune of Boney M's "Hooray! Hooray! It's a Holi-Holiday." Personal life Family and relationships During his early years, his mother, Sam, played an important role in Mooy's daily routine, driving him to and from training sessions since he didn't have a driver's license at the time. Sam describes Aaron as a "quiet soul" who prefers a low-key lifestyle, a characteristic she considers comes from his biological father. When he turned 21 during his time in Scotland, Aaron opted for a meaningful celebration for his coming of age by requesting his 15-year-old brother, Alex, to join him rather than indulging in excessive drinking at a local pub. In terms of relationships, Aaron Mooy is married to Nicola Mooy, whom he first met in Glasgow in 2011. They tied the knot in May 2017 in Glasgow, just before a play-off final match with Huddersfield Town at Wembley Stadium. The couple has two children: a daughter named Skylar Mooy, born in 2015, and a son named Maximilian Andrew Mooy, born in 2018. The family faced challenges during their time in China when Aaron signed a lucrative deal with Shanghai but couldn't have his family with him due to the global pandemic. Despite the difficulties, Aaron described the experience as a valuable life lesson and enjoyed playing alongside notable players in the team. Eventually, he negotiated his release from Shanghai and joined Celtic in mid-2022, where he continued to make significant contributions on the field. In honour of his daughter, Skylar, Aaron Mooy dedicated a celebration after scoring his fourth goal for Celtic, forming an "S" gesture, symbolizing her name. Aaron Mooy has a cousin, Brodie Mooy, who is a retired professional footballer. His uncle, Paul Cosgrove, is a senior constable police officer at Quakers Hill and his father in law, Ian, is a lifelong Celtic supporter. His brother Alex, who is six years younger than Mooy, played football in the National Premier Leagues, which is one level below the A-League. Aaron considered him his biggest fan as the two spent a lot of time together. Tragically, Alex passed away in June 2021. Heritage Throughout his journey as a professional footballer, Aaron Mooy has chosen to honour his personal values and heritage through tattoos. At the age of 16, he had a guardian angel tattooed on his shoulder, symbolizing the support he sought while being away from his family during his early days in Bolton, England. The Dutch words "Leven, Lachen, Liefde" (Live, Love, Laugh) are also etched on his skin, representing his guiding principles. The name "Mooy," which Aaron's grandfather Australianized from "Mooij" after immigrating from Holland to Australia, holds significant meaning to him, representing his connection to his family's roots. Aaron Mooy's mother, Sam, emphasizes the importance of their family history and Aaron's relationship with his Dutch heritage. Although Aaron never met his Dutch grandfather, he deeply admires the man his mother describes. During his formative years, Aaron Mooy's stepfather, Alan Todd, played a pivotal role in his development as a footballer. Alan, a former rugby league referee, provided guidance and taught Aaron to use both his left and right foot effectively from a young age. This foundation enabled Aaron to become an ambidextrous player, unable to be categorized as favouring one foot over the other. Career statistics Club International Australia score listed first, score column indicates score after each Mooy goal. Honours Western Sydney Wanderers A-League Premiership: 2012โ€“13 Huddersfield Town EFL Championship play-offs: 2017 Celtic Scottish Premiership: 2022โ€“23 Scottish League Cup: 2022โ€“23 Scottish Cup: 2022โ€“23 Individual Melbourne City Player of the Year: 2014โ€“15, 2015โ€“16 PFA A-League Team of the Season: 2014โ€“15, 2015โ€“16 Fox Sports Alex Tobin Medal: 2014โ€“15 PFA Footballer of the Year: 2015โ€“16, 2016โ€“17 EFL Team of the Season: 2016โ€“17 PFA Team of the Year: 2016โ€“17 Championship Huddersfield Town Player of the Year: 2016โ€“17 Notes References External links Profile at the Huddersfield Town A.F.C. website Profile at the Football Federation Australia website 1990 births Living people Australian people of Dutch descent Australian people of German descent Soccer players from Sydney Australian men's soccer players Men's association football midfielders Bolton Wanderers F.C. players Celtic F.C. players St Mirren F.C. players Western Sydney Wanderers FC players Melbourne City FC players Manchester City F.C. players Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players Shanghai Port F.C. players Chinese Super League players Scottish Premier League players A-League Men players Marquee players (A-League Men) English Football League players Premier League players Scottish Professional Football League players Australia men's youth international soccer players Australia men's under-20 international soccer players Australia men's international soccer players 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup players 2018 FIFA World Cup players Australian expatriate men's soccer players Australian expatriate sportspeople in China Australian expatriate sportspeople in England Australian expatriate sportspeople in Scotland Expatriate men's footballers in China Expatriate men's footballers in England Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland New South Wales Institute of Sport alumni 2022 FIFA World Cup players
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%EB%85%84%20%EC%95%84%EB%A7%88%EC%A1%B4%20%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%BC%20%EC%82%B0%EB%B6%88
2019๋…„ ์•„๋งˆ์กด ์šฐ๋ฆผ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ
2019๋…„ ์•„๋งˆ์กด ์šฐ๋ฆผ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ์€ 2019๋…„ ์•„๋งˆ์กด ์šฐ๋ฆผ์—์„œ ์‚ฐ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ์ด๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 8์›” ํŽ˜๋ฃจ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด 128ํšŒ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ”ผํ•ด ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” ์•ฝ 4๋งŒ ์ œ๊ณฑkm ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ทœ์Šˆ์™€ ๋งž๋จน๋Š” ๋ฉด์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ผ๋ฆผ์ด ์žฟ๋”๋ฏธ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์š” ํ™”์ „๋†์—…์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ํ—ˆํŒŒ๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์•„๋งˆ์กด ์œ ์—ญ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ผ๋ฆผ์„ ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  8์›” 20์ผ ๋‹น์‹œ ์˜๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์†กํ˜‘ํšŒ (์ดํ•˜ BBC)๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋„๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ•ด๋‹น ํ™”์žฌ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๋ณด๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ์–ธ๋ก  ๋‹น๊ตญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ํ•ด๋‹น ํ™”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ดˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์„ ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค 16์ผ ์•ž์„  2019๋…„ 8์›” 4์ผ์„ ์ „ํ›„๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”๊ตฐ๋‹ค๋‚˜ ํ™”์žฌ ์—ฌํŒŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ˜„์ง€ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์†Œ์…œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค(SNS)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด '์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ด€์‹ฌ ์†์— 3์ฃผ ์งธ ํ™”๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์†Œ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ฐ์ด ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ, ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„, ํŒŒ๋ผ๊ณผ์ด ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ์ผ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์‹ธ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ์กด ์ˆฒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™”์žฌ๋Š” ๋‚จ๋™ํ’์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฅ™ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์ง„ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ”ผํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ G7 ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์•ผ์‹ฌ์ฐฌ ํฌ๋ง์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ํ˜„์ง ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ธ ์ž์ด๋ฅด ๋ณด์šฐ์†Œ๋‚˜๋ฃจ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๊ฐ€ G7์— ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋น„์น˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ง€์›ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ž…์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์›Œ๋‚™ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ์—ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋ Œ์กฐ๋‹ˆ ์žฅ๊ด€์€ ๋„๋ฆฌ์–ด G7 ์ •์ƒํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ์•„๋งˆ์กด ์—ด๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฆผ ํ™”์žฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•œ ์—๋งˆ๋‰˜์—˜ ๋งˆํฌ๋กฑ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์—๊ฒŒ '์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง‘๊ณผ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๋“ค'์ด๋‚˜ ์ฑ™๊ธฐ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ง‰๋ง์„ ํผ๋ถ€์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ™”์žฌ ํ”ผํ•ด ๋‹น์‚ฌ๊ตญ์ธ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ง€์› ์˜์‚ฌ๊ตญ์ธ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ์™ธ๊ต ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„ํ™”๋  ์ •๋„๋กœ 2019๋…„ ํ•œ์ผ ๋ฌด์—ญ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์— ํ•„์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ต ๋ถ„์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ๋กœ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์ ‘ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„ ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋™๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ, ์†Œ๋ฐฉ ๋‹น๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ์ง„ํ™”์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„๋งˆ์กด ์šฐ๋ฆผ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ ์—ฌํŒŒ ํƒ“์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ž, ํ™”์žฌ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋‹น์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋™๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์ธ ์‚ฐํƒ€ํฌ๋ฃจ์Šค์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด ๋ฉด์ ์ด 6,540ใŽข์— ๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ํ•ด๋‹น ํ”ผํ•ด ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ํŒ”๋ ˆ์Šคํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์ด ๋ฉด์ ์ธ 6,020 ใŽข๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ํฌ๊ณ  ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ์˜ ๋ฉด์ ์ธ 605ใŽข์˜ 10๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„ ์ •๋ถ€ ๋‹น๊ตญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ์„ ํŠน๋ณ„์žฌ๋‚œ๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํฌ, ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ถ€์ฒ˜ ์žฅ๊ด€๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋น„์ƒ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐœ์กฑ์‹œ์ผœ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ ๋Œ€์‘์— ๋‚˜์„œ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์†Œ๋ฐฉ์šฉ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•œ ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณด์ž‰ 747 ์Šˆํผ ํƒฑ์ปค 1๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ž„์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™”์žฌ ํ˜„์žฅ์— ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฆ์–ธ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋ฒˆ ๋‚จ๋ฏธ ์ค‘๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ™”์žฌ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฒ”์ด ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ธฐ์—ฌ์„œ, ํ™”์ „ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ผ๋ฆผ ๋ฒŒ์ฑ„ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋‚˜๋‚ ์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ™”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ํญ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฌด๋ถ„๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ผ๋ฆผ๋ฒŒ์ฑ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋งˆ์กด ์šฐ๋ฆผ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ์„ ๋ถ€์ถ”๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์›์ธ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋ฐฉํ™”์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•ด ๋ถˆ์„ ๋†“๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์ง€๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ชฉ์ง€๋กœ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‚จ์˜ ๋†์žฅ์— ์ณ๋“ค์–ด ์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ํ† ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋นผ์•—๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ํ”ํ•œ ์ผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋งค๊น€๋œ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ชฉ์ง€ ๋“ฑ์ด ํฐ ํ™”์žฌ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋†์žฅ๋งŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ๋„ ํ•ด๋‹น ์กฐ์ง์ด ๋œป๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ž, ์•™์‹ฌ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ํ’ˆ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ์„ ์ €์ง€๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋†์žฅ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ์กด ์—ด๋Œ€ ์šฐ๋ฆผ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ์†Œ๊ฐ• ์ƒํƒœ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ 2019๋…„ 10์›”์—๋Š” 7,800์—ฌ ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด, ํ™”์žฌ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์›์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ ์ง„ํ™”์— ๋™์ฐธ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ตฐ ์žฅ๋ณ‘์„ ๋Œ€๊ฑฐ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๋’ค ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•ญ๊ณต์šฐ์ฃผ๊ตญ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ๋„ ์•„๋งˆ์กด ์—ด๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฆผ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์ธก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ด€์ธก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ตญ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์ธก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ค‘ ๋ฌด์—ญ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ฌํŒŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•„๋งˆ์กด ์šฐ๋ฆผ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ์„ ๋„๋ฆฌ์–ด ์• ๊ฟŽ์€ ํฌ์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด, ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์ด ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋†์ถ•์ˆ˜์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํƒ์š•์ด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ์•™์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์‡ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์ฝฉ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. AFP ํ†ต์‹ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ถ•์—… ๊ด€๋ จ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ฐ ์ฝฉ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์ด ์•„๋งˆ์กด ํ™ฉํํ™”์˜ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์†์„ ๊ผฝํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„๋งˆ์กด์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ„ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์ด ๋ฉด์  ๋Œ€๋น„ 6.5%๊ฐ€ ๋†์ง€๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2006๋…„์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ„ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ์ฝฉ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋งค๋ฅผ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋†์ง€์—์„œ์˜ ์ฝฉ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ๋ฉด์ ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์€ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์•„๋งˆ์กด ์—ด๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฆผ์— ์ด์–ด ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋„“์€ ๋ฉด์ ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ผ๋ฆผ์ธ ์„ธ๋ผ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”๋‚˜ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ์ฝฉ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์ง€๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•„๋งˆ์กด ์šฐ๋ฆผ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ•ญ์˜ ์‹œ์œ„๋„ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ง€์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ญ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์—ด๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ผ๋ฆผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ๋ง‰์•„์•ผ ํ•˜์ž๋Š” ์ทจ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ์ด ํ•ด๋‹น ์‹œ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๊ตฐ์ค‘๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ณธ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด์™€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋‹จ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์•„๋งˆ์กด ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ์ด ๊ฑฐ์„ธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฒˆ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๊ธฐ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๋ฐ ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ’€์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ›„ ๋Œ€์ฑ… ์•„๋งˆ์กด ์šฐ๋ฆผ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ๋‚ด์„ธ์›Œ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋†๊ฒฝ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ, ๋ชฝ๊ณจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ดˆ์› ์ง€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋†๊ฒฝ์ง€๋กœ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘๋‚จ๋ฏธ์— ์ˆ˜์ถœ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ ์งœ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•„๋‘๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์ด๋‚˜ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ, ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋””์•„๋ผ๋น„์•„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ๋…์ผ, ์˜๊ตญ, ์Šค์›จ๋ด, ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„, ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ, ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด, ๋ง๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ์•„, ํ™์ฝฉ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์ด๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ตœ์ƒ์œ„ ๊ฐœ๋„๊ตญ์—์„œ๋„ ์ด๋ฏธ ์‹ค์ฒœ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ๋†์—…์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œํ‚ค์ž๋Š” ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ์กด ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋†๊ฒฝ์ง€ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ค€์šฉํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ฌด์—ญ ์ˆ˜์ถœ ์˜์กด๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ์œ„์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„, ๊ฐ€๋‚˜, ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ, ๋ชจ๋กœ์ฝ”, ์—ํ‹ฐ์˜คํ”ผ์•„, ์ผ€๋ƒ, ํƒ„์ž๋‹ˆ์•„, ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘๋™, ์บ…์นด์Šค, ์˜› ์†Œ๋ จ์— ์†ํ•œ ์ค‘์•™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ๋‚ด๊ฑธ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด๋„ ์—ญ์‹œ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ์˜ค๋„ ์—ญ์‹œ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ 2019๋…„ ๊ฐ•์›๋„ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ ์–‘๊ฐ„์ง€ํ’ ํ›„์ฟ ์— ๋Œ€ํ™”์žฌ ๊ตฌ๋ ˆ์‹œ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ 2019๋…„ ์‹œ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ 2019๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ 2019๋…„ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ 2019๋…„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ 2019๋…„ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ 2020๋…„ ์ถ˜์ฒœ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 2019๋…„ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ 2019๋…„ ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„ 2019๋…„ ํŽ˜๋ฃจ 2019๋…„ ํŒŒ๋ผ๊ณผ์ด 2019๋…„ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด ํŽ˜๋ฃจ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด ํŒŒ๋ผ๊ณผ์ด์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด ์•„๋งˆ์กด ์šฐ๋ฆผ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ 2019๋…„ 8์›”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%20Amazon%20rainforest%20wildfires
2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires
The 2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires season saw a year-to-year surge in fires occurring in the Amazon rainforest and Amazon biome within Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Peru during that year's Amazonian tropical dry season. Fires normally occur around the dry season as slash-and-burn methods are used to clear the forest to make way for agriculture, livestock, logging, and mining, leading to deforestation of the Amazon rainforest. Such activity is generally illegal within these nations, but enforcement of environmental protection can be lax. The increased rates of fire counts in 2019 led to international concern about the fate of the Amazon rainforest, which is the world's largest terrestrial carbon dioxide sink and plays a significant role in mitigating global warming. The increasing rates were first reported by Brazil's National Institute for Space Research (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, INPE) in June and July 2019 through satellite monitoring systems, but international attention was drawn to the situation by August 2019 when NASA corroborated INPE's findings, and smoke from the fires, visible from satellite imagery, darkened the city of Sรฃo Paulo despite being thousands of kilometers from the Amazon. , INPE reported more than 80,000 fires across all of Brazil, a 77% year-to-year increase for the same tracking period, with more than 40,000 in the Brazil's Legal Amazon (Amazรดnia Legal or BLA), which contains 60% of the Amazon. Similar year-to-year increases in fires were subsequently reported in Bolivia, Paraguay and Peru, with the 2019 fire counts within each nation of over 19,000, 11,000 and 6,700, respectively, . It is estimated that over of forest within the Amazon biome has been lost to fires in 2019. In addition to the impact on global climate, the fires created environmental concerns from the excess carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) within the fires' emissions, potential impacts on the biodiversity of the Amazon, and threats to indigenous tribes that live within the forest. Ecologists estimated that the dieback from the Amazon rainforest due to the fires could cost Brazil US$957 billion to US$3.5 trillion over a 30-year period. The increased rate of fires in Brazil has raised the most concerns as international leaders, particularly French president Emmanuel Macron, and environmental non-government organizations (ENGOs) attributed these to Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro's pro-business policies that had weakened environmental protections and have encouraged deforestation of the Amazon after he took office in January 2019. Bolsonaro initially remained ambivalent and rejected international calls to take action, asserting that the criticism was sensationalist. Following increased pressure at the 45th G7 summit and a threat to reject the pending European Unionโ€“Mercosur free trade agreement, Bolsonaro dispatched over 44,000 Brazilian troops and allocated funds to fight the fires, and later signed a decree to prevent such fires for a sixty-day period. Other Amazonian countries have been affected by the wildfires in higher or lesser degree. The number of hectares of Bolivian rainforest affected by the wildfires were roughly equal to those of Brazil, being the area of Bolivia only about one-eighth of Brazil's. Bolivian president Evo Morales was similarly blamed for past policies that encouraged deforestation, Morales has also taken proactive measures to fight the fires and seek aid from other countries. At the G7 summit, Macron negotiated with the other nations to allocate for emergency aid to the Amazonian countries affected by the fires. Amazon forest and deforestation There are of Amazon rainforest. Human-driven deforestation of the Amazon rainforest has been a major concern for decades as the rainforest's impact on the global climate has been measured. From a global climate perspective, the Amazon has been the world's largest carbon dioxide sink, and estimated to capture up to 25% of global carbon dioxide generation into plants and other biomass. Without this sink, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations would increase and contribute towards higher global temperatures, thus making the viability of the Amazon a global concern. Further, when the forest is lost through fire, additional carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere, and could potentially contribute significantly to the total carbon dioxide content. The flora also generates significant quantities of water vapor through transpiration which travel large distances to other parts of South America via atmospheric rivers and contribute to the precipitation in these areas. Due to ongoing global climate change, environmental scientists have raised concerns that the Amazon could reach a "tipping point" where it would irreversibly die out, the land becoming more savanna than forest, under certain climate change conditions which are exacerbated by anthropogenic activities. Human-driven deforestation of the Amazon is used to clear land for agriculture, livestock, and mining, and for its lumber. Most forest is typically cleared using slash-and-burn processes; huge amounts of biomass are removed by first pulling down the trees in the Amazon using bulldozers and giant tractors during the wet season (November through June), followed by torching the tree trunks several months later in the dry season (July through October). Fires are most common in July through August. In some cases, workers performing the burn are unskilled, and may inadvertently allow these fires to spread. While most countries in the Amazon do have laws and environmental enforcement against deforestation, these are not well enforced, and much of the slash-and-burn activity is done illegally. Deforestation leads to a large number of observed fires across the Amazon during the dry season, usually tracked by satellite data. While it is possible for naturally-occurring wildfires to occur in the Amazon, the chances are far less likely to occur, compared to those in California or in Australia. Even with global warming, spontaneous fires in the Amazon cannot come from warm weather alone, but warm weather is capable of exacerbating the fires once started as there will be drier biomass available for the fire to spread. Alberto Setzer of INPE estimated that 99% of the wildfires in the Amazon basin are a result of human actions, either on purpose or accidentally. Man-made fires in the Amazon also tend to elevate their smoke into the higher atmosphere due to the more intense burn of the dry biomass, compared with naturally occurring wildfires. Further evidence of the fires being caused by human activity is due to their clustering near roads and existing agricultural areas rather than remote parts of the forest. On November 18, 2019, Brazilian authorities announced the official deforestation figures, based on the PRODES satellite monitoring system for the 2019 forest yearโ€”from August 1, 2018, to July 31, 2019. The rate of deforestation was the "worst in more than a decade" with lost. In August 2020 Brazil's National Institute for Space Research reported that satellite data shows that the number of fires in the Amazon increased by 28% to ~6,800 fires in July compared to the ~5,300 wildfires in July 2019. This indicated a, potentially worsened, repeat of 2019's accelerated destruction of one of the world's largest protectable buffers against global warming in 2020. Broad types of fire in the Amazon Amazon fires can be separated into three broad categories. First, deforestation-related fires are those used to prepare the area for agriculture after a primary forest being felled and the vegetation left to dry. Second, there are those agricultural burns, when fires are used to clear existing pastureland and/or by smallholders and traditional people in rotational agriculture. Finally, the previous fire types can escape beyond intended limits and invade standing forests. When a forest burns for the first time, fire intensity is usually low and flames are mostly restricted to the understory while repeated fire events have higher intensity. Forest fires are a threat to the Amazonian biodiversity and jeopardize the ability of forest trees to mitigate climate change by storing carbon. When studying Amazonian fires, it is important to consider the marked spatial differences in precipitation patterns across the Amazon Basin, which does not have a single dry season. Fires in Brazil Past deforestation and fires in Brazil Brazil's role in deforestation of the Amazon rainforest has been a significant issue during the 1930s, as 60% of the Amazon is contained within Brazil, designated as the Brazil's Legal Amazon (Amazรดnia Legal, BLA). Since the 1970s, Brazil has consumed approximately 12 percent of the forest, representing roughly โ€”an area larger than that of the US state of Texas. Most of the deforestation has been for natural resources for the logging industry and land clearing for agricultural and mining use. Forest removal to make way for cattle ranching was the leading cause of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon from the mid-1960s on. The Amazon region has become the largest cattle ranching territory in the world. According to the World Bank, some 80% of deforested land is used for cattle ranching. Seventy percent of formerly forested land in the Amazon, and 91% of land deforested since 1970, is used for livestock pasture. According to the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), "between 1990 and 2001 the percentage of Europe's processed meat imports that came from Brazil rose from 40 to 74 percent" and by 2003 "for the first time ever, the growth in Brazilian cattle production, 80 percent of which was in the Amazon[,] was largely export driven." The Brazilian states of Parรก, Mato Grosso, and Rondรดnia, located along the southern border of the Amazon rainforest, are in what is called the "deforestation arc". Deforestation within Brazil is partially driven by growing demand for beef and soy exports, particularly to China and Hong Kong. In the first seven months of 2019, soy exports to China rose by 18% due to trading tensions between the United States and China. Brazil is one of the largest exporters of beef, accounting for more than 20% of global trade of the commodity. Brazil exported over 1.6 million tonnes of beef in 2018, the highest volume in recorded history. Brazil's cattle herd has increased by 56% over the last two decades. Ranchers wait until the dry season to slash-and-burn to give time for the cattle to graze. Soybean production has increased from 75.32 million metric tons in 2010/11 to 118.8 million metric tons in 2018/19. The Amazon accounts for 14 million of the 284 million acres of soy plantations in Brazil. While slash-and-burn can be controlled, unskilled farmers may end up causing wildfires. Wildfires have increased as the agricultural sector has pushed into the Amazon basin and spurred deforestation. In recent years, "land-grabbers" (grileiros) have been illegally cutting deep into the forest in "Brazil's indigenous territories and other protected forests throughout the Amazon". Past data from INPE has shown the number of fires with the BLA from January to August in any year to be routinely higher than 60,000 fires from 2002 to 2007 and as high as 90,000 in 2003. Fire counts have generally been higher in years of drought (2007 and 2010), which are often coupled with El Niรฑo events. Within international attention on the protection of the Amazon around the early 2000s, Brazil took a more proactive approach to deforestation of the Amazon rainforest. In 2004, the Brazilian government had established the Federal Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Amazon (PPCDAM), with the goal to reduce the rate of deforestation through land use regulation, environmental monitoring, and sustainable activities, promoted through partnerships at the federal and private level, and legal penalties for violations. Brazil also invested in more effective measures to fight fires, including fire-fighting airplanes in 2012. By 2014, USAID was teaching the indigenous people how to fight fires. As a result of enforcement of PPCDAM, the rate of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon dropped 83.5% of their 2004 rates by 2012. However, in 2014, Brazil fell into an economic crisis, and as part of that recovery, pushed heavily on its exports of beef and soy to help bolster its economy, which caused a reversal in the falling deforestation rates. The Brazilian government has been defunding scientific research since the economic crisis. To support PPCDAM, the INPE began developing systems to monitor the Amazon rainforest. One early effort was the Amazon Deforestation Satellite Monitoring Project (PRODES), which is a highly detailed satellite imagery-based approach to calculate wildfires and deforestation losses on an annual basis. In 2015, INPE launched five complementary projects as part of the Terra Brasilis project to monitor deforestation closer to real-time. Among these include the Real-Time Deforestation Detection System (DETER) satellite alert system, allowing them to capture incidents of wildfires in 15-day cycles. The daily data is published on the regularly updated Brazilian Environmental Institute government website, and later corroborated with the annual and more accurate PRODES data. By December 2017, INPE had completed a modernization process and had expanded its system to analyze and share data on forest fires. It launched its new TerraMA2Q platformโ€”software which adapts fire-monitoring data software including the "occurrence of irregular fires". Although the INPE was able to provide regional fire data since 1998, the modernization increased access. Agencies that monitor and fight fires include the Brazilian Federal Environment and Renewable Resources Agency (IBAMA), as well as state authorities. The INPE receives its images daily from 10 foreign satellites, including the Terra and Aqua satellitesโ€”part of the NASA's Earth Observation System (EOS). Combined, these systems are able to capture the number of fires on a daily basis, but this number does not directly measure the area of forest lost to these fires; instead, this is done with fortnightly imaging data to compare the current state of the forest with reference data to estimate acreage lost. Jair Bolsonaro was elected as President of Brazil in October 2018 and took office in January 2019, after which he and his ministries changed governmental policies to weaken protection of the rainforest and make it favorable for farmers to continue practices of slash-and-burn clearing, thus accelerating the deforestation from previous years. Land-grabbers had used Bolsonaro's election to extend their activities into cutting in the land of the previously isolated Apurinรฃ people in Amazonas where the "world's largest standing tracts of unbroken rainforest" are found. Upon entering office, Bolsonaro cut from Brazil's environmental enforcement agency, making it difficult for the agency to regulate deforestation efforts. Bolsonaro and his ministers had also segmented the environmental agency, placing part of its control under the agricultural ministry, which is led by the country's farming lobby, weakened protections on natural reserves and territories belonging to indigenous people, and encouraged businesses to file counter-land claims against regions managed by sustainable forestry practices. 2019 Brazil dry season fires INPE alerted the Brazilian government to larger-than-normal growth in the number of fires through June to August 2019. The first four months of the year were wetter-than-average, discouraging slash-and-burn efforts. However, with the start of the dry season in May 2019, the number of wildfires jumped greatly. Additionally, NOAA reported that, regionally, the temperatures in the Januaryโ€“July 2019 period were the second warmest year-to-date on record. INPE reported a year-to-year increase of 88% in wildfire occurrences in June 2019. There was further increase in the rate of deforestation in July 2019, with the INPE estimating that more than of land had been deforested in the month and would be on track to surpass the area of Greater London by the end of the month. The month of August 2019 saw a large growth in the number of observed wildfires according to INPE. By August 11, Amazonas had declared a state of emergency. The state of Acre entered into an environmental alert on August 16. In early August, local farmers in the Amazonian state of Parรก placed an ad in the local newspaper calling for a queimada or "Day of Fire" on August 10, 2019, organizing large scale slash-and-burn operations knowing that there was little chance of interference from the government. Shortly after, there was an increase in the number of wildfires in the region. INPE reported on August 20 that it had detected 39,194 fires in the Amazon rainforest since January. This represented a 77 percent increase in the number of fires from the same time period in 2018. However, the NASA-funded NGO Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) shows 2018 as an unusually low fire year compared to historic data from 2004 to 2005 which are years showing nearly double the number of counted fires. INPE had reported that at least 74,155 fires have been detected in all of Brazil, which represents an 84-percent increase from the same period in 2018. NASA originally reported in mid-August that MODIS satellites reported average numbers of fires in the region compared with data from the past 15 years; the numbers were above average for the year in the states of Amazonas and Rondรดnia, but below average for Mato Grosso and Parรก. NASA later clarified that the data set they had evaluated previous was through August 16, 2019. By August 26, 2019, NASA included more recent MODIS imagery to confirm that the number of fires were higher than in previous years. By August 29, 80,000 fires had broken out in Brazil which represents a 77% rise on the same period in 2018, according to BBC. INPE reported that in the period from January 1 to August 29, across South America, and not exclusive to the Amazon rainforest, there were 84,957 fires in Brazil, 26,573 in Venezuela, 19,265 in Bolivia, 14,363 in Colombia, 14,969 in Argentina, 10,810 in Paraguay, 6,534 in Peru, 2,935 in Chile, 898 in Guyana, 407 in Uruguay, 328 in Ecuador, 162 in Suriname, and 11 in French Guiana. First media reports While INPE's data had been reported in international sources earlier, news of the wildfires were not a major news story until around August 20, 2019. On that day, the smoke plume from the fires in Rondรดnia and Amazonas caused the sky to darken at around 2 p.m. over Sรฃo Pauloโ€”which is almost away from the Amazon basin on the eastern coast. NASA and US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) also published satellite imagery from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Terra satellite in alignment with INPE's own, that showed smoke plumes from the wildfires were visible from space. INPE and NASA data, along with photographs of the ongoing fires and impacts, caught international attention and became a rising topic on social media, with several world leaders, celebrities, and athletes expressing their concerns. According to Vox, of all the concurrent wildfires elsewhere in the world, the wildfires in the Amazon rainforest in Brazil were the most "alarming". Responses of the Brazilian government In the months prior to August 2019, Bolsonaro mocked international and environmental groups that felt his pro-business actions enabled deforestation. At one point in August 2019, Bolsonaro jokingly calling himself "Captain Chainsaw" while asserting that INPE's data was inaccurate. After INPE announced an 88% increase of wildfires in July 2019, Bolsonaro claimed "the numbers were fake" and fired Ricardo Magnus Osรณrio Galvรฃo, the INPE director. Bolsonaro claimed Galvรฃo was using the data to lead an "anti-Brazil campaign". Bolsonaro had claimed that the fires had been deliberately started by environmental NGOs, although he provided no evidence to back up the accusation. NGOs such as WWF Brasil, Greenpeace, and the Brazilian Institute for Environmental Protection countered Bolsonaro's claims. Bolsonaro, on August 22, argued that Brazil did not have the resources to fight the fires, as the "Amazon is bigger than Europe, how will you fight criminal fires in such an area?". Historically, Brazil has been guarded about international intervention into the BLA, as the country sees the forest as a critical part of Brazil's economy. Bolsonaro and his government have continued to speak out against any international oversight of the situation. Bolsonaro considered French President Emmanuel Macron's comments to have a "sensationalist tone" and accusing him of interfering in what he considers is a local problem. Of Macron and German Chancellor Angela Merkel, Bolsonaro stated: "They still haven't realized that Brazil is under new direction. That there's now a president who is loyal to [the] Brazilian people, who says the Amazon is ours, who says bad Brazilians can't release lying numbers and campaign against Brazil." Bolsonaro's foreign minister Ernesto Araรบjo has also condemned the international criticism of Bolsonaro's reaction to the wildfires, calling it "savage and unfair" treatment towards Bolsonaro and Brazil. Araรบjo stated that: "President Bolsonaro's government is rebuilding Brazil", and that foreign nations were using the "environmental crisis" as a weapon to stop this rebuilding. General Eduardo Villas Bรดas, former commander of the Brazilian Army, considered the criticism of world leaders, like Macron and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, to be directly challenging "Brazilian sovereignty", and may need to be met with military response. With increased pressure from the international community, Bolsonaro appeared more willing to take proactive steps against the fires, saying by August 23, 2019, that his government would take a "zero tolerance" approach to environmental crimes. He engaged the Brazilian military to help fight the wildfires on August 24, which Joint Staff member Lt. Brig. Raul Botelho stated was to create a "positive perception" of the government's efforts. Among military support included 43,000 troops as well as four firefighting aircraft, and an allocated for fire-fighting operations. Initial efforts were principally located in the state of Rondรดnia, but the Defense Ministry stated they plan to offer support for all seven states affected by the fires. On August 28, Bolsonaro signed a decree banning the setting of fires in Brazil for a period of 60 days, making exceptions for those fires made purposely to maintain environmental forest health, to combat wildfires, and by the indigenous people of Brazil. However, as most fires are set illegally, it is unclear what impact this decree could have. Rodrigo Maia, president of the Chamber of Deputies, announced that he would form a parliatary committee to monitor the problem. In addition, he said that the Chamber will hold a general commission in the following days to assess the situation and propose solutions to the government. After a report from Globo Rural reveal that a WhatsApp group of 70 people was involved with the Day of Fire, Jair Bolsonaro determined the opening of investigations by Federal Police. In a webcast issued November 28, 2019, President Jair Bolsonaro blamed actor and environmentalist Leonardo DiCaprio for the rainforest wildfires, alleging NGOs set the fires in return for donations. DiCaprio, Global Wildlife Conservation, and IUCN Species Survival Commission condemn Bolsonaro's accusations. Brazil banned clearing land by setting fire to it on 29 August 2019. More measures taken by the Brazilian government of Jair Bolsonaro to stop the fires include: Accepting 4 planes from Chile to battle the fires. Accepting 12 million dollars of aid from the United Kingdom government Softening his position about aid from the G7. Appealing for an international conference to preserve the Amazon with participation of all countries that have some part of the Amazon rainforest in their territory Protests against Brazilian government policies In regards to the displacement of the indigenous people, Amnesty International has highlighted the change in protection of lands belonging to the indigenous people, and have called on other nations to pressure Brazil to restore these rights, as they are also essential to protecting the rainforest. Ivaneide Bandeira Cardoso, founder of Kanindรฉ, a Porto Velho-based advocacy group for indigenous communities, said Bolsonaro is directly responsible for the escalation of forest fires throughout the Amazon this year. Cardoso said the wildfires are a "tragedy that affects all of humanity" since the Amazon plays an important role in the global ecosystem as a carbon sink to reduce the effects of climate change. Thousands of Brazilian citizens held protests in several major cities from August 24, 2019, onward to challenge the government's reaction to the wildfires. Protesters around the world also held events at Brazilian embassies, including in London, Paris, Mexico City, and Geneva. Impact on the indigenous peoples of Brazil In addition to environmental harm, the slash-and-burn actions leading to the wildfires have threatened the approximately 306,000 indigenous people in Brazil who reside near or within the rainforest. Bolsonaro had spoken out against the need to respect the demarcation of lands for indigenous people established in the 1988 Constitution of Brazil. According to a CBC report on Brazil's wildfires, representatives of the indigenous people have stated that farmers, loggers, and miners, emboldened by the Brazilian government's policies, have forced these people out of their lands, sometimes through violent means, and equated their methods with genocide. Additionally, some indigenous groups that have traditionally used fire management practices for agricultural livelihoods are being criminalized. Some of these tribes have vowed to fight back against those engaged in deforestation to protect their lands. Kerexu Yxapyry, a leader from Santa Catarina's Kerexu tribe, describes this conflict as, "We know our struggle will be arduous. Maybe many of our leaders will be killed, but we are organized. And we are going to defend our rights." For more on the impacts of displacement on populations, International responses International leaders and environmental NGOs have condemned President Bolsonaro for the extent of the wildfires within the Brazilian portion of the Amazon. Several international governments and environmental groups raised concerns at Bolsonaro's stance on the rainforest and the lack of attempts by his government to slow the wildfires. Among the most vocal was Macron, given the proximity of French Guiana to Brazil. Macron called the Amazon wildfires an "international crisis", while claiming the rainforest produces "20% of the world's oxygen"โ€”a statement disputed by academics. He said, "Our house is burning. Literally." Discussion about the fires came into the final negotiations of the EUโ€“Mercosur Free Trade Agreement between the EU and Mercosur, a trade bloc of Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay. With the wildfires on-going, both Macron and Irish Prime Minister Leo Varadkar have stated they will refuse to ratify the trade deal unless Brazil commits to protecting the environment. However, they have both been accused of using the fires as a pretext to scuttle an agreement that they already opposed on protectionist grounds. Finance minister of Finland Mika Lintilรค suggested the idea of an EU ban on Brazilian beef imports until the country takes steps to stop the deforestation. The Secretary-General of the Rainforest Foundation Norway (RFN), ร˜yvind Eggen, said that neither the "official deforestation figures" published by Brazilian authorities on November 18, 2019, nor the number of wildfires in Amazon in 2019, were normal. According to the RFN,"We are approaching a potential tipping point, where large parts of the forest will be so damaged that [the rainforest] collapses." Preserving the Amazon: A Shared Moral Imperative On September 10, 2019, the US House Foreign Affairs Committee held a hearing in Washington, DC entitled "Preserving the Amazon: A Shared Moral Imperative". In her testimony presented to the hearing, Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE) economist, Monica de Bolle likened the rainforest to a "carbon bomb", as the fires lit for deforestation "may release as much as 200 million tons of carbon into the atmosphere a year, which would spur climate change at a much faster rate, not to mention associated changes in rainfall patterns that may result from deforestation." Fires in Bolivia Background In Bolivia, chaqueo is an annual seasonal agricultural practice and commonly relies on the controlled use of fire. It was first authorized in 2001 during the government of Hugo Banzer Suarez. Bolivia has 7.7 percent of the Amazon rainforest within its borders. The Bolivian Amazon covers which comprise 37.7 percent of Bolivia's forests and 17.7 percent of Bolivia's land mass. Bolivia's forests cover a total of , including the Chiquitano dry forests which is part of the Amazon biome and a transition zone between the Amazon rainforest and the drier forests of the southern Chaco region. By September 14, 2019, Boliviaโ€”which is one-eighth the size of Brazilโ€”lost nearly of "forest and savanna". The fires destroyed about the same area of rainforest than in Brazil. Santa Cruz Department By August 16, Bolivia's Santa Cruz had declared a departmental emergency because of the forest fires. From August 18 to August 23, approximately of the Chiquitano dry forests were destroyed, more than what was lost over a typical two-year period. By August 24, the fires had already affected of forestland in the Santa Cruz and were burning near Santa Cruz, Bolivia. By August 26, wildfires had reached over of Bolivia's savanna and tropical forests, according to the Bolivian Information Agency (BIA). Over a period of five days, from August 18 to August 22, of forest near Roborรฉ were burned. On August 25, 4,000 state employees and volunteers were fighting the fires. By August 25, the Chiquitano regions has seen of tropical forest burned within both the Amazon and the dry forests, mostly within the Santa Cruz province; like the Brazil fires, such fires occur during the dry season, but the number of fires in 2019 were larger than in previous years. Throughout August, wildfires have been spreading across four states. [By August 26, fires in the Dionisio Foianini Triangleโ€”the Brazil-Bolivia-Paraguay triangle had reached savannah and tropical forest "near Bolivia's border with Paraguay and Brazil". The Bolivian government intervened after it was clear that the fires had surpassed local and regional response capabilities. In the week of August 18, Morales dispatched soldiers and three helicopters to fight fires in an area about the size of Oregon. On August 22, Morales contracted the Colorado-based Boeing 747 Supertanker (also known as Global SuperTanker) to conduct firefighting missions over the Bolivian Amazon. The 747 Supertanker is the largest firefighting aircraft in the world, which can hold approximately 19,000 gallons of water per trip. Morales has stated that the governments of many countries including Spain, Chile, Perรบ, France, the EU, among others have reached out to him to provide help for fighting the fires. The government had been trying to determine the cause of the fires, with the Bolivian land management authority attributing 87% of the fires present in areas without authorization. Multiple NGOs assert that deforestation rates in Bolivia increased 200 percent after the government quadrupled available land for deforestation to small farmers in 2015. Political opponents of Morales alleged that the Supreme Decree 3973 , a mandate to further beef production in the Amazon region, is a major cause of the Bolivian fires. However, this Supreme Decree only extends the authorized but regulated use of fire already legal in Santa Cruz to the Beni Department, where forest fire issues are not a significant issue. By September 9, total forests that had been affected by fires in Bolivia was estimated as , more than double from estimates two weeks prior, but far less extended than the forest fires that occurred in 2004 and 2010. While some local government officials and opposition leaders have pled with Morales to update the situation from national emergengy to national disaster, but minister of communication Manuel Canelas said that Bolivia "is not overwhelmed" by fires to make this declaration, and that national emergency is sufficient to receive any type of foreign cooperation. Fires in Paraguay's Pantanal By August 22, fire emergencies in Paraguay's Alto Paraguay district and the UNESCO protected Pantanal region were issued by its federal government. Paraguay President Mario Abdo Benรญtez was in close contact with Bolivia's Morales to coordinate response efforts. By August 17, as wind direction changed, flames from fires in Bolivia began to enter northern Paraguay's Three Giants natural reserve in the Paraguayan Pantanal natural region. By August 24, when the situation had stabilized, Paraguay had lost in the Pantanal. An Universidad Nacional de Asunciรณn representative lamented the disaster failed to attract as much media attention as the fires in the Amazon rainforest. While most of the Pantanal regionsโ€”โ€”is within Brazil's borders in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, the natural region also extends into Mato Grosso and portions of Bolivia. It sprawls over an area estimated at between . Within the Pantanal natural region, which is located between Brazil and Bolivia, is the "world's largest tropical wetland area". According one of the engineers charged with monitoring satellite data showing the "evolution of the fires", the Pantanal is a "complex, fragile, and high-risk ecosystem because it's being transformed from a wetland to a productive system". The Pantana is bounded by the Humid Chaco to the south, the Arid Chaco dry forests to the southwest, Cerrado savannas lie to the north, east and southeast, and the Chiquitano dry forests, to the west and northwest, where thousands of hectares burned in Bolivia. A national parks researcher said that outsiders only know the Amazon, which is a "shame because the Pantanal is a very important ecological place". The Paranรก River, which flows through Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, is the "second largest river system in South America". Fires in Peru Peru had nearly twice the growth in the number of fires in 2019 than Brazil, with most believed to be illegally set by ranchers, miners, and coca growers. Much of the fires are in the Madre de Dios which borders Brazil and Bolivia, though the fires there are not a result of those started in the other countries, according to the regional authority. However, they are still concerned about the impact of downwind emissions, particularly carbon monoxide, on residents of Madre de Dios. There were 128 forest fires reported in Peru in August 2019. Environmental impacts of the fires Emissions By August 22, NASA's AIRS published maps of increased carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide resulting from Brazil's wildfires. On the same day, the European Union's Copernicus Climate Change Service reported a "discernible spike" in emissions of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide generated by the fires. Areas downwind of the fires have become covered with smoke, which can potentially last upwards of months at a time if the fires are left to burn out. Hospitals in cities like Porto Velho had reported over three times the average number of cases of patients affected by smoke over the same year-to-year period in August 2019 than in other previous years. Besides hindering breathing, the smoke can exacerbates patients with asthma or bronchitis and have potential cancer risk, generally affecting the youth and elderly the most. Biodiversity According to the World Wildlife Fund, the jaguar, for example, is already "near threatened" and the loss of food supplies and habitat due to the fires make the situation more critical. Scientists at the Natural History Museum in London described how while some forests have adapted to fire as "important part of a forest ecosystem's natural cycle", the Amazon rainforestโ€”which is "made up of lowland, wetland forests"โ€”is "not well-equipped to deal with fire". Other Amazon basin ecosystems, like the Cerrado region, with its "large savannah, and lots of plants there have thick, corky, fire-resistant stems", is "fire-adapted". Mazeika Sullivan, associate professor at Ohio State University's School of Environment and Natural Resources, explained that the fires could have a massive toll on wildlife in the short term as many animals in the Amazon are not adapted for extraordinary fires. Sloths, lizards, anteaters, and frogs may unfortunately perish in larger numbers than others due to their small size and lack of mobility. Endemic species, like Milton's titi and Mura's saddleback tamarin, are believed to be beset by the fires. Aquatic species could also be affected due to the fires changing the water chemistry into a state unsuitable for life. Long-term effects could be more catastrophic. Parts of the Amazon rainforest's dense canopy were destroyed by the fires, therefore, exposing the lower levels of the ecosystem, which then alters the energy flow of the food chain. The fires affect water chemistry (such as decreasing the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water), temperature, and erosion rates, which in turn affects fish and mammals that depend on fish, such as the giant otter. International actions On August 22, the Bishops Conference for Latin America called the fires a "tragedy" and urged the UN, the international community, and governments of Amazonian countries, to "take serious measures to save the world's lungs". Colombian President Ivan Duque stated he wanted to lead a conservation pact with the other nations that share the Amazon rainforest with plans to present this to the UN General Assembly. Duque said, "We must understand the protection of our Mother Earth and our Amazon is a duty, a moral duty." United Nations Secretary General Antรณnio Guterres stated on August 23, that: "In the midst of the global climate crisis, we cannot afford more damage to a major source of oxygen and biodiversity." G7 Summit and emergency aid Attention to the wildfires increased in the week prior to the G7 summit discussions on August 24โ€“26 in Biarritz, France, led by President Macron. Macron stated his intent to open discussions related to the wildfires in the Brazilian part of the Amazon and Bolsonaro's response to them. Merkel has also backed Macron's statements and planned to make the issue a part of the G7 discussions; via a spokesperson, Merkel stated: "The extent of the fires in the Amazon area is shocking and threatening, not only for Brazil and the other affected countries, but also for the whole world." Macron further stated that possible international statute to protect the rainforest may be needed "if a sovereign state took concrete actions that clearly went against the interest of the planet". Bolsonaro expressed concern to United States president Donald Trump, that with Brazil not part of the G7, the country would be unrepresented in any such debate. Trump offered to take the position of the Brazilian government to the meeting and said that the US government did not agree to discuss the issue without Brazil's presence. Trump himself was absent from the environmental portion of the summit held on August 26, 2019, that discussed the fires and climate change, though members of his advisory team were in attendance. During the summit, Macron and Chilean president Sebastiรกn Piรฑera negotiated with the other nations to authorize in emergency funding to Amazonian countries to help fight the fires. The Trump administration did not approve of the measure as the funding set certain requirements on its use. When the final negotiations were completed, Bolsonaro stated that he would refuse those funds for Brazil, claiming that Macron's interests were about protecting France's agricultural business in French Guiana from Brazil's competition. Bolsonaro also criticised Macron by comparing the Amazon fires to the Notre-Dame de Paris fire earlier in 2019, suggesting Macron should take care of their internal fires before reaching out internationally. The governors of the states of Brazil most affected by the fires pressured Bolsonaro to accept the aid given. Bolsonaro later clarified that he would accept foreign aid for the fires, but only if Brazil has the authority to determine how it is used. Amazon country summit Brazil's Bolsonaro stated on August 28, 2019, that the countries sharing the Amazon rainforest, excluding Venezuela, will hold a summit in Colombia on September 6, 2019, to discuss the ongoing Amazon fire situation. Representatives from seven countries attended: Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana and Suriname. The countries signed a pact to coordinate monitoring of the Amazon forest and disaster response, and a better information network to coordinate their responses. The pact will also seek cooperative efforts to reduce the need for illegal deforestation in their countries. 2019 wildfires in the media The media coverage had also broadly overshadowed the Amazon fires in Bolivia, Peru, and Paraguay by the fires and international impact of those in the BLA. The Amazon wildfires also occurred shortly after major wildfires reported in Greenland and Siberia after a globally hotter-than-average June and July, drawing away coverage of these natural disasters. Some of these photographs shared on social media were from past fire events in the Amazon or from fires elsewhere. Agence France-Presse and El Comercio published guides to help people "fact-check" on misleading photos. Celebrity responses to Amazon wildfires American actor Leonardo DiCaprio said his environmental organization Earth Alliance is donating $5 million to local groups and indigenous communities to help protect the Amazon. In a webcast on November 28, 2019, President Jair Bolsonaro said DiCaprio's donations encourage NGOs to set the fires in return for donations, a charge DiCaprio, Global Wildlife Conservation, and IUCN Species Survival Commission vehemently denied. Instagram has been a platform for many celebrities who have spoken out about the wildfires such as Cara Delevingne, who posted a picture of the wildfires with the caption "#PrayForAmazonia". Other celebrities who made public contributions include actresses Vanessa Hudgens and Lana Condor, and Japanese musician Yoshiki. On August 26, 2019, Europe's richest man, Bernard Arnault, declared that his LVMH group will donate $11 million to aid in the fight against the Amazon rainforest wildfires. American restaurateur Eddie Huang said he is going vegan as a result of the 2019 Amazon fires. Khloรฉ Kardashian urged her 98 million Instagram followers to adopt a plant-based diet for the same reason. Leonardo DiCaprio told his Instagram followers to "eliminate or reduce consumption of beef" as "cattle ranching is one of the primary drivers of deforestation." 2021 single "Amazonia" by French metal band Gojira and its music video are a response the fires. See also 2019 Alberta wildfires 2019 California wildfires 2019 Siberia wildfires 2019 United Kingdom wildfires 2019 Washington wildfires 2019 wildfire season 2019 Southeast Asian haze 2019โ€“20 Australian bushfire season 2020 Brazil rainforest wildfires Deforestation in Brazil Notes References External links Current worldwide map of airborne particulates about one micrometer in diameter, including smoke 2019 disasters in Brazil 2019 controversies 2019 wildfires 2019 in the environment August 2019 events in South America Controversies in Brazil Climate change in Brazil 2019 disasters in Bolivia 2019 disasters in Paraguay 2019 disasters in Peru Natural disasters in Bolivia Natural disasters in Paraguay Natural disasters in Peru Amazon rainforest August 2019 events in Brazil Fires in Peru Fires in Brazil Fires in Paraguay Fires in Bolivia Wildfires in South America Natural disasters in Brazil 2010s fires in South America 2019 fires Deforestation in Brazil
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%93%A8%EB%A6%B0%20%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC
ํ“จ๋ฆฐ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ
ํ“จ๋ฆฐ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ()๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ“จ๋ฆฐ์„ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ํ“จ๋ฆฐ์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(์ฆ‰, ํ•ต์—ผ๊ธฐ, ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์Šค, ์ธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋จ)๋กœ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฐ๋…ธ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(AMP)๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์•„๋…ธ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(GMP)์€ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์ด๋…ธ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(IMP)์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋„๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋…ธ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ์€ ํ“จ๋ฆฐ ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์—์„œ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ํ“จ๋ฆฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. IMP์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์ด๋…ธ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(IMP)์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ(์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์ฐธ์กฐ)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์Šค 5-์ธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ“จ๋ฆฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” 5๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ ์›์ž์™€ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์งˆ์†Œ ์›์ž์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์€ ์•„์ŠคํŒŒ๋ฅดํŠธ์‚ฐ, CO2, ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹ , ํผ์‚ฐ, ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ“จ๋ฆฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ ์›์ž์™€ 1๊ฐœ์˜ ์งˆ์†Œ ์›์ž, ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์งˆ์†Œ ์›์ž, ์•„์ŠคํŒŒ๋ฅดํŠธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1๊ฐœ์˜ ์งˆ์†Œ ์›์ž, ํผ์‚ฐ(10-ํผ์ผํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœํด์‚ฐ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋จ)์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ ์›์ž, ํƒ„์‚ฐ์ˆ˜์†Œ์—ผ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ ์›์ž๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํผ์ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” 2๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ ์›์ž๋Š” ํ“จ๋ฆฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๋‘ ์งˆ์†Œ ์›์ž ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” 2๋ฒˆ ํƒ„์†Œ์™€ 8๋ฒˆ ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์Šค-์ธ์‚ฐ ๋‹ค์ดํฌ์Šคํฌํ‚ค๋„ค์ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์Šค 5-์ธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹ค ํ”ผ๋กœ์ธ์‚ฐ(PRPP)์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์Šค-์ธ์‚ฐ ๋‹ค์ดํฌ์Šคํฌํ‚ค๋„ค์ด์Šค๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์ธ์‚ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ํ“จ๋ฆฐ ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถˆํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ๋‹ค. ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹ค ํ”ผ๋กœ์ธ์‚ฐ์€ ํ“จ๋ฆฐ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ”ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋”˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํšŒ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฐœ์ž… ๋‹จ๊ณ„(committed step)๋Š” ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹ค ํ”ผ๋กœ์ธ์‚ฐ(PRPP), ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฏผ์ด ์•„๋ฏธ๋„ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹คํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํผ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค(๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฏผ-PRPP ์•„๋ฏธ๋„ํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํผ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค)์— ์˜ํ•ด ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹ค์•„๋ฏผ, ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ์‚ฐ, ํ”ผ๋กœ์ธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฏธ๋„ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹คํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํผ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๋Š” ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹ค ํ”ผ๋กœ์ธ์‚ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๊ณ , AMP, GMP, IMP์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ €ํ•ด๋œ๋‹ค. ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹ค ํ”ผ๋กœ์ธ์‚ฐ(PRPP) + L-๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฏผ + H2O โ†’ ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹ค์•„๋ฏผ(PRA) + L-๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ์‚ฐ + PPi ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹ค์•„๋ฏผ, ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹ , ATP๋Š” ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹ค์•„๋ฏผ-๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํšจ์†Œ(GAR ํ•ฉ์„ฑํšจ์†Œ)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹ ์•„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(GAR), ADP, Pi๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. pH 7.5, 37ย ยฐC์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 38์ดˆ์ธ ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹ค์•„๋ฏผ(PRA)์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹ค์•„๋ฏผ์ด ์ƒ์ฒด ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์•„๋ฏธ๋„ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹คํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํผ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ GAR ํ•ฉ์„ฑํšจ์†Œ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹ค์•„๋ฏผ(PRA) + ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹  + ATP โ†’ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹ ์•„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋ณดํŠœํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(GAR) + ADP + Pi ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹ ์•„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(GAR), 10-ํผ์ผํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœํด์‚ฐ์€ ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹ค๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹ ์•„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ํผ์ผํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํผ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค(GAR ํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํผ์ผ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค)์— ์˜ํ•ด ํผ์ผ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹ ์•„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(FGAR), ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœํด์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹ ์•„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(GAR) + 10-ํผ์ผํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœํด์‚ฐ(fTHF) โ†’ ํผ์ผ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹ ์•„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(fGAR) + ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœํด์‚ฐ(THF) ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํผ์ผ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹ ์•„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(fGAR), ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฏผ, ATP๋Š” ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹คํผ์ผ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹ ์•„๋ฏธ๋”˜ ์ƒ์„ฑํšจ์†Œ(fGAR ์•„๋ฏธ๋„ํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํผ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค)์— ์˜ํ•ด ํผ์ผ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹ ์•„๋ฏธ๋”˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(fGAM), ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ์‚ฐ, ADP, Pi๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ํผ์ผ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹ ์•„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(fGAR) + L-๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฏผ + ATP โ†’ ํผ์ผ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹ ์•„๋ฏธ๋”˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(fGAM) + L-๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ์‚ฐ + ADP + Pi ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํผ์ผ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹ ์•„๋ฏธ๋”˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(fGAM), ATP๋Š” AIR ํ•ฉ์„ฑํšจ์†Œ(fGAM ๊ณ ๋ฆฌํ™”ํšจ์†Œ)์— ์˜ํ•ด 5-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(AIR), ADP, Pi๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ํผ์ผ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹ ์•„๋ฏธ๋”˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(fGAM) + ATP โ†’ 5-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(AIR) + ADP + Pi + H2O ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ 5-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(AIR), CO2๋Š” ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹ค์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ ์นด๋ณต์‹คํ™”ํšจ์†Œ(AIR ์นด๋ณต์‹คํ™”ํšจ์†Œ)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์นด๋ณต์‹œ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(CAIR)๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. 5-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(AIR) + CO2 โ†’ ์นด๋ณต์‹œ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(CAIR) + 2H+ ์ผ๊ณฑ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์นด๋ณต์‹œ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(CAIR), ์•„์ŠคํŒŒ๋ฅดํŠธ์‚ฐ, ATP๋Š” ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹ค์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ์„์‹œ๋…ธ์นด๋ณต์‚ฌ๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ์ƒ์„ฑํšจ์†Œ(SAICAR ํ•ฉ์„ฑํšจ์†Œ)์— ์˜ํ•ด N-์„์‹œ๋‹-5-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์‚ฌ๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(SAICAR), ADP, Pi๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์นด๋ณต์‹œ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ(CAIR) + L-์•„์ŠคํŒŒ๋ฅดํŠธ์‚ฐ + ATP โ†’ N-์„์‹œ๋‹-5-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์‚ฌ๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(SAICAR) + ADP + Pi ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ N-์„์‹œ๋‹-5-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์‚ฌ๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(SAICAR)๋Š” ์•„๋ฐ๋‹๋กœ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ(SAICAR ๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ)์— ์˜ํ•ด 5-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์‚ฌ๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(AICAR), ํ‘ธ๋งˆ๋ฅด์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. N-์„์‹œ๋‹-5-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์‚ฌ๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(SAICAR) โ†’ 5-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์‚ฌ๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(AICAR) + ํ‘ธ๋งˆ๋ฅด์‚ฐ 5-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์‚ฌ๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(AICAR)์™€ ํ‘ธ๋งˆ๋ฅด์‚ฐ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค. 5-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์‚ฌ๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ๋Š” ์•„ํ™‰ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋ฌผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ํ‘ธ๋งˆ๋ฅด์‚ฐ์€ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ง์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘ธ๋งˆ๋ฅด์‚ฐ์˜ ๋ง์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์€ ํ‘ธ๋งˆ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด‰๋งค๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ‘ธ๋งˆ๋ฅด์‚ฐ์€ ํ“จ๋ฆฐ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์•„ํ™‰ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ 5-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์‚ฌ๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(AICAR), 10-ํผ์ผํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœํด์‚ฐ์€ ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹ค์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ์นด๋ณต์‚ฌ๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ํผ์ผํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํผ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค(AICAR ํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํผ์ผ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค)์— ์˜ํ•ด N-ํผ์ผ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์‚ฌ๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(FAICAR), ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœํด์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. 5-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์‚ฌ๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(AICAR) + 10-ํผ์ผํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœํด์‚ฐ(fTHF) โ†’ N-ํผ์ผ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์‚ฌ๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(FAICAR) + ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœํด์‚ฐ(THF) ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ N-ํผ์ผ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์‚ฌ๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(FAICAR)๋Š” ์ด๋…ธ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ ์ƒ์„ฑํšจ์†Œ(IMP ์ƒ์„ฑํšจ์†Œ)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด๋…ธ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(IMP)์™€ H2O๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. N-ํผ์ผ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์‚ฌ๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(FAICAR) โ†’ ์ด๋…ธ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(IMP) + H2O ์ง„ํ•ต์ƒ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” GART ์œ ์ „์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์‚ผ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ํ“จ๋ฆฐ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์•„๋ฐ๋…ธ์‹ -3์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด‰๋งค๋œ๋‹ค. ์•„ํ™‰ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€ ์—ด ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ATIC ์œ ์ „์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์ด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ํ“จ๋ฆฐ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ PURH๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค. IMP๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ GMP์˜ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์ด๋…ธ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(IMP)์€ IMP ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž”ํ† ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(XMP)์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋…ธ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(IMP) + NAD+ โ†’ ์ž”ํ† ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(XMP) + NADH + H+ ์ž”ํ† ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(XMP)์€ GMP ์ƒ์„ฑํšจ์†Œ(XMP-๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฏผ ์•„๋ฏธ๋„ํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํผ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์•„๋…ธ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(GMP)๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž”ํ† ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(XMP) + ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฏผ + ATP โ†’ ๊ตฌ์•„๋…ธ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(GMP) + ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ์‚ฐ + AMP + PPi IMP๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ AMP์˜ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์ด๋…ธ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(IMP)์€ ์•„๋ฐ๋‹๋กœ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ์ƒ์„ฑํšจ์†Œ(์•„๋ฐ๋‹๋กœ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํšจ์†Œ)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•„๋ฐ๋‹๋กœ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋…ธ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(IMP) + ์•„์ŠคํŒŒ๋ฅดํŠธ์‚ฐ + GTP โ†’ ์•„๋ฐ๋‹๋กœ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ + GDP + Pi ์•„๋ฐ๋‹๋กœ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ์€ ์•„๋ฐ๋†€๋กœ์„์‹ ์‚ฐ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•„๋ฐ๋…ธ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(AMP)๊ณผ ํ‘ธ๋งˆ๋ฅด์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„ํ•ด ํ“จ๋ฆฐ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํšจ์†Œ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. GMP์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์•„๋…ธ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(GMP)์€ ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์•„๋…ธ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์•„๋…ธ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(GMP) + H2O โ†’ ๊ตฌ์•„๋…ธ์‹  + Pi ๊ตฌ์•„๋…ธ์‹ ์€ ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜ค์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์•„๋‹Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์•„๋…ธ์‹  + H2O โ†’ ๊ตฌ์•„๋‹Œ + ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์Šค ๊ตฌ์•„๋‹Œ์€ ๊ตฌ์•„๋‹Œ ํƒˆ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž”ํ‹ด์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์•„๋‹Œ + H2O โ†’ ์ž”ํ‹ด + NH3 ์ž”ํ‹ด์€ ์ž”ํ‹ด ์‚ฐํ™”ํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์š”์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž”ํ‹ด + H2O + Osub>2</sub> โ†’ ์š”์‚ฐ + H2O2 AMP์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ์•„๋ฐ๋…ธ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(AMP)์€ ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•„๋ฐ๋…ธ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฐ๋…ธ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(AMP) + H2O โ†’ ์•„๋ฐ๋…ธ์‹  + Pi ์•„๋ฐ๋…ธ์‹ ์€ ์•„๋ฐ๋…ธ์‹  ํƒˆ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด๋…ธ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฐ๋…ธ์‹  + H2O โ†’ ์ด๋…ธ์‹  + NH3 ์ด๋…ธ์‹ ์€ ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜ค์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ•˜์ดํฌ์ž”ํ‹ด์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋…ธ์‹  + H2O โ†’ ํ•˜์ดํฌ์ž”ํ‹ด + ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์Šค ํ•˜์ดํฌ์ž”ํ‹ด์€ ์ž”ํ‹ด ์‚ฐํ™”ํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž”ํ‹ด์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ดํฌ์ž”ํ‹ด + H2O + O2 โ†’ ์ž”ํ‹ด + H2O2 ์ž”ํ‹ด์€ ์ž”ํ‹ด ์‚ฐํ™”ํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์š”์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž”ํ‹ด + H2O + O2 โ†’ ์š”์‚ฐ + H2O2 ํ“จ๋ฆฐ ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹ค ํ”ผ๋กœ์ธ์‚ฐ(PRPP)์ด ์•„๋ฏธ๋„ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹คํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํผ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค(๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฏผ-PRPP ์•„๋ฏธ๋„ํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํผ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค)์— ์˜ํ•ด ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹ค์•„๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ํ“จ๋ฆฐ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ ์ง€์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฏธ๋„ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹คํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํผ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ž…์ฒด์„ฑ ์กฐ์ ˆ ํšจ์†Œ์ด๊ณ , IMP, GMP, AMP๋Š” ์ด ํšจ์†Œ์˜ ์ €ํ•ด์ œ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹ค ํ”ผ๋กœ์ธ์‚ฐ(PRPP)์€ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ํšŒ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ํ•ต์‚ฐ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ(๋˜๋Š” ์Œ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์„ญ์ทจ๋œ) ํ“จ๋ฆฐ์€ ํšŒ์ˆ˜๋˜์–ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ์—์„œ ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฐ๋‹Œ ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹คํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํผ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค(APRT)๋Š” ์•„๋ฐ๋‹Œ์„ ํšŒ์ˆ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฐ๋‹Œ + ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹ค ํ”ผ๋กœ์ธ์‚ฐ(PRPP) โ†’ ์•„๋ฐ๋…ธ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(AMP) + PPi ํ•˜์ดํฌ์ž”ํ‹ด-๊ตฌ์•„๋‹Œ ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹คํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํผ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค(HGPRT)๋Š” ๊ตฌ์•„๋‹Œ๊ณผ ํ•˜์ดํฌ์ž”ํ‹ด์„ ํšŒ์ˆ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ดํฌ์ž”ํ‹ด-๊ตฌ์•„๋‹Œ ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹คํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํผ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ฒฐํ•์€ ๋ ˆ์‰ฌ-๋‹ˆํ•œ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ด์ƒ ํ“จ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋”˜์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž์— ์ด์ƒ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉด, ์œ ์ „ ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๊ฒช์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ“จ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋”˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ด์ƒ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ†ตํ’, ๋นˆํ˜ˆ, ๊ฐ„์งˆ, ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์ง€์—ฐ, ๋‚œ์ฒญ, ๊ฐ•๋ฐ• ๊ด€๋…, ์‹ ์žฅ ์ด์ƒ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ์„, ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ ฅ ์ƒ์‹ค ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ“จ๋ฆฐ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ด์ƒ์€ DNA์™€ RNA์— ์‚ฝ์ž…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ํ•ดํ•œ ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜ค์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ์‚ผ์ธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ „ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์œ ์ „์  ์žฅ์• ์™€ ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฐ๋…ธ์‹  ํƒˆ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธํšจ์†Œ์˜ ์†Œ์‹ค์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ค‘์ฆ ๋ฉด์—ญ๊ฒฐํ•์ฆ. ํ•˜์ดํฌ์ž”ํ‹ด-๊ตฌ์•„๋‹Œ ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์‹คํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํผ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์˜ ์†Œ์‹ค์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ณ ์š”์‚ฐํ˜ˆ์ฆ ๋ฐ ๋ ˆ์‰ฌ-๋‹ˆํ•œ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ. IMP ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํšจ์†Œ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์•”์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ. ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์š”๋ฒ• ํ“จ๋ฆฐ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์น˜๋ฃŒ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ“จ๋ฆฐ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์ €ํ•ด์ œ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฆ์‹์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ €ํ•ด์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ด์‹, ๋ฅ˜๋จธํ‹ฐ์Šค ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž๊ฐ€๋ฉด์—ญ์งˆํ™˜, ํฌ๋ก ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐ ๊ถค์–‘์„ฑ ๋Œ€์žฅ์—ผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์žฅ์งˆํ™˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉด์—ญ์–ต์ œ์ œ์ธ ์•„์žํ‹ฐ์˜คํ”„๋ฆฐ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ด์ฝ”ํŽ˜๋†€์‚ฐ์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ด์‹์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉด์—ญ ์–ต์ œ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ด์ฝ”ํŽ˜๋†€์‚ฐ์€ ์ด๋…ธ์‹œํ†จ ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ“จ๋ฆฐ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฉ”ํ† ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ํด์‚ฐ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ“จ๋ฆฐ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค(๋ฉ”ํ† ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ดํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœํด์‚ฐ ํ™˜์›ํšจ์†Œ์˜ ์ €ํ•ด์ œ์ด๋‹ค). ์•Œ๋กœํ“จ๋ฆฌ๋†€์€ ์ž”ํ‹ด ์‚ฐํ™”ํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ €ํ•ดํ•ด์„œ ์ฒด๋‚ด ์š”์‚ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋กœํ“จ๋ฆฌ๋†€์€ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์š”์‚ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ด€์ ˆ์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ธ ํ†ตํ’์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํ”ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋”˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ํ“จ๋ฆฐ ํ“จ๋ฆฐ์„ฑ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์™„ํ™” ํ•ญ๋ฅ˜๋งˆํ‹ฐ์Šค์ œ (DMARD) ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ The Medical Biochemistry Page Purine metabolism - Reference pathway PUMPA: Purine Metabolic Patientsโ€™ Association ํ“จ๋ฆฐ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ฒฝ๋กœ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine%20metabolism
Purine metabolism
Purine metabolism refers to the metabolic pathways to synthesize and break down purines that are present in many organisms. Biosynthesis Purines are biologically synthesized as nucleotides and in particular as ribotides, i.e. bases attached to ribose 5-phosphate. Both adenine and guanine are derived from the nucleotide inosine monophosphate (IMP), which is the first compound in the pathway to have a completely formed purine ring system. IMP Inosine monophosphate is synthesized on a pre-existing ribose-phosphate through a complex pathway (as shown in the figure on the right). The source of the carbon and nitrogen atoms of the purine ring, 5 and 4 respectively, come from multiple sources. The amino acid glycine contributes all its carbon (2) and nitrogen (1) atoms, with additional nitrogen atoms from glutamine (2) and aspartic acid (1), and additional carbon atoms from formyl groups (2), which are transferred from the coenzyme tetrahydrofolate as 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, and a carbon atom from bicarbonate (1). Formyl groups build carbon-2 and carbon-8 in the purine ring system, which are the ones acting as bridges between two nitrogen atoms. A key regulatory step is the production of 5-phospho-ฮฑ-D-ribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) by ribose phosphate pyrophosphokinase, which is activated by inorganic phosphate and inactivated by purine ribonucleotides. It is not the committed step to purine synthesis because PRPP is also used in pyrimidine synthesis and salvage pathways. The first committed step is the reaction of PRPP, glutamine and water to 5'-phosphoribosylamine (PRA), glutamate, and pyrophosphate - catalyzed by amidophosphoribosyltransferase, which is activated by PRPP and inhibited by AMP, GMP and IMP. PRPP + L-Glutamine + H2O โ†’ PRA + L-Glutamate + PPi In the second step react PRA, glycine and ATP to create GAR, ADP, and pyrophosphate - catalyzed by phosphoribosylamineโ€”glycine ligase (GAR synthetase). Due to the chemical lability of PRA, which has a half-life of 38 seconds at PH 7.5 and 37ย ยฐC, researchers have suggested that the compound is channeled from amidophosphoribosyltransferase to GAR synthetase in vivo. PRA + Glycine + ATP โ†’ GAR + ADP + Pi The third is catalyzed by phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase. GAR + fTHF โ†’ fGAR + THF The fourth is catalyzed by phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase. fGAR + L-Glutamine + ATP โ†’ fGAM + L-Glutamate + ADP + Pi The fifth is catalyzed by AIR synthetase (FGAM cyclase). fGAM + ATP โ†’ AIR + ADP + Pi + H2O The sixth is catalyzed by phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase. AIR + CO2 โ†’ CAIR + 2H+ The seventh is catalyzed by phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase. CAIR + L-Aspartate + ATP โ†’ SAICAR + ADP + Pi The eight is catalyzed by adenylosuccinate lyase. SAICAR โ†’ AICAR + Fumarate The products AICAR and fumarate move on to two different pathways. AICAR serves as the reactant for the ninth step, while fumarate is transported to the citric acid cycle which can then skip the carbon dioxide evolution steps to produce malate. The conversion of fumarate to malate is catalyzed by fumarase. In this way, fumarate connects purine synthesis to the citric acid cycle. The ninth is catalyzed by phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase. AICAR + fTHF โ†’ FAICAR + THF The last step is catalyzed by Inosine monophosphate synthase. FAICAR โ†’ IMP + H2O In eukaryotes the second, third, and fifth step are catalyzed by trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-3, which is encoded by the GART gene. Both ninth and tenth step are accomplished by a single protein named Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PURH, encoded by the ATIC gene. GMP IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH) converts IMP into XMP GMP synthase converts XMP into GMP GMP reductase converts GMP back into IMP AMP adenylosuccinate synthase converts IMP to adenylosuccinate adenylosuccinate lyase converts adenylosuccinate into AMP AMP deaminase converts AMP back into IMP Degradation Purines are metabolised by several enzymes: Guanine A nuclease frees the nucleotide A nucleotidase creates guanosine Purine nucleoside phosphorylase converts guanosine to guanine Guanase converts guanine to xanthine Xanthine oxidase (a form of xanthine oxidoreductase) catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid Adenine A nuclease frees the nucleotide A nucleotidase creates adenosine, then adenosine deaminase creates inosine Alternatively, AMP deaminase creates inosinic acid, then a nucleotidase creates inosine Purine nucleoside phosphorylase acts upon inosine to create hypoxanthine Xanthine oxidase catalyzes the biotransformation of hypoxanthine to xanthine Xanthine oxidase acts upon xanthine to create uric acid Regulations of purine nucleotide biosynthesis The formation of 5'-phosphoribosylamine from glutamine and PRPP catalysed by PRPP amino transferase is the regulation point for purine synthesis. The enzyme is an allosteric enzyme, so it can be converted from IMP, GMP and AMP in high concentration binds the enzyme to exerts inhibition while PRPP is in large amount binds to the enzyme which causes activation. So IMP, GMP and AMP are inhibitors while PRPP is an activator. Between the formation of 5'-phosphoribosyl, aminoimidazole and IMP, there is no known regulation step. Salvage Purines from turnover of cellular nucleic acids (or from food) can also be salvaged and reused in new nucleotides. The enzyme adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) salvages adenine. The enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) salvages guanine and hypoxanthine. (Genetic deficiency of HGPRT causes Leschโ€“Nyhan syndrome.) Disorders When a defective gene causes gaps to appear in the metabolic recycling process for purines and pyrimidines, these chemicals are not metabolised properly, and adults or children can suffer from any one of twenty-eight hereditary disorders, possibly some more as yet unknown. Symptoms can include gout, anaemia, epilepsy, delayed development, deafness, compulsive self-biting, kidney failure or stones, or loss of immunity. Purine metabolism can have imbalances that can arise from harmful nucleotide triphosphates incorporating into DNA and RNA which further lead to genetic disturbances and mutations, and as a result, give rise to several types of diseases. Some of the diseases are: Severe immunodeficiency by loss of adenosine deaminase. Hyperuricemia and Leschโ€“Nyhan syndrome by the loss of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Different types of cancer by an increase in the activities of enzymes like IMP dehydrogenase. Pharmacotherapy Modulation of purine metabolism has pharmacotherapeutic value. Purine synthesis inhibitors inhibit the proliferation of cells, especially leukocytes. These inhibitors include azathioprine, an immunosuppressant used in organ transplantation, autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Mycophenolate mofetil is an immunosuppressant drug used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation; it inhibits purine synthesis by blocking inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH). Methotrexate also indirectly inhibits purine synthesis by blocking the metabolism of folic acid (it is an inhibitor of the dihydrofolate reductase). Allopurinol is a drug that inhibits the enzyme xanthine oxidoreductase and, thus, lowers the level of uric acid in the body. This may be useful in the treatment of gout, which is a disease caused by excess uric acid, forming crystals in joints. Prebiotic synthesis of purine ribonucleosides In order to understand how life arose, knowledge is required of the chemical pathways that permit formation of the key building blocks of life under plausible prebiotic conditions. Nam et al. demonstrated the direct condensation of purine and pyrimidine nucleobases with ribose to give ribonucleosides in aqueous microdroplets, a key step leading to RNA formation. Also, a plausible prebiotic process for synthesizing purine ribonucleosides was presented by Becker et al. Purine biosynthesis in the three domains of life Organisms in all three domains of life, eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea, are able to carry out de novo biosynthesis of purines. This ability reflects the essentiality of purines for life. The biochemical pathway of synthesis is very similar in eukaryotes and bacterial species, but is more variable among archaeal species. A nearly complete, or complete, set of genes required for purine biosynthesis was determined to be present in 58 of the 65 archaeal species studied. However, also identified were seven archaeal species with entirely, or nearly entirely, absent purine encoding genes. Apparently the archaeal species unable to synthesize purines are able to acquire exogenous purines for growth., and are thus similar to purine mutants of eukaryotes, e.g. purine mutants of the Ascomycete fungus Neurospora crassa, that also require exogenous purines for growth. See also Purinergic signaling Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) References External links The Medical Biochemistry Page Purine metabolism - Reference pathway PUMPA: Purine Metabolic Patientsโ€™ Association Metabolic pathways Biochemistry
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์…ฐ์ดํฌ ๋ฌด์ง€๋ถ€๋ฅด ๋ผํ๋งŒ
์…ฐ์ดํฌ ๋ฌด์ง€๋ถ€๋ฅด ๋ผํ๋งŒ(, 1920๋…„ 3์›” 17์ผ ~ 1975๋…„ 8์›” 15์ผ)์€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ์˜ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด์ž ๊ฑด๊ตญ ์ง€๋„์ž๋กœ์„œ ๋‚˜์ค‘์—๋Š” ์ œ2๋Œ€ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋กœ๋„ ์ž ์‹œ ์žฌ์งํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ทธ์˜ ์žฅ๋…€ ์…ฐ์ดํฌ ํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ •๋‹น์ธ ๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ ์•„์™€๋ฏธ ์—ฐ๋งน์„ ์ด๋Œ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์žฌ์ง ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ ์ •์น˜ ์ง€๋„์ž๋กœ์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ์™€ ์—ฐ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋™ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์˜ ์ •์น˜์™€ ์•„์™€๋ฏธ ์—ฐ๋งน์—์„œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‚ค์šฐ๋ฉฐ ํฐ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ž์น˜์™€ ์„œํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์˜ ์•„์œ ๋ธŒ ์นธ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ๊ฐ•์•• ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 1970๋…„ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์••๋„์ ์ธ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ํ›„์—๋„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์ž 1971๋…„ 3์›” 26์ผ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์•ผํžˆ์•„ ์นธ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฆฌ ์ค„ํ”ผ์นด๋ฅด ์•Œ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€ํ† ์—๊ฒŒ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์„ ์–ธ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ๋’ค ์ด์— ์„œํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„ ์ •๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์–ด ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ์‹ฌํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 9๊ฐœ์›”๋งŒ์— ๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•ด ์ดˆ๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1975๋…„ 8์›” 15์ผ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์„ ์ˆญ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตฐ๋ถ€ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฟ ๋ฐํƒ€๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ผ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žํƒ์—์„œ ์‚ดํ•ด๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ ํƒ€์นด์˜ ์ง€ํ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์•  ์˜๊ตญ๋ น ์ธ๋„ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œํ‘ธ๋ฅด์ฃผ์˜ ํ•œ ์ž‘์€ ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ 1929๋…„ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ•œ ํ›„ 1931๋…„ ๊ณต๋ฆฝํ•™๊ต์— 3๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ž…ํ•™ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 1934๋…„ ๋ˆˆ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋Š๋ฆฐ ์‹œ๋ ฅ ํšŒ๋ณต์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์ฐ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1940๋…„ ์ „์ธ๋„ ๋ฌด์Šฌ๋ฆผ ํ•™์ƒ ์—ฐ๋งน์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ •์น˜์— ์ง„์ถœํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์บ˜์ปคํƒ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 1943๋…„ ์ „์ธ๋„ ๋ฌด์Šฌ๋ฆผ ์—ฐ๋งน์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ค‘๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. 1946๋…„ ์ด์Šค๋ผ๋ฏธ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ด์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  1947๋…„ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๋ถ€ ๋ฒต๊ณจ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ๋’ค ๋‹ค์นด ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•ด ๋™ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„ ๋ฌด์Šฌ๋ฆผ ํ•™์ƒ ์—ฐ๋งน์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ •์น˜ ์ง€๋„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด 2๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋นˆ๊ณค๊ณผ ์‹ค์—…, ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์ƒํ™œ ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์นœํ™”๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 1949๋…„ 1์›” 26์ผ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฅด๋‘์–ด๊ฐ€ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์˜ ๊ณต์‹ ์–ธ์–ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์ž ์‹œ์œ„์™€ ๋†์„ฑ์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค. 3์›” 11์ผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์— ์ฒดํฌ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ๋„ ํ‡ดํ•™๋‹นํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ฒดํฌ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๋ ค๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฒดํฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ •์น˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ ์•„์™€๋ฏธ ์—ฐ๋งน์˜ ์ „์‹ ์ธ ์•„์™ธ๋ฏธ ์—ฐ๋งน์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  1949๋…„ ๋™ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„ ๊ณต๋™ ์ด๋ฌด ์œ„์›์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋™ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ์ •๋‹น ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 1951๋…„ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์— ์ฒดํฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์˜ ๊ณต์‹ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฅด๋‘์–ด์ธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒต๊ณจ์–ด ์šด๋™์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ผํ๋งŒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฒต๊ณจ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1953๋…„ ์•„์™€๋ฏธ ์—ฐ๋งน์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ด์žฅ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋™๋ถ€ ๋ฒต๊ณจ์˜ ์ž…๋ฒ• ์œ„์›์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ •๋ถ€์— ํ•ญ์˜๋ฅผ ํ•œ ํ˜์˜๋กœ ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1955๋…„ ~ 1958๋…„ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ œํ—Œ ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์›์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ถœ๋˜๊ณ  1956๋…„ ์‚ฐ์—… ์žฅ๊ด€์ด ๋˜์–ด ์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์™€ ๋…ธ๋™, ๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ ํ‡ด์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 1957๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1958๋…„ ์„œํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์•„ํžˆ์•ผ ์นธ์ด ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์„ ์ •์ง€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ณ„์—„๋ น์„ ์„ ํฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์–ด 1961๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ์ˆ˜๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„์— ์•ผํ– ์นธ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ž์œ  ๋ฒต๊ณจ ํ˜๋ช… ํ‰์˜ํšŒ๋ž€ ์ง€ํ•˜ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 1962๋…„ ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž 1963๋…„ ์•„์™ธ๋ฏธ ์—ฐ๋งน์€ ๋™ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ •๋‹น๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •๋‹น๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฐํ•ฉํ•ด ์•„ํžˆ์•ผ ์นธ์˜ ๋…์žฌ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์œ„์™€ ์ง‘ํšŒ๋“ค์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š” ์„œํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์‹ ๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ด‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ 1966๋…„ ๋ผํ˜ธ๋ฅด์—์„œ ์•ผํ– ์นธ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์ •๋‹น๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ ๋™ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์น˜ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์ •์ง€์ฒ™, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” 6ํฌ์ธํŠธ ์šด๋™์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค. 1968๋…„ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์–ด ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฒ•์ •์—์„œ ์น˜์•ˆ ๋ฐฉํ•ด ํ˜์˜๋กœ ์žฌํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  ๋™ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„๊ณผ ์„œํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ์ปค์ ธ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. 1970๋…„ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋…๋ฆฝ 1970๋…„ ๋™ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์ดํด๋ก ์ด ๋ฎ์ณ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋ช…์ด ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ค‘์•™ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋‚˜์•ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์•ฝํ•œ ๋Œ€๋น„์ฑ…์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด ๋™ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์˜ ๊ทน๋„์˜ ๋ถ„๋…ธ์™€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์„ ํ‘œ์ถœ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 1970๋…„ 12์›”์— ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜๋Š” ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ถ€์ • ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ž 1971๋…„ 3์›” 7์ผ ๋‹ค์นด์—์„œ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌด์žฅ ์ €ํ•ญ ์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์•„ํžˆ์•ผ ์นธ์€ ๊ณ„์—„๋ น์„ ์„ ํฌํ•œ ๋’ค ์•„์™€๋ฏธ ์—ฐ๋งน์„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ผํ๋งŒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒต๊ณจ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์„ ์ฒดํฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์— ๋ช…๋ นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ธ๋„์—์„œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋™ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์ฃผ๋„๋กœ 1971๋…„ 3์›” 26์ผ ์ž์ • ๋™ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ์„ ์–ธํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ผํ๋งŒ์€ ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์–ด ์„œํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์œผ๋กœ ์ด์†ก, ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์žฌํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด ๋™ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„ ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ ํญ๋™๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ด ๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์ „์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์ง€๊ณ  ์ธ๋„๊ตฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ 1971๋…„ 12์›” ์„œํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์นด์— ์ž„์‹œ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1972๋…„ 1์›” 8์ผ ์„œํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์˜ ์ด๋ฆฌ ์ค„ํ”ผ์นด๋ฅด ์•Œ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€ํ† ๋Š” ๋ผํ๋งŒ์˜ ์„๋ฐฉ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•ด ์ธ๋„ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋„์›€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ๋กœ ๊ท€๊ตญํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๋ผํ๋งŒ์€ ์ƒˆ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ž„์‹œ ์˜ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ „์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ 200๋งŒ ~ 300๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ํ’ˆ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์šฉํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 1970๋…„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์‚ฌ์ดํด๋ก ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚จ์€ ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜์ž์™€ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„ ์–ด์šฉ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํญ๋™์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ์„œ ๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ˜•ํ•ดํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ผํ๋งŒ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ์ธ๋„์  ์ง€์›์„ ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ธ๋„์˜ ์ด๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋””๋ผ ๊ฐ„๋””์™€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์šฐ์ •์„ ๋งบ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ธ๋„์™€ ์šฐํ˜ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ, ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง„ ํ† ์ง€์™€ ์ž๋ณธ, 1000๋งŒ ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋‚œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ† ์ง€ ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋•์— ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ๊ทผ์€ ๊ทผ์ ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1973๋…„ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์ด ์„ ํฌ๋˜์–ด ๋ผํ๋งŒ์˜ ์ •๋‹น์ธ ์•„์™€๋ฏธ ์—ฐ๋งน์€ ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜์ž์™€ ์นœํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ์ €์ง€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋’ค์ด์–ด ์œ„์ƒ, ์‹ํ’ˆ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•, ๋ฌผ, ์ „๊ตญ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ณต๊ธ‰, ๋†์—…, ๋†์ดŒ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์™€ ๋ณ„์žฅ ์‚ฐ์—…์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 5๊ฐœ๋…„ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ์†์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 1974๋…„ 150๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ์ธ๋“ค์„ ์ฃฝ์ธ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ทผ์ด ๋ฎ์ณ ์ •๊ถŒ์ด ํ˜ผ๋ž€ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ—Œ๋ฒ•๊ฐœ์ • ๋…๋ฆฝ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์˜ ์‚ฌ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์•ผ๋‹น์˜ ํญ๋™๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ณดํƒ€์ฃผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ˜ผ๋ž€์— ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด์— 1975๋…„ 1์›” 25์ผ ๋” ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ œ์™€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ง‘์ค‘์ œ์— ์ž…๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฐœํ—Œ์•ˆ์„ ์˜ํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์•ผ๋‹น์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์˜ ์‚ฌ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์žฅ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•„์™€๋ฏธ ์—ฐ๋งน์€ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ •๋‹น์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜์ž์™€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ฃผ์˜์ž์˜ ์—ฐ๋งน์ฒด์˜€๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ผ๋‹น์ œ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ ๋ฐ˜๋…๋ฆฝ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด์ž ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์˜ ์–ด์šฉ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ธ ์•ผ๊ถŒ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ง 1975๋…„ 8์›” 15์ผ ํ›ˆ๋‹ค์นด ๋ฌด์Šคํƒ€ํŒŒ ์•„๋ฉ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์•„์™€๋ฏธ ์—ฐ๋งน์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ์™€ ์œก๊ตฐ ์žฅ๊ต๋“ค์ด ์ฟ ๋ฐํƒ€๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ํƒฑํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ถ์„ ์นจ์ž…ํ•ด ๋ผํ๋งŒ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ผ๊ฐ€์กฑ, ์กฐ์นด ์…ฐ์ดํฌํŒŒ์ฆˆ๋ฃฐ ์›จ์ดํฌ ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ถ™์žก์•„ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ง ๊ทธ์˜ ๋”ธ ์…ฐ์ดํฌ ํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์™€ ์…ฐ์ดํฌ ๋ ˆํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ์ด ์„œ๋…์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ฐธ๋ณ€์„ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผํ๋งŒ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ๋Š” ์˜ค๋žœ ์ •์น˜์  ํ˜ผ๋ž€์— ๋น ์กŒ๊ณ  ํ›ˆ๋‹ค์นด ๋ฌด์Šคํƒ€ํŒŒ ์•„๋ฉ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ 5๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ 11์›” 3์ผ ๋ผํ๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฐ‘์—์„œ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋˜ ์„ธ์ด๋“œ ๋‚˜์ฆˆ๋ฃฐ ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ, ํƒ€์ฃผ๋”˜ ์•„ํ๋งˆ๋“œ, ๋ฌดํ•จ๋งˆ๋“œ ๋งŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅด ์•Œ๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์žฌํŒ์—์„œ ์‚ฌํ˜•์„ ์–ธ๋„๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์ œ ์ฒ˜ํ˜•๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ผํ๋งŒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์œ ์‚ฐ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์—ญ์ , ๋งค๊ตญ๋…ธ๋ผ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ช…์„ ๋’ค์ง‘์–ด ์”Œ์› ๋‹ค. ๋’ค์— ๋ง๋ช…ํ•œ ์…ฐ์ดํฌ ํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  1991๋…„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ผํ๋งŒ์€ ๋ณต๊ถŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์ •๊ถŒ์ด ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•˜์ž ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”๋กœ์žก๊ธฐ์™€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ฟ ๋ฐํƒ€ ์„ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด 1998๋…„ ์…ฐ์•ผํฌ ํŒŒ๋ฃจํฌ ๋ผํ๋งŒ ์ค‘๋ น์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ 14๋ช…์˜ ์žฅ๊ต๋“ค์ด ์žฌํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ 3๋ช…์€ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋ฌด์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  5๋ช…์€ ๊ตฌ๊ธˆ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ํ•ญ์†Œ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ๋˜์–ด ํŒŒ๋ฃจํฌ ๋ผํ๋งŒ ์ค‘๋ น์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‚จ์€ 6๋ช…์€ 2010๋…„ 1์›” 28์ผ ์ฒ˜ํ˜•๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋‹ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์…ฐ์ดํฌ ๋ฌด์ง€๋ถ€๋ฅด ๋ผํ๋งŒ์˜ ํ‰์ „๊ณผ ์ž์„œ์ „์ด ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋˜์–ด ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์ž๋ฃŒ William B.Milam, Pakistan and Bangladesh: Flirting with Failure(2009) ISBN 10:0231700660, Columbia University Press Anthony Mascarenhas, Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood Katherine Frank, Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi (2002) M. Ahmed, Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (1983), University Press Craig Baxter, Bangladesh: From a Nation to a State (1997), Westview Press Craig Baxter et al., Governance and Politics in South Asia (1998), Westview Press ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Picture Gallery of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Bangladesh Liberation War. Mujibnagar. Government Documents 1971 Mujib on Banglapedia Mujib on Reference/Encyclopedia Sheikh Mujibur Rahman โ€” the father and the founder of Bangladesh 1920๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1975๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ์˜ ์ด๋ฆฌ ์บ˜์ปคํƒ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ์˜ ๋ฌด์Šฌ๋ฆผ ๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ์˜ ์•”์‚ด๋œ ์ •์น˜์ธ ์•”์‚ด๋œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›์ˆ˜ ์ง€ํ์˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh%20Mujibur%20Rahman
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (17 March 1920ย โ€“ 15 August 1975), popularly known by the honorific prefix Bangabandhu () was a Bangladeshi politician, revolutionary, statesman, activist and diarist. Mujib had held continuous positions as president or prime minister from April 1971 until his assassination in August 1975: as president from 1971 to 1972 and briefly from 1975 until his death, and as prime minister from 1972 to 1975. Mujib successfully led the Bangladeshi independence movement and restored the Bengali sovereignty after over two centuries following the Battle of Plassey in 1757, for which he is honoured as the 'Father of the Nation' in Bangladesh. In 2011, the fifteenth constitutional amendment in Bangladesh referred to Sheikh Mujib as the Father of the Nation who declared independence; these references were enshrined in the fifth, sixth, and seventh schedules of the constitution. His Bengali nationalist ideology, socio-political theories, and political doctrines are sometimes called Mujibism. Mujib emerged as a student activist in the province of Bengal during the final years of the British Raj. He was a member of the All India Muslim League. In 1949, Mujib was part of a liberal, secular and leftwing faction which later became the Awami League. In the 1950s, Mujib was elected to Pakistan's parliament where he defended the rights of East Bengal; wore suits and bowties; and was described as urbane and charming. By the 1960s, Mujib was transformed into the nationalist leader of East Pakistan, with his trademark Mujib coat and forceful oratory. He became popular for opposing political, ethnic and institutional discrimination; leading the 6-point autonomy movement; and challenging the regime of Field Marshal Ayub Khan. In 1970, Mujib led the Awami League to win Pakistan's first general election. When the military junta refused to transfer power, he gave the 7th March speech and announced an independence movement. During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, Mujib declared Bangladesh's independence. Bengali nationalists declared Mujib as the head of the provisional Bangladeshi government while he was confined in a jail in West Pakistan. He returned to Bangladesh in January 1972 as a hero. A populist of the 20th century, Sheikh Mujib was one of the most charismatic leaders of the Third World in the early 1970s. Mujib succeeded in normalizing diplomatic ties with most of the world, with a policy of friendship to all and malice to none. He signed a friendship treaty with India, joined the Commonwealth, NAM and the OIC, opposed apartheid and dispatched an army medical unit during the 1973 Arab-Israeli War. Mujib's legacies include the secularist Constitution of Bangladesh and the transformation of East Pakistan's state apparatus, bureaucracy, armed forces, and judiciary into an independent Bangladeshi state. He gave the first Bengali speech to the UN General Assembly in 1974. Mujib's five-year regime was also the only socialist period in Bangladesh's history. In 1975, Mujib installed a one party state which lasted for seven months until his assassination. Mujib's legacy remains divisive among Bangladeshis due to his economic mismanagement, the Bangladesh famine of 1974, human rights violations, and authoritarianism. The Awami League has been accused of promoting a personality cult around Mujib. But most Bangladeshis credit Mujib for leading the country to independence in 1971. In a 2004 BBC opinion poll, Mujib was voted as the Greatest Bengali of all time and ranked first on the list followed by Asia's first Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore (2nd) and Bangladeshi national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam (3rd). Mujib's 7 March speech in 1971 is recognized by UNESCO for its historic value, and enshrined in the Memory of the World Register โ€“ Asia and the Pacific. His diaries and travelogues were published many years after his death and have been translated into several languages. Early life and activism Mujib was born in 1920 into the Bengali Muslim aristocratic Sheikh family of the village of Tungipara in Gopalganj sub-division of Faridpur district in the province of Bengal in British India. His father Sheikh Lutfur Rahman was a sheristadar (law clerk) in the courthouse of Gopalganj; Mujib's mother Sheikh Sayera Khatun was a housewife. Mujib's father Sheikh Lutfur Rahman was a Taluqdar in Tungipara, owning landed property, around 100 Bighas of cultivable land. His clan's ancestors were Zamindars of Faridpur Mahakumar, however due to successive turns in the family fortune over generations had turned them middle class. The Sheikh clan of Tungipara were of Iraqi Arab descent, being descended from Sheikh Awwal Darwish of Baghdad, who had come to preach Islam in the Mughal era. His lineage is; Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, son of Sheikh Lutfar Rahman son of, Sheikh Abdul Hamid, son of Sheikh Mohammad Zakir, son of Sheikh Ekramullah, son of Sheikh Borhanuddin, son of Sheikh Jan Mahmud, son of Sheikh Zahiruddin, son of Sheikh Awwal Darwish. Mujib was the third child in a family of four daughters and two sons. His parents nicknamed him "Khoka". In 1927, Mujib was enrolled in Gimadanga Primary School. In 1929, he entered the third grade of Gopalganj Public School. His parents transferred him to Madaripur Islamia High School after two years. Mujib withdrew from school in 1934 to undergo eye surgery. He returned to formal education after 4 years owing to the severity of the surgery and slow recovery. He began showing signs of political leadership around this time. At the Gopalganj Missionary School, Mujib's political passion was noticed by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, who was visiting the area along with A. K. Fazlul Huq. Mujib passed out from the Gopalganj Missionary School in 1942. Mujib moved to Calcutta for higher education. At the time, Calcutta was the capital of British Bengal and the largest city in undivided India. He studied liberal arts, including political science, at the erstwhile Islamia College of Calcutta and lived in Baker Hostel. Islamia College was one of the leading educational institutions for the Muslims of Bengal. He obtained his bachelor's degree from the college in 1947. Muslim League politics (1943 - 1949) During his time in Calcutta, Sheikh Mujib became involved in the politics of the Bengal Provincial Muslim League, the All India Muslim Students Federation, the Indian independence movement and the Pakistan movement. In 1943, he was elected as a councillor of the Muslim League. In 1944, he was elected as secretary of the Faridpur District Association, a Calcutta-based association of residents from Faridpur. In 1946, at the height of the Pakistan movement, Mujib was elected as General Secretary of the Islamia College Students Union in Calcutta. His political mentor Suhrawardy led the center-left faction of the Muslim League. Suhrawardy was responsible for creating 36 trade unions in Bengal, including unions for sailors, railway workers, jute and cotton mills workers, rickshaw pullers, cart drivers and other working class groups. Mujib assisted Suhrawardy in these efforts and also worked to ensure protection for Muslim families during the violent days in the run up to partition. After the partition of India, Mujib was admitted into the Law Department of the University of Dhaka. The university was created in 1921 as a residential university modelled on Oxford and Cambridge where students would be affiliated with colleges; but its residential character was dramatically changed after partition and students became affiliated with departments. Mujib founded the Muslim Students League on 4 January 1948 as the student wing of the Muslim League in East Bengal. This organisation later transformed into the Bangladesh Chhatra League. During the visit of Governor General Muhammad Ali Jinnah to Dhaka, it was declared that Urdu will be the sole national language of Pakistan. This sparked the Bengali Language Movement. Mujib became embroiled in the language movement, as well as left-wing trade unionism among Bengali factions of the Muslim League. Bengali factions eventually split away and formed the Awami Muslim League in 1949. These opposition political activities were targeted by the government and police. Mujib was arrested many times. In 1949, Mujib was expelled from Dhaka University on charges of inciting employees against the university. After 61 years, in 2010, the university withdrew its famously politically motivated expulsion order. Awami League (1949-1971) Mujib emerged as a major opposition figure in Pakistani politics between 1948 and 1971. He represented the Bengali grassroots. He had an uncanny ability to remember people by their first name regardless of whether they were political leaders, workers, or ordinary citizens. Mujib suffered repeated bouts of police detention due to his ability to instigate opposition protests against the Pakistani government. His movements were tracked by spies of the Pakistani government. He was accused of being a secessionist and an agent of India. East Pakistan's Intelligence Branch compiled many secret reports on his movements and political activities. The secret documents have been declassified by the Bangladeshi government. The formerly classified reports have also been published. Founding of the Awami League The All Pakistan Awami Muslim League was founded on 23 June 1949 at the Rose Garden mansion on K. M. Das Lane in Old Dhaka. Sheikh Mujib was elected as one of its joint secretaries. The term "Muslim" was later dropped from the party's nomenclature. The Awami League sought to represent both Muslims and Pakistan's religious minorities, including Bengali Hindus and Pakistani Christians. Hence, it dropped "Muslim" from its name to appeal to the minority votebanks. Suhrawardy joined the party within a few years and became its main leader. He relied on Sheikh Mujib to organise his political activities in East Bengal. Mujib became Suhrawardy's political protรฉgรฉ. Prior to partition, Suhrawardy mooted the idea of an independent United Bengal. But in Pakistan, Suhrawardy reportedly preferred to preserve the unity of Pakistan in a federal framework; while Mujib supported autonomy and was open to the idea of East Bengali independence. Mujib reportedly remarked that "[t]he Bengalis had initially failed to appreciate a leader of Mr. Suhrawardy's stature. By the time they learned to value him, they had run out of time". At the federal level, the Awami League was led by Suhrawardy. At the provincial level, the League was led by Sheikh Mujib who was given a free rein over the party's activities by Suhrawardy. Mujib consolidated his control of the party. The Awami League veered away from the left-wing extremism of its founding president Maulana Bhashani. Under Suhrawardy and Mujib, the Awami League emerged as a centre-left party. Language Movement The Awami League strongly backed the Bengali Language Movement. Bengalis argued that the Bengali language deserved to be a federal language on par with Urdu because Bengalis formed the largest ethnic group in Pakistan. The movement appealed to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan to declare both Urdu and Bengali as national languages, in addition to English. During a conference in Fazlul Huq Muslim Hall, Sheikh Mujib was instrumental in establishing the All-Party State Language Action Committee. He was repeatedly arrested during the movement. When he was released from jail in 1948, he was greeted by a rally of the State Language Struggle Committee. Mujib announced a nationwide student strike on 17 March 1948. In early January 1950, the Awami League held an anti-famine rally in Dhaka during the visit of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan. Mujib was arrested for instigating the protests. On 26 January 1952, Pakistan's then Bengali Prime Minister Khawaja Nazimuddin reiterated that Urdu will be the only state language. Despite his imprisonment, Mujib played a key role in organising protests by issuing instructions from jail to students and protestors. He played a key role in declaring 21 February 1952 as a strike day. Mujib went on hunger strike from 14 February 1952 in the prelude to the strike day. His own hunger strike lasted 13 days. On 26 February, he was released from jail amid the public outrage over police killings of protestors on 21 February, including Salam, Rafiq, Barkat, and Jabbar. United Front The League teamed up with other parties like the Krishak Praja Party of A. K. Fazlul Huq to form the United Front coalition. During the East Bengali legislative election, 1954, Mujib was elected to public office for the first time. He became a member of the East Bengal Legislative Assembly. This was the first election in East Bengal since the partition of India in 1947. The Awami League-led United Front secured a landslide victory of 223 seats in the 237 seats of the provincial assembly. Mujib himself won by a margin of 13,000 votes against his Muslim League rival Wahiduzzaman in Gopalganj. A. K. Fazlul Huq became Chief Minister and inducted Mujib into his cabinet. Mujib's initial portfolios were agriculture and forestry. After taking oath on 15 May 1954, Chief Minister Huq travelled with ministers to India and West Pakistan. The coalition government was dismissed on 30 May 1954. Mujib was arrested upon his return to Dhaka from Karachi. He was released on 23 December 1954. Governor's rule was imposed in East Bengal. The elected government was eventually restored in 1955. On 5 June 1955, Mujib was elected to a newly reconstituted second Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. The Awami League organised a huge public meeting at Paltan Maidan in Dhaka on 17 June 1955 which outlined 21 points demanding autonomy for Pakistan's provinces. Mujib was a forceful orator at the assembly in Karachi. He opposed the government's plan to rename East Bengal as East Pakistan as part of the One Unit scheme. On 25 August 1955, he delivered the following speech. Sir [President of the Constituent Assembly], you will see that they want to use the phrase 'East Pakistan' instead of 'East Bengal'. We have demanded many times that you should use Bengal instead of Pakistan. The word Bengal has a history and tradition of its own. You can change it only after the people have been consulted. If you want to change, we have to go back to Bengal and ask them whether they are ready to accept it. So far as the question of one unit is concerned it can be incorporated in the constitution. Why do you want it to be taken up right now? What about the state language, Bengali? We are prepared to consider one unit with all these things. So, I appeal to my friends on the other side to allow the people to give their verdict in any way, in the form of referendum or in the form of plebiscite. Mujib was often a vocal defender of human rights. Speaking on freedom of assembly and freedom of speech, he told Pakistan's parliament the following on 29 November 1955:- For whom are you going to frame the Constitution? Are you going to give freedom of speech, freedom of action to the people of Pakistan? When you do not have any other law under which you can arrest a person, you haul him under this so-called Public Safety Act. This is the blackest Act on the statute book of Pakistan. I do not know how long such an Act will continue. I want to warn you. Sir, that you must do justice to all people without fear or favour. If justice fails, equity fails, fair-play fails, then we will see how the matter is decided. Mujib often called for increased recruitment and affirmative action in East Pakistan. Bengalis were under-represented in the civil and military services despite making up the largest ethnic group in the federation. Mujib felt that Bengalis were being relegated to provincial jobs instead of federal jobs because most Bengalis could not afford to travel outside the province in spite of holding master's degrees and bachelor's degrees. A similar situation also prevailed under British rule when Bengali degree holders were employed mostly in the Bengal Civil Service instead of the pan-Indian civil service. In parliament, Mujib spoke about parity between East and West Pakistan on 4 February 1956 and said the following. It was stated that at the time of partition there was only one I.C.S. officer in East Bengal and there were no Engineers. I say that Bengal with 16 per cent literacy has only such a meagre representation in the service. Sir, this fact must be realised that it costs an individual Rs. 200 to come from East Bengal to this place. If you recruit in East Bengal and give a job you will find a large number of people from East Bengal coming forward. There are such a large number of M.As. and B. As....... (Interruptions)....... Sir, my time has been spoiled. Mujib later became provincial minister of commerce and industries in the cabinet of Ataur Rahman Khan. These portfolios allowed Mujib to consolidate his popularity among the working class. The Awami League's demand for Bengali as a federal language was successfully implemented in the 1956 constitution, which declared Urdu, Bengali and English as national languages. East Bengal, however, was renamed East Pakistan. In 1957, Mujib visited the People's Republic of China. In 1958, he toured the United States as part of the State Department's International Visitor Leadership Program. Mujib resigned from the provincial cabinet to work full time for the Awami League as a party organiser. Suhrawardy premiership Between 1956 and 1957, Mujib's mentor Suhrawardy served as the 5th Prime Minister of Pakistan. Suhrawardy strengthened Pakistan's relations with the United States and China. Suhrawardy was a strong supporter of Pakistan's membership in SEATO and CENTO. Suhrawardy's pro-Western foreign policy caused Maulana Bhashani to break away from the Awami League to form the National Awami Party, though Mujib remained loyal to Suhrawardy. Mujib joined the Alpha Insurance Company in 1960. He continued to work in the insurance industry for many years. The 1958 Pakistani military coup ended Pakistan's first era of parliamentary democracy as Muhammad Ayub Khan, the commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army, overthrew the Bengali president Iskandar Ali Mirza and abolished the 1956 constitution. Many politicians were imprisoned and disqualified from holding public office, including Mujib's mentor Suhrawardy. A new constitution was introduced by Ayub Khan which curtailed universal suffrage and empowered electoral colleges to elect the country's parliament. Six point movement Following Suhrawardy's death in 1963, Mujib became General Secretary of the All Pakistan Awami League with Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan as its titular president. The 1962 constitution introduced a presidential republic. Mujib was one of the key leaders to rally opposition to president Ayub Khan who enacted a system of electoral colleges to elect the country's parliament and president under a system known as "Basic Democracy". Universal suffrage was curtailed as part of the Basic Democracy scheme. Mujib supported opposition candidate Fatima Jinnah against Ayub Khan in the 1965 presidential election. Fatima Jinnah, the sister of Pakistan's founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah, drew huge crowds in East Pakistan during her presidential campaign which was supported by the Combined Opposition Party, including the Awami League. East Pakistan was the hotbed of opposition to the presidency of Ayub Khan. Mujib became popular for voicing the grievances of the Bengali population, including under-representation in the military and central bureaucracy. Despite generating most of Pakistan's export earnings and customs tax revenue, East Pakistan received a smaller budget allocation than West Pakistan. The 1965 war between India and Pakistan ended in stalemate. The Tashkent Declaration was domestically seen as giving away Pakistan's gains to India. Ayub Khan's foreign minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto resigned from the government, formed the Pakistan Peoples Party, and exploited public discontent against the regime. In 1965, Pakistan banned the works of Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore in state media. Censorship in state media spurred Bengali civil society groups like Chhayanaut to preserve Bengali culture. When Ayub Khan compared Bengalis to beasts, the poet Sufia Kamal retorted that "If the people are beasts then as the President of the Republic, you are the king of the beasts". The Daily Ittefaq led by Tofazzal Hossain voiced growing aspirations for democracy, autonomy, and nationalism. Economists in Dhaka University pointed to the massive reallocation of revenue to West Pakistan despite East Pakistan's role in generating most of Pakistan's export income. Rehman Sobhan paraphrased the two-nation theory into the two economies theory. He argued that East and West Pakistan had two fundamentally distinct economies within one country. In 1966, Mujib put forward a 6-point plan at a national conference of opposition parties in Lahore. The city of Lahore was chosen because of its symbolism as the place where the Lahore Resolution was adopted by the Muslim League in 1940. The six points called for abolishing the Basic Democracy scheme, restoring universal suffrage, devolving federal power to the provinces of East and West Pakistan, separate fiscal, monetary and trade policies for East and West Pakistan, and increased security spending for East Pakistan. The constitution should provide for a Federation of Pakistan in its true sense based on the Lahore Resolution and the parliamentary form of government with supremacy of a legislature directly elected on the basis of universal adult franchise. The federal government should deal with only two subjects: defence and foreign affairs, and all other residuary subjects shall be vested in the federating states. Two separate, but freely convertible currencies for two wings should be introduced; or if this is not feasible, there should be one currency for the whole country, but effective constitutional provisions should be introduced to stop the flight of capital from East to West Pakistan. Furthermore, a separate banking reserve should be established and a separate fiscal and monetary policy be adopted for East Pakistan. The power of taxation and revenue collection shall be vested in the federating units and the federal center will have no such power. The Federation will be entitled to a share in the state taxes to meet its expenditures. There should be two separate accounts for the foreign exchange earnings of the two wings; the foreign exchange requirements of the federal government should be met by the two wings equally or in a ratio to be fixed; indigenous products should move free of duty between the two wings, and the constitution should empower the units to establish trade links with foreign countries. East Pakistan should have its own security force. Mujib's points catalysed public support across East Pakistan, launching what historians have termed the six point movementย โ€“ recognised as the turning point towards East and West Pakistan becoming two nations. Mujib insisted on a federal democracy and obtained broad support from the Bengali population. In 1966, Mujib was elected as President of the Awami League. Tajuddin Ahmad succeeded him as General Secretary. Agartala Conspiracy Case Mujib was arrested by the Pakistan Army and after two years in jail, an official sedition trial in a military court opened. During his imprisonment between 1967 and 1969, Mujib began to write his autobiography. In what is widely known as the Agartala Conspiracy Case, Mujib and 34 Bengali military officers were accused by the government of colluding with Indian government agents in a scheme to divide Pakistan and threaten its unity, order and national security. The plot was alleged to have been planned in the city of Agartala in the bordering Indian state of Tripura. The outcry and unrest over Mujib's arrest and the charge of sedition against him destabilised East Pakistan amidst large protests and strikes. Various Bengali political and student groups added demands to address the issues of students, workers and the poor, forming a larger "11-point plan". The government caved to the mounting pressure, dropped the charges on 22 February 1969 and unconditionally released Mujib the following day. He returned to East Pakistan as a public hero. He was given a mass reception on 23 February, at the Ramna Race Course and conferred with the popular honorary title of Bangabandhu by Tofail Ahmed. The term Bangabandhu means Friend of the Bengal in the Bengali language. Several of Bengal's historic leaders were given similar honorary titles, including Sher-e-Bangla (Lion of Bengal) for A. K. Fazlul Huq, Deshbandhu (Friend of the Nation) for Chittaranjan Das, and Netaji (The Leader) for Subhash Chandra Bose. 1969 uprising and Round Table Conference In 1969, President Ayub Khan convened a Round Table Conference with opposition parties to find a way out of the prevailing political impasse. A few days after his release from prison, Mujib flew to Rawalpindi to attend the Round Table Conference. Mujib sought to bargain for East Pakistan's autonomy. Mujib was the most powerful opposition leader at the Round Table Conference. Ayub Khan shook hands with Mujib, whom Khan previously had imprisoned. Talking to British media, Mujib said "East Pakistan must get full regional autonomy. It must be self-sufficient in all respects. It must get its due share and legitimate share in the central administration. The West Pakistani people support [East Pakistani demands]. Only the vested interests want to divide the people of East and West Pakistan". When asked about the prospect of East Pakistan ruling West Pakistan if the Awami League gained power, Mujib replied that majority rule is important in a democracy but the people of East Pakistan had no intention to discriminate against West Pakistan, and that West Pakistani parties would continue to play an important role. Mujib toured West Pakistani cities by train after the Round Table Conference. West Pakistani crowds received him with chants of "Sheikh Saheb Zindabad!" (meaning Long Live the Sheikh!). He was received by huge crowds in Quetta, Baluchistan. He spoke to West Pakistani crowds in a heavily Bengali accent of Urdu, talking about chhey nukati (six points) and hum chhoy dofa mangta sab ke liye. Mujib demanded that Pakistan accept his six-point plan for federal democracy. He wasn't satisfied by Ayub Khan's pledges. When he returned to Dhaka, he declared that East Pakistan should be known as Bangladesh. On 5 December 1969 Mujib made a declaration at a public meeting, held to observe the death anniversary of his mentor Suhrawardy, that henceforth East Pakistan would be called "Bangladesh": There was a time when all efforts were made to erase the word "Bangla" from this land and its map. The existence of the word "Bangla" was found nowhere except in the term Bay of Bengal. I on behalf of Pakistan announce today that this land will be called "Bangladesh" instead of East Pakistan. Mujib's fiery rhetoric ignited Bengali nationalism and pro-independence aspirations among the masses, students, professionals, and intellectuals of East Pakistan. Many observers believed that Bengali nationalism was a rejection of Pakistan's founding two-nation theory but Mujib never phrased his rhetoric in these terms. Mujib was able to galvanise support throughout East Pakistan, which was home to the majority of Pakistan's population. He became one of the most powerful political figures in the Indian subcontinent. Bengalis increasingly referred to him as Bangabandhu. 1970 election In March 1969, Ayub Khan resigned and Yahya Khan became president. Prior to the scheduled general election for 1970, one of the most powerful cyclones on record devastated East Pakistan, leaving half a million people dead and millions displaced. President Yahya Khan, who was flying back from China after the cyclone, viewed the devastation from the air. The ruling military junta was slow to respond with relief efforts. Newspapers in East Pakistan accused the federal government of "gross neglect, callous inattention, and bitter indifference". Mujib remarked that "We have a large army but it is left to the British Marines to bury our dead". International aid had to pour in due to the slow response of the Pakistani military regime. Bengalis were outraged at what was widely considered to be the weak and ineffective response of the federal government to the disaster. Public opinion and political parties in East Pakistan blamed the ruling military junta for the lack of relief efforts. The dissatisfaction led to divisions between East Pakistanis and West Pakistanis within the civil services, police and Pakistani Armed Forces. In the Pakistani general elections held on 7 December 1970, the Awami League won 167 out of 169 seats belonging to East Pakistan in the National Assembly of Pakistan, as well as a landslide in the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly. The Awami League emerged as the single largest party in the federal parliament of Pakistan. With 167 seats, it was past the halfway mark of 150 seats in the 300 member national assembly and had the right to form a government of its own. Sheikh Mujib was widely considered to be the Prime Minister-elect, including by President Yahya Khan. The Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) came in second with 86 seats. The new parliament was scheduled to hold its first sitting in Dhaka, Pakistan's legislative capital under the 1962 constitution. The political crisis emerged when PPP leader Zulfikar Ali Bhutto declared that his party would boycott parliament if Mujib formed the next government. Bhutto threatened to break the legs of any West Pakistani MP-elect who accepted Mujib's mandate. However, Khan Abdul Wali Khan of the Awami National Party from North West Frontier Province was open to accepting an Awami League government and travelled to Dhaka to meet with Mujib. Many in Pakistan's establishment were opposed to Mujib becoming Pakistan's prime minister. At the time neither Mujib nor the Awami League had explicitly advocated political independence for East Pakistan, but smaller nationalist groups were demanding independence for Bangladesh. Both Bhutto and Yahya Khan travelled to Dhaka for negotiations with the Awami League. Mujib's delegation included the notable lawyer and constitutional expert Kamal Hossain. The Bengali negotiating position is extensively discussed in Kamal Hossain's autobiography Bangladesh: Quest for Freedom and Justice. The Pakistani government was represented by former chief justice Alvin Robert Cornelius. At the InterContinental Dhaka, Bengali chefs refused to cook food for Yahya Khan. Governor Sahabzada Yaqub Khan requested the Awami League to end the strike of the chefs at the InterContinental Hotel. Bhutto feared civil war, and sent a secret message to Mujib and his inner circle to arrange a meeting with them. Mubashir Hassan met with Mujib and persuaded him to form a coalition government with Bhutto. They decided that Bhutto would serve as president, with Mujib as Prime Minister. These developments took place secretly and no Pakistan Armed Forces personnel were kept informed. Meanwhile, Bhutto increased the pressure on Yahya Khan to take a stand on dissolving the government. Establishment of Bangladesh Civil disobedience The National Assembly was scheduled to meet in Dhaka on 3 March 1971. President Yahya Khan indefinitely postponed the assembly's first sitting, which triggered an uprising in East Pakistan. The cities of Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi, Rangpur, and Khulna were engulfed with protests. Amid signs of an impending crackdown, Mujib addressed the people of East Pakistan on 7 March 1971 at the Ramna Race Course Maidan. In his speech, Mujib laid out the political history of Pakistan since partition and told the crowd that "[w]e gave blood in 1952; we won a mandate in 1954; but we were still not allowed to take up the reigns of this country". While Mujib stopped short of declaring outright independence, he stated that the goal of the Awami League from then on would be eventual independence. He declared that the Awami League would collect taxes and form committees in every neighbourhood to organise resistance. He called on the people "to turn every house into a fortress". His most famous words from the speech were the following. This time the struggle is for our liberation! This time the struggle is for our independence!(For more info, see: 7 March Speech of Bangabandhu) Following the speech, 17 days of civil disobedience known as the non-cooperation movement took place across East Pakistan. The Awami League began to collect taxes while all monetary transfers to West Pakistan were suspended. East Pakistan came under the de facto control of the Awami League. On 23 March 1971, Bangladeshi flags were flown throughout East Pakistan on Pakistan's Republic Day as a show of resistance. The Awami League and the Pakistani military leadership continued negotiations over the transfer of power. However, West Pakistani troops were being flown into the eastern wing through PIA flights while arms were being unloaded from Pakistan Navy ships in Chittagong harbour. The Pakistani military was preparing for a crackdown. Outbreak of war Talks broke down on 25 March 1971 when Yahya Khan left Dhaka, declared martial law, banned the Awami League and ordered the Pakistan Army to arrest Mujib and other Bengali leaders and activists. The Pakistan Army launched Operation Searchlight. Mujib sent telegrams to Chittagong where M. A. Hannan from the Awami League and Major Ziaur Rahman from the East Bengal Regiment announced the Bangladeshi declaration of independence on Mujib's behalf. The text of Mujib's telegram sent at midnight on 26 March 1971 stated the following: Shortly after having declared the independence of Bangladesh, Mujib was arrested without charges and flown to prison in West Pakistan after midnight. Mujib was moved to West Pakistan and kept under heavy guard in a jail near Faisalabad. Sheikh Mujib was later moved to Central Jail Mianwali where he remained in solitary confinement for the entirety of the war. Kamal Hossain was also arrested and flown to West Pakistan while many other League leaders escaped to India. Pakistani general Rahimuddin Khan was appointed to preside over Mujib's court-martial trial, the proceedings of which have never been made public. Mujib was sentenced to death but his execution was deferred on three occasions. The Pakistan Army's operations in East Pakistan were widely labelled as genocide. The Pakistan Army carried out atrocities against Bengali civilians. With help from Jamaat militias like the Razakars, Al-Badr and Al-Shams, the army targeted Bengali intellectuals, professionals, politicians, students, and other ordinary civilians. Many Bengali women suffered rape. Due to the deteriorating situation, large numbers of Hindus fled across the border to the neighbouring Indian states of West Bengal, Assam and Tripura. Bengali army and police regiments soon revolted and League leaders formed the Provisional Government of Bangladesh. A major insurgency led by the Mukti Bahini arose across East Pakistan. Despite international pressure, the Pakistani government refused to release Mujib and negotiate with him. Mujib's family was kept under house arrest during this period. General Osmani was the key military commanding officer in the Mukti Bahini. Following Indian intervention in December, the Pakistan Army surrendered to the allied forces of Bangladesh and India. Homecoming Upon assuming the presidency after Yahya Khan's resignation, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto responded to international pressure and released Mujib on 8 January 1972. Kamal Hossain was also released. Bhutto and Aziz Ahmed secretly met Mujib and Kamal Hossain in Rawalpindi. Bhutto proposed a last minute attempt at mediation through the Shah of Iran, who was scheduled to arrive the next day. Mujib declined the offer after consulting with Kamal Hossain. Mujib requested a flight to London. Both Mujib and Hossain were then flown to London. En route to London, their plane made a stopover in Cyprus for refuelling. In London, Mujib was welcomed by British officials and a policeman remarked "Sir, we have been praying for you". Mujib was lodged at Claridge's Hotel and later met with British Prime Minister Edward Heath at 10 Downing Street. Heath and Mujib discussed Bangladesh's membership of the Commonwealth. Crowds of Bengalis converged on Claridge's Hotel to get a glimpse of Mujib. Mujib held his first press conference in 9 months and addressed the international media at Claridge's Hotel. He made the following remarks at the press conference. I am free to share the unbounded joy of freedom with my fellow countrymen. We have won our freedom in an epic liberation struggle. Mujib was provided an RAF plane by the British government to take him back to newly independent Bangladesh. He was accompanied on the flight by members of the Provisional Government of Bangladesh, as well as an emissary of India's premier Indira Gandhi. The emissary was Indian Bengali diplomat Shashank Banerjee, who recounted Mujib smoking his trademark smoking pipe with Erinmore tobacco. During the flight, both men agreed that Bangladesh would adopt the Westminster style of parliamentary government. On Indira Gandhi's hopes for Bangladesh, Banerjee told Mujib that "on India's eastern flank, she wished to have a friendly power, a prosperous economy, and a secular democracy, with a parliamentary system of government". Regarding the presence of Indian troops in Bangladesh, Mujib requested Banerjee to convey to the Indian government that Indian troops should be withdrawn as early as possible. The RAF de Havilland Comet made a stopover in the Middle East en route to Dhaka. The RAF plane then made a stopover in New Delhi. Mujib was received by Indian President V. V. Giri and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, as well as the entire Indian cabinet and chiefs of armed forces. Delhi was given a festive look as Mujib and Gandhi addressed a huge crowd where he publicly expressed his gratitude to Gandhi and the Indian public. After a few hours in Delhi, the RAF plane flew Mujib to Dhaka in independent Bangladesh. Before the plane landed, it circled the city to view the million people who converged on Tejgaon Airport to greet Mujib. In Dhaka, Mujib's homecoming was described as "one of the most emotional outbursts in that emotional part of the world". Crowds overwhelmed the airport tarmac and breached the security cordon as cabinet ministers went inside the plane to bring Mujib out. Mujib was given a guard of honour by members of the nascent Bangladesh Army, Bangladesh Navy, and Bangladesh Air Force. Mujib was driven in an open truck through the dense crowds for a speech at the Ramna Race Course, where ten months earlier he had announced the liberation movement. Mujib's emotional speech to the million-strong crowd was caught on camera by Marilyn Silverstone and Rashid Talukdar; the photos of his homecoming day have become iconic in Bangladeshi political and popular culture. Governing Bangladesh Mujib briefly assumed the provisional presidency and later took office as the prime minister. In January 1972 Time magazine reported that "[i]n the aftermath of the Pakistani army's rampage last March, a special team of inspectors from the World Bank observed that some cities looked "like the morning after a nuclear attack". Since then, the destruction has only been magnified. An estimated 6,000,000 homes have been destroyed, and nearly 1,400,000 farm families have been left without tools or animals to work their lands. Transportation and communications systems are totally disrupted. Roads are damaged, bridges out and inland waterways blocked. The rape of the country continued right up until the Pakistani army surrendered a month ago. In the last days of the war, West Pakistani-owned businessesโ€”which included nearly every commercial enterprise in the countryโ€”remitted virtually all their funds to the West. Pakistan International Airlines left exactly 117 rupees ($16) in its account at the port city of Chittagong. The army also destroyed bank notes and coins, so that many areas now suffer from a severe shortage of ready cash. Private cars were picked up off the streets or confiscated from auto dealers and shipped to the West before the ports were closed. The new government of Bangladesh quickly converted East Pakistan's state apparatus into the machinery of an independent Bangladeshi state. For example, a presidential decree transformed the High Court of East Pakistan into the Supreme Court of Bangladesh. The Awami League successfully reorganised the bureaucracy, framed a written constitution, and rehabilitated war victims and survivors. In January 1972, Mujib introduced a parliamentary republic through a presidential decree. The emerging state structure was influenced by the Westminster model in which the Prime Minister was the most powerful leader while the President acted on the government's advice. MPs elected during the 1970 general election became members of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh. The Constitution Drafting Committee led by Dr. Kamal Hossain produced a draft constitution which was adopted on 4 November 1972 and came into force on 16 December 1972. In comparison to the prolonged constitution-making process in Pakistan during the 1950s, the Awami League was credited for swiftly enacting the Constitution of Bangladesh within just one year of independence. However, the League is criticised for this swift enactment because the Constituent Assembly was largely made up of members from the League itself; the few opposition lawmakers included Manabendra Narayan Larma, who demanded the term "Bangladeshi" to describe the new country's citizens instead of "Bengali" since not all Bangladeshis were Bengalis. Critics argued that in reality "the Awami League sought to rule by Mujib's charisma and build a political process by dicta". Mujib introduced a quota for backward regions to get access to public sector jobs. Bangladesh also faced a gun control problem because many of its guerrilla fighters from the Liberation War were roaming the country with guns. Mujib successfully called on former guerrillas to surrender their arms through public ceremonies which affirmed their status as freedom fighters during the Liberation War. The President's Relief and Welfare Fund was created to rehabilitate an estimated 10 million displaced Bangladeshis. Mujib established 11,000 new primary schools and nationalised 40,000 primary schools. Withdrawal of Indian troops One of Mujib's first priorities was the withdrawal of Indian troops from Bangladesh. Mujib requested the Indian government to ensure a swift withdrawal of Indian military forces from Bangladeshi territory. A timeline was drawn up for rapid withdrawal. The withdrawal took place within three months of the surrender of Pakistan to the allied forces of Bangladesh and India. A formal ceremony was held in Dhaka Stadium on 12 March 1972 in which Mujib inspected a guard of honour from the 1st Rajput Regiment. The withdrawal of Indian forces was completed by 15 March. Many countries established diplomatic relations with Bangladesh soon after the withdrawal of Indian troops. India's intervention and subsequent withdrawal has been cited as a successful case of humanitarian intervention in international law. War criminals In 1972, Mujib told David Frost that he was a strong man but he had tears in his eyes when he saw pictures of the 1971 Bangladesh genocide. He told Frost that "I am a very generous man. I always believe in forgive and forget but this is impossible on my part to forgive and forget. This was cold blooded murder in a planned way; genocide to kill my people. These people must be punished". Speaking about a potential war crimes trial, Mujib said "the world powers arranged the Nuremberg trials against the war criminals of fascist Germany. I think they should come forward and there should be another trial or inquiry under the United Nations". Mujib pledged to hold a trial for those accused in wartime atrocities. An estimated 11,000 local collaborators of the Pakistan Army were arrested. Their cases were heard by the Collaborators Tribunal. In 1973, the government introduced the International Crimes (Tribunal) Act to prosecute 195 Pakistani PoWs under Indian custody. In response, Pakistan filed a case against India at the International Court of Justice. The Delhi Agreement struck a compromise between India, Pakistan and Bangladesh after the three countries agreed to transfer PoWs to Pakistani custody. However, the foreign minister of Bangladesh stated that "the excesses and manifold crimes committed by those prisoners of war constituted, according to the relevant provisions of the UN General Assembly resolutions and international law, war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide, and that there was universal consensus that persons charged with such crimes as [the] 195 Pakistani prisoners of war should be held to account and subjected to the due process of law". In 1974, the Third International Criminal Law Conference was held at the Bangladesh Institute of Law and International Affairs; the meeting supported calls for the creation of an international penal court. Economic policy Mujib declared socialism as a national policy. His land reforms restricted land ownership to less than 25 bighas of land which effectively ended all traces of the zamindari system. Land owners with more than 25 bighas were subjected to taxes. Farmers had to sell their products at prices set by the government instead of the market. Mujib nationalised all banks, insurance companies, and 580 industrial plants. There was little foreign investment. The stock exchange remained closed. In 1974, the government sought to invite international oil companies to explore the Bay of Bengal for oil and natural gas. Shell sold five gas fields to the Bangladeshi government which set the stage for the creation of Petrobangla. The national airline Biman was set up with planes from British Caledonian, the Indian government and the World Council of Churches. In the industrial sector, the Bangladeshi government built the Ghorashal Fertilizer Factory. Work began on the Ashuganj Power Station. Operations in the Port of Chittagong were restored after the Soviet Navy conducted a clearing operation for naval mines. Industrial activity was eventually restored to pre-1971 levels. Banking services rapidly expanded in rural areas. Mujib recruited CEOs from the private sector to run state-owned companies. The first Five Year Plan was adopted by the Planning Commission, which was headed by the Harvard-trained economist Nurul Islam. The Planning Commission sought to diversify Bangladesh's exports. In trade with India, the Planning Commission identified fertilizer, iron, cement and natural gas as potential export sectors in Bangladesh. The Planning Commission, with Mujib's approval, wanted to transform Bangladesh into a producer of value added products generated from imported Indian raw materials. In addition to state-owned firms, many private sector companies emerged, including the Bangladesh Export Import Company and Advanced Chemical Industries. These companies later became some of Bangladesh's biggest conglomerates. The Mujib government faced serious challenges, which included the resettlement of millions of people displaced in 1971, organisation of food supply, health services and other necessities. The effects of the 1970 cyclone had not worn off, and the economy of Bangladesh had immensely deteriorated due to the conflict. In 1973, thousands of Bengalis arrived from Pakistan while many non-Bengali industrialists and capitalists emigrated; poorer non-Bengalis were stranded in refugee camps. Major efforts were launched to help an estimated 10ย million former refugees who returned from India. The economy began to recover eventually. The five-year plan released in 1973 focused state investments into agriculture and cottage industries. But a famine occurred in 1974 when the price of rice rose sharply. In that month there was widespread starvation in Rangpur district. Government mismanagement was blamed. Many of Mujib's disastrous socialist policies were eventually overturned by future governments. The five years of his regime marked the only intensely socialist period in Bangladesh's history. Successive governments de-emphasised socialism and promoted a market economy. By the 1990s, the Awami League returned to being a centre-left party in economics. Legal reforms The Constitution of Bangladesh became the first Bengali written constitution in modern history. The Awami League introduced a new bill of rights, which was more broad and expansive than the laws of East and West Pakistan. In addition to freedom of speech and freedom of religion, the new constitution emphasized property rights, the right to privacy, the prohibition of torture, safeguards during detention and trial, the prohibition of forced labor, and freedom of association. The Awami League repealed many controversial laws of the Pakistani period, including the Public Safety Act and Defense of Pakistan Rules. Women's rights received more attention than before. Discrimination on grounds of religion, ethnicity, gender, place of birth or disability was discouraged. Secularism While Pakistan adopted progressive reforms to Muslim family law as early as 1961, Bangladesh became the first constitutionally secular state in South Asia in 1972 when its newly adopted constitution included the word "secularism" for the first time in the region. Despite the constitution's proclamation of secularism as a state policy, Mujib banned "anti-Islamic" activities, including gambling, horse racing and alcohol. He established the Islamic Foundation to regulate religious affairs for Muslims, including the collection of zakat and setting dates for religious observances like Eid and Ramadan. Under Mujib, Bangladesh joined the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) in 1974. Bangladesh was not the only Muslim-majority secular republic in the OIC; others included Turkey and Nigeria. Secularism was later removed from the constitution by the military dictatorship in the late 1970s. Secularism was reinstated by the Supreme Court into the constitution in 2010. Mujib said "secularism doesn't mean irreligiosity. Hindus will practice their religion; Muslims will practice their religion; Christians, Buddhists - everyone will practice their respective religions. No one will interfere in someone else's religion; the people of Bengal do not seek to interfere in matters of religion. Religion will not be used for political purposes. Religion will not be exploited in Bengal for political gain. If anyone does so, I believe the people of Bengal will retaliate against them". Foreign policy In the early 1970s, Sheikh Mujib emerged as one of the most charismatic leaders of the third world. His foreign policy maxim was "friendship to all, malice to none". Mujib's priorities were to secure aid for reconstruction and relief efforts; normalizing diplomatic relations with the world; and joining major international organizations. Mujib's major foreign policy achievement was to secure normalisation and diplomatic relations with most countries of the world. Bangladesh joined the Commonwealth, the UN, the OIC, and the Non-Aligned Movement. His allies included Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of India and Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia. Japan became a major aid provider to the new country. Mujib attended Commonwealth summits in Canada and Jamaica, where he held talks with Queen Elizabeth II, British Prime Minister Harold Wilson, Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and New Zealand Prime Minister Norman Kirk. The Soviet Union supplied several squadrons of MiG-21 planes for the Bangladesh Air Force. China initially blocked Bangladesh's entry to the UN in 1972, but withdrew its veto in 1974 which allowed Bangladesh to join the UN. The United States recognized the independence of Bangladesh on 4 April 1972 and pledged US$300 million in aid. Britain, Malaysia, Indonesia, West Germany, Denmark, Norway and Sweden were among the several countries which recognized Bangladesh in February 1972. Africa Mujib was a firm opponent of apartheid. In his first speech to the United Nations General Assembly in 1974, Mujib remarked that "In spite of the acceleration of the process of abolishing colonialism, it hasn't reached its ultimate goal. This is more strongly true of Africa, where the people of Rhodesia and Namibia are still engaged in the final struggle for national independence and absolute freedom. Although racism has been identified as a serious offence in this council, it's still destroying the conscience of the people". This was the first speech in the UN General Assembly to be spoken in Bengali. Bangladesh joined the Non Aligned Movement (NAM) during the 4th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in Algiers. Mujib told Nigerian leader Yakubu Gowon that "if we had remained in Pakistan, it would be a strong country. Again, if India had not been divided in 1947, it would be an even stronger country. But, then, Mr. President, in life do we always get what we desire?". The comment was in response to Gowon questioning the need for the break up of Pakistan. Mujib met Zambian leader Kenneth Kaunda and Senegalese president Lรฉopold Sรฉdar Senghor. He developed a good rapport with President Anwar Sadat of Egypt, who gifted 30 tanks to the Bangladeshi military in return for Mujib's support to Egypt. Algerian president Houari Boumรฉdiรจne brought Mujib to the OIC Summit in Lahore on his plane. Middle East While addressing the UN General Assembly in 1974, Mujib said "injustice is still rampant in many parts of the world. Our Arab brothers are still fighting for the complete eviction of the invaders from their land. The equitable national rights of the Palestinian people have not yet been achieved". While Israel was one of the first countries to recognize Bangladesh, the Mujib government dispatched an army medical unit to support Arab countries during the Arab-Israeli War of 1973. This was Bangladesh's first dispatch of military aid overseas. Kuwait sent its foreign minister Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah to persuade Mujib to join the OIC Summit in Lahore in 1974. South Asia Mujib and Indira Gandhi signed the 25-year Indo-Bangladeshi Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace. India and Bangladesh developed extremely cordial relations based on shared political values, a common nonaligned worldview and cultural solidarity. In February 1972, Mujib visited the Indian city of Kolkata in West Bengal to thank the people of India for their support during the liberation war. Mujib was immensely popular in India. Many of India's leading film directors, singers, writers, actors and actresses came to meet with Mujib, including Satyajit Ray, Hemanta Mukherjee and Hema Malini. In Pakistan, a constitutional amendment was passed to establish diplomatic relations with Bangladesh. In the Delhi Agreement of 1974, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan pledged to work for regional stability and peace. The agreement paved the way for the return of interned Bengali officials and their families stranded in Pakistan, as well as the establishment of diplomatic relations between Bangladesh and Pakistan. However, Bangladesh had to concede on the issue of putting 195 Pakistani PoWs on trial for war crimes, after the three countries agreed by consensus to transfer the 195 PoWs to Pakistani custody. Mujib and Gandhi also signed a Land Boundary Treaty concerning the India-Bangladesh enclaves. The treaty was challenged in court. The government attempted to ratify the treaty without consulting parliament. Chief Justice Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem ruled that parliament had to ratify the treaty in accordance with the constitution, otherwise the government's actions were illegal and unconstitutional. The Chief Justice dissented with the government's actions. The treaty was subsequently ratified by parliament. In his decision, Justice Sayem referred to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The land boundary treaty was finally implemented in 2015. Left-wing insurgency At the height of Mujib's power, left-wing insurgents from the Gonobahini fought against Mujib's government to establish a Marxist government. The government responded by forming an elite paramilitary force called Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini on 8ย February 1972. Many within the Bangladeshi military viewed the new paramilitary force with suspicion. The new paramilitary force was responsible for human rights abuses against the general populace, including extrajudicial killings, shootings by death squads, and rape. Members of the Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini were granted immunity from prosecution and other legal proceedings. The force swore an oath of loyalty to Mujib. One-party state Mujib's political philosophy dramatically changed in 1975. Elections were approaching in 1977 after the end of his five-year term. Mujib sensed growing dissatisfaction with his regime. He changed the constitution, declared himself president, and established a one party state. Ahrar Ahmed, commenting in The Daily Star, noted that "Drastic changes were introduced through the adoption of the 4th amendment on Jan[uary] 25, 1975, which radically shifted the initial focus of the constitution and turned it into a single-party, [p]residential system, which curtailed the powers of the [p]arliament and the [j]udiciary, as well as the space for free speech or public assembly". Censorship was imposed in the press. Civil society groups like the Committee for Civil Liberties and Legal Aid were suppressed. The Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (BAKSAL), meaning the "Bangladesh Farmers Workers Peoples League", became the only legal political party. Bureaucrats and military officers were ordered to join the single party. These actions profoundly impacted Mujib's legacy. Many Bangladeshis opposed to the Awami League cite his creation of BAKSAL as the ultimate hypocrisy. The one party state lasted for 7 months till Mujib's assassination on 15 August 1975. Assassination Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was killed along with most of his family in his private home on 15 August 1975 during a military coup by renegade army officers. His wife, three sons, two daughters-in-law, and a host of other relatives, personal staff, and a brigadier general of the Bangladesh Army were killed as part of the coup. Mujib was shot on the staircase of his house. After the coup, four allies of Mujib who led the Provisional Government of Bangladesh in 1971 were arrested and eventually executed on 3 November 1975. A martial law regime was established. Mujib's killers included fifteen junior army officers with ranks of colonels, majors, lieutenants and havildars. They were backed up by Awami League politician Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad, who usurped the presidency. On the day of the coup, the junior officers ordered their soldiers to take over the national radio and television stations. The army chief K. M. Shafiullah was caught unaware and failed to stop the coup. According to American investigative journalist Lawrence Lifschultz, the army's deputy chief Ziaur Rahman was approached by the coup plotters and expressed interest in the proposed coup plan, but refused to become the public face of the coup. Zia did not deny meeting with the coup plotters, according to Anthony Mascarenhas. Zia was legally obliged to prevent a mutiny against the country's legally appointed president but did not stop the impending mutiny despite having knowledge of it. Zia eventually emerged as the dictator of Bangladesh after the coup. The only survivors from Mujib's family were his daughters Sheikh Hasina and Sheikh Rehana, who were visiting Hasina's physicist husband in West Germany at the time. On 26 September 1975, the martial law regime introduced the Indemnity Ordinance, 1975, which gave legal immunity to all persons involved in the coup of 15 August 1975. Mujib was warned about a possible coup by Indian intelligence. Mujib shrugged off these warnings by saying his own people would never hurt him. His assassins continued to enjoy immunity from prosecution for 26 years. The Indemnity Ordinance was repealed in 1996 after his daughter Sheikh Hasina was elected as Prime Minister. Hasina subsequently initiated a murder case in the courts of Bangladesh. Several of the fifteen assassins, including coup leader Syed Faruque Rahman, were arrested and put on trial. Others like Khandaker Abdur Rashid became fugitives. The fifteen were given the death penalty by a court in 1998. Five of the convicts were hanged in 2010. A sixth convict was hanged in 2020. Of the remaining fugitives, a few have died or are in hiding. In 2022, the Bangladeshi government reported that five fugitives are still on the run, including coup leader Rashid. One of the convicted assassins is living in Canada. One of the convicts is living in the United States. Bangladesh has requested Canada and the United States to deport the fugitives following the precedent set by the deportation of A.K.M. Mohiuddin Ahmed in 2007. Family Mujib was eighteen years old when he married eight years old Fazilatunnesa, who is widely known in Bangladesh as Begum Mujib. They are second cousins. Together they had two daughtersโ€”Sheikh Hasina and Sheikh Rehanaโ€”and three sonsโ€”Sheikh Kamal, Sheikh Jamal, and Sheikh Rasel. Kamal was an organiser of the Mukti Bahini guerrilla struggle in 1971 and received a wartime commission in the Bangladesh Army during the Liberation War. Jamal was trained at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in Great Britain and later joined the Bangladesh Army as a Commissioned Officer. The Sheikh family was under house arrest during the Bangladesh Liberation War until 17ย December, Sheikh Kamal and Jamal found the means to escape and cross over to a liberated zone, where they joined the struggle to free the country. Almost the entire Sheikh family was assassinated on 15 August 1975 during a military coup d'รฉtat. Only Sheikh Hasina and Sheikh Rehana, who were visiting West Germany, survived. Mujib is the maternal grandfather of Tulip Siddiq, British MP for Hampstead and Kilburn since the 2015 UK general election. Sajeeb Wazed is his eldest grandson. Legacy In 2004, listeners of the BBC Bangla radio service ranked Mujib first among the 20 Greatest Bengalis, ahead of Asia's first Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore; Bangladesh's national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam; and other Bengali icons like Subhash Chandra Bose, Amartya Sen, Titumir, Begum Rokeya, Muhammad Yunus, and Ziaur Rahman. The survey was modelled on the BBC's 100 Greatest Britons poll. In 2011, the parliament of Bangladesh passed the 15th amendment to the country's constitution which referred to Mujib as the "Father of the Nation" in attached fifth, sixth, and seventh schedules covering his 7 March Speech, the declaration of independence on 26 March 1971, and the Proclamation of Independence issued by the Provisional Government on 10 April 1971. In 2020, the government of Bangladesh celebrated Mujib Year to mark 100 years since the birth of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1920. The commemorations preceded Bangladesh's 50th anniversary of independence in 2021. Mujib continues to be a revered, popular, divisive, and controversial figure in Bangladesh. His party, the Awami League, has built a personality cult around his legacy. Opponents of the League are fierce critics of Mujib's populism and authoritarianism, including his creation of BAKSAL. League supporters and other Bangladeshis credit Mujib for successfully leading the country to independence in 1971. However, Mujib's socialist and economic policies after 1971 are largely frowned upon except among his most loyal supporters and family members. Many roads, institutions, military bases, bridges and other places in Bangladesh are named in his honour. Under the Awami League's rule, Mujib's picture is printed on the national currency Bangladeshi taka. Bangladeshis across the political divide often refer to him as Bangabandhu out of respect. A satellite is also named after him. Mujib is remembered in India as an ally. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Road in New Delhi and an avenue in Kolkata in the Indian state of West Bengal are named in his honour. The Palestinian Authority named a street in Hebron in honour of Mujib. Bangabandhu Boulevard in Ankara, Turkey is named after Mujib. There is also a Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Street in Port Louis, Mauritius. Sheikh Mujib Way in Chicago in the United States is named after him. Archer Blood described Mujib as charismatic. Gary J. Bass wrote that "Mujibโ€™s very appearance suggested raw power," cabled Blood, "a power drawn from the masses and from his own strong personality." He was tall and sturdy, with rugged features and intense eyes. Blood found him serene and confident amid the turmoil, but eager for power. "On the rostrum he is a fiery orator who can mesmerize hundreds of thousands in a pouring rain," Blood wrote. "Mujib has something of a messianic complex which has been reinforced by the heady experience of mass adulation. He talks of 'my people, my land, my forests, my rivers.' It seems clear that he views himself as the personification of Bengali aspirations." According to Time magazine, "A man of vitality and vehemence, Mujib became the political Gandhi of the Bengalis, symbolizing their hopes and voicing their grievances. Not even Pakistan's founder, Mohammed Ali Jinnah, drew the million-strong throngs that Mujib has attracted in Dacca. Nor, for that matter, has any subcontinent politician since Gandhi's day spent so much time behind bars for his political beliefs". An Egyptian journalist noted that "Sheikh Mujibur Rahman does not belong to Bangladesh alone. He is the harbinger of freedom for all Bengalis. His Bengali nationalism is the new emergence of Bengali civilization and culture. Mujib is the hero of the Bengalis, in the past and in the times that are". Fidel Castro remarked that "I have not seen the Himalayas. But I have seen Sheikh Mujib. In personality and in courage, this man is the Himalayas. I have thus had the experience of witnessing the Himalayas". Mujib cited Abraham Lincoln, Mao Zedong, Winston Churchill, John F. Kennedy, Sukarno and Kemal Ataturk, Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Suhrawardy, Subhas Chandra Bose, and A. K. Fazlul Huq as the individuals he admires during an interview with David Frost. Portrayals Song "Shono Ekti Mujiburer Theke", a 1971 song about him, was inspiration for freedom fighters during liberation war of Bangladesh. A song was written about him in 1990 and recorded in 1991 named "Jodi Raat Pohale Shona Jeto" became popular during election. Books Humayun Ahmed included Sheikh Mujib in two of his historical novels, 2004's Jochona O Jononir Golpo and 2012's Deyal. Neamat Imam's novel The Black Coat depicts Mujib as a dictator. In 2015, the Centre for Research and Information (CRI) department of Bangladesh Awami League published a four-part children's comic book named Mujib based on Sheikh Mujib's two autobiographies. In March 2022, Muktidata Sheikh Mujib (Liberator Sheikh Mujib), a memoir of Mujibur Rahman, was published. Films In the 1974 Bangladeshi film Sangram, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was portrayed by himself. In the 2014 Indian film Children of War, Prodip Ganguly portrayed of Sheikh Mujib. In the 2018 documentary film Hasina: A Daughter's Tale, Sheikh Mujib's daughter Sheikh Hasina spoke about the assassination of her father. On 30 March 2021, Tungiparar Miya Bhai, a biopic of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was released. On 1 October 2021, Mujib Amar Pita, an animated film about Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was released. On 31 December 2021, Chironjeeb Mujib, another biopic of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was released. On 13 October 2023, Mujib: The Making of a Nation, a biopic of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman directed by Shyam Benegal was released. Bibliography Mujib is today celebrated as a political diarist. He kept a diary during his early political career in the 1940s and 1950s. This diary was translated into English by Fakrul Alam and published as The Unfinished Memoirs. The book was published in both India and Pakistan by Penguin Books and Oxford University Press respectively. The book has since been translated into French, Spanish, Korean, Arabic, and many other languages. Mujib also started writing his autobiography while in prison between 1967 and 1969; this diary was published in Bengali as The Prison Diaries. Mujib wrote a travelogue of his visits to China during the 1950s. This travelogue was published as the book The New China as I Saw. Awards Footnotes Notes Citations References External links 1920 births 1975 deaths Prime Ministers of Bangladesh 1st Jatiya Sangsad members Assassinated Bangladeshi politicians Awami League politicians General Secretaries of Awami League Presidents of the Awami League Bengali independence activists Bengali Muslims Burials at Banani Graveyard Pakistan Movement activists from Bengal Pakistani MNAs 1955โ€“1958 People from Gopalganj District, Bangladesh People from British India People murdered in Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur Rahman family Presidents of Bangladesh Recipients of the Independence Day Award Maulana Azad College alumni University of Dhaka alumni Deaths by firearm in Bangladesh Bangladeshi people of Arab descent 20th-century Bengalis 20th-century Muslims Muslim socialists Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League executive committee members Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League central committee members 1975 murders in Bangladesh 1970s assassinated politicians in Asia Assassinated presidents in Asia Assassinated former national legislators in Asia Assassinated leaders of political parties
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%9D%B8%EB%B2%BD
์กฐ์ธ๋ฒฝ
์กฐ์ธ๋ฒฝ(่ถ™ไปๅฃ, 1330๋…„ ~1393๋…„)์€ ๊ณ ๋ ค ๋ง๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌด์‹ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณธ๊ด€์€ ํ•œ์–‘(ๆผข้™ฝ)์ด๋‹ค. ์Œ์„ฑ์ด๊ด€์„ ์ง€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์›๋‚˜๋ผ์— ๋ถ€์—ญํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์—ญ์ž ์กฐํœ˜์˜ ์†์ž์ด์ž ์กฐ์–‘๊ธฐ์˜ ์•„๋“ค์ธ ์กฐ๋ˆ(่ถ™ๆšพ)์˜ ์žฅ๋‚จ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๋ˆ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์Œ์„ฑ์ด๊ด€๋ถ€ ํƒˆํ™˜์— ๊ณต์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ์Œ์„ฑ์ด๊ด€๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜๋ณต ์กฐ์ธ๋ฒฝ์˜ ์„ ์กฐ๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ, ์šฉ์ง„ํ˜„(้พๆดฅ็ธฃ)์— ์„ธ๊ฑฐํ•œ ํ† ์ฐฉ์‚ฌ์กฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ธ๋ฒฝ์˜ ์ฆ์กฐ๋ถ€์ธ ์กฐํœ˜(่ถ™ๆš‰)๋Š” ๊ณ ์ข…(้ซ˜ๅฎ—) ๋ฌด์˜ค๋…„(1258๋…„) ์ •์ฃผ(ๅฎšๅทž,์ •ํ‰) ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํƒ์ฒญ(ๅ“้‘)๊ณผ ๋ชจ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Œ์„ฑ(้›™ๅŸŽ) ๋“ฑ์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ  ํ™”์ฃผ(ๅ’Œๅทž) ์ด๋ถ์„ ๋“ค์–ด ์›(ๅ…ƒ)์— ํˆฌํ•ญํ•œ ๋’ค ์Œ์„ฑ์ด๊ด€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์ž ์ด๊ด€์—, ํƒ์ฒญ์€ ์ฒœํ˜ธ์— ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์–ด ๋Œ€๋Œ€๋กœ ์„ธ์Šตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋ฏผ์™•(ๆญๆ„็Ž‹) 5๋…„(1356๋…„)์— ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Š” ์›์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜์— ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๋ถ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์˜› ๋•…์„ ์ˆ˜๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋ฐ€์ง๋ถ€์‚ฌ(ๅฏ†็›ดๅ‰ฏไฝฟ) ์œ ์ธ์šฐ(ๆŸณไป้›จ)๋ฅผ ๋™๋ถ๋ฉด๋ณ‘๋งˆ์‚ฌ(ๆฑๅŒ—้ขๅ…ต้ฆฌไฝฟ)๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ˜ธ๊ตฐ(ๅคง่ญท่ป) ๊ณต์ฒœ๋ณด(่ฒขๅคฉ็”ซ), ์ข…๋ถ€๋ น(ๅฎ—็ฐฟไปค) ๊น€์›๋ด‰(้‡‘ๅ…ƒ้ณณ)์„ ๋ณ‘๋งˆ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„ ๊ฐ•๋ฆ‰๋„์กด๋ฌด์‚ฌ(ๆฑŸ้™ต้“ๅญ˜ๆ’ซไฝฟ) ์ด์ธ์ž„(ๆŽไปไปป)๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ถœ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ œ4๋Œ€ ์Œ์„ฑ์ด๊ด€์„ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์กฐ์†Œ์ƒ์€ ์กฐํœ˜์˜ ์ฆ์†์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ธ๋ฒฝ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ดŒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ธ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ตฐ์€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฒ ๋ น(้ตๅถบ)์„ ์ง€๋‚˜ ์Œ์„ฑ๊ณผ 200์—ฌ ๋ฆฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๋“ฑ์ฃผ(็™ปๅทž)์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ ์—ดํ˜ ๋™์•ˆ์„ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ฉฐ ์ „์ง„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์Œ์„ฑ์ด๊ด€(้›™ๅŸŽๆ‘ ็ฎก) ์กฐ์†Œ์ƒ(่ถ™ๅฐ็”Ÿ)์€ ์กฐ๋ˆ์˜ ์กฐ์นด์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ณ€๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์ฒœํ˜ธ(ๅƒๆˆถ) ํƒ๋„๊ฒฝ(ๅ“้ƒฝๅฟ)๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์กฐ๋ˆ์„ ๊ตฌ๊ธˆํ•ด ๋†“๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋ˆ์€ ๋™์ƒ ์กฐ์ฒœ์ฃผ(่ถ™ๅคฉๆŸฑ)์™€ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์™€ ์‚ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ•(ไธ‰ๅฒๆฑŸ)์„ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ์„œ ์šฉ์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€, ์•„๋“ค ์ธ๋ฒฝ ยท ์ธ๊ฒฝ(ไป็“Š) ยท ์ธ๊ทœ(ไป็ช) ยท ์ธ์˜ฅ(ไปๆฒƒ)์„ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฃป๋ฐค์— 2๋ฐฑ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์œ ์ธ์šฐ์˜ ์ง„์˜์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ์Œ์„ฑ์ด ๋จธ์ง€์•Š์•„ ํ•จ๋ฝ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•„๋“ค ์ธ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด ์Œ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํšŒ์œ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์œ ์ธ์šฐ๋„ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์ธ๋ฒฝ์„ ์ง€ํ†ต์ฃผ์‚ฌ(็Ÿฅ้€šๅทžไบ‹) ์žฅ์ฒœํ•ต(ๅผตๅคฉ็ฟฎ)๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณด๋‚ด์–ด ์Œ์„ฑ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ํšŒ์œ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ณง ์ด์ž์ถ˜์˜ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค๋„ ์œ ์ธ์šฐ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ตฐ์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ตฐ์€ ์ง„๊ตฐํ•ด ์Œ์„ฑ์„ ํ•จ๋ฝ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด๊ณต์„ ์Œ“๋‹ค ๊ณต๋ฏผ์™• 10๋…„(1361๋…„) ํ™๊ฑด์ ์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋ฅผ ์นจ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋ณ€์•ˆ์—ด(้‚Šๅฎ‰็ƒˆ) ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณต์„ ์„ธ์› ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณต๋ฏผ์™• 21๋…„(1372๋…„) 2์›” ํ˜ธ๋ฐœ๋„(่ƒกๆ‹”้ƒฝ) ยท ์žฅํ•ด๋งˆ(ๅผตๆตท้ฆฌ) ๋“ฑ์ด ์™€์„œ ์ด์„ฑ(ๆณฅๅŸŽ) ยท ๊ฐ•๊ณ„(ๆฑŸ็•Œ) ๋“ฑ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ํŒ์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ ์ถœ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์ฃผ(ๅฎถๅทž)์—์„œ ์ ์„ ํ† ๋ฒŒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ 6์›”์— ์™œ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ์ฃผ(ๅ’ธๅทž)์™€ ๋ถ์ฒญ์ฃผ(ๅŒ—้‘ๅทž)๋ฅผ ๋…ธ๋žต์งˆํ•˜์ž ๋งŒํ˜ธ(่ฌๆˆถ)๋กœ์จ ์ถœ์ •, ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งค๋ณต์‹œ์ผœ์„œ ์™œ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์น˜๊ณ  70๋ช…์˜ ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฒ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ๋ด‰์ต๋Œ€๋ถ€(ๅฅ‰็ฟŠๅคงๅคซ)์— ์ œ๋ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋ฏผ์™• 12๋…„(1363๋…„) ๊น€์šฉ์˜ ๋‚œ์„ ํ† ๋ฒŒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ณต์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์™• ์‹œ์ ˆ ์šฐ์™• ์›๋…„(1375๋…„) 5์›”, ์•ž์„œ ์ถฉํ˜œ์™•์˜ ์„œ์ž๋กœ ์•ˆํ˜‘(ๅฎ‰ๅณฝ)์˜ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ ๋ฐฑ์–ธ๋ฆฐ(็™ฝๅฝฆ้บŸ)์˜ ์ง‘์— ์ˆจ์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์„๊ธฐ(้‡‹ๅ™จ)์„ ๋ชฉ์ธ๊ธธ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์™•๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ฒดํฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์žฅ์ด ๋”ธ๋ฆฐ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜์‚ฌ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.) 8์›”์—๋Š” ์‹ฌ์™•(็€‹็Ž‹) ํƒˆํƒˆ๋ถˆํ™”์™€ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ ค์—์„œ ๋„์ฃผํ•œ ๊น€์˜(้‡‘็พฉ)์™€ ์ง„๋ด‰์‚ฌ(้€ฒๅฅ‰ไฝฟ) ๊น€์„œ(้‡‘ๆน‘) ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ ค๋กœ ์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ์‹ ์ฃผ(ไฟกๅทž)์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋‹ค๋Š” ์†Œ์‹์„ ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์กฐ์ •์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ ค ๋ถ๋ฐฉ์— ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ์กฐ์ธ๋ฒฝ์€ ๋ฐ€์ง๋ถ€์‚ฌ(ๅฏ†็›ดๅ‰ฏไฝฟ)๋กœ์จ ๋™๋ถ๋ฉด์›์ˆ˜(ๆฑๅŒ—้ขๅ…ƒๅธฅ)๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๋ถ€์›์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€์•ˆ์—ด๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐฉ๋น„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ์™• 3๋…„(1377๋…„) 6์›”์— ์™œ์„  45์ฒ™์ด ์‹ ์ฃผ(ไฟกๅทž) ยท ์˜น์ง„(็“ฎๆดฅ) ยท ๋ฌธํ™”(ๆ–‡ๅŒ–) ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ˜„(็ธฃ)์„ ์นจ๋žตํ•˜์ž ์›์ˆ˜(ๅ…ƒๅธฅ)๋กœ์„œ ๋‚˜์„ธ ยท ์‹ฌ๋•๋ถ€(ๆฒˆๅพท็ฌฆ) ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ด๊ธฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‡ด๊ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์™œ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ ์ฃผ ยท ๋ฌธํ™” ยท ์•ˆ์•…(ๅฎ‰ๅฒณ) ยท ๋ด‰์ฃผ(้ณณๅทž)๋ฅผ ์นจ๋žตํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜์„ธ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ ค ์กฐ์ •์— ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ ์ฆ์›์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ฌ๋•๋ถ€ ยท ์–‘๋ฐฑ์ต(ๆขไผฏ็›Š) ยท ๋ฐ•๋ณด๋กœ(ๆœดๆ™ฎ่€)์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ํŒจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ์™• 4๋…„(1378๋…„) 3์›”, ์ฐฌ์„ฑ์‚ฌ(่ดŠๆˆไบ‹) ๋ชฉ์ธ๊ธธ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํœ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™”ํฌ(็ซ็‚ฎ)๋ฅผ ์˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ „(ๆฐดๆˆฐ)์„ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ์™• 5๋…„(1379๋…„) 6์›” ์™œ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„๋ฆผ(้›žๆž—)์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ•๋ฆ‰๋„(ๆฑŸ้™ต้“)๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์†Œ์‹์ด ์ „ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ ค ์กฐ์ •์€ ์กฐ์ธ๋ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ•๋ฆ‰๋„์›์ˆ˜(ๆฑŸ้™ต้“ๅ…ƒๅธฅ)๋กœ, ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜๊ฒฝ(ๆœดไฟฎๆ•ฌ)์„ ์•ˆ๋™๋„์›์ˆ˜ ๊ฒธ ๋ถ€์œค(ๅฎ‰ๆฑ้“ๅ…ƒๅธฅ ๅ…ผ ๅบœๅฐน)์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ์™• 6๋…„(1380๋…„) 4์›”์—๋Š” ์‚ผ์‚ฌ์ขŒ์‚ฌ(ไธ‰ๅธๅทฆไฝฟ)๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ•๋ฆ‰๋„์ƒ์›์ˆ˜(ๆฑŸ้™ต้“ไธŠๅ…ƒๅธฅ)์— ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์šฐ์™• 8๋…„(1382๋…„) ๋ถ€์›์ˆ˜(ๅ‰ฏๅ…ƒๅธฅ) ๊ถŒํ˜„๋ฃก(ๆฌŠ็Ž„้พ)๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์™œ๊ตฌ์™€ ์‹ธ์›Œ์„œ 30์—ฌ ๋ช…์˜ ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฒ ๋Š” ์ „๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์™• 9๋…„(1383๋…„) 8์›”. ๋ฌธํ•˜์ฐฌ์„ฑ์‚ฌ(้–€ไธ‹่ดŠๆˆไบ‹)๋กœ์„œ ๋™๋ถ๋ฉด๋„์ฒด์ฐฐ์‚ฌ(ๆฑๅŒ—้ข้ƒฝ้ซ”ๅฏŸไฝฟ)๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๋ณ€๋ฐฉ์„ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ์šฐ์™• 11๋…„(1385๋…„) 4์›” ๊ต์ฃผ๋„(ไบคๅทž้“)๋ฅผ ๋…ธ๋žต์งˆํ•˜๋Š” ์™œ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ 4๋„๋„์ง€ํœ˜์‚ฌ(ๅ››้“้ƒฝๆŒ‡ๆฎไฝฟ)๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 10์›”์— ๋‹ค์‹œ๊ธˆ ๊ต์ฃผ๋„์›์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ์™• ์‹œ์ ˆ ์šฐ์™•์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋„๋กœ ์ซ“๊ฒจ๋‚œ ๋’ค ์šฐ์™•์˜ ์•„๋“ค ์ฐฝ์™•์ด ์ฆ‰์œ„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํ•ด(1388๋…„), 7์›” ๊ธฐ๋ฌ˜์—๋Š” ๋„๋‹น(้ƒฝๅ ‚)์—์„œ ์šฐ์™•์˜ ์ƒ์ผ์ด๋ผ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ผ์‚ฌ์ขŒ์‚ฌ(ไธ‰ๅธๅทฆไฝฟ) ์กฐ์ธ๋ฒฝ ยท ๋™์ง€๋ฐ€์ง(ๅŒ็Ÿฅๅฏ†็›ด) ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋กœ(ๅ…ทๆˆ่€)๋ฅผ ์šฐ์™•์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์–ด ์šฐ์™•์—๊ฒŒ ์˜๋ณต์„ ๋ฐ”์ณค๋‹ค. 9์›”์— ์šฐ์™•์€ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์—์„œ ์—ฌํฅ๊ตฐ(้ฉช่ˆˆ้ƒก)์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฐ•ํ™”์—์„œ ์œก์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์šฐ์™•์„ ์‚ผ์‚ฌ์ขŒ์‚ฌ(ไธ‰ๅธๅทฆไฝฟ) ์กฐ์ธ๋ฒฝ, ์ฐฌ์„ฑ์‚ฌ(่ดŠๆˆไบ‹) ์ง€์šฉ๊ธฐ(ๆฑ ๆนงๅฅ‡), ๋™์ง€๋ฐ€์ง(ๅŒ็Ÿฅๅฏ†็›ด) ์šฐํ™์ˆ˜(็ฆนๆดชๅฃฝ), ๋ฐ€์ง๋ถ€์‚ฌ(ๅฏ†็›ดๅ‰ฏไฝฟ) ์œ ์ค€(ๆŸณๆฟฌ) ๋“ฑ์ด ํ†ต์ง„(้€šๆดฅ)์—์„œ ์ ‘๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ผ๋งˆ ๋’ค์— ์ฐฝ์™•์€ ์šฐ์™•๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์™•์”จ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์‹ ๋ˆ์˜ ํ•์ค„์ด๋ผ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ์œ„๋˜๊ณ  ์ฃฝ์ž„์„ ๋‹นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต์–‘์™• ์‹œ์ ˆ ๊ณต์–‘์™• ์›๋…„(1389๋…„) 11์›” 16์ผ ๊ฒฝ์ง„์— ํŒ์˜๋•๋ถ€์‚ฌ(ๅˆคๆ‡ฟๅพทๅบœไบ‹)๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด 4์›” 9์ผ ์ž„์ธ์— ํšŒ๊ตฐ๊ณต์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…นํ›ˆยทํฌ์ƒ๋  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณ ์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ›„ ์กฐ์„ ์ด ๊ฐœ์ฐฝ๋œ ๋’ค์ธ ์กฐ์„  ํƒœ์กฐ 2๋…„(1393๋…„) 7์›” 22์ผ ์„์ถ•, ํšŒ๊ตฐ๊ณต์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…๋ก์—์„œ ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€๊ต์‹œ์ค‘ ๋ณ€์•ˆ์—ด, ํŒ์‚ผ์‚ฌ์‚ฌ ์™•์•ˆ๋•๊ณผ ์ง€์šฉ๊ธฐ, ์™„์‚ฐ๊ตฐ ์ด์›๊ณ„, ๋ฌธํ•˜ํ‰๋ฆฌ ์ •์ง€, ์ถฉ์ฃผ์ ˆ์ œ์‚ฌ ์ตœ๊ณต์ฒ  ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 2๋“ฑ ๊ณต์‹ ์— ์ •ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์‹œํ˜ธ๋Š” ์–‘๋ ฌ(่ฅ„็ƒˆ)์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ฆ์กฐ : ์กฐํœ˜(่ถ™ๆš‰) - ์ดˆ๋Œ€ ์Œ์„ฑ์ด๊ด€(้›™ๅŸŽๆ‘ ็ฎก) ๋ถ€์—ญ ์กฐ๋ถ€ : ์กฐ์–‘๊ธฐ(่ถ™่‰ฏ็ช, 1269๋…„ ~ ?) - ์ œ2๋Œ€ ์Œ์„ฑ์ด๊ด€ ๋ถ€์—ญ ๋ฐฑ๋ถ€ : ์กฐ๋ฆผ - ์ œ3๋Œ€ ์Œ์„ฑ์ด๊ด€ ๋ถ€์—ญ ์ข…ํ˜•์ œ : ์กฐ์†Œ์ƒ - ์ œ4๋Œ€ ์Œ์„ฑ์ด๊ด€ ๋ถ€์—ญ ๋ถ€ : ์กฐ๋ˆ(่ถ™ๆšพ, 1308๋…„ ~ 1380๋…„) - ๊ฒ€๊ต๋ฐ€์ง๋ถ€์‚ฌ(ๆชขๆ กๅฏ†็›ดๅ‰ฏไฝฟ), ์šฉ์„ฑ๊ตฐ(้พๅŸŽๅ›) ๋ชจ : ์ฆ(่ดˆ) ํ‰๋ฆฌ(่ฉ•็†) ์ดํ™๋ณต(ๆŽๆดช็ฆ)์˜ ๋”ธ ์กฐ์ธ๋ฒฝ ์ฒ˜ : ๋ถˆ๋ช… ์žฅ๋‚จ : ์กฐ์˜จ(่ถ™ๆบซ, 1347๋…„ ~ 1417๋…„) - ์˜์ •๋ถ€์ฐฌ์„ฑ์‚ฌ(่ญฐๆ”ฟๅบœ่ดŠๆˆไบ‹), ํ•œ์ฒœ๋ถ€์›๊ตฐ(ๆผขๅทๅบœ้™ขๅ›), ์–‘์ ˆ๊ณต(่‰ฏ็ฏ€ๅ…ฌ) ํ›„์ฒ˜ : ์ •ํ™”ํƒ์ฃผ(่ฒžๅ’Œๅฎ…ไธป) - ํ™˜์กฐ(ๆก“ๆœ) ์ด์ž์ถ˜(ๆŽๅญๆ˜ฅ, 1315๋…„ ~ 1361๋…„)์˜ ์žฅ๋…€ ์ฐจ๋‚จ : ์กฐ์—ฐ(่ถ™ๆถ“, 1374๋…„ ~ 1429๋…„) - ์šฐ์˜์ •(ๅณ่ญฐๆ”ฟ), ํ•œํ‰๋ถ€์›๊ตฐ(ๆผขๅนณๅบœ้™ขๅ›), ์–‘๊ฒฝ๊ณต(่‰ฏๆ•ฌๅ…ฌ) 3๋‚จ : ์กฐํ›„(่ถ™ๅ€™, 1377๋…„ ~ 1444๋…„) - ์ง€๋ˆ๋…•๋ถ€์‚ฌ(็Ÿฅๆ•ฆๅฏงๅบœไบ‹), ์•ˆ์ •๊ณต(ๅฎ‰้–ๅ…ฌ) 4๋‚จ : ์กฐ์‚ฌ(่ถ™ๅธซ, ? ~ 1432๋…„) : ์ฒจ์ง€์ค‘์ถ”์›์‚ฌ(ๅƒ‰็Ÿฅไธญๆจž้™ขไบ‹) 5๋‚จ : ์กฐ๋ถ€(่ถ™ๅ‚…) - ๋™์ง€๋ˆ๋…•๋ถ€์‚ฌ(ๅŒ็Ÿฅๆ•ฆๅฏงๅบœไบ‹) ์ฒซ์งธ ์‚ฌ์œ„ : ํ™ฉ๊ธธ์›(้ปƒๅ‰ๆบ) - ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ •(็น•ๅทฅ็›ฃๆญฃ) ๋‘˜์งธ ์‚ฌ์œ„ : ์ž„๋งน์–‘(ๆž—ๅญŸ้™ฝ, ? ~ 1388๋…„) - ํ˜ธ๊ตฐ(่ญท่ป), ์ž„๊ฒฌ๋ฏธ(ๆž—ๅ …ๅ‘ณ, ? ~ 1388๋…„)์˜ ์กฐ์นด ๋™์ƒ : ์กฐ์ธ๊ฒฝ(่ถ™ไป็“Š, ? ~ 1422๋…„) - ๊ฒ€๊ต๋ฌธํ•˜์ฐฌ์„ฑ์‚ฌ(ๆชขๆ ก้–€ไธ‹่ดŠๆˆไบ‹) ๋™์ƒ : ์กฐ์ธ๊ทœ(่ถ™ไป็ช) - ๊ฒ€๊ตํŒํ•œ์„ฑ๋ถ€์‚ฌ(ๆชขๆ กๅˆคๆผขๅŸŽๅบœไบ‹) ๋™์ƒ : ์กฐ์ธ์˜ฅ(่ถ™ไปๆฒƒ, 1347๋…„ ~ 1396๋…„) - ์ค‘์ถ”์›๋ถ€์‚ฌ(ไธญๆจž้™ขๅ‰ฏไฝฟ), ํ•œ์‚ฐ๊ตฐ(ๆผขๅฑฑๅ›), ์ถฉ์ •๊ณต(ๅฟ ้–ๅ…ฌ) ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ƒ๋ชฐ๋…„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ ๊ณ ๋ ค์˜ ๋ฌด์‹  ํ•œ์–‘ ์กฐ์”จ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%20In-byeok
Jo In-byeok
Jo In-byeok (13301393), was a military official in the Late Goryeo dynasty who came from the Hanyang Jo clan. He was the husband of Princess Jeonghwa, who was the sister of the founder of the Joseon dynasty, Yi Seonggye, who granted him the title Internal Prince Yongwon when the dynasty was established. Biography Early life and family background Jo Inbyeok was born into the Hanyang Jo clan in 1330 as a son of Jo-Don (์กฐ๋ˆ) and his wife, Lady Yi (๋ถ€์ธ ์ด์”จ), who was the daughter of Yi Hong-bok (์ดํ™๋ณต) from the Ganseong Yi clan. He had three younger brothers: Jo Ingyeong (์กฐ์ธ๊ฒฝ), Jo Ingyu (์กฐ์ธ๊ทœ), and Jo Inok (์กฐ์ธ์˜ฅ). His ancestors came from the Goryeo dynasty as an indigenous group who settled in Yongjin-hyeon (์šฉ์ง„ํ˜„, ้พๆดฅ็ธฃ). His great-grandfather, Jo Hwi (์กฐํœ˜), conspired with the Takcheong (ํƒ์ฒญ, ๅ“้‘) people from Jeongju and revolted in Ssangseong (์Œ์„ฑ, ้›™ๅŸŽ) in 1258 during King Gojong's reign. After they reached the north of Hwaju (ํ™”์ฃผ, ๅ’Œๅทž) and surrendered to the Yuan dynasty, the position of Ssangseong General Government Office (์Œ์„ฑ์ด๊ด€๋ถ€) was established, to which the Takcheong peoples were hereditarily appointed from generation to generation. Military career In 1361 (10th year of King Gongmin's reign), Jo (along with Byeon An-yeol (๋ณ€์•ˆ์—ด) and others) contributed when Hong Geon-jeok (ํ™๊ฑด์ ) invaded Goryeo. In 1363, he also contributed to subjugate Gim Yong's Rebellion (๊น€์šฉ์˜ ๋‚œ). In 1372, Hobaldo (ํ˜ธ๋ฐœ๋„, ่ƒกๆ‹”้ƒฝ), Janghaema (์žฅํ•ด๋งˆ, ๅผตๆตท้ฆฌ), and others came to attacked Yiseong (์ด์„ฑ, ๆณฅๅŸŽ) and Ganggye (๊ฐ•๊ณ„, ๆฑŸ็•Œ), Jo went out as a judge and subjugated the enemy in Gaju (๊ฐ€์ฃผ, ๅฎถๅทž). Then, when the Japanese plundered Hamju (ํ•จ์ฃผ, ๅ’ธๅทž) and Bukcheongju (๋ถ์ฒญ์ฃผ, ๅŒ—้‘ๅทž), he marched out and ambushed the soldiers, defeating the Japanese and beheaded at least 70 people. From this achievement, he was worshiped as a (๋ด‰์ต๋Œ€๋ถ€, ๅฅ‰็ฟŠๅคงๅคซ). Reign of King Chang After King U was expelled to Ganghwa Island, his son, Wang Chang, ascended the throne. Around 1388, it was believed that U's birthday was in Dodang (๋„๋‹น, ้ƒฝๅ ‚), so Jo was sent alongside Gu Seong-ro (๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋กœ) to Ganghwa in order to present clothes for him. When U was in Ganghwa, he was immediately moved to Yeoheung-gun (์—ฌํฅ๊ตฐ, ้ฉช่ˆˆ้ƒก) led by Jo, Ji Yong-gi (์ง€์šฉ๊ธฐ), U Hong-su (์šฐํ™์ˆ˜), and Yu-Jun (์œ ์ค€). Not long after that, Chang was dethroned and killed alongside his father due to the words that he was not pure from Wang clan, but were came from Sin Don. Reign of King Gongyang In 1389 (1st year reign of King Gongyang), Jo was promoted into the position of (ํŒ์˜๋•๋ถ€์‚ฌ, ๅˆคๆ‡ฟๅพทๅบœไบ‹) in Gyeongjin. However, when he was rewarded (๋…นํ›ˆ) for his service to the country, he was believed to already be deceased. Later life After the new Joseon dynasty was established, Byeon An-yeol (๋ณ€์•ˆ์—ด), Wang An-deok (์™•์•ˆ๋•), Ji Yong-gi (์ง€์šฉ๊ธฐ), Yi Won-gye (์ด์›๊ณ„), Jeong Ji (์ •์ง€), and Choe Gong-cheol (์ตœ๊ณต์ฒ ) all became the second rank of "Gongsin". Family Father: Jo-Don (์กฐ๋ˆ, ่ถ™ๆšพ; 1307โ€“1380) Grandfather: Jo Yang-gi (์กฐ์–‘๊ธฐ, ่ถ™่‰ฏ็ช; b. 1260); son of Jo-Hwi (์กฐํœ˜, ่ถ™ๆš‰). Mother: Lady, of the Ganseong Yi clan (๋ถ€์ธ ๊ฐ„์„ฑ์ด์”จ, 1309โ€“1379) Grandfather: Yi Hong-bok (์ดํ™๋ณต, ๆŽๆดช็ฆ) Younger brothers: Jo In-gyeong (์กฐ์ธ๊ฒฝ, ่ถ™ไป็“Š; d. 1422) Jo In-gyu (์กฐ์ธ๊ทœ, ่ถ™ไป็ช) Jo In-ok (์กฐ์ธ์˜ฅ, ่ถ™ไปๆฒƒ; 1347โ€“1396) Wives and children: Lady, of the Hadong Jeong clan (๋ถ€์ธ ํ•˜๋™์ •์”จ) 1st son: Jo-On, Internal Prince Hancheon (์กฐ์˜จ ํ•œ์ฒœ๋ถ€์›๊ตฐ, ่ถ™ๆบซ ๆผขๅทๅบœ้™ขๅ›; 1347โ€“1417) Lady, of the Jeonju Yi clan (๋ถ€์ธ ์ „์ฃผ์ด์”จ) 2nd son: Jo-Yeon, Internal Prince Hanpyeong (์กฐ์—ฐ ํ•œํ‰๋ถ€์›๊ตฐ, ่ถ™ๆถ“ ๆผขๅนณๅบœ้™ขๅ›; 1374โ€“1429) 3rd son: Jo-Hu (์กฐํ›„, ่ถ™ๅ€™; 1377โ€“1444) 4th son: Jo-Sa (์กฐ์‚ฌ, ่ถ™ๅธซ; d. 1432) 5th son: Jo-Bu (์กฐ๋ถ€, ่ถ™ๅ‚…) 1st daughter: Lady Jo (๋ถ€์ธ ์กฐ์”จ) โ€“ married Hwang Gil-won (ํ™ฉ๊ธธ์›, ้ปƒๅ‰ๆบ). 2nd daughter: Lady Jo (๋ถ€์ธ ์กฐ์”จ) โ€“ married Im Maeng-yang (์ž„๋งน์–‘, ๆž—ๅญŸ้™ฝ; d. 1388), nephew of Im Gyeon-mi (์ž„๊ฒฌ๋ฏธ, ๆž—ๅ …ๅ‘ณ; d. 1388). References External links Jo In-byeok on Encykorea . Jo In-byeok on Doosan Encyclopedia . 14th-century Korean people Year of birth unknown Date of birth unknown Year of death unknown Date of death unknown
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%9B%EB%82%A8%EC%9D%98%20%EA%B4%91%EC%9E%A5
๋ง›๋‚จ์˜ ๊ด‘์žฅ
ใ€Š๋ง›๋‚จ์˜ ๊ด‘์žฅใ€‹์€ 2019๋…„ 12์›” 5์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2021๋…„ 9์›” 9์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋œ ์š”๋ฆฌ ์ „๋ฌธ ์˜ˆ๋Šฅ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ 2019๋…„ 9์›” 13์ผ: ํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฟ ์ฒซ๋ฐฉ์†ก 2019๋…„ 12์›” 5์ผ ~ 2020๋…„ 8์›” 27์ผ : ๋งค์ฃผ ๋ชฉ์š”์ผ ์˜คํ›„ 10์‹œ์— ์ •๊ทœ ํŽธ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด 1๋ถ€, 2๋ถ€, 3๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•  ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 9์›” 3์ผ ~ 2021๋…„ 6์›” 24์ผ : ๋ชฉ์š”์ผ ์˜คํ›„ 8์‹œ 55๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ 1๋ถ€, 2๋ถ€, 3๋ถ€ ๋ถ„ํ•  ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 7์›” 1์ผ ~ 2021๋…„ 9์›” 9์ผ : ์ง€์ƒํŒŒยท์ข…ํŽธ์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„๊ด‘๊ณ  ํ—ˆ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ†ตํ•ฉ ํŽธ์„ฑ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํš ์˜๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํŠน์‚ฐํ’ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋กœ์ปฌํ‘ธ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๋ง›๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ์‹ ๋ฉ”๋‰ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ํœด๊ฒŒ์†Œ, ์ฒ ๋„์—ญ, ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋“ฑ ์œ ๋™์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋งŒ๋‚จ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ๊ตํ†ต ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ชจ์ด๋Š” ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ ํœด๊ฒŒ์†Œ๋ฅผ 1์ˆœ์œ„๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19์˜ ์—ฌํŒŒ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์‹ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์—ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ๋ง›๋‚จ์˜ ๊ด‘์žฅ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์‡ผํ•‘์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ํ™๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•ฝ์นญ ๋ฐ ํŠน์ง• ์ค„์—ฌ์„œ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ง›๊ด‘์žฅ, ๋ง›๋‚จ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ˜‘์ฐฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํฌํ„ธ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ๋„ค์ด๋ฒ„์™€ ์œ ํ†ต ์—…์ฒด ์ด๋งˆํŠธ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฒญ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์ถœ์—ฐ์ž ํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฟ ์ถœ์—ฐ์ž ์ตœ์ข… ์ถœ์—ฐ์ž ์ด์ „ ์ถœ์—ฐ์ž ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ ๋ชฉ๋ก 2019๋…„ 2020๋…„ 2020๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ง›๋‚จ์˜ ๊ด‘์žฅ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์‡ผํ•‘์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์‡ผํ•‘ ๊ตฌ๋งค๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž€๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํ•ญ ์›๋ž˜ ์ˆ˜์š”์ผ ๋ฐค 10์‹œ์— ํŽธ์„ฑ๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ถœ์—ฐ์ง„ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ธ ๋”๋ณธ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฐฑ์ข…์› ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์š”์ผ ์•ž์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€ ใ€Š๋ฐฑ์ข…์›์˜ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ์‹๋‹นใ€‹๊ณต๋™ MC๋กœ ์ถœ์—ฐ ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ํ„ฐ๋ผ ์ขŒ์ ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฟ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ณ ์ • ๋ฉค๋ฒ„์˜€๋˜ ๋ฐ•์žฌ๋ฒ” ๋ฐฑ์ง„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •๊ทœ ํŽธ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋น ์ง€์ž ์ •๊ทœ ํŽธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊น€ํฌ์ฒ  ๊น€๋™์ค€์ด ๊ณ ์ • ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๊น€ํฌ์ฒ ์€ 2020๋…„ 3์›” 27์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ KBS JOY์—์„œ ๊ธˆ์š”์ผ ์ €๋… 8์‹œ์— ํŽธ์„ฑ ์ค‘์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ํ•ด 4์›” 5์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ KBS 2TV์—์„œ ๋ชฉ์š”์ผ ์ €๋… 8์‹œ 55๋ถ„์— ํŽธ์„ฑ๋œ ใ€Š์ด์‹ญ์„ธ๊ธฐ ํž›-ํŠธ์ญใ€‹๋ฉ”์ธ MC๋ฅผ ๋งก์•„ "์‹œ์ฒญ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค"๋Š” ์ง€์ ์„ ์ƒ€๊ณ  ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ KBS 2TVํŒ ใ€Š์ด์‹ญ์„ธ๊ธฐ ํž›-ํŠธ์ญใ€‹์ด 14ํšŒ(2020๋…„ 6์›” 11์ผ) ๋งŒ์— ๋ง‰์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ '์‹œํฌ๋ฆฟ ๋ถ€ํ‹ฐํฌ' ์ข…์˜ ์ดํ›„์— SBS ์ˆ˜๋ชฉ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ํœด๋ฐฉ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ, ํŽธ์„ฑ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์„ ๋ฉ”์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐํšยท์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ฅ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€๋“ค์— ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋œ ์†Œ์œ ์ง„, ์–‘๋™๊ทผ์ด ๋ง›๊ด‘์žฅ์— ๊ฐ™์ด ์ถœ์—ฐํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. 9ํšŒ, 31ํšŒ, 38ํšŒ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, 15์„ธ ์ด์ƒ ์‹œ์ฒญ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง›๋‚จ์˜ ๊ด‘์žฅ์€ 90ํšŒ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์ข…ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์œ ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ธ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ดฌ์˜์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ง›๋‚จ์˜ ๊ด‘์žฅ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์‡ผํ•‘ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ณ„์† ์œ ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ ์ง€, ์•ˆ ๋ ์ง€๋Š” ์ง€์ผœ๋ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 2019๋…„ SBS ์—ฐ์˜ˆ๋Œ€์ƒ ๊น€๋™์ค€ : SBS ์ฑŒ๋ฆฐ์ €์ƒ ๊น€ํฌ์ฒ  : ์šฐ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋ฐฑ์ข…์› : ๊ณต๋กœ์ƒ ์–‘์„ธํ˜• : SBS ๋ช…์˜ˆ์‚ฌ์›์ƒ 2020๋…„ ์ œ47ํšŒ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋Œ€์ƒ ์˜ˆ๋Šฅยท๋ฒ„๋ผ์ด์–ดํ‹ฐ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ƒ 2020๋…„ SBS ์—ฐ์˜ˆ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ƒ : ํ™ฉ๋ณด๊ฒฝ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ์ƒ : ์–‘์„ธํ˜• ๋ฆฌ์–ผ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์‡ผ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜์ƒ : ๊น€ํฌ์ฒ  ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ƒ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ ํœด๊ฒŒ์†Œ ํŠน์‚ฐํ’ˆ ์Œ์‹ ๋ง›๋‚จ์˜ ๊ด‘์žฅ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์‡ผํ•‘ ๋ฐฉ์†ก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ํ•œ์‹ํƒํ—˜๋Œ€ (KBS ์‹œ์‚ฌ๊ต์–‘๋ณธ๋ถ€ ์ œ์ž‘) ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ๋ฐฅ์ƒ (KBS 1TV) ์‹ ์ƒ์ถœ์‹œ ํŽธ์Šคํ† ๋ž‘, ๋ฐฑ์ข…์› ํด๋ผ์“ฐ (KBS 2TV) ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์š”๋ฆฌ ๋น„๊ฒฐ (EBS 1TV) ์ฐพ์•„๋ผ! ๋ง›์žˆ๋Š” TV, ๋ฐฑํŒŒ๋”: ์š”๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ๋งˆ!, ๋ณผ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์‹ ์„ ๋†€์Œ, ๋กœ์ปฌ ์‹ํƒ (MBC TV) ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ง›๋Œ€๋ง›, ๋ฐฑ์ข…์›์˜ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ์‹๋‹น, ์‹์žํšŒ๋‹ด - ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฐœ์ „ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ (SBS TV) ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ๋ง›-์•Œํ† ๋ž€ (MBN) ์‹๊ฐ ํ—ˆ์˜๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ˜๊ธฐํ–‰ (TV์กฐ์„ ) ์‚ผ์‹œ์„ธ๋ผ, ๋ฐฑํŒจ์ปค, ์ค„ ์„œ๋Š” ์‹๋‹น (tvN) ๋ง›์žˆ๋Š” ๋…€์„๋“ค (iHQ) ๋…ธ์ค‘ํ›ˆ์˜ ์—ฌํ–‰์˜ ๋ง› (MBC ํ‘œ์ค€FM) ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ํŽธ์„ฑ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์•ˆ๋‚ด 2020๋…„ 11์›” 12์ผ : SBS ์Šคํฌ์ธ  2020๋…„ KBO ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ 3์ฐจ์ „ kt ์œ„์ฆˆ VS ๋‘์‚ฐ ๋ฒ ์–ด์Šค ์ค‘๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์†ก์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ. 12์›” 31์ผ : 2020 SBS ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ƒ ์‹œ์ƒ์‹ ์ค‘๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์†ก์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ. 2021๋…„ 7์›” 29์ผ : 2020 ๋„์ฟ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ค‘๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์†ก์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ SBS์˜ ์˜ˆ๋Šฅ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์Œ์‹ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2019๋…„์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2021๋…„์— ์ข…๋ฃŒํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฟ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2020๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delicious%20Rendezvous
Delicious Rendezvous
Delicious Rendezvous () is a South Korean show. It aired on SBS TV on Thursdays at 21:00 (KST). The show ended on September 9, 2021, after 90 episodes. Audience rating Broadcast timeline Format Delicious Rendezvous is a program that develops new menus using low demand local specialties to help farmers. Originally, the concept was to sell these menus at meeting places with large floating populations, such as rest areas, airports, and railway stations, to make them popular dishes, but this part of the concept was removed after it was noticed that these places simplified the recipes and sold unsatisfactory version of the dishes to the public, leading to negative comments. It was originally scheduled to be aired for only 12 episodes, but continued on for the first half of 2020 due to favorable reviews. Delicious Shopping Live โ€“ The show's live home shopping broadcasts feature the cast selling a specific local specialty to viewers in order to help out local farmers, and they already have an impressive record of consistently selling out their product each week. The King of Salesmen โ€“ Baek Jong-won tries to sell a specific local specialty to companies for consumer consumption by developing various products such as home meal kits and new desserts. The products have been reported to have continuously sell out in stores. Cast members List of episodes Series overview 2019 2020 2021 Ratings Cancellation of broadcasting Awards and nominations References 2019 South Korean television series debuts 2010s South Korean television series Korean-language television shows South Korean cooking television series South Korean variety television shows South Korean reality television series Seoul Broadcasting System original programming
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C19%ED%9A%8C%20%ED%86%B5%EC%9D%BC%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0
์ œ19ํšŒ ํ†ต์ผ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ
์ œ19ํšŒ ํ†ต์ผ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ()๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์›์„ ์„ ์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 2019๋…„ 4์›” 7์ผ๊ณผ 4์›” 21์ผ์— ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์‹ค์‹œ๋œ ํ†ต์ผ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ด๋‹ค.์ž„๊ธฐ๋Š” 4๋…„์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์š” ๋„๋„๋ถ€ํ˜„์˜ ์ˆ˜์žฅ(์ง€์‚ฌ), ๋„๋„๋ถ€ํ˜„ ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์› ๋ฐ ์ •๋ น์ง€์ •๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์žฅ(์‹œ์žฅ), ์ •๋ น์ง€์ •๋„์‹œ ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์›์„ ์„ ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ 4์›” 7์ผ์— ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์‹œ์ •์ดŒ ๋ฐ ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ํŠน๋ณ„๊ตฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์žฅ(์‹œ์žฅ, ์ •์žฅ, ์ดŒ์žฅ, ๊ตฌ์žฅ), ์‹œ์ •์ดŒ ๋ฐ ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ํŠน๋ณ„๊ตฌ ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์›์„ ์„ ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ 4์›” 21์ผ์— ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 12์›”, ์ค‘์˜์› ๋ณธํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ํ†ต์ผ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ผ์ •์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ž„์‹œ ํŠน๋ก€๋ฒ•์ด ํ†ต๊ณผ๋˜์–ด ๋‹น์ดˆ 4์›” 14์ผ, 4์›” 28์ผ์— ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์‹ค์‹œ๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ์”ฉ ์•ž๋‹น๊ฒผ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์•„ํ‚คํžˆํ†  ์ฒœํ™ฉ์ด 2019๋…„ 4์›” 30์ผ ํ‡ด์ž„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ผ๊ณผ ์ฒœํ™ฉ ํ‡ด์œ„์ผ์ด ์ธ์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด 988๊ฐœ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์„ ๊ฑฐ(์ „๊ตญ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด์žฅ๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•ฉ์นœ ์ˆ˜, ๋ณด๊ถ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ œ์™ธ) ์ค‘ ํ†ต์ผ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๋•Œ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋น„์œจ, ์ฆ‰ ํ†ต์ผ๋ฅ ์€ 27.46%๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ์ € ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด์—ˆ๋˜ 2011๋…„ ์ œ17ํšŒ ํ†ต์ผ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๋•Œ์˜ 27.40%๋ฅผ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์›ƒ๋Œ์•˜๋‹ค. ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ผ์ • ์ „๋ฐ˜์ „ 3์›” 21์ผ : ๋„๋„๋ถ€ํ˜„ ์ง€์‚ฌ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ณ ์‹œ 3์›” 24์ผ : ์ •๋ น์ง€์ •๋„์‹œ ์‹œ์žฅ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ณ ์‹œ 3์›” 29์ผ : ๋„๋„๋ถ€ํ˜„ ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์ •๋ น์ง€์ •๋„์‹œ ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ณ ์‹œ 4์›” 7์ผ : ํˆฌํ‘œ์ผ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์ „ 4์›” 14์ผ : ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์‹œ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ, ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ํŠน๋ณ„๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ณ ์‹œ 4์›” 16์ผ : ์ •์ดŒ์žฅ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์ •์ดŒ ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ณ ์‹œ 4์›” 21์ผ : ํˆฌํ‘œ์ผ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ 4์›” 7์ผ ๋„๋„๋ถ€ํ˜„ ์ง€์‚ฌ ์„ ๊ฑฐ 11๊ฐœ ๋„๋„๋ถ€ํ˜„ ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€์™€ํ˜„ ํ›„์ฟ ์ดํ˜„ ๋ฏธ์—ํ˜„ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด๋ถ€ ๋‚˜๋ผํ˜„ ๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌํ˜„ ์‹œ๋งˆ๋„คํ˜„ ๋„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆํ˜„ ํ›„์ฟ ์˜ค์นดํ˜„ ์˜ค์ดํƒ€ํ˜„ ์ง์ „ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์ผ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 10๊ฐœ ๋„๋„๋ถ€ํ˜„์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ž„๊ธฐ ๋งŒ๋ฃŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋ฐ ๋น„ํ•ด ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด๋ถ€๋Š” 2019๋…„ 3์›” 24์ผ ํ˜„์ง ์ง€์‚ฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ž„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๋„๋„๋ถ€ํ˜„ ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ด์™€ํ…Œํ˜„, ๋ฏธ์•ผ๊ธฐํ˜„, ํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆํ˜„, ์ด๋ฐ”๋ผํ‚คํ˜„, ๋„์ฟ„๋„, ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ํ˜„์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ 41๊ฐœ ๋„๋„๋ถ€ํ˜„ ์˜ํšŒ์˜ 2,277๋ช…์˜ ์˜์›์„ ์„ ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 41๊ฐœ ๋„๋„๋ถ€ํ˜„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ž„๊ธฐ ๋งŒ๋ฃŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ •๋ น์ง€์ •๋„์‹œ ์‹œ์žฅ ์„ ๊ฑฐ 6๊ฐœ ์ •๋ น์ง€์ •๋„์‹œ ์‚ฟํฌ๋กœ์‹œ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฏธํ•˜๋ผ์‹œ ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นด์‹œ ํ•˜๋งˆ๋งˆ์“ฐ์‹œ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด์‹œ ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ์‹œ ์ง์ „ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด์‹œ๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์ผ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 5๊ฐœ ์ •๋ น์ง€์ •๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ž„๊ธฐ ๋งŒ๋ฃŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋ฐ ๋น„ํ•ด ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด์‹œ๋Š” 2019๋…„ 3์›” 21์ผ ํ˜„์ง ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ž„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ •๋ น์ง€์ •๋„์‹œ ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ 17๊ฐœ ์ •๋ น์ง€์ •๋„์‹œ ์‚ฟํฌ๋กœ์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ดํƒ€๋งˆ์‹œ ์ง€๋ฐ”์‹œ ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ์‹œ ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค์‹œ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฏธํ•˜๋ผ์‹œ ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ํƒ€์‹œ ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นด์‹œ (๋ณด๊ถ์„ ๊ฑฐ) ํ•˜๋งˆ๋งˆ์“ฐ์‹œ ๋‚˜๊ณ ์•ผ์‹œ ๊ตํ† ์‹œ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด์‹œ ์‚ฌ์นด์ด์‹œ ๊ณ ๋ฒ ์‹œ ์˜ค์นด์•ผ๋งˆ์‹œ ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ์‹œ ํ›„์ฟ ์˜ค์นด์‹œ ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋ชจํ† ์‹œ 4์›” 21์ผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ์„ ๊ฑฐ : 89๊ฐœ ์‹œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ๏ผš294๊ฐœ ์˜ํšŒ์˜ 6,724๋ช…์˜ ์˜์› ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ํŠน๋ณ„๊ตฌ ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ํŠน๋ณ„๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์žฅ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๏ผš11๊ฐœ ํŠน๋ณ„๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์˜ค๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์ฟ„๊ตฌ ์Šค๋ฏธ๋‹ค๊ตฌ ๊ณ ํ† ๊ตฌ ์˜คํƒ€๊ตฌ ์„ธํƒ€๊ฐ€์•ผ๊ตฌ ์‹œ๋ถ€์•ผ๊ตฌ ๋„์‹œ๋งˆ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐํƒ€๊ตฌ ์ดํƒ€๋ฐ”์‹œ๊ตฌ ์—๋„๊ฐ€์™€๊ตฌ ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ํŠน๋ณ„๊ตฌ ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ๏ผš20๊ฐœ ์˜ํšŒ์˜ 785๋ช…์˜ ์˜์› ์ •์ดŒ ์ •์ดŒ์žฅ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๏ผš121๊ฐœ ์ •์ดŒ ์ •์ดŒ ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ๏ผš375๊ฐœ ์˜ํšŒ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 4์›” 7์ผ ๋„๋„๋ถ€ํ˜„ ์ง€์‚ฌ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€์™€ํ˜„ ํ›„์ฟ ์ดํ˜„ ๋ฏธ์—ํ˜„ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด๋ถ€ ๋‚˜๋ผํ˜„ ๋—ํ† ๋ฆฌํ˜„ ์‹œ๋งˆ๋„คํ˜„ ๋„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆํ˜„ ํ›„์ฟ ์˜ค์นดํ˜„ ์˜ค์ดํƒ€ํ˜„ ๋„๋„๋ถ€ํ˜„ ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ž…ํ›„๋ณด์ž๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋นˆ ์นธ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด๋ถ€์˜ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ •๋‹น์€ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด ์œ ์‹ ํšŒ ์ •๋ น์ง€์ •๋„์‹œ ์‹œ์žฅ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์‚ฟํฌ๋กœ์‹œ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฏธํ•˜๋ผ์‹œ ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นด์‹œ ํ•˜๋งˆ๋งˆ์“ฐ์‹œ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด์‹œ ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ์‹œ ์ •๋ น์ง€์ •๋„์‹œ ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ž…ํ›„๋ณด์ž๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋นˆ ์นธ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด์‹œ, ์‚ฌ์นด์ด์‹œ์˜ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ •๋‹น์€ ๊ฐ์„ธ์ผ๋ณธ 4์›” 21์ผ ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ํŠน๋ณ„๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์žฅ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ฃผ์˜ค๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์ฟ„๊ตฌ ์Šค๋ฏธ๋‹ค๊ตฌ ๊ณ ํ† ๊ตฌ ์˜คํƒ€๊ตฌ ์„ธํƒ€๊ฐ€์•ผ๊ตฌ ์‹œ๋ถ€์•ผ๊ตฌ ๋„์‹œ๋งˆ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐํƒ€๊ตฌ ์ดํƒ€๋ฐ”์‹œ๊ตฌ ์—๋„๊ฐ€์™€๊ตฌ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ, ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ํŠน๋ณ„๊ตฌ ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ž…ํ›„๋ณด์ž๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋นˆ ์นธ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ ์ง€๋ฐ”ํ˜„ ๋‚˜๋ฆฌํƒ€์‹œ์™€ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์™€ํ˜„ ์‚ฌ์นด์ด๋ฐ์‹œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์ • ๋“ํ‘œ์— ๋ชป ๋ฏธ์ณ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1๋ช…์˜ ๊ฒฐ์›์ด ์ƒ๊น€ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด ์œ ์‹ ํšŒ๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ •๋‹น ์˜์„ ์ˆ˜์— ํฌํ•จ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ 2019๋…„ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ณด๊ถ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 2019 ํ†ต์ผ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ - NHK 2019 ํ†ต์ผ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ - ์š”๋ฏธ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹ ๋ฌธ 2019 ํ†ต์ผ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ - ์•„์‚ฌํžˆ ์‹ ๋ฌธ 19 2019๋…„ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ 2019๋…„ 4์›”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%20Japanese%20unified%20local%20elections
2019 Japanese unified local elections
The first stage of the in Japan took place on April 7, 2019 with the second following on 21 April 2019. Results Governors Prefectural assemblies Mayors of designated cities Designated city assemblies See also 2015 Japanese unified local elections 2023 Japanese unified local elections References 2019 2019 elections in Japan April 2019 events in Japan
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%B8%ED%82%A4
์ด์„ธํ‚ค
์ฃผ์‹ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ด์„ธํ‚ค (ไบ•้–ข่พฒๆฉŸ, ISEKI & CO., LTD.)๋Š” ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ, ์ด์•™๊ธฐ, ์ฝค๋ฐ”์ธ ๋“ฑ ๋†๊ธฐ๊ณ„, ๋†์—… ์‹œ์„ค, ๋†์—… ํ”Œ๋žœํŠธ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ฃผ์‹ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ Matsuyama์™€ Tokyo์— ๋ณธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘” Iseki & Co., Ltd.๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํฐ ๋†์—… ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์ œ์กฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž์‚ฌ ์ œํ’ˆ์—๋Š” ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ, ์‹ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜ํ™• ๊ธฐ๊ณ„, ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ๋ฐ ์—”์ง„ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” "์ด์„ธํ‚ค (ใƒฐใ‚ปใ‚ญ)"์ด๋‹ค. ๋„์ฟ„ ์ฆ๊ถŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ ์ œ1๋ถ€ ์ƒ์žฅ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด๋‹ค. ์š”์•ฝ ์—ํžˆ๋ฉ” ํ˜„ ๋งˆ์ธ ์•ผ๋งˆ์‹œ ์šฐ๋งˆํ‚ค์ • 700๋ฒˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ๊ธฐ์ƒ์˜ ๋ณธ์  ์†Œ์žฌ์ง€๋กœ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ์•„๋ผ์นด์™€ ๊ตฌ ๋‹ˆ์‹œ ๋‹›ํฌ๋ฆฌ 5์ตธ๋ฉ” 3 ๋ฒˆ 14 ํ˜ธ ๋ณธ์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋†์—… ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ํฐ ์‹ค์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋ฒผ๋†์‚ฌ ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ด์•™๊ธฐ, ์ฝค๋ฐ”์ธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์˜ ์„ ๋‘ ์ฃผ์ž์˜€๋‹ค. 1966๋…„์— ํƒˆํ˜• ์ฝค๋ฐ”์ธ ๋ผ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ 'HD50'์„ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ์ถœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1971๋…„์— ๋ฐœ๋งค๋œ ใ€Œ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์—ใ€์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์€ ์ด์•™๊ธฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„์—๋„ 1986๋…„์—๋Š” ์ด์•™๊ธฐ ๋กœํƒ€๋ฆฌ ์‹ฌ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ (์ด์•™๊ธฐ์˜ ๋Œ€ํญ์ ์ธ ๊ณ ์†ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹คํ˜„)์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค "์‚ฌ๋‚˜์— ๋Ÿฌ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ ', 1999๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์คŒ ์˜ค์šฐ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์šฉ ํ•œ ใ€Œ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ๋น„๋ฐ”" ๋‚˜ 2004๋…„์—๋Š” ๋„๋กœ ์ฃผํ–‰ (์ด๋™) ๋•Œ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ ์ž‘์—…์‹œ์— ๋ณ€์†๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹œํ”„ํŠธ ์ฒด์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ ์Šน์šฉ์ฐจ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜์ด์ง€ ์˜คํผ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ํŠน์ง•์˜ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ "์ง€์•„์Šค AT ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ"(์†Œํ˜• ~ ์ค‘ํ˜• ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ) ๋ฐ "T.Japan ( ํ‹ฐ ์žฌํŒฌ) TJ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ "(๋Œ€ํ˜• ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ) ์—…๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ž๋™ ์‹ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํƒ‘์žฌ ํ•œ ใ€Œ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์— PZ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ '๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋ฅผ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ๋‚ด๋†“๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ ์ •ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ TYM (๋™์–‘๋ฌผ์‚ฐ)์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋†์—… ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ฟ ๋ณดํƒ€, ์–€๋งˆ (์–€๋งˆ ํ™€๋”ฉ์Šค)์— ์ด์–ด ์ผ๋ณธ ์ œ 3 ์œ„. ์—ฐํ˜ 1926๋…„ - ์ด์„ธํ‚ค ์ฟ ๋‹ˆ์‚ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์ž๊ฐ€ ์—ํžˆ๋ฉ” ํ˜„ ๋งˆ์ธ ์•ผ๋งˆ์‹œ์— "์ด์„ธํ‚ค ๋†๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์ƒํšŒ"๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1936๋…„ - "์ฃผ์‹ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ด์„ธํ‚ค"๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝ. ์ „์ž๋™ ์ •๋ฏธ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ์ œ์กฐ์™€ ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1960๋…„ - ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด ์ฆ๊ถŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ์— ์ƒ์žฅ. 1961๋…„ - ๋„์ฟ„ ์ฆ๊ถŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ์— ์ƒ์žฅ. ์†Œํ˜• ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ "TC10"์˜ ์ œ์กฐ, ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ† ๋ฐ”์ด ์‚ฌ์—…์—๋„ ์ง„์ถœ, ๋ชจํŽซ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ธ ํŽซ 50์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํŒ๋งค ๊ฐœ์‹œ . 1962๋…„ - ํฌ๋ฅด์‰ ์ œ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ ( 1966๋…„๊นŒ์ง€) . ํŽซ 50์„ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด์„ธ ํ‚ค ํ„ฐํ”„ 50/55๋กœ ํŒ๋งค ๊ฐœ์‹œ (1963๋…„๊ฒฝ์—๋Š” ํŒ๋งค ์ข…๋ฃŒ). 1964๋…„ - ํฌ๋ฅด์‰ ์ œ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ "ํฌ๋ฅด์‰ 309 ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ"๋ฐ "ํฌ๋ฅด์‰ 329 ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ"๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ตญ์‚ฐ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ "์ด์„ธํ‚ค ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ TB ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ"๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ์ œ์กฐ ยท ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. 1967๋…„ - ์ด์•™๊ธฐ, ์ฝค๋ฐ”์ธ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1969๋…„ - ๋„์ฟ„ ์ง€์‚ฌ "๋ณธ์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ"๋กœ ๊ฐœ์นญ. 1979๋…„ - ์ด์Šค์ฆˆ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์›์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋””์ ค ์—”์ง„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1983๋…„ - ๋””์ ค ์—”์ง„์„ ๋‚ด ์ œํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 2 ๋งŒ๋Œ€ ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•œ๋‹ค . 2003๋…„ - ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฐ•์†Œ์„ฑ์— ์ด์„ธํ‚ค๋†๊ธฐ(์ƒ์ฃผ) ์œ ํ•œ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝ. 2009๋…„ - ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ ์ค‘๊ณต์—…๊ณผ ๋””์ ค ์—”์ง„ ์‚ฌ์—… ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ํ•ฉ์˜ . 2010๋…„ - ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด ์ฆ๊ถŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ ์ƒ์žฅ ํ์ง€. 2018๋…„ - ์œ ์ธ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•˜์— ๋ฌด์ธ ์šด์ „์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, 12 ์›”์— ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์‚ฐ ยท ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฑฐ์  ๋ฐ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ง€์‚ฌ ์ฃผ์š” ์ œ์ž‘์†Œ ๊ฑฐ์  (์ฃผ) ์ด์„ธํ‚ค ๋งˆ์ธ ์•ผ๋งˆ ์ œ์ž‘์†Œ ( ์—ํžˆ๋ฉ” ํ˜„ ๋งˆ์ธ ์•ผ๋งˆ์‹œ) ์ฃผ๋กœ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ. (์ฃผ) ์ด์„ธํ‚ค ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋ชจํ†  ์ œ์ž‘์†Œ (๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋ชจํ†  ํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๋ฏธ ๋งˆ ์‹œํ‚ค ๊ตฐ ๋งˆ ์‹œํ‚ค ์ •) ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์„ ์ œ์กฐ. (์ฃผ) ์ด์„ธํ‚ค ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ํƒ€ ์ œ์ž‘์†Œ ( ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ํƒ€ ํ˜„ ์‚ฐ์กฐ์‹œ ) ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด์•™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ. (์ฃผ) ์ด์„ธํ‚ค ์ฟ ๋‹ˆ์— ์ œ์ž‘์†Œ (์—ํžˆ๋ฉ” ํ˜„ ๋งˆ์ธ ์•ผ๋งˆ์‹œ) ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์šด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ. (์ฃผ) ์ด์„ธํ‚ค ์‹œ๊ฒŒ๋…ธ๋ถ€ ์ œ์ž‘์†Œ (์—ํžˆ๋ฉ” ํ˜„ ๋„์˜จ์‹œ ) ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋กœํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ, ๋ชจ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ. ํ•ด์™ธ ๊ฑฐ์  ์ง€์‚ฌ P.T. ISEKI INDONESIA ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ง€์‚ฌ ISEKI (THAILAND) CO.,LTD. ํƒœ๊ตญ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ง€์‚ฌ Premium Turf-Care Ltd.(ISEKI UK & IRELAND) ์˜๊ตญ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ง€์‚ฌ ISEKI France S.A.S. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํ•ด์™ธ ์ง€์‚ฌ N.V. ISEKI EUROPE S.A. ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์— ํ•ด์™ธ ์ง€์‚ฌ ์„ ์ „ ยท ํ™๋ณด ํ™œ๋™ ์ผ๋‹จ ํฌ๋ฅด์‰์™€ ์ œํœด ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ํฌ๋ฅด์‰ 956 ๋ ˆ์ด์‹ฑ ํŒ€์˜ ์Šคํฐ์„œ๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด, "์ด์„ธํ‚ค ํฌ๋ฅด์‰ 956"๋กœ ์ฐธ์ „ (์ดํ›„ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์—…์ฒด ์ธ ํŠธ๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ (TRUST) ๋ ˆ์ด์‹ฑ ํŒ€์ด ์ถœ๋ฒ”ํ•˜๋ฉด 1987๋…„์— ๋ฉ”์ธ ์Šคํฐ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ณธ ์„์œ ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€” ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณต์‹ ๋ฉ”์ธ ์Šคํฐ์„œ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™. ) ํ•œ ์ ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์Šค์ฝ”ํŠธ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์— (TVCM์—์„œ ์„ฑ์šฐ : ๋ฏธ์™€ ์‡ผ์— ( 1999๋…„ ์ด์ „), ๋ฏธ์ฆˆํƒ€๋‹ˆ ์œ ์ฝ” ( 2000๋…„ ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ)) ์ œ๊ณต ์Šคํฐ์„œ์˜€๋˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ์ €์ŠคํŠธ ๋‰ด์Šค NNN ์ „์ผ๋ณธ ํ”„๋กœ ๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋ง ์ค‘๊ณ„ ํ™”์š”์ผ ์™€์ด๋“œ ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ ๋ชฉ์š”์ผ ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„ ์•„์‚ฌํžˆ ์›”์š”์ผ 19์‹œ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์‚ฌ๊ทน โ†’ ๋‹ฌ ์žฅ๋ฏธ! ์‹œ์ž‘๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ™”์š”์ผ 19์‹œ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ FNN ์ด์‹œ์นด์™€ ํ…”๋ ˆ ๋‰ด์Šค (1982๋…„๊ฒฝ) HBC ๋‚ ์”จ ๋…ธํŠธ (1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ „๋ฐ˜ ๋ฌด๋ ต) ์ง€ํŒก ๋งˆ 6 (1992๋…„ 10์›” - 90๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ABS ๋งŒ) ๋ฏธ๋…ธ ๋ชฌํƒ€์˜ ์•„์นจ ์ฆˆ๋ฐ•! (2009๋…„ 10์›” - 2010๋…„ 3์›”๊ฒฝ ๊ฒฉ์ผ) ์•„์นจ์ด๋‹ค! ์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์—ฌํ–‰ ์ƒ๋Ÿฌ๋“œ (2010๋…„ 4์›” - 12 ์›”) ํƒ€์ผ€์‹œ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ! ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ๊ฐ€์ • ์˜ํ•™ (2011๋…„ 1์›” - 3 ์›”) ํŒจ๋„ ํ€ด์ฆˆ ์–ดํƒ 25 (2010๋…„ 4์›” - 2011๋…„ 6์›” 2014๋…„ 4์›” - 2016๋…„ 3์›”) ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ์•„๋ฅด์ฝ” ํ”ผ์Šค์˜ ์˜ฌ ๋‚˜์ž‡ ์ผ๋ณธ (2014๋…„ 11์›” -) ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์นด๊ฐ€๋ฏธ ์ง€๋กœ (๊ฒฐํ•ฉ "ํƒ€๋กœ (2 ๋Œ€์งธ)ใ€& ใ€Œ์ฝ”ํƒ€ใ€์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ) ์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ๋‹ค ์ฅฐ์ฝ” (์ด์•™๊ธฐ "์‚ฌ๋‚˜์— (3 ๋Œ€์งธ, 4 ๋Œ€์งธ)ใ€์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ) ์นด ์•ผ๋งˆ ์œ ์กฐ (ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ "่€•ๅคช(์ดˆ๋Œ€, 2 ๋Œ€) 'TS, TL ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋“ฑ ๋ฐ ใ€Œ์ˆ˜๊ฒฝ ๋‘'TX ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ) ์•„์˜คํ‚ค ์—์ด๋ฏธ (ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ "์ˆ˜๊ฒฝ ๋‘ (์ดˆ๋Œ€)" ๋‹ˆ์ด๋ˆ„๋งˆ ์ผ„์ง€ (ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ "่€•ๅคช(2 ๋Œ€์งธ)"TU, TL ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ๋“ฑ) ์ ๋ณด ์ธ ๋ฃจํƒ€ (๊ฒฐํ•ฉ "ํƒ€๋กœ (3 ๋Œ€์งธ)ใ€์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ) ์ž์ด์–ธํŠธ ๋ฐ”๋ฐ” (๊ฒฐํ•ฉ "ํƒ€๋กœ (3 ๋Œ€์งธ)ใ€์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ) ๊ณ ๋ฐ”์•ผ์‹œ ์•„์•ผ์ฝ” (์ด์•™๊ธฐ "์‚ฌ๋‚˜์— ๋‚˜์ด์•„๊ฐ€๋ผ (5 ๋Œ€์งธ)ใ€์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ, ์ฝค๋ฐ”์ธ"ํ”„๋ก ํ‹ฐ์–ด (2 ๋Œ€์งธ) " ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ) ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์˜ค์ง€ ํ‚จ์•ผ (๊ฒฐํ•ฉ "ํ”„๋ก ํ‹ฐ์–ด (2 ๋Œ€์งธ)ใ€์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ"๋žœ๋“œ ๋งฅ์Šคใ€ ใ€Œ๋žœ๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋”ใ€ ใ€Œ์‹œ์•Œ (์ดˆ๋Œ€) " ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ) ์ด์ผ€๋‹ค ๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ (ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ "๋žœ๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋” 7ใ€์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ์™ธ) ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋†์—… ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์ œ์กฐ์—… ์ฟ ๋ณดํƒ€ ์–€๋งˆ (์–€๋งˆ ํ™€๋”ฉ์Šค ) ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ ๋งˆํžŒ๋“œ๋ผ ๋†๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํฌ๋ฅด์‰ 956 (์œ„ ์ฐธ์กฐ) ์ด์Šค์ฆˆ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ ์ค‘๊ณต์—… ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค ์ค‘๊ณต์—… ๋ชจํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์ดํด ๋ฐ ์—”์ง„ ์ปดํผ๋‹ˆ ๋ฏธ๋งˆ ํœด๊ฒŒ์†Œ - ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ์ž ์ด์„ธํ‚ค ์ฟ ๋‹ˆ์‚ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ด€์ด ์‹œ์„ค ๋‚ด์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์ฃผ์‹ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ด์„ธํ‚ค ๋„์ฟ„ ์ฆ๊ถŒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ ์ƒ์žฅ ๊ธฐ์—… ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์—”์ง„ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ˆ˜์‚ฐ์—…์ฒด ๋†๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์ œ์กฐ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋””์ ค ์—”์ง„ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด ์•„๋ผ์นด์™€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—… ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ 1936๋…„ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ๊ธฐ์—…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iseki
Iseki
, based in Matsuyama and Tokyo, Japan, is the third largest Japanese agricultural machinery manufacturing company. Its products include tractors, combine harvesters, rice transplanters, riding mowers, zero-turn mowers, tillers, components, and diesel engines. It was founded in 1926 as in Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan. It was incorporated in 1936 as Iseki & Co. Iseki began building tractors in 1961. Early models of the Iseki tractor were built under Porsche-Diesel's technology and design transfer contract. Its tractors have been and are sold worldwide under various brands: AGCO, Bolens, Challenger, Massey Ferguson and White. Some models sold in Japan have been built by Landini of Italy and by Massey Ferguson in France. Early TYM tractors were based on Iseki's designs and used Iseki's expertise. Iseki also has joint ventures with other companies, among them Dongfeng Motor. Iseki have changed the way grass clippings are collected on their garden tractors. Unlike most machines where the grass is forced up over the transmission and other elements, the Iseki tractor has a system where the transmission is passed to the wheels by a series of chains, much like a rice paddy tractor. External links Iseki global website References Agricultural machinery manufacturers of Japan Tractor manufacturers of Japan Engine manufacturers of Japan Diesel engine manufacturers Japanese brands Manufacturing companies based in Tokyo Companies based in Ehime Prefecture Manufacturing companies established in 1926 Japanese companies established in 1926 Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EC%88%A0%EA%B0%80%EC%9D%98%20%EB%98%A5
์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋˜ฅ
์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋˜ฅ()์€ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€๋ฏธ์ˆ  ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ํ”ผ์—๋กœ ๋งŒ์ดˆ๋‹ˆ์˜ 1961๋…„ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๋ฅด์…€ ๋’ค์ƒน์˜ ๋ ˆ๋””๋ฉ”์ด๋“œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ, ๊นกํ†ต ์†์— ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ณ€์„ ๋„ฃ๊ณ  ๋ฐ€๋ด‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ์„ธ ๊นกํ†ต์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” 4.8 x 6.5cm์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด 90์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์ด๋‹ค. ๊นกํ†ต์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋œ ๋ผ๋ฒจ์—๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๊ธ€๊ท€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ ๊นกํ†ต๋งˆ๋‹ค ์˜์–ด, ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์–ด, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด, ๋…์ผ์–ด๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋˜์–ด ์ ํ˜€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋‹น์‹œ ๋งŒ์ดˆ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ (์ฆ‰ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ํ’ˆ) ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋˜ ์‹œ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š” <์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ˆจ> ()์„ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ˆจ์„ ํ’์„  ์•ˆ์— ๋ถˆ์–ด๋„ฃ์–ด ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ์ž‘ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ†ต์กฐ๋ฆผ ๊ณต์žฅ์„ ์šด์˜ํ•œ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ์˜€๋˜ ์•„๋“ค์„ ๋‘๊ณ  "๋„ค ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ๋˜ฅ์ด์•ผ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์ดˆ๋‹ˆ ์ƒ์ „์—๋Š” ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ํŒ๋งคํ•œ ์ ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 1961๋…„ 12์›” ๋งŒ์ดˆ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ ๋ฒค ๋ณดํ‹ฐ์—์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ํŽธ์ง€์—์„œ, "์˜จ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ž๊ธฐ ์ง€๋ฌธ์„ ํŒ”์•˜์œผ๋ฉด ํ•ด. ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ๊ธด ์„ ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ธฐ ๋˜ฅ์„ ๋‹ด์€ ์บ”์„ ํŒŒ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฒจ๋ค„๋ณด๋Š” ๋Œ€ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์—ด๋“  ํ•ด์•ผ์ง€. ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฑด ์ง€๋ฌธ๋ฟ์ด์•ผ. ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์˜ ์€๋ฐ€ํ•œ, ์ •๋ง ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฑธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์‹ผ ๋˜ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€. ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ง„์งœ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๊ฒƒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒ ๋‚˜"๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์ œ์ž‘ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์•”์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์ดˆ๋‹ˆ์˜ ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜€๋˜ ์—”๋ฆฌ์ฝ” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์ด๋“ค ์บ”์ด ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ "์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณ„์™€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€, ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๋น„ํ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ญ์  ์กฐ๋กฑ ํ–‰์œ„"๋ผ ํ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. <์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋˜ฅ>์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์นด๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค์˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ๋ฌผ์‹ ์ฃผ์˜, ๋งˆ๋ฅด์…€ ๋’ค์ƒน์˜ ๋ ˆ๋””๋ฉ”์ด๋“œ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๋งŒ์ดˆ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์บ” ์†์— ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ณ€ 30g๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์˜ ๊ธˆ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ (1961๋…„ ๋‹น์‹œ ์•ฝ 37๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ)๋กœ ์ฑ…์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ƒ์ˆ ํ–ˆ๋“ฏ ์ƒ์ „์—๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๋‚ด๋†“์€ ์ ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1963๋…„ ๋งŒ์ดˆ๋‹ˆ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์ดํ›„ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„, ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋“ฑ์ง€์˜ ๋ฏธ์ˆ  ์‹œ์žฅ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฑ…์ •๊ฐ€์—์„œ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ 3000g ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์˜ ๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๊นŒ์ง€ ์น˜์†Ÿ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด 90๊ฐœ์˜ ๊นกํ†ต ์ค‘์—์„œ ๋งŒ์ดˆ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ์†Œ์žฅํ•œ 5๋ณธ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์ง€์˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€๋ฏธ์ˆ  ์ปฌ๋ ‰์…˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์กด๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ์–ด๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์‹๋˜์–ด ์†์ƒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ 5์›” 23์ผ ์†Œ๋”๋น„ ๊ฒฝ๋งค์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ์˜จ ๊นกํ†ต ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ 124,000์œ ๋กœ (ํ•œํ™” ์•ฝ 1์–ต 6400๋งŒ ์›)์— ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 2008๋…„ 10์›”์—๋Š” ์†Œ๋”๋น„ ๊ฒฝ๋งค์— 83๋ฒˆ ๊นกํ†ต์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์™€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ ์ฑ…์ •๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 5~7๋งŒ ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ (ํ•œํ™” ์•ฝ 7000๋งŒ~1์–ต ์›)๋ฅผ ๊นจ๊ณ  97,250ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ (ํ•œํ™” ์•ฝ 1์–ต 4000๋งŒ ์›)์— ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 8์›” ๋ฐ€๋ผ๋…ธ ์•„ํŠธ์˜ฅ์…˜์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ๋งค๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์˜จ ๊นกํ†ต์€ 275,000์œ ๋กœ (ํ•œํ™” ์•ฝ 3์–ต 6400๋งŒ ์›)๋กœ ๋‚™์ฐฐ๋˜์–ด ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๊ฒฝ์‹ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฌผ ๋งŒ์ดˆ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜€๋˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€ ์•„๊ณ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋…ธ ๋ณด๋‚ ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š” ์บ” ์•ˆ์— ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Œ€๋ณ€์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํšŒ๋ฐ˜์ฃฝ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์บ” ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ฒ ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด ์—‘์Šค๋ ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์Šค์บ” ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฌผ์„ ํŒ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์บ”์„ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์˜ˆ์ˆ ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ <์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋˜ฅ> ์†์— ๋‹ด๊ฒจ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฌผ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1989๋…„ ๋งˆ๋ฅด์„ธ์œ  ๋กœ์ € ํŽ˜์•„์Šค ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ „์‹œํ•  ๋‹น์‹œ, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋‚˜๋ฅด ๋ฐ”์งˆ์ด 'ํ”ผ์—๋กœ ๋งŒ์ดˆ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์บ”' (Boite ouverte de Piero Manzoni)์ด๋ž€ ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐํšํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์บ”์„ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์บ” ์†์—๋Š” ์†œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ธ์—ฌ์ง„ ์ž‘์€ ์บ” ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋‚˜์™”๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋”๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฐ–์—๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์บ”์ด ํญ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฌผ์ด ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์บ”์ด ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฃจ๋จธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1994๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ด๋งˆํฌ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ํ’ˆ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ฐ€ ์š˜ ํ›„๋…ธ๋ธŒ (John Hunov)๊ฐ€ ๋ž€๋ฐ๋ฅด์˜ ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€ ์ธก์— ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ๋ณด๊ด€์„ ์˜๋ขฐํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€ ์ธก์—์„œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ์˜จ์— ๋‘๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฌผ์ด ์ƒˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์†Œ์†ก ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€ ์ธก์ด ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ 250,000ํฌ๋กœ๋„ค๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ๋ฏธ์ˆ  ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ถœ์ฒ˜: Neue Zรผrcher Zeitung, Nr. 89.76 ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ "Merda d'Artista, or, You Call That Shit Art?" Tate Collection catalogue entry 1961๋…„ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฏธ์ˆ  ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ  ๋˜ฅ์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist%27s%20Shit
Artist's Shit
Artist's Shit (Italian: ) is a 1961 anti-artwork by the Italian artist Piero Manzoni. The work consists of 90 tin cans, each reportedly filled with of faeces, and measuring , with a label in Italian, English, French, and German stating: Inspiration and interpretations At the time the piece was created, Manzoni was producing works that explored the relationship between art production and human production, Artist's Breath (), a series of balloons filled with his own breath, being an example. In December 1961, Manzoni wrote in a letter to his friend Ben Vautier: Another friend, Enrico Baj, has said that the cans were meant as "an act of defiant mockery of the art world, artists, and art criticism". Artist's Shit has been interpreted in relation to Karl Marx's idea of commodity fetishism, and Marcel Duchamp's readymades. In September 2021, YBA artist Gavin Turk made a piece called "Artist's Piss" where he canned his own urine and sold it for its weight in silver. Value A tin was sold for โ‚ฌ124,000 at Sotheby's on May 23, 2007. In October 2008, tin 83 was offered for sale at Sotheby's with an estimate of ยฃ50,000โ€“70,000. It sold for ยฃ97,250. On October 16, 2015, tin 54 was sold at Christies for ยฃ182,500. In August 2016, at an art auction in Milan, one of the tins sold for a new record of โ‚ฌ275,000, including auction fees. The tins were originally to be valued according to their equivalent weight in gold โ€“ $37 each in 1961 โ€“ with the price fluctuating according to the market. Contents of the cans One of Manzoni's friends, Agostino Bonalumi, claimed that the tins are full not of faeces but plaster. The cans are steel, and thus cannot be x-rayed or scanned to determine the contents, and opening a can would cause it to lose its value; thus, the true contents of Artist's Shit are unknown. Bernard Bazile exhibited a partially opened can of Artist's Shit in 1989, titling it Opened can of Piero Manzoni (). The can's contents were difficult to identify on sight, being variously described as "paper wrapping with unidentified contents", "an unidentifiable wrapped object" and "a can within a can". Bazile did not attempt to extract or open the inner object. The piece received media coverage due to a lawsuit in the mid-1990s, when an art museum in Randers, Denmark was accused by art collector John Hunov of causing leakage of a can which had been on display at the museum in 1994. Allegedly, the museum had stored the can at irresponsibly high temperatures. The lawsuit ended with the museum paying a 250,000 Danish kroner settlement to the collector, approximately US$35,000. See also Shock art Gavin Turk References Sources Neue Zรผrcher Zeitung, Nr. 89.76 External links "Merda d'Artista, or, You Call That Shit Art?" Tate Collection catalogue entry 1961 works Abstract art Works about feces
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%ED%86%B0%EA%B0%80%EB%9D%BD%EB%8F%84%EB%A7%88%EB%B1%80%EB%B6%99%EC%9D%B4%EC%86%8D
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๋„ํ†ฐ๊ฐ€๋ฝ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†(Pachydactylus)์€ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๊ณผ์˜ ์ผ์†์ด๋ฉฐ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ๊ณ ์œ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ”ํžˆ ํ‹ฑํ†  ๊ฒŒ์ฝ”(thick-toed geckos)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋„ํ†ฐ๊ฐ€๋ฝ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†์€ ๋„“์ ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ€๋ฝ ๋์ด ํŠน์ง•์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ฐ•ํŒ์€ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์–ด์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋ชธ๋น„๋Š˜์€ ์ž‘๊ณ  ์˜คํ†จ๋„ํ†จํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฒน์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ค‘๊ฐ„ ํฌ๊ณ  ์šฉ๊ณจ์ง„(keeled) ๊ฒฐ์ ˆ์ด ํฉ์–ด์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ข…๋“ค์ด ์•ผํ–‰์„ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ ˆ์ง€๋™๋ฌผ์„ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ข…์€ ๋™์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—๊นŒ์ง€ ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ์ตœ๋ถ๋‹จ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์œ„ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ 57 ์ข…์ด ์œ ํšจํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค: Pachydactylus acuminatus Pachydactylus affinis โ€“ Transvaal thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus amoenus Pachydactylus angolensis - Angola large-scaled gecko, Angolan thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus atorquatus Pachydactylus austeni โ€“ Austen's thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus barnardi โ€“ Barnard's thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus bicolor โ€“ velvety thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus boehmei Pachydactylus capensis โ€“ Cape thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus caraculicus โ€“ Angolan banded thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus carinatus Pachydactylus etultra Pachydactylus fasciatus โ€“ banded thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus formosus โ€“ Smith's thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus gaiasensis โ€“ Brandberg thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus geitje โ€“ ocellated thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus griffini Pachydactylus haackei โ€“ Haacke's thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus katanganus Pachydactylus kladaroderma โ€“ thin-skinned thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus kobosensis Pachydactylus kochii Pachydactylus labialis โ€“ Calvinia thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus latirostris โ€“ quartz gecko Pachydactylus macrolepis โ€“ large-scaled banded gecko Pachydactylus maculatus โ€“ spotted thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus maraisi Pachydactylus mariquensis โ€“ Marico thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus mclachlani Pachydactylus monicae Pachydactylus montanus Pachydactylus namaquensis โ€“ Namaqua thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus oculatus โ€“ golden spotted thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus oreophilus โ€“ Kaokoveld thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus oshaughnessyi Pachydactylus otaviensis Pachydactylus parascutatus Pachydactylus punctatus โ€“ speckled thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus purcelli Pachydactylus rangei โ€“ Namib sand gecko Pachydactylus reconditus Pachydactylus robertsi Pachydactylus rugosus โ€“ rough thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus sansteynae โ€“ San Steyn's thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus scherzi โ€“ Sherz's thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus scutatus โ€“ large-scaled thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus serval โ€“ western spotted thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus tigrinus โ€“ tiger thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus tsodiloensis โ€“ Tsodilo thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus vansoni โ€“ Van Son's thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus vanzyli Pachydactylus visseri Pachydactylus wahlbergii Pachydactylus waterbergensis Pachydactylus weberi โ€“ Weber's thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus werneri ์ฃผ์˜์‚ฌํ•ญ: ์‚ฝ์ž…์–ด๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด๋ช… ๋ช…๋ช…์ž(:en:Binominal nomenclature)๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ข…์„ ๋„ํ†ฐ๊ฐ€๋ฝ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์†(Pachydactylus)๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†์— ์†ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ–ˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ Bauer AM, Lamb T, Branch WR (2006). "A Revision of the Pachydactylus serval and P. weberi Groups (Reptilia: Gekkota: Gekkonidae) of Southern Africa, with the Description of Eight New Species". Proc. California Acad. Sci. 57 (23): 595-709. Boulenger GA (1885). Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume I. Geckonidรฆ ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 436 pp. + Plates I-XXXi. (Genus Pachydactylus, p.ย 200). Branch, Bill (2004). Field Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Third Revised edition, Second impression. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 399 pp. . (Genus Pachydactylus, pp.ย 249โ€“250). Wiegmann AFA (1834). Herpetologia Mexicana, seu descriptio amphibiorum Novae Hispaniae, quae itineribus comitis Sack, Ferdinandi Deppe et Chr. Guil. Schiede in Museum Zoologicum Berolinense pervenerunt. Pars prima, saurorum species amplectens. Adiecto systematis saurorum prodromo, additisque multis in hunc amphibiorum ordinem observationibus. Berlin: C.G. Lรผderitz. vi + 54 pp. + Plates I-X. (Pachydactylus, new genus, p.ย 19). (in Latin). ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๊ณผ ์•„๋ ŒํŠธ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌํžˆ ์•„์šฐ๊ตฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์œ„๊ทธ๋งŒ์ด ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachydactylus
Pachydactylus
Pachydactylus is a genus of insectivorous geckos, lizards in the family Gekkonidae. The genus is endemic to Africa, and member species are commonly known as thick-toed geckos. The genus also displays rich speciation, having 58 distinct species identified when compared to other closely related gecko genera like Rhoptropus, most of which have emerged since 35Ma. It has been suggested that the reason for this rich speciation not from adaptive radiation nor nonadaptive radiation, but that the genus represents a clade somewhere between the two drivers of speciation. P. bibronii geckos have been used by NASA as animal models for experimentation. Description The genus Pachydactylus is characterized by dilated toe tips, usually with undivided scansors. Body scales are small, granular and non-overlapping, with scattered, large keeled tubercles. Coloration of Pachydactylus species varies, but is generally drab in color. Presence of adhesive toe pads varies by species and habitat, with rock dwelling species of Pachydactylus retaining adhesive pads, but unambiguous independent loss of toe pads in sand dwelling and burrowing species like P. rangei. Body size in Pachydactylus varies across the 58 species, ranging from 35 to 115mm Snout-Vent Length (SVL) with the ancestral condition of a larger body size with adhesive toe pads to suit a generalist habitat. Behavior All observed species of Pachydactylus are strictly nocturnal. Habitat Pachydactylus species live in a diverse range of habitats across Southern Africa. Habitat varies by species, with some species preferring generalist habitats, human dwellings, rock-dwellings, and sand dwellings. Habitat preference typically varies by body size and retention of toe pads, which varies across the genus. The body size of Pachydactylus geckos has been shown to correlate with their habitat range. Diet Lizards of the genus Pachydactylus feed mainly on arthropods, but have been observed eating small vertebrates. Geographic range The geographic range of the genus Pachydactylus is centered on Southern Africa, with some species reaching East Africa, the northernmost limit of their distribution. In South Africa's rugged Richtersveld region, Pachydactylus geckos comprised 13 of 18 all gecko species surveyed. Species There are 58 species that are recognized as being valid: Pachydactylus acuminatus Pachydactylus affinis โ€“ Transvaal thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus amoenus Pachydactylus angolensis - Angola large-scaled gecko, Angolan thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus atorquatus Pachydactylus austeni โ€“ Austen's thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus barnardi โ€“ Barnard's thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus bicolor โ€“ velvety thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus boehmei Pachydactylus capensis โ€“ Cape thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus caraculicus โ€“ Angola banded thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus carinatus Pachydactylus etultra Pachydactylus fasciatus โ€“ banded thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus formosus โ€“ Smith's thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus gaiasensis โ€“ Brandberg thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus geitje โ€“ ocellated thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus griffini Pachydactylus haackei โ€“ Haacke's thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus katanganus Pachydactylus kladaroderma โ€“ thin-skinned thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus kobosensis Pachydactylus kochii Pachydactylus labialis โ€“ Calvinia thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus latirostris โ€“ quartz gecko Pachydactylus macrolepis โ€“ large-scaled banded gecko Pachydactylus maculatus โ€“ spotted thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus maiatoi โ€“ Maiato's thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus maraisi Pachydactylus mariquensis โ€“ Marico thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus mclachlani Pachydactylus monicae Pachydactylus montanus Pachydactylus namaquensis โ€“ Namaqua thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus oculatus โ€“ golden spotted thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus oreophilus โ€“ Kaokoveld thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus oshaughnessyi Pachydactylus otaviensis Pachydactylus parascutatus Pachydactylus punctatus โ€“ speckled thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus purcelli Pachydactylus rangei โ€“ Namib sand gecko Pachydactylus reconditus Pachydactylus robertsi Pachydactylus rugosus โ€“ rough thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus sansteynae โ€“ San Steyn's thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus scherzi โ€“ Sherz's thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus scutatus โ€“ large-scaled thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus serval โ€“ western spotted thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus tigrinus โ€“ tiger thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus tsodiloensis โ€“ Tsodilo thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus vansoni โ€“ Van Son's thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus vanzyli Pachydactylus visseri Pachydactylus wahlbergii Pachydactylus waterbergensis Pachydactylus weberi โ€“ Weber's thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus werneri Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Pachydactylus. References Further reading External links Geckos of Africa Lizard genera Taxa named by Arend Friedrich August Wiegmann
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EB%AF%B8%EB%B8%8C%EB%AC%BC%EA%B0%88%ED%80%B4%EB%8F%84%EB%A7%88%EB%B1%80%EB%B6%99%EC%9D%B4
๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ธŒ๋ฌผ๊ฐˆํ€ด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด
๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ธŒ๋ฌผ๊ฐˆํ€ด๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด(Pachydactylus rangei )๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ธŒ ์ƒŒ๋“œ ๊ฒŒ์ฝ”(Namib sand gecko)๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ธŒ ์›นํ’‹ ๊ฒŒ์ฝ”(Namib web-footed gecko)๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๊ณผ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋‹ค. ์•™๊ณจ๋ผ, ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋น„์•„, ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์Šค์›จ๋ด์˜ ๋™๋ฌผํ•™์ž ๋ผ๋ฅด์Šค ๊ฐ€๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์—˜ ์•ˆ๋ฐ๋ฅด์†(:en:Lars Gabriel Andersson)์ด ๋…์ผ์˜ ์ง€์งˆํ•™์ž ํŒŒ์šธ ๋ž‘๊ฑฐ(:en:Paul Theodor Range) ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ ค ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ธŒ๋ฌผ๊ฐˆํ€ด๋Š” 6 cm ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ด 13 cm๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž๋ž€๋‹ค. ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Š๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋ชธํ†ต๊ณผ ๊ฝค๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋น„๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์œ—๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋‚ฉ์ž‘ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ˆˆ์€ ํฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋™๊ณต์€ ์ˆ˜์ง์œผ๋กœ ์ฐข์–ด์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ธŒ๋ฌผ๊ฐˆํ€ด๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ฐฝ๋ฐฑํ•ด์„œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐ˜ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ชธ์€ ์—ฐ์–ด์ƒ‰ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์— ๋ฐ์€ ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰ ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ, ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ‰๊น” ๋•์— ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ธŒ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์˜ ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์†์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์œ„์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ž‘๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋“œ์šด ๋น„๋Š˜๋กœ ๋ฎ์—ฌ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ˜ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Š˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐœ์€ ๋„“๊ณ , ๋ฐœ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฌผ๊ฐˆํ€ด๋กœ ๋’ค๋ฎ์—ฌ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ ์‘ ๋•์— ๊ตด์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํŒŒ๊ณ  ๋Š์Šจํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•ผํ–‰์„ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‚ฎ์—๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํŒ ๊ตด ์†์—์„œ ์ง€๋‚ด๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐค์— ๋‚˜์™€์„œ ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์œ„์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์—๋Š” ๋นจํŒ๋„ ๋‚˜์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ธฐ์–ด์˜ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ์ž˜ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ปท์˜ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•”์ปท๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‘๊ป๋‹ค. ์•”์ปท์˜ ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋Š” 10 g ๊นŒ์ง€, ์ˆ˜์ปท์€ 6 g๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๋จธ๋ฆฌ, ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์€ ๋ถ„ํ™๋น› ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์— ๋” ์ง™์€ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ ธ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐ„๊ฐ„ํžˆ ์˜†๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์— ์„ ์ด ๋‚˜์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ‘๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํ™ฉ๋ฐฑ์ƒ‰์ด๋‹ค. ๋ˆˆ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ์ƒ‰ ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ข…์€ ์„œ์‹์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฒน์น˜๋Š” ์ง–๋Š”๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด(:en:Ptenopus garrulus)์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์„œ์‹์ง€ ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ธŒ๋ฌผ๊ฐˆํ€ด๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ธŒ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์˜ ํ•ด์•ˆ ๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์— ๊ณ ์œ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด์•ˆ์—์„œ 130km๊นŒ์ง€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„, ๊ณ ๋„ 300m ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์ง€๋ฐฉ์—๊นŒ์ง€ ์„œ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์‹์ง€(:en:Type locality (biology))๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋น„์•„์˜ ๋คผ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ธ ๋‹ค. ์„œ์‹์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๊ณ  ์ž˜ ์ž๋ผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ดˆ๋ชฉ์ด ๋‹์•„๋‚œ, ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Š์Šจํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์œ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ธŒ๋ฌผ๊ฐˆํ€ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ž˜์‚ฌ๋ง‰์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋น„์•„์˜ ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฐ€ ํ˜น์€ ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฝธ๋ž€ํŠธ(Namaqualand) ์ตœ๊ทน๋‹จ์˜ ๋ฆฌํํ„ฐ์Šค๋ฒจํŠธ(Richtersveld)์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹์„ฑ ์•ผ์ƒํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ท€๋šœ๋ผ๋ฏธ, ๋ฉ”๋šœ๊ธฐ, ์ž‘์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋”ฑ์ •๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์™€ ์—ฌํƒ€์˜ ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์œ„์—์„œ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๊ณค์ถฉ๋„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์œกํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ๊ท€๋šœ๋ผ๋ฏธ์™€ ์• ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ธ‰์—ฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ™œ๋™์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ท€๋šœ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ข‹๋‹ค. ๋ˆˆ์ด ์ปค์„œ ๋ฐค์— ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•  ๋•Œ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ ์‘ ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ธŒ๋ฌผ๊ฐˆํ€ด๋Š” ๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ง„ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์—๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฐˆํ€ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์†์— ๊ตด์„ ํŒŒ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๊ฐ€๋ฝ ๋ฐ‘์— ๋นจํŒ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ธฐ์–ด์˜ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ์ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. "๋ฐœ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์˜ ๋นจํŒ์—๋Š” ๋ฐ•ํŒ(lamellae)์ด ์—ด์„ ์ง€์–ด ๋‚˜์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์œต๋ชจ(villosity)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋’ค๋ฎ์—ฌ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œต๋ชจ๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์–ด์„œ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์–ด์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค." ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ธŒ๋ฌผ๊ฐˆํ€ด๋Š” ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. "๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ธŒ๋ฌผ๊ฐˆํ€ด๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ˆˆ๊บผํ’€์ด ์—†๊ณ , ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ˆˆ๋น„๋Š˜(spectacle)์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋น„๋Š˜๋กœ ๋ฎ์—ฌ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฅ์•„์„œ ๋ˆˆ๋น„๋Š˜ ์œ„์˜ ๋จผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค." ์ƒํƒœ ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ธŒ๋ฌผ๊ฐˆํ€ด๋Š” ์•ผํ–‰์„ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‚ฎ์—๋Š” ๊นŠ์ด๊ฐ€ 1๋ฏธํ„ฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ตด ์†์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋ฐค์—๋Š” ํฐ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ, ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ, ๋”ฑ์ •๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ, ๋ฉ”๋šœ๊ธฐ, ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ ๋”ฐ์œ„์˜ ์ ˆ์ง€๋™๋ฌผ์„ ๋จน๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์–ด๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ดˆ๋ชฉ์— ๋งบํžŒ ์ด์Šฌ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์Šต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋€๋€, ๋ฝ๋ฝ, ๊น๊น ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ํ˜ผ์ž ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋ฐ›๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง์„ ์ฐพ์„ ๋•Œ๋ฉด ๋€๋€ ๊บฝ๊บฝ๋Œˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 4,5์›”์— ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ปท์€ ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์•”์ปท์„ ๊ฝ‰ ์›€์ผœ์ฅ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋นจ๋กœ ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฌผ๊ณ  ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ชธํ†ต์„ ๊ฐ์‹ผ๋‹ค. ์•”์ปท์€ ํ•œ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ํƒ€์›ํ˜•์˜ ์•Œ์„ ๋‚ณ์•„์„œ ์ถ•์ถ•ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ž˜ ์†์— ๋ฌป๋Š”๋ฐ, ์•Œ์€ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ์†์—์„œ ํฌ๋ž€(:en:Egg incubation)๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 8์ฃผ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์œ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, 4์ผ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ „ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ์œ„ํ˜‘ ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ธŒ๋ฌผ๊ฐˆํ€ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„ํ™œ๋™์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ธŒ๋ฌผ๊ฐˆ๊ท€๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์• ์™„๋™๋ฌผ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ๋„ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ธŒ๋ฌผ๊ฐˆํ€ด๊ฐ€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋น ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์†์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์—๋„ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ํ…Œ๋ผ๋ฆฌ์›€ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฐ€๋‘ฌ ์• ์™„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์•ผ์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” 5๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ธŒ๋ฌผ๊ฐˆํ€ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฒ•์ด ์ œ์ •๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ๋…€์„๋“ค์€ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ข… ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ข…์˜ ์กด์† ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ Andersson LG. 1908. "A remarkable new Gecko from South-Africa and a new Stenocercus-species from South-America in the Natural Museum in Wiesbaden". Jahrbรผchern des Nassauischen Vereins fรผr Naturkunde in Wiesbaden 61: 299-306. (Palmatogecko rangei, new species, pp.ย 299โ€“300 + Plate III, figures 1a-1c). Loveridge A. 1947. "Revision of the African Lizards of the Family Gekkonidae". Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 98: 1-469. (Palmatogecko rangei, pp.ย 36โ€“39). ๋„ํ†ฐ๊ฐ€๋ฝ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์† ๋ผ๋ฅด์Šค ๊ฐ€๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์—˜ ์•ˆ๋ฐ๋ฅด์†์ด ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ 1908๋…„ ๊ธฐ์žฌ๋œ ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachydactylus%20rangei
Pachydactylus rangei
Pachydactylus rangei, the Namib sand gecko or Namib web-footed gecko, is a species of small lizard in the family Gekkonidae. It inhabits the arid areas of Angola, Namibia, and South Africa, and was first described in 1908 by Swedish zoologist Lars Gabriel Andersson, who named it after its finder, German geologist Dr. Paul Range. Description Pachydactylus rangei grows to a length of about including a tail. The head is quite distinct from the slender body and both are flattened dorsally. The eyes are large, dark-coloured and protuberant and have vertical pupils. The web-footed gecko is very pale, nearly translucent. It has a salmon-colored undertone and some have light brown stripes or patterns. The coloring of their skin allows for very good camouflage among the sand of the Namib Desert. The skin is covered in fine, smooth scales and is translucent, and some of the internal organs can be seen through it. The legs are thin but the feet are broad, with fully webbed toes, enabling this gecko to burrow easily and to run on loose sand. The gecko developed the webbed feet as an adaptation to help them stay on top of the Namib Desert sand or bury underneath the sand. They have developed this adaptation due to being nocturnal and needing to spend the days in burrows which are self dug and then spend the night on top of the sand feeding. Their feet also have adhesive pads on the bottom to help them climb. The males have thicker tails than the females. The female's mass can reach around 10 grams and the male is about 6 grams. The head and dorsal surface are pinkish-brown with darker markings, particularly in two intermittent lateral lines, and the ventral surface is off-white. There is often a bluish band between the eyes. This species is rather similar in appearance to Ptenopus garrulus, another species of gecko found within its range. Distribution and habitat Pachydactylus rangei is endemic to the Namibia Desert where it is found near the coast and up to 130 kilometres (80 miles) inland at altitudes of up to 300 metres (1,000 feet). The Namibia Desert is located in the Southern part of Africa. The type locality is Lรผderitz in Namibia. Its habitat is among rocks and stunted vegetation and on the dry loose sand of sand dunes. The geckos prefer the sandy desert regions and are only found on the coastal part of Namibia and the Richtersveld in the extreme north of Namaqualand in the Cape. Food In the wild the geckos eat crickets, grasshoppers and small spiders. They also will eat beetles, and other small insects they can find among the sand. In captivity they will eat crickets and worms. It is suggested to feed them crickets in captivity to keep the geckos active. The gecko's large eyes allows it to see its prey while hunting at night. Adaptations The web-footed gecko has developed many adaptations for living in the harsh desert climate. It has webbed feet, which allow it to burrow in the sand or walk on top of the sand. It also has adhesive pads on the bottom of its feet which allow it to be an extremely good climber. "The adhesive pads on their toes have rows of plates called lamellae, which are covered with thousands of microscopic hook like projections called villosities. These villosities catch any minor surface irregularity in order to aid the gecko in climbing." Another adaptation that the web-foot gecko has developed is its eyes. The gecko has oversize eyes which help it to detect prey. "The geckos like most other geckos do not have eyelids, instead their eyes are covered with a transparent scale, called a spectacle. They clean their eyes by periodic licking." Biology Pachydactylus rangei is nocturnal, spending the day in a burrow up to a metre (yard) deep. It emerges at night to feed on arthropods such as termites, ants, beetles, grasshoppers and spiders. Its main source of water is the drops of dew found on vegetation. It can also absorb moisture through its skin. They communicate using a wide range of vocalizations, including squeaks, clicks and even croaks. Each individual normally lives a solitary life. It may emit certain squeaks and grunts when disturbed or when trying to find a mate. Reproduction takes place in April and May. During copulation, the male grasps the female tightly while gripping her neck with his teeth and bends his tail round under hers. The female lays one or two oval, hard-shelled eggs and buries them in moist sand where they need to incubate at a temperature of about . The young geckos hatch out after about eight weeks and are already long. They start eating after about four days. Conservation status and threats The main threats to the geckos are human activities. People hunt them for food and destroy their habitats. The gecko is considered important for human economics because it is used in the pet trade. Some people keep these geckos in glass terrariums as pets even though they move very fast and do not like to be held. The geckos mouths are also too small to be able to bite humans. They can live up to five years in the wild. Some laws have been passed to help the geckos, but they are not on any protected species lists, they are considered to be a non vulnerable population. References Further reading Andersson LG (1908). "A remarkable new Gecko from South-Africa and a new Stenocercus-species from South-America in the Natural Museum in Wiesbaden". Jahrbรผchern des Nassauischen Vereins fรผr Naturkunde in Wiesbaden 61: 299-306. (Palmatogecko rangei, new species, pp.ย 299โ€“300 + Plate III, figures 1a-1c). Loveridge A (1947). "Revision of the African Lizards of the Family Gekkonidae". Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 98: 1-469. (Palmatogecko rangei, pp.ย 36โ€“39). Geckos of Africa Reptiles of Angola Reptiles of Namibia Reptiles of South Africa Taxa named by Lars Gabriel Andersson Reptiles described in 1908 Articles containing video clips Pachydactylus
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%86%A0%EB%A7%9D%EA%B2%8C%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1
์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์กฑ
์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์กฑ()์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ํฐ ์–ด์กฑ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์กฑ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์˜ ํ† ์ฐฉ์–ด์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฉธํ•œ ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ดํŒŒ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์€ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ˆ์นด๋ผ๊ณผ์™€ ์ฝ”์Šคํƒ€๋ฆฌ์นด๊นŒ์ง€ ํผ์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์กฑ์€ ์ฆ๋ช…๋œ ์–ด์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์œผ๋‚˜, ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ด ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์˜์‹ฌ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์กฑ ์–ธ์–ด ํ™”์ž ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณณ์€ ์˜ค์•„ํ•˜์นด์ฃผ๋กœ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๋‘ ์–ดํŒŒ์ธ ์‚ฌํฌํ…์–ดํŒŒ์™€ ๋ฏธ์Šˆํ…์–ดํŒŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ‹€์–ด 150๋งŒ ๋ช… ์ •๋„์˜ ํ™”์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์ค‘๋ถ€, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์ฃผ, ์ด๋‹ฌ๊ณ ์ฃผ, ์ผ€๋ ˆํƒ€๋กœ์ฃผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜คํ† ํŒŒ๋ฉ”์–ดํŒŒ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜คํ† ๋ฏธ์–ด์™€ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์นœ์ฒ™์ธ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์™€์–ด ํ™”์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด 50๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ๋„˜๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์กฑ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€ ์ด์Šˆ์นดํ…์–ด์™€ ๋งˆํ‹€๋ผ์นญ์นด์–ด๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 250๋ช… ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ณ ๋ น์ธ ํ™”์ž๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—์„œ ์“ฐ์ด๋˜ ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ดํŒŒ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ๋ฉธํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์น˜์•„ํŒŒ๋„ฅ์–ด๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋“ค์–ด ์‚ฌ๋ฉธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‹€๋ผํŒŒ๋„ฅ์–ด์™€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ˆ˜๋ธŒํ‹ฐ์•„๋ฐ”์–ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋ฉธํ•œ ์ง€ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋˜์–ด 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์กฑ์€ ๋ฉ”์†Œ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด์กฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์กฑ์˜ ๋‚ด์  ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์ธ๋„์œ ๋Ÿฝ์–ด์กฑ์— ๋น„๊ฒฌํ•  ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์กฐ์–ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์›์ „ ์•ฝ 2์ฒœ ๋…„ ์ „์— ์“ฐ์˜€์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ ์–ด๋„ ์ง€๋‚œ 4์ฒœ ๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์กฑ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฉ”์†Œ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณต์กดํ•ด ์™”๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฉ”์†Œ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์–ธ์–ด ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋™์กฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ณผ ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์กฑ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉ”์†Œ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์–ด์กฑ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์กฑ์€ ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด, ๋ฉ”์†Œ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ฐ ์ค‘์•™์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์†Œ์† ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์„ฑ์กฐ ์–ธ์–ด์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์กฑ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉ”์†Œ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋ถ„์„์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์กฑ์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์†Œ์† ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์ด VSOํ˜•(๋™์‚ฌ-์ฃผ์–ด-๋ชฉ์ ์–ด) ์–ด์ˆœ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฐ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์„œ๋ถ€ ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์กฑ ์˜คํ† ํŒŒ๋ฉ”์–ดํŒŒ ์˜คํ† ํŒŒ๋ฉ”์–ดํŒŒ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์€ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์ค‘๋ถ€์™€ ์„œ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ , ์˜คํ† ๋ฏธ์–ด๊ตฐ๊ณผ ํŒŒ๋ฉ”์–ด๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ† ๋ฏธ์–ด๊ตฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์ฃผ, ์ด๋‹ฌ๊ณ ์ฃผ, ํ‘ธ์—๋ธ”๋ผ์ฃผ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ผํฌ๋ฃจ์Šค์ฃผ์—์„œ ์•ฝ 293,000๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์˜คํ† ๋ฏธ์–ด์™€ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์ฃผ ์„œ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์•ฝ 35๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์™€์–ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆํ‹€๋ผ์นญ์นด์–ด(์‚ฐํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ”์˜คํํ† ํ‹ธํŒŒ ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ ์•ฝ 1000๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ)์™€ ํ‹€๋ผ์œ„์นด์–ด(๋˜๋Š” ์˜คํ€ผํ…Œ์ฝ”์–ด, ์˜คํ€ผ๋ž€์‹œ์—์„œ ์•ฝ 400๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ)๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋งˆํ‹€๋ผ์นญ์นด์–ด๊ตฐ(๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์ฃผ)์ด ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๋ฉ”์–ด๊ตฐ์—๋Š” ํƒ€๋งˆ์šธ๋ฆฌํŒŒ์Šค์ฃผ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ฐ์‹œ ๋ถ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์•ฝ 5500๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ๋ถ€ ํŒŒ๋ฉ”์–ด, ์‚ฐํƒ€๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์•„์นดํ’€์ฝ” ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ ์•ฝ 4000๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘๋ถ€ ํŒŒ๋ฉ”์–ด, ์‚ฌ๋ฉธํ•œ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ํŒŒ๋ฉ”์–ด๋ฅผ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ฉ”์–ด(์‚ฐ๋ฃจ์ด์Šคํฌํ† ์‹œ์ฃผ)์™€, ๊ณผ๋‚˜ํ›„์•„ํ† ์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค๋ธ๋ผํŒŒ์Šค์‹œ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ๋ฏธ์‹œ์˜จ๋ฐ์น˜์น˜๋ฉ”์นด์Šค์—์„œ ์•ฝ 200๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์น˜์น˜๋ฉ”์นดํ˜ธ๋‚˜์Šค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ† ๋ฏธ์–ด๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ผํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ๋ณด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์„œ๋กœ ์†Œํ†ต ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ SIL์˜ ์—์Šค๋†€๋กœ๊ทธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜คํ† ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์•„ํ™‰ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ์–ธ์–ด์— ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ISO ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ• ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์˜คํ† ๋ฏธ์–ด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•ฉ์ณ ์•ฝ 239,000๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ค‘์—์„œ 5~6%๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ผ์–ธ์–ด ํ™”์ž์ด๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์ด์ฃผ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์˜คํ† ๋ฏธ์–ด ํ™”์ž ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ† ๋ฏธ์–ด๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์™•์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ , ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ „์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜คํ† ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์Šต๋“ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ดํํ…ก์ฝ”(ํ‹€๋ฝ์Šค์นผ๋ผ์ฃผ), ์‚ฐํ‹ฐ์•„๊ณ ํ‹ธ๋ผํŒŒ ์•„์นด์ˆ ์ฝ”(๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์ฃผ), ํฌ๋ฃจ์Šค๋ธํŒ”๋งˆ๋ฅด(๊ณผ๋‚˜ํ›„์•„ํ† ์ฃผ)์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜คํ† ๋ฏธ์–ด ๋‹จ์ผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋น„์œจ์ด 13.1%(๋ฒ ๋ผํฌ๋ฃจ์Šค์ฃผ ํ…Œํ์นดํ…ŒํŽ™)์—์„œ 22.3%(์ด๋‹ฌ๊ณ ์ฃผ ์šฐ์—์šฐ์—ํ‹€๋ผ์‹œ)์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ผ์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ํ™•์—ฐํžˆ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์น˜๋‚œํ…์–ดํŒŒ ์น˜๋‚œํ…์–ดํŒŒ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์€ ์˜ค์•„ํ•˜์นด์ฃผ ๋ถ๋ถ€์™€ ๋ฒ ๋ผํฌ๋ฃจ์Šค์ฃผ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์˜ ํ€ด์นดํ‹€๋ž€, ์ดํํ‹€๋ž€๋ฐํ›„์•„๋ ˆ์Šค, ํˆฌํํ…ŒํŽ™ ๋ฐ ์ดˆ์•„ํŒ ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์•ฝ 93,000๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—์Šค๋†€๋กœ๊ทธ์—์„œ๋Š” 14๊ฐœ ์–ธ์–ด์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ ISO ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‹€๋ผํŒŒ๋„ฅ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ดํŒŒ ํ‹€๋ผํŒŒ๋„ฅ์–ด๋Š” ๊ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋กœ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์•ฝ 75,000๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์•„์นดํ…ŒํŽ™, ์•„์†Œ๋ถ€, ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋‚ ํ…ŒํŽ™, ํ‹€๋ผ์ฝ”์•„ํŒŒ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™ ์ด์ฃผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ‹€๋ผํŒŒ๋„ฅ์–ด ํ™”์ž ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ ๋กœ์Šค์ฃผ์— ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‹ˆ์นด๋ผ๊ณผ์—์„œ ์“ฐ์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฉธํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ธŒํ‹ฐ์•„๋ฐ”์–ด์™€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ด€๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ดํŒŒ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋ฉธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์–ดํŒŒ์—๋Š” 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ˆ์นด๋ผ๊ณผ์™€ ์ฝ”์Šคํƒ€๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ์“ฐ์˜€๋˜ ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์™€ ์ดˆ๋กœํ…Œ๊ฐ€์–ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์น˜์•„ํŒŒ์Šค์ฃผ์— 1990๋…„๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทน์†Œ์ˆ˜ ํ™”์ž๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฉธํ•œ ์น˜์•„ํŒŒ๋„ฅ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๋ถ€ ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์กฑ ํฌํด๋กœ์นด์–ดํŒŒ ํฌํด๋กœ์นด์–ดํŒŒ์—๋Š” ํ‘ธ์—๋ธ”๋ผ์ฃผ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ํ…Œ์šฐ์•„์นธ ๋ฐ ํ…ŒํŽ˜ํžˆ๋ฐ๋กœ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์Šค ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์•ฝ 3๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๊ณฑ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํฌํด๋กœ์นด์–ด๊ตฐ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค๊ณผ, ๊ทธ์™€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜ค์•„ํ•˜์นด์ฃผ ๋ถ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์•ฝ 7๋ฐฑ ๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ดˆ์ดˆ์–ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค์•„ํ•˜์นด์ฃผ ๋ถ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์•ฝ 12๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งˆ์‚ฌํ…์–ด๊ตฐ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค๊ณผ ์‚ฐํƒ€๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์ดํ์นดํ‹€๋ž€์—์„œ 8๋ช… ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” (๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฉธํ•œ) ์ดํ์นดํ…์–ด๊ฐ€ ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํฌํด๋กœ์นด์–ดํŒŒ๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋ผํฌ๋ฃจ์Šค์ฃผ์—์„œ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ํฌํด๋ฃจ์นด์–ด์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๋ฐ, ํ›„์ž๋Š” ๋ฏธํ—ค์†Œ์ผ€์–ด์กฑ์— ์†ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—†๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์‚ฌํ…์–ด๊ตฐ์€ ํœ˜ํŒŒ๋žŒ ๋ฐœํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํฌํ…์–ดํŒŒ ์‚ฌํฌํ…์–ดํŒŒ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌํฌํ…์–ด๊ตฐ(์ด ํ™”์ž ์ˆ˜ ์•ฝ 785,000๋ช…) ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์™€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ฐจํ‹ฐ๋…ธ์–ด๊ตฐ(์•ฝ 23,000๋ช…)์ด ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์€ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค์•„ํ•˜์นด์ฃผ ์ค‘๋ถ€์™€ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์“ฐ์—ฌ ์™”์œผ๋‚˜, ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™ ์ด์ฃผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์ „์—ญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—๊นŒ์ง€ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํฌํ…์–ด๊ตฐ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์—๋ผ๋…ธ๋ฅดํ…Œ(๋ถ๋ถ€) ์‚ฌํฌํ…, ํ˜‘๊ณก ์‚ฌํฌํ…, ์‹œ์—๋ผ์ˆ˜๋ฅด(๋‚จ๋ถ€) ์‚ฌํฌํ…, ์ง€ํ˜‘ ์‚ฌํฌํ…์˜ ๋„ค ๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํฌํ…์–ด๋Š” ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์‹œ์—๋ผ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ ˆ ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์˜ค์•„ํ•˜์นด์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฐ์•… ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํฌํ…์–ด๋Š” ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์‹œ์—๋ผ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ ˆ ์‚ฐ๋งฅ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ˜‘๊ณก ์‚ฌํฌํ…์–ด๋Š” ์˜ค์•„ํ•˜์นด ํ˜‘๊ณก์—์„œ ์“ฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ง€ํ˜‘ ์‚ฌํฌํ…์–ด๋Š” ํ…Œ์šฐ์•ˆํ…ŒํŽ™ ์ง€ํ˜‘์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—์Šค๋†€๋กœ๊ทธ์—์„œ๋Š” 57๊ฐœ์˜ ์‚ฌํฌํ…์–ด๊ตฐ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค๊ณผ 6๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฐจํ‹ฐ๋…ธ์–ด๊ตฐ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์— ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ISO ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ• ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์Šˆํ…์–ดํŒŒ ๋ฏธ์Šˆํ…์–ดํŒŒ์—๋Š” ์•ฝ 511,000๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ ์†Œํ†ต ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฏธ์Šˆํ…์–ด๋“ค๊ณผ, 24,500์—ฌ ๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์–ด๊ตฐ(๋˜๋Š” ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ‚ค์–ด๊ตฐ), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ฝ 15,000๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ€ด์นดํ…์–ด๊ฐ€ ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์Šˆํ…์–ดํŒŒ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์€ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ผ๋ฏธ์Šคํ…Œ์นด๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์˜ค์•„ํ•˜์นด์ฃผ, ํ‘ธ์—๋ธ”๋ผ์ฃผ ๋ฐ ๊ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋กœ์ฃผ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฏธ์Šˆํ…์–ดํŒŒ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์€ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋„์‹ฌ ์ง€์—ญ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์ฃผ์™€ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์‹œํ‹ฐ์™€, ๋ฐ”ํ•˜์นผ๋ฆฌํฌ๋ฅด๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ ์‚ฐํ€ธํ‹ด๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ ๋กœ์Šค์ฃผ ๋ฐ ์†Œ๋…ธ๋ผ์ฃผ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ ๋“ฑ ํŠน์ • ๋†์—… ์ง€์—ญ, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ป—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์Šˆํ…์–ด๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ์†Œํ†ต์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์Šˆํ…์–ด๋Š” ๋•Œ๋กœ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‚˜, ๋ฐฉ์–ธ๊ถŒ์ด ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฉ์–ธ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—„๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์Šˆํ…์–ด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๋•Œ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ณต์–ธํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ SIL์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ ์†Œํ†ต ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ˜„์ง€์˜ ๋ฌธ๋งน ํ‡ด์น˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 50๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฏธ์Šˆํ…์–ด๊ตฐ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์— ISO ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•„๋ฌด์Šค๊ณ ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋กœ์ฃผ์™€ ์˜ค์•„ํ•˜์นด์ฃผ์˜ ์ฝ”์Šคํƒ€์น˜์นด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์•ฝ 44,000๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ณต์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์•„๋ฌด์Šค๊ณ ์–ด(ํ†ต์นญ ๊ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋กœ ๋˜๋Š” ์‡ผ์น˜์Šคํ‹€๋ผ์šฐ์•„์นด(์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๋งˆ์„ ์ด๋ฆ„) ์•„๋ฌด์Šค๊ณ ์–ด), ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์•„๋ฌด์Šค๊ณ ์–ด(๋ถ๋ถ€ ์•„๋ฌด์Šค๊ณ ์–ด์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ์—ˆ์Œ), ๊ณ ์ง€ ๋™๋ถ€ ์•„๋ฌด์Šค๊ณ ์–ด(ํ†ต์นญ ์˜ค์•„ํ•˜์นด ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฐํŽ˜๋“œ๋กœ์•„๋ฌด์Šค๊ณ ์Šค ์•„๋ฌด์Šค๊ณ ์–ด), ์ €์ง€ ๋™๋ถ€ ์•„๋ฌด์Šค๊ณ ์–ด(ํ†ต์นญ ์ดํŒ”๋ผํŒŒ ์•„๋ฌด์Šค๊ณ ์–ด)์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ์–ธ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‚˜, ์„œ๋ถ€(๋ถ๋ถ€์™€ ๋‚จ๋ถ€) ๋ฐฉ์–ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋™๋ถ€(๊ณ ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ €์ง€ ๋™๋ถ€) ๋ฐฉ์–ธ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” 1970๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ๋…น์Œ๋œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์Œ์šด๋ก  ์Œ์šด๋ก ์  ๊ณตํ†ต์  ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์กฑ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์€ ์„ฑ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ‰ํƒ„ ์„ฑ์กฐ๋งŒ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ํ‰ํƒ„ ์„ฑ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์–ธ์–ด์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ตด๊ณก ์„ฑ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์กฑ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Œ์˜ ๋น„์Œํ™”๊ฐ€ ์Œ์†Œ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์–ธ์–ด์— ์ˆœ์Œ, ํŠนํžˆ ํŒŒ์—ด์Œ์ด ์—†๊ณ , ์ˆœ์Œ ํŒŒ์—ด์Œ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์กฐ์–ด์˜ ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์Œ์ ˆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์กฐ์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” CV (ํ˜น์€ ) ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ์Œ์ ˆ๋งŒ์ด ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ์ ˆ์˜ ์ดˆ์„ฑ ์ž์Œ๊ตฐ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์น˜์ฐฐ์Œ-CV, CyV, CwV, ๋น„์Œ-CV, ChV, ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŒ์ด ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์กฑ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์—์„œ๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์Œ์ ˆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ œ์•ฝ์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์˜คํ† ํŒŒ๋ฉ”์–ดํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋ง ์ž์Œ๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ๊ธด ์ดˆ์„ฑ ์ž์Œ๊ตฐ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€ '๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘๋“ค'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ๋ถ€ ํŒŒ๋ฉ”์–ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ์ดˆ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ข…์„ฑ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ž์Œ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์”ฉ ์˜จ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์กฐ์–ด์˜ ์Œ์šด ์ฒด๊ณ„ ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์กฐ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์Œ์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์žฌ๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. Rensch๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์กฐ์–ด์— ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ฑ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ Terrence Kaufman์ด ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•œ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์—๋Š” ์Œ์†Œ */ts/, *//, *//, *//, *//, *//, *// ๋ฐ *//์™€, ์ด์ค‘๋ชจ์Œ */ia/, */ai/, */ea/ ๋ฐ */au/๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์กฑ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์€ ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์กฐ์–ด์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ธ ์Œ์šด ์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์–ธ์–ด์— ๋ชจ์Œ๊ณผ ์ž์Œ์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์–ธ์–ด์— ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ผ๋ถ€ ์–ดํŒŒ(ํŠนํžˆ ์‚ฌํฌํ…๊ณผ ์น˜๋‚œํ…)์—์„œ๋Š” ํŒŒ์—ด์Œ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ์— ์œ ๋ฌด์„ฑ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ† ํŒŒ๋ฉ”์–ดํŒŒ์˜ ์œ ์„ฑ์Œ ๊ณ„์—ด์€ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ๊ณผ ํŒŒ์—ด์Œ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ๋ณ€์ด์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์˜คํ† ๋ฏธ์–ด๊ตฐ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „์„ค, ์ค‘์„ค, ํ›„์„ค ๋ชจ์Œ๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์Šˆํ…์–ดํŒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์„ฑ ์„ ๋น„์Œํ™” ํŒŒ์—ด์Œ ๋ฐ ํŒŒ์ฐฐ์Œ์„ ์ƒ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ž์Œ ์—ฐ์‡„๋กœ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ•ด๋‹น ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž์Œ ์—ฐ์‡„๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์กฑ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ์–ดํŒŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์Œ์šด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€์ด๋‹ค. > : ์ฐจํ‹ฐ๋…ธ์–ด > : ์น˜์•„ํŒŒ๋„ฅ ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด, ์˜คํ† ํŒŒ๋ฉ”์–ดํŒŒ, ์ง€ํ˜‘ ์‚ฌํฌํ…์–ด > : ๋ฏธ์Šˆํ…์–ดํŒŒ > : ์ฐจํ‹ฐ๋…ธ์–ด > (๋ชจ์Œ ์•ž): ์˜คํ† ํŒŒ๋ฉ”์–ดํŒŒ > (๋ชจ์Œ ์•ž): ์˜คํ† ํŒŒ๋ฉ”์–ดํŒŒ ๋ฐ ์•„๋ฌด์Šค๊ณ ์–ด ์„ฑ์กฐ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์กฑ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์€ ํญ๋„“์€ ์„ฑ์กฐ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ 10๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ฑ์กฐ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ถ€์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์€ ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๋†’๋‚ฎ์ด๋งŒ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ‰ํƒ„ ์„ฑ์กฐ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์—๋Š” ์Œ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตด๊ณก ์„ฑ์กฐ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ‰ํƒ„ ์„ฑ์กฐ์™€ ๊ตด๊ณก ์„ฑ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์—์„œ ์ข…์ข… ์„ฑ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—์•ผ ํš๋“ํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ธ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜์  ํ˜„์ƒ์ธ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด, ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์กฑ์˜ ์„ฑ์กฐ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๊ตฌ์กฐ ์•ˆ์— ๊นŠ์ด ์Šค๋ฉฐ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์กฑ ์–ธ์–ด์—์„œ ์„ฑ์กฐ๋Š” ์–ด๊ทผ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์  ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ์น˜ํ‚ค์œ„ํ‹€๋ž€ ๋งˆ์‚ฌํ…์–ด์—๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ฑ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ตœ์†Œ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์Œ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. cha1 '๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค', cha2 '์–ด๋ ค์šด', cha3 '๊ทธ์˜ ์†', cha4 '๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค'. ํ‰ํƒ„ ์„ฑ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์šฐ์‹ค๋ผ ์น˜๋‚œํ…์–ด๋กœ, ๊ตด๊ณก ์„ฑ์กฐ๋Š” ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์Œ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์น˜์นด์™€ํํ‹€๋ผ์˜ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์–ด๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ฝ”ํŒ”๋ผ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์–ด๋Š” ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ‰ํƒ„ ์„ฑ์กฐ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฟ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตด๊ณก ์„ฑ์กฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์Œ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ์ฒด๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‰ํƒ„ ์„ฑ์กฐ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ํ‹€๋ผํŒŒ๋„ฅ์–ด์™€ ํ…Œํ๋ฉœ๋ฃจ์นด ์‚ฌํฌํ…์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ† ํŒŒ๋ฉ”์–ดํŒŒ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ‰ํƒ„ ์„ฑ์กฐ์™€ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ตด๊ณก ์„ฑ์กฐ๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ํ”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ฉ”์–ด์™€ ์˜คํ† ๋ฏธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆํ‹€๋ผ์นญ์นด์–ด๋‚˜ ์น˜์น˜๋ฉ”์นด ํ˜ธ๋‚˜์Šค์–ด ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์—๋Š” ๊ตด๊ณก ์„ฑ์กฐ ์—†์ด ํ‰ํƒ„ ์„ฑ์กฐ๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์กฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€ ํŒŒ๋ฉ”์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์Œ์ ˆ์—๋งŒ ์„ฑ์กฐ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ฐจํ‹ฐ๋…ธ์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์Œ์ ˆ ์ค‘ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ฒƒ์—๋งŒ ๊ทœ์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฉฐ, ์„ฑ์กฐ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์Œ์ ˆ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์™€์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์Œ์ ˆ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์Œ์ ˆ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋œ๋‹ค. ํ‹€๋ผํŒŒ๋„ฅ์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์„ฑ์กฐ ๊ตด๊ณก์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ•์„ธ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์Œ์ ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์„ฑ์กฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์Œ์ ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์„ฑ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ์„ฑ์กฐ ์ ‘๋ณ€์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์น˜๋‚œํ…์–ด์—๋Š” ์ ‘๋ณ€ ๊ทœ์น™์ด ์—†์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ์Šˆํ…์–ด์™€ ์‚ฌํฌํ…์–ด์—๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ ‘๋ณ€ ๊ทœ์น™์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์‚ฌํ…์–ด์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์—๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ ‘๋ณ€ ๊ทœ์น™์ด ์žˆ๊ณ (์˜ˆ: ์†Œ๋ฐœํ…ŒํŽ™์–ด) ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์—๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค(์˜ˆ: ์™€์šฐํ‹€๋ผ ๋งˆ์‚ฌํ…์–ด). ์ผ๋ถ€ ์–ธ์–ด(ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฏธ์Šˆํ…์–ดํŒŒ)์—๋Š” ์ธต๊ณ„ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ์„ฑ์กฐ๊ฐ€ "์˜ค๋ฅด๋ง‰(upstep)" ๋˜๋Š” "๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ง‰(downstep)"์ด์–ด์„œ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์Œ์ ˆ๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ์กฐ ์Œ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ํœ˜ํŒŒ๋žŒ ๋ฐœํ™” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์กฑ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์—๋Š” ํœ˜ํŒŒ๋žŒ ๋ฐœํ™” ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•ด์„œ, ๋‹จ์–ด์™€ ์–ด๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ฑ์กฐ ์—ฐ์‡„๋ฅผ ํœ˜ํŒŒ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋จผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์น˜๋‚œํ…, ๋งˆ์‚ฌํ…, ์‚ฌํฌํ… ์–ดํŒŒ์— ํ”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๊ด€ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ์กฐ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Comparative Swadesh vocabulary lists for Oto-Manguean languages (from Wiktionary) Feist, Timothy & Enrique L. Palancar. (2015). Oto-Manguean Inflectional Class Database . University of Surrey. doi:10.15126/SMG.28/1 SIL on the Oto-Manguean Stock ย , by Rosemary Beam de Azcona ์–ด์กฑ ๋ฉ”์†Œ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์–ธ์–ด ์˜คํ† ๋ง๊ฒŒ์–ด์กฑ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oto-Manguean%20languages
Oto-Manguean languages
The Oto-Manguean or Otomanguean languages are a large family comprising several subfamilies of indigenous languages of the Americas. All of the Oto-Manguean languages that are now spoken are indigenous to Mexico, but the Manguean branch of the family, which is now extinct, was spoken as far south as Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Oto-Manguean is widely viewed as a proven language family. However, this status has been recently challenged. The highest number of speakers of Oto-Manguean languages today are found in the state of Oaxaca where the two largest branches, the Zapotecan and Mixtecan languages, are spoken by almost 1.5 million people combined. In central Mexico, particularly in the states of Mexico, Hidalgo and Querรฉtaro, the languages of the Oto-Pamean branch are spoken: the Otomi and the closely related Mazahua have over 500,000 speakers combined. Some Oto-Manguean languages are moribund or highly endangered; for example, Ixcatec and Matlatzinca each have fewer than 250 speakers, most of whom are elderly. Other languages particularly of the Manguean branch which was spoken outside of Mexico have become extinct; these include the Chiapanec language, which was declared extinct after 1990. Others such as Subtiaba, which was most closely related to Me'phaa (Tlapanec), have been extinct longer and are only known from early 20th century descriptions. The Oto-Manguean language family is the most diverse and most geographically widespread language family represented in Mesoamerica. The internal diversity is comparable with that of Indo-European, and the Proto-Oto-Manguean language is estimated to have been spoken some time before 2000 BCE. This means that at least for the past 4000 years Oto-Manguean languages have coexisted with the other languages of Mesoamerica and have developed many traits in common with these, to such an extent that they are seen as part of a sprachbund called the Mesoamerican Linguistic Area. However Oto-Manguean also stands out from the other language families of Mesoamerica in several features. It is the only language family in North America, Mesoamerica and Central America whose members are all tonal languages. It also stands out by having a much more analytic structure than other Mesoamerican languages. Another typical trait of Oto-Manguean is that its members almost all show VSO (verbโ€“subjectโ€“object) in basic order of clausal constituents. Overview History of classification Internal classification and reconstruction A genetic relationship between Zapotecan and Mixtecan was first proposed by Manuel Orozco y Berra in 1864; he also included Cuicatec, Chocho and Amuzgo in his grouping. In 1865, Pimentel added Mazatec, Popoloca, Chatino and Chinantec โ€“ he also posed a separate group of Pame, Otomi and Mazahua, the beginning of the Oto-Pamean subbranch. Daniel Brinton's classification of 1891 added Matlatzinca and Chichimeca Jonaz to Pimentel's Oto-Pamean group (which wasn't known by that name then), and he reclassified some languages of the previously included languages of the Oaxacan group. In 1920, Walther Lehmann included the Chiapanecโ€“Mangue languages and correctly established the major subgroupings of the Oaxacan group. And in 1926, Schmidt coined the name Otomiโ€“Mangue for a group consisting of the Oto-Pamean languages and Chiapanecโ€“Mangue. The Oto-Pamean group and the Main Oaxacan group were not joined into one family until Sapir's classification in 1929, where it was included in the Hokan family. From the 1950s on reconstructive work began to be done on individual Oto-Manguean language groups. Proto-Oto-Pamean was reconstructed by Doris Bartholomew, Proto-Zapotecan by Morris Swadesh, Proto-Chiapanecโ€“Mangue by Fernรกndez de Miranda and Weitlaner. The classification by Campbell 1997 was the first to present a unified view of the Oto-Manguean languages. In 1981, William Merrifield published a reconstruction of the kinship terminologies of each of the Oto-Manguean branches and of Proto-Oto-Manguean. Unpublished reconstructions of Proto-Oto-Manguean grammar have also been made by Terrence Kaufman. In spite of the lack of a full published reconstruction of proto-Oto-Manguean, the language family has now been widely accepted by specialists, including Lyle Campbell, Terrence Kaufman, and William Poser. Campbell and Poser writing in 2008 concluded that ""Tlapanec-Subtiaba proved not to belong to 'Hokan' as postulated by Sapir (1925a), but to be a branch of Otomanguean ..."" Nonetheless, a few studies have retained the inclusion in Hokan, particularly Joseph Greenberg's widely rejected 1987 classification, as well as its derivative works by Merritt Ruhlen. Writing in 1988, Leonardo Manrique still listed Tlapanec-Mangue as an isolated family. The status of the Amuzgo language as either a part of the Mixtecan group or as forming its own branch from the proto-Oto-Manguean node has been discussed by Longacre, who argued for the latter, but the currently most accepted classification by Campbell (1997) follows Terrence Kaufman in considering Amuzgo to be a branch of Mixtecan. Swadesh (1960) and Rensch included the Huave language as a separate branch within Oto-Manguean, but this inclusion has proved untenable as most of the cognates were loan-words from Zapotec. Huave is now considered an isolate. Longacre (1968) considered Oto-Manguean to be among the most extensively studied language families of the world, with a level of reconstruction rivaling the Indo-European family in completeness, but Kaufman and Justeson (2009) reject this, lamenting the rudimentary reconstruction of Proto-Oto-Manguean lexicon (only c. 350 items have been reconstructed) and grammar. They call for a redoubling of the effort to document and reconstruct several important branches that have received little attention: principally Mixtecan, Popolocan and Oto-Pamean. Brown (2015) evaluates evidence assembled in support of Oto-Manguean. He points out that vocabulary reconstructed for Proto-Oto-Manguean is not supported by regular sound correspondences. While scholars, including Swadesh, Rensch, and Kaufman, have all reconstructed POM words, none have done so with the benefit of detailed sound correspondences and, consequently Brown argues that their reconstructions as well as Oto-Manguean itself are called into question. Nevertheless, Brown (2015) suggests that Oto-Manguean as Sprachbund (language diffusion area) is a reasonable alternative hypothesis to the proposal of Oto-Manguean as a language family. Inclusion in macro-family hypotheses Some early classifications such as that by Brinton, considered that Oto-Manguean languages might be related to Chinese, because like Chinese the languages were tonal and mostly monosyllabic. This idea was quickly abandoned as it was discovered that tonal languages are common, and advances in the historical study of Chinese were made (including the discovery that Old Chinese was non-tonal). Edward Sapir included Subtiabaโ€“Tlapanec in his Hokan phylum, but didn't classify the other Oto-Manguean languages in his famous 1929 classification. In his 1960 classification, Joseph Greenberg considered Oto-Manguean so aberrant from other Native American languages that it was the only accepted family (aside from the Purรฉpecha isolate) which he made a primary branch of his Amerind family. However, in his 1987 revision he linked it with Aztec-Tanoan in a "Central Amerind" branch, apart from Tlapanec which, although it had by then been unequivocally linked to Oto-Manguean, he continued to classify as Hokan. No hypotheses including Oto-Manguean in any higher-level unit have been able to withstand scrutiny. Prehistory The Oto-Manguean family has existed in southern Mexico at least since 2000 BCE and probably several thousand years before, some estimates using the controversial method of glottochronology suggest an approximate splitting date of Proto-Otomanguean at c. 4400 BCE. This makes the Oto-Manguean family the language family of the Americas with the deepest time depth, as well as the oldest language family with evidence of tonal contrast in the proto-language. The Oto-Manguean urheimat has been thought to be in the Tehuacรกn valley in connection with one of the earliest neolithic cultures of Mesoamerica, and although it is now in doubt whether Tehuacรกn was the original home of the Proto-Otomanguean people, it is agreed that the Tehuacรกn culture (5000 BCEโ€“2300 BCE) were likely Oto-Mangue speakers. The long history of the Oto-Manguean family has resulted in considerable linguistic diversity between the branches of the family. Terrence Kaufman compares the diversity between the main branches of Oto-Manguean with that between the main branches of Indo-European. Kaufman also proposes that Oto-Manguean languages are an important candidate for being the source of many of the traits that have diffused into the other languages in the Mesoamerican linguistic area. Oto-Mangue speakers have been among the earliest to form highly complex cultures of Mesoamerica: the archeological site of Monte Albรกn with remains dated as early as 1000 BCE is believed to have been in continuous use by Zapotecs. The undeciphered Zapotec script is one of the earliest forms of Mesoamerican writing. Other Mesoamerican cultural centers which may have been wholly or partly Oto-Manguean include the late classical sites of Xochicalco, which may have been built by Matlatzincas, and Cholula, which may have been inhabited by Manguean peoples. And some propose an Oto-Pamean presence in Teotihuacรกn. The Zapotecs are among the candidates to have invented the first writing system of Mesoamerica โ€“ and in the Post-Classic period the Mixtecs were prolific artesans and codex painters. During the postclassic the Oto-Manguean cultures of Central Mexico became marginalized by the intruding Nahuas and some, like the Chiapanecโ€“Mangue speakers went south into Guerrero, Chiapas and Central America, while others such as the Otomi saw themselves relocated from their ancient homes in the Valley of Mexico to the less fertile highlands on the rim of the valleys. Geography and demographics Western branch Oto-Pamean The languages of the Oto-Pamean branch are spoken in central and western Mexico. The group includes the Otomian languages: Otomi spoken primarily in the states of Mexico, Hidalgo, Puebla and Veracruz (c. 293,000 speakers) and Mazahua spoken in the western part of the State of Mexico (c. 350,000 speakers), and the endangered Matlatzincan languages including Matlatzinca (c. 1000 speakers in the town of San Francisco Oxtotilpa) and Tlahuica (also called Ocuilteco) (c. 400 speakers in the municipio of Ocuilan) both spoken in the State of Mexico; And the Pamean group composed of the two living Pame languages of San Luรญs Potosรญ, Northern Pame being spoken in communities from the north of Rรญo Verde on the border with Tamaulipas (c. 5500 speakers), and Central Pame spoken in the town of Santa Marรญa Acapulco (c. 4000 speakers), the extinct Southern Pame language, and the Chichimeca Jonaz language spoken in Misiรณn de Chichimecas near San Luis de la Paz in the state of Guanajuato (c. 200 speakers). Otomi is traditionally described as a single language, although its many dialects are not all mutually intelligible. The language classification of the SIL International's Ethnologue considers Otomi to be a cover term for nine separate Otomi languages and assigns a different ISO code to each of these nine varieties. Currently, Otomi varieties are spoken collectively by c. 239,000 speakers โ€“ some 5 to 6 percent of whom are monolingual. Because of recent migratory patterns, small populations of Otomi speakers can be found in new locations throughout Mexico and in the United States. The Otomi languages are vigorous in some areas, with children acquiring the language through natural transmission (e.g. in the Mezquital Valley of Hidalgo and in the Highlands). However, three varieties are now considered moribund: those of Ixtenco (Tlaxcala state), Santiago Tilapa and Acazulco (Mexico state), and Cruz del Palmar (Guanajuato state). In some municipalities the level of monolingualism in Otomi is as high as 22.3% (Huehuetla, Hidalgo) or 13.1% (Texcatepec, Veracruz). Monolingualism is normally significantly higher among women than among men. Chinantecan The Chinantecan languages are spoken by c. 93,000 people in Northern Oaxaca and Southern Veracruz in the districts of Cuicatlรกn, Ixtlรกn de Juรกrez, Tuxtepec and Choapan. The Ethnologue recognizes 14 separate varieties with separate ISO codes. Tlapanecโ€“Mangue The Tlapanec language is spoken by c. 75,000 people in Guerrero. There are four principal varieties named after the communities where they are spoken: Acatepec, Azoyรบ, Malinaltepec and Tlacoapa. Recent labor migrations have introduced Tlapanec speaking communities to the state of Morelos. It was closely related to the Subtiaba language which was spoken in Nicaragua but which is now extinct. The Manguean languages are all extinct. They included the Mangue and Chorotega languages that were spoken in Nicaragua and Costa Rica at the beginning of the 20th century, and the Chiapanec language which was spoken in Chiapas, Mexico by a handful of speakers in the 1990s, but is now extinct. Eastern branch Popolocan The Popolocan language group includes the seven different varieties of Popoloca which are spoken in southern Puebla state near Tehuacรกn and Tepexi de Rodrรญguez (c. 30,000 speakers), and the closely related Chocho language (c. 700 speakers) spoken in Northern Oaxaca state, and the 8 different Mazatecan languages spoken in northern Oaxaca (c. 120,000 speakers), and the nearly extinct Ixcatec language spoken in Santa Marรญa Ixcatlรกn (< 8 speakers). The Popolocan languages should not be confused with the languages called Popoluca spoken in the state of Veracruz, which belong to the unrelated Mixeโ€“Zoquean language family. The Mazatecan languages are known for their prolific use of whistled speech. Zapotecan The Zapotecan subgroup is formed by the Zapotec languages (c. 785,000 speakers of all varieties) and the related Chatino languages (c. 23,000 speakers). They are all traditionally spoken in central and southern Oaxaca, but have been spread throughout Mexico and even into the United States through recent labor related migrations. Zapotec languages and dialects fall into four broad geographic divisions: Zapoteco de la Sierra Norte (Northern Zapotec), Valley Zapotec, Zapoteco de la Sierra Sur (Southern Zapotec), and Isthmus Zapotec. Northern Zapotec languages are spoken in the mountainous region of Oaxaca, in the Northern Sierra Madre mountain ranges; Southern Zapotec languages and are spoken in the mountainous region of Oaxaca, in the Southern Sierra Madre mountain ranges; Valley Zapotec languages are spoken in the Valley of Oaxaca, and Isthmus Zapotec languages are spoken in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The Ethnologue recognizes 57 varieties of Zapotec and 6 varieties of Chatino by distinct ISO codes. Mixtecanโ€“Amuzgoan The Mixtecan branch includes the many different, mutually unintelligible varieties of Mixtec spoken by about 511,000 people as well as the Trique (or Triqui) languages, spoken by about 24,500 people and Cuicatec, spoken by about 15,000 people. The Mixtecan languages are traditionally spoken in the region known as La Mixteca, which is shared by the states of Oaxaca, Puebla and Guerrero. Because of migration from this region the Mixtecan languages have expanded to Mexico's main urban areas, particularly the State of Mรฉxico and the Federal District, to certain agricultural areas such as the San Quintรญn valley in Baja California and parts of Morelos and Sonora, and even into the United States. The Mixtec language is a complex set of regional varieties, many of which are not mutually intelligible. The varieties of Mixtec are sometimes grouped by geographic area, using designations such as those of the Mixteca Alta, the Mixteca Baja, and the Mixteca de la Costa. However, the dialects do not actually follow the geographic areas, and the precise historical relationships between the different varieties have not been worked out. The number of varieties of Mixtec depends in part on what the criteria are for grouping them, of course; at one extreme, government agencies once recognized no dialectal diversity. Mutual intelligibility surveys and local literacy programs have led SIL International to identify more than 50 varieties which have been assigned distinct ISO codes. Four Amuzgo varieties are spoken in the Costa Chica region of the states of Guerrero and Oaxaca by about 44,000 speakers. The four varieties recognized by the Mexican government are: Northern Amuzgo (amuzgo del norte, commonly known as Guerrero or (from its major town) Xochistlahuaca Amuzgo), Southern Amuzgo (amuzgo del sur, heretofore classified as a subdialect of Northern Amuzgo); Upper Eastern Amuzgo (amuzgo alto del este, commonly known as Oaxaca Amuzgo or San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo); Lower Eastern Amuzgo (amuzgo bajo del este, commonly known as Ipalapa Amuzgo). These varieties are very similar, but there is a significant difference between western varieties (Northern and Southern) and eastern varieties (Upper Eastern and Lower Eastern), as revealed by recorded text testing done in the 1970s. Phonology Common phonological traits All Oto-Manguean languages have tone: some have only two level tones while others have up to five level tones. Many languages in addition have a number of contour tones. Many Oto-Manguean languages have phonemic vowel nasalization. Many Oto-Manguean languages lack labial consonants, particularly stops and those that do have labial stops normally have these as a reflex of Proto-Oto-Manguean . Tone systems The Oto-Manguean languages have a wide range of tonal systems, some with as many as 10 tone contrasts and others with only two. Some languages have a register system only distinguishing tones by the relative pitch. Others have a contour system that also distinguishes tones with gliding pitch. Most, however, are combinations of the register and contour systems. Tone as a distinguishing feature is entrenched in the structure of the Oto-Manguean languages and in no way a peripheral phenomenon as it is in some languages that are known to have acquired tone recently or which are in a process of losing it. In most Oto-Manguean languages tone serves to distinguish both between the meanings of roots and to indicate different grammatical categories. In Chiquihuitlan Mazatec which has four tones the following minimal pairs occur: cha1 "I talk", cha2 "difficult", cha3 "his hand" cha4 "he talks". The language with the most level tones is Usila Chinantec which has five level tones and no contour tones; Trique of Chicahuaxtla has a similar system. In Copala Trique, which has a mixed system, only three level tones but five tonal registers are distinguished within the contour tones. Many other systems have only three tone levels, such as Tlapanec and Texmelucan Zapotec. Particularly common in the Oto-Pamean branch are small tonal systems with only two level tones and one contour, such as Pame and Otomi. Some others like Matlatzinca and Chichimeca Jonaz only have the level tones and no contour. In some languages, stress influences tone. For example, in Pame, only stressed syllables have a tonal contrast. In Mazahua, the opposite occurs, and all syllables except the final stressed one distinguish tone. In Tlapanec, stress is determined by the tonal contour of the words. Most languages have systems of tone sandhi where the tones of a word or syllable are influenced by other tones in other syllables or words. Chinantec has no Sandhi rules, but Mixtec and Zapotec have elaborate systems. For Mazatec, some dialects have elaborate Sandhi systems (e.g. Soyaltepec) and others do not (e.g. Huautla Mazatec). Some languages (particularly Mixtecan) also have tone terracing where some tones "upstep" or "downstep", causing a rise or drop in pitch level for the entire tonal register in subsequent syllables. Whistled speech Several Oto-Manguean languages have systems of whistled speech, where by whistling the tonal combinations of words and phrases, information can be transmitted over distances without using words. Whistled speech is particularly common in Chinantec, Mazatec and Zapotecan languages. Proto-language Syllable structure Proto-Oto-Manguean allowed only open syllables of the structure CV (or ). Syllable initial consonant clusters are very limited, usually only sibilant-CV, CyV, CwV, nasal-CV, ChV, or are allowed. Many modern Oto-Manguean languages keep these restrictions in syllable structure but others, most notably the Oto-Pamean languages, now allow both final clusters and long syllable initial clusters. This example with three initial and three final consonants is from Northern Pame: "their houses". Phonemes The following phonemes are reconstructed for Proto-Oto-Manguean. Rensch also reconstructs four tones for Proto-Oto-Manguean. A later revised reconstruction by Terrence Kaufman adds the proto-phonemes */ts/, *//, *//, *//, *//, *//, *// and *//, and the vowel combinations */ia/, */ai/, */ea/, and */au/. The Oto-Manguean languages have changed quite a lot from the very spartan phoneme inventory of Proto-Oto-Manguean. Many languages have rich inventories of both vowels and consonants. Many have a full series of fricatives, and some branches (particularly Zapotecan and Chinantecan) distinguish voicing in both stops and fricatives. The voiced series of the Oto-Pamean languages have both fricative and stop allophones. Otomian also have full series of front, central and back vowels. Some analyses of Mixtecan include a series of voiced prenasalised stops and affricates; these can also be analysed as consonant sequences but it would be the only consonant clusters known in the languages. These are some of the most simple sound changes that have served to divide the Oto-Manguean family into subbranches: to in Chatino to in Chiapanecโ€“Mangue, Oto-Pame, and Isthmus Zapotec to in Mixtecan to in Chatino to before vowels in Oto-Pame to before vowels in Oto-Pame and Amuzgo Lexicon The following lexical reconstructions of Proto-Oto-Manguean are from Kaufman (1983). The reconstructions are tentative, and are hence marked using two asterisks (**). {| class="wikitable sortable" ! gloss !! Proto-Oto-Manguean |- | to sit || **hku |- | to dawn || **(n)xษ™(n) |- | fire; fever || **xi |- | three || **hษ”(n) |- | to choose || **xสทษ™ |- | to blow; to whistle || **xสทi |- | ripe || **hwe |- | to die || **(h)wษ™ |- | flattened; squashed || **(ส”)ma(h) |- | root || **mA |- | cloud; dew; rain || **nwa |- | to weave || **(n)wa |- | to hit || **(n)pah |- | bark || **kสทa |- | deer || **kสทa |- | rabbit || **kVwa |- | cocoa beans; edible pod || **kVwa |- | cure; medicine; herb || **lya |- | road || **lyษ” |- | flower || **lih |- | salt || **re(n) |- | sugar cane || **ro |- | eight || **(h)Nye |- | two || **(n)yU |- | hand || **(n)ya |- | teeth || **ส”(Y)nu |- | and || **ส”(Y)ne |- | bad || **cษ” |- | grindstone || **ci |- | Indian || **sa(n) |- | up || **sษ” |- | word || **ส”ษ”n |- | turkey hen || **ส”O |- | opening || **ส”A |- | to bury || **ส”A |- | to shake || **(n)pi |- | little || **ci |- | slowly || **(h,n)wi |- | two || **wi |- | hard; stone; metal || **kษจ |- | to defecate || **tษจ |- | butterfly || **seh |- | short || **ส”te |- | elbow || **me |- | early evening; dark || **nษ™ |- | eye || **(n)tษ™ |- | I || **na |- | nopal || **nส”ta |- | to work || **ส”ta |- | leaf || **kษ” |- | this || **lษ” |- | dog || **lyษ” |- | net || **nษ” |- | fingernail || **-ku |- | cornfield || **nu |- | water jug || **su |- | to close || **ko |- | milk || **co |- | just, only || **to |- | Indian || **Hwi(n) |- | to die || **tษจ(n) |- | seed || **kyen |- | corndough || **l/c-ษ”xen |- | corncob || **re(n) |- | deep || **xษ™n |- | ear of corn || **yษ™n |- | blood || **yษ™n(h) |- | hail || **can |- | nine || **Xa(n) |- | night, dusk; dream, sleep || **yan |- | honeybee || **yษ”n |- | thorn || **yษ”n |- | black || **tun |- | oven || **tun |- | mother || **co(n) |- | yellow || **nรฆ |- | sing; pray; music || **sรฆ |- | to do || **cรฆ |- | to dance || **tรฆ |- | cactus || **lawรฆ |- | market || **ส”wรฆ |- | to bathe || **sรฆ |- | corn || **sรฆ(n)ส” |- | skin, bark || **tuwa |- | animal || **kiyษ” |- | foot || **c/l-a(h)ku |- | sharp || **cษชส”yษ™ |- | ear || **l/y-ษ”kษ”(n) |- | blood; meat || **ryi(+)ne |- | ixtle || **siya |- | guts; heart || **(n)seส”ษ™(n) |- | white || **tyuwa |- | mouth || **c/l-oส”wษ” |- | mountain; cliff || **xeyA |- | coyote || **(n)aส”yu |- | squash || **lษ”ken |- | cotton || **syi lyษ” |- | cotton cloth || **lyษ” tyE |- | wide; far; long || **si (n)tU |- | infant; small || **weส” ne |- | nose || **syi (n)yษจn |- | house; fence; church || **(n)ku ส”wa |} Notes References External links Comparative Swadesh vocabulary lists for Oto-Manguean languages (from Wiktionary) Feist, Timothy & Enrique L. Palancar. (2015). Oto-Manguean Inflectional Case Database. https://oto-manguean.surrey.ac.uk/University of Surrey. doi:10.15126/SMG.28/1 SIL on the Oto-Manguean Stock ย , by Rosemary Beam de Azcona Feist, Timothy, Matthew Baerman, Greville G. Corbett & Erich Round. 2019. Surrey Lexical Splits Visualisations (Chichimec). University of Surrey. Chichimec verb paradigm visualisations . https://lexicalsplits.surrey.ac.uk/chichimec.html Language families
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%EB%85%84%20%ED%95%98%EA%B3%84%20%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%BC%ED%94%BD%20%EC%95%BC%EA%B5%AC
2020๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์•ผ๊ตฌ
์ œ32ํšŒ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ์‹œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€๊ณผ ํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆ์‹œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆ ํ˜„์˜ ์•„์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๊ตฌ์žฅ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” 2020๋…„์— ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฒ”์œ ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ 1๋…„ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋˜์–ด 2021๋…„ 7์›” 28์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 8์›” 7์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1๋…„ ํ›„์—๋„ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฒ”์œ ํ–‰์ด ์ง€์†ํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ ์•„์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๋ถ€ ๋ฌด๊ด€์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋„๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ์•„์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ๋„ ๋ฌด๊ด€์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์–ด ์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ฌด๊ด€์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 5์ „ ์ „์Šน์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์ด ๊ธˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ํš๋“ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์€๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ๋™๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์ด ํš๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์•ผ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ ์ด์ง•์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ 2008๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ดํ›„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ •์‹์ข…๋ชฉ์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธ๋˜์—ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์ž๋งŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์•ผ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๋…€ํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์ค‘์š”์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ •์‹ ์— ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์‹์ข…๋ชฉ ์žฌ์ง„์ž…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตญ์ œ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์—ฐ๋งน(IBAF)๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ณผ ์—ฐ๋งน(ISF)์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ณผ ์—ฐ๋งน(WSBC)์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ณผ ์—ฐ๋งน์€ ์•ผ๊ตฌ์™€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ณผ์„ ๋‹จ์ผ์ข…๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ผ๊ตฌใ†์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ณผ(์„ธ๋ถ€์ข…๋ชฉ ๋‚จ์ž ์•ผ๊ตฌ, ์—ฌ์ž ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ณผ)์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ •์‹์ข…๋ชฉ์— ์ง€์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง€์ ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 7์ด๋‹ ์ œ๋„๋„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 12์›” 20์ผ์—๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์œ„์›ํšŒ(IOC)๊ฐ€ ์Šค์œ„์Šค ๋กœ์ž”์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ •์‹์ข…๋ชฉ ์ฑ„ํƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์  ํ…Œ์ด์…˜์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ ˆ์  ํ…Œ์ด์…˜ ๋„์ค‘์— ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ถœ์‹  ์•ผ๊ตฌ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์•Œ๋ ˆ์‚ฐ๋“œ๋กœ ๋งˆ์—์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฟˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 2013๋…„ 9์›” 9์ผ ์ œ125์ฐจ ์ดํšŒ์—์„œ ์ •์‹์ข…๋ชฉ ๊ด€๋ จ ํˆฌํ‘œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋ง์€ 49ํ‘œ, ์•ผ๊ตฌใ†์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ณผ์ด 24ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์–ป์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ •์‹์ข…๋ชฉ ์žฌ์ง„์ž…์— ์‹คํŒจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ 12์›” 8์ผ ๊ตญ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์œ„์›ํšŒ(IOC) ์ œ127์ฐจ ์ž„์‹œ์ดํšŒ์—์„œ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์–ด์  ๋‹ค 2020 ์•ˆ๊ฑด์„ ์‹ฌ์˜ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ๋ณต๊ท€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์–ด์  ๋‹ค 2020 ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ค‘ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋„์‹œ์— ์ข…๋ชฉ ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ตœ๊ตญ์ธ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•ผ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณต๊ท€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ปค์กŒ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ ๋„์ฟ„์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์กฐ์ง์œ„์›ํšŒ๊ฐ€ 2015๋…„ 9์›” 28์ผ ์•ผ๊ตฌใ†์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ณผ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ผํ…Œ, ์Šค์ผ€์ดํŠธ๋ณด๋”ฉ, ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ํด๋ผ์ด๋ฐ, ์„œํ•‘๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ •์‹์ข…๋ชฉ ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์œ„์›ํšŒ(IOC) ์ถ”์ฒœํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์ •์‹์ข…๋ชฉ ์ฑ„ํƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด ์ผ๋ณธ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์—ฌ๋ก ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 2016๋…„ 8์›” 4์ผ ๊ตญ์ œ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์œ„์›ํšŒ(IOC)๊ฐ€ ๋„์ฟ„์กฐ์ง์œ„์›ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ 5๊ฐœ ์ข…๋ชฉ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์Šน์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 12๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ์ •์‹์ข…๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต๊ท€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์„  ๋ฐ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€๊ตญ ์œ ๋Ÿฝใ†์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์˜ˆ์„  2019๋…„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์ƒ์œ„ 5๊ฐœ๊ตญ๊ณผ 2019๋…„ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ธ ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ/์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์˜ˆ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ์šฐ์Šนํ•œ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ง„์ถœ๊ถŒ์„ ํš๋“ํ–ˆ๊ณ  2์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ๊ฐ„ ์ตœ์ข… ์˜ˆ์„  ์ง„์ถœ๊ถŒ์„ ํš๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ WBSC ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด 12 ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด 12 ๋Œ€ํšŒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ WSBC ์„ธ๊ณ„๋žญํ‚น ์ƒ์œ„ 12๊ฐœ๊ตญ์ด ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํšŒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๊ตญ์ธ ์ผ๋ณธ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ์•„์‹œ์•„/์˜ค์„ธ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ตœ์ƒ์œ„ ํŒ€๊ณผ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์ตœ์ƒ์œ„ ํŒ€์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ง„์ถœ๊ถŒ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์šฐ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ค€์šฐ์Šน์„ ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊ณผ 3์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ง„์ถœ๊ถŒ์„ ํš๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์˜ˆ์„  2019๋…„ WBSC ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด 12์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ง„์ถœ๊ถŒ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ 6๊ฐœ๊ตญ๊ณผ 2019๋…„ ํŒฌ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ ์ƒ์œ„ 2๊ฐœ๊ตญ์ด ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์šฐ์Šนํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ง„์ถœ๊ถŒ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  2์œ„ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ๊ณผ 3์œ„ ๋ฒ ๋„ค์ˆ˜์—˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ๊ฐ„ ์ตœ์ข… ์˜ˆ์„ ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ๊ฐ„ ์ตœ์ข… ์˜ˆ์„  2019๋…„ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฏธ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ถœ์ „๊ถŒ์„ ํš๋“ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ์œ„ 2๊ฐœ๊ตญ(์ค‘๊ตญ, ์ค‘ํ™” ํƒ€์ด๋ฒ ์ด)๊ณผ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์˜ˆ์„  ํ†ต๊ณผ๊ตญ(๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ, ๋ฒ ๋„ค์ˆ˜์—˜๋ผ), ์œ ๋Ÿฝใ†์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์˜ˆ์„  ํ†ต๊ณผ๊ตญ(๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ), ์˜ค์„ธ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ(์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„) ์ด 6๊ฐœ๊ตญ์ด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๊ฐ„ ์ตœ์ข… ์˜ˆ์„ ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด 2021๋…„ 5์›” 24์ผ ์ตœ์ข… ์˜ˆ์„ ์— ๋ถˆ์ฐธํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ค‘ํ™” ํƒ€์ด๋ฒ ์ด๋„ ์ค‘ํ™” ์ง์—…๋ด‰๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์—ฐ๋งน์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋ถˆ์ฐธ ์„ ์–ธ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด ์„ ์ˆ˜๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด ๋ถˆ์ฐธ ์„ ์–ธ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ 6์›” 9์ผ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถˆ์ฐธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด 3๊ฐœ๊ตญ์ด ์ตœ์ข… ์˜ˆ์„ ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์ด ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์—์„œ ๋ฒ ๋„ค์ˆ˜์—˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ 8-5๋กœ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ง„์ถœ๊ถŒ์„ ํš๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋„์ฟ„๋„ ์ธ๊ทผ ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ์‹œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ ์Šคํƒ€๋””์›€์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆ์‹œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆ ํ˜„์˜ ์•„์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๊ตฌ์žฅ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ตœ ๋„์‹œ์ธ ๋„์ฟ„๋„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„์ฟ„๋”์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌด๋กœ์ด ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์•ผ๋Š” ๋„์ฟ„๋” ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์ƒ์—… ์‹œ์„ค์ด ๋ฐ€์ง‘ํ•ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์ฟ„๋„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•ผ๊ตฌ์žฅ์ธ ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์ง„๊ตฌ ์•ผ๊ตฌ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ๊ตญ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์™€ ๋‚ด๋นˆ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์žฅ์†Œ, ์ž์žฌ ์ฐฝ๊ณ  ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆ ์ด์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์•ผ๊ตฌ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆํ˜„์˜ ๋ถ€ํฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆ ์ œ1 ์›์ž๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 70km ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ ์•ผ๊ตฌ์žฅ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋Šฅ ์˜ค์—ผํ† ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋œ ์ ์—์„œ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ผ์ • ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ช…๋‹จ ์ด 6๊ฐœ๊ตญ์—์„œ 144๋ช…์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ด์ €๋ฆฌ๊ทธ(MLB)์‚ฌ๋ฌด๊ตญ์ด 40์ธ ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ๋›ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ FA, ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด ์„ ์ˆ˜๋งŒ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ KBO ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ํ”„๋กœ ์•ผ๊ตฌ(NPB)๋Š” ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ์ถœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์กฐ ํŽธ์„ฑ์€ 2021๋…„ 6์›” WBSC ๋žญํ‚น์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. A์กฐ-์ผ๋ณธ(1์œ„), ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”(5์œ„), ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ(7์œ„) B์กฐ-๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ(3์œ„), ๋ฏธ๊ตญ(4์œ„), ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜(24์œ„) ๊ฒฐ์„  ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋œ ๋”๋ธ” ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋„ค์ด์…˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ 1๋ผ์šด๋“œ-2๋ผ์šด๋“œ-ํŒจ์ž๋ถ€ํ™œ์ „-์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน-๋™๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ „ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋ณ„ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1์œ„ ํŒ€์€ 2๋ผ์šด๋“œ์— ์งํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 4ํŒ€์€ 1๋ผ์šด๋“œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์Šน๋ถ€์น˜๊ธฐ 9ํšŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋™์ ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, 10ํšŒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฃผ์ž 1, 2๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฝœ๋“œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ (Mercy Rule) 5ํšŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์–‘ ํŒ€์˜ ์ ์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 15์  ์ด์ƒ, 7ํšŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์–‘ ํŒ€์˜ ์ ์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 10์  ์ด์ƒ์ด๋ฉด ์ฝœ๋“œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ข…๋ฃŒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฒ”์œ ํ–‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŠน๋ณ„ ๊ทœ์ • ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํŒ€ ์ค‘์—์„œ ํ™•์ง„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ, ํ™•์ง„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜จ ํŒ€์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ํŒ€๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ๋ผ์šด๋“œ ๋กœ๋นˆ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ’€๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฅธ๋‹ค. 1-2์œ„ ํŒ€์ด ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „, 3-4์œ„ ํŒ€์ด ๋™๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ „์— ์ง„์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์Šน ์ง„์ถœ ํŒ€์—์„œ ํ™•์ง„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ, ์ฐจ์ˆœ์œ„ ํŒ€์ด ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์— ์ง„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ , ๋™๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ „ ์ง„์ถœํ•œ ํŒ€์—์„œ ํ™•์ง„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ, ์ƒ๋Œ€ํŒ€์ด ๋™๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ทœ์ • ๋น„๋””์˜ค ํŒ๋…์€ ์ •๊ทœ ์ด๋‹์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‚˜ ํŒ์ • ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋ฉด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์Šน๋ถ€์น˜๊ธฐ ๋Œ์ž… ์‹œ์—๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ํŒ๋…์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 8ํšŒ ์ดํ›„, ์‹ฌํŒ ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ํŒ๋…์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํˆฌ์ˆ˜์˜ ํˆฌ๊ตฌ ์ œํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 20์ดˆ๋กœ ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์š”์•ฝ A์กฐ ์ผ๋ณธ, ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ, ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ A์กฐ์—์„œ ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. A์กฐ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์„ ๋ฐœํˆฌ์ˆ˜์ธ ์•ผ๋งˆ๋ชจํ†  ์š”์‹œ๋…ธ๋ถ€์™€ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํผ ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์„ธ๋ฐ์Šค ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ€„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ผ๋งˆ๋ชจํ† ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋ถˆํŽœํˆฌ์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ 3-1๋กœ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์ด ์•ž์„œ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜จ ํ•˜์ด๋กœ ์–ด์„ผ์‹œ์˜ค๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์‹ค์ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ 3-3 ๋™์ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  1์‚ฌ ๋งŒ๋ฃจ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ฐ•ํŒ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์ž” ๋งˆ๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๋„ค์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์นด๋ชจํ†  ํ•˜์•ผํ† ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์ฒซ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋’€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์— ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•œ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์€ ์ดํ‹€ ๋’ค์ธ 7์›” 30์ผ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์™€ ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์„ ๋ฐœ ์•™ํ—ฌ ์‚ฐ์ฒด์Šค๋Š” 5์ด๋‹ ๋ฌด์‹ค์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  5ํšŒ์— ๋ฉœํ‚ค ์นด๋ธŒ๋ ˆ๋ผ์˜ ์ ์‹œํƒ€๋กœ 1๋Œ€0 ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์กฐ๋ณ„๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ์•ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฐ์“ฐํ† ์™€ ์‚ฌ์นด๋ชจํ†  ํ•˜์•ผํ† ์˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ 7์ ์„ ๋ฝ‘์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋Š” 8ํšŒ์— 2์  ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ถ”๊ฒฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์—ญ์ „์— ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ์€ 2๋ผ์šด๋“œ ์ง„์ถœ์ž๊ฒฉ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. B์กฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ, ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด B์กฐ์—์„œ ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 7์›” 29์ผ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์ด ์ด์•ˆ ํ‚จ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ๋ผ๋ฐ˜์›จ์ด์˜ 2์  ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์œผ๋กœ 4-2๋กœ ์•ž์„œ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 7ํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด 3์ ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์—ญ์ „์„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ผ๋ฐ˜์›จ์ด๊ฐ€ 9ํšŒ ์˜ค์Šนํ™˜์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ 1์  ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ์น˜๋ฉฐ 5-5 ๋™์ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์žฅ 10ํšŒ ๋ง 2์‚ฌ ๋งŒ๋ฃจ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ œ๋ ˆ๋ฏธ ๋ธ”๋ ˆ์ด์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง„ ๊ณต์ด ์–‘์˜์ง€์˜ ๋ชธ์— ๋งž์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ตœ์ข… ์Šค์ฝ”์–ด 5-6์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด ์Šน๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ 8-1๋กœ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ ๋ฐœํˆฌ์ˆ˜ ์กฐ ๋ผ์ด์–ธ์˜ 6์ด๋‹ 1์‹ค์  ํˆฌ๊ตฌ์™€ ํƒ€์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ค์Šคํ‹ด์˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ, ์—๋”” ์•Œ๋ฐ”๋ ˆ์ฆˆ์˜ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐํžˆํŠธ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์€ 4ํšŒ ๋Œ€๋‹ˆ ๋ฐœ๋ Œ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ 1์  ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 7์›” 31์ผ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 1ํšŒ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด ๋ฌด์‚ฌ 1, 3๋ฃจ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„œ ๊น€ํ˜„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋•…๋ณผ๋กœ ๋จผ์ € ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 4ํšŒ ๋ง ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ„ด ์นด์‚ฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์˜ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ 2์  ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ์น˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์—ญ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 5ํšŒ ๋‹‰ ์•จ๋Ÿฐ์˜ 1์  ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ์ ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ ์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ๋Š” 4-1๋กœ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 9ํšŒ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด 1์ ์„ ๋ƒˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์—ญ์ „์— ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์Šน๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ 2๋ผ์šด๋“œ ์ง„์ถœ์ž๊ฒฉ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1ใ†2๋ผ์šด๋“œ 8์›” 1์ผ 12์‹œ์™€ 19์‹œ์— 1๋ผ์šด๋“œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ „์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜๊ณผ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์ด 12-5๋กœ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ 2๋ผ์šด๋“œ์— ์ง„์ถœํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋Š” 6์œ„๋กœ ๋Œ€ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋Š” 3ํšŒ 4์ , 6ํšŒ 1์ ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฉฐ 6-5๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋๋‚ด ์—ญ์ „์—๋Š” ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ›„์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์ด 9ํšŒ๊นŒ์ง€ 3-1๋กœ ์•ž์„œ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 9ํšŒ ๋ง ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด ์ถ”๊ฒฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋™์ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊น€ํ˜„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉฐ 3-4๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด ์—ญ์ „์Šน์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๋ฉด์„œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด 2๋ผ์šด๋“œ์— ์ง„์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 8์›” 2์ผ 12์‹œ์— 2๋ผ์šด๋“œ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด 5ํšŒ 7๋“์ ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ 11์„ ๋‚ด๋ฉฐ 11-1, 7ํšŒ ์ฝœ๋“œ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์Šน์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์€ 5ํšŒ ์ดˆ ๋งŒ๋ฃจ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋‹ˆ ๋ฐœ๋ Œ์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋ณผ๋„ท์œผ๋กœ 1์ ์„ ๋“์ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ถ”๊ฒฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์—ญ์ „์—๋Š” ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 19์‹œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 5-6์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์•ž์„œ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 9ํšŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํˆฌ์ˆ˜ ์Šค์ฝง ๋งฅ๊ณ ํ”„๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ๋“์ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋™์ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ด๋ณธ์€ 10ํšŒ ๋ง ์Šน๋ถ€์น˜๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋ฒˆํŠธ ํ›„ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฐ€์ด ๋‹ค์ฟ ์•ผ์˜ ๋๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์•ˆํƒ€๋กœ 6-7๋กœ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ์˜ค์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน 1์— ์ง„์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒจ์ž๋ถ€ํ™œ์ „์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์ด ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ํŒจ์ž๋ถ€ํ™œ์ „์— ์ง„์ถœํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์€ 5์œ„๋กœ ๋Œ€ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์ „์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน 2์—, ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์€ ๋™๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ „์— ์ง„์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ 2๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด 8์›” 4์ผ 19์‹œ์— ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน 1์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน 1์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ ํŒ€์€ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์œผ๋กœ ์งํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•œ ํŒ€์€ ํŒจ์ž๋ถ€ํ™œ์ „์—์„œ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์˜จ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน 2๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์€ KT ์œ„์ฆˆ ์†Œ์† ๊ณ ์˜ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜ค๋ฆญ์Šค ๋ฒ„ํŒ”๋กœ์Šค ์†Œ์† ์•ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฐ์“ฐํ† ๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ฐœํˆฌ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์˜ˆ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์ด 3ํšŒ ๋ง 1์‚ฌ 2, 3๋ฃจ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์นด๋ชจํ†  ํ•˜์•ผํ† ์˜ ํฌ์ƒํ”Œ๋ผ์ด๋กœ ๋จผ์ € ๋“์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 5ํšŒ์—๋„ ์š”์‹œ๋‹ค ๋งˆ์‚ฌํƒ€์นด์˜ ์ ์‹œํƒ€๋กœ 0-2๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด 6ํšŒ ์ดˆ ๋ฐ•ํ•ด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•๋ฐฑํ˜ธ์˜ ์•ˆํƒ€๋กœ ๋“์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊น€ํ˜„์ˆ˜์˜ ์ค‘์ „์•ˆํƒ€๋กœ 2-2 ๋™์ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8ํšŒ ๋ง ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์€ ๊ณ ์šฐ์„์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๊ต์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํƒ€์ž์ธ ์•„์‚ฌ๋ฌด๋ผ ํžˆ๋ฐํ† ๋Š” ์‚ผ์ง„์„ ๋‹นํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์•ผ๋‚˜๊ธฐํƒ€ ์œ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฉฐ 1์‚ฌ 1๋ฃจ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ณค๋„ ๊ฒ์Šค์ผ€๊ฐ€ ๋ณ‘์‚ดํƒ€์„ฑ ๋•…๋ณผ์„ ์น˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋‹์ด ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณ ์šฐ์„์ด ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐŸ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ 2์‚ฌ 1๋ฃจ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ณ ์šฐ์„์€ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ํญํˆฌ, ๊ณ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ตฌ, ๋ณผ๋„ท์œผ๋กœ 2์‚ฌ ๋งŒ๋ฃจ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ  ์•ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ…Œ์Šคํ† ๊ฐ€ ์‹น์“ธ์ด 2๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด 5-2๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 9ํšŒ ์ดˆ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์•ผ์‹œ ๋ฃŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์˜ค์ง€ํ™˜์ด ๋ณผ๋„ท์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ฃจํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ถ”๊ฒฉ์—๋Š” ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์— ์ง„์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน 1์—์„œ ํŒจํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊ณผ ํŒจ์ž๋ถ€ํ™œ์ „์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด 8์›” 5์ผ 19:00์— ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ ์žฌ๋Œ€๊ฒฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์กฐ ๋ผ์ด์–ธ์„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์€ ์ด์˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ ๋ฐœํˆฌ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ์ด์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ 2ํšŒ ๋ง ์žญ ๋กœํŒจ์ฆˆ์˜ 1ํƒ€์  ์ ์‹œํƒ€์™€ 4ํšŒ ๋ง ์ œ์ด๋ฏธ ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ๋ธŒ๋ฃฉ์˜ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์œผ๋กœ 0-2 ์•ž์„œ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 5ํšŒ์— ๋ฐ•ํ•ด๋ฏผ์ด ์ ์‹œํƒ€๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์€ 1์  ์ฐจ ์ถ”๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ 4โ…“์ด๋‹ ๋˜์ง„ ์กฐ ๋ผ๋ฆฌ์–ธ์„ ๋ผ์ด๋” ๋ผ์ด์–ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ฒดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๋ฐฑํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ 2๋ฃจ ๋•…๋ณผ๋กœ ๋ณ‘์‚ดํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉฐ ๋” ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ 6ํšŒ 5๋“์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 7ํšŒ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด ์˜ค์ง€ํ™˜์˜ ์ ์‹œํƒ€๋กœ 1๋“์  ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์Šน๋ฆฌ์—๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉฐ 7-2๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์— ์ง„์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์€ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๋™๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ „์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ „ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์€ 1๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚˜์™”๋˜ ๋ผ์šธ ๋ฐœ๋ฐ์Šค๋ฅผ, ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์€ ๊น€๋ฏผ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์„ ๋ฐœํˆฌ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์˜ˆ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€๋ฏผ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ›Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋กœ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์Šค์™€ ํ›„์•ˆ ํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ 1ํšŒ์— ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์ด 4๋“์ ์„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊น€๋ฏผ์šฐ๋Š” ์•„์›ƒ ์นด์šดํŠธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ์„ ์žก์€ ์ฑ„ ๊ต์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2ํšŒ ๋ง ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด 1๋“์  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ถ”๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ 4ํšŒ ๋ง ๊น€ํ˜„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 1์  ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ์น˜๋ฉฐ 4-2๋กœ ์ขํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. 5ํšŒ ์ดˆ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์ด 1๋“์  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ 5-2๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 5ํšŒ ๋ง ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด ์–‘์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๊น€ํ˜œ์„ฑ, ๋ฐ•ํ•ด๋ฏผ์˜ 3์—ฐ์† ์•ˆํƒ€์™€ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜์˜ ํญํˆฌ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ฐ•๋ฐฑํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์ „์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด 6-5๋กœ ์—ญ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 8ํšŒ์— ๋‚˜์˜จ ์˜ค์Šนํ™˜์ด ํ—ค์ด์† ๊ตฌ์Šค๋งŒ์˜ ์šฐ์ „์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ 1์‚ฌ ๋งŒ๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์Šนํ™˜์˜ ํญํˆฌ๋กœ 6-6 ๋™์ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ํ›„์•ˆ ํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ”์˜ 2ํƒ€์  2๋ฃจํƒ€๋กœ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์—ญ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์š”ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์—์‹œ์Šค์˜ 2์  ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค์Šนํ™˜์€ 5์‹ค์ ์„ ํ•œ ์ฑ„ ๋งˆ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ ค์™”๋‹ค. ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์€ 9ํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ 1์ ๋„ ๋‚ด์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋™๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ง€๋‚œ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์˜ ์šฐ์Šน ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ธ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์€ 4์œ„๋กœ ๋Œ€ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๊ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์—์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์‹œํƒ€ ๋งˆ์‚ฌํ† ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋‹‰ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๋„ค์Šค๊ฐ€ ์„ ๋ฐœํˆฌ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. 3ํšŒ ๋ฌด๋ผ์นด๋ฏธ ๋ฌด๋„คํƒ€์นด๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ ๋ฐœํˆฌ์ˆ˜ ๋‹‰ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๋„ค์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ์น˜๋ฉฐ 1-0์œผ๋กœ ์•ž์„œ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ 5ํšŒ ์ดˆ 2์‚ฌ 1, 2๋ฃจ์™€ 7ํšŒ ์ดˆ 2์‚ฌ 3๋ฃจ ๋“ฑ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์—๋”” ์•Œ๋ฐ”๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ํƒ€์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋•…๋ณผ์„ ์น˜๋ฉฐ ๋“์ ์— ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 7ํšŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์˜ค๋˜ 1-0 ์Šน๋ถ€๋Š” 8ํšŒ์— ๊นจ์กŒ๋‹ค. 8ํšŒ 1์‚ฌ 2๋ฃจ์—์„œ ์š”์‹œ๋‹ค ๋งˆ์‚ฌํƒ€์นด๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์ „์•ˆํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋•Œ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ค‘๊ฒฌ์ˆ˜ ์žญ ๋กœํŽ˜์Šค์˜ ์†ก๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํฌ์ˆ˜ ๋งˆํฌ ์ฝœ๋กœ์ฆˆ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋’ค๋กœ ๋น ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ 3๋ฃจ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์•ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฐ์“ฐํ† ๊ฐ€ ํ™ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋ฉฐ 2-0์œผ๋กœ ์ ์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ํˆฌ์ˆ˜์ธ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์•ผ์‹œ ๋ฃŒ์ง€๊ฐ€ 1์ด๋‹ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฌด์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง‰์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด 5์ „์ „์Šน์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์ข…๋ชฉ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ฒซ ๊ธˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ํš๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 2000๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ดํ›„ 21๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ๊ธˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์— ๋„์ „ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์€๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ํš๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์†Œ์† ์—๋”” ์•Œ๋ฐ”๋ ˆ์ฆˆ๋Š” 2014๋…„ ๋™๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์—์„œ ์‡ผํŠธํŠธ๋ž™ ์€๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์— ์ด์–ด ์ด๋ฒˆ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ์€๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์—์„œ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ํš๋“ํ•œ 6๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋ณ„ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋…น์ƒ‰()์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ํŒ€์€ ๊ฒฐ์„  ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ 2๋ผ์šด๋“œ์— ์งํ–‰ํ•œ ํŒ€์ด๋‹ค. ํ™ฉ์ƒ‰()์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ํŒ€์€ ๊ฒฐ์„  ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ 1๋ผ์šด๋“œ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•œ ํŒ€์ด๋‹ค. A์กฐ B์กฐ ๊ฒฐ์„  ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ ๋”๋ธ” ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋„ค์ด์…˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ 10๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ง„ํ‘œ 1๋ผ์šด๋“œ 2๋ผ์šด๋“œ ํŒจ์ž๋ถ€ํ™œ์ „ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๋™๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ „ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ์šฐ์Šน ์ตœ์ข… ์ˆœ์œ„ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ ์˜ฌ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝํŒ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ณผ ์—ฐ๋งน(WSBC)๋Š” ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ํ›„ ๊ฐ ํฌ์ง€์…˜๋ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํšŒ MVP๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์•ผ๊ตฌ 2020๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ณผ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์•ผ๊ตฌ 2021๋…„ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆ์‹œ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆ์‹œ์˜ ์Šคํฌ์ธ 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball%20at%20the%202020%20Summer%20Olympics
Baseball at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Baseball was featured at the 2020 Summer Olympics, in Tokyo, for the first time since the 2008 Summer Olympics. Six national teams competed in the tournament: Israel, Japan (host), Mexico, South Korea, the United States, and the Dominican Republic. Baseball/softball was one of five sports that were added to the programme of the 2020 Summer Olympics only. It will not return in 2024. The tournament was originally scheduled to be held in 2020, but on 24 March 2020, the Olympics were postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, the games were played behind closed doors. Medalists Qualification Six national teams qualified for the Olympic baseball tournament. Japan automatically qualified, as the host nation. Israel qualified by winning the September 2019 Europe/Africa continental tournament. Two teams qualified through the 2019 WBSC Premier12 tournament in November 2019. South Korea qualified as the best-placed team from the Asia/Oceania region (other than Japan, which already qualified as host), while Mexico qualified as the best-placed team from the Americas. The United States qualified by winning the Americas Qualifying Event that was originally scheduled to take place in March 2020, but was postponed to May/June 2021 because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The final spot was awarded to the Dominican Republic which won a world Final Qualifying Tournament in late June 2021. Competition schedule Team squads Competition format The small number of teams in the tournament resulted in an unusual competition format being adopted that featured 16 games. There was an opening group round-robin round, and a modified double-elimination bracket. For the group round, there were two pools of three teams each. Each team played the other two teams in its pool once. A total of six games were played in the group round. In the knockout round, the first three games featured teams that each finished in the same position in their respective pools (A1 vs B1, A2 vs B2, A3 vs B3). The loser of the A3 vs. B3 game was eliminated (with only one loss in the elimination round, plus one or two in the group stage). After this, play continued in double-elimination format until there is one team left in each of the winners and losers brackets. Those two teams played in the gold medal game (a single game; the losers bracket representative does not need to beat the winners bracket representative twice). The last two teams eliminated from the losers bracket played in the bronze medal game. In total, 10 games are played in the knockout round: A3 vs B3 (loser eliminated) A2 vs B2 Winner of #1 vs Winner of #2 A1 vs B1 Loser of #2 vs Loser of #3 (loser eliminated) Loser of #4 vs Winner of #5 (loser to bronze medal game) Winner of #3 vs Winner of #4 (winner to gold medal game) Loser of #7 vs Winner of #6 (winner to gold medal game, loser to bronze medal game) Bronze medal game: Loser of #6 vs Loser of #8 Gold medal game: Winner of #7 vs. Winner of #8 Thus, the best two teams from group play face each other in the quarterfinals, with a possible rematch later in the tournament (including the gold medal game, if the winner also wins its next game and the loser wins its next two). Group stage The schedule was announced on 28 June 2021. Note that "Qualification" column represents positional seeding in the knockout stage, effective at the conclusion of the group stage. All times are local (UTC+9). Group A Group B Knockout stage Bracket Round 1 Round 2 Round 1 repechage Round 2 repechage Semifinals Bronze medal game Gold medal game Final standings All-Olympic team Selected by the World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC). See also Softball at the 2020 Summer Olympics References External links Results book 2020 2020 Summer Olympics events 2020 Summer Olympics Olympics Olympics Olympics
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%A9%EC%A0%9C%EB%93%A4%EC%9D%98%20%ED%8F%AC%EB%A3%B8
ํ™ฉ์ œ๋“ค์˜ ํฌ๋ฃธ
ํ™ฉ์ œ๋“ค์˜ ํฌ๋ฃธ()๋Š” ๋กœ๋งˆ์— ์„ธ์›Œ์กŒ๋˜ ํ™ฉ์ œ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋…๋น„์ ์ธ ํฌ๋ฃธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 46๋…„์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์›ํ›„ 113๋…„๊นŒ์ง€, ์ด 150๋…„์˜ ์„ธ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ™ฉ์ œ๋“ค์˜ ํฌ๋ฃธ์€ ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ณตํ™”์ •๊ณผ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ถ€์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™ฉ์ œ๋“ค์˜ ํฌ๋ฃธ์€ ํฌ๋ฃธ ๋กœ๋งˆ๋ˆ”์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ, ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œจ๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค ์นด์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ณณ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ์„ธ์› ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ›„ ์ด ๊ณณ์€ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์ข…๊ต, ์ •์น˜, ํ–‰์ •์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ง€์˜€๋‹ค. 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋“ค์–ด ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ํŒŒ์‹œ์ฆ˜ ๋…์žฌ์ž์˜€๋˜ ๋ฒ ๋‹ˆํ†  ๋ฌด์†”๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜๊ด‘์„ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ๊ณณ์„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ณต์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌด์†”๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋ณต์› ์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ํฌ๋ฃธ ์œ ์  ํ•œ๋ณตํŒ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋šซ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์œ ์ ์„ ๋”๋”์šฑ ํŒŒ๊ดด์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์†”๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์  ํ•œ๋ณตํŒ์— ๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋šซ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์—์„œ ์ฝœ๋กœ์„ธ์›€๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์œ ์ ๋“ค์„ ํ•œ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์„œ์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋„๋กœ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๋งค์—ฐ๊ณผ ์†Œ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์œ ์ ๋“ค์ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์ด ๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์ž๋Š” ์•ˆ์„ ๋ƒˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์นด์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅด์˜ ํฌ๋ฃธ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋กœ๋งˆ์˜ ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€ ์œจ๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค ์นด์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์ธ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ๋ฃธ์„ ๋กœ๋งˆ ํ•œ๋ณตํŒ์— ์ง“๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํฌ๋ฃธ์€ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 46๋…„์— ์™„๊ณต๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ฏธ์™„์„ฑ๋œ ์ ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž์ธ ์•„์šฐ๊ตฌ์Šคํˆฌ์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™„์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅด์˜ ํฌ๋ฃธ์€ ํฌ๋ฃธ ๋กœ๋งˆ๋ˆ”์˜ ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฃธ ๋กœ๋งˆ๋ˆ”์—์„œ ์—ด๋ ธ๋˜ ๊ณต๊ณต ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ „๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณณ์€ ์นด์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅด์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์นญ์†กํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ํฌ๋ฃธ ์•ž์— ๋ฒ ๋ˆ„์Šค์˜ ์‹ ์ „์„ ์ง€์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์นด์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅด์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์ด ๋ฒ ๋ˆ„์Šค์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์šฐ๊ตฌ์Šคํˆฌ์Šค์˜ ํฌ๋ฃธ ๊ธฐ์›ํ›„ 42๋…„์— ์•„์šฐ๊ตฌ์Šคํˆฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์•ˆํ† ๋‹ˆ์šฐ์Šค์™€ ์—ฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ธŒ๋ฃจํˆฌ์Šค์™€ ๊ทธ ์„ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์—†์• ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ํ›„, ์•„์šฐ๊ตฌ์Šคํˆฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ์‹ ์ธ ๋งˆ๋ฅด์Šค์˜ ์‹ ์ „์„ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์‹œ๋‚ด์— ์ง“๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ณตํฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹ ์ „์€ ์•ฝ 40๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์›ํ›„ 2๋…„์— ์•„์šฐ๊ตฌ์Šคํˆฌ์Šค์˜ ํฌ๋ฃธ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์™„๊ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์šฐ๊ตฌ์Šคํˆฌ์Šค์˜ ํฌ๋ฃธ์€ ์นด์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅด์˜ ํฌ๋ฃธ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ๋ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์‹ธ์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์„œ๋ฏผ์šฉ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ€๋ผ์™€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์„์กฐ ๋ฒฝ์€ ๋กœ๋งˆ์—์„œ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ™”์žฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋„ ํฌ๋ฃธ์„ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€์ผœ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒŒ์‹œ์•„๋ˆ„์Šค์˜ ํฌ๋ฃธ 75๋…„์— ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒŒ์‹œ์•„๋ˆ„์Šค ํ™ฉ์ œ์˜ ์น˜์„ธ ํ•˜์— ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฌ๋ฃธ์ด ์™„์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํฌ๋ฃธ์€ ์นด์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅด์˜ ํฌ๋ฃธ๊ณผ ์•„์šฐ๊ตฌ์Šคํˆฌ์Šค์˜ ํฌ๋ฃธ์—์„œ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์œ„์น˜์— ๊ฑด์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํฌ๋ฃธ์€ ๊ณต๊ณต ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ํฌ๋ฃธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ด ํฌ๋ฃธ์€ ์ข…์ข… 'ํ‰ํ™”์˜ ์‹ ์ „'์œผ๋กœ ์ž์ฃผ ๋ถˆ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฃธ์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฌ๋ฃธ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒŒ์‹œ์•„๋ˆ„์Šค ํฌ๋ฃธ์—๋Š” ํˆญ ํŠ€์–ด๋‚˜์˜จ ๋ฐ˜์›ํ˜•์˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ๋– ๋ฐ›์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฃธ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฌ๋ฃธ๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ •์›์ด ๊พธ๋ฉฐ์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ •์›์—๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฐ์ƒ, ์—ฐ๋ชป ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ๋งˆ์น˜ ์•ผ์™ธ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํฌ๋ฃธ์€ ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜ ์›์ •์„ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฃธ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฐฉ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์„์œผ๋กœ ๊นŽ์€ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ์ „์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๋ฒฝ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋œฏ๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋กœ๋งˆ์˜ ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋‹น์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์„ฑ๋‹น์— ๊ฐ€๋ฉด ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์„ ํƒ€์ผ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณณ์—๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜ ์„ฑ์ „์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ฉ”๋…ธ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ค๋ฅด๋ฐ”์˜ ํฌ๋ฃธ ๋„๋ฏธํ‹ฐ์•„๋ˆ„์Šค ํ™ฉ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŒŒ์‹œ์•„๋ˆ„์Šค ํฌ๋ฃธ๊ณผ ์นด์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅด, ์•„์šฐ๊ตฌ์Šคํˆฌ์Šค์˜ ํฌ๋ฃธ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ฌถ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํšํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ™ฉ์ œ๋“ค์˜ ํฌ๋ฃธ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ๋ฃธ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ง“๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ํฌ๋ฃธ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ํ•œ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์„ค๊ณ„์•ˆ์„ ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„๋ฏธํ‹ฐ์•„๋ˆ„์Šค ํ™ฉ์ œ ์‚ฌํ›„ ์žฌ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์€ ๋„ค๋ฅด๋ฐ” ํ™ฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋ฃธ์„ ์™„๊ณตํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด ํฌ๋ฃธ์— ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋ผ์•ผ๋ˆ„์Šค์˜ ํฌ๋ฃธ ํŠธ๋ผ์•ผ๋ˆ„์Šค ํ™ฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹คํ‚ค์•„๋ฅผ ์ •๋ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์›๋กœ์›์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ณต์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํฌ๋ฃธ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ํฌ๋ฃธ์„ ์ง“๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ธ๋•์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊นŽ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์Œ“์•„์˜ฌ๋ ค์•ผ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠธ๋ผ์•ผ๋ˆ„์Šค ์›์ฃผ์™€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋“ค๋กœ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์—ฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํฌ๋ฃธ์€ ํ™ฉ์ œ๋“ค์˜ ํฌ๋ฃธ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์ด์ž ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ™”๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ๋ฃธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ํํ—ˆ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial%20fora
Imperial fora
The Imperial Fora (Fori Imperiali in Italian) are a series of monumental fora (public squares), constructed in Rome over a period of one and a half centuries, between 46 BC and 113 AD. The fora were the center of the Roman Republic and of the Roman Empire. The Imperial Fora, while not part of the Roman Forum, are located relatively close to each other. Julius Caesar was the first to build in this section of Rome and rearranged both the Forum and the Comitium, another forum type space designated for politics, to do so. These fora were the centres of politics, religion and economy in the ancient Roman Empire. During the early 20th century, Mussolini restored the Imperial Fora as part of his campaign to evoke and emulate the past glories of Ancient Rome, but he also built the Via dei Fori Imperiali across the middle of the site. The modern street and its heavy traffic has proved a source of damage to the buildings because of vibration and pollution. There have been a number of proposals to remove the road, but none have taken effect. Forum of Caesar Julius Caesar decided to construct a large forum bearing his name. This forum was inaugurated in 46 BC, although it was probably incomplete at this time and was finished later by Augustus. The Forum of Caesar was constructed as an extension to the Roman Forum. The Forum was used as a replacement venue to the Roman Forum for public affairs as well as government; it was also designed as a celebration of Caesar's power. Caesar had placed, on the front of his forum, a temple devoted to Venus Genetrix, since Caesar's family (gens Julia) claimed to descend by Venus through Aeneas. A statue of Caesar himself riding Bucephalus, the celebrated horse of Alexander the Great, was placed in front of the temple, to symbolise absolute power. This centralised vision corresponded to the ideological function, following the propaganda of the Hellenistic sanctuaries; also the choice of the Forum site carried a meaning: the future dictator didn't want to be far from the central power, represented in the Curia, seat of the Senate. In fact, not long before Caesar's death, the Senate agreed to reconstruct the Curia on the site. Forum of Augustus In the battle of Philippi in 42 BC, in which Augustus and Mark Antony worked together and avenged Caesar's death, defeating the forces of Brutus and Cassius, Augustus vowed to build the Temple of Mars Ultor ("Mars the Avenger"). The incomplete forum was inaugurated, after 40 years of construction, in 2 BC, adding the second monumental square, the Forum of Augustus. This new complex lies at right angles to the Forum of Caesar. The temple consists of a very tall wall, and this still distinguishes itself from the popular neighbourhood of Suburra. This high wall served as a firebreak, protecting the Forum area from the frequent conflagrations from which Rome suffered. The rectangular square has long deep porticos with a surface that widens into large semicircular exedras. Recently one more slightly smaller exedra was found south on the wall bordering the Forum of Trajan, meaning that for the sake of symmetry there must have been other exedra demolished to make room for the forum of Nerva, rising the number to four and not two exedras. This completely changed the layout for the south part of the Forum of Augustus, meaning that it is much more similar to the Forum of Trajan and a new theory for this southern part of the forum suggests that in fact there was a basilica between the two new exedras (like in the Forum of Trajan). This supports the numerous ancient authors that tell us the forum was used as a court of law. The entire decoration of the Forum was tightly connected to the ideology of Augustus. According to myth, Rome herself was born from the god Mars through Romulus. This forum was occupied by many plebeians as well as senators. Temple of Peace In 75 AD, the Temple of Peace, also known as the Forum of Vespasian, was built under Emperor Vespasian. Separated from the Forum of Augustus and the Forum of Caesar by the Argiletum, which connected the Roman Forum to the Subura, the temple faced the Velian Hill (in the direction of the Colosseum). The fact that this structure is not mentioned as having a civil function has prevented it from being classified as a true Forum. Therefore, the structure was simply identified as the Temple of Peace (Templum Pacis) until the late Empire. The shape of the square was also different: the temple was constructed as a large apsidal hall that opened up like an exedra at the bottom of the portico. A row of columns distinguished the portico from the temple. The central area was not paved like other fora and served as a garden, with pools and pedestals for statues, so that it was similar to an open-air museum. The monument was built to celebrate the conquest of Jerusalem. One of the chambers opened at the end of the porticos housed the Forma Urbis Romae, a marble map of ancient Rome, made in the Severan period (3rd century) by drawing on the marble slab that covered the wall. The wall is now part of the faรงade of the church of Santi Cosma e Damiano, where the holes used to mount the slabs of the map can still be seen. The Temple of Peace is also said to have housed the Menorah from Herod's Temple. Forum of Nerva, or the Transitional Forum Domitian decided to unify the previous complex and the free remaining irregular area, between the Temple of Peace and the Fora of Caesar and Augustus, and build another monumental forum which connected all of the other fora. The limited space, partially occupied by one of the exedrae of the Forum of Augustus and by the via dell'Argileto, obliged Domitian to build the lateral porticos as simply decorations of the bounding walls of the forum. The temple, dedicated to Minerva as protector of the emperor, was built leaning on the exedra of the Forum of Augustus, so that the remaining space became a large monumental entrance (Porticus Absidatus) for all the fora. Because of the death of Domitian, the forum was inaugurated by his successor, Nerva, who gave his own name to it. The Forum of Nerva is also known as Transitional Forum, because it worked as an access way, just like via dell'Argileto had done. Forum of Trajan It is probable that Domitian's projects were more ambitious than the building of the small Forum of Nerva and probably under his reign they started to remove the small saddle that united the Capitoline Hill to the Quirinal Hill, thus blocking the Fora towards Campus Martius, near to modern Piazza Venezia. The project was resumed by Trajan with the construction of Trajan's Forum between 112 and 113. The occasion was the conquest of Dacia, whose spoils paid for this celebration of the military conquests of Rome. The preparation of the Forum required a lot of work. It was necessary to remove the hilly saddle, and to support the cut of Quirinal Hill through the building of Trajan's market. The Forum square was closed by the Basilica Ulpia, with Trajan's Column at its back. In front of the basilica, a monumental faรงade was the background of a large, equestrian sculpture of the Emperor. The last Forum was also the biggest and greatest. Museum In 2007, a museum dedicated to the Imperial Fora was opened in the Trajan's Market, which once constituted the northern edge of the Forum of Trajan. The new museum, named "Museo dei Fori Imperiali" (English: Museum of Imperial Fora) by the means of sculptures, videos, architectural pieces, and scale models depicts the history of the four fora and the Temple of Peace. References External links James Grout: Imperial Fora, part of the Encyclopรฆdia Romana Satellite image of the area of the Fora Rome, The Imperial Fora (2007 onwards) in: the "Fori Imperiali," of the: Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali,' Roma (2007) [text only available in Italian. Ruins in Italy Archaeological parks Archaeological museums in Italy
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๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด
๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๊ณต์—…์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์—์„œ๋Š” RV ์‚ฌ์–‘์ธ ์Šคํƒ€ ์™œ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ƒ์šฉ์ฐจ ์‚ฌ์–‘์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1์„ธ๋Œ€ 1968๋…„ ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฐด ๋ฐ ์ฝ”์น˜๋Š” ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด์ธ 1969๋…„์— ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1971๋…„ ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์˜ ์ ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰์„ 750kg์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜๋ ค ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด 75 ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์—”์ง„์ด ๊ฐค๋ž‘ FTO์—๋„ ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋œ 1.4L ์—”์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1974๋…„์—๋Š” ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ์ฒด์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ 4๋“ฑ์‹ ์ „์กฐ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‚ด์ˆ˜์šฉ ํ•œ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ฐ์ฐฝ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋žœ์„œ์˜ 1.2L ์—”์ง„์„ ์–น๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ์ฒด์ธ์ง€ ์ด์ „ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ „๋ฉด๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์—ผ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์–‘์ธ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด 1200์ด ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1975๋…„์— ์ฝ”์น˜ ์‚ฌ์–‘์ด ๋‹จ์ข…๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 1976๋…„์—๋Š” ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์˜ 1.4L ์‚ฌ์–‘์˜ ํœ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ 150mm ๋Š˜์ธ 1ํ†ค ์‚ฌ์–‘์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1977๋…„ ์ƒ‰์ƒ์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ์–ด ๋ฒ”ํผ๋ฅผ ์ขŒ์šฐ ์ผ์ฒด์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฒˆํ˜ธํŒ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋’ท๋ฌธ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด์™ธ ์‚ฌ์–‘๋„ ์‚ผ๊ฐ์ฐฝ์ด ์‚ญ์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1979๋…„ 2์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ฐจ์ข…์˜ ์ถœ์‹œ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ข…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2์„ธ๋Œ€ 1979๋…„ ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ฐœ์ •๋œ ์†Œํ˜•์ฐจ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์ „ํญ์ด ์ปค์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ฐด ์‚ฌ์–‘์€ ๋ฐด ์™€์ด๋“œ, ์Šนํ•ฉ์ฐจ ์‚ฌ์–‘์€ ์Šคํƒ€ ์™œ๊ฑด์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์„œ๋ธŒ๋„ค์ž„์ด ๋ถ™์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1982๋…„ ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ์ฒด์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณค๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ฅœ๊ตฌ๋™ ์‚ฌ์–‘์ด ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ M ๋กœ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ MMC ๋กœ๊ณ ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1983๋…„์— ๋ฐด๊ณผ ํŠธ๋Ÿญ๋„ ์Šคํƒ€ ์™œ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ 2๋“ฑ์‹ ํ—ค๋“œ๋žจํ”„๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 1984๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฐด์˜ 4๋ฅœ๊ตฌ๋™ ์‚ฌ์–‘์— 2.3L ๋””์ ค์—”์ง„์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1986๋…„ ๋ฐด ๋ฐ ์Šนํ•ฉ์ฐจ ์‚ฌ์–‘์€ 3์„ธ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ’€์ฒด์ธ์ง€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์€ 1988๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ฅœ๊ตฌ๋™์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  1994๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€์ž๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ„ฐ์˜ 2์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ 1986๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1996๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ผ์ด์„ผ์Šค ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„์™€ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ L300์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์นญ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 3์„ธ๋Œ€ 1986๋…„ ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ „ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์—ญํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•œ "์†Œํ”„ํŠธ ํ๋ธŒ" ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํœ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€ ์‚ฌ์–‘๊ณผ ๋กฑ ์‚ฌ์–‘์ด ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๊ณ , ์ง€๋ถ• ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ์—์–ด๋กœ ๋ฃจํ”„์™€ ํ•˜์ด ๋ฃจํ”„๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณต๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์Šคํƒ€ ์™œ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” ํ›„๋ฅœ๊ตฌ๋™์— ํ•œํ•ด ์„ ๋ฃจํ”„์ธ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒˆ ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ๋ฃจํ”„๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋…ธ์ฝ”ํฌ ์ฐจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์•ˆ์ „์‚ฌ์–‘์„ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ RV ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์™ธ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” L300์ด๋ž€ ๋ช…์นญ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ถ๋ฏธ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐด ๋ฐ ์™œ๊ฑด์ด๋ž€ ๋ช…์นญ์œผ๋กœ 1990๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํŒ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1988๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ „๋ฉด๋ถ€์— ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ์˜ ์“ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ ๋กœ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  4๋ฅœ๊ตฌ๋™ ์‚ฌ์–‘์—๋„ ์ž๋™๋ณ€์†๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด์ธ 1989๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€์†”๋ฆฐ 2.4L ์—”์ง„์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 4๋ฅœ๊ตฌ๋™ ์‚ฌ์–‘์—๋„ ํ•˜์ด ๋ฃจํ”„์™€ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒˆ ๋ผ์ดํ”„ ๋ฃจํ”„๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1990๋…„ ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ์ฒด์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์•ž๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋“ฌ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์Šคํƒ€ ์™œ๊ฑด์— ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฐฉ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์˜ค๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์‚ฌ์–‘์ธ ์Šˆํผ ์—‘์‹œ๋“œ์™€ ํŠน๋ณ„ ์‚ฌ์–‘์ธ ์ƒค๋ชจ๋‹‰์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1994๋…„์—๋Š” ์Šคํƒ€ ์™œ๊ฑด์€ ํ›„์† ์ฐจ์ข…์ธ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๊ธฐ์–ด์˜ ์ถœ์‹œ๋กœ ์—ผ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์–‘๋งŒ ๋‚จ์•˜๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์€ ์ฒซ ์ถœ์‹œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 8๋…„๋งŒ์— ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐด ๋ฐ ์Šนํ•ฉ ์‚ฌ์–‘๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ „๊ธฐํ˜•์˜ ์ „๋ฉด ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1997๋…„ ์—์–ด๋ฐฑ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1999๋…„ ๋‹จ์ข…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๊ณ  ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์€ 2004๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํŒ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ•ด์™ธ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์šฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ 2013๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ž๋™์ฐจ์—์„œ๋Š” ์™œ๊ฑด/๋ฐด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„ ํ•˜์— 1986๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2004๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ผ์ด์„ผ์Šค ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด์—๋Š” ์—†๋˜ ์ „์žฅ์„ 5๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ด์ƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Š˜๋ฆฐ ์ดˆ์žฅ์ถ• ๋ฒ„์ „์ธ ํˆฌ์–ด ์‚ฌ์–‘๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋Ÿญ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋…์ž์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ํ•ด ํฌํ„ฐ ์ œ 3์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋ชจ๋ธ(๋‰ด ํฌํ„ฐ)๋กœ 1996๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2004๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์Šˆํผ์บก์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์‚ฌ์–‘์ด๋‹ค. ๋”๋ธ”์บก๋„ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์Šˆํผ์บก, ๋”๋ธ”์บก ๋“ฑ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์— ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ์–‘์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ์˜ ์žํšŒ์‚ฌ์ธ CMC์—์„œ๋„ 2013๋…„๊ณผ 2019๋…„์— ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฆฌํ”„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. 4์„ธ๋Œ€ 1999๋…„ ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋‹ค ๋ด‰๊ณ ๋ฅผ OEM ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์—ฌ์™”๋‹ค. 3์„ธ๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ RV ์‚ฌ์–‘์„ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๊ธฐ์–ด์—๊ฒŒ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋„˜๊ฒจ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ƒ์šฉ์ฐจ๋กœ ํƒˆ๋ฐ”๊ฟˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ์ฒด์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐ€์†”๋ฆฐ ์—”์ง„์„ ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋‹ค L8 ์—”์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถœ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ˆ˜์„ ์—์–ด๋ฐฑ๊ณผ ์ „๋™ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋ฏธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ค€ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠธ๋Ÿญ ํ™”๋ฌผ์นธ์˜ ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ ์žฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋””์ ค ์—”์ง„์ด ๋‹จ์ข…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2011๋…„์— ๋ฐด์€ ๋‹›์‚ฐ NV200 ๋ฐ”๋„คํŠธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์€ ์ด ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ข…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 5์„ธ๋Œ€ 2011๋…„ ๋‹›์‚ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹›์‚ฐ NV200 ๋ฐ”๋„คํŠธ์˜ OEM ๋ฒ„์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Šนํ•ฉ์ฐจ ๋ฒ„์ „์€ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด D:3๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์นญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ NV200๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ์ฒด์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณค๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 4์›” ๋‹จ์ข…๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ฐด 50๋…„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ง‰์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ์นด๊ณ  1์„ธ๋Œ€ 1994๋…„ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๊ธฐ์–ด์™€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 3์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋ฐด ๋ฐ ํŠธ๋Ÿญ๊ณผ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ํŒ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๊ธฐ์–ด์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ 2.0L ๊ฐ€์†”๋ฆฐ ์—”์ง„๊ณผ 2.5L ๋””์ ค ์—”์ง„์ด ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ์–ด ์„œ์ŠคํŽœ์…˜์ด ๋ฆฌํ”„ ์„œ์ŠคํŽœ์…˜์ด๋‹ค. 1997๋…„ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ฆฌํ”„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณค๊ณ , ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ๋Š” 1999๋…„ ๋‹จ์ข…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์€ 2005๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2์„ธ๋Œ€ 1999๋…„ ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋‹ค ๋ด‰๊ณ  ๋ธŒ๋กœ๋‹ˆ์˜ OEM ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋ฒ„์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 2010๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํŒ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฐด 2011๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ์—์„œ ๋‚ด์ˆ˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์šฉ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฐด์˜ ๋ช…์นญ์„ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์นจ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด D:5 ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด D:2์™€ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด D:3๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๊ธฐ์–ด ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด D:5 ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด D:2 ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด D:3 ๊ด€๋ จํ•ญ๋ชฉ ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ์ž๋™์ฐจ๊ณต์—… ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ ํŒŒ์ œ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ ์ƒค๋ฆฌ์˜ค ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค ํ˜„๋Œ€ ํฌํ„ฐ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi%20Delica
Mitsubishi Delica
The is a range of vans and pickup trucks designed and built by the Japanese automaker Mitsubishi Motors since 1968. It was originally based on a cabover van and pickup truck introduced the previous year, also called the Delica, its name a contraction of the English language phrase Delivery car. This pickup truck, and a commercial van derived from it has received many names in export markets, being sold as the L300 (later L400) in Europe, Jamaica (discontinued after the third generation) and New Zealand, Express and Starwagon in Australia, and plain Mitsubishi Van and Wagon in the United States. The passenger car versions were known as Delica Star Wagon from 1979 until the 1994 introduction of the Delica Space Gear, which became simply Space Gear in Europe at least. The most recent version (not available as a commercial vehicle) is called the Delica D:5. With the exception of the first, versions of all generations are still being sold in various international markets. In Japan, the Delica Cargo and Delica D:3 nameplates were used on rebadged Mazda Bongo Brawny (between 1999 and 2010) and Nissan NV200 (between 2011 and 2019) respectively. Since 2011, the Delica D:2 nameplate has been applied to the rebadged Suzuki Solio. Starting 2023, the Delica Mini nameplate is also used as a kei car model based on the eK X Space. First generation (1968) The production of the Delica light commercial cab-over pickup began in July 1968. It received the chassis code T100, in line with the recently (January 1968) introduced "T90" Canter. Using a KE44 1,088ย cc engine producing , its maximum payload was and had a top end speed of . A year later, in line with consumer needs, a cargo van and a passenger van were added to the line-up. The passenger van, discontinued in 1976, was called the 'Delica Coach' and could seat nine people in three rows of seats. The engine was upgraded to in 1969. In March 1971, a slightly facelifted version, called the Delica 75, arrived. This (the T120) received a small grille rather than the naked metal front of the earliest Delicas, and a new 1.4-litre Neptune (4G41) engine rated at was added to the line-up. The smaller 1.1-litre engine may have remained available in a version of the truck but if so, it soon vanished entirely. After a fall 1974 facelift, the Delica received a new nose with much plastic cladding and double headlights, now mounted beneath the swage line. It was now known only as the "Delica 1400", as this was the only engine with which it was available (mention of a Delica 1200 is most likely apocryphal, perhaps an issue of confusion arising from the "120" chassis code). A longer wheelbase (T121) one-ton truck was added in 1976. In export markets, this car was usually called simply the Colt T100/T120. It became a massive success in Indonesia, where "Colt" became synonymous with minibus. Mitsubishi dominated the market and the T120 remained in production until 1982. The nametag was revived in February 1991 with a rebadged version of the Suzuki Carry Futura. Record, a Greek manufacturer of agricultural vehicles, plagiarized the Delica T120 design (even using the same windshield) for their fibreglass-bodied "GS2000" truck. Second generation (1979) The Delica series was replaced in June 1979 by an all new design, bringing overall width up to the maximum dictated by Japanese regulations for "compact" vehicles. Suspended at the front by an independent wishbone construction and a leaf spring at the rear, the Delica also features sliding side doors and one-piece gas strut tailgate. The line-up was expanded to include ten model variations encompassing a wide variety of passenger (eight seats in a three/two/three configuration), cargo and recreational applications. A four-wheel drive option was made available in 1982, a first in the Japanese van market. Engines were all four-cylinders well known from MMC's passenger cars and included the 1,439ย cc, Saturn (4G33) and 1.6-litre Saturn (4G32) engines. A 1.8-litre Sirius (4G62) version producing appeared in May 1980, and a 2.0-litre Sirius (4G63B) petrol version became optional in 4WD versions from November 1983. A 2.3-litre Astron (4D55) diesel appeared in October 1982 and was replaced by the larger 2.5-litre Astron (4D56) in 1986. The four-wheel drive version of the Delica was first introduced to the Japanese market in October 1982. This versatile vehicle utilized a modified version of the Mitsubishi Pajero's chassis, albeit usually with smaller engines (originally only the 1.8-litre petrol). After the introduction of the third generation Delica, the truck (separate cab) version of the second generation continued to be built until 1994. Japanese consumers were liable for higher amounts of annual road tax due to the larger engines installed in higher trim level packages. Markets Australia Chrysler Australia introduced the SA series Delica to the Australian market on 14 April 1980 under the name "Chrysler L300 Express" after debuting at the Adelaide Motor Show in 12 April. After acquiring control of the Chrysler Australia operations in the same month, Mitsubishi Motors renamed the firm Mitsubishi Motors Australia in October 1980. This resulted in the rebranding of the L300 Express as a Mitsubishi. Fitted with a 1.6-litre engine and four-speed manual, both van (three-seater commercial) and wagon (eight-seater) variants were offered, with the commercial (van) version available with or without side rear windows. The utility (pickup) version was not sold in Australia, as the L200 Express covered that segment of the market. In November 1981 the SB series was introduced, now fitted with radial ply tires on larger diameter wheels, thus increasing the payload capacity from . The following month, Mitsubishi introduced the high-roofed luxury "Deluxe" trim, fitted with electric sunroof and cloth upholstery. The next update to the SB series arrived in October 1982, resulting in the "Deluxe" trim being renamed "Starwagon" and gaining a larger 1.8-litre engineโ€”offered with a five-speed overdrive manual or optional three-speed automatic. The "Star Wagon" (this was written either as one or as two words) moniker was also used on examples assembled by Todd Motors in New Zealand, albeit with the 1.6-litre engine. Mitsubishi extended the availability of the 1.8-litre engine to the lower-specification variants, albeit in automatic guise only. The 1.8 was also available in the long wheelbase, high roof, panel van version. From May 1983, the L300 Express received rectangular headlights in chrome surrounds as part of the SC iteration. The SC also featured newly designed black resin bumpers and adjustments to the front suspension spring rate to improve ride and handling. The four-wheel drive version, badged "4WD", came in October 1983 as a 1.8-litre model with floor-mounted five-speed manual only, therefore becoming a seven-passenger model by losing the front-row center seat. After another facelift in October 1984, the car became the SD series, introducing better equipment and black headlight surrounds along with a black trim piece between the headlights on "Starwagon" and "4WD" trims. The SD revision also upgraded the "4WD" to a 2.0-litre engine, with the 1.8-litre standard issue in a new long-wheelbase commercial (van) model. A final minor update, the SE series appeared in 1986. Asia Philippines This generation has been produced in the Philippines since 1987 as the "Mitsubishi L300 Versa Van" (discontinued in April 2012) as well as the Cab/Chassis variant where local coach builders assemble rear bodies for passenger and cargo hauling purposes. Variations such as the FB (family business), PET (personal and equipment transport), WT (water tight aluminum van) and DS (drop side) have been made to cater to those needs. In 2010, an extended rear body variant for the FB variant called the Exceed was added. In 2014, local truck body manufacturer Centro Manufacturing launched a minibus version of the L300 called the XV Mikrobus. It is built on the FB Exceed platform and is meant to be used as a public utility vehicle, a school bus, or an ambulance. It is also meant to revive the Versa Van and to be an alternative to the FB variant. In 2017, Mitsubishi Motors Philippines announced that the L300's diesel engine will be updated to comply with the Euro 4 standardization project of the DENR and the LTFRB. In April 2019, Mitsubishi Motors Philippines announced that the L300 would be fitted with the 4N14 CRDi engine complied with a Euro-4 Emission standards. From 1987 to 2009, the design of the front fascia has changed very little (although there were minor changes to the interior). The L300 received a facelift in 2010 and was sold until 2017. Mitsubishi updated the styling of the L300 for the 2019 model year, now featuring a new horizontal chrome grille similar to the "Dynamic Shield" design language found on other Mitsubishi models like the Mitsubishi Xpander and Mitsubishi Montero Sport to distinguish it from older L300s. In 2020, the local production of the L300 reached 200,000 units. Exports began in April 2022 for Southeast Asian markets, particularly in Indonesia. Indonesia This generation is marketed in Indonesia as the Colt L300. The production started in November 1981 with a 1.4-litre 4G33 petrol engine. Minor facelift occurred in 1984, the round shape headlights were replaced with square unit. The engine was also replaced with a more powerful 1.6-litre 4G32 petrol engine and also a 2.3-litre 4D55 diesel engine option. The second facelift occurred in 1987, it received garnish grille with big "MITSUBISHI" badge. The short lived 2.3-litre diesel engine was replaced in 1988 with the larger 2.5-litre 4D56 unit. Due to lack of demand, the petrol engine was discontinued around October 1995. The third facelift occurred in 2007 with new grille model and power steering. Since 2010, Isuzu Indonesia sold this second generation Delica as the Isuzu Bison with an Isuzu Panther-sourced 4JA1L 2.5-litre diesel engine with . The Bison costs higher than a corresponding L300 due to an agreement between the two countries. The production of the L300 was moved from the former PT Krama Yudha Ratu Motor (KRM) plant in Pulo Gadung, East Jakarta to the new Mitsubishi Motors Cikarang plant in Bekasi, West Java beginning in April 2018. In April 2018, the Isuzu Bison was discontinued due to lack of demand and later replaced by Isuzu's fully developed Traga. Local production of the Colt L300 has been stopped temporarily since April 2022 due to the implementation of the Euro 4 emission standards. In the meantime, the vehicle is imported from the Philippines as the newer 4N14 engine from the Philippine-spec L300 met the standards and received its fourth facelift on 28 June 2022. South Korea In South Korea, Hyundai built the second generation Delica as the "Hyundai Porter", replacing an earlier model with the same name. South Korean production of this Porter continued alongside the third generation Delica, which was marketed by Hyundai as the "Grace". This Porter was replaced by an indigenously developed third generation Porter in March 1996. India From 1997 to 2000, the car was sold by Mahindra & Mahindra in India as the "Mahindra Voyager", but priced too high it was taken out of production after only a little over two years. The Voyager did meet with some success as an ambulance and as a cargo van, but this association only further prevented prospective private purchasers. Unique to the Mahindra Voyager is the fitment of PSA's 2.5-litre XD3P diesel engine, producing DIN at 4000ย rpm. Third generation (1986) In June 1986, the Delica underwent its third full model change. More aerodynamic than previous versions, its monocoque body and extensive safety features proved very popular in Japan's fast-growing recreational vehicle market segment. The more rounded design was referred to as "soft cube" styling by Mitsubishi. Passenger versions continued to be sold as Delica Star Wagon, which became just plain "Starwagon" in Australia. The commercial version is called the "Express" in Australia. Two wheelbases have been offered. In 1990, the Australian market received the naturally aspirated diesel engine as an option; this was the first Delica so equipped in that market. Although the subsequent L400 Delica and Delica Space Gear were introduced in 1994, production of the Delica vans and wagons continued for the Japanese market until 1998. The lineup was actually expanded, as a truck version was introduced in May 1994, finally replacing the long running second generation truck. The Delica truck was available in a short or a long wheelbase, with the LWB version receiving the twin rectangular headlights as previously used on the Delica Star Wagon. The L300/Delica van versions also remained in production for export markets. These export markets received a facelift in 1999, released in September of that year in Australia. In Japan the commercial Delica range was replaced by a badge-engineered Mazda Bongo under an OEM deal which began in November 1999. In May 2013, Mitsubishi discontinued the commercial version of the third generation Delica in Australiaโ€”badged as the Mitsubishi Expressโ€”due to its inferior safety. The Express was the last new car to be sold in Australia with a one-star ANCAP rating. The Express had changed little since it received a minor model change in 2003. A large range of engines were available, from a 1.4-litre up to a 2.4-litre petrol, and also a 2.5-litre diesel and turbodiesel, plus a 2.6-litre naturally aspirated diesel. Rear- or four-wheel drive, several bodystyles and two different wheelbases made for a particularly extensive line-up. The four-wheel drive chassis was based on that of the contemporary Mitsubishi Pajero, although parts are seldom interchangeable. Late general export market versions received a carburetted 16-valve version of the 2.0-litre 4G63 four-cylinder, with at 6,000 rpm. Markets Asia Cargo versions are built by the China Motor Corporation in Taiwan. This generation Delica was also built under license by Hyundai of South Korea, where it was called the "Hyundai Grace" or "Hyundai H-100" in some Eurasian markets. Launched in December 1986, this version originally received the twin headlights as used in the US market versions, but after a front-end facelift the new more aerodynamic version received thinner and more rounded headlights. This version was called the "New Grace". Both the 2.4-litre petrol and 2.5-litre turbo-diesel inline-four engines were available, both Mitsubishi designs. Hyundai terminology resulted in the 4D56 diesel engine being renamed D4BX / D4BA. It takes two more minor changes at each 1996 and 2002, production ended in end of 2003. In 1996, the Delica was also rebadged under the Soueast brand, which occurred through 2013. In the Philippines, this generation of the Delica was called the "L300 Exceed" to differentiate itself to the ageing second generation L300 Versa Van which was still being sold there at that time, and was introduced starting from 1997. Although prior to that, Hyundai has already been selling it's pre-facelift rebadged sibling, the Hyundai Grace since the start of the 1990s. North America From 1987 until 1990, Mitsubishi sold this model in small numbers in the United States as the "Wagon" for passenger versions and "Van" for windowless cargo versions. The US versions all received a version of the 2.4-litre 4G64 engine. For model years 1990 and 1991 an LS version of the Wagon was added. Taiwanese-produced CMC Delica vans are sold in Mexico as the Dodge 1000 as of July 2007. The Mitsubishi Expo LRV replaced the Van/Wagon in 1992. Once the fifteen-year minimum age threshold was reached, enthusiasts began importing Japanese domestic market Delicas to Canada. The 4WD turbo diesel van is also a common choice for Canadian postal workers who require a right-hand drive vehicle. The United States has a 25-year threshold for importing cars, and recently Japanese domestic market Delicas have begun to gain a following there as well. Since 2007, the Cargo versions built by the China Motor Corporation in Taiwan are being exported to Mexico wearing Dodge badges. From 2021, the Maine Bureau of Motor Vehicles (BMV) began actively de-registering Delicas imported into the United States that were previously registered in Maine under the 25-year federal import rule, by classifying it as an off-road all-terrain vehicle. Europe Introduced for 1987, the British market received the L300 with either the 1.6- petrol or 2.5-litre diesel engine. Both wheelbases were available. In continental Europe the car was also sold as the L300, with engine options depending on local taxation and market conditions. Fourth generation (1994) 1994โ€“1997 Released on 12 May 1994, the newest Delica received considerably more aerodynamic bodywork. No truck model was available of this generation, and passenger models were now called Delica Space Gear in the Japanese domestic market. Body specifications of the Space Gear in Japan ranged from XR, XG, Exceed, Super Exceed and Royal Exceed, and both long and short-wheelbase versions were available. The fourth generation Delica shares its engine and transmission with the Mitsubishi Pajero, but unlike the Pajero of its time it is of monocoque construction and lacks a separate chassis. The Delica 4WD still offers ample off-road capabilities, with four-wheel drive, high and low ratio gears and differential locking. It has engine variations from 2.5-litre through to a 2.8-litre intercooled turbo-diesel. 2.4-litre and 3.0-litre V6 petrol engines with 12 or 24 valves are also offered. Apart from the 2.8-litre diesel model all are available as two- or four-wheel drive version. In many export markets, the cargo versions of the fourth generation were called the Mitsubishi L400 while the passenger versions were called Mitsubishi Space Gear โ€“ without using the Delica nameplate at all. In South Korea, Hyundai used the Mitsubishi Delica as the base vehicle for the Hyundai Starex (A1) manufactured between 1997 and 2007. In Australia, this generation, known as the WA series was available in both cargo (Mitsubishi Express) and passenger (Mitsubishi Starwagon) versions. The Starwagon was available between September 1994 and 2003. The Express launched at the same time, but continued on until 2005. To differentiate the semi-bonneted WA Express from the cheaper, previous generation SJ series that sold alongside it, the WA models were disambiguated with the "Walk-Thru" designation. The Australian Starwagons were made available in four levels of specification: GL, GLX, GLS and 4WD. Mitsubishi fitted the GL with a 2.0-litre carburetored inline-four, with the GLX gaining a fuel-injected 2.4-litre inline-four, and the GLS a 3.0-litre V6. Both four-cyliner engines were fitted standard with a five-speed manual transmission with optional four-speed column-shift automatic. The 3.0-litre GLS offered a four-speed floor-mounted automatic as its sole transmission option. The facelift model, released in 1996 saw the range rationalised with only the base GL and mid-range GLX models retained. 1997โ€“2007 In 1997, the Delica was upgraded with a facelift model. The upgrade is mostly cosmetic with changes to the lighting clusters and front body panel, with the integration of a moulded bumper in place of the original three section bullbar. The engine was upgraded with an electronic control type distribution type jet pump and an electronic sidestep was made standard on the higher specification versions. A final facelift was released in Japan in August 2002. 2003โ€“2008 Taiwanese facelift In Taiwan, the third generation Delica continued to be produced and sold while the fourth generation Delica was simply named the Mitsubishi Space Gear, and was positioned above the third generation model. Initial versions of the Space Gear produced and sold in Taiwan was identical to the Series 2 Japanese facelift. However, in 2005 a final facelift was conducted exclusively in Taiwan with minor changes done to the grilles, front and rear bumpers, and front and rear light units. China The Dongfeng Fengxing Lingzhi is a range of MPVs produced by Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor under the Dongfeng Fengxing sub-brand. At launch, the Fengxing Lingzhi was essentially a rebadged third generation Mitsubishi Delica or the Mitsubishi Delica Space Gear. The Delica platform was acquired from Taiwan's China Motor Corporation, a partner of Mitsubishi Motors. Therefore, the initial facelifts from Dongfeng Liuzhou were identical to the Taiwanese China Motor Corporation built Mitsubishi Space Gear. After the China Motor Corporation built Mitsubishi Space Gears were discontinued in Taiwan, Dongfeng Liuzhou continued the production in China and conducted their own facelifts and development of the model. Three trim levels were developed after the facelift by Dongfeng Liuzhou was conducted, including the Lingzhi M5, M3, and V3, which targets different groups of consumers and were priced differently. The M5 is the premium version, featuring a restyled front DRG and restyled tail lamps with prices ranging from 77,900 yuan to 98,900 yuan. The M3 being the basic passenger version sharing the same front DRG design and same tail lamps with the V3 but with clear DLO with prices ranging from 55,900 yuan to 71,900 yuan. The V3 is the utility cargo version with a sealed cargo area and being the most affordable of the three trim levels with prices ranging from 55,900 yuan to 66,900 yuan. Each trim is available with a long wheelbase version called the Lingzhi M5L, M3L, and V3L respectively all sharing the same tail lamp design. Fifth generation (2007) On the day of 30 October 2006, had the brand claimed the 2007 Delica would be internally designated D:5, the brand had announced 31 January 2007 that the Delica would make its official launch in the Japanese market. Bodily configured as a 5-door monobox minivan, petrol Delica models had arrived in 2007, while diesel models had started production in late 2012 as 2013 models. Available in front- or all-wheel drive configurations, all-wheel drive models which use the Mitsubishi's AWC system, the Delica is available in both seven- or eight-seating layouts. The basis of the D:5 is the Mitsubishi GS platform which it shares with the Xpander as well as the second and third generation of the Outlander. Unveiled on 21 November 2018 was the Delica D:5's facelift for the 2019 model year. It made its debut to the public at the 2019 Tokyo Auto Salon and was released in Japan on 15 February 2019. Development and launch On 30 October 2006, Mitsubishi Motors announced that the next generation of its monobox (one-box) minivan would be called the Delica D:5, based on the Concept D-5 prototype first exhibited at the 39th Tokyo Motor Show in 2005. It is an eight-seater, that features Mitsubishi's AWC four-wheel drive system and an INVECS-III continuously variable transmission, coupled to a 4B12 2.4ย L MIVEC inline-four engine. Based on a new global GS platform, the new Delica features Mitsubishi's next-generation RISE safety body. A 2.0-litre version of this engine is also available. It was released in Japan on 31 January 2007. Available for January 2013 is the clean diesel variant of the D:5, which comes with Mitsubishi's brand new 2.2ย L 4-cylinder turbo-diesel engine (4N14) that produces 148ย PS of power and 360ย Nm of torque. Mitsubishi claims that this new 4N14 diesel engine is reliable at low revs and smooth acceleration until high revs. With reduced pressure and temperature in the cylinder, it achieves a low compression ratio of 14.9. The Mitsubishi Delica D:5 with Clean Diesel engine has a fuel consumption of 13.6ย km/L based on JC08 Mode cycle. The Delica D:5 was officially sold in Indonesia between 2014 and 2019, where it was imported from Japan. It was launched on 18 September 2014 at the 22nd Indonesia International Motor Show, marketed as the "Delica". It is only available in FWD petrol engine variant based on 2.0 G Power Package 2WD trim with seven-seater seating configuration. The variant called Royal was added later and it was based on G-Premium package with same engine. It was also introduced in Thailand in March 2015 as the "Delica Space Wagon". Body and exterior The exterior features a large bar grille which connects the headlights, as well as the rear which incorporates a tailgate garnish, which runs the full-width of the rear side. The D:5 features front and rear bumpers that include skid plate styling and use a functional sectional design that facilitates repair work for a small amount of damage. Retaining its basic dimensions from the previous model, the D:5's overall height has decreased by about , while its interior height has increased also by about . It also has higher ground clearance. Fourteen distinct body colours are available; seven monotone colours, while seven two-tone colours are available. Sized as a large MPV / minivan, the Delica is placed in the M-segment in British size classification. The Delica's estimated drag coefficient is 0.42 Cd, which is relatively high in comparison to its competitors such as the Toyota Alphard AH30 at only 0.33. The Delica also features the "rib-bone frame" design uses closed-section joins to link the pillars, roof bows and underfloor cross-members in rings positioned at the pillars and the tailgate opening, which improves body rigidity and durability as well as to help prevent crashworthiness. The vehicle uses more rust-resistant steel on the floor structure than the Delica Space Gear, which was a fourth generation model. The D:5 also utilizes body corrosion resistance, which has been improved significantly due to extensive use of underfloor sealing and with the application of more undercoat. Fender panels, which are made of plastic resin are used on the D:5, and are able to bend and recover shape easily. This switch of material reduces weight by . Power sliding rear doors and an electric tailgate are now standard. An available exterior feature is a "Triple Panorama Sunroof", which offers a trio of sunroofs, where two tilt and one power slides. Equipment Standard equipment includes Xenon HID headlights, 3x SRS airbags for the passenger, driver, the and driver's knee, anti-lock braking system (ABS), electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD), Active Stability Control, which is a Mitsubishi's variant of electronic stability control, dual-way air conditioning, headlining that removes the smell of odors, UV-cut glass, interior illumination with adjustable LED lamp system, and start-stop system for the turbo diesel. Available features are either single or dual power sliding side doors, parking cameras, power folding side step, Rockford Fosgate Premium sound system with an 860W amplifier, 12 speakers with Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound, airbags for all three rows of seats, luxury driver seats, smart key, cruise control, and a steering wheel with optionally mounted phone and buttons. Standard on G-Premium and G-Navi package, is a 30-gigabyte hard disk drive on-board navigation system as well as 7-inch liquid-crystal display. A 9-inch wide display with a built-in DVD/CD player and infrared headphones are mounted on the rear cabin ceiling as a optional luxury on the G-Premium and G-Navi models. All models except the M trim are equipped with 225/55R18 tires on light and stiff 7-spoke alloy road wheels. The M trim features 215/70R16 tires on steel wheels with full wheel covers. The Delica D:5 features the MacPherson strut suspension at the front, while at the rear is a multi-link suspension setup. 2019 facelift The 2019 facelift Delica D:5 was unveiled in Japan on 21 November 2018 with "Dynamic Shield" design language, having a 10.1-inch infotainment system and e-Assist. Other models using the name Mitsubishi Delica Truck/Van/Cargo (rebadged Mazda Bongo Truck/Van/Brawny) Between November 1999 and October 2011 (the Delica Cargo was discontinued in August 2010), Mitsubishi Motors retailed a badge engineered version of the Mazda Bongo as the Delica Truck/Van (short wheelbase) and the Delica Cargo (extended wheelbase) in Japan, replacing the cargo versions of the fourth generation Delica in that market. Mitsubishi Delica D:3/Delica Van (rebadged Nissan NV200) In October 2011, Mitsubishi Motors replaced the Mazda Bongo-based models with a badge engineered version of the Nissan NV200, sold as the Delica D:3 (wagon models) and Delica Van (van models). The Delica D:3 and Delica Van were discontinued in April 2019. Mitsubishi Delica D:2 (rebadged Suzuki Solio) To complement the larger Delica D:5 minivan, a smaller Delica D:2 mini MPV appeared in March 2011. Equipped with a four-cylinder Suzuki K12B engine and a continuously variable transmission (CVT), it is a rebadged Suzuki Solio provided under an original equipment manufacturer deal. Mitsubishi Delica Mini (B34A/B35A/B37A/B38A) The Delica Mini is a kei variation of the Delica series. Replacing the eK X Space while still being based on it, it went on sale in May 2023. It will be offered in G, G Premium, T and T Premium grade levels. Production (Sources: Facts & Figures 2000, Facts & Figures 2005, Facts & Figures 2008, Facts & Figures 2010 Mitsubishi Motors website) Indonesia (Colt L300) References External links Delica Vehicles introduced in 1968 1970s cars 1980s cars 1990s cars 2000s cars 2010s cars 2020s cars Cab over vehicles Minivans Vans Minibuses Pickup trucks Rear-wheel-drive vehicles Front-wheel-drive vehicles All-wheel-drive vehicles
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%8B%20%EC%B0%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%98%EC%B0%A8
๋ฐ‹ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ˜์ฐจ
๋ฐ‹ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ˜์ฐจ( 1934๋…„ 1์›” 28์ผ ~ 1970๋…„ 10์›” 8์ผ) ์€ ํƒœ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ํ™” ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์•  ๋ฐ‹ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ˜์ฐจ๋Š” ํ”ผ์ณ‡ ํ’ˆํ—ด (เธžเธดเน€เธŠเธฉเธเนŒ เธžเธธเนˆเธกเน€เธซเธก)์œผ๋กœ ๋นˆ๊ณค์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ํ—ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 8์„ธ ๋•Œ ๋ฐ‹ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ˜์ฐจ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์ฝ•๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ํƒœ๊ตญ ๊ถŒํˆฌ ํ•™๊ต์— ๋“ฑ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 1952๋…„ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๋ณต์‹ฑ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  3๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€์„ ํš๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๋“ฑ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ  ํ”„๋ผ๋‚˜์ฝ˜๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ํƒœ๊ตญ ์™•์‹ค ๊ณต๊ตฐํ•ญ๊ณต ํ•™๊ต์— ์ž…ํ•™ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์ข…์‚ฌ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์กธ์—… ํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํƒœ๊ตญ ์™•์‹ค ๋ˆ๋ฏ€์•™ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง€์—์„œ ๋น„ํ–‰ ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1956๋…„์— ์–ด๋–ค ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๊ธฐ์ž ๋‚‘๊นจ์šฐ ๊นจ์šฐ์˜๋ผ์„ฏ (เธเธดเนˆเธ‡เนเธเน‰เธง เนเธเน‰เธงเธ›เธฃเธฐเน€เธชเธฃเธดเธ) ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์‘ค๋ž ํ‘น๊นŒ์›ป (เธชเธธเธฃเธฑเธ•เธ™เนŒ เธžเธธเธเธเธฐเน€เธงเธช) ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ™” ์žก์ง€ ํŽธ์ง‘์ž ์†Œ๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ‹ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ˜์ฐจ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ํ™” "ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด ๋ณธ๋Šฅ" (เธŠเธฒเธ•เธดเน€เธชเธทเธญ)์—์„œ ํƒ€๋ฅด๋ฅผ ์ฐ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ํ”ผ์ณ‡ ํ’ˆํ—ด์—์„œ ๋ฐ‹ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ˜์ฐจ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” "๊ฐฑ์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ" (เธˆเน‰เธฒเธงเธ™เธฑเธเน€เธฅเธ‡)์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•œ ํ›„ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํŒฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ์Ž… ๋‘์”ป (เน€เธจเธ เธ”เธธเธชเธดเธ•) "๋ถ‰์€ ๋…์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ" (เธญเธดเธ™เธ—เธฃเธตเนเธ”เธ‡) ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ์†Œ์„ค ๋กฌ ๋ฆฟํ‹ฐ๋„๋ผ์ด (เน‚เธฃเธก เธคเธ—เธ˜เธดเน„เธเธฃ) ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 1959๋…„ ์•„๋‚ด ์งœ๋ฃจ์™„๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1961๋…„์— ์•„๋“ค ์œณํƒ€๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋˜”๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ดํ˜ผ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ช…์„ฑ์˜ ๋†’์ด 1961๋…„ ๋ฐ‹ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ˜์ฐจ์€ "ํ•Œ์ฒ˜์œ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ ์ผ๊ธฐ" (เธšเธฑเธ™เธ—เธถเธเธฃเธฑเธเธ‚เธญเธ‡เธžเธดเธกเธžเนŒเธ‰เธงเธต) ์— ์ถœ์—ฐ ํŽซ์ฐจ๋ผ ์ฐจ์˜ค์™€๋ž (เน€เธžเธŠเธฃเธฒ เน€เธŠเธฒเธงเธฃเธฒเธฉเธŽเธฃเนŒ) ์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ํ™” ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํƒœ๊ตญ ์˜ํ™”์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์˜์›…-์—ฌ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ‹๊ณผ ํŽซ์ฐจ๋ผ ๋“€์˜ค๋Š” ์•ฝ 165 ํŽธ์˜ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์Œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” 1970๋…„๋Œ€ "์‹œ๊ณจ์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘" (เธกเธ™เธ•เนŒเธฃเธฑเธเธฅเธนเธเธ—เธธเนˆเธ‡ - ๋ชฌ๋ฝ๋ฃฉํ‰) ํƒœ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹œ๊ณจ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ๋ฎค์ง€์ปฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋กœ๋งจํ‹ฑ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋””์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ‹ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ˜์ฐจ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฐ”์œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์˜€๊ณ  ํ•ญ์ƒ ์›€์ง์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— 2~3 ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ •๋„๋งŒ ์ž๊ณ  ์„ค์ •์—์„œ ์ž๊ณ . ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ธ "๋ฐฉ์ฝ• ์ž‘์ „" (เน€เธžเธŠเธฃเธ•เธฑเธ”เน€เธžเธŠเธฃ) ๋ฐฉ์ฝ•๊ณผ ํ™์ฝฉ์—์„œ ์ด์— ๋งž์€ ์•…๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ๋ฅด์ฐจ ๋‚˜๋ฅด๋‚ซ์™€ ๊ป˜์ฐจ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์œ„ํ‹ฐ์„ ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ ์œ ๋ช… ์—ฌ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์ธ ๋ ˆ์ง€๋‚˜ ํŒŒ์ดํ•‘๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ด๋‹ค. "๋ชฌ๋ฝ๋ฃฉํ‰" (์‹œ๊ณจ์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘) ๋ฐ‹ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ˜์ฐจ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์˜ํ™” ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1970๋…„์— 6๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐฉ์ฝ• ์˜ํ™”๊ด€์—์„œ 6๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ฐ”ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ์…€๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ ํŠธ๋ž™ ์•จ๋ฒ”๊ณผ "ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ ๋…์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ" (เธญเธดเธ™เธ—เธฃเธตเธ—เธญเธ‡)๋ฅผ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐ‹ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ˜์ฐจ ์šฐ๋ฐœ์  ์ธ ์ฃฝ์Œ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์˜ํ™” "ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ ๋…์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ" (เธญเธดเธ™เธ—เธฃเธตเธ—เธญเธ‡)๋Š” ๋ฐ‹ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ˜์ฐจ์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ํ™”์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ท€ํ™˜ ๋งˆ์Šคํฌ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž "์ธ์”จ๋Œ•" (๋ถ‰์€ ๋…์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ - เธญเธดเธ™เธ—เธฃเธตเนเธ”เธ‡) ์•Œ์ฝœ ํƒ์ • ๋กฌ ๋ฆฟํ‹ฐ๋„๋ผ์ด์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ์ž์•„ ์ดฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‚ ์— ๋Œ€๋ณธ์€ ๋ฐ‹ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ˜์ฐจ์ด ์•…๋‹น์„ ์ •๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ํ—ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฝฅํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ชฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ตด๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ‹ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ˜์ฐจ์€ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋งค๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๋ฐง์ค„ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์›€์ผœ ์ฅ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋›ฐ์–ด ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ  ํ—ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฝฅํ„ฐ ์กฐ์ข…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ๋” ๋‚ ์•„ ๋ฐ‹ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ˜์ฐจ๋Š” ๋ฐง์ค„ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋†“์ณ ๋•…์— ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•„๋ฆ„์— ์žกํžŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ตœ์ข… ๊ทน์žฅ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰์— ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. DVD ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ ์˜ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ์ถ”๋ฝ์ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ‹ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ˜์ฐจ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ์„œ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๋ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”์น˜๋Š” ํ™”๋ฉด์ƒ์˜ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒœ๊ตญ ์˜ํ™” ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ 1970๋…„์„ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ํ•ด๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃฝ์Œ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ์ „ ํŒŒ์ด์˜ค๋‹ˆ์•„ ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž ์ธ ๋ž ํŽ˜์Šคํƒ„์ง€ (เธฃเธฑเธ•เธ™เนŒ เน€เธ›เธชเธ•เธฑเธ™เธขเธต) ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์˜ํ™” ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ์ง€์›ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ์„ค์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ›„์— ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ‹ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ˜์ฐจ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์€ ๋น„๊ทน์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ํ†ต์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ตœ์ข… ์žฅ๋ฉด์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋ฐ‹ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ˜์ฐจ์ด ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก๊ณ  ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ณ ๋„์—์„œ ๋‚ ์•„์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์Šคํ„ดํŠธ ๋”๋ธ”์€ ๋” ๋†’์€ ๊ณ ๋„์—์„œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒท์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์˜ํ™” 1966๋…„ - เน€เธžเธŠเธฃเธ•เธฑเธ”เน€เธžเธŠเธฃ (๋ฐฉ์ฝ• ์ž‘์ „ - Operation Bangkok) 1967๋…„ - Top screet (๊ธฐ๋ฐ€) 1970๋…„ - เธกเธ™เธ•เนŒเธฃเธฑเธเธฅเธนเธเธ—เธธเนˆเธ‡ (์‹œ๊ณจ์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ / ๋ชฌ๋ฝ๋ฃฉํ‰) 1970๋…„ - เธญเธดเธ™เธ—เธฃเธตเธ—เธญเธ‡ (ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ ๋…์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ / ์ธ์”จํ†ต) ๊ฐ์ฃผ 1934๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1970๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ํŽซ์ฐจ๋ถ€๋ฆฌ์ฃผ ์ถœ์‹  ํƒœ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์ถ”๋ฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitr%20Chaibancha
Mitr Chaibancha
Mitr Chaibancha (Thai เธกเธดเธ•เธฃ เธŠเธฑเธขเธšเธฑเธเธŠเธฒ (pronunciation), 28 January 1934 in Phetchaburi, Thailand - 8 October 1970) was a Thai film actor who acted 266 films from 1956 to 1970. He died on 8 October 1970 at Dongtan Beach, Jomtien, South Pattaya, after falling from a helicopter during the filming of a stunt for the final scene of Insee thong (Golden Eagle). At the height of his career in the 1960s, Mitr, along with Petchara Chaowarat, made a string of hit films that packed cinemas. Of the 75 to 100 films produced each year by the Thai film industry during this period, Mitr starred in nearly half of them. Early life Mitr was born into poverty, named Bunting ("abandoned by destiny"), which was the name given to him by a monk. His parents separated when he was an infant. His father was a non-commissioned police officer. His mother came to Bangkok for work as a greengrocer and a better financial position. At age 8, Mitr moved to Bangkok's Nang Loeng neighborhood to live with a newly married mother, where he took the surname Phumhem. This was the surname of his stepfather. He was then enrolled in a Thai boxing school. He became the lightweight boxing champion for his school in 1949 and 1951, and went on to win three lightweight division titles. After finishing secondary school, he studied at Pranakhon College. He was then accepted into the Royal Thai Air Force aviation school, where he was trained as a pilot. After graduation, he worked as a flight instructor at Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base. In 1956 some friends showed his photograph to journalist Kingkaew Kaewprasert, who introduced him to Surat Pukkawet, the editor of a movie magazine. Before long Mitra starred in his first film, Chart Sua (Tiger Instinct). It was then he decided to change his name from Pichet Pumhem to Mitr Chaibancha. He caught the attention of movie fans after starring in Chao Nakleng (Gangster Lord), using the character name Rom Ritthikrai from author Sake Dusit's Insee Daeng (Red Eagle) series of novels. He married his wife, Jaruwan, in 1959. In 1961 a son, Yuthana, or Ton, was born. However, the marriage ended in a divorce. Height of fame In 1961 Mitr starred in Banthuk Rak Pimchawee (Love Diary of Pimchawee), his first film with Petchara Chaowarat. This was the beginning of the most celebrated hero-heroine partnerships in Thai cinematic history. The Mitr-Petchara duo made about 165 films together. One of the pair's most famous films was 1970's Monrak luk thung (, or Magical Love of the Countryside), a musical romantic comedy rhapsodizing Thai rural life. Mitr was an extremely busy actor and was always on the move, going from set to set and sleeping as little as a two or three hours per night. Another of his best-known movies, Pet Tad Pet (Operation Bangkok), was shot in both Bangkok and Hong Kong, and featured Kecha Plianvitheee and Luecha Naruenart as the villains, as well as Hong Kong's then top actress, Regina Piping. Monrak luk thung was one of Mitr's last films. It played in Bangkok cinemas for a solid six months in 1970 and took in 6 million baht, its popularity spurred by the best-selling soundtrack album and Mitr's accidental death while filming Insee Thong. His last film Insee Thong was the first film that Mitr produced himself, and it featured the return of his popular character, the masked crime-fighter, Insee Daeng (Red Eagle), the secret alter ego of alcoholic detective Rom Rittikrai. On the last day of shooting, the script called for Mitr, having vanquished the villains, to fly off into the sunset in a helicopter. As the camera rolled, Mitr leapt from the ground to grab a rope ladder hanging from the aircraft, only managing to reach the lowest rung. Unaware of this, the helicopter pilot flew higher and higher, and Mitr finally lost his grip and fell to the ground. The accident was all caught on film and was actually left in the final theatrical release. The fatal fall has since been removed from DVD versions of the film, with Mitr simply flying off into the distance and some onscreen text paying tribute to the star. It was another death that would make 1970 a difficult year for the Thai film industry, as months earlier pioneering director Rattana Pestonji collapsed while giving a speech urging government officials to support the domestic film industry. He died several hours later. Mitrโ€™s death was ruled as a tragic accident. For safety, there should have been two shots for the final scene. The first would have been of Mitr grabbing the ladder and flying off at low altitude. Then, a stunt double would have performed a second shot at a higher altitude. Funeral and memorial shrine On the day of his funeral, the streets leading to the Buddhist temple were packed, with tens of thousands trying to attend his cremation rites. On the DVD of Insee Thong, release in 2005 in Thailand, one of the special features is footage of the cremation ceremony. Mitr's body is held up so the throngs of onlookers could catch a last glimpse of the dead star. He was survived by his former wife and one son. A memorial shrine to Mitr is situated on a small street in Jomtien, off Jomtien Road in front of the Amphoe Bang Lamung Revenue Department, behind Jomtien Palm Beach Hotel. The shrine is open from 6:00ย a.m. to 6:00ย p.m. daily. Inside the spirit house is a statue of Mitr holding a pistol in his right hand, reminiscent of his numerous roles as an action movie star. The walls are lined with photographs and other memorabilia. Fortune seekers visit the shrine, shake Kau Cim sticks and then check for the corresponding fortune on tablets hung on the shrine. If wishes have been granted, fortune seekers return and purchase a small offering to leave at the shrine. Partial filmography Operation Bangkok (Pet Tad Pet) (1966) Top Secret (1967) Monrak luk thung (Magical Love of the Countryside) (1970) Insee thong (Golden Eagle) (1970) The Tiger and the Dragon (1971) References Tupchai, Suchada (2005) Adoring fans remember famous Thai film star Mitr Chiabancha, Pattaya Mail. Retrieved 23 December 2005. Rithdee, Kong (2005) Fallen idols, Bangkok Post. Retrieved 23 December 2005. Fleshman, Erich (2005) A Brief History of Thai Cinema, Notes from Hollywood. Retrieved 23 December 2005. Saenkhum, Tanita (2003) Remembering Mitr, The Nation. Retrieved 23 December 2005. The Cremation of Mitr Chaibancha, special features, Insee thong DVD, 2005. External links Mitr Chaibancha at the Thai Film Database Review of Insee thong at Rotten Tomatoes 1934 births 1970 deaths Mitr Chaibancha Mitr Chaibancha Mitr Chaibancha Mitr Chaibancha Accidental deaths from falls Mitr Chaibancha Mitr Chaibancha Filmed deaths of entertainers Mitr Chaibancha
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%9D%BC%20%EB%A0%98%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88
ํด๋ผ๋ผ ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ
ํด๋ผ๋ผ ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ ์…ฐ์ด๋ธ”์Šจ(: 1886๋…„ 3์›” 28์ผ-1982๋…„ 7์›” 12์ผ)๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™์šด๋™๊ฐ€๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ์ˆ™๋…€๋ณต๋…ธ๋™์ž์กฐํ•ฉ ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ 1909๋…„ ๋‰ด์š•์‹œ ์˜๋ณต๊ณต์žฅ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํŒŒ์—…์ธ 2๋งŒ์ธ ๋ด‰๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฃผ๋™์ž์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์กฐ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ทจ์—… ๋ธ”๋ž™๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์— ์ž…๋‹นํ•ด์„œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์šด๋™์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค. 1886๋…„ 3์›” 28์ผ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ ๋กœ๋„ํฌ์˜ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋””์‹œ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ์ดŒ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฑ…๊ฐ’์„ ๋ฒŒ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฏ๋ฐ”๋Š์งˆ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์ด์›ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜๋ช…์„œ์ ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋ฐ›์€ ๋’ค ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ๋Š” ์—ด๋ ฌํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค์‹œ๋‡จํ”„ ํฌ๊ทธ๋กฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ์ผ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฏผ๊ฐ”๋‹ค(1903๋…„). ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์ž๋งˆ์ž ์˜๋ณต๊ณต์žฅ์— ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ณต๊ณต์žฅ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊บพ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋” ๋‚˜๋น ์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์žฌ๋ด‰ํ‹€์ด ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋˜์ž ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฃผ๋“ค์ด ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ์ž๋น„๋กœ ์ž๊ธฐ ์žฌ๋ด‰ํ‹€์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด์„œ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ๋Š” ๊ธด ๋…ธ๋™์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ž„๊ธˆ, ์Šน์ง„ ๊ธฐํšŒ ๋ถ€์žฌ, ์‹ญ์žฅ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ์š•์  ๋Œ€์šฐ ๋“ฑ์— ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋™๋ฃŒ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์ˆ™๋…€๋ณต๋…ธ๋™์ž์กฐํ•ฉ(ILGWU)์— ๊ฐ€๋งนํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ILGWU 25๋ฒˆ ์ง€ํšŒ ์ง‘ํ–‰์œ„์›์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ๋Š” ๊ณง ๋™๋ฃŒ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋‚ ๋ ธ๊ณ , ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ณต ์—…์ฒด ํŒŒ์—…์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‚จ์ž ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค ์ผ์ƒ‰์ธ ๋…ธ์กฐ ์ง€๋„๋ถ€์— ๋„์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์˜๋ณต๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋‹ดํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋งค๋ ฅ(ํŠนํžˆ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์šฉ๊ฐํ•œ ํ’ˆ์„ฑ(1909๋…„ ๊ธฐ์—…์ฃผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋œ ๊นกํŒจ๋“ค์ด ์‹œ์œ„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•ด์˜ค์ž ๋ชธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง‰์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐˆ๋น—๋Œ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ณ ๋„ ์ดํƒˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋Œ€์˜ค๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค)์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์˜€๋‹ค. 1909๋…„ 11์›” 22์ผ ์ฟ ํผ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋Œ€์ค‘์ง‘ํšŒ์—์„œ ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ํŠธ๋ผ์ด์•ต๊ธ€ ์…”์ธ ์›จ์ด์ŠคํŠธ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ ˆ์ด์„œ์Šจ์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜๋ณต๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์˜ ํŒŒ์—…์— ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋…ธ๋™๊ณ„ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—๋„ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์•Œ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ๋‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…ธ๋™๊ณ„์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์šด๋™์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์—ฐ๋Œ€์™€ ์ค€๋น„์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Š˜์–ด๋†“์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฐœ์–ธ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญํ•œ ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ƒ ์œ„๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ์ค‘์€ ์—ด๊ด‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํˆฌํ‘œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ดํŒŒ์—…์ด ํ†ต๊ณผ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ดํ‹€๊ฐ„ ๋‰ด์š•์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ณต ๊ณต์žฅ๋…ธ๋™์ž 32,000 ๋ช… ์ค‘ 20,000 ์—ฌ๋ช…์ด ํŒŒ์—…์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์†Œ์œ„ 2๋งŒ์ธ ๋ด‰๊ธฐ๋‹ค. ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ๋Š” ์•ž์žฅ์„œ์„œ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋ชฉ์ด ์‰ด ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง‘ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์—ฐํ˜ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1910๋…„ 2์›” 10์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ํŒŒ์—…์ด ๊ณ„์†๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํŠธ๋ผ์ด์•ต๊ธ€ ์…”ํŠธ์›จ์ด์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ์กฐ์™€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋ผ์ด์•ต๊ธ€ ์…”ํŠธ์›จ์ด์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” "๋…ธ๋™์ฐฉ์ทจ์žฅ"์˜ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ช…์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด์ธ 1911๋…„ 3์›” 25์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ์‚ฐ์žฌ์ธ ํŠธ๋ผ์ด์•ต๊ธ€ ์…”์ธ ์›จ์ด์ŠคํŠธ ๊ณต์žฅ ํ™”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์žฅ์ด ์ „์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ณต์žฅ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํƒ€์ฃฝ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ๊ธธ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํˆฌ์‹ ํ•ด์„œ ์ถ”๋ฝ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์‹ ์€ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ตฐ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์žฅ์— ์ •๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ข…๋œ ์—ฌ์‚ฌ์ดŒ์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ์‹œ์ฒด ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ํ—ค๋ฉ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ์‚ฌ์ดŒ์„ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์ž ๋ฏธ์นœ ๋“ฏ์ด ๋ชธ์„ ๋–จ๊ณ  ์›ƒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์šธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทน๋ ฌํ•œ ๋…ธ์กฐ ์šด๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ์—… ๋ธ”๋ž™๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„ ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ๋Š”, ILGWU์˜ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์  ์ง€๋„๋ถ€์™€ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ž ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ถŒ ์šด๋™์— ๋Œ€์‹  ํˆฌ์‹ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๋ฃŒ ์šด๋™๊ฐ€ ๋กœ์ฆˆ ์Šˆ๋‚˜์ด๋”๋งŒ, ํด๋ฆฐ ๋‰ด๋จผ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ถŒ์„ ์ž‘์—…์žฅ ์•ˆํŒŽ ์–‘๋ฉด์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์—…์ž๋“ค์€ ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์žฅ๋“ค๋„ ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ญ์žฅ๋“ค๋„ ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฐฐ๊ด€๋“ค๋„ ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์ˆœ์ด๋งŒ ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ฒญ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ณต์ˆœ์ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋งํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜์ž, ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์–ด์ค„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ณต์ˆœ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธด ๋…ธ๋™์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜์ž, ์—ญ์‹œ ๋“ค์–ด์ค„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค โ€ฆโ€ฆ ์˜ฌ๋ฒ„๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ถ€์— ์•‰์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์žฅ๋“ค๊ณผ ์‹ญ์žฅ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณต์ˆœ์ด๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”, ๊ณต์ˆœ์ด์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ •์˜๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋…ธ๋™์ž ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ๋‚˜ ๋‰ด๋จผ, ์Šˆ๋‚˜์ด๋”๋งŒ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ถŒ ์šด๋™์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๋˜ ์ค‘์ƒ์ธต ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ขํž ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ ๋น„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” 1911๋…„ ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ๋ฅผ ์šด๋™๋ณธ๋ถ€์— ์ฑ„์šฉํ•ด ๋†“๊ณ  1๋…„๋„ ์•ˆ ๋˜์–ด ์ž˜๋ผ ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ๋Š” ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ถŒ์šด๋™์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ค‘์ƒ์ธต ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ถŒ ์กฐ์ง๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋™๊ณ„๊ธ‰ ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ž„๋…ธ๋™์ž์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ถŒ๋™๋งน์„ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™๋งน์ด ๋…ธ๋™๊ณ„๊ธ‰ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋งŒ ๋งน์›์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํ™œ๋™์€ ๋น„๋…ธ๋™๊ณ„๊ธ‰ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ํ›„์›์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜์กด์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งน์› ์ง€์ง€์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ž„๋…ธ๋™์ž์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ถŒ๋™๋งน์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋‹น ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œ„์›ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ „๋ฏธ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ถŒํ˜‘ํšŒ์— ๊ฐ€๋งนํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ž„๋…ธ๋™์ž์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ถŒ๋™๋งน์€ ํ์ง€๋ถ€์ง€๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ, ์Šˆ๋‚˜์ด๋”๋งŒ ๋“ฑ์€ ์ฟ ํผ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ์—์„œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ง‘ํšŒ์™€ ์—ฐ์„ค์„ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉ๋™๋งน(WTUL)์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ถŒ ์šด๋™์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์Šˆ๋‚˜์ด๋”๋งŒ์€ WTUL์„ ํƒˆํ‡ดํ•˜๊ณ  ILGWU๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡๋…„ ๋’ค WTUL๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„์™”๋‹ค. ๋‰ด๋จผ ๋“ฑ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋‹น์— ์ž…๋‹นํ•ด ์šด๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ๋‹น ์ง€๋„๋ถ€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ถŒ ์šด๋™๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณ„๊ธ‰ํˆฌ์Ÿ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์‹œ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋‹จ ๋‹น๋ก ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ถŒ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1913๋…„, ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ๋Š” ์กฐ ์…ฐ์ด๋ธ”์Šจ(Joe Shavelson)๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์–ด๋น™ ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋ฒจ์Šจ, ๋งˆ์‚ฌ ์…ฐ์ด๋ธ”์Šจ ์ƒคํผ, ๋ฆฌํƒ€ ์…ฐ์ด๋ธ”์Šจ ๋งˆ๊ตด์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋™๊ณ„๊ธ‰๋งŒ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋™๋„ค์ธ ์ด์ŠคํŠธ๋‰ด์š•์„ ๋– ๋‚˜ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ดํ„ด๋น„์น˜๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•œ ๋’ค๋กœ๋Š” ์ผํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋ถ€์—…๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ดํ›„ 30๋…„์„ ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‹  ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ๋ถ€์–‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐ€์ •์ฃผ๋ถ€๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ •์ฃผ๋ถ€ ์กฐ์งํ™” ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ ์ด์ „์—๋„ ์„ ๋ก€๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€ 1900๋…„๋Œ€ ๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ ์ฝ”์…” ์œก๋ฅ˜์—…์ž๋“ค์ด ํญ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜์ž ์œ ๋Œ€๊ณ„ ์ฃผ๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ๋ถˆ๋งค๋™๋งน์„ ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ธŒ๋ฃจํด๋ฆฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ์ž…์ž์กฐํ•ฉ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ ธ ์ง‘์„ธํŒŒ์—…์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ•์ œ์†Œ๊ฐœ์— ๋งž์„ฐ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์— ๋”ฅ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ๋Š” ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์กฐ์งํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ผ€์ดํŠธ ๊ธฐํ‹€๋กœ(๋ฒค์ €๋ฏผ ๊ธฐํ‹€๋กœ์˜ ๋ชจ์นœ)๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ€์ •์ฃผ๋ถ€์กฐํ•ฉ ์กฐ์งํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์กฐํ•ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋ฌธ์ œ, ๊ต์œก๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 1926๋…„์˜ ๊ฒฉ๋Ÿดํ•œ ํŒŒ์—… ๋•Œ ๋ˆ์„ ๊ฑท์–ด ๋‰ด์ €์ง€์ฃผ ํผ์„ธ์ต์˜ ํŒŒ์—… ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1929๋…„, ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์— ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œ„์›ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€์ž ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™๊ณ„๊ธ‰์ฃผ๋ถ€ํ†ต์ผํ‰์˜ํšŒ(UCWCW)๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์กฑ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ , ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•์‹œ์—๋งŒ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 50๊ฐœ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•„๋ผ๋ธํ”ผ์•„, ์‹œ์• ํ‹€, ์‹œ์นด๊ณ , ๋กœ์Šค์•ค์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค, ์ƒŒํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ”, ๋””ํŠธ๋กœ์ดํŠธ์—๋„ ๊ฐ€๋งน์กฐ์ง์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ๋‹น์›๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ ํšŒ์›์ด ๋ชจ์ง‘๋˜๊ธด ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, UCWCW ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น๊ณผ ๋™์ผ์‹œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , UCWCW์˜ ๋น„๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ํšŒ์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž…๋‹น์„ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. UCWCW๋Š” 1935๋…„ ๋†’์€ ์œก๋ฅ˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์œก์—…์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ถˆ๋งค๋™๋งน์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ๋™ ์‹œ์œ„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์‹œ์œ„์ „์ˆ ๋กœ ๋‰ด์š•์‹œ์—์„œ๋งŒ 4,000 ๊ฐœ์†Œ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ •์œก์ ์˜ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํŒŒ์—…์ด ์ „๊ตญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๋ฉด์„œ UCWCW๋Š” ์œ ๋Œ€๊ณ„์™€ ํ‘์ธ๊ณ„(์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‰ด์š•์— ๋งŽ์•˜๋˜) ๋ฐ–์—์„œ๋„ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด UCWCW๋Š” ์ธ๋ฏผ์ „์„  ๋…ธ์„ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง„๋ณด์—ฌ์„ฑํ‰์˜ํšŒ๋‹จ(PWC)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์นญํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1938๋…„ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์€ PWC์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์›์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋งŒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฑ…์ž๋“ค๋„ ์ •๊ฐ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ๋Š” PWC์—์„œ ๊ณ„์† ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, PWC๊ฐ€ 1940๋…„๋Œ€์— ๊ตญ์ œ๋…ธ๋™์ž๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ๋‹จ(IWO)์— ๊ฐ€๋งนํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ง€ํšŒ์žฅ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. PWC๋Š” 1948๋…„๊ณผ 1951๋…„์—๋„ ๋†’์€ ๋ฌผ๊ฐ€์— ํ•ญ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋”์šฑ ๋„๋ฆฌ ๋ถˆ๋งค๋™๋งน์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ์— ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์ด ์žฅ์•…ํ•œ ์กฐ์ง์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ฐœ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ PWC๋Š” ๋ถ•๊ดดํ•˜๊ณ  IWO๋„ 1952๋…„ ๋‰ด์š•์ฃผ ๊ณต๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ•ด์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ๋Š” ์— ๋งˆ ๋ผ์ž๋ฃจ์Šค ์œ ๋Œ€๊ณ„์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ตฌ๋ฝ๋ถ€์—ฐ๋งน์— ์†Œ์†๋˜์–ด ์ •์น˜ํ™œ๋™์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋ชจ๊ฒ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ์ œ์—ฐํ•ฉ์—์„œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์‚ดํ•ด ํ˜‘์•ฝ์„ ๋น„์ค€ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ์šด๋™์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ์ „์Ÿ์—๋„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํ‘์ธ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ๋‹จ์ฒด ์†Œ์ €๋„ˆ์Šค ํฌ ํŠธ๋ฃจ์Šค์™€ ์—ฐ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์—…์žํ‰์˜ํšŒ ํ™œ๋™์—๋„ ์—ด์„ฑ์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์„ธ์ž…์ž ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์˜นํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์— ๋งˆ ๋ผ์ž๋ฃจ์Šค ํ‰์˜ํšŒ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์—๋„ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์— ๋งˆ ๋ผ์ž๋ฃจ์Šค ํ‰์˜ํšŒ๋Š” 1031๋…„ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ดํ„ด๋น„์น˜์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ชป ๋‚ด๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์„ ์ซ“์•„๋‚ด๋ ค ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ•์ œ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ชป ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์—ฐ๋Œ€์ง€์ง€์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹น๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋นผ์•—์•„๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ๋Š” ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์˜ ํ™•๊ณ ํ•œ ๋‹น์›์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•˜๊ณ , ๋กœ์  ๋ฒ„๊ทธ ๋ถ€๋ถ€์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์‚ด์ธ์„ ๋งน๋ ฌํžˆ ๋น„๋‚œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1951๋…„ ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ จ์— ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ค์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์—ฌ๊ถŒ์„ ์ •์ง€์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋ ˜๋ฆฌํžˆ๋Š” 1954๋…„ ์˜๋ณต์—…์ฒด ๊ด€๋ จ ์ผ์ฒด์—์„œ ์€ํ‡ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ILGWU์™€ ์ง€๊ฒจ์šด ์‹ธ์›€์„ ๋ฒŒ์—ฌ์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‚จํŽธ์ด ์ฃฝ์€ ๋’ค์ธ 1960๋…„๋Œ€์— ์•„์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์œ„, ๋ฉฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋ง๋…„์— ๋กœ์Šค์•ค์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ์œ ๋Œ€๊ณ„ ๋…ธ์ธ์ •์— ๋“œ๋‚˜๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋…ธ์ธ์ • ์ง์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญํ†ต์ผ๋†์žฅ๋…ธ๋™์ž์˜ ๋ถˆ๋งค๋™๋งน์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ถŒ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋…”๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™ ์šด๋™๊ฐ€ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ์œ ๋Œ€๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ 1886๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1982๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ๋‹น์›
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara%20Lemlich
Clara Lemlich
Clara Lemlich Shavelson (March 28, 1886 โ€“ July 12, 1982) was a leader of the Uprising of 20,000, the massive strike of shirtwaist workers in New York's garment industry in 1909, where she spoke in Yiddish and called for action. Later blacklisted from the industry for her labor union work, she became a member of the Communist Party USA and a consumer activist. In her last years as a nursing home resident she helped to organize the staff. Early years Lemlich was born March 28, 1886, in the former Russian, now Ukrainian town of Gorodok, to a Jewish family. Raised in a predominantly Yiddish-speaking village, young Lemlich learned to read Russian over her parents' objections, sewing buttonholes and writing letters for illiterate neighbors to raise money for her books. After a neighbor introduced her to revolutionary literature, Lemlich became a committed socialist. She immigrated to the United States with her family in 1903, following a pogrom in Kishinev. Lemlich was able to find a job in the garment industry upon her arrival in New York. Conditions there had become even worse since the turn of the century, as the new industrial sewing machine allowed employers to demand twice as much production from their employees, who often had to supply their own machines and carry them to and from work. Lemlich, along with many of her co-workers, rebelled against the long hours, low pay, lack of opportunities for advancement, and humiliating treatment from supervisors. Lemlich became involved in the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) and was elected to the executive board of Local 25 of the ILGWU. Lemlich quickly made a name for herself among her fellow workers, leading several strikes of shirtwaist makers and challenging the mostly male leadership of the union to organize women garment workers. She combined boldness with a good deal of charm (she was known for her fine singing voice) and personal bravery (she returned to the picket line in 1909 after having several ribs broken when gangsters hired by the employers attacked the picketers). Lemlich came to the attention of the outside world at the mass meeting held at Cooper Union on November 22, 1909 to rally support for the striking shirtwaist workers at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company and Leiserson Company. For two hours the leading figures of the American labor movement and socialist leaders of the Lower East Side spoke in general terms about the need for solidarity and preparedness. Desiring a call to action, not just words, Lemlich demanded the opportunity to speak. Lifted onto the platform, she said: The crowd responded enthusiastically and, after taking a modified version of the ancient Jewish oath of fidelity to Israel โ€” "If I turn traitor to the cause I now pledge, may this hand wither from the arm I now raise" โ€” voted for a general strike. Approximately 20,000 out of the 32,000 workers in the shirtwaist trade walked out in the next two days; this would become known as the Uprising of the 20,000. Lemlich took a leading role in bringing workers out, speaking at rallies until she lost her voice. The strike lasted until February 10, 1910, producing union contracts at almost every shop, but not at Triangle Shirtwaist. Triangle Shirtwaist became a synonym for "sweatshop" during the following year. On March 25, 1911, nearly 150 garment workers died as a result of a fire that consumed the factory. Workers were either burned to death or died jumping to escape the flames. Lemlich searched through the armory where the dead had been taken to search for a missing cousin; a newspaper reporter described her as convulsed by hysterical laughter and tears when she did not find her. Suffrage Blacklisted from the industry and at odds with the conservative leadership of the ILGWU, Lemlich devoted herself to the campaign for women's suffrage. Like her colleagues Rose Schneiderman and Pauline Newman, Lemlich portrayed women's suffrage as necessary for the improvement of working women's lives, both inside and outside the workplace. The manufacturer has a vote; the bosses have votes; the foremen have votes, the inspectors have votes. The working girl has no vote. When she asks to have a building in which she must work made clean and safe, the officials do not have to listen. When she asks not to work such long hours, they do not have to listen. . . . [U]ntil the men in the Legislature at Albany represent her as well as the bosses and the foremen, she will not get justice; she will not get fair conditions. That is why the working woman now says that she must have the vote. Lemlich, like Newman and Schneiderman, also had strong personal and political differences with the upper and middle class women who led the suffrage movement. Mary Beard fired Lemlich, for reasons that are not entirely clear, less than a year after hiring her to campaign for suffrage in 1911. Lemlich continued her suffrage activities, founding the Wage Earnerโ€™s Suffrage League, a working class alternative to middle class suffrage organizations, along with Schneiderman, Leonora O'Reilly, and two other women garment workers. Yet while the League admitted only working class women to membership, it was dependent on non-working class women for support and, in deference to its supporters' wishes, affiliated with the National American Woman Suffrage Association โ€” the organization to which it saw itself as an alternative โ€” rather than with the Socialist Party Women's Committee. The Wage Earnerโ€™s Suffrage League passed out of existence, however, after organizing a successful rally at Cooper Union at which Lemlich, Schneiderman, and others spoke. Lemlich continued her suffrage activities for the Women's Trade Union League, while Schneiderman, who quit the WTUL at that time, went to work for the ILGWU before returning to the WTUL several years later. Other activists, such as Pauline Newman, worked under the aegis of the Socialist Party, which supported suffrage even though many in the leadership considered it a distraction from the more urgent business of class struggle. Consumer advocacy Lemlich married Joe Shavelson in 1913. The couple had three children: Irving Charles Velson, Martha Shavelson Schaffer, and Rita Shavelson Margules. Moving to the solidly working-class neighborhood of East New York, then later to Brighton Beach, she did not return to work, other than on an occasional part-time basis, for the next thirty years. Instead she devoted herself to raising a family and organizing housewives. Others had organized in this area before Lemlich: Jewish housewives in New York had boycotted kosher butchers to protest high prices in the first decade of the twentieth century and the Brooklyn Tenants Union led rent strikes and fought evictions. After joining the Communist Party, which largely disdained the notion of consumer organizing, Lemlich and Kate Gitlow, mother of Benjamin Gitlow, attempted to organize a union of housewives that would address not only consumers' issues, but housing and education as well. The United Council of Working Class Housewives also raised money and organized relief for strikers in Passaic, New Jersey during the bitter 1926 strike. In 1929, after the Communist Party created a Women's Commission, Lemlich launched the United Council of Working-Class Women (UCWW), which eventually had nearly fifty branches in New York City, as well as affiliates in Philadelphia, Seattle, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Detroit. The organization recruited among CP members, but did not identify the Council with the CP or press non-Party members of the Council to join the party as well. The United Council of UCWW led a widespread boycott of butcher shops to protest high meat prices in 1935, using the militant tactics of flying squadrons of picketers that shut down more than 4,000 butcher shops in New York City. The strike became nationwide and the UCWW won support outside the Jewish and African-American communities to which it had been limited in New York. The UCWW renamed itself the Progressive Women's Councils the following years as part of the Popular Front politics of the day. The Party withdrew support for the councils and discontinued publications aimed at women, however, in 1938. Lemlich continued to be active in the PWC, however, and was a local leader in it after it affiliated with the International Worker's Order in the 1940s. The Councils organized even broader boycotts to protest high prices in 1948 and 1951, before accusations of Communist Party dominance destroyed it in the early 1950s. The IWO was ordered dissolved by the state of New York in 1952. Lemlich continued her activities as part of the Emma Lazarus Federation of Jewish Women's Clubs, which raised funds for Red Mogen David, protested nuclear weapons, campaigned for ratification of the United Nations' Convention on Genocide, opposed the War in Vietnam, and forged alliances with Sojourners for Truth, an African-American women's civil rights organization. Lemlich was also active in Unemployed Councils activities and in founding the Emma Lazarus Council, which supported tenant rights. The Emma Lazarus Council declared in 1931 that no one would be evicted in Brighton Beach for inability to pay rent, then backed that up by rallying supporters to prevent evictions and returning tenants' furniture to their apartments in those cases in which authorities attempted to effect eviction. Lemlich remained an unwavering member of the Communist Party, denouncing the trial and execution of the Rosenbergs. Her passport was revoked after a trip to the Soviet Union in 1951. She retired from garment work in 1954, then fought a long battle with the ILGWU to obtain a pension. In 1960, she married Abe Goldman, an old labor movement acquaintance. After Goldman's death in 1967, she moved to California to be near her children and in-laws. At age 81, she entered the Jewish Home for the Aged in Los Angeles. As a resident, she persuaded the management to join in the United Farm Workers boycotts of grapes and lettuce and helped the orderlies there to organize a labor union. References Further reading Orleck, Annalise. Common Sense and a Little Fire: Women and Working-Class Politics in the United States, 1900-1965, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1995 Shavelson, Clara Lemlich. "Remembering the Waistmakers General Strike," 1909, Ed. by Morris U. Schappes, Jewish Currents (November 1982). Crowder, Melanie. "Audacity", Philomel, January 2015 Markel, Michelle. Brave Girl, New York: Balzer + Bray 2013 External links Life in the sweatshops Video: Clara Lemlich, A Strike Leader's Diary "Remembering the Waistmakers General Strike, 1909" 1886 births 1982 deaths People from Khmelnytskyi Oblast People from Kamenets-Podolsky Uyezd Ukrainian Jews Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent American communists American suffragists UNITE HERE American trade unionists International Ladies Garment Workers Union leaders Women's Trade Union League people Jewish American trade unionists Jewish suffragists Jewish communists Jewish American activists Yiddish-speaking people
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%EB%85%84%20AFC%EC%BB%B5
2020๋…„ AFC์ปต
2020๋…„ AFC์ปต์€ 2020๋…„์— ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ 17๋ฒˆ์งธ AFC์ปต์ด๋‹ค. 2020๋…„์— ์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฒ”์œ ํ–‰์˜ ์—ฌํŒŒ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ ๋„์ค‘์— ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์—ฐ๋งน(AFC)์€ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์žฌ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 2020๋…„ 9์›” 10์ผ์— ํ•ด๋‹น ๋Œ€ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ทจ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌดํšจ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ์ • 2020๋…„ AFC์ปต ๋Œ€ํšŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ผ์ •์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. (W: ์„œ์•„์‹œ์•„, C: ์ค‘์•™์•„์‹œ์•„, S: ๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„, A: ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„, E: ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„) ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์—ฐ๋งน์€ 2020๋…„ 2์›” 11์ผ์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ๊ณต์‹ ์„ฑ๋ช…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ์œ ํ–‰์˜ ์—ฌํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๋ผ์šด๋“œ, ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„, ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์„  ๋ผ์šด๋“œ: 2์›” 5์ผ, 2์›” 12์ผ (์ค‘์•™์•„์‹œ์•„, ๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„, ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ) โ†’ 4์›” 7์ผ, 4์›” 14์ผ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„: 2์›” 19์ผ, 2์›” 26์ผ (์ค‘์•™์•„์‹œ์•„, ๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„, ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ) โ†’ 4์›” 21์ผ, 2์›” 28์ผ (์ค‘์•™์•„์‹œ์•„, ๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„, ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ) ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  1์ฐจ์ „: 3์›” 11์ผ โ†’ 5์›” 6์ผ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  2์ฐจ์ „: 4์›” 15์ผ โ†’ 5์›” 13์ผ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  3์ฐจ์ „: 4์›” 29์ผ โ†’ 5์›” 20์ผ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  4์ฐจ์ „: 5์›” 13์ผ โ†’ 5์›” 6์ผ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  5์ฐจ์ „: 5์›” 27์ผ โ†’ 6์›” 17์ผ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  6์ฐจ์ „: 6์›” 17์ผ โ†’ 6์›” 24์ผ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์—ฐ๋งน(AFC)์€ 2020๋…„ 3์›” 12์ผ์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ๊ณต์‹ ์„ฑ๋ช…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•„์ง ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์„œ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•„์ง ํ™•์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์›๋ž˜ 5์›” 25์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 5์›” 26์ผ๊นŒ์ง€, 6์›” 15์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 6์›” 16์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ด๋ฆด ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋˜ ์„œ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์€ 8์›” 24์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 8์›” 25์ผ๊นŒ์ง€, 9์›” 14์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 9์›” 15์ผ๊นŒ์ง€๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์—ฐ๋งน(AFC)์€ 2020๋…„ 3์›” 18์ผ์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ๊ณต์‹ ์„ฑ๋ช…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถ”ํ›„ ๊ณต์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋“  AFC์ปต ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์—ฐ๋งน(AFC)์€ 2020๋…„ 4์›” 14์ผ์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ๊ณต์‹ ์„ฑ๋ช…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฒ”์œ ํ–‰์˜ ์—ฌํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ์‹œ ์ค‘๋‹จ์„ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜๊ณ  2020๋…„ 6์›” ๋ง๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์—ฐ๋งน(AFC)์€ 2020๋…„ 7์›” 9์ผ์— ๋‚จ์€ AFC์ปต ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ผ์ •์„ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์žฅ์†Œ๋Š” ์ถ”ํ›„ ๊ณต์ง€ํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ AFC์ปต์€ 2020๋…„ 9์›” 23์ผ์— ์žฌ๊ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ 12์›” 12์ผ์— ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•„์ง ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํŠน์ • ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์„œ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  2์ฐจ์ „: 10์›” 23์ผ (C์กฐ 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ) ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  3์ฐจ์ „: 10์›” 26์ผ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  4์ฐจ์ „: 10์›” 29์ผ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  5์ฐจ์ „: 11์›” 1์ผ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  6์ฐจ์ „: 11์›” 4์ผ ์ค‘์•™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  1์ฐจ์ „: 10์›” 20์ผ (1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ) ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  2์ฐจ์ „: 10์›” 23์ผ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  3์ฐจ์ „: 10์›” 26์ผ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  4์ฐจ์ „: 10์›” 29์ผ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  5์ฐจ์ „: 11์›” 1์ผ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  6์ฐจ์ „: 11์›” 4์ผ ๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  2์ฐจ์ „: 10์›” 23์ผ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  3์ฐจ์ „: 10์›” 26์ผ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  4์ฐจ์ „: 10์›” 29์ผ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  5์ฐจ์ „: 11์›” 1์ผ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  6์ฐจ์ „: 11์›” 4์ผ ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  4์ฐจ์ „: 9์›” 23์ผ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  5์ฐจ์ „: 9์›” 26์ผ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  6์ฐจ์ „: 9์›” 29์ผ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„: 10์›” 16์ผ (๋‹จํŒ ์Šน๋ถ€) ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  1์ฐจ์ „: 10์›” 20์ผ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  2์ฐจ์ „: 10์›” 23์ผ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  3์ฐจ์ „: 10์›” 26์ผ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  4์ฐจ์ „: 10์›” 29์ผ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  5์ฐจ์ „: 11์›” 1์ผ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  6์ฐจ์ „: 11์›” 4์ผ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ 4๊ฐ•์ „: 10์›” 20์ผ ~ 10์›” 21์ผ (๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ), 10์›” 23์ผ ~ 10์›” 24์ผ (์„œ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ) ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „: 11์›” 4์ผ (๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ), 12์›” 1์ผ (์„œ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ) ์ง€์—ญ๊ฐ„ 4๊ฐ•์ „: 11์›” 24์ผ ~ 11์›” 25์ผ (์ค‘์•™์•„์‹œ์•„, ๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„, ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„, ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ) ์ง€์—ญ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „: 12์›” 2์ผ (์ค‘์•™์•„์‹œ์•„, ๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„, ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„, ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ) ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „: 12์›” 12์ผ (์„œ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ) ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์—ฐ๋งน(AFC)์€ 2020๋…„ 7์›” 30์ผ์— ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ F์กฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, G์กฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ํ˜ธ์ฐŒ๋ฏผ์‹œ, ๊ปŒํŒŒ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆด ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ E์กฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฐ๋””๋ธŒ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆด ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์—ฐ๋งน(AFC)์€ 2020๋…„ 8์›” 5์ผ์— ์„œ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  A์กฐ, B์กฐ, C์กฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ”๋ ˆ์ธ, ์ฟ ์›จ์ดํŠธ, ์š”๋ฅด๋‹จ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆด ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์—ฐ๋งน(AFC)์€ 2020๋…„ 9์›” 10์ผ์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ๊ณต์‹ ์„ฑ๋ช…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฒ”์œ ํ–‰์˜ ์—ฌํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ AFC์ปต์„ ์ทจ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌดํšจ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฒ”์œ ํ–‰ ์ด์ „์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ์›๋ž˜ ์ผ์ •์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ํด๋Ÿฝ ๋‹คํ‘ธ๋Š” ์ถ”์ฒจ ์ดํ›„์— ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„ ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๊ถŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ‚ท์น˜๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„ ์—์„œ ๋‹คํ‘ธ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํƒ€์ด์™„ ํŒŒ์›Œ ์ปดํผ๋‹ˆ์™€ ์šธ๋ž€๋ฐ”ํ† ๋ฅด ์‹œํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์„  ๋ผ์šด๋“œ ์˜ˆ์„  1๋ผ์šด๋“œ |- !colspan=5|๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ |} ์˜ˆ์„  2๋ผ์šด๋“œ |- !colspan=5|์ค‘์•™์•„์‹œ์•„ |- !colspan=5|๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ |} ์•„ํ• ์€ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ์œ ํ–‰์˜ ์—ฌํŒŒ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ 2020๋…„ 2์›” 5์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆด ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋˜ ๋„คํ”„์น˜ ์ฝ”์น˜์ฝ”๋ฅด์•„ํƒ€์™€์˜ ์˜ˆ์„  2๋ผ์šด๋“œ 1์ฐจ์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•„ํ• ์€ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์—ฐ๋งน(AFC)์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹ค๊ฒฉ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋„คํ”„์น˜ ์ฝ”์น˜์ฝ”๋ฅด์•„ํƒ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ „์Šน์œผ๋กœ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์— ์ง„์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ |+์„œ๋ถ€์•„์‹œ์•„ |+์ค‘์•™์•„์‹œ์•„ |+๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ |+๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ |+๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„ ์€ ํ™ˆ ์•ค ์–ด์›จ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์„  ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•œ ํŒ€๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ทจ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ(A์กฐ, B์กฐ, C์กฐ)๊ณผ ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ(F์กฐ, G์กฐ, H์กฐ). ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„ ์—์„œ ๊ฐ ์กฐ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ 3๊ฐœ ํŒ€๊ณผ ๊ฐ ์กฐ 2์œ„ ํŒ€ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์„ฑ์ ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ 1๊ฐœ ํŒ€์€ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ(F์กฐ, G์กฐ, H์กฐ) ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ์Šน๋ฆฌ ํŒ€, ์ค‘์•™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„ (D์กฐ) 1์œ„ ํŒ€, ๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„ (E์กฐ) 1์œ„ ํŒ€, ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„ (I์กฐ) 1์œ„ ํŒ€์€ ์ง€์—ญ๊ฐ„ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. A์กฐ | |} B์กฐ | |} C์กฐ | |} D์กฐ | |} E์กฐ | |} F์กฐ | |} G์กฐ | |} H์กฐ | |} I์กฐ | |} ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ 2020๋…„ AFC ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๊ณต์‹ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€ AFC์ปต ์‹œ์ฆŒ AFC์ปต ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฒ”์œ ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์ถ•์†Œ๋œ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ํ–‰์‚ฌ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%20AFC%20Cup
2020 AFC Cup
The 2020 AFC Cup was an abandoned season of the AFC Cup which would have been the 17th edition of the competition, Asia's secondary club football tournament organized by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC). The competition was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic after group stage matches on 11 March 2020, and was originally to restart on 23 September 2020. However, the season was eventually cancelled by the AFC on 10 September 2020. Al-Ahed of Lebanon were the defending champions. Association team allocation The 46 AFC member associations (excluding the associate member Northern Mariana Islands) were ranked based on their national team's and clubs' performance over the last four years in AFC competitions, with the allocation of slots for the 2019 and 2020 editions of the AFC club competitions determined by the 2017 AFC rankings (Entry Manual Article 2.3): The associations were split into five zones: West Asia Zone consisted of the associations from the West Asian Football Federation (WAFF). Central Asia Zone consisted of the associations from Central Asian Football Association (CAFA). South Asia Zone consisted of the associations from the South Asian Football Federation (SAFF). ASEAN Zone consisted of the associations from the ASEAN Football Federation (AFF). East Asia Zone consisted of the associations from the East Asian Football Federation (EAFF). All associations which did not receive direct slots in the AFC Champions League group stage were eligible to enter the AFC Cup. In each zone, the number of groups in the group stage was determined based on the number of entries, with the number of slots filled through play-offs same as the number of groups: In the West Asia Zone and the ASEAN Zone, there were three groups in the group stage, including a total of 9 direct slots, with the 3 remaining slots filled through play-offs. In the Central Asia Zone, the South Asia Zone, and the East Asia Zone, there was one group in the group stage, including a total of 3 direct slots, with the 1 remaining slot filled through play-offs. The top associations participating in the AFC Cup in each zone as per the AFC rankings received at least one direct slot in the group stage (including losers of the AFC Champions League qualifying play-offs), while the remaining associations get only play-off slots: For the West Asia Zone and the ASEAN zone: The associations ranked 1st to 3rd each received two direct slots. The associations ranked 4th to 6th each received one direct slot and one play-off slot. The associations ranked 7th or below each received one play-off slot. For the Central Asia Zone, the South Asia Zone, and the East Asia zone: The associations ranked 1st to 3rd each received one direct slot and one play-off slot. The associations ranked 4th or below each received one play-off slot. The maximum number of slots for each association was one-third of the total number of eligible teams in the top division. If any association did not use its direct slots, they would be redistributed to the highest eligible association, with each association limited to a maximum of two direct slots. If any association did not use its play-off slots, they are annulled and not redistributed to any other association. If the number of teams in the play-offs in any zone was fewer than twice the number of group stage slots filled through play-offs, the play-off teams of the highest eligible associations would be given byes to the group stage. Association ranking For the 2020 AFC Cup, the associations were allocated slots according to their association ranking as at 15 December 2017. This took into account their performance in the AFC Champions League and the AFC Cup, as well as their national team's FIFA World Rankings, during the period between 2014 and 2017. Notes Teams The following 48 teams from 28 associations entered the competition. Teams from Brunei and Timor-Leste entered the AFC Cup for the first time. Notes Schedule The schedule of the competition is as follows. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, only some of the group stage matches on matchdays 1โ€“3 in February and March were played as scheduled, and all matches in the East Asia Zone, on matchdays 2โ€“6 in the Central Asia Zone and the South Asia Zone, and on matchdays 4โ€“6 in the West Asia Zone and the ASEAN Zone, were postponed until further notice. The West Asia Zonal semi-finals were also initially moved to 24โ€“25 August and 14โ€“15 September. The AFC announced the calendar of the remaining matches on 9 July 2020, with all group stage matches played at centralised venues, and all knockout ties played as a single match. The AFC announced the cancellation of the remainder of the competition on 10 September 2020, due to logistics in coordinating the five zones. Notes: W: West Asia Zone C: Central Asia Zone S: South Asia Zone A: ASEAN Zone E: East Asia Zone Italics: planned new dates after restart, before the cancellation of the tournament The original schedule of the competition, as planned before the pandemic, was as follows. Qualifying play-offs Preliminary round 1 Preliminary round 2 Play-off round Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Group I Top scorers See also 2020 AFC Champions League References External links , the-AFC.com AFC Cup 2020, stats.the-AFC.com 2 2020 Association football events curtailed and voided due to the COVID-19 pandemic
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%82%AC%EC%9E%A5%20%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C
์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ ๋ฌธ์„œ
์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ ๋ฌธ์„œ (Priestly source, P ๋ฌธ์„œ)๋Š” ํ† ๋ผ์˜ ์ถœ์ฒ˜๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ธ์‹๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์„œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ ์‹ ํ•™์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ† ๋ผ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ถœ์ฒ˜๋“ค๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋น„์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์ ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ํŠน์ง• ์ค‘ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์‹œ๋‚˜์ด์‚ฐ์—์„œ ์—ฌํ˜ธ์™€๊ฐ€ ๋ช…๋ นํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ํฌ์ƒ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•„๋ก ๊ณผ ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์ง์ด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ณ ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ชจ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌํ˜ธ์™€์—๊ฒŒ ์ง์ ‘ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—˜ ์ƒค๋‹ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์นญ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š” ์ •๊ฒฐ๋ฒ•, ์ œ์‚ฌ, ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์˜ ์ฑ…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ •์ œ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์˜ ์ฑ…๋ฌด๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์•„๋ก ์—๊ฒŒ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ ˆ์œ„์ธ ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์•„๋ก ์˜ ํ›„์†๋งŒ์ด ์ง€์„ฑ์†Œ์— ์ถœ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋‚˜, ์„ฑ์„œ๋น„ํ‰ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ์„ญ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์กด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ”๋นŒ๋ก  ์œ ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ทธ ํ›„์˜ ์œ ๋Œ€๋ฏผ์กฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ ์œผ๋‚˜, ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์™•๊ตญ์‹œ์ ˆ์˜ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์—˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž„๋ช…๋œ ๋Œ€์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋…์˜ ํ›„์†๋“ค์ด ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ์ „์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์ œ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์œ„์ธ๋“ค์€ ํฌ์ƒ์ œ์‚ฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋Œ€์‹  ์†Œ์†Œํ•œ ์žก๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋…์˜ ํ›„์†๋“ค์ด ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜ ๋ถ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ์ธ ๋ฒง์—˜์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด ๋ฒง์—˜์€ ๊ธˆ์†ก์•„์ง€ ์ˆญ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 721๋…„์— ์•—์ˆ˜๋ฅด์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋ฉธ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ์™•๊ตญ์˜ ํ›„์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ณ„์† ์ด์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์•„๋ก ๊ณผ ๋ฒง์—˜์€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 587๋…„์— ๋ฐ”๋นŒ๋ก ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๋…์˜ ํ›„์†๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์žก์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ๋ ˆ์œ„์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ๊นŒ๋‹ญ์€ ๋ ˆ์œ„์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์†Œ์™ธ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ฐ”๋นŒ๋ก ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ฒง์—˜ ์„ฑ์ „์ด ๋‚จ์œ ๋‹ค ์™•๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ข…๊ต์ƒํ™œ์— ํฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•„๋ก ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์•„๋ž˜์— ๋†“์—ฌ์žˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋…์˜ ํ›„์†์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ๋“ค์ด "์‚ฌ๋…์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋“ค"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜ธ์นญ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด "์•„๋ก ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋“ค"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋…์˜ ํ›„์†๋“ค์ด ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋ฉฐ ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜ ์„ฑ์ „์„ ๋ณต์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 538๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ์‚ฌ๋…์˜ ํ›„์†๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ ˆ์œ„์ธ ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ถฉ๋Œ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋…์˜ ํ›„์†๋“ค์ด ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•„๋ก ์˜ ํ›„์†์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์นญ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋…์˜ ํ›„์†๋“ค์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ ˆ์œ„์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ„์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ ๋ฌธ์„œ์— ๊ณ ๋ผ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „์Šน์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ ์ง๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„์ „์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฃฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์šฉ์„œ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž„์„ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ ๋ฌธ์„œ ๋ชจ์„ธ์˜ค๊ฒฝ, ํ˜น์€ ํ† ๋ผ๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฐฝ์„ธ๊ธฐ, ์ถœ์• ๊ตฝ๊ธฐ, ๋ ˆ์œ„๊ธฐ, ๋ฏผ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ, ์‹ ๋ช…๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์ธ์˜ ์„ ์‚ฌ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์„ธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์กฑ์žฅ์„คํ™”, ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ถœ์• ๊ตฝ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ด‘์•ผ์—์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ์ธ๋„ํ•˜์‹ฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์ฑ…๋“ค์—๋Š” ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ์ƒ์ถฉ๋˜๊ณ , ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ ๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋งŒ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด, ์ฐฝ์„ธ๊ธฐ 1์žฅ๊ณผ 2์žฅ์— ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜์–ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ฐฝ์„ธ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ, ์ฐฝ์„ธ๊ธฐ 4์žฅ๊ณผ 5์žฅ์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ธ์˜ ๊ณ„๋ณด์™€ ์…‹์˜ ๊ณ„๋ณด์˜ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ, ์ฐฝ์„ธ๊ธฐ 10์žฅ๊ณผ 11์žฅ์— ๋‘๋ฒˆ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์…ˆ์˜ ๊ณ„๋ณด, ์ฐฝ์„ธ๊ธฐ 15์žฅ๊ณผ 16์žฅ์— ๋‘๋ฒˆ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์•„๋ธŒ๋ผํ•จ๊ณผ์˜ ์–ธ์•ฝ, ์ฐฝ์„ธ๊ธฐ 18์žฅ๊ณผ 25์žฅ์— ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒง์—˜์—์„œ ์•ผ๊ณฑ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์‹ฌ, ์ถœ์• ๊ตฝ๊ธฐ 3์žฅ๊ณผ 6์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ชจ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ๋ถ€๋ฅด์‹ฌ, ์ถœ์• ๊ตฝ๊ธฐ 31์žฅ๊ณผ 34์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ŒํŒ์„ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ๋‚ด๋ ค์ฃผ์‹ฌ, ์ถœ์• ๊ตฝ๊ธฐ 25-31์žฅ๊ณผ ์ถœ์• ๊ตฝ๊ธฐ 35-40์žฅ์—์„œ ์„ฑ๋ง‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‘๋ฒˆ ์ฆ์–ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต, ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ, ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๊ทœ์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ฑ์„œ๋น„ํ‰ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ํ† ๋ผ์˜ ์ถœ์ฒ˜๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด ์ถœ์ฒ˜๋“ค์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜์–ด์˜จ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋“ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, 20์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•™์ž๋“ค ์—ญ์‹œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋™์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1973๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ฑ์„œํ•™์ž์ธ ํ”„๋žญํฌ ๋ฌด์–ด ํฌ๋กœ์Šค(Frank Moore Cross)๊ฐ€ ์“ด ์ฑ… ใ€Š๊ฐ€๋‚˜์•ˆ ์ „์„ค๊ณผ ํžˆ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„œ์‚ฌCanaanite Myth and Hebrew Epicใ€‹์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, P ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ-์ค‘๊ฐ„-๋์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์—ฌํ˜ธ์™€ ๋ฌธ์„œ์™€ ์—˜๋กœํž˜ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ํŽธ์ง‘ ๋ฐ ํ™•์žฅ์‹œํ‚จ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ฌธ์„œ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋กœ์Šค์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์„œ์„ค์€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•œ์Šค ํ•˜์ธ๋ฆฌํžˆ ์Šˆ๋ฏธํŠธ(Hans Heinrich Schmid)๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฑ… ใ€Š์—ฌํ˜ธ์™€ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒThe So-called Jahwistใ€‹(1976)์—์„œ ์—ฌํ˜ธ์™€ ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€์— ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋งˆ๋ฅดํ‹ด ๋กœ์ฆˆ(Martin Rose)๋Š” 1981๋…„ ์—ฌํ˜ธ์™€ ๋ฌธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์•„๊ธฐ์˜ ํ”„๋กค๋กœ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ํŽผ์ณค์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์กด ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œํ„ฐ์Šค(John Van Seters)๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฑ… ใ€Š์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ „ํ†ต์—์„œ์˜ ์•„๋ธŒ๋ผํ•จAbraham in History and Traditionใ€‹์—์„œ ์•„๋ธŒ๋ผํ•จ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 6์„ธ๊ธฐ, ์ฆ‰ ์—ฌํ˜ธ์™€ ๋ฌธ์„œ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ตํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ  ๊ณผ๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฃจ๋Œํ”„ ๋ Œ๋“œํ† ํ”„์˜ ์ฑ… ใ€Š๋ชจ์„ธ์˜ค๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ The Problem of the Process of Transmission in the Pentateuchใ€‹(1989)์€ ์—ฌํ˜ธ์™€ ๋ฌธ์„œ์™€ ์—˜๋กœํž˜ ๋ฌธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ์‹œ์˜ ํŒŒํŽธ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์„œ์„ค์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด ์•„์ง ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ชจ์„ธ์˜ค๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 5์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์œ ๋‹ค์™•๊ตญ์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋‹ค์™•๊ตญ์€ ๋ฐ”๋นŒ๋ก  ์œ ์ˆ˜ ์ดํ›„์— ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„ ์†์ฃผ ์˜ˆํ›„๋“œ์— ์†ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜ˆํ›„๋“œ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ œ2์„ฑ์ „์„ ์žฌ๊ฑดํ•˜์—ฌ ์†์ฃผ์˜ ํ†ต์น˜๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ถ€์— ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ฉ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„ ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์— ์ž์น˜๊ถŒ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ž์น˜๊ถŒ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฐ›๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์€ ๋ฒ•๊ทœ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ์€ ์˜ˆํ›„๋“œ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•ฉ์˜์ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์ฃผ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์ „์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ํŠน๊ถŒ๋“ค์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ „ํ†ต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ฃผ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 6์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์— ์„ธ์›Œ์ง„ ์˜› ์‹ ๋ช…๊ธฐ ์ „ํ†ต์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์€ ์ด ์ง€์ฃผ๋“ค์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์™„์„ฑ๋œ ์ฐฝ์„ธ๊ธฐ 1-11์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์„, 12-50์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์„, ๋ชจ์„ธ์˜ค๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๋ฒ•๊ทœ์™€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์•„๋ก ์˜ ์ž์†๋“ค์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ์˜ํ™”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด P ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ๊ทœ์น™๋“ค์ด ์“ฐ์—ฌ์กŒ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถ”์ธกํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ง•, ์—ฐ๋Œ€, ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๊ฐœ๊ด„ ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š” ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š” ์ •๊ฒฐ๋ฒ•, ์ œ์‚ฌ, ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์˜ ์ฑ…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ •์ œ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์˜ ์ฑ…๋ฌด๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์•„๋ก ์—๊ฒŒ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ ˆ์œ„์ธ ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์•„๋ก ์˜ ํ›„์†๋งŒ์ด ์ง€์„ฑ์†Œ์— ์ถœ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. P ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์€ ์žฅ์—„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ดˆ์›”์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์˜ค์ง ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์—˜๋กœํž˜(ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป)์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ์•„๋ธŒ๋ผํ•จ์—๊ฒŒ ์—˜ ์ƒค๋‹ค์ด(์ „๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป)๋กœ, ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์„ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฌํ˜ธ์™€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. P ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜๊ณผ ๋…ธ์•„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์–ธ์•ฝ, ์•„๋ธŒ๋ผํ•จ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์–ธ์•ฝ, ๋ชจ์„ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์–ธ์•ฝ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์‚ผ์•„ ๋„ค ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ ํƒ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ์•ฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์Šค๋ฆผ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, P ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฐฉ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ํ˜ผ์ธ์„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ˜ˆํ†ต์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ นํ•œ๋‹ค. P ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š” ์ œ์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ ๋•…๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์„ ์ •๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” "๊ฑฐ๋ฃฉํ•จ"์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ "์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ฃฉํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ(์ถœ 19:6)"๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋„๋ก ์ œ๋ก€์™€ ๊ทœ์น™๋“ค์„ ์ œ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋นŒ๋ก  ์œ ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ทธ ํ›„์— ์ข‹์€ ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋„“๊ฒŒ ์žก์•„ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 571-486๋…„๊ฒฝ์— ์ตœ์†Œ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ œ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์‹ ์ค‘ํžˆ ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฏผ์กฑ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช‡ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ์„ญ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ž˜์— ๋†“์—ฌ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์ด ์„ธ์›Œ์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋น„๋ก ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋นŒ๋ก ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์žกํ˜€๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ํฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ œ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์†์ฃ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์„ธ์˜ค๊ฒฝ P ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š” ์ฐฝ์„ธ๊ธฐ 1์žฅ์˜ ์ฒœ์ง€์ฐฝ์กฐ, ์•„๋‹ด์˜ ๊ณ„๋ณด, ๋…ธ์•„์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ฃผ, ๋…ธ์•„์˜ ๊ณ„๋ณด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋ธŒ๋ผํ•จ์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ๋œ ์…ˆ์˜ ๊ณ„๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์—ฌํ˜ธ์™€ ๋ฌธ์„œ์—์„œ ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ธก๋˜๋‚˜, ์ฐฝ์„ธ๊ธฐ 17์žฅ์˜ ์•„๋ธŒ๋ผํ•จ๊ณผ์˜ ์–ธ์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์•„๋ธŒ๋ผํ•จ, ์ด์‚ญ, ์•ผ๊ณฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” P ๋ฌธ์„œ์—์„œ ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ถœ์• ๊ตฝ๊ธฐ ์—ญ์‹œ ์—ฌํ˜ธ์™€ ๋ฌธ์„œ์™€ P ๋ฌธ์„œ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฏธ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋˜ ์—ฌํ˜ธ์™€ ๋ฌธ์„œ ์ „์Šน์— ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ๋“ค์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•ด ๋„ฃ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด๋œ๋‹ค. 1์žฅ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 24์žฅ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์ด ์‹œ๋‚˜์ด์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์‹œ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€, 32์žฅ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 34์žฅ์˜ ๊ธˆ์†ก์•„์ง€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์—ฌํ˜ธ์™€ ๋ฌธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์กด๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋‚˜, ํ’์„ฑํ•œ ์€ํ˜œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์•ฝ์†์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์ด ์ˆœ์ข…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ชฉ๊ณผ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์—์„œ์˜ ์งˆ์„œ์ •์—ฐํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ชฉ์€ P ๋ฌธ์„œ์—์„œ ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค. 25์žฅ์—์„œ 31์žฅ๊นŒ์ง€, 35์žฅ์—์„œ 40์žฅ๊นŒ์ง€ ์„œ์ˆ ๋œ ์žฅ๋ง‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ P ๋ฌธ์„œ์—์„œ ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์œ„๊ธฐ 1์žฅ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 16์žฅ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์„ธ์†์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฃฉํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋“ ์ง€ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•œ ์ผ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ฑ์ „์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ •๊ฒฐํ•ด์งˆ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์”ป๊น€๊ณผ, ํฌ์ƒ๊ณผ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์œ„๊ธฐ 17์žฅ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 26์žฅ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฐ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ฃฉํ•œ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ด ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ํฐ ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ด ์—ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ์„ธ์˜ค๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฃฉํ•จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 1-10:28, 15-20, 25-31, 33-36์— P ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์‚ฌ, ๋ ˆ์œ„์ธ์˜ ๋„์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ ˆ์œ„์ธ๊ณผ ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์˜ ์ง€์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„œ์ˆ , ์ •ํƒ๊ณผ ์•ฝ์†์˜ ๋•…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์  ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ •ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋“ฏ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ด ์ž˜ ์‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์ง์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ๊ณผ, ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ธ์•ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฏธ์˜์‹ฌ์ด ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐํ•ญ๋“ค์—์„œ๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ๋ชจ์„ธ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ๊ณผ ์—ฌํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์•„์˜ ๊ณ„์Šน์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๋ง์ง€์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ›„์— ์‹ ๋ช…๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์‹ ๋ช…๊ธฐ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด P ๋ฌธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์„ธ์˜ค๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ถœ์ฒ˜์ค‘์— J์™€ D ๋ฌธ์„œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ์„ธ์›Œ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, P ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์•ž๋‹น๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด 1970๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋น„ ํ›„๋ฅด๋น„์ธ (Avi hurvitz)์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ P ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์—์ œํ‚ค์—˜์„œ์™€ ์‹ ๋ช…๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์–ธ์–ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ด๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ํžˆ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด ๋‘˜๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์•ž๋‹น๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ P ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Šฆ์ถฐ์ง„ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ "์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ"๊ณผ "์ œ๋ก€"๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์—์„œ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต์˜ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์ด ์„ฑ์„œํ•™๊ณ„์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ์•„์ง ๋„๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹ ๋ช…๊ธฐ ๋ฌธ์„œ ์—˜๋กœํž˜ ๋ฌธ์„œ ํ† ๋ผ ๋ฌธ์„œ์„ค Holiness code ์—ฌํ˜ธ์™€ ๋ฌธ์„œ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ The Priestly source isolated, at wikiversity The narrative of the priestly source isolated, at wikiversity ๋ฌธ์„œ์„ค
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priestly%20source
Priestly source
The Priestly source (or simply P) is perhaps the most widely recognized of the sources underlying the Torah. It is both stylistically and theologically distinct from other material in the Torah, and includes a set of claims that are contradicted by non-Priestly passages and therefore uniquely characteristic: no sacrifice before the institution is ordained by Yahweh (God) at Sinai, the exalted status of Aaron and the priesthood, and the use of the divine title El Shaddai before God reveals his name to Moses, to name a few. In general, the Priestly work is concerned with priestly matters โ€“ ritual law, the origins of shrines and rituals, and genealogies โ€“ all expressed in a formal, repetitive style. It stresses the rules and rituals of worship, and the crucial role of priests, expanding considerably on the role given to Aaron (all Levites are priests, but according to P only the descendants of Aaron were to be allowed to officiate in the inner sanctuary). Background The history of exilic and post-exilic Judah is little known, but a summary of current theories can be made as follows: Religion in monarchic Judah centred around ritual sacrifice in the Temple. There, worship was in the hands of priests known as Zadokites (meaning that they traced their descent from an ancestor called Zadok, who, according to the Hebrew Bible, was the high priest appointed by Samuel.) There was also a lower order of religious officials called Levites, who were not permitted to perform sacrifices and were restricted to menial functions. While the Zadokites were the only priests in Jerusalem, there were other priests at other centres. One of the most important of these was a temple at Bethel, north of Jerusalem. Bethel, the centre of the "golden calf" cult, was one of the main religious centres of the northern kingdom of Israel and had royal support until Israel was destroyed by the Assyrians in 721 BCE. Aaron was in some way associated with Bethel. In 587 BCE the Babylonians conquered Jerusalem and took most of the Zadokite priesthood into exile, leaving behind the Levites, who were too poor and marginalised to represent a threat to their interests. The temple at Bethel now assumed a major role in the religious life of the inhabitants of Judah, and the non-Zadokite priests, under the influence of the Aaronite priests of Bethel, began calling themselves "sons of Aaron" to distinguish themselves from the "sons of Zadok". When the Zadokite priests returned from exile after c. 538 BCE and began re-establishing the temple in Jerusalem they came into conflict with the Levite priests. The Zadokites won the conflict but adopted the Aaronite name, whether as part of a compromise or in order to out-flank their opponents by co-opting their ancestor. The Zadokites simultaneously found themselves in conflict with the Levites, who objected to their subordinate position. The priests also won this battle, writing into the Priestly document stories such as the rebellion of Korah, which paints the challenge to priestly prerogative as unholy and unforgivable. The Priestly work The Pentateuch or Torah (the Greek and Hebrew terms, respectively, for the Bible's books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy) describe the prehistory of the Israelites from the creation of the world, through the earliest biblical patriarchs and their wanderings, to the Exodus from Egypt and the encounter with God in the wilderness. The books contain many inconsistencies, repetitions, different narrative styles, and different names for God. John Van Seters notes that "Turning to the Tetrateuch, we observe a feature that I have highlighted by the use of italics, in which parallel blocks of material have been set side by side. Thus, there are two accounts of creation, two genealogies of Seth, two genealogies of Shem, two covenants between Abraham and his god, two revelations to Jacob at Bethel, two calls of Moses to rescue his people, two sets of laws given at Sinai, two Tents of Meeting/Tabernacles set up at Sinai." The repetitions, styles and names are not random, but follow identifiable patterns, and the study of these patterns led scholars to the conclusion that four separate sources lie behind them. The 19th century scholars saw these sources as independent documents which had been carefully edited together, and for most of the 20th century this was the accepted consensus. But in 1973 the American biblical scholar Frank Moore Cross published an influential work called Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic, in which he argued that P was not an independent document (i.e., a written text telling a coherent story with a beginning, middle and end), but an editorial expansion of another of the four sources, the combined Jahwist/Elohist (called JE). Cross's study was the beginning of a series of attacks on the documentary hypothesis, continued notably by the work of Hans Heinrich Schmid (The So-called Jahwist, 1976, questioning the date of the Jahwistic source), Martin Rose (1981, proposing that the Jahwist was composed as a prologue to the history which begins in Joshua), and Van Seters (Abraham in History and Tradition, proposing a 6th-century BCE date for the story of Abraham, and therefore for the Jahwist). Even more radical was Rolf Rendtorff (The Problem of the Process of Transmission in the Pentateuch, 1989), who argued that neither the Jahwist nor the Elohist had ever existed as sources but instead represented collections of independent fragmentary stories, poems, etc. No new consensus has emerged to replace the documentary hypothesis, but since roughly the mid-1980s an influential theory has emerged which relates the emergence of the Pentateuch to the situation in Judah in the 5th century BCE under Persian imperial rule. The central institution in the post-Exilic Persian province of Yehud (the Persian name for the former kingdom of Judah) was the reconstructed Second Temple, which functioned both as the administrative centre for the province and as the means through which Yehud paid taxes to the central government. The central government was willing to grant autonomy to local communities throughout the empire, but it was first necessary for the would-be autonomous community to present the local laws for imperial authorisation. This provided a powerful incentive for the various groups that constituted the Jewish community in Yehud to come to an agreement. The major groups were the landed families who controlled the main sources of wealth, and the priestly families who controlled the Temple. Each group had its own history of origins that legitimated its prerogatives. The tradition of the landowners was based on the old Deuteronomistic tradition, which had existed since at least the 6th century BCE and had its roots even earlier; that of the priestly families was composed to "correct" and "complete" the landowners' composition. In the final document Genesis 1โ€“11 lays the foundations, Genesis 12โ€“50 defines the people of Israel, and the books of Moses define the community's laws and relationship to its God. Since the second half of the 20th century, views on the relative age of P and the Holiness Code (H) have undergone major revision. Scholars including , Israel Knohl, and Christophe Nihan have argued for the younger age of H compared to P. Together with Jacob Milgrom, Knohl also identifies passages related to H elsewhere in the Pentateuch. Authors such as Bill T. Arnold and Paavo N. Tucker have argued that most of the narrative sections traditionally ascribed to P should be connected with H instead. Many scholars attribute the laws in the P source to the desire to glorify the Aaronide priestly caste responsible for their composition. Characteristics, date and scope Characteristics The Priestly work is concerned with priestly mattersย โ€“ ritual law, the origins of shrines and rituals, and genealogiesย โ€“ all expressed in a formal, repetitive style. It stresses the rules and rituals of worship, and the crucial role of priests, expanding considerably on the role given to Aaron (all Levites are priests, but according to P only the descendants of Aaron were to be allowed to officiate in the inner sanctuary). P's God is majestic, and transcendent, and all things happen because of his power and will. He reveals himself in stages, first as Elohim (a Hebrew word meaning simply "god", taken from the earlier Canaanite word meaning "the gods"), then to Abraham as El Shaddai (usually translated as "God Almighty"), and finally to Moses by his unique name, Yahweh. P divides history into four epochs from Creation to Moses by means of covenants between God and Noah, Abraham and Moses. The Israelites are God's chosen people, his relationship with them is governed by the covenants, and P's God is concerned that Israel should preserve its identity by avoiding intermarriage with non-Israelites. P is deeply concerned with "holiness", meaning the ritual purity of the people and the land: Israel is to be "a priestly kingdom and a holy nation" (Exodus 19:6), and P's elaborate rules and rituals are aimed at creating and preserving holiness. Good cases have been made for both exilic and post-exilic composition, leading to the conclusion that it has at least two layers, spanning a broad time period of 571โ€“486 BCE. This was a period when the careful observance of ritual was one of the few means available which could preserve the identity of the people, and the narrative of the priestly authors created an essentially stable and secure world in which Israel's history was under God's control, so that even when Israel alienated itself from God, leading to the destruction of Jerusalem and the exile in Babylon, atonement could still be made through sacrifice and ritual. Date Julius Wellhausen, the 19th century German scholar who formulated the documentary hypothesis, fixed the chronological order of its sources as the Yahwist and Elohist, followed by the Deuteronomist, and last the Priestly. There is currently no general agreement on the absolute dates of any of these sources, but a growing number of scholars place both the Yahwist (the narrative strand) and the Priestly material (a mix of narrative and legal material) in the late Neo-Babylonian or Persian periods. Scope While most scholars agree on the identification of Priestly texts in Genesis through Exodus, opinions are divided concerning the original ending of the separate P document. Suggested endings have been located in the Book of Joshua, in Deuteronomy 34, Leviticus 16 or 9:24, in Exodus 40, or in Exodus 29:46. P is responsible for the first of the two creation stories in Genesis (Genesis 1), for Adam's genealogy, part of the Flood story, the Table of Nations, and the genealogy of Shem (i.e., Abraham's ancestry). Most of the remainder of Genesis is from the Yahwist, but P provides the covenant with Abraham (chapter 17) and a few other stories concerning Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. The book of Exodus is also divided between the Yahwist and P, and the usual understanding is that the Priestly writer(s) were adding to an already-existing Yahwist narrative. Chapters 1โ€“24 (from bondage in Egypt to God's appearances at Sinai) and chapters 32โ€“34 (the golden calf incident) are from the Yahwist and P's additions are relatively minor, noting Israel's obedience to the command to be fruitful and the orderly nature of Israel even in Egypt. P was responsible for chapters 25โ€“31 and 35โ€“40, the instructions for making the Tabernacle and the story of its fabrication. Leviticus 1โ€“16 sees the world as divided between the profane (i.e., not holy) masses and the holy priests. Anyone who incurs impurity must be separated from the priests and the Temple until purity is restored through washing, sacrifice, and the passage of time. According to Nihan, the purification ritual of Leviticus 16 formed the conclusion of the original Priestly document; in this and similar views, all P-like texts after this point are post-Priestly additions. Leviticus 17โ€“26 is called the Holiness code, from its repeated insistence that Israel should be a holy people; scholars accept it as a discrete collection within the larger Priestly source, and have traced similar holiness writings elsewhere in the Pentateuch. In Numbers the Priestly source contributes chapters 1โ€“10:28, 15โ€“20, 25โ€“31, and 33โ€“36, including, among other things, two censuses, rulings on the position of Levites and priests (including the provision of special cities for the Levites), and the scope and protection of the Promised Land. The Priestly themes in Numbers include the significance of the priesthood for the well-being of Israel (the ritual of the priests is needed to take away impurity), and God's provision of the priesthood as the means by which he expresses his faithfulness to the covenant with Israel. The Priestly source in Numbers originally ended with an account of the death of Moses and succession of Joshua ("Then Moses went up from the plains of Moab to Mount Nebo..."), but when Deuteronomy was added to the Pentateuch this was transferred to the end of Deuteronomy. See also Deuteronomist Documentary hypothesis Elohist Holiness code Jahwist Torah Notes References Further reading External links The Priestly source isolated, at wikiversity The narrative of the priestly source isolated, at wikiversity Documentary hypothesis
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์—์ด๊ธ€
์—์ด๊ธ€(, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด๋กœ ๋…์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธ)์€ ์Šค์œ„์Šค ๋ณด์ฃผ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋„์‹œ์ด๋‹ค. ์—์ด๊ธ€์˜ ๊ณต์‹ ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด์ด๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์‹œ์ •์ดŒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ์ฐ ์ •์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒญ๋™๊ธฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋งค์žฅ๊ณผ ๋„์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋งˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์—์ด๊ธ€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ์ƒ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋‚˜๋ฅด ๊ณ ๊ฐœ์—์„œ ๋น„๋น„์Šค์ฟ ์Šค(๋ธŒ๋ฒ )๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„์ธ ์•„๋ฒคํ‹ฐ์ฟฐ(์•„๋ฐฉ์Šˆ)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ์— ๋ˆ„์›Œ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋งˆ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์—์ด๊ธ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค: Ala (๋‚ ๊ฐœ), Alena (์ž‘์€ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ), Aquilegia ๋ฐ Aquilas (๋…์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ) ์‹œ์ •์ดŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ค‘์„ธ ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ 1150๋…„์— Alium์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1153๋…„์— ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ Aleo์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ ์„ฑ๋กœ๋งˆ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ํ™ฉ์ œ ํ•˜์ธ๋ฆฌํžˆ 4์„ธ๋Š” 1076๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ณด์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์— ์•„์ด๊ธ€ ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ์–‘๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ์„ฑ ๋ฒ„๋‚˜๋“œ ์ˆ˜๋„์›๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ˆ˜๋„์›๋„ ์—์ด๊ธ€์— ์†Œ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ›„์ž๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋„์›์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฅด ํด๋กœ์•„ํŠธ๋กœ(Le Cloรฎtre)๋ผ๋Š” ๋งˆ์„ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์™”๋‹ค. 1231๋…„ ์—์ด๊ธ€์€ ์‚ฌ๋ณด์ด์˜ ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค 1์„ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹œ์žฅ ๋งˆ์„๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 1314๋…„์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ณด์ด์˜ ์•„๋งˆ๋ฐ์šฐ์Šค 5์„ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž์œ  ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์Šน๊ฒฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ๋ชฉ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ƒ์—… ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ ˆ์žฅ(Leysin, 1702๋…„๊นŒ์ง€) ๋ฐ Corbeyrier ๋ฐ Yvorne(1831๋…„๊นŒ์ง€)์™€ ๊ณต๋™ ๊ต๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. SI๋Š” 14์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ์ฃผ์˜ ์…ˆ๋ธŒ๋ž‘์ปค(Sembrancher)์™€ ์กฐ์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์–ด ์ „์Ÿ์ด๋‚˜ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‘ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1475๋…„ ๋ฒ ๋ฅธ๊ณผ ๋™๋งน์„ ๋งบ์€ ์ž๋„จ(Saanen)๊ณผ ํŽ˜์ด๋“œ์—”์˜ค(Pays-d'Enhaut) ์‚ฐ์•… ์ง€์—ญ ์ด ์—์ด๊ธ€ ์„ฑ์˜ ํƒ‘์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•ด ๋ถˆํƒœ์› ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์†Œ๋“์˜ 3๋ถ„์˜ 1์„ ๋ฒ ๋ฅธ์— ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ ์—์ด๊ธ€ ๋งˆ์„๊ณผ Ollon, Bex ๋ฐ Les Ormonts๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋ฒ ๋ฅธ์—๊ฒŒ ์–‘๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1476๋…„์— ์ฒด๊ฒฐ๋œ ใ€ˆํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ถ€๋ฅด ์กฐ์•ฝใ€‰์—์„œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์—์ด๊ธ€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, 1483๋…„์— ๋ฒ ๋ฅธ์—๊ฒŒ ์–‘๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—์ด๊ธ€ ์˜์ง€๋Š” Villeneuve๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€์—ญ์„ ํฌํ•จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์Šค์œ„์Šค์—์„œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์ค‘ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ ๋ฅธ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1528๋…„์— ๊ธฐ์šค ํŒŒ๋ ์ด ์—์ด๊ธ€์—์„œ ์ข…๊ต ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ „ํŒŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1798๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1803๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์—์ด๊ธ€๋Š” ํ—ฌ๋ฒ ํ‹ฐ์•„ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ๋ ˆ๋งŒ์ฃผ์— ์†ํ•ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‚˜ํด๋ ˆ์˜น์˜ ์ค‘์žฌ๋กœ ๋ณด์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. J. van Wijk Roelandszoon์˜ 1821๋…„ ์ง€๋ฆฌ ์ „์—๋Š” 600์ฑ„์˜ ์ง‘๊ณผ 2,500๋ช…์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋งˆ์„ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด Aelen์ด๋ฉฐ 15,000์„ผํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๊ธˆ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. Aelen ์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ 8km, ๋„ˆ๋น„๊ฐ€ 10km์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” 7,500๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๋ณด์ฃผ๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์Šค์—์„œ ํƒˆํ‡ดํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ž์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜ ์šด๋™(์กด๋”๋ถ„ํŠธ)์€ 1847๋…„์— ์•™๋ฆฌ ๋’คํ‘ธ๋ฅด ์žฅ๊ตฐ ํœ˜ํ•˜์˜ 99,000๋ช…์˜ ์Šค์œ„์Šค ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์ด 79,000๋ช…์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜์—ฌ ์กด๋”๋ถ„ํŠธ ์ „์Ÿ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 86๋ช…์˜ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ์•—์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์•˜๋‹ค. 1848๋…„ ์Šค์œ„์Šค ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์€ ์กด๋”๋ถ„ํŠธ ์ „์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฆฌ ์—์ด๊ธ€์€ ๋ชฝํŠธ๋ขฐ์—์„œ ๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 13km ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณ ๋„ 415m์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์œ„์Šค ์•Œํ”„์Šค ๊ธฐ์Šญ์˜ ๋ก  ๊ณ„๊ณก ๋™์ชฝ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—์ด๊ธ€์˜ ๋ฉด์ ์€ 2009๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 16.41kใŽก์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฉด์  ์ค‘ 5.59kใŽก (34.1%)๊ฐ€ ๋†์—… ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด 6.13kใŽก (37.4%)๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ํ† ์ง€ ์ค‘ 4.2kใŽก (25.6%)๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฐฉ(๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋˜๋Š” ๋„๋กœ), 0.45kใŽก(2.7%)๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ• ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์ด๊ณ  0.1kใŽก (0.6%)๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ชจ์ง€์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฉด์  ์ค‘ ๊ณต์—…์šฉ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ์ „์ฒด ๋ฉด์ ์˜ 5.2%, ์ฃผํƒ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด 6.6%, ๊ตํ†ต ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค์ด 9.0%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ž์› ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํŠน๋ณ„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๋ฉด์ ์˜ 1.5%๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต์›, ๋…น์ง€๋Œ€ ๋ฐ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์€ 3.4%๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ๋ฉด์ ์€ ์šธ์ฐฝํ•œ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฎ์—ฌ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋†๊ฒฝ์ง€ ์ค‘ 21.5%๋Š” ์ž‘๋ฌผ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ 2.4%๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ดˆ์ง€์ด๋ฉฐ, 10.2%๋Š” ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์›์ด๋‚˜ ํฌ๋„๋‚˜๋ฌด ์ž‘๋ฌผ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ •์ดŒ์˜ ๋ฌผ ์ค‘ 0.6%๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์—, 2.1%๋Š” ๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์‹œ๋‚ด์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—์ด๊ธ€์—๋Š” ๋ฅด ํด๋กœ์•„ํŠธ๋กœ(Le Cloรฎtre), Vers Pousaz ๋ฐ Fontanney์˜ ๋งˆ์„์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ง€์ž์ฒด๋Š” ๋ณด์ฃผ์˜ Yvorne, Leysin, Ormont-Dessous, Ollon, ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ์ฃผ์˜ Vouvry์™€ Collombey-Muraz์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ›„ ์พจํŽœ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์—์„œ ์—์ด๊ธ€์€ ํ•ด์–‘์„ฑ ๊ธฐํ›„(์พจํŽœ: Cfb)์ด๋‹ค. ์—์ด๊ธ€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์€ ํ‰๊ท  118์ผ์ด๋ฉฐ ํ‰๊ท  ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์€ 1,012mm์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์Šตํ•œ ๋‹ฌ์€ ์—์ด๊ธ€์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด 110mm์ธ 7์›”์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์€ 10.7์ผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ฌ์€ 5์›”๋กœ ํ‰๊ท  11.8์ผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์€ 90mm์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•œ ๋‹ฌ์€ 2์›”๋กœ 7.8์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ํ‰๊ท  ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด 64mm์ด๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ 2020๋…„ 12์›” ๊ธฐ์ค€, ์—์ด๊ธ€์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” 10,462๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 37.0%๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด๋‹ค. 1999๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2009๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” 15.4%์˜ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฃผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด 14.7%์˜ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ, ์ถœ์ƒ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ง์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด 1.5%์˜ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2000๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€, ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ 6,362๋ช…(80.0%)์ด ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์–ด๊ฐ€ 278๋ช…(3.5%)์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์•Œ๋ฐ”๋‹ˆ์•„์–ด๊ฐ€ 275๋ช…(3.5%)์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋…์ผ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ค„ ์•„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ 235๋ช…, ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ค„ ์•„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ 264๋ช…, ๋กœ๋งŒ์Šˆ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ค„ ์•„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ 5๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. ์ง€์ž์ฒด์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ค‘ 2,236๋ช…(์•ฝ 28.1%)๊ฐ€ 2000๋…„์— ์—์ด๊ธ€์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฃผ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ 1,782๋ช…(22.4%)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , 1,188๋ช…(14.9%)๊ฐ€ ์Šค์œ„์Šค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ , 2,402๋ช…(30.2%)๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์Šค ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„์—๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์Šค ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ด 56๋ช…, ๋น„์Šค์œ„์Šค๊ณ„ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ด 41๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์Šค์œ„์Šค ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ด 54๋ช…, ๋น„์Šค์œ„์Šค๊ณ„ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ด 7๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๋ฉด, ์Šค์œ„์Šค ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” 34๋ช…์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์œ„์Šค์—์„œ ์ด๋ฏผ์„ ์˜จ ์Šค์œ„์Šค ๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ 7๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์Šค์œ„์Šค๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•œ 93๋ช…์˜ ๋น„์Šค์œ„์Šค๊ณ„ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ 88๋ช…์˜ ๋น„์Šค์œ„์Šค๊ณ„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ ์ „์ฒด ์Šค์œ„์Šค ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ณ€ํ™”(์‹œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋Š” ์ด๋™์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ถœ์ฒ˜์—์„œ)๋Š” 124๋ช…์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋น„์Šค์œ„์Šค๊ณ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” 118๋ช…์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” 2.9%์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. 2009๋…„ ํ˜„์žฌ ์—์ด๊ธ€์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 933๋ช…(์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 10.7%)์ด 0~9์„ธ์ด๊ณ  1,137๋ช…(13.0%)์ด 10~19์„ธ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์ธ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ค‘ 1,255๋ช…(์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 14.3%)์ด 20~29์„ธ์ด๋‹ค. 1,068๋ช… ๋˜๋Š” 12.2%๋Š” 30์„ธ์—์„œ 39์„ธ ์‚ฌ์ด, 1,307๋ช… ๋˜๋Š” 14.9%๋Š” 40์„ธ์—์„œ 49์„ธ ์‚ฌ์ด, 1,134๋ช… ๋˜๋Š” 13.0%๋Š” 50์„ธ์—์„œ 59์„ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ น์ž ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” 940๋ช… ๋˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 10.7%๊ฐ€ 6์„ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์ด๋‹ค. 69์„ธ๋Š” 547๋ช…(6.3%), 70~79์„ธ๋Š” 352๋ช…(4.0%), 80~89์„ธ๋Š” 4.0%, 90์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์€ 77๋ช…(0.9%)์ด๋‹ค. 2000๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ •์ดŒ์— ๋ฏธํ˜ผ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธํ˜ผ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ 3,227๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ˜ผ์ž๋Š” 3,809๋ช…, ๊ณผ๋ถ€ ๋˜๋Š” ํ™€์•„๋น„๋Š” 502๋ช…, ์ดํ˜ผํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ 417๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2000๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ •์ดŒ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋Š” 3,342์„ธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋‹น ํ‰๊ท  2.3๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋Š” 1,158๊ฐ€๊ตฌ, 5์ธ ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋Š” 251๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ ์ด 3,400๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์ค‘ 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ 34.1%๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ๋™๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ์ธ์ด 19๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์ค‘ ์ž๋…€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋Š” 869์Œ, ์ž๋…€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋Š” 1,055์Œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž๋…€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŽธ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋Š” 202๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ์—ฐ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด 39๊ฐ€๊ตฌ, ์‹œ์„ค์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ฃผํƒ์ด 58๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์˜€๋‹ค. 2000๋…„์—๋Š” ์ด 1,172์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์šฉ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ค‘ 567ํ˜ธ(์ „์ฒด์˜ 48.4%)๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ๋…์ฃผํƒ์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋Š” 294์ฑ„(25.1%), ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ชฉ์  ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ 214์ฑ„(18.3%), ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์šฉ๋„(์ƒ์—…ยท๊ณต์—…)๋Š” 97์ฑ„(8.3%)๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋…์ฃผํƒ ์ค‘ 130์ฑ„๋Š” 1919๋…„ ์ด์ „์— ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๊ณ  47์ฑ„๋Š” 1990๋…„์—์„œ 2000๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์ฃผํƒ(111์ฑ„)์ด 1919๋…„ ์ด์ „์— ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์ฃผํƒ(52์ฑ„)์ด 1981๋…„๊ณผ 1990๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 2000๋…„์— ์ž์น˜์ œ์—๋Š” 4,178๊ฐœ์˜ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ์ค‘ 1,502๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1์ธ์‹ค ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๋Š” 324์ฑ„, 5์‹ค ์ด์ƒ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๋Š” 585์ฑ„์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ ์ƒ๊ฐ€์ฃผํƒ์€ ์ด 3,286์„ธ๋Œ€(์ „์ฒด์˜ 78.7%), ๋น„์ˆ˜๊ธฐํ˜•์€ 565์„ธ๋Œ€(13.5%), ๊ณต์‹ค์€ 327์„ธ๋Œ€(7.8%)์˜€๋‹ค. 2009๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์‹ ๊ทœ์ฃผํƒ ๊ฑด์„ค๋ฅ ์€ ์ธ๊ตฌ 1,000๋ช…๋‹น 20.4์„ธ๋Œ€์ด๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ ์‹œ์ •์ดŒ ๊ณต์‹ค๋ฅ ์€ 1.42%์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์ฐจํŠธ์— ๋‚˜์™€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…๊ต 2000๋…„ ์ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 2,857๋ช…(35.9%)์ด ์Šค์œ„์Šค ๊ฐœํ˜ ๊ตํšŒ์— ์†ํ–ˆ๊ณ , 2,853๋ช…(35.9%)์ด ๋กœ๋งˆ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ์‹ ์ž์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ค‘ ์ •๊ตํšŒ ๊ต์ธ์€ 96๋ช…(์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์•ฝ 1.21%), ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค์ฐฌ ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ตํšŒ ๊ต์ธ์€ 5๋ช…(์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์•ฝ 0.06%)์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ๊ตํšŒ์— ์†ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์€ 211๋ช…(์•ฝ 2.65%)์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ 2๋ช…๊ณผ ๋ฌด์Šฌ๋ฆผ 720๋ช…(์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์•ฝ 9.05%), ๋ถˆ๊ต 18๋ช…, ํžŒ๋‘๊ต 36๋ช…, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๊ต์— ์†ํ•œ 27๋ช…์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 657๋ช…(์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์•ฝ 8.26%)์€ ๊ตํšŒ์— ์†ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ก ์ž ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์‹ ๋ก ์ž์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 473๋ช…(์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์•ฝ 5.95%)์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ 2010๋…„ ํ˜„์žฌ ์—์ด๊ธ€์˜ ์‹ค์—…๋ฅ ์€ 8%์ด๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 1์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— 257๋ช…์ด ๊ณ ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ์•ฝ 52๊ฐœ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1,236๋ช…์ด 2์ฐจ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ๊ณ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— 99๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3,191๋ช…์ด 3์ฐจ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ๊ณ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—๋Š” 377๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ •์ดŒ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์€ 3,618๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์ • ์ •๋„ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์ค‘ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ „์ฒด ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์˜ 43.4%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2008๋…„์— ์ •๊ทœ์ง์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 3,944๊ฐœ์˜€๋‹ค. 1์ฐจ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์˜ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 165๊ฐœ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์ค‘ 160๊ฐœ๋Š” ๋†์—…์—, 5๊ฐœ๋Š” ์ž„์—… ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์žฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2์ฐจ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 1,189๊ฐœ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ด 700๊ฐœ(58.9%), ๊ฑด์„ค์—…์ด 397๊ฐœ(33.4%)์˜€๋‹ค. 3์ฐจ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์˜ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋Š” 2,590๊ฐœ์˜€๋‹ค. 3์ฐจ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ 752๊ฐœ(29.0%)๋Š” ๋„์†Œ๋งค ๋˜๋Š” ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์—…, 136๊ฐœ(5.3%)๋Š” ์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ ์ด๋™ ๋ฐ ๋ณด๊ด€, 165๊ฐœ(6.4%)๋Š” ํ˜ธํ…” ๋˜๋Š” ๋ ˆ์Šคํ† ๋ž‘, 12๊ฐœ(0.5%)๋Š” ์ •๋ณด ์‚ฐ์—…์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 99๊ฐœ(3.8%)๊ฐ€ ๋ณดํ—˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์œต ์‚ฐ์—…, 206๊ฐœ(8.0%)๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ž, 251๊ฐœ(9.7%)๊ฐ€ ๊ต์œก, 473๊ฐœ(18.3%)๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜€๋‹ค. 2000๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด๋กœ ํ†ต๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๋Š” 2,540๋ช…, ์ถœํ‡ด๊ทผ์ž๋Š” 1,821๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ž์ฒด๋Š” ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๋ฅผ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋– ๋‚  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์•ฝ 1.4๋ช…์˜ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ž์ฒด์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์—์ด๊ธ€์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์•ฝ 2.8%๊ฐ€ ์Šค์œ„์Šค ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ค‘ 20.8%๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถœํ‡ด๊ทผํ•˜๊ณ  50.9%๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. UCI(Union Cycliste Internationale)๋Š” ์—์ด๊ธ€์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์† ์†Œ์†ก์€ ์ธ๊ทผ์˜ ๋ธŒ๋ฒ  Est Vaudois ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต์œก ์—์ด๊ธ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์•ฝ 2,529๋ช…(31.8%)์ด ๋น„ํ•„์ˆ˜ ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๊ต์œก์„ ์ด์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 664๋ช…(8.3%)์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๊ต์œก(๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋˜๋Š” ์‘์šฉํ•™๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™)์„ ๋งˆ์ณค๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๊ต์œก์„ ๋งˆ์นœ 664๋ช… ์ค‘ 52.6%๊ฐ€ ์Šค์œ„์Šค ๋‚จ์„ฑ, 27.0%๊ฐ€ ์Šค์œ„์Šค ์—ฌ์„ฑ, 11.0%๊ฐ€ ๋น„์Šค์œ„์Šค๊ณ„ ๋‚จ์„ฑ, 9.5%๊ฐ€ ๋น„์Šค์œ„์Šค๊ณ„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2009/2010 ํ•™๋…„๋„์— ์—์ด๊ธ€ ํ•™๊ตฐ์—๋Š” ์ด 1,091๋ช…์˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ฃผ ์ฃผ๋ฆฝํ•™๊ต ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •์น˜ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์—์„œ 2๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์œ ์•„์›์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•™๋…„๋„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ•ด๋‹น ํ•™๊ตฐ์€ ์ด 205๋ช…์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ์•„์› ๋ณด์œก์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 96๋ช…(46.8%)์˜ ์•„๋™์ด ์œ ์น˜์›์—์„œ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 4๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์†๋œ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—๋Š” 568๋ช…์˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฌด ์ค‘๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ 6๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์†๋˜๋ฉฐ ํ•ด๋‹น ํ•™๊ต์˜ ํ•™์ƒ์€ 478๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™ˆ์Šค์ฟจ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•™๊ต์— ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋„ 45๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2000๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์—์ด๊ธ€์—๋Š” ํƒ€ ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด์—์„œ ์˜จ ํ•™์ƒ์ด 339๋ช…, ์‹œ์™ธ ํ•™๊ต์— ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด 386๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ค‘์š”๋ฌธํ™”์žฌ ์—์ด๊ธ€์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋“œ๋ผ๋น„๋‰ด ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€, ์ƒ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ์Šค์œ„์Šค ๊ฐœํ˜ ๊ตํšŒ ๋ฐ ๋“œ ๋ผ ๋””๋ฏ€ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์Šค์œ„์Šค ๋ฌธํ™”์œ ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—์ด๊ธ€์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๋„์‹œ์™€ ์„ฑ์€ ์Šค์œ„์Šค ์œ ์‚ฐ ๋ชฉ๋ก์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋‚˜์—ด๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ตํ†ต ์—์ด๊ธ€์€ ์Šค์œ„์Šค ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ฒ ๋„ ๊ณ ์† ์‹ฌํ”Œ๋ก ์„ ์—์„œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„(๋„๋ชจ๋„์†”๋ผ) ๋ถ์ชฝ ๋กœ์ž”๊ณผ ์ œ๋„ค๋ฐ” ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋ฅ˜์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ์Šค์œ„์Šค ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์—์ด๊ธ€์—ญ์—์„œ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ํ˜‘๊ถค ์ฒ ๋„์ธ ASD, AL ๋ฐ AOMC์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—์ด๊ธ€- ์ŠคํŽ˜(Sepey) -๋””์•„๋ธ”๋ฅด๋ ˆ ์ฒ ๋„(ASD) ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์—์ด๊ธ€์—์„œ ๋””์•„๋ธ”๋ฅด๋ ˆ ์Šคํ‚ค ๋ฆฌ์กฐํŠธ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์—์ด๊ธ€-๋ ˆ์žฅ ์ฒ ๋„(AL) ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์—์ด๊ธ€์—์„œ ์Šคํ‚ค ๋ฆฌ์กฐํŠธ์™€ ๋ ˆ์žฅ์˜ ์žฅ์—„ํ•œ ์ „๋ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์—์ด๊ธ€-์˜ฌ๋กฑ-๋ชฝํ…Œ-์ƒนํŽ˜๋ฆฌ ์ฒ ๋„(AOMC) ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ์—์ด๊ธ€์—์„œ ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ณ„๊ณก์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ƒนํŽ˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ์Šคํ‚ค ๋ฆฌ์กฐํŠธ๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฒ ๋„์™€ ๋ฒก์Šค-๋นŒ๋ผ์ฆˆ-๋ธŒ๋ ˆํ…Œ์ด(Bretaye) ์ฒ ๋„(BVB) ์—์ด๊ธ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์˜ ๋งˆ์„์ธ ๋ฒก์Šค์—์„œ ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” TPC(Transport Public du Chablais)๊ฐ€ ์šด์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. โ€œ100๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ TPC์˜ ์ฒ ๋„๋Š” ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต์˜ ๋•…์ธ ์Šค์œ„์Šค์˜ ๋ณด์ฃผ์™€ ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ์ฃผ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ‰์•ผ์™€ ์‚ฐ, ๋งˆ์„๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ณจ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.โ€ TPC์˜ โ€˜๋ชจํ† โ€™๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋˜ ์ƒค๋ธ”๋ ˆ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ข…๊ต์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. 1846~1847๋…„์— ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ์ฃผ๋Š” ์กด๋”๋ถ„ํŠธ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์นดํ†จ๋ฆญ์ฃผ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•  ์˜๋„๋กœ ์Šค์œ„์Šค์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์Šค์œ„์Šค ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ASD, AL, BVB ์ฒ ๋„๋Š” ๋ณด์ฃผ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์šด์˜๋œ๋‹ค. AOMC๋Š” ๋ก ๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ ์™€ ์ƒนํŽ˜๋ฆฌ(Champery)์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ณด์ฃผ์™€ ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ์ฃผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Official Website of the Commune of Aigle Webcam on the Rue de la Gare Les TPC: Transports Publics du Chablais: Website includes color maps ์Šค์œ„์Šค์˜ ๋„์‹œ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigle
Aigle
Aigle (French for "eagle", ; ) is a historic town and a municipality and the capital of the district of Aigle in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The official language of Aigle is Swiss French. Geography Aigle lies at an elevation of about south-southeast of Montreux. It is on the east edge of the Rhรดne valley, at the foot of the Swiss Alps. Aigle has an area, , of . Of this area, or 34.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 37.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 25.6% is settled (buildings or roads), or 2.7% is either rivers or lakes and or 0.6% is unproductive land. Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 5.2% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 6.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 9.0%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.5% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 3.4%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 21.5% is used for growing crops and 2.4% is pastures, while 10.2% is used for orchards or vine crops. Of the water in the municipality, 0.6% is in lakes and 2.1% is in rivers and streams. Aigle includes the villages of Le Cloรฎtre, Vers Pousaz, and Fontanney. The surrounding municipalities are Yvorne, Leysin, Ormont-Dessous, and Ollon in the canton of Vaud, and Vouvry and Collombey-Muraz in the canton of Valais. History The municipality was settled very early. Burials and ceramics from the Bronze Age have been discovered. During Roman times, Aigle lay on the road from the Great Saint Bernard pass via Viviscus (Vevey) to Aventicum (Avenches), the Roman capital. The Romans had a number of names for Aigle: Ala (Wing), Alena (Little Wing), Aquilegia and Aquilas (Eagles). The first medieval mention of the municipality occurs in 1150 under the name of Alium. A mention in 1153 gives the name as Aleo. Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV gave the territory of Aigle in 1076 to the house of Savoy. The Abbeys of Great Saint Bernard and Saint-Maurice also had holdings in Aigle, and the latter established a priory, from which the village of Le Cloรฎtre takes its name. In 1231, Aigle was made a market town by Thomas I of Savoy, and in 1314 it was raised to a free town by Amadeus V of Savoy. It became an important commercial center because of its location on the road to Italy. It had a common parish with Leysin (until 1702) and with Corbeyrier and Yvorne (until 1831). SInce the 14th century, it had a treaty with Sembrancher in Valais, that committed the two communities for mutual aid in case of war or natural disaster. In 1475, the mountain regions of Saanen and Pays-d'Enhaut, who were allied with Bern, attacked and burned the tower of Aigle Castle. They then gave Aigle town and the surrounding district, including Ollon, Bex, and Les Ormonts, to Bern in exchange for not having to pay one-third of their income to Bern. In the treaty of Fribourg from 1476, Fribourg received rights over the Aigle district, which they gave up to Bern in 1483. Bern rebuilt Aigle Castle in 1489 and made it the seat of the bailiwick of Aigle. The Aigle bailiwick included all of the present district except Villeneuve. It was thus the first of the French-speaking parts of Switzerland to become subject to Bern. In 1528, the Reformation was first preached in Aigle by Guillaume Farel. From 1798 to 1803, Aigle belonged to the canton of Lรฉman in the Helvetic Republic, which was transformed into the canton of Vaud with the mediation of Napoleon. The Geographical dictionary of 1821 by J. van Wijk Roelandszoon names the village Aelen, comprises 600 houses and 2.500 inhabitants, with a Salt mine that yields 15,000 cents. The district Aelen is long and in width, 7500 total inhabitants. In the 19th century, the canton of Vaud was an outspoken opponent of an attempt by a number of cantons to secede from Switzerland. This Catholic separatist movement (Sonderbund) led to intervention in 1847 by 99,000 Swiss Federal troops under General Henri Dufour against 79,000 separatists in what is called the Sonderbund war. Separation was prevented at the cost of 86 lives. The 1848 Swiss Federal Constitution was created in response of the Sonderbund war. The Chablais and the Chablais Alps Chablais was a former province of the Duchy of Savoy. Its historic capital was Thonon-les-Bains. The modern Chablais "region" is three territories: the Chablais Savoyard, the Chablais Valaisan, and the Chablais Vaudois. The Chablais Savoyard is within the department of Haute-Savoie in France, the Chablais Valaisan is in the Swiss canton of Valais, and the Chablais Vaudois is in the Swiss canton of Vaud. The Chablais Alps is the mountain range situated between France and Switzerland. Coat of arms The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per fess Sable and Or, two displayed eagles 1-1 counterchanged. Demographics Aigle has a population () of . , 37.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999-2009) the population has changed at a rate of 15.4%. It has changed at a rate of 14.7% due to migration and at a rate of 1.5% due to births and deaths. Most of the population () speaks French (6,362 or 80.0%), with Portuguese being second most common (278 or 3.5%) and Albanian being third (275 or 3.5%). There are 235 people who speak German, 264 people who speak Italian and 5 people who speak Romansh. Of the population in the municipality 2,236 or about 28.1% were born in Aigle and lived there in 2000. There were 1,782 or 22.4% who were born in the same canton, while 1,188 or 14.9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 2,402 or 30.2% were born outside of Switzerland. In there were 56 live births to Swiss citizens and 41 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 54 deaths of Swiss citizens and 7 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 2 while the foreign population increased by 34. There were 7 Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 93 non-Swiss men and 88 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 124 and the non-Swiss population increased by 118 people. This represents a population growth rate of 2.9%. The age distribution, , in Aigle is; 933 children or 10.7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 1,137 teenagers or 13.0% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 1,255 people or 14.3% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 1,068 people or 12.2% are between 30 and 39, 1,307 people or 14.9% are between 40 and 49, and 1,134 people or 13.0% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 940 people or 10.7% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 547 people or 6.3% are between 70 and 79, there are 352 people or 4.0% who are 80 and 89, and there are 77 people or 0.9% who are 90 and older. , there were 3,227 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 3,809 married individuals, 502 widows or widowers and 417 individuals who are divorced. , there were 3,342 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. There were 1,158 households that consist of only one person and 251 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 3,400 households that answered this question, 34.1% were households made up of just one person and there were 19 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 869 married couples without children, 1,055 married couples with children. There were 202 single parents with a child or children. There were 39 households that were made up of unrelated people and 58 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing. there were 567 single family homes (or 48.4% of the total) out of a total of 1,172 inhabited buildings. There were 294 multi-family buildings (25.1%), along with 214 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (18.3%) and 97 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (8.3%). Of the single family homes 130 were built before 1919, while 47 were built between 1990 and 2000. The most multi-family homes (111) were built before 1919 and the next most (52) were built between 1981 and 1990. there were 4,178 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 1,502. There were 324 single room apartments and 585 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 3,286 apartments (78.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 565 apartments (13.5%) were seasonally occupied and 327 apartments (7.8%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 20.4 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 1.42%. The historical population is given in the following chart: Heritage sites of national significance Aigle Castle and Museum De La Vigne, the Swiss Reformed Church of Saint-Maurice and the De la Dรฎme House are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire town and castle of Aigle are listed as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites. Politics In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the FDP which received 24.34% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (23.39%), the SP (20.74%) and the Green Party (9.87%). In the federal election, a total of 1,794 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 42.0%. Economy , Aigle had an unemployment rate of 8%. , there were 257 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 52 businesses involved in this sector. 1,236 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 99 businesses in this sector. 3,191 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 377 businesses in this sector. There were 3,618 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.4% of the workforce. the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 3,944. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 165, of which 160 were in agriculture and 5 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 1,189 of which 700 or (58.9%) were in manufacturing and 397 (33.4%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 2,590. In the tertiary sector; 752 or 29.0% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 136 or 5.3% were in the movement and storage of goods, 165 or 6.4% were in a hotel or restaurant, 12 or 0.5% were in the information industry, 99 or 3.8% were the insurance or financial industry, 206 or 8.0% were technical professionals or scientists, 251 or 9.7% were in education and 473 or 18.3% were in health care. , there were 2,540 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,821 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.4 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 2.8% of the workforce coming into Aigle are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 20.8% used public transportation to get to work, and 50.9% used a private car. The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) is based in Aigle and many of its defamation lawsuits against critics have been heard in the nearby Est Vaudois district court of Vevey. Religion From the , 2,857 or 35.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 2,853 or 35.9% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 96 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.21% of the population), there were 5 individuals (or about 0.06% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 211 individuals (or about 2.65% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were two individuals who were Jewish, and 720 (or about 9.05% of the population) who were Muslim. There were 18 individuals who were Buddhist, 36 individuals who were Hindu and 27 individuals who belonged to another church. 657 (or about 8.26% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 473 individuals (or about 5.95% of the population) did not answer the question. Education In Aigle about 2,529 (31.8%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 664 (8.3%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 664 who completed tertiary schooling, 52.6% were Swiss men, 27.0% were Swiss women, 11.0% were non-Swiss men and 9.5% were non-Swiss women. In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 1,091 students in the Aigle school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the district provided pre-school care for a total of 205 children. There were 96 (46.8%) children who received subsidized pre-school care. There were 568 students in the primary school program, which last four years. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 478 students in those schools. There were also 45 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school. , there were 339 students in Aigle who came from another municipality, while 386 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Notable people Caroline Olivier nรฉe Ruchet (1803 in Aigle โ€“ 1879) Swiss poet Charles Krafft (1863 in Aigle โ€“ 1921) Swiss surgeon who performed the first appendectomy Gustave Doret (1866 in Aigle โ€“ 1943) a Swiss composer and conductor Charles ร‰mile Egli (1877 in Aigle โ€“ 1937) a Swiss-born illustrator and painter Michel Mayor (born 1942 in Lausanne, but grew up in Aigle) Swiss astrophysicist and winner of the Nobel prize Sรฉbastien Buemi (born 1988 in Aigle) a Swiss professional racing driver Siem de Jong (born 1989 in Aigle) a Dutch professional footballer Luuk de Jong (born 1990 in Aigle) a Dutch professional footballer Ridge Mobulu (born 1991 in Aigle) a Congolese footballer Benjamin Kololli (born 1992 in Aigle) a Kosovar professional footballer Fanny Smith (born 1992 in Aigle) a Swiss freestyle skier, competed at the 2010, 2014 and 2018 Winter Olympics, when she won bronze Mersim Asllani (born 1999 in Aigle) a Swiss football player of Kosovan descent Gino Mรคder (born 1997 in Aigle) a Swiss professional cyclist Twin towns โ€“ sister cities Aigle is twinned with: Transportation and the Transports Publics du Chablais Aigle is a stop on the Swiss Federal Railway's (SBB CFF FFS) high speed Simplon line between Italy (Domodossola) north to Lausanne and Geneva. At the Aigle SBB CFF FFS station, connections can be made to three narrow gauge railways, the ASD, AL, and AOMC. The Aigle-Sepey-Diablerets railway's (ASD) route goes east and rises from Aigle to the ski resort of Diablerets. The Aigle-Leysin railway's (AL) route goes east and rises from Aigle to the ski resort and grand vista of Leysin. The Aigle-Ollon-Monthey-Champerey railway's (AOMC) route runs west from Aigle across the Rhone and valley, then climbs to the ski resort of Champery. These railways, plus the Bexโ€“Villarsโ€“Bretaye railway (BVB) which runs east from Bex, a village just south of Aigle, are operated by Transports Publics du Chablais with the motto: "Depuis plus de cent ans et contre toute attente, des lignes des TPC reunissent plaine et montagne, Vaud et Valais, ville et campagne, terres catholiques et protestantes." Translated roughly: "For over 100 years and contrary to all expectations, the railways of TPC have joined plain and mountain, town and country, of the Vaud and Valais districts of Switzerland, land of both Catholics and Protestants." The TPC "motto" refers to the religious composition and history of the general region known historically as the Chablais which has known turmoil. In 1846โ€“7, the Valais canton tried to secede from Switzerland with the intention of joining a proposed Catholic confederation of cantons called the Sonderbund, but this was put down by Swiss Federal troops. The ASD, the AL, and the BVB railways operate within the canton of Vaud. The AOMC operates in the Vaud and into the Canton of Valais when it crosses the Rhone to reach Monthey and Champery. New construction rebuilt Aigle's Place de la Gare in partnership with municipal and canton administration and Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS). The project provided new train platforms at the SBB CFF FFS station to accommodate the trains of the AL, ASD and AOMC. Also added was AOMC track alongside SBB CFF FFS track to a new TPC office and workshop at En Chรขlex. With approximately 3 million passengers using its facilities each year, Aigle is the second most important station in canton Vaud after Lausanne. (Source: Le Bleu Matin, 8.10.2007). There are plans, awaiting approval, for the extension of the Aigle-Leysin line beyond Leysin deep into the Berneuse whereby passengers will be able to travel, without transfers, to a site that provides magnificent views of the Alps, the Jura, and Lake Geneva. This project is an investment which will benefit the entire region and offer a boost to tourism, the region's No. 1 industry. Landslides have required periodic emergency work to stabilise above and below the trackside adjacent soil and rock, much of which is covered in coniferous forest. This has included the erection of 150 meters of mesh barrier to prevent falling rock reaching the tracks and to offer protection to railway workers. Climate Under the Kรถppen climate classification, Aigle has an oceanic climate (Kรถppen:Cfb). Aigle has an average of 118 days of precipitation per year and on average receives of precipitation. The wettest month is July during which time Aigle receives an average of of precipitation. During this month there are 10.7 days with precipitation. The month with the most days of precipitation is May, with an average of 11.8, but with only of precipitation. The driest month of the year is February with an average of of precipitation over 7.8 days. References External links Official Website of the Commune of Aigle Webcam on the Rue de la Gare Les TPC: Transports Publics du Chablais: Website includes color maps Cities in Switzerland Municipalities of the canton of Vaud Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Vaud Articles which contain graphical timelines
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9E%91%EC%A0%84%EC%84%A4%EC%9D%98%20%EB%93%B1%EC%9E%A5%EC%9D%B8%EB%AC%BC%20%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D
์•„๋ž‘์ „์„ค์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ ๋ชฉ๋ก
๋‹ค์Œ์€ SNK์˜ ๊ฒฉํˆฌ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ใ€Š์•„๋ž‘์ „์„คใ€‹์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํฌ๋กœ์Šค์˜ค๋ฒ„ ๊ฒฉํˆฌ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ใ€Š๋” ํ‚น ์˜ค๋ธŒ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ์ฆˆใ€‹ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์—๋„ ์ฐฌ์กฐ์ถœ์—ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ใ€Š์•„๋ž‘์ „์„คใ€‹ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ์ œ์ž‘์ž ๋‹ˆ์‹œ์•ผ๋งˆ ํƒ€์นด์‹œ๋Š” ใ€Š์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐใ€‹ 1ํŽธ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์— ๋” ํฐ ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋’€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ใ€Š์•„๋ž‘์ „์„คใ€‹ ๊ธฐ์Šค ํ•˜์›Œ๋“œ ๊ธฐ์Šค ํ•˜์›Œ๋“œ(, )๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šคํƒ€์šด์— ๊ตฐ๋ฆผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๋กœ, ใ€Š์•„๋ž‘์ „์„คใ€‹ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ์ตœ์ข…๋ณด์Šค ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 10๋…„ ์ „ ์•ค๋””์™€ ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด๊ฐ€๋“œ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์ธ ์ œํ”„ ๋ณด๊ฐ€๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์— ๋ฐœ๋‹จ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Š์•„๋ž‘์ „์„คใ€‹์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฉํˆฌ ๋Œ€ํšŒ '๋” ํ‚น ์˜ค๋ธŒ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ์ฆˆ'๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ธฐ์Šค์˜ ์˜› ์Šค์Šน ํ……ํ‘ธ๋ฃจ ์•„๋ž˜์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ จํ•œ ๋ณด๊ฐ€๋“œ ํ˜•์ œ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ํ•˜์ž ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋„์ „์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ดํ›„ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์Šค ํƒ€์›Œ ์˜ฅ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ถ”๋ฝํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ดํ›„ ใ€Š์•„๋ž‘์ „์„ค 2ใ€‹์˜ ์—”๋”ฉ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ํ›„, ใ€Š์•„๋ž‘์ „์„ค 3ใ€‹์—์„œ ์‹ ๋น„ํ•œ ํž˜์ด ๊นƒ๋“  ์ง„์˜ ๋น„์ „์„œ๋ฅผ ์†์— ๋„ฃ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋งž๋ถ€๋”ช์นœ๋‹ค. ใ€Š๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ”์›ƒ ์•„๋ž‘์ „์„คใ€‹์—์„  ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ€ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์ข…๋ณด์Šค๋กœ์„œ ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์‹ธ์šด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋‹ค์‹œ ์ง„ ๊ธฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ ๋ฆฐ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์Šค ํƒ€์›Œ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๋ฝํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๋•Œ ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†์„ ๋ถ™์žก์œผ๋ คํ•˜๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์Šค๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ถœ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์ณ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์ž‘ ใ€Š๊ฐ€๋กœ์šฐ: ๋งˆํฌ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋” ์šธ๋ธŒ์Šคใ€‹์—์„  ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋“ค ๋ฝ ํ•˜์›Œ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ใ€Š์•„๋ž‘์ „์„คใ€‹ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ƒ ์ „์ž‘์ธ ใ€Š์šฉํ˜ธ์˜ ๊ถŒใ€‹์—์„  ๋ฃŒ ์‚ฌ์นด์žํ‚ค์™€ ํ•œ ํŒ ๋ถ™์€ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ค์ •๋งŒ ๋นŒ๋ฆฐ ํ‰ํ–‰์„ธ๊ณ„์ธ ใ€Š๋” ํ‚น ์˜ค๋ธŒ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ์ฆˆใ€‹์—์„  ๊ณ„์† ์ƒ์กดํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋• ํ‚น ๋• ํ‚น(, )์€ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ ๋Œ„์Šค์™€ ๋ฌด์ˆ ์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌด๋„๊ฐ€๋กœ, ใ€Š์•„๋ž‘์ „์„คใ€‹์—์„  ์ผ์ธ์šฉ ๋ชจ๋“œ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ใ€Š์•„๋ž‘์ „์„ค ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œใ€‹, ใ€Š๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ”์›ƒ ์•„๋ž‘์ „์„คใ€‹ ๋“ฑ์— ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋น„์ท„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์— ใ€Š๋” ํ‚น ์˜ค๋ธŒ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ์ฆˆใ€‹ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์—๋Š” ใ€Š๋” ํ‚น ์˜ค๋ธŒ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ์ฆˆ XIใ€‹์— ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ด๋ด / ๋น… ๋ฒ ์–ด ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ๋งˆ์ด์–ด ๋งˆ์ดํด ๋งฅ์Šค ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ ์นธ ์•ค๋”” ๋ณด๊ฐ€๋“œ ์•ค๋”” ๋ณด๊ฐ€๋“œ๋Š” ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด๊ฐ€๋“œ์˜ ์˜ํ˜•์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ผ๋ˆ„์ด ๋งˆ์ด์™€๋Š” ์• ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์‹œ๋ผ๋ˆ„์ด๋ฅ˜ ์ฒด์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ใ€Š๋” ํ‚น ์˜ค๋ธŒ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ์ฆˆใ€‹ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒซ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ใ€ŠKOF '94ใ€‹๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•„๋ž‘์ „์„ค ํŒ€์˜ ์ผ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ ์กฐ ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ๋Š” ๋ณด๊ฐ€๋“œ ํ˜•์ œ์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—ํƒ€์ด ๋ฌด์ˆ ๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค. ใ€Š๋” ํ‚น ์˜ค๋ธŒ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ์ฆˆใ€‹ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒซ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ใ€ŠKOF '94ใ€‹๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•„๋ž‘์ „์„ค ํŒ€์˜ ์ผ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด๊ฐ€๋“œ ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด๊ฐ€๋“œ(, )๋Š” ใ€Š์•„๋ž‘์ „์„คใ€‹ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด๋‹ค. ํ•„์‚ด๊ธฐ 'ํŒŒ์›Œ ์›จ์ด๋ธŒ'์™€ ์ดˆํ•„์‚ด๊ธฐ 'ํŒŒ์›Œ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ €'๊ฐ€ ์ฃผํŠน๊ธฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ์•ค๋””์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์ธ ์ œํ”„ ๋ณด๊ฐ€๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์Šค ํ•˜์›Œ๋“œ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃฝ์€ ํ›„, ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งน์„ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌด์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ ๋ฌด๋„๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๋“ค์—์„  ๊ธฐ์Šค์™€ ๊ณ„์† ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ใ€Š๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ”์›ƒ ์•„๋ž‘์ „์„คใ€‹์—์„  ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ํŠ•๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ตฌ์ถœ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ถ”๋ฝํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋ชฉ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ใ€Š๊ฐ€๋กœ์šฐ: ๋งˆํฌ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋” ์šธ๋ธŒ์Šคใ€‹์—์„  ๊ธฐ์Šค์˜ ์•„๋“ค ๋ฝ ํ•˜์›Œ๋“œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ง€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ใ€Š๋” ํ‚น ์˜ค๋ธŒ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ์ฆˆใ€‹ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒซ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ใ€ŠKOF '94ใ€‹๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณธํŽธ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๊ทผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ……ํ‘ธ๋ฃจ ํ™” ์ž์ด ใ€Š์•„๋ž‘์ „์„ค 2ใ€‹ ๋ฐ ใ€Š์•„๋ž‘์ „์„ค ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œใ€‹ ๊น€๊ฐ‘ํ™˜ ๋กœ๋ Œ์Šค ๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ๋“œ ๋ณผํ”„๊ฐ• ํฌ๋ผ์šฐ์ €์˜ ์นœ์œ„๋Œ€์ธ ์‚ผํˆฌ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ผ์›์œผ๋กœ, ์ „์ง ํˆฌ์šฐ์‚ฌ๋‹ต๊ฒŒ ใ€Š์•„๋ž‘์ „์„ค 2ใ€‹์—์„œ๋Š” ํˆฌ์šฐ์žฅ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋งํ†  ์†์— ์ƒค๋ฒจ์„ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฃŒ ์‚ฌ์นด์žํ‚ค ๋ณผํ”„๊ฐ• ํฌ๋ผ์šฐ์ € ์•ก์…€ ํ˜ธํฌ ๋ณผํ”„๊ฐ• ํฌ๋ผ์šฐ์ €์˜ ์นœ์œ„๋Œ€์ธ ์‚ผํˆฌ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ผ์›์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณต์„œ ์กฐ์ง€ํฌ๋จผ์„ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ผ๋ˆ„์ด ๋งˆ์ด ์•ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ฃผ๋ฒ ์ด ์•ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ฃผ๋ฒ ์ด()๋Š” ใ€Š์•„๋ž‘์ „์„ค 2ใ€‹์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์€ํ‡ดํ•œ ์œ ๋„๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณผ์ž ์„ผ๋ฒ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•„์‚ด๊ธฐ ์ค‘์—๋„ ์„ผ๋ฒ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒœ์นœ์‚ฐ ํ……ํ‘ธ๋ฃจ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ œ3์ œ์ž๋กœ ์ œํ”„ ๋ณด๊ฐ€๋“œ,๊ธฐ์Šค ํ•˜์›Œ๋“œ์™€ ๋™๋ฌธ์ธ ํƒœ๊ทน๊ถŒ์œ ๋‹จ์ž์ด๋‹ค. ใ€Š์•„๋ž‘์ „์„ค 3ใ€‹ ๋ชจ์น˜์ฆˆํ‚ค ์†Œ์‚ฌ์ฟ  ๋ฐฅ ์œŒ์Šจ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์•ผ๋งˆ์žํ‚ค ๋ฅ˜์ง€ ์ง„์ถฉ๋ ˆ์ด ์ง„์ถฉ์Šˆ ํ”„๋ž‘์ฝ” ๋ฐฐ์‹œ ํ˜ผํ‘ธ ใ€Š๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ”์›ƒ ์•„๋ž‘์ „์„ค: ๋„๋ฏธ๋„ค์ดํ‹ฐ๋“œ ๋งˆ์ธ๋“œใ€‹ ์•Œํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ํ™”์ดํŠธ ใ€Š๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ”์›ƒ ์•„๋ž‘์ „์„ค 2ใ€‹ ๋ผ์˜ค ๋ฆฌ ์ƒนํŽ˜์ด ๋ฆญ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ใ€Š์•„๋ž‘์ „์„ค ์™€์ผ๋“œ ์•ฐ๋น„์…˜ใ€‹ ์‚ฌ์นดํƒ€ ํ† ์ง€ ์„ผ๋„ ์ธ ์ฟ ๋ฏธ ใ€Š๊ฐ€๋กœ์šฐ: ๋งˆํฌ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋” ์šธ๋ธŒ์Šคใ€‹ B. ์ œ๋‹ˆ ๊ฐ€ํ†  ๊ทธ๋žœํŠธ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํฐ ๋งˆ์Šคํฌ ๊น€๋™ํ™˜ ๊น€์žฌํ›ˆ ๋ฝ ํ•˜์›Œ๋“œ ๋งˆ๋ฅด์ฝ” ๋กœ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์ฆˆ ์นด์ธ R. ํ•˜์ธ๋ผ์ธ ์ผ€๋นˆ ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋จผ ํ˜ธ์ฟ ํ† ๋งˆ๋ฃจ ํ›„ํƒ€๋ฐ” ํ˜ธํƒ€๋ฃจ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์šฉํ˜ธ์˜ ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ ๋ชฉ๋ก ๋” ํ‚น ์˜ค๋ธŒ ํŒŒ์ดํ„ฐ์ฆˆ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ ๋ชฉ๋ก ์•„๋ž‘์ „์„ค์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ SNK ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ ๋ชฉ๋ก
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters%20of%20the%20Fatal%20Fury%20series
Characters of the Fatal Fury series
The following is a list of video game characters featured in the Fatal Fury fighting game series developed by SNK. The series consists of the original Fatal Fury, Fatal Fury 2, Fatal Fury Special, Fatal Fury 3, Real Bout Fatal Fury, Real Bout Fatal Fury Special, Real Bout Fatal Fury 2, Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition, and Garou: Mark of the Wolves. Creation and design Series' creator Takashi Nishiyama stated that giving the characters depth was of great importance when making the series. He noted that the first Fatal Fury featured a more polished plot and more fleshed out characters than that of his previous work, the original Street Fighter, which led to the game gaining a strong fanbase. To help market the games, certain character details were revealed in magazine promotions rather than the games themselves. Character appearances The table below summarizes every single fighter in the series. A green cell indicates that the character is playable, while a red cell indicates that the character is not playable or does not appear. Notes Introduced in Fatal Fury Andy Bogard Andy Bogard (ใ‚ขใƒณใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒผใƒปใƒœใ‚ฌใƒผใƒ‰, Andฤซ Bogฤdo) is Terry Bogard's younger brother. Andy practices the Shiranui-ryลซ ("Shiranui style" in Japanese) Ninjutsu and a form of empty-handed ninja combat called Koppล-ken, which he trained in after witnessing his foster father's murder, in order to gain revenge on Geese Howard. Mai is the girl he grew up with who is madly in love with him and self-proclaimed him her fiancรฉ and the granddaughter of Hanzo Shiranui, the man he learned Ninjitsu from. It was after his foster father Jeff's death that Tung Fu Rue took responsibility for raising him and Terry. Andy went to Japan to train under Hanzo and grew up alongside Mai, while Terry stayed in Southtown. During Andy's time in Japan, he met the Muay Thai fighter Joe Higashi and challenged him to a match. When Andy won, he invited Joe to return to America with him to enter the King of Fighters tournament, held by Geese. Late in the tournament, Andy tried to kill off Geese by himself. Geese's power proved to be too much for Andy as he almost fell to his death. Terry saved Andy, who then acknowledged Terry as the superior fighter. After Terry beat Geese at the end of their first King of Fighters Tournament, a new tournament was held, this time hosted by Krauser. Andy, while present in the tournament, did not accomplish much story-wise. Ever since Geese's death, the fall of the First Southtown and the birth of Second Southtown, Andy has been busy training his young apprentice Hokutomaru in the ways of the Shiranui-style ninjitsu and Koppo-ken. Instead of fighting in the KOF: Maximum Mayhem tournament himself, Andy sends Hokutomaru in his place to see what his apprentice has learned. In Hokutomaru's ending, Andy writes him a note saying that he was proud of how strong Hokutomaru has gotten. Then he ended the note by saying he is no longer his teacher but his rival and that they will cross paths again. When the new King of Fighters '94 tournament was announced, Andy joined Terry and Joe in the new 3-on-3 matches. Since then, Andy has always agreed to follow his brother Terry whenever he decided to enter the new version of the King of Fighters tournament. The Fatal Fury Team maintained his original formation (Terry, Andy and Joe) from King of Fighters '94 to '98. With new rules in KOF '99 allowing teams of four members, Mai Shiranui (in KOF '99) and, later, Blue Mary (KOF 2000) joined the team. After the beginning of the Ash Crimson Saga (KOF 2003, XI) Andy left the Fatal Fury team to take care of Shiranui disciple Hokutomaru, who fell sick and Mai went after him. Andy made his return to The King of Fighters XII but does not participate in a defined team. The King of Fighters XIII sees Andy rejoining the Fatal Fury team as his brother's interest in the tournament has compelled him to reunite the original Fatal Fury team from the 1994 event. In his anime incarnations, though sometimes perplexed by her actions, Andy is more open to showing his affection towards Mai. Billy Kane is introduced in Fatal Fury as the righthand man of Geese Howard, a crime lord in the fictitious American city of Southtown. Geese holds The King of Fighters tournament every year with Billy as his champion. Billy was the undefeated champion of the tournament, until he is defeated by Terry Bogard, who moved on to later defeat Geese. He also appears in Fatal Fury Special as a playable character for the first time. After Geese recovers, Billy appears in Real Bout Fatal Fury to assist him in the conquer of Southtown. However, Geese is ultimately killed by Terry, causing Billy to leave Southtown. He later appears in the two following games from the series Real Bout Fatal Fury Special and Real Bout Fatal Fury 2: The Newcomers which do not contain a storyline. In the PlayStation version from Real Bout Fatal Fury Special, Billy is brainwashed by his half-brother White in order to aid him in the conquer from Southtown. He then appears as a sub-boss character in the arcade mode, but once he is defeated, he returns to normal. A 3D fighting game version of the series, Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition was produced as well, which retells the plot of the first game. In The King of Fighters series, Billy was meant to appear in the first game from the series as a member of an England Team, composed of him, Mai Shiranui, and Big Bear, but due to several problems with the capacity of the game, and the desire from the Art of Fighting staff to add Yuri Sakazaki, Billy was removed from the game. When the new King of Fighters tournament began in The King of Fighters '95 under the control of a man named Rugal Bernstein, Billy is ordered by Geese to go in his boss' place because Geese was still healing. He joins with a ninja named Eiji Kisaragi and a mysterious man named Iori Yagami. Billy's team does not win, and at the end of the tournament Iori beats up Billy and Eiji. In The King of Fighters '97 Geese sends Billy to investigate the mysterious Orochi power in Iori. Geese hires a sadistic outlaw named Ryuji Yamazaki and tricks a good freelance agent named Blue Mary to help as well. After the tournament ends, Yamazaki demands his pay from Geese by attacking him and Billy. The same team is shown in The King of Fighters '98, The King of Fighters 2002 and Neowave but none of those contain a storyline. He also appears as an assistant character (known as "Striker") in The King of Fighters '99: Evolution and The King of Fighters 2000. In the former he is available for any character, while in the latter he is a striker for Andy Bogard. In The King of Fighters 2003, Geese orders the team of Billy Kane, Ryuji Yamazaki, and Gato to infiltrate the tournament in another attempt to take over Southtown. During the spin-off game The King of Fighters Kyo Billy appears as boss character along Geese to fight against the Bogard brothers and the protagonist Kyo Kusanagi. In KOF: Maximum Impact 2, it is revealed Billy has moved to the countryside of the UK with his young sister, Lilly Kane, and has decided to return to Southtown once again, willing to show the Meira twins: Alba and Soiree the town should be embarked by no one. Billy also appeared in the console version of The King of Fighters XIII, released in November 2011. He is also present in the otome game King of Fighters for Girls. Billy Kane appears in the TV anime film Fatal Fury: Legend of the Hungry Wolf, where he is voiced by Daiki Nakamura in the original Japanese version and Paul Dobson in the English dubbed version. Like in the original Fatal Fury video game, Billy Kane is one of Geese Howard's underlings alongside Raiden, Ripper and Hopper. He enters the King of Fighters tournament alongside Raiden on Geese's behalf and later mortally wounds Tung Fu Rue while the Bogards and Joe are escaping from Geese's men. In the final battle of the film, he ends up fighting against Andy Bogard and ends up being defeated by him. He appears again in the sequel Fatal Fury 2: The New Battle, where he makes an unvoiced appearance in the beginning of the film, in which he is confronted by Laurence Blood at the Pao-Pao Cafe and is defeated off-screen. Billy makes an extended cameo appearance in the third film, Fatal Fury: The Motion Picture, this time voiced by Tomohiro Nishimura in the original Japanese version and once again by Paul Dobson in English. He encounters his old adversary Andy in a night club, but the two are confronted by Laocorn's henchman Hauer before they get a chance to fight again. In the second episode of the anime spin-off mini-series The King of Fighters: Another Day, Rock Howard, Geese's son, stops Billy from killing Lien Neville who was carrying out a hit on him. Billy tries to convince Rock to help him, because as he carries Geese's heritage, Lien would try to take him out too. Instead, Rock decides to save Lien's life and fights Billy, who almost manages to kill him as well for shaming Geese's legacy, but is blown away by a beam fired over Geese Tower. He also stars in manhua from the video games which retells his actions from the games. Additionally, in the manga The King of Fighters: Kyo authored by Masato Natsumoto, Billy starts investigating Kyo Kusanagi in order to make him talk about the ancient demon Orochi. In Gamest's 1997 Heroes Collection, Billy was voted as the staff's fourth favorite character. In the character popularity poll on Neo Geo Freak's website, he was voted as the seventeenth favorite character with a total of 757 votes. For the special endings in The King of Fighters '97, three video games journals, Gamest, Famitsu and Neo Geo Freak, had to create a team composed of three characters from the game so that they would be featured in an image after passing the arcade mode. The special team created by the Neo Geo Freak's staff was a team of fire wielders: Billy, Kyo Kusanagi, and Mai Shiranui. The special ending only appears in Japanese versions of the game. Duck King Duck King (ใƒ€ใƒƒใ‚ฏใƒปใ‚ญใƒณใ‚ฐ, Dakku Kingu) appears in the original Fatal Fury as one of the first four opponents in the single-player mode. Possessing incredible talent when it comes to brawling and street dancing, Duck King once challenged Terry Bogard to a street fight and lost. He trained himself in order to surpass Terry. Duck uses a unique fighting style which includes rhythmical dance-like movements and attacks. His primary special move is a flying cannonball technique. In Fatal Fury 2, Duck was one of the characters from the original game who is defeated by Krauser in one of the games cut scenes, although he would appear as a playable character in Fatal Fury Special. He would retain his cannonball technique, now dubbed the Head Spin Attack, along with new special moves such as the Dancing Dive, Break Storm, and the Beat Rush. He also has a new hidden special move called the Break Spiral. From Special and onward, Duck would be accompanied by his pet chick "P-chan". He makes another quick cameo in Bob Wilson's ending Fatal Fury 3 before returning as a playable character in Real Bout Fatal Fury and its sequels, Real Bout Special and Real Bout 2. He also appears as an exclusive character in the PlayStation version of Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition. Although Duck King has made numerous cameo appearances thorough The King of Fighters series, including as an alternate Striker (a character who helps the player in battle) in The King of Fighters 2000, he did not appear as a playable character until The King of Fighters XI, where he appears as a member of the new Fatal Fury Team along with Terry and Kim Kaphwan. Geese Howard Hwa Jai is the first of three opponents the player faces in the original Fatal Fury before the final match against Geese Howard. A former Muay Thai champion once nicknamed , he once fought against Joe Higashi in the past and lost, causing him to lose his title. Seeking to defeat Joe, he became a more reckless and dangerous fighter. After being banned from competing in the Muay Thai circuit, his brutal talent was noted by Geese Howard, who hired him to serve as one of his bodyguards and a participant in the King of Fighters tournament. His special technique, the Dragon Kick, was developed to compete with Joe's Tiger Kick. He also gains additional strength by drinking a sort of Super Drink, which thrown at him by one of Geese's men when he is in danger. In Fatal Fury 2, Hwa Jai is one of the characters from the original game who gets defeated by an unknown challenger (Wolfgang Krauser). He is apparently hospitalized and visited by Joe Higashi, as seen in Joe's ending in the game and in Fatal Fury Special. He makes further cameos in the subsequent Fatal Fury games (Fatal Fury 3, Real Bout, Real Bout Special and Real Bout 2) as Joe's training partner and trainer. Despite having been absent since his original appearance as an opponent character in Fatal Fury, Hwa Jai has been confirmed to return in The King of Fighters XIII and marks the first time the character has been playable. Kim, following his "reform" of his previous teammates (Chang Koehan and Choi Bounge), seeks out Hwa Jai and Raiden as he believes they still work under Geese Howard. It is not the case as Geese had returned to America long ago but Raiden manages to talk Hwa Jai into joining the team to bolster their reputations as fighters. Hwa Jai accepts, partially due to wanting to fight Joe once again. Joe Higashi first appears in Fatal Fury: King of Fighters as one of the three playable characters along with Andy and Terry Bogard. The plot features Joe allying with the Bogard brothers to enter the King of Fighters tournament and then defeat the host Geese Howard, who killed the Bogard brothers' father. In the tournament, Joe also beats his Muay Thai rival Hwa Jai, and they both become friends. In Fatal Fury 2, Joe learns that Hwa Jai was beaten by the new King of Fighters host Wolfgang Krauser and enters the tournament to avenge him. Fatal Fury 3: Road to the Final Victory and Real Bout Fatal Fury end the fight between Joe and the Bogard and Geese, who dies falling from the Geese Tower. The two following games, Real Bout Fatal Fury Special and Real Bout Fatal Fury 2: The Newcomers also feature Joe as a playable character but none of them contain a storyline. Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition retells the events from the first game, but with characters who would appear later. In The King of Fighters series, Joe is a regular member from the Fatal Fury Team (also composed of Terry and Andy), and each game features them entering into an annual tournament to search for competition. Andy's girlfriend Mai Shiranui, joins them in The King of Fighters '99 since the tournament now requires four members per team. By The King of Fighters 2000 and The King of Fighters 2001, Mai leaves and the new fourth member is Blue Mary. The King of Fighters 2002 and The King of Fighters 2003 return the tournament to use teams of three members, but in the latter pro-wrestler Tizoc replaces Andy, who is busy taking care of his sick student. By The King of Fighters XI, Joe leaves the competition as he enters into a new Muay Thai tournament. However, he returns in The King of Fighters XII, which neither features official teams or plot. The sequel casts Joe back into the classic Fatal Fury team that includes Terry and Andy, the reason being Terry's desire to reunite the original team to participate in the upcoming tournament. In the spin-off The King of Fighters Kyo, the player (who uses Kyo Kusanagi) can challenge Joe to a fight in a game, and also make him join to his team for the upcoming King of Fighters tournament. Joe also takes a minor role in The King of Fighters EX as an assistant character (dubbed "Striker") for the Fatal Fury Team, now composed with the Bogard brothers and Mai. Additionally, he stars in The King of Fighters Neowave with the original Fatal Fury Team. He was also added to the crossover game Capcom vs. SNK Pro, an updated version of Capcom vs. SNK: Millennium Fight 2000 for the PlayStation and Sega Dreamcast, and in the sequel Capcom vs. SNK 2. He is also present the otome game King of Fighters for Girls. Joe appears in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate as a background character at King of Fighters Stadium. Joe Higashi appears in each of the three animated films from Fatal Fury. Jason Gray-Stanford provides the voice of Joe in the English versions. Masaaki Satake provides the voice of Joe in the Japanese version of the first film and Nobuyuki Hiyama in the two following. In the Fatal Fury: Legend of the Hungry Wolf from 1993, Joe enters the King of Fighters tournament along with the Bogard brothers which cause Geese Howard to attack them. Upon learning that Andy and Terry's teacher, Tung Fu Rue, was seriously injured by Geese's right-hand man, Billy Kane, Andy and Joe set to fight Geese. None of them are able to defeat Geese, but are saved by Terry who later defeats Geese. In the 1993 film Fatal Fury 2: The New Battle, Joe becomes ashamed after learning that Terry became depressed after being defeated by Wolfgang Krauser and tries to avenge him. However, he ends up being heavily wounded by Krauser. In Fatal Fury: The Motion Picture from 1994 Joe joins Terry, Andy and Mai into helping a girl named Sulia into stopping her brother Laocorn Gaudeamus, who is the main antagonist from the film. Michael Max is a black boxer who appears in the original Fatal Fury as one of the first four CPU-controlled opponents whom the player faces. Prior to the events of the game, Michael was a young boxing prodigy who was once considered a strong contender for the title of Worldwide Heavyweight Champion. However, he left the boxing circuit to seek real combat and participate in the King of Fighters tournament, feeling that professional boxing was a mere sport protected by rules. He is also the friend and student of boxing of Axel Hawk. His only other appearances in the series includes in the cut-scenes of Fatal Fury 2, where he is one of the fighters defeated by Wolfgang Krauser, and in Axel Hawks ending in Fatal Fury Special, where he is depicted as Axel's trainer. In one of his victory poses, it is revealed that he is Catholic. Michael Max is the only character from the original Fatal Fury that has never appeared in The King of Fighters series until he makes a cameo at one of The King of Fighters XV trailer. Raiden / Big Bear first appears in the original Fatal Fury as the second of the final four computer-controlled opponents in the single-player mode. He was once a popular face wrestler until he was betrayed by his tag partner during a match (a character later revealed to be Big Bombarder from the SNK wrestling game 3 Count Bout). This incident transformed him completely and he became a notorious heel wrestler. Not satisfied with venting his frustration in the ring, he enters the King of Fighters tournament as a masked fighter, acting as one of Geese's guardians. His primary special move in the game is the Vapor Breath. This character was modeled after real life pro wrestler Big Van Vader. He returns as a regular playable character in Fatal Fury 2 and Fatal Fury Special, where he renounces his Raiden persona and now fights as an unmasked face wrestler under the identity of . He trains at his native land of Australia, where his deadly strength increased on several levels. He also develops a friendly rivalry with Terry, as seen in his endings in both games. His special moves in Fatal Fury 2 includes the Giant Bomb, a rushing tackle, and the Super Drop Kick. He also has a hidden special move called the Fire Breath, an improved version of his Vapor Breath. In Special, he gains a new special move called the Bear Bomber. Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition, being a retelling of the original Fatal Fury tournament, depicts Raiden under his masked heel persona once again. Outside the Fatal Fury series, Raiden also appeared in the Capcom-produced crossover game Capcom vs. SNK: Millennium Fight 2000, and its sequels, Capcom vs. SNK Pro and Capcom vs. SNK 2, being one of the few Fatal Fury characters who did not appear in The King of Fighters as a playable character (at the time) in those games. Raiden also appears in The King of Fighters XII and the sequel. In KOF XII none of the characters are assigned into teams but for KOF XIII they are. Raiden's teammates in KOF XIII are Kim Kaphwan and Hwa Jai. Kim is mistaken in thinking Raiden and Hwa Jai are still in the employ of Geese Howard, wanting to "reform" both men. Raiden convinces Hwa Jai to act as if they are so they are able to enter the tournament to build reputation for themselves. The Fatal Fury characters refer him as "Bear", his face persona, which he denies. Richard Meyer appears in the original Fatal Fury as one of the first four computer-controlled opponents in the single-player mode. A capoeira mestre originally from Brazil, Richard makes his daily living in South Town as the manager of the restaurant Pao Pao Cafe. He competes in the King of Fighters tournament in order to make his capoiera style known to the world. In this game, his character specializes in numerous kick techniques. Richard Meyer was the first fighting game character to use Capoeira. Richard makes cameo appearances in subsequent Fatal Fury games as a friendly acquaintance of the Bogard brothers and Joe. He appears in Fatal Fury 2 in the cut scene shown immediately after the first battle against the CPU, tending to a crowd of spectators at Pao Pao Cafe witnessing the player's fight on television. He appears again near the end of the game, where he is defeated in battle by Wolfgang Krauser, as well in Terry Bogard's ending, serving him and his date their meal. In Fatal Fury 3, Richard opens a new Pao Pao Cafe restaurant, which is maintained by his capoeira apprentice Bob Wilson. In Fatal Fury 3, as well as in Real Bout series, Richard appears to cheer and encourage Bob before each of his matches. He makes cameos in The King of Fighters XI, trying to tell Kim to leave the cafe and in King of Fighters XIII witnessing several female fighters destroy his bar. Richard appears as a hidden character in the PlayStation 2 game KOF: Maximum Impact 2 (released in North America as The King of Fighters 2006), participating as a fighter for the first time since the original Fatal Fury. Terry Bogard Tung Fu Rue is one of the first four opponents the players face in the original Fatal Fury (when either Andy or Terry defeats him in Fatal Fury Special, each Bogard brother addresses him as "Master Tan"). He is an elderly martial arts master from China who developed his own fighting style based on Bajiquan known as the . In the past, he trained Terry and Andy's adoptive father, Jeff Bogard, and his nemesis Geese Howard (as well as Cheng Sinzan). He raised the Bogard brothers after Jeff was killed by Geese and participates in the King of Fighters tournament in the first game with the objective to defeat Geese. He can transform his body into steel and draw out great power using a deadly secret technique known only to himself. In the game, he appears as meek elderly man, but after taking a bit of damage, he transforms into a musclebound warrior, whose special moves including a flying whirlwind punch and a spinning whirlwind kick in which he shoots fireballs at both directions. In Fatal Fury 2, Tung was one of the characters defeated by Wolfgang Krauser in one of the game's cut-scene. He would appear as a playable character in Fatal Fury Special, the upgraded version of Fatal Fury 2. Unlike the original game, Tung only transforms into a musclebound version of himself while performing certain special moves. Tung reappears in Real Bout Special and Real Bout 2. In Real Bout Special, there are two versions of him in the game. In regular version of him has improved versions of his previous special moves, as well as new moves, while the alternate version of him (EX Tung Fu Rue) has all of his moves from Fatal Fury Special and one Hidden Ability. In Real Bout 2, Tung has special moves from both versions of his character in the previous game. Tung also appears in the SNK crossover game NeoGeo Battle Coliseum. This version of the character was used as an additional character in the PlayStation 2 port of The King of Fighters XI, until he canonically participates in The King of Fighters XIV. He is also one of the 20 background characters that appears in the King of Fighters Stadium Stage in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate. In The King of Fighters timeline, Tung played a vital role in XIV. According to a profile of one of his disciples, and the protagonist central character of that arc, Shun'ei, Tung found Shun'ei after his biological parents abandoned him for having an eerie powers, related to the main antagonist of that arc. Sensing good in the young eerie powered boy, Tung decided to raise Shun'ei as his disciple to be trained by himself against the villains who had a connection to Shun'ei's eerie power, such as the villain who is connected to Shun'ei's left-half power, an avatar of fiery rage and soul containing entity known as Verse. Additionally, he has met Kyo Kusanagi's father, Saisyu Kusanagi, and a fellow elderly Chinese martial arts master, Chin Gentsai, sometime before. Introduced in Fatal Fury 2 and Fatal Fury Special Axel Hawk first appears in Fatal Fury 2 as the second of the final four opponents in the single-player mode. A former heavyweight boxing champion, he was said to be the strongest of all time until his retirement. According to his backstory, he began spending most of his days at home after his retirement, playing with his R/C car and being supported by his elderly mother, his father having died at some point. One day, he received an anonymous letter inviting him to the King of Fighters tournament and began training for his comeback. He was originally a non-playable character in the Neo Geo version of Fatal Fury 2, although he is playable in the SNES and Genesis versions of the game. He became a regular playable character in Fatal Fury Special. He is also the teacher of boxing and the best friend of Michael Max. He makes a cameo at the end of The King of Fighters 2003 cheering on the Fatal Fury Team. Cheng Sinzan is introduced as one of the new playable characters in Fatal Fury 2. A rotund fighter, he practices taiji. Despite his immense strength, he hates training and becomes tired very easily. He enters the King of Fighters tournament seeking to gain international recognition and open his own training hall. He is characterized as one of the richest men in Hong Kong, who resides in a high class neighborhood and is married to a former Miss Hong Kong. Despite his social status, he seeks to find ways to make himself even richer. His Special Moves in Fatal Fury 2, as well as in Fatal Fury Special, includes the , the , and the , while his Super Special Move is the . He makes a non-playable appearance in Fatal Fury 3, helping Hon-Fu chase after Ryuji Yamazaki and doesn't return as a playable character until Real Bout Special and Real Bout 2. In the backstory of Real Bout Special, it is revealed that Cheng was once a disciple of Tung Fu Rue trained in Hakkyoku Seiken along with Jeff Bogard and Geese Howard, but was expelled due to his greediness. He would also make money by having people bet against him in street fights and then lose on purpose. Jubei Yamada is one of the five playable characters introduced in Fatal Fury 2. An elderly judo master who was once known as "Yamada, the Demon" during his youth. Jubei Yamada is the best friend and rival of Hanzo Shiranui (the grandfather of Mai Shiranui). Having lost his charm from his younger days, Jubei fights in the new King of Fighters tournament in order to re-establish his popularity with girls around the world. Despite this, he refuses to change his womanizing lecherous ways. Although Jubei does not return as a playable character in later games, he makes several cameo appearances, including in Mai Shiranui's ending in Real Bout Fatal Fury, where he is shown to have an infatuation with her. Kim Kaphwan Kim Kap-Hwan (, Kimu Kaffan, sometimes written as (Kim Kap-hwan), usually written as Kim Kaphwan) first appears in Fatal Fury 2 as a playable character. He travels to Southtown to fight Wolfgang Krauser, who was looking for some decent challenges in the King of Fighters fighting tournament. On the way, he encounters the former King of Fighters champion Terry Bogard. They soon become good friends, and ever since, Kim always agrees to help Terry in all that he can, though a definite rivalry is maintained. He also appears in all the Real Bout games from the series. He is also present in Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition, a 3D game which retells the story from the first Fatal Fury game but with characters from the sequels including Kim. He makes a cameo appearance in Garou: Mark of the Wolves in one of his son's (Dong Hwan) win poses. In The King of Fighters, Kim is considered as both a sport and national hero in his native Korea. This status is what enabled him to convince the authorities to give him custody over Chang Koehan and Choi Bounge to rehabilitate them out of their criminal ways. Although both men resent Kim for his actions, they later grow up to grudgingly respect him. Due to the increase of required members in The King of Fighters '99, Kim's rival, Jhun Hoon, joins the Korea Team. However, in The King of Fighters 2001, Jhun has an accident and he is replaced by Kim's student, May Lee. By The King of Fighters 2003, the requirements of members return to three and this time the members of the Korea Team are Kim, Jhun and Chang. In The King of Fighters XI, Kim appears as a member of the Fatal Fury Team along with Terry Bogard and Duck King as the team needed one more member. In The King of Fighters XII, Kim is a playable character, but like each of them, he does not have a team. As The King of Fighters XIII has returned to assigning the characters into official teams, Kim is cast as the leader of his team, composing of himself, Raiden and Hwa Jai (both from Fatal Fury: King of Fighters). He is teamed with the men because, after "rehabilitating" Chang and Choi, he seeks out Raiden and Hwa Jai believing they are still working for Geese (they are not but they pretend that they still do so they can compete in The King of Fighters tournament). The games from the series which do not contain plot, The King of Fighters '98 and The King of Fighters 2002, also feature Kim along with Choi and Chang in the Korea Team. In the console version of The King of Fighters Neowave, Kim appears as a hidden character without an official team. In the spin-off game, The King of Fighters Kyo, Kim is not playable but he can be aided by the lead character Kyo Kusanagi in order to train Chang and Choi. In the two games for the Game Boy Advance titled EX: Neo Blood and EX2, the Korea Team is featured in its original form. Kim does not appear in KOF: Maximum Impact as he was replaced with his pupil Chae Lim. However, he is a hidden character in KOF: Maximum Impact 2 and also makes a cameo in Chae Lim's ending. He also appears in the crossovers Neo Geo Battle Coliseum and the SNK vs. Capcom series as a playable character. In Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, he appears both as a background character in the King of Fighters Stadium stage and as a spirit. Kim also appears in two of the three animated films from Fatal Fury in which he takes supporting roles. He is voiced by Daiki Nakamura in the Japanese versions and by David Kaye in the English dub. In Fatal Fury 2: The New Battle, Kim challenges Terry to fight after learning that he defeated the former crime lord from Southtown Geese Howard to test his own strength. Although he is defeated, he and Terry become good friends. In the sequel, Fatal Fury: The Motion Picture, he also appears reuniting with Terry and his friends along with his family searching to have a rematch with Terry. However, during the meeting Cheng Sinzan (from Fatal Fury 2), enhanced by cyber-armor attacks all the people and Kim is seriously injured. Despite his wounds, Kim manages to defeat Cheng, but spends most of the time of the film recovering. He also stars in manhua from the video games which retell his actions from the games. Laurence Blood first appears in Fatal Fury 2 as the third of the four boss characters the player faces at the end of the single-player mode. He is a former Spanish matador who uses a self-styled martial art based on his deadly bullfighting methods (his fighting style is very similar to the fencing, the French martial art of the Savate). He serves as the right-hand man and servant of Wolfgang Krauser and participates in the tournament under his request. He is a computer-only character in the Neo Geo version of Fatal Fury 2 and became playable in Fatal Fury Special. Blood would return as a playable character in Real Bout Special and Real Bout 2. He is notable for being one of five bullfighter characters in fighting games (the other three being Vega of Street Fighter, Miguel of Human Killing Machine, Miguel Caballero Rojo of Tekken, and Kilian of Samurai Shodown). He is also the only boss character from Real Bout Fatal Fury Special and Real Bout Fatal Fury 2 that hasn't appeared in the King of Fighters tournaments. Mai Shiranui Ryo Sakazaki Wolfgang Krauser Wolfgang Krauser von Stroheim made his appearance in Fatal Fury 2, where he serves as the final opponent in the tournament. Known as the only man in the world feared by Geese Howard (whom in Fatal Fury Special is revealed to be his elder half-brother from the same father, Rudolph Krauser von Stroheim or Rudolph Von Zanac), Krauser is a German nobleman who is publicly known as the current Earl of Stroheim, a prestigious family in Europe, but within the underworld he is a ruthless warlord known as the Emperor of Darkness. After Geese's supposed death in the original Fatal Fury, Krauser sponsors a new King of Fighters tournament with his three chosen warriors Laurence Blood, Axel Hawk and Billy Kane (a former underling of Geese himself) in order to lure the men who defeated Geese (Terry Bogard, Andy Bogard, and Joe Higashi). Although Krauser takes his own life following the events of Fatal Fury 2 and Special according to the background story in the subsequent games, Krauser appeared in the special installments of the series, Real Bout Fatal Fury Special and Real Bout Fatal Fury 2. Outside the Fatal Fury series, Krauser appears as a member of the Boss Team in The King of Fighters '96 with his half-brother Geese and Geese's former partner-in-crime Mr. Big. The Boss Team made another appearance in the remake of The King of Fighters '98 titled The King of Fighters '98 Ultimate Match. Additionally, Krauser also appears as a "Striker" character in the console versions of The King of Fighters 2000. Krauser serves as the main antagonist in the anime special Fatal Fury 2: The New Battle. According to character designer Masami ลŒbari (who also worked on Voltage Fighter Gowcaizer), Krauser was redesigned to be ten years younger than his video game counterpart and given a clean-shaved appearance. In this special, Krauser challenges his half-brother's nemesis Terry Bogard to battle and wins. After Terry regains his courage, he challenges Krauser again and wins the rematch, causing Krauser to commit suicide due to his loss. Introduced in Fatal Fury 3 Blue Mary , better known as , is a special agent investigating activity in the city of Southtown, and a recurring love interest of Terry Bogard. She makes her first appearance in Fatal Fury 3: Road to the Final Victory, investigating the Secret Scrolls of the Jin Brothers, items able to give immortality to their users. Real Bout Fatal Fury shows Mary allying with Terry Bogard and his friends to fight the crime lord from Southtown, Geese Howard. The two following games, Real Bout Fatal Fury Special and Real Bout Fatal Fury 2: The Newcomers, also feature Blue Mary as a playable character but neither of them presents a storyline. Real Bout Fatal Fury Special also features an "EX" version from Mary with her movesets from Fatal Fury 3. The PlayStation version of Real Bout Fatal Fury Special also contains a music video clip featuring the song "Blue Mary's Blues" by Harumi Ikoma, Mary's voice actress. Following her Fatal Fury inception, Blue Mary becomes a regular character with frequently changing team membership in The King of Fighters series, beginning as a member of the '97 Special Team in The King of Fighters '97 along with Billy Kane and Ryuji Yamazaki. A mysterious benefactor (Geese Howard) requests her services to enter the King of Fighters tournament, along with Billy and Yamazaki, who starts to become insane due to the power from the demon Orochi. However, after discovering that Geese was her client, Mary leaves the team. The team is also featured in The King of Fighters '98, The King of Fighters 2002, and The King of Fighters Neowave, which do not contain a storyline. In The King of Fighters '99, she joins up with King, Li Xiangfei, and Kasumi Todoh as the new Women Fighters Team, but leaves and becomes the fourth member of the Fatal Fury Team (composed by Terry, Andy Bogard and Joe Higashi) in The King of Fighters 2000 and The King of Fighters 2001. She would join forces with King again as member of the Women Fighters Team in The King of Fighters 2003, this time with Mai Shiranui as their third member. In The King of Fighters XI, she joins Vanessa and Ramรณn as a member of the Agents Team in order investigate the host from The King of Fighters tournaments, an organization named Those from the Past. Blue Mary appears in The King of Fighters XIV as a playable character via downloadable content. She also appears in the 3D game KOF: Maximum Impact Regulation A, which does not feature official teams. In the spin-off game The King of Fighters: Kyo, Blue Mary appears investigating the actions from Geese along with Kyo Kusanagi and King. In Nintendo's Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, she appears as a background character. Blue Mary also makes an appearance in the Memories of Stray Wolves twenty-minute featurette that serves as a retrospective of the Fatal Fury series, with Terry narrating the events of the games ten years after Real Bout Fatal Fury. She also stars in manhua based on the games retelling her actions in the series. Bob Wilson is a character introduced in Fatal Fury 3 and appears as a playable character throughout the Real Bout sub-series. He is the bartender of Pao Pao Cafe 2 and was trained in capoeira by Richard Meyer. He specializes in spinning kicks and combination attacks. All of his special moves reference animals in some way, as his Fatal Fury 3 Special Moves are the Wild Wolf, the Bison's Horn, the Lynx's Fang, the Rolling Turtle, and the Hornet Attack. His Super Special Move is the Dangerous Wolf. In Real Bout, he gains the Monkey Dance special move and two Hidden Abilities, the Mad Spin Wolf and the Wolf's Fang. Real Bout Special brings in the Sidewinder, Hunting Frog and Hawk Talon Special Moves, and Real Bout 2 discards Bob's previous Hidden Abilities for a new one called Dancing Bison. Franco Bash makes his first appearance in Fatal Fury 3 as one of the five new playable characters introduced in the game and also appears thorough the Real Bout sub-series. He is a retired Super Heavyweight-class kickboxing champion who works as a mechanic in South Town Airport to support his wife Emilia, and their son Junior. In Fatal Fury 3 his son is kidnapped by Yamazaki, who blackmails him into helping him obtain the Secret Scrolls of the Jin. He rescues his son in his ending in Fatal Fury 3 and trains to make his comeback in the Real Bout series. He makes a cameo at the end of KOF 2003 cheering on the Fatal Fury Team. Hon-Fu is introduced in Fatal Fury 3 as one of the new playable characters featured in the game and appears all the games in the Real Bout sub-series. He is a police officer from Hong Kong who specializes in using a nunchaku. His objective throughout Fatal Fury 3 and the Real Bout series is to arrest the escaped convict Ryuji Yamazaki and is aided by Cheng in Fatal Fury 3. He is a close friend of Kim Kaphwan according to his backstory in Fatal Fury 3, as the two have nearly identical desperation attacks, although Hon-Fu was given a new one for Real Bout Fatal Fury 2. Jin Chonrei Jin Chonrei (็งฆ ๅด‡้›ท, Japanese: Jin Chonrei, Pinyin: Qรญn Chรณnglรฉi, also romanized as Qin Chong-Lei) appears in Fatal Fury 3 as the third and final boss character featured in the game and appears as a regular playable character thorough the Real Bout series. Like his younger brother Chonshu, Chonrei is possessed by the spirit of Jin Kuryu (็งฆ ็ฉบ้พ), the elder son of Jin ลŒryลซ and ancestor of Chonrei and Chonshu. In Fatal Fury 3, they head to South Town to seek the Secret Scrolls of the Jin in order to unleash their true power. The scrolls are eventually taken by Geese Howard and in the next game of the series, Real Bout Fatal Fury, the Jin brothers participate in the King of Fighters tournament to recover them. However, the scrolls are destroyed by Chonrei in the Jin Brothers' endings. In Real Bout Fatal Fury 2, Chonrei becomes an apprentice of Tung Fu Rue, as seen in their corresponding ending (although Kim's ending in the game depicts Chonrei training as Kim's disciple along with his brother). Outside the Fatal Fury series, Jin Chonshu and Jin Chonrei have appeared in Neo Geo Battle Coliseum. In Gamest's 1997 Heroes Collection, Chonrei was voted as the staff's thirty-ninth favorite character. He shared the spot with four other characters, including Fatal Fury character, Joe Higashi, and Street Fighter character, Zangief. Jin Chonshu Jin Chonshu (็งฆ ๅด‡็ง€, , Pinyin: Qรญn Chรณngxiรน) first appears as the second boss character in Fatal Fury 3 and appears thorough the Real Bout series as a regular playable character. He is the younger half of the Jin brothers seeking the Three Secret Scrolls of the Jin. While he appears like a regular teenage boy, he is actually possessed by the spirit of Jin Kairyu (็งฆใ€€ๆตท้พ), who was the younger son of Jin ลŒryลซ (็งฆ ็Ž‹้พ), the ancient warlord who wrote the Secret Scrolls of the Jin two thousand years prior to the events of Fatal Fury 3. In Fatal Fury 3, they head to South Town to seek the Secret Scrolls of the Jin in order to unleash their true power. The scrolls are eventually taken by Geese Howard and in the original Real Bout Fatal Fury the Jin brothers participate in the King of Fighters tournament to recover them. However, the scrolls are destroyed by Chonrei in the Jin Brothers' endings. In Real Bout 2, Chonshu then becomes a disciple of Kim Kaphwan, as seen in their corresponding endings. Outside the Fatal Fury series, Jin Chonshu and Jin Chonrei have appeared in Neo Geo Battle Coliseum. Ryuji Yamazaki is first introduced as the sub-boss character of Fatal Fury 3: Road to the Final Victory, where he is a criminal known as "Dark Broker". In the game, Yamazaki is hired by the Jin brothers into recovering their Sacred Scrolls, which are able to give immortality to its user. In the following titles from the series, Yamazaki does not work for anybody, normally committing crimes just to entertain himself, despite to this, however, he had secretly still want to take that scrolls from Geese. In Garou: Mark of the Wolves, he was believed to be the perpetrator of beating all of Marco Rodriguez's best students in his Kyokugenryu karate gym, as depicted in Marco's ending. Yamazaki's introduction in The King of Fighters series was made as a result of three popularity polls developed by three video games journals in which players voted which character they wanted to see in The King of Fighters '97, the upcoming game from the series at that time. Yamazaki has also appeared in the crossover games Capcom vs. SNK: Millennium Fight 2000 and Capcom vs. SNK 2 as a playable character. Video games publications have commented on Yamazaki's character, with some praising his introduction in Fatal Fury 3 and development in titles from The King of Fighters. Other reviewers criticized how hard defeating him is in the Fatal Fury games and how strong he is in Capcom vs. SNK: Millennium Fight 2000 in comparison to other popular characters. Yamazakiโ€™s origin in The King of Fighters series eventually revealed that he was a former member of Hakkeshu, the followers of Orochi. Having had lost his father-figure yakuza boss that made him a psychopath, it saves Yamazaki from Orochiโ€™s Riot of the Blood mind control. Sokaku Mochizuki is introduced in Fatal Fury 3 as one of the five new characters featured in the game and appears in all of the games in the Real Bout series. Mochizuki is a Buddhist monk who practices the , a fighting style created to hunt down Shura after its founder lost to the Shiranui style. He is said to have the strongest psychokinetic power in the history of the art's style. In Fatal Fury 3 and the original Real Bout, his objective is to seek the Scrolls of the Jin and destroy them, because he believes that it would be a source of a Shura. His Real Bout 2 ending shows him trapping a demon larger than a house within a single paper talisman. Introduced in Dominated Mind Alfred is the protagonist of the main story mode in Real Bout Garou Densetsu Special: Dominated Mind, a Japan-only PlayStation game based on the original Real Bout Fatal Fury Special. Prior to his debut, he appears in Real Bout Fatal Fury 2: The Newcomers as a secret final boss. When he was young, his friend John (the elderly co-pilot who accompanies Alfred) took him on a trip on his biplane. When John flew to Russian airspace, MiG missiles were sent after him, but he managed to outfly them without getting struck. John became a hero in Alfred's mind, as the man who won against the MiGs, and Alfred was charmed by flying since then. Alfred seeks to defeat White, who took over the hometown where his deceased father is interred. Alfred goes to Southtown to seek Terry Bogard's aid and help him defeat White. Alfred appears in later games, such as the Dreamcast version of The King of Fighters '99 (as secret striker), in SNK vs. Capcom: Card Fighters Clash series (as a trading card) and in KOF: Maximum Impact 2 and KOF 2002: Unlimited Match (as a cameo in one of the stages). White is the antagonist of Real Bout Garou Densetsu Special, where he serves as Alfred's rival. A demented psycho and all-around disturbed fellow, White finds pleasure in making people suffer and follow his every wish. He uses his mind-controlling abilities to make people his personal toys, manipulating them to his desire. White enjoys playing around with those foolish enough to challenge him, using the great amount of power that he possesses. He appears to be based on the main character, Alexander DeLarge from Anthony Burgess' A Clockwork Orange novel. Introduced in Real Bout Fatal Fury 2 Lao is a character who first appears in the opening sequence of Real Bout 2, being defeated by Rick Strowd. He makes his only playable appearance in the versus mode of Fatal Fury: First Contact. In Garou: Mark of the Wolves, he becomes a member of B. Jenet's Lillien Knights crew. Li Xiangfei Li Xiangfei (Chinese: ๆŽ ้ฆ™็ท‹; Pinyin: Lว Xiฤngfฤ“i; Japanese: ๆŽ ้ฆ™็ท‹ Rii Shanfei) makes her first appearance in Real Bout 2. She is a 17-year-old Chinese-American girl who works part-time as waitress in her Uncle Pai's restaurant in the Chinatown district of South Town and has trained in various Chinese martial arts since an early age. She also appears in Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition as a hidden guest character. Li Xiangfei would later make her debut in The King of Fighters series in The King of Fighters '99, forming part of the Woman Fighters Team along with King, Blue Mary, and Kasumi Todoh. She was absent in The King of Fighters 2000, but would return in The King of Fighters 2001, taking Kasumi Todoh's place from the previous game. Rick Strowd is one of the two new characters introduced in Real Bout 2. He is a casino show boxer known as the "White Wolf of the Ring", who is the son of a Native American father and a white mother. He seeks the opportunity to fight in a championship match as well as fight Terry Bogard. Rick's Special Moves are the Shooting Star, the Divine Blast, the Hellion, and the Blazing Sun Burst. He also has a special dodging maneuver called Full Moon Fever. His Super Special is the Gaia's Breath, and his Hidden Ability is the Machine-Gun Wolf. Rick is seen to have a girlfriend, a blonde woman wearing a red dress, name unknown, with whom he rides off into sunset on horseback in his ending. Fans have speculated a probable connection between him and fellow boxer, Vanessa, from SNK's King of Fighters series, as she later began using Rick's Hellion, and had the Gaia's Breath as a DM in The King of Fighters 2002. Introduced in Wild Ambition Toji Sakata is one of two characters who appears exclusively in Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition. He is the legendary practitioner of the fighting style . He was once the best friend and the rival of , Blue Mary's grandfather and the man who trained Geese Howard in jujutsu. Believing that he was destined to challenge Tatsumi in a death match, this encounter never occurred since Tatsumi was eventually killed by his former student, Geese Howard. He enters the King of Fighters tournament to defeat the man who killed his rival. Tsugumi Sendo is one of the two new characters exclusive to Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition. She's a high school girl from Osaka who was taught wrestling by her father, since an early age. However, she is secretly ashamed of this, especially after she was told by a boy she had a crush on that women wrestlers are "unfeminine", after hearing this she wanted to drop out of her wrestling training. After butting heads with her overbearing father, Kantetsu will allow her to drop out, but only under the condition that she brings a decisive victory in the King of Fighters tournament. Despite her original hatred for wrestling, she has come to enjoy fighting as she began to win matches. Some of Tsugumi's move names reference her hometown, like "Tsลซtenkaku Driver", "Naniwa Lariat", and "Okonomiyaki-Ire". Introduced in Mark of the Wolves B. Jenet (real name Jenet Behrn) is a character from both Garou: Mark of the Wolves and the King of Fighters series. Jenet is the leader of a group of pirates known as the Lillien Knights. Jenet entered the tournament hosted by Kain R. Heinlein to rob him of anything valuable he might be keeping in his mansion. In her ending, she passes out amidst the destruction of Kain's mansion after defeating him. Her crew saves her from being trapped under the rubble, but fails to secure any of the treasure they had been looking for. In The King of Fighters Maximum Impact 2, her parents are revealed to be incredibly wealthy; she formed the Lillien Knights when she became bored of her tedious lifestyle. Before the start of the tournament, she attends a party in her otherwise occupied parents' place. While there, the son of the host attempts (and fails quite miserably) to impress her with his paltry skills in Savate. Although Jenet is rather repulsed by his arrogance and embarrassing lack of skill, she learns from him that the King of Fighters tournament is being held once again. After her Lillien Knights knock the man unconscious and rob his father, Jenet decides to join the tournament in hopes of winning the prize money. She is voiced by Rei Saitล in Japanese, and by Gina Rose in the English version of KOF: MI2. Jenet is very comfortable around men, and her win quotes and prefight and postfight animations express that she doesn't seem very serious about fighting. In The King of Fighters XI, she was in the tournament for monetary gain strictly, and she enters with Tizoc and Gato to form the Fatal Fury/Mark of the Wolves team. Her fighting style, the LK (Lillien Knights) arts, is similar to savate, a French form of kickboxing. Her moves are mostly made up of attacks by swooping her dress (in moves such as specials "The Hind" and "Crazy Ivan" and Super Special Move "Aurora") and she is able to control the wind (being reflected in her projectile attack "Buffrass" and her Super Special Move "Too Many Torpedoes"). She also, as a Super Special Leader Move in KOF XI, takes off her left shoe and beats her opponent with it. The move is called "An Oi Madamoiselle". Her appearance consists of a purple dress with a skull and crossbones, red fingerless gloves, a red belt with gold lining, and blonde hair, along with stiletto heels as used in "An Oi Madamoiselle". Freeman , real name unknown, is a mysterious English serial killer that fights using slashing movements with his hands as if they were claws. Little is known about him, except that he killed the partner of Kevin Rian. Many of Freeman's special techniques are references to heavy metal bands, such as Nightmare, Morbid Angel, Overkill, and Vision of Disorder. Gato is a character from Garou: Mark of the Wolves and the King of Fighters series. A ruthless and serious martial artist, Gato has no concerns outside of besting anyone unfortunate enough to cross his path. In his Mark of the Wolves ending, a stranger saves Kain R. Heinlein from the crumbling mansion. Gato appears to know the stranger, but he is blinded before he can act. As the mansion falls, the stranger taunts Gato, telling him to start training in order to defeat him. Gato appears to have a vision of his past and his father, and angrily swears vengeance - this insinuates that the stranger is connected to Gato's past (the stranger's outfit appears to resemble Gato's), but nothing has been officially confirmed. Gato also appears in the ending of Hotaru Futaba, who claims that he's her older brother and slaps him when he denies even knowing her. He then leaves her there, and Hotaru silently prays for Gato to come back to her and their father. Gato first appears in the King of Fighters series in King of Fighters 2003 as part of the Outlaw Team, along with Ryuji Yamazaki and Billy Kane. Gato is summoned to Geese Howard's office and forced to cooperate in order to prevent his sister from being harmed. Gato does not like his teammates at all as revealed by the ending, in which Gato ditches the other two immediately and tells them off, leaving Yamazaki and Billy to fight. In KOF XI he is partnered with B. Jenet and Tizoc to form a Garou Team. He also immediately leaves them, though on somewhat friendlier terms (he declines their invitation to celebrate) reinforcing Hotaru's description of his true nature. Grant , real name , is a master of the dark style known as Ankoku Karate. He is Kain R. Heinlein's closest friend and personal bodyguard, and appears as the sub-boss of Garou: Mark of the Wolves. Hokutomaru is a ninja who trained under Andy Bogard. He is extremely fast and crafty, with many moves that are among the fastest in Garou, making him a nearly unpredictable opponent to deal with. His stage is a traffic accident that he caused, as he was unfamiliar with urban ways due to his age and training. Hokutomaru carries a sword on his back, but he seldom draws it except during two special moves. Hotaru Futaba is a character who was introduced in Garou: Mark of the Wolves and also makes an appearance in Neo Geo Battle Coliseum and in the PS2 version of The King of Fighters XI. Hotaru is the daughter of a family of martial artists, but is not very fond of violence. She never wants to hurt others, which is the probable reason why her father taught her the lighter side of Chinese kenpo; the Juu-kei style, which suits her easygoing personality. There are two things that Hotaru appreciates the most after her mother's suicide: her sable, Itokatsu, and her older brother, Gato. Gato was a man who was tormented to become an accomplished martial artist, and was pushed too far by their father. Still, Hotaru knows who the real Gato is, and she is sure that he is not such a bad person at heart. Gato's disappearance led Hotaru to a hostile city located in the United States: Second South Town, where fighting rules all, crime rules the society, and strength dictates who lives and dies. In this harsh place, Hotaru set out to find clues about her brother. She then heard news of a fighting tournament of epic proportions that would soon occur in Second South Town - "King of Fighters: Maximum Mayhem". Hotaru had a feeling that her brother would enter the tournament, as he was always looking for strong opponents to fight. Following her premonitions, Hotaru entered the tournament as well. Kain R. Heinlein is the mysterious host of Southtown's "King of Fighters: Maximum Mayhem" tournament. He is Rock Howard's maternal uncle, being the younger brother of Rock's deceased mother Marie Heinlein. He appears as the final boss of Garou: Mark of the Wolves, and is set to return in the upcoming Fatal Fury: City of the Wolves. Kevin Rian is a high-spirited police officer of Second Southtown. He is also a friend to both Terry and Rock. He fights using Sambo, similar to his distant relative Blue Mary, although much of his fighting style revolves more around direct strikes than grappling. He is cheered on during fights by his friend's son Marky. In Garou, he seeks revenge for the death of his partner, who was murdered by Freeman. Kim Dong-Hwan , sometimes written as (Kim Dong-hwan), was taught Taekwondo by his father, Kim Kaphwan, using techniques infused with lightning, and has a friendly rivalry with his younger brother Kim Jae-Hoon. He is more of a show-off and slacker than his brother, relying more on aerial attacks and juggles (i.e. attacks that strike the opponent into the air uncontrollably). He believes he is a "genius" in the story, and doesn't need to study diligently in order to master Taekwondo, but his father and brother see it differently. Kim Jae-Hoon , sometimes written as (Kim Jae-hoon), was taught Taekwondo by his father, Kim Kaphwan, using techniques infused with fire, and is a brother of Dong Hwan's. Jae-Hoon admires his father, so he fights more like him than Dong-Hwan does, with a combination of high and low attacks with plenty of power behind them. Like his father, he has a strong sense of justice and chivalry, but unlike his brother, he establishes his strength through constant practice. Marco Rodriguez is a Brazilian Kyokugen-style karate expert, who trained under Ryo Sakazaki. He leads a somewhat austere life in a wooded area on the outskirts of town, and fights using powerful, deliberate attacks. Just like Ryo, he has several famous moves from Art of Fighting with some of his own derivatives. Marco was renamed Khushnood Butt in the U.S. release of Garou: Mark of the Wolves, possibly to avoid confusion with mixed martial artist Ricco Rodriguez; the character's name would be reverted to Marco in future localizations beginning in The King of Fighters XV (2022). Rock Howard is the son of Geese Howard and Marie Heinlein, and adopted son of Terry Bogard. He makes his first appearance in Fatal Fury 3: Road to the Final Victory, in which it is revealed how he becomes friends with Terry. After Geese falls to his death by refusing Terry's help, Terry adopts Rock, whom he takes care of like his son. Rock becomes a playable character in Garou: Mark of the Wolves, having both lived with Terry and studied martial arts under him for ten years. During this time, a new King of Fighters tournament arose under the name "Maximum Mayhem", which Rock and Terry both decide to compete in. By the end of the tournament, Rock finds his final opponent is Kain R. Heinlein, who reveals himself to be both the host and Rock's uncle. Kain, aware that Geese Howard's will held presumably valuable secrets but unable to discover them without assistance, wins Rock's aid in working through the document by offering information regarding Rock's mother Marieโ€”whom Kain claimed was still alive. Terry accepts Rock's decision to become Kain's new partner, with Rock promising to return. Despite making several cameos in games from The King of Fighters series, Rock was only playable in the spin-off games KOF: Maximum Impact and Maximum Impact 2 for several years. Both games feature Rock entering into King of Fighters tournaments developed in Southtown prior to the events of Mark of the Wolves. Rock makes his first playable appearance in a mainline King of Fighters title in The King of Fighters XIV, being added to the game via post-launch downloadable content. However his canonical first participation on the team-based tournament is in The King of Fighters XV, where he is a new leader of the DLC Team Garou. Rock also appears as a playable character in the crossover video games NeoGeo Battle Coliseum and Capcom vs. SNK 2. Rock also appears in the 2006 original net animation The King of Fighters: Another Day. In the second episode Rock finds Lien Neville fighting Billy Kane, Geese's former right-hand man, in the Geese Tower. As Lien is about to be killed, Rock saves her, which enrages Billy as he cannot believe that he is Geese's son. As Billy attacks Rock, Lien shoots a laser that takes Billy out of the tower. Memories of Stray Wolves, a twenty-minute featurette serves as a retrospective of the Fatal Fury series, with Terry narrating the events of the games to Rock. The first seven volumes from the manhua The King of Fighters 2003 by Wing Yen features a short chapter from Garou: Mark of the Wolves based on Rock's training with Terry. In the last of the chapters, Rock fights Grant, who is revealed to be a childhood friend who always protected him. Despite feeling sad for fighting his friend, Rock defeats Grant in order to meet the host of the Maximum Mayhem tournament, his uncle, Kain. A young Rock appears in the 2017 webseries, The King of Fighters: Destiny. In episode eleven, Rock meets Terry at a coffee shop. He is caught by a worker attempting to steal food, so he pretends that Terry is his father to escape trouble. After learning that the boy has no one to raise him, Terry promises to adopt Rock as his son after he defeats Geese. Terry's display of kindness towards Rock also convinces Angelina to stop herself from poisoning him. Rock is featured in The King of Fighters All Star, and makes a cameo in the King of Fighters Stadium stage in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate. Tizoc / King of Dinosaurs Tizoc, otherwise known as or the Griffon in the Japanese version, is a character from both the Fatal Fury and King of Fighters series. He started out in the Fatal Fury game Garou: Mark of the Wolves and is described as being a well-renowned and popular professional wrestler. By the time of Garou: Mark of The Wolves, Tizoc already sees himself as a washed up has-been and enters the tournament in order to gain his passion into going back into the ring. When the events of King of Fighters 2003 occur, Tizoc is an up-and-coming superstar in the professional wrestling circuit and joins the Fatal Fury team after being invited by Terry Bogard himself after his brother Andy becomes unavailable since he is teaching a young boy in Shiranui style ninjutsu in Japan (the boy would later grow up to be known as Hokutomaru in Garou). In The King of Fighters XIV, there is a new character known as , who shares the same voice actor, a similar fighting style, build, color schemes and feather decor as Tizoc, now teamed with the former NESTS agent Angel and Ramon on Team Mexico. During the tournament, several opponents, such as Tizoc's former teammate Terry, easily address King of Dinosaurs as Tizoc despite the new fighter's denials, while other characters, who may or may not identify King of Dinosaurs as Tizoc, merely deem him foolish. Despite Eisuke Ogura's pre-release claims that King Of Dinosaurs is not Tizoc, the Team Mexico ending reveals that King of Dinosaurs is in fact Tizoc who suffered a humiliating defeat by Nelson. To seek revenge, Tizoc adopted a new "heel" persona, King of Dinosaurs, relying on his teammates รngel and Ramรณn to help cover his former identity. In The King of Fighters XV, King of Dinosaurs/Tizoc and Ramรณn would be teamed up with the former KOF XIV tournament hosts Antonov to form the new wrestling team named Team G.A.W. (Galaxy Anton Wrestling). Reception The characters from Fatal Fury have received major positive reaction with GamesRadar calling Terry Bogard as "one of SNK's most memorable characters", as 86th "most memorable, influential, and badass" protagonist in games. IGN praised the increase of the series' cast but heavily criticized the final boss Geese Howard for his high difficulty. Avi Krebs from GamingExcellence.com commented that Billy Kane is one of the hardest boss characters from the first Fatal Fury, but he remains "pale" in comparison to Geese. Kotaku's Patricia Hernandez wrote "one of Fatal Fury 2'''s biggest contributions to the medium was that it was the first game to introduce a character with breasts that moved on their own. Known as Mai Shiranui, that character is famed for having very, uh, lively breasts. Though Fatal Fury may not be a huge franchise nowadays, its legacy is very much alive: many top fighting games include a similar jiggle effect". While acknowledging that Fatal Fury fans might be disappointed by the reduced roster of fighters in Fatal Fury 3, GamePro praised the new third fighting plane and ranking system, and concluded that "instead of simply adding more fighters, FF3 does more with fewer fighters (hidden moves and so on) and a unique method of gameplay". They remarked that Bob and Franco are "uninteresting" new characters but praising and the modifications to Mai Shiranui's Swan Dive attack. The cast of Garou was praised for their animations which was compared with the ones from Marvel vs. Capcom 2''. THEM Anime Reviews criticized the characterization of the main characters in the three films citing them as "one-dimensional" and also the villains. On the other hand, Anime News Network's Bamboo Dong enjoyed the portrayal of the characters in the films, particularly praising Terry's character development as "most adaptations of this nature barely let their characters show any weaknesses at all, much less an extended period of insecurity and despair, so it was pretty compelling seeing Terry's journey through his dark period". In another review, Dong praised the selection of the main characters. Chris Beveridge from Mania Beyond Entertainment also praised the development of the characters such as the interactions between the couple of Andy Bogard and Mai Shiranui as well as the grief of Terry over the loss of his girlfriend. References Fatal Fury Fatal Fury
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%20%EC%95%84%EC%BB%A4%EB%A7%8C
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ(, , )์€ ์ง„๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด์ž ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์˜ ์„œ์—ด 2์œ„์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง๊ธ‰์€ ๋ณ‘์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. 820๋…„๋Œ€ ์ฟ ์…ธ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋กœ ์›” ์‹œ๋‚˜์˜ ์ง€ํ•˜๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ผ€๋‹ˆ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์–‘์œก๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  844๋…„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์— ์ž…๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ผ ๋ž„, ์˜ค๋ฅด์˜ค ๋ณด์ž๋“œ, ๊ตฐํ„ฐ ์Š์ธ , ์—˜๋“œ ์ง„๊ณผ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ ๋“ฑ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ์ •์˜ˆ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ํŠน์ˆ˜์ž‘์ „๋ฐ˜ (๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฐ˜)์˜ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์žฅ์ด๊ณ  ์ œ 57ํšŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒฝ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฐ˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์œ ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์กดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ, ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค, ์‚ฌ์ƒค ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ์Šค, ์ฝ”๋‹ˆ ์Šคํ”„๋ง๊ฑฐ, ์žฅ ํ‚ค๋ฅด์Šˆํƒ€์ธ, ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ ์•Œ๋ ˆ๋ฅดํ† , ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๆ–ฐ(์‹ ) ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฐ˜์„ ์กฐ์งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 850๋…„, ์—˜๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์™•์ •์„ ๋’ค์—Ž๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์™•์ • ์ฟ ๋ฐํƒ€์—์„œ ์ค‘์š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 850๋…„์˜ ์›”๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ตœ์ข… ํƒˆํ™˜ ์ž‘์ „์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์‹œ๋‚˜๊ตฌ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ์ง์Šน๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ํ† ๋ฒŒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ˜ํ˜ํ•œ ๊ณต์„ ์„ธ์› ๊ณ  ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค ์—ฌ์™•์—๊ฒŒ ํ›ˆ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ง์Šน ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ๋ฌด์„œ์›Œํ•ด๋„ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ข‹์€ ๊ณ ๊นƒ๋ฉ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 854๋…„์—๋„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ์ตœ๊ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ์ง€ํฌ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ์›์ž‘ 125ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ์ผ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ์ง€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ์ž‘์ค‘ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ตœ๊ฐ•์˜ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ(Humanity's strongest)๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ž…์ฒด๊ธฐ๋™์žฅ์น˜ ๊ธฐ๋™ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ์‹ ์ฒด์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ๋Œ€์ธ์ „ํˆฌ ๋“ฑ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ์••๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ 89๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ํ† ๋ฒŒํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ ํ† ๋ฒŒํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์•ฝ 200๊ตฌ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์…€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ง๊ธ‰์€ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์žฅ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒฝ ์•ˆ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋†’์€ ์ง€์œ„์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง„๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณต์‹ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์น˜ ์ •๋ณด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ํ‚ค 160cm์— ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ 65kg์ธ ๊ฑด์žฅํ•œ ์„ฑ์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. 854๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ 65kg์œผ๋กœ ํ‚ค์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์•„์ปค๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ธ ๊ณจ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฟ ๋ฐํƒ€ ๋‹น์‹œ์— ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์ž…์–ด ์‚ฌ์ƒค ๋ธ”๋ผ์šฐ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋•Œ, ์ƒ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ทผ์œก์งˆ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์˜ ์ƒ๋…„์€ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์‚ฌ์•ผ๋งˆ ํ•˜์ง€๋ฉ”์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Š” 850๋…„ ๋‹น์‹œ 30๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ํŒฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ 35์„ธ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ™•์ •๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 854๋…„ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ทธ๋Š” 30๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์—์„œ 40๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์€ ๋‚˜์ด์— ๋งž์ง€์•Š์€ ๋™์•ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์˜ ์ƒ์ผ์€ 12์›” 25์ผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ฒฝ์ฆ์„ ์•“๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒญ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ํ˜์˜คํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์šฐ์„  ์ˆœ์œ„๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์™ธ์ „์ธ <ํ›„ํšŒ ์—†๋Š” ์„ ํƒ>์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒญ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ™์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ด€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ญํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ํŽธ์ž…๋œ ์ดํ›„ ๋ณธ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ธธ ๋•Œ๋„ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฐ˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์งํ›„์—๋„ ์ฒญ์†Œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฒŒ์„๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐ˜์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์งœ์ฆ์„ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์™ธ์ „์—์„œ๋„ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์š”์‹œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„, ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ฒฝ์ฆ์  ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๋ฒ„๋ฆ‡์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜๋„์‹œ์— ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ์œ„์ƒ์ ์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ํ™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ํ™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ž…์— ๋‹ฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์‹์‚ฌ๋„ ํ™์ฐจ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ฐป์ž”์˜ ์†์žก์ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์œ—๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์žก๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ „์— ์†์žก์ด๋ฅผ ์žก์•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ ค ๊ฒจ์šฐ ๊ตฌํ•œ ํ™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ชป๋งˆ์‹œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฒ„๋ฆ‡์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํด๋กœ์ฆˆ์—… ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜๋ฉด ๋ฒฝ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ์ฐป์ง‘์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์šฐ์œ ๋„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต 2์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ 3์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ–์— ์ž์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ตฐ๋ณต์„ ๋ฒ—์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ์˜์ž์— ์•‰์•„์„œ ์ž”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งŒ์„ฑ์  ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๋ถ€์กฑ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฒฝ์™ธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์—…๋ฌด ๋ณด๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ๋”๋ฏธ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋“œ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™” ์ดํ›„์— ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™” ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฐ๋”๋ฏธ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆํ‰์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋งˆ์ธ๋ฐ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์™€์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋” ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์„ ์ž์ฃผ ๊พผ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๋ฏธ์ผ€ ์ž์นด๋ฆฌ์•„์Šค์™€๋Š” ํ‚ค ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ 36cm๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ผ์ดŒ์ธ ์ผ€๋‹ˆ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ ค 38cm๋‚˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ฆด ์ ์˜ ์˜์–‘์‹ค์กฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž์ฃผ ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ, 3๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ€๋‹ˆ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋•…๋”ธ๋ณด ์ž์‹์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋†€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณ„ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž…์„ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋ฉด ์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์— ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์„ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด์— ์นœ๊ตฌ๋„ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์žˆ๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ๋„ ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜๋„์‹œ์— ์žˆ์„ ์ ์— ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ถ™์–ด๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ œ 23ํšŒ ๋ฒฝ์™ธ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋•Œ ํŒŒ๋ž€ ์ฒ˜์น˜,์ด์ž๋ฒจ ๋งค๊ทธ๋†€๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋‘˜๋งŒํผ ์นœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋•Œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ธ ๊ธฐํ–‰์ข…์„ ์ž”์ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—†์•ค ๋’ค ๊ฐ์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ˜์›์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋“ค์€ ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ผ ๋ž„, ์˜ค๋ฅด์˜ค ๋ณด์ž๋“œ, ๊ตฐํ„ฐ ์Š์ธ ์™€ ์—˜๋“œ ์ง„, ์‹  ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฐ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒค ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ์Šค, ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์ด๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ ํ‚ค๋ฅด์Šˆํƒ€์ธ, ์ฝ”๋‹ˆ ์Šคํ”„๋ง๊ฑฐ, ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ ์•„๋ฅผ๋ ˆ๋ฅดํŠธ, ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์—์„œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์›์ž‘์ž์ธ ์ด์‚ฌ์•ผ๋งˆ ํ•˜์ง€๋ฉ”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์ƒํ•œ ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ธ์ƒ ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ๋ˆˆ์—ฌ๊ฒจ๋ณธ ๋‚จ์ž์•„์ด์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์—์„œ ๋”ฐ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์œ ๋ž˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ ˆ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ ˆ์œ„(Levi)์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘”๋‹ค.(๋…์ผ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ ˆํ”ผ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์ด๋‹ค) ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋‘” ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋…์ผ๊ณ„ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ์„ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋…์ผ ๋ณธํ† ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ ˆํ”ผ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฝ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์•„์ปค๋งŒ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋…์ผ๊ณ„ ์„ฑ์”จ๋กœ, ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งŽ์ด ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ์„ฑ์”จ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฝค ๋งŽ์ด ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ์„ฑ์”จ์ด๋‹ค. Ackermann์€ ๋†๋ถ€ ํ˜น์€ ๋“คํŒ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ๋Š” <๊ดดํ…Œ์™€์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”>๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์š”ํ•œ ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ์—์ปค๋งŒ(Johann Peter Eckermann, ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์ด ๋ณ€ํ˜•), ๋…์ผ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์•ˆํ†ค ์•„์ปค๋งŒ, ํ‚คํ”„๋กœ์Šค ์€ํ–‰๊ณผ ๋„์ด์ฒด ๋ฐฉํฌ์˜ CEO์ธ ์š”์ œํ”„ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ๊ณผ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ž ๋นŒํ—ฌ๋ฆ„ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฌธ ๊ณต์‹ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ 'Levi Ackerman'์œผ๋กœ Ackermann์ด ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๋ ˆ์œ„ ์ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ตฌ์•ฝ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ ˆ์œ„๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ชจ์„ธ์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์šฐ์ƒ์ˆญ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋™ํฌ 3000๋ช…์„ ์‚ดํ•ดํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ณต๋กœ๋กœ ์ œ์‚ฌ์žฅ์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ฅ™ํ•ด ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜์›…์ด ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์ผ์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ์šฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ 35์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณธ์ธ ์„ฑ์„ ๋ชฐ๋ž์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ€๋‹ˆ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์ด ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์— ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ์„ฑ์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค˜ ํ’€๋„ค์ž„์ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ๊ณผ๋Š” ์นœ์ฒ™ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์ธ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์€ ํ˜„์‹ค์ฃผ์˜์™€ ํ›„ํšŒ ์—†๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์ด ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 844๋…„ ์ฒซ์ถœ์ „์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์นœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ•ด์™”๋˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ 2๋ช…์ด ๊ฑฐ์ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ดํ•ด๋œ ์ดํ›„, ์—˜๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์‹œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๋ถ„๋…ธ๋ฅผ ์ด๊ธฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์—˜๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ค ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์˜ ๋‚˜์œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ง์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ์— ์‹œ๊ฐ„์‹œ๋‚˜๊ตฌ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ์ง€ํฌ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์„ ๋˜์ง„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ "** **๋“ค์•„!" ๋ผ๊ณ  ์š•์„ค์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์—ด์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Š๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์—˜๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค, ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋ฉด ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์—†๊ณ  ๋ง๋„ ๊ฑฐ์น ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋กœ์จ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์˜์†Œ์—์„œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์—๊ฒŒ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋‹นํ•  ํž˜์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„๋‚œํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ƒ์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋ผ์ง€๋ผ๊ณ  ์กฐ๋กฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์— ์ ๊ฐœ์‹ฌ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ์ž์ฃผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์†์  ๋ฐฉํ•ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ทน๋„์˜ ๋ถˆ์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋‚จ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ฌ์˜์†Œ์—์„œ ํญํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  (๋งŒํ™”ํŒ ๊ธฐ์ค€) ์—ฌ์™•์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์˜ ๋ฉฑ์‚ด์„ ์žก๊ณ  ํ˜‘๋ฐ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€ํ•œํ…Œ๋„ ์ข…์ข… ๋ฌด๋ก€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋„ํŠธ ํ”ฝ์‹œ์Šค ์ฃผ๋‘”๋ณ‘๋‹จ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€, ๋‚˜์ผ ๋„ํฌ ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ๋‹จ์žฅ, ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์— ์ œ 4๋ถ„๋Œ€์žฅ, ์—˜๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ๋‹จ์žฅ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ๋ง‰๋ง์„ ํ•ด๋Œ„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ด์ž ์ƒ๊ด€์ธ ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—๋Š” ํด๋กœ์ฆˆ์—… ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ๋ง์ด ๊ฑฐ์น ์–ด ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ผ ๋ž„์ด ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๋กœ ๋ด์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๋“ฏ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋“ค์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์คฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋“ค๋„ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์ด๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ผ ๋ž„์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฐ˜ ์ „์›์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์ž ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋ถ„๋…ธํ•œ ํ‘œ์ •์„ ์ง€์—ˆ๊ณ , ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ผ ๋ž„์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ง์„ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฒจ์šฐ ์–ด๋‘์šด ํ‘œ์ •์„ ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์™•์ • ์ฟ ๋ฐํƒ€ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ ์•Œ๋ ˆ๋ฅดํ† ๋ฅผ ์นญ์ฐฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด ์žฅ ํ‚ค๋ฅด์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์—†์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์œ„๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์คฌ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์‹œ๋‚˜๊ตฌ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™”ํ•˜์ž ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. 854๋…„ ์ง€ํฌ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์™€์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋ผ ๋น„์ฐธํ•œ ํ‘œ์ •์„ ์ง“๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์ง€๋‚ด๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฆ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ž˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋„๋•์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ, ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ์ •์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ž ์›ƒ์Œ์„ ์ง€์€ ์—˜๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ "๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์—ฌํƒœ๊ป ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋“ค์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ๋‚ ์•„๋‹ค๋…”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ€.."๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ์˜ˆ์˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์ง€ํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊นกํŒจ ์ถœ์‹ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์–ด์ฉ” ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ๊ด€์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์‹œ์— ์นœ๊ตฌ์ธ ์—˜๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋‚˜ ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค ์น˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋‹จ์žฅ์ธ ๋‚˜์ผ ๋„ํฌ๋‚˜ ๋„ํŠธ ํ”ฝ์‹œ์Šค, ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค ์ž‘ํด๋ ˆ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์˜ˆ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ž‘ํด๋ ˆ์™€์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™” ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์•„์˜ˆ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ง€๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•  ์ •๋„์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์— ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์ „ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์ธ ๋งŒํผ ์ •์‹ ๋ ฅ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•์ธํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋™๋ฃŒ๋‚˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค๋„ ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋”ฑํžˆ ํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฝค ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์ง€๋‚ด์™”๋˜ ๋ฏธ์ผ€ ์ž์นด๋ฆฌ์•„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ „์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋“ฏ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ˜์›๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ด๋‚˜ ์—˜๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค ํ˜น์€ ์‚ฌ์ƒค ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ‘œ์ • ์™ธ์—๋Š” ๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. 4๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋กœ ๋’€๋˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒค ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋น„ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šด์˜ ์ด์— ๋งž์•„ ์ฃฝ์–ด ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—๋„ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋งŒ์ด ๋™์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์›Œ๋‚™ ํ‘œ์ •์ด ์—†์ด ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ช‡๋ฒˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์™ธ์ƒ ํ›„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์žฅ์• ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ธ๋ฐ๋„ ๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์ธํ•œ ์ •์‹ ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ตœ๊ฐ•์˜ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ์ผ๊ฐœ ์—ฌ๋‹จ ํ˜น์€ ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ์ „์ฒด์™€ ๋งž๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ž…์ฒด๊ธฐ๋™์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์‹ค๋ ฅ์ด ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ž…์ฒด๊ธฐ๋™์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์†๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ™”์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž…์ฒด๊ธฐ๋™์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋นจ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฒฝ์งˆํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์— ๊ทผ์œก์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฒ ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ค ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜•๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ธ ๊ฐ์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์™ธ์ „์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ์„ฑ ์ „์—๋„ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ž…์ฒด ๊ธฐ๋™ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์›ฌ๋งŒํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ๋“ค์„ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์„ฑ ์ „์— ํŒŒ๋ž€ ์ฒ˜์น˜์™€ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ํ† ๋ฒŒ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ธ 1๊ตฌ์— ์™ ๋งŒํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ 3๋ช…์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋ถ™์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ฐ์„ฑ ์ „์—๋„ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ฐ•ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ์ตœ๊ฐ•์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฏธ์ผ€ ์ž์นด๋ฆฌ์•„์Šค์™€ 1๋Œ€1๋กœ ๋งž๋ถ™์–ด ์ ‘์ „์„ ํŽผ์น  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์ด ์–ด๋ฆด ์  ์ผ€๋‹ˆ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์นผ ์žก๋Š” ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ•๋„์ง“์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์ฃผ ์ซ“๊ฒผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์ด ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ์ถœ์ „ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๊ฐ์„ฑ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ์ชฝ์ด ์ด์ต์ด ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ํž˜๋„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์žฌํƒˆํ™˜๋งŒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํˆฌ์— ์ž„ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ถ€์ƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์„ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜•์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ•ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ „์ˆ ์  ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ทจํ•  ๋•Œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์ „์„ ๊ตฌ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „ํˆฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ž‘์ค‘์—์„œ ์ตœ๊ฐ•์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งŒํผ ์ „ํˆฌ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์–ด๋งˆ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์— ์ž…๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์˜ 1์ธ์ž์˜€๋˜ ๋ฏธ์ผ€ ์ž์นด๋ฆฌ์•„์Šค์™€ ์ ‘์ „์„ ํ•  ์ •๋„์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฒซ ๋ฒฝ์™ธ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋•Œ์— ์‹ ๋ณ‘์ด์˜€๋˜ ํŒŒ๋ž€ ์ฒ˜์น˜์™€ ๋‹จ ๋‘˜์ด์„œ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ํ† ๋ฒŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์ธ 1๊ตฌ์— ์•ต๊ฐ„ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ 3๋ช…์ด ๋“ค๋Ÿฌ๋ถ™์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋Œ€๊ฑฐ์ธ์ „์—์„œ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋„ ์•ต๊ฐ„ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๋ž€ ์ฒ˜์น˜์™€ ์ด์ž๋ฒจ์„ ์ฃฝ์ธ 4์กฑ๋ณดํ–‰ ๊ธฐํ–‰์ข…์„ ์ฃฝ์ผ ๋•Œ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ธ ๊ฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ๋Œ€๊ฑฐ์ธ์ „ ๋•Œ ๊ณต์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ณ ์†์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ์ „ํ•ด ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ํ† ๋ฒŒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์นผ์„ ์—ญ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ฅ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํšŒ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ํ•œ์ธต ๋” ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค. ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(๋ถ„๋…ธ, ์•„ํ™‰๊ฑฐ์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ)๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ๋ชฉ๋œ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์„ ๋„๋ ค๋‚ด๋Š” ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(๋ถ„๋…ธ, ์•„ํ™‰๊ฑฐ์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ)์—๋Š” ๋ˆˆ, ํŒ”, ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ฒ ๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ „ํˆฌ์— ์ž„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ 160cm์ด๊ณ  ๊ทผ์œก๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ž…์ฒด๊ธฐ๋™์— ์‹ ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ „์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์ „ํˆฌ์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์ ์€ ์™•์ •์ฟ ๋ฐํƒ€ ๋•Œ ์ž˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ผ€๋‹ˆ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ๊ณผ์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ํ•œ ์ˆ ์ง‘์— ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ์ˆ ๋ณ‘์— ๋น„์นœ ์ผ€๋‹ˆ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด, ์ด์„ ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ช…์ค‘์‹œ์ผœ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์ž…ํ˜”๋‹ค. ์˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋˜์ ธ ์‹œ์•ผ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ฆฐ ๋’ค ์ˆ ์ง‘์—์„œ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์™€ ์ž…์ฒด๊ธฐ๋™์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์•ต์ปค๋กœ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ ํ•œ ๋ช…์„ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•œ ๋’ค ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํŒจ ์‚ผ์•„ ๋Œ์ง„ํ•œ ๋’ค ์นผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด 2๋ช…์„ ํ•œ๊บผ๋ฒˆ์— ์‚ดํ•ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ผ€๋‹ˆ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ "๊ท€์—ฌ์šด ๋ฉด์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ตฌ๋งŒ." ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ตœ๊ฐ•์˜ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์ธ๋งŒํผ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ์ผ๊ฐœ ์—ฌ๋‹จ ํ˜น์€ ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ์ „์ฒด์™€ ๋งž๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. 844๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 854๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 10๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ† ๋ฒŒํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ํ† ๋ฒŒํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ์ˆ˜ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ๊ณ , ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ† ๋ฒŒํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋งŒ 89๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์‹œ๋‚˜๊ตฌ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง์Šน๊ณผ ๋งž์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ํž˜๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ง์Šน๊ฑฐ์ธ ์˜†์— ์ผ๋ ฌ๋กœ ์„œ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์กฐ๋ฆฌ ํ† ๋ฒŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง์Šน๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ 3๋ถ„ ๋งŒ์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚œ๋„์งˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง์Šน๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๊ฒฝ์งˆํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€์Œ์—๋„ ์ž…์ฒด๊ธฐ๋™ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์งˆํ™” ์†๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋นจ๋ผ์„œ ์ฒ˜์ฐธํžˆ ํŒจํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ง์Šน๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ๊ณ„์Šน์ž์ธ ์ง€ํฌ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œ์ ์ธ 854๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์ธ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ๋Š” ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๊ณตํฌ์‹ฌ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 854๋…„, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ํฌํš๋œ ์ง€ํฌ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์™•๊ฐ€์˜ ํž˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณค๊ฒฝ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์šฉ์ง€๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‡Œ์ฐฝ์— ๋งž์•„ ๋ชธ์ด ๋‘๋™๊ฐ•๋‚œ ์ฑ„ ๋‚ด์žฅ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚์ ธ๋‚˜์˜จ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์••์†ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ฑฐ์ธ ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋Œ€์ธ์ „ํˆฌ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ตœ๊ฐ•์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฐ˜์™•์ • ์ฟ ๋ฐํƒ€ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ 12๋ช…์˜ ์ค‘๋ฌด์žฅํ•œ ์ค‘์•™ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํ•ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ ์˜์ง€์˜ ๋ฒฝ์˜ ์™•์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฒ˜์—์„œ์˜ ํ™œ์•ฝ ์—ญ์‹œ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•ด ์ค‘์•™ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ํ–‰๋™๋Œ€์žฅ ์ผ€๋‹ˆ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์น˜๋ช…์ƒ์„ ์ž…ํ˜”๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์‹œ๋‚˜๊ตฌ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šด์˜ ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฒ ์–ด๋‚ด์„œ ์ฆ‰์‚ฌ ์ผ๋ณด์ง์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒํ™”ํŒ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šด์€ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด 4๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์•…๋ชฝ์—์„œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ๋ณ‘์žฅ์„ ๋ณผ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ PTSD์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์• ๋‹ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ์ง€ํ•˜๋„์‹œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ 815๋…„(์ถ”์ •) 12์›” 25์ผ ๋งค์ถ˜๋ถ€ ์ฟ ์…ธ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ถœ์ƒ์ง€๋Š” ์›” ์‹œ๋‚˜ ์ง€ํ•˜๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋งค์Œ๊ตด๋กœ, ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ํ”ผํ•ด ์ง€์€ ๋„์‹œ์˜€๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„ํš์ด ํŒŒ๊ธฐ๋˜์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌด๋ฒ•์ง€๋Œ€์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ฆด ์ ์— ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์…จ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฟ ์…ธ๊ณผ ๋ฉด์‹์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์นผ์žก์ด ์ผ€๋‹ˆ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฅผ ์–‘์œกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์ผ€๋‹ˆ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์นผ ํœ˜๋‘๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ ์ง€ํ•˜๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋ฉฐ ์œก์ฒด์  ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์ผ€๋‹ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ตํžˆ์ž ์ผ€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ณ์„ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ์ด๋•Œ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ง€ํ•˜๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ด์ž ์นœ๊ตฌ์ธ ํŒŒ๋ž€ ์ฒ˜์น˜, ์ด์ž๋ฒจ ๋งค๊ทธ๋†€๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋…ํ•™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์šด ์ž…์ฒด๊ธฐ๋™์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๊ฐ•๋„์งˆ์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ์ž์ฃผ ๊ต์ „์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๊ณ  ์ž…์ฒด๊ธฐ๋™๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ž๋ฒจ ๋งค๊ทธ๋†€๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ž์ฃผ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ๋˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ์ž…์ฒด๊ธฐ๋™ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์€ ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์„ ์›”๋“ฑํžˆ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. 844๋…„, ์—˜๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์™€ ๋ฏธ์ผ€ ์ž์นด๋ฆฌ์•„์Šค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ์ง„์••๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํ•˜๋„์‹œ๋กœ ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜์–ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์— ๋“ฑ์šฉ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ๊ท€์กฑ์ธ ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ์Šค ๋กœ๋ณดํ”„ ์˜์›์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์ด ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ํ•ด์ฒด์˜ ๋ช…๋ชฉ์ด ๋  ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ž…์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ๊ฑด์„ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜ ์™€์ค‘์— ์ฒซ ์ถœ์ „์„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ๊ณผ ํŒŒ๋ž€ ์ฒ˜์น˜, ์ด์ž๋ฒจ ๋งค๊ทธ๋†€๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฝ˜ ๋‹ฌ๋ ›์˜ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์— ์†Œ์†๋˜์–ด ์ฒซ ์ถœ์ „์„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฝ˜ ๋‹ฌ๋ › ๋ถ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฉธํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋…ธํ•ด ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋“ค์„ ํ† ๋ฒŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณธ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋Š” ๋„ˆ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ํ›„ํšŒ ์—†๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ์ด์— ์„ค๋“๋˜์–ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์— ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์˜ ์กฐ์–ธ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ํ›„ํšŒ ์—†๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ขŒ์šฐ๋ช…์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. 1๊ธฐ 4ํ™” ํ•ด์‚ฐ์‹์˜ ๋ฐค - 13ํ™” ์›์ดˆ์  ์š•๊ตฌ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ํ•ด์‚ฐ์‹ ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚ , ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์€ ์ œ 56ํšŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒฝ ์™ธ๋ถ€์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋‚˜์„œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์˜จ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ๋ณ‘์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฌธ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ตœ๊ฐ• ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์€ ์ผ๊ฐœ ์—ฌ๋‹จ์— ๋งž๋จน๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  "์นซ, ์‹œ๋„๋Ÿฝ๊ตฐ"์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ํ‰๋ช…์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํ˜ผ์žฃ๋ง์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ตœ๊ฐ•์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆด์ง€๋ผ๋„ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์ง€๋‚ด๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ฒฝ์ฆ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋˜๋ฉด ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋†๋‹ด์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒฝ ์™ธ๋ถ€์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ๋‹จ์› ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด ๊ฑฐ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ๋ ค์žˆ์ž, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ 2๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋„๋ฅ™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ๋ ค ์ฃฝ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋‹จ์›์˜ ์†์„ ์žก์•„์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์œ„๋กœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๊ด€ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์–ด์„œ ํŠธ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ นํ•˜์ž, ๊ฒจ์šฐ ์ด๋งŒํผ ์™”๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‚ด ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋“ค์˜ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์€ ๊ฐœ์ฃฝ์Œ์ธ๊ฑฐ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์‹œ๋‚˜๊ตฌ ์Šต๊ฒฉ ๋•Œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด ๋ชจ์–‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž ์‚ด์ง ๋†€๋ž€ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ„ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ’€๋ฆฐ ์—๋ Œ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชฐ๋ ค์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋จนํž ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜์ž ๋ชธ์„ 360๋„๋กœ ํšŒ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ 2๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฃฝ์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด ์žฅ๋ฉด์€ ์ง„๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ 1๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ธ์ƒ๊นŠ์€ ์žฅ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๊ผฝํžˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 14ํ™” ์•„์ง ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด ์‹ฌ์˜์†Œ ์ง€ํ•˜์— ๋ฌถ์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ด€ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฉดํšŒํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„์ž‘์ „๋ฐ˜ (๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฐ˜)์— ํŽธ์ž…์‹œํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์—ฌ์ฐจํ•  ๋•Œ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋งก๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋•Œ๋ ค ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž ๋‚˜์˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์˜์—์„œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ์ธก ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์ƒ์ธ์ด ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์›”๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํƒˆํ™˜ ์ž‘์ „์— ํšŒ์˜๊ฐ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์ด์ œ์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ์›” ๋กœ์ œ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ง๋Œ€์–ด ๋ง‰์•„์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์ƒ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ผ์ง€์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์š•์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์„ ํŒŒ๋ฌป๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค์ค„ ๋ณด์žฅ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์žˆ๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ์ผ์นจ์„ ๋†“๋Š”๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ํญ์ฃผํ•ด์„œ ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์„ ๋น„๋‚œํ•ด, ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์ด ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์‚ดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž ์—๋ Œ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๊ฑท์–ด ์ฐฌ๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ํญํ–‰์„ ๋‹นํ•˜์ž ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋†€๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ผ ๋“ฏ์ด ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ๋‹จ์žฅ ๋‚˜์ผ ๋„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด์ฉ”๊ฑฐ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ฆฌ์ž, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์–ด์ฐจํ”ผ ์ด ๋†ˆ์„ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ• ๊ฑด๋ฐ ๋ญ” ์ƒ๊ด€์ด๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ฑ…์ž„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค ์ž‘ํด๋ ˆ๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„˜๊ธด๋‹ค. ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์„ธ๊ฒŒ ๋•Œ๋ ธ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์กŒ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์—๊ฒŒ,์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ํ•€์ž”์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ถ„ ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ฐ‰๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ดค๊ณ , ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์–ด์ฉ” ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์—ฐ์ถœ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ด๋•Œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๊ณต์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 15ํ™” ํŠน๋ณ„์ž‘์ „๋ฐ˜ ์›”๋กœ์ œ ๊นŠ์ˆ™ํžˆ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ๋ณธ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ณธ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ธด๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์†๋ฐ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆฒ์†์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ์„ฑ์ด ์ ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ–ˆ๋˜๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์˜ค๋ฃจ์˜ค ๋ณด์ž๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์—๋ Œ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ํ‰๋‚ด๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์ž ์–ธ์งข์€ ํ‘œ์ •์„ ์ง“๋Š”๋‹ค. ์—˜๋“œ ์ง„๊ณผ ๊ตฐํ„ฐ ์Š์ธ ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋”๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž, ๋”์šฑ ์–ธ์งข์€ ํ‘œ์ •์„ ์ง€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹น์žฅ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ž๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.(์ด ์žฅ๋ฉด์€ OVA 4ํ™”์—์„œ๋„ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋””๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค) ์—๋ Œ์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์€ ์–ด๋””์žˆ๋ƒ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž, ์ง€ํ•˜์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™”ํ•ด๋„ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง€ํ•˜๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ์ฒญ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ๋๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž, ์œ„์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ์ฒญ์†Œํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ผ ๋ž„์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ตœ๊ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ฒฝ์ฆ์ด ์‹ฌํ•ด์„œ ์˜์›…์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋ƒ๊ณ  ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป๋Š”๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์˜์™ธ๋กœ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ถ€์˜ ์ง€์‹œ์— ๊ณ ๋ถ„๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋Œ์•„์˜ค์ž ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธ‰์†ํžˆ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒ™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ์ฒญ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹ค ๋‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ นํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋‚  ๋ฐค, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋“ค๊ณผ ์ž‘์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ์˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—๊ฐ€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์™€ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์—๋ Œ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด์ผ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์žˆ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์—๋ Œ์ด ๋‚ด์ผ ํ™”๋‹จ ์ฒญ์†Œํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž ํ•œ์ง€๋Š” ์—๋ Œ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž˜ ๋ถ€ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ์‹คํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์ž ์ฐป์ž”์„ ๋†“๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋– ๋‚œ๋‹ค. 16ํ™” ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€ ๊ตฐํ„ฐ ์Š์ธ , ์—˜๋“œ ์ง„๊ณผ ๋‹ด์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋˜ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์—๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋ฐœ ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ๋ก€ํ•˜์ž ๋ง ๋‘๋งˆ๋”” ์ด์ƒ ๋Šฆ์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•œ๋‹ค.์—˜๋Ÿฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด๊ฑด ๋‹ค ๋‚ด ๊ฐ์‹œ ํ•˜์— ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œ์ผœ์ค€๋‹ค. 18ํ™” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ˆฒ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜•๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ๊ธฐ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๊ณตํ™ฉ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋น ์ง„ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ, ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ผ, ์˜ค๋ฃจ์˜ค, ๊ตฐํ„ฐ, ์—˜๋“œ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์นจ์ฐฉํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์›๋“ค์ด ๊ณตํฌ๊ฐ์— ์งˆ๋ ค ์–ด์„œ ์ž…์ฒด๊ธฐ๋™์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์ง€์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž ๋ฌต๋ฌต๋ฌด๋‹ต์ด๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ์ „์› ๊ท€๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์œผ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋’ค์ด์–ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธํƒ„์„ ํ•œ๋ฐœ ์ด์„œ ๋ฐ˜์›๋“ค์„ ์ง„์ •์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ ˆ๋ถ€์ ˆ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™”ํ•˜๋ คํ•˜์ž ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ช…๋ น ๋ถˆ๋ณต์ข…์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ง‰์•„์„ ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ํ•˜๊ณ ์‹ถ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•˜๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋„ˆ๋Š” ํ‹€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ์–ด๋–ค ๊นŠ์€ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ๊ฐ€๋‘ฌ๋†”๋„ ์ž์œ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ํž˜๊ณผ ์ƒ๊ด€ ์—†์ด ์ง„์งœ ๊ดด๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ํšŒ์ƒ ์žฅ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ํญ์ฃผํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋’ค์ด์–ด ์—๋ Œ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™” ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์‹คํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์—๋ Œ์€ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ˜์›๋“ค์€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์‹ค๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์—๋ Œ์ด ํ‹ฐ์Šคํ‘ผ์„ ๋–จ์–ดํŠธ๋ ค ์ฃผ์šฐ๋ ค ํ•˜์ž ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ํŒ”์ด ์†Œํ™˜ ๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์›๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋†€๋ผ ์—๋ Œ์„ ๋•Œ๋ ค ์žก์œผ๋ ค ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ๋‹จ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ์žˆ์œผ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐ๋Œ€๋กœ๋ผ๋ฉด ์—๋ Œ์€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์— ์•…์˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์•ˆ์‹ฌํ•ด๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ˜์›๋“ค์„ ์„ค๋“ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—๊ฐ€ ํฅ๋ถ„ํ•ด์„œ ์—๋ Œ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™”ํ•œ ํŒ”์„ ์žก๊ณ  ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์›Œํ•˜์ž ์–ด์ด์—†๋Š” ํ‘œ์ •์„ ์ง“๋Š”๋‹ค. ์—๋ Œ์€ ๊ทธ๋‚  ๋ฐค ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์‹ ์šฉ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ† ๋กœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์• ๋“ค์ด๋‹ˆ ๊ณจ๋ž๋‹ค๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋งˆ์ธ๋“œ๋Š” ์žˆ์–ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—๋ Œ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ํšŒ์ƒ์ด ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ์—๋ Œ์ด ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜์ž, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜•๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ์ซ“์•„์˜จ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์นœ๋‹ค. ์—๋ Œ์€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์—˜๋“œ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€ํœ˜๊ถŒ์„ ๋งก๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜•๊ฑฐ์ธ ํฌํš์ž‘์ „์— ๋™์ฐธํ•œ๋‹ค. 19ํ™” ๋ฌผ์–ด ๋œฏ๋‹ค ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜•๊ฑฐ์ธ ํฌํš์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜•๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๊ผผ์ง๋„ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋†“์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ž "์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณธ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์คŒ์ด๋‚˜ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ•  ํ…๋ฐ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฑฑ์ • ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฑฑ์ •์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์ผ€ ์ž์นด๋ฆฌ์•„์Šค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜•๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ๋ชฉ๋œ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฝ์งˆํ™” ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹คํŒจํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜•๊ฑฐ์ธ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์œ„๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ์ฃฝ์ผ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์› ๋‚˜๋ณธ๋ฐ ๋‚˜๋„ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ฆ๊ฒ๋‹ค, ์†๋ฐœ ์ž˜๋ ค๋„ ์žฌ์ƒํ• ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์•„์˜ˆ ๋ชฉ์„ ๋Œ€ํฌ๋กœ ๋‚ ๋ ค๋ฒ„๋ ค์•ผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜•๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ๊ฒ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ„๋…ธํ•œ ํ‘œ์ •์„ ์ง“๋Š”๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜•๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ์™ธ์นจ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ž ์ตœํ›„ ์ง์ „์— ์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ง๋งˆ์ธ๊ฐ€ ์ฐฉ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์ผ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋ชฐ๋ ค์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜์ž ๋ฏธ์ผ€, ํ•œ์ง€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ชฐ๋ ค์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋“ค์— ๋งž์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ๋ณธ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ ค ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์•„์„œ ์‹คํŒจํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฐ˜์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ˜์„ ํ˜ธ์ถœํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์Šค์™€ ์นผ๋‚ ์„ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•ด๋‘๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถฉ๊ณ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ตณ์ด ์•ˆ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์€ ๋ช…๋ น์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์Šค์™€ ์นผ๋‚ ์„ ๋งŒ์ผ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณด์ถฉํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ๋„ˆ์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถฉ์„ฑ์‹ฌ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. 21ํ™” ์ฒ ํ‡ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐ˜์›๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋ชน์‹œ ๋ถ„๋…ธํ•œ ํ‘œ์ •์„ ์ง“๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์ด ์—๋ Œ์„ ๋˜์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ์ซ“์•„๊ฐ€์ž ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์žก์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์—๋ Œ์ด ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌป์ž, ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์ด ์—๋ Œ๋งŒ ์ž˜ ์ง€์ผฐ์–ด๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์—๋ Œ์€ ๋„ค ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์—๋ Œ์ด ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๋ชจ๋“  ์ „์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ , ์นจ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ๊ณผ ์ „ํˆฌ ํƒœ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ์ฃฝ์—ฌ์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ๋ณธ์ธ ํŒ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์งˆํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์ด๊ณ  ์—๋ Œ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋งŒ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์ž๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋„๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” 360๋„๋กœ ๋ชธ์„ ํšŒ์ „ํ•ด ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ๊ทผ์œก์„ ๋ฒ ์–ด๋‚ด์„œ ์†์„ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜•์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜•์ด ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์ž, ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜•์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๋ฐœ๋ชฉ๋ผˆ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์ง ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ ธ์„œ ์ดํ›„ ์ „ํˆฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์— ์ง€์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜•์ด ๊ฒฝ์งˆํ™”ํ•  ํ‹ˆ๋„ ์•ˆ์ฃผ๊ณ  ํ„ฑ๊ทผ์œก์„ ๋ฒ ์–ด๋‚ด์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ์นจ์ด ๋ฌป์€ ์—๋ Œ์„ ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์—๋ Œ์€ ๋”๋Ÿฝ์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๋๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„ค ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ๋ฉด ์›๋ž˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๋งŒ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์“ฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถฉ๊ณ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜•์ด ์—๋ Œ์„ ๋นผ์•—๊ณ  ์šธ์ƒ์„ ์ง“์ž ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์˜์•„ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. 22ํ™” ํŒจ์ž๋“ค ๊ธฐ์ ˆํ•œ ์—๋ Œ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์ฒด๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์Šตํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ท€ํ™˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฐ˜์˜ ์‹œ์ฒด์—์„œ ๊ตฐ๋ณต์˜ ์™„์žฅ์„ ๋–ผ์–ด์„œ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์— ๊ฐ„์งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์•„ ์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„๋Œ€์˜ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์ธ ๋””ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋™๋ฃŒ์˜ ์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ๋ณ‘์žฅ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์–ด์ฉ” ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ์‚ฐ ์ž๋ผ๋„ ์‚ด์•„์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋””ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์ธ์ •๋„ ์—†๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ญํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์•„๊นŒ ์ „์— ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ธ ์™„์žฅ์„ ๋””ํ„ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ์ž์‹ ์€ ์ฃฝ์€ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋งˆ์ฐจ์— ์˜ฌ๋ผํƒ„๋‹ค. ๋””ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ๋ง์— ์ˆ˜๊ธํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์—…๊ณ  ํ–‰๋ ฌ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ถ”๊ฒฉํ•ด์˜ค๊ณ  ๋””ํ„ฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์žก์•„๋จนํžˆ์ž ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฒ„๋ ค ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋„๋ง์น˜์ž๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฐ˜ ์†Œ์†์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ์‹œ์ฒด๋“ค๋„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ์ค‘ ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ผ์˜ ์‹œ์‹ ์ด ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ์žกํžˆ๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์ฐธ๋‹ดํ•œ ํ‘œ์ •์„ ์ง“๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฒฝ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ท€ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ˜์›๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋น„์ถฐ์ง„๋‹ค. ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ผ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ  ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์„œ ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ผ์˜ ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฝ์–ด์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ผ๋Š” ์ž˜ ์žˆ๋ƒ๊ณ  ์•ˆ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ฌป์ž, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์•„๊นŒ ์ „๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋”์šฑ ์ฐธํ˜นํ•œ ํ‘œ์ •์„ ์ง€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ง ์—†์ด ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ผ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ๋‹ค. (์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„ ์”ฌ) 23ํ™” ๋ฏธ์†Œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ณธ๋ถ€๋กœ ์‚ผ์€ ๊ตฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ๋ณธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์—๋ Œ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ์ผํ–‰์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ํ—Œ๋ณ‘์ด ๋งˆ์ค‘ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์–ด์„œ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋˜ฅ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์•ˆ ๋‚˜์™€์„œ ์• ์“ฐ๋Š”๊ฑฐ๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ๋ถˆํ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—๋ Œ์ด ์›ƒ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ง์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž ๊ฐ์ •์ด ์˜ˆ๋ฏผํ•ด์ง„๊ฑด์ง€ ์›๋ž˜ ๋‚œ ๋ง์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—๋ Œ์„ ์˜์•„ ๋ถ™์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ๋ฐœ๋ชฉ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์•„ํŒŒํ•˜์ž ์—๋ Œ์ด ์ฃ„์†กํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์—๋ Œ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ฏธ์•ˆํ•ด ํ•  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—๋ Œ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ, ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ถ”๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜•๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ์•„๋‹ˆ ๋ ˆ์˜จํ•˜ํŠธ๋กœ ํŠน์ •ํ•˜์ž, ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์žˆ๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป๋Š”๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์€ ๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์ด ์ด์— ๋™์กฐํ•˜์ž ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋„ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ๊ธฐํšํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ ํฌํš ์ž‘์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ํšŒ์˜์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—์„œ๋„ ๋๋‚ด ์ˆ˜๊ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜•๊ฑฐ์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ์ž…์€ ๋ฐœ๋ชฉ ๋ถ€์ƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „ํˆฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ผ ๋„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์„ ๊ฒจ๋ˆ„๋ฉฐ ์ด๋”ด ์ž‘์ „์„ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•œ ๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ์ด์‚ดํ•ด๋„ ์ƒ๊ด€ ์—†๊ฒ ์ง€๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์„ ๋ชฐ์•„๋ถ™์ด์ž ๋‚˜์ผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„ค ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋„ค ์ˆ˜์—ผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ˆญ์ˆญ ๋šซ๋ฆฐ๊ฑฐ๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ์š•์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์ด ๊ฐœ์ฃฝ์Œ์€ ์‹ซ์„๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ „ํˆฌ์— ๋‚˜์„œ์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž, "์‹ซ์–ด.๊ฐœ์ฃฝ์Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„,์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์˜ ๋ง์— ์ˆ˜๊ธํ•œ๋‹ค. 25ํ™” ๋ฒฝ ์—๋ Œ์ด ํญ์ฃผํ•ด ์• ๋‹ˆ ๋ ˆ์˜จํ•˜ํŠธ์˜ ๋ณธ์ฒด๊นŒ์ง€ ์”น์–ด ๋จน์œผ๋ ค ํ•˜์ž ์–ผ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ๋ณต์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์•„์ž…๊ณ  ์ž…์ฒด๊ธฐ๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—๋ Œ์˜ ๋ชฉ๋œ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ ์–ด๋‚ด ์—๋ Œ์„ ๊บผ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์˜ค์ž๋งˆ์ž ์˜์‹์„ ์žƒ์€ ์—๋ Œ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด "์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฆ์ธ์„ ๋จน์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ , ๋ฐ”๋ณด ์ž์‹."์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋””ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—๋ Œ์„ ๊บผ๋‚ธ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋ชฉ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ ˆ๋š๊ฑฐ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์ด ์žฅ๋ฉด์€ ์–ด๋””๊นŒ์ง€๋‚˜ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„๋กœ๋งŒ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์•„๋ผํ‚ค ํ…Œ์ธ ๋กœ ๊ฐ๋…์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋ฐ ์•„ํ”ˆ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€์ƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ›„๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ตฐ๋ณต๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฒ—์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์•ˆ ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๊ตฐ๋ณต์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ์ž…์ฒด๊ธฐ๋™์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์—ฐ์„ฑ ์—†๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋‘๋ฃจ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตณ์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ•œ์ง€๋‚˜ ์•„๋ฒจ, ๋‹ˆํŒŒ, ์ผ€์ด์ง€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ ํ…Œ๋ž‘ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€์‹  ๋‚˜์„œ๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•˜์„ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ธ๋ฐ, Season 1๊ธฐ 25ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๋…์ด ์ง์ ‘ "ํ™”๋ คํ•œ ํ”ผ๋‚ ๋ ˆ๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง“๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค."๊ณ  ๊ณต์–ธํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ๋ผ ๊ฐœ์—ฐ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง„์ง€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋„ ์—†์ด '์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ตœ๊ฐ•์˜ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ'์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฅผ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋„์›Œ ์ฃผ๋‹ค ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฐœ์—ฐ์„ฑ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์™•์ • ์ฟ ๋ฐํƒ€ ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ์ •์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์ž, ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ์ฃฝ์—ฌ์™”๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ํฐ ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์›ƒ์ž ์™œ ์ณ์›ƒ๊ณ  ์ž๋น ์กŒ๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ํ™ฉ๋‹นํ•œ ํ‘œ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ˜์›์ด ์—๋ Œ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋ณธ์ธ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ „์‚ฌํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ, ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ ์•„๋ฅผ๋ ˆ๋ฅดํŠธ, ์žฅ ํ‚ค๋ฅด์Šˆํƒ€์ธ, ์ฝ”๋‹ˆ ์Šˆํ”„๋ง๊ฑฐ, ์‚ฌ์ƒค ๋ธ”๋ผ์šฐ์Šค, ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์‹  ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฐ˜์„ ์กฐ์งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—๋ Œ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ•„์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์—๋ Œ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์นœํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ 104๊ธฐ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋ณ‘๋“ค๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ์›”๊ต(Wallๆ•Ž)์˜ ๋‹‰ ์‚ฌ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ดํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜์ž ์†ํ†ฑ์ด ๋ช‡๊ฐœ ๋ฝ‘ํ˜€์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌป๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฝ‘ํ˜”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•˜์ž ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„์€ ์ค„๋กœ๋งŒ ์•Œ์•˜๋”๋‹ˆ ๋‚˜๋ฆ„์˜ ์‹ ๋…์€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์žฌํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋‚ด ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ธ ๋‹ˆํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์˜ ์ฟ ๋ฐํƒ€ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ•˜์ž, ์ฟ ๋ฐํƒ€์— ๊ฐ€๋‹ดํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„์šด๋‹ค. ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์—ฌ์™•์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ž ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ํ˜‘๋ฐ•ํ•ด ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์•™ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋‚ฉ์น˜๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ คํ•ด ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ ์•„๋ฅผ๋ ˆ๋ฅดํŠธ์™€ ์žฅ ํ‚ค๋ฅด์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง€์‹œ๋กœ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์™€ ์—๋ Œ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๋ณ€์žฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ์—๋ Œ์€ ํ•œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ๋’€๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฐ˜์ด ์ด๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ์‹œ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์™€์ค‘์— ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ์—๋ Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์žฅํ•œ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์žฅ์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์Šค ์ƒํšŒ์˜ ํ•˜์ˆ˜์ธ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‚ฉ์น˜๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์˜ ํ™œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์Šค ์ƒํšŒ ํŒจ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋˜์ž, ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์Šค ์ƒํšŒ ํšŒ์žฅ์ธ ๋””๋ชจ ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์Šค์™€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•ด ์ฟ ๋ฐํƒ€๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ผ€๋‹ˆ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง„์งœ๋กœ ์—๋ Œ๊ณผ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋‚ฉ์น˜๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์šด๊ตฌ์ฐจ๋กœ ์œ„์žฅํ•œ ์ค‘์•™ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋งˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ์ซ“์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ถ”๊ฒฉ์ „์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ€๋‹ˆ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ๊ณผ ๊ฒฉ์ „ ๋์— ์ˆ ์ง‘์— ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ˆ ๋ณ‘์— ๋น„์นœ ์ผ€๋‹ˆ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด ์ด์„ ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ ์ด์„œ ์ผ€๋‹ˆ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์„ ๋ถ€์ƒ์ž…ํžˆ๊ณ  ์ค‘์•™ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ๋‹จ์›๋“ค์„ ์“ธ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๋’ค ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์•™ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ ค ์ƒค๋„ค์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ•ด ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์ด ์ง„์งœ ์™•์ •์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ง„์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ค‘์•™ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ๋ณธ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์Šต๊ฒฉํ•ด ์ค‘์•™ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์„ ๊ถค๋ฉธ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ  ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์™€ ๋„ํŠธ ํ”ฝ์‹œ์Šค, ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ž‘ํด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํšํ•œ ์ฟ ๋ฐํƒ€๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž์œ ์˜ ๋ชธ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—๋ Œ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ ์˜์ง€์˜ ๋ฒฝ์˜ ์™•์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฒ˜๋กœ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ผ€๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์™€ 2์ฐจ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜์˜ ๋‹จ์›๋“ค์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํŠธ๋ผ์šฐํ…Œ ์นดํŽœ์˜ ์ž‘์ „์œผ๋กœ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ์—๋ Œ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์— ์‹คํŒจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋กœ๋“œ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋กœ๋“œ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์‹  ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์—˜๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์ถœํ•ด ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ท์„ ๊ฐˆ์•„์ž…์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ์›” ์‹œ๋‚˜์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅด๋ธŒ๋“œ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋œ ๋กœ๋“œ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์˜ ์ž‘์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋Œ€๊ด€์‹ ์ดํ›„ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„์—๊ฒŒ ๋งž์ž ์›ƒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณ ๋ง™๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์›”๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ตœ์ข…ํƒˆํ™˜์ž‘์ „ ์›”๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ตœ์ข…ํƒˆํ™˜์ž‘์ „์— ์•ž์„œ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฅ์ง€ํœ˜๋Š” ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ์„œ์—ด 2์œ„์ธ ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—์—๊ฒŒ ๋งก๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ฒฝ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋งŒํžˆ ์•‰์•„ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋งŒ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ผญ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ด์•ผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์งˆ๋Ÿฌ์„œ๋ผ๋„ ๋ง‰๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋๋‚ด ์ด์— ์ˆ˜๊ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ์งœ์ฆ์ด ๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ์—๋ Œ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์žฅ ํ‚ค๋ฅด์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์„ ํ™”ํ’€์ด๋กœ ํญํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๋ฐ–์— ๋‚˜์™€์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ, ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ, ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ ์•„๋ฅผ๋ ˆ๋ฅดํŠธ์˜ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์›”๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ตœ์ข…ํƒˆํ™˜์ž‘์ „ ๊ฐœ์‹œ ๋•Œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์ด ํ™˜์˜๋ฐ›์€ ์ ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์˜์™ธ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„์นจ์ด ๋ฐ๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์‹œ๋‚˜๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜์ž ์นผ์„ ๋นผ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ž…์ฒด๊ธฐ๋™์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋ฒฝ ์œ„๋กœ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ˜์›๋“ค์€ ๋ฒฝ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๊ฐ‘์˜ท ๋ฐ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜•์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹ค๋ ฅ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ๋‹จ์žฅ์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„์ง€์‹œ๋กœ ๋ฒฝ ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ง์Šน๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ˜„์žฅ์ง€ํœ˜๋Š” ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ ์•„๋ฅผ๋ ˆ๋ฅดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ์ง์Šน๊ฑฐ์ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚œ ์†Œํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋“ค์„ ํด๋ผ์šฐ์Šค ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ๋ฒ ํ…Œ๋ž‘๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง์Šน๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ํˆฌ์„์„ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์Šค๋กœ ํ”ผํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ์•ž์—์„œ ์ „ํˆฌ์— ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฒ ํ…Œ๋ž‘๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์กฐ๊ฐ์ด ๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ณ‘๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ˆ™์ด๊ณ  ๋ฒฝ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์™€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ณ‘๋“ค์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฒฝ ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์€ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํฐ ํ•ธ๋””์บก์„ ์ž…๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†จํŠธ ํ›„๋ฒ„์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™” ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•œ์ง€๋ฐ˜ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ž ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์™€ ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—๋Š” ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€๊ฑฐ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—๋ Œ์ด ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ธธ์งˆ์— ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ž ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋„ˆ์™€ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฐ˜๋งŒ ๋„๋ง๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์ด ์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ„ํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž ์™œ ๊ทธ X๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฉด์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ์งœ์ฆ์„ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์šด ์ž‘์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์ด ์ด๋Œ€๋กœ ์•ˆ ์ฃฝ๊ณ  ์ง€ํ•˜์‹ค์— ๊ฐ€๊ณ ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ž ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์žก๊ณ  ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฟˆ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฃฝ์–ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์€ ์ด์— ์›ƒ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ง™๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ณ‘๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅํƒ„์„ ์˜๋ฉฐ ์ง์Šน๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ์‹œ์•ผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋•Œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์ค‘ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋“ค์„ ํ† ๋ฒŒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ง์Šน๊ฑฐ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ”๊ณ , ์ง์Šน๊ฑฐ์ธ๊ณผ 1๋Œ€ 1 ๊ฒฉํˆฌ์—์„œ ์ง์Šน๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์••์‚ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์ง์Šน๊ฑฐ์ธ ๋ณธ์ฒด์ธ ์ง€ํฌ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์•„๋ฌด์—๊ฒŒ๋‚˜ ๋จน์ด๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ์ €ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ์ฐจ๋ ฅ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ์ง€ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋„๋ง์น˜์ž ์ขŒ์ ˆํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ํ† ๋ฒŒ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์™€์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์ง€ํฌ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋Š์€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ์ง€ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ซ“๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ์ž…์ฒด๊ธฐ๋™์žฅ์น˜์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž…์ฒด๊ธฐ๋™์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ž๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ์ž…์ฒด๊ธฐ๋™์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋’ค์—์„œ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ์—ด๊ธฐ์— ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํƒ€๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ ์•„๋ฅผ๋ ˆ๋ฅดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์นจ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ˆจ์„ ์‰ฌ์ž ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™” ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋„˜๊ฒจ์ฃผ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™”ํ•ด ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†จํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋จนํžˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ๊ณ„์Šน์ž๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์ž ๊น ์ฃผ์ €ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋‚ด ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋„˜๊ฒจ์ฃผ๋ ค ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ฐฐ๋‚˜์— ์‹ ๋ณ‘๋“ค ์ค‘ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์กดํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ก ํฌ๋ฅด์Šคํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์ƒ์„ ์ž…์€ ๋นˆ์‚ฌ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์—…๊ณ  ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ž ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋†”์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—๋ Œ์ด ๋ถ„๋…ธํ•œ ํ‘œ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์™œ ๋„˜๊ฒจ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ญํ•˜์ž ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์ด ์‚ด์•„์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํฌ๋ง ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ผ๊ฐˆํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋œจ์ง€ ์•Š์ž ์ฃผ๋จน์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์ณ ๋–จ์–ดํŠธ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด๋˜ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ์ง€๋‹นํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ž๊ทน์‹œํ‚ค์ž ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋นผ์•—๊ธธ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ฆฐ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ „์„ธ๋ฅผ ์—ญ์ „์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์€ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ง€๊ธˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ค์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๋งํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜จ์ง€ 4๋‹ฌ ๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ๋œ ์‹ ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ๋‹จ์žฅ ์ค‘ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋” ์ด๋“์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋‹จ์žฅ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋†“๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ก์™€ ํ•œ์ง€์˜ ์„ค๋“์— ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋„ ์ˆ˜๊ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์—˜๋Ÿฐ๋„ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์˜์‹์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ "์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜ ...์— ์—†๋‹ค๋‹ˆ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ...ํ•œ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”"(์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜ ๋ฒฝ ๋ฐ–์— ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋‹ˆ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ™•์ธํ•œ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”)๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌด์˜์‹ ์†์˜ ํšŒ์ƒ์„ ํ•˜์ž, ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํ˜„์‹ค ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ง€์˜ฅ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋†”์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์นœํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ด์ž ์ƒ๊ด€์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์„ ํŽธํžˆ ์‰ฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ  ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™”์‹œ์ผœ, ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†จํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋จนํžˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜•๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ๊ณ„์Šน์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ 4์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์‰ฌ๊ณ  ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—, ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ, ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ƒค ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ง€ํ•˜์‹ค๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜์‹ค ๋ฌธ์ด ์—ด๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์ž ๋ฐœ์ฐจ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ•์‚ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋’ค์ง€๋˜ ์ค‘ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์ด ์—ด์‡  ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์ž, ์„œ๋ž ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฑ…์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ƒค์˜ ์ฑ…์— ์ ํ˜€์ ธ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฉธ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊ณตํ‘œํ• ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋ง ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ณตํ‘œํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ธก์— ์„ฐ๋‹ค. ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์˜ ์‹œ์ฒด๋Š” 1๋…„ ํ›„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์‹œ๋‚˜๊ตฌ๋กœ์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑ๊ณจ์ด ๋œ ์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€ ๋ฌป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ „ํˆฌ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋‹จ์žฅ์ด ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์˜ ์„œ์—ด์€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด 2์œ„๋กœ ์ƒ์Šนํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 851๋…„์˜ ๋งˆ๋ ˆ์ œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์—˜๋””์•„ ์ธก์˜ ์ฒซ ๋Œ€๋ฉด์—์„œ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ „๋ถ€ ํฌ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๋งˆ๋ ˆ๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๋ฅ™์„ ์ €์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์˜๋ ˆ๋‚˜์™€ ํ˜‘์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—์—๊ฒŒ ์–•๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๊ฒ๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ์กฐ์–ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 854๋…„ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฃŒ์™€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์‹œ๋‚˜๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์›…๋“ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , 4๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚ฌ์Œ์—๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ตœ๊ฐ•์˜ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋‹ค์šด ์ „ํˆฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ 30๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์—์„œ 40๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ 2์œ„์ธ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์ด ์ „ํˆฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ๋„ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ „ํˆฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌํ˜• ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๊ณ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒ€์€ ๋งํ† ๋ฅผ ๋‘๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์Šต์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์‹ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์ธ ๋‡Œ์ฐฝ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์  ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ž…์ฒด๊ธฐ๋™์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๊ทธ์ชฝ์ด ํŽธํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ํ„ฑ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ์Šต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋จนํž ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜์ž ์ž…์ฒด๊ธฐ๋™์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ํ„ฑ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ๊ทผ์œก์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•ด ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋งˆ๋ ˆ๊ตฐ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋’€๋‹ค. ๋‹จ ์ด ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ธก์€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์˜ ์ „๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„ํ–‰์„ ์— ์˜ฌ๋ผํƒ€์ž๋งˆ์ž ์—๋ Œ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํญํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ด€์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋ถˆ์ดํ–‰ํ•œ ์ฃ„๋กœ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์†ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์—๊ฒŒ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์‹ค๋งํ•œ ๋“ฏ ์ง€ํ•˜๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ด ์™”๋˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋น„ํ•˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€ํฌ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์ ๊ฐœ์‹ฌ์„ ๋‚ด๋น„์ณค๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹ค๋ ฅ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง€ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํƒ๋˜์–ด ์ง€ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํฌ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์™€์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ ์ง€ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ ์ฐฐ๋‚˜์— ์ง€ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์™ธ์นจ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž ์‹œ ๋ง์„ค์ด๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ 30๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์— ์ฐ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€ํฌ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋‡Œ์ฐฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ ๋ ค๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋ชธ์ด ๋‘๋™๊ฐ•๋‚œ ์ง€ํฌ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์— ํƒœ์›Œ ์••์†กํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ง€ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žํญํ•˜์—ฌ ํฐ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ์ง€ํฌ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์žํญ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ 2๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์žƒ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‚ด์žฅ๊ณผ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๋ˆˆ์— ํฐ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์ž…์–ด ์ตœ์•…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ ๋…ธ๋ฆ‡์„ ๋ชปํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณธ ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์—…๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ฌผ์— ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ด์„œ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์€ ๋ถ€์ง€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ค‘์ƒ์„ ์ž…์€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ 2์ฐจ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์‹œ๋‚˜๊ตฌ ์ „ํˆฌ์—๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 123ํ™”์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํšŒ์ƒ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋žœ๋งŒ์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ํฅ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” 104๊ธฐ์— ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๋Š” ์ง“๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ญ๋ผ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๊ผฌ๋งˆ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด‘๋Œ€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋…ธ์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ƒค์˜ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์†Œ๋งค์น˜๊ธฐ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์žก์•„๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ฝ”์ง€ ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์ž ์‚ฌ์ƒค๋ฅผ ์•„์ด์˜ ๋ˆ„๋‚˜์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋žŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋‚  ๋ฐค ํ”ผ๋‚œ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 104๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ ๋Š” ์–ด์ฒ˜๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ ์—†๋Š” ํ‘œ์ •์„ ์ง“๋Š”๋‹ค. 125ํ™”์—์„œ ์žฌ๋“ฑ์žฅ, ์ผ๋‹จ์€ ์ƒ์กด์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฉ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ๋Š” ๋ชจํฌ๋กœ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์ธ ์ฑ„ ์ˆ˜๋ ˆ์—์„œ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋ฐง์ค„๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์–ด ํ™•์ธ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‚˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์€ ์™ผ์ชฝ ๋ˆˆ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ถ•๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์—ฌ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ตณ์ด ๋ถ•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์จ๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•  ํ•„์š”๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ํ•œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์ฒด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์•„ ์•„์ง ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜ผ์ˆ˜์ƒํƒœ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ƒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋‚˜๋“œ๋Š” ์ค‘ํƒœ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. 126ํ™”์—์„œ ์‹œ์กฐ์˜ ํž˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊นจ์–ด๋‚œ ๋“ฏํ•˜๋‹ค. ํญ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๊ฒ€์ง€์™€ ์ค‘์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ”์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ˆˆ๊บผํ’€์— ์ƒ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๋ˆˆ์„ ์‹ค๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ํ•œ์ง€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ…Œ์˜ค ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ํŠธ์™€ ํ”ผํฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์‹ ์€ ์ง€ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋‹ˆ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ…Œ์˜ค ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ํŠธ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ™‰ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋งŒํผ์˜ ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ž์ž„์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋”๋‹ˆ ์ผ๋‹จ์€ ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€, ํ”ผํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€์‹œํ•ด์„œ ์ธ๋ฏผ์žฌํŒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒ˜ํ˜•๋‹นํ•  ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์˜๋ ˆ๋‚˜์™€ ์˜ค๋‹ˆ์•ˆ์ฝ”ํฐ์„ ์žฅ ํ‚ค๋ฅด์Šˆํƒ€์ธ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚ฉ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ๋ ค์˜ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. 127ํ™”์—์„œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋”” ์ธก๊ณผ ๋งˆ๋ ˆ ์ธก์ด ์ €๋… ์‹์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์˜†์—์„œ ์ž๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์ด ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํƒ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ž€์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€์ž ์ž ์—์„œ ๊นฌ๋‹ค. 128ํ™”์—์„œ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐํŒŒ์˜ ์„ค๋“์— ์‹คํŒจํ•ด์„œ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€์ž ๊ทธ ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜๋ ˆ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ์„œ "์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ๋นผ์•—์„ ์ˆœ ์—†์–ด. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€? ๋ณ‘์žฅ."์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์”์“ธํ•œ ํ‘œ์ •์„ ์ง“๋Š”๋‹ค. 130ํ™”์—์„œ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ํšŒ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅ. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํšŒ์ƒํ•  ๋•Œ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. 132ํ™”์—์„œ ์˜๋ ˆ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฑธ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ”ผํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฐจ์ด์ž ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์ง์‚ฌ๋ž‘์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋””ํ•œ๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์€ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์ž, ๊ทธ ๋…€์„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋ถ™์–ด ๋ฒ„ํ…จ์˜จ ํ”„๋ก์ด ๋น„ํ–‰์ •์˜ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ํƒฑํฌ์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋‚ธ๋ฐ๋‹ค ์„ค์ƒ๊ฐ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ด์˜ค๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ•œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์„ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ํฌ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์˜ํ•˜์ž ...์•ผ. ๋งํ•  ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ.์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋ ค ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ•œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž ์ž ์‹œ ๋ง์„ค์ด๋”๋‹ˆ,'์‹ฌ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ”์ณ๋ผ' ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ์˜๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฒŒ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋“ค์„ ์“ฐ๋ŸฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๋†€๋ž€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ•œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ „์‚ฌํ•˜์ž ์กฐ์šฉํžˆ ์ž‘๋ณ„ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ธด๋‹ค. 135ํ™”์—์„œ ์‹œ์กฐ ์œ„๋ฏธ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ์†Œํ™˜ํ•œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•„ํ™‰ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ถ„์ „ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๊ฐํ˜ˆ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ฝ”๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ค‘์ƒ์„ ์ž…๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ๊ณจ์ ˆ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์‹œ์กฐ์ƒˆ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ํ„ฑ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋œ ํŒ”์ฝ”์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ผํ–‰๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ตฌ์ถœ๋œ๋‹ค. 136ํ™”์—์„œ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ถˆ๋Šฅ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ž ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ๋ชฉ๋œ๋ฏธ ํŒŒ๊ดด, ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ถœ์„ ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ํŒ”์ฝ” ๊ทธ๋ผ์ด์Šค์˜ ํ„ฑ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ์œ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋น„์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ง์Šน ๋‹ด๋‹น ์ผ์ง„๋‹ต๊ฒŒ ์ง€ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋”ด ๊ผด๋กœ๋Š” ์ง๋งŒ ๋  ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ, ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ช…๋ น์„ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ช…๋ น์ธ ์ง์Šน์ฒ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด ์ž์ฑ…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์™€ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์‹œ๋‚˜๊ตฌ ํƒˆํ™˜์ž‘์ „๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ, ์—˜๋Ÿฐ, ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์„ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค๋‹ค์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์ด์—ˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ, ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฐ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ›„ํšŒํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋…๋ฐฑํ•œ๋‹ค. 137ํ™”์—์„œ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ๋ผˆ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์„œ ์†์ง“ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€ํฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฒ ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์•ฝ์†๊ณผ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ, ๋ฏธ์ผ€, ๋‚˜๋‚˜๋ฐ”, ๊ฒ”๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‹ ๋ณ‘๋“ค์˜ ์›์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐš๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 138ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ์ฃฝ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์™”๋‹ค. 139ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ๋‚œ ๋’ค ํ™˜์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.๋ช‡๋…„ ๋’ค ๊ฐ€๋น„,ํŒ”์ฝ”์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํœ ์ฒด์–ด๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ธ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์—๋ฅด๋นˆ๊ณผ๋Š” ์•„์ปค๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์‹ ํ•˜ ์‚ฌ์ด, ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์‚ฌ์ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๊ฐ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์นœํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์ด ์ž‘์ „์„ ์งœ๋Š” ๋‹จ์žฅ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์ฐธ๋ชจ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. (์ด๋Š” ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ๋„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค) ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์— ์ž…๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์˜ ์‚ดํ•ด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ง์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํฐ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์Œ์„ ์–ป๊ณ  ์•„์ปค๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ ํŠน์œ ์˜ ํž˜์ธ ๊ฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ์™€ ์นœ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋‚จ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ์™€ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ง์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šฐ๋‚˜, ๋‘๋ช…์€ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์˜์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ ์ข…์ข… ์•”์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ์ฐฉํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์— ๋Œ์—ฌ๋“ค์—ฌ ๋ฏธ์•ˆํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์›” ์‹œ๋‚˜์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ ํ† ๋ฒŒ ์ž‘์ „ ๋•Œ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ฃฝ์Œ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹ซ์œผ๋ฉด ๋‚˜์„œ์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ์ „์„ ์— ๋‚˜์„œ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ณ‘์„ ์™€์„œ ์˜ค๋ฅธํŒ”์„ ์žƒ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ˆํƒ€๊น๋‹ค๊ณ  ์œ„๋กœํ•ด์คฌ๊ณ , ์‹œ๊ฐ„์‹œ๋‚˜๊ตฌ ํƒˆํ™˜ ์ž‘์ „ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๋„๋ง๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ง€ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ๊ณผ ๋งน์„ธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋ง์—ฐ์ž์‹คํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ๋กœ๋“œ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™”ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋„ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ง€์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์‹œ๋‚˜๊ตฌ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋„ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ง€์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ดํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™” ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ธธ ๋•Œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€ํƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—๋ Œ๊ณผ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ/์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ ์ค‘ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ด๋ฆด์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ€๋‹ˆ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์˜ ์œ ์–ธ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํž˜๊ฒน๊ฒŒ ์‹ธ์› ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์ด๋งŒ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์„ ํŽธํžˆ ์‰ฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋‘์ž๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ๊ณผ ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋™๋ฃŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์žฌ์—๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์‚ฌ์ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ํ•œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์ข…์ข… ๋ฉฑ์‚ด๋„ ์žก๊ณ  ํญํ–‰๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋นŒ์–ด๋จน์„ ๋งํ•  ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์š•๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ์ง€์˜ ์—ด์ • ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๊ณ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์ธ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๋ คํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆœ์ˆœํžˆ ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์‹œ๋‚˜๊ตฌ ์ „ํˆฌ ๋•Œ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜•๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ํญ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ œ4๋ถ„๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์งธ๋กœ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ž ํ•œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—๊ฐ€ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์˜ ํ›„์ž„์œผ๋กœ ์ œ 14๋Œ€ ๋‹จ์žฅ์— ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์ž ํ•œ์ง€์—๊ฒŒ ์š• ํผ๋ถ“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ค‘์ง€ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์•„๋ฌด๋ž˜๋„ ์ง๊ธ‰์ƒ ์ƒ๊ด€์ด๋‹ค๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์กด์ค‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฃฝ์€ ์ด์ƒ ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•œ ์ „์šฐ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ฐฉํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 115ํ™”์—์„œ ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์„ ์—…๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๊ตฌํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์™€๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์‚ฌ์ด์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋Œ€๋ฉด์€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ํญํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋ค„์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋˜ํ•œ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์— ์ž…๋‹จ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์‹ฌ์˜์†Œ์—์„œ ์–ป์–ด๋งž์€ ๋’ค ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๊ณตํฌ์‹ฌ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๊ณต์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ฒญ์†Œ๋„ ๊ฒŒ์„๋ฆฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ง ์•ˆ๋“ฃ๋Š” ์น™์น™ํ•œ ๋…€์„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž์‹ ์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๋จผ ์นœ์ฒ™์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ปค๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํ›„์†์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‘˜์€ ์ž‘์ค‘ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ตœ๊ฐ•์˜ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ์•„์ฆˆ๋งˆ๋น„ํ†  ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์˜ ์ง๊ณ„ ํ›„์†์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ ์ž ๊น ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ผ€๋‹ˆ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์–‘์œกํ•ด์ค€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์ฟ ์…ธ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์˜ ์˜ค๋น ์ด๋‹ค. ์ง€ํฌ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์ฒซ๋Œ€๋ฉด๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๋ง์ด ์ˆ˜์—ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์š•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์ด์—ˆ์„ ๋งŒํผ ์ ๋Œ€๊ด€๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ง€ํฌ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง์Šน๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ธ ๋ฏธ์ผ€ ์ž์นด๋ฆฌ์•„์Šค์™€ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์›ํ•œ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค. 854๋…„์˜ ์žฌ๋Œ€๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ง€ํฌ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ฐ‰์ง€ ์•Š๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ์ž๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ œ์ผ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ์”น๋Š” ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ์คฌ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์‹œ๋‚˜๊ตฌ ์ „ํˆฌ ๋•Œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ฐธํŒจ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชธ์ด ์ฐ๋ ค๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์•…๋ชฝ๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์„ ๋ชน์‹œ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ์ง€ํฌ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์—ผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์–ธํ–‰์„ ๋ถˆ์‹ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํฌ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ฒ™์ˆ˜์•ก์œผ๋กœ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ๊ถ์ง€๋ฅผ ํƒ€ํŒŒํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์—๊ฒŒ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•ด ์••์†ก๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง€ํฌ์˜ ์žํญ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•  ๋ป”ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ•œ์ง€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ์ตœํ›„๊ฒฐ์ „์—์„œ ์ง€ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„ํŒ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์ฒ˜์šฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ํŒฌ๋ค๊ณผ ์ œ์ž‘์ง„์„ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ์กฐ์ฐจ ๋น„์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํญ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์‹ ์ฒด์ แ†ž์ •์‹ ์  ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ์•„๋ฌด๋ ‡์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ์ €์ง€๋ฅด๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋‘ก๊ณ  ๊ฑด๋‹ฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ฑํ–ฅ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํŠน์ • ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์˜ ํŒฌ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์•ˆํ‹ฐ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด ์™•์ • ์ฟ ๋ฐํƒ€ ํŽธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋งŒํžˆ ์ฒด๋…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ธ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ๋“œ์žก์ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์™•์ด ๋˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ฐ•์š”๋ฅผ ํœ˜๋‘๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์• ์ดˆ์— ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ตณ์ด ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋  ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ํ™”์ ์ธ ์„ค๋“์„ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์€ ์ฐธ๋‹ดํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋– ์•ˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ๋ชซ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹์˜ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์ง„์ค‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฉ๋ ค๋ฅผ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๊ธฐ์–ด์ฝ” ์ ์„ ๋Œ€ํ•  ๋•Œ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„ ์—†๋Š” ๋ƒ‰ํ˜นํ•œ ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ํœ˜๋‘˜๋ €๋‹ค. ํญ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š” ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ์กฐ์ฐจ ํญ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค ๋“œ๋Š” ํƒœ๋„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ฑ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๊ณ  ๋น„๋‚œ๊ณผ ๋…ผ๋ž€์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ์„ค๋“ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋„ ์—†์ด ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋ถ™์—ฌ์„œ ํƒ€์ธ์„ ์ผ๊นจ์šด๋‹ค๋Š”, ์ˆ˜๋ฐ• ๊ฒ‰ํ•ฅ๊ธฐ ์‹์˜ ๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋ผ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋„๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ํ–‰๋ณด์™€ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋…ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๋ถ€์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํ‘์—ญ์‚ฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹คํ–‰์ธ ๊ฑด ์›์ž‘์—์„œ๋„ ์ด์‚ฌ์•ผ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ๋งŒํ–‰๊ณผ ํญ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด ์žฅ๋ฉด๋งŒํผ ์‹ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ฏธํ™”๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํ‰์†Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ตฐ๋ง ์—†์ด ๊ณ ๋ถ„๊ณ ๋ถ„ ๋”ฐ๋ž๋˜ ์‹  ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋“ค๊ณผ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ๊ฒ” ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์Šค๋งˆ์ € ๋‹ค ๊ฐ™์ด ์ด๊ตฌ๋™์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๋‚œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์œ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด์™€ ์ด๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ์˜ ์ฐธํ˜นํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์Œ๊ณ ์ƒ์ด ์‹ฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋ง์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ๋ถ„๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š”์ปค๋…• ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ์žƒ๊ณ  ๋”๋”์šฑ ์นจ์šธํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์—ญํšจ๊ณผ๋งŒ ์‹ฌ์–ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ฉ์น˜ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋„ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹นํ•œ ํญ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ด์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šฑ ๊นŠ์–ด์ง„ ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋ฌผ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๋กœ๋“œ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ข…๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ์„ธ์˜€๋‹ค. ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋’ค๋Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ฑด์‹คํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด ์ค€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์„ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ด ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฐ•์š”๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋–ณ๋–ณํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์Šด ํ”ผ๊ณ  ์‚ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฉ๋ คํ–ˆ๋˜ ์˜ํ˜ผ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ ์œ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด, ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„์ผ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋„ˆ ์ž์‹ ๋‹ต๊ณ  ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊ฟฐ๋šซ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์Œ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ปํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ „ํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋˜ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ, ์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋Š˜ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ํ˜ˆ์œก์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†€์•„์ฃผ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ด๋ณต ์–ธ๋‹ˆ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์œ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด์™€ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์ง„์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ฃผ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ”๊ธฐ์— ์„œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋“ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๊ณ  ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์†์— ์„ฑ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์›์ž‘์˜ ๋‚œ์žกํ•œ ๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ•์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์„œ๋ธŒ ํ”Œ๋กฏ๋“ค์„ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์—ดํ•œ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ 3๊ธฐ Part 1์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„์˜ˆ ์ด ์žฅ๋ฉด์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ์ผ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์™•์ • ์ฟ ๋ฐํƒ€ ํŽธ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์ด ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„์—๊ฒŒ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ƒ ์™•์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „์–ธ์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ์ ์˜ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋Œ€๋†“๊ณ  ํ•„์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์›์ž‘๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋กœ๋“œ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์™€ ์–ธ๋‹ˆ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์ •์‹ ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ฝ”๋‹ˆ์™€ ์žฅ์˜ ๋งŒ๋ฅ˜์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์—†์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์›์ž‘์—์„œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„ํŒ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜ ํญ๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ๋๋งˆ์ณ์ ธ์•ผ ํ•  ์‹œ์ ์ธ ๋ฉ”์ธ ํ”Œ๋กฏ์˜ ๋งจ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜์‹œ์ผฐ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์—†์ด ๋ฌด๋‚œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ „๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ์ข…์ข… ์•ˆํ‹ฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋น„ํŒ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ง„๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์—๋ Œ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๋น„ํŒ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์—†์œผ๋‚˜ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌ์˜์†Œ์—์„œ์˜ ์—๋ Œ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํญํ–‰์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ฌ์˜์†Œ ํญํ–‰์€ ์—๋ Œ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค์˜ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ•œ ์ผ์ด๊ณ  ์—๋ Œ๋„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์€ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ๋ง๋กœ์จ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํž˜์„ ์จ์„œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋” ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ์ด์‚ฌ์•ผ๋งˆ ํ•˜์ง€๋ฉ”๊ฐ€ ์ž…์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ์ถœ์‹ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ด์ƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์‚ผ์ดŒ์ธ ์ผ€๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นœ ์ฒ˜์„ธ์ˆ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ „๋ถ€ ํญ๋ ฅ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์ ๋„ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์ฑ…์ž„ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๋Š” ํŒฌ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๊ณ  ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํž˜๋งŒ ์Ž„๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ์€ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฌด์ฑ…์ž„ํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 2ch ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰ํƒœ๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ธ ์ ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๊ณ , ๋˜ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—๋ Œ์˜ ํž˜์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฃผ์œ„์—์„œ ์™ˆ๊ฐ€์™ˆ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด์—ˆ๋˜๋“ฏ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์„ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํŽธ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ‹€๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋‹ค. ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์„ค์ • ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ณต์‹ ์ง์ฑ…์€ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์žฅ(ๅ…ตๅฃซ้•ท)์ด๋‹ค. ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋“ค์€ ํ‰์ƒ์‚ฌ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ "๋ณ‘์žฅ" ํ˜น์€ "๋ณ‘์žฅ๋‹˜"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋ฐ ์ง„๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•˜๋Š๋ผ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง๊ธ‰์ธ ์†Œ๋ น์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋˜์–ด์„œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ น์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ธ์‹์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์ž ์‹œ ํผ์กŒ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ํžˆ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์–ด๋กœ "์• ์ •์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„, ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋‹ค."๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์„ ๋‚ดํฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ž€ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์ด์‚ฌ์•ผ๋งˆ ํ•˜์ง€๋ฉ”๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ <์ง€์„œ์Šค ์บ ํ”„(Jesus Camp)>์˜ ๋‚จ์ž์•„์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์—์„œ ๋”ฐ์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” ๋‹จํ–‰๋ณธ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๊ถŒ์„ ๋„˜๋‚˜๋“ค๋„๋ก ํ˜„์žฌ(2020๋…„)๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์‚ฌ์•ผ๋งˆ ํ•˜์ง€๋ฉ”๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ์• ๋งคํ•œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋งŒ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  30๋Œ€ ์ด์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ชป ๋ฐ•์•˜๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 2์›”, ์ง„๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ํ…Œ๋งˆ ํŒŒํฌ ๊ฐœ์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋… ํ–‰์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ๋‚˜์ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” 30๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์˜ ์„ฑ์šฐ์ธ ์ด๋…ธ์šฐ์— ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜์˜ ๋ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ด์‚ฌ์•ผ๋งˆ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ธด์žฅํ•˜์…”์„œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ž˜๋ชป ๋‹ต๋ณ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ช…ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” 30๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ (์•ฝ 30 ~ 34์„ธ)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ •๋ณด๋Š” <์ง„๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ: ANSWERS> ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ถ์—์„œ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์‹ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ(่Œถ, Tea)๋ฅผ ๋งค์šฐ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์Šค ์ƒํšŒ์˜ ํšŒ์žฅ(์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๋กœ ๋”ฐ์ง€๋ฉด ์ค‘์„ธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด๋‚˜ ์žฌ๋ฒŒ ํšŒ์žฅ ์ •๋„์ด๋‹ค.) ๋””๋ชจ ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์Šค์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋งบ๋Š”๋ฐ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์€ ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์Šค ์ƒํšŒ๊ฐ€ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋˜ ๋„์ค‘ ์ƒํ’ˆ ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ์— ์ฐจ๋„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์‚ฌ์•ผ๋งˆ ํ•˜์ง€๋ฉ”์˜ ๋ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ฐป์ง‘์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•œ๋•Œ์˜ ๊ฟˆ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ฐ˜์›์ด์ž ์•„๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฃจ์˜ค ๋ณด์ž๋„๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ํ‰๋‚ด๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตณ์ด ๋‚ด์ƒ‰ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ, ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—์˜ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ•œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์š•์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๋„‰๋‹ค์šด์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ ˆ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ์ฃผ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‹ฌํ•œ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ์ˆ ์— ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ทจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ฒฐ๋ฒฝ์ฆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ์›์ธ์€ ์œ„์ƒ์ด ๋”๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ท ๋“ค์ด ๋‚œ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์ƒํ™œํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋ณ‘์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋  ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ค๋ถ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ฐฝ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜ ์‚ผ์ดŒ์ธ ์ผ€๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์™€์ค„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตถ์ฃผ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋กœ์— ์„  ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๊ธฐ์— ๊น”๋”ํ•œ ์œ„์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์†Œ์›์ด ๋จผ์ง€ ์žก์„ ๋ฐ ์—†์ด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง‘์ฐฉ์˜ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ํ‰๊ท  2 ~ 3์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ž”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์‚ด์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•๋„, ๋งค์ถ˜, ๋ฌด๋ฒ•, ๋ฐฐ์‹ ์ด ์•”์•”๋ฆฌ์— ๋“ค๋“๋˜ ์ง€ํ•˜๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์ƒํ™œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์–ป์€ ์Šต๊ด€์ธ ๋“ฏํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜๋„์‹œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์งˆ์ด ๋‚˜์œ ํ‰์•…๋ฒ”, ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๊ธ€๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํˆญํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ด์ธ, ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์ธ ๋”์ฐํ•œ ๋ฌด๋ฒ•์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ ์•ˆ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ˆ™๋ฉด์„ ์ทจํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ธ์ œ ์–ด๋””์„œ๋“  ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ ์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ ๋ณ€์„ ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฉ์ฒญํ•œ ์ง“์ด๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์Šต๊ด€์ด ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ˆ์งˆ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ๊ณ  24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ˆˆ ๋˜‘๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ถˆํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฐจ์›์œผ๋กœ ์–ด์ฉ” ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์Šต๊ด€๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ง€๋…ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋ฉด์ฆ๋„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์‚ฌ์•ผ๋งˆ ํ•˜์ง€๋ฉ”๋Š” ๋งŒ์ผ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์„œ ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋””๋ผ๋„ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ถ€ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, "์ด์™•์ด๋ฉด ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ž๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ทจ์นจ ์ „์—๋Š” ์˜ท์„ ์ž˜ ๊ฐˆ์•„์ž…์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์นจ๋Œ€๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜์ž ์œ„์— ๋ˆ„์›Œ์„œ ์ทจ์นจ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ํ‚ค์™€ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์€ ๋งˆ์ดํŠธ ์•„๋‹ด์˜ ์•„์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด, ์ฟ ๋กœ์‚ฌ์™€ ์•„ํ‚ค๋ผ ๊ฐ๋…์˜ ์˜ํ™” 7์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด๋ผ์ด์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ ์นด์ฆˆ์˜ค์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์™“์น˜๋ฉ˜(Watchmen)์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ธ ๋กœ๋ฅด์ƒคํ(Rorschach)์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์™€ ๋กœ๋ฅด์ƒคํ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ 160๋Œ€์ด๊ณ  ๊ณ ์ƒํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๋ณต์„ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ฐ•๊ธ‰์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ๋ƒ‰ํ˜นํ•˜๊ณ  ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์˜ ํžˆ์–ด๋กœ๋ผ๋Š” ์ , ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ํŒฝ๋ฐฐํ•œ ๋ฌด๋ฒ•์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋งค์ถ˜๋ถ€์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์•„๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฒ”์ƒ์น˜ ์•Š์€ ์ถœ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ, ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋งŒ ๋”ฐ์˜ค๊ณ  ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ์ด์ง€ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ๋น„์œ„์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ง€ํ•˜๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„์˜จ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๋”๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์š•์„ค๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚ด๋ฑ‰์œผ๋ฉฐ ์งˆ์ƒ‰ํŒ”์ƒ‰ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๊ณ ์ƒํ•จ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ฒฐ๋ฒฝ์ฆ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋กœ๋ฅด์ƒคํ๋Š” ๋ชธ๋‹จ์žฅ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๋”ฐ์œ„ ์•ˆ ์“ฐ๋ฉฐ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๋”๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ๋‚œ์žกํ•œ ๋ณต์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ์ด์‚ฌ์•ผ๋งˆ ํ•˜์ง€๋ฉ”๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ทจํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. "์–ด๋–ค ํƒ€์ž…์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”? ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๊ณ  ๋ณดํ†ต ํ‚ค ์ž‘์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ... ํ‚ค ํฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์š”."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„  ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ํŒฌ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ฒญ์†Œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œ์ผœ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ต๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ฐฝ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์„ฑ์„ ๋งค๋งคํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด๊ฐ”์—ˆ๋˜ ์ฟ ํ—ฌ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š๋ผ ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ๋งค์ถ˜๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์–ด๋””์—๋‚˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฒ•ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ง์—… ์ฏค์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์‚ผ์ดŒ์ธ ์ผ€๋‹ˆ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์€ ๋™์ƒ์ธ ์ฟ ์…ธ์ด ์‚ฌ์ฐฝ๊ฐ€์— ์ €๋‹น์„ ์žกํžŒ ๋น„์ฐธํ•œ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด๋‹ค ์ฃฝ์€ ๊ฒƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฟ ํ—ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งน์„ธํ•˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋งน์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋“ฏ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ฐฝ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋งค์ถ˜๋ถ€์˜€๋˜ ์ฟ ์…ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋ฅผ ์˜ค๋น ์ธ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ๋„ ํ•œ ๋ชซํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ์นœ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜๋„์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ฐฝ๊ฐ€์—์„œ '์˜ฌ๋žญํ”ผ์•„'๋ผ๋Š” ๋งค์ถ˜๋ถ€๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ฟ ์…ธ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๋ฐ›์•„์ค€ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ๋นผ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ์ด์‚ฌ์•ผ๋งˆ ํ•˜์ง€๋ฉ”๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์™ธ์ „์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์“ธ ๊ณ„ํš์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”์œผ๋ฉฐ 'ํ‚ค ์ž‘์€ ๋‚จ์ž'์ผ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ ๋งŒ ์ •๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์• ์ดˆ์— ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์นœ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ์ง€๋„ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋‘์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฟ ์…ธ๋„ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ฉ‹๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž„์‹ ์‹œํ‚จ ๋‚จ์ž ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฟ์ธ ํ˜ˆ์œก์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ์• ์ •์„ ์Ÿ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋”์ฐํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ ์†์—์„œ๋„ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๊ต์œก์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์นœ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฟ ํ—ฌ์˜ ๋‚จ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ๋ˆ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์„ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ„ ๋งค์ถ˜๋ถ€์ธ ์ฟ ํ—ฌ๊ณผ ์ž ๊น ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋งŒ ์พŒ๋ฝ์„ฑ ์„ฑ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ธ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฟ ํ—ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ด์œ ๋„ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋…์ž๋“ค์ด ์•Œ๋“  ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋“  ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ '์•„๋ฒ„์ง€'๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ํ‰์ƒ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์˜€๋˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆ„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์นœ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์ฟ ์…€์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฟ์ธ ํ˜ˆ์œก, ์˜ค๋น ์ด์ž ๊ธฐ์•„์™€ ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์€ ์ฟ ์…ธ์˜ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด ์ž์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์œก์•„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋„๋งก์•„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ '์•„๋ฒ„์ง€'์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ดํ–‰ํ•œ ์‚ผ์ดŒ ์ผ€๋‹ˆ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ์•กํ˜•์€ Aํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฐœ์†Œ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ์šฉ์‹ค์— ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋“ฌ๊ณ  ๊นŽ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ ํด๋ฆฌํผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋Š” ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ์ฒญ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Œ€์ฒญ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ์—๋ Œ์ด ๋”๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์ง„ ๋ฐฉ์ฒญ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งค๋ฒˆ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์€ ์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ๋ฌด์„œ์›Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ๋น„์œ„๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์ฃผ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‰์ƒ์‹œ์—๋Š” ์ž˜ ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ธ ๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ์˜ฌ๋ ค ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์—ญ์„ ์น˜๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์˜ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€(Theme)๋Š” ์—†์œผ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ช‡๊ณก์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. (์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์›…๋“ค) - ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ž˜์ด๋‹ค. ์นด๋ฏธ์•ผ ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์ง์ ‘ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ <๋‹ฌ์˜ ๋’ท๋ฉด>๊ณผ ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋””๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค. (์ž์œ ์˜ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ / 1๊ธฐ 2์ฟจ ์˜คํ”„๋‹) - 1๊ธฐ 1์ฟจ ์˜คํ”„๋‹์ด ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ, 3๊ธฐ 2์ฟจ ์˜คํ”„๋‹์ด ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ ์•„๋ฅผ๋ ˆ๋ฅดํŠธ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€๋ผ๋ฉด 1๊ธฐ 2์ฟจ์˜ ์˜คํ”„๋‹์€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํŠน์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋…์ผ์–ด๋กœ ์ด๋ค„์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค. (๋ฐ˜๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜) - ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋””๋Š” Eren the Cordinate์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋””๋Š” <The reluctant heroes>์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ง„๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ OST์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. K2 - K๋Š” Ackermann์˜ K์—์„œ ๋”ฐ์˜จ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 3๊ธฐ 1์ฟจ ์•ž ํŒŒํŠธ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ์ค‘์•™ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ ์”ฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ํ˜ธํ‰์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ผ์ดŒ์ด์ž ๋Œ€์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ€๋‹ˆ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์˜ ํ…Œ๋งˆ๊ณก์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ThanksAT - ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์™€ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณดํ†ต Levi's choice๋‚˜ Armin's theme ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜•๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•  ๋•Œ๋„ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ณก์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋™์‹œ์— ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ ์•„๋ฅผ๋ ˆ๋ฅดํŠธ์˜ ํ…Œ๋งˆ๊ณก์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ž˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณก ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณก๋“ค์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์˜ ํ…Œ๋งˆ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ธฐ ์ž…์ฒด์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํ’์„ฑํ•œ ๋งค๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ธ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ, ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ, ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ ์•„๋ฅผ๋ ˆ๋ฅดํŠธ๋งˆ์ € ๋Šฅ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ช…์‹ค์ƒ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ1, ์ œ2 ์ธ๊ธฐํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ ์—ฐ์†์œผ๋กœ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ3 ์ธ๊ธฐํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์ด์ž ์ฃผ๊ตฐ์ธ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ€๋ ค์„œ 2์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ์— ๋’ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์••๋„์ ์ธ ๋ช…์„ฑ๊ณผ ํŒฌ๋ค, ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ๋…๋ณด์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ, ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค, ํ•œ์ง€ ์กฐ์—์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ง„๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ค. 1,2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ธฐํˆฌํ‘œ๋•Œ๋Š” 1์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ, 3์ฐจ ์ธ๊ธฐํˆฌํ‘œ๋•Œ๋„ 3์œ„๊ถŒ ๋ฐ–์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ง„๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ธ๊ธฐํˆฌํ‘œ ์ˆœ์œ„ TOP 3์„ ๋†“์นœ ์ ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํŒฌ๋ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 3์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํฐ ํ‘œ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ํŒจํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์‹œ๋‚˜๊ตฌ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์˜ ์—ฐ์„ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋†’์•„์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ง„๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ๋ฉ”์ธ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ์„ ์ •๋„์ด๋‹ค. 1์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ง์€ ๊ฑฐ์นœ๋ฐ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์ด ์ข‹๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์•„๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฉด๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๊ผฝํ˜”๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ํŠน์œ ์˜ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๊ทน์„ฑ ํŒฌ๋ค์€ ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ€๊ณต์˜ ๊ตฐ์ธ ์ง„๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi%20Ackerman
Levi Ackerman
is a fictional character from Hajime Isayama's manga series Attack on Titan. Levi is a soldier working for the , also known as , a squad of four elite soldiers with impressive combat records hand-picked by him. The squad takes the protagonist Eren Yeager under their wing as both his bodyguards and potential executors if he goes berserk. Though Levi is a supporting character, his backstory is explored when dealing with his former mentor Kenny during the main series as well as in the spin-off manga Attack on Titan: No Regrets. Levi was based on Watchmen character Rorschach, among other influences. In the anime adaptation of the series, Levi is voiced by Hiroshi Kamiya in Japanese and Matthew Mercer in English. His portrayal in No Regrets did not display major differences in characterization despite acting as his backstory. Critical response to Levi's character was generally positive for his supporting role with the main cast and most notably, his relationship with Kenny. Levi's popularity led him to win several awards and polls. His role in the prequel No Regrets also attracted generally positive reception for expanding his backstory. Creation Levi was modeled by manga author Hajime Isayama after the Watchmen character Rorschach and is named after a child Isayama noticed in the documentary Jesus Camp. Isayama has noted that he gave Levi a similar stature to Rorschach and gave him an obsession with cleanliness to contrast him with Rorschach's uncleanliness. Isayama stated that Mikasa, Levi, and Kenny are all part of the same Ackerman bloodline. However, their reasons for protecting their respective counterparts do not have anything to do with the bloodline itselfโ€”"it is just their nature." Before Hikaru Suruga began the manga Attack on Titan: No Regrets, her editor-in-chief suggested that she visit the Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel so she could better visualize the Underground where Levi and the others live at the beginning of the story. While drawing Levi, Suruga attempted to make him appear younger than he does in Attack on Titan. She noted that his lack of emotiveness made it difficult to choose which expressions to give him while drawing. Casting Levi is voiced by Hiroshi Kamiya and by Matthew Mercer in the English dub. Kamiya describes his character as "stoic and cool", a germaphobe and "humanityโ€™s strongest soldier", making his character popular even before anime's debut. When he was given Levi's role, the actor expressed pressure. Despite the character's popularity, nobody in the staff knew about his backstory making him hard to approach. After consulting Director Tetsuro Araki and composer Masafumi Mima, Kamiya learnt that Levi was not as superhuman as he imagined him to be; As a result, Kamiya studied the action scenes and expression Levi makes in the series in order to properly display his emotions. By the anime's third season, Kamiya liked the fact that Levi's mentor Kenny was introduced in the narrative as the connection these two share made Levi easier to understand more. Kamiya befriended Kenny's actor Yamaji Kazuhiro in order to explain their misrelationship as they are meant to fight. As a result, Kamiya believes that Levi became a more popular character thanks to the story of the third season. Matthew Mercer was a fan of Attack on Titan before the being cast for doing the English dub of the series. He came to regard Levi as his favorite character, especially due to his moral ambiguity; According to Mercer, while Levi is known as the strongest fighter in mankind's fight against the Titans, he is often forced to take dark decisions in order to survive. Mercer stated it was "an absolute joy to perform this extremely complicated, dark, intense, and still kind of heroic character". Appearances In Attack on Titan Levi is known as humanity's most powerful soldier and head of an elite squad in the Survey Corps. Hange remarks that he is a bit of a "clean freak". Captain Kenny Ackerman later notes that the capture of Eren and Historia has to do with Levi, whom he refers to as "Levi Ackerman". Kenny is later revealed to be Levi's maternal uncle, who raised him after his mother Kuchel's death. Later, Levi is injured by an explosion engineered by Zeke Yeager (brother of Eren Jaeger). He was in a near-death state until Hange Zoe found him and escaped with his body later to make an alliance with Commander Theo Magath and Pieck Finger in order to take down Eren Jaeger. Eventually, Levi recovers and joins the others in battle, managing to kill Zeke, fulfilling his promise to Erwin in killing the Beast Titan. In Attack on Titan: No Regrets Levi was part of a band of thieves alongside his partner Furlan Church, who would use maneuver gear to commit various heists to help each other out. One day, they meet a girl named Isabel Magnolia, who was chased after by guards for trying to get an injured bird back to the surface, and decide to take her in as one of their group. After a while has passed, a mysterious man from the surface uses a hostage to ensure Levi, Furlan, and Isabel take on a job that would be rewarded with citizenship on the surface. When the three take on the job, they outrun the military police but are arrested by the Survey Corps, led by Erwin, who offers to clear Levi and the others of their crimes in exchange for joining the Survey Corps. Levi, Furlan, and Isabel begin their lives in the Survey Corps under the watch of Flagen, who is less than pleased about being joined by criminals, all while recalling the mysterious man's request to kill Erwin and steal one of his documents. Unable to find the document in Erwin's office, the group come up with a plan to ambush Erwin during an expedition, which Levi initially plans to do by himself but is inevitably convinced by Furlan and Isabel to let them come with him. On the day of the expedition, the Survey Corps encounter a group of Titans, which Levi's group manage to help eliminate only to be scolded by Erwin for wasting gas. Later, Levi decides to make use of a heavy rainfall to get close to Erwin, but when he returns, he discovers Titans had ambushed and killed the rest of his squad, including Furlan and Isabel. This causes Levi to unleash erratic emotions on the last titan remaining. After learning that Erwin was carrying a fake document the entire time and his mission was meaningless, Levi, taught not to have regrets, decides to continue following Erwin as a Survey Corps member. Other appearances Jin Haganeya's visual novel Burning Bright in the Forests of the Night has Eren and Levi as the leading characters. He also appears in the mobile game Granblue Fantasy. He also features as an in-game outfit in the Battle Royale game, Fortnite. Levi's costume also showed up as limited time purchasable skins for Jake Park in Dead by Daylight and Daniel Yatsu in Call of Duty: Vanguard. Reception Popularity In the 3rd Newtype Anime Awards, Levi was voted fifth best male character and Hiroshi Kamiya took 2nd place in best voice actor. In the Animedia Character Awards he was third in Most Valuable Player. In the 36th Anime Grand Prix he was Best Male Character In the 3rd BTVA Anime Dub Awards Matthew Mercer was nominated for Levi. In the 7th Newtype Anime Awards he was fifth in Best Male Character. In the 4th Crunchyroll Anime Awards, his fight against the Beast Titan was nominated. Multiple types of merchandising have been developed with the fandom enjoying the facial expressions given to his figurines. Critical response During a review of the first season, Complex.com saw Levi as "hope" within the Attack on Titan anime as he easily kills Titans on his own after seeing an episode where the protagonist Eren is eaten by them in horror. Complex called Levi to Daryl Dixon. However, when Eren is revealed to be a Titan who easily beats up other enemy Titans, he found that Levi's spotlight was overshadowed by Eren's screentime. Levi's encounter with Kenny was also the subject of praise for the fight choreography and expanding more on Levi's backstory. Anime News Network also praised Mercer's voice acting for making Levi's character appeal to the audience. The tragic nature of Levi and Kenny's relationship was praised for how it was handled as well as the end of their fights in the series' third season. Following the ending of season 3, Den of Geek looked forward to Levi's actions in the final story arc as whether or not he can kill Eren as a result of change of the status quo. Comic Book Resources enjoyed Levi's fight scenes, dedicating an article to his ten best battles in the series with his battle against Zeke taking top place. Reviewing the first volume of No Regrets for The Fandom Post, Kate Oโ€™Neil noted Levi's status as a fan-favorite character, she wrote: "I often wonder at how much of the backstory in these spinoffs was the result of the original author's notes or the spinoff writer responding to the desires of the fanbase." while also addressing the story he shares with Erwin. Anime News Network found the OVA adaptation worth watching if the viewers are fans of Levi. While revisiting the episodes, the website noted that Levi's backstory and his relationship with other characters help in establishing his characterization from the main series. While noting that Levi shared little changes between the OVAs and the main series, UK Anime Network felt the spin-off is interesting at developing his relationship with Erwin and the motivation of living in a better style after being hidden underground. He still noted that Levi was one of the best protagonists in the entire franchise, surpassing Eren, Mikasa and Armin. On the other hand, another writer found Levi's backstory confusing as he found no need to see his OVAs to understand more of the series' lore or character relationships. References Specific Primary sources Attack on Titan manga volumes by Hajime Isayama. Original Japanese version published by Kodansha. English version by Kodansha USA. External links Attack on Titan Comics characters introduced in 2010 Fictional acrobats Fictional child soldiers Fictional monster hunters Fictional characters missing an eye Fictional swordfighters in anime and manga Male characters in anime and manga
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0%EC%85%94%20%EC%97%B0%EB%8C%80
๊ธ€๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ์…” ์—ฐ๋Œ€
๊ธ€๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ์…” ์—ฐ๋Œ€()๋Š” 1881๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1994๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ ์˜๊ตญ ์œก๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€๋กœ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ€๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ์Šค(Glosters)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „๊ณผ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „, ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ „์Ÿ ๋“ฑ์— ์ฐธ์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ž„์ง„๊ฐ• ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ 1๋Œ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์••๋„์ ์ธ ์—ญ๊ฒฝ ์†์—์„œ 3๋ฐ• 4์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฒ„ํ…จ๋‚ด์–ด, ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ „์Ÿ ๋‹น์‹œ ์˜์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ œ29๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฌ๋‹จ ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์ฃผํ•œ ์œ ์—”๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€์ด "ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ์šฉ๊ฐ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณธ๋ณด๊ธฐ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•œ ์ด ๋Œ€๋Œ€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ์—”๊ตฐ์ด ํฌ์œ„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰์•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ณต๋กœ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ํ‘œ์ฐฝ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ "์˜๊ด‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ธ€๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ(The Glorious Glosters)"๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋ช…์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์›์ด ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‹ญ์ž ํ›ˆ์žฅ(VC)์„ ์ˆ˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์— ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ์ •๊ทœ ๋Œ€๋Œ€๋กœ ์ถ•์†Œ๋˜์–ด ๋…์ผ, ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด, ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธŒํ•ด, ์ค‘๋ฏธ, ์ค‘๋™ ๋ฐ ๋ถ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ˆœ๋ฐฉ์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1994๋…„ ์ฐฝ์„ค 300์ฃผ๋…„์„ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•œ ์งํ›„, ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ์—๋“ ๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต์ž‘์˜ ์™•๋ฆฝ ์—ฐ๋Œ€์™€ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์™•๋ฆฝ ๊ธ€๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ์…”, ๋ฒ„ํฌ์…”, ์œŒํŠธ์…” ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ฐฑ๋ฐฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ , 2007๋…„์— ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ ์ „ํ†ต์„ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž์ธ The Rifles์—๊ฒŒ ๋„˜๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๊ธ€๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ์…” ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋Š” 1694๋…„์— ์ฐฝ์„ค๋œ ๊น์Šจ(Gibson) ๋Œ€๋ น์˜ ๋ณด๋ณ‘ ์—ฐ๋Œ€์— ๊ธฐ์›์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ดํ›„ 28์—ฐ๋Œ€(North Gloucestershire)๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 28์—ฐ๋Œ€์™€ 61(South Gloucestershire) ๋ณด๋ณ‘ ์—ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ€๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ์…” ์—ฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ•ด์ „์—์„œ 2์—ด๋กœ ์—ฐ์ด์–ด ์‹ธ์šด 28์—ฐ๋Œ€์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•œ ์ „ํ†ต์ธ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์žฅ์‹์˜ ๋’ท๋ฉด๊ณผ ์•ž๋ฉด์— ํœ˜์žฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ๊ตฐ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ณ„์Šนํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธ€๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ์…” ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋Š” 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์ •๊ทœ ๋Œ€๋Œ€, 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€ ๋ฐ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž์› ๋Œ€๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ œ2์ฐจ ๋ณด์–ด ์ „์Ÿ์— ์ฒซ ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค . ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ด์ „์— ์—ฐ๋Œ€์˜ 4๊ฐœ ๋ณด์กฐ๋Œ€๋Œ€๋Š” 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์˜ํ† ๊ตฐ ๋Œ€๋Œ€์™€ 1๊ฐœ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์˜ˆ๋น„ ๋Œ€๋Œ€๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘์— ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ฐฝ์„ค์— 18๊ฐœ ๋Œ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋Œ€์˜ 16๊ฐœ ๋Œ€๋Œ€๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์™€ ํ”Œ๋ž‘๋“œ๋ฅด, ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„, ๊ฐˆ๋ฆฌํด๋ฆฌ, ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ, ๋ฉ”์†Œํฌํƒ€๋ฏธ์•„, ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„, ์‚ด๋กœ๋‹ˆ์นด์—์„œ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด 8,100๋ช…์˜ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์žƒ๊ณ  72๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „ํˆฌ ์˜์˜ˆ(Battle Honour)๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ›ˆ์žฅ์ด ์—ฐ๋Œ€์— ๋ณต๋ฌดํ•œ ๊ตฐ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์—ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์‹œ ๋Œ€๋Œ€๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ง์ „์— ํ•ด์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ†  ๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ค‘ 2๊ฐœ๋Š” ์šฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๋Œ€์™€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ œํœด๋„ ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ ์ง์ „์— ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์˜ํ†  ๋Œ€๋Œ€๋Š” ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 5๊ฐœ ๋Œ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋Š˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋“ค ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ•ด์‚ฐ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์šฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4๊ฐœ ๋Œ€๋Œ€๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์—ฐ๋Œ€์—์„œ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ2๋Œ€๋Œ€์™€ ์ œ5๋Œ€๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ณต๋ฐฉ์ „์—์„œ ์‹ธ์› ๊ณ , ๋ญ์ผ€๋ฅดํฌ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์†Œ์‹ค๋œ ํ›„, ์žฌํŽธ์„ฑ๋œ ์ œ2๋Œ€๋Œ€๋Š” D-Day์— ๊ณจ๋“œ ํ•ด๋ณ€์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตฐ์˜ ํŽธ์—์„œ ์‹ธ์› ๋‹ค. ์ œ1๋Œ€๋Œ€๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ๋ฒ„๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋ž‘๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ‡ด๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ด€์—ฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ œ10๋Œ€๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ฒ„๋งˆ ์ „์—ญ 1944๋…„~1945๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ์˜ ํŒจ๋ฐฐ์— ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ดํ›„ ์ ๋Œ€์ „๋‹ด๋Œ€๋Œ€๋Š” ํ•ด์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์ œ1๋Œ€๋Œ€์™€ ์ œ2๋Œ€๋Œ€๋Š” ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ์ •๊ทœ 1๊ฐœ ๋Œ€๋Œ€์™€ ์˜ํ† ๊ตฐ 1๊ฐœ ๋Œ€๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 6.25 ์ „์Ÿ 1949๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ํ›„, ์ œ์ž„์Šค ์นธ ์ค‘๋ น์ด ์ง€ํœ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ1๋Œ€๋Œ€๋Š” ์ œ29๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฌ๋‹จ์— ๋ฐฐ์†๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  , ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ 1950๋…„ 11์›” 3์ผ , ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฌ๋‹จ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 12์›” ์ดˆ, ์ œ29์—ฌ๋‹จ์€ ์œ ์—”(UN)์ด ์ฒญ์ฒœ๊ฐ• ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•œ ํ›„ ์ดํ›„ํ‡ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ํ›„์œ„๋ฅผ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ย 2์›” 16์ผ, ์œ ์—”๊ตฐ์ด ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ•œ ํ›„, Glosters - 45 ์•ผ์ „ ์—ฐ๋Œ€์˜ 25ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ ํฌ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ํ•œ๊ฐ• ๋‚จ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” 327๊ณ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์—ฌ 10๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  29๋ช…์ด ๋ถ€์ƒ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ค๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์ „ํˆฌ 4์›” ์ดˆ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ œ3๋ณด๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€ํœ˜ํ•˜์— RA 45์•ผ์ „์—ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ œ29๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฌ๋‹จ์€ ์ž„์ง„๊ฐ•์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์บ”์ž์Šค ๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ 9๋งˆ์ผ(14km) ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์ „์„ ์— ํฉ์–ด์ง„ ์ง„์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› 657๋ช…์€ 170๋ช…์˜ ์ค‘๋ฐ•๊ฒฉํฌ๋Œ€(RA)์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ฐ•์—์„œ ์•ฝ 2,000์•ผ๋“œ(1,800m) ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ ์ธก๋ฉด์— ๊ฐ€๋Š˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์–ด ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ์—ฌ์šธ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. A์ค‘๋Œ€๋Š” ์—ฌ์šธ์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค๋‹ค๋ณด์ด๋Š” Castle Hill(148๋ฒˆ ์–ธ๋•)์„, D์ค‘๋Œ€๋Š” ๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ 1,500์•ผ๋“œ(1,400m) ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ 182๋ฒˆ ๊ณ ์ง€์—, B์ค‘๋Œ€๋Š” D์ค‘๋Œ€์˜ ๋™์ชฝ 144๋ฒˆ ๊ณ ์ง€์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. C์ค‘๋Œ€๋Š” ์†”๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋Œ€๋ณธ๋ถ€(HQ)์™€ ์ง€์›์ค‘๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋‹ค๋ณด์ด๋Š” 314๊ณ ์ง€ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋Œ€์˜ 2์ธ์ž์ธ Digby Grist ์†Œ๋ น์€ ์„œ์šธ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” 5Y ๋ฃจํŠธ์—์„œ ํ›„๋ฐฉ ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€("F ์ œ๋Œ€")์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์•ฝ 8ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ(5๋งˆ์ผ) ๋’ค์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ œ 1 ๋ณด๋ณ‘ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์˜ 12์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ๊ณผ ์™ผ์ชฝ์— 1๋Œ€๋Œ€์™€ ๋…ธ์„ฌ๋ฒŒ๋žœ๋“œ 1๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ์ด์— 2๋งˆ์ผ(3km)์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.1๋งˆ์ผ(2ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ) ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4์›” 22์ผ ๋ฐค์ด ๋˜์ž ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ตฐ์€ ๋ฏธ 3์‚ฌ๋‹จ, 29์—ฌ๋‹จ, ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ 1์‚ฌ๋‹จ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถ˜๊ณ„ ๊ณต์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ 24 ๋ฐ 25 ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ์šธ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ์„ ์—ด์–ด๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 29์—ฌ๋‹จ์˜ 4๊ฐœ ๋Œ€๋Œ€์— ๋งž์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ตฐ์€ 187, 188, 189์‚ฌ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ 63๊ตฐ์„ ์ง‘๊ฒฐ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 27๊ฐœ ๋ณด๋ณ‘ ๋Œ€๋Œ€์— ์•ฝ 27,000๋ช…์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ๋‚ ๋ฐค - A์ค‘๋Œ€์™€ D์ค‘๋Œ€์™€ F์ œ๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ 22:00, ๊ฐ•๋‘‘์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ C์ค‘๋Œ€์˜ 17๋ช… ์ˆœ์ฐฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ œ45์•ผ์ „์—ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ๋Œ€ํฌ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์—ฌ์šธ์„ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๋ ค๋Š” ์ค‘๊ณต๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์„ธ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ๊ต์ „์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค. ํƒ„์•ฝ์ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ˆœ์ฐฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ์†์‹ค ์—†์ด ์ฒ ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŽธ ์€ํ–‰์„ ์ ๋ นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ย ๋ฐค ๋™์•ˆ Glosters์˜ ์ „๋ฐฉ ์ค‘๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  07:30์— 6:1๋กœ ์—ด์„ธ์ธ A ์ค‘๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์บ์Šฌ ํž์—์„œ ์ซ“๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํƒˆํ™˜ ์‹œ๋„๋Š” ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ค‘๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์ด ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋“  ์žฅ๊ต๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ 235๊ณ ์ง€๋กœ ํ›„ํ‡ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ ์ˆ˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ D์ค‘๋Œ€์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฃป๋ฐค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์†Œ๋Œ€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ›ผ์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ธ์šฐ๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์–ธ๋•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. B์ค‘๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ฐค์ƒˆ ์••๋ฐ•์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์™ผ์ชฝ D์ค‘๋Œ€์˜ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜์™€ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์™ผ์ชฝ Fusiliers์˜ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ค‘๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๊ณ , C์ค‘๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ 800์•ผ๋“œ(730m) ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ 314๊ณ ์ง€๋กœ ํ›„ํ‡ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ›„์—, Grit ์†Œ๋ น์€ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ์ฐฝ์ธ ๋™์•ˆ ๋Œ€๋Œ€ ๋ณธ๋ถ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ณด๊ธ‰ํ’ˆ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•œ ํ›„ F ์ œ๋Œ€ ์ง„์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์†Œ์‹์ด ์ „ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ 5Y๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ๊ณ  ๋งค๋ณต์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ตฐ ๊ฒฝ๋น„ ์•„๋ž˜ ๋„๋กœ์— ์ค„์ง€์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์˜ F ์ œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์—ฌ๋‹จ ๋ณธ๋ถ€์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. F ์ œ๋Œ€ ์œ„์น˜์˜ ์ƒ์‹ค์€ ๋Œ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ด์ œ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐค - 314๊ณ ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ 4์›” 23์ผ 23:00์— ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ์žฌ๊ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ 314๊ณ ์ง€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ Glosters B ๋ฐ C ์ค‘๋Œ€์™€ 189์‚ฌ๋‹จ์ด ๊ต์ „์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐค์ƒˆ๋„๋ก Edgar Harding ์†Œ๋ น์ด ์ด๋„๋Š” B ์ค‘๋Œ€์˜ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ตฐ์„ 18:1๋กœ ์••๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฒฌ๋ŽŒ๋ƒˆ๊ณ , ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ํฌ๋ณ‘์„ ๋ถˆ๋ €๋‹ค. ํƒ„์•ฝ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด ์ค‘๋Œ€๋Š” 08:10์˜ 7์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ๋ฐ€๋ ค๋‚ฌ๊ณ  20๋ช…์˜ ์ƒ์กด์ž๋งŒ์ด ๋Œ€๋Œ€ ๋ณธ๋ถ€, ์ง€์› ๋ฐ C ์ค‘๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜ํ•œ 235๊ณ ์ง€์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ย Glosters์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์บ”์ž์Šค ๋ผ์ธ์˜ ์™„์ „์„ฑ์— ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ Carne์€ 4์›” 24์ผ 07:00์— 3์‚ฌ๋‹จ ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€ Soule ์žฅ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๊ฒฌ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ œ8 ํ›„์‚ฌ๋ฅด ์ „์ฐจ์™€ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ์ œ10๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ „ํˆฌํŒ€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธ€๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์˜ ํ›„๋ฐฉ ์ œ๋Œ€ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ฆ์›๊ตฐ์ด 5Y ๋ฃจํŠธ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๊ฐ‘์€ ๊ธ€๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ 2,000์•ผ๋“œ(1,800m) ์ด๋‚ด์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•œ ํ›„ 15:00๊ฒฝ ๋งค๋ณต์— ์ €์ง€๋˜์–ด ๊ธ€๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” 235๋ฒˆ ์–ธ๋•์—์„œ ํ™€๋กœ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐค์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐค - 235๊ณ ์ง€์—์„œ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ฒฐ์ „ 4์›” 24์ผ ์˜คํ›„, C Troop 170th Mortar Battery์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ณด๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” Glosters๋Š” 400-450๋ช…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ „ํˆฌ ์ „๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ•์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ„์•ฝ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ45์•ผ์ „์—ฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ง€์›์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ๋Œ€ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ถ”์ •์น˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๋Œ€(3๊ฐœ ๋Œ€๋Œ€)์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ(3๊ฐœ ์—ฐ๋Œ€)๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. Glosters๋Š” 4์›” 24์ผ์—์„œ 25์ผ ๋ฐค๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹ธ์› ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ด‰์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ตฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž ์‹œ ์ ๋ น๋˜์–ด ์–ธ๋•์—์„œ Glosters์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ถ€๊ด€ Anthony Farrar-Hockley ๋Œ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ๋•์€ ํƒˆํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ 7๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํƒˆํ™˜์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–ธ๋•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์€ ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ง„ ํ›„ ๊ณต์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์†Œ๊ฐ•๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋‚  ์•„์นจ, ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ตฐ์ด ์ „์„  ๋’ค ๋ช‡ ๋งˆ์ผ์— ์นจํˆฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์œ ์—”๊ตฐ์€ ์‚ผ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 235๊ณ ์ง€์—์„œ Glosters๋Š” ํƒ„์•ฝ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ตฌํ˜ธ์˜ ํฌ๋ง๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋™ ์ค‘์ธ 45 ์•ผ์ „ ์—ฐ๋Œ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํฌ๋ณ‘ ์ง€์›๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. Carne์€ 06:05์— ๋ŒํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•ฝ 100๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์กด์ž๋“ค์€ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์•„๊ตฐ ์ „์„ ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 63๋ช…๋งŒ์ด ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ „ํˆฌ ํ›„ Glosters์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ „์€ ์บ”์ž์Šค ๋ผ์ธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” 29์—ฌ๋‹จ ์ „์„ ์˜ ํฐ ํ‹ˆ์„ ๋ง‰์•„๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ตฐ์ด ์ง„๊ฒฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ›„๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ํฌ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๋…ธ์ƒˆ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ชฝ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ 8๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€์ธ ์ œ์ž„์Šค ๋ฐด ํ”Œ๋ฆฌํŠธ(James Van Fleet) ์žฅ๊ตฐ์€ ์ฃผํ•œ ์œ ์—”๊ตฐ ์ด์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€์ธ ๋ฆฌ์ง€์›จ์ด(Ridgeway) ์žฅ๊ตฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ์„œํ•œ์—์„œ "ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ์šฉ๊ฐ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฒ”"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” "622๋ช…์˜ ์žฅ๊ต์™€ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์˜ ์†์‹ค์ด ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ช‡ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ย ์ œ29์—ฌ๋‹จ์žฅ ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ๋ธŒ๋กœ๋”” ์ค€์žฅ์€ The Glorious Glosters ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์—ฌ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ํ—ค๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์„ ์žฅ์‹ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 235๊ณ ์ง€๋Š” 1957๋…„ ๊ธ€๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ ์ „ํˆฌ ๊ธฐ๋…๋น„๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์›Œ์ง€๋ฉฐ ๊ธ€๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ ํž๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ29์—ฌ๋‹จ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๋Œ€๋“ค๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์†์‹ค์€ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•„์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์—ฌ ์ด 1,091๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. Glosters'์˜ 622๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ž ์ค‘ 56๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  522๋ช…์ด ํฌ๋กœ๋กœ ์žกํ˜”์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋…์ผ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํฌ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ๋ŽŒ๋‚ธ ์ด๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ย 327๊ณ ์ง€์—์„œ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ํฌ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฏธ DSO๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ Carne์€ ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‹ญ์ž ํ›ˆ์žฅ(VC)์™€ ์ˆ˜ํ›ˆ ์‹ญ์ž์žฅ(American Distinguished Service Cross)์„ ์ˆ˜์—ฌ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค . ์ฝ˜์›” ๊ณต์ž‘ ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๋ณ‘ ์†Œ์† ํ•„๋ฆฝ ์ปคํ‹ฐ์Šค ์ค‘์œ„๋Š” ์บ์Šฌ ํž ํƒˆํ™˜์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ํ–‰์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ฌํ›„ ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‹ญ์ž ํ›ˆ์žฅ(VC)๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. Harding๊ณผ Farrar-Hockley์—๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ DSO์ƒ์ด ์ˆ˜์—ฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 6๋ช…์˜ MC, 2๊ฐœ์˜ DCM ๋ฐ 10๊ฐœ์˜ MM๋„ ์ˆ˜์—ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ ์š”ํฌ์…” ์—ฐ๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์†๋œ ํ…Œ๋ Œ์Šค ์›Œํ„ฐ์Šค ์ค‘์œ„๋Š” ํฌ๋กœ ์ƒํ™œ ์ค‘ ๊ทธ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํ›„ ์กฐ์ง€ ์‹ญ์žํ›ˆ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ž์ฒด๋Š” C Troop 170th Heavy Mortar Battery์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ํ‘œ์ฐฝ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 4์›” 26์ผ ๋Œ€๋Œ€์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์€ 119๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ ํ™œ๋™์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ „ํˆฌ์—๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ›„๋ฐฉ ์ œ๋Œ€ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์ˆซ์ž๋Š” ํœด๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ 235๊ณ ์ง€์—์„œ ํƒˆ์ถœ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— 217๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ย 29์—ฌ๋‹จ์€ 5์›”์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ , ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋Š” 9์›”์— ์ž„์ง„์„ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต๊ท€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 11์›”์— ์•ˆ๋„ํ–ˆ๊ณ  12์›” 20์ผ ์‚ฌ์šฐ์ƒ˜ํ”„ํ„ด์—์„œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ํ™˜์˜์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณต๊ท€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋กœ๋“ค์€ 1953๋…„ ์„๋ฐฉ๋œ ํ›„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํฐ ํ™˜ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ „์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด Glosters ์ค‘ 113๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ 36๋ช…์ด ํฌ๋กœ๋กœ ์žกํ˜€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 11์›” 11์ผ, ๋ฌด๋ช…์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€์› 3๋ช…์˜ ์œ ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ ์œ ์—” ๋ฌ˜์ง€์— ์•ˆ์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์˜๋ก€ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1952๋…„ 2์›” 15์ผ ์กฐ์ง€ 6์„ธ์˜ ์žฅ๋ก€ ํ–‰๋ ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 4์›” 26์ผ ๊ธ€๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์˜์‹์—์„œ ์„ ๋ด‰์„ ์„ฐ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ •๊ทœ ๋Œ€๋Œ€๋Š” ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1953๋…„ 6์›” 2์ผ, 1๋Œ€๋Œ€์™€ 5๋Œ€๋Œ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ 400๋ช…์˜ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฒ ์Šค 2์„ธ ์—ฌ์™•์˜ ๋Œ€๊ด€์‹ ํ–‰๋ ฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋Š” 1955๋…„๊ณผ 1994๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ผ€๋ƒ, ์•„๋ด, ๋ฐ”๋ ˆ์ธ, ํ‚คํ”„๋กœ์Šค, ๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ, ์ง€๋ธŒ๋กคํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ์Šค์™€์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ, ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์…”์Šค, ๋ฒ ์ถ”์•„๋‚ ๋ž€๋“œ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ”์ˆ˜ํ†จ๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ๋“ฑ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ž„๋ฌด๋กœ ๋ณต๊ท€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋…์ผ์—์„œ ๋ถ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘ ์กฐ์•ฝ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ผ์ธ์˜ ์˜๊ตญ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 3๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ถœ์ „์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ ์ˆ˜๋น„๋Œ€์™€ 2๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ถœ์ „์„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1968๋…„๊ณผ 1991๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด The Troubles ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ถ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์—์„œ 7๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ถœ์ „์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ 5๋ช…์˜ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์›์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1967๋…„ 3์›” 1๋Œ€๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ธ€๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ์…” ์—ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , TA์˜ ์žฌํŽธ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 5๋Œ€๋Œ€๋Š” ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ตฐ ์›จ์‹์Šค์˜ ์šฉ๋ณ‘ ์ค‘๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋Š” 1970๋…„ ๋กœ์—ด ํ–„ํ”„์…” ์—ฐ๋Œ€์™€์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์„ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์Šค๋กœ ํ”ผํ–ˆ๊ณ , 1994๋…„ 3์›” ์ดˆ์— 100์ฃผ๋…„์ด์ž ๊น์Šจ์˜ ๋ณด๋ณ‘ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ์„ค๋œ ์ง€ 300๋…„์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ํ•ด์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์žฌํŽธ์„ฑํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ธ€๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ์…” ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ์—๋“ ๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต์ž‘์˜ ์™•๋ฆฝ ์—ฐ๋Œ€์™€ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ ๋˜์–ด ์™•๋ฆฝ ๊ธ€๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ์…”, ๋ฒ„ํฌ์…” ๋ฐ ์œŒํŠธ์…” ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐฑ๋ฐฐ์ง€ ์ „ํ†ต์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2007๋…„์— ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ œ๋ณต์— ๋ฐฑ๋ฐฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ›„๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๋Œ€์ธ The Rifles์— ๊ทธ ์ „ํ†ต์„ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธ€๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ์…” ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋Š” 1994๋…„ 3์›” 26์ผ ๊ธ€๋กœ์Šคํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์ด ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” Gloucestershire ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์— ๊ทธ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1881๋…„ ์„ค๋ฆฝ 1994๋…„ ํ์ง€ ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „์— ์ฐธ์ „ํ•œ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „์— ์ฐธ์ „ํ•œ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ „์Ÿ์— ์ฐธ์ „ํ•œ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire%20Regiment
Gloucestershire Regiment
The Gloucestershire Regiment, commonly referred to as the Glosters, was a line infantry regiment of the British Army from 1881 until 1994. It traced its origins to Colonel Gibson's Regiment of Foot, which was raised in 1694 and later became the 28th (North Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot. The regiment was formed by the merger of the 28th Regiment with the 61st (South Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot. It inherited the unique distinction in the British Army of wearing a badge on the back of its headdress as well as the front, a tradition that originated with the 28th Regiment after it fought in two ranks back to back at the Battle of Alexandria in 1801. At its formation the regiment comprised two regular, two militia and two volunteer battalions, and saw its first action during the Second Boer War. Before the First World War, the regiment's four auxiliary battalions were converted to three Territorial Force battalions and a Special Reserve battalion, and a further 18 battalions were added to the regiment's establishment during the war. Sixteen battalions of the regiment saw active service in France and Flanders, Italy, Gallipoli, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia and Salonika, losing a total of 8,100 men killed and winning 72 different battle honours. Four awards of the Victoria Cross (VC) were made to soldiers serving with the regiment. The wartime battalions were disbanded as the war ended, and just before the Second World War, two of the territorial battalions were re-purposed and ceased to have any affiliation with the regiment. On the eve of the war, the remaining territorial battalion was duplicated, and another five battalions were raised on the outbreak of war, though most of these were disbanded or re-purposed as the war progressed. Four battalions saw active service under the regiment's colours during the war. The 2nd and 5th Battalions both fought in the Battle of France and, after being lost almost in its entirety during the Battle of Dunkirk, the re-formed 2nd Battalion landed at Gold Beach on D-Day and fought in the Allied campaign in North-West Europe. The 1st Battalion was involved in the retreat from Rangoon during the Japanese conquest of Burma, and the 10th Battalion saw active service in the defeat of Japanese forces during the Burma Campaign 1944โ€“45. After the Second World War, the hostilities-only battalions were disbanded and the 1st and 2nd Battalions were amalgamated, leaving the regiment with one regular and one Territorial Army battalion. It achieved fame during the Korean War when the 1st Battalion held out for three nights against overwhelming odds during the Battle of the Imjin River. The stand, described by the commander of the United Nations forces in Korea at the time as "the most outstanding example of unit bravery in modern war", prevented the encirclement of other United Nations forces, for which the regiment was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation and earned the nickname The Glorious Glosters. Two men serving with the regiment were awarded the VC for their actions in the battle. In the latter half of the 20th century, the regiment was reduced to a single regular battalion and completed tours of duty around the world, including Germany, Africa, the Caribbean, Central America and the Middle East, as well as in Northern Ireland during The Troubles. Shortly after celebrating its tercentenary in 1994, the regiment, which carried more battle honours on its colours than any other regiment of the line, was merged with the Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment to form the Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment. The new regiment inherited the back badge, and when it too was merged in 2007, it passed the tradition on to its successor, The Rifles. Origins The Gloucestershire Regiment traced its roots to Colonel Gibson's Regiment of Foot, raised in 1694 in Portsmouth, which first saw action in 1705 during the War of the Spanish Succession. Having been commanded by, and therefore named after, a succession of colonels, the regiment was renamed in 1742 as the 28th Regiment of Foot and fought under this name during the War of the Austrian Succession. Another predecessor, the 61st Regiment of Foot, was formed in 1758 when the British Army was expanded during the Seven Years' War. The 61st Regiment gained its first battle honour a year later during the invasion of Guadeloupe, the same year that General Wolfe placed himself at the head of the 28th Regiment on the Plains of Abraham in the capture of Quebec. In 1782, the British Army began linking foot regiments with counties for the purposes of recruitment. For the first time the county of Gloucestershire was associated with both the 28th and 61st Regiments, which were renamed as the 28th (North Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot and the 61st (South Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot. Both regiments began to recruit from the county, and it was in Gloucester in December 1782 that the 61st Regiment was presented with new colours to replace those lost during the Franco-Spanish invasion of Minorca earlier that year. In March 1801, the 28th Regiment formed part of the British expeditionary force that landed at Aboukir Bay in Egypt to oppose Napoleon's Army of the East. On 21ย March, during the Battle of Alexandria, French cavalry broke through the British lines, formed up behind the regiment, and began to charge. With the men still heavily engaged to their front, the order was given for the rear rank to turn about, and standing thus in two ranks back to back, the regiment held the line. To commemorate this action, the regiment began wearing a badge on the back as well as the front of the headdress, a unique distinction in the British Army that was officially sanctioned in 1830. The 61st Regiment also deployed to Egypt and, although arriving too late to play an active part, was, like the 28th Regiment, awarded the battle honour "Egypt" and the right to display the Sphinx on its colours. During the 19th century, relatively uneventful postings at home and abroad were punctuated with periods of active service. The 28th and 61st Regiments both fought in Spain and Portugal during the Peninsular War. The 28th Regiment also participated in the final defeat of Napoleon; it was commended by the Duke of Wellington for gallantry in the Battle of Quatre Bras and saw action again in the Battle of Waterloo. In the mid-19th century, both regiments were deployed to India, and the 61st Regiment saw active service during the Second Anglo-Sikh War and the Indian Mutiny, adding "Chillianwallah", "Goojerat", "Punjaub" and "Delhi 1857" to the list of battle honours that the Gloucestershire Regiment would soon inherit. The 28th Regiment, whose time in India was shorter and less eventful, was meanwhile deployed to the Crimea and added "Alma", "Inkerman" and "Sevastopol" to its legacy. Another thread that would be woven into the story of the Gloucestershire Regiment is that of the civilian administered auxiliary forces which supported the army in times of need. In the mid-18th century, county militias were raised for home defence and as a pool of reserves for the regular army. By 1760, Gloucestershire had raised two battalions of militia, and these were organised in 1763 as the South Gloucestershire Militia based at Gloucester and the North Gloucestershire Militia at Cirencester. In 1859, county-based volunteer rifle corps were raised, leading to the formation of the 1st (City of Bristol) Gloucestershire Rifle Volunteers and the 2nd Gloucestershire Rifle Volunteers. Formation In 1872, the Cardwell Reforms began the process of organising the British Army along county lines based on two-battalion line infantry regiments, a process that was completed by the Childers Reforms nine years later. As a result, the 28th and 61st Regiments were amalgamated in 1881 to form the Gloucestershire Regiment, headquartered at Horfield Barracks in Bristol. The reforms also added the county's auxiliary forces to the regiment's establishment, and at its formation it thus comprised two regular, two militia and two volunteer battalions: 1st Battalionย โ€“ formerly the 28th (North Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot 2nd Battalionย โ€“ formerly the 61st (South Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot 3rd (Militia) Battalionย โ€“ formerly the Royal South Gloucestershire Militia 4th (Militia) Battalionย โ€“ formerly the Royal North Gloucestershire Militia 1st (City of Bristol) Volunteer Battalionย โ€“ formerly the 1st (City of Bristol) Gloucestershire Rifle Volunteers 2nd Volunteer Battalionย โ€“ formerly the 2nd Gloucestershire Rifle Volunteers The Gloucestershire Regiment inherited from the 28th Regiment the privilege of wearing the back badge. It was a privilege that the 2nd Battalion did not want, but it was made palatable to the former 61st Regiment by replacing the number 28 with the Sphinx, a battle honour awarded to both predecessor regiments. Although both battalions were forced to give up their individual facing colours on their uniformsย โ€“ yellow for the 28th Regiment and buff for the 61st Regimentย โ€“ when the government imposed a standard white across all English and Welsh regiments, the Gloucestershire Regiment never accepted this change for their regimental colours. Both battalions retained their former colours until 1929, when a compromise primrose yellow was finally chosen and a new regimental colour subsequently presented. The two battalions continued to refer to themselves by their former regimental numbers until they were merged in 1948, when the Gloucestershire Regiment became a single-battalion regiment. The 1st Battalion celebrated the bicentenary of the regiment at Malta in 1894 and the anniversary of the Battle of Alexandria annually. The 2nd Battalion, on the other hand, held games followed by a dinner and a ball on the anniversary of the 61st Regiment's victory at Chillianwallah on 13 January 1849 when overseas, or on the anniversary of that regiment's victory at Salamanca on 22 July 1812 when at home. The new regiment acquired its march, The Kinnegad Slashers, and its official nickname, Slashers, from the 28th Regiment. The name arose from an incident in 1764, when members of the regiment allegedly slashed off part of the ear of a Montreal magistrate who had been harassing soldiers stationed in the city after the Seven Years' War. The regiment was also sometimes referred to as The Old Braggs, from Colonel Philip Bragg, who commanded the 28th Regiment when it was still named after its colonels. Two other nicknames associated with the new regiment were inherited from the 61st Regiment; The Flowers of Toulouse, from the scarlet uniforms of that regiment's many dead in the Battle of Toulouse, and The Silver-Tailed Dandies, from the silver decorations on the longer-than-normal coat tails of the 61st Regiment's uniform. Second Boer War The Gloucestershire Regiment began life quietly. The two battalions alternated between postings at home and overseas, mostly in India, but their first action came in 1899 during the Second Boer War. Deployed to Ladysmith, the 1st Battalion was part of a column sent out on 24ย October to cover the withdrawal of a brigade after the Battle of Talana Hill. When the column came under fire near Rietfontein, the battalion was detached and ordered forward, but the order was ambiguous and the battalion advanced too far. The troops were caught in the open for several hours before they were able to extricate themselves at the cost of five men killed, including the battalion commander, and 58 wounded. Five days later, some 450 men of the 1st Battalion were part of a small force tasked with seizing Nicholson's Nek, a pass some north of Ladysmith, during the Battle of Ladysmith. The troops moved out on the night of 29ย October with the intention to be in position before the main battle started, but they left too late to reach their objective before daybreak. As they took up an alternative position on the nearby Tchrengula Hill the pack-mules bolted, taking most of the heavy weaponry and ammunition with them. The Boers discovered the incursion at dawn and surrounded the position, and although the British held out for several hours they were forced to surrender at 12:30. The battalion lost 38 killed and 115 wounded, and the survivors were held as prisoners of war (POWs) in Pretoria. While the remainder of the 1st Battalion helped in the defence of Ladysmith (the city was eventually relieved on 1ย March), the 2nd Battalion deployed to South Africa, arriving in January 1900. The battalion fought in the Battle of Paardeberg, a nine-day battle which ended on 27ย February with the capture of the Boer general Piet Cronjรฉ and his force of some 4,000 men. On 15ย March, the battalion entered the Boer city of Bloemfontein, where it remained on garrison duties until 1904. The 1st Battalion, re-united when its POWs were liberated after the capture of Pretoria on 5ย July, was posted in August 1900 to Ceylon, where it remained until 1903 guarding Boer prisoners of war. Some of the regiment's auxiliary battalions, which in 1900 were increased in number by the formation of the 3rd Volunteer Battalion, also played a role in the war. On 16ย March 1900, a company of 124 officers and men from the 1st and 2nd Volunteer Battalions landed at Cape Town. They served for a year alongside the 2nd Battalion and were replaced by a second volunteer company in April 1901. The 4th (Militia) Battalion, meanwhile, guarded Boer prisoners held on St. Helena. By the war's end the regiment had lost 2 officers and 94 other ranks killed, 13 officers and 201 men wounded, and suffered 250 deaths from sickness. The regiment added 4 new battle honours to its colours: "Defence of Ladysmith"; "Relief of Kimberley"; "Paardeberg"; and "South Africa, 1899โ€“1902"; the last of which was also awarded to the 1st and 2nd Volunteer Battalions. First World War Following the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907ย โ€“ part of the Haldane Reforms which restructured the British Army and converted the militia and volunteer battalions into the Special Reserve and the Territorial Forceย โ€“ the 4th (Militia) Battalion was disbanded, and at the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 the Gloucestershire Regiment comprised: 1st Battalionย โ€“ assigned to the 3rd Brigade in the 1st Division 2nd Battalionย โ€“ deployed to Tianjin, China 3rd (Special Reserve) Battalionย โ€“ formerly 3rd (Militia) Battalion 4th (City of Bristol) Battalion, Territorial Forceย โ€“ formerly 1st (City of Bristol) Volunteer Battalion 5th Battalion, Territorial Forceย โ€“ formerly 2nd Volunteer Battalion 6th Battalion, Territorial Forceย โ€“ formerly 3rd Volunteer Battalion During the war the regiment raised an additional 18 battalions, and in total 16 battalions of the Gloucestershire Regiment saw active service in France and Flanders, Italy, Gallipoli, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia and Salonika. Regular Army The 1st Battalion was deployed to France in August 1914 and saw action on the Western Front. It suffered its first casualties at Landrecies on 26ย August 1914 during the retreat from Mons, and sustained further losses in September during the First Battle of the Aisne. The battalion entered the First Battle of Ypres on 19ย October 1914 with 26 officers and 970 other ranks, played a pivotal role in the defence of Langemarck, was called upon several times to counter-attack against enemy breakthroughs and, by the time of its relief four weeks later, had been reduced to 2 officers and 100 other ranks. In December 1914, it fought in the Defence of Festubert, and the next month in the Defence of Givenchy. Later in 1915, the battalion saw action in the Battle of Aubers Ridge and the Battle of Loos, and it was active during the Somme offensive in 1916 during the Battles of Bazentin and Poziรจres, and in an attack on High Wood. Early in 1917, the 1st Division moved south of the Somme, and the 1st Battalion participated in the advance to the Hindenburg Line. In July, the division was allocated to Operation Hush, a planned seaborne invasion that was later cancelled, and the only significant action the 1st Battalion saw in 1917 was in November, on the last day of the Second Battle of Passchendaele. On 18ย April 1918, during the Battle of Bรฉthune, an engagement in the Battle of the Lys, the battalion earned high praise and 33 awards for gallantry when it repulsed an attack by four enemy regiments that had turned the Glosters' flank and, in echoes of the Battle of Alexandria, forced them to fight back to back. The battalion saw action again in September and October on the Hindenburg Line in the Battles of ร‰pehy and St Quentin Canal. The 1st Battalion saw its last action of the war on 4ย November 1918 in the Battle of the Sambre, where it helped capture Catillon and the crossing over the Sambre canal, some from the scene of its first casualties over four years previously. The 2nd Battalion returned from Tianjin in November 1914 and landed in France the next month as part of the 81st Brigade in the 27th Division. Its first significant action came in May 1915 during the Second Battle of Ypresย โ€“ the only German offensive on the Western Front that yearย โ€“ in which the battalion held its ground, though at the cost of 505 casualties. At the end of 1915, the 27th Division was transferred to XVI Corps of the British Salonika Army on the Macedonian front, and the 2nd Battalion occupied positions west of Lake Beshik (modern day Lake Volvi, Greece). In July 1916, XVI Corps took over the line of the River Struma, and for the next two years the battalion was involved in operations along the Struma valley, from November 1916 as part of the 82nd Brigade. It was a relatively quiet sector, and although the battalion was involved in attacks across the Struma in September, October and December 1916ย โ€“ the last costing the battalion 114 casualtiesย โ€“ and conducted a number of raids in 1917, sickness was more of a threat than enemy action. In July 1918, the 27th Division was transferred to XII Corps south-west of Dojran, and the capture of the Roche Noire salient on 1ย September, at a cost of 89 casualties, was the last action of the 2nd Battalion in the war. Territorial Force Each of the Territorial Force battalions volunteered for service overseas and raised a second battalion, the six battalions being numbered 1/4th, 2/4th, 1/5th, 2/5th, 1/6th, and 2/6th. The original territorial battalions also raised a third battalion each in 1915 as home-based reserves, though in 1916 these were merged to form the 4th (City of Bristol) Reserve Battalion. Another home-based territorial battalion, the 17th, was raised in 1917. First-line territorials The first-line territorials proceeded to France in March 1915 as part of the 48th (South Midland) Division; the 1/4th and 1/6th Battalions in the 144th Brigade, and the 1/5th Battalion in the 145th Brigade. Their first significant experience of battle came during the Somme offensive; on 16ย July, during the Battle of Bazentin, the 1/4th Battalion fought north of Ovillers, and the 1/5th and 1/6th Battalions went into action in the same area on 20 and 21ย July respectively. They returned to the area during the Battle of Poziรจres and fought a number of actions between 13 and 27ย August. In February 1917, the 48th Division moved to positions opposite Pรฉronne, and the territorials saw action in March and April during the general advance that followed the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line. The division moved again in July, to Ypres, where the territorials fought in engagements of the Battle of Passchendaele; the 1/5th Battalion in the Battle of Langemarck and the Battle of Broodseinde, and the 1/4th and 1/6th Battalions in the action of 22 August 1917 and the Battle of Poelcappelle. Total losses to the three battalions at Passchendaele numbered 1,186 men. In December 1917, the 48th Division transferred to Italy, where the battalions were weakened by an outbreak of influenza. In June 1918, the 1/5th and 1/6th Battalions were in action during the Second Battle of the Piave River, and the 1/4th and 1/6th Battalions fought their last actions of the war in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto at the beginning of November. Meanwhile, the 1/5th Battalion was transferred in September 1918 to the 75th Brigade of the 25th Division and returned to France. In October, it fought in the capture of the Beaurevoir Line during the Battle of St Quentin Canal, and in the Battle of the Selle. During the latter, the battalion was held up for nearly four hours until Private Francis George Miles went forward alone and knocked out two enemy machine-gun positions, for which action he was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC). The final action of the 1/5th Battalion came in November, during the Battle of the Sambre. Second-line territorials The second-line territorials were raised in September 1914 and remained in the UK until they moved to France in May 1916 as part of 61st (2nd South Midland) Division; the 2/4th and 2/6th Battalions in 183rd Brigade, and the 2/5th Battalion in the 184th Brigade. The three battalions completed tours in the front line around Neuve Chapelle, but for the 2/4th and 2/6th Battalions the first significant action was on 19ย July 1916 in a costly and unsuccessful attack in the Battle of Fromelles which cost the two battalions a total of 332 casualties. In March and April 1917, the three battalions saw action in the advance to the Hindenburg Line south of the Somme. The 61st Division moved to Ypres in July, and all three battalions fought near Gheluvelt in the Battle of Passchendaele the following month, when the 2/4th Battalion suffered particularly badly with over 200 casualties. In early December, during the Battle of Cambrai, a heavy German counter-attack forced both the 2/4th and 2/6th Battalions out of their positions in the front line at La Vacquerie, south-west of Cambrai, reducing the 2/4th Battalion to two companies and inflicting casualties of 16 officers and 308 other ranks on the 2/6th Battalion. In February 1918, the 2/4th and 2/6th Battalions were disbanded and their men distributed to the 2/5th Battalion and the 24th Entrenching Battalion. At the end of March, 10 days of fighting, retreating and digging-in near St. Quentin reduced the 2/5th Battalion to 150 men during Operation Michael, the opening phase of the German spring offensive. The 61st Division was transferred north to help reinforce First Army in April, and the 2/5th Battalion fought a number of actions south-west of Merville during the Battle of the Lys. In August, the battalion attempted to force a bridgehead across a stream in Nieppe Forest, west of Merville, and fought on 1ย September during the advance to the River Lys. The battalion was in battle again on 30ย September at Fleurbaix, south-west of Armentiรจres, and saw its last action of the war on 1 and 2ย November during the Battle of Valenciennes. New Army As volunteers answered Lord Kitchener's call to arms, ten New Army battalions, the 7th to the 16th, were added to the regiment's establishment between 1914 and 1916. Three of them, the 11th, 15th and 16th, were home-based reserve battalions which later transferred to the Training Reserve. 7th Battalion The 7th Battalion was formed in Bristol in August 1914. It sailed to the island of Lemnos in June 1915 as part of the 39th Brigade in the 13th (Western) Division and went into the line at Gallipoli the next month. The battalion fought its first action on 8ย August in the Battle of Chunuk Bair, during which it suffered over 820 casualties, including all of its officers, warrant officers and senior non-commissioned officers. It was brought back up to strength and moved to Egypt in January 1916. In March, the 13th Division was transferred to Mesopotamia, but on landing at Basra the battalion was put out of action by an outbreak of relapsing fever. It rejoined the division in the middle of April and fought in the unsuccessful attempt to lift the siege of Kut. The battalion saw action in December 1916 and February 1917 during the subsequent advance on and capture of Kut, and fought its last battle on 29ย March 1917 during the Samarra offensive. It spent the next 15 months mostly on defensive and garrison duties and was disbanded in September 1919. 8th Battalion The 8th Battalion was raised in Bristol in September 1914. It arrived in France in July 1915 as part of the 57th Brigade in the 19th (Western) Division and saw its first action the next year during the Battle of Albert, in which it helped capture La Boisselle. The division's 58th Brigade had captured the western half of the village on 2ย July, and the 8th Battalion North Staffordshire Regiment and 10th Battalion Worcestershire Regiment, both of the 57th Brigade, assisted in the capture of the rest of the village the next day. A German counter-attack regained the eastern half of the village, and the 8th Glosters suffered 302 casualties when it fought alongside the 10th Battalion Royal Warwickshire Regiment to help retake it. During the battle, the Glosters' commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Adrian Carton de Wiart, assumed command of all four 57th Brigade battalions when the other three commanding officers became casualties, and for his actions in averting a serious reverse he was awarded the VC. Later the same month, during the Battle of Poziรจres, the battalion made two unsuccessful attacks against the German line east of the village which together cost it 374 casualties, among whom were Carton de Wiart and his successor, Major Lord A.G. Thynne, both wounded. On 18ย November, the last day of the Somme offensive, the battalion suffered 295 casualties when it captured Grandcourt during the Battle of the Ancre. In 1917, the 8th Battalion saw action in June during the Battle of Messines, fought two minor actions in July near Oosttaverne, south of Ypres, and was involved in the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge in August. The battalion was next in action on the evening of 21ย March 1918, the first day of the German Spring Offensive, when the Germans captured Doignies. Unable to recapture the village, the battalion blocked any further enemy progress until the morning of 23ย March, when German forces broke through on the left and threatened to outflank it. Company A fought to the last man covering the battalion's withdrawal, for which action the company commander, Captain Manley Angell James, was awarded the VC. By the time the 19th Division withdrew to Doullens on 28ย March the battalion had suffered 323 casualties. In April, the battalion fought in three engagements of the Battle of the Lys: the Battles of Messines, Bailleul and First Kemmel. The following month, the 19th Division's parent unit, IX Corps, was transferred to the French Sixth Army. The division was supposed to rest and re-organise in a quiet sector, but on 27ย May the Germans launched a major attack, ensnaring the 8th Battalion in the Third Battle of the Aisne. The battalion saw its last action in October, during the Battle of the Selle, and was disbanded in May 1919. 9th Battalion The 9th Battalion was formed in Bristol in September 1914 and reached France in September 1915 as part of the 78th Brigade in the 26th Division. The division was transferred to XII Corps of the British Salonika Army in November 1915, and the battalion held the line around Tumba, north of Salonika, until July 1916, when the division relieved the French south of Lake Dojran. The battalion participated in two attacks against the Bulgarian lines, on 25ย April and 8ย May 1917, during the Battle of Dojran. In July 1918, the battalion was transferred to the 198th Brigade of the 66th Division in France, becoming the divisional pioneers, and was disbanded in November 1919. 10th Battalion The 10th Battalion was raised in September 1914 in Bristol, but was recruited mainly by volunteers from Cheltenham. It crossed to France in August 1915 and replaced one of the Guards battalions in the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division. It saw its first action on 25ย September during the Battle of Loos when, as one of the brigade's assault battalions, it succeeded in carrying the German front line at the cost of all but 60 of its men. On 23ย July 1916, during the Battle of Poziรจres, the battalion attacked the German line east of the village, and was involved in two further attacks in the same area in August, all without success. The battalion's last action of the war came on 9ย September, in a failed attack on High Wood which cost it 122 casualties. In 1917, the 1st Division was allocated to Operation Hush, and when that was cancelled the 10th battalion moved to the Ypres area. It was disbanded in February 1918 and its men distributed among the regiment's 1st and 8th Battalions and the 13th Entrenching Battalion. 12th Battalion (Bristol's Own) The 12th Battalion was raised in Bristol in August 1914 by the Citizen's Recruiting Committee. It was taken over by the War Office in June 1915 and left for France in November as part of the 95th Brigade in the 5th Division. The battalion went into action in 1916 during the Somme offensive: on 29ย July at Longueval during the Battle of Delville Wood; between 3 and 5ย September during the Battle of Guillemont, in which it suffered some 300 casualties; and on 25ย September during the Battle of Morval. On 8ย May 1917, during the Battle of Arras, the battalion was practically annihilated with the loss of 296 men at Fresnoy, and it did not see action again until 4ย October in the Battle of Broodseinde. In December, the 5th Division was transferred to Italy, where it went into the line along the River Piave, but the battalion saw little action beyond patrolling. The division returned to France in April 1918, occupying positions in the line near Nieppe Forest, and the battalion saw action on 25ย April and 28ย June, both times successfully advancing the front line. Its last action came during the Second Battle of Bapaume, where it suffered some 100 casualties on 21ย August but succeeded in capturing Irles on 23ย August. On 6ย October, the battalion was disbanded and its men distributed among the other units of the 5th Division. 13th Battalion (Forest of Dean) The 13th Battalion was raised in December 1914 at Malvern by Sir Henry Webb and recruited from the miners of the Forest of Dean, South Wales and the Durham coalfields. In July 1915, it was taken over by the War Office and went to France in March 1916 as divisional pioneers to the 39th Division. The battalion saw its first significant action on 30ย June 1916, during the Battle of the Boar's Head, when it dug communication trenches behind the assaulting troops. On several occasions during the battle the pioneers had to stop digging to defend themselves, and the battalion suffered 71 casualties. It saw action again towards the end of 1916 during operations on the Ancre, including the Battle of the Ancre Heights and the Battle of the Ancre. In March 1918, the battalion suffered particularly badly in the opening week of the Spring Offensive, during which it was required to take positions in the line as infantry, and by the time the division was withdrawn on 31ย March the battalion had sustained 326 casualties. In April, the survivors were allocated to composite infantry battalions and saw their last action on 26ย April during the Second Battle of Kemmel, part of the Battle of the Lys, after which the battalion was reduced to a training cadre. 14th Battalion (West of England) The 14th Battalion was a bantam unit of volunteers from Bristol and Birmingham who had previously been rejected for service because of their short height. It was raised in April 1915 by the Citizen's Recruiting Committee, adopted by the War Office in June 1915, and departed for France in January 1916 as part of the 105th Brigade in the 35th Division. The battalion went into the line in March, where the men's first task was to raise the height of the firing step, and its first significant action came on 8ย June, when it conducted a large raid south-east of Neuve Chapelle. In July, following the capture of Trรดnes Wood by the 18th Division during the Battle of Bazentin, the battalion moved into the line at the northern end of the wood where, on 19ย July, it suffered 107 casualties to enemy artillery. On 21ย August 1917, while in the line near ร‰pehy, the Germans attacked one of the battalion's bombing posts. Although his bombing party were driven back, Second-Lieutenant Hardy Falconer Parsons remained and prevented the enemy from entering the trenches, for which act he was posthumously awarded the VC. The battalion fought in the action of 22ย October 1917 during the Battle of Passchendaele, and saw its last action on 4ย February 1918, when it successfully attacked a fortified farm in the Ypres sector. Seven days later the battalion was disbanded and its men transferred to the 13th Battalion. 18th Battalion The 18th battalion was raised in 1918 from a cadre of the 5th Battalion Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, and decamped to France in August 1918 as part of the 49th Brigade in the 16th Division. It went into action on 11ย September, when it successfully assaulted the Railway Triangle west of Auchy, and saw its last action on 18ย September, when a German attack drove A Company from its forward posts. The battalion was disbanded in June 1919. Fifth Gloucester Gazette The Fifth Gloucester Gazette was a trench journal published from the front lines by the men of the 1/5th Battalion. The first issue appeared on 12ย April 1915 and foreshadowed more famous trench journals such as The Wipers Times. It ran for 25 issues, the last of which appeared in January 1919. After the war it was republished as a compilation titled The Fifth Gloucester Gazette a chronicle, serious and humorous, of the Battalion while serving with the British Expeditionary Force. The gazette featured jokes, poetry, short stories, news and satirical adverts. In October 1916 The Times Literary Supplement hailed it as "the oldest and most literary of the British trench journals". The gazette was regarded so highly due in part to the efforts of famous war poet and founding contributor F. W. Harvey, who published 77 poems in it while serving with the 1/5th. Five of Harvey's poems were included in the 1917 anthology of war poetry, The Muse in Arms, alongside poems by Siegfried Sassoon, Robert Graves and Rupert Brooke. The anthology also featured the poetry of Lieutenant Cyril Winterbothamย โ€“ who served in the 1/5th Battalion and edited the gazette until he was killed in action on 27ย August 1916ย โ€“ and Harvey's pre-war friend Ivor Gurney, who served in the 2/5th Battalion. War's end All second-line territorial and New Army battalions had been disbanded and the regiment returned to its pre-war establishment by the end of 1919. Close to 40,000 men are believed to have fought with the regiment in the war, of which 8,100 lost their lives, and the regiment was awarded 72 different battle honours. The regular battalions lost 1,400 men killed, 1,044 of them from the 1st Battalion, and were awarded 39 battle honours. The territorial battalions lost 2,542 men killed and received 60 battle honours, and the New Army battalions suffered 3,954 deaths and won 84 battle honours. Home-based reserve battalions and the regimental depot accounted for 204 deaths. Four awards of the VC were made to men serving with the regiment during the war, along with 47 Distinguished Service Orders (DSO), 188 Distinguished Conduct Medals (DCM), 265 Military Crosses (MC) and 747 Military Medals (MM). A fifth VC was awarded to an officer of the regiment attached to another unit. Inter-war years After the end of the First World War, the regiment resumed alternate postings home and abroad. The 1st Battalion completed tours of duty in Ireland, where it captured the Irish republican Seรกn Moylan, and Germany, which counted as a home posting, and returned to the UK in 1923. Meanwhile, the 2nd Battalion was posted to India, with a five-month interlude in Shanghai at short notice from February 1927 when warring Chinese factions threatened the Shanghai International Settlement. In 1928, the 2nd Battalion returned to the UK and the 1st Battalion was posted overseas, serving three years in Egypt, a year in Singapore and six years in India before ending up in Burma in 1938. Prompted by concerns of an Italian invasion following the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, the 2nd Battalion was sent at short notice to Egypt in January 1936, returning to the UK in January 1937. The following year, the 5th Battalion became the regiment's sole territorial unit when the 4th Battalion was converted to the 66th (Gloucesters) Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery (RA), and the 6th Battalion converted to the 44th Battalion, Royal Tank Regiment. On the eve of the Second World War, the Territorial Army (TA), as the Territorial Force had been renamed, was doubled in size, and the 7th Battalion was created in August 1939 as the second-line duplicate of the 5th Battalion. Second World War On the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, the Gloucestershire Regiment comprised: 1st Battalionย โ€“ stationed around Rangoon in Burma 2nd Battalionย โ€“ assigned to the 8th Infantry Brigade in the 3rd Division 5th Battalion (TA)ย โ€“ assigned to the 144th Infantry Brigade in the 48th Division 7th Battalion (TA)ย โ€“ assigned to the 183rd Infantry Brigade in the 61st Division Battle of France The 2nd Battalion deployed to France on 2ย October 1939 and was transferred to the 145th Brigade in the 48th Division in March 1940. This brought it alongside the 5th Battalion in the division's 144th Brigade, which had arrived in France on 15ย January 1940. In May 1940, during the Battle of France, the German breakthrough at Sedan precipitated a retreat to Dunkirk. The 5th Battalion marched in 83 hours with little food or sleep before eventually picking up transport at Tournai where, on 19ย May, the 2nd Battalion lost 194 men killed or missing in a matter of minutes to an airstrike. The regiment gained some respite on 20ย May, when the two battalions held positions along the River Escaut (Scheldt) for two days before the British Expeditionary Force resumed its retreat. On 25ย May, the 2nd Battalion, having by now suffered 219 casualties, became part of Somer Force. This mixed group of units under the command of Brigadier Nigel Somerset, until recently the 2nd Battalion commanding officer, fortified Cassel on the outer perimeter around Dunkirk. The Germans probed the town the next day and began assaulting it on 27ย May. Somer Force held out for two days, eventually attempting to withdraw under orders on the evening of 29ย May, but few made it to Dunkirk. The 2nd Battalion suffered 678 casualties at Cassel, 484 of them POWs. Meanwhile, the 5th Battalion was given a similar task at the villages of Arneke and Ledringhem, some north-west of Cassel. The battalion took up positions on 26ย May, and the first attacks came the next day. By 28ย May, the battalion had concentrated at Ledringhem, where it was surrounded, and it withdrew under orders in the early hours of 29ย May. The survivors reached Bray Dunes before dawn the next day and were subsequently taken off the beach by little ships. The stand at Ledringham had cost the battalion 87 killed, and when it reassembled in the UK it was 400 strong. Retreat from Rangoon In March 1942, the 1st Battalion provided the rearguard for the British retreat from Rangoon during the Japanese conquest of Burma. It saw its first significant action of the war on 7 and 8ย March at the Taukkyan Roadblock, and for the rest of the month operated independently to cover the retreat, fighting battles at Letpadan on 17ย March and Paungde on 27ย March. In a subsequent battle near Padigong, from Paungde, D Company became isolated for 17 hours and had to fight its way back to the battalion at Shwedaung. In the meantime, the battalion became part of the 63rd Indian Infantry Brigade in the 17th Infantry Division, which had to fight its way to and through Shwedaung when Japanese forces infiltrated between the rearguard and the main column. By the end of March, the 1st Battalion had been reduced to 140 all ranks, its commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Bagot, among the wounded. In mid-April, the under-strength battalion became so dispersed while protecting demolition parties at oil installations around Yenangyaung and Chauk that when Bagot returned from hospital he was informed the battalion had ceased to exist. He was nevertheless able to gather the remnants, now numbering 7 officers and 170 other ranks, at Shwebo on 27ย April, and the battalion was subsequently reinforced by a draft of 3 officers and 120 other ranks. When the Japanese threatened Monywa, Bagot took command of all the troops in the area, which included the 1st Battalion, to form Bagot Force. This mixed group of units fought a delaying action at Budalin, north of Monywa, on 4ย May before withdrawing to Ye-u. The battalion continued to act as rearguard, crossing the River Chindwin at Kalewa on 9ย May and into India at Tamu at the end of the month. At the same time, the Japanese halted operations in Burma. Since the start of the retreat from Rangoon on 7ย March the battalion had lost 8 officers and 156 other ranks killed in action or died of sickness, and many more wounded. The battalion was rested and brought back up to strength in India, where it spent the remainder of the war, and saw no further action. Home front On its return to the UK, the 5th Battalion was brought back up to strength and manned coastal defences in Cornwall. It converted to a reconnaissance role in June 1941, becoming the 43rd (Wessex) Reconnaissance Regiment on 14 October 1941 and ceasing to have any affiliation with the Gloucestershire Regiment. Its duplicate, the 7th Battalion, was posted to Northern Ireland, but saw no action and became a training unit in 1944. With so many of its men languishing in POW camps, the 2nd Battalion was rebuilt and served in home defence at various locations around the UK, finally ending up in 1943 on the Isle of Wight before being assigned to a more active role. As the UK braced itself for Operation Sea Lion, the German plan to invade, a number of home defence battalions were raised under the regiment's colours. The 8th Battalion was formed from the National Defence Companies and consisted of men too old, too young or unfit for active service, and the younger contingent from this battalion later formed the 70th Battalion. The 9th and 10th Battalions were also raised, the former serving in Northern Ireland, the latter in south Wales and then Lincolnshire. The 11th Battalion was created in October 1940 from a re-designation of the 50th (Holding) Battalion, and 32,000 men in 19 battalions of the Home Guard wore the badges of the regiment. As the threat of invasion receded, most of these home defence battalions were disbanded, the 8th and 70th in 1942, the 9th in 1943, and the Home Guard in 1945. In February 1942, the 11th Battalion ceased to have any affiliation with the regiment when it was converted into 118th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery. The 10th Battalion was converted to armour in 1942 and became the 159th Regiment in the Royal Armoured Corps, though it retained the Glosters' cap badges. It was sent to India in October where, in March 1943, it converted back to infantry and reverted to the regiment's 10th Battalion. Normandy landings and North-West Europe In 1944, the 2nd Battalion was transferred to the 56th Independent Infantry Brigade, and at 11:00 on 6ย June, during the Normandy landings, the brigade landed without incident in the second wave at Gold Beach. The battalion saw action in the Battle of Normandy: at Tilly-sur-Seulles on 11ย June during Operation Perch; along the Saint-Germain d'Ectot ridge on 30ย July during Operation Bluecoat; and at Thury-Harcourt on 12ย August in the prelude to Operation Tractable. In mid-August, having variously served under the commands of the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division, the 7th Armoured Division and the 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division, the 56th Brigade came under command of the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division, with which it remained for the rest of the war. During the advance to the River Seine, the 2nd Battalion suffered 53 casualties capturing ร‰paignes on 25ย August, and crossed the river at Rouen on 2ย September. It spearheaded the assault on Le Havre eight days later, and it was the first British unit to enter the city's fort, on 12ย September, capturing 1,500 prisoners and much beer for the loss during the battle of 40 men killed and wounded. From Le Havre, the 2nd Battalion advanced into Belgium, seeing action in the bridgehead across the Turnhout-Antwerp Canal, and the Netherlands, where it fought at Stampersgat. The battalion reached Nijmegen in late November, where it spent over four relatively quiet months interrupted only by a four-day battle at Zetten in January 1945. The battalion's last significant action of the war came on 12ย April, when it assaulted across the River Ijssel at Arnhem, after which the rest of the 56th Brigade passed through to capture the town itself. Following the German surrender on 8ย May, the 2nd Battalion entered Germany near Osnabrรผck. It provided a detachment for the British guard at the Nuremberg trials, and in August it was transferred to the 5th Guards Brigade stationed in Berlin. Between the Normandy landings on 6ย June 1944 and VE Day on 8ย May 1945 the battalion suffered 718 casualties. Among them was the battalion commander, Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Butterworth, died of wounds received during the attack at Stampersgat and succeeded by Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Bray. Burma Campaign 1944โ€“45 On reverting to the infantry role, the 10th Battalion was assigned to the 72nd Brigade in the 36th Infantry Division. The division was destined for Burma, and thus the battalion "having been trained as infantry, tank troops, and combined-operations troops, went straight into jungle warfare, for which we had had no training". The Glosters arrived on the Arakan Peninsula (modern day Rakhine) in February 1944, were part of the relief effort in the Battle of the Admin Box, and fought in dispersed, company-scale actions in the capture of the Mayu tunnels and Hambone Hill. The division went into reserve in May and was airlifted to Myitkyina in July, transferring to the Northern Combat Area Command (NCAC) under the American General Joseph Stilwell. It pushed south along the Mandalay railway and captured Taungni on 9ย August, during which period the 10th Battalion lost more men to sickness than enemy action. Brought back up to strength in September, the battalion was engaged in four days of fierce fighting at Pinwe in November, losing all the officers in both A and C Companies, and all but one in B Company, before being relieved on 26ย November. The 36th Division continued its advance south in January 1945, and the 10th Battalion saw action in a series of short battles around Mabein that month. The battalion saw its last action of the war supporting the 26th Indian Brigade attack at Myitson on the River Shweli, during which D Company was cut off for five days before the rest of the battalion was able to link up with it on 16ย February. Of the 250 or so men in the battalion before the battle, 119 were killed or wounded by the time the Japanese withdrew on 17ย February. Although the men had fought well, there were bitter recriminations over the conduct of the battle between the commander of the 26th Brigade, Brigadier M. B. Jennings, and the 10th Battalion's commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Butler, which resulted in Butler being sacked. After reaching Mandalay, the battalion returned to India in May, and was disbanded at Poona in December 1945. Post-war The regiment accrued 20 different battle honours and lost 870 men killed in the nine battalions that had served under its colours during the Second World War. Only the two regular battalions remained with the regiment at the war's end, though the territorial 5th Battalion was returned to the colours on 1ย March 1947 and assigned to the 129th Infantry Brigade of the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division. That same year, the 1st Battalion was reduced to a cadre and returned from India to the UK, and the 2nd Battalion was posted to Jamaica and detached companies to Bermuda and British Honduras (modern day Belize). It was in Jamaica that, in accordance with the restructuring of the British Army, the regiment's two battalions swapped colours and amalgamated to form the single-battalion Gloucestershire Regiment (28th/61st) on 21ย September 1948. Korean War After its return to the UK in 1949, the 1st Battalion, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel James Carne, was assigned to the 29th Independent Infantry Brigade Group, and on 3ย November 1950, following the outbreak of the Korean War, the battalion arrived with the brigade in Korea. At the beginning of December, the 29th Brigade provided the rearguard during the general retreat that followed the United Nations (UN) defeat at the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River. On 16ย February, after UN forces launched a counter-offensive, the Glostersย โ€“ with support from the 25-pounders of the 45th Field Regiment RA, the mortars of the 170th Heavy Mortar Battery and direct fire from 17 Centurion tanks of the 8th King's Royal Irish Hussarsย โ€“ successfully assaulted Hill 327, south of the River Han, for the loss of 10 killed and 29 wounded. Battle of the Imjin River Early in April, the 29th Brigade, supported by the 45th Field Regiment RA and under command of the United States (US) 3rd Infantry Division, took up scattered positions on a front in Line Kansas along the Imjin river. The 657 men of the 1st Battalion's fighting component, supported by C Troop 170th Heavy Mortar Battery RA, were thinly spread on the brigade's left flank in positions set back some from the river, guarding a ford near the village of Choksong. Company A held Castle Hill (Hill 148) overlooking the ford, D Company was at Hill 182, to the south-east, and B Company was at Hill 144, to the east of D Company. Company C was in reserve near Hill 314, overlooking battalion headquarters (HQ) and Support Company at Solma-Ri. The battalion's second-in-command, Major Digby Grist, was with rear headquarters ("F echelon") some behind, on route Five Yankee (5Y) to Seoul. There was a gap between the Glosters and the 1st Battalion Royal Northumberland Fusiliers on their right, and on their left the 12th Regiment of the South Korean (ROK) 1st Infantry Division was away. After nightfall on 22ย April, the Chinese launched the Spring Offensive, the first phase of which was designed to eliminate the US 3rd Division, the 29th Brigade and the ROK 1st Division. Success would allow them to attack the US 24th and 25th Divisions in the flank and leave the way open to Seoul. Against the four battalions of the 29th Brigade the Chinese had amassed the 63rd Army, comprising the 187th, 188th and 189th Divisions; some 27,000 men in 27 infantry battalions. First nightย โ€“ attacks on A and D Companies and the F echelon At 22:00, a 17-man patrol from C Company in position on the river bank, supported by the guns of the 45th Field Regiment, engaged the leading Chinese troops three times as they attempted to cross the ford. The patrol withdrew without loss when it began to run out of ammunition, and the assaulting troops finally gained the opposite bank. During the night, the Glosters' forward companies were attacked, and by 07:30, A Company, outnumbered six to one, had been forced from Castle Hill. An attempt to retake it failed, and the company, now at less than half strength and with all officers killed or wounded, fell back to Hill 235. The withdrawal left D Company's position exposed and, with one of its platoons badly mauled in the overnight fighting, it too retired to the hill. Company B had not been pressed during the night, but the withdrawal of D Company on its left and the Fusiliers on its right left the company exposed, and it fell back to Hill 314, east of C Company. In the afternoon, Major Grist was with the battalion HQ during a lull in the fighting, having come up with supplies, when news came through of an attack on the F echelon position. He drove back along route 5Y, through an ambush and past a group of F echelon troops lining the road under Chinese guard, eventually reaching the brigade HQ. The loss of the F echelon position meant that the battalion was now cut off. Second nightย โ€“ attacks on Hill 314 At 23:00 on 23ย April, the Chinese resumed their attack, throwing the fresh 189th Division against the Glosters' B and C Companies around Hill 314. Through the night the men of B Company, led by Major Edgar Harding and outnumbered 18:1, endured six assaults, calling in artillery on their own position to break up the last of them. Low on ammunition and having taken many casualties, the company was forced from its position by the seventh assault at 08:10, and just 20 survivors made it to Hill 235, to which the battalion HQ, Support and C Companies had already withdrawn. With the Glosters' position still vital to the integrity of Line Kansas, Carne received orders at 07:00 on 24ย April from the 3rd Division commander, General Soule, to stand his ground. He was advised that reinforcements, comprising tanks of the 8th Hussars and Philippine 10th Battalion Combat Team and the troops of the Glosters' own rear echelon, were being sent up route 5Y. The armour got to within of the Glosters' position before being halted in an ambush around 15:00, condemning the Glosters to another night alone on Hill 235. Third nightย โ€“ last stand on Hill 235 By the afternoon of 24ย April, the Glosters, with C Troop 170th Mortar Battery now fighting alongside as infantry, had been reduced to an effective fighting force of 400โ€“450 men. They were low on ammunition, though in their favour the 45th Field Regiment were still able to provide support. Estimates of the opposing force range from a regiment (three battalions) to a division (three regiments). The Glosters fought through the night of 24โ€“25ย April, during which the peak was briefly occupied by the Chinese, thus threatening the Glosters' whole position on the hill. It was recaptured in a counter-attack led by the adjutant, Captain Anthony Farrar-Hockley, and the Chinese launched seven attacks in one hour in an attempt to take it again, all without success. Their assault on the hill was finally broken up after sunrise by airstrikes. That morning, with Chinese forces infiltrating miles behind the lines, UN forces began to withdraw to Line Delta. On Hill 235, the Glosters had very little ammunition, no hope of relief and, with the 45th Field Regiment on the move, no artillery support. Carne received permission to attempt a breakout at 06:05. He had no choice but to leave the wounded, estimated at some 100. The survivors split into small groups and attempted to evade the Chinese surrounding them to reach friendly lines. Just 63 men made it. After the battle The Glosters' stand had plugged a large gap in the 29th Brigade's front on Line Kansas which would otherwise have left the flanks of the ROK 1st and US 3rd Divisions vulnerable. Their presence also threatened the rear of the Chinese forces as they advanced and denied them the use of routes south for their artillery and mule trains. General James Van Fleet, commander of the US Eighth Army, described the stand as "the most outstanding example of unit bravery in modern war", and in a letter to General Ridgeway, commander-in-chief of UN forces in Korea, he wrote that "the loss of 622 officers and men saved many times that number". The 29th Brigade commander, Brigadier Thomas Brodie, christened the regiment The Glorious Glosters, a sobriquet that was repeated in the headlines of the day, and Hill 235 became known as Gloster Hill, at the foot of which the Gloucester Valley Battle Monument was built in 1957. The other battalions of the 29th Brigade had also been engaged in desperate fighting, though without the same scale of losses, and in total the brigade suffered 1,091 casualties. Of the Glosters' 622 casualties, 56 were killed and 522 were taken prisoner, some of whom had already endured the POW camps of Germany and Japan. Carne, himself taken POW and already a recipient of the DSO for his leadership during the earlier battle at Hill 327, was awarded the VC and the American Distinguished Service Cross. Lieutenant Philip Curtis, attached from the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, was posthumously awarded the VC for his actions during the attempt to retake Castle Hill. Two awards of the DSO were made, to Harding and Farrar-Hockley, and six MCs, two DCMs and ten MMs were also awarded. Lieutenant Terence Waters, attached from the West Yorkshire Regiment, was posthumously awarded the George Cross for his conduct during captivity. The regiment itself, along with C Troop 170th Heavy Mortar Battery, was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation. The battalion's strength on 26ย April was 119 men, mostly rear echelon troops who had been part of the relief effort but not otherwise involved in the battle. This figure rose to 217 later in the day as men returned from leave and those few who had managed to escape from Hill 235 rejoined. The 29th Brigade was brought back up to strength in May, and the regiment returned to the line along the Imjin in September. It was relieved in November and returned to a tumultuous welcome at Southampton on 20ย December. The POWs were also welcomed back to great fanfare following their release in 1953. The Korean War accounted for 113 fatalities among the Glosters, 36 of them in captivity. On 11 November 2021, the remains of three unknown members of the regiment were reburied at the United Nations cemetery in Busan. Later history While the Korean War continued, the regiment was engaged in more ceremonial affairs at home. It lined the route of King George VI's funeral procession on 15ย February 1952, and it was presented with its first colours at a ceremony in Gloucester on 26ย April, the two regular battalions having retained those of their predecessor regiments up to that point. On 2ย June 1953, 400 men from both the 1st and 5th Battalions took part in the procession at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. Between 1955 and 1994, the regiment returned to more martial duties, for the most part patrolling the shrinking British Empire with tours of duty in Kenya, Aden, Bahrain, Cyprus, Belize, Gibraltar and the African colonies of Swaziland, Mauritius, Bechuanaland and Basutoland. The regiment also participated in the British contribution to NATO in Germany, serving three tours with the British Army of the Rhine and two with the British garrison in Berlin, and between 1968 and 1991 it completed seven tours in Northern Ireland during The Troubles, in which it lost five men killed. In March 1967, the 1st Battalion became the sole unit of the Gloucestershire Regiment when, as a result of a reorganisation of the TA, the 5th Battalion became A Company of the Wessex Volunteers in the Territorial Army Volunteer Reserve. The regiment narrowly avoided amalgamation with the Royal Hampshire Regiment in 1970, and it celebrated its tercentenary in early March 1994; 300 years since the raising of Gibson's Regiment of Foot. But by that time, the dissolution of the Soviet Union had prompted the government to restructure the armed forces. As a result, the Gloucestershire Regiment was amalgamated with the Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment to form the Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment. The new regiment maintained the back badge tradition, and when it was in turn amalgamated in 2007, it passed the tradition on to its successor regiment, The Rifles, who wear the back badge with their ceremonial uniform. The Glosters paraded for the last time on 26ย March 1994 in Gloucester. The colours, carrying more battle honours than any other regiment of the line, were then marched to the Soldiers of Gloucestershire Museum, and the regiment followed the 28th and 61st Regiments of Foot into history. Battle honours Victoria Crosses The following were awarded the Victoria Cross, Britain's highest award for bravery, while serving with the Gloucestershire Regiment: Adrian Carton de Wiartย โ€“ attached to the 8th Battalion from the 4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards. Awarded for actions during the First World War; Manley Angell Jamesย โ€“ 8th Battalion. Awarded for actions during the First World War; Francis George Milesย โ€“ 1/5th Battalion. Awarded for actions during the First World War; Hardy Falconer Parsonsย โ€“ 14th Battalion. Awarded posthumously for actions during the First World War; James Power Carneย โ€“ 1st Battalion. Awarded for actions during the Korean War; Philip Curtisย โ€“ attached to the 1st Battalion from the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry. Awarded posthumously for actions during the Korean War. Daniel Burges, a temporary Lieutenant-Colonel in the Gloucestershire Regiment, was awarded the VC during the First World War while commanding the 7th Battalion South Wales Borderers. Colonels of the Regiment The following served in the ceremonial position of Colonel of the Regiment: 1881 Major-General Julius E. Goodwyn CB (Last colonel of the 28th Regiment of Foot) 1881 Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas M. Steel KCB (Last colonel of the 61st Regiment of Foot) 1883 General John William Sidney Smith CB 1897 Lieutenant-General Sir John Patrick Redmond CB 1902 Lieutenant-General William Roberts CB 1912 Major-General Sir Francis Howard KCB KCMG 1913 Major-General Alexander L. Emerson 1918 General Sir John Stephen Cowans 1921 Lieutenant-General Right Honourable Sir Frederick Shaw KCB 1931 Brigadier-General Alexander W. Pagan DSO 1947 Lieutenant-General Sir H. Edward de R. Wetherall KBE CB DSO MC 1954 Major-General Charles E. A. Firth CB CBE DSO 1964 Brigadier Philip C. S. Heidenstam CBE 1971 Brigadier Anthony P. A. Arengo-Jones OBE 1978 General Sir Anthony Farrar-Hockley KCB DSO MBE MC M.Litt 1984 Lieutenant-General Sir John Waters KCB CBE 1991โ€“1994 Major-General Robin Digby Grist OBE (to RGBW) Footnotes Notes References Further reading External links The Official Website of the Gloucestershire Regimental Association The Regimental Museumย โ€“ The Soldiers of Gloucestershire Tweeting the Fifth Gloster Gazette Military units and formations established in 1881 Military units and formations of the United Kingdom in the Korean War Regiments of the British Army in World War II Regiments of the British Army in World War I Military units and formations in Gloucestershire Military units and formations in Bristol Military units and formations disestablished in 1994 Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment 1881 establishments in the United Kingdom R Britain Gloucestershire
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๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ
๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ(, )์€ ์ง„๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณต์‹ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์น˜ ์‹ ์ฒด ์‚ฌํ•ญ ๋ฐ ์™ธํ˜• ์‹ ์žฅ์€ 170cm๋กœ 19์‚ด์ผ ์ฆˆ์Œ์—๋Š” 6cm๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ฉ ์ž๋ผ 176cm๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋Š” 68kg. ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ์กฐ์ง ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ์œก ์„ฌ์œ ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ๋ง‰๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์šด๋™์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ง€๋…”๋‹ค. ์‹ ์žฅ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ทผ์œก๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ ค ๋Š ๋ฆ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ฒด๊ฒฉ์ด๋ฉฐ ์–ด์ง€๊ฐ„ํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์••๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒด์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์ง€์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ ์žฅ์€ 170cm์ด๊ณ  ์ธ์™ธ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ„์ƒํ•œ ํ›„์ฒœ์ ใ†์„ ์ฒœ์  ๊ทผ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฒ ๊ทผ์„ ์–‘์–ด๊นจ๋กœ ๋ฉ€์ญํžˆ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ถ€๊ณ„ ํ˜ˆํ†ต์ธ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์„ฑํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€์€ ๊ธด ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ํ™์ฑ„, ์ด๋ชฉ๊ตฌ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ท ํ˜•๊ฐ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์–ด์šฐ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ณ  ์ž˜์ƒ๊ธด ํ‘๋ฐœํ‘์•ˆ์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๋…€์ด๋‹ค. ํ‰์†Œ์—๋Š” ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ์ค€ ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ๋ชฉ๋„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ํ”์ , ๋ถ„์‹ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์• ์ง€์ค‘์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‘๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋”์šด ๋‚ ์”จ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋ฉด ๋Š˜ ๋ชฉ๋„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณต์‹ ํ‘œ์ง€์—์„œ๋„ ์ด ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ตญ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ด ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์–‘๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๋…€๋กœ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์˜ ์™ธ๊ฒฌ์€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๊ณ„ ํ˜ˆํ†ต์ธ ์•„์ฆˆ๋งˆ๋น„ํ†  ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ดˆ์ ์ด ๋น„์นœ ๋“ฏ ์•ˆ ๋น„์นœ ๋“ฏ ํ๋ฆฟํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๋ˆˆ๋„ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ํ‰์ƒ์‹œ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ชจ์™€ ๋ƒ‰์ฒ ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์–ด์šฐ๋Ÿฌ์ ธ ๋‚ ์นด๋กญ๊ณ  ์‹ ๋น„๋กœ์šด ์•„์šฐ๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ’๊ธฐ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ „ํˆฌ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ง“๋Š” ํˆฌ์ง€ ๋„˜์น˜๋Š” ํ‘œ์ •์€ ์ ์„ ๋‹จ์ˆจ์— ์••๋„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ„์••์ ์ธ ์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฟœ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์žฅ ํ‚ค๋ฅด์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์€ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ณธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ปŒ๋ป‘ ์ฃฝ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ์—˜๋Ÿฐํ•œํ…Œ๋งŒ ์ผํŽธ๋‹จ์‹ฌ ํ—Œ์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฅ์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์ ˆ ๋ฌด๊ด€์‹ฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ—ค์–ด ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์ธ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋€๋‹ค. 9~10์‚ด๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ์ด ์ง์„ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๊นจ ์•„๋ž˜๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ป—์–ด์ ธ ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜ค๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฐœ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ 12์„ธ์— ๋ง‰ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์— ์ž…๋‹จํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” "์žฅ๋ฐœ์„ ๋ƒ…๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ž…์ฒด๊ธฐ๋™ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค ๋ถ€์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–กํ•˜๋ƒ? ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ผ๋‘ฌ๋ผ."๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถฉ๊ณ ํ•œ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ์šฉ์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ธŒ์ปท์˜ ์›จ์ด๋ธŒ ๋‹จ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ž˜๋ž๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋…„์ด ํ˜๋ €์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๊ธธ์–ด์ ธ์„œ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌถ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ชจ์ข…์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž˜๋ผ์ ธ ๊ท“๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ž˜๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜จ ๋‹จ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด 4๋…„ ํ›„ ์—ด์•„ํ™‰์‚ด์ด ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋“ฌ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์žฅ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ์–ด๋ฆด ์ ์—๋Š” ์ˆฒ์† ์˜ค๋‘๋ง‰์ง‘์—์„œ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜ ์–ด๋Š ๋‚ , ๋™์–‘์ธ์„ ๋…ธ๋ฆฐ ์ผ๋‹น์˜ ์Šต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์„ ์žƒ๊ณ  ๋‚ฉ์น˜๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋‚ฉ์น˜๋ฒ”๋“ค์€ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ์ƒํ’ˆ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์–‘์ธ์ธ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ƒํฌํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์˜ˆ์ƒ ๋ฐ–์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์— ๋‹นํ™ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃฝ์—ฌ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋™์–‘๊ณ„ ํ˜ผํ˜ˆ์ธ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋ผ๋„ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ด๋‚  ์ง„๋ฃŒ ์˜ค๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ƒค ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋“ค ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๋’ค๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ์ด ํ˜„์žฅ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ—Œ๋ณ‘์„ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์ด ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์€ "๊ผผ์ง ๋ง๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์–ด"๋ผ๋Š” ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ๋ง์„ ์–ด๊ธฐ๊ณ  ํ™€๋กœ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋’ค์ซ“๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์€ ๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๋‚ฉ์น˜๋ฒ”์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์˜ค๋‘๋ง‰์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž์‹ ์ด ์–ด๋ฆฐ์•„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๋ฐฉ์‹ฌํ•œ ๋‚ฉ์น˜๋ฒ” ๋‘˜์„ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ดํ›„ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐˆ ๊ณณ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋‚™๋‹ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ž ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋‘๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ชฉ๋„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์ฃผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ๋’ค๋กœ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ชฉ๋„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐค์ด๋‚˜ ๋‚ฎ์ด๋‚˜ ์ž˜ ๋•Œ๋‚˜ ๊นจ์–ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋‚˜ ๋‘๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์›” ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์‹œ๋‚˜๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒฝ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์—๋ Œ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋Œ€ํ”ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์–‘์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์นด๋ฅผ๋ผ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ ค๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋„ค์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์›” ๋กœ์ œ ์•ˆ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์ง€๋‚ด๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ, ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์— ์ž…๋‹จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜ ๋“ฑ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ฟ๋˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ๋„ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด "๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ธธ๋ฉด ์ž…์ฒด๊ธฐ๋™์žฅ์น˜ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๋•Œ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ž๋ฅด๋ผ."๊ณ  ์ถฉ๊ณ ํ•œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ๋‹จ๋ฐœ์ด๋‹ค. ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋ณ‘ ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „์ „๊ธ๊ธํ•˜์ž, "์ ์„ฑ์— ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ฐœ์ฒ™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒ ๋ƒ?"๋Š” ์š”์ง€์˜ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด์— ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚œ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋…ธ๋ ค๋ณด์ž ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ๋ถ‰ํžˆ๋ฉฐ "๋‚œ ๋„ˆ ํ˜ผ์ž ๊ฐ€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์•ผ. ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ฒ™์ง€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐˆ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ."๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฐฉ์žกํ•œ ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋…ธ๋ ค๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋Š” "๋„ˆ๋ž‘ ํ—ค์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค"๋Š” ๋œป์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์€ ๊ฐœ์ฒ™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๋“ฃ์ž๋งˆ์ž ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋–  ๋ฒ„๋ ค์„œ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์€ ๋“ฃ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์˜๋„์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ์—ด๋“ฑ๊ฐ๋งŒ ์ž๊ทนํ•ด ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ง„๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋„ "์—˜๋Ÿฐ, ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐˆ๊ฑฐ์•ผ"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ์žฅ๋น„๊ต์ฒด ํ›„ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ  "๋‚˜๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค!", "์–ด๋– ๋ƒ!"๋Š” ๋œป์„ ๋‹ด์•„ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ณ๋‹ค๋ณด์ž, ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ "์–ด๋– ๋ƒ?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ˆˆ๋น›์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ๋•Œ ํ˜ผ์ž "์•„๋‹ˆ์•ผ, ์ด๊ฑธ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ž‘ ํ—ค์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•ˆ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์•ผ."๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์•ˆ์‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋™๊ธฐ์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์˜†์—์„œ ํ™ฉ๋‹นํ•œ ํ‘œ์ •์„ ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. 846๋…„์— ํ™ฉ๋ฌด์ง€ ํ–‰๊ตฐํ›ˆ๋ จ์—์„œ ์ œ 2๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋‹ด๋‹น์„ ๋งก์•„ ํ›ˆ๋ จํ–ˆ๋‹ค.์• ๋‹ˆ ๋ ˆ์˜จํ•˜ํŠธ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋ณ‘ ์กธ์—… ์งํ›„ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ์ณ๋“ค์–ด์™”์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ช…๋ น์ด๊ณ  ๋ญ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ์—˜๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ€๋ ค๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋งŒ ์ข€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ด€์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ผ๋Š” ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ์ผ์นจ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์นจ์šธํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์•ˆ ๋””ํŠธ๋ฆฌํžˆ์˜ ํœ˜ํ•˜์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋“ค์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธฐํ–‰์ข…์„ ์ฒ˜์น˜ํ•œ ํ›„, ํ”ผ๋‚œ์ด ๋Šฆ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋””๋ชจ ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋‹จ ๋งˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ์„ ๋ง‰๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž„์„ ์•Œ๊ณ , ๋ฐ˜ ํ˜‘๋ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ์ซ“์•„๋‚ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ํ˜‘๋ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ "์‹œ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์ง€?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ฌธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•œ ์—ฌ์ž์•„์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ž ๊ฒฝ๋ก€๋กœ ๋‹ตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋Œ€ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์ž ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ์ „๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์žก์•„๋จนํ˜”๋‹ค๋Š” ์†Œ์‹์„ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์€ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ์†Œ์‹์„ ์ „ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ ํ˜น์‹œ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ฉ˜๋ถ•์„ ์šฐ๋ คํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒ‰์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์นจ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ณ  ์ง„์ •ํ•˜๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋…์ด๊ณ ๋Š” ํ™€๋กœ ์„ ๋ด‰์— ์„œ์„œ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์ •์‹ ๋ ฅ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒ‰๋ณด๊ธฐ์ผ ๋ฟ, ์‹ค์ƒ์€ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋™์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์ถ”๋ฝํ•œ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์‚ถ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•  ์ •๋„์— ์ด๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ฃฝ์œผ๋ฉด ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์กฐ์ฐจ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฌธ๋“ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ณ  ์‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ์„ ํ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์— ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋ ค ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ์ƒํ™˜์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์ž ๋ˆˆ์— ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ณ  ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋Œ์–ด์•ˆ์€ ์ฑ„ ๋ชฉ์„ ๋†“์•„ ํŽ‘ํŽ‘ ์šธ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™”์—์„œ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ํ›„ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์–ด ์ฃผ๋‘”๋ณ‘๋‹จ์—๊ฒŒ ํฌ์œ„๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์˜ค์ง ๊ทธ๋งŒ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž, ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ํฌ์œ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์˜๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ํ™€๋กœ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฟœ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‹นํ™ฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ฃผ๋‘”๋ณ‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ •์˜ˆ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ง€ํœ˜๊ถŒ์„ ๋งก์€ ์ด์•ˆ ๋””ํŠธ๋ฆฌํžˆ ๋ฐ˜์žฅ์ด ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ง€ํ•œ ํ›„, ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์—๊ฒ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ํŽธ์ด ์—ฐ์ธ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ค๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ข‹์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์ž ์–ผ๊ตด์ด ๋นจ๊ฐœ์ง€๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๊ตฌ ํƒˆํ™˜ ์ž‘์ „ ๋•Œ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ํž˜์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์–ผ๊ตด์— ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์–ผ๊ตด์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ‰ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ๋ฌธ์†Œ์—์„œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ๋ณ‘์žฅ์ด ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋•Œ๋ฆฐ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •์ด ์‹ฌํžˆ ์•ˆ ์ข‹์€ ๋“ฏํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์ž ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชธ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋‘์šด ์–ผ๊ตด๋กœ "๊ทธ ๊ผฌ๋งˆ๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ฑด๋ฐฉ์กŒ์–ด... ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•œ ์‘๋ถ„์˜ ๋ณด๋ณต์„..."์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ๋ง์„ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ค์ •์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 22ํ™” ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์™€ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ์‚ผ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์—๋ Œ์ด ์žกํ˜”์„ ๋•Œ, "์—˜๋Ÿฐ๋งŒ ๊ตฌ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„๋ง๊ฐ€๋ผ!"๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ค๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ๋ฐœ์ด ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—๋„ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ์ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง์„ค์ด๋Š” ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋ฌด์„ญ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ทธ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ "์„ค๋งˆ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒ ์ง€?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๋Š”๋‹ค. ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ 24ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ˆ๊ณ ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌํ™”๋œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ ์ž‘์ค‘ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ™•๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ๋”ํ•ด์ ธ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์••๋„์ ์ธ ํฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๊ณต๋งŒ ํ™•๋Œ€๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ˆซ์ œ ๊ด‘๊ธฐ๋งˆ์ € ๋Š๊ปด์ง„๋‹ค. ์›์ž‘ 33ํ™”์™€ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ 25ํ™”์—์„œ๋„ ์ตœํ›„์˜ ์ตœํ›„์—๋Š” ๋ฒฝ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋„๋ง์น˜๋Š” ์• ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ด์–ด ์ง€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํฌํš์— ์ผ์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์›์ž‘์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™”ํ•œ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ์ง€์ง€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๋„์•ฝ์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ํ™”์—ผ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋˜์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํ˜ผ์ž ๋ฒฝ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™”์—์„œ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ํ›„ ์ง€ํ•˜์‹ค์—์„œ ํ”ผ๊ณค์— ์ง€์ณ ์ž ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ํšŒ์˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€๋„ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ์˜†์— ๊ผญ ๋ถ™์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ํ™”์—ผ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋˜์–ด ๋‚ ๋›ฐ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์‹ฌ์ •์„ ํ† ๋กœํ•˜๋ฉฐ '์ด๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฃฝ์–ด๋„ ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค'๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ž ๊นœ์ง ๋†€๋ผ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ์†์„ ๊ผญ ๋ถ™์žก๊ณ  '๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ ๋‹คํ–‰์ด์•ผ'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ์–ด๋Š์ƒˆ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ ๊ณ์— ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ํšŒ์ƒ ์ค‘, ์• ๋‹ˆ์™€ ๋Œ€์ธ๊ฒฉํˆฌ์ˆ  ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค ์• ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ ˆ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ๊น”์•„๋ญ‰๊ฐœ๊ณ  "์ข€ ๋” ํ•™์Šตํ•˜์ž๊ณ . ์—ฌ์ž์•„์ด์™€ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„.", "๊ทธ๋ž˜, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ๋‚˜ ๋” ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด?" ๊ฐ™์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ž, ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ์ง‘์–ด๋˜์ ธ ๋‘˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ๋–ผ์–ด๋†“๊ณ  ์‹ธ์›€์„ ๊ฑด ์ผ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ๊ณ„์† ์• ๋‹ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜€๋Š”์ง€, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์• ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ™์–ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋Š”์ง€, ํ˜น์€ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค์ธ์ง€๋Š” ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ํ›ˆ๋ จ์†Œ์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์• ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ์ด๋ž˜์ €๋ž˜ ์˜์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์ข…์ข… ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์šฐํŠธ๊ฐ€๋ฅดํŠธ ๊ณ ์„ฑ์— ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ, ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†จํŠธ, ์ฝ”๋‹ˆ, ์œ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด, ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ  '๊ฑฐ์ธ ์ธก์— ์—๋ Œ์„ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€๋ƒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋‚จ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€' ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€๋ ค ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†จํŠธ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์— ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ ์ด๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‘˜์„ ์ฃฝ์ผ ์ž‘์ •์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, 3๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋™๊ณ ๋™๋ฝํ•œ ๊ธฐ์–ต์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ง์„ค์ž„์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ž์‹ ๋„ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋˜์”น์–ด ๋ณด๊ณ  "๋‹ค์Œ์€ ์—†๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌ์„ ๊ตณํžŒ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™”ํ•œ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํ•ฉ๋™ ์ž‘์ „์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ‘์˜ท ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ์ฝ”๋„ˆ๋กœ ๋ชฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ 60m๊ธ‰ ๋ฐ”๋”” ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋นผ์•—๊ธด๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ์˜์‹์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊นจ์–ด๋‚œ ํ›„ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ ˆ๋ง์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณค "๋‹จ์ง€ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ๊ณ์— ์žˆ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ"์ธ ์†Œ๋ง์„ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์Šฌํผํ•˜๋‚˜, ํ•œ๋„ค์Šค์˜ ๊ฒฉ๋ ค๋กœ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ๊ธˆ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์žก๋Š”๋‹ค. ์›์ž‘ 48ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ์™€ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†จํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ฃฝ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํ•œ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ง์„ค์ž„์œผ๋กœ ๋†“์ณ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋˜ ์ผ์„ ๋˜ํ’€์ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ์„ธ๋กœ ๋น„์žฅํ•œ ํ‘œ์ •์„ ์ง€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๋“ ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ์„  ์œ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด์˜ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋ฒ ์–ด ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†จํŠธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌถ์—ฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋“œ๋กœ ์ €์ง€๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋’ค์— ๋ฌถ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†จํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋…ธ๋ ค๋ณด๊ณ  ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†จํŠธ๋Š” ์‹๊ฒํ•œ ํ‘œ์ •์„ ์ง“๋Š”๋‹ค. ์›์ž‘์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ๊ฐ€๋ณ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋˜๊ณ  ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ”์ง€๋งŒ, ์• ๋‹ˆํŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์• ๋‹ˆ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ์ถ”๊ถํ•  ๋•Œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์„ฌ๋œฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ์ถœ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™”ํ•œ ์œ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜์ž ์•ฝํ™”๋œ ์œ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์•ž์— ๋‚˜์„œ์„œ ์ €์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์—๋ Œ์„ ์ตœ์šฐ์„ ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ "(์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ) ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋„ˆ๋„ ๋ฒ ๊ฒ ๋‹ค"๋Š” ๋‰˜์•™์Šค์˜ ๋ฐœ์–ธ์ธ "ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€, ๋„ˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ์ชฝ์ด์•ผ? ๋„ˆ๋„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์•ผ?"๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๊ฒฌ ๊ฐ์ •์ด ๊ฒฉํ•ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ผ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋„, ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋Œ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ด์„ฑ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ด๊ณ , ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹น์žฅ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ํŒ๋‹จ์€ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ณ๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ด ๋ฐฐ์‹ ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ด๊ณ , ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋“ฏ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ…๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ์ € ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋งŒ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งˆ์Œ๋จน์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ธ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†จํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ ์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ์˜ ํ•œ์ด ๋งบํžŒ ์ ˆ๊ทœ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ณ ์„ , ๋‹จ์ง€ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ํ’€์–ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ด์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. 49ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ, ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ๊ณผ์˜ ํ˜‘๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ๊ตฌํ•ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋„์ค‘์— ๊ฑฐ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ™์žกํ˜”์„ ๋•Œ ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์ž…์€ ๋“ฏํ•˜๋‹ค. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ๊ตฌํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ง์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ํ›„ํ‡ดํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋˜์ง„ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์—˜๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚™๋งˆํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜๋‹ค. ์งํ›„์— ์นด๋ฅผ๋ผ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์žก์•„๋จน์€ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๊ณผ 5๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ€๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 50ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๋„ค์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ˆˆ์•ž์—์„œ ์ฃฝ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ๋“  ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์— ํž˜์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ์ € ์ฃผ์ €์•‰๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๋ชฐ๋ ค๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ถ์ง€์— ๋ชฐ๋ฆฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ , ์ด์ œ ์ •๋ง ๋์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž…์„ ๋งž์ถ”๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑ์— ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์€ ๊ทธ๋”ด ๊ฑฐ, ์–ผ๋งˆ๋“ ์ง€ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ ์ค„๊ฒŒ. ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ญ‰ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋“ ์ง€.๋ผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ธ ์‹œ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ขŒํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ๋“ฑ์— ์—…ํ˜€ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์€ ํ›„ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋™๋ฃŒ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ท€ํ™˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. 51ํ™”์—์„œ ์›” ๋กœ์ œ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒฝ ์œ„์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ ํ›„ ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ๋ถ€์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋Š‘๊ณจ ๊ณจ์ ˆ์„ ์ž…์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ํ›„ ๋ชธ์ด ์‘ค์‹ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ๋งŒ๋ฅ˜์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์žฅ์ž‘ํŒจ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ณต๊ทผ์šด๋™๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 104๊ธฐ ์ƒ์œ„๊ถŒ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๋™๊ธฐ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ '์‹  ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฐ˜'์— ํŽธ์ž…๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋‹ค. 52ํ™”์—์„  ์žฅ, ์‚ฌ์ƒค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์—†์ด ๋ชจ์Šต๋งŒ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 53ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ๋œ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™” ์‹คํ—˜ ์ค‘ ํญ์ฃผํ•ด ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋น ์ง€์ž ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋™์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ๋ฌด์‚ฌํžˆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋œ ๋’ค ํ•œ์ง€์—๊ฒŒ ์ ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์‹œ์„ ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 53ํ™”์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์งˆํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ๋ชธ๊ณผ ๋™ํ™”๋˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์— ํฅ๋ถ„์„ ํ•ด ํšก์„ค์ˆ˜์„คํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ์ง€์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ •์‹ ์„ ์žƒ์€ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฑ์ •์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ๋ง๋ฏธ์—๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€๋กœ ์œ„์žฅํ•œ ์žฅ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์˜ ๋‚ฉ์น˜๋ฒ”๋“ค์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ๋ถ€์ƒ์ด ์–ด๋– ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ์•„๋ฌด๋ž˜๋„ ์™„์น˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. 54ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ž ์ž…ํ•ด ๋‚ฉ์น˜๋ฒ”๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‚ฉ์น˜๋ฒ”๋“ค์˜ ๋ณด์Šค์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์Šค ์ƒํšŒ์˜ ๋ณด์Šค '๋””๋ชจ ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์Šค'๋ฅผ ์ƒํฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠธ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์ „ ๋•Œ ํ”ผ๋‚œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€ํ”ผ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋””๋ชจ ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์Šค์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ์—, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ๋ปผํ•˜๋˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์— ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์Šค ์ƒํšŒ์˜ ๋ณด์Šค์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ์–ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ๋””๋ชจ ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋„˜๊ธฐ์ฃผ๋ ค๋Š” ์ฒ™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋”ฐ์ง€๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 55ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์งง์ง€๋งŒ ์ž„ํŒฉํŠธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ์™•์ • ํƒ€๋„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ณ„๋žต์„ ์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์— ์งœ๋‚ด์ž, ๊ฒฝ์•…ํ•œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ผ์–ด๋ถ™์€ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์žฅ๊ณผ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์— ์ด์–ด ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋กœ "๋‚œ ๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์• ๋กœ ํ‚ค์šด ์  ์—†๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ 56ํ™”์—์„œ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๋ฐ”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ์„ฑ์ด ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™”์—์„œ ์—๋ Œ๊ณผ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์ง„์งœ๋กœ ๋‚ฉ์น˜ํ•œ ์ค‘์•™ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ์†Œ์† ๋Œ€์ธ์ œ์••๋ถ€๋Œ€ ๋Œ€์žฅ๋„ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ชฝ๋„ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ผ์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. 57ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฐ๋ น์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์ด๋ผ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š” ์ผ์€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ƒค์™€ ์ฝ”๋‹ˆ๋„ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ์ด์ „ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฌด๋ค๋คํ•œ ํ‘œ์ •์œผ๋กœ '๊ทธ ๊ผฌ๋งน์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ธ์ง€๋Š” ๋‚˜๋„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค'๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 58ํ™”์—์„œ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ด ๊ผฌ์ด์ž, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ์ง€์‹œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง๋งˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์—„ํ˜ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ํ—Œ๋ณ‘์ด ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์„ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ์ž ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ฐจ์„œ ์ง๋งˆ์ฐจ์— ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ ธ์œผ๋‚˜, ์žฅ์ด ๋ฏธ์ฒ˜ ๊ทธ ํ—Œ๋ณ‘์„ ์ฃฝ์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด์„œ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์นผ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๋“ ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ํ—Œ๋ณ‘์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ์ฃฝ์˜€๊ณ , 59ํ™”์—์„œ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ์ด ์ผ๋กœ ํ›„์œ ์ฆ์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ž ์˜†์—์„œ ์œ„๋กœํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋„ ์ด๋žฌ์—ˆ๋ƒ๋Š”, ์ „๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ถ”๋Š” ๋ฐœ์–ธ์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ญ๋ผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 60ํ™”์—์„œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ํ—Œ๋ณ‘ ๋ฆฌ๋”๋ฅผ ์ทจ์กฐํ•˜๋˜ ๋„์ค‘ ์ผ€๋‹ˆ์˜ ํ’€๋„ค์ž„์ธ '์ผ€๋‹ˆ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ'์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค์ž ๋†€๋ผ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์ผ€๋‹ˆ์™€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๋งŒ๊ฐ„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. 63ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ์ผ์กฑ์ธ '์•„์ปค๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ'์€ "๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๋ฐ•ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฐ ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ซ“๊ฒจ๋‚˜ ์‚ด์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์™œ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์ด ๋ฐ•ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์—๊ฒŒ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 65ํ™”์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์˜ ์ถœ์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ผ€๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ Š์€ ์‹œ์ ˆ, ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์™€ ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ™” ์ค‘์—์„œ "๋ถ„๊ฐ€ ์ชฝ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์‹œ๋‚˜๊ตฌ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ๋„ ์žฅ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋†ˆ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋จน๊ณ  ์‚ด๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค"๋Š” ๋ง์„ ์ผ€๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์•„๋งˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์‹œ๋‚˜๊ตฌ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ธด ๋ถ„๊ฐ€ ์ชฝ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ ์ผ์กฑ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ค‘์— ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์™€ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ, ์ผ€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 67ํ™”์—์„œ '๊ฐ•ํ’์— ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๊ณ , 68ํ™”์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ ˆํ•œ ์—๋ Œ์„ ๊นจ์› ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•œ ๋กœ๋“œ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๋’ค์ซ“์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ง€ํ•˜์‹ค์˜ ์—ด์‡ ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ก ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์˜ ํ˜ˆํ†ต์— ์˜์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒฝ ๋‚ด์˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๋ณด์กด์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 68ํ™”์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ๋กœ๋“œ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ํ† ๋ฒŒํ•  ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 70ํ™”์—์„œ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋ชฉ์žฅ ์ผ์„ ๋„์šฐ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋ฌด์„œ์šด ํ‘œ์ •์„ ์ง€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง„ ์—๋ Œ๊ณผ ํžˆ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ์ œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฐ„ ์ผ์„ ํšŒ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‹ฌ๋ž€ํ•ด์ง„ ์—๋ Œ์„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. 72ํ™”์—์„œ ์—๋ Œ์ด ๊ธฐ์šด์„ ๋˜์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žฅ๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์˜ˆ์ „์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ๋œฏ์–ด๋ง๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์›ƒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด๊ณ , ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ตœ๊ฐ•์˜ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌํ•œํ…Œ ๋ช…์น˜๋ฅผ ๋งž์€ ์—๋ Œ์„ ๋น„์‹คํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒด๊ตฌ๋„ ์ž‘์€ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ๋ถ€์ถ•ํ•ด ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋„๋ก ๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ ค ๋‘๋Š” ๋“ฑ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง‘์ฐฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์ ˆ์ œ๋œ ๋“ฏํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ "๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฅผ ์งˆํˆฌํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ์†”์งํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑ์„ ๋ณด์•„ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ์—ด๋“ฑ๊ฐ ์—ญ์‹œ ์™„ํ™”๋œ ๋“ฏ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋ฉฐ ์›ƒ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๋˜ ๋‘˜๋งŒ ์•„๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์•„ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์€ ์•„์ง ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ชจ์–‘์ด๋‹ค. 73ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ˆˆ์น˜์ฑ„๊ณ  ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถˆ๋ €์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ๋ง์„ ๊ฑด ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์”นํžˆ๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋Š” ์—๋ Œ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋’ค์—์„œ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‘˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ผ์–ด๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋“ฏ ํ•œ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๊ณผ ์†Œ์™ธ๊ฐ์ด ๋ฌป์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” 72ํ™”์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด์šฐ๋Ÿฌ์ ธ ๋…์ž๋“ค์˜ ์•ˆ์Šต์„ ์ž์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 74ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ๋ชธ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์—๋ Œ์„ ํšŒ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒฝ ์œ„๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ณ  ๋ฌต๋ฌตํžˆ ๋งํ† ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์—๋ Œ์˜ ๊ณ์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ์‚ดํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „ ์ „๋žต์ด๊ณ  ๋ญ๊ณ  ์žŠ๊ณ  ๋›ฐ์ณ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ ค ํ•˜๋˜ ์—๋ Œ์„ ์ €์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์—๋ Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•œ ๋“ฏํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ‘์˜ท๊ฑฐ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•œ ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋œ ์—๋ Œ์ด ์ง์Šน๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—๋ Œ์„ ์ซ“์ž, ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋Š” ์—๋ Œ ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋…ธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์—๋ Œ์ด ๊ด€์ ˆ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ์•„๋ถ™์ด์ž ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•œ์ง€์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ‘์˜ท๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋‡Œ์ฐฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•ด ์‹œ์•ผ๋ฅผ ๋นผ์•—๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ๋“ค์ด ๋‡Œ์ฐฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ‘์˜ท๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ๊ฐ‘์˜ท์„ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๊ณ  ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ–ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋„๋ฆฌ์–ด ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†จํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ฆ„์— ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์žฅ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†จํŠธ์™€์˜ ์ตœํ›„ ๊ต์„ญ์—์„œ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†จํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์นผ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜์ž, ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†จํŠธ์˜ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†จํŠธ์˜ ์นผ์„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์นผ๋กœ ์ณ๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์นผ๋กœ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†จํŠธ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†จํŠธ๋Š” ๊ท€๋ฅผ ๋ฒ ์ด๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋ชธ์„ ์ˆ™์—ฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์— ๋ฐœ์„ ๋‚ ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„์‹ ํžˆ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ง‰์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํž˜์— ํŠ•๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†จํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๋“ค์ž ์นผ์„ ๋˜์ ธ ์ œ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†จํŠธ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†จํŠธ๊ฐ€ "์ด์ „์˜ ๊ทธ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋Š๋‚€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†จํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์™€์ค‘์— ์ƒ๊ธด ํ›„ํญํ’์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค. 80ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋šซ๊ณ  ๋‡Œ์ฐฝ์„ ๋ฐ•์œผ๋ ค ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‡Œ์ฐฝ์˜ ํŒŒํŽธ์— ๋งž์•„ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ์„ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฉ์˜ ํ™œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฌป์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์€ ์„ ๋œป ๋‹ต์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 81ํ™”์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํ™œํ•œ ๊ฐ‘์˜ท ๊ฑฐ์ธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ง์—ฐ์ž์‹คํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜•์€ "์—˜๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ "๊ฐ‘์˜ท๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ๋งก์•„ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ"๋Š” ๋ถ€ํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์šด์„ ์ฐจ๋ฆฐ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋Š” ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์˜ ์ž‘์ „๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ๋ฐ˜๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ‘์˜ท ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ์œ ์ธํ•˜๋ ค ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ 82ํ™”, ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ‘์˜ท ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ฃฝ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ‘์˜ท ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ์˜ค๊ธˆ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋‡Œ์ฐฝ์„ ์ฐ”๋Ÿฌ ๋„ฃ์–ด ๊ฐ‘์˜ท ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ‘์˜ท ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์„ ๋Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๋“  ์žฅ, ๋‡Œ์ฐฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ‘์˜ท ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ํ„ฑ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ƒค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ‘์˜ท๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋ถ€์ˆœ ์ง€๋ถ•์˜ ํŒŒํŽธ์— ๋งž์•„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์ƒ์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ํŠ•๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๋‡Œ์ฐฝ์„ ์ ์ค‘์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฑด ์ฝ”๋‹ˆ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ. ํ„ฑ์ด ์—ด๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Œ์—๋„ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‡Œ์ฐฝ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ฐฐ๋‚˜, ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํ•œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ‘์˜ท ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ํ„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์ˆœ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์งํ›„ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ‘์˜ท๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ๋ชฉ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์— ๋‡Œ์ฐฝ์„ ์ฐ”๋Ÿฌ ๋„ฃ์–ด ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ํŠ•๊ฒจ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” 83ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ์••๋‹นํ•œ ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ์™€์ค‘์— ์žฅ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ์ง€์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์™€ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ ์ œ์••์ž‘์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋นˆ์‚ฌ์ƒํƒœ์ธ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฟ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™” ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋นˆ์‚ฌ์ƒํƒœ์ธ ์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์—๊ฒŒ ๋†“์•„ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ ํƒํ•˜์ž ์‹ฌ์ƒ์น˜ ์•Š์€ ํ‘œ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์นผ์„ ๋นผ์–ด๋“  ์ฑ„ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ 83ํ™” ์ข…๋ฃŒ. 84ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์–ธ์Ÿ ๋์— ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋จน์œผ๋กœ ์—๋ Œ์˜ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋˜ ํ„ธ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ž ์นผ์„ ๋“  ์ฑ„ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฅผ ๋’ค์—์„œ ๋ฎ์นœ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋’ค๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์„ฐ์Œ์—๋„ ์˜์™ธ๋กœ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ œ์••๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง์Šน๊ฑฐ์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ๋‚œํˆฌ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํž˜์ด ๋‹ค ๋น ์ง„ ํƒ“์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋†“๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์™€ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํž˜๊ฒจ๋ฃจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋˜ ์ค‘ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ€ "์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์˜ ํž˜์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค" ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ž ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด "์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ์—†์–ด๋„ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ, ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋‚˜๋„ ๋‹จ์žฅ๋„ ์•„๋‹Œ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ" ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์˜ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ๋‚ด์„ธ์šด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฅผ ๋” ๋ชฐ์•„๋ถ™์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋•Œ "๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„๋‚œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์•…๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋˜์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ" ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ํ”Œ๋ก์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๋“ค์ž ์นผ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋Œ๋ ค ์นผ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์น˜๋ ค๋Š” ํƒœ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋’ค์—์„œ ์–ด๊นจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์‹ธ๊ณ  ๋งค๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ํ•œ์ง€์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ์ง€๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋– ๋‚˜์ž๋งˆ์ž ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋‚ด๋“  ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฅด๊ณ  ์šธ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐœ๋ฒ„๋‘ฅ์น˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ "์—๋ฅด๋นˆ์„ ์‚ด๋ ค์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค"๋Š” ํ•œ์ง€์˜ ๋ง์— "์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค!"๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๊ตฌ์†์„ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์น˜๊ณ ์ž ์†๋ชฉ์„ ๋ถ™๋“ค์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ•œ์ง€๊ฐ€ "๋‚˜ ์—ญ์‹œ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ ๋‹ฌ๋ž˜์ž ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ๊ณผ์˜ ์ถ”์–ต์„ ํšŒ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํž˜์„ ์žƒ๊ณ  ๋Š˜์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ณธ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์„ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ์„ ํ˜๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. 85ํ™”์—์„œ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด, ํ•œ์ง€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—๋ Œ์˜ ์ง‘์˜ ์ง€ํ•˜์‹ค์—์„œ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ์นœ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์ด์ž ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์–‘์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ƒค ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ด ๋ฒฝ ๋ฐ– ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ฉธ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ƒค์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์›” ๋กœ์ œ๋กœ ๊ท€ํ™˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. 88ํ™”์—์„œ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋กœ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์•ˆ์Šตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์•„ํ™‰ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ํž˜์„ ๋‹ด๊ฒŒ ๋œ '์œ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด์˜ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ' ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์—˜๋””์•„์ธ์€ 13๋…„ ํ›„์— ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์€ 8๋…„, ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์€ 13๋…„ ๋’ค์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์นœํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ ๋‘˜์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ๋‹คํ•ด ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ๋˜๋Š” ์…ˆ. ์—˜๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‹ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 89ํ™”์—์„œ ๊ตฌ๊ธˆ์ด ํ’€๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ ์œ„์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•ˆ ์ •์‹ ์  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ์ง€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ดˆ์ทŒํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์›” ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํƒˆํ™˜ 1๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ๋“œ๋””์–ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์ธ ๋“ฏ ์‹ ๋‚˜์„œ ๋ฌผ์žฅ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋Š” ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋‹นํ™ฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์™ธ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ 3๋…„์ด ๋” ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 19์„ธ. 101ํ™”์—์„œ ์ „ํ‡ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‡Œ์ฐฝ์„ ๋‚ ๋ ค ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค.์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์งง์€ ์ˆ์ปท์ด ๋˜์–ด ์ค‘์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ชฉ๋„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 3๋…„ ํ›„์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘๋‹จ ๊ตฐ๋ณต์€ ์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋‘์šด ์˜ท์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€๊ฑฐ์ธ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ธ์šฉ ์ž…์ฒด๊ธฐ๋™์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์ฐจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ „์— ์–‘ ํŒ”์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•˜๋˜ ๋‡Œ์ฐฝ๋„ ํ•œ์ชฝ ํŒ”์— 4๊ฐœ์”ฉ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Ÿ์ด ๋งˆ๋ ˆ์ธก ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์„ ์˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‡Œ์ฐฝ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ด๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋“ฏ. ๊ฑฐ์ธ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋™์žฅ์น˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋‡Œ์ฐฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ‡ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ์ผ๊ฒฉ์— ๋‚ ๋ ค๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์€ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฑฐ์ธ ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ˆ์‹คํžˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์— ์—๋ Œ์ด ์™€์ค˜์„œ ๋‹คํ–‰์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์•ˆ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋Š” ์—๋ Œ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€ํƒ์ด๋‹ˆ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์™ ์ง€ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ํ•ฉ์ด ๋งž์ถ”์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ, ์—๋ Œ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ๋… ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต๋ณด ๋ฐ ๊ฐ•ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์—๋ Œ์„ ๋„์™€์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•œ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ’๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 102ํ™”์—์„œ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๊ณ , ์Ÿ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ํ•™์‚ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ๊ณผ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์ฃฝ์ธ ์—๋ Œ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์ œ ๊ฑท์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ „ํ‡ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ํ˜ผ์ž ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—๋ Œ์ด ๋ณธ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ค€๋‹ค. 103ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „ํ‡ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ๋ณธ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ •๋ง‰์— ๋‡Œ์ฐฝ์„ ๋จน์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋จนํžˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ํ›„์— ํ„ฑ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 104ํ™”์—์„œ ํ„ฑ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ ๋’ค ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ์—๋ Œ์ด ํ„ฑ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ „ํ‡ด๋ฅผ ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋•๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ์˜ ๊ฐ‘์˜ท์ด ๊นจ์–ด๋‚˜์ž ์—๋ Œ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถœํ•œ ๋’ค ๋น„ํ–‰์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค. 105ํ™”์—์„  ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ๋ณ‘์žฅ์ด ๋น„ํ–‰์„ ์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ์˜จ ์—๋ Œ์„ ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ „์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ฐจ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์›€์ฐ”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ํ™•์‹ ์˜ ์ฐฌ ํ‘œ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ง‰๋Š”๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ „๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ชปํ•ด ์ˆ˜๊ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•œ ํ‘œ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ๋–จ๊ตฐ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ ์—๋ Œ์„ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฏฟ์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ฒˆ๋งŒ์€ ์—๋ Œ์˜ ์ž‘์ „์ด ๋ฌด๋ชจํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ง€ํฌ์™€ ์—๋ Œ์ด ์ˆ˜๊ฐ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์‚ฌ์ƒค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋น„์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์‚ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์ƒค๊ฐ€ ์ด์— ๋งž์•„ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์ด ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋“ฃ์ž ์–ผ๊ตด์ด ๊ตณ์–ด์ง„ ์ฑ„๋กœ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฒฉ๋‚ฉ๊ณ ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋๋‚ด ์‚ฌ์ƒค๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ท€์˜ ๊ฐ์ด ๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ๊ณ  ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ์ƒค๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ์„ ํ˜๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. 107ํ™”์—์„œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ธ 'ํžˆ์ฆ๊ตญ'๊ณผ ์šฐํ˜ธ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋”” ์„ฌ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž ๊ฐ„์˜ ํšŒ๋‹ด์—์„œ ํžˆ์ฆ๊ตญ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ธ ์•„์ฆˆ๋งˆ๋น„ํ†  ํ‚ค์š”๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€ ์„ธ์ž๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ์›์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํ‘œ์‹์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ‘œ์‹๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์–‘์ด ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์˜ ํŒ”์— ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํžˆ์ฆ๊ตญ ์ง€๋„์ž ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์ธ ์‡ผ๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋Š” ํžˆ์ฆ๊ตญ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ž ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํ›„์˜ˆ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 108ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” 104๊ธฐ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์—๋ Œ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ• ์ง€ ํ† ๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ผ ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์ƒ ์žฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜ผ์ž ์ฒ ๊ทผ๋“ค์„ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ๋‚จ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ๋ชฉ์„ ์•„๋ฌด ํ‘œ์ •์—†์ด ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํž˜์ด ํƒ€์ธ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฐจ์›์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊นจ์•Œ๊ฐ™์ด ์–ดํ•„ํ•œ๋‹ค. 109ํ™”์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ „์— ํŠธ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๊ตฌ ๊ณต๋ฐฉ์ „ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ตฌํ•ด์ค€ ์—ฌ์ž ์•„์ด ๋ฃจ์ด์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—๋ Œ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ”„๋ก ํด์Šคํ„ฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ˆ„์„คํ•œ ์ฃ„๋กœ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ๊ฐ‡ํžŒ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์ง€๋งŒ ๋„์ค‘์— ๋‘ํ†ต์„ ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 112ํ™”์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๋‘ํ†ต์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ ์ผ์กฑ์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ฃผ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ผ์กฑ์ธ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‘ํ†ต์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์—๋ Œ์„ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ ์—๋ Œ์ด ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ซ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐœ์–ธ์— ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๋“ค์ž ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ๋งŒ ํ˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™€์ค‘์—๋„ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ ์ผ์กฑ์˜ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์ด ๋ฐœ๋™ํ•ด ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์„ ์ œ์••ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์ง€ํฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์•„๋‹ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 130ํ™”์—์„œ ์—๋ Œ๊ณผ ์ง€ํฌ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™” ์ค‘ ์—๋ Œ์ด ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์˜ ๋‘ํ†ต๊ณผ ์ž์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง‘๋…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง€ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๋Š”๋ฐ ์ง€ํฌ๋Š” ์•„์ปค๋งŒ ์ผ์กฑ์ด ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋œจ๋Š” ๊ฐ์„ฑ์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์€ ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค, ์ง€ํฌ๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—๋ Œ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ๋น„ํ‹€์–ด ์ฃฝ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๊ทธ์ € ์—๋ Œ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์คฌ๋‹ค, ์ฆ‰ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์˜ ์—๋ Œ์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ๋งˆ์Œ์€ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ. ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด 4๋…„ ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚จ์ง€์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์ ๊ณผ ์—๋ Œ์ด ๋•…๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์Šฌํผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์ž์‹ ์ด ์—†์–ด๋„ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ผ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ "๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ์‹ซ๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. 123ํ™”์—์„œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํšŒ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๋ ˆ์— ์ž ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ์‹ ๊ธฐํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„์ด์Šคํฌ๋ฆผ์„ ์‚ฌ์„œ ์—๋ Œ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ถŒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋‚  ์ €๋… ํ”ผ๋‚œ๋ฏผ ์บ ํ”„ ์•ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—๋ Œ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์—๋ Œ์˜ ๋ฌผ์Œ์— ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ๋ถ‰ํžˆ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ”ผ๋‚œ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋Œ€์ ‘์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋’ค์ซ“์•„์˜จ 104๊ธฐ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ˆ ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ป—์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ๋˜ ์œ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด์˜ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” ์„ฌ์˜ ์—๋ฅด๋””์•„์ธ์€ ์ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋‚ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—๋ Œ์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋‚  ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ํ–ˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„๊นŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‹œ์ ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ์—๋ Œ์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฐ์‹ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์งํ›„ ์—๋ Œ์˜ ์ขŒํ‘œ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋•…์šธ๋ฆผ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค. 124ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜๋ ˆ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ธ์„ ์ฃฝ์ธ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋“ค์„ ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ์•„ ๋ชฐ์‚ด์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. 125ํ™”, ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œํ•˜๋Š” ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€์‹œ๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ "์Ÿ์„ ๋„์™€, ์กฐ๊ธˆ์ฏค์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด"๋ผ๋Š” ํ•€์ž”์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์—๋ Œ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ• ๊บผ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๋Š”๋ฐ ์ดˆ์กฐํ•จ์ด ํญ๋ฐœํ•œ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ๋งˆ๊ตฌ์žก์ด๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์นœ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋Š” "๋ฏธ์•ˆ..."์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๊ณผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์Ÿ๊ณผ ํ”„๋ก์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ์ธต๋ถ€๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์™€ ํ•œ์ง€์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌป๋Š”๋‹ค. 132ํ™”, ๋น„ํ–‰์ •์„ ๋„์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผํ–‰๋“ค๊ณผ ์ง์„ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์‹ ํ˜• ์ž…์ฒด๊ธฐ๋™์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋‹ˆ ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ๋Œ๋ฉฐ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•˜๋ผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋น„ํ–‰์ •์— ํƒˆ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„๋กœ ์• ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ € ์ง์„ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ์ž์‹ ์€ ์—๋ Œ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐˆ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋•Œ ์• ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—๋ Œ์„ ์ฃฝ์ผ ๊ฑฐ๋ƒ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž ์ž์‹ ์€ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ„ ์—๋ Œ์„ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ฌ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋•Œ ์• ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋จธํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์•ˆ ํ•˜๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌป์ž ๋จธํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์•ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋น„ํ–‰์ •์„ ํƒˆ ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋– ๋‚˜๋ ค ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ฒจ์šฐ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์€ ํ”„๋ก์ด ๋น„ํ–‰์ •์— ์ด์„ ๋งˆ๊ตฌ ์ด ๋Œ€์ž ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชฉ์— ์•ต์ปค๋ฅผ ๊ฝ‚์•„๋„ฃ์–ด ํ”„๋ก์„ ์ฃฝ์ธ๋‹ค. ๋น„ํ–‰์ •์„ ๊ณ ์น˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋•…์šธ๋ฆผ์ด ๋น„ํ–‰์ • ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ค์ž ์–ด์ฐŒํ•  ์ค„์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค ํ•œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋„๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋น„ํ–‰์ •์— ๊ฐ™์ด ํƒ‘์Šนํ•ด ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ์— ํƒ€๋ฒ„๋ ค ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ํ•œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๋ˆˆ์„ ์งˆ๋ˆ ๊ฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์Šฌํผํ•œ๋‹ค. 134ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผํ–‰๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹œ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ์œ„์—์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. 135ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ์กฐ ์œ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ์†Œํ™˜ํ•œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์•„ํ™‰ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ€๋ ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์ž ๋‹นํ™ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถˆ์•ˆํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ˆˆ์ด ํด๋กœ์ฆˆ์—…๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค ๋ค๋น„๋ผ๊ณ  ์™ธ์นœ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„, ์• ๋‹ˆ์™€ ๊ฐ€๋น„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ„ฑ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์ผํ–‰์„ ๊ตฌํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. '๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•ด'๋ผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์นœ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ 1๋ถ€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 138ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฅ,์ฝ”๋‹ˆ,๊ฐ€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์ง€์„ฑ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅด๋ฏผ, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ํ‚ค์Šคํ•œ๋‹ค. 139ํ™”, ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋๋‚œ ํ›„, 3๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ์‹œ์ ์— ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž๋ž€ ๋ชจ์Šต์˜ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋Š” ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์ด ๋‚ฎ์ž ์ž๋˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์•„๋ž˜ ๋ฌป์–ด์ฃผ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์›Œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด ๋๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ๊ณ  ํ‘œ์ • ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ์ฐจ๊ฐ‘๊ณ  ๋ƒ‰์ •์นจ์ฐฉํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ํ•ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์™€ ํƒ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ฒ ๋‘์ฒ ๋ฏธํ•จ์„ ์ง€๋…”์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€ํ™”์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ „์žฅ์˜ ์ ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ € ์—†์ด ์นผ์„ ํœ˜๋‘๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฐ•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Š ๋ฆ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€์žฅ๋ถ€. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜์™ธ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์งˆํˆฌ์‹ฌ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒ ์ฐจ๊ฐ‘์ง€๋งŒ ์œ ๋… ์—๋ Œ ์˜ˆ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์นœ์ ˆํžˆ ๋Œ€ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š”ํŽธ. ์ฃผ์ œ๊ณก ็พŽใ—ใๆฎ‹้…ทใชไธ–็•Œ (์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ณ ๋„ ์ž”ํ˜นํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„/์šฐ์ธ ์ฟ ์‹œ์ฟ ์ž”๊ณ ์ฟ ๋‚˜์„ธ์นด์ด) (CV: ํžˆ์นด์‚ฌ ์š”์ฝ”(ๆ—ฅ็ฌ ้™ฝๅญ) ์ง„๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ Season 1 1์ฟ ๋ฅด์˜ ์—”๋”ฉ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์—”๋”ฉ๊ณก. ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ๋ผ์ด์Šค์˜ ์„ฑ์šฐ ํžˆ์นด์‚ฌ ์š”์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋ €์œผ๋ฉฐ ํžˆ์นด์‚ฌ ์š”์ฝ”์˜ ์••๋„์ ์ด๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ ์ฐฌ ๊ฐ€์ฐฝ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์–ด์šฐ๋Ÿฌ์ ธ ํ•œ ์—†๋Š” ์ ˆ๋ง ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ '์ž”ํ˜นํ•˜๊ณ ๋„ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์„ธ๊ณ„'๋ฅผ ์‚ด์•„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹ค์ง๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์˜๋ฅผ ์ฒญ๊ฐํ™”ํ•œ ๊ณก์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จํŽธ ์™ธ์ „ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ <Lost Girls Part.2: Lost in the Cruel World>์˜ ์—”๋”ฉ์„ ์žฅ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค. Army=>go ์ง„๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ 1๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์™€๋…ธ ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๊ณกํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์ด <์†Œ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณธ ์„ธ๊ณ„> ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ์—์„œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํšŒ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ ์ค‘์— ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฅ๊ณ ๊ฐ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์„ ์ž˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฏธ๊ณ ๋Š” '๊ตฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์ถœ๋™'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฐฑ์ธ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ ๋ชซ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋œฌํžˆ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์™€๋„ ์ž˜ ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŠธ๋ž™๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. ้€ฒๆ’ƒvn-pf20140524ๅทจไบบ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—๋ Œ์„ ๋‚ฉ์น˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ„ ์•„๋‹ˆ ๋ ˆ์˜จํ•˜๋ฅดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•„์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ซ“์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์žฌ์ƒ๋œ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œํŠธ๋ž™์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์„ ๋ฐฐ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ „๋ฉธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์ธํ™”ํ•œ ์—๋ Œ์กฐ์ฐจ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋จน์ด๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‹ ์—์„œ ๊ณก์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ผ์„œ ์ ˆ๋ง๊ฐ์ด ๊ทน์— ๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. No Matter Where You Are(Vocal: ์ด์‹œ์นด์™€ ์œ ์ด(็Ÿณๅท็”ฑ่กฃ/Yui Ishikawa)) ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ์˜ ๋‹ด๋‹น ์„ฑ์šฐ ์ด์‹œ์นด์™€ ์œ ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์˜ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ ์†ก์ด์ž ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์†ก์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์™€๋…ธ ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๊ณกํ•œ mpi์˜ ์˜์–ด ๋ณด์ปฌ ๋…ธ๋ž˜์ด์ž ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ 1๊ธฐ์˜ ํ…Œ๋งˆ๊ณก ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๋˜ 'Call your name'์„ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹ฌ์ •๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์–ด ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด๋กœ ๊ฐœ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์‹œ์นด์™€ ์œ ์ด์˜ ๋ง‘๊ณ  ์ฒญ๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ฒŒ ์šธ๋ ค ํผ์ง€๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•œ ๋ฏธ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ž์•„๋‚ด ์—๋ Œ์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์›€๊ณผ ์• ์ •, ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ณ ํ”ˆ ์• ์ ˆํ•œ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ๋” ์™€ ๋‹ฟ๊ฒŒ ๋Š๊ปด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ฒŒ์ด์ž ๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ๋กœ์„œ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์• ๋‹ˆ ๋ ˆ์˜จํ•˜ํŠธ๋„ Gemie๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ <Call your name>๋„ ์• ๋‹ˆ์˜ ํ…Œ๋งˆ๊ณก์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๋‹จํŽธ ์™ธ์ „ <OVA: Lost Girls: Good Bye, Wall Sina>์˜ ์—”๋”ฉ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 13ใฎๅ†ฌ (13์˜ ๊ฒจ์šธ/์ฅฌ์‚ฐ๋…ธํ›„์œ ) ์ง„๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์˜ ์˜คํ”„๋‹๊ณก๋“ค์„ ์ž‘๊ณกํ•ด ์˜จ <Linked Horizon>์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ด์ž ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ณด์ปฌ Revo๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๊ณกํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์‹œ์นด์™€ ์œ ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ ๊ณก์ด๋‹ค. <๊ฐˆ๋ง๊ณผ ์‹œ์ฒด์˜ ๊ธธ>๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด <์ง„์‹ค๋กœ์˜ ์ง„๊ฒฉ(็œŸๅฎŸใธใฎ้€ฒๆ’ƒ)>์— ์ˆ˜๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ •๋œ ์ด๋ณ„์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ์Šฌํ””๊ณผ ๊ณ ํ†ต, ๊ณ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ, ์‹ญ์‚ผ๋…„์˜ ๊ฒจ์šธ์—์„œ 13์€ ์—˜๋Ÿฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋ฏธ์นด์‚ฌ ์•„์ปค๋งŒ ์˜๋ฌธ ํŒฌ๋ค ์œ„ํ‚ค ๊ฐ€๊ณต์˜ ๊ตฐ์ธ ์ง„๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikasa%20Ackerman
Mikasa Ackerman
is a fictional character from Hajime Isayama's manga series Attack on Titan. Mikasa is introduced as a young villager living with the protagonist, the young Eren Yeager, and his family which took her following the deaths of her parents in an attempted kidnapping. When giant creatures known as Titans invade the area and eat Eren's mother, Mikasa and Eren become members of the Military and joins the Survey Corpsโ€”an elite group of soldiers who fight Titans outside the walls and also study the physiology of Titans in order to know what they are fighting. Nevertheless, Mikasa's main reason for fighting is due to her love towards Eren. She has also appeared in video games and the anime adaptation. Isayama based Mikasa on a real person he met before he became a manga artist keeping the original idea of her being Asian in order to stand out within the Western look a like cast. Her relationship with Eren was one originally conceived to also stand out across other love relationships due to Mikasa was not written to side with Eren as it would weaken her character while Eren instead does not find her as a love interest. Mikasa is voiced by Yui Ishikawa in Japanese and Trina Nishimura in English with the two voice actress being surprised by the popularity of their works and charming sides of Mikasa despite being often stoic. Critical response to Mikasa's characterization was positive for standing out as a skilled female warrior in a male-oriented series and has won several awards as the manga and anime were released. Though she was praised for her calm personality which contrasts Eren's active talks, critics were also surprised by the charming side she shows towards Eren in the narrative. Both voice actress were also praised by the media. Creation and design After he first moved to Tokyo, Hajime Isayama was working part time and one of his clients became the model of Mikasa. She covered her face with a muffler late at night, and the near mangaka thought this look of hers was endearing. When she came to the store, Isayama came up with the first sketch of the heroine. He was sure that the customer who became Mikasa's model was Asian, contrasting the Western-like characters often seen in the manga, most notably Eren. Only Mikasa's race as someone of Asian descent has been noted. He intended to show the Mikasa's lineage as an important plot point. Isayama stated that Mikasa, Levi, and Kenny are all part of the same Ackerman bloodline. However, their reasons for protecting their respective counterparts do not have anything to do with the bloodline itselfโ€”"it is just their nature." There are some parts of Mikasa that are "unrefined", yet on the other hand, she has a brave personality. Isayama believes he was influenced by Casca from Berserk when writing Mikasa. Isayama noted it is generic that a heroine is usually a woman who motivates a man. However, he does not really like that way of thinking as it would poorly affect Mikasa's and the reason due to how she becomes a strong woman in the story. In reality, there are differences between the skeletal structure and muscle count of men and women which cause the difference in their potential strengths. However, if that fact is just reflected in the manga normally, it would not be interesting anymore for Isayama. For the protagonist Eren Yeager, rather than a lover, Mikasa's presence is more like a mother to him and rather than form a relationship with her, Isayama claims that he instead searches for a way to become independent. Isayama further compared the trio of Eren, Mikasa and Armin to high school students who grow across childhood until graduating. He viewed the scene of the trio seeing the sea as an alternate ending to the manga. By the manga's 22nd volume, Isayama drew an image of Eren looking at the sea, something that motivated him during his childhood. Isayama said Mikasa and Armin had developed a habitual mindset of revolving around him and wishing to help Eren. According to the author, at first their mindset was favoritism, comparing Eren's relationships with Mikasa and Armin to that of helping one's relatives or siblings who are encountering hardship, even if onlookers question it. Her name is noted to come from the Mikasa, a famous pre-dreadnought battleship of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Mikasa's surname is derived from the Yiddish cognate of German name "Ackermann" ("Ackerman" in Yiddish) meaning "one who works the fields." Casting Mikasa is voiced by Yui Ishikawa in Japanese, and by Trina Nishimura in the English dub. Ishikawa said that Mikasa cares mainly about Eren, and keeps a distance from the rest of the world. She says that "While she might seem like a character with so few emotional levels, there are actually many feelings that swirl around her heart." She did not read the original work of until being told about the audition for the anime. Upon reading the Attack on Titan manga, Ishikawa was attracted by the mystery and development of the character. Ishikawa wanted the role for the series and was surprised by the popularity she obtained across the years. When Mikasa confesses her feelings to Eren in the anime's second season, the actress noted that Eren did not share such response to her, the two still had the chance to become a couple in the future. Trina Nishimura learned of the series thanks to her brother who showed her the first episode of the anime and she became charmed by it. Nishimura expressed pressure when auditioning for the role and was surprised by the large popularity it had. She often listened to recordings of Ishikawa's work to get experience about the portrayal of Mikasa. While recording the series, she avoided reading the manga because it could ruin her work. Like Ishikawa, Nishimura enjoyed Mikasa's love confession for being able to provide comfort to Eren in the middle of a dark scene. Meanwhile, Nishimura often talked with voice actor director Mike McFarland in regards to her work as she had poor views on her own work. With the coming of the final story arc in the anime adaptation, Nishimura was committed to the new developments of her character especially in her reintroduction. She befriended Eren's English actor Bryce Papenbrook. During recordings of the final season, Nishimura commented that while Mikasa is not known properly for emoting, she noted that she became sad more often which she saw as a major improvement over her early characterization. She commented Mikasa to be put on a dilemma in regards to her devotion to the Military or Eren as a result of major developments in the story but did not want to expand on that. The amount of violence coming from the series led to Nishimura's fear of Mikasa being killed every time she had to do recording of the series. In the live-action film, she is portrayed by Kiko Mizuhara. Mizuhara referred to Mikasa as an inspiring character due to her strength as well as caring due to the love she shows towards Eren. Appearances In Attack on Titan Mikasa is Eren's childhood friend who was taken in by his family after seeing her parents brutally murdered by human traffickers. Though not explicitly stated to be adopted by the Jaegers within the series, it is shown that she at least felt a strong sense of gratitude toward them as caretakers, as well as Eren, who had saved her life and given her an iconic scarf. Before living with the Yeager family, Mikasa had appeared to be a cheerful, outgoing, and gentle child but her parents' tragic deaths had an overwhelming influence on her, causing her to lose her innocence and realize the world's cruelty. This caused her personality to become quieter and more withdrawn, maintaining a stoic expression except when it comes to Eren and her friends. As Eren's committed caretaker, she feels compelled to follow and protect him at all costs, even joining him in the Survey Corps. Graduating from the Training Corps at the top of her class, she is regarded by officers as an unprecedented genius and prodigy, easily worth a hundred soldiers in battle. As later revealed, this is due to Mikasa's father being a descendant of the Ackerman clan, an Eldian bloodline that was genetically modified to create super soldiers equal to a Titan in strength, originally designed to protect Eldia's king. When under duress, these genetically inherited abilities may allow a descendant access to their ancestors' battle experience. Mikasa's Ackerman instincts were first awakened in the aftermath of her parents' deaths when Eren urged her to 'fight' back against her kidnappers. Though technically half-blooded, she is also the last known person of Asian descent residing in the Walls. A wrist tattoo of the Azumabito crest inherited from her mother indicates that she is descended from the prominent , a cadet Shogun branch from the Oriental nation of , whose ancestors migrated from their native land to Paradis as honored ambassadors. While investigating the Marleyan Volunteers alongside the Survey Corps, Eren reveals to Mikasa that he has always hated her for being enslaved to her Ackerman blood that "forces" her to protect him. In turn, she becomes despondent and removes her scarf from her neck. While still caring for Eren, Mikasa decides to join the alliance to stop Eren's planned genocide on the world. In the climax against Eren's forces, Mikasa loses consciousness and has a dream of an alternate scenario where she and Eren escaped from the military and are living together. Mikasa recovers to kill the real Eren and kisses him farewell. In the aftermath, Eren confesses to Armin that he actually loves Mikasa and cared for his allies but did not want to drag them into his massacre. Mikasa buries Eren underneath a tree on a hill near Shiganshina District. The tree grows over time to resemble the one where the organism that granted Ymir her Titan power lived. An unspecified amount of time after Mikasa's death from old age, a modernized Shiganshina is reduced to rubble in a war. Other appearances Mikasa features in multiple video games associated with the Attack on Titan series, including: Attack on Titan, Attack on Titan 2, Valkyrie Connect, Granblue Fantasy, Disgaea RPG, The Alchemist Code, Humanity in Chains, Star Ocean: Anamnesis, and many others. Mikasa also features as an in-game cosmetic in the massive battle royale game, Fortnite. Reception Popularity Mikasa has become a popular character. She was awarded "Female Character" in the Newtype 2013 awards. In the Newtype Anime Awards 2016โ€“2017, Mikasa took fourth in the favorite female character category. In the Anime Awards Selecta Visiรณn, she took the award of "Best Female Lead Character". Yui Ishikawa won the "Best Supporting Actress" for her work as Mikasa Ackerman in the 8th Seiyu Awards. In the 36th Anime Grand Prix she was second in "Best Female Character". In the 3rd BTVA Anime Dub Awards, Mikasa's actress Trina Nishimura also won for her English dub. Critical response The characterization of Mikasa was praised by Anime News Network for standing out as skilled heroine and mentioned that her emotional moments involve her devotion towards Eren. Furthermore, the writer believes the spin-offs show how different Mikasa's personality would had she met Eren on different situations which makes her original persona more appealing. Blu-ray.com saw that the origins of Mikasa and Eren is especially violent, most notably when the protagonists become soldiers. Her characterization in the episode "Warrior" was acclaimed by Manga.Tokyo for how violent against the traitors from the groups. THEM Anime Reviews found Mikasa more appealing than Eren due to her calmer personality and notable skills which stand out so much in the story that she finds the series to be feminist and laments how little screentime Mikasa has in favor of the protagonist. Elliot Gray of Japanator found Mikasa and Armin more appealing than Eren. Similarly, Anna Neatrour from Manga Bookshelf found her as a nice contrast to Eren's rude persona. Mikasa's love confession towards Eren was acclaimed by both IGN and Anime News Network due to the portrayal of both actors and how the directing turns a tragic scene into a comforting one. For the final arc, Den of Geek and IGN enjoyed the confrontation Eren has with Mikasa and Armin for the first time much to their surprise as they have always been kind with each other. IGN viewed his role as more ambiguous when he talks to Mikasa in a flashback about their bonds. The Fandom Post commented despite his aggressive comments, Eren's new characterization might include lies as some generate a major impact on Mikasa's feelings for her. In universe, the song "Under the Tree" is also themed to be "Mikasa's song, in contrast to SiM's previous single "The Rumbling", which focused primarily on Eren. The song's cover art also depicts Mikasa who has taken off a red scarf that Eren gave her when they were children, symbolizing a rift taking place between the two characters in the show. Mikasa's killing and last kiss towards Eren in the finale was praised for how the character for its tragic appeal though the relationship they shared seemed to have a different point of view considering Isayama's original comments about the idea of Mikasa and Eren being a couple as the author claimed that the latter did not see former as such love interest. References Specific Primary sources Attack on Titan manga volumes by Hajime Isayama. Original Japanese version published by Kodansha. English version by Kodansha USA. External links Attack on Titan Comics characters introduced in 2009 Female characters in anime and manga Female soldier and warrior characters in anime and manga Fictional acrobats Fictional characters based on real people Fictional female child soldiers Fictional monster hunters Fictional characters with post-traumatic stress disorder Fictional swordfighters in anime and manga
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98%20%EB%B0%A9%EC%86%A1%EC%82%AC
๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์‚ฌ
๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ „๊ตญ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ 3๋Œ€ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ตญ์€ KBS, MBC, SBS์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์—ฌ์˜๋„์™€ ์ƒ์•”๋™์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ 1956๋…„ 5์›” 12์ผ ์ƒ์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋˜๋Š” ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ตญ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฐฉ์†ก์ด ๊ฐœ๊ตญํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์žฅ๋ฅด๋Š” ์—ฐ์†๊ทน ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ, ์‚ฌ๊ทน, ์˜ˆ๋Šฅ, ๊ฒŒ์ž„, ๋‰ด์Šค ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ, ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์„ธ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ ์  ๋” ์‚ฌ์น˜์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์‚ฌ๊ทน์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ KBS ์›”๋“œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฑ„๋„ ๊ฐ™์ด ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ์œ„์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ฑ„๋„์—์„œ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋Š” ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„, ๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„, ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ค‘ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์™„์„ฑ๋œ ์ž๋ง‰๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ํ…Œ์ดํ”„๋‚˜ DVD๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ž๋ง‰ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋„ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ํŒฌํด๋Ÿฝ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ฒญ์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์ฑ„๋„์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋„ ๊ฝค ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋กœ๋“œ, C&M, CMB, CJ ํ—ฌ๋กœ๋น„์ „ ๋“ฑ ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ๋งŽ๊ณ , ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฐฉ์†ก์‚ฌ์—…๋ฒ•์ด ์ž…๋ฒ•ํ™”ํ•œ ์ดํ›„์—, IPTV ์„ ๋‘ ์—…์ฒด์ธ KT๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ, ํ›„๋ฐœ ์—…์ฒด์ธ SK๋ธŒ๋กœ๋“œ๋ฐด๋“œ, LG์œ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ IPTV ์ƒ์šฉ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” TV๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ€์ž…์ž ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํฌํ™” ์ƒํƒœ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” IPTV(์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฐฉ์†ก) ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ „๊ตญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 1400๋งŒ ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ RCA์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „์ด ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜์–ด ์ค‘๊ณ  ํ‘๋ฐฑ TV๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ๊ณ„ํš์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ TV๋Š” ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ํƒ‘๊ณจ๊ณต์›์—, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ TV๋Š” ์„œ์šธ์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ด‘ํ™”๋ฌธ์— ์ „๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ด KORCAD (RCA Distribution Company)์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ธ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฐฉ์†ก์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ž์ฒด ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ตญ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 1956๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜€๋‹ค. 1956๋…„ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ TV ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์ฒœ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฌธ (The Gates of Heaven), 15๋ถ„์„ ๋„˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ์ฐฝ๋ด‰ ๊ธฐํš, ๊ฐ๋…์€ 2 ๊ฐœ์›” ๋ฐ˜ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋Œ€๋ณธ์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ธ์Šคํ„ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ์—๋Š” ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ด์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. 1961๋…„ 10์›” 1์ผ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ตญ์ธ KBS๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด ๋ฌธํ™”๊ณต๋ณด๋ถ€(ํ˜„ ๋ฌธํ™”์ฒด์œก๊ด€๊ด‘๋ถ€) ์‚ฐํ•˜์— ์šด์˜๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. KBS์˜ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด 1964๋…„์— ์ถœ๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๋™์–‘๋ฐฉ์†ก์€ 1980๋…„ ํ•˜๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ์— KBS์— ์ธ์ˆ˜ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šด์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์–‘๋ฐฉ์†ก(์„œ์šธ๋ณธ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ์ง€๊ตญ)์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ฏผ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ์—… ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ธ MBC TV๋Š” 1969๋…„์— ์ฒซ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. MBC ๋‰ด์Šค NOW์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ์‚ฐ์—…์— ํฐ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๊ณ  1969๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ์‚ฐ์—…์€ ์„ธ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์‚ฌ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ํŠน์ง•์ง€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 1970๋…„๋Œ€๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž…์œผ๋กœ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์กŒ๋‹ค. 1972๋…„ ๋ฐ•์ •ํฌ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ณ„์—„๋ น์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ธ๋ก ์— ๊ฒ€์—ด์„ ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ตฌ์‹ค๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ • ํ›„, ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „๊ณผ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ตญ์— ์ „์†ก ์ „ํ›„์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ์„ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์†ก ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๊ด€ํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ๋น„๋‚œ์ด ์ปค์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ ์กฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ทจํ•ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…์ ๊ถŒ์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„๋‚œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1980๋…„๋Œ€๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ด์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ 56ํšŒ์—์„œ 1989๋…„ 88.5์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ, ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ตญ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 1979๋…„ 12ํšŒ์—์„œ 1989๋…„ 78ํšŒ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ตญ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 1979๋…„ 400๋งŒ๋Œ€์—์„œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 600๋งŒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ถœ์šฉ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ–ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „์€ 1980๋…„ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์— ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ž…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ•œ๊ตญ TV ์‚ฐ์—…๋„๊ฐ€ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ํฐ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ „๋‘ํ™˜ ์ •๊ถŒ ๋•Œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹ ๋ฌธ, ๋ฐฉ์†ก, ์ถœํŒ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ํ์‡„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํํ•ฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” KBS 1TV์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์—ฌ๋œ ๋™์–‘๋ฐฉ์†ก์ด๋‹ค. ๋™์–‘๋ฐฉ์†ก์€ ๊ทธ ํ›„ KBS 2TV๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1987๋…„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™” ๊ฐœํ˜ ์ดํ›„, ๋ฐฉ์†ก์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ •์น˜์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ทœ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ตญํšŒ๋Š” MBC์™€ KBS์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋ฌธํ™”์žฌ๋‹จ์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ, ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „์˜ ๋„์ž…์œผ๋กœ, ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์ ์ธ ๋‹ค์ฑ„๋„๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ชฉ์  ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ 1995๋…„ ์ฒซ ๋ฐฉ์†กํ†ต์‹ ์œ„์„ฑ์ธ ๋ฌด๊ถํ™”๋ฅผ ์ ๋„ ์ƒ๊ณต 3๋งŒ6000km๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๊ด‘๋Œ€์—ญํ†ต์‹ ๋ง์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ์ฆ‰์‹œ B-ISDN์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ 10๋…„์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์‚ฐ์—…์— ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์ด๋‹ค. 10๋…„ ์•ˆ์— ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์‚ฐ์—…์€ DBS, ์œ„์„ฑ, ์ธํ„ฐ๋ž™ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™” ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์ด ์ •๋ณด ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 2009๋…„ 7์›” 22์ผ, ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ์ •์น˜์  ๋…ผ์Ÿ ๋์—, ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฐœ์ •์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ๊ทœ์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ตญํšŒ ์˜ํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 12์›” 31์ผ, 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ตญ์ด ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ฐœ์š” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์ค‘๊ณ„๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋ชฉ๋ก ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์‚ฌ ๋ชฉ๋ก ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ๋ฐฉ์†ก์‚ฌ ๋ชฉ๋ก ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์ข…ํ•ฉํŽธ์„ฑ์ฑ„๋„ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television%20in%20South%20Korea
Television in South Korea
In South Korea, there are a number of national television networks, the three largest of which are KBS, MBC, and SBS. Most of the major television studios are located on Yeouido and Sangam-dong, Seoul. South Korea became the fourth adopter in Asia when television broadcasting began on 12 May 1956 with the opening of HLKZ-TV, a commercially operated television station. HLKZ-TV was established by the RCA Distribution Company (KORCAD) in Seoul with 186โ€“192ย MHz, 100-watt output, and 525 scanning lines. Important genres of television shows include serial dramas, historical dramas, variety shows, game shows, news programs, and documentaries. All three networks have produced increasingly lavish historical dramas in recent years. Some South Korean television programs are available on satellite and multicultural channels in foreign countries. South Korean television dramas have been widely popular in other East Asian, South Asian and Southeast Asian countries, and became popularized internationally at a later stage, with whole sets of videotapes or DVDs of series available with completed subtitles in different languages, online subtitle websites are also created by numerous fan clubs to cater to a global audience. Shopping channels have become quite popular in recent years as well, and the models sometimes put on entertaining acts during product pitches. Most cable operators in South Korea were consolidated into 3 major telecommunication companies, KT, SK Telecom, and LG Uplus. They also operates Internet Protocol television services. There are approximately 14 million cable TV subscribers nationwide. The cable operator provides TPS to its subscribers. (with the exception of Arirang which is free). History Since the beginning of the 1950s, television was introduced to Korea by RCA to sell second-hand black & white TV sets as a marketing scheme. Some TV sets were strategically set up at Pagoda Park, others at the Seoul Station and Gwanghwamun during this time. However it was not until 1956 when South Korea began its own television broadcasting station, the HLKZ-TV, part of the KORCAD (RCA Distribution Company). The first ever Korean television drama, ์ฒœ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฌธ (The Gates of Heaven) debuted the same year, planning director Choi Chang-Bong spent two and a half months continuously fixing the script, preparing sets and even the first instance of special effects, all for a drama that lasted no longer than fifteen minutes. The early 1960s saw a phenomenal growth in television broadcasting. On 1 October 1961 the first full-scale television station, HLKA-TV (now known as KBS 1TV), was established and began operation under the Ministry of Culture and Public Information. Following KBS was Tongyang Broadcasting Corporation's TBC-TV which was launched in 1964, and ran until merged in 1980. It was the first private television network in South Korea. The second commercial television system, MBC-TV, made its debut in 1969. The advent of MBC-TV brought significant development to the television industry in Korea and after 1969 the television industry was characterized by furious competition among the three networks. The 1970s were highlighted by government intervention into the media system in Korea. In 1972, President Park Chung Hee government imposed censorship upon media through the Martial Law Decree. The government revised the Broadcasting Law under the pretext of improving the quality of television programming. After the revision of the law, the government expanded its control of media content by requiring all television and radio stations to review programming before and after transmission. Although the government argued that its action was taken as a result of growing public criticism of broadcasting media practices, many accused the government of wanting to establish a monopoly over television broadcasting. The 1980s were the golden years for South Korea's television industry. Growth was phenomenal in every dimension: the number of programming hours per week rose from 56 in 1979 to nearly 88.5 in 1989; the number of television stations increased from 12 in 1979 to 78 by 1989; and the number of television sets grew from four million in 1979 to nearly six million in the same period. Despite producing color televisions for export, color television was not officially introduced in the country until late 1980. Color broadcasting, however, occasioned a renewal of strong competition among the networks. However, the South Korean TV industry was also suffered huge blows in this decade. During Chun Doo-hwan's regime, several newspapers, broadcasters and publications were forcibly closed, or were merged into a single organization. One of which is TBC-TV which was awarded to KBS. TBC-TV was then replaced by KBS 2TV. After the country's 1987 democratic reforms, several regulations were imposed to insulate broadcasters from political influence. For example, the National Assembly established the Foundation for Broadcast Culture to insulate MBC from political influence and KBS. At the beginning of the 1990s, with the introduction of cable television, the government initiated an experimental multi-channel and multi-purpose cable television service. In addition, South Korea launched its first broadcasting/communication satellite, Mugungwha 1, to 36,000ย km above the equator in 1995. The development of an integrated broadband network is expected to take the form of B-ISDN immediately after the turn of the century. This decade is a period of great technological change in the South Korean broadcasting industry, which will make broadcasting media even more important than in the past. In this decade the South Korean broadcasting industry will maximize the service with new technological developments such as DBS, satellites, and interactive cable systems, all of which will allow South Korea to participate fully in the information society. On 22 July 2009, after heated political debates, amendment of the Media law passed the South Korean national assembly to deregulate the media market of South Korea. On 31 December 2010, four general Cable Television networks were licensed. All analog broadcastings officially full-time completely turn off on New Year's Eve (31 December) 2012 at 03:59:59 KST (UTC+9) for all nationwide (including Seoul Capital Area such as Seoul, Gyeonggi Province and Incheon) so all analog broadcastings officially full-time completely turn off on same time. On New Year's Eve (31 December) 2012 at 04:00:00 KST (UTC+9), the digital terrestrial television of the South Korea fully turned, shifted and switched to all full ultra high definition for all nationwide (including Seoul Capital Area such as Seoul, Gyeonggi Province and Incheon). National networks In South Korea, there are four nationwide free-to-air terrestrial television networks, three general networks and one educational network as follows: List of television channels All of them are free-to-air channels. Furthermore, all of them are the official digital terrestrial television and ATSC providers of the nation (since 2005, approved by the Korean Government). Public broadcasting channels Commercial broadcasting channels In South Korea, many commercial television networks have been created after the deregulation taken in 1961 till 1990. SBS is responsible in distributing its programming content nationally, but is not responsible for producing local content aired by their affiliates. MBC Networks Channel Local broadcasting companies affiliated with MBC Networks originally started as affiliated broadcasting stations in the same way as SBS Networks. After Policy for Merger and Abolition of the Press, Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation is took over 50% of the shares in local broadcasting stations, and all local broadcasting stations became subsidiaries of Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation. Due to this background, MBC Networks is currently operating simultaneously with the characteristics of public broadcasting and commercial broadcasting. SBS Networks Channel SBS, which was originally established as an independent broadcasting station, was established in 1995 by PSB (Currently, KNN), CJB, TBC, and TJB, and SBS Networks was created around SBS. Currently, 9 broadcasting stations are affiliated. Independent station After 1990, independent broadcasting stations excluding SBS include iTV Kyung-in Broadcasting (formerly iTV Incheon Broadcasting), which opened in 1997 and closed in 2004, and OBS Gyeongin TV, which opened in 2007. The viewing area of the two broadcasting stations was the same in Seoul Capital Area, and among them, iTV Kyung-in Broadcasting was broadcast to other regions through Pay television and served as a Superstation. Cable TV networks/channels Most viewed channels See also Outline of South Korea List of South Korean television series Television in North Korea References
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%80%EC%8B%9C%EC%A7%80
ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹œ์ง€
ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹œ์ง€()๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜(production)๊ณผ ์œ ์‹œ์ง€(usage) ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ์–ด์ด์ž, ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ•™์ž ์•Œ๋ ‰์Šค ๋ธŒ๋ฃฌ์Šค(Axel Bruns)๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life and Beyond: From Production to Produsage๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฑ…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹œ์ง€๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ์˜คํ”ˆ ์†Œ์Šค ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด, ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ์Šคํ”ผ์–ด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ์ƒ์„ฑ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์ธ ์†Œ๋น„์™€ ๋Šฅ๋™์ ์ธ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„์ด ํฌ๋ฏธํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋งก๋Š”๋‹ค.ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ(produser)๋ผ๋Š” ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์šฉ์–ด๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹œ์ง€ ํ™œ๋™์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹œ์ง€์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ Bruns์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹œ์ง€์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ •์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๋™ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ž„์‹œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์œ ๋™์  ์ด์งˆํ™” ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋‹ค์ธต์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ง€์†์  ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณต๋™์†Œ์œ  ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๋ณด์ƒ ์ด ํ† ๋ก  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ์œ„ํ‚ค๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์˜ ํ† ๋ก  ๋ฌธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ „ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹œ์ง€์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œํ’ˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜‘์—…์ด๋‹ค. ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ์ž‘์„ฑ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ ์ €์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.์ œํ’ˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ํˆด์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ† ๋ก  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ์œ„ํ‚คํ”ผ๋””์•„ ํ† ํฌ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ด ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ „ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹œ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋„ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์ธต ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ ๋ถ„์—…์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ž์ฃผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ์ž‘์—…์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ (์•„์ด๋””์–ด, ๋…ผํ‰ ๋ฐ ํŽธ์ง‘)์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋Š” ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์ด ์—†๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๊ธˆ์˜ ์‹ค์งˆ์„ฑ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋Š” ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋ฆฌ๋”๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. Bruns๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹œ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์ œํ•œ ์—†์ด ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์ œํ•œ์ด๋ฉด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€, ๋น„ํ‰, ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ํฌ๊ด„์„ฑ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ฌด๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋ฐฐํƒ€์„ฑ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์œ„์ถ•๋œ๋‹ค. Bruns๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ์ง๋“ค๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ ์ตํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„“ํžˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹œ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์กฐ์ง ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ํ˜‘์—…, ์ฐธ์—ฌ, ํฌ๊ด„์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋™์  ์ด์งˆํ™”, ์ž„์‹œ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ฃผ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹œ์ง€์˜ ํŠน์ง•์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค.ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹œ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. Axel Bruns๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œํ•œ ์—†์ด ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•œ๋‹ค.๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์Šค ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์›์น˜ ์•Š๋Š” ํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ž์œ ๋Š” ์‘์ง‘๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹œ์ง€ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—ฌ์˜ ์งˆ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๋„์ž๋ฅผ ์„ ์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์ž๋Š” ์ž„์˜๋กœ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ด๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹œ์ง€ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์Šค์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„๋Œ€๋กœ "์ผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ"์ด๋‹ค.์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์ด ํ•œ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์€ ํ‡ด๋ณดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์žฅ๋ ค๋  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™๊ณผ ์žฌ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ๋™์ ์ธ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์•ก์…€ ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์Šค๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์ž๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค.๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋ฆฌ๋”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ์ œ์ž‘์—์„œ ์ตœ์ข… ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํ•˜ํ–ฅ์‹ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‹ , ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋“ค์€ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ฌ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์€ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€ํœ˜์™€ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์Šค ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ๋‚ด์˜ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•œ๋‹ค.์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ํ–ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์ธต์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์„ธ๋ถ„์„ฑ Axel Bruns๋Š” ์ œ์ž‘์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ , ๋‹ค์‹œ ์“ฐ๊ณ , ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์— ๋„์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์™€ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค์ฒด๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ • ์ƒํƒœ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. Bruns๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๋‘์Šค์˜ ์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŠน์ง•์ง“๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์‚ฐํ’ˆ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง€๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ํ’ˆ์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ๋“ค์ด ํ˜‘์—…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์•„ํ‹ฐํŒฉํŠธ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์›์ฒœ์ด ๋  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์˜๊ฒฌ, ์•„์ด๋””์–ด, ์ˆ˜์ •์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ , ํ† ๋ก ๋˜๊ณ , ์žฌํŒจ์…˜๋˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ์œ„ํ‚คํ”ผ๋””์•„์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์œ„ํ‚คํ”ผ๋””์•„๋Š” ์œ„ํ‚คํ”ผ๋””์•„์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ „์ฒด๋ก ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์ •์ ์ธ ์œ ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Bruns๊ฐ€ ์ •์˜ํ•œ ์•„ํ‹ฐํŒฉํŠธ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ์›์ฒœ์ด๋‹ค. Bruns๋Š” ์œ„ํ‚คํ”ผ๋””์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค์ธตํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ์ง€์‹ ํ™•์žฅ์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค.๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ‹ฐํŒฉํŠธ์— ์•ก์„ธ์Šคํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์›๋ž˜ ๋งˆํฌ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ. ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ”„๋Ÿฌ๋“€์„ธ์ด์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ๋“ค์ด ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด์ถ• ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์Šค ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ์Œ์•… ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์ธ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹œ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ccMixter๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„ ํŠธ๋ž™ ์œ„์™€ ๋Œ€์ฒด์— ์Œ์•… ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž‘์ด ๊ตญ์‚ฐ์ ์ด ๋˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. Bruns๋Š” ์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ•จ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์Šค๋‚˜ ์œ ๋ฌผ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์†Œ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ณ ์ •์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋Š” ๋” ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ์Šค์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์Šค๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ• ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ถœ์ฒ˜์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง‘์ค‘๋œ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ง€์‹์„ ์ถ•์ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์œ ์žฌ์‚ฐ, ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ํฌ์ƒ๊ธˆ Axel Bruns๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์Šค ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ณต๋™ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋ณด์ƒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์Šค ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต์œ  ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋™๊ธฐ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต์œ  ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ์ž‘์—… ์ค‘์ธ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ๋ฒ•์  ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ๊ฐ€ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ‘๊ทผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, Bruns๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์—…๋ฌด์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ง€์  ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์„ ์ง‘ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์ด ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ๋“ค์ด ํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์ปค๋จผ์ฆˆ ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋™ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ์ž์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์–ธํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๊ณต์œ ๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ”ผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์—์„œ ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋Š” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ํŽธ์ง‘ ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ •์„ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์œ  ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ํ•ด๋‹น๋  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ณด์ƒ๋˜๊ณ  ์ธ์ •๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์œ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ž‘์—… ์ค‘์ธ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์žฅ์ ์„ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ณด์ƒ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ง„ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ฒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์žฅ์ ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ง๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ง์„ ๋”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐœ์ธ์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์Šค์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋œ ๋ณด์ƒ์€ ๊ธˆ์ „์  ์ด๋“๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์ง€์œ„๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹œ์ง€ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์ค‘๋ณต ๊ฐœ๋… ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹œ์ง€์™€ Henry Jenkins์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์œตํ•ฉ์˜ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ฐœ๋… Axel Bruns์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹œ์ง€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ, ๊ณต๋™ ์žฌ์‚ฐ, ๊ทน๋ช…ํ•œ ์œ ๋ฌผ, ์„ธ๋ถ„์„ฑ, ์œ ๋™์  ์ด์งˆ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ํ™€์˜ตํ‹ฐ์ฆ˜์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์ง•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ๋ธŒ๋ฃฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ์ œ์ž‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํžŒ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ฃฌ์Šค์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์€ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋…ํŠนํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์ค‘๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜, ์˜ํ™” ์˜ˆ์ˆ , ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ธ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ•™์ž ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ์  ํ‚จ์Šค๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ 9๊ถŒ์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ์ฑ…์„ ์“ด ๊ต์œก์ž ๊ฒธ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜€๋˜ ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ์  ํ‚จ์Šค๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ด€๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์œตํ•ฉ์˜ ์šฉ์–ด์™€ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฑ…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์œตํ•ฉ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋งค์ฒด์˜ ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์žฅ, ํ˜‘์—…, ๋ณ€ํ˜•, ๊ฐ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์  ํ‚จ์Šค๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ์—์„œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œตํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์  ํ‚จ์Šค๋Š” ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ•์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ ‘์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ด ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ธํ…”๋ฆฌ์ „์Šค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ์žฌ์ž‘์—…๋˜๋Š” ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ๋ฌธํ™”์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋…ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์œตํ•ฉ์˜ ์  ํ‚จ์Šค ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์œตํ•ฉ์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฐฐ์น˜์™€ ํ˜‘์—…์œผ๋กœ ์š”์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ฃฌ์Šค์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๋‘์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๊ฒน์น˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ”„๋กœ๋‘์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด, ๋ฌธํ™”, ์˜๊ฒฌ์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. USC์—์„œ ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง„ ์—ฐ์„ค์—์„œ, ์  ํ‚จ์Šค๋Š” 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค; ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ ์ด๊ณ , ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์Šค ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋Š” ํ™•์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋Š” ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Henry Jenkins๋Š” ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ์žฅ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ํ•  ์ผ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฐ›๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ณ , ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. ํ’€๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž์ฃผ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌํ…”๋ง์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฌธํ™” ๋‚ด์—๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋‚˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฐœ์ „๋œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ฉ˜ํ† ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ณต์‹ ๋ฉ˜ํ† ๋ง ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์  ํ‚จ์Šค๋Š” ์œ„ํ‚คํ”ผ๋””์•„์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ํ† ๋ก , ์ˆ˜์ •, ๋ ˆํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ด์…˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฅ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์Šค์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ์ œ์ž‘์ž์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ์žฅ๋ คํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋œ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด‰์ง„๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋Š” ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ์ž‘์ž๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์  ํ‚จ๊ณผ ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์Šค์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‰ด๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์•ˆ์— ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ํ•œ ์ œ์ž‘์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ์™€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์žฅ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ์˜คํ”ˆ์—”๋“œ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง๋˜๊ณ  ์žฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌํŒจ์…˜๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜ˆ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์œตํ•ฉ์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์ง•์€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์Šค ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋‹ค. Jenkins๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์Šค ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ผ์šด๋“œํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋‚œ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›€์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค; ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋” ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋งค์ฒด์™€ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋œ ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์Šค ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ์ œ์ž‘์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์Šคํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์Šคํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์Šค๋‚˜ ๋งค์‰ฌ์—…์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ „ํŒŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ์นœ์ˆ™์„ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋กœ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์  ํ‚จ์Šค๋Š” ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ํ›„์ถ” ์Šคํ”„๋ ˆ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์Šค์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์Šค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ์œ„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ฝ”ํผ ํŽ˜ํผ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”์ดํฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ˆœํ™˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ถˆ๊ณผ ๋ฉฐ์น  ์•ž๋‘๊ณ , ํ›„์ถ” ์Šคํ”„๋ ˆ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์˜ ๋งค์‹œ์—… 200๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ๋ธŒ๋ฃฌ์Šค๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๋‘์Šค์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ฌ์˜คํ•œ ์œ ๋ฌผ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์›์ฒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง€๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. Jenkins์™€ Bruns๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ†ต์‹ ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋น„์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋…ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”์ดํฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฆฌํŒจ๋‹‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™๋ณดํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์  ํ‚จ์Šค๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์ „ํŒŒ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์ƒ์„ธํžˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ฑ์€ ์œ ํ†ต์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿด ์˜์ƒ์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด ์ด ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™•์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์ƒ์—…์  ์ด์ต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด๋“ , ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด๋“  ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ˆœํ™˜์€ ํ’€๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ์žก์ข… ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ์œ„๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ฑ์€ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋‚˜ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์œ ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์ธ ๋ฒ•์ธ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์œ ํ†ต ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๋Œ€๋น„๋œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์Šค์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ๋†’์€ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์˜ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ๋…์ ์  ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ˜‘์—…์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์  ์Šคํ‚จ์Šค์™€ ๋ธŒ๋ฃฌ์Šค์˜ ์ด๋ก ์€ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ „ํŒŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋น„๊ต๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜Œ์Šคํ‚จ์Šค์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์œตํ•ฉ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ด๋ก ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธํ™” ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ „ํŒŒํ•˜๋„๋ก ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋ธŒ๋ฃฌ์Šค์˜ ์ด๋ก ์€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋น„ํ‰, ๋ถ„์„, ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ณต๋™ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ค‘์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. Jenkins๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์—์„œ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ๋•๋Š” ๋งŒํผ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋Š” ์›๋ž˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚œ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ๊ณต์œ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์ด ์ถœํ˜„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ฑ์˜ ํž˜์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ํŒฌ๋“ค์ด ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์œ ํ†ตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์‡ผ๋“ค์„ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ด€๊ฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํผ์กŒ๊ณ  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ํŒฌ ์ธต์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ํŒฌ ์ธต์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘ํ™”์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ฃฌ์Šค์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์  ํ‚จ์Šค๋Š” ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ด ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฒญ์ค‘์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋‚˜ ์ œํ’ˆ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ด€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง๋ถ™์ธ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์  ํ‚จ์Šค๋Š” ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŠน์ง•์ง“๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ์ œ์ž‘์ž๋“ค์ด ์ธ๋”” ์˜ํ™” ์ œ์ž‘์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์ œ์ž‘์ž๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋…๋ฆฝ ์ œ์ž‘์ž๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ‚ฅ ์Šคํƒ€ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋…๋ฆฝ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž๊ธˆ ์ถœ์ฒ˜์™€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ปจํ…์ธ ์˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋กœ์„œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋…๋ฆฝ ์ œ์ž‘์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒ์—… ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ˆ˜์žฅ๋“ค๋„ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ด๋ ค๊ณ  ์• ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€๊ฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ดํ•„ํ•  ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ์œ ๋™์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ฃฌ์Šค์˜ ์œ ๋™์  ์ด์งˆํ™” ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋…๋ฆฝ์  ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์›๊ณผ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์œ ๋™์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์„ ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ํƒญ์Šค์ฝ”ํŠธ ๋ฐ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„์Šค์˜ ํ˜‘์—… ํ•™์Šต ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต๋ถ€๋ถ„ Don Tapscott์™€ Anthony D. Williams๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ "๊ณ ๋“ฑ๊ต์œก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ"๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ "ํ•™์Šต์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ"์„ ํ™๋ณดํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋ชจํ˜•์€ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ „ํŒŒํ•ด ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ ํก์ˆ˜, ์•”๊ธฐ, ํšŒ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํƒญ์Šค์ฝง๊ณผ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„์Šค๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ† ๋ก ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ํ•™์Šต์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ๊ต์œก๋Œ€ํ•™์›์˜ ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ J. ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๊ณ ๋“ฑ ๊ต์œก์—์„œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์€ ์Šคํ„ฐ๋”” ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ„ฐ๋”” ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ค€๋น„์™€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์Šค์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ •์˜์™€ ๋‹ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. 1999๋…„, ๋งค์‚ฌ์ถ”์„ธ์ธ  ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ OpenCourseWare๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2002๋…„์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” 5๋…„ ๋งŒ์— MIT๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์˜ ๋…ธํŠธ์™€ ์‹œํ—˜์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์ปค๋ฆฌํ˜๋Ÿผ์„ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์— ๊ฒŒ์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ์˜จ ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ "์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ, ๋ณต์‚ฌ, ๋ฐฐํฌ, ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ •"๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ต์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ์†Œ์† ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด OpenCourseWare์— ๋™๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํƒญ์Šค์ฝ”ํŠธ์™€ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„์Šค๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ต์œก ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ํ•™์Šต ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์˜ ์กฐ์–ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ปค๋ฆฌํ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ํƒญ์Šค์ฝ”ํŠธ์™€ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„์Šค๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ต์œก๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ œํ•œ ์—†๋Š” ์ •๋ณด, ๊ณ„์ธต์  ์„ ์ด ์—†๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‚ฌ์ง€์˜ ์œ ๋™์  ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋˜๋Š” ํ•™์œ„ ๊ณผ์ •๋„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์œ ๋ฌผ์„ ์—ฐ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํƒญ์Šค์ฝง๊ณผ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„์Šค๋Š” OpenCourseWare๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐ•์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์˜๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค์›์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. OpenCourseWare๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด ๊ณต์šฉ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์—์„œ ๊ณต์œ ๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๊ณต์šฉ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ”„๋กœ๋‘์ง€(produsage)์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ต๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณต๋™์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹œ์ง€์˜ ์˜ˆ Bruns์˜ ์˜ˆ Bruns๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฑ… ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ, ์œ„ํ‚ค๋ฐฑ๊ณผ, Second Life, Beyond Life์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๋•์…˜์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์‹œ์ง€ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ž‘์—…์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€: ccMixter, produsers๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„ ์Œ์•…๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์—…๋กœ๋“œํ•œ ํŠธ๋ž™์„ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์Šคํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”์ดํฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฝœ๋ผ๋ณด๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์Œ์•… ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์ธ ccMixter. ์—…๋กœ๋“œ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์Œ์•…์€ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์ปค๋จผ์ฆˆ ๋ผ์ด์„ผ์Šค์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ ์—†์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์Œ์•…์— ์•ก์„ธ์Šคํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์Šค๋Š” ccMixter๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํŠธ๋ž™์„ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์Šคํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„ ์Œ์•… ์—…๋กœ๋“œ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ์žฅ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ์›์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์Šค๋œ ์ด ํŠธ๋ž™๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ฌ์˜คํ•œ ์œ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋˜์–ด, ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. Citizen journalism. Axel Bruns๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ๋‰ด์Šค ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€, ํ™๋ณด, ๋Œ€์‘์—์„œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์ง€์˜ ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ์ธ๋””๋ฏธ๋””์–ด, ์Šฌ๋ž˜์‹œ๋‹ท, ์˜ค๋งˆ์ด๋‰ด์Šค, ํ—ˆํ•‘ํ„ดํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Bruns๋Š” ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์†Œ์…œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํ‚น ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ๋„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ—ˆํ•‘ํ„ด ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผํ‰์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถœํŒ๋œ ๋‰ด์Šค ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ธŒ๋ฃฌ์Šค๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ•ด์„๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ง€์ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฌธ๋งฅํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋…ผํ‰์ด ๊ทธ ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‰ด์Šค ํ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์Šค๋Š” ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ํ•ด์‹œํƒœ๊ทธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ํ”„๋Ÿฌ๋“€์Šค์— ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ ‘๊ทผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋ฌผ์— ํ•ด์‹œํƒœ๊ทธ๋กœ ํƒœ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๋” ํฐ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋” ๋Š˜๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์Šค ํ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ณต์œ ๋œ๋‹ค; ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ปดํŒŒ์ผํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜‘์—…ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ํ˜‘์—…์ ์ด๊ณ  ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋‰ด์Šค ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ† ๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. Clickworkers๋Š” ๋‚˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‹คํ—˜ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋กœ, ๊ณต๊ณต ์ž์› ๋ด‰์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ์ž‘์—…์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ™”์„ฑ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์—ด์„ฑ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผํ•™ ์ทจ๋ฏธํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ํ™”์„ฑ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹๋ณ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. NASA์™€ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ถ„์—ด์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์Šค๋Š” ํŒŒ์›Œ ๋‹ค์ด๋‚ด๋ฏน์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ์ฆˆ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๋ฌด์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ด์ต์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. Fan fiction Sugar Quill๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŒฌํ”ฝ์…˜ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋Š” ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ํ”„๋Ÿฌ๋“€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŒฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ์— ๋งค๋„๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํŒฌ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒฌํ”ฝ์…˜ ํ•œ ํŽธ์„ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์†Œ์œ ์˜์‹์„ ์กฐ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐœ์–ธ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋‹จ์ ์ธ ํ”„๋Ÿฌ๋“€์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. Flickr๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„ ํŽธ์ง‘ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ๊ณต์œ  ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋กœ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๋™ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ "ํ’€"์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์Šค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด '๋งค์‰ฌ์—…'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„์— ๋Œ“๊ธ€์„ ๋‹ฌ๊ณ  ์ฝ”๋””๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋งค์‹œ์—…์€ ๊ณต๋™์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์ธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ๋“œํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ฃผ๋„ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. Open source software๋Š” ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ ์†Œ์œ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์Šค ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ, ํŽธ์ง‘ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋‹ค. ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์†Œ์Šค ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ๊ฐ€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ๊ณต๋™ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์Šค ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์€ ํ์‡„ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค. Wikipedia. Axel Bruns๋Š” ์œ„ํ‚คํ”ผ๋””์•„๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์œ„ํ‚คํ”ผ๋””์•„๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ณต๋™ ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์‚ฌ์ „์ด๋ฉฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ์—๋งŒ ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์‚ฌ์ „๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์‚ฌ์ „๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ฐธ์—ฌ, ๋ถ„์„, ๋น„ํ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์œ„ํ‚คํ”ผ๋””์•„๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๋‘๋ฐ์ง€ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ํ•œ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ˜‘์—…ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ฝ๊ณ  ํŠน์ • ์ฃผ์ œ์— ์ด๋ฏธ ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง„ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋น„ํ‰ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋นŒ๋“œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Bruns๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ„ํ‚คํ”ผ๋””์•„๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋™์ ์ธ ์ด์„ฑ์• ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ„ํ‚คํ”ผ๋””์•„ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์—๋Š” ๋‹จ๋… ๋ฆฌ๋”๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•œ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๋„๋ถ€๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์œ ๋™์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ ๋‹ค์Œ์€ Bruns๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฑ…์—์„œ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๊ณ  ํ”ํ•œ ์ผ์ƒ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. Instagram: ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์•ฑ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณต์œ  ๋ฐ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ ๋‚ด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€์ค‘์ด๋‚˜ ์„ ํƒ๋œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์œ ๋˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒŒ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ณผ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ณต์œ  ์•ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅ/์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ์ƒท, ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”์ดํฌ ๋ฐ ์žฌ๊ฒŒ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ์•ฑ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€/์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋”” ์ˆ˜์ •๋ณธ์ธ "memes"๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ ‘์†์ด ์ œํ•œ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒŒ์‹œํ•  ์˜์š•์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์—…๋กœ๋“œํ•œ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฌ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋Ÿฌ๋“€์ง€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™๋ณดํ•œ๋‹ค. Internet memes : ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ, Reddit, 4chan, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์ค‘ํ™”๋œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๋ฐˆ์€ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ–‰์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๋ฐˆ(Internet meme)์€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์•„์ด๋””์–ด, ๊ธฐํ˜ธ ๋ฐ ํ–‰๋™ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€, ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์‹œํƒœ๊ทธ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด์ „์— ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋˜ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด๋‚˜ ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค(์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋จธ๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ•œ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•œ๋‹ค). ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๋ฐˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฝ”๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. Photoshop contest : subreddit /r/PhotoshopBattles์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํฌํ† ์ƒต ๊ฒฝ์—ฐ๋Œ€ํšŒ๋Š” ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์—…๋กœ๋“œํ•œ๋‹ค. Flickr์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ๋™์ผํ•œ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ฝ”๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์Šค๋ ˆ๋“œ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์—…๋กœ๋“œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฆฌ๋””ํŠธ๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ์‹คํ–‰๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ํ•ญ๋ชฉ Commons based peer-production Mass_collaboration Prosumer The_Wisdom_of_Crowds ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์›น 2.0 ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๋ฌธํ™” ํ˜‘๋™
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produsage
Produsage
Produsage is a portmanteau of the words production and usage, coined by German-Australian media scholar Axel Bruns and popularized in his book Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life and Beyond: From Production to Produsage. Produsage is the type of user-led content creation that takes place in a variety of online environments, open source software, and the blogosphere. The concept blurs the boundaries between passive consumption and active production. The distinction between producers and consumers or users of content has faded, as users play the role of producers whether they are aware of this role or not. The hybrid term produser refers to an individual who is engaged in the activity of produsage. This concept is similar and related to commons-based peer production, a term coined by Yochai Benkler. Characteristics According to Bruns, produsage has four defining features: 1) Open participation and communal evaluation; 2) Fluid heterarchy through ad hoc meritocracies; 3) Palimpsestic unfinished artifacts in a continuing process; and 4) Common property and individual rewards. An example of this discussion feature is the Wikipedia Talk page, which facilitates an open discussion between users in evaluating the quality of work created by previous users. Open participation A key characteristic of produsage is a collaboration between produsers to create content rather than working as individuals. The creation of content is frequently done by a number of different users rather than one single author. The produsage model provides tools that are designed and adapted to encourage open discussion. An example of this discussion feature is the Wikipedia Talk page, which facilitates an open discussion between users in evaluating the quality of work created by previous users. Participation in a produsage model is also voluntary. Unlike a hierarchical community, there is no predetermined division of labor, but rather self-selected and voluntary tasks. The community considers the usefulness and relevancy of the contributionsโ€”ideas, comments, and editsโ€”made by participants. The contributions that tend to be further evaluated and developed are the relevant and usable ones, while the irrelevant and unusable ones tend to be ignored. Even though the substantiality of useful contributions may vary drastically, they all positively contribute to the overall quality of the project. The participants who consistently make worthy contributions will be viewed as leaders amongst their peers. Bruns also states that there is usually unrestricted access to most produsage models. An unlimited number of participants, allows more people to assess, critique, and analyze the existing contributions, increasing the quality of the outcome. In this sense, inclusivity is highly encouraged while exclusivity is highly discouraged. Bruns also brings forth the point that it is beneficial for the community to interact with other organizations, as it broadens the range of knowledge in which they can use to formulate a more impactful message. Therefore, the overall organizational structure of a produsage model is based on collaboration, participation, and inclusivity. Fluid heterarchy, ad hoc meritocracy Large numbers of participants, who comply with the features of produsage, are a part of successful produsage sites. Produsage models need to be available to participants of all skill levels and abilities. Axel Bruns notes that while there may be disproportionate levels of contributions, produsers have to feel unrestricted and granted equal access to make contributions. A balance of structure and openness is required in produsage communities. Oversight by small groups can create unwanted control and absolute freedom disrupts cohesion. In order to achieve this balance, produsage communities elect leaders based on the quality of contributions made. In the case for some newer sites, however, moderators of communities may arise at random or the earliest member. The leadership structure in produsage communities are, as Bruns puts it, in "constant flux." Power recedes if leaders become idle. As such, leaders are not only encouraged to make relevant contributions to the community, but are also expected to do so with consistency. The fluctuation and redistribution of leadership creates a flexible, fluid network of produsers. Axel Bruns states that the fluidity of structure allows for individuals or tiny groups to emerge as decision makers, rather than having the whole community's approval at every stage. Standard models of structures consist of a top down model where leaders overlook, and have the final say in content creation. Produsage sites, instead, opt for an all-access model where participants are granted transparency. Leadership in this model removes command and control over participants; allowing produsers to make contributions as they see fit. Communities within produsage sites form through common interest of individuals, resulting in leadership rising from within these groups. The constant granting of leadership produces a community driven site where the community decides the direction the site is heading. Palimpsestic artifacts and granularity Axel Bruns challenges conventional ideas of production and consumerism by offering a perspective of the community in which producers are continually contributing by writing, rewriting, updating and suggesting ways to improve content. Content that is produced by produsers and the medium which holds the content is in a constant state of ongoing modification. Bruns characterizes this constituent factor of produsage as palimpsestic. Palimpsestic classifies objects as having the quality of being written and rewritten through many instances over time and showing evidence of that change. The exchange of interactions as produsers collaborate, establishes and builds the artifact, which becomes both a source of information as well as an environment where opinions, ideas and revisions are addressed, discussed and refashioned. He specifically points out that the framework and design of Wikipedia, which stands as an example of a holistic palimpsestic artifact in its nature. Artifact, as defined by Bruns, is a source of produser-created content. Bruns describes Wikipedia as being a continual developing process of produser-led expansion of knowledge, which is repeatedly over-written and multi-layered. Since virtually all users can contribute to an existing content on Wikipedia, there is always motivation to further improve upon it, by way of tools such as the Talk Page where users can interact and collaborate to push an article to a refined and more polished product. He identifies this characteristics as a stigmergic collaboration, where any user can have access to the artifact and add on their contribution to the original mark. Most often, produsage sites offer the architectural tools which enable produsers to record the history of the development of materials, thus users are able to trace back the evaluation of materials through its various stages. An example is the produsage site ccMixter, a community music site using open source multimedia management system to allow users to create music remixes on top of and in replacement of the original track. In order for a production to be palimpsestic, the goal for its content must be granular. Bruns argues that granularity offers produsers a way to connect and contribute to a source or artifact in a way which is relevant to their background and knowledge. By anchoring multiplicity of viewpoints and interest to one source, content becomes more valuable, accurate and comprehensible, which is often a common goal of sources which provide information. He states it is characteristic of sources which promote produsage to be divisible into different components, each of which can be individually and independently produced by different users. This allows for the accumulation of skills and knowledge from a diverse background, rather than from a concentrated number of producers. Common property, individual rewards Axel Bruns describes the connection between common property and individual rewards within produsage. He states that participation in produsage is motivated by the ability of individual produsers to contribute to a shared purpose. This shared purpose is represented in the ability of produsage to create motivation among produsers and that the content being worked upon remains accessible and open to everyone. In order for a diverse community to contribute and engage in produsage, there must be few obstacles that would impede their contributions. There must be plentiful and accessible existing content available for produsers to edit and contribute to, along with minimal obstacles that involve technical and legal restrictions. For example, Bruns states that when individuals engage in collaborative work, enforcing intellectual property rights may hinder them from editing or working on their peers' work. As a result, an alternative method for imposing intellectual property rights is needed in order for produsage to function efficiently. Therefore, he argues that produsers may need to declare existing content as common community property, such as through a Creative Commons license. However, any attempt from individuals or groups within or outside of the produsage group to capitalize on the content of information shared must be avoided. Any content that is worked upon by a community must remain easily accessible and that edits or modifications to the content must be available under similar conditions. In addition, any contributions made by participants to the shared content must be rewarded and recognized whenever appropriate. Although the content is shared communally, produsers still gain personal merit from their own contributions to the project being worked upon. In addition, these individual rewards are a source for further motivation for participation by the community in produsage projects. Such personal merit honors the individual by adding to their network of relationships and those beyond the community. Therefore, the main reward in engaging in produsage is personal status, rather than financial gain. According to Bruns, one of the major motivations in engaging in produsage is to create a lasting work, through other scholars have argued that in some cases, particularly related to collaborative media creation, a moe important motivation may be related to the performance and experiencing a joint outcome by the creators and audience. Overlapping concepts and other theories Corresponding concepts and Henry Jenkins' media convergence Axel Bruns' idea of produsage aims to describe how people in this digital age are communicating, through the explanation of four different characteristics; open participation, common property, palimpsest artifact and granularity as well as fluid heterarchy and holoptism. Each characteristic in itself pose a different aspect of what Bruns identifies as produser-led creation of content. Although Bruns' ideas are unique in characteristic, they tend to overlap with existing ideas and theories from other scholars, one of these being media scholar Henry Jenkins, a professor of communication, cinematic arts and journalism at University of Southern California. Henry Jenkins, a long time educator and writer of over nine books, adopted the term and concept of media convergence which was in currency at the time and offered a definition through his book. Media convergence can be described as a process by which media of all mediums are expanded, collaborated, transformed and adapted through space and time. Jenkins describes how the convergence of media occurs through a process in the individuals brain, but what is published by producers and the reactions in which individuals have toward content is the result of this convergence. Jenkins aims to conceptualize how content accumulates meaning and value and how the plethora of platforms of interaction accessible today encourages users to participate in a culture of content which is constantly being reshaped and reworked through digital communication and collective intelligence. Jenkins concept of media convergence overlaps with Bruns' idea of produsage where media convergence can be simply summarized as the logical placement and collaboration of media content, similarly produsage can be defined as the spread of idea, culture and opinions though media. In a speech given at USC, Jenkins speaks about five main concepts; content is participatory, content is remixable, content is spreadable, content is global and content may be independent. Henry Jenkins states content is participatory, which means platforms of media provide content which encourages users to interact and participate within its community. He explains that participation require low barriers of for expression where individuals are given things to do through media and often feel a strong support for sharing their creations with other members. He explains that users are motivated to connect and engage in storytelling which are most often appropriated through grassroots communities. He contends that within participatory culture, there is a system of informal mentorship in which those users who are more advanced mentor those that are either new in participating or rather those that lack the skill set to adequately participate. Jenkins gives the example of Wikipedia and explains that it allows and encourages user-led discussion, modification and recreation. Similarly, Bruns' idea of open participation emphasizes that participation of producers is voluntary and is facilitated through platforms which designed to encourage open discussion therefore, content is created by multiple produsers. He also states that producers believe that their contributions as well as the opinions of other users are important. Both Jenkin's and Bruns' concepts exemplifies that within the new media age, content is no longer created by one producer and consumed by the rest, but rather content is constantly remodeled, recreated and refashioned by multiple users within an open-ended community that encourages contribution and participation by its members. Another characteristic of media convergence is the concept of remixable content. Jenkins defines remixable content as the playfulness in which users input and ground their content around; he states that due to the fact that technology is more accessible in this digital age, it becomes less complicated for users to transform content in the way they would like on a variety of different mediums and platforms. Remixable content is a result of users and producers taking ownership of content and reshaping and remixing it for a variety of reasons which may either be for enjoyment or cultural instances. These remixes or mashups of content allow media to be spread over space and time at extremely fast rates which propels the familiarity of the content from user to user. Jenkins uses the example of the series of pepper spray cop remixes in which a picture of a cop pepper spraying a group of protesters was remade through a series of platforms by users all across the nation. Just a few days prior to the first circulating picture, 200 mashups of the pepper spray cop were created. Similarly, Bruns' states that a characteristic of produsage is a palimpsest artifact, which can be defined as content which is written and rewritten over again constantly with the goal of improving upon the source. Both Jenkins and Bruns conceptualize that user contribution is an essential characteristics of new media communication and consumption, in which individuals absorb content and remake or refashion it to either clarify an idea, promote a message or simply for enjoyment. In addition, Jenkins elaborates on the idea that content is spreadable. He states that the spreadability of content is a logic of circulation and that content gains value as it travels through culture. He utilized viral videos as an example to show that individuals who share and spread this content are contributing to increasing its value, whether for potential commercial interests or for entertainment. As a result, he states that circulation is a grassroots hybrid system and shaped by the individuals from the bottom up who pass along the content by their own choice. This type of spreadability contrasts the traditional type of distribution from corporations who are the main entity distributing content or products. Similarly, Bruns' concept of open participation elaborates on the idea that the more individuals working and collaborating produces higher quality content. In addition, it emphasis collaboration rather than one individual taking sole ownership of a piece of work. Jenskins' and Bruns' theories compare in that they both value multiple individuals collaborating to improve upon a piece of work or contribute to spreading its content. Jenskins' theory of media convergence values that it requires multiple individuals to work together to spread content throughout culture, while Bruns' theory values the collaborative effort of individuals working together to critique, analyze and reconstruct a piece of work. Jenkins also discuses in his theory that content may be global. As individuals help spread content by sharing it with people within their networks, the content has the opportunity to be shared outside of the original culture it originated from. He utilizes the example of the emergence of anime in the United States to show the power of spreadability in sharing content to different communities and cultures. Anime originally emerged in Japan, however, as anime fans began circulating the content online and informally translated anime shows into English, it spread to audiences in the United States and more Americans became a part of the anime fan base. As a result, the anime fan base in Japan contributed to the popularization of Anime in a global context and introduced new content to the American marketplace. In comparison to Bruns' concept of open participation, Jenkins adds on that the spreadability of content may bring new audiences from a global standpoint, thus increasing the number of individuals who are able to participate and engage with the content or product. Lastly, Jenkins characterizes content as independent. He states that while mass producers like corporations may have an advantage over independent producers in regards to visibility, such as indie film makers, independent producers still have opportunities to get their content exposed to the public. For example, he utilizes kick starters as an example of a funding source for independent producers and the creation of their content. Independent producers have the power to appeal to audiences that the heads of corporations or commercial structures are also trying to attract. As a result, in comparison to Bruns' concept of fluid heterarchy, which states that there is a fluid level of leadership in a produser group, independent producers showcase a fluid level of leadership against large corporations because they still have resources and networks to get their content across to their desired audiences. Overlap with Tapscott and Williams's theory of collaborative learning Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams promote "collaborative and social models of learning" as methods for developing a successful "Global Network for Higher Learning." Currently, the teaching model involves professors disseminating information to students to absorb, memorize, and recall on tests; however, Tapscott and Williams urge that true learning occurs when students collaboratively explore and discuss what they are learning about. According to a study done by Richard J. Light at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, the success of students in higher levels of education is dependent on their ability to organize and participate in study groups. Students who formed study groups were more prepared and involved in their coursework and retained more information than those who did not form groups. This resembles Bruns's definition of open participation. In 1999, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology integrated OpenCourseWare as a way of harnessing information on the internet for students. A project that began in 2002, in 5 years, MIT managed to publish its entire curriculum of lecture notes and exams online. This information is made available for students and teachers, even from other institutions, to be "freely used, copied, distributed, translated and modified". Professors have equal access to OpenCourseWare regardless of the institution they belong to. Tapscott and Williams propose that student users should be able to share their desired education structure with professors. Professors then make curriculum structure decisions based on the advice of the community of students and professors to optimize learning outcomes. Tapscott and Williams suggest that this creates more value for the high cost of education. Unrestricted information made readily available for anyone to use, community interaction between students and professors without hierarchical lines, demonstrates produsage's fluid heterarchy. The degree's regularly updated coursework is also reminiscent of palimpsestic artifacts. In addition, Tapscott and Williams explain how universities and professors sharing their course materials through OpenCourseWare would allow teachers to globally participate in forming more well-rounded and engaging courses, instead of forming them individually. Since OpenCourseWare freely allows access to everyone, the information shared on this public domain is considered common property. This aligns with the common property characteristic of produsage. The universities and teachers are produsers who are contributing to a shared purpose โ€“ improving coursework for the benefit of other teachers and students. Examples Bruns' examples Bruns highlights the following examples in his book Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life, and Beyond: From Production to Produsage and other works: ccMixter, ccMixter, a collaborative music software which enables produsers to upload original music as well as remix and remake tracks uploaded by other users. All music which is upload is governed under the Creative Commons license, which therefore allows every user to access all music without limitations. Bruns describes ccMixter as a source of content that encourages users to participate in both uploading original music as well as remixing other's tracks, and that these tracks which are remixed become a palimpsest artifact, constantly rewritten and edited. Citizen journalism. Axel Bruns states that citizen journalism is an example of produsage, in which it relies on its users to work as participants in evaluating, publicizing and responding to news stories. He argues that citizen journalism draws from voluntary contributions from its participants who utilize technology and the Internet to coordinate the process of citizen journalism. Citizen journalism may take place in websites such as Indymedia, Slashdot, OhmyNews, and The Huffington Post. Bruns also expands on the importance of social networking sites, such as Twitter, serving as platforms for citizen journalism to take place. Commentary on websites like The Huffington Post and Twitter respond to already existing and published news stories. However, Bruns states that it collects and combines these already existing materials and contextualizes them by pointing out new ways for their interpretation and analysis. As a result, he claims that comments com rrr pile information by highlighting its implications and are a form of news curation. In addition, Bruns utilizes we all go we go to go Twitter's hashtag system as an example of providing an open and accessible space for individuals to participate in citizen journalism and produsage. When users tag their posts with hashtags, they are enabling for a larger conversation to take place with other Twitter users and further extend the potential number of participants engaging in citizen journalism. The process of news curation is decentralized and shared; Twitter users collaborate on compiling, collaborating and curating information. As a result, Twitter is an online space that allows its users to share, report, and discuss news stories in a collaborative and open group. Clickworkers is a small NASA experimental project that uses public volunteers for scientific tasks. Enthusiasts with different levels of skill were engaged to identify craters on Mars. These science hobbyists accurately identified Mars craters with professional precision. While there is a division between NASA and the engaged participants, Bruns acknowledges that power dynamics are not disregarded in produsage models but are accepted when there is mutual benefit. Fan fiction communities such as Sugar Quill represent produsage models in text. The collaborative efforts of the community to examine the relevancy and possibility of seamless integration of these fan-written stories into the fictional universe they are fans of, and in some cases collectively write a piece of fan fiction. The communal evaluation of the community fosters a collective sense of ownership of a piece of work that goes through regular revisions. As no one person has more say over the quality of the story, this displays the heterarchical model of produsage in place. Flickr is a photo-editing and photo-sharing site which also enables users to be a part of communities or "pools" which are made of other users with common interests. Bruns explains that users engage in interaction by commenting on and coediting photographs, which they call "mashups." These mash-ups are considered common property and are composed of user-led creative content which is continually edited and reedited by users through open participation. Open source software is a computer software in which the copyright holder allows the source code to be openly available for anyone to alter, edit, or enhance it. The software is in a state of continuous evolution as produsers collaborate to improve the existing source code and/or repair any defects. Through open participation and communal evaluation, the quality of the open-source software advances at a much more rapid rate than that of a closed model. Wikipedia. Axel Bruns utilizes Wikipedia as an example to illustrate the characteristics of produsage. He states that Wikipedia is a collaborative online encyclopedia and differs from traditional encyclopedias because they only rely on the contributions of credible experts. As a result, traditional encyclopedias exclude participation from the public and lack a diverse group of contributors to engage, analyze and critique the work of the group. However, Wikipedia values the produsage characteristics of open participation by allowing anyone to edit a page on their website. Users are able to start new pages they wish to elaborate on or edit an existing page. In addition, users can read the work of others who have collaborated on a page before and critique or build upon what has already been written on a specific topic. Bruns also points out that Wikipedia embraces the produsage principle of fluid heterarchies. There is no sole leader on a Wikipedia page, thus users are allowed to freely evaluate each other's content. He adds that those who contribute more to a page may have visibility in the community in contrast to those who have lower rates of participation, however, the leadership is always in flux. Modern examples The following are popular, common day examples of produsage that Bruns does not highlight in his book: Instagram: As technology advances and more complex apps are developed, user have access to more information and more ways of sharing and contributing to a community. One example of this modern content exist within Instagram, which is a photo and video sharing app that enables produsers to both post images which is then shared to either the public or selected users, as well as save/screenshot, remake and repost other users content. An example of this within the app is signified by what is called "memes," which are parody revisions of previously posted images/animations. Instagram creates and promotes a produsage environment, where access is only limited to having a smart device, open participation is encouraged, users feel motivated to post interesting images as well as absorb and recreate content uploaded by other users. Internet memes like those popularized on Facebook, Reddit, 4chan, and other social media websites demonstrate another occurrence of produsage. An internet meme is an image, video, or hashtag that portrays a cultural idea, symbol, and/or behavior pattern via the internet. People often create memes by reworking existing photos or videos that others have previously posted (generally done to create humorous content). Participants of social media platforms often comment on, share, or re-edit these internet memes. Photoshop contest like the ones held in the subreddit /r/PhotoshopBattles is a popular instance of produsage. Users upload photos which the community is encouraged to edit. Similar to Flickr, all users have equal access to the image which they can then upload back onto the thread where comments are left, and re-edits will continue to take place. See also References Web 2.0 Internet culture Collaboration
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%BD%83%EA%B8%B8%EB%A7%8C%20%EA%B1%B8%EC%96%B4%EC%9A%94
๊ฝƒ๊ธธ๋งŒ ๊ฑธ์–ด์š”
ใ€Š๊ฝƒ๊ธธ๋งŒ ๊ฑธ์–ด์š”ใ€‹๋Š” 2019๋…„ 10์›” 28์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2020๋…„ 4์›” 17์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์˜๋œ KBS 1TV ์ €๋…์ผ์ผ๊ทน์ด๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํ”ผ๋Š” ์„ž์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚จ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์• ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•ด ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ๋‹จํžˆ ์—ฌ๋ฌผ์–ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—ฐ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๊ธฐํš ์˜๋„ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฟ์ธ ์นœ์•„๋“ค์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ญ‰์น˜ ์˜๋ถ“์ž์‹๋“ค๋งŒ ๋“์‹ค๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ผฐ๋‹™๋„ค. ์ด ์ง‘์—” ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์ž์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ’ˆ์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ํ†ต ํฐ ์‹œ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ๊ผฐ๋‹™๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ ์ž˜ ๋‚  ์—†๋Š” ์œ ๋ณ„๋‚œ ์‹œ์ง‘์‚ด์ด์— ๋„๊ฐ€ ํŠผ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ฉฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ•์—ฌ์›์ด ์‚ฐ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ๋‚จ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚จ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์• ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ๋‹จํžˆ ์—ฌ๋ฌผ์–ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—ฐ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์™€ ์‚ถ์˜ ์œ„๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ํž๋ง ๋กœ๋งจ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช… ๋‚˜๋ˆ”์œผ๋กœ ๊ผฐ๋‹™๋„ค์™€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ธ์—ฐ์„ ๋งบ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ฒญ๋…„ ๋ด‰์ฒœ๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฒ ํ’‚, ์€ํ˜œ ๋“ฑ ์žŠํ˜€์ ธ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‚ถ์˜ ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋˜์ƒˆ๊ฒจ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ (โ€ ) ํ‘œ์‹œ๋Š” ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ตœ์œค์†Œ : ๊ฐ•์—ฌ์› ์—ญ - ๊ผฐ๋‹™์˜ ๋ฉฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ, ๋ณด๋žŒ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ, ์ „์—…์ฃผ๋ถ€ โ†’ ํ•˜๋‚˜์Œ๋ฃŒ ์ฃผ๋ถ€์ธํ„ด โ†’ ๋Œ€์™ธํ˜‘๋ ฅํŒ€(TFํŒ€) ์ง์› โ†’ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์žฅ ์ฒœ๋™์˜ ์•„๋‚ด ์„ค์ •ํ™˜ : ๋ด‰์ฒœ๋™ ์—ญ - ๋ณด์œก์› ์ถœ์‹  ๊ตญ์„ ์ „๋‹ด ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ, ํ•˜๋‚˜์Œ๋ฃŒ ๋Œ€์™ธํ˜‘๋ ฅํŒ€์žฅ, ์—ฌ์›์˜ ์—ฐ์ธ โ†’ ๋‚จํŽธ ์‹ฌ์ง€ํ˜ธ : ๊น€์ง€ํ›ˆ (์•„์—ญ : ๋…ธ์˜๋ฏผ) ์—ญ - ์ฒœ๋™๊ณผ ์„ ํ™”์˜ ๋ณด์œก์› ๋™๊ธฐ, ํ•˜๋‚˜์Œ๋ฃŒ ๊ฒฝ์˜๊ธฐํš๋ณธ๋ถ€์žฅ, ๋™์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ์žฅ๋ณธ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ง€์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ ์ •์œ ๋ฏผ : ํ™ฉ์ˆ˜์ง€ (์•„์—ญ : ์ด๋‚˜์œค) ์—ญ - ํ•˜๋‚˜์Œ๋ฃŒ ๋ฌด๋‚จ๋…๋…€ ์™ธ๋™๋”ธ, ํŒ ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ, ์ง€ํ›ˆ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด ๊ผฐ๋‹™๋„ค ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์–‘ํฌ๊ฒฝ : ์™•๊ผฐ๋‹™ ์—ญ - ์—ฌ์›์˜ ์‹œ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ, ์ฃฝ์€ ๋•๋งŒ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด, ๋™์šฐ์˜ ์นœ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ด์ž ์ผ๋‚จ, ์ง€์˜, ์ด๋‚จ์˜ ์˜๋ถ“์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ, ์‚ฌ๋‚จ๋งค ์ˆœ๋‘๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ์žฅ, ์ˆ˜์›์ง€ ๋•… ์ฃผ์ธ ์กฐํฌ๋ด‰ : ๋‚จ์ผ๋‚จ ์—ญ - ๊ผฐ๋‹™์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜๋ถ“์•„๋“ค(์ „์ฒ˜ ์†Œ์ƒ), ๋ฐฑ์ˆ˜๊ฑด๋‹ฌ โ†’ ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ๋Œ€ํ–‰์—…์ฒด ๋ผ์ด๋” โ†’ ํ•˜๋‚˜์Œ๋ฃŒ ๊ฒฝ๋น„์› โ†’ ์ฒญ์†Œ์—…์ฒด ์ง์› ์ •์†Œ์˜ : ๋‚จ์ง€์˜ ์—ญ - ๊ผฐ๋‹™์˜ ์˜๋ถ“๋”ธ(์ „์ฒ˜ ์†Œ์ƒ), ๋™์šฐ์˜ ์˜๋ถ“๋ˆ„๋‚˜, ์• ๊ฒฌ์นดํŽ˜ ์‚ฌ์žฅ ๋ฅ˜๋‹ด : ์žฅ์ƒ๋ฌธ ์—ญ - ์ง€์˜์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ, ์‹ค์—…์ž โ†’ ์ „์—…์ฃผ๋ถ€ โ†’ ์ฒญ์†Œ์—…์ฒด ์ง์› ๋‚˜์ธ์šฐ : ๋‚จ์ด๋‚จ (๋ณธ๋ช… : ๊น€ํ˜„) ์—ญ - ๊ผฐ๋‹™์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜๋ถ“์•„๋“ค(์—…๋‘ฅ์ด, ๋•๋งŒ ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์•„๋“ค), ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ๋Œ€ํ–‰์—…์ฒด ๋ผ์ด๋” ์ž„์ง€๊ทœ : ๋‚จ๋™์šฐ ์—ญ (โ€ ) - ๋•๋งŒ๊ณผ ๊ผฐ๋‹™์˜ ์นœ์•„๋“ค, ์—ฌ์›์˜ ์ „๋‚จํŽธ, ๋ช…๋ฌธ์ผ๋ณด ๊ธฐ์ž, ์ง€ํ›ˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ตํ†ต์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ง (1ํšŒ ~ 5ํšŒ, 120ํšŒ ํŠน๋ณ„ ์ถœ์—ฐ) ์ด์•„๋ผ : ๋‚จ๋ณด๋žŒ ์—ญ - ๋™์šฐ์™€ ์—ฌ์›์˜ ๋”ธ ๊น€์ง€ํ›ˆ : ์žฅ์˜์žฌ ์—ญ - ์ง€์˜๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ฌธ์˜ ์•„๋“ค ์—ฌ์›๋„ค ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊น€๊ทœ์ฒ  : ๊ฐ•๊ทœ์ฒ  ์—ญ - ์—ฌ์›๊ณผ ์—ฌ์ฃผ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€, ๊ฐœ์ธํƒ์‹œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ โ†’ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์šด์ „ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ๊น€์ด๊ฒฝ : ๊ฐ•์—ฌ์ฃผ ์—ญ - ์—ฌ์›์˜ ๋™์ƒ, ๊ทœ์ฒ ์˜ ์ฐจ๋…€, ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ๋Œ€ํ–‰์—…์ฒด ๋ผ์ด๋”, ํ•™๊ตํญ๋ ฅ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ž, ์ด๋‚จ์˜ ์—ฐ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ง€๋„ค ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์„ ์šฐ์žฌ๋• : ํ™ฉ๋ณ‘๋ž˜ ์—ญ - ์ˆ˜์ง€์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€, ํ•˜๋‚˜์Œ๋ฃŒ ์‚ฌ์žฅ, ์ง€ํ›ˆ์„ ์‹œ์ผœ ๋™์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ์žฅ๋ณธ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ˆ™ : ๊ตฌ์œค๊ฒฝ (๋ณธ๋ช… : ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ์ž) ์—ญ - ์ˆ˜์ง€์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ, ํ•˜๋‚˜์Œ๋ฃŒ ๊ณต์ต์žฌ๋‹จ ์‚ฌ์žฅ ๋ฏธ์ƒ : ๊น€์ˆ˜ํ›ˆ ์—ญ - ์ง€ํ›ˆ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ง€์˜ ์•„๋“ค ์ฒœ๋™๋„ค ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์ด์œ ์ง„ : ๋ด‰์„ ํ™” / ์•จ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์—ญ - ์ฒœ๋™์˜ ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ, ์ˆ˜์ง€ํ™ฉ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค ์–ด์‹œ์Šคํ„ดํŠธ โ†’ ๋งˆ์นด์˜ค ์œ ํ•™์ƒ, ํ•™๊ตํญ๋ ฅ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜์Œ๋ฃŒย ๋Œ€์™ธํ˜‘๋ ฅํŒ€ ์ด๋‹ค๋‹ˆ : ์–‘์ง„ํฌ ์—ญ - ํ•˜๋‚˜์Œ๋ฃŒ ๋Œ€์™ธํ˜‘๋ ฅํŒ€ ๊ณผ์žฅ โ†’ ํ•˜๋‚˜์Œ๋ฃŒ TFํŒ€ ์ง์› ๊น€์˜ค๋ณต : ๋ฐฐ์„ฑํ˜ธ ์—ญ - ํ•˜๋‚˜์Œ๋ฃŒ ๋Œ€์™ธํ˜‘๋ ฅํŒ€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ โ†’ ํ•˜๋‚˜์Œ๋ฃŒ TFํŒ€ ์ง์›, ์ง„ํฌ์˜ ์—ฐ์ธ ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ•์ •์–ธ : ๋ฏธ์ˆ ํ‰๋ก ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์œค์ง„ ์—ญ (24ํšŒ, 50ํšŒ) ํ™์ง€ํฌ : ์ง  ํ‹ฐ ์งฑ ์—ญ - ์ˆ˜์ง€๋„ค ์ง‘ ๅ‰ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ ๋„์šฐ๋ฏธ โ†’ ๊ผฐ๋‹™์˜ ์‹๋‹น ์ง์›, ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ์ถœ์‹ , ์ผ๋‚จ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด ๊น€์ค‘๋ˆ : ์ตœ๋งŒ์„ญ ์—ญ - ๊ทœ์ฒ ์˜ ํƒ์‹œ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ๋™๋ฃŒ, ์ดํ˜ผ๋‚จ ๊น€๋ฏธ๋ผ : ์œค์ •์ˆ™ (๋ณธ๋ช… : ์œค๋ง์ˆ™) ์—ญ - ๊ทœ์ฒ ์˜ ์ธ๋…€์ด์ž ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊พผ, ์ง€ํ›ˆ์˜ ์ƒ๋ชจ, ์ˆ˜์ง€๋„ค ์ง‘ ๅ‰ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ ๋„์šฐ๋ฏธ ๊น€ํƒœ์› : ์ดํ‘ธ๋ฆ„ ์—ญ - ์†Œ๋…„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ, ์ฒœ๋™์˜ ๊ตญ์„ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์‹œ์ ˆ ์˜๋ขฐ์ธ, ์ˆ˜์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ง์› ์ด์˜ค : ๋ด‰๊ตฌ / ํ™ฉ์ œ๋‹ˆ ์—ญย - ์œค๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋ ค๊ฒฌ, ์˜์žฌ๊ฐ€ ํ‚ค์šฐ๋˜ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€ ์ตœ์œค์šฐ : ์ฏ”์—‰ ์—ญ - ์ง  ํ‹ฐ ์งฑ๊ณผ ์ผ๋‚จ์˜ ์•„๋“ค, ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ณ‘ ํˆฌ๋ณ‘ ์ค‘ ๋ฏผ๋Œ€์‹ : ํ—ˆ ๊ธฐ์ž ์—ญ - ์ฒœ๋™๊ณผ ์นœํ•œ ์„ฑ์ฃผ์ผ๋ณด ๊ธฐ์ž (2๋…„ ์ „ ๋ช…๋ฌธ์ผ๋ณด ์†Œ์† ๊ธฐ์ž) ์ตœ์„ ์ผ : ๊น€ ๋น„์„œ ์—ญ - ์ง€ํ›ˆ์˜ ๋น„์„œ ์•ˆ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ : ๋ฐ•ํ˜ธ์‹ ์—ญ - ํ—›๊ฐœ ์›๋ฃŒ ํšŒ์‚ฌ '๋Œ€์˜ํ—›๊ฐœ' ์‚ฌ์žฅ, ํ•˜๋‚˜์Œ๋ฃŒ ์›์‚ฐ์ง€ ๋น„๋ฆฌ ์ตœ์ดˆ ์ œ๋ณด์ž ์žฅ๋ฌธ์„ : ์‹ค์žฅ ์—ญ - ์ด๋‚จ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ๋Œ€ํ–‰์—…์ฒด '๊ฐ„๋‹ค' ์‹ค์žฅ ์˜ฅ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ : ๋ฏธํ™”์› ์—ญ - ํ•˜๋‚˜์Œ๋ฃŒ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฏธํ™”์› ์†์˜์ˆœ : ํ‘ธ๋ฆ„์˜ ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์—ญ ์ •์˜๊ธˆ : ๋‚˜์ฃผ๋Œ ์—ญ - ๊ผฐ๋‹™์˜ ์‹๋‹น ์ „ ์ง์›, ์†์ฃผ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ์™ธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋– ๋‚จ ์ด๋™ํฌ : ์›”๋ น ๋„์ž๊ธฐ ๊ณต๋ฐฉ ์Šค์Šน ์—ญ - ์„ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฐฉ ์Šค์Šน, ์ˆ˜๊ฐ•์ƒ์„ ์ถ”ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ ์œ ๊ธˆ : ์ˆ˜์ง€๋„ค ์ง‘ ๅ‰ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ ๋„์šฐ๋ฏธ ์—ญ ์ •ํ˜„์ค‘ : ํŽธ์˜์  ์‚ฌ์žฅ ์—ญ ๋ณ€์šฐ์ข… : ๋…ธ์œค๊ธฐ ์—ญ ์ธ์„ฑํ˜ธ : ์ทจ๊ฐ ์—ญ ์ „์€๋ฏธ : ์งฑ์ด ๋ฌต์œผ๋ ค๋˜ ๋ชจํ…” ์‚ฌ์žฅ ์—ญ ์„ฑํ˜„๋ฏธ : ์—ฌ์›์ด ์ผํ•˜๋˜ ๋ชจํ…” ์‚ฌ์žฅ ์—ญ ์ž„์ •์˜ฅ : ์œค๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ชจ์ž„ ํšŒ์› ์—ญ (92ํšŒ) ํ—ˆ์„ ํ–‰ : ์นดํŽ˜ ์‚ฌ์žฅ ์—ญ - ๅ‰ ํ•˜๋‚˜์Œ๋ฃŒ ๊ตฌ๋งคํŒ€์žฅ ๊น€๋™์ผ : ์ •์šฑ ์—ญ - ์นดํŽ˜ย ์•„๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ์ƒ ๊น€ํƒœํ–ฅ : ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์žฅ ์—ญ - ์ฒœ๋™์˜ ์กฐ๋ ฅ์ž ๋ฐ•์„ฑ๊ท  : ํ™”๋„์œ ํ†ต ์‚ฌ์žฅ ์—ญ - ํƒ„์‚ฐ์ˆ˜ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ฒด ์‚ฌ์žฅ ์ฒœ์„๊ธฐ : ๊น€์ƒํ˜„ ์—ญ - ์—ฌ์›์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•œ ๋‚œํญ ์šด์ „์ž, ์ฒœ๋™ ์‚ด์ธ๋ฏธ์ˆ˜๋ฒ” ์ตœ๋‚จ์šฑ : ์ฐจํƒœ์ง„ ์—ญ - ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๊น€๊ด‘ํƒœ : ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์—ญ ์˜ค๊ทœํƒ : ์นด์„ผํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์žฅ ์—ญ - ์ง€ํ›ˆ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ์นด์„ผํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์žฅ ์œค๋ณต์„ฑ : ์‹ ์šฐ์€ํ–‰ ์ง€์ ์žฅ ์—ญ ์˜ค์Šน์ฐฌ : ๋Œ€์–‘์Œ๋ฃŒ ์ง์› ์—ญ ๊น€๋‚™๊ท  : ์ฒœ๋™์˜ ๋‹ด๋‹น ์ฃผ์น˜์˜ ์—ญ ์ž„์„ ์šฐ : ๊น€๊ต๋นˆ ์—ญ - ์ฒœ๋™์˜ ์˜๋ขฐ์ธ, ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ ํ˜ธ๋ฅดํ—ค : ์„ ํ™”์˜ ๋‚จ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ ์—ญ - ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์ธ (๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ํšŒ) ์—ฌ๋ฆฌ์˜จ : ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ ์—ญ (๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ํšŒ) ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ  ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ ์‚ฌ์œ  ๋ฐ ์—ฐ์žฅ 2019๋…„ 11์›” 19์ผ : ใ€Š๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด ๋ฌป๋Š”๋‹ค 2019 ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ณผ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”ใ€‹ ํŽธ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ. 2020๋…„ 4์›” 15์ผ : ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ œ21๋Œ€ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ ใ€Š๋‚ด ์‚ถ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ์„ ํƒ 2020 ์ด์„ ใ€‹ ๊ฐœํ‘œ๋ฐฉ์†ก์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ. ๊ฝƒ๊ธธ๋งŒ ๊ฑธ์–ด์š” ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์ด 120๋ถ€์ž‘์—์„œ 3ํšŒ ์—ฐ์žฅ๋˜์–ด 123๋ถ€์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ™•์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋ฐ ํ›„๋ณด ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํ•ญ 1ํšŒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 122ํšŒ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” 15์„ธ ์ด์ƒ ์‹œ์ฒญ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์˜๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ํšŒ์ธ 123ํšŒ๋Š” 12์„ธ ์ด์ƒ ์‹œ์ฒญ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์–ด ๋ฐฉ์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ 2019๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๊ฝƒ๊ธธ๋งŒ ๊ฑธ์–ด์š” ๊ณต์‹ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€ 2019๋…„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ 2020๋…„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ณต์‚ฌ 1TV ์ผ์ผ์—ฐ์†๊ทน ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2020๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2019๋…„์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2020๋…„์— ์ข…๋ฃŒํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋‚˜์Šนํ˜„ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘ํ’ˆ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unasked%20Family
Unasked Family
Unasked Family () is a South Korean television series starring Choi Yoon-so, Seol Jung-hwan, Shim Ji-ho, and . The series aired on KBS1 from October 28, 2019 to April 17, 2020. Synopsis The story of series depicts the life changing story of Kang Yeo-Won (Choi Yoon-so) and Bong Cheon-dong (Seol Jung-hwan). When Kang Yeo-Won was a university student, she dreamed of becoming a reporter. An unexpected pregnancy caused her to change that dream. She is now a housewife, and she is busy taking care of her troublemaker in-laws, raising her child and managing her family's finances. Her husband gets into an accident and her life changes. Bong Cheon-dong grew up in an orphanage with his younger sister. He had a heart disease, but he was able to get an operation due to Hwang Byung-rae (Seon Woo Jae-duk). He is now a grown man. Bong Cheon-dong passes his bar exam, but he works for Hwang Byung-rae, President of Hana Beverage. Cast Main Choi Yoon-so as Kang Ye-won, Connib's daughter-in-law. Rewarding mom. Seol Jung-hwan as Bong Cheon-dong, Lawyer. Head of External Cooperation Team, Hana Beverage. Shim Ji-ho as Kim Ji-hoon, Cheondong's nursery school motivation Head of Hana Beverage Management Planning Division. Noh Young-min as young Kim Ji-hoon as Hwang Soo-ji, only daughter of Byeong-rae and Yun-gyeong. Pop artist. Lee Na-yoon as young Hwang Soo-ji Supporting Yang Hee-kyung as Wang Connib, Yeowon's mother-in-law. Dong-woo and Il-nam, Ji-young, and Lee-nam's mother. Jo Hee-bong as Nam Il-nam Jeong So-young as Nam Ji-young, Connib's stepdaughter and wife of Sangmoon. The owner of a dog cafe. Ryu Dam as Jang Sang-moon Na In-woo as Nam Yi-nam Im Ji-kyu as Nam Dong-woo Lee A-ra as Nam Bo-ram Kim Ji-hoon as Jang Young-jae Kim Kyu-chul as Kang Kyu-cheol Kim Yi-kyung as Kang Yeo-joo Sunwoo Jae-duk as Hwang Byung-rae Kim Kyung-sook as Gu Yun-kyeong Lee Yu-jin as Bong Seon-hwa Lee Da-ni as Yang Jin-hee Kim O-bok as Bae Sung-ho Hong Ji-hee as Trแบงn Thแป‹ Trang Kim Joong-don as Choi Man-sub Kim Mi-ra as Yoon Jung-sook Kim Tae-won as Lee Poo-reum Kim Tae-hyang as office manager Park Jung-eon as Reporter Choi Yoon-Jin (Ep. 24, 50โ€“51) Viewership Awards and nominations References External links Korean Broadcasting System television dramas 2019 South Korean television series debuts 2020 South Korean television series endings Korean-language television shows
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%BE%B0%EC%A1%B1%EB%8F%84%EB%A7%88%EB%B1%80%EB%B6%99%EC%9D%B4
๋พฐ์กฑ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด
๋พฐ์กฑ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด(Heteronotia binoei )๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฌํด๋ฆฌ ๊ฒŒ์ฝ”(prickly gecko), ๋น„๋…ธ ๊ฒŒ์ฝ”(Bynoe's gecko)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ์ผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ , ํผ์Šค์˜ ๋„์‹œ ๊ตฌ์—ญ ๋”ฐ์œ„์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์‹ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋„ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ชธ๋šฑ์ด๋Š” ์ง™์€ ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰์—์„œ ๋ถˆ๊ทธ์Šค๋ฆ„ํ•œ ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒ‰๊น”์„ ๋„๋ฉฐ, ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฉด์˜ ์ƒ‰๊น”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง™์€ ํ…Œ๋‘๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘๋ฅธ ๋ฐ์€ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋พฐ์กฑ์€ ๋‹จ์œ„์ƒ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฒ™์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ ์ข… ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋œ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ํ™”์Œ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ง–์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด์› ์ข…๋ช… binoei๋Š” ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋‹ค์œˆ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ HMS ๋น„๊ธ€์— ํ•ด๊ตฐ ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜๋กœ์„œ ์Šน์„ ํ•œ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผํ•™์ž ๋ฒค์ž๋ฏผ ๋น„๋…ธ(Benjamin Bynoe, 1804-1865)๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋พฐ์กฑ์€ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š”, ๊ฐ€๋Š˜๊ณ  ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธด ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒ‰๋ณด๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง‰์ƒ ๋งŒ์ ธ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ž‘์€ ๋น„๋Š˜๋กœ ๋ฎ์—ฌ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์€ ๊ฐ€๋Š˜๊ณ  ๋์—๋Š” ํŠผํŠผํ•œ ๋ฐœํ†ฑ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์‹ ์ถ•์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋นจํŒ์€ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ํฐ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์—๋Š” ํฐ ๋ˆˆ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ˆˆ๊บผํ’€์€ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ˆˆ์ด ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋น„๋Š˜๋กœ ๋ฎ์—ฌ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆˆ์„ ๊น”๋”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜“๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™๊ณผ ๋จผ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฆ์•„๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋ชธ๋šฑ์ด๋Š” ๋“ฑ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋พฐ์กฑํ•œ ์ž‘์€ ๋Œ๊ธฐ๋“ค๋กœ ๋’ค๋ฎ์—ฌ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋พฐ์กฑ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด(prickly gecko)๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋ถ™์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒด์ƒ‰์€ ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰, ํฌ๋ฆผ์ƒ‰, ๋ฒ ์ด์ง€์ƒ‰, ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰, ํฐ์ƒ‰ ์ค‘์˜ ์ƒ‰๊น”์„, ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์ƒ ๋ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ, ๋ฐ˜์ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชธ์„ ๋’ค๋ฎ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ†ต ๊ด€์ž๋†€์ด์—, ์•ˆ๊ฐ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฒ€์€ ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํฐ์ƒ‰์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ณดํ†ต ์ง™์€ ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰ ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด ์‚ด์ง ๋‚˜์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋พฐ์กฑ์€ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์˜ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์ค€์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์— ๊ณ ์œ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ, ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ์˜ ์Šตํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์„œํ•ด์•ˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์„ฌ๋“ค์—์„œ๋„ ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฐ๋กœ์„ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์„œ์‹ ๋พฐ์กฑ์€ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ „์—ญ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„œ์‹์ง€์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํƒ ํŠธ์ธ ์‚ผ๋ฆผ์ง€๋Œ€(:en:woodland), ์ดˆ์›์ง€๋Œ€(:en:grassland), ์†์ƒ๋œ ์„œ์‹์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ด๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฆผ, ์ค‘๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰, ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฐ€์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ข…์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ์ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ, ๋‚˜๋ฌด์ค„๊ธฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฃจํ„ฐ๊ธฐ, ๋ฐ”์œ„, ํฐ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์–ธ๋•, ๋‚˜๋ฌด ๋ฐ‘๋™์˜ ๋Š์Šจํ•ด์ง„ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ป์งˆ, ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ํŒŒ๋‘” ๋•…๊ตด(:en:burrow) ๋”ฐ์œ„์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋„ ์€์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋พฐ์กฑ์€ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ œ์ผ ํ”ํ•œ ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋พฐ์กฑ์€ 7์›”๊ณผ 11์›” ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ฒˆ์‹ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. 1-3์‚ด ์ฏค์— ์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์•”์ปท์€ 9์›”์—์„œ 1์›” ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์•Œ์„ ๋‚ณ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์•”์ปท์€ 1๋…„์— ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์‚ฐ๋ž€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•Œ์€ ๋ง‰ ๋‚ณ์•˜์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ป์งˆ์ด ๋ง๋ž‘๋ง๋ž‘ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ฒฝํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์ทจ์„ฑ์„ ๋ ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•Œ์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ฐ”์œ„ ๋ฐ‘, ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ํŒŒ๋‘” ๋•…๊ตด ์•ˆ, ํ˜น์€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์ค„๊ธฐ ์•ˆ์— ๋†“์—ฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ๋กœ์„ฌ(:en:Barrow Island (Western Australia))์˜ ์•”์ปท๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ์œ„์ƒ์‹(:en:parthenogenesis)์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋„ ๋ฐฐ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์„ฑ์ƒ์‹์˜ ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜๋…€์ƒ์‹์€ ์ฒ™์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ, ์ฒ˜๋…€์ƒ์‹์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋พฐ์กฑ ๋ง๊ณ ๋Š” ๋งค๋ˆ๋น„๋Š˜๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด ์ •๋„๋‹ค. ์‹์„ฑ ๋พฐ์กฑ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐค์— ํ™œ๋™์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์€์‹ ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜์„œ ๋ฐค ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๋‚˜๋ฐฉ, ๋ฉ”๋šœ๊ธฐ ๋”ฐ์œ„์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌด์ฒ™์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์žŽ๋”๋ฏธ๋‚˜ ํƒ ํŠธ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์˜ค๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์˜ค๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ „ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋“ฏ์ด ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ํฌ์‹์ž๋“ค์ด ๋พฐ์กฑ์„ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋พฐ์กฑ์€ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด ์žฌ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋” ํฐ ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํฌ์‹์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ Boulenger GA (1885). Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume I. Geckonidรฆ ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, Printers). xii + 436 pp. + Plates I-XXXII. ("Heteronota [sic] binoei ", pp.ย 74โ€“75). Gray JE (1845). Catalogue of the Specimens of Lizards in the Collection of the British Museum. London: Trustees of the British Museum. (Edward Newman, printer). xxviii + 289 pp. ("Heteronota [sic] Binoei ", new species, p.ย 174). ๋พฐ์กฑ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๋ถ™์ด์† ์กด ์—๋“œ์›Œ๋“œ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ 1845๋…„ ๊ธฐ์žฌ๋œ ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜ ์ฒ™์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ ๋‹จ์œ„์ƒ์‹
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteronotia%20binoei
Heteronotia binoei
Heteronotia binoei, known commonly as Bynoe's gecko, is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae, and is endemic to Australia. One of the continentโ€™s least-habitat-specific geckos, it occurs naturally across much of the country, and has also established in areas where it does not occur normally, such as urban Perth, Western Australia. It is dark brown to reddish-brown, depending on the colour of the ground upon which it lives (to which it adapts for camouflaging), as well as irregular light bands with dark edges along its back. Bynoeโ€™s gecko is one of a small number of vertebrate species that are known to reproduce by parthenogenesis, another reptilian example being the mourning gecko (Lepidodactylus lugubris) of Southeast Asia and Oceania islands (not Australia or New Zealand). Etymology The specific name, binoei, is in honour of British naturalist Benjamin Bynoe (1803โ€“1865), who was a naval surgeon aboard the with Charles Darwin. Description The Bynoe's gecko is a slender, long-tailed species which may grow to a total length (including tail) of . It is covered with small scales which appear to be rough, but are soft to touch. It has slim toes which end with strong claws, but unlike many other gecko species, it does not have expandable toe pads. It has a large head and large eyes, lacking eyelids but being covered with transparent scales. To keep its eyes clean, it wipes dirt and dust from the lenses with its tongue. The body is covered with small spine like ridges which run down the length of the back, referred to in the alternative common name "prickly gecko". Colours include yellow, cream, beige, black, and white, with most carrying at least two of these colours. Stripes, speckles, spots, or blotches may cover the gecko. It usually has an indication of a dark temporal streak and another dark streak along the canthus rostralis. The lips are whitish and usually lightly freckled with a darkish brown. Like many species of geckos, a wide array of calls can be made with its well-developed vocal chords. Geographic range The Bynoe's gecko is found in all mainland Australia's states, except the Australian Capital Territory. It is endemic to Australia, but is not found in humid parts of the southeast and southwest. It also inhabits many islands off the west coast and has large populations on Barrow Island. Habitat The Bynoe's gecko occurs in many habitats throughout Australia. It is most commonly found in woodlands, grasslands, and disturbed habitats, all being open and dry. It can also be found in tropical rainforests, central deserts, and coastal sand dunes. As it is a terrestrial species, it takes shelter under all types of ground cover including leaves, logs, stumps, stones, termite mounds, loose bark at the base of trees, and animal burrows. It has been found to shelter under man made habitat. Furthermore, the Bynoe's gecko is often the most abundant reptile found in many arid areas in Australia. Reproduction In Australia, the Bynoe's gecko has been found to be in ideal breeding condition between July and September. Sexual maturity is reached in 1 to 3 years and females lay 2 eggs over the months of September to January. Eggs are soft-shelled when laid, but become hardened and brittle when exposed to the air. These eggs are usually deposited under rocks, inside animal burrows, or inside logs. Each female only produces 1 clutch per year. Females on Barrow Island reproduce by parthenogenesis, a form of asexual reproduction where the growth and development of the embryo occurs without fertilisation by a male. Both parthenogenetic and sexual races of H. binoei occur together in areas of the Australian arid zone. When measured under laboratory conditions, the parthenogenetic geckos had about a 30% lower fecundity than their sexual progenitors. Diet The Bynoe's gecko is mainly active at night. It leaves its shelter and hunts various invertebrates including moths and grasshoppers throughout the night. It hunts among leaf litter or in bare open spaces and will occasionally climb trees or within rocks to source food. Predators and threats Like many other geckos, the Bynoe's gecko has many predators. It is able to flee rapidly and quickly when disturbed but is likely to still be vulnerable to attack by a range of other predators including larger lizards. References Further reading Boulenger GA (1885). Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume I. Geckonidรฆ ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, Printers). xii + 436 pp. + Plates I-XXXII. ("Heteronota [sic] binoei ", pp.ย 74โ€“75). Gray JE (1845). Catalogue of the Specimens of Lizards in the Collection of the British Museum. London: Trustees of the British Museum. (Edward Newman, printer). xxviii + 289 pp. ("Heteronota [sic] Binoei ", new species, p.ย 174). Geckos of Australia Taxa named by John Edward Gray Reptiles described in 1845
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4%EB%87%8C%20%EB%8F%84%ED%9D%90%EB%82%98%EB%8B%88
์—๋ฅด๋‡Œ ๋„ํ๋‚˜๋‹ˆ
์—๋ฅด๋‡Œ ๋„ํ๋‚˜๋‹ˆ(Ernล‘ Dohnรกnyi, 1877๋…„ 7์›” 27์ผ ~ 1960๋…„ 2์›” 9์ผ)๋Š” ํ—๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€, ํ”ผ์•„๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ, ์ง€ํœ˜์ž์ด๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ž‘๊ณก ์ถœํŒ๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋…์ผ ์ด๋ฆ„ Ernst von Dohnรกnyi์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํฐ(von)์€ "๊ท€์กฑ"์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ์˜ 3๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•„๋‚ด์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ 1697๋…„ ๊ท€์กฑ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘๊ณก ๋ฌด๋Œ€ Der Schleier der Pierrette (The Veil of Pierrette), Mime in three parts (Libretto after Arthur Schnitzler), Op. 18 (1909) Tante Simona (Aunt Simona), Comic Opera in one act (Libretto by Victor Heindl), Op. 20 (1912) A vajda tornya (The Tower of the Voivod), Romantic Opera in three acts (Libretto by Viktor Lรกnyi, after Hans Heinz Ewers and Marc Henry), Op. 30 (1922) A tenor (The Tenor), Comic Opera in three acts (Libretto by Ernล‘ Gรณth and Carl Sternheim, after Bรผrger Schippel by Carl Sternheim), Op. 34 (1927) ํ•ฉ์ฐฝ Szegedi mise (Szeged Mass), Op. 35 (1930) Cantus vitae, Symphonic Cantata, Op. 38 (1941) Stabat mater, Op. 46 (1953) ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ Piano Concerto No. 1 in E minor, Op. 5 (1898) (the opening theme was inspired by Brahms's Symphony No. 1) Konzertstรผck (Concertpiece) in D major for cello and orchestra, Op. 12 (1904) Variations on a Nursery Tune (Variationen รผber ein Kinderlied) for piano and orchestra, Op. 25 (1914) Violin Concerto No. 1 in D minor, Op. 27 (1915) Piano Concerto No. 2 in B minor, Op. 42 (1947) Violin Concerto No. 2 in C minor, Op. 43 (1950) Concertino for harp and chamber orchestra, Op. 45 (1952) ์‹ค๋‚ด์•… String Quartet in D minor, 1893 (unpublished, manuscript at British Library) (Grymes, Ernst Von Dohnรกnyi: A Bio-bibliography, p. 32) String Sextet in Bโ™ญ major, 1893 (revised 1896, revised and premiered 1898. Recorded on Hungaroton, 2006.) (Grymes, p. 32) Minuet for String Quartet, 1894 (Grymes, p. 32. Manuscript at the National Szรฉchรฉnyi Library.) Piano Quartet in Fโ™ฏ minor, (1894) Piano Quintet No. 1 in C minor, Op. 1 (1895) String Quartet No. 1 in A major, Op. 7 (1899) Sonata in Bโ™ญ minor for cello and piano, Op. 8 (1899) Serenade in C major for string trio, Op. 10 (1902) String Quartet No. 2 in Dโ™ญ major, Op. 15 (1906) Sonata in Cโ™ฏ minor for violin and piano, Op. 21 (1912) Piano Quintet No. 2 in Eโ™ญ minor, Op. 26 (1914) String Quartet No. 3 in A minor, Op. 33 (1926) Sextet in C for piano, strings and winds, Op. 37 (1935) Aria for flute and piano, Op 48, No. 1 (1958) Passacaglia for solo flute, Op. 48, No. 2 (1959) ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ Four Pieces, Op. 2 (1897, pub. 1905) Waltzes for four hands, Op. 3 (1897) Variations and Fugue on a Theme of E[mma].G[ruber]., Op. 4 (1897) Gavotte and Musette (WoO, 1898) Albumblatt (WoO, 1899) Passacaglia in Eโ™ญ minor, Op. 6 (1899) Four Rhapsodies, Op. 11 (1903) Winterreigen, Op. 13 (1905) Humoresque in the form of a Suite, Op. 17 (1907) Three Pieces, Op. 23 (1912) Fugue for left hand (WoO, 1913) Suite in the Old Style, Op. 24 (1913) Six Concert Etudes, Op. 28 (1916) Variations on a Hungarian Folksong, Op. 29 (1917) Pastorale on a Hungarian Christmas Song (WoO, 1920) Valses nobles, concert arrangement for piano (after Schubert, D. 969) (WoO, 1920) Ruralia Hungarica, Op. 32a (1923) Waltz for Piano from Delibes' "Coppelia" (WoO, 1925) Waltz Suite, for two pianos, Op. 39a (1945), Limping Waltz for solo piano, Op. 39b (1947) Six Pieces, Op. 41 (1945) Three Singular Pieces, Op. 44 (1951) Twelve Short Studies for the Advanced Pianist (1951) ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1877๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1960๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ํด๋ž˜์‹ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ํด๋ž˜์‹ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€ ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์ˆ˜ ํ—๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์˜ ํด๋ž˜์‹ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€ ํ—๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์˜ ํด๋ž˜์‹ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž ํ—๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง€ํœ˜์ž ๋ธŒ๋ผํ‹ฐ์Šฌ๋ผ๋ฐ” ์ถœ์‹  ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20von%20Dohn%C3%A1nyi
Ernst von Dohnรกnyi
Ernst von Dohnรกnyi (Hungarian: Dohnรกnyi Ernล‘, ; 27 July 1877 โ€“ 9 February 1960) was a Hungarian composer, pianist and conductor. He used a German form of his name on most published compositions. Biography Dohnรกnyi was born in Pozsony, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary (today Bratislava, capital of Slovakia). He was the son of Frigyes Dohnรกnyi and his wife Ottilia Szlabey. He first studied music with his father, a professor of mathematics and an amateur cellist, and then when he was eight years old, with Carl Forstner, organist at the local cathedral. In 1894, in his 17th year, he moved to Budapest and enrolled in the Royal National Hungarian Academy of Music, studying piano with Istvรกn Thomรกn and composition with Hans von Koessler, a cousin of Max Reger. Istvรกn Thomรกn had been a favorite student of Franz Liszt, while Hans von Koessler was a devotee of Johannes Brahms's music. These two influences played an important part in Dohnรกnyi's life: Liszt on his piano playing and Brahms on his compositions. Dohnรกnyi's first published work, his Piano Quintet in C minor, earned approval from Brahms, who promoted it in Vienna. Dohnรกnyi did not study long at the Academy of Music: in June 1897 he sought to take the final exams right away, without completing his studies. Permission was granted, and a few days later he passed with high marks, as composer and pianist, graduating at less than 20 years of age. After a few lessons with Eugen d'Albert, another student of Liszt, Dohnรกnyi made his debut in Berlin in 1897 and was recognized at once as a performer of high merit. Similar success followed in Vienna and on a subsequent tour of Europe. He made his London debut at a Richter concert in Queen's Hall, with a notable performance of Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 4. He was among the first to conduct and popularize Bartรณk's more accessible music. During the 1898 season, Dohnรกnyi visited the United States, where he gained a reputation playing Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 4 for his American debut with the St. Louis Symphony. Unlike most famous pianists of the time, he did not limit himself to solo recitals and concertos, but also appeared in chamber music. In 1901 he completed his Symphony No. 1, his first orchestral work. Although he was heavily influenced by established contemporaries, notably Brahms, it displayed considerable technical skill in its own right. Dohnรกnyi first married Elisabeth "Elsa" Kunwald (also a pianist), who bore him a son, Hans, in 1902. Hans was to be the father of the German politician Klaus von Dohnรกnyi and of the conductor Christoph von Dohnรกnyi, long Music Director of the Cleveland Orchestra. Hans distinguished himself as a leader of the anti-Nazi resistance in Germany and was ultimately executed in the final stages of World War II. In addition to Hans, Dohnรกnyi and Elsa Kunwald also had a daughter, Greta. Following an invitation by the violinist Joseph Joachim, a close friend of Brahms, Dohnรกnyi taught at the Hochschule in Berlin from 1905 to 1915. There he wrote The Veil of Pierrette, Op. 18, and the Suite in F-sharp minor, Op. 19. Returning to Budapest, he appeared in a remarkable number of performances over the following decade, notably in the Beethoven sesquicentenial year of 1920/1921. Before World War I broke out, Dohnรกnyi met and fell in love with a German actress (also described as a singer), Elsa Galafrรฉs, who was married to the Polish Jewish violinist Bronisล‚aw Huberman. They could not yet marry as their spouses refused to divorce them, but nonetheless, Dohnรกnyi and Elsa Galafrรฉs had a son, Matthew, in January 1917. Both later gained the divorces they sought and were married in June 1919. Dohnรกnyi also adopted Johannes, Elsa's son by Huberman. During the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919, Dohnรกnyi was appointed Director of the Budapest Academy, but a few months later the new interim government replaced him with the prominent violinist Jenล‘ Hubay after Dohnรกnyi had refused to dismiss the pedagogue and composer Zoltรกn Kodรกly from the Academy for his supposedly leftist political position. However in 1920, with Admiral Horthy becoming Regent of Hungary, Dohnรกnyi was named Music Director of the Budapest Philharmonic Orchestra and as such promoted the music of Bรฉla Bartรณk, Zoltรกn Kodรกly, Leo Weiner and other contemporary Hungarian composers. That same 1920 season, he performed the complete piano works of Beethoven and recorded several of his works on the Ampico player-piano-roll apparatus. He gained renown as a teacher. His pupils included Andor Fรถldes, Mischa Levitzki, Ervin Nyiregyhรกzi, Gรฉza Anda, Annie Fischer, Hope Squire, Helen Camille Stanley, Bertha Tideman-Wijers, Edward Kilenyi, Bรกlint Vรกzsonyi, Sir Georg Solti, Istvan Kantor, Georges Cziffra and ฤฝudovรญt Rajter (conductor and Dohnรกnyi's godson). In 1933 he organized the first International Franz Liszt Piano Competition. In 1937 Dohnรกnyi met Ilona Zachรกr, who was married with two children. By this time, he had separated from his second wife Elsa Galafrรฉs. He and Ilona travelled throughout Europe as husband and wife, but were not legally married until they settled in the United States. After Dohnรกnyi's death, Ilona, in her biography, launched a campaign to quell his hardly deserved reputation as a Nazi sympathizer. Peter Halรกsz continued this in an article titled "Persecuted Musicians in Hungary between 1919โ€“1945", which portrayed him as a "victim" of Nazism, and by James Grymes, who in his book called Dohnรกnyi saw him as "a forgotten hero of the Holocaust resistance". In 1934 Dohnรกnyi was once again appointed Director of the Budapest Academy of Music, a post he held until 1943. According to the 2015 entry on Dohnรกnyi in New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, "From 1939 much of [Dohnรกnyi's] time was devoted to the fight against growing Nazi influences. By 1941 he had resigned his directorial post at the Budapest Academy of Music, rather than submit to the anti-Jewish legislation. In his orchestra, the Budapest Philharmonic he managed to keep on all Jewish members until two months after the German occupation of Hungary on 19 March 1944, in Operation Margarethe, when he disbanded the ensemble. In November 1944 he moved to Austria, a decision which drew criticism for many years. In fact, Dohnรกnyi was criticized either from the left or from the right for most of his deeds, from his student days on. "The explanation may be found in his unassailability on musical or ethical grounds.... The "accusations" levelled against him always took the form of rumours. This, and the magnitude of the so-called charges (never substantiated), made it impossible for Dohnรกnyi to defend himself." At a March 2014 conference, "The Holocaust in Hungary, 70 Years On: New Perspectives" at the Center for Judaic, Holocaust, and Genocide Studies at Florida Gulf Coast University, the musicologist James A. Grymes presented research based on archival evidence he had gathered in Budapest, in a paper entitled "Ernst von Dohnรกnyi: A Forgotten Hero of the Holocaust Resistance." It credits Dohnรกnyi with (in the author's summary) 1) with "blocking the creation of a Hungarian Chamber of Music that would have excluded Jews from the music profession, just as the infamous Reichsmusikkammer did in Nazi Germany," 2) with resigning "from his position as Director General of the Franz Liszt Academy of Music instead of carrying out orders to fire Jewish instructors," 3) "as the conductor of the Budapest Philharmonic, Dohnรกnyi [disbanding] the ensemble rather than dismiss its Jewish members," and 4) assisting "a number of individual Jewish musicians. These included impresario Andrew Schulhof, whom Dohnรกnyi helped to emigrate from Germany to the United States in 1939. Pianist was discharged from the labor service when Dohnรกnyi wrote a letter declaring Hernรกdi and his hands to be irreplaceable national treasures. When the famous violinist Carl Flesch and his wife were in grave danger of being deported to a concentration camp, Dohnรกnyi helped to reinstate their Hungarian nationality, enabling them to travel through Germany, back to Hungary, and ultimately to Switzerland. Dohnรกnyi personally saved the pianist Gyรถrgy Ferenczy, Ferenczy's wife, and several other Jewish musicians from the death trains. Zoltรกn Kodรกly later reported that Dohnรกnyi had signed dozens of documents that had saved Jewish lives during the Holocaust. In Ernst von Dohnรกnyi: A Song of Life, Dohnรกnyi's widow placed that number in the hundreds. Jewish violinist, violist, and composer Tibor Serly went so far as to credit Dohnรกnyi's frequent interventions for the fact that "not one Jewish musician of any reputation living in Hungary lost his life or perished during the entire period of World War II." Grymes notes that after the war, Dohnรกnyi "was investigated and cleared several times by the U.S. Military Government" โ€“ as a precondition to his postwar move to Florida. He comments that Dohnรกnyi was "repeatedly defended by prominent Jewish musicians who had worked closely with him in Hungary, including violist Egon Kenton [Kornstein], pianist Edward Kilenyi, musicologist Bence Szabolcsi, and composer Leรณ Weiner. The latter wrote at least two testimonials pointing out that the majority of Dohnรกnyi's students had been Jewish and that Dohnรกnyi had consistently programmed Weiner's own compositions, even during the Nazi regime." From 1949, Dohnรกnyi taught for ten years at the Florida State University School of Music in Tallahassee. He became an honorary member of the Epsilon Iota chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity there. He and his wife Ilona became American citizens in 1955. In the United States, he continued to compose and became interested in American folk music. His last orchestral work (except for a 1957 revision of the Symphony No. 2) was American Rhapsody (1953), written for the sesquicentennial of Ohio University and including folk material, for example, "Turkey in the Straw", "On Top of Old Smokey" and "I am a poor wayfaring stranger". His last public performance, on January 30, 1960, was at Florida State University, conducting the university orchestra in Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 4, with his doctoral student, Edward R. Thaden, as soloist. After the performance, Dohnรกnyi traveled to New York City to record some Beethoven piano sonatas and shorter piano pieces for Everest Records. He had previously recorded a Mozart concerto in the early 1930s in Hungary (No. 17, in G major, K. 453, playing and conducting the Budapest Philharmonic), for Columbia, and also his own Variations on a Nursery Tune issued by HMV in England and RCA Victor in the United States, the second movement of his Ruralia hungarica (Gypsy Andante), and a few solo works (but no Beethoven sonatas) on 78 rpm. He had also recorded various other works, including Beethoven's Tempest Sonata and Haydn's F minor Variations, on early mono LPs. Death Dohnรกnyi died of pneumonia on 9 February 1960, in New York City, ten days after his final performance, and was buried in Tallahassee, Florida, where he had taught at the university for ten years. Influence and legacy The BBC issued an LP recording taken from one of his last concerts, heard in 1959 at Florida State University, in which he played Beethoven's piano sonata Op. 31 No. 1 and Schubert's piano sonata D. 894. The Testament label has reissued the recital on CD in a set that also includes three of the pianist's own short pieces that he played there as encores, a short recital of his works that he played at the 1956 Edinburgh Festival, and a few that were broadcast on the BBC in 1936. Dohnรกnyi's three volumes of Daily Finger Exercises for the Advanced Pianist were published by Mills Music in 1962. The Warren D. Allen Music Library at Florida State University's College of Music holds a large archive of Dohnรกnyi's papers, manuscripts and related materials. The Hungarian government posthumously awarded him its highest civilian honor, the Kossuth Prize, in 1990. An International Ernst von Dohnรกnyi Festival was held at Florida State University in 2002. The LSU professor Milton Hallman was a student of his and in 1987 recorded a CD called Works For Piano containing some of Dohnรกnyi's most notable music. Compositions Dohnรกnyi's composing style was personal, but very conservative. His music largely subscribes to the romantic idiom. Although he used elements of Hungarian folk music, he is not seen to draw on folk traditions in the way that Bartรณk or Kodรกly do. Some characterize his style as traditional mainstream Euro-Germanic in the Brahmsian manner (structurally more than in the way the music actually sounds) rather than specifically Hungarian, while others hear very little of Brahms in his music. The very best of his works may be his Serenade in C major for string trio, Op. 10 (1902) and Variations on a Nursery Tune for piano and orchestra, Op. 25 (1914). His Second symphony is a major work which he composed during the Second World War. It is uncharacteristically sombre, notably in the third movement, which is grotesque and dissonant. Stage Der Schleier der Pierrette (The Veil of Pierrette), Mime in three parts (Libretto after Arthur Schnitzler), Op. 18 (1909) Tante Simona (Aunt Simona), Comic Opera in one act (Libretto by Victor Heindl), Op. 20 (1912) A vajda tornya (The Tower of the Voivod), Romantic Opera in three acts (Libretto by Viktor Lรกnyi, after Hans Heinz Ewers and Marc Henry), Op. 30 (1922) A tenor (The Tenor), Comic Opera in three acts (Libretto by Ernล‘ Gรณth and Carl Sternheim, after Bรผrger Schippel by Carl Sternheim), Op. 34 (1927) Choral Szegedi mise (Szeged Mass, also Missa in Dedicatione Ecclesiae), Op. 35 (1930) Cantus vitae, Symphonic Cantata, Op. 38 (1941) Stabat mater, Op. 46 (1953) Orchestral Symphony in F major (1896, unpublished) - Hungarian King's Prize in 1897 Symphony No. 1 in D minor, Op. 9 (1901) Suite in F-sharp minor, Op. 19 (1909) รœnnepi nyitรกny (Festival Overture), Op. 31 (1923) Ruralia hungarica (based on Hungarian folk tunes), Op. 32b (1924) Szimfonikus percek (Symphonic Minutes), Op. 36 (1933) Symphony No. 2 in E major, Op. 40 (1945, revised 1954-7) American Rhapsody, Op. 47 (1953) Solo instrument and orchestra Piano Concerto No. 1 in E minor, Op. 5 (1898) (the opening theme was inspired by Brahms's Symphony No. 1) Konzertstรผck (Concertpiece) in D major for cello and orchestra, Op. 12 (1904) Variations on a Nursery Tune (Variationen รผber ein Kinderlied) for piano and orchestra, Op. 25 (1914) Violin Concerto No. 1 in D minor, Op. 27 (1915) Piano Concerto No. 2 in B minor, Op. 42 (1947) Violin Concerto No. 2 in C minor, Op. 43 (1950) Concertino for harp and chamber orchestra, Op. 45 (1952) Chamber and instrumental String Quartet in D minor, 1893 (unpublished, manuscript at British Library) (Grymes, Ernst von Dohnรกnyi: A Bio-bibliography, p.ย 32) String Sextet in B major, 1893 (revised 1896, revised and premiered 1898. Recorded on Hungaroton, 2006.) (Grymes, p.ย 32) Minuet for String Quartet, 1894 (Grymes, p.ย 32. Manuscript at the National Szรฉchรฉnyi Library) Piano Quartet in F minor, (1894) Piano Quintet No. 1 in C minor, Op. 1 (1895) String Quartet No. 1 in A major, Op. 7 (1899) Sonata in B minor for cello and piano, Op. 8 (1899) Serenade in C major for string trio, Op. 10 (1902) String Quartet No. 2 in D major, Op. 15 (1906) Sonata in C minor for violin and piano, Op. 21 (1912) Piano Quintet No. 2 in E minor, Op. 26 (1914) String Quartet No. 3 in A minor, Op. 33 (1926) Sextet in C major for piano, strings and winds, Op. 37 (1935) Aria for flute and piano, Op 48, No. 1 (1958) Passacaglia for solo flute, Op. 48, No. 2 (1959) Piano Four Pieces, Op. 2 (1897, pub. 1905) Waltzes for four hands, Op. 3 (1897) Variations and Fugue on a Theme of E[mma].G[ruber]., Op. 4 (1897) Gavotte and Musette (WoO, 1898) Albumblatt (WoO, 1899) Passacaglia in E minor, Op. 6 (1899) Four Rhapsodies, Op. 11 (1903) Winterreigen, Op. 13 (1905) Humoresque in the form of a Suite, Op. 17 (1907) Three Pieces, Op. 23 (1912) Fugue for left hand (WoO, 1913) Suite in the Old Style, Op. 24 (1913) Six Concert Etudes, Op. 28 (1916) Variations on a Hungarian Folksong, Op. 29 (1917) Pastorale on a Hungarian Christmas Song (WoO, 1920) Valses nobles, concert arrangement for piano (after Schubert, D. 969) (WoO, 1920) Ruralia hungarica, Op. 32a (1923) Waltz for Piano from Delibes' "Coppelia" (WoO, 1925) Six Pieces, Op. 41 (1945) Waltz Suite, for two pianos, Op. 39a (1945), Limping Waltz for solo piano, Op. 39b (1947) Three Singular Pieces, Op. 44 (1951) Twelve Short Studies for the Advanced Pianist (1951) References Notes Sources Further reading William Lines Hubbard et al., eds., The American History and Encyclopedia of Music, vol. 1 (London: Irving Squire, 1908), pp.ย 183โ€“184 available online External links Ernล‘ Dohnรกnyi Discography Ernล‘ Dohnรกnyi Profile at The Remington Site Dohnanyi String Quartet Nos 1 & 2 sound-bites Warren D. Allen Music Library at Florida State University Lecture by D. Kiszely-Papp on piano music of Dohnรกnyi In Memoriam concerts Ampico Piano Solo "Music Of The Spheres" (Sphรคrenmusik) from "Winterreigen" Opus 13, by Ernst Von Dohnanyi, played by E. V. Dohnanyi on the Ampico Reproducing Piano (7ย ft grand piano) Sheet music Videos played by Classical Jam , , , 1877 births 1960 deaths 19th-century classical composers 19th-century conductors (music) 20th-century classical composers 20th-century conductors (music) 20th-century Hungarian male musicians Neoromantic composers Composers for piano Hungarian male conductors (music) Male classical pianists Hungarian classical composers Hungarian male classical composers Hungarian classical pianists Musicians from Bratislava Franz Liszt Academy of Music alumni Academic staff of the Franz Liszt Academy of Music Florida State University faculty Pupils of Hans von Koessler Pupils of Istvรกn Thomรกn Erno Dohnanyi Deaths from pneumonia in New York City
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์•ˆ๋“œ๋ ˆ์ด ์ฆˆ๋‹ค๋…ธํ”„
์•ˆ๋“œ๋ ˆ์ด ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋“œ๋กœ๋น„์น˜ ์ฆˆ๋‹ค๋…ธํ”„(, 1896๋…„ 2์›” 26์ผ ~ 1948๋…„ 8์›” 31์ผ)๋Š” ์†Œ๋ จ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž ์ค‘ ํ•œ๋ช…์ด์ž, ์ฆˆ๋‹ค๋…ธํ”„ ๋…ํŠธ๋ฆฐ, ๋ฌธํ™”๋Œ€ํ˜๋ช… ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์ฐฝ์•ˆ์ž์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ํ›„ ์ฆˆ๋‹ค๋…ธํ”„๋Š” ์ด์˜ค์‹œํ”„ ์Šคํƒˆ๋ฆฐ์˜ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์Šคํƒˆ๋ฆฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ผ์ฐ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 1945๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1948๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ โ€œ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ „์›โ€์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ๊ทธ์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. 1915๋…„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น์— ์ž…๋‹นํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณผ์…ฐ๋น„ํ‚คํŒŒ์˜ ์ผ์›์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋‚ด์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‹น ๊ฐ„๋ถ€๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1930๋…„๋Œ€์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ ์œ„ ๋‹น์ง์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณค์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1938๋…„ 7์›” 15์ผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ์˜ ์ฃผ์„ ์ž„๋ช…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ง์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. 1939๋…„ 3์›” 21์ผ์—๋Š” ์ „์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์ค‘์•™์œ„์›ํšŒ ์ •์น˜๊ตญ ์ œ2์„œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งก์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ด์˜ค์‹œํ”„ ์Šคํƒˆ๋ฆฐ์˜ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋ฌธํ™” ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐ ์„ ์ „ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ด ์ฑ…์ž„์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ฆˆ๋‹ค๋†‰์‹œ๋‚˜()๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”ํ˜๋ช… ๊ฒธ ๋ฌธํ™”์ˆ™์ฒญ ์šด๋™์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…์ผ-์†Œ๋ จ ์ „์Ÿ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ ˆ๋‹Œ๊ทธ๋ผ๋“œ ์ „์ฒด ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์˜ ์ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๋กœ ์ „๊ณต์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. ์ฆˆ๋‹ค๋…ธํ”„ ๊ต๋ฆฌ โ€˜์ฆˆ๋‹ค๋…ธํ”„ ๊ต๋ฆฌโ€™()๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ๋ฌธํ™”ยท์˜ˆ์ˆ  ํ’์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ˜๋ช…ํ™”(้ฉๅ‘ฝๅŒ–)๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ฝ”๋“œ(ะบะพะด)๋กœ ๋“ฑ์น˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ์— ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน ํ™๋ณด, ์„ ์ „ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ฃผ์•„ยท์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ยท์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜ยท์„œ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฒ ์ €ํžˆ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋…ธ์„ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์€ 1922๋…„ ํ˜๋ช…๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ํ˜‘ํšŒ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์‚ฌ์กฐ์ธ โ€˜์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์  ๋ฆฌ์–ผ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜โ€™์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐœ์ „ยท๋ณด์™„ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, 1934๋…„ ์ „์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์ œ1ํšŒ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋™๋งน๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™” ์ผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ •์ (็ฒพ็š„) ์ž๊ทน์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ฌผ์ (็‰ฉ็š„) ์ž๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™” ์ฐฝ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์˜์‹์  ํ™œ๋™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ž๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์  ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์˜ค๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •์˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ  ํ™œ๋™์„ โ€˜์ •์‹  ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ฌผ์  ์ž๊ทนโ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ  ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ โ€˜์ •์‹ ์˜ ๊ตํ™˜โ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์˜์ฃผ์˜(ไธปๆ„ไธป็พฉ)์  ๋ฐ˜๋™ ํ–‰์œ„๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆˆ๋‹ค๋…ธํ”„๋Š” ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋” ๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒ(Alexander Love)์˜ ใ€Ž์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ฒ ํ•™์‚ฌใ€๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์งˆ๋ฃŒ ์ž๊ทน๊ณผ ์ •์‹  ์ž๊ทน์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆˆ๋‹ค๋…ธํ”„๋Š” ๋งค ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ™•์ธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ง€๋ฐฐ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰ ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€๋„ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ ํ‹€์ด ํ•ด๋‹น ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒผ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ ํ‹€์ด ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ง„ํ–‰์—์„œ โ€˜๋ฐ˜๋™โ€™ ๋˜๋Š” โ€˜์ง„๋ณดโ€™๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆ„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์š”์†Œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” โ€˜๋ฐ˜๋™โ€™์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ๊ฐœ๋…ยท๋‚ด์šฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, โ€˜์ง„๋ณดโ€™๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ๊ฐœ๋…ยท๋‚ด์šฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ˜์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋…ผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์œ ์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜(ๅ”ฏๅฟƒไธป็พฉ)๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๊ณ , ์†Œ๋ฐ•๋ก ์  ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ฃผ์˜(ๆฉŸๆขฐไธป็พฉ) ๊ด€์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธํ™”ยท์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ •์‹  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ณ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์—์„œ โ€˜์ง„๋ณดโ€™๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ต(ๆ ธ)์„ ์ฝ”๋“œํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌธํ™” ํ˜๋ช…์ด๋ผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฒ•์น™์„ฑ์„ ๋ฌธํ™” ํ˜๋ช… ์ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™” ํ˜๋ช…์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ โ€˜ํ˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”โ€™๋ฅผ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‚ฌ์  ์œ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์  ๋ฒ•์น™ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋งค ์ œ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšŒ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์„ฑ์„ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋” ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌผ์  ์ž๊ทน์„ โ€˜ํ˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”โ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •์˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ™” ์ฐฝ์กฐ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์˜์‹์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ž๊ทน์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ž๊ทน ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ œ์ผ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ž๊ทน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฌธํ™” ์„ ์ „์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜์‹์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜์‹์„ฑ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์น™์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ •ํ•ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ง์ „์—๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋ง๋ Œ์ฝ”ํ”„(ะ“ะตะพฬั€ะณะธะน ะœะฐะปะตะฝะบะพฬะฒ)์˜ ํ…Œํฌ๋…ธํฌ๋ผํŠธ(ะขะตั…ะฝะพะบั€ะฐั‚ะธั) ๋…ธ์„ ์˜ ๋Œ€์ฒ™์ ์— ์„  ๋…ธ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ต๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ด์˜ค์‹œํ”„ ์Šคํƒˆ๋ฆฐ์˜ ๋œป๊ณผ ๋งž์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜์  ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์–‘์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜์‹์„ฑ์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์˜๋„๊ฐ€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์Šคํƒˆ๋ฆฐ์ด ์ •๋ฆฝํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค-๋ ˆ๋‹Œ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ˜์˜์ฃผ์˜(ๅๆ˜ ไธป็พฉ)์  ์ „์ œ์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์Šคํƒˆ๋ฆฐ์€ ์ฆˆ๋‹ค๋…ธํ”„์˜ ๊ต๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌธํ™”ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์ผ์ฐจ์  ์›์น™์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ฆˆ๋‹ค๋…ธํ”„๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ํ˜•์‹์ฃผ์˜(ๅฝขๅผไธป็พฉ)๋กœ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ˜•์‹์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์˜ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ฒฝ์‹œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, โ€œ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์ž์ฒด์˜ ๋ฏธ(็พŽ)๋ฅผ ํ˜•์‹ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹คโ€๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์•„๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋‚œํ•ดํ•จ์„ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ฃผ์•„ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋‚ด ํ˜•์‹์ฃผ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ (์•„๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋“œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ๋“ฑ)์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๊ณ  ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ํ™œ๋™์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1946๋…„ ์ฆˆ๋‹ค๋…ธํ”„๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์œ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ์˜(ๅ”ฏ็พŽไธป็พฉ)๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ฃผ์•„ ํ‡ดํ์ฃผ์˜(dรฉcadent) ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฃผ์˜์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ๋ฐ˜ํ˜๋ช… ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์กฐ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์—์„œ ์•ˆ๋‚˜ ์•„ํ๋งˆํ† ๋ฐ”(ะะฝะฝะฐ ะั…ะผะฐั‚ะพะฒะฐ)๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–ผ๋งˆ ์•ˆ ๊ฐ€ ์ฆˆ๋‹ค๋…ธํ”„ ๊ต๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”ํ˜๋ช… ๋…ธ์„ ์ด ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณ„์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๋ถ€์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์— ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณ„์˜ ์ˆ™์ฒญ์„ ์ฆˆ๋‹ค๋†‰์‹œ๋‚˜(ะถะดะฐะฝะพะฒั‰ะธะฝะฐ)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ธ์ด ํƒ„์••์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธํ•˜์ผ ์กฐ์„ผ์ฝ”(ะœะธั…ะฐะธฬะป ะ—ะพฬั‰ะตะฝะบะพ), ๋“œ๋ฏธํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์‡ผ์Šคํƒ€์ฝ”๋น„์น˜(ะ”ะผะธฬั‚ั€ะธะน ะจะพัั‚ะฐะบะพฬะฒะธั‡), ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ์ด ๋จ€์Šค์ฝฅ์Šคํ‚ค(ะะธะบะพะปะฐะน ะœััะบะพะฒัะบะธะน), ์„ธ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ฝ”ํ”ผ์˜ˆํ”„(ะกะตั€ะณะตฬะน ะŸั€ะพะบะพฬั„ัŒะตะฒ) ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆˆ๋‹ค๋…ธํ”„์˜ ๊ต๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •์น˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณตํ•™์˜ ์ฒซ ๋„์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ์„œ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์‹คํ–‰๋œ โ€˜์ธ๊ฐ„ ์˜ํ˜ผ ๊ฐœ์กฐโ€™()๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ต๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ดํ›„ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”ํ˜๋ช… ์ •์ฑ…์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง์„ ์ „ํ™˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์ด ์ˆ˜์ •์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ž„์œผ๋กœ ์ฆˆ๋‹ค๋…ธํ”„ ๊ต๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์œ„์„ฑ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”ยท์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ ์ฐจ ํž˜์„ ์žƒ์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์˜ ๋ฌธํ™” ๋Œ€ํ˜๋ช… ๋…ธ์„ ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”ยท์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ๋‹Œ๊ทธ๋ผ๋“œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ใ€Žํ๋ฃจ์‡ผํ”„ ํšŒ๊ณ ๋กใ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ 2๊ฐœ์›” ํ›„์ธ 1948๋…„ 10์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์†Œ๋ จ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ๋ ˆ๋‹Œ๊ทธ๋ผ๋“œ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋‹น์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐ„๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์Šคํƒˆ๋ฆฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ฑฐ ์ˆ™์ฒญ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ˆํ‚คํƒ€ ํ๋ฃจ์‡ผํ”„๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒŒ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋ง๋ Œ์ฝ”ํ”„๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•œ ์Œ๋ชจ๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒผ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์†Œ๋ จ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ณ„ํš์œ„์›ํšŒ ์˜์žฅ ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ์ด ๋ณด์ฆˆ๋„ค์„ผ์Šคํ‚ค, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์žฅ๊ด€ํšŒ์˜ ์ฃผ์„ ๋ฏธํ•˜์ผ ๋กœ๋””์˜ค๋…ธํ”„, ์†Œ๋ จ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์ •์น˜๊ตญ ์„œ๊ธฐ๊ตญ์› ์•Œ๋ ‰์„ธ์ด ์ฟ ์ฆˆ๋„ค์ดˆํ”„, ๋ ˆ๋‹Œ๊ทธ๋ผ๋“œ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋‹น ์ œ1์„œ๊ธฐ ํ‘œํŠธ๋ฅด ํฝ์ฝ”ํ”„ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ฆˆ๋‹ค๋…ธํ”„ํŒŒ(ๆดพ)๋กœ ์ง€๋ชฉ๋‹นํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์‚ด๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋‚ด ์†Œ๋ จ์‚ฌ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ฆˆ๋‹ค๋…ธํ”„์˜ ํŒŒ๋ฒŒ์— ์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ฒ˜ํ˜•๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ์ฆˆ๋‹ค๋…ธํ”„ ์ผํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์Šคํƒˆ๋ฆฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆ™์ฒญ์„ ๋‹นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ฆˆ๋‹ค๋…ธํ”„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋ช…ยท๊ธฐ๊ด€๋ช…ยท๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ง€๋ช…์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ €์ˆ ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์†Œ๊ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ ˆ๋‹Œ๊ทธ๋ผ๋“œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ดํ›„ 1989๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ฆˆ๋‹ค๋…ธํ”„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์€ ์œ ์ง€๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ์„ค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ํ๋ฃจ์‡ผํ”„์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ์Œ๋ชจ๋ก ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ๋ฃจ์‡ผํ”„๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋ Œ์ฝ”ํ”„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€์–ด๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋‹ด ์•ˆ๋“œ๋ ˆ์ด ์ฆˆ๋‹ค๋…ธํ”„๋Š” ์™€์ธ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋‹น(้…’้ปจ)์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ์œ„ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์•ˆ ์ข‹์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์˜ค์‹œํ”„ ์Šคํƒˆ๋ฆฐ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹น์ง์„ ๋งก์ง€ ๋ชป ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ผ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ  ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ๊ณผ์ผ ์ฃผ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถฉ๊ณ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ์–ผ๋งˆ ์•ˆ ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์•…ํ™”๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ฌธํ™” ๋Œ€ํ˜๋ช… ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณตํ•™ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์  ๋ฆฌ์–ผ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ์ธ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ฑ ์„ค๊ณ„์ž ์ธ์ง€ ๊ณผํ•™ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ๊ฐ„๋‹ค ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1896๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1948๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์šฐํด ์ถœ์‹  ๊ณ ์ฐธ ๋ณผ์…ฐ๋น„ํ‚ค ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ด์ธ์ž ๋Œ€์ˆ™์ฒญ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ž ๋ฌธํ™” ํ˜๋ช… ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค-๋ ˆ๋‹Œ์ฃผ์˜ ์Šคํƒˆ๋ฆฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ˆ˜์ •์ฃผ์˜์ž ์†Œ๋ จ ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์ค‘์•™์œ„์›ํšŒ ์ •์น˜๊ตญ์› ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜์ž ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ 1๊ธ‰ ์ˆ˜๋ณด๋กœํ”„ ํ›ˆ์žฅ ์ˆ˜ํ›ˆ์ž 1๊ธ‰ ์ฟ ํˆฌ์กฐํ”„ ํ›ˆ์žฅ ์ˆ˜ํ›ˆ์ž ๋ ˆ๋‹Œ ํ›ˆ์žฅ ์ˆ˜ํ›ˆ์ž ์ ๊ธฐํ›ˆ์žฅ ์ˆ˜ํ›ˆ์ž ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ๊ฒ€์—ด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei%20Zhdanov
Andrei Zhdanov
Andrei Aleksandrovich Zhdanov (; โ€“ 31 August 1948) was a Soviet politician and ideologue. He has been described as the Soviet Union's "propagandist-in-chief" in the 1940s, and was responsible for developing the Soviet cultural policy, the Zhdanov Doctrine, which remained in effect until the death of Joseph Stalin. Zhdanov was considered Stalin's most likely successor but died before him. Born in Mariupol, Ukraine, Zhdanov joined the Bolsheviks in 1915 and quickly rose through the party ranks. A close associate of Stalin, he became a secretary of the Central Committee in 1934, and later that year he was promoted to Leningrad party chief following the assassination of Sergei Kirov. He would go on to play a major role during the Great Purge. In 1939, he was promoted to full membership of the Politburo, Second Secretary of the Communist Party and head of the Central Committee Propaganda Department. Zhdanov's political standing was considerably undermined at the start of the Second World War, due to his association with the Sovietโ€“Finnish War and the failure of the Molotovโ€“Ribbentrop Pact. Nevertheless, he oversaw the Soviet takeover of Estonia, and took a leading role in the defense of Leningrad. Zhdanov's fortunes greatly improved after the war. He played an instrumental role in formulating an aggressive foreign policy, and oversaw the creation of the Cominform in 1947. He was also tasked with directing the Soviet Union's cultural policy. His campaign, known as the Zhdanov Doctrine or Zhdanovshchina, was strictly enforced and led to the denouncement of supposedly non-conformist artists such as Anna Akhmatova and Dmitri Shostakovich. Initially considered the successor-in-waiting to Stalin, Zhdanov suffered from ill health and fell out of favour as a result of the Titoโ€“Stalin split. He died in 1948 of heart failure and was buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis. Early life Zhdanov was born in Mariupol (now Ukraine), where his father was a school inspector. His maternal grandfather was the former rector of the Moscow Theological Academy. He studied at the Moscow Commercial Institute. In 1914, he was drafted into the Russian army, graduated from an officers' school and served in the reserves. He joined the Bolsheviks in 1915. In 1917, he was chairman of the Shadrinsk committee of the Bolsheviks. He was a political commissar in the Red Army during the Russian Civil War and was elected chairman of the Tver soviet in 1923. From 1924 to 1934, he was first secretary of the Nizhny Novgorod provincial party committee. Party secretary Zhdanov's first major promotion came at the end of the 17th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, in February 1934, when he was transferred to Moscow as a secretary of the Central Committee, responsible for ideology. In that capacity, he inserted his protรฉgรฉ, Aleksandr Shcherbakov, as secretary of the Union of Soviet Writers, and gave the opening address to the first Soviet Writers' Congress in August 1934. In his speech, as well as paying tribute to "the guiding genius of our great leader and teacher, Comrade Stalin", he repeated Stalin's famous line that writers are "engineers of human souls". He declared that the only good literature was political: Zhdanov's second great promotion followed the assassination of Sergei Kirov in December 1934, when he succeeded Kirov as first secretary of the Leningrad (Saint Petersburg) provincial party and was co-opted as a candidate member of the Politburo. Early in 1935, he and the head of the Leningrad NKVD, Leonid Zakovsky, organised the deportation of 11,702 so-called "Leningrad aristocrats", people who had belonged to the nobility or the middle class before the revolution. They also hunted any current or former party members suspected of having supported Leon Trotsky or the former Leningrad party boss, Grigory Zinoviev. Role in the Great Purge Zhdanov has been described by J. Arch Getty as a key figure in the Great Purge, who advocated an approach that would make the party a vehicle for political education, ideological agitation and cadre preparation on a mass scale. Zhdanov's encouragement of rank-and-file mobilisation helped create momentum for the Great Terror. Though somewhat less active than Vyacheslav Molotov, Joseph Stalin, Lazar Kaganovich and Kliment Voroshilov, Zhdanov was a major perpetrator of the Great Terror and personally approved 176 documented execution lists. On a holiday with Stalin in August 1936, he co-signed the telegram that brought about the dismissal of the head of the NKVD, Genrikh Yagoda, who was accused, among other failings, of having impeded Zhdanov and Leonid Zakovsky in their purge of the Leningrad party organisation. During a Central Committee plenum in March 1937, Zhdanov announced that all provincial party secretaries were to be subject to re-election, a device that was used to remove them. Zhdanov was one of the few provincial party leaders in Russia to remain in post throughout the Great Purge. In May 1937, he called leaders of the Leningrad party together to tell them that the long-time second secretary of the provincial party, Mikhail Chudov, and the former Mayor of Leningrad, Ivan Kodatsky, had been arrested. When an Old Bolshevik, Dora Lazurkina, went up to him afterwards to vouch for Kodatsky, Zhdanov warned her that such talk "will end badly for you". She was arrested and survived 17 years in the gulag. After the Great Purge In September 1938, Zhdanov was appointed head of the reorganised Central Committee Directorate for Propaganda and Agitation, which brought all branches of the news media and arts under centralised party control. He was also Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from July 1938 to June 1947 and from 1938 he was on the military council of the Soviet Navy. His rise coincided with the fall of Nikolai Yezhov. At the 18th Party Congress, Zhdanov noted that "other means apart from repression" could be used to enforce "state and labour discipline". Zhdanov gave a key speech in which he proposed "to abolish mass Party purges... now that the capitalist elements have been eliminated". He declared that the purges had been co-opted by "hostile elements" to "persecute and ruin honest people". At the conclusion of the Congress in March 1939, Zhdanov was promoted to full membership of the Politburo. He was still one of four secretaries of the Central Committeeโ€”the others being Stalin, Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev, and Georgy Malenkovโ€”but Malenkov was not a member of the Politburo, which meant that Zhdanov had replaced Lazar Kaganovich as Stalin's deputy in the party apparatus and appeared to be his most likely successor. On 29 June 1939, he had a signed article in Pravda in which he expressed what he called his "personal" view "with which my friends do not agree" that Britain and France did not seriously want a military alliance with the Soviet Union. In retrospect, it was the first public hint of the Soviets signing the Molotovโ€“Ribbentrop Pact three months later. Wartime Zhdanov was very publicly associated with the decision to invade Finland in November 1939. In December, he signed the treaty between the Soviets and Finnish puppet government, headed by Otto Wille Kuusinen. As the Leningrad party boss and the official overseeing the navy, he had an interest in increasing the Soviet presence in the Baltic Sea at the expense of Finland, Estonia and Latvia. The final peace treaty between Finland and the Soviet Union was signed by Zhdanov on 12 March 1940. In June 1940, Zhdanov was sent to Estonia to supervise the establishment of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic and its annexation by the Soviet Union. In the United States House of Representatives' 1953โ€“1954 Kersten Committee investigation Zhdanov was one of the accused charged with the 1940 Soviet aggression and forced incorporation of the Baltic states into the USSR. The Finnish debacle weakened Zhdanov's political standing. In September 1940 he was removed from direct control of the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee, which was taken over by Georgy Aleksandrov, an ally of his rival Malenkov. He was undermined further by the German invasion of the Soviet Union because he had been so publicly associated with the failed pact with Hitler. He was excluded from the State Defense Committee (GOKO), which directed the war effort and was initially controlled by Malenkov and Lavrentiy Beria. According to the historian Anton Antonov-Ovseenko: Along with Georgy Zhukov, Zhdanov took a leading role during the Siege of Leningrad in the Second World War. In August 1941, he created a City Defence Council but was ordered by Stalin to disband it. When the siege was lifted, he was not officially given credit for saving the city. After the Moscow Armistice between Finland and the Soviet Union was signed on 4 September 1944, Zhdanov directed the Allied Control Commission in Finland to the Paris Peace Treaty in 1947. That meant that he had to spend several months in Helsinki and relinquish his position as head of the Leningrad party organisation, which he had held for nine years, but he was able to leave it in the hands of his ally, Alexey Kuznetsov. In January 1945, when Pravda celebrated the lifting of the Siege of Leningrad, it emphasised that Malenkov and Vyacheslav Molotov had been dispatched to the city in 1941 and implied that they shared the credit with Zhdanov. Post-war ascendancy Zhdanov made a political comeback during 1946, when his main rival, Malenkov, temporarily lost his position as a party secretary. For the next two years, he was delegated by Stalin to direct the Soviet Union's cultural policy and to handle relations with the Eastern European states under or coming under communist control. He formulated what became known as the Zhdanov Doctrine ("The only conflict that is possible in Soviet culture is the conflict between good and best"). In December 1946, he launched the attack on Anna Akhmatova and Mikhail Zoshchenko, two writers living in Zhdanov's former Leningrad fiefdom. He described Akhmatova, arguably then the greatest living Russian poet, as "half nun, half whore". Zhanov was the founding editor-in-chief of the Agitprop journal Kultura i zhizn which he held until 1948. In 1947, he organised the Cominform, which was designed to coordinate and control the communist parties around the world. At a famous speech at Szklarska Porฤ™ba in September 1947, Zhdanov warned his fellow communists that the world was now split into two hostile camps and that the Cominform was needed to oppose the "frank expansionist programme" of the US. In January 1948, he presided over a three-day conference in the Kremlin, to which more than 70 composers, musicians and music critics, including Dmitri Shostakovich, Sergei Prokofiev, Aram Khachaturian, and Nikolai Myaskovsky were summoned to be lectured by Zhdanov on why they should avoid "formalism" in music. A persistent story is that Zhdanov played the piano during the conference to demonstrate how music should be written, but years later that story was furiously denied by Shostakovich, who attributed it to "toadies". Zhdanov's cultural policy rested on the Soviets' "critically assimilating the cultural heritage of all nations and all times" to "take what was most inspiring". Fall from power and later life In June 1948, Stalin sent Zhdanov to the Cominform meeting in Bucharest. Its purpose was to condemn Yugoslavia, but Zhdanov took a more restrained line than his co-delegate and rival, Georgy Malenkov. That infuriated Stalin, who removed Zhdanov from all his posts and replaced him with Malenkov. Zhdanov was soon transferred to a sanatorium. Death Zhdanov died on 31 August 1948 in Moscow of heart failure. It is possible that his death was the result of an intentional misdiagnosis. Zhdanov was buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis, in one of the twelve individual tombs located between the Lenin's Mausoleum and the Moscow Kremlin Wall. Legacy Despite his bullying of Akhmatova, Shostakovich, Prokofiev and other cultural figures, and the apparent threat that the founding of Cominform posed to peace, Zhdanov is reckoned by many Soviet scholars to have been a "moderate" within the context of the post-war Stalinist regime. The worst events of Stalin's final years, such as the rift with Yugoslavia, the Leningrad affair, the show trials in Bulgaria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia, and the anti-Semitic Doctors' plot all occurred after Zhdanov was dead. The Leningrad Affair was a brutal purge of Zhdanov's former allies, notably Kuznetsov and Nikolai Voznesensky. The most notable survivor of that purge was future Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin. In Khrushchev Remembers, Nikita Khrushchev recalled that Zhdanov was an alcoholic and that during his last days, Stalin would shout at him to stop drinking and insist on him drinking only fruit juice. Stalin had talked of Zhdanov being his successor, but Zhdanov's ill health gave his rivals in the Politburo Lavrentiy Beria, Georgy Malenkov, and Nikita Khrushchev, an opportunity to undermine him. Stalin would later blame Zhdanov's death on Kremlin doctors and "Zionist" conspirators. Zhdanovshchina Zhdanovshchina was the emphasis on purified communist ideology developed during the war by Zhdanov. It emerged from his arguments inside the party hierarchy opposing the pragmatist faction of Georgy Malenkov. Malenkov stressed the universal values of science and engineering, and proposed to promote the technological experts to the highest positions in the Soviet administrative elite. Zhdanov's faction said proper ideology trumped science and called for prioritizing political education and ideological purity. However, the technocrats had proven amazingly successful during the war in terms of engineering, industrial production, and the development of advanced munitions. Zhdanov sought to use the ideological purification of the party as a vehicle to restore the Kremlin's political control over the provinces and the technocrats. He worried that the provincial party bosses and the heads of the economic ministries had achieved too high a degree of autonomy during the war, when the top leadership realized the urgent necessity of maximum mobilization of human and material resources. The highest priority in the post-war era was physical reconstruction after the massive wartime destruction. The same argument that strengthened the technocrats continued to operate, and the united opposition of Malenkov, the technocrats, the provincial party bosses, and the key ministries doomed Zhdanov's proposals. He therefore pivoted to devote his attention to purification of the arts and culture. Cultural standards Originating in 1946 and lasting until the late 1950s, Zhdanov's ideological code, known as the Zhdanov Doctrine or Zhdanovism (zhdanovshchina), defined cultural production in the Soviet Union. Zhdanov intended to create a new philosophy of artistic creation valid for the entire world. His method reduced all of culture to a sort of chart, wherein a given symbol corresponded to a simple moral value. Zhdanov and his associates further sought to eliminate foreign influence from Soviet art, proclaiming that "incorrect art" was an ideological diversion. This doctrine suggested that the world was split into two opposing camps, namely the "imperialistic", led by the United States; and the "democratic", led by the Soviet Union. The one sentence that came to define his doctrine was "The only conflict that is possible in Soviet culture is the conflict between good and best". This cultural policy became strictly enforced, censoring writers, artists and the intelligentsia, with punishment being applied for failing to conform to what was considered acceptable by Zhdanov's standards. This policy officially ended in 1952, seen as having a negative impact on culture within the Soviet Union. The origins of this policy can be seen before 1946 when critics proposed (wrongly according to Zhdanov) that Russian classics had been influenced by famous foreign writers, but the policy came into effect specifically to target "apolitical, 'bourgeois', individualistic works of the satirist Mikhail Zoshchenko and the poet Anna Akhmatova", respectively writing for the literary magazines Zvezda and Leningrad. On 20 February 1948, Zhdanovshchina shifted its focus towards anti-formalism, targeting composers such as Dmitri Shostakovich. That April, many of the persecuted composers were pressed into repenting for displaying formalism in their music in a special congress of the Union of Soviet Composers. Zhdanov was the most openly cultured of the leadership group and his treatment of artists was mild by Soviet standards of the time. He even wrote a satirical sketch ridiculing the attack on modernism. Family ties Zhdanov's son Yuri (1919โ€“2006) married Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva in 1949. She described the Zhdanov household as imbued with "an inveterate spirit of bourgeois acquisitiveness ... There were trunkloads of possessions ... The place was presided over by Zinaida Zhdanova, the widow, and the ultimate embodiment of this mixture of Party bigotry and the complacency of the bourgeois woman." In 1952, Yuri Zhdanov was raised to membership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, as head of its Department of Science and Culture, but was sacked very soon after Stalin's death. That marriage ended in divorce in 1952. They had one daughter, Yekaterina. Honours and awards Two Orders of Lenin Order of the Red Banner Order of Suvorov, 1st class Order of Kutuzov, 1st class Order of the Red Banner of Labour Medal "For the Defence of Leningrad" Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941โ€“1945" Zhdanov's birthplace, Mariupol, was renamed Zhdanov in his honor at Joseph Stalin's instigation in 1948 and a monument to Zhdanov was built in the central square of the city. The name reverted to Mariupol in 1989 and the monument was dismantled in 1990. See also Engineers of the human soul Socialist realism Doctors' plot Notes and references Further reading Kees Boterbloem (2004). The Life and Times of Andrei Zhdanov, 1896-1948. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. Shiela Fitzpatrick (2015). On Stalin's Team: The Years of Living Dangerously in Soviet Politics. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. External links 1896 births 1948 deaths Politicians from Mariupol People from Yekaterinoslav Governorate Censorship in the Soviet Union Chairmen of the Soviet of the Union Great Purge perpetrators Head of Propaganda Department of CPSU CC Members of the Orgburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Members of the Orgburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Members of the Secretariat of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Members of the Secretariat of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Candidates of the Politburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Members of the Politburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Candidates of the Central Committee of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Candidates of the Central Committee of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Members of the Central Committee of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Members of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Members of the Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Recipients of the Order of Kutuzov, 1st class Recipients of the Order of Lenin Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class Stalinism Anti-revisionists Old Bolsheviks First Secretaries of the Gorky Regional Committee of the CPSU Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 1947โ€“1951
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%82%A4%20%EC%82%AC%EC%9B%8C%EB%B8%8C%EB%9F%B0
๋ฒ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ
๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์นด ์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฒ ์Šค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ(, 1985๋…„ 6์›” 6์ผ ~ )์€ ๋ฒ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ()์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ํฌ์ง€์…˜์€ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์œ ํƒ€ ๋กœ์—ด์Šค FC์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ต ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋ฒ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์€ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ ์„ธ์ธํŠธ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค์—์„œ ์ œ์ธ ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ ์Šค์ฝง ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ€์˜ ๋”ธ๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์˜ ์˜ค๋น ์˜€๋˜ ๊ทธ๋žœํŠธ ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ ์• ๋ค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ ํ˜•์ œ๋Š” ๋ฒ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์œก์ฒด์ , ์ •์‹ ์ ์ธ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์€ 12์„ธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ JB ๋งˆ๋ฆฐ SC ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ 4์ฐจ๋ก€์˜ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์€ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ ๋ผ๋“€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋ผ๋“€ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์žฌํ•™ ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ด์™ธ์— ๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ, ๋†๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ผ๋“€ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋œ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์Šค์œ„ํผ, ์ค‘์•™ ๋ฏธ๋“œํ•„๋”๋กœ ํ™œ์•ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์‹œ๋‹ˆ์–ด ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋™์•ˆ์—๋Š” 21๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋„์›€ 19๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2001๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ง€๋„์ž ํ˜‘ํšŒ(NSCAA)๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์ „๋ฏธ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  2002๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ง€๋„์ž ํ˜‘ํšŒ(NSCAA)๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์ „๋ฏธ U-17 ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2002๋…„, 2003๋…„์—๋Š” ์žก์ง€ ใ€Šํผ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œใ€‹๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์ „๋ฏธ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜, 2003๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ฒŒํ† ๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์€ 2003๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2007๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์‚ฐํ•˜ ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„ ์บ๋ฒŒ๋ฆฌ์–ด์Šค ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2003 ์ „๋ฏธ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ฒด์œก ํ˜‘ํšŒ(NCAA) ๋””๋น„์ „ I ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ๋Š” 21๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์›€ 2๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๊ณ  NSCAA ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์ „ ํŒ€, NSCAA ์˜ฌ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ํŒ€, ACC ์˜ฌ์„ธ์ปจ๋“œ ํŒ€, ACC ์˜ฌํ”„๋ ˆ์‹œ๋งจ ํŒ€, ACC ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ํ”„๋ ˆ์‹œ๋งจ์— ์„ ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์˜์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์•˜๋‹ค. 2004 NCAA ๋””๋น„์ „ I ์‹œ์ฆŒ์€ 2004๋…„ FIFA U-19 ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถˆ์ฐธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์€ 2005 NCAA ๋””๋น„์ „ I ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ 25๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ 1๊ณจ, 2๋„์›€์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ NSCAA ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์ „ ํŒ€, ACC ์˜ฌ์„ธ์ปจ๋“œ ํŒ€, ACC ์˜ฌ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ํŒ€์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. 2006 NCAA ๋””๋น„์ „ I ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ๋Š” 21๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ NSCAA ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์ „ ํŒ€, ACC ์˜ฌํผ์ŠคํŠธ ํŒ€, NSCAA ์˜ฌ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์„ธ์ปจ๋“œ ํŒ€, ACC ์˜ฌ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ํŒ€์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. 2007 NCAA ๋””๋น„์ „ I ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ๋Š” 23๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ 1๊ณจ, ๋„์›€ 3๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๊ณ  NSCAA ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์ „ ํŒ€, NSCAA ์˜ฌ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ํŒ€, ACC ์˜ฌํผ์ŠคํŠธ ํŒ€, ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏน ์˜ฌ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ํŒ€, ACC ์˜ฌํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ ํŒ€์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„์—๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์กธ์—…๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ACC ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์žฅํ•™๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์˜์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์•˜๋‹ค. ํด๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋ฒ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์€ ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์— ์žฌํ•™ ์ค‘์ด๋˜ 2005๋…„์— ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด ๋ ˆ๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ์ด์ฆˆ์— ์ž…๋‹จํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ USL W๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2006๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2007๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฆฌ์น˜๋จผ๋“œ ํ‚ค์ปค์Šค ๋ฐ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋‹ˆ ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 24๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ 10์›” 6์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž ํ”„๋กœ ์ถ•๊ตฌ(WPS) ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋“œ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ 1๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” 3์ˆœ์œ„๋กœ ์ง€๋ช…๋˜์–ด ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ค์— ์ž…๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์€ 2009๋…„ 3์›” 29์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋กœ์Šค์•ค์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค ์†”๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž ํ”„๋กœ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2009๋…„ 4์›” 11์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ๋ ˆ๋“œ ์Šคํƒ€์Šค์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž ํ”„๋กœ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์€ 2009 WPS ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ ๋„์ค‘์— ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด ํ†ฑ์„ธ๋ฆฌ์—”์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํด๋Ÿฝ์ธ ๋ขฐ์•„ IL์— 3๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ์ž„๋Œ€๋˜์–ด ๋ขฐ์•„ IL์˜ 2009-10 UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 8๊ฐ•์ „ ์ง„์ถœ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2010 WPS ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ค์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•œ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” WPS ์ •๊ทœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ 24๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ค์€ 2010 WPS ์ •๊ทœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ 4์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ WPS ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์— ์ง„์ถœํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•„๋ผ๋ธํ”ผ์•„ ์ธ๋””ํŽœ๋˜์Šค์™€์˜ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ 1๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์€ 2013๋…„ 1์›” 11์ผ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ(NWSL)๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค, ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์ถœ์‹  ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋“œ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ FC ์บ”์ž์Šค์‹œํ‹ฐ์— ์ง€๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2013 ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ๋Š” 19๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ FC ์บ”์ž์Šค์‹œํ‹ฐ์˜ ์ •๊ทœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ค€์šฐ์Šน์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜, ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ์ผ๋ ˆ๋ธ์— ์„ ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์˜์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์•˜๋‹ค. 2014 ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •๊ทœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ 22๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ FC ์บ”์ž์Šค์‹œํ‹ฐ์˜ ์ •๊ทœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ค€์šฐ์Šน์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. FC ์บ”์ž์Šค์‹œํ‹ฐ๋Š” 2014 NWSL ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์—์„œ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฒ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์€ ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜, ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ์ผ๋ ˆ๋ธ์— ์„ ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์˜์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์€ 2015 ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ ์ •๊ทœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ 11๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 9๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” 2015๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถˆ์ฐธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. FC ์บ”์ž์Šค์‹œํ‹ฐ๋Š” 2015 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ ์ •๊ทœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ 3์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๊ณ  NWSL ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์—์„œ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์€ 3ํšŒ ์—ฐ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜, ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ์ผ๋ ˆ๋ธ์— ์„ ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์˜์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์€ 2016, 2017 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ์ผ๋ ˆ๋ธ์— ์„ ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์˜์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์•˜๋‹ค. 2018๋…„์—๋Š” ์œ ํƒ€ ๋กœ์—ด์Šค FC๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2018 ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ์ผ๋ ˆ๋ธ์— ์„ ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์˜์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋ฒ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์€ 1999๋…„์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž U-14 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์บ ํ”„์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ  2000๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2004๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž U-16, U-19 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒœ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ 2004๋…„ FIFA U-19 ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋งก์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ณธ์„  6๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด 3์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2007๋…„, 2008๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž U-21, U-23 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋งก์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ฅด๋”•์ปต ์šฐ์Šน์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์€ 2008๋…„ 1์›”์— ํ”ผ์•„ ์ˆœ๋“œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ๋…์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐœํƒ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2008๋…„ 1์›” 16์ผ์— ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ด‘์ €์šฐ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์™€์˜ 4๊ฐœ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์นœ์„  ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’ค๋กœ ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์— ์„ ๋ฐœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2010๋…„ CONCACAF ์—ฌ์ž ๊ณจ๋“œ์ปต ๊ฐœ๋ง‰ ์ด์ „์— ๋ถ€์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐœํƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 10์›” 30์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ณผํ…Œ๋ง๋ผ์™€์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณต๊ท€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์€ 2011๋…„์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ 4๊ฐœ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์นœ์„  ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ, ์•Œ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋ธŒ์ปต์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์˜ ์ฃผ์ „ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์— ๋‚˜์„ฐ๊ณ  ๋…์ผ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ 2011๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์™€์˜ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ๊ณผ์˜ 8๊ฐ•์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ํ‡ด์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ถœ์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ฒ  ๋ทธ๋Ÿฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•ด์„œ ์„ ๋ฐœ ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์— 3-1 ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์— ์ง„์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์—์„œ ์Šน๋ถ€์ฐจ๊ธฐ ๋์— ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ค€์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์€ 2012๋…„ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์™€์˜ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ต์ฒด ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ด ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ธˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ 2015๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณธ์„  7๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต 3ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์€ 2016๋…„ 2์›” 21์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์™€์˜ 2016๋…„ ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋ฐ์ž๋„ค์ด๋ฃจ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋ถ์ค‘๋ฏธ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ ์ง€์—ญ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ A๋งค์น˜ 100๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์ „ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋ฐ์ž๋„ค์ด๋ฃจ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋ณธ์„ ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋ช…๋‹จ์—๋„ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์Šค์›จ๋ด๊ณผ์˜ 8๊ฐ•์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ถ€์ฐจ๊ธฐ ๋์— ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์€ 2019๋…„ 5์›”์— ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ 2019๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์„ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์น ๋ ˆ์™€์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์Šค์›จ๋ด๊ณผ์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ๊ณผ์˜ 16๊ฐ•์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์™€์˜ 8๊ฐ•์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์™€์˜ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ํ†ต์‚ฐ 4ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ํด๋Ÿฝ NWSL ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ 2ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน (2014, 2015) ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ 2004๋…„ FIFA U-19 ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ 3์œ„ 2007๋…„ ๋…ธ๋ฅด๋”•์ปต ์šฐ์Šน 2008๋…„ ์ค‘๊ตญ 4๊ฐœ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์นœ์„  ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ ์šฐ์Šน 2008๋…„ ๋…ธ๋ฅด๋”•์ปต ์šฐ์Šน 2010๋…„ CONCACAF ์—ฌ์ž ๊ณจ๋“œ์ปต 3์œ„ 2011๋…„ ์ค‘๊ตญ 4๊ฐœ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์นœ์„  ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ ์šฐ์Šน 2011๋…„ ์•Œ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋ธŒ์ปต ์šฐ์Šน 2011๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ค€์šฐ์Šน 2012๋…„ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋ถ์ค‘๋ฏธ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ ์ง€์—ญ ์˜ˆ์„  ์šฐ์Šน 2012๋…„ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ธˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ 2013๋…„ ์•Œ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋ธŒ์ปต ์šฐ์Šน 2014๋…„ CONCACAF ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน 2015๋…„ ์•Œ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋ธŒ์ปต ์šฐ์Šน 2015๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์šฐ์Šน 2016๋…„ ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋ฐ์ž๋„ค์ด๋ฃจ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋ถ์ค‘๋ฏธ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ ์ง€์—ญ ์˜ˆ์„  ์šฐ์Šน 2016๋…„ ์‹œ๋นŒ๋ฅด๋ธŒ์Šค์ปต ์šฐ์Šน 2018๋…„ ํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋„ค์ด์…˜์Šค ์šฐ์Šน 2018๋…„ CONCACAF ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน 2019๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์šฐ์Šน ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋ถ€๋ฌธ 2001๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ง€๋„์ž ํ˜‘ํšŒ(NSCAA) ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์ „๋ฏธ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์„ ์ • 2002๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ง€๋„์ž ํ˜‘ํšŒ(NSCAA) ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์ „๋ฏธ U-17 ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์„ ์ • 2002๋…„ ใ€Šํผ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œใ€‹ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์ „๋ฏธ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์„ ์ • 2003๋…„ ใ€Šํผ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œใ€‹ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์ „๋ฏธ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์„ ์ • 2003๋…„ ๊ฒŒํ† ๋ ˆ์ด ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์„ ์ • ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ถ€๋ฌธ 2003 NCAA ๋””๋น„์ „ I ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์‹œ์ฆŒ NSCAA ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์ „ ํŒ€ ์„ ์ • 2003 NCAA ๋””๋น„์ „ I ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์‹œ์ฆŒ NSCAA ์˜ฌ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ํŒ€ ์„ ์ • 2003 NCAA ๋””๋น„์ „ I ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ACC ์˜ฌ์„ธ์ปจ๋“œ ํŒ€ ์„ ์ • 2003 NCAA ๋””๋น„์ „ I ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ACC ์˜ฌํ”„๋ ˆ์‹œ๋งจ ํŒ€ ์„ ์ • 2003 NCAA ๋””๋น„์ „ I ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ACC ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ํ”„๋ ˆ์‹œ๋งจ ์„ ์ • 2005 NCAA ๋””๋น„์ „ I ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์‹œ์ฆŒ NSCAA ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์ „ ํŒ€ ์„ ์ • 2005 NCAA ๋””๋น„์ „ I ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ACC ์˜ฌ์„ธ์ปจ๋“œ ํŒ€ ์„ ์ • 2005 NCAA ๋””๋น„์ „ I ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ACC ์˜ฌ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ํŒ€ ์„ ์ • 2006 NCAA ๋””๋น„์ „ I ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์‹œ์ฆŒ NSCAA ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์ „ ํŒ€ ์„ ์ • 2006 NCAA ๋””๋น„์ „ I ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ACC ์˜ฌํผ์ŠคํŠธ ํŒ€ ์„ ์ • 2006 NCAA ๋””๋น„์ „ I ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์‹œ์ฆŒ NSCAA ์˜ฌ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์„ธ์ปจ๋“œ ํŒ€ ์„ ์ • 2006 NCAA ๋””๋น„์ „ I ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ACC ์˜ฌ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ํŒ€ ์„ ์ • 2007 NCAA ๋””๋น„์ „ I ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์‹œ์ฆŒ NSCAA ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์ „ ํŒ€ ์„ ์ • 2007 NCAA ๋””๋น„์ „ I ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์‹œ์ฆŒ NSCAA ์˜ฌ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ํŒ€ ์„ ์ • 2007 NCAA ๋””๋น„์ „ I ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ACC ์˜ฌํผ์ŠคํŠธ ํŒ€ ์„ ์ • 2007 NCAA ๋””๋น„์ „ I ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏน ์˜ฌ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ํŒ€ ์„ ์ • 2007 NCAA ๋””๋น„์ „ I ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ACC ์˜ฌํ† ๋„ˆ๋จผํŠธ ํŒ€ ์„ ์ • 2008 NCAA ๋””๋น„์ „ I ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ACC ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์žฅํ•™๊ธˆ ์ˆ˜๋ น ํด๋Ÿฝ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ 2013 ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜ ์„ ์ • 2013 ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ์ผ๋ ˆ๋ธ ์„ ์ • 2014 ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜ ์„ ์ • 2014 ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ์ผ๋ ˆ๋ธ ์„ ์ • 2015 ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜ ์„ ์ • 2015 ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ์ผ๋ ˆ๋ธ ์„ ์ • 2016 ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ์ผ๋ ˆ๋ธ ์„ ์ • 2017 ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ์ผ๋ ˆ๋ธ ์„ ์ • 2018 ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธ ์ผ๋ ˆ๋ธ ์„ ์ • ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋ฒ ํ‚ค ์‚ฌ์›Œ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ - ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์—ฐ๋งน 1985๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ FIFA ์„ผ์ถ”๋ฆฌ ํด๋Ÿฝ ์—ฌ์ž ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ธˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ 2011๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2012๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2012๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ 2015๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2016๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2019๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2020๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2020๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ FC ์บ”์ž์Šค์‹œํ‹ฐ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky%20Sauerbrunn
Becky Sauerbrunn
Rebecca Elizabeth Sauerbrunn (born June 6, 1985) is an American professional soccer player for Portland Thorns FC of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), the highest division of women's professional soccer in the United States. Since 2021, Sauerbrunn is the captain of the United States women's national soccer team. She previously captained Utah Royals FC and, from 2016 to 2018, co-captained the national team with Carli Lloyd. Sauerbrunn played collegiate soccer with the Virginia Cavaliers from 2003 to 2007. She has previously played professional soccer for Utah Royals FC, FC Kansas City, Washington Freedom, Rรธa IL, magicJack, and D.C. United. While with FC Kansas City, she won two NWSL Championships. Sauerbrunn won gold with the national team at the 2012 London Summer Olympics, 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, and 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup and she played for the team at the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup where the U.S. finished in second place. She made one appearance during the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, playing during the semifinal match, a 3โ€“1 win against France. She was a starting player for the United States at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, playing every minute of all seven matches for the team. Early life Born to Jane and Scott Sauerbrunn in St. Louis, Missouri, Becky was raised with two older brothers, Grant and Adam. Growing up, her brothers motivated her to step up for herself and become physically and mentally tough. Sauerbrunn played with the JB Marine Soccer Club beginning at age 12. She helped the team win the Missouri State Cup four times as well as a Midwest Regional Championship in 2000. Sauerbrunn attended Ladue High School, where she was a four-year letter winner in soccer, volleyball, and basketball, where she was a three-year starter at point guard. She was named soccer team captain playing as a sweeper and central midfielder. During her senior season, she scored 21 goals and made 19 assists. She was named 2003 Missouri Gatorade Player of the Year, 2002 and 2003 Parade All-American, 2001 NSCAA Youth All-American, and 2002 NSCAA Adidas (U-17) All-American. University of Virginia, 2003โ€“2007 Sauerbrunn attended the University of Virginia and was a member of the Virginia Cavaliers women's soccer team from 2003 to 2007. In her freshman season in 2003, Sauerbrunn played in every game for the Cavaliers, starting all 21 of her appearances. In her 1,970 minutes played, she made two assists. Her first career assist came during a match against Wake Forest on October 11. In the first round of the 2003 NCAA Women's Soccer Tournament, Virginia faced William & Mary on November 14. Virginia won the match in penalty kicks and advanced to the second round. In the second round, Virginia faced Villanova on November 16 and lost the match in penalty kicks, halting their advancement in the tournament. Following the 2003 season, Sauerbrunn received NSCAA All-Region honors, NSCAA All-American First Team honors, All-ACC Second Team honors, and ACC All-Freshman Team honors. She was also named ACC Freshman of the Year for 2003. Sauerbrunn missed the entire 2004 season due to national team obligations at the 2004 FIFA U-20 Women's World Championships in Thailand. In the 2005 season, Sauerbrunn played in every game for the Cavaliers, starting all 25 of her appearances. She scored her first career goal with the Cavaliers on September 16 against St. Bonaventure. Virginia went on to win the match 7โ€“1. In her 2,289 minutes played, she made one goal and two assists. In the first round of the 2005 NCAA Women's Soccer Tournament, Virginia faced Liberty on November 11. Virginia won the match 4โ€“0 and advanced to the second round. In the second round, Virginia faced Tennessee on November 13. Virginia won the match 3โ€“0 and advanced to the third round. Virginia faced CS Fullerton in the third round and won the game 2โ€“1. In the quarterfinals, Virginia was defeated by UCLA on November 25. Following the 2005 season, Sauerbrunn received NSCAA All-Region honors and All-ACC Second Team honors. She was also named to the ACC All-Academic Team. In the 2006 season, Sauerbrunn played in every game for the Cavaliers, starting all 21 of her appearances. In the 2006 NCAA Women's Soccer Tournament, Sauerbrunn helped Virginia make it to the third round, where they lost to Texas A&M on November 17. Following the 2006 season, Sauerbrunn received NSCAA All-Region honors, All-ACC First Team honors, and NSCAA All-American Second Team Honors. She was also named to the ACC All-Academic Team. In the 2007 season, Sauerbrunn played in every game for the Cavaliers, starting all 23 of her appearances. In her 2,232 minutes played, she made one goal and three assists. In the 2007 NCAA Women's Soccer Tournament, Sauerbrunn helped Virginia make it to the third round, where they lost to UCLA in overtime on November 23. Following the 2007 season, Sauerbrunn received NSCAA All-Region honors, NSCAA All-American First Team Honors, and All-ACC First Team honors. She made the Academic All-American team, the ACC All-Tournament Team, and the ACC All-Academic Team. She was named NSCAA Scholar-Athlete of the Year and ACC Player of the Year. Club career Boston Renegades, 2005 Sauerbrunn played for the Boston Renegades in the W-League in 2005. The W-League was often used by college players as a summer playing option because of its status as an open league, allowing college players to maintain eligibility. She made her first appearance for the team on May 20, 2005, against the Long Island Riders. Richmond Kickers Destiny, 2006โ€“2007 Sauerbrunn played for the Richmond Kickers Destiny in the W-League for the 2006 and 2007 seasons. In her two seasons with the team, Sauerbrunn made 24 appearances, playing 2,137 minutes. Although she was mainly a defensive player, she also scored three goals in her time with the team. Washington Freedom, 2008โ€“2009 Sauerbrunn played for the Washington Freedom in the W-League for the 2008 season. The Washington Freedom joined the newly formed Women's Professional Soccer league for the 2009 season. On October 6, 2008, Sauerbrunn was picked third overall in the first round of the 2008 WPS General Draft, which assigned the WPS rights of international and domestic players to the teams in the WPS for the 2009 season. Sauerbrunn made her first appearance for the team on March 29, 2009, in a match against the Los Angeles Sol. She started all 20 games for the Freedom in the regular season and in the team's one playoff match. She made one goal during the season in the 54th minute of the match against the Chicago Red Stars on April 11. Rรธa IL, 2009 Following the 2009 season with the Washington Freedom, Sauerbrunn played for Rรธa IL for three months in Norway in Toppserien, the top level professional league for women in Norway. She made her first appearance for the team on September 26, 2009, in a match against Kattem IL, where she played all 90 minutes and scored a goal in the 13th minute. She made five appearances for Rรธa IL in the domestic league. Rรธa were confirmed as league champions on the last day of the season after drawing 0โ€“0 with Stabรฆk on October 31, a match in which Sauerbrunn started. She then went on to play in two rounds of UEFA Women's Champions League against Everton and Zvezda 2005 Perm, helping Rรธa advance to the quarterfinals. Washington Freedom, 2010 Sauerbrunn returned to the Freedom for the 2010 WPS season. She played in all 24 games of the regular season for the Freedom. At the end of the regular season, the Freedom ranked fourth in the league and advanced to the playoffs. The Freedom faced the Philadelphia Independence in the first round of the playoffs on September 19. Sauerbrunn started the match and played all 120 minutes, which ended in a 1โ€“0 defeat for the Freedom. magicJack, 2011 On December 2, 2010, Dan Borislow bought the Washington Freedom, changed its name to magicJack and relocated the team to Boca Raton, Florida, for the 2011 season. Sauerbrunn remained with the team after the change and made a start in the team's first appearance under the new name on April 23, 2011, against the Boston Breakers, a 1โ€“0 win. She made 13 total appearances for the team in the regular season. magicJack ended the season ranked third in the league and advanced to the playoffs. On August 17, Sauerbrunn appeared in magicJack's match against the Boston Breakers in the first round of the playoffs. magicJack won 3โ€“1 and they advanced to the semifinals. Sauerbrunn started in the semifinal match against Philadelphia Independence, a 2โ€“0 defeat for magicJack. On October 25, 2011, the WPS Board of Governors voted to terminate the magicJack franchise, accusing Borislow of violations ranging from "unprofessional and disparaging treatment of his players to failure to pay his bills." All players were released and became free agents on November 9, 2011. Sky Blue FC, 2012 Sauerbrunn signed with Sky Blue FC for the 2012 season. However, on January 30, 2012, the WPS Board of Governors voted to suspend the 2012 season because of an ongoing legal dispute with Borislow following the termination of magicJack. The league officially folded in May of the same year. D.C. United Women, 2012 In March 2012, following the suspension of the 2012 WPS season, Sauerbrunn signed with D.C. United Women in the W-League for the 2012 season. She helped the team finish first place in the Eastern Conference but was unable to appear in any playoff matches due to her national team obligations at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. FC Kansas City, 2013โ€“2017 A new professional league, the National Women's Soccer League, was announced in November 2012. On January 11, 2013, Sauerbrunn was allocated to FC Kansas City via the NWSL Player Allocation, which distributed national team players from the United States, Canada, and Mexico to teams in the NWSL. She was one of three members of the United States women's national team that was allocated to FC Kansas City, along with Nicole Barnhart and Lauren Holiday. For the 2013 season, Sauerbrunn as named co-captain along with Holiday. Sauerbrunn made her first appearance in the team's season opener against the Portland Thorns on April 14, 2013. She went on to make a total of 19 appearances for the team in the regular season in 2013, starting all 19. She helped Kansas City finish second in the league behind the Western New York Flash. On August 24, Sauerbrunn played all 120 minutes of the semifinal match against the Portland Thorns, which ended in a 3โ€“2 defeat for Kansas City in overtime. Sauerbrunn was awarded Defender of the Year for the 2013 season. She was also named to the 2013 NWSL Best XI. In the 2014 season, she once again served as co-captain with Holiday. Sauerbrunn started all 22 of her appearances in the regular season, playing a total of 1935 minutes and made one goal. She scored the first goal in her career with the NWSL on July 30 against the Washington Spirit. She helped Kansas City finish second in the league behind Seattle Reign FC. On August 23, Kansas City faced the Portland Thorns in the semifinals. Sauerbrunn played all 90 minutes of the match, which ended in a 2โ€“0 win for Kansas City. Sauerbrunn then helped Kansas City defeat Seattle Reign in the championship match on August 31. Sauerbrunn was awarded Defender of the Year for the 2014 season. She was also named to the 2014 NWSL Best XI. Sauerbrunn made 11 appearances for FC Kansas City in the 2015 season, missing nine regular season games due to national team obligations at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. She helped Kansas City finish third in the league and advance to the playoffs. Sauerbrunn played all 90 minutes of the semifinal match against Chicago Red Stars on September 13, a 3โ€“0 win for Kansas City. Sauerbrunn then helped Kansas City defeat Seattle Reign in the championship match on October 1. Sauerbrunn was awarded Defender of the Year for the 2015 season and became the first player in NWSL history to win a league award three years in a row. She was also named to the 2015 NWSL Best XI for the third time. Utah Royals FC, 2018โ€“2019 After FCKC ceased operations, her rights were transferred to Utah. Sauerbrunn was named to the NWSL Team of the Month for March, April, May and June. She was named to the NWSL Best XI for the sixth consecutive season, and was named a finalist for Defender of the Year. Portland Thorns FC, 2020โ€“ In March 2020, Utah Royals FC officially traded Sauerbrunn to Portland Thorns FC in exchange for defender Elizabeth Ball and $100,000 in allocation money. On February 7, 2022, Thorns FC announced that the club had signed Sauerbrunn to a one-year contract. On June 19, 2022, Sauerbrunn scored her first goal for Thorns FC in a 6โ€“0 victory against Orlando Pride. On October 4, 2022, following the release of the Yates Report regarding the 2021 NWSL abuse scandal and other widespread abuse in the league, Sauerbrunn remarked in a press conference that "every owner and executive and U.S. Soccer official who has repeatedly failed the players, and failed to protect the players, and have not participated fully in these investigations should be gone". The report had implicated Thorns FC executives Gavin Wilkinson and Mike Golub, and owner Merritt Paulson, in failing to act on reports of abuse, and stated that the Thorns as an organization had failed to cooperate in the investigation. When asked if her statement included Paulson, Sauerbrunn reiterated that her request included "everyone that has continued to fail the players" and "who have not participated in investigations โ€” all of them." The offseason period prior to the 2023 National Women's Soccer League season introduced free agency, and Sauerbrunn's tenure in the league qualified her for unrestricted free agency, which allowed her to sign with any team in the league. Thorns FC announced on September 30, 2022, that the club had signed Sauerbrunn to a one-year contract extension. International career Youth national teams In 1999, Sauerbrunn attended the United States U-14 Girl's National Team Identification Camp. U-16 national team Sauerbrunn represented the United States as a member of the U-16 women's national team from 2000 to 2002. In 2001, Sauerbrunn was on the U-16 national team that competed in the United States Amateur Soccer Festival from July 29 to August 5. During the festival, Sauerbrunn appeared in a match against an older East Region Team on July 30 that ended in a 0โ€“0 draw and a match against the West Region Team on August 1 that ended in a 5โ€“1 win. On August 3, Sauerbrunn appeared in a match against Mexico's U-18 national team. She also appeared in the team's final match in the festival against the USASA National Select Team on August 5, which ended in a 2โ€“2 draw. In March 2002, Sauerbrunn was on the roster for a series of three matches at the IMG Academy in Bradenton, Florida. She was then named to the roster for a three game series in Houston in July and August. U-19 national team In 2003, Sauerbrunn moved up to the U-19 national team and started off the year at the ARCO U.S. Olympic Training Center in San Diego, California, from January 18 to 26. In February, Sauerbrunn was on the roster for a two-game series with the full Mexican women's national team. She then joined the team once again for a nine-day training camp at the ARCO Olympic Training Center in April. While there, the team played a match against the San Diego Spirit. Sauerbrunn traveled with the U-19 national team to Spring, Texas, for the USYS Cup from May 24 to June 1. Sauerbunn started in the first match of the tournament against Canada on May 27 in a 6โ€“1 win. Following the USYS Cup, Sauerbrunn joined the U-19 national team on a trip to Europe that involved three matches on July 2, July 5, and July 9. The team gathered one last time for the year for a training camp from December 27 to January 2 at the U.S. Soccer's National Training Center at The Home Depot Center in Carson, California. Sauerbrunn was on the 26-player roster for the training camp. Shortly after, in 2004, Sauerbrunn joined the team for another training camp from January 23 to February first at The Home Depot Center. Sauerbrunn was named to the 18-player roster for a two-game series against the full Mexican women's national team on February 18 and 20. Following the matches, she trained with the U-19 team at The Home Depot Center in Carson, California. Sauerbrunn was a member of the U-19 national team that played in the Philips Lighting U-19 Women's Soccer Invitational, their first major domestic tournament, from April 6 to 10. In the first match of the tournament against Holland on April 6, Sauerbrunn made an appearance and helped the United States win 2โ€“0. On April 8, Sauerbrunn started in the team's first-ever loss to another U-19 team in the match against Japan. She made an appearance during the team's final match against China on April 10. The match was a 4โ€“0 win, giving the United States a second-place finish in the invitational. On April 28, Sauerbrunn was named to the 18-player roster that would represent the United States at the CONCACAF U-19 Women's Qualifying Tournament held in Ottawa, Ontario, and Montreal, Quebec, in Canada. She was co-captain of the team and led the team's defense. Sauerbrunn started in the team's opening match against the Dominican Republic on May 28 for a 14โ€“0 win. She then started in the game against Trinidad & Tobago on May 30. The United States won the match 11โ€“1, guaranteeing their spot in the semifinals. She appeared once again on June 1 during the team's final group match against Costa Rica, which ended in a 0โ€“0 draw. In the semifinal match against Mexico on June 4, Sauerbrunn helped secure the United States U-19 women's national team a place in the 2004 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship with a 6โ€“0 win, although they still had one more match in the tournament. Sauerbrunn started in the final against Canada on June 6. Canada won the match in overtime. Sauerbrunn trained with the U-19 national team during their first training camp following the CONCACAF Qualifying Tournament. The training took place in from July 7 to 18 in New Jersey. Leading up to the FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship held in November, Sauerbrunn joined the U-19 team for another training at the U.S. Soccer's National Training Center at The Home Depot Center in Carson, California, in late August. Sauerbrunn did not play with the University of Virginia Cavaliers for the 2004 season in order to train with the U-19 team leading up to the U-19 World Championship in a modified residency program. In the two months leading up to the championship, the team trained together in two-week blocks until they left for the tournament in November. On October 12, Sauerbrunn was named to the 21-player roster that would represent the United States at the 2004 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship in Thailand. Sauerbrunn was co-captain of the team and played every minute in all six matches of the tournament for the United States. In the opening group match against South Korea on November 11, Sauerbrunn helped the United States post a shut out victory with a 3โ€“0 win. On November 14, she started in the match against Russia. One goal made it through the defense and the United States won 4โ€“1. In the team's final group match on November 18, Sauerbrunn helped the United States defeat Spain in a 1โ€“0 victory. The United States was the only team to win all three of its group matches. In the quarterfinals, Sauerbrunn helped the United States advance with a 2โ€“0 win over Australia. The United States moved into the semifinals, where Sauerbrunn started in the match against Germany on November 24. The Germans took the win and halted the United States' advancement in the tournament. The United States faced Brazil in the third place match, where Sauerbrunn played all 90 minutes. The United States won the game 3โ€“0 and took away third place. Sauerbrunn was subsequently named to the Tournament All-Star Team by the FIFA Technical Study Group. U-21/U-23 national team Following the 2004 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship, Sauerbrunn joined the U-21 national team for a training camp in 2005 at the U.S. Soccer National Team Training Center from March 26 to April 3 in preparation for the 2005 Nordic Cup. She trained with the team once again in late May in the largest training camp in the women's national team history. She was not named to the roster for the 2005 Nordic Cup in July. In 2006, Sauerbrunn trained with the U-21 national team from March 19 to 24 at The Home Depot Center in preparation for the 2006 Nordic Cup. She was not named to the roster for the 2006 Nordic Cup in July. Sauerbrunn traveled to Germany with the U-21 national team from May 18 to 27 for three matches against Gutersloh, SG Essen-Schรถnebeck, and 07 Bad Neuenahr in 2007. She then trained with the team in early June in Portland, Oregon, in preparation for the 2007 Nordic Cup. Following the training camp, Sauerbrunn was named to the 18-player roster for the 2007 Nordic Cup roster held in late July in Vassa, Finland. Sauerbrunn came in during the 89th minute of the team's opening match in the tournament against Norway, a 1โ€“0 win for the United States. She also appeared in the final minutes of the match on July 22 and helped the United States defeat Sweden to advance to the championship game. In the championship game, the United States faced Germany. Sauerbrunn came in for Ali Krieger in the 79th minute to help the United States win the match and the Nordic Cup title. In 2008, the U-21 team changed to U-23 after the Nordic Cup was changed to a U-23 competition. Following her short time with the full national team in early 2008, Sauerbrunn joined the now U-23 national team at the La Manga Tournament in Spain. The United States placed second in the tournament after a 1โ€“1 draw with Germany in their final match. Sauerbrunn then traveled with the team to England for two matches against the England U-23 national team. The first match took place on March 12 and Sauerbrunn made the start. The United States defeated England 1โ€“0. Sauerbrunn started in the second match on March 14 and the United States won 2โ€“0. Sauerbrunn trained with the U-23 national team from June 5 to 12 at The Home Depot Center in preparation for the 2008 Nordic Cup. Sauerbrunn was subsequently named to the roster or the 2008 Nordic Cup held in late July. The United States won the Nordic Cup championship after defeating Germany on July 21. Senior National Team First Cap Sauerbrunn was first called up to the United States women's national team for a six-day training camp at the Home Depot Center in Carson, California, from January 3 to 8 in 2008. Following the training camp, she was named to the roster for the Four Nations Tournament in China. During the tournament, she earned her first cap against Canada on January 16, which she started. Sauerbrunn trained with the national team again in February 2008. She then went back down to the U-23 team. Return to the national team, 2010 In late September 2010, Sauerbrunn made her return to the national team when she was called into a national team training camp in Atlanta to replace Joanna Lohman, who was recovering from an ankle injury. Immediately following the 20-day training camp, Saeurbrunn was named to the 20-player roster for the 2010 CONCACAF Women's World Cup Qualifying tournament held from October 28 to November 8. With two caps, she had the least experience on the roster. She made one appearance during the tournament, coming in for Amy LePeilbet in the 56th minute of the match against Guatemala on October 30. The United States placed third in the tournament and a berth in a two-game series against Italy for the last spot in the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. Sauerbrunn was on the preliminary roster for the two matches. 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup Sauerbrunn started off 2011 with the national team at a six-day training camp at The Home Depot Center in Carson, California, from January 8 to 13. Following the training, Sauerbrunn was named to the 23-player roster for the 2011 Four Nations Tournament held in China. Sauerbrunn made her first start since 2008 during the tournament on January 23 in a match against Canada. She played all 90 minutes in the match, which ended in a 2โ€“1 win for the United States. She also made an appearance during the match against China on January 25, helping the United States win the Four Nations Tournament. Sauerbrunn joined the national team for a 32-player training camp in Florida that took place from February 3 to 9 in preparation for the 2011 Algarve Cup. Following the camp, Sauerbrunn was named to the 23-player roster for the Algarve Cup. Sauerbrunn came in during the second half in the match against Norway on March 4 as well as in the match against Finland on March 7. She started in the final against Iceland, helping the United States win the 2011 Algarve Cup title with a 4โ€“2 win. Sauerbrunn was named to the 23-player roster for a 20-day training camp in the United Kingdom in February and April. During the training camp, the United States played a match against England on April 2, although Sauerbrunn did not make an appearance. From April 18 to May 6, Sauerbrunn joined the national team for a three-week training camp in Florida. On May 9, following the training camp, Sauerbrunn was named to the 21-player roster for the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. Sauerbrunn trained with the team in June for eight days in Austria before going to Germany for the World Cup. Sauerbrunn's one appearance during the tournament came during the semifinal against France on July 13. She replaced Rachel Buehler in the starting lineup, as she was serving a suspension and not eligible to play in the match. The United States won the match 3โ€“1 and advanced to the final. The United States went on be defeated by Japan in the final. Sauerbrunn trained with the national team for two weeks in November in Arizona leading into a match against Sweden on November 19. She was then named to 18-player game roster for the match against Sweden and made an appearance during the game. Following the match, Sauerbrunn was called up for an 18-day training camp in Carson, California, at The Home Depot Center from December 3 to 20. 2012 Summer Olympics Sauerbrunn trained with the national team during the first training camp of the year from January 7 to 15. Immediately following the camp, Sauerbrunn was named to the 20-player roster for the 2012 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying tournament from January 10 to 29 in Vancouver. She started in the final two group matches against Guatemala and Mexico on January and January 24, respectively. She also started in the final match against Canada on January 29, helping the United States win 4โ€“0. Their first place finish gave them a berth to the 2012 Summer Olympics. Following the 2012 CONCACAF Olympic Qualifying Tournament, Sauerbrunn joined a 28-player roster for a training camp in Frisco, Texas, in the week leading up to a match against New Zealand on February 11. On February 17, Sauerbrunn was named to a 23-player roster that would travel to Portugal for the 2012 Algarve Cup. She was subsequently named to the roster of 21 players that would suit up for the matches of the tournament. Sauerbrunn made one appearance during the Algarve Cup, with a start in the match against Norway on March 2. Sauerbrunn traveled to Japan with the national team for the Women's Kirin Challenge Cup in early April. She did not appear in the team's first match against Japan on April 1, but came in during the second half in the second match against Brazil on April 3, a 3โ€“0 win. Following the tournament, she trained with the national team in Florida from April 18 to 30. She was then called up to a training camp in Princeton, New Jersey, from May 10 to 25 in preparation for a match against China on May 27. She was subsequently named to the 18-player roster for the match and came in during the 62nd minute of the match, a 4โ€“1 win for the United States. On May 27, Sauerbrunn was one of the 18 players named to the team that would represent the United States at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. The team, plus the four alternates, then traveled to Sweden for the Volvo Winners Cup, consisting of a match against Sweden on June 16 and Japan on June 18. Sauerbrunn came in during the second half of both matches. Sauerbrunn made her Olympic debut on July 31, 2012, in a group match against Korea DPR. She came in for Rachel Buehler in the 75th minute. She also played in the final ten minutes of the semifinal match against Canada on August 6, a 4โ€“3 win for the United States that sent them to the final. Sauerbrunn came in during the 80th minute of the match against Japan on August 9. The United States won the match 2โ€“1, taking away the gold medal. In her three appearances in the tournament, Sauerbrunn played a total of 38 minutes. Following the Olympics, Sauerbrunn joined the national team on the Fan Tribute Tour. 2013โ€“2014 In 2013, Sauerbrunn was a consistent starter at the center-back position. She started 10 of her 12 appearances during 2013, playing a total of 940 minutes. In January 2013, Sauerbrunn was called up to a 29-player training camp leading up to two matches against Scotland in early February. On February 21, Saeurbrunn was named to the 23-player roster for the 2013 Algarve Cup in Portugal that took place from March 6 to 13. Although she did not appear in the team's first match against Iceland on March 6, Sauerbrunn wore the captain's armband in her first appearance of the tournament on March 8 in a match against China. She also started in a match against Sweden on March 11 and came in during the 68th minute of the final match to help the United States win the Algarve Cup title. Following the 2013 Algarve Cup, Sauerbrunn traveled to Europe with the national team for matches against Germany and the Netherlands in early April. She appeared during the match against the Netherlands on April 9, a 3โ€“1 win for the United States. In late May, Sauerbrunn was named to the 21-player roster that traveled to Canada to train in preparation for a match against Canada on June 2. She did not appear in the match. In 2014, Sauerbrunn made 22 appearances, starting 20, and played a total of 1,757 minutes. She started off the year at a national team training camp from January 8 to 15 at U.S. Soccer's National Training Center in Carson, California. Following the training camp, Sauerbrunn made her 50th appearance for the national team in a match against Canada on January 31 in Frisco, Texas. She was the 46th player in United States women's national team history to reach 50 caps. On February 24, Sauerbrunn was named to the 24-player roster for the 2014 Algarve Cup that took place from March 5 to 12. She wore the captain's armband during the team's first match of the tournament on March 5 against Japan, a 1โ€“1 draw. She also started in the match against Sweden on March 7, a game that ended the 43-game unbeaten streak for the United States. Sauerbrunn came in during the 62nd minute of the match against Denmark on March 10, a 5โ€“3 defeat for the United States. Sauerbrunn started in the match against Korea DPR that secured their seventh place finish in the tournament. Sauerbrunn joined the team for a two-game series against China in April. She started in both matches and wore the captain's armband in the second game on April 10. In late April, Sauerbrunn was named to a 22-player roster for a match against Canada on May 8. She played all 90 minutes in the match, which ended in a 1โ€“1 draw. She was then named to the roster for two games against France on June 14 and 19. She started both matches. Sauerbrunn was named to a 19-player roster for a match against Switzerland on August 20 in Sandy, Utah. She started the match and was replaced by Julie Johnston in the second half. The United States went on the win 4โ€“1. Sauerbrunn joined the national team for a training camp at the end of August in order to prepare for two matches against Mexico in September as well as the 2014 CONCACAF Women's Qualifying tournament in October. She appeared in both games against Mexico and was subsequently named to the roster for the 2014 CONCACAF Women's Championship that served as a qualification for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. Sauerbrunn made three appearances in the tournament. She started for the United States in their opening match against Trinidad & Tobago on October 15, which they won 1โ€“0. She also appeared in the team's second group match against Guatemala on October 17, a 5โ€“0 win for the United States. Her third appearance came during the final against Costa Rica on October 26, helping the United States win the tournament and qualify for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. Following the CONCACAF Qualifying tournament, Sauerbrunn was named to the 24-player roster for the International Tournament of Brasilia in Brazil that took place from December 10 to 21. Sauerbrunn started all four games of the tournament. She was named Budweiser Woman of the Match for the team's opening match against China, which resulted in a 1โ€“1 draw. In the final against Brazil, Sauerbrunn made a header off of a corner kick by Megan Rapinoe, but the shot was saved by Luciana, Brazil's goalkeeper. The game was a 0โ€“0 draw, but the tournament title was given to Brazil, who had more points from the group stage. 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup Sauerbrunn started all 25 matches for the United States in 2015, the only player to do so. She also had the most minutes played on the team with 2,184. Sauerbrunn started off the year at a 21-day training camp in 2015 from January 5 to 25 at the U.S. Soccer National Training Center in Carson, California. Following the training camp, Sauerbrunn was named to the 24-player team that would travel on a 13-day trip to Europe for matches against France and England in mid-February. Sauerbrunn played all 90 minutes in the match against France on February 8. She made a key save in the opening minutes of the game and assisted in halting the opposing team's attack. She was subsequently named Budweiser Woman of the Match. She also played all 90 minutes in the match against England on February 13, which was a shutout victory for the United States. On February 21, Sauerbrunn was named to the 25-player roster for the 2015 Algarve Cup in Portugal. She started all four of the matches for the United States and was named Budweiser Woman of the Match for the 0โ€“0 draw against Iceland on March 9. She was then named to a 25-player roster on March 20 for a match against New Zealand on April 4 in St. Louis. She started in the match and played all 90 minutes, helping the United States defeat New Zealand 4โ€“0. On April 14, 2015, Sauerbrunn was named to the 23-player roster that would represent the United States at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. She played every minute in all seven matches for the United States during the World Cup. Sauerbrunn became a World Cup Champion on July 5, when she helped the United States defeat Japan 5โ€“2 in the Women's World Cup final. Sauerbrunn joined the national team on a Victory Tour following their World Cup win that started in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on August 16 and ended in New Orleans, Louisiana, on December 16. 2016 Summer Olympics On January 9, 2016, Sauerbrunn was named captain of the United States women's national team along with Carli Lloyd. Sauerbrunn joined the national team for their first training camp of the year at the U.S. Soccer National Training Center in Carson, California, from January 5 to 21. She was then named to the 20-player roster for 2016 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying. The United States qualified to the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro after a semifinal win against Trinidad & Tobago on February 19. Sauerbrunn made her 100th appearance for the national team on February 21 in the final against Canada. During the match, she also made her third career assist. The United States won the tournament after defeating Canada 2โ€“0. Following the tournament, Sauerbrunn was named to the 2016 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Best XI. Sauerbrunn was named to the roster for the 2016 SheBelieves Cup that took place from March 3 to 9. She started in the team's opening match of the tournament on March 3 against England. Sauerbrunn was noted for her good positioning during the match, helping block a shot in the 59th minute. She also made appearances in other two matches of the tournament, helping the United States win the 2016 SheBelieves Cup with a 2โ€“1 win over Germany in their final game. Sauerbrunn joined a 23-player roster for a training camp ahead of two matches against Colombia in early April. She appeared in both matches, but did not play all 90 minutes in either game. Sauerbrunn was on the roster for another two-game series against Japan in early June and she started in both games. On July 12, 2016, Sauerbrunn was named to the 18-player team that would represent the United States at the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. She made her first appearance in Rio on August 3 in the team's opening match against New Zealand. The match marked her first Olympic start and she was subsequently named the Woman of the Match. She also appeared in the second group match against France, helping the United States take away another victory and secure their first place finish in the group. Sauerbrunn played all 90 minutes of the team's final group match against Colombia on August 9, which ended in a 2โ€“2 draw. In the quarterfinals, Sauerbrunn started in the match against Sweden on August 12. The game was tied 1โ€“1 after both regulation time and extra time. The United States were then defeated by Sweden in penalty kicks. 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup In May 2019, she was named to the final 23-player roster for the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup. Sauerbrunn appeared in 6 of the 7 matches for the USWNT during the tournament, missing only the opening match vs Thailand. The United States went on to defeat the Netherlands 2โ€“0 in the final, winning back-to-back World Cup titles and the fourth overall World Cup title for the United States women's national team. Organized labor activism In March 2016, Sauerbrunn was one of five women's national team players to file a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission alleging wage discrimination as compared to the men's national team. Sauerbrunn was active in collective bargaining agreement negotiations with U.S. Soccer for several years, from at least the expiration of the previous agreement in December 2016. In February 2017, she was among the players elected to represent the team in negotiations with the federation in April 2017 and continued to be elected to and serve in this executive committee role in subsequent years. On March 4, 2020, the association announced that it had named Sauerbrunn as its first president. Sauerbrunn represented the players association at the signing of the team's new collective bargaining agreement on September 6, 2022, prior to a national team friendly against Nigeria in Washington, D.C., and gave a speech to the audience where she declared the agreement to be "a huge win for workers and for labor rights". Personal life , Sauerbrunn is in a relationship with Zola Short. Player statistics International summary World Cup and Olympic appearances Honors and awards FC Kansas City NWSL Championship: 2014, 2015 Portland Thorns FC NWSL Community Shield: 2020 NWSL Challenge Cup: 2021 International Champions Cup: 2021 NWSL Shield: 2021 NWSL Championship: 2022 United States FIFA Women's World Cup: 2015, 2019 CONCACAF Women's Championship: 2010; 2014; 2018; 2022 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament: 2012; 2016; 2020 Olympic Gold Medal: 2012 Olympic Bronze Medal: 2020 SheBelieves Cup: 2016; 2020, 2021; 2022, 2023 Algarve Cup: 2011, 2013, 2015 Four Nations Tournament: 2008, 2011 Nordic Cup: 2007, 2008 Tournament of Nations: 2018 Individual NSCAA Youth All-American: 2001 NSCAA Adidas (U-17) All-American: 2002 Parade All-American: 2002, 2003 Missouri Gatorade Player of the Year: 2003 Soccer Times All-American Third Team: 2003 ACC Freshman of the Year: 2003 ACC All-Freshman Team: 2003 Soccer Buzz Mid-Atlantic Region Freshman of the Year: 2003 Soccer Buzz National Freshman of the Year Finalist: 2003 Soccer Buzz Freshman All-American First Team: 2003 All-ACC Second Team: 2003, 2005 Soccer Buzz All-American Second Team: 2003, 2007 NSCAA All-American First Team: 2003, 2007 Soccer Buzz All-American Honorable Mention: 2005 NSCAA All-American Second Team: 2006 Soccer Buzz All-American Third Team: 2006 All-ACC First Team: 2006, 2007 Academic All-American: 2007 NSCAA Scholar-Athlete of the Year: 2007 VaSID State Player of the Year: 2007 ACC Player of the Year: 2007 ACC All-Tournament Team: 2007 ACC All-Academic Team: 2005, 2006, 2007 NSCAA All-Region: 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007 VaSID First Team All-State: 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007 ACC Postgraduate Scholarship Award: 2008 U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year Nominee: 2015 BBC Women's Footballer of the Year Nominee: 2016 IFFHS CONCACAF Woman Team of the Decade 2011โ€“2020 CONCACAF W Championship Best XI: 2022 NWSL Defender of the Year: 2013, 2014, 2015, 2019 NWSL Best XI: 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 NWSL Second XI: 2022 In popular culture Sauerbrunn was featured along with her national teammates in the EA Sports' FIFA video game series in FIFA 16, the first time women players were included in the game. In September 2015, she was ranked by EA Sports as the No. 10 women's player in the game. Following the United States' win at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, Sauerbrunn and her teammates became the first women's sports team to be honored with a Ticker Tape Parade in New York City. Each player received a key to the city from Mayor Bill de Blasio. In October of the same year, the team was honored by President Barack Obama at the White House. In April 2016, it was announced that Sauerbrunn would appear in ads and a 225-foot mural in New York for Budweiser. See also References Further reading Grainey, Timothy (2012), Beyond Bend It Like Beckham: The Global Phenomenon of Women's Soccer, University of Nebraska Press, Lisi, Clemente A. (2010), The U.S. Women's Soccer Team: An American Success Story, Scarecrow Press, Longman, Jere (2009), The Girls of Summer: The U.S. Women's Soccer Team and How it Changed the World, HarperCollins, Seigerman, David (2017), Becky Sauerbrunn, Alladin, Stevens, Dakota (2011), A Look at the Women's Professional Soccer Including the Soccer Associations, Teams, Players, Awards, and More, BiblioBazaar, External links US Soccer player profile W-League player profile Virginia player profile 2012 Summer Olympics profile FC Kansas City player profile 1985 births Living people 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup players 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players American expatriate sportspeople in Norway American expatriate women's soccer players American people of German descent American women's soccer players Expatriate women's footballers in Norway FC Kansas City players FIFA Women's Century Club FIFA Women's World Cup-winning players Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics Footballers at the 2020 Summer Olympics Ladue Horton Watkins High School alumni MagicJack (WPS) players Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics National Women's Soccer League players Olympic gold medalists for the United States in soccer Portland Thorns FC players Rรธa IL players Soccer players from St. Louis United States women's international soccer players USL W-League (1995โ€“2015) players Utah Royals FC players Virginia Cavaliers women's soccer players Washington Freedom players Women's association football defenders Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in soccer Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics Women's Professional Soccer players Boston Renegades players 21st-century American sportswomen
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๋‹น์‹  ์ฐจ๋ก€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
ใ€Š๋‹น์‹  ์ฐจ๋ก€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹คใ€‹()๋Š” ๋‹›ํฐ TV ์ผ์š”๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋กœ 2019๋…„ 4์›” 14์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 9์›” 8์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งค์ฃผ ์ผ์š”์ผ ๋ฐค 10์‹œ 30๋ถ„์—์„œ 11์‹œ 25๋ถ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋œ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์š” ๋งจ์…˜์— ์ด์‚ฌ ์˜จ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ฏผํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„ ๊ตํ™˜ ์‚ด์ธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์— ๋ง๋ ค๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํš ๋ฐ ์›์•ˆ์€ ์•„ํ‚ค๋ชจํ†  ์•ผ์Šค์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ1์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•˜๋ผ๋‹ค ํ† ๋ชจ์š”์™€ ๋‹ค๋‚˜์นด ์ผ€์ด์˜ ๊ณต๋™ ์ฃผ์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ œ2์žฅ(๋ฐ˜๊ฒฉํŽธ)๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋‚˜์นด ์ผ€์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ๋… ์ฃผ์—ฐ์„ ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ด ์ถœ์—ฐ์ž ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 30๋ช…์ด ๋„˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์˜ ๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์ด 10ํ™”~11ํ™”์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ๋‹›ํ…Œ๋ ˆ์—์„œ 25๋…„๋งŒ์— 2์ฟจ ์—ฐ์† ํŽธ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์—ฌ 20ํ™”์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์˜ ์บ์น˜ํ”„๋ ˆ์ด์ฆˆ๋Š” 1์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” "๋งค์ฃผ, ์ฃฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.", 2์žฅ(๋ฐ˜๊ฒฉํŽธ)์—์„œ๋Š” "์‚ดํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ „๋ถ€ ๋‹ค ๋ฐํ˜€์ฃผ๊ฒ ์–ด."์ด๋‹ค. ์ง€์ƒํŒŒ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์˜์ƒ ์ฑ„๋„์ธ hulu์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋กœใ€Œ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ €ํŽธใ€์ด ๋…์  ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ €ํŽธ์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ, ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํญ๋„“๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํŽธ์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค. ์ถœ์—ฐ์ง„ ์ฃผ์—ฐ ํ…Œ์ฆˆ์นด ๋‚˜๋‚˜ (49์„ธ) ๋ฐฐ์šฐ - ํ•˜๋ผ๋‹ค ํ† ๋ชจ์š” ์ œ1์žฅ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต, 302ํ˜ธ์‹ค ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ ํ…Œ์ฆˆ์นด ์‡ผํƒ€์˜ ์•„๋‚ด, ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์›จ์–ด์˜ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ์ƒ๋ƒฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜‘๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ์Šคํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์„ค ์ฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‘ ์†์„ ๋ชจ์œผ๋Š” ์Šต๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค ์‚ฌ๊ฑดํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์—ผํ™”์นผ๋ฅจ์œผ๋กœ ๋…์‚ด๋‹นํ•จ ํ…Œ์ฆˆ์นด ์‡ผํƒ€ (34์„ธ) ํƒ€๋‚˜์นด ์ผ€์ด ์ œ1์žฅ, ํŠน๋ณ„ํŽธ, ์ œ2์žฅ-๋ฐ˜๊ฒฉํŽธ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต, 302ํ˜ธ์‹ค์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ. 1984๋…„ 10์›” 19์ผ ์ถœ์ƒ. ๋†๊ตฌ๋ถ€ ์ถœ์‹ . ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” TRY UP GYM์˜ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋„ˆ๋กœ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ค‘ ๋ฐ๊ณ  ์ฒœ์ง„๋‚œ๋งŒํ•˜๋‹ค. ์•„๋‚ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์„ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€ํ˜• ๋‚จํŽธ. ๋‚˜๋‚˜์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ…Œ๋ฆฌ ์†Œ์„ค์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•จ. ์ž์‹ ์ด ์˜์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉด โ€œ์˜ค๋ž‘์šฐํƒ„ ํƒ€์ž„โ€์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•จ. ์ทจ๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋‹คํŠธ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์ ์ค‘ํ•˜๋ฉด โ€œ๋ถˆ(Bull)โ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•จ. ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌด์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๊ฐ€์Šด์„ ๋งŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฒ„๋ฆ‡์ด ์žˆ์Œ. ๋‚˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋œ ํ›„, ๋งจ์…˜์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌ์˜จ ๋‹ˆ์นด์ด๋„์™€ ์Šค๋ฏธ๋‹ค์„œ์˜ ํ˜•์‚ฌ์ธ ๋ฏธ์ฆˆํ‚ค์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ง„๋ฒ”์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ•จ. ์ฃผ์š”์ธ๋ฌผ ์ฟ ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ ์‚ฌ์™€ (21์„ธ) ๋ฐฐ์šฐ - ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋…ธ ๋‚˜๋‚˜์„ธ 202ํ˜ธ์‹ค์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ, ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ „๊ณต์€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ์–ด๋ฅธ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๋ชธ์˜ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ์ƒ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋Š ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋„ ์—†์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋ง์ˆ˜๋„ ๋งŽ์•„์ง€๋‹ค. ๊ตํ™˜์‚ด์ธ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์ ์€ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ํ•˜์•ผ์นด์™€ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฝ‘์€ ์ชฝ์ง€์—๋Š” ์˜ค๋‹ค ๋…ธ๋ถ€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ ํ˜€์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•จ. ๋‹ˆ์นด์ด๋„ ์‹œ๋…ธ๋ถ€ (25์„ธ) ๋ฐฐ์šฐ - ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ ๋ฅ˜์„ธ์ด ์ฟ ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์ƒ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํ‚คํƒ€๊ฐ€์™€ ์Šค๋ฏธ์นด๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๋˜ 304ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌ์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋ช…์„ํ•œ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋‚ฎ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŽธ์‹์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์นด๋ผํ…Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์› ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณธํŽธ์—์„œ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์‡ผํƒ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. AI๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‡ผํƒ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์ง„์ƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํƒ€๋ฏธ์•ผ ์ค€์ด์น˜๋กœ (58์„ธ) ๋ฐฐ์šฐ - ๋‚˜๋งˆ์„ธ ์นด์ฆˆํžˆ์‚ฌ 103ํ˜ธ์‹ค์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ, ์กฐ๊ธฐํ‡ด์งํ•œ ์€ํ–‰์›. ์„ฑ์‹คํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€์ถฉ๋Œ€์ถฉ์ด ํ†ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์ง„์ƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งจ์…˜ ์ด๊ณณ์ €๊ณณ์— ๊ฐ์‹œ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์—๋งŒ ๋ฐ•ํ˜€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทน๋‹จ ๋งŒ์›on๋ ˆ์ด์— ์ž…๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•จ. ์‡ผํƒ€์™€ ๋‹ˆ์นด์ด๋„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ตํ™˜์‚ด์ธ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ ๋ฝ‘์€ ์ข…์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์žฌ์ฐจ ๋ฌผ์Œ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€๋งŒ ์นจ๋ฌต์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—๋…ธ๋ชจํ†  ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์— (45์„ธ) ๋ฐฐ์šฐ - ํ‚ค๋ฌด๋ผ ํƒ€์— 402ํ˜ธ์‹ค์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ, ์ „์—…์ฃผ๋ฏผ, ์ „ ์ฃผ๋ฏผํšŒํšŒ์žฅ. ๋ฐ€์–ด ๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•ฝํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ์€ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋‚˜์™€ ์นœํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ด์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ์ด๋ฉด์—๋Š” ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ์•ˆ ์ž๋Š” ์šฉ์˜์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž…๋ง‰์Œํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ฏธ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์นด์ฆˆ (50์„ธ) ๋ฐฐ์šฐ - ๋‹ค๋‚˜์นด ํ…Œ์ธ ์‹œ ์ œ2์žฅ-๋ฐ˜๊ฒฉํŽธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 502ํ˜ธ์‹ค์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด ์ด์‚ฌ์˜จ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์•„์นด์ด์ผ€ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์‚ดํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ 502ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๊ฐ’์ด ์‹ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์™”์Œ. ๋ฐ์€ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ตํ™˜์‚ด์ธ๊ฒŒ์ž„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ•„์š”์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๊ธฐ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ• ๋•Œ๋„ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„๊ณผ ์‚ดํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ ์œ ์กฑ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฌป๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋™์˜์ƒ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ โ€œ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ฏธโ˜†์‚ฌ์ž”ํฌ๋กœ์Šคโ€๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™์ค‘์ด๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์— ์‚ด์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค๋ผ๋Š” ์ปจ์…‰์œผ๋กœ ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์ฐ์–ด์„œ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ† ์ฝ”์‹œ๋งˆ ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ (60์„ธ) ๋ฐฐ์šฐ - ๋‹ค์ผ€๋‚˜์นด ๋‚˜์˜คํ†  ๋งจ์…˜ ํ‚ค์šด์ฟ ์— ์ฟ ๋ผ๋งˆ์—์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ์ค‘. ๋งจ์…˜์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด ์ž…์ฃผํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ธ์ฒดํฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์™€์„œ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„๋‚˜์œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งจ์…˜์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฏธ์›€๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž…์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์†์ˆ˜ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋„ค์ž„ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ตํ™˜์‚ด์ธ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ์ตœ์ดˆํฌ์ƒ์ž๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ๋งจ์…˜ ํ‚ค์šด์ฟ ์— ์ฟ ๋ผ๋งˆ์— ์ฃผ๋ฏผ 1์ธต 101ํ˜ธ์‹ค ํ•˜์นด๋งˆ๋‹ค ์š”์‹œํžˆ์ฝ” : ์ฟ ์ฆˆ๋ฏธ ์œ ์ฆˆ๋ฃจ (45์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์ƒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋งจ, ๋…์‹  ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ ๋•ํ›„๋กœ ๋งจ์…˜์˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ์— ์•ˆ์ ค๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์ž„. ์„ฑ์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋‚˜ ์ •์‹ ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์†Œ์‹ฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋งก์€ ํ•˜์นด๋งˆ๋‹ค ์š”์‹œํžˆ์ฝ”๋กœ ์˜คํ•ด๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ชน์‹œ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค. 1์žฅ์—์„œ ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ ์ถ”๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ •์‹ ์„ ์žƒ์€ ํ›„ 2์žฅ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฉํŽธ์—์„œ ์ •์‹ ์ด ๋“ค์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด์งธ์„œ์ธ์ง€ ์ž์‹ ์ด 18์‚ด์˜ ํ•˜์นด๋งˆ๋‹ค ์š”์‹œํžˆ์ฝ”๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 102ํ˜ธ์‹ค ์นดํƒ€์˜ค์นด ๋ ˆ์ด์ฝ” : ์ฝ”์ง€๋งˆ ์นด์š” (42์„ธ) ์—ญ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜์–ดํšŒํ™” ๊ต์‹ค์„ ์žํƒ์—์„œ ์šด์˜ ์ค‘์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‚จํŽธ์ธ ํ† ์‹œ์•„ํ‚ค์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ƒ‰์ „์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„์ด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง‘์ฐฉ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋งจ์…˜ ๋‚ด ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค์˜ค๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ ๋ณด์ฟ ๋ผ ์š”์‹œ์œ ํ‚ค (๊ฒŒ๋‹Œ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์™€๊ฐ€์•ผ) : ์ฝ”์ง€๋งˆ ํ† ์‹œ์•„ํ‚ค (45์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์ง€๋„ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋งจ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ์—ฌ์ง์›๊ณผ ๋ถˆ๋ฅœ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ง‘์— ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์„œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋ณ„๊ฑฐ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. 103ํ˜ธ์‹ค ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋…ธ ์‚ฌํ† ๋ฏธ : ํƒ€๋ฏธ์•ผ ํ‚ค๋ฏธ์ฝ” (55์„ธ) ์—ญ - ํƒ€๋ฏธ์•ผ ์ค€์ด์น˜๋กœ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด, ์ฒด์œก์„ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ น์ž ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์ฒด์กฐ๊ต์œก์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ ์ค€์ด์น˜๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๊ธฐํ‡ด์งํ•œ ํ›„ ์นจ์šธํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ โ€œ์ฒด๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ €๊ฒƒ ํ•ด๋ณด๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋•Œ์š”?โ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŒธํ”Œ๋ฆฟ์„ ๊ฑด๋„ค์ค€๋‹ค. ๋‚จํŽธ์ธ ์ค€์ด์น˜๋กœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์€ ์ง„์‹ฌ์ด๋‹ค. 104ํ˜ธ์‹ค ๋ฏธ์ฟ ๋ผ ์นด๋‚˜ : ์ด์‹œ์žํ‚ค ์š”์šฐ์ฝ” (35์„ธ) ์—ญ - 2๋ช…์˜ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ „์—…์ฃผ๋ถ€ ์—ด์ •์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ํ’€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—๊ณ ์ด์ŠคํŠธ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์•ผ๋ฏธ ์•ผ์Šคํ›„๋ฏธ : ์ด์‹œ์žํ‚ค ์ผ„์ง€ (39์„ธ) ์—ญ - ๊ตฌ์ฒญ์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ค‘ ์„ฑ์‹คํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๋ณด์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋„๋ผ์—๋ชฝ์˜ ์ง„๊ตฌ(๋…ธ๋น„ํƒ€)๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ์Šต๋„ ๋ณด์ž„. ์ •์„œ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์ด ๋˜์–ด์‚ฌ๋Š” ์•„๋‚ด ์š”์šฐ์ฝ”๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์• ๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์—๋Š” ์˜จ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์กฐ๊น…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€๋ฌด๋ผ ๋ฏธ์œ  : ์ด์‹œ์žํ‚ค ํ›„๋ฏธ์š” (9์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์†Œํ•™๊ต 3ํ•™๋…„, ๋‹ค๋ถ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ƒฅํ•œ ๋ˆ„๋‚˜ ์นด์š”์˜ ์˜์–ดํšŒํ™”๊ต์‹ค์— ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ. ๋‚จ๋™์ƒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ˜ธ์‹ ์ˆ ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฒด๋ ฅํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋ฅธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฒ์„ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋…ธ ๋ฆฌ์ฟ  : ์ด์‹œ์žํ‚ค ์นด์ฆˆ์˜ค (6์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์†Œํ•™๊ต 1ํ•™๋…„. ๋ˆ„๋‚˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์นด์š”์˜ ์˜์–ดํšŒํ™” ๊ต์‹ค์— ๋‹ค๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ์—”๋„์ฑค๋„ค๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๋™๊ฒฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฅ๋ž˜ํฌ๋ง์ด ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์š”์šฐ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๋‚˜์ธ ํ›„๋ฏธ์š”์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํ˜ธ์‹ ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ฒด๋ ฅํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋ฅธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๊ฒ์„ ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋‹ค. 2์ธต 201ํ˜ธ์‹ค ๋‹ค๋‚˜์นด ์š”์ง€ : ์šฐํ‚คํƒ€ ์ผ€์ด์Šค์ผ€ (55์„ธ) ์—ญ - ํญ๋ ฅ๋‹จ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฃŒ์™€ ์•„์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ด์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด๋š๋šํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์น˜์— ๋งž๋Š” ํ–‰๋™๋งŒ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฃŒ์™€ ์•„์ด๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋™๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ฒˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์ฃ„๋กœ ์ฒดํฌ๋œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตํ™˜์‚ด์ธ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์“ด ์ชฝ์ง€์— ์–ด๋–ค ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋‘์—ˆ์Œ. ์˜ค์˜คํ† ๋ชจ ์นด๋ Œ : ์„ธ๋…ธ ์•„์ด๋ฆฌ (21์„ธ) ์—ญ (์•„์—ญ : ์•„๋ฒ  ์ฟ ๋ ˆ์•„) - ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ „๋ฌธ ๋ฏธ์šฉ์ƒต ์ ์› -> ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ์˜ ์‹๋‹น ์•„๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ์ƒ, ๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ต์ œ ์ค‘ ์šฐํ‚คํƒ€๋ฅผ ์ง„์งœ ์•„๋น ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ†ต์€ ์„ฑ์งˆ์ด ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž…์ด ๊ฑธ์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜ผ์ž ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์†Œ๋ผ์™€ ๊ณง์ž˜ ๋†€์•„์ฃผ๋Š” ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์น˜์ฝ”์—๊ฒŒ ๊ดด๋กญํž˜ ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ† ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฉํŽธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์šฐํ‚คํƒ€์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ๊นŠ์€ ์ฟ ์ฆˆ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง‘์ค‘ ๋งˆํฌ ํ•จ. ๋‚˜์นด์˜ค ๋งˆ์‚ฌํ‚ค : ์นดํ‚ค๋ˆ„๋งˆ ๋ฃŒ (21์„ธ) ์—ญ - ํญ๋ ฅ๋‹จ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› -> ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ์˜ ์‹๋‹น ์•„๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ์ƒ, ์•„์ด๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ต์ œ ์ค‘ ๊ฒ‰์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฉํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์†์€ ์•Œ์ฐฌ ๋…€์„์ด๋‹ค. 203ํ˜ธ์‹ค ์นด๋‚˜์ž์™€ ๋ฏธํ˜ธ : ๋ฆฐ ์‹ ์œ„ (22์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ ์œ ํ•™์ƒ, ๋ถ€ํƒ„์š”๋ฆฌ์  ์•„๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ์ƒ -> ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ์˜ ์‹๋‹น ์•„๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ์ƒ ๋ฐ์€ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜์™€ ์Šค์Šค๋Ÿผ์—†์ด ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด๋Š” ๊ณง์ž˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ํŽธ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ„ํ˜น โ€œ์ž ๊น ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค์ฃผ์‹œ๊ตฌ๋ คโ€๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณ ํ’์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋†’์ž„๋ง์ด ์ต์ˆ™์น˜ ์•Š์Œ. ์ด์‚ฌ์นด ์ด์ฟ ๋ฏธ : ๊ตฌ์—” ์ฟ ์˜จ (21์„ธ) ์—ญ - ๋ฏธ์žฅ์ด ์—ฐ์ˆ˜์ƒ -> ํ•œ๊ตญ์Œ์‹ ํฌ์žฅ๋งˆ์ฐจ ์ ์›. ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์ธ. ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฉํŽธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๊ฐ์ถค ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋น„ : ์ด์ฟ ๋ฐ”๋ฃจ ๋นˆ ๋‹ทํŠธ (45์„ธ) ์—ญ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด, ๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ์•„์ธ ๋‚จ์˜ ์ผ์„ ์ž˜ ๋Œ๋ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ง์—…์ƒ ํ•ดํ‚น ์‹ค๋ ฅ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜๋‹ค. 204ํ˜ธ์‹ค ์˜ค๋‹ค ์†Œ์ฝ” : ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ ์ค€ (38์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์‚ญ๋‹น๊ฒฝ์˜์ž. ๋…์‹ . ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฉํŽธ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์—์˜ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด ์ฃผ๋ฏผํšŒ์˜ ํšŒ์žฅ์„ ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ต ๊ธ‰์‹์„ ํ…Œ๋งˆ๋กœ ํ•œ ์Œ์‹์ ์„ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฃŒ, ์•„์ด๋ฆฌ, ์‹ ์œ„๋ฅผ ์•„๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 3์ธต 301ํ˜ธ์‹ค ๋‚˜์˜ค : ์˜ค๋…ธ ๋ฏธํ‚คํ•˜ (25์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์˜ค๊ฐ€๋‹‰์•ผ์ฑ„ ํƒ๋ฐฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ค‘, ๋…์‹ , 303ํ˜ธ์‹ค ์ด์ „ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ธ์ด ์†์ˆ˜ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋„ค์ž„ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ์นด์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ ํžˆ๋ฐ์œ ํ‚ค : ์‚ฌ์—ํ‚ค ์š”์‹œํ‚ค ์—ญ - ํšŒ์‚ฌ์›, ๋…์‹  hulu ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ [๋ฌธ์˜ ์ €ํŽธ]์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ. ์˜ค๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ์œ ํ˜นํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋™๊ฑฐ๋…€์ธ ๋งˆ์ด์ง€๋งˆ์™€ ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์˜ค๋…ธ์™€ ์‚ฌ๊ท€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋Š ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ค๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ์ ์ฐจ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ—ค์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋จ ์ด๋ฆฌ์•ผ๋งˆ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ” : ๋งˆ์ด์ง€๋งˆ ์•„์•ผ์ฝ” ์—ญ - ๊ฐ„๋ณ‘์ธ, ๋…์‹ , 304ํ˜ธ์‹ค ์ด์ „ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ hulu ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ [๋ฌธ์˜ ์ €ํŽธ]์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์—ํ‚ค์™€ ๋™๊ฑฐํ•œ ์—ฐ์ธ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์—ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋…ธ์™€ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ 303ํ˜ธ์‹ค์—์„œ ๋‚˜์™€ ์นœ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๋งˆํ† ๋ถ€ ์„ธ์ด : ํ‚คํƒ€๊ฐ€์™€ ์Šค๋ฏธ์นด (42์„ธ) ์—ญ - ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ์ง„ํ–‰์ž, ์‹ฑ๊ธ€๋ง˜ ์ผ์— ๋ชฐ๋‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ๋ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์“ฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์†Œ๋ผ์— ์ด์ƒํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋งŒํผ ๋ณ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ์นด์š”์—๊ฒŒ ์ ๋Œ€์‹ฌ์„ ํ’ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตํ™˜์‚ด์ธ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์—ฎ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋‚˜์นด ๋ ˆ์ด : ํ‚คํƒ€๊ฐ€์™€ ์†Œ๋ผ (5์„ธ) ์—ญ - ๋ณด์œก์›์ƒ ์ผ์— ๋ฐ”์œ ์—„๋งˆ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋ถ™๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ๋†€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ด์— ๊ฑธ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ฅธ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šฐ๋ฉฐ, ์—„๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์™ธ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ–‰๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค. 4์ธต 401ํ˜ธ์‹ค ์•ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋งˆํ˜ธ : ํ‚ค๋…ธ์‹œํƒ€ ์•„์นด๋„ค (38์„ธ) ์—ญ - ๋…ผํ”ฝ์…˜์ž‘๊ฐ€, ๋…์‹ , ๋งจ์…˜ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ์žฅ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋‹ด๋‹น ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋’ค์ง€๋Š” ๋“ฑ, ์šฐํŽธํ•จ ์•ˆ์— ๋ณด์ด์Šค ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋”๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์—ฟ๋“ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ตํ™˜์‚ด์ธ๊ฒŒ์ž„์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์†Œ์„ค์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๋…์ž์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. 402ํ˜ธ์‹ค ์‚ฌ์นดํƒ€ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋…ธ๋ถ€ : ์—๋…ธ๋ชจํ†  ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์‹œ (48์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์—์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ์ด์ž ์†Œ์ด์น˜์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€, ํ˜•์‚ฌ๋กœ ์นด๋ฏธ์•ผ์™€ ๋ฏธ์ฆˆํ‚ค์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฌ ์•„๋ผํ‚ค ํ† ์™€ : ์—๋…ธ๋ชจํ†  ์†Œ์ด์น˜ (14์„ธ) ์—ญ - ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์—์™€ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์‹œ์˜ ์•„๋“ค ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์—๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์†Œ์จฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. 3๋…„ ์ „์— ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์— ๋งจ์…˜์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์ ธ ๋งจ์…˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ ์ฑ„ ์ง‘ ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ผ€์ฆˆ ์‡ผ์ฝ” : ์—๋…ธ๋ชจํ†  ์ƒŒ๋”์Šจ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์ฝ” (45์„ธ) - ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์‹œ์˜ ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์ด์น˜์˜ ์ˆ™๋ชจ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„ํŒŒ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‚จํŽธ์€ ์ž๋ฉ”์ด์นด์ธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ˜ธ์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ์†Œ์ด์น˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒํ™œํ•œ๋‹ค. 403ํ˜ธ์‹ค ์นดํƒ€๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง„ : ํ›„์ง€์ด ์•„์ธ ์‹œ (43์„ธ) ์—ญ - ํ† ์˜ค๋Œ€ํ•™๋ถ€์†๋ณ‘์› ์ •ํ˜•์™ธ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ, ๋…์‹  ์ต์‚ด์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•™์‹œ์ ˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์‹ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ ์ถœ์ค‘ํ•œ ์•ผ๋งˆ๊ธฐ์™€์—๊ฒŒ ์—ด๋“ฑ๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฉํŽธ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์œผ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•จ. 404ํ˜ธ์‹ค ์ฝ”์ด์ผ€ ๋ฃŒ์Šค์ผ€ : ์—ํ†  ์œ ์šฐํ‚ค (23์„ธ) ์—ญ - ๋…์‹ . ITํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์–ดํ”Œ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ ์‚ฌ์น˜์ฝ”์™€ ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ์น˜์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ์–‘๋กœ์›์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋„์™€์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง์—…์ƒ ์ผ์„ ๋ญ๋“ ์ง€ ์–ดํ”Œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ์–ดํ”Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ์ „์„ ์•„๋‚Œ์—†์ด ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ AI์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‚˜. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ข‹๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ž๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 5์ธต 501ํ˜ธ์‹ค ์•ˆ๋„ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋…ธ๋ถ€ : ์‚ฌ๋…ธ ๊ณ  (42์„ธ) ์—ญ - 502ํ˜ธ์‹ค ์ด์ „ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์™ธ๋ถ€๊ณ„๋‹จ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ์ง์„ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋งค์ผ ๋“ค๊ณ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ฟจ๋Ÿฌ๋ฐ•์Šค์— ๋‚ด์žฅ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•จ. ์‹ํ’ˆ ๋ƒ‰๋™์ฐฝ๊ณ ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ๋‹นํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•จ ๋ฏธ๋„ค๋ฌด๋ผ ๋ฆฌ์— : ์•„์นด์ด์ผ€ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ†  (50์„ธ) ์—ญ - ๋ฒˆ์—…์ฃผ๋ถ€ ํ—Œ์‹ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์น˜์ฝ”๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์น˜์ฝ”๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ดด๋กญํž˜์„ ๋‹นํ•ด ์šธ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ€๋“์ฐฌ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜๋Š” ์Šค๋‚ต๋ฐ”์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์–ด์งธ์„ ์ง€ ์šฐํ‚คํƒ€๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ์šฐํ‚คํƒ€๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ ์ž๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•„๋ž˜์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊น”๋ณด๋Š” ํƒ€์ž…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ† ์ฟ ์ด ์œ  : ์•„์นด์ด์ผ€ ๊ณ ๋กœ (52์„ธ) - ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ† ์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ, ๋ฌด์—ญํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌด ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์™€ ๋ถ€์ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ ์ฒ™ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ, ๋งˆ์Œ ์†์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์˜ค์นดํƒ€ ํžˆ์‚ฌ์ฝ” : ์•„์นด์ด์ผ€ ์‚ฌ์น˜์ฝ” (78์„ธ) ์—ญ - ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ† ์˜ ์‹œ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ํœ ์ฒด์–ด ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ† ์™€ ๊ฒ‰์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ† ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ž”๋œฉ ๊ดด๋กญํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ. ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ† ์—๊ฒŒ โ€œ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๋ณ‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋„Œ ๊ทธ์ € ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๊ฐœ์— ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„!โ€๋ผ๋Š” ๋ชจ์š•์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์–ธ๋„ ์„œ์Šด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ•จ. ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ›„ ์–‘๋กœ์›์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ ์•„์‚ฌ์นด ์ฝ”๋‹ค์ด : ์นด๋ฏธ์•ผ ๋งˆ์‚ฌํ†  () (26์„ธ) ์—ญ - ๊ฒฝ์‹œ์ฒญ ์Šค๋ฏธ๋‹ค์„œ ํ˜•์‚ฌ ์ถ”๋ฆฌ๋ ฅ, ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋งค์šฐ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์™€ ์‚ฌํ† ๋ฃจํ‚ค : ๋ฏธ์ฆˆํ‚ค ์š”์šฐ์ง€ (48์„ธ) ์—ญ - ๊ฒฝ์‹œ์ฒญ ์Šค๋ฏธ๋‹ค์„œ ํ˜•์‚ฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ €์ฃผ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฒ์Ÿ์ด๋กœ ์œ ํ•ด(์ดํƒ€์ด)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„ํ˜น ํŒŸํƒ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋งˆ๊ตฌ์น˜ ํ† ์˜ค๋ฃจ : ํ˜ธ์†Œ์นด์™€ ์•„์‚ฌ์˜ค (45์„ธ) ์—ญ - ๋‚˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „์— ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ์žฅ ์‡ผํƒ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์ง์˜ ํšŒ์›์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ๋กํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์—ํ•˜๋ผ ์ฝ”์šฐ : ์š”๋ชจ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ Œํƒ€๋กœ (25์„ธ) ์—ญ - ํ† ์ฝ”์‹œ๋งˆ์˜ ํ›„์ž„ ๋งจ์…˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ธ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์š•์€ ์—†์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฌ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ—ˆ๋ฌผ์—†๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์–ด์งธ์„œ์ธ์ง€ ํ‚ค๋…ธ์‹œํƒ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ์นด์ผ€์ด ๋ฏธ์™€์ฝ” : ์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ๊ธฐ ๋ฃจ๋ฆฌ (25์„ธ) ์—ญ - ํ† ์˜ค๋Œ€ํ•™๋ถ€์†๋ณ‘์› ์ •ํ˜•์™ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์‡ผํƒ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์ง์— ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ค์˜ค์šฐ์น˜๋‹ค ์œ ํ—ค์ด : ์šฐ์น˜์•ผ๋งˆ ํƒ€์ธ ์˜ค (21์„ธ) ์—ญ - ๊ตญ์ œ์ด๊ณต๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ํ•™์ƒ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„๋‚˜์œ ์›ƒ์Œ์„ ๋ ๊ณ  ์ฟ ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€๋ฌด๋ผ ์œ ์ด : ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์ง์˜ ์Šคํƒœํ”„ ํƒ€์นดํ•˜์‹œ ์—ญ ์ด์‚ฌํ‚ค ๋ฏธ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ : ํ›„์ง€์‚ฌ์™€ ์—ญ - ๊ทน๋‹จ ใ€Œ๋งŒ์›on๋ ˆ์ดใ€์˜ ์—ฐ์ถœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒธ ๊ฐ๋… ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์˜ค์นด ํƒ€์ฟ ์•ผ : ์•ผ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋ชจํ†  ์—ญ - ๊ทน๋‹จ ใ€Œ๋งŒ์›on๋ ˆ์ดใ€์˜ ๋ฉ”์ธ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์•„์ฟ ์ž์™€ ๋‚˜๋‚˜ : ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ ์—ญ - ๊ทน๋‹จ ใ€Œ๋งŒ์›on๋ ˆ์ดใ€์˜ ๊ฐ„ํŒ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋‚˜์นด๋…ธ ์ธ ์š”์‹œ : ํ˜•์‚ฌ๊ณผ์žฅ ์—ญ ์ฝ”๋‹ค๋งˆ ๋ผ์ด์‹  : ํ˜•์‚ฌ๋ถ€๊ณผ์žฅ ์—ญ ์ดํƒ€์ฟ ๋ผ ์น˜ํžˆ๋กœ : ํ˜•์‚ฌ1 ์—ญ - ๋ฏธ์ฆˆํ‚ค ์š”์šฐ์ง€์˜ ํ›„๋ฐฐ ๋‚˜์นด์•ผ๋งˆ ํ์ด์น˜๋กœ : ํ˜•์‚ฌ2 ์—ญ ์Šคํƒœํ”„ ๊ธฐํš ๋ฐ ์›์•ˆ - ์•„ํ‚ค๋ชจํ†  ์•ผ์Šค์‹œ ๊ทน๋ณธ - ํ›„์ฟ ํ•˜๋ผ ๋ฏธ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ, ํƒ€์นด๋…ธ ๋ฏธ๋‚˜ํ† (ํŠน๋ณ„ํŽธ ๋ฐ ๋ฒˆ์™ธํŽธ ๊ทน๋ณธ ๋‹ด๋‹น) ์Œ์•… - ํ•˜์•ผ์‹œ ์œ ํ‚ค, ํƒ€์น˜๋ฐ”๋‚˜ ์•„์‚ฌ๋ฏธ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ Aimer - STAND ALONE (2๋ถ„๊ธฐ) โ€ป3๋ถ„๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์˜ˆ๊ณ ํŽธ์— ์‚ฝ์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œ์ฆˆ์นด ์‡ผํƒ€ - ๋ณด๊ณ ์‹ถ์–ด (3๋ถ„๊ธฐ) - ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ์‚ฝ์ž…๊ณก๋ฏธ์ • ์ƒํƒœ์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ 2019๋…„ 7์›” 6์ผ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋œ THE MUSIC DAY 2019์—์„œ ๊ทน์ค‘๋ฐฐ์—ญ์ธ ํ…Œ์ฆˆ์นด ์‡ผํƒ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ณก๋ช…๋„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์ถœ - ์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋งˆ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ์š”์‹œ, ์ฝ”๋ฌด๋ผ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ฝ”, ๋‚˜์นด์ฟ ํ‚ค ์ธ ์š”์‹œ, ์šฐ์น˜๋‹ค ํžˆ๋ฐ๋ฏธ(AXON) ์ฑ…์ž„ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ - ์ด์ผ€๋‹ค ์ผ„์ง€ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ - ์Šค์ฆˆ๋งˆ ํžˆ๋กœ์—, ๋งˆ์ธ ์•ผ๋งˆ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ(ํ† ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜) ์ œ์ž‘ํ˜‘๋ ฅ - ํ† ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ์ œ์ž‘์‚ฌ - NTV ๋ฐฉ์†ก์ผ์ • ์—ฐ์†๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์ตœ์ข…ํ™”์˜ ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ ์€ ์ „ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ "3ํ•™๋…„ A๋ฐ˜~์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ธ์งˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค~"์˜ 15.4%๋ณด๋‹ค 4ํฌ์ธํŠธ ๋†’์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹›ํ…Œ๋ ˆ ์ผ์š”๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠน๋ณ„ํŽธ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ <p>"๋ฌธ์˜ ์ €ํŽธ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ ํ™”๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฐ ํ˜ธ์‹ค์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์งง์€ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆํ˜•์‹์ด๋‹ค. ์ง€์ƒํŒŒ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ Hulu๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋…์  ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1ํ™”์™€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํŽธ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ ํ™”๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ์„ ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ, ์ตœ์ข…ํ™” ์ข…๋ฃŒ ํ›„์—๋Š” "๋ฒˆ์™ธํŽธ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ (์ „, ํ›„ํŽธ)"์„ ๋ถ€์ œ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์•„ ์—ฐ์†์‚ด์ธ๊ท€์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ €ํŽธ ๋ฒˆ์™ธํŽธ~๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ~ ์˜ํ™” 2021๋…„ 12์›” 10์ผ์— ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜ํ™”๋กœ, ์ฃผ์—ฐ์€ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆํŒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‹ค๋‚˜์นด ์ผ€์ด์™€ ํ•˜๋ผ๋‹ค ํ† ๋ชจ์š”๊ฐ€ ๋งก๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ด‰์ผ ๋‹น์ผ์— ๋‹›ํ…Œ๋ ˆ ๊ธˆ์š” ๋กœ๋“œ์‡ผ์™€ ์ฝœ๋ผ๋ณด ๊ธฐํš์œผ๋กœ ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์š” (๊ทน์žฅํŒ) ์ฃผ๋ฏผํšŒ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‡ผํƒ€์˜€๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตํ™˜์‚ด์ธ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด? ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์ด ๋‘˜์˜ ์šด๋ช…์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚˜๋‚˜์™€ ์‡ผํƒ€์˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํฌ๋ฃจ์ฆˆ ์—ฌํ–‰์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค. ํฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ์˜์–ด ์ œ๋ชฉ์ด ANATA NO BAN DEATH๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋œ ๋ฒ„์ „์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์บ์น˜ํ”„๋ ˆ์ด์ฆˆ๋Š” "์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ‘ธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€.... ๋‹น์‹  ์ฐจ๋ก€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค" ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ (๊ทน์žฅํŒ) ํ•˜์•ผ์นด์™€ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ - ์‚ฌ์ฝ” ์š”์‹œ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆํŒ์—์„œ ์ฟ ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ์™€ ๋‹ˆ์นด์ด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ใ€Ž๊ตญ์ œ์ด๊ณต๋Œ€ํ•™ใ€ ๊ต์ˆ˜. ์ฟ ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ตํ™˜์‚ด์ธ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ ์ธ๋ฌผ(๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ฟ ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ ์€ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ DV๋ฅผ ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‚˜๋ฏธํ† ๋ฉ”์˜€์Œ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์ง.) ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ๋ฐฐ์šฐ - ์นด๋„์™€ํ‚ค ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ํ…Œ์ฆˆ์นด ๋ถ€๋ถ€์˜ ์„ ์ƒ ์›จ๋”ฉ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ ํฌ๋ฃจ์ฆˆ์„ ์— ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ž ์ž…ํ•œ ์—ฌ์ž. ์Šคํƒœํ”„ (๊ทน์žฅํŒ) ๊ธฐํš ๋ฐ ์›์•ˆ - ์•„ํ‚ค๋ชจํ†  ์•ผ์Šค์‹œ ๊ทน๋ณธ - ํ›„์ฟ ํ•˜๋ผ ๋ฏธ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ๋… - ์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋งˆ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ์š”์‹œ ์Œ์•… - ํ•˜์•ผ์‹œ ์œ ํ‚ค, ํƒ€์น˜๋ฐ”๋‚˜ ์•„์‚ฌ๋ฏธ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ - Aimerใ€ŒONE AND LASTใ€ (Sony Music Labels) ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰ - ํ† ํ˜ธ ๊ธฐํš - ํ† ํƒˆ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ์ œ์ž‘ ์ฃผ๊ด€์‚ฌ - ๋‹›ํ…Œ๋ ˆ ์ œ์ž‘์‚ฌ - ใ€Œ๋‹น์‹  ์ฐจ๋ก€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ๊ทน์žฅํŒใ€ ์ œ์ž‘์œ„์›ํšŒ (๋‹›ํ…Œ๋ ˆ, ํ† ํ˜ธ, ์š”๋ฏธ์šฐ๋ฆฌํ…Œ๋ ˆ๋น„, ํŠธ๋ผ์ด์Šคํ†ค ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ, Y&N Brothers, ํ† ํƒˆ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜, ์‚ฟํฌ๋กœ ํ…Œ๋ ˆ๋น„, ๋ฏธ์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ…Œ๋ ˆ๋น„, ์‹œ์ฆˆ์˜ค์นด ์ œ1ํ…Œ๋ ˆ๋น„, ์ธ„์ฟ„ ํ…Œ๋ ˆ๋น„, ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ ํ…Œ๋ ˆ๋น„, ํ›„์ฟ ์˜ค์นด๋ฐฉ์†ก, ๋‹›์ผ€๋ ˆ๊ณ„ ์ „ 21๊ฐœ์‚ฌ) ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋‹น์‹  ์ฐจ๋ก€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ๊ณต์‹ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ฐจ๋ก€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ๊ณต์‹ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€ 2019๋…„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋‹›ํฐ TV ์ผ์š”์ผ ๋ฐค 10์‹œ 30๋ถ„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์Šค๋ฆด๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ์‡„์‚ด์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์•„ํ‚ค๋ชจํ†  ์•ผ์Šค์‹œ 2021๋…„ ์˜ํ™” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์Šค๋ฆด๋Ÿฌ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your%20Turn%20to%20Kill
Your Turn to Kill
is a Japanese TV drama series. It was created by NTV and broadcast on the NNS on "" every Sunday from April 14 to September 8, 2019 at 22:30-23:25 (JST). The abbreviation is "Anaban". has been released since December 10, 2021. Cast Tomoyo Harada as Nana Tezuka Kei Tanaka as Shลta Tezuka Nanase Nishino as Sawa Kuroshima Ryusei Yokohama as Shinobu Nikaidล Tetsushi Tanaka as Masakazu Minami Naoto Takenaka as Hiroshi Tokoshima Tae Kimura as Sanae Enomoto Katsuhisa Namase as Jun'ichirล Tamiya as Mikiha Ono Masanobu Ando as Gล Sano Yoshihiko Hakamada as Yuzuru Kuzumi Miwako Kakei as Ruri Sakuragi Yoji Tanaka as Keisuke Ukita Jin Katagiri as Atsushi Fujii as Jun Nishimura as Asao Hosokawa as Sลichi Enomoto as detective Masato Kamiya Sarutoki Minagawa as detective Yลji Mizuki References External links Detective television series Television shows about death Television series about families Yasushi Akimoto 2019 Japanese television series debuts Japanese drama television series Nippon TV dramas
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%82%AC%EB%A5%B4%20%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%ED%8B%B4
์„ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅด ๋งˆ๋ฅดํ‹ด
์„ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅด ๋งˆ๋ฅดํ‹ด ๋น„์•ผ๋ฅด(, 1977๋…„ 4์›” 3์ผ, ์•„์Šคํˆฌ๋ฆฌ์•„์Šค ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์˜ค๋น„์—๋„ ~)๋Š” ์ค„์—ฌ์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ์„ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅด()๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ์ „ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ, ํ˜„์—ญ ์‹œ์ ˆ ์ค‘์•™ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 13 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ, ๊ทธ๋Š” 200๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ฃผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋น„์—๋„์™€ ๋ฐํฌ๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๋ณด ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์•ฝํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ 6๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๋ณผํ„ด ์›๋”๋Ÿฌ์Šค์—์„œ ๋›ฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์ผ์›์œผ๋กœ 5๋…„ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅด๋Š” UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2004์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์˜ค๋น„์—๋„ ์ถœ์‹ ์ธ ์„ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅด๋Š” 1994๋…„ ์ธ๊ทผ์˜ ์˜ค๋น„์—๋„์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ์ฒซ ๋ฐœ์„ ๋””๋Ž ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฒซ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ๊ทธ๋Š” 17๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•ด ์•„์Šคํˆฌ๋ฆฌ์•„์Šค ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์—ฐ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ ์˜ˆ๋ฅด์นธ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ง„์œผ๋กœ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 9์œ„์— ์ผ์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1998-99 ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ 31๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•ด 4๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์˜ค๋น„์—๋„์˜ ์ฃผ์ถ• ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋งนํ™œ์•ฝํ•œ ์„ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฐํฌ๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๋ณด๋กœ ๋Œ€๋žต โ‚ฌ17M์˜ ๊ธˆ์•ก์— ์ด์ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐˆ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์•„ ์—ฐ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ, ์ฝ”ํŒŒ ๋ธ ๋ ˆ์ด ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜ํŽ˜๋ฅด์ฝ”ํŒŒ ๋ฐ ์—์ŠคํŒŒ๋ƒ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ 7๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ž์ฃผ ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. (๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์ถœ์ „ํ•œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์ด 2002-03 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์œผ๋กœ 20๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.) ํ˜ธ์•„ํ‚จ ์นดํŒŒ๋กœ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐํฌ๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๋ณด ์ง€ํœ˜๋ด‰์„ ์žก์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์„ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ž…์ง€๋ฅผ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 2006๋…„ 7์›” 18์ผ์— ๋ ˆ๋ฐ˜ํ…Œ๋กœ ์ด์ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋‘ฅ์ง€๋ฅผ ํŠผ ๊ณณ์—๋„ ์ผ์ด ์‹ ํ†ต์น˜ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋Œ€ํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ‹€์–ด 5๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ์ณค๊ณ , ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด 0-3์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ ์•„ํ‹€๋ ˆํ‹ฐ์ฝ” ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์™€์˜ ์•ˆ๋ฐฉ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‡ด์žฅ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ 1์›” 31์ผ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ณ„์•ฝ ํ•ด์ง€๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ 2์›”, ์„ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ณผํ„ด ์›๋”๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฐ๋ท”์ „์€ 2-2๋กœ ๋น„๊ธด ์ฒผ์‹œ์™€์˜ 2์›” 28์ผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ ์•„๋„ฌ์นด์™€ ๊ต์ฒด๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. 5์›” 18์ผ, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์–ป์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์ƒˆ๋ฏธ ๋ฆฌ ์‹ ์ž„ ๋ณผํ„ด ๊ฐ๋…์ด ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ž ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ดํ›„์— ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€ ์„ธ๊ตฐ๋‹ค ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜จ์˜ ์—๋ฅด์ฟจ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ์ž…๋‹จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2009-10 ์‹œ์ฆŒ, ๋…ธ๋ จํ•œ ์„ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅด๋Š” 2๋ถ€ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ์ด์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์นด์Šคํ…Œ์š˜๊ณผ 2+1๋…„ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์— ํ•ฉ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๋ฐœ๋ Œ์‹œ์•„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์ด ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ, 33์„ธ์˜ ์„ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ณ„์•ฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์–ผ๋งˆ ํ›„ ์€ํ‡ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„, ์„ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅด๋Š” ์˜ค๋น„์—๋„๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ํ–‰์ • ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์„ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅด๋Š” 1999๋…„ 8์›” 18์ผ, ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋Š” 2-1๋กœ ์ด๊ธด ํด๋ž€๋“œ์™€์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์ƒค๋ฐ” ์›์ • ์นœ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 90๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋›ฐ์–ด 2-1 ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋„์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ถœ์ „ํ•œ UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2000 ์˜ˆ์„ ์ „ ๋‘ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 2๊ณจ์„ ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅด๋Š” UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2004 ๋ณธ์„  ์„ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ถœ์ „ํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์ดˆ๋…„์— ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ผฝํ˜”์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์—์„œ ํฐ ๋‘๊ฐ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ƒ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์นด๋ฅผ๋ ˆ์Šค ํ‘ธ์šœ์ด๋‚˜ ํŒŒ๋ธ”๋กœ ์ด๋ฐ”๋…œ์Šค ๋“ฑ์˜ ์Ÿ์Ÿํ•œ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž…์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์ „ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ธ ์•ˆ๋„๋ผ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 1๊ณจ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์€ ์ด ์นœ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 4-0์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋“์  ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ˆ˜์ƒ ํด๋Ÿฝ ๋ฐํฌ๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๋ณด ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€: 1999โ€“2000 ์ฝ”ํŒŒ ๋ธ ๋ ˆ์ด: 2001โ€“02 ์ˆ˜ํŽ˜๋ฅด์ฝ”ํŒŒ ๋ฐ ์—์ŠคํŒŒ๋ƒ: 2002 ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ U-18 UEFA U-18 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ: 1995 ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Spain stats at Eu-Football 1977๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์˜ค๋น„์—๋„ ์ถœ์‹  ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์ธ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์•„์Šคํˆฌ๋ฆฌ์•„์Šค์ฃผ ์ถœ์‹  ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜ ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๊ตฐ๋‹ค ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜จ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๊ตฐ๋‹ค ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜จ B์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ ˆ์•Œ ์˜ค๋น„์—๋„ ๋ฒ ํˆฌ์Šคํƒ€์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ ˆ์•Œ ์˜ค๋น„์—๋„์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐํฌ๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๋ณด ๋ผ์ฝ”๋ฃจ๋ƒ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ ˆ๋ฐ˜ํ…Œ UD์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—๋ฅด์ฟจ๋ ˆ์Šค CF์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ CD ์นด์Šคํ…Œ์š˜์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ณผํ„ด ์›๋”๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ๋‚จ์ž ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ๋‚จ์ž U-21 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ UEFA ์œ ๋กœ 2004 ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ง„์ถœ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์ง„์ถœ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์ธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar%20Mart%C3%ADn
Cรฉsar Martรญn
Cรฉsar Martรญn Villar (born 3 April 1977) is a Spanish retired professional footballer who played as a central defender. Over the course of 13 seasons he appeared in 200 La Liga games, mostly in representation of Oviedo and Deportivo, after which he had a six-month spell in England with Bolton. A Spanish international during five years, Cรฉsar appeared in Euro 2004. Club career Born in Oviedo, Cรฉsar started his professional career in 1994 playing for local Real Oviedo. In his debut season he helped with 17 La Liga matches as the Asturias side, which also featured Croatian Nikola Jerkan in the defensive sector, finished ninth. After being instrumental in Oviedo's 1998โ€“99 league campaign by playing 31 games and scoring four goals, Cรฉsar moved to Deportivo de La Coruรฑa for approximately โ‚ฌ7 million. With the Galicians he won one league, one Copa del Rey and two Supercopa de Espaรฑa trophies, but appeared sparingly during his seven-year stay (maximum 20 matches in 2002โ€“03) mainly due to injuries. Cรฉsar fell out of favour when Joaquรญn Caparrรณs took over as manager of Deportivo, and eventually moved to Levante UD on 18 July 2006. Things did not improve at his new team where he only played five times all competitions comprised, also getting sent off in a 3โ€“0 league home loss to Atlรฉtico Madrid; on 31 January 2007, he cancelled his contract by mutual consent. Cรฉsar joined Bolton Wanderers on a short-term contract until the end of the season, in February 2007. He made his Premier League debut as an injury-time substitute for Nicolas Anelka on 28 April, in a 2โ€“2 draw against Chelsea; on 18 May, after failing to feature in any more matches, it was revealed that he would leave the club after the new manager Sammy Lee decided not to extend his contract, and he subsequently returned to his homeland, signing with Hรฉrcules CF in Segunda Divisiรณn. For the 2009โ€“10 campaign, veteran Cรฉsar continued in the second level, agreeing to a 2+1 contract with CD Castellรณn. However, after the Valencian Community team's relegation, the 33-year-old was one of the many players released from contract, retiring shortly afterwards. Cรฉsar returned to Oviedo in summer 2015, in directorial capacities. International career Cรฉsar made his first appearance for Spain on 18 August 1999, playing the entire 2โ€“1 friendly win over Poland in Warsaw. He scored twice in his first two caps, both in UEFA Euro 2000 qualifiers and both through headers. Cรฉsar was included in the Euro 2004 squad, but did not play. Despite showing early promise, his international career never fully took off, mostly because of injury troubles and the emergence of players like Carles Puyol and Pablo Ibรกรฑez; he also found the net in his last match, a 4โ€“0 friendly victory with Andorra in the week prior to the continental competition. International goals Scores and results list Spain's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Martรญn goal. Honours Deportivo La Liga: 1999โ€“2000 Copa del Rey: 2001โ€“02 Supercopa de Espaรฑa: 2002 Spain U18 UEFA European Under-18 Championship: 1995 References External links 1977 births Living people Footballers from Oviedo Spanish men's footballers Men's association football defenders Spain men's international footballers Spain men's youth international footballers Spain men's under-21 international footballers UEFA Euro 2004 players La Liga players Segunda Divisiรณn players Segunda Divisiรณn B players Real Oviedo Vetusta players Real Oviedo players Deportivo de La Coruรฑa players Levante UD footballers Hรฉrcules CF players CD Castellรณn footballers Premier League players Bolton Wanderers F.C. players Spanish expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in England Spanish expatriate sportspeople in England Spanish football managers Real Oviedo non-playing staff
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%A1%9C%20%ED%86%A0%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4
์ฟ ๋กœ ํ† ๋ ˆ์Šค
ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ๋ฐœ ์—๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค "์ฟ ๋กœ" ํ† ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค(, 1976๋…„ 12์›” 27์ผ, ๋…ธ๋ฅดํŠธ๋ผ์ธ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธํŒ”๋ Œ ์ฃผ ์•Œ๋ Œ ~)๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ์ „ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์‹œ์ ˆ ์šฐ์ธก ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ™œ์•ฝํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ๋…์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์—ญ ์‹œ์ ˆ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ๋ถ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง๋…„์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋ Œ์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉฐ 2์ฐจ๋ก€ ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์—ˆ๊ณ , (๋ฐœ๋ Œ์‹œ์•„ 1๊ตฐ ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ 119๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์ „ํ•ด 1๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ๋‹ค) 2004๋…„ UEFA์ปต ์šฐ์Šน๋„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋กœ 2002๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ† ๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” 2014๋…„์— ๊ฐ๋…์ผ์— ์ž…๋ฌธํ•˜์—ฌ, 3๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐœ๋ Œ์‹œ์•„ B๋ฅผ ์ง€ํœ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋…„ ์‹œ์ ˆ ํ† ๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” ์„œ๋… ๋…ธ๋ฅดํŠธ๋ผ์ธ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธํŒ”๋ Œ ์ฃผ ์•Œ๋ Œ ์ถœ์‹ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ผ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ทจ์—…์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…์ผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฏผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฟ ๋กœ ํ† ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ์‹ ์ƒ์•„์˜€์„ ๋‹น์‹œ, ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์— ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•ด ์นดํƒˆ๋ฃจ๋ƒ์— ์ •์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ๋ Œ์‹œ์•„ ํ† ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์—ญ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ•œ ๊ณณ์€ ๊ทธ๋ผ๋ฉ”๋„คํŠธ๋กœ, 1997๋…„์— ๋ฐœ๋ Œ์‹œ์•„๋กœ ๋‘ฅ์ง€๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 2์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋™์•ˆ 2๊ตฐ ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ ˆํฌ๋ ˆ์•„ํ‹ฐ๋ณด์™€ ํ…Œ๋„ค๋ฆฌํŽ˜๋กœ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1๋…„์”ฉ 2๋…„ ์ž„๋Œ€ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฏธ์Šคํƒ€, ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์‹œ์•„์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ผํŒŒ์—˜ ๋ฒ ๋‹ˆํ…Œ์Šค์˜ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์นด๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ œ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ฃผ์ถ• ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์Šน๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ฃผ์—ญ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ† ๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” ์ดํ›„ ๋ฐœ๋ Œ์‹œ์•„์— ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋˜๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฒ ๋‹ˆํ…Œ์Šค์˜ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ 2์ฐจ๋ก€์™€ 2003-04๋…„ UEFA์ปต์„ ์šฐ์Šนํ•œ ์ฃผ์—ญ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, 2005๋…„์„ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์ฃผ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ๋‹นํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™œ์•ฝ์— ์ฐจ์งˆ์„ ๋นš์—ˆ๊ณ , 2006-07 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ์—๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์•„๋…ธ ๋ชจ๋ ˆํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ์˜ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋น ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ขŒ์ธก ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜๋กœ 17๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2007-08 ์‹œ์ฆŒ, ํ† ๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” 1๋ถ€ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์Šน๊ฒฉ ์ƒˆ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ๋ฌด๋ฅด์‹œ์•„๋กœ ์ž„๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ณ ์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€์ƒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์žฅ์— ๊ทธ์ณค๋‹ค. ๋ฌด๋ฅด์‹œ์•„์˜ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋ Œ์‹œ์•„์— ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•œ ํ† ๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” 2008-09 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ๋ฏธ๋“œํ•„๋”์ธ ํ—ท๋น„ํ—ˆ์Šค ๋งˆ๋’ค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ฒ”์˜ ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ๊ธฐ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ UEFA์ปต 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ์ณค๊ณ , 2009๋…„ 6์›”์— ๋™์ง€(Che)๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง๋…„ 2009๋…„ 7์›” 27์ผ, ํ† ๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” ์„ธ๊ตฐ๋‹ค ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜จ์˜ ์ง๋‚˜์Šคํ‹ฑ์— ์ž…๋‹จํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, 2009-10 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ(๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ฝ”ํŒŒ ๋ธ ๋ ˆ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ)๋„ ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋‚˜์Šคํ‹ฑ(Nร stic)์€ 18์œ„๋กœ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ณค๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ 1์›”, ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์ด ๋ณด๋ฅดํ•˜ ๋น„๊ฒŒ๋ผ์™€ ์•Œ๋ ‰์Šค ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ฐ„ํ‹ฐ๋‡จ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ž„๋Œ€๋กœ ์˜์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, 34์„ธ ์ฟ ๋กœ ํ† ๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์€ ํ•ด์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋ฐœ๋ Œ์‹œ์•„์—์„œ์˜ ๊พธ์ค€ํ•œ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ, ํ† ๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” 2001๋…„ 11์›” 14์ผ์— ์šฐ์—˜๋ฐ”์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์™€์˜ ์นœ์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋ฐ๋ท”์ „์„ ์น˜๋ €๊ณ , 2002๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต์— ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ์ผ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•ด ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๋… ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 2014๋…„ 4์›” 7์ผ, ํ† ๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ 5๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ๋ฐœ๋ Œ์‹œ์•„๋กœ ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•ด ์„ธ๊ตฐ๋‹ค ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜จ B์˜ 2๊ตฐ ๊ฐ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์†Œ์† ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์„ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ๊ณ  ๊ฐ”์ง€๋งŒ, ์•Œ๋ฐ”์„ธํ…Œ์— ํŒจํ•ด ํƒˆ๋ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 7์›” 2์ผ, ํ† ๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” ๋กœ๋ฅด์นด์˜ ๊ฐ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 12์›” 17์ผ, ๋กœ๋ฅด์นด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜์ง€๋ฉด์„œ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•ด์ž„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ† ๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” 2018๋…„ 9์›” 20์ผ์— ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„ 1๋ถ€ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ 1961์˜ ๊ฐ๋…์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ทจ์ž„ 1๋‹ฌ ๋งŒ์— ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์„ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 11์›” 19์ผ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์งˆ๋œ ํ˜ธ์„ธ ๋ผ๋ชฌ ์‚ฐ๋„๋ฐœ์„ ์ด์–ด ์ฝ”๋ฅด๋„๋ฐ”์˜ ์ƒˆ ๊ฐ๋…์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, 2019๋…„ 2์›” 25์ผ์— ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 2๋ถ€ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ตœ์ €์ธ ์Šน์  10์ ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์ณ ํ•ด์ž„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 12์›” 27์ผ, ํ† ๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” ํ•ด์ž„๋œ ์—˜๋กœ์ด ํžˆ๋ฉ”๋„ค์Šค๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ 2๋ถ€ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฃจ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ฐ๋…์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 6๋‹ฌ ํ›„, ์†Œ์† ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์ด ๋’ค์—์„œ 2์œ„์˜ ์ฒ˜์ฐธํ•œ ์„ฑ์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ์™€์ค‘์— ๊ฒฝ์งˆ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๋… ํ†ต๊ณ„ 2020๋…„ 6์›” 28์ผ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋ฐœ๋ Œ์‹œ์•„ ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€: 2001โ€“02, 2003โ€“04 ์ฝ”ํŒŒ ๋ธ ๋ ˆ์ด: 1998โ€“99 UEFA์ปต: 2003โ€“04 UEFA ์Šˆํผ์ปต: 2004 UEFA ์ธํ„ฐํ† ํ† ์ปต: 1998 ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ถœ์‹  ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ CiberChe ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ ๋ฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„ Eu-Football ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„ 1976๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์•Œ๋ Œ ์ถœ์‹  ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ๊ณ„ ๋…์ผ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ฅดํŠธ๋ผ์ธ๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธํŒ”๋ Œ์ฃผ ์ถœ์‹  ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์นดํƒˆ๋ฃจ๋ƒ ์ถœ์‹  ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜ ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๊ตฐ๋‹ค ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜จ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๊ตฐ๋‹ค ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜จ B์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ CF ๋‹ด์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ UDA ๊ทธ๋ผ๋ฉ”๋„คํŠธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐœ๋ Œ์‹œ์•„ CF ๋ฉ”์Šคํƒ€์•ผ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐœ๋ Œ์‹œ์•„ CF์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ ˆํฌ๋ ˆ์•„ํ‹ฐ๋ณด ์šฐ์—˜๋ฐ”์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ CD ํ…Œ๋„ค๋ฆฌํŽ˜์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ ˆ์•Œ ๋ฌด๋ฅด์‹œ์•„์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ง๋‚˜์Šคํ‹ฑ ๋ฐ ํƒ€๋ผ๊ณ ๋‚˜์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2002๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์นดํƒˆ๋ฃจ๋ƒ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ์„ธ๊ตฐ๋‹ค ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜จ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ์„ธ๊ตฐ๋‹ค ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜จ B์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ๋กœ๋ฅด์นด FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ์ฝ”๋ฅด๋„๋ฐ” CF์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… NK ์ด์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ 1961์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… CD ๋ฃจ๊ณ ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ง„์ถœ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ํฌ๋กœ์•„ํ‹ฐ์•„์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์ธ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”๋ผ ํŽ˜๋ฐ๋ผ์‹œ์˜จ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋… ํ”„๋ฅด๋ฐ” HNL์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curro%20Torres
Curro Torres
Cristรณbal Emilio "Curro" Torres Ruiz (born 27 December 1976) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a right-back, currently manager of Estonian club FCI Levadia Tallinn. In his professional career, whose later years were blighted by several injuries, he represented mainly Valencia, helping the team to two La Liga championships (playing 119 matches at that level over eight seasons and scoring once) and the 2004 UEFA Cup. He appeared for Spain at the 2002 World Cup. Torres started working as a manager in 2014, spending three years at Valencia B. He also led three teams in the Segunda Divisiรณn and worked in the top leagues of Croatia and Estonia. Early life Torres was born in Ahlen, North Rhine-Westphalia, West Germany. His parents hailed from Granada, and emigrated to Germany for employment. When their son was still an infant they moved back to Spain, settling in Catalonia. Playing career Club Torres began his career with UDA Gramenet before joining Valencia CF in 1997. He was a regular with the B team for two seasons, being loaned out to Recreativo de Huelva and CD Tenerife the next two years. In the latter, alongside Mista and Luis Garcรญa, he was a key member of the Canary Islands club โ€“ coached by Rafael Benรญtezโ€“ that won promotion to La Liga. Torres then returned to Valencia, where he proceeded to become a key member in the sides that won the national league twice and the 2003โ€“04 UEFA Cup, again under Benรญtez. From early 2005 onwards, however, he would be severely hindered by injuries, although he appeared in 17 games in the 2006โ€“07 campaign, mainly as a left-back due to Emiliano Moretti's forced absence. For 2007โ€“08, Torres was loaned to top-flight newcomers Real Murcia, where his physical problems resurfaced (two league appearances). Upon their relegation he returned to Valencia, being restricted to two UEFA Cup matches during the season, with even midfielder Hedwiges Maduro being preferred as Miguel's backup; he left the Che in June 2009. On 27 July 2009, Torres moved to Gimnร stic de Tarragona of Segunda Divisiรณn, playing no minutes whatsoever in the season (league or cup) as Nร stic finished in 18th position. In January of the following year, after the loan acquisitions of Borja Viguera and รlex Bergantiรฑos by the club, the 34-year-old's contract was cancelled. International Courtesy of solid performances whilst at Valencia, Torres made his debut for Spain on 14 November 2001 in a friendly with Mexico in Huelva (1โ€“0 win), and was a member of the 2002 FIFA World Cup squad, where he appeared against South Africa in the group stage. Coaching career On 7 April 2014, Torres returned to Valencia after nearly five years, being appointed manager of the reserves in the Segunda Divisiรณn B. In 2017 he took them to the final round of the play-offs, being knocked out by Albacete Balompiรฉ. On 2 July 2017, Torres was named Lorca FC manager. On 17 December, with the side in the relegation zone, he was sacked. Torres was appointed at NK Istra 1961 from the Croatian First Football League on 20 September 2018, but left the club after only one month in charge. On 19 November he replaced the fired Josรฉ Ramรณn Sandoval at the helm of Cรณrdoba CF, and was dismissed on 25 February 2019 having earned fewer points (ten) than any other second division team during that period. On 27 December 2019, Torres was named manager of second-tier CD Lugo after the sacking of Eloy Jimรฉnez. He was himself relieved of his duties six months later, with the team second-bottom. Torres replaced the sacked Ramรณn Gonzรกlez at Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa in the new Primera Federaciรณn on 12 December 2021. Having missed the playoffs in 12th, his contract was not renewed past June. On 11 November 2022, Torres signed a two-year deal at FCI Levadia Tallinn of the Estonian Meistriliiga. On his debut the following 5 March, the season began with a goalless home draw against Pรคrnu JK Vaprus. Managerial statistics Honours Valencia La Liga: 2001โ€“02, 2003โ€“04 Copa del Rey: 1998โ€“99 UEFA Cup: 2003โ€“04 UEFA Super Cup: 2004 UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1998 See also List of Spain international footballers born outside Spain References External links CiberChe biography and stats 1976 births Living people People from Ahlen People of Andalusian descent German people of Spanish descent Citizens of Spain through descent Spanish men's footballers Footballers from Catalonia Footballers from Mรผnster (region) Men's association football defenders La Liga players Segunda Divisiรณn players Segunda Divisiรณn B players CF Damm players UDA Gramenet footballers Valencia CF Mestalla footballers Valencia CF players Recreativo de Huelva players CD Tenerife players Real Murcia CF players Gimnร stic de Tarragona footballers UEFA Cup winning players Spain men's international footballers 2002 FIFA World Cup players Catalonia men's international footballers Spanish football managers Segunda Divisiรณn managers Segunda Divisiรณn B managers Primera Federaciรณn managers Valencia CF Mestalla managers Lorca FC managers Cรณrdoba CF managers CD Lugo managers Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa managers Croatian Football League managers NK Istra 1961 managers FCI Levadia Tallinn managers Spanish expatriate football managers Expatriate football managers in Croatia Expatriate football managers in Estonia Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Croatia Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Estonia
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B4%EA%B0%95%ED%95%98%EA%B3%A0%20%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EC%A0%81%EC%9D%B8%20%EC%B5%9C%EC%A0%80%ED%95%9C%EB%8F%84%EC%9D%98%20%EC%83%9D%ED%99%9C
๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์ธ ์ตœ์ €ํ•œ๋„์˜ ์ƒํ™œ
ใ€Š๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์ธ ์ตœ์ €ํ•œ๋„์˜ ์ƒํ™œใ€‹์€ ์นด์‹œ์™€๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์ฝ”์˜ ๋งŒํ™”๊ฐ€ ์›์ž‘์œผ๋กœ, ใ€Š๋น… ์ฝ”๋ฏน ์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฌ์ธ ใ€‹(์‡ผ๊ฐ€์ฟ ์นธ)์—์„œ, 2014๋…„ 18ํ˜ธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฐ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์†๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์ดํ›„ ํŒ๋งค๋ถ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ด 6๊ถŒ 70๋งŒ ๋ถ€ ์ด์ƒ์ด ํŒ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๊ณต์‹ ์•ฝ์นญ์€ ์ผ„์นด์ธ ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด, ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ง„์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณธ ์  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์•ˆ์ •์ด๋ž€ ์–ด๋””์— ๊ฐ€๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”? ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•ด์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋งŒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ €๋ผ๋„ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•ด ๋” ์ข‹์€ ์‚ถ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก, ์‹ ์ธ ์ผ€์ด์Šค์›Œ์ปค์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค. "๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์ธ ์ตœ์ €ํ•œ๋„์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆด ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค!" ํ•ด๋‹น ์บ์น˜ํ”„๋ž˜์ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ฑธ๊ณ  ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ด ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์˜ ์›์ž‘์€ ์นด์‹œ์™€๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ œ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์‹œํ•œ ๋งŒํ™”์ด๋‹ค. ๋งŒํ™”๋Š” "์ด ๋งŒํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•ด! 2015"์—์„œ 10์œ„ ์•ˆ์— ๋“œ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์„ฑ์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋…์ž๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋„ ์ƒํ™œ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฆฌ์–ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ํ’€์–ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ‰์ด ์ž์žํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ ํžˆ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ตฌ์ฒญ ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผ ์ง์› ์š”์‹œ์ธ ๋„ค ์—๋ฏธ๋ฃจ (22์„ธ) | ็พฉ็ตŒใˆใฟใ‚‹ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ : ์š”์‹œ์˜ค์นด ๋ฆฌํ˜ธ ์œ„์น˜ : 22์‚ด์˜ ์‹ ์ž… ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ : ์ •์ด ๋งŽ๊ณ  ์†”์งํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ. ํŠน์ด์  ์›๋ž˜ ๊ฟˆ์ธ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋…์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์‚ถ์„ ์›ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์ด ๋œ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์—ฌ์ž ์ƒํ™œ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊นŠ์ด ๊ฐ์ •์ด์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์œ„์•ˆ์ด ๋˜์–ด ์ค€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋‹ค ์•„ํ‚ค๋…ธ๋ถ€ (45์„ธ) | ๅŠ็”ฐๆ˜Žไผธ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ : ์ด์šฐ๋ผ ์•„๋ผํƒ€ ์œ„์น˜ : ์—๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์˜ ์ง€๋„ ๋‹ด๋‹น ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ : ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ํฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ข…์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ฉด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ ํŠน์ด์  ์ƒํ™œ๋ณด์žฅ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์„ ๋ฐฐ ํ”„๋กœํŽ˜์…”๋„ํ•œ ์ผ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ฃผ์œ„์— ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์กด์žฌ ๊ต๊ณ ์ฟ  ๋‹ค์ดํ‚ค (35์„ธ) | ไบฌๆฅตๅคง่ผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ : ๋‹ค๋‚˜์นด ์ผ€์ด ์œ„์น˜ : ํ˜„์‹คํŒŒ ๊ณ„์žฅ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ : ์ด์ƒ์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ˜„์‹ค์ฃผ์˜์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ํŠน์ด์  ๋ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„์žฅ ์ƒํ™œ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณผํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๊ฐ์ •์ด์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ์—๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณค๋ž€ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•จ ํ•œ๋‹ค์™€๋Š” ์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํ˜น๋…ํ•จ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฌ ์ฟ ๋ฆฌํ•˜์‹œ ์น˜๋‚˜ (22์„ธ) | ๆ —ๆฉ‹ๅƒๅฅˆ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ : ์นด์™€์—์ด ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ์œ„์น˜ : ์—๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ & ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผ์˜ ์–ผ์Œ๊ณต์ฃผ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ : ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์— ์†Œ์งˆ์ด ์—†์–ด ์ฐจ๊ฐ‘๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ผ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Œ ํŠน์ด์  ์—๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์™€ ์ž…์‚ฌ๋™๊ธฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ณต์ง€์ „๋ฌธ์ง์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์šฉ๋œ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ์ฝ”์Šค ๋ฌด์ง€ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ด์ •๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋ค๋น„๋Š” ์—๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ์งˆ๋ คํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์†์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์›Œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ ์‹œ์น˜์ฃ  ๋ฅ˜์ด์น˜ (22์„ธ) | ไธƒๆก็ซœไธ€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ : ์•ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์œ ํ‚ค(ๅฑฑ็”ฐ่ฃ•่ฒด) ์œ„์น˜ : ์—๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์˜ ์ž…์‚ฌ๋™๊ธฐ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ : ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์„ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ํƒ€์ž…์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์—„๋งˆ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ๋งˆ๋ณด์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฉด์€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ ํŠน์ด์  ์—„๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ํ™€๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์„ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋ƒˆ๊ธฐ์— ์—„๋งˆ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉด์ด ๋†’์Œ ํ‰์ƒ์„ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ—Œ์‹ ํ•œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ด์™”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์•Š๋Š” ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์ฐจ ์—†์Œ ๊ณ ํ† ์˜ค ๋‹ค์ด๋ชฌ (22์„ธ) | ๅพŒ่—คๅคง้–€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ : ์ฝ”์กฐ๋…ธ ๋ฃŒ(ๅฐๅœ’ๅ‡Œๅคฎ) ์œ„์น˜ : ์—๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์˜ ์ž…์‚ฌ๋™๊ธฐ ํŠน์ด์  : 22๋…„ ๋ชจํƒœ์†”๋กœ์˜ ์‹ ์ธ ๋ณต์ง€์‚ฌ ๋ชจ๋ชจํ•˜๋งˆ ๋ฏธ์•ผ์ฝ” (22์„ธ) | ๆกƒๆตœ้ƒฝ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ : ๋ฏธ๋‚˜์นด๋ฏธ ์ฟ„์นด(ๆฐดไธŠไบฌ้ฆ™) ์œ„์น˜ : ์—๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ : ์˜จํ›„ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ํŠน์ด์  : ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ผํ•ด์™”์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ทธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฒŒ ๋จ ์ด์‹œ๋ฐ”์‹œ ๊ณ ๋กœ (50์„ธ) | ็Ÿณๆฉ‹ไบ”้ƒŽ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ : ์šฐ์น˜๋ฐ” ์นด์ธ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ(ๅ†…ๅ ดๅ‹ๅ‰‡) ์œ„์น˜ : ์—๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์˜ ์„ ๋ฐฐ ๋ณต์ง€์‚ฌ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ : ์˜จํ›„ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ƒ‰์ฒ ํ•จ ํŠน์ด์  ๊ฐ„์‚ฌ์ด ์‚ฌํˆฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฒ€์€ ํŒ”ํ† ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•œ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ์ค‘๋… ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ๋’ค, ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์ž ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์ •์ด์ž…์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋จ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์•„์ฟ ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์˜ค (53์„ธ) | ้˜ฟไน…ๆฒขๆญฃ็”ท ๋ฐฐ์šฐ : ์—”๋„ ์ผ„์ด์น˜ ์œ„์น˜ : ์—๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•œ ์ „ ์ƒํ™œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์ž ์•„์˜ค์•ผ๊ธฐ ๋งˆ๋„์นด (35์„ธ) | ้’ๆŸณๅ†† ๋ฐฐ์šฐ : ํ† ์ฟ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์—๋ฆฌ ์œ„์น˜ : ์—๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ๊ณจ์ธ ์•„์˜ค์•ผ๊ธฐ ์‹๋‹น์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ. ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ : ์ž…์ด ๊ฑฐ์น ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ์ด ๋งŽ์Œ ํŠน์ด์  : ์ƒํ™œ ๋ณด์žฅ๋น„๋กœ ์ˆ ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒํ™œ ๋ณด์žฅ์„ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ ์นดํƒ€์˜ค์นด ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ | ็‰‡ๅฒก้บป้‡Œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ : ์•„๋ฒ  ์ค€์ฝ” (้˜ฟ้ƒจ็ด”ๅญ) ์œ„์น˜ : ์•„์ฟ ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์˜ค์˜ ๋”ธ ์Šคํƒœํ”„ ์›์ž‘ - ์นด์‹œ์™€๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์ฝ”ใ€Š๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์ธ ์ตœ์ €ํ•œ๋„์˜ ์ƒํ™œใ€‹(ใ€Š๋น… ์ฝ”๋ฏน์Šค ์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฌ์ธ ใ€‹(์‡ผ๊ฐ€์ฟ ์นธ)) ๊ฐ๋ณธ - ์•ผ์ง€๋งˆ ์ฝ”์ด์น˜, ํ‚ค์‹œ๋ชจํ†  ์•„์œ ์นด ์Œ์•… - fox capture plan ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ - AAA "Tomorrow" (avex trax) ์˜คํ”„๋‹ - ์•ผ์Šคํƒ€ ๋ ˆ์ด "Sunny" (SME Records) ์ผ€์ด์Šค์›Œ์ปค ๊ฐ์ˆ˜ - ์—ํ†  ์•„ํ‚ค๋ผ (์ „๊ตญ๊ณต์ ๋ถ€์กฐ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ๅ…จๅ›ฝๅ…ฌ็š„ๆ‰ถๅŠฉ็ ”็ฉถไผš) ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ž๋ฌธ - ์•„์‹œํ•˜๋ผ ์•„์ด์น˜๋กœ ์—ฐ์ถœ - ๋ชจํ† ํ•˜์‹œ ์ผ€์ดํƒ€, ์˜ค๋…ธ ์ฝ”์ง€(MMJ), ์˜ค์šฐ์น˜ ํƒ€์นดํžˆ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ - ์š”๋„ค๋‹ค ํƒ€์นด์‹œ(๊ฐ„์‚ฌ์ดTV), ํ† ๋‹ค ์ฝ”์ด์น˜(MMJ), ํ˜ผ๊ณ  ํƒ€์ธ ์•ผ(MMJ), ํ‚ค์†Œ ํ‚ค๋ฏธ์ฝ”(MMJ๏ผ‰ ์ œ์ž‘ํ˜‘๋ ฅ - MMJ ์ œ์ž‘์ž - ๊ฐ„์‚ฌ์ดTV ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ  ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์ธ ์ตœ์ €ํ•œ๋„์˜ ์ƒํ™œ ๊ณต์‹ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€ 2014๋…„ ๋งŒํ™” ๋น… ์ฝ”๋ฏน ์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฌ์ธ ์˜ ๋งŒํ™” 2018๋…„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๊ฐ„์‚ฌ์ด TV ํ™”์š”์ผ ๋ฐค 9์‹œ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋งŒํ™”์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆํ™” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenk%C5%8D%20de%20Bunkateki%20na%20Saitei%20Gendo%20no%20Seikatsu
Kenkล de Bunkateki na Saitei Gendo no Seikatsu
is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Haruko Kashiwagi. It has been serialized in Shogakukan's seinen manga magazine Weekly Big Comic Spirits since March 2014. A ten-episode television drama adaptation, known as Caseworker's Diary โ€“ Constitutional Rights, was broadcast on Fuji TV from July to September 2018. In 2019, the manga won the 64th Shogakukan Manga Award in the general category. Characters Media Manga Kenkล de Bunkateki na Saitei Gendo no Seikatsu, written and illustrated by Haruko Kashiwagi, started in Shogakukan's seinen manga magazine Weekly Big Comic Spirits on March 31, 2014. Shogakukan has collected its chapters into individual tankลbon volumes. The first volume was released on August 29, 2014. As of August 30, 2014, 12 volumes have been released. Volumes Drama A ten-episode television drama adaptation, known in English as Caseworker's Diary โ€“ Constitutional Rights, was broadcast on Fuji TV from July 17, to September 18, 2018. The series' opening theme is "Tomorrow", performed by AAA. Reception As of May 14, 2018, the Kenkล de Bunkateki na Saitei Gendo no Seikatsu manga had 500,000 copies in circulation. The manga was one of the Jury Recommended Works at the 19th and 23rd Japan Media Arts Festival in 2015 and 2020, respectively. In 2019, the manga, along with Hibiki: Shลsetsuka ni Naru Hลhล, won the 64th Shogakukan Manga Award in the general category. It was also nominated for the 23rd Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize in 2019. References Further reading External links Fuji TV dramas Seinen manga Shogakukan manga Winners of the Shogakukan Manga Award for general manga
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1
์„ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์–ด์กฑ
์„ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์–ด์กฑ()์€ ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์—ฐ์•ˆ ๋ถ์„œ๋ถ€์— ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ์–ด์กฑ์ด๋‹ค. (์ด ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์‹œ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ๋น„์•„์ฃผ์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด์ฃผ, ์˜ค๋ฆฌ๊ฑด์ฃผ, ์•„์ด๋‹คํ˜ธ์ฃผ, ๋ชฌํƒœ๋‚˜์ฃผ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค.) ๊ต์ฐฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์ ˆ์„ฑ ์ž์Œ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด โ€œ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ’€์‚ฐ๋”ธ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์—ˆ๋‹คโ€๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ˆ„ํ• ํฌ์–ด ๋‹จ์–ด โ€˜clhpโ€™xwlhtlhplhhskwtsโ€™(๋ฐœ์Œ: )๋Š” ์Œ์„ฑ์ ยท์Œ์†Œ์  ๋ชจ์Œ์ด ์—†์ด ์—ฐ์†๋˜๋Š” 13๊ฐœ์˜ ์žฅ์• ์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์‹œ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ๋น„์•„ ์ค‘๋ถ€ ํ•ด์•ˆ์˜ ๋ˆ„ํ• ํฌ์–ด์™€ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ๊ฑด ์ค‘๋ถ€ ํ•ด์•ˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ์–ด์ธ ํ‹ธ๋ผ๋ฌต์–ด๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋ฉด ์„ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์–ด์กฑ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ ์˜์—ญ์€ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์†๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์–ด์กฑ ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฉธ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ํ™”์ž๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋„ˆ ๋ช…๋ฐ–์— ๋‚จ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ์ •๋„์ด๋‹ค. 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ํ˜„์žฌ, ํ™”์ž๊ฐ€ 2,000๋ช…์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ์„ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์‹œ ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์„ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์‹œ ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์„ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์‹œ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋‚ ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์ฐฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”์ž๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ 60์‚ด ์ด์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ™”์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ 80์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์ธ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค๋„ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์–ด์กฑ ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋กœ๋งˆ์ž์— ์—†๋Š” ์ž์Œ๊ณผ ๋ชจ์Œ์ด ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์Œ์„ฑ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฆด๋กœ์—ฃ์–ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋กœ๋งˆ์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ˆ„ํ• ํฌ์–ด 1. ๋ˆ„ํ• ํฌ์–ด (๋ฒจ๋ผ์ฟจ๋ผ์–ด) ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์–ดํŒŒ A. ์ค‘์•™ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์–ดํŒŒ (์ค‘์•™์„ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์–ดํŒŒ) 2. ์ฝ”๋ชฉ์Šค์–ด 3. ํ• ์ฝ”๋ฉœ๋ ˜์–ด 4. ๋ฃจ์Šˆ์น˜๋“œ์–ด 5. ๋ˆ…์ƒ‰์–ด 6. ํŽ€ํ‹€๋ผ์น˜์–ด 7. ์‹œ์…ธํŠธ์–ด 8. ์Šค์ฟผ๋ฏธ์‹œ์–ด i. ํ•ดํ˜‘์„ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์–ด๊ตฐ 9. ํด๋ž ๋Ÿผ์–ด 10. ๋ถ๋ถ€ํ•ดํ˜‘ ์„ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์–ด 11. ํŠธ์™€๋‚˜์–ด B. ์ฐจ๋ชจ์Šค์–ดํŒŒ (์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์–ดํŒŒ) (โ€ ) i. ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์ฐจ๋ชจ์Šค์–ด๊ตฐ 12. ์นด์šธ๋ฆฌ์ธ ์–ด (โ€ ) 13. ์ƒ๋ฅ˜ ์…”ํ—ค์ผ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด (โ€ ) ii. ํ•ด์–‘์ฐจ๋ชจ์Šค์–ด๊ตฐ 14. ํ•˜๋ฅ˜ ์…”ํ—ค์ผ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด (โ€ ) 15. ํ€ด๋†€ํŠธ์–ด (โ€ ) C. ํ‹ธ๋ผ๋ฌต์–ด (โ€ ) 16. ํ‹ธ๋ผ๋ฌต์–ด (โ€ ) ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์„ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์–ดํŒŒ A. ๋ถ๋ถ€๋‚ด๋ฅ™์„ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์–ด๊ตฐ 17. ์Šˆ์Šˆ์™‘์–ด 18. ๋ฆด๋กœ์—ฃ์–ด 19. ํ†ฐ์Šจ๊ฐ• ์„ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์–ด (ํ†ฐ์Šจ์–ด) B. ๋‚จ๋ถ€๋‚ด๋ฅ™์„ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์–ด๊ตฐ 20. ์ปค๋œ๋ ˆ์ธ์–ด 21. ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ๋น„์•„๋ชจ์ง€์Šค์–ด 22. ์ฝœ๋นŒ์˜ค์บ๋„ˆ๊ฑด์–ด 23. ๋ชฌํƒœ๋‚˜ ์„ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์–ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด์กฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด์กฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์ž…์ฆ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์—†๋‹ค. ์—๋“œ์›Œ๋“œ ์‚ฌํ”ผ์–ด๋Š” ์„ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์–ด์กฑ์ด ์™€์นด์‹œ์–ด์กฑ ๋ฐ ์น˜๋งˆ์ฟฐ์–ด์กฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ์‚ฐ์–ด์กฑ์„ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ€์„ค์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์‚ฌํ”ผ์–ด์˜ ๋ช…์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ, ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด ์–ด์กฑ์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์–ด์กฑ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค, ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ํŠนํžˆ ์…”ํ—ค์ผ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด๋Š” ์น˜๋ˆ„ํฌ ์ž๊ณค์— ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ Beck, David. (2000). Grammatical Convergence and the Genesis of Diversity in the Northwest Coast Sprachbund. Anthropological Linguistics 42, 147โ€“213. Boas, Franz, et al. (1917). Folk-Tales of Salishan and Sahaptin Tribes. Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society, 11. Lancaster, Pa: American Folk-Lore Society. Czaykowska-Higgins, Ewa; & Kinkade, M. Dale (Eds.). (1997). Salish Languages and Linguistics: Theoretical and Descriptive Perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. . Davis, Henry. (2005). On the Syntax and Semantics of Negation in Salish. International Journal of American Linguistics 71.1, January 2005. Davis, Henry. and Matthewson, Lisa. (2009). Issues in Salish Syntax and Semantics. Language and Linguistics Compass, 3: 1097โ€“1166. Online. Flathead Culture Committee. (1981). Common Names of the Flathead Language. St. Ignatius, Mont: The Committee. Jorgensen, Joseph G. (1969). Salish Language and Culture. 3. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Publications. Kiyosawa, Kaoru; Donna B. Gerdts. (2010). Salish Applicatives. Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. Kroeber, Paul D. (1999). The Salish Language Family: Reconstructing Syntax. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington. Kuipers, Aert H. (2002). Salish Etymological Dictionary. Missoula, MT: Linguistics Laboratory, University of Montana. Liedtke, Stefan. (1995). Wakashan, Salishan and Penutian and Wider Connections Cognate Sets. Linguistic Data on Diskette Series, no. 09. Munchen: Lincom Europa. Pilling, James Constantine. (1893). Bibliography of the Salishan Languages. Washington: G.P.O. Pilling, James Constantine (2007). Bibliography of the Salishan Languages. Reprint by Gardners Books. Silver, Shirley; Wick R. Miller. (1997). American Indian languages: Cultural and Social Contexts. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Salishan language hymns. Thompson, Laurence C. (1973). The Northwest. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Linguistics in North America (pp.ย 979โ€“1045). Current Trends in Linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hague: Mouton. Thompson, Laurence C. (1979). Salishan and the Northwest. In L. Campbell & M. Mithun (Eds.), The Languages of Native America: Historical and Comparative Assessment (pp.ย 692โ€“765). Austin: University of Texas Press. ์–ด์กฑ ๊ต์ฐฉ์–ด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salishan%20languages
Salishan languages
The Salishan (also Salish) languages are a family of languages of the Pacific Northwest in North America (the Canadian province of British Columbia and the American states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Montana). They are characterised by agglutinativity and syllabic consonants. For instance the Nuxalk word clhpโ€™xwlhtlhplhhskwtsโ€™ (), meaning "he had had [in his possession] a bunchberry plant", has twelve obstruent consonants in a row with no phonetic or phonemic vowels. The Salishan languages are a geographically contiguous block, with the exception of the Nuxalk (Bella Coola), in the Central Coast of British Columbia, and the extinct Tillamook language, to the south on the central coast of Oregon. The terms Salish and Salishan are used interchangeably by linguists and anthropologists studying Salishan, but this is confusing in regular English usage. The name Salish or Selisch is the endonym of the Flathead Nation. Linguists later applied the name Salish to related languages in the Pacific Northwest. Many of the peoples do not have self-designations (autonyms) in their languages; they frequently have specific names for local dialects, as the local group was more important culturally than larger tribal relations. All Salishan languages are considered critically endangered, some extremely so, with only three or four speakers left. Those languages considered extinct are often referred to as "sleeping languages", in that no speakers exist currently. In the early 21st century, few Salish languages have more than 2,000 speakers. Fluent, daily speakers of almost all Salishan languages are generally over sixty years of age; many languages have only speakers over eighty. Salishan languages are most commonly written using the Americanist phonetic notation to account for the various vowels and consonants that do not exist in most modern alphabets. Many groups have evolved their own distinctive uses of the Latin alphabet, however, such as the St'at'imc. Family division The Salishan language family consists of twenty-three languages. Below is a list of Salishan languages, dialects, and subdialects. The genetic unity among the Salish languages is evident. Neighboring groups have communicated often, to the point that it is difficult to untangle the influence each dialect and language has upon others. A 1969 study found that "language relationships are highest and closest among the Interior Division, whereas they are most distant among the Coast Division." This list is a linguistic classification that may not correspond to political divisions. In contrast to classifications made by linguistic scholars, many Salishan groups consider their particular variety of speech to be a separate language rather than a dialect. Languages or dialects with no living native speakers are marked with (โ€ ) at the highest level. Reduced overview Nuxalk Nuxalk Coast Salish Central Coast Salish Comox Halkomelem Lushootseed (โ€ ) Nooksack (โ€ ) Pentlatch (โ€ ) Sechelt Squamish Straits Salish group Klallam (โ€ ) Northern Straits Twana (โ€ ) Tsamosan (โ€ ) Inland (โ€ ) Cowlitz (โ€ ) Upper Chehalis (โ€ ) Maritime (โ€ ) Lower Chehalis Quinault Tillamook (โ€ ) TillamookInterior Salish Northern Shuswap Lillooet Thompson River Salish Southern Coeur dโ€™Alene Columbia-Moses (โ€ ) Colville-Okanagan Montana SalishThe detailed classification follows here. Nuxalk A. Nuxalk (also: Bella Coola, Salmon River) 1. Kimsquit 2. Nuxalk 3. Kwatna 4. Tallheo Coast Salish A. Central Coast Salish (also: Central Salish) 1. Comox (Also: ร‰yษ‚รกษ‚juuthem) Island Comox (also: ส”ayส”ajusษ™m, Qสผรณmoxฬฃสทs, Kสผรณmoks) (โ€ ) Mainland Comox (also: ส”ayajuฮธษ™m, Sliammon, Tla A'min) 2. Halkomelemi. Island (also: Hulสผqฬฑสผumiสผnumสผ, Hษ™lฬ•qฬ“ษ™mรญnฬ“ษ™mฬ“) Cowichan Snuneymuxw and Snaw-Na-Was Halalt Stz'uminus (Chemainus) Lamalcha Malahat Penelakut Lyackson Lake Cowichan ii. Downriver (also: Hunqสผumส”iส”numส”) Musqueam Katzie Kwantlen Snokomish Tsawwassen Kwikwetlem Tsleil-waututh iii. Upriver (also: Upper Sto:lล, Halqสผษ™mรฉylษ™m) Sts'Ailes Chilliwack area bands Tait Skway 3. Lushootseed (also: dxสทlษ™ลกรบcid, Puget Salish, Skagit-Nisqually) (โ€ ) i. Northern Skagit (also: skaวฐษ™t) Sauk-Suiattle (also: saส”qสทษ™bixสท) Snohomish (also: sduhubลก) ii. Southern Duwamish-Suquamish (also: dxสทdษ™wฬ“abลก) Puyallup (also: pฬ“uyalษ™pabลก) Nisqually (also: sqสทaliส”abลก) 4. Nooksack (also: ลษ™ฬฤษ™lษ™sษ™m, ลษ™ฬฤรฆlosษ™m) (โ€ ) 5. Pentlatch (also: Pษ™nฦ›ฬ•รกฤ) (โ€ ) 6. Sechelt (also: Seshelt, Shรกshรญshรกlh, Shashishalhem, ล รกลกรญลกรกษฌษ™m) 7. Squamish (also: Sแธตwxฬฑwรบ7mesh snichim, Sแธตwxฬฑwรบ7mesh, Sqwxwu7mish, Sqสทxฬฃสทรบส”mษ™ลก) 8. Straits Salish group (also: Straits) i. Klallam (also: Clallam, Nษ™xสทsฦ›ฬ•รกyฬ“emรบcษ™n) (โ€ ) Becher Bay Eastern Western ii. Northern Straits (also: Straits) Lummi (also: Xwlemiสผchosen, Xสทlษ™miส”ฤรณsษ™n) (โ€ ) Pauquachin (also: Pak-quw-chin) Saanich (also: SENฤ†OลฆEN, Sษ™nฤรกฮธษ™n, Sรฉnษ™ฤqษ™n) Samish (also: Siส”nemษ™ลก) Semiahmoo (also: Tah-tu-lo) (โ€ ) T'Sou-ke (also: Sooke, Cฬ“awk) (โ€ ) Songhees (also: Lษ™kฬ“สทษ™ล‹รญnฬ“ษ™ล‹) (โ€ ) 9. Twana (also: Skokomish, Sqสทuqสทรบส”bษ™ลกq, Tuwรกduqutลกad) (โ€ ) Quilcene Skokomish (also: Sqสทuqสทรบส”bษ™ลกq) B. (also: Olympic) (โ€ ) 1. Inland (โ€ ) i. Cowlitz (also: ฦ›สผpรบlmixq) (โ€ ) ii. Upper Chehalis (also: Qฬ‰สทayฬ“รกyiษฌqฬ‰) (โ€ ) Oakville Chehalis Satsop Tenino Chehalis 2. Maritime (โ€ ) i. Lower Chehalis (also: ลษ™wฬ“รกlฬ•mษ™ลก) (โ€ ) Humptulips Westport-Shoalwater Wynoochee ii. Quinault (also: Kสทรญnayษฌ) (โ€ ) Queets Quinault C. Tillamook (โ€ ) 1. Tillamook (also: Hutyรฉyu) (โ€ ) i. Siletz Siletz ii. Tillamook Garibaldi-Nestucca Nehalem Interior Salish A. Northern 1. Shuswap (also: Secwepemctsรญn, sษ™xwษ™pmษ™xcรญn) i. Eastern Kinbasket Shuswap Lake ii. Western Canim Lake Chu Chua Deadman's Creekโ€“Kamloops Fraser River Pavilion-Bonaparte 2. Lillooet (also: Lilloet, St'รกt'imcets) Lillooet-Fountain Mount Currieโ€“Douglas 3. Thompson River Salish (also: Nlakaสผpamux, Ntlakapmuk, nษฌeส”kepmxcรญn, Thompson River, Thompson Salish, Thompson, known in frontier times as the Hakamaugh, Klackarpun, Couteau or Knife Indians) Lytton Nicola Valley Spuzzumโ€“Boston Bar Thompson Canyon B. Southern 1. Coeur dโ€™Alene (also: Snchitsuสผumshtsn, snฤรญcuส”umลกcn) 2. Columbia-Moses (also: Columbia, Nxaส”amxcรญn) (โ€ ) Chelan Entiat Columbian Wenatchee (also: Pesquous) 3. Colville-Okanagan (also: Okanagan, Nsilxcรญn, Nsรญylxcษ™n, ta nukunaqรญnxcษ™n) i. Northern Quilchena & Spaxomin Sinixt sn-selxcin Penticton Similkameen Vernon ii. Southern Colville-Inchelium Methow San Poilโ€“Nespelem Southern Okanogan 4. Montana Salish (Kalispelโ€“Pend d'Oreille language, Spokaneโ€“Kalispelโ€“Bitterroot Salishโ€“Upper Pend d'Oreille) Bitterroot Salish (also: Sรฉliลก, Bitterroot, Flathead) Kalispel Chewelah Kalispel (also: Qalispรฉ, Lower Pend d'Oreille, Lower Kalispel) Upper Pend dโ€™Oreille (also: Sษซqฬ“etkอสทmsฤinฬ“t, ฤŒล‚qetkสทmcin, Qlispรฉ, Upper Kalispel) Spokane (also: Npoqรญniลกcn) Pentlatch, Nooksack, Twana, Lower Chehalis, Upper Chehalis, Cowlitz, Klallam, and Tillamook are now extinct. Additionally, the Lummi, Semiahmoo, Songhees, and Sooke dialects of Northern Straits are also extinct. Genetic relations No relationship to any other language family is well established. Edward Sapir suggested that the Salishan languages might be related to the Wakashan and Chimakuan languages in a hypothetical Mosan family. This proposal persists primarily through Sapir's stature: with little evidence for such a family, no progress has been made in reconstructing it. The Salishan languages, principally Chehalis, contributed greatly to the vocabulary of the Chinook Jargon. Family features Post-velar harmony (more areal) Presence of syllables without vowels Grammatical reduplication Nonconcatenation (infixes, metathesis, glottalization) Tenselessness Nounlessness (controversial) Syntax The syntax of Salish languages is notable for its word order (verb-initial), its valency-marking, and the use of several forms of negation. Word order Although there is a wide array of Salish languages, they all share some basic traits. All are verb initial languages, with VSO (verb-subject-object) being the most common word order. Some Salishan languages allow for VOS and SVO as well. There is no case marking, but central noun phrases will often be preceded by determiners while non-central NPs will take prepositions. Some Salishan languages are ergative, or split-ergative, and many take unique object agreement forms in passive statements. In the St'รกt'imcets (Lillooet Salish) language, for example, absolutive relative clauses (including a head, like "the beans", and a restricting clause, like "that she re-fried", which references the head) omit person markers, while ergative relative clauses keep person makers on the subject, and sometimes use the topic morpheme -tali. Thus, St'รกt'imcets is split-ergative, as it is not ergative all the time. Subject and object pronouns usually take the form of affixes that attach to the verb. All Salish languages are head-marking. Possession is marked on the possessed noun phrase as either a prefix or a suffix, while person is marked on predicates. In Central Salish languages like Tillamook and Shuswap, only one plain NP is permitted aside from the subject. Valency-marking Salishan languages are known for their polysynthetic nature. A verb stem will often have at least one affix, which is typically a suffix. These suffixes perform a variety of functions, such as transitive, causative, reciprocal, reflexive, and applicative. Applicative affixes seem to be present on the verb when the direct object is central to the event being discussed, but is not the theme of the sentence. The direct object may be a recipient, for example. It may also refer to a related noun phrase, like the goal a verb intends to achieve, or the instrument used in carrying out the action of the verb. In the sentence โ€˜The man used the axe to chop the log with.โ€™, the axe is the instrument and is indicated in Salish through an applicative affix on the verb. Applicative affixes increase the number of affixes a verb can take on, that is, its syntactic valence. They are also known as "transitivizers" because they can change a verb from intransitive to transitive. For example, in the sentence 'I got scared.', 'scared' is intransitive. However, with the addition of an applicative affix, which is syntactically transitive, the verb in Salish becomes transitive and the sentence can come to mean โ€˜I got scared of you.โ€™. In some Salishan languages, such as Sแธตwxฬฒwรบ7mesh, the transitive forms of verbs are morphologically distinctive and marked with a suffix, while the intransitive forms are not. In others such as Halkomelem, intransitive forms have a suffix as well. In some Salish languages, transitivizers can be either controlled (the subject conducted the action on purpose) or limited-control (the subject did not intend to conduct the action, or only managed to conduct a difficult action). These transitivizers can be followed by object suffixes, which come to modern Salishan languages via Proto-Salish. Proto-Salish had two types of object suffixes, neutral (regular transitive) and causative (when a verb causes the object to do something or be in a certain state), that were then divided into first, second, and third persons, and either singular or plural. Tentative reconstructions of these suffixes include the neutral singular *-c (1st person), *-ci (2nd person), and *-โˆ… (3rd person), the causative singular *-mx (1st), *-mi (2nd), and *-โˆ… (3rd), the neutral plural *-al or *-muษฌ (1st), *-ulm or *-muษฌ (2nd), and the causative plural *-muษฌ (1st and 2nd). In Salishan languages spoken since Proto-Salish, the forms of those suffixes have been subject to vowel shifts, borrowing pronoun forms from other languages (such as Kutenai), and merging of neutral and causative forms (as in Secwepemc, Nlaka'pamuctsin, Twana, Straits Salishan languages, and Halkomelem). Three patterns of negation There are three general patterns of negation among the Salishan languages. The most common pattern involves a negative predicate in the form of an impersonal and intransitive stative verb, which occurs in sentence initial position. The second pattern involves a sentence initial negative particle that is often attached to the sentence's subject, and the last pattern simply involves a sentence initial negative particle without any change in inflectional morphology or a determiner/complementizer. In addition, there is a fourth restricted pattern that has been noted only in Squamish. Nounlessness Salishan languages (along with the Wakashan and the extinct Chimakuan languages) exhibit predicate/argument flexibility. All content words are able to occur as the head of the predicate (including words with typically 'noun-like' meanings that refer to entities) or in an argument (including those with 'verb-like' meanings that refer to events). Words with noun-like meanings are automatically equivalent to [be + NOUN] when used predicatively, such as Lushootseed sbiaw which means '(is a) coyote'. Words with more verb-like meanings, when used as arguments, are equivalent to [one that VERBs] or [VERB+er]. For example, Lushootseed ส”uxฬŒสท' means '(one that) goes'. The following examples are from Lushootseed. An almost identical pair of sentences from Stโ€™รกtโ€™imcets demonstrates that this phenomenon is not restricted to Lushootseed. This and similar behaviour in other Salish and Wakashan languages has been used as evidence for a complete lack of a lexical distinction between nouns and verbs in these families. This has become controversial in recent years. David Beck of the University of Alberta contends that there is evidence for distinct lexical categories of 'noun' and 'verb' by arguing that, although any distinction is neutralised in predicative positions, words that can be categorised as 'verbs' are marked when used in syntactic argument positions. He argues that Salishan languages are omnipredicative, but only have 'uni-directional flexibility' (not 'bi-directional flexibility'), which makes Salishan languages no different from other omnipredicative languages such as Arabic and Nahuatl, which have a clear lexical noun-verb distinction. Beck does concede, however, that the Lushootseed argument ti ส”uxฬŒสท ('the one who goes', shown in example sentence (1b) above) does represent an example of an unmarked 'verb' used as an argument and that further research may potentially substantiate M. Dale Kinkade's 1983 position that all Salishan content words are essentially 'verbs' (such as ส”uxฬŒสท 'goes' and sbiaw 'is a coyote') and that the use of any content word as an argument involves an underlying relative clause. For example, with the determiner ti translated as 'that which', the arguments ti ส”uxฬŒสท and ti sbiaw would be most literally translated as 'that which goes' and 'that which is a coyote' respectively. Historical linguistics There are twenty-three languages in the Salishan language family. They occupy the Pacific Northwest, with all but two of them being concentrated together in a single large area. It is clear that these languages are related, but it's difficult to track the development of each because their histories are so interwoven. The different speech communities have interacted a great deal, making it nearly impossible to decipher the influences of varying dialects and languages on one another. However, there are several trends and patterns that can be historically traced to generalize the development of the Salishan languages over the years. The variation between the Salishan languages seems to depend on two main factors: the distance between speech communities and the geographic barriers between them. The diversity between the languages corresponds directly to the distance between them. Closer proximity often entails more contact between speakers, and more linguistic similarities are the result. Geographic barriers like mountains impede contact, so two communities that are relatively close together may still vary considerably in their language use if there is a mountain separating them. The rate of change between neighboring Salishan languages often depends on their environments. If for some reason two communities diverge, their adaptation to a new environment can separate them linguistically from each other. The need to create names for tools, animals, and plants creates an array of new vocabulary that divides speech communities. However, these new names may come from borrowing from neighboring languages, in which case two languages or dialects can grow more alike rather than apart. Interactions with outside influences through trade and intermarriage often result in language change as well. Some cultural elements are more resilient to language change, namely, religion and folklore. Salishan language communities that have demonstrated change in technology and environmental vocabulary have often remained more consistent with their religious terminology. Religion and heavily ingrained cultural traditions are often regarded as sacred, and so are less likely to undergo any sort of change. Indeed, cognate lists between various Salishan languages show more similarities in religious terminology than they do in technology and environment vocabulary. Other categories with noticeable similarities include words for body parts, colors, and numbers. There would be little need to change such vocabulary, so it's more likely to remain the same despite other changes between languages. The Coast Salishan languages are less similar to each other than are the Interior Salishan languages, probably because the Coast communities have more access to outside influences. Another example of language change in the Salishan language family is word taboo, which is a cultural expression of the belief in the power of words. Among the Coast languages, a person's name becomes a taboo word immediately following their death. This taboo is lifted when the name of the deceased is given to a new member of their lineage. In the meantime, the deceased person's name and words that are phonetically similar to the name are considered taboo and can only be expressed via descriptive phrases. In some cases these taboo words are permanently replaced by their chosen descriptive phrases, resulting in language change. Pragmatics At least one Salish language, Lillooet Salish, differs from Indo-European languages in terms of pragmatics. Lillooet Salish does not allow presuppositions about a hearer's beliefs or knowledge during a conversation. To demonstrate, it's useful to compare Lillooet Salish determiners with English determiners. English determiners take the form of the articles โ€˜aโ€™, โ€˜anโ€™ and โ€˜theโ€™. The indefinite articles โ€˜aโ€™ and โ€˜anโ€™ refer to an object that is unfamiliar or that has not been previously referenced in conversation. The definite article โ€˜theโ€™ refers to a familiar object about which both the speaker and the listener share a common understanding. Lillooet Salish and several other Salish languages use the same determiner to refer to both familiar and unfamiliar objects in conversation. For example, when discussing a woman, Lillooet Salish speakers used [ษฌษ™sษฌรกnay] (with [ษฌษ™] serving as the determiner and [sษฌรกnay] meaning โ€˜womanโ€™) to refer to the woman both when initially introducing her and again when referencing her later on in the conversation. Thus, no distinction is made between a unique object and a familiar one. This absence of varying determiners is a manifestation of the lack of presuppositions about a listener in Salish. Using a definite article would presuppose a mental state of the listener: familiarity with the object in question. Similarly, a Salishan language equivalent of the English sentence "It was John who called" would not require the assumption that the listener knows that someone called. In English, such a sentence implies that someone called and serves to clarify who the caller was. In Salish, the sentence would be void of any implication regarding the listener's knowledge. Rather, only the speaker's knowledge about previous events is expressed. The absence of presuppositions extends even to elements that seem to inherently trigger some kind of implication, such as โ€˜againโ€™, โ€˜moreโ€™, โ€˜stopโ€™, and โ€˜alsoโ€™. For example, in English, beginning a conversation with a sentence like "It also rained yesterday" would probably be met with confusion from the listener. The word โ€˜alsoโ€™ signifies an addition to some previously discussed topic about which both the speaker and the listener are aware. However, in Salish, a statement like "It also rained yesterday" is not met with the same kind of bewilderment. The listener's prior knowledge (or lack thereof) is not conventionally regarded by either party in a conversation. Only the speaker's knowledge is relevant. The use of pronouns illustrates the disregard for presuppositions as well. For example, a sentence like "She walked there, and then Brenda left" would be acceptable on its own in Lillooet Salish. The pronoun โ€˜sheโ€™ can refer to Brenda and be used without the introduction that would be necessary in English. It is key to note that presuppositions do exist in Salishan languages; they simply don't have to be shared between the speaker and listener the way they do in English and other Indo-European languages. The above examples demonstrate that presuppositions are present, but the fact that the listener doesn't necessarily have to be aware of them signifies that the presuppositions only matter to the speaker. They are indicative of prior information that the speaker alone may be aware of, and his/her speech reflects merely his/her perspective on a situation without taking into account the listener's knowledge. Although English values a common ground between a listener and speaker and thus requires that some presuppositions about another person's knowledge be made, Salish does not share this pragmatic convention. In popular culture Stanley Evans has written a series of crime fiction novels that use Salish lore and language. An episode of Stargate SG-1 ("Spirits", 2x13) features a culture of extraterrestrial humans loosely inspired by Pacific coastal First Nations culture, and who speak a language referred to as "ancient Salish". In the video game Life Is Strange, the Salish lore was used on certain history of Arcadia Bay as totem poles are seen on some areas, including a segment from the first episode of its prequel involving the raven. Notes References Bibliography Beck, David. (2000). Grammatical Convergence and the Genesis of Diversity in the Northwest Coast Sprachbund. Anthropological Linguistics 42, 147โ€“213. Boas, Franz, et al. (1917). Folk-Tales of Salishan and Sahaptin Tribes. Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society, 11. Lancaster, Pa: American Folk-Lore Society. Czaykowska-Higgins, Ewa; & Kinkade, M. Dale (Eds.). (1997). Salish Languages and Linguistics: Theoretical and Descriptive Perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. . Davis, Henry. (2005). On the Syntax and Semantics of Negation in Salish. International Journal of American Linguistics 71.1, January 2005. Davis, Henry. and Matthewson, Lisa. (2009). Issues in Salish Syntax and Semantics. Language and Linguistics Compass, 3: 1097โ€“1166. Online. Flathead Culture Committee. (1981). Common Names of the Flathead Language. St. Ignatius, Mont: The Committee. Jorgensen, Joseph G. (1969). Salish Language and Culture. 3. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Publications. Kiyosawa, Kaoru; Donna B. Gerdts. (2010). Salish Applicatives. Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. Kroeber, Paul D. (1999). The Salish Language Family: Reconstructing Syntax. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington. Kuipers, Aert H. (2002). Salish Etymological Dictionary. Missoula, MT: Linguistics Laboratory, University of Montana. Liedtke, Stefan. (1995). Wakashan, Salishan and Penutian and Wider Connections Cognate Sets. Linguistic Data on Diskette Series, no. 09. Munchen: Lincom Europa. Pilling, James Constantine. (1893). Bibliography of the Salishan Languages. Washington: G.P.O. Pilling, James Constantine (2007). Bibliography of the Salishan Languages. Reprint by Gardners Books. Silver, Shirley; Wick R. Miller. (1997). American Indian languages: Cultural and Social Contexts. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Salishan language hymns. Thompson, Laurence C. (1973). The Northwest. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Linguistics in North America (pp.ย 979โ€“1045). Current Trends in Linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hague: Mouton. Thompson, Laurence C. (1979). Salishan and the Northwest. In L. Campbell & M. Mithun (Eds.), The Languages of Native America: Historical and Comparative Assessment'' (pp.ย 692โ€“765). Austin: University of Texas Press. External links Bibliography of Materials on Salishan Languages (YDLI) University of Montana Occasional Papers in Linguistics (UMOPL) (Native languages of the Northwest) Coast Salish Culture: an Outline Bibliography Coast Salish Collections International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Languages The Salishan Studies List (Linguist List) Native Peoples, Plants & Animals: Halkomelem Saanich (Timothy Montler's site) Klallam (Timothy Montler's site) A Bibliography of Northwest Coast Linguistics Classification of the Salishan languages reflecting current scholarship Nkwusm Salish Language Institute Tulalip Lushootseed Language Web Site Recordings of Montana Salish Wordlists with phonetic transcription by Peter Ladefoged Agglutinative languages Language families Mosan languages
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%97%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%88%BC
ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ
ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ (Paestum)์€ ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ผ์ดํ‚ค์•„์— ์†ํ•œ ํ‹ฐ๋ ˆ๋‹ˆ์•„ํ•ด ์—ฐ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋„์‹œ์ด๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์—์Šคํ‹ˆ ์œ ์ ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 600๋…„์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 450๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋„๋ฆฌ์Šค ์–‘์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹ ์ „์ด ์ž˜ ๋ณด์กด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋‹จ๋ถ€, ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฒฝ, ์›ํ˜• ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ, ํฌ์žฅ๋„๋กœ ์œ ์ ์ด ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์–ด ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์œ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์…€๋ ˆ ์œ ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์œ ๋ฌผ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ „์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์„ธ์› ์„ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ํฌ์„ธ์ด๋„๋‹ˆ์•„ (Poseidonia)์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ฃจ์นด๋‹ˆ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ณต๋‹นํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋กœ๋งˆ์— ๋ณต์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฃจ์นด๋‹ˆ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์ด์Šคํ† ์Šค (Paistos)๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ €๊ณ , ๋กœ๋งˆ์ธ๋“ค์ด ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ์€ ์ค‘์„ธ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฒ„๋ ค์กŒ๊ณ , 18์„ธ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํํ—ˆ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ ์ง€๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์บ„ํŒŒ๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ ์‚ด๋ ˆ๋ฅด๋…ธ๋„์˜ ์นดํŒŒ์ดˆ์— ์†ํ•œ ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ ํ”„๋ผ์น˜์˜ค๋„ค์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์œ ์  ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 550๋…„์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 450๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋„๋ฆฌ์Šค ์–‘์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด์ถ•๋œ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์‹ ์ „์ด๋‹ค. ์—ด์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ์œก์ค‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์—๋Š” ์—”ํƒ€์‹œ์Šค (๋ฐฐํ˜๋ฆผ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ)๊ฐ€ ํ™•์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ๋‘๋Š” ๋’ค์ง‘ํžŒ ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋„“์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ—ค๋ผ ์‹ ์ „์—๋Š” ์—”ํƒ€๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ์‹ ์ „์—๋Š” ์•„ํ‚คํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธŒ๋งŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹ ์ „๋“ค์€ 18์„ธ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋ฆฌ์นด๋‚˜ ์ผ€๋ ˆ์Šค ์‹ ์ „ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜๋ชป ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ดํ›„ ํ—ค๋ผ, ์•„ํ…Œ๋‚˜, ํฌ์„ธ์ด๋ˆ์„ ์„ฌ๊ฒผ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ ๋‘ ํ—ค๋ผ ์‹ ์ „์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜†์— ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์•„ํ…Œ๋‚˜ ์‹ ์ „์€ ์™ธ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹ ์ „๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณด์กด ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ์€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์„ ์‚ฐ์ง€์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์‹ ์ „์—๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฐ ์žฅ์‹๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฑ„์ƒ‰ ์žฅ์‹์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฑ„์ƒ‰ํ•œ ํ…Œ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์žฅ์‹์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์—์„œ ์ „์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ์˜ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋„์‹œ ์œ ์ ์ง€๋Š” 120ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹ ์ „๊ณผ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๊ตฐ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” 25ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰๋งŒ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ตด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 95ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์œ ์ง€๋กœ, ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด 4750m, ๋‘๊ป˜ 5-7m, ๋†’์ด 15m ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์—ฌ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋ฒฝ์—๋Š” 28๊ฐœ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•, ์›ํ˜• ๋ง๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, 18์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฑด์„คํ•œ ๋„๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์–‘๋ถ„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ 24๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์„ธ ์ดํ›„ ๋„์‹œ ์œ ์ ์ง€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑด์ถ• ํ™œ๋™์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์œ ์ ์ง€์—์„œ ์ƒ๋‹น๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์„์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋‹จ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํฌ์žฅ๋„๋กœ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์€ ํ—ค๋กœ์˜จ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์œ ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์— ์ „์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋ฒฝ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฌด๋ค์ด ๋ฐœ๊ตด๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์‹ ์ „ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ—ค๋ผ ์‹ ์ „์€ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 550๋…„ ๊ฒฝ์— ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ง€์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์‹ ์ „์ด๋‹ค. 18์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋กœ๋งˆ์˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ž˜๋ชป ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋ฆฌ์นด๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์‹ ์ „์— ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๊ธ€๊ท€๋‚˜ ํ…Œ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ—ค๋ผ๋ฅผ ์„ฌ๊ฒผ๋˜ ์‹ ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ ์ „ ์•ž์—์„œ ์ œ๋‹จ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ตด๋˜์–ด, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์‹ ์ „์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์•ผ์™ธ์—์„œ ์ œ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐ”์น˜๊ณ  ์ข…๊ต ์˜์‹์„ ๊ฑฐํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ „์˜ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์—๋Š” ์—”ํƒ€์‹œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์–‘์‹์„ ์ž˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ฃผ๋‘์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฑ„์ƒ‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ”์ ์ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹ ์ „์€ ๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์‹ ์ „๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ขŒ์šฐ๋กœ ๋„“์€ ํŽธ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ผˆ๋ผ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ ์ผ๊ณฑ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ฌ์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์‹ ์ „์— ๋‘ ์‹ ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ชจ์…จ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ธด ๋ฉด์—๋Š” 18๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์„ ์„ธ์› ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์ด ๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์งง์€ ๋ฉด์—๋Š” ํ™€์ˆ˜์ธ 9๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์„ ์„ธ์šด ๊ฒƒ ๋˜ํ•œ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ—ค๋ผ ์‹ ์ „์€ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 460๋…„์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 450๋…„ ๊ฒฝ์— ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ—ค๋ผ ์‹ ์ „์˜ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ถ์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” ํฌ์„ธ์ด๋ˆ ์‹ ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜๋ชป ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‹ ์ „์˜ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ ์„ธ๋กœํ™ˆ์€ 20๊ฐœ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์‹ ์ „์˜ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ ์„ธ๋กœํ™ˆ์€ 24๊ฐœ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์ด ๊ตต๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์ด ์ข์€ ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ „์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ์šฐ์Šค ๋ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹ ๋“ค์„ ์„ฌ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ „์˜ ๋™์ชฝ์—๋Š” ํฐ ์ œ๋‹จ๊ณผ ์ž‘์€ ์ œ๋‹จ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋กœ๋งˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํฐ ์ œ๋‹จ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํฌ๋ฃธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์œ ์ ์ง€์˜ ๋ถ์ชฝ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๊ณณ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 500๋…„ ๊ฒฝ์— ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ์•„ํ…Œ๋‚˜ ์‹ ์ „์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” ์ผ€๋ ˆ์Šค ์‹ ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜๋ชป ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๋„๊ธฐ ์–‘์‹์˜ ์‹ ์ „์œผ๋กœ, ์ด์˜ค๋‹ˆ์•„ ์–‘์‹๊ณผ ๋„๋ฆฌ์Šค ์–‘์‹์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์—๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ค‘์„ธ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์‹ ๋ฌด๋ค์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ์ค‘์„ธ์—๋Š” ๊ตํšŒ๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์˜ ์œ ์  ์œ ์ ์ง€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€์—๋Š” ์•„๊ณ ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํฌ๋ฃธ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฃธ์˜ ๋ถ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 200๋…„ ๊ฒฝ์— ์ง€์–ด์ ธ ์นดํ”ผํ†จ๋ฆฌ๋ˆ„์Šค ์‚ผ์‹ ์ธ ์œ ๋…ธ, ์œ ํ”ผํ…Œ๋ฅด, ๋ฏธ๋„ค๋ฅด๋ฐ”๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์‹  ์ž‘์€ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์‹ ์ „์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฃธ์˜ ๋ถ๋™์ชฝ์—๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์›ํ˜•๊ทน์žฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์„œ์ชฝ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์€ ๋ณด์กด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋™์ชฝ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์€ 1930๋…„์— ์œ ์ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋†“์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ํ›ผ์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„๋‹จ์‹ ์ขŒ์„์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ž‘์€ ์ง‘ํšŒ์†Œ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ถˆ๋ ˆ์šฐํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์˜จ(bouleuterion)์ด๋‚˜ ์—ํด๋ ˆ์‹œ์•„์Šคํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์˜จ(ekklesiasterion)์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์ง‘ํšŒ์†Œ์—๋Š” ์ง€๋ถ•์€ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์•„์ผ€์ด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์—ฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์žƒ๊ณ  ํ™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉ”์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฃธ๊ณผ ์•„ํ…Œ๋‚˜ ์‹ ์ „ ์ธ๊ทผ์˜ ํ—ค๋กœ์˜จ (heroon)์€ ์‹ ์›๋ฏธ์ƒ์ธ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ฌํ›„ ๋ฐฑ์—ฌ ๋…„ ๋’ค์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ํ—ค๋กœ์˜จ์€ ์ค‘์•™๋ถ€์— ํฐ ์„ํŒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์˜ ๋Œ๋ฐฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์ง€๋ถ•์„ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋’ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ด‰๋ถ„์„ ์Œ“์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. 1954๋…„์— ๋Œ๋ฐฉ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ตด ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ดํ›„, ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์€ ๋•… ์†์— ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์€ ๋•… ์œ„์— ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฟ€์„ ๋‹ด์€ ํ”์ ์ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ํฌ๊ณ  ์ธ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ž…์‚ฐ ์ฒญ๋™๋ณ‘, ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 520๋…„์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 500๋…„ ๊ฒฝ์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์•„ํ…Œ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ํ‘ํšŒ์‹ ์•”ํฌ๋ผ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ถœํ† ๋˜์–ด ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์— ์ „์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ถ„ ๋ฒฝํ™” ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ์€ ๊ณ ๋ถ„ ๋ฒฝํ™”๋กœ๋„ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ฃจ์นด๋‹ˆ์ธ์ด ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ฌด๋ค์ธ ๋‹ค์ด๋น™ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ฌด๋ค(์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์–ด: Tomba del tuffatore)์ด๋‹ค. ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฌผ ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์ด๋น™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ Š์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ฌด๋ค ์ฒœ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฒฝํ™”์—์„œ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์˜จ ์ด ๋ฌด๋ค์€ ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ์˜ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 470๋…„ ๊ฒฝ์— ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌด๋ค์€ 1968๋…„ 6์›” 3์ผ์— ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ ์„ฑ๋ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 1.5ย km ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๋„คํฌ๋กœํด๋ฆฌ์Šค์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ๋ถ„ ๋ฒฝํ™”๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์ „์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌด๋ค์€ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 700๋…„์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 400๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋™๋ฐฉํ™” ์‹œ๊ธฐ, ๊ณ ์กธ๊ธฐ ๊ณ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ‹€์–ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ฌด๋ค ์ค‘ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šค์ฝ” ์ธ๋ฌผํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฌด๋ค ์ฒœ์žฅ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋„ค ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด์—๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ฑ„์ƒ‰ ๋„๊ธฐ์— ๋„๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง„ ์‹ฌํฌ์ง€์—„ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ๊ทธ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒฝํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์— ์ „์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ „์‹œ๋œ ๋ฃจ์นด๋‹ˆ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ ๋ถ„ ๋ฒฝํ™”๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฒฝํ™”์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ง์ด๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ƒ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋น„์ค‘์ด ๋†’์•„ ๋Œ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์…€๋ ˆ ์œ ์  ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ์—์„œ ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 9ย km ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์…€๋ ˆ ๊ฐ• ํ•˜๊ตฌ(์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์–ด:Foce del Sele)์—๋Š” ํ—ค๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์‹œ๋Š” ์‹ ์ „๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ ์ „์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ํ”์ ๋งŒ์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๊ตด ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์…€๋ ˆ ์œ ์ ์ง€์—์„œ ๊ณ ์กธ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์‹ ์ „์„ ์žฅ์‹ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐํŒ์ธ ๋ฉ”ํ† ํ”„ 70๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”ํ† ํ”„๋Š” ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 510๋…„์— ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํ•œ ์Œ์˜ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ 38๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฉ”ํ† ํ”„๋Š” ํ—ค๋ผํด๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ์ƒ์• ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ—ค๋ผํด๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ์ƒ์• ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฉ”ํ† ํ”„๋Š” ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ ์ค‘์•™์˜ ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋น™ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์„œ ์›๋ž˜์˜ ๋†’์ด์— ์ „์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์…€๋ ˆ ์œ ์ ์ง€์—๋„ ๋‚˜๋ž€ํ…Œ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ (museo narrante)์ด ์žˆ์–ด ์˜์ƒ ์ „์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์œ ๋ฌผ ์ง„ํ’ˆ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์ ธ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌผ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์œ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์œ ์ ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์œ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฐ˜์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์ง€์— ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ ์œ ๋ฌผ์ด ํฉ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋กœ๋งˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•„์™€ ํ‹ฐ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค ์กฐ๊ฐ์ƒ, ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋„๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋“ฑ ๋งŽ์€ ์œ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ๋ฅด ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์—์„œ๋„ ์ฑ„์ƒ‰ ๋„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์†Œ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™ ์ปฌ๋ ‰์…˜, ๋กœ์Šค์•ค์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค ์นด์šดํ‹ฐ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€ ๋“ฑ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์—์„œ ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ ์œ ๋ฌผ์„ ์†Œ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฑ„์ƒ‰ ๋„๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 4์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ œ์ž‘์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ œ์ž‘์ž์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ ์ธ๊ทผ์˜ ๋ฌด๋ค์ด๋‚˜ ๋“คํŒ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์ œ์ž‘์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ „์‹œ๋ฌผ๋กœ๋Š” ์…€๋ ˆ ์œ ์ ์˜ ๋ฉ”ํ† ํ”„, ๋‹ค์ด๋น™ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ฌด๋ค, ํ—ค๋กœ์˜จ์˜ ๋ถ€์žฅํ’ˆ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ…Œ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์žฅ์‹๊ณผ ์‹ ์ƒ, ๋„๊ธฐ ์œ ๋ฌผ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ „์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๋ณธ์€ ์‹œ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์Šค(Sybaris) ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ์•„์นด์ด์•„์ธ๋“ค์ด ํฌ์„ธ์ด๋„๋‹ˆ์•„(Poseidonia)๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ฒ™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์— ์š”์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์› ๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์˜ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ์ง€๋Œ€์— ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์š”์ƒˆ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์•„๊ทธ๋กœํด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํฌ์„ธ์ด๋„๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ๋‚จ์ชฝ ๊ณถ์— ์„ธ์›Œ์กŒ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์ „์Šน์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—๋Š” ํฌ์„ธ์ด๋ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์‹œ๋Š” ์„ฑ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์„œ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ง€์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํฌ์„ธ์ด๋„๋‹ˆ์•„๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์›Œ์ง„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ์—†์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์  ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋žต ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 600๋…„ ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ธก๋œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ์•„์นด์ด์•„์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ถ”๋ฐฉํ•œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋‚˜์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์†”๋ฆฌ๋ˆ„์Šค(Gaius Julius Solinus)๋Š” ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ์ด ๋„๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‹๋ฏผ๋„์‹œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๋ณธ์€ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋•Œ ํฌ์„ธ์ด๋„๋‹ˆ์•„๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋‚˜์ธ๋“ค์ด ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ๋“ค์€ ์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ์–ธ๊ธ‰์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์‹œ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์•„์ธ๋“ค์ด ํฌ์„ธ์ด๋„๋‹ˆ์•„๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋„๋ฆฌ์Šค์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 6์„ธ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 5์„ธ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ํฐํ† (Metaponto)์™€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€์Œ์ด ์ฃผํ™”, ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ, ์‹ ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธ๋œ๋‹ค. ํฌ์„ธ์ด๋„๋‹ˆ์•„๋Š” ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 510๋…„ ํฌ๋กœํ† ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ •๋ณตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ ๋‚œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 5์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ์˜ ํฌ์„ธ์ด๋„๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ์ฃผํ™”์—์„œ ์•„์นด์ด์•„์˜ ๋„๋Ÿ‰ํ˜•์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‹œ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ฃผํ™”์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™ฉ์†Œ ์žฅ์‹์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. A. J. ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์—„์€ ๋‚œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํฌ์„ธ์ด๋„๋‹ˆ์•„์ธ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์Šค์ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์‹ฌํด๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ด์•„(Sympoliteia) ํ˜•์‹์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ(synoecism)์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํฌ์„ธ์ด๋„๋‹ˆ์•„๋Š” ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 452/1๋…„์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 446/5๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด ์‹œ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ฑดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์— ํฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ฃผํ™”๊ฐ€ ํฌ์„ธ์ด๋„๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ์ฃผํ™”์™€ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ๊ทธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์‹œ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ์žฌ๊ฑด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ๋ ฅ(serdaioi)๊ณผ์˜ ์šฐํ˜ธ์กฐ์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํฌ์„ธ์ด๋„๋‹ˆ์•„๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์•ฝ์˜ ๋ณด์ฆ์„ ์„ฐ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฃจ์นด๋‹ˆ์ธ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๋ณธ์€ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 5์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ์ด ๋ฃจ์นด๋‹ˆ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์  ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์˜ค์Šคํ‚ค์ธ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณต์กดํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋งˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€์™€ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์‡ ๋ฝ ํ”ผ๋กœ์Šค ์ „์Ÿ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋กœ๋งˆ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”ผ๋กœ์Šค์˜ ํŽธ์— ์„  ์ดํ›„ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 273๋…„, ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋กœ๋งˆ์— ๋ณต์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ์€ ์ดํ›„ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์นด๋ฅดํƒ€๊ณ ์˜ ํ•œ๋‹ˆ๋ฐœ์ด ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์นจ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๋กœ๋งˆ์— ์ถฉ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ํ™”ํ ์ฃผ์กฐ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน๊ถŒ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋งˆ ์ œ๊ตญ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋„ ๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์›ํ›„ 400๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ต๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜ํด๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ทธ ๊ทผ๊ต ์ง€๋ฐฉ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์ด ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์›ํ›„ 4~7์„ธ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์‡ ๋ฝํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ค‘์„ธ์—๋Š” ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ ธ ํํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์‡ ๋ฝํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๋Šช์ง€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ , ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋–ผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ๊ถํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์„ผ์ธ ํ•ด์ ๋“ค์˜ ์นจ๋žต๊ณผ ๋‚ฉ์น˜ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ์›์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ ์œ„์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฐฉ๋น„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์•„๊ทธ๋กœํด๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง„ ๋งˆ์„์€ ํ•ด์  ์†Œ๊ตด์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅด ๊ธฐ์Šค์นด๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ์„์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ—์–ด๋‚ด์–ด ์‚ด๋ ˆ๋ฅด๋…ธ ์„ฑ๋‹น์„ ์ง“๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ 1943๋…„ 9์›”, ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ ํ•ด๋ณ€์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ œ36๋ณด๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋‹จ์ด ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ด ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•˜์ž๋งˆ์ž ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ์ด ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ์ด ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ‡ด๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ 9์ผ๊ฐ„ ๋งˆ์„ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์–‘๊ตฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ์˜ ์‹ ์ „์€ ํญ๊ฒฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹ ์ „์— ์ ์‹ญ์ž ํ…ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์‘๊ธ‰์ฒ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผํ™” ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 550๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฃผํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ธฐ๋…์ฃผํ™”๋กœ, ์‚ผ์ง€์ฐฝ์„ ๋“  ํฌ์„ธ์ด๋ˆ ์žฅ์‹์ด ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋…์ฃผํ™” ๋ฐœํ–‰์€ ํ‹ฐ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 89๋…„์˜ ์›๋กœ์› ์น™๋ น์œผ๋กœ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚ด์˜ ์ฃผ์กฐ๊ถŒ์„ ์ผ์›ํ™”ํ•œ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ํŒŒ์—์Šคํˆผ๋งŒ์€ ๋…์ž์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ „์„ ์ฃผ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ฐœํ–‰๋œ ์ฃผํ™”์— ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ง„ "P. S. S. C." (Paesti Signatum Senatus Consulto)๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…๋ฌธ์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๊ฑด์ถ• ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์‹ ์ „ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ถœ์ฒ˜ Ceserani, Giovanna, Italy's Lost Greece: Magna Graecia and the Making of Modern Archaeology, 2012, Oxford University Press, , Google books Wilton-Ely, John, The Mind and Art of Giovanni Battista Piranesi, 1978, Thames & Hudson, London, ๋” ๋ณด๊ธฐ Strabo, Geographica 6.1 ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Official website of the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Paestum (์˜์–ด) Information on Paestum given by the website of the archaeological superintendece (์˜์–ด) Information on the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Paestum given by the website of the archaeological superintendece (์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์–ด) Comprehensive account of site and museum (์˜์–ด) ์บ„ํŒŒ๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ์˜ ์œ ์  ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋‚˜๊ทธ๋ผ์ดํ‚ค์•„ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋กœ๋งˆ์˜ ๋„์‹œ ์บ„ํŒŒ๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ด‘์ง€ ์บ„ํŒŒ๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ ์•„์นด์ด์•„์ธ์˜ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์œ ์‚ฐ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์บ„ํŒŒ๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ์˜ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์œ ์ 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paestum
Paestum
Paestum ( , , ) was a major ancient Greek city on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea in Magna Graecia. The ruins of Paestum are famous for their three ancient Greek temples in the Doric order dating from about 550 to 450 BC that are in an excellent state of preservation. The city walls and amphitheatre are largely intact, and the bottom of the walls of many other structures remain, as well as paved roads. The site is open to the public, and there is a modern national museum within it, which also contains the finds from the associated Greek site of Foce del Sele. Solinus wrote that it was established by Dorians. After its foundation by Greek colonists under the name of Poseidonia (), it was eventually conquered by the local Lucanians and later the Romans. The Lucanians renamed it to Paistos and the Romans gave the city its current name. As Pesto or Paestum, the town became a bishopric (now only titular), but it was abandoned in the Early Middle Ages, and left undisturbed and largely forgotten until the eighteenth century. Today the remains of the city are found in the modern frazione of Paestum, which is part of the comune of Capaccio Paestum in the Province of Salerno in the region of Campania, Italy. The modern settlement, directly to the south of the archaeological site, is a popular seaside resort with long sandy beaches. The Paestum railway station on the Naples-Salerno-Reggio Calabria railway line is directly to the east of the ancient city walls. Ancient ruins and features Much of the most celebrated features of the site today are the three large temples in the Archaic version of the Greek Doric order, dating from about 550 to 450 BC. All are typical of the period, with massive colonnades having a very pronounced entasis (widening as they go down), and very wide capitals resembling upturned mushrooms. Above the columns, only the second Temple of Hera retains most of its entablature, the other two having only the architrave in place. These were dedicated to Hera and Athena (Juno and Minerva to the Romans), although previously they often have been identified otherwise, following eighteenth-century arguments. The two temples of Hera are right next to each other, while the Temple of Athena is on the other side of the town center. There were other temples, both Greek and Roman, which are far less well preserved. Paestum is far from any sources of good marble. Unsurprisingly, the three main temples had few stone reliefs, perhaps using painting instead. Painted terracotta was used for some detailed parts of the structure. The large pieces of terracotta that have survived are in the museum. The whole ancient city of Paestum covered an area of approximately 120 hectares. Only the 25 hectares that contain the three main temples and the other main buildings have been excavated. The other 95 hectares remain on private land and have not been studied. The ancient city was surrounded by defensive walls, which are largely intact. The walls are approximately long in its polygonal perimeter, typically high, and thick. Corresponding with the cardinal points, there were four main openings in the wall: Porta Sirena (east to the hills); Porta Giustizia (south, now to the modern village Paestum); Porta Marina (west to the sea); and Porta Aurea (north), which was later destroyed. Positioned along the wall were 24 square or round towers. There may have been as many as 28, but some of them (and Porta Aurea) were destroyed during the construction of a highway during the 18th century that effectively cut the ancient site in two. The central area is completely clear of modern buildings and always has been largely so, since the Middle Ages. Although much stone has been stripped from the site, large numbers of buildings remain detectable by their footings or the lower parts of their walls, and the main roads remain paved. A low-built heroon or shrine memorial to an unknown local hero survived intact; the contents are in the museum. Numerous tombs have been excavated outside the walls. The three Greek Temples The first Temple of Hera, built around 550 BC by the Greek colonists, is the oldest surviving temple in Paestum and the one farthest south. 18th-century archaeologists named it "the Basilica" because some mistakenly believed it to be a Roman building. (The original Roman basilica was essentially a civic form of building, before the basilica plan was adopted by the Early Christians for churches.) Inscriptions and terracotta statuettes revealed that the goddess worshiped here was Hera. Later, an altar was unearthed in front of the temple, in the open-air site usual for a Greek altar. The faithful could attend rites and sacrifices without entering the cella or inner sanctuary. The columns have a very strong entasis or curvature down their length, an indication of an early date of construction. Some of the capitals still retain visible traces of their original paint. The temple is wider than most Greek temples, probably because there are two doors and a row of seven columns running centrally inside the cella, an unusual feature. This may reflect a dual dedication of the temple. Having an odd number of columns, here nine, across the shorter sides also is very unusual; there are eighteen columns along the longer sides. This was possible, or necessary, because of the two doors, so that neither has a view blocked by a column. On the highest point of the town, some way from the Hera Temples and north of the center of the ancient settlement, is the Temple of Athena. It was built around 500 BC, and was for some time incorrectly thought to have been dedicated to Ceres. The architecture is transitional, being mainly built in early Doric style and partially Ionic. Three medieval Christian tombs in the floor show that the temple was at one time used as a Christian church. The second Temple of Hera was built around 460โ€“450 BC, just north of the first Hera Temple, the two both part of a Heraion, or sanctuary to the goddess. It was once thought to be dedicated to Poseidon, who may have been a secondary focus of worship there. Instead of the typical 20ย flutes on each column, they have 24ย flutes. The Temple of Hera II also has a wider column size and smaller intervals between columns. The temple was also used to worship Zeus and another deity, whose identity is unknown. There are visible on the east side the remains of two altars, one large and one smaller. The smaller one is a Roman addition, built when a road leading to a Roman forum was cut through the larger one. It also is possible that the temple originally was dedicated to both Hera and Poseidon; some offertory statues found around the larger altar are thought to demonstrate this identification. Other archaeological features In the central part of the complex is the Roman Forum, thought to have been built on the site of the preceding Greek agora. On the north side of the forum is a small Roman temple, dated to 200 BC. It was dedicated to the Capitoline Triad, Jupiter, Juno and Minerva. To the north-east of the forum is the amphitheater. This is of normal Roman pattern, although much smaller than later examples. Only the western half is visible; in 1930 AD, a road was built across the site, burying the eastern half. It is said by local inhabitants that the civil engineer responsible was tried, convicted and received a prison sentence for what was described as wanton destruction of a historic site. There is also a small circular council hall (bouleuterion) or assembly space (ekklesiasterion), with seats in tiers. It was probably never roofed, but had a wall around it, perhaps with a small arcade round the inside. This ceased to have a role in Roman times and was filled over. The heroรถn, close to the forum and the Temple of Athena, probably celebrated the founder of the city, though constructed around a century after the death of this unnamed figure. It was a low tumulus with a walled rectangular enclosure faced with large stones around it. When it was excavated in 1954 a low stone chamber with a pitched roof was discovered at the centre, half below the surrounding ground level and half above. This contained several large, rare, and splendid bronze vessels, perhaps not locally-made, and a large Athenian pottery black-figure amphora of about 520โ€“500 BC. The bronze vessels had traces of honey inside. These are all now in the museum. Just south of the city walls, at a site still called Santa Venera, a series of small terracotta offertory molded statuettes of a standing nude woman wearing the polos headdress of Anatolian and Syrian goddesses, which were dated to the first half of the sixth century BC, were found in the sanctuary. Other similar ones have been excavated at other Paestum sanctuaries during excavations in the 1980s. The figure is highly unusual in the Western Mediterranean. The open-air temenos was established at the start of Greek occupation: a temple on the site was not built until the early fifth century BC. A nude goddess is a figure alien to Greek culture before the famous Cnidian Aphrodite by Praxiteles in the fourth century: iconographic analogies must be sought in Phoenician Astarte and the Cypriote Aphrodite. "In places where the Greeks and Phoenicians came in contact with one another, there is often an overlapping in the persona of the two deities." Inscriptions make clear that during Roman times the cult was reserved to Venus. Painted tombs Paestum also is renowned for its painted tombs, mainly belonging to the Lucanian period, while only one of them dates to the Greek period. However, this is the Tomb of the Diver (Italian: Tomba del tuffatore), which is the most famous. It is named after the enigmatic scene, depicted on the underside of the covering slab, of a young man diving into a stream of water. It dates to the first half of the fifth century BC (about 470 BC), the Golden Age of the Greek town. It was found, on 3 June 1968, in a small necropolis some 1.5ย km south of the ancient walls. The paintings have now been transferred to the museum. The tomb is painted with the true fresco technique and its importance lies in being "the only example of Greek painting with figured scenes dating from the Orientalizing, Archaic, or Classical periods to survive in its entirety. Among the thousands of Greek tombs known from this time (roughly 700โ€“400 BC), this is the only one found to have been decorated with frescoes of human subjects." The remaining four walls of the tomb are occupied by symposium-related scenes, an iconography far more familiar from Greek pottery than the diving scene. All the five frescoes are displayed in the museum, together with other cycles from Lucanian painted tombs. In contrast to earlier Greek tomb paintings, these later scenes have many figures and a high proportion of scenes including horses and equestrian sports. Sele complex A few kilometres from Paestum there was a temple complex at the mouth of the Sele river (Foce del Sele in Italian) dedicated to Hera. The temple is now all but destroyed, and little remains of several other buildings. About 70 of the sixth-century BC Archaic metope relief panels on the temple and another building at the site were recovered, however. These fall into two groups, the earlier of which shows the story of the life of Heracles in 38 surviving reliefs; the later group, of about 510 BC, shows pairs of running women. The earlier cycle forms the centrepiece of the Paestum museum, set in place around walls of the original height. At the site there is a museo narrante with video displays, but no original artefacts. Art from Paestum The Paestum archaeological museum holds the largest collection, but many significant pieces were removed from the site before modern controls and are in a number of collections around the world. The National Archaeological Museum of Spain in Madrid has especially rich holdings, with two important Imperial Roman statues and many, very fine vases (see below). Other pieces, mostly painted pottery, are in the Louvre, the Antikensammlung Berlin, and other museums in Europe and America. In the case of painted pottery, a number of individual artists, especially from the fourth century BC, have been identified and given notnames whose work has been found in tombs around the city and the region, and sometimes farther afield. It has been presumed that these artists were based in the city. National Archaeological Museum The highlights of the national museum at Paestum are mentioned above: the Sele metopes, the Tomb of the Diver, and the contents of the Heroon. The displays also show a number of large painted terracotta architectural fragments from the temples and other buildings, many Greek terracotta figurines, and incomplete larger terracotta statues, and pottery including painted vases. History Foundation According to Strabo, the city was founded as Poseidonia (named after the Greek deity of the sea) by Greek Achaeans from Sybaris. The colonists had built fortifications close to the sea, but then decided to found the city farther inland at a higher elevation. The fortifications might have been built to the south of Poseidonia on the promontory where Agropoli is now. According to the historical tradition the sanctuary to Poseidon was located there, after which the city would have been named. The date of Poseidonia's founding is not given by ancient sources, but the archaeological evidence gives a date of approximately 600ย BC. Alternatively in fact, the Sybarites may have been Troezenians. Aristotle wrote that a group of Troezenians was expelled from Sybaris by the Achaeans after their joint founding of that city. Gaius Julius Solinus calls Paestum a Dorian colony and Strabo mentions that Troezen once was called Poseidonia. As a consequence it has been argued that Paestum was founded by the Troezenians referred to by Aristotle. Another hypothesis is that the Sybarites were aided by Dorians in their founding of Poseidonia. Greek period Archaeological evidence from Paestum's first centuries indicates the building of roads, temples, and other features of a growing city. Coinage, architecture, and molded votive figurines all attest to close relations maintained with Metaponto in the sixth and fifth centuries. It is presumed that Poseidonia harbored refugees from its mother city, Sybaris, when that city was conquered by Croton in 510 BC. In the early fifth century, Poseidonia's coins adopted the Achaean weight standard and the bull seen on Sybarite coins. A. J. Graham thinks it was plausible that the number of refugees was large enough for some kind of synoecism to have occurred between the Poseidonians and the Sybarites, possibly in the form of a sympolity. Poseidonia might have had a major share in a new foundation of Sybaris, which lasted from 452/1 BC until 446/5ย BC. This is suggested by the great resemblance of the coins of Sybaris to those of Poseidonia during this period. Possibly a treaty of friendship between Sybaris, its allies, and the Serdaioi (an unknown people) dates to this new foundation, because Poseidonia was the guarantor of this treaty. Lucanian period It is not until the end of the fifth century BC that the city is mentioned, when according to Strabo, the city was conquered by the Lucanians. From the archaeological evidence it appears that the two cultures, Greek and Oscan, were able to thrive alongside one another. Many tomb paintings show horses and horse-racing, a passion of the Lucanian elites. Roman period and abandonment It became the Roman city of Paestum in 273 BC in the aftermath of the Pyrrhic War, in which the Graeco-Italian Poseidonians sided with king Pyrrhus of Epirus against the Roman Republic. During the Carthaginian invasion of Italy by Hannibal, the city remained faithful to Rome and afterward, was granted special favours such as the minting of its own coinage. The city continued to prosper during the Roman imperial period and became a bishopric as the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pesto around 400 AD. It started to go into decline between the fourth and seventh centuries AD, and was abandoned during the Middle Ages. The bishopric was suppressed in 1100. Like Naples and most of the surrounding region, the inhabitants presumably spoke a Greek dialect throughout its history. The decline and desertion were probably due to changes in local land drainage patterns, leading to swampy malarial conditions. Raids by "Saracen" pirates and slavers also may have been a deciding factor. The remaining population seems to have moved to the more easily defended cliff-top settlement at Agropoli (i.e. "acropolis" or "citadel" in Greek), a few kilometres away, although this settlement became a base for Muslim raiders for a period. The Paestum site became overgrown and largely forgotten, although some stone spolia were collected and used in Salerno Cathedral by Robert Guiscard (d. 1085). Rediscovery Despite stray mentions such as that in the history of Pietro Summonte in 1524, who correctly identified the three Doric temples as such, its ruins only came to wide notice again in the eighteenth century, following the rediscovery of the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, and during the construction of a new coastal road south from Naples. The modern settlement had begun to revive by at least the sixteenth century, to the side of the ancient ruins. After a complicated start, the rediscovery of the three relatively easily accessible, and early, Greek temples created huge interest throughout Europe. Giovanni Battista Piranesi visited to make a book of highly atmospheric but also accurate etchings, published in 1778; these and other prints were widely circulated. The complete and relatively simple form of the temples became influential in early Greek Revival architecture. In 1740 a proposal was made, but not executed, to remove columns for the new Palace of Capodimonte in Naples. Initially, eighteenth-century savants doubted that the structures had been temples, and it was suggested variously, that they included a gymnasium, a public basilica or hall, or a "portico". There also was controversy and misunderstanding of their cultural background. Alessio Simmaco Mazzocchi, a clergyman and antiquarian, "the founder of the modern study of Magna Graecia" (the ancient Greeks in Italy), thought they were Etruscan, in line with his theories that Greek colonists merely had joined existing cultures in Italy, founded by peoples from farther east. He derived the etymology of "Poseidonia" from an invented Phoenician sea deity. The first modern published account of the ruins was Les Ruines de Paestum in 1764, by G. P. M. Dumont, who had been taken to the site in 1750, along with the architect Jacques-Germain Soufflot, by Count Gazzola, an engineer for the government in Naples. Gazzola had drawn or commissioned measured drawings, to which Dumont added his own, as well as, more artistic plates. There was an expanded edition in 1769, the same year when a still more extensive account was published by the Englishman Thomas Major. By 1774 there were nine different illustrated publications on the site. Second World War On September 9, 1943, Paestum was the location of the landing beaches of the U.S. 36th Infantry Division during the Allied invasion of Italy. German forces resisted the landings from the outset, causing heavy fighting within and around the town. Combat persisted around the town for nine days before the Germans withdrew to the north. The Allied forces set up their Red Cross first aid tents in, and around, the temples since the Temples were "off limits" to bombing by both sides. Coins The coins of Paestum begin about 550 BC. These early issues were perhaps all festival coins. They usually have Poseidon with upraised trident. Issues continue until the reign of Tiberius. For unknown reasons Paestum alone of all the smaller Italian mints, was allowed to continue minting bronze coins by a Senatorial decree of about 89 BC, after this had been centralized. Later coins carry "P. S. S. C.", standing for "Paesti Signatum Senatus Consulto" to reflect this. In fiction In his partially fictionalized travelogue, The Innocents Abroad (1869), Mark Twain includes Paestum in the itinerary in Chapter 1 of the "great pleasure excursion to Europe and the Holy Land." The itinerary includes: "Rome [by rail], Herculaneum, Pompeii, Vesuvius, Vergilโ€™s tomb, and possibly the ruins of Paestum can be visited..." In the novel My รntonia (1918) by Willa Cather, the professor Gaston Cleric contracts a fever after spending the night outdoors admiring "the sea temples at Paestum". In the film Mare Nostrum (1926) by Rex Ingram, they visit Paestum. Gate to the Sea, a historical novel by Bryher published in 1958, portrays the flight of Harmonia, a Greek high priestess, from Poseidonia (Paestum), where the Greek inhabitants have been enslaved and culturally dominated by the Lucani since the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC. Scenes in the 1963 film Jason and the Argonauts (1963) were filmed here โ€“ notably when the Argonauts assist King Phineus (Patrick Troughton), who has been blinded and is tormented by harpies for his transgressions against the gods. In return for his advice on how to reach Colchis, the Argonauts render the harpies harmless by caging them. Scenes in the 1981 film Clash of the Titans (where Perseus fights and kills Medusa's guardian, a two-headed dog) take place in Paestum. In the 2007 video game Medal of Honor: Airborne, the second mission set during Operation Avalanche takes place in Paestum. See also Architecture of Ancient Greece Roman Catholic Diocese of Pesto List of ancient Greek temples List of Greco-Roman roofs List of archaeological sites sorted by country References Sources Ceserani, Giovanna, Italy's Lost Greece: Magna Graecia and the Making of Modern Archaeology, 2012, Oxford University Press, , Google books Wilton-Ely, John, The Mind and Art of Giovanni Battista Piranesi, 1978, Thames & Hudson, London, Further reading Strabo, Geographica 6.1 External links Official website of the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Paestum Information on Paestum given by the website of the archaeological superintendece Information on the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Paestum given by the website of the archaeological superintendece Comprehensive account of site and museum Archaeological sites in Campania Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Italy Roman towns and cities in Magna Grecia Roman sites of Campania Achaean colonies of Magna Graecia World Heritage Sites in Italy Populated places established in the 7th century BC Frazioni of the Province of Salerno Localities of Cilento Former populated places in Italy Greek temples Greek colonies in Lucania Tourist attractions in Campania Museums in Campania Museums of ancient Rome in Italy Coloniae (Roman)
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๋ฐ˜์ผ๋ง๊ตญ๋ก 
๋ฐ˜์ผ๋ง๊ตญ๋ก ()์€ ์ผ๋ณธ ์‹ ์ขŒํŒŒ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ, 1970๋…„๋Œ€์— ์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€์“ฐํžˆ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ฐฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค์˜คํƒ€ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ถ๋ฏผํ˜๋ช…๋ก ๊ณผ ์•„์ด๋ˆ„ ํ˜๋ช…๋ก  ๋“ฑ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฉ”๋‚˜์ด ์“ฐ๋„ค์˜ค์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ ใ€Œ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋™๋งน ์ ๊ตฐํŒŒ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ผ์ œํƒ€๋„๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒใ€๋ฅผ ์ฝ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ ์ด๋ก  ํ˜•์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. "๋ฐ˜์ผ๋ง๊ตญ๋ก "์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ์ž๊ตญ์˜ ํŒจ์ „๊ณผ ํ˜๋ช…์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜๋ช…์  ์กฐ๊ตญํŒจ๋ฐฐ์ฃผ์˜์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์ด๋ž˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์•…ํ–‰์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ทธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฉธ์ข…์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์ผ๋ง๊ตญ๋ก ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์••์ œ์ž์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฏผ์กฑ์ธ ์ผ์ œ ๋ณธ๊ตญ์ธ์ž„์„ ์ž๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ •ํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ์†์ฃ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์Œ“์•„์˜จ ๋ฐ˜ํ˜๋ช… ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ถ”์•…ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ด๊ณ  ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ๋ณธ์„ "์กฐ๊ตญ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฐ˜ํ˜๋ช… ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ด๋‹ˆ, ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏผ์กฑ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜์‹์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด ๋˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๊ตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜์ผ๋ง๊ตญ๋ก ์„ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•ด ๋ฐ˜์ผํˆฌ์Ÿ์˜ ํˆฌ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์••์ œ์ž ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฏผ์กฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์›์ฃ„์—์„œ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์„ธ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค์ฃผ์˜ ํƒˆํ”ผ ์ผ์ฐŒ๊ธฐ ์นด๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค๋Š” ใ€Œ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ์„ ์–ธใ€์—์„œ "๋…ธ๋™์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ตญ์ด ์—†๋‹ค," "๋งŒ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์—ฌ ๋‹จ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ผ"๋ผ๊ณ  ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ˜์ผ๋ง๊ตญ๋ก ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋…ธ๋™์ž ๊ตญ์ œ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค์ฃผ์˜์™€๋„ ๋‹จ์ ˆ๋œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฉ”๋‚˜์ด์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ๋Š” "๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ž"๊ณ  ์—ญ์„คํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐ˜์ผํˆฌ์Ÿ์„ ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค์˜ ๊ด€๋…์— ์–ฝ๋งค์ด์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ฐ˜์ผ๋ฌด์žฅ์ „์„ ์—์„œ๋Š” "ํ”ผ์‹๋ฏผ ์ธ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํ”„๋กค๋ ˆํƒ€๋ฆฌ์•„๋„ '์ '์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด ์—„์—ฐํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ™•์ธ์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์ผ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ์›์ ์ด๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅ, "ํ”ผ์‹๋ฏผ ์ธ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ผ๊ฐ์ •"์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์›๋ฆฌ๋ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ผ๋””๋ฏธ๋ฅด ๋ ˆ๋‹Œ์˜ ใ€Ž์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜๋ก ใ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜๋ž€ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ตœ์ข…๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ์„œ, ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•œ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋Œ€์™ธ์นจ๋žต์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๋จ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์นจ๋žต์„ฑ์€ ์ž๋ณธ์ œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ํ˜๋ช…์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ์ฒœํ™ฉ์ œ ๋“ฑ ์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜ ์ž”์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ์ƒ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ๋‚˜๋ฉด ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์นจ๋žต์„ฑ์€ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค์ฃผ์˜์  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ˜์ผ๋ง๊ตญ๋ก ์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์ผ๋ง๊ตญ๋ก ์—์„œ๋Š” "์–ต์••๋ฏผ์กฑ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™๊ณ„๊ธ‰"์€ "์–ต์••๋ฏผ์กฑ์˜ ์ž๋ณธ๊ณ„๊ธ‰"๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด "ํ”ผ์–ต์••๋ฏผ์กฑ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™๊ณ„๊ธ‰"์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์–ต์••ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ž์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋…ธ๋™๊ณ„๊ธ‰์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ต์••๋ฏผ์กฑ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™๊ณ„๊ธ‰์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ฉดํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™์•„๋ฐ˜์ผ๋ฌด์žฅ์ „์„ ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋กœ๊ฐ€์™€ ์š”์‹œ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ๋นŒ์ž๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์€ "๋ฐ˜์ผ์ œ"๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ "๋ฐ˜์ผ"์ด๋ฉฐ,๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์€ "ํ˜๋ช…์‚ฌ์ƒ"๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” "๋ฐ˜์ผ์‚ฌ์ƒ"์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ”์ฃผํ™”๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ˜๋ช…๋ก ์—์„œ ์ฝ”ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‹ˆ์ฟ ์Šค์  ์ „ํ™˜์„ ์ด๋ฃฌ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์žํ™”์ž์ฐฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ใ€Œ์ผ๋ณธใ€ ๊ตญํ˜ธ ๋ถ€์ • ใ€Œ์ผ๋ณธใ€(ๆ—ฅๆœฌ)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตญํ˜ธ๋Š” โ€œํ•ด ๋œจ๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์ฒœ์ž์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผโ€๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ, ์ฒœํ™ฉ์ œ์™€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ถ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ค‘ํ™”์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธํŒ ์ค‘ํ™”์‚ฌ์ƒ์ผ ๋ฟ๋”๋Ÿฌ, ์ •์ž‘ ๊ทธ ์›์กฐ์ธ ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ โ€œํ•ด ์ง€๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฉธ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” โ€œ์šธํŠธ๋ผ ์˜ค๋งŒ ์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜โ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ใ€Œ์ผ๋ณธใ€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตญํ˜ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์œ ๋ผ์‹œ์•„ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ๋™์ชฝ์— ๋ถ™์€ ํ˜ธ์ƒ์—ด๋„์˜ ์ง€๋ช…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ€์น˜์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ ์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ง€์œ„ ์ผ๋ณธ ํ™ฉ์‹ค์€ ๊ธฐ๋งˆ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ •๋ณต์™•์กฐ์„ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—์„œ ๋„๋ž˜ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ „์—ญ์ด ์นจ๋žต์œผ๋กœ ์–ป์€ ์ •๋ณต์ง€์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ”ผ์ •๋ณต๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๊ณง ํ™ฉ์‹ค๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” โ€œ์ฒœ์†๋ฏผ์กฑโ€๊ณผ ๋™ํ™”๋˜์–ด ๋†๊ฒฝ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋™ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ”ผ์ •๋ณต๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๋ถ€๋ฝ๋ฏผ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์„ธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋„ ๋‚จ๋ถ์œผ๋กœ ์นจ๋žต์€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์–ด ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์•„์ด๋ˆ„๋ชจ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋ฅ˜ํ์™•๊ตญ์„ ์นจํƒˆ, ๋‚ด์ง€์˜ ์นจ๋žต์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” โ€œ์นจ๋žต๊ณผ ์ฐฉ์ทจ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌโ€์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ โ€œ์นจ๋žต์˜ ์ „ํ†ตโ€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฉ์€ ๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์•„์‹œ์•„๋ฅผ ์นจํƒˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ขŒ์ต ์ผ๊ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์†Œ์œ„ ใ€Œ๋ฏผ์ค‘์‚ฌ๊ด€ใ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ์šด๋™ ๋”ฐ์œ„ ์ •์น˜์šด๋™์„ ๋†’์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ๋ฏผ์ค‘๋“ค ์—ญ์‹œ ใ€Œ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ณธใ€์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์— ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์•„์ด๋ˆ„์™€ ๋ฅ˜ํ๋ฏผ์กฑ์˜ ํฌ์ƒ ์œ„์— ์ƒํ™œ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •์น˜์šด๋™๋„ ์ „๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ •๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€ 1918๋…„ ์Œ€ ์†Œ๋™๋„ ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์šด๋™์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์ธ๋ฏผ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์Œ€์„ ์ˆ˜ํƒˆํ•  ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋งŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ธ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํญ๋™์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ๋ถ€์ • ๋ฐ˜์ผ๋ง๊ตญ๋ก ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ์ž๋ถ€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ฃ„์•…์ด๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜ํ˜๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ—ค์ด์•ˆ์ฟ„ ์ฒœ๋„๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๊ฐ„๋ฌด ์ฒœํ™ฉ์„ ๋ชจ์‹œ๋Š” ํ—ค์ด์•ˆ ์‹ ๊ถ ๋ฐฉํ™”์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๋†’์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๋…ธ๋™์šด๋™์˜ ๋ถ€์ • ์ „ํ›„ ๊ณ ๋„๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด โ€œ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ฃผ์•„์ โ€ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฌ์›์€ โ€œ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ธ๋ฏผ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฐฉ์ทจํ•œ ์žฌ์‚ฐโ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ โ€œ์ƒํ™œ๊ฐœ์„ ์šด๋™,โ€ โ€œ์ž„๊ธˆ์ธ์ƒ์šด๋™โ€์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™์šด๋™์€ โ€œ๊ฐ•ํƒˆํ•œ ์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ ๋ชซ์„ ๋” ๋‚ด๋†“์œผ๋ผโ€๋Š” ใ€Œ์•ฝํƒˆ๋ฏผ์กฑ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธใ€์˜ ๋นˆ๊ณคํ•œ ์š•๋ง์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ ๋ฐ”, ๋ฐ˜ํ˜๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ด์™ธ ์ธ๊ถŒ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๊ฐœ์ž… 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ขŒ์ต ์ธ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ๋Š” ๊น€๋Œ€์ค‘ ๋‚ฉ์น˜์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€์—๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์†๋œ ๊น€๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ช…ํ™œ๋™์— ๋ถ„์ฃผํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์“ธ๋ฐ์—†๋Š” ์ง“์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ์ œ๋ณธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฃผ์ œ์— ์™ธ๊ตญ(ํŠนํžˆ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์—ด๊ตญ)์˜ ์ธ๊ถŒ์— ์šด์šดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ โ€œ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋‹ค. ์•ž์„  ๋‚˜๋ผ๋‹คโ€๋ผ๋Š” ใ€Œ์ผ๋ณธ์šฐ์›”์˜์‹ใ€์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜์  ์นจ๋žตํ™œ๋™์— ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์—†๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธํƒ€๋„์ „๋žต ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ์ „์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ๋ ฅ์ด ์†Œ๋ชจ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ์„ ์ „์Ÿ์— ํœ˜๋ง๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ(๋‚จํ•œ)์ด๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ๋ฐฐํƒ€์  ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ถ”๊ฒจ ๋ฐ˜์ผ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์กฐ์„ฑ, ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฟ ๋ฐํƒ€๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ใ€Œ์นœ์ผ์ •๊ถŒใ€์„ ํƒ€๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•œ๊ตญ์— ๋‘ฅ์ง€๋ฅผ ํŠผ ใ€Œ์นœ์ผํŒŒใ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ™์ฒญํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ใ€Œ๋ฐ˜์ผ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ •๊ถŒใ€์ผ ์ผ๋ณธ์— ์„ ์ „ํฌ๊ณ , ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ 10๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์ž์œ„๋Œ€์›์„ ์ „์‚ฌ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์— ใ€Œ๋ฅ˜ํ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญใ€์ด ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์„ ์ „ํฌ๊ณ , ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋Œ€์ผ ์นจ๋žต์ „์Ÿ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ใ€Œ์•„์ด๋ˆ„ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญใ€๋„ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ์„ ์–ธ, โ€œ๋ถ๋ฐฉ์˜ํ†  ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜โ€ ๋”ฐ์œ„ ์•„์ด๋ˆ„๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ์ „๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ํ™”์ธ 500๋งŒ ๋ช…์„ ์‚ด์œกํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐ˜์ผ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋ถ€์ถ”๊ธฐ๊ณ , ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์•„๋ž ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์›์œ  ์ˆ˜์ถœ์„ ์ €์ง€, ABCD ํฌ์œ„๋ง ๊ฐ™์€ ใ€Œ๋ฐ˜์ผํฌ์œ„๋งใ€์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•ด ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ž๋ฉธ์„ ์žฌ์ด‰์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ใ€Œ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฉธ๋งใ€์ดํ›„ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ๋‚จ๋…€๋…ธ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฌํŒ์— ๋ถ€์ณ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ผ์ œ๋ณธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์œ ์ฃ„๋กœ ์‚ฌํ˜•์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์กฑ์˜์‹ใƒป๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜์‹์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜์ผํˆฌ์Ÿ์— ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•œ ๋™์ง€๋“ค(์„ธ๊ณ„ํ˜๋ช…๋‚ญ์ธ)๋งŒ์ด ๋ฌด์ฃ„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„๋ฐ˜์ผ๋ฌด์žฅ์ „์„  ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์‹ ์ขŒํŒŒ ๋ฐ˜์ผ ๊ฐ์ • ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ทน์ขŒ ์ •์น˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Japaneseism
Anti-Japaneseism
was a radical ideology promoted by a faction of the Japanese New Left that advocated for the destruction of the nation of Japan. The ideology was first conceived by Katsuhisa Oomori, a member of the New Left, in the 1970s. Extending from anti-Japanese sentiments and viewpoints such as the Ainu Revolution Theory, it claimed that "the nation called Japan and the entire Japanese race should be extinguished from the face of the earth". Anti-Japaneseism makes claims that go far back in history, denying the founding of Japan and the history of the Japanese people. It advocated for the extermination of the Japanese ethnicity. Differences from Anti-Japanism The Anti-Japanism theory posed that Japan's actions since the Meiji period have been tainted by imperialism, and that a new regime is needed. According to Anti-Japanism, Japan's moral failure can be redeemed if the Imperial family is purged and the country forcibly transitions into a communist "people's republic". Anti-Japaneseism radicalized this argument by claiming that even the communist revolution could not redeem Japan because the Japanese themselves possess an inherent "aggressive nature". Proponents of this theory believe that the only way to redeem oneself from the "oppressive and criminal Japanese race" is to fight against all Japanese interests until the "Japanese" archipelago has been purged of anything Japanese. From this standpoint, the so-called "Japanese" must be fully aware of themselves as an "oppressive/criminal people" and should deny themselves. In this theory, since Japan is a counter-revolutionary nation that has accumulated crimes that cannot be amortized, and is an ugly shameful nation and ethnicity, thinking that Japan is the "homeland" is itself the greatest anti-revolutionary ideology. This theory preaches "Abandon Japanese consciousness of nation and ethnicity awareness thoroughly and be a traitor". Only those who accept this theory of extinction against Japan, and who becomes a warrior for the anti-Japanese struggle, will be freed from the "original sin" of the "suppressive/criminal people" for the first time. Historical thesis According to Anti-Japaneseism, the original inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago were lawless agriculturalists but were invaded by an equestrian tribe from whom the current imperial family descends. Those who resisted the conquest became burakumin. The suppression continued through the 19th century as the imperial regime conquered the Ryukyuans and Ainu. Thus, the history of Japan is defined as "a history of invasion and exploitation". Final solution The so-called "final solution" of Anti-Japaneseism is to wipe the nation called "Japan" from the face of the earth and exterminate the Japanese race. Because, as described in the above historical theory, Japan is inherently evil, the continued existence of Japanese people is incompatible with peace. East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front member Yoshimasa Kurosawa affirms that he is not opposed to any particular Japanese political regime, but to the existence of Japan itself. Strategy to extinguish Japanese ethnicity The East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front has suggested a scenario that could lead to the ruin of Japan. In this scenario, they would incite anti-government South Korean soldiers and topple the current South Korean "Chinilpa" (Park Chung-hee) military regime, replacing it with a military regime that is openly anti-Japanese. Japan, owing to its naturally aggressive nature, would invade Korea in response, then the Anti-Japaneseists could employ their terrorist networks to wreak havoc in Korea similar to the Vietnam War, draining Japan's financial and political strength, which would allow its swift downfall. The detailed scenario is as follows: The main country of importance in this scenario is the Republic of Korea. By fostering South Korean's Korean ethnic nationalism, it would fuel anti-Japanese sentiment, induce a coup d'etat in the South Korean military, overthrow the "Chinilpa government", and eliminate the "Chinilpa" sentiments that are rooted in South Korea. Then, the South Korean "Anti-Chinilpa military government" would declare war on Japan, killing at least 100,000 Japanese Self Defence Forces personnel. In Okinawa, the "Ryukyu Republic" would declare independence. This 'independent nation' would declare war on Japan and the United States, and then ally with South Korea to invade Japan. In Hokkaido, the "Ainu-Soviet Republic" would also declare independence. They would claim that Japan ignored the Ainu, in incidences such as "Returning the Northern Territories", and the slaughter of 5 million Japanese people in Hokkaido who are "proud". This would also fuel anti-Japanese sentiment in Southeast Asia. Using the network of the Japanese Red Army would prevent the export of crude oil to Japan by the Arab countries, the "Anti-Japan siege network" would surround Japan like the former ABCD line which was an economic sanction imposed on Japan taking the initials of national names, America (United States), Britain (England), China, Dutch (Netherlands) in 1940. After "the destruction of Japan", most of the Japanese people would be sentenced to death regardless of age or sex, as the majority of them are "Japanese Empire nationals". It is a scenario in which only comrades (World Revolution Ronin) who have abandoned ethnic and national consciousness and fought the anti-Japanese struggle are freed from their "original sin", and the Japanese ethnicity is extinguished from the earth. Prohibition of human rights intervention in Korea During the 1970s, some members among the left-wing strove to rescue Kim Dae-jung detained by the government of the Republic of Korea in the kidnapping of Kim Dae-jung. However, anti-Japaneseist opposed the rescue of Kim Dae-jung. The anti-japaneseists believed this to be yet another expression of "Japanese superiority" that "Japan is a good country for democracy". It was thought to be a principled aggression activity. Celebration to arson incident on Heian shrine According to the theory of anti-Japaneseism, to feel pride in Japanese culture is a sinful act that is counter-revolutionary. People who subscribe to Anti-Japaneseism celebrated the Heian Jingu Arson Case where arson was committed on the Heian Shrine which enshrines Emperor Kanmu, who established Heian-kyล, the relocated capital of Japan, in 794. Influence on Japanese society Since the eclipse of New Left influence, this group has been thought of as a bizarre cult. The activist who came up with the name "Anti-Japaneseism" has since left the group and describes it as "Satanic". The journalist Toshinao Sasaki describes life within the group as "insane". The education scholar Akira Moriguchi calls it a "violent ideology" and self-contradictory. It has been suggested, however, that this ideology has provided the basis for other terrorist incidents such as the Tokyo subway sarin attack by Aum Shinrikyo in Tokyo Metro on three lines of the Tokyo Metro (then part of the Tokyo subway) during rush hour, killing 12 people, severely injuring 50, and causing temporary vision problems for nearly 1,000 others. See also New Left in Japan Japanese Red Army East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front Revolutionary Communist League, National Committee Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction) People's Democracy Party (South Korea) United Red Army Ainu Revolution Theory Revolutionary Communist Party of China Juche ideology Anti-Germans (political current) White guilt References Anti-Japanese sentiment New Left Anarchism in Japan Anti-nationalism Communism in Japan Incitement to genocide Far-left politics in Japan
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%ED%8F%B0%2011%20%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C
์•„์ดํฐ 11 ํ”„๋กœ
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์ถœ์‹œ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ์•„์ดํฐ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ‰์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฉด์—๋Š” ์•„์ดํฐ XS์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ 12MP ํŠธ๋ฃจ๋”ฅ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ์Šคํ”ผ์ปค๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์ปท์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ดํฐ XS์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ธ ๋” ํฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์˜ ๋Œ๊ธฐ์— 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ์™€ ํ”Œ๋ž˜์‹œ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ›„๋ฉด ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ๋””์ž์ธ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์• ํ”Œ ๋กœ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๊ธ€์ž๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋’ท๋ฉด ์ค‘์•™์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ๋ฆฌ ๋’ท๋ฉด ์•„์ดํฐ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ด‘ํƒ ๋งˆ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋กœ์ŠคํŒ… ๋งคํŠธ ๋งˆ๊ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์–‘ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ 64GB, 256GB, 512GB์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„์ ์€ IP68(4m 30๋ถ„)๋ฐฉ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ง€์›๋˜๊ณ  ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๊ฐ€ A13์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€ ๊ฒƒ, ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ปค์ง„ ๊ฒƒ, ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ Super Retina XDR๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๊ฐ€ 3๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด ์ดˆ๊ด‘๊ฐ ์˜์—ญ์„ ์ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์•„์ดํฐ์—์„œ๋„ ์•ผ๊ฐ„๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์ €์กฐ๋„ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ „์ž‘๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋ฐ๊ณ  ์„ ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋กœ๋Š” ์Šฌ๋กœํ”ผ ์ง€์›, Face ID ์†๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 11 ํ”„๋กœ, 11 ํ”„๋กœ ๋งฅ์Šค์˜ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋Š” Super Retina XDR์œผ๋กœ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. 11 ํ”„๋กœ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 3,110mAh์ด๊ณ  ์ „์ž‘์ธ Xs๋Š” 2,658mAh์ด๋‹ค. 11 ํ”„๋กœ ๋งฅ์Šค์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 3,190mAh์ด๊ณ  ์ „์ž‘์ธ Xs ๋งฅ์Šค๋Š” 3,147mAh์ด๋‹ค. ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์•„์ดํฐ 11 ํ”„๋กœ๋Š” 5.85์ธ์น˜(5.8์ธ์น˜) OLED ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์— 2436 x 1125ํ”ฝ์…€(458ppi์—์„œ 270๋งŒ ํ™”์†Œ)์„, ์•„์ดํฐ 11 ํ”„๋กœ ๋งฅ์Šค๋Š” 6.46์ธ์น˜(6.5์ธ์น˜)์— 2688 x 1242ํ”ฝ์…€(4530๋งŒ ํ™”์†Œ)์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ท„๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ชจ๋‘ 200๋งŒ:1 ๋Œ€๋น„์˜ ์Šˆํผ ๋ ˆํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ XDR ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์™€ ํŠธ๋ฃจ๋”ฅํŠธ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ฐ ์Šคํ”ผ์ปค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋‹จ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ์• ํ”Œ์€ ์ด ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ "๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ ์• ํ”Œ ํ”„๋กœ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด XDR"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋ฃจ ํ†ค๊ณผ ์™€์ด๋“œ ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋Š” HDR์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋ฉฐ 800๋‹ˆํŠธ์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ์™€ 1200๋‹ˆํŠธ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ™”๋ฉด์€ ์ง€๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์˜ฌ๋ ˆํฌ๋น„์•„ ์ฝ”ํŒ…์ด ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ดํฐ 11 ํ”„๋กœ์™€ ์•„์ดํฐ 11 ํ”„๋กœ ๋งฅ์Šค์˜ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋Š” ์‚ผ์„ฑ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ์•„์ดํฐ 11 ํ”„๋กœ์™€ ํ”„๋กœ ๋งฅ์Šค๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ 1200๋งŒ ํ™”์†Œ ํ›„๋ฉด ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 120๋„ ์‹œ์•ผ์™€ 2๋ฐฐ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์คŒ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ด‘๊ฐ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ 1๊ฐœ, 2๋ฐฐ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์คŒ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ด‘๊ฐ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ 1๊ฐœ, 2๋ฐฐ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์คŒ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ด‘๊ฐ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ 1๊ฐœ, 2๋ฐฐ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์คŒ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ด‘๊ฐ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ 1๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„์ŠคํŠธ ๋ชจ๋“œ์™€ ์˜์ƒ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”, HDR, ์„ธ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“œ ๋“ฑ ๊นŠ์ด ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ๋ณด์ผ€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•„์ดํฐ11 ํ”„๋กœ์—๋Š” ์ž๋™ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋„ ํƒ‘์žฌ๋ผ ์ €์กฐ๋„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด ๋” ๋ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์Šคํฌ๋กค ํœ ๊ณผ ์…”ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ฐ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ์•ฑ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์• ํ”Œ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋”ฅํ“จ์ „ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ดํฐ 11 ํ”„๋กœ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ 60fps์˜ 4K ๋น„๋””์˜ค์™€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 240fps์˜ 1080p์˜ ์Šฌ๋กœ์šฐ ๋ชจ์…˜์„ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์• ํ”Œ์€ 60fps๋กœ 4K ์ดฌ์˜ ์‹œ ์ „์ฒด ์คŒ ๋ฒ”์œ„(0.5๋ฐฐ~6๋ฐฐ)๋ฅผ 0.5๋ฐฐ~1.5๋ฐฐ, 1๋ฐฐ, 2๋ฐฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋กœ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•ด์ƒ๋„/ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ์†๋„๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์คŒ ์„ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ „ํ™”๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์— ์˜ค๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์˜ค๋””์˜ค ์คŒ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋Š” ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์˜ค์ง ๋„“์€ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์™€ ๋ง์› ์‚ฌ์ง„๋งŒ์ด ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ๋…นํ™” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋Œ€์˜ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋กœ ๋™์‹œ์— ์˜์ƒ์„ ์บก์ฒ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ชจ๋‘ 12 MP ํŠธ๋ฃจ๋””ํ”„ ์ „๋ฉด ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์™€ 2.2 ์กฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „๋ฉด ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ 60fps์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ 4K ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋…นํ™”๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์• ํ”Œ์€ 1080p์—์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 120fps์˜ ์Šฌ๋กœ์šฐ ๋ชจ์…˜ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋…นํ™”๋ฅผ ์ „๋ฉด ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „ ์•„์ดํฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํŠธ๋ฃจ๋””ํ”„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ํŽ˜์ด์ŠคID์™€ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ชจ์ง€์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด iOS 13์„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํƒ‘์žฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ iOS 15๊นŒ์ง€ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ธ ์—ฐํ‘œ ๊ฐ์ฃผ 11 ํ”„๋กœ IOS ์žฅ์น˜ ํœด๋Œ€ ์ „ํ™”๊ธฐ 2019๋…„ ์ถœ์‹œ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ์• ํ”Œ์˜ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone%2011%20Pro
IPhone 11 Pro
The iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 11 Pro Max are smartphones designed, developed and marketed by Apple Inc. Serving as Apple's flagship models of the 13th generation of iPhones, they succeeded the iPhone XS and iPhone XS Max, respectively, upon their release. Apple CEO Tim Cook unveiled the devices alongside the standard model, the iPhone 11, on September 10, 2019 at the Steve Jobs Theater at Apple Park. Pre-orders began on September 13, 2019, and the phones went on sale on September 20. They were discontinued on October 13, 2020, following the announcement of the iPhone 12 and iPhone 12 Pro. Notable improvements over the previous devices include the triple-lens rear camera system and the A13 Bionic chip. The 11 Pro and 11 Pro Max are Apple's first iPhones to feature a "pro" designation, previously used only for larger Apple devices, such as the iPad Pro and MacBook Pro. They are also the first generation of iPhones which include a Lightning to USB-C cable and that allows connection to the charger and to current Mac computers, in the box. History Details regarding the smartphones were leaked widely starting several months before the official release, with complete specifications, renderings, and real-life images of the phone being publicized. Substantial advancements in the camera and the continuation of the 'notch' design featured since the iPhone X were correctly predicted in leaks. Some leaks, however, were inaccurate; the inclusion of bilateral charging was widely anticipated and publicized, but was not part of the phone's design. Official release event invites sent out to press featured layered colored glass elements organized to form the Apple logo, which some reviewers drew similarities to Apple's original logo, suggesting new colors for the phone, and to a patent Apple filed for a new camera design earlier. The iPhone 11 and 11 Pro were unveiled in a press event at the Steve Jobs Theater in Cupertino, California on September 10, 2019; the first Apple event live streamed on YouTube. The event featured various other products and services other than the iPhone, including a new Apple Watch, a new iPad, Apple TV+, and Apple Arcade. Pre-orders began on September 13, with the iPhone 11 Pro starting from a base price of $999, and the larger screen Pro Max starting from $1,099. The phones were released on September 20. On October 13, 2020, following the announcement of the iPhone 12 Pro and 12 Pro Max, the iPhone 11 Pro and 11 Pro Max were removed from sale on Apple's official website. In February 2021, Apple started selling refurbished iPhone 11 Pro models starting at $849. Design The iPhone 11 Pro and 11 Pro Max is available in Gold, Silver, Space Gray, and Midnight Green, a new color previously not available on iPhones. Similar to the iPhone XS and XS Max respectively, there is a display cutout at the front that includes the 12 MP TrueDepth camera system and speaker. There is also a new rear camera design with three lenses and a flash in a larger, square-shaped bump, which is the most visible difference compared to the iPhone XS. The Apple logo is now centered on the back of the device with no text, and the glass has a frosted matte finish, unlike the glossy finish found on other previous flagship iPhones. Specifications Hardware The iPhone 11 Pro and 11 Pro Max both have an A13 Bionic processor. Both phones have three internal storage options: 64ย GB, 256ย GB, and 512ย GB, and have 4ย GB of RAM. Both models are rated IP68 water and dust resistant, and are resistant for 30 minutes at a depth of 4 meters. The warranty does not cover any water damage to the phone. Continuing the trend set starting with the iPhone 7, neither phone includes a headphone jack, but came with wired EarPods with a Lightning connector prior to Apple's decision to halt inclusion of them in October 2020, citing environmental impact. The iPhone 11 Pro and Pro Max are the first and only iPhones to be sold with a USB-C 18-watt fast charger. Display The iPhone 11 Pro has a 5.85 inch (149ย mm) (marketed as ) OLED display with a resolution of 2436 ร— 1125 pixels (2.7 megapixels), while the iPhone 11 Pro Max has a larger 6.46 inch (164ย mm) (marketed as ) OLED display with a resolution of 2688 ร— 1242 pixels (3.3 megapixels) which both have a pixel density of 458 PPI. Both models feature a Super Retina XDR Display with a 2,000,000:1 contrast ratio and a notch at the top for the TrueDepth camera system and speaker. Apple describes the display as having a "mini Apple Pro Display XDR" on a phone. They also have a True Tone and wide color display supporting HDR with 800 nits of standard brightness and 1200 nits peak brightness if necessary. The screen has an oleophobic coating that is fingerprint-resistant. The display of the iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 11 Pro Max is made by Samsung. Batteries The iPhone 11 Pro is supplied with a 11.67 Wh (3,046 mAh) battery, a slight increase from the 10.13 Wh (2,658 mAh) found in the iPhone XS, while the iPhone 11 Pro Max has a 15.04 Wh (3,969 mAh) battery, another slight increase from the 12.08 Wh (3,174 mAh) found in the iPhone XS Max. Neither of the batteries are user-replaceable. Cameras The iPhone 11 Pro and Pro Max both include a triple-lens 12MP rear camera array. There is one ฦ’/2.4 ultra-wide-angle lens with a 120-degree field of view and 2ร— optical zoom out, one ฦ’/1.8 wide-angle lens, and one ฦ’/2.0 telephoto lens with 2ร— optical zoom in. There is a burst mode, image stabilization, HDR, and a Portrait Mode supporting depth control and an advanced bokeh effect. iPhone 11 Pro also has an automatic Night Mode allowing the camera to take brighter pictures with reduced noise in low light environments. There is also a redesigned camera app that adds new features such as a scroll wheel for choosing between the different lenses and long-pressing the shutter button to take a video. Apple has also announced a new Deep Fusion feature which will take advantage of AI and machine learning for image processing. The iPhone 11 Pro supports 4K video up to 60 fps and 1080p slow motion at up to 240 fps. However, Apple limits the full range of zoom (0.5ร— -6ร—) while shooting in 4K @ 60fps to either 0.5ร— โ€“ 1.5ร—, 1ร—, to 2ร— depending which lens is selected upon recording. All other resolutions/frame rates support the full zoom set. The phone also features an audio zoom feature which focuses audio on the area that is being zoomed in on. All of the cameras support video although only the wide and telephoto come with optical image stabilization. Video can be captured with multiple cameras at the same time, through the multi camera recording feature. Both models also have a 12 MP TrueDepth front camera with a ฦ’/2.2 aperture. The front camera also supports stabilized 4K video recording up to 60fps. Apple has added slow-motion video recording to the front camera in 1080p at up to 120 fps, a feature which Apple refers to as "slofies". Similar to previous iPhone models, the TrueDepth system is also used for Face ID and Animoji. Software The iPhone 11 Pro and Pro Max was initially supplied with iOS 13. The newest iOS update that supports both phones as of September 2023, is iOS 17. The phones also come with Siri, Face ID (through the TrueDepth camera), Apple Pay, and they support Apple Card. Reception Upon release, the iPhone 11 Pro received generally positive reviews, with critics highlighting the improvements to the camera, display, and battery, although it was criticized for its similar design to the iPhone XS and the large camera bump, as well as the lack of rumored features such as bilateral wireless charging and USB-C. TechRadar critics praised the improved camera array, calling it "clearly the big upgrade", and also praised the faster A13 Bionic processor, and the display, while criticizing the design similarities compared to the iPhone XS including the display cut-out for the sensor housing, commonly referred to as "the notch," and also criticizing the cost. Pocket Lint also positively described the camera, the processor, display, and battery, camera design, and lack of bilateral wireless charging. The Verge and T3 positively described the general aspects of the phone, while stating that the 'pro' label may not be fully justified as the phone only helps Apple keep up with the competitors, not surpass them. The device received an overall score of 117 from DXOMARK, ranking it as the second-best smartphone camera on the site tied with the Samsung Galaxy Note 10+. An 11-point improvement over its predecessor, it had a photo score of 124 and a video score of 102. Environmental data Carbon footprint The iPhone 11 Pro has a carbon footprint of CO2e emissions, which is more than the preceding iPhone XS and more than the iPhone 3G in 2008. 83% of the emissions are caused by the production of the device and primary resources while remaining emissions are caused by transportation and first use. Repairability The iPhone 11 Pro and Pro Max continue the strategy of discouraging customers to seek third party repairs while rendering repairs with Apple more costly: repair with non-genuine Apple parts such as batteries or displays can trigger warning messages on the phone instigating the customer to visit a certified technician to replace the respective parts with genuine ones. While the website clearly states that the phone will function properly despite the warning, this information is not passed in the context of the warning. Even if batteries are properly functioning and at full capacity the customers are prompted by a message on the phone to replace the battery. At the same time battery replacement with original spare parts saw an increase in pricing: after initially discounting battery replacements to $29 following the Batterygate scandal, battery replacement prices for all flagship iPhone models was reverted to US$69.00. See also Comparison of smartphones History of iPhone List of iPhone models Timeline of iPhone models References External links โ€“ official site Mobile phones introduced in 2019 Products and services discontinued in 2020 Computer-related introductions in 2019 Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras Mobile phones with 4K video recording Discontinued flagship smartphones