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https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%95%84%ED%95%9C%20%EB%AA%A8%EB%85%80 | ์ฐ์ํ ๋ชจ๋
| ใ์ฐ์ํ ๋ชจ๋
ใ๋ 2019๋
11์ 4์ผ๋ถํฐ 2020๋
3์ 27์ผ๊น์ง ๋ฐฉ์๋ KBS 2TV ์ ๋
์ผ์ผ๋๋ผ๋ง์ธ๋ฐ ๊ทน ์ตํ๋ฐ์ ์ฃผ์ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋ค์ ๋ณ ์ ๊ณ , ๊ฐ ์ด์, ๋ช๋ช ์ธ๋ฌผ๋ค์ ๊ทน๋จ์ ์ธ ํ๋๋ค ๋ฑ ๋ค์ ๊ณผํ ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง์์ง์ ํ๋ฐ๋ถ์ ์์ฒญ์๋ค์ ๋ง์ ๋นํ์ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ์ด ๋จ์ด์ก๋ค.
๊ธฐํ ์๋
์์์ ๋ธ์ ์ ๊ดดํด ๋ณต์์ ๋๊ตฌ๋ก ์ผ์ ์๋ง์ ์ํด ๋ณต์์ ํ์ ์ด ๋ ๋ธ, ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ์ผ ์ํํ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ค๋ฃฌ ๋ฉ๋ก๋๋ผ๋ง
๋ฐฉ์ก ์๊ฐ
๋ฑ์ฅ์ธ๋ฌผ
์ฃผ์ ์ธ๋ฌผ
์ต๋ช
๊ธธ : ์ฐจ๋ฏธ์ฐ ์ญ
56์ธ. ์ ์ง๊ณผ ๋ฐ๋์ ์์ด๋จธ๋์ด์ ํด์ค์ ์๋ชจ. ํ๋๋ผ ์ฌ์ฅ์ด์ ๋ก๋ผํจ์
ํ์ฅ. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์บ๋ฆฌ ์ (์ ๋ฏธ์ )์ผ๋ก, ์ฐจ๋ฏธ์ฐ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ณธ๋ช
์ ์จ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ช
๊ณผ ์ํ์๊ฒ ์ ๊ทผํ๋ค. ๋จํธ ๋ช
ํธ์ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ฃฝ์์ ๋ณต์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ผ๋
์ผ๋ก ์ด์์จ ์ฌ์. ์์์ ๋ธ์ธ ์ ์ง์ ์ ๊ดดํด ๋ณต์์ ๋๊ตฌ๋ก ์ผ์์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ ๋ณต์๊ฐ ์์ ์ ํฅํ ๋ถ๋ฉ๋์ด ๋๋ฉด์ ์ฐธํนํ๊ฒ ๋ฌด๋์ง๊ณ ๋ง๋ ๋ชจ์ฑ์ ์์ ์.
์ฐจ์๋ จ : ํ์ ์ง ์ญ (์์ญ : ์ด๋ค์ธ, ๋ณ์ฑ์ฐ)
30์ธ. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ ๋์ค ํ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ํ์ ์ธ์ฒ ์ ์น๋ธ(ํ์ ๋ผ)์ด์ ์ธ๋ผ์ ์ธ๋๋ค. ์ ์ด๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ง์ผํ
ํ์ฅ โ ์ด๊ด๋ณธ๋ถ์ฅ โ CEO. ๋ณต์๋ฅผ ์ํ์ฌ, ํญ์ ๋ณต์์ ์นผ๋ ์ ๊ฒจ๋๊ณ ์๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ. ๋ณต์์ ํ์ ์ด ๋์ด ์ฌ๋ํ๋ ๋จ์๊น์ง๋ ๋ณต์์ ๋๊ตฌ๋ก ์ด์ฉํ์ง๋ง ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฌ๋ ์์, ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ง์ค ์์ ๋ฌด๋์ ธ์ผ ํ๋ ๊ทธ๋
. ํด์ค์ ์ฐ์ธ โ ์๋ด.
๊นํฅ์ : ๊ตฌํด์ค ์ญ (์์ญ : ์ด์์ง, ์ด์ฌํฌ)
31์ธ. ์ ์ง์ ์ฐ์ธ โ ๋จํธ. ์ฌ๋ช
๊ณผ ์ค๊ฒฝ์ ์์๋ค์ด์ ๋ฏธ์ฐ๊ณผ ๋ช
ํธ์ ์น์๋ค. ์ ์ด๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ์ ์ผํ ํ๊ณ์์ด์ ์ ์ด๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ด๊ด ๋ณธ๋ถ์ฅ โ ๋ง์ผํ
ํ์ฅ โ ๋ณธ๋ถ์ฅ โ CEO. ๊ต์ฅํ ์ฐฉํ๊ณ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ. ์ ์ง๊ณผ์ ์ฌ๋์ ์ํด์ ์์ข๊น์ง ๋ฒ๋ ธ์ง๋ง, ์ฌ๋์ ์ฒ ์ ํ ๋ฐฐ์ ๋นํ๊ณ , ๋ณต์๋ฅผ ์ ํํ๋ ๋น์ด์ ํฉํ์.
์ค์ฑ์ด : ํ์ธ๋ผ ์ญ (์์ญ : ์ดํจ๋น, ๊น์ง์)
28์ธ. ์ํ์ ์ธ์ฒ ์ ๋ธ์ด์ ํด์ค์ ๅ ์ฝํผ๋
. ์ ์ด๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ฐ๋ฐํ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ํ๊ณ ํ๋ คํ๊ณ ๋งคํน์ ์ด๋ค. ์ฌ๋ํ๋ ํด์ค์ ์์ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ฒํ์ ์น์ธ๋์ธ ์ ์ง๊ณผ ๋์ ํ๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ.
ํด์ค๋ค
๊น๋ช
์ : ๊ตฌ์ฌ๋ช
์ญ
60์ธ. ํด์ค์ ์์๋ฒ์ง์ด์, ๋๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ถ. ํ์ฌ์์์ ์ ์ด๊ทธ๋ฃน ํ์ฅ๊น์ง ์ฌ๋๋ค. ๋์ ํ๊ณ ํ์์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์
์ ์ถ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ. ๋ฏธ์ฐ์ ๋จํธ์ธ ๋ช
ํธ์ ํนํ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋นผ์๊ณ ๋ชฉ์จ๊น์ง ์์๊ฐ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์บ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ณต์๋ก ์ ์ด๊ทธ๋ฃน ํ์ฅ ์๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฒฝ์๊ถ์ ๋นผ์๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ง์์ ์ซ๊ฒจ๋๋ค.
์กฐ๊ฒฝ์ : ์กฐ์ค๊ฒฝ ์ญ
55์ธ. ์ฌ๋ช
์ ์๋ด์ด์ ํด์ค์ ์์ด๋จธ๋. ์ ์ด๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ์ฃผ์ ๋ฌด๋จ๋
๋
์ธ๋๋ธ๋ก ์ํ์๋ ๋ํ ๋๊ธฐ. ๋ฐ๊ณ ์งํ๋ก์ด ์ฌ์ธ. ๋น์์์ ์ฌ์ด์์ ํด์ค์ ๋ณ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ช
๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํผํ๋ค. ์ ์ง์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๋ง๊ฐ์ง๋ ํด์ค์ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ํด์ค๊ณผ ์ ์ง์ ์ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ํ์ง๋ง ์ ์ง์๊ฒ ์น๋ชจ ์ํ์ ์ฐ์ ๋์ ๊ฒ์ ์ข
์ฉํ๋ค.
๋ฐํจ์ : ์กฐ์์ ํ์ฅ ์ญ (1~5ํ ํน๋ณ ์ถ์ฐ)
30๋
์ 60๋ ์ด๋ฐ. ์ค๊ฒฝ์ ์ด๋จธ๋. ์ ์ดํ์ฅํ์ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ์ฃผ.
์ธ๋ผ๋ค
์ง์์ : ์์ํ ์ญ
55์ธ. ์ธ๋ผ์ ์ด๋จธ๋์ด์, ์ ์ง(์ ๋ผ)์ ์๋ชจ. ๊ฐ๋จ์ ์ ๋ช
๋ผ๋ผํผ๋ถ๊ณผ ์์ฅ. ํ์ง ์์ฌ๋ก ์ถ์ ๊ตด๊ณก์ด ์๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ณตํฉ์ ์ด๋ฉด์ ๊ทธ๋ฐ ์ถ์ ๋ง๋๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ. 30๋
์ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ฐ๋ถ์ธ๊ณผ ์ ๋ฌธ์์์ ๋ ๋ฏธ์ฐ์ ์์ด์ ์ค๊ฒฝ์ ์ฃฝ์ ์์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ฟ์น๊ธฐํ ์ฅ๋ณธ์ธ. ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ์ค์ด ๋ฐํ์ง ํ์๋ ๋ฐ์ฑํ์ง ์์ผ๋, ๊ตํต์ฌ๊ณ ํ ์บ๋ฆฌ์๊ฒ ์ฉ์๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๋ ๋ธ์ ์ํด ์ ์ง๊ณผ ์ธ์ฐ์ ๋๋๋ค.
์ดํ : ํ์ธ์ฒ ์ญ
60์ธ. ์ธ๋ผ์ ์๋ฒ์ง์ด์, ์ ์ง(์ ๋ผ)์ ์๋ถ. ์ฌ๋์ ์ธ์์ ๊ฑด ๋๋ฌด๋๋ ์ ์๋กญ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ด์ด ๋ฐ๋ปํ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋ก์, ์ํ์์ ๊ฒฐํผ์ ๊ฟ๊พธ๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ. ์ธ๋ก ์ฌ ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ์ ๋ณด์ ์ผ๋น 2์ ์์. ๋์ ๊น์ง ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ ์ผ์ฌ์ด ์ฐฌ ์ธ๋ฌผ.
์ ์ง๋ค
์ดํด์ฐ : ๋ฐ๋ ์ ์ญ
29์ธ. ์บ๋ฆฌ ์ ์ ์์๋ก ์ ์ง์ ํธ์ ์ ๋จ๋์์ด๋ค. ํ๊ตญ ์ด๋ฆ ์ ์ฐํ. ๋ชจ๋
๋ฅผ ์งํค๋ ํธ์๋ฌด์ฌ์ด์ ์ง์ฌ. ์ง์
์ ๋ณํธ์ฌ. ์ ์ง์ ์ง์ฌ๋ํ๊ณ ์์ง๋ง ์ ์ฐจ ์ธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ข์ํ๊ฒ ๋๊ณ ์ฐ์ธ ๊ด๊ณ๋ก ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ค.
์ด์ฃผ์ : ์ค ๋น์ ์ญ
29์ธ. ์บ๋ฆฌ ์ ์ ๋น์.
์ด์ ํ : ํ๋ช
ํธ ์ญ (1 ~ 4ํ ํน๋ณ ์ถ์ฐ)
์ฌ๋ง ๋น์ 32์ธ. ์บ๋ฆฌ ์ ์ ๋จํธ์ด์ ํด์ค์ ์๋ถ. ๋ฒค์ฒ ํ์ฅํ ๋ํ. ์ฌ๋ช
์๊ฒ ํนํ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋นผ์๊ธด ํ ์๋ฌธ์ ๊ตํต์ฌ๊ณ ๋ก ์ธ์์ ๋ ๋๋ค.
๊ทธ ์ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ
๊น๋ณด๋ฏธ : ์ค๋ฏธํฅ ์ญ (1 ~ 76ํ)
57์ธ. ์บ๋ฆฌ ์ ์ ์ ์นํ๋ ๊ณ ํฅ ์ธ๋. 30๋
์ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ์ง์ค์ ์๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฐํธ์ฌ. ์์ ๋ณ์์ ์
์ํ ์ค์ฆ ์น๋งคํ์. ๋๋ด ์ง์ค์ ๋งํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋งํ๋ค.
์ ์์ค : ํ๋ฆฝ ์ญ
31์ธ. ์ธ๋ผ์ ์นํ ์ค๋น ๋ก ๋ฐ๋๋ฅ์ด. ์ธ๋ผ์ ์ฃผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ง๊ณผ ์๊ฐํ
์ ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
๋ฏผ์คํ : ๋๊ธฐ์ฃผ ์ญ
43์ธ. ์ํ์ 30๋
์ ์์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฐ ๋ธ ์ ๋ผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ดํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ฌ์ค ํ์ .
์ต์์ : ๋ฐ ์์ฅ ์ญ
๋ฏธํฅ์ด ์
์ํด ์๋ ์์๋ณ์ ์์ฅ.
๋ฐฑํ์ฃผ : ์ด๋ชจ ์ญ
๋ช
ํธ์ ํจ๊ป ์ผํ๋ ์ด๋ชจ๋์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ.
์ต๋๋ฌด : ๊นํฌ์ ์ญ
์ ์ง์ ๋บ๊ธฐ์ง ์๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฏธ์ฐ์ด ๊ณ ์ฉํ ๊ฐ์ง ํ์ ๋ผ. ์ฅ๋ฏธ๋ค๋ฐฉ ์์ด์ค ์ถ์ .
์ก๋ฏผ์ฌ : ํฉ๋๋ฆฌ/๊ตฌ๋๋ฆฌ ์ญ
7์ธ. ์ฌ๋ช
์ด ํ๋ฃป๋ฐค ์ค์๋ก ๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋ ํผ์ธ์. ์ฌ๋ช
๊ณผ ์ค๊ฒฝ์ ๋ถ๋ถ ์ฌ์ด์ ํ์งํํ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ผํจ๋ค.
์ด์์ : ํฉ์์ ์ญ
์ฌ๋ช
์ ๋ด์ฐ๋
๋ก ๋๋ฆฌ์ ์น๋ชจ. ์ฌ๋ช
์ ์ฐจ๋ช
๊ณ์ข๋ฅผ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ์์ผ๋ ์บ๋ฆฌ์๊ฒ ์ฌ๋ช
์ ์ ์ด๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ฐจ๋ช
์ฃผ์์ ๋๊ธด๋ค. ๋๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ช
์๊ฒ ๋งก๊ธด ์ฑ ๊ฒฐํผ์ ์ํด ๋๋ฐ์ด๋ก ๋ ๋๋ค.
๊น๋์ฐ : ์ ๋ฏธ์ ์ญ
๋ฏธ์ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋๊ธฐ. ์ถ์ ํ ๋ฏธ์ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์ฌ๊ด์์ ์ง๋ด๋ค ํ์ฌ๋ก ์ธํด ์ฌ๋งํ๋ค. ์ฐจ๋ฏธ์ฐ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ง์์ ๋ช
๋จ์ ์ค๋ฅธ๋ค.
์ ํ์ : ์ต ๋น์ ์ญ - 53์ธ, ์ฌ๋ช
์ ๋น์
์ต์ค์ค : ๊ฐ๋ง์ ์ฌ์ฅ ์ญ - 60์ธ, ๋ก๋ผํจ์
๋ฐ์ง์ฌ์ฅ
์ฐจ๋ค์ : ์ฐจ ๋๋ฆฌ ์ญ - 26์ธ, ์ ์ด๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ง์ผํ
ํ ๋๋ฆฌ
์ฅ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ : ๊ฐ๋ณ์ธ ์ญ - ๋ฏธํฅ์ ๊ฐํธํ๋ ๊ฐ๋ณ์ธ
๊น๊ฒฝ์ : ์คย ๋น์์ ์ด๋ชจ ์ญ - ์์๋ณ์ ํ์
๋ฐ์ ์ธ : ๊ตฌ์ฒญ ์ฌํ๋ณต์ง๊ณผ ์ง์ ์ญ - ํด์ค์ด ์น๋ชจ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๋ด์ฉ์ ํ์ธํ๋ฌ ์ฐพ์๊ฐ ๊ตฌ์ฒญ์ ์ฌํ๋ณต์ง๊ณผ ์ง์
์ ์์ธ : ์๋ฐ๋ฆฌ ํด ์ญ
๊น์ฌ์ผ
๊นํจ์ง
ํ์ ์ง
์ด๋์จ
๊น๋ฏธํ
์ ์๋ณต
์๋ช
๋
์ ์์ผ
์ฅํ
์ค์งํ
์์ ๋ฆผ
์ด์ํ
์ ์ฐ
ํน๋ณ ์ถ์ฐ
๊น์ข
๋ฏผ : ๋ณธ์ธ ์ญ - ์ธ๋ผ๊ฐ ์ข์ํ๋ ์ฐ์์ธ (103ํ)
์์ฒญ๋ฅ
๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ ์ฌ์ ๋ฐ ์ฐ์ฅ
์ฐ์ํ ๋ชจ๋
๋ฐฉ์ ๋ถ๋์ด 100๋ถ์์์ 3ํ ์ฐ์ฅ๋์ด 103๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ๋ณ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ์ ๋์๋ค.
์์ ๋ฐ ํ๋ณด
OST
Part.1 : ํ์ฌ๋น์ - ์ฌ๋์ด ๋ 2019.12.28
Part.2 : ์์ง - ์ฌ๋์ด ๋ ๋ ๋๊ฐ 2020.01.04
Part.3 : ๋์ผ์ด์์ธ - ์ฌ๋ ๊ธฐ์ต 2020.01.11
Part.4 : ์ ์ด์ธ๋ผ - ์ฌ๋์ด ์ ๋ง์น ๊ฐ๋ค 2020.01.18
Part.5 : ๋น๋น์ - ํ๋๋ฟ์ธ ๊ทธ๋์ฌ 2020.01.21
Part.6 : ํ๊ฒฝ์ผ - ์๊ฐ์ ๋ด ์ฌ๋ 2020.01.24
Part.7 : ๋ - ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด๋ณ 2020.01.26
Part.8 : ๋ ๋ฐ์ด์ง - ๊ฐ์ง๋ง ๊ฐ์ง๋ง ๊ฐ์ง๋ง 2020.02.01
Part.9 : ๋ฆฌ๋์ - ๋ฏธ์ํด ๋ฏธ์ํด์ 2020.02.02
Part.10 : ์บ๋ - ์ฌ๋์ ๋ง์ฝ์ ์๋๊ฑฐ์ผ 2020.02.08
Part.11 : ๋ธ๋ํ ๋๋ฏธ - ๊ฐ๋ 2020.02.15
Part.12 : ํฉ๊ฐ๋ - ๋๋ฅผ ์ํด ์ธ์ง๋ง 2020.02.22
Part.13 : ์ฒ์์ - ๋๋ฆด ์ ์๋ค๋ฉด 2020.02.29
Part.14 : ์์ ์ด - ๋ด ๋์ ๋น๊ฐ ๋ด๋ฆฐ๋ค 2020.03.04
Part.15 : ๋ชจ๋์ปคํผ - ๊ฑฐ์ง๋ง์ด๊ธธ 2020.03.07
Part.16 : ์กฐ๋ฌธ๊ทผ - ์ฌ๋์ด ์ํด๋ฌ์ 2020.03.12
Part.17 : ํ์ด์ฐจ์ด - ์ด์ฉ๋ฉด ๋ ์์ง ์ฌ๋์ผ๊น 2020.03.14
Part.18 : ์ก๋ฏผ๊ฒฝ - ์ ๋ฐ 2020.03.19
Part.19 : ์์์ฌ - ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฒ๋ง 2020.03.21
Part.20 : ์ฝ๋ค๋ธ๋ฆฟ์ง - ๋ ๋ฉ์ด์ง๊น๋ด 2020.03.23
Part.21 : ์ฅ์ธํ - ๊ทธ๋๊น์ง๋ง ์ธ๊ฒ 2020.03.26
์ฐธ๊ณ ์ฌํญ
๋น์ด ๋ฐฑ์นํฌ๊ฐ ํ์ธ๋ผ ์ญ์ ๋์ ๋์ด ๋๋ณธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๊น์ง ์ฐธ์ฌํ์์ผ๋, ์ ์ธ๋ฐฐ์ฐ ์ค์ฑ์ด๋ก ๊ต์ฒด๋์๋ค.
๋ฐฉ์ก์ ์๋ 2019๋
10์ 31์ผ, ์์ธ ๊ตฌ๋ก๊ตฌ ์ ๋๋ฆผ๋ ๋ผ๋ง๋คํธํ
๊ทธ๋๋๋ณผ๋ฃธ์์ KBS ๊น์ ๊ทผ ์๋์ด์์ ์ฌํ๋ก ์ ์๋ฐํํ๊ฐ ์ด๋ ธ๋ค. ์ฃผ์ฐ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ ์ต๋ช
๊ธธ, ์ฐจ์๋ จ, ๊นํฅ์, ๊น๋ช
์, ์ดํ, ์ค์ฑ์ด, ์ด์์ PD๊ฐ ์ฐธ์ํ๋ค.
์ ์๋ฐํํ์์ ์ฐ์ถ์ ๋งก์ ์ด์์ PD๋ "๊ธฐ์กด์ ๋ณต์๊ทน๊ณผ๋ ์ฐจ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ํค๋ ค ํ๋ค. '์ฐ์ํ ๋ชจ๋
'๋ผ๋ ์ ๋ชฉ์ฒ๋ผ ๋ชจ๋
์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ ๋ค๋ฃฐ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. KBS์ด๋ค ๋ณด๋, ๋ณต์๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฃจ์ง๋ ๋ชปํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋ ๋ชจ๋
์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํํด๊ฐ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์ ๊ฐ๋๋์ง๊ฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ก์ธ ๊ฒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ ์ ์๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
๊น๋ช
์, ์ง์์, ์ด์์ PD๋ 2018๋
KBS 1TV ์ผ์ผ๋๋ผ๋ง ๋ด์ผ๋ ๋ง์ ์ข
์ ์ดํ 1๋
๋ง์ ์ฌํํ๋ค.
์กฐ๊ฒฝ์๊ณผ ์ค์ํฌ ์๊ฐ๋ 2017๋
MBC ์ผ์ผ ํน๋ณ๊ธฐํ ๋๋ผ๋ง ๋ณ๋ณ ๋ฉฐ๋๋ฆฌ ์ข
์ ์ดํ 2๋
๋ง์ ์ฌํํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
์ฐ์ํ ๋ชจ๋
๊ณต์ ํํ์ด์ง
2019๋
๋๋ผ๋ง
2020๋
๋๋ผ๋ง
๋ณต์๋ฅผ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ๋๋ผ๋ง
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๋ฏธ์คํฐ๋ฆฌ ๋๋ผ๋ง
ํ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์ก๊ณต์ฌ 2TV ์ผ์ผ์ฐ์๊ทน
2019๋
์ ์์ํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
2020๋
์ ์ข
๋ฃํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
2010๋
๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
2020๋
๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracious%20Revenge | Gracious Revenge | Gracious Revenge () is a 2019 South Korean television series starring Choi Myung-gil, Cha Ye-ryun, Kim Heung-soo, and Oh Chae-Yi. It is airs on KBS2 every weekday at 19:50 (KST) time slot starting November 4, 2019.
Synopsis
A story of a woman who was raised as a tool for her mother's revenge and her dangerous love life will be introduced.
Cast
Main
Choi Myung-gil as Jung Mi-ae/Cha Mi-yeon/Carry Jung
Cha Ye-ryun as Han Yu-jin/Janice
Supporting
Kim Heung-soo as Goo Hae-jun
as Hong Se-ra
Kim Do-yeon as Prisoner
Viewership
In this table, represent the lowest ratings and represent the highest ratings.
N/A denotes that the rating is not known.
The latest episode achieved 2.9 million views nationwide.
Notes
References
External links
Korean Broadcasting System television dramas
2019 South Korean television series debuts
2020 South Korean television series endings
Korean-language television shows
South Korean revenge television series
Television series by IWill Media |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%98%EB%9D%BC%20%EA%B7%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%86%8C | ์๋ผ ๊ทธ๋ผ์ | ์๋ผ ๋ก์ ์กฐ๋ฐ๋ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ ํ๋ถ์ ๊ทธ๋ผ์(Ella Rosa Giovanna Oliva Tambussi Grasso, 1919๋
5์ 10์ผ ~ 1981๋
2์ 5์ผ)๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ ์น์ธ์ผ๋ก, 1975๋
๋ถํฐ 1980๋
๊น์ง ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ์ง์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋จํธ์ ๋์์ ๋ฐ์ง ์๊ณ ์๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋น์ ๋ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฌ์ฑ ์ฃผ์ง์ฌ๋ก, ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ ์ต์ด์ ์ฌ์ฑ ์ฃผ์ง์ฌ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ์ฃผ์ง์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ธฐ ์ ์๋ ์ฃผ์์๊ณผ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ํ์์์, ์ฃผ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด์ ๊ฑฐ์น๋ ๋ฑ ์ค๋ซ๋์ ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ ์ง์ญ ์ ๊ณ์์ ํ๋ํ๋ค. ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ๋ ๋ฌผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ด์์ ๋์ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋๋ ธ์ผ๋ ์ง๋ณ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์กฐ๊ธฐ ํด์ํ์๋ค.
์ด๊ธฐ ์์
์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ ์์ ๋ฝ์ค์์ ์๋ผ ๋ก์ ์กฐ๋ฐ๋ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ ํ๋ถ์()๋ผ๋ ๋ณธ๋ช
์ผ๋ก ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
์ ๋ถ๋ชจ ์ ์์ค ํ๋ถ์์ ๋ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ๋ ๊ต์ก์ ๋์ด ํ๊ฐํ์ฌ ์๋ผ๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ฆฝ ํ๊ต๋ค์์ ์ํํ๋ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๋ฏผ์๋ค์ด์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ธ์ธํธ๋ฉ๋ฆฌ ํ๊ต์ ์์ ์ ์๋ ์ฑํผ ํ๊ต์์ ์ํํ์๊ณ , ๋ง์ดํธ ํ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง๋ก ์ฅํ๊ธ์ ๋ฐ์ 1940๋
๋ฌธํ์ฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 1942๋
๊ฒฝ์ ํ๊ณผ ์ฌํํ์์ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ์์ ์ด ๊ณต์ง์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ์ผ ํ ์์ ์ ๊ต์ก์ ๊ฒฝํ๋ค์ ์ํ์ฌ ๋ฉ๋๋ ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์ ์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ๋์ ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ ์ ์ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์์ํ์ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ์๋ค. 1942๋
๊ทธ๋
๋ ํ ๋จธ์ค ๊ทธ๋ผ์์ ๊ฒฐํผํ์๊ณ ๋ถ๋ถ๋ 2๋ช
์ ์์๋ค - ์์ฐ๊ณผ ์ ์์ค๋ฅผ ๋์๋ค.
์ ์น ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ ์ํ์ฌ ๊ทธ๋ผ์์ ์
๋ฌด๋ 1943๋
์ ์์๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ 1952๋
์์ ์ ๊ณ ํฅ ์์ ๋ฝ์ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ํ์์์์ผ๋ก ์ ์ถ๋์๊ณ , 1954๋
์ ์ฌ์ ๋์ด 1957๋
๊น์ง ์ง๋๋ค. 2๋
ํ์ ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ ์ฃผ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด์ด ๋์ด ๊ทธ ์ง์์ 12๋
๋์ ๋ณด์ ํ์ฌ 1835๋
์ด๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฃผ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด๋ค๋ณด๋ค ๋์ฑ ์ค๋ ์ง๋๋ค. 1970๋
๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ์ฃผ์ง์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ์ฌ ๋๊ฐ ๊ณตํ๋น์ ํ ๋จธ์ค ๋ฉ์คํฌ์ ์ํ์ฌ ๋น์์ง ์ 6 ์ํ ์ง๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ์ฌ ๋๊ฐ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๊ทธ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ๊ณตํ๋น์ ๋ฆฌ์ฒ๋ ํฌ๋ฒ์ ๊บพ์๊ณ 1972๋
์ ์ฌ์ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ํ์์ ๋ณดํ๋ถ ์์ํ์ ํ์ ๊ต์กยท๋
ธ๋ ์์ํ์ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ์๋ค.
์์ ์ ๊ณ ํฅ ์ฃผ์์ ์๊ณ ์ ์ธ ์ํฅ์ ์ต์ํ ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ์์ฑํด D. C.์์ ์๋ก์ด ์
๋ฒ์๋ค์ ์ฌ์ค์ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋์ ์ ๋์ ์ํ์ฌ ์ข์ ํ์๊ณ 1974๋
์์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ์ง์ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์์ ๋ฉ์คํฌ์ ๋์ ํ๋ ์์ด๋์ด๋ก ์์ฉํ์๋ค. ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์์์ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ฃผ์ ์๋๋ ์ฃผ์ ๋ฒ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด ํํธํผ๋์ ๋ก๋ฒํธ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ด์์ผ๋ ํํธํผ๋ ์๋น ์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ๊ฑฐ์ 2,000๊ฐ์ ํฌํ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ํ์ฌ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ ๊ทธ๋ผ์์ ์น๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ทธ๋
์ ํ๋ณด์ง์ ์๋ํ์๋ค. ํฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋
์ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์ฝ์ง ์์ ๊ฒ์ด์์ด๋ ํตํฉ ์ธก์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ ์์ ์ ๋ฌ๋๋ฉ์ดํธ๋ก์ ๊ณต์ฒ ํ๋ณด์ ๋๋ ๋ฐ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์์ฅ ์กด ๋ฒ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ํํ์ผ๋ก ๋์ํ์๋ค. ํ๋ ์ ์ฃผ์ง์ฌ ์๋ฆฌ์ A. ์ค๋์ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ์ด๋ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์๋ฅผ ์ง๋๋ค. ๊ณตํ๋น์๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋ผ์์ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ ๋ฐ ํ์ ๋ก๋ฒํธ ์คํธ์ ํ๋ณด ์ง๋ช
ํ์์ผ๋ ๊ทธ๋
๋ 203,321๊ฐ์ ํฌํ์ ์ํ์ฌ ์ด๊ฒผ๋ค. 11์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์น๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์๋ค์ ์ํ์ฌ ์ฃผ ์ฌ๋ฌด์๋ฅผ ์์ ํ ํฉ์ด ์ผ๋ถ์๋ ๊ฒ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋์์ผ๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋ํ ์ดํ์ ํต์น๋ฅผ ์ป๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๋ค.
83๋ ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ์ง์ฌ
๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ 1975๋
1์ 8์ผ ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ์ง์ฌ ์ง์ ์ฐจ์งํ์๊ณ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ฆ์ "ํ๋ ๊ณ ๊ฐ"์ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ์ก์๋ค. ์ฃผ์ง์ฌ๋ก์ ๊ทธ๋
์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ๊ทธ๋
์ ํ์ ๋ถ๋ก ์ค์ต ์ ๊ทผ์ ๋
ผ์ฆํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์
๋ฌด์ ์ค๋
๋์๊ณ ์์ ์ ์ธก๊ทผ์ด ๋๊ฐ์ ํ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋์ ํจ๊ป ์ํํ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์ฉ๋ค ๊ทธ๋
๋ ํ์๋ฅผ ์ํ์ฌ ์ฃผ์์ฌ๋น์ผ๋ก ์ฆ์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ๋ ๋ฐ ์์นจ ์ผ์ฐ์ด ์ธก๊ทผ์ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ค๊ณ ํ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋
๋ ์์ด์ ์ผ๋ก 4๋
์ผ์ฐ์ด ๋ฉ์คํฌ์ด ์ฃผ์ง์ฌ์ง์ ํํ์์ ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ฉดํ ๊ทธ ๋น์ทํ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ค์ ํฅํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋๊ฐ๋ ๋ฉ์คํฌ ํ์ ๋ถ๋ก๋ถํฐ 7๋ฐฑ๋ง ๋ฌ๋ฌ ๋น์ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ์ ์ด๋ค ์์ํ๊ณ ์ธ๊ธฐ์๋ ์ด๋๋ค์ ๋ง๋๋ ๋ฐ ์์ ์ ๊ฐ์ํ์๋ค. ์์ ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ์ด๋์์ ์ฝ์ํ ์ฌํ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ํํ๋ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธ ์์ด ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์์ ์ 5๋
๊ฐ ์ง๋ฌด ๋์ ์์ํ ์์ง์ด๋ ๋ฐ ์ ํํ์ฌ ๋ช๋ช ๋ง์ ์
๋ฒ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ๋ค์ ์ ๊ณตํ์๋ค. ์
๋ฒ์ ์๋น์๋ค์ ๋๋ ๋ฐ ํต๊ณผ๋์๊ณ ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ ๋ณด๊ณต๊ฐ๋ฒ์ ๋ฒ๋ฅ ์ด ๋์๋ค. ํ๋งค์ธ๋ 7 ํผ์ผํธ๋ก ์์น๋์๋ค. ์์ง๋ ์์ฐ ๋ถ์กฑ์ด ์๋์ผ๋ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์์ฅ ์กด ๋ฒ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ง๋ ๋ชฉํ์ ์ด์ด ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ฃผ์ ์๋์ธ์ ์ดํ์ ์ง์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋๊ทธํด 12์ ์
๋ฒ์ ํน๋ณ ํ์๋ฅผ ์์งํ์๊ณ , ๋ฒ ํ
๋์ ๊ธฐ๊ธ ํ์ฉ์ ์ ์ํ์ฌ ๊ฐ์ ๋ด๊ธ์ ์ํ์ฌ ๋๋ง์ ์๊ฐ์ ์ผํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์ ๊ณ ์ฉ์ฃผ๋ค์ ์์ฒญํ์๋ค. ์ดํ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ ์๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ํ๋ํ๋ ๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ์ ๋ ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ง์ค ๊ฒจ์ฐ ์ ์ ์ฃผ์ 505๋ช
์ ๊ณ ์ฉ์ฃผ๋ค์ ํด๊ณ ํ์๋ค.
1976๋
์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ๋ ์ฃผ์ ์ถ์ฒจ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์์ํ์๋ค. ์ฃผ์ ๊ฐ์๋ฆฐ์ธ์์ ์ฆ๊ฐ, ํฅ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ๊ธ๋ค์ ํ๋ช
ํ ์ฌ์ฉ๊ณผ ๋๋ถ์ด ์ด๊ฒ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ์๊ฒ ์์ฐ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก์ ํด๊ณ ๋ ์ฃผ์ ๊ณ ์ฉ์ฃผ๋ค์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ด ๋ค์ ๊ธฐ์ฉ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ์์ง๋ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ณ ํต์ ๊ฒช์์ผ๋ ๋์์ ํ์ด๋ค์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ ์์กฐ์ ์ด๋ค ์ฌ์
์ธ์ ์ถ์์ ํฉ์น ์์ฐ ๊ท ํ์ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ๊ทธ๋
์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๊ทธ๋ผ์์ ๋์ค์ ์ธ์์ ํฅ์์์ผฐ๋ค.
๊ตญ๋ด ์ ์น ์ฅ๋ฉด์ ๊ทธ๋ผ์์ ์ด๋ฆ์ 1976๋
์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ๋ํต๋ น ํน์ ๋ถํต๋ น์ ์ํ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ํ๋ณด๋ก์ ์ธ๊ธ๋์๋ค. ํจ๋ฆฌ M. ์ญ์จ์ ์ด๊ธฐ ์ฑ์์์ธ ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๊ทธํด 6์ ์ง๋ฏธ ์นดํฐ์๊ฒ ์์ ์ ์ฑ์์ ์ ํฅํ๋ฉด์ ์์ ์ ์๊ณ ์ ์ธ ์ ์น์ ๋นํฉ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์์ ์ ๊ฑด์ ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ๊ทธํด 7์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์ ๋น ๋ํ์์ ํฉ๋ ์์ฅ์ ๋งก์๋ค. ์นดํฐ๊ฐ ์์ ์ ๋ด๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ํน์ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฃผ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋์ฌ๋ก์ ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ฅผ ์๋ช
ํ๋ ค๋ ์๋ฌธ์ด ๋์์ผ๋ ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ์ฃผ์ง์ฌ๋ก์ ๋๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ์ํ์ฌ ๋๊ฐ๋ ๋ฐ ์์ ์ ์์ง๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณต๊ณ ํ์๋ค.
1978๋
2์ ํญํ์ค์ด ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ ์ณ ๋ฉฐ์น ๋์ ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท ์ฃผ๋ณ ๋ถ๋ ๋ณธ๋ถ๋ก ๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ์ ์๋ฏผ๋ค์ ํ๋ณตํ๋ ๋์์ ์ฃผ๋ ๋ฐ ์์ ๋ค์์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ก๋ค. ๋์ค๋ค์ ์ด์ ๊ทธ ์ผ์ด ์ ์น์ธ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋ ์ฃผ์ง์ฌ๋ก์ ์ฌ์ ์๋ฐฉ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋๋ณด๊ณ ์ธ์ ๋ง์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ก๋ค๊ณ ๋ฏฟ์๋ค. ๋์์ ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ผ์ด๋ ๋์ ๋ถ์ง์ฌ ๋ก๋ฒํธ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ ์ง์ ํ์ง ์์์ผ๋ก์ ๊ทธ์ ์ ์น์ ์ฃผ์์ ์ต์ํํ๋ ๋ฐ ์๋ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธํด ์ฌ๋ฆ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋ผ์์ ํจ๊ป ๊ณต์ฒ ํ๋ณด์ ๋ถ์ง์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์์ ๋ค์ ํ๋ณด๋ก์ ์๋ฆฌ์ A. ์ค๋์ ํ๋ณด ์ง๋ช
ํ์๋ค. "Mother Ella"๋ก์ ๊ทธ๋ผ์์ ์๋ก์ด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ 1978๋
์ ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ์ฝ๊ฒ ์ฌ์ ์ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ๋์์ ์ฃผ์ด ๊ณตํ๋น ๋์ ์ ๋ก๋๋ ์๋ฌ์ ์ 190,794๊ฐ์ ํฌํ๋ค์ ์ํ์ฌ ๊บพ์๋ค. ์ด ํฐ ์น๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ ์น์ ์๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์ด์ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์์ฒญ๋จ ํธ์ ๋๋ค์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ์์ ์ 2๋ฒ์งธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ์์์ ์์ ํ ๋ช
๋ น์ ์์๋ค. ์ถฉ์ฑ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์๋ค์ ์ํ์ ๋๋ค๋ฅผ ํต์นํ์๋ค. ํฐ ์์ฌ๊ฐ ์ง์๋์๊ณ ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ด์ ์ ์ฝ์ํ ์ด๋ค ๋ถ์ผ๋ค์์ ์ฌํ ์ง์ถ์ ๋์ผ ์ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ผ์์ ๋์ ํ๋ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ฃผํ ๊ณต๊ธ, ๋์ค ๊ตํต, ๋ณด์ก๊ณผ ๋
ธ์ธ๋ค์ ๋ชฉํ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ ๋๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ฃผ์์ ๋น๊ณค ์ง์ญ๋ค์ ํ์์ฑ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๊ธ๋ค์ ์ง๋ํ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง 1970๋
๋ ํ๋ฐ์ ์ฃผ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฅผ ํด์น๊ณ , ๊ฒจ์ธ์ ๋น๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์ํ์ฌ ๋๋ฐฉ์ ์ํ ์ฃผ์ ์์กฐ๋ฅผ ์๊ตฌํ ์ ๋ฅ ํ๋์ ์ํ์ฌ ํน์ ์ด ์ง์ด์ก๋ค. ์ฆ๊ฐํ ์ฃผ์ ๋ถ์ ์ด์๋น์ฉ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ด๊ฒ์ ๋ช๋
์ ์ธ์์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์ธ๊ธ ์ธ์์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ํ์๋ค. 1979๋
์ฌ๋ฆ์ ํ๋ฐ์ ๋ถ์กฑ๋ ๋ํ ๊ทธ๋
์ ๋ฆฌ๋์ญ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ํํ์๋ค. ๋ฒํธํ์ ๊ธฐ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ ํ์/์ง์ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ์ ๋ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์ฌ์ด ์ ๋๋ ๋น์ฅ๊ณผ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฒฝํฅ๋ค์ ์ฝ๊ฒ ํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ค๋ฆฝ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ฃผ๋ณ ๋ถ๋ ๋ณธ๋ถ์์ ๊ธด๊ธ ํ๋ฐ์ ์ผํฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ฅํ์๋ค.
๊ตญ๋ด ์์ค์์ ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ์๋์ง ๋ฌธ์ ๋ค์ ๋
ผ์ํ๋ ๋ฐ ์บ ํ๋ฐ์ด๋น๋๋ก ๋ถ๋ ค์ง ์ฒซ ์ฃผ์ง์ฌ๋ค ์ค์ ํ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์นดํฐ์ 1980๋
์ฌ์ ์ด๋์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๋ฌ๋๋ฉ์ดํธ๋ก์ ์ธ๊ธ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ํ์ ๊ทธ๋ผ์์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ๋๋ค ๊ทธํด ๋์ฑ ๋๋น ์ก๋ค. ์์นํ๋ ๋ฐ ์๋์ง ๋น์ฉ๋ค๊ณผ ์ฆ๊ฐํ ์ค์
์ด 1์ต 2์ฒ 8๋ฐฑ๋ง ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ์์ต ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ก ๊ณตํํ์๋ค. ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ธ๋ค์ ์ธ์๋ค์ ๋ฌผ๋ก ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์ ์ค์ ํ๋์ธ ํ๋งค์ธ์์ 7๊ณผ 1 ์ ๋ฐ์ ํผ์ผํธ๋ก ์ธ์์ ์ํ์ฌ ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ์ ํํ ์ฌ์ง๊ฐ ์์๋ค. 3์ ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์๊ณผ ์ง๋จ๋์๊ณ ์ธ์์ด ์ง๋๋ฉด์ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ํ๋ ๋์ฑ ๋๋น ์ก๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
์ ์์ด ํผ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๊ณ , ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์๊ฒ ์์ ์ ์๋น์ค์ ๊ฑฑ์ ํ๊ณ ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท ์ฃผ์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ด ๋ฐ์ ์๊ฒฉ์ด ์๋ ๋ฐฉ์์์ ์ฃผ์ง์ฌ๋ก์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅํ ์ ์์ผ์ ๋๊ผ๋ ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ 12์ ์ด์์ ์์ ์ ์ฃผ์ง์ฌ์ง์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ฌ์ํ ๊ฒ์ ๊ณต๊ณ ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ฌ์์ ๊ทธํด 12์ 31์ผ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์์๊ณ ๋ถ์ง์ฌ ์๋ฆฌ์ A. ์ค๋์ด ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ ๋์ฒดํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฆ์ ์ ์๋์๋ค. ์์ ์์ ์กฐ์งํ ํด๋ฆฌ์๋ ๋ถ์ง์ฌ๋ก์ ์ ์ํ์๋ค.
์ฌ๋ง๊ณผ ์ ์ฐ
1981๋
2์ 5์ผ ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ 61์ธ์ ๋์ด์ ๋์์์ผ๋ก ํํธํผ๋ ๋ณ์์์ ์ฌ๋งํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
์ ์์ ์ 24 ์๊ฐ ๋์ ์ฃผ์์ฌ๋น์ ๊ทธ ์ํ๋ก ๋์ ์์ด ์๋น์ ๊ณต๋ฌด์๊ณผ ์ ์น์ธ๋ค์ ์ํ์ฌ ์ ๋๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๊ณ ํฅ ์์ ๋ฝ์ค์ ์๋ ์ธ์ธํธ๋ฉ๋ฆฌ ๋ฌ์ง์ ์์ฅ๋์๋ค.
์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ๋ค์์ ๋ฐฉํฅ๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋ผ์ ์ฃผ์ง์ฌ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค๋ก ๋ช
์๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์๋ค. ์์ ๋ฝ์ค์์ ์๋ผ ๊ทธ๋ผ์ ๊ณ ์๋๋ก (๋ฃจํธ 75)๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ์ฌ ๋ช๋ช์ ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ ๊ณต๋์ฒด๋ค์์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ค์ด ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋กํด๊ณผ ์คํธ๋ซํผ๋์์ ์ฃผ์ ์์ค๋ค์ด ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ์๊ธ์ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง ์์ ์ ๋์์ด ์ฃผ์์ฌ๋น์ ๋จ๋ถ ์ฃผ๋ํ๊ด ์์ ๋ฒฝ๊ฐ์ ์ธ์์ก์ ๋ ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ๊ฐ ๋ ์ ์์๋ ์ต๊ณ ์ ๋ช
์๋ค ์ค์ ํ๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ๋ช
ํ ์ง๋์๋ค์ ๋์๋ค ๋ง์ด ์ฃผ๋ํ๊ด์ ์๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ผ์์ ๋์์ ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ ๋์ด๋ ๋ฐ ์ฒซ ์ฌ์ฑ์ด์๋ค.
์์ ๋ฝ์ค์ ์๋ ์๋ผ ๊ทธ๋ผ์์ ์๊ฐ๋ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์ ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ์์ ํ 2๊ฐ์ ์ง๊ณผ ๋๋ถ์ด ์์ง๋ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ ๋ถ๋ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์์ ์๋ค.
์ญ๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
Brief biography
Ella T. Grasso Papers at Mount Holyoke College Archives and Special Collections
Connecticut State Library Bio
Photo of Grasso's Statue on the Connecticut State Capitol buildingthe first woman to be represented there
Brief Bio of Governor Grasso
1919๋
์ถ์
1981๋
์ฌ๋ง
๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น (๋ฏธ๊ตญ)์ ์ ์น์ธ
์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ์ ์ ์น์ธ
์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ์ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ํ์์์
์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ์ง์ฌ
ํ์ ์ฌํด์ ์ธ๋ฌผ
๋ง์ดํธ ํ๋ฆฌ์คํฌ ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง ๋๋ฌธ
๋ํต๋ น ์์ ํ์ฅ ์์์
์ดํ๋ฆฌ์๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ
๋์์์ผ๋ก ์ฃฝ์ ์ฌ๋
์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ๋น์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella%20Grasso | Ella Grasso | Ella Rosa Giovianna Oliva Grasso (nรฉe Tambussi; May 10, 1919 โ February 5, 1981) was an American politician and member of the Democratic Party who served as the 83rd Governor of Connecticut from January 8, 1975, to December 31, 1980, after rejecting past offers of candidacies for Senate and Governor. She was the first woman elected to this office and the first woman to be elected governor of a U.S. state without having been the spouse or widow of a former governor. She resigned as governor due to her battle with ovarian cancer.
Grasso started in politics as a member of the League of Women Voters and Democratic speechwriter. She was first elected to the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1952 and later became the first female Floor Leader in 1955. She was then elected as Secretary of the State of Connecticut in 1958 and served until 1971. Grasso went on to serve two terms in the United States House of Representatives from 1970 to 1974. Then she was elected Governor in 1974 and re-elected in 1978.
Early life
Ella Rosa Giovianna Oliva Tambussi was born in Windsor Locks, Connecticut, to Italian immigrant parents Maria Oliva and James Giacomo Tambussi, a mill worker. Ella Tambussi learned to speak fluent Italian from her parents. She attended Chaffee School in Windsor. Although she excelled at Chaffee and was named most likely to become mayor in the school year book, Tambussi claimed she often felt out of place as someone from a poor mill town. She went on to study sociology and economics at Mount Holyoke College, in South Hadley, Massachusetts, where she earned her B.A. in 1940. Two years later, she earned a master's degree, also from Mount Holyoke.
After graduation, Grasso served as a researcher for the War Manpower Commission in Washington, D.C., rising to the position of assistant director of research before leaving the Commission in 1946. She married Thomas Grasso, a school principal, in 1942; they had two children, Susanne and James.
Together the Grassos owned a movie theater in Old Lyme. In the summers, the couple would operate the theater, with Ella Grasso selling tickets at the box office. During Grasso's tenure in the United States House of Representatives, her family remained in Connecticut while Grasso commuted home from Washington, D.C., on weekends. Thomas Grasso retired when his wife became governor.
Career
Early politics
Grasso's entry into politics came in 1942 when she joined the League of Women Voters. In 1943, she became a speechwriter for the Connecticut Democratic Party. After graduating from Mount Holyoke College she joined the Republicans until she switched in 1951 to the Democratic Party to support incumbent Governor Chester Bowles. Through the Connecticut Democratic Party, she met and became an ally of John Moran Bailey. Bailey would become a key figure in Grasso's career, recognizing her as someone who could appeal to voters, particularly women and Italian voters in the state.
In 1952, Grasso was elected to the Connecticut House of Representatives and served until 1957. She became first woman to be elected Floor Leader of the House in 1955. As a state representative, Grasso worked to eliminate counties as a level of government in Connecticut.
Secretary of State
In 1958 she was elected Secretary of the State of Connecticut and was re-elected in 1962 and 1966. She was an architect of the state's 1960 Constitution. In 1961 she chose not to attend the national convention for the National Association of Secretaries of State in Arizona despite the trip being state funded, as she considered it to be of negligible value and would only approve other officials to go to national conventions that would benefit the state.
In 1962 the Supreme Court ruled in Baker v. Carr that the 14th Amendment applies to state apportionment and that federal courts are open to lawsuits challenging state legislative districts leading to further lawsuits over redistricting. After Reynolds v. Sims the Joint Committee on Constitutional Conventions to hear proposals for a constitutional convention by the Connecticut General Assembly to bring the state constitution in line with federal rulings. A special election was ordered to choose the eighty four delegates that would attend the convention and Grasso was elected as one. As Secretary of State, Grasso swore in the eighty four delegates divided equally among both parties and was selected as Democratic floor leader by the forty two Democratic delegates.
She was the first woman to chair the Democratic State Platform Committee and served from 1956 to 1968. She served as a member of the Platform Drafting Committee for the 1960 Democratic National Convention. She was the co-chairman for the Resolutions Committee for the Democratic National Conventions of 1964 and 1968.
U.S. House of Representatives
During the 1970 election cycle she was considered a candidate for higher statewide or federal office. After Senator Thomas J. Dodd was censured in 1967 his seat was left up and Ella was considered a possible candidate for the 1970 Senate race with the Democratic Town Committees of Windsor Locks, Glastonbury, and New Milford voting to endorse her if she would announce a Senate campaign. Thomas L. Loy, her Republican opponent for Secretary of State in 1962, asked her to run for governor. Stephen Minot, a novelist who had run for Congress in 1966, asked her to run for the Sixth House District. Sitting Sixth District Congressman Thomas Meskill chose to run for governor leaving his district open and on March 17, 1970, Ella announced that she would run for the Democratic nomination for that district. Grasso faced Republican Richard Kilborn in the general election and narrowly defeated him by 4,063 votes.
During her tenure, she served on the Veterans' Affairs and Education and Labor House committees. In December 1971 she and other House members signed a telegram to President Nixon protesting Operation Linebacker II and asking to halt all bombing in Vietnam; Grasso was the only representative from Connecticut to sign the telegram.
She was reelected to the House in 1972 against John F. Walsh with 140,290 votes to his 92,783 votes.
Governorship
In 1973 a gubernatorial poll conducted by the AFLโCIO projected that Grasso would defeat incumbent Governor Meskill by 46% to 39% and a campaign committee was later organized although Grasso had not yet announced her intention to run. On January 8, 1974, she announced that she would run for the governorship and filed with the secretary of state.
In order to secure the gubernatorial nomination, a candidate would need to receive the support of 607 out of 1,213 delegates to the state convention with multiple primaries being held beforehand to select the delegates. She participated in a difficult primary against Attorney General Robert Killian who received the support of multiple party leaders, but after narrowly winning the seventy delegates of Hartford by two thousand votes she effectively secured the nomination with her pledged delegates. Democratic Party leader John Moran Bailey preferred Killian as the party nominee and hoping to avoid a primary that would negatively effect the Democratic nominee's chance in the general election Bailey convinced Killian to drop out in exchange for the lieutenant gubernatorial nomination. By the time of the gubernatorial nomination balloting all of her opponents had dropped out except for Norwalk Mayor Frank Zullo who dropped out during the convention, and as she was the only candidate to receive at least twenty percent of the delegate votes appearing on the primary ballot no primary was held. On July 20, 1974, she was given the Democratic nomination by the delegates with acclamation. Her opponent was Republican Representative Robert Steele who she defeated by 200,000 votes. Grasso became the first woman to be elected governor who was not the wife or widow of a previous governor.
Upon taking office, Connecticut had an $80 million budget deficit so Grasso promised fiscal responsibility. In 1975 she laid off 505 state employees, decreased her promise of giving $25 million to cities with federal revenue sharing money to $6 million, returned to the state treasury a $7,000 raise she was legally required to take and sold the state's limo and plane.
During the 1976 presidential election she supported Senator Henry M. Jackson in the primaries and was presented as a possible vice presidential nominee for the Democratic Party with the Young Democrats of Connecticut attempting to convince her to present herself as a possible vice presidential candidate although municipal leaders angry over the decreased federal revenue sharing funds promised to prevent her nomination and she stated that she was not interested. She later served as co-chair of the national convention.
Following John Moran Bailey's death there was no longer someone strong enough to forestall a primary challenge between Grasso and Lieutenant Governor Robert K. Killian. In December 1978 Killian announced his gubernatorial campaign, but after defeating her primary challenge, Grasso was re-elected in 1978 with little difficulty against Representative Ronald A. Sarasin.
A high point of her career was her decisive handling of a particularly devastating snowstorm in February 1978. Known as "Winter Storm Larry" and now known as "The Blizzard of 78" this storm dropped around 30 inches of snow across the state, crippling highways and making virtually all roads impassable. She "Closed the State" by proclamation, forbade all use of public roads by businesses and citizens, and closed all businesses, effectively closing all citizens in their homes. This relieved the rescue and cleanup authorities from the need to help the mounting number of stuck cars and instead allowed clean-up and emergency services for shut-ins to proceed. The crisis ended on the third day, and she received accolades from all state sectors for her leadership and strength.
In March 1980, she was diagnosed with ovarian cancer and resigned the governorship on December 31. Shortly before her resignation the mayor and city council of Torrington, Connecticut, signed a proclamation thanking her for her service as governor, secretary of state, and representative.
Death and legacy
On February 5, 1981, less than a year after being diagnosed with ovarian cancer and less than six weeks after leaving office, Grasso died at Hartford Hospital after suffering a heart attack and organ failure after falling into a coma earlier in the day. She was survived by her husband and their two children. Following her death she was laid in state from February 8 to 9 at the Connecticut State Capitol and was later buried in St. Mary's Cemetery in Windsor Locks.
In 1981, President Ronald Reagan posthumously awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the National Women's Hall of Fame inducted her in 1993. She was a member of the inaugural class inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame in 1994; the Ella Tambussi Grasso Center for Women in Politics is located there.
Metro North named Shoreliner I car 6252 after her. Ella T. Grasso Southeastern Technical High School in Groton is named after her. The Ella T. Grasso Turnpike in Windsor Locks is named after her, as are Ella Grasso Boulevard in New Britain, the Ella T. Grasso building in the University of Connecticut's Hilltop Apartments, and Ella T. Grasso Boulevard (often referred to by New Haven locals simply as "The Boulevard") in New Haven.
Over two years after her death, Arch Communications Corp. won a construction permit for Hartford's channel 61 in September 1983; James Grasso was minority partner in Arch Communications. Arch Communications Corp. planned to memorialize Grasso by using the call letters "WETG" for channel 61, as Grasso's initials were ETG, however, Channel 61 came on the air September 17, 1984, as WTIC-TV, and was dedicated in Grasso's honor.
Electoral history
See also
List of female governors in the United States
Women in the United States House of Representatives
References
Further reading
Lieberman, Joseph I. (1981). The Legacy: Connecticut Politics, 1930โ1980.
Purmont, Jon E. (2012). Ella Grasso: Connecticut's Pioneering Governor.
External links
Brief biography
Ella T. Grasso Papers at Mount Holyoke College Archives and Special Collections
Connecticut State Library Bio
Photo of Grasso's Statue on the Connecticut State Capitol buildingthe first woman to be represented there
Brief Bio of Governor Grasso
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1919 births
1981 deaths
People from Windsor Locks, Connecticut
Loomis Chaffee School alumni
Mount Holyoke College alumni
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
American people of Italian descent
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Connecticut
Democratic Party governors of Connecticut
Female members of the United States House of Representatives
Democratic Party members of the Connecticut House of Representatives
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Secretaries of the State of Connecticut
Women state governors of the United States
Women state legislators in Connecticut
Deaths from cancer in Connecticut
Deaths from ovarian cancer
Burials in Connecticut |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRS%20%ED%84%B0%EB%84%90%EB%A7%81%20%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%86%A0%EC%BD%9C | GPRS ํฐ๋๋ง ํ๋กํ ์ฝ | GPRS ํฐ๋๋ง ํ๋กํ ์ฝ(GPRS Tunnelling Protocol, GTP)์ GSM, UMTS ๋ฐ LTE ๋คํธ์ํฌ ๋ด์์ GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฌํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ IP ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ํต์ ํ๋กํ ์ฝ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด๋ค. 3GPP ์ํคํ
์ฒ์์ GTP ๋ฐ Proxy Mobile IPv6 ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์ธํฐํ์ด์ค๋ ๋ค์ํ ์ธํฐํ์ด์ค ํฌ์ธํธ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค.
GTP๋ ๋ณ๋์ ํ๋กํ ์ฝ ์ธ GTP-C, GTP-U ๋ฐ GTP' ๋ก ๋ถํด ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
GTP-C๋ ๊ฒ์ดํธ์จ์ด GPRS ์ง์ ๋
ธ๋ (GGSN)์ ์๋น GPRS ์ง์ ๋
ธ๋ (SGSN) ์ฌ์ด์ ์๊ทธ๋๋ง์ ์ํด GPRS ์ฝ์ด ๋คํธ์ํฌ ๋ด์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด SGSN์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๋์ ์ธ์
์ ํ์ฑํ (PDP ์ปจํ
์คํธ ํ์ฑํ)ํ๊ฑฐ๋, ๋์ผํ ์ธ์
์ ๋นํ์ฑํํ๊ฑฐ๋, ์๋น์ค ํ์ง ๋งค๊ฐ ๋ณ์๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ํ๊ฑฐ๋, ๋ค๋ฅธ SGSN์์ ๋ง ๋์ฐฉํ ๊ฐ์
์์ ์ธ์
์ ์
๋ฐ์ดํธ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
GTP-U๋ GPRS ์ฝ์ด ๋คํธ์ํฌ ๋ด์์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ ์ก์ธ์ค ๋คํธ์ํฌ์ ์ฝ์ด ๋คํธ์ํฌ๊ฐ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฌํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค. ์ ์ก๋๋ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ IPv4, IPv6 ๋๋ PPP ํ์์ ํจํท์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
GTP' (GTP prime)๋ GTP-C ๋ฐ GTP-U์ ๋์ผํ ๋ฉ์์ง ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ง๋ง ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ด ์๋ค. GSM ๋๋ UMTS ๋คํธ์ํฌ์ ๊ณผ๊ธ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ฅ์น (CDF)์์ ๊ณผ๊ธ ๊ฒ์ดํธ์จ์ด ์ฅ์น(CGF)๋ก ๊ณผ๊ธ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฌํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ด๋ GGSN๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ง์ ๊ฐ๋ณ ๋คํธ์ํฌ ์์์์ ๊ณผ๊ธ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ๋คํธ์ํฌ ์ด์์์ ๊ณผ๊ธ ์ผํฐ์ ๋ณด๋ค ํธ๋ฆฌํ๊ฒ ์ ๋ฌํ๋ ์ค์ ์ปดํจํฐ๊น์ง๋ฅผ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
3GPP ๋คํธ์ํฌ ๋ด์์ RNC, SGSN, GGSN ๋ฐ CGF์ ์ํด ๋ค์ํ GTP ๋ณํ์ด ๊ตฌํ๋๋ค. GPRS ์ด๋๊ตญ (MS)์ GTP๋ฅผ ์ธ์ํ์ง ์๊ณ SGSN์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋๋ค.
GTP๋ UDP ๋๋ TCP์ ํจ๊ป ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ฒ์ 0์ ํฐ๋๋ง X.25๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ UDP๋ ๊ถ์ฅ ๋๋ ํ์๋ค. GTP ๋ฒ์ 1์ UDP์์๋ง ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค.
์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ
๋ชจ๋ GTP ๋ณํ์๋ ๊ณตํต๋ ํน์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ด ์๋ค. ๋ฉ์์ง ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ UDP / TCP ํค๋ ๋ค์ GTP ํค๋๊ฐ์๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๋์ผํ๋ค.
๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ธ
GTP ๋ฒ์ 1
GTPv1 ํค๋์๋ ๋ค์ ํ๋๊ฐ ํฌํจ๋์ด ์๋ค.
๋ฒ์ญ
3 ๋นํธ ํ๋์ด๋ค. GTPv1์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๊ฐ์ 1์ด๋ค.
ํ๋กํ ์ฝ ์ ํ (PT)
GTP (๊ฐ 1)์ GTP' (๊ฐ 0)๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณํ๋ 1 ๋นํธ ๊ฐ
๋ฆฌ์ ๋ธ๋
1 ๋นํธ ์์ฝ ํ๋ (0์ด์ด์ผ ํจ)
ํ์ฅ ํค๋ ํ๋๊ทธ (E)
ํ์ฅ ํค๋ ์ ํ ํ๋๊ฐ ์๋์ง ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด๋ 1 ๋นํธ ๊ฐ
์ํ์ค ๋ฒํธ ํ๋๊ทธ (S)
์ํ์ค ๋ฒํธ ์ต์
ํ๋๊ฐ ์๋์ง ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด๋ 1 ๋นํธ ๊ฐ
N-PDU ๋ฒํธ ํ๋๊ทธ (PN)
N-PDU ๋ฒํธ ์ต์
ํ๋๊ฐ ์๋์ง ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด๋ 1 ๋นํธ ๊ฐ
๋ฉ์์ง ์ ํ
GTP ๋ฉ์์ง์ ์ ํ์ ๋ํ๋ด๋ 8 ๋นํธ ํ๋ ๋ค์ํ ์ ํ์ ๋ฉ์์ง๊ฐ 3GPP TS 29.060 ์น์
7.1์ ์ ์๋์ด ์๋ค.
๋ฉ์์ง ๊ธธ์ด
ํ์ด๋ก๋์ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ดํธ ๋จ์๋ก ๋ํ๋ด๋ 16 ๋นํธ ํ๋ (ํ์ 8 ๋ฐ์ดํธ GTP ํค๋ ๋ค์์ ํจํท ๋๋จธ์ง). ์ ํ์ ํ๋๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ๋ค.
TEID (ํฐ๋ ์๋ ํฌ์ธํธ ์๋ณ์)
๋์ผํ GTP ํฐ๋์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ค์คํํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ 32 ๋นํธ (4 ์ฅํ
) ํ๋์ด๋ค.
์ํ์ค ๋ฒํธ
(์ ํ์ ) 16 ๋นํธ ํ๋. ์ด ํ๋๋ E, S ๋๋ PN ๋นํธ ์ค ํ๋๊ฐ ์ผ์ ธ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. S ๋นํธ๊ฐ ์ผ์ ธ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ง ํ๋๋ฅผ ํด์ํด์ผํ๋ค.
N-PDU ๋ฒํธ
(์ ํ์ ) 8 ๋นํธ ํ๋. ์ด ํ๋๋ E, S ๋๋ PN ๋นํธ ์ค ํ๋๊ฐ ์ผ์ ธ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. PN ๋นํธ๊ฐ ์ผ์ ธ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ง ํ๋๋ฅผ ํด์ํด์ผํ๋ค.
๋ค์ ํ์ฅ ํค๋ ์ ํ
(์ ํ์ ) 8 ๋นํธ ํ๋. ์ด ํ๋๋ E, S ๋๋ PN ๋นํธ ์ค ํ๋๊ฐ ์ผ์ ธ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ํ๋๋ E ๋นํธ๊ฐ ์ผ์ ธ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ง ํด์ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
๋ค์ ํ์ฅ ํค๋๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
ํ์ฅ ๊ธธ์ด
8 ๋นํธ ํ๋ ์ด ํ๋์๋ ๊ธธ์ด, ๋ด์ฉ ๋ฐ ๋ค์ ํ์ฅ ํค๋ ํ๋๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ์ฌ ์ด ํ์ฅ ํค๋์ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ 4 ์ฅํ
๋จ์๋ก ํ์๋๋ฏ๋ก ํ์ฅ ๊ธธ์ด๋ ํญ์ 4์ ๋ฐฐ์์ฌ์ผํ๋ค.
๋ด์ฉ
ํ์ฅ ํค๋ ๋ด์ฉ.
๋ค์ ํ์ฅ ํค๋
8 ๋นํธ ํ๋ ๋ค์ ํ์ฅ์ ์ ํ์ ๋ํ๋ด๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ค์ ํ์ฅ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉด 0์ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ ๋ค์ ํ์ฅ ํค๋๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ ์ ์๋ค.
GTP ๋ฒ์ 2
๋ํ evolved-GTP ๋๋ eGTP๋ผ๊ณ ๋ํ๋ค. GTPv2-C ํค๋์๋ ๋ค์ ํ๋๊ฐ ํฌํจ๋์ด ์๋ค.
GTPv2-U ํ๋กํ ์ฝ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ LTE์ GTP-U๋ GTPv1-U๋ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค.
๋ฒ์ญ
3 ๋นํธ ํ๋์ด๋ค. GTPv2์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๊ฐ์ 2์ด๋ค.
ํผ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฑ ํ๋๊ทธ
์ด ๋นํธ๊ฐ 1๋ก ์ค์ ๋๋ฉด, ์์ ์ ํค๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ GTP-C ๋ฉ์์ง๊ฐ ํ์ฌ ๋ฉ์์ง์ ๋์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ์ต์์ GTP-C ๋ฉ์์ง์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํผ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฑ ํ ์ ์๋ ๋ฉ์์ง ์ ํ์ ๋ํ ์ ํ ์ฌํญ์ด ์๋ค.
TEID ํ๋๊ทธ
์ด ๋นํธ๊ฐ 1๋ก ์ค์ ๋๋ฉด TEID ํ๋๋ ๋ฉ์์ง ๊ธธ์ด์ ์ํ์ค ๋ฒํธ ์ฌ์ด์ ์๋ค. ์์ฝ ๋ฐ ์์ฝ ์๋ต์ ์ ์ธํ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฉ์์ง์๋ TEID๊ฐ ์์ด์ผํ๋ค.
๋ฉ์์ง ๊ธธ์ด
์ด ํ๋๋ GTP-C ํค๋ (์ฒ์ 4 ์ฅํ
)์ ์๋ฌด ์ฌํญ์ ์ ์ธํ ๋ฉ์์ง ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฅํ
์ผ๋ก ํ์ํด์ผํ๋ค. TEID (์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ)์ ์ํ์ค ๋ฒํธ๋ ๊ธธ์ด ์นด์ดํธ์ ํฌํจ๋๋ค.
์ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ
๊ณตํต ๋ฉ์์ง ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ธ์๋ ํ GSN์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ GSN์ผ๋ก์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ ํ์ธํ๊ธฐ์ํ ๊ณตํต ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ๋ ์๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค.
์์ฝ ์์ฒญ
์์ฝ ์๋ต
60 ์ด๋ง๋ค GSN์ ํ์ฑํ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋ GSN์ ์์ฝ ์์ฒญ์ ๋ณด๋ผ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ชฝ ๋์ด ์๋ตํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ข
๋ฃ ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ทจ๊ธ ๋ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ์ฑ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ์ญ์ ๋๋ค.
์์์ ์ธ๊ธ ํ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฉ์์ง ์ธ์๋ ๋ชจ๋ GTP ๋ณํ์ ๊ณตํต์ ์ธ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ ์๋ค. ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์์ ํ ๋ณ๊ฐ์ 3 ๊ฐ์ ํ๋กํ ์ฝ์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฑํ๋ค.
GTP-C ํ๋กํ ์ฝ์ GTP ํ์ค์ ์ ์ด ์น์
์ด๋ค. ๊ฐ์
์๊ฐ PDP ์ปจํ
์คํธ๋ฅผ ์์ฒญํ๋ฉด, SGSN์ ๊ฐ์
์์ ์์ฒญ์ ์ธ๋ถ ์ฌํญ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ PDP ์ปจํ
์คํธ ์์ฑ ์์ฒญ GTP-C ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ GGSN์ ์ ์กํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ ๋ค์ GGSN์ PDP ์ปจํ
์คํธ ์์ฑ GTP-C ๋ฉ์์ง ์์ฑ์ผ๋ก ์๋ต ํ๋ค.์ด ๋ฉ์์ง๋ ์ค์ ๋ก ํ์ฑํ ๋ PDP ์ปจํ
์คํธ์ ์ธ๋ถ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์คํจ๋ฅผ ํ์ํ๊ณ ํด๋น ์คํจ์ ์ด์ ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. ํฌํธ 2123์ UDP ๋ฉ์์ง์ด๋ค.
eGTP-C (๋๋ GTPv2-C) ํ๋กํ ์ฝ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ Sx ์ธํฐํ์ด์ค์์ ํฐ๋์ ์์ฑ, ์ ์ง ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์ญ์ ํ๋ค. ์ ์ด ํ๋ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๋ก ๊ด๋ฆฌ, ํฐ๋ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์ด๋์ฑ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค. ๋ํ ์ฌ๋ฐฐ์น ๋ฉ์์ง ์ ๋ฌ์ ์ ์ดํ๋ค. LTE ๊ฐ ํธ๋ ์ค๋ฒ์ SRNS ์ปจํ
์คํธ ๋ฐ ์๋ฐฉํฅ ํฐ๋ ์์ฑ
GTP-U-GTP ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ํฐ๋๋ง
GTP-U๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ๊ฐ ์๋ ํฌ์ธํธ ์ธํธ ์ฌ์ด์ ๋ง์ ํฐ๋์ ํ์ฉํ๋ ๋น๊ต์ ๊ฐ๋จํ IP ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ํฐ๋๋ง ํ๋กํ ์ฝ์ด๋ค. UMTS์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ๋, ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์
์๋ ํ๋ ์ด์์ ํฐ๋์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ฒ๋๋ค. ๊ฐ PDP ์ปจํ
์คํธ๋ง๋ค ํ๋์ฉ, ๋ค๋ฅธ ์๋น์ค ํ์ง ์๊ตฌ ์ฌํญ์ ๊ฐ์ง ํน์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ ์ํ ๋ณ๋์ ํฐ๋์ด ์์ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ณ๋์ ํฐ๋์ GTP-U ๋ฉ์์ง์์ TEID (Tunnel Endpoint Identifier)๋ก ์๋ณ๋๋ฉฐ ๋์ ์ผ๋ก ํ ๋น ๋ ๋์์ฌ์ผํ๋ค. ์ด ์์์ ์ซ์๊ฐ ์ํธํ ํ์ง ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ํน์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ๋ํ ๋ณด์ ์๋จ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ 3GPP ํ์ค์ ์๊ตฌ ์ฌํญ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ๋ชจ๋ GTP ํธ๋ํฝ์ด ์ธํฐ๋ท์ ์ง์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋์ง ์๊ณ ์์ ํ ๊ฐ์ธ ๋คํธ์ํฌ ๋ด์์ ์ ์ก๋์ด์ผํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ UDP ํฌํธ 2152์์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค.
GTPv1-U ํ๋กํ ์ฝ์ Sx ์ธํฐํ์ด์ค์์ GTP ํฐ๋์ ํตํด ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตํํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค. UE์ ๋ํ IP ํจํท์ GTPv1-U ํจํท์ ์บก์ํ๋๊ณ S1-U ๋ฐ S5 / S8 ์ธํฐํ์ด์ค๋ฅผ ํตํ UE์ ๋ํ ์ ์ก์ ์ํด P-GW์ eNodeB ์ฌ์ด์์ ํฐ๋๋ง๋๋ค.
GTP'-๊ณผ๊ธ ์ ์ก
GTP ํ๋กํ ์ฝ์ ๊ณผ๊ธ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณผ๊ธ ๊ฒ์ดํธ์จ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ ์กํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค. GTP'๋ TCP / UDP ํฌํธ 3386์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค.
GPRS ์ฝ์ด ๋คํธ์ํฌ ๋ด
GTP๋ GPRS ์ฝ์ด ๋คํธ์ํฌ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ๋กํ ์ฝ์ด๋ค. ์ด ํ๋กํ ์ฝ์ GSM ๋๋ UMTS ๋คํธ์ํฌ์ ์ต์ข
์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ GGSN์ ํ ์์น ์์์ฒ๋ผ ์ธํฐ๋ท์ ๊ณ์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ๋ ๋์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ํ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ๋ ํ๋กํ ์ฝ์ด๋ค. ๊ฐ์
์์ ํ์ฌ SGSN์์ ๊ฐ์
์์ ์ธ์
์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ๋ GGSN์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์
์์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฌํ์ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ค. GPRS ์ฝ์ด ๋คํธ์ํฌ๋ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ํํ์ GTP๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค.
๊ฐ PDP ์ปจํ
์คํธ์ ๋ํด ๋ณ๋์ ํฐ๋์์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ ์ก์ ์ํ GTP-U
๋ค์์ ํฌํจํ ์ ์ด ์ด์ ์ ๋ํ GTP-C :
PDP ์ปจํ
์คํธ ์ค์ ๋ฐ ์ญ์
GSN ๋๋ฌ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ ํ์ธ
์
๋ฐ์ดํธ; ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด, ๊ฐ์
์๊ฐ ํ SGSN์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ SGSN์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ํ ๋.
๊ณผ๊ธ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ GSN์์ ๊ณผ๊ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ ์กํ๊ธฐ์ํ GTP'.
GGSN ๋ฐ SGSN (ํต์นญํ์ฌ GSN์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํจ)์ UDP ํฌํธ 2123์์ GTP-C ๋ฉ์์ง์ ํฌํธ 2152์์ GTP-U ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ์์ ํ๋ค.์ด ํต์ ์ ๋จ์ผ ๋คํธ์ํฌ ๋ด์์ ๋ฐ์ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ตญ์ ๋ก๋ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ํ ์ ์๋ค. GPRS ๋ก๋ฐ ๊ตํ (GRX) ์ ์ฒด.
CGF ( Charging Gateway Function )๋ TCP / UDP ํฌํธ 3386์ GSN์์ ์ ์ก ๋ GTP ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ์์ ํ๋ค. ์ฝ์ด ๋คํธ์ํฌ๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก PDP ์ปจํ
์คํธ ํ์ฑํ ์๊ฐ ๋ฐ ์ต์ข
์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ ์ ์ก ํ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์์ ํฌํจํ์ฌ ๊ณผ๊ธ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ CGF์ ์ ์กํ๋ค. . ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ํ ๋คํธ์ํฌ ๋ด์์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋์ด ํต์ ์ ํ์คํ๊ฐ ๋๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณต๊ธ ์
์ฒด ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ์ต์
์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋
์ ์ธ์ฝ๋ฉ ๋๋ ๋
์ ์์คํ
์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค.
IuPS ์ธํฐํ์ด์ค์์ ์ฌ์ฉ
GPRS ์ฝ์ด ๋คํธ์ํฌ์ RAN ์ฌ์ด์ IuPS์์๋ GTP-U๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์ง๋ง GTP-C ํ๋กํ ์ฝ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์ง ์๋ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐ RANAP๋ ์ ์ด ํ๋กํ ์ฝ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ฉฐ SGSN๊ณผ ๋ฌด์ ๋คํธ์ํฌ ์ปจํธ๋กค๋ฌ (RNC) ์ฌ์ด์ GTP-U ํฐ๋์ ์ค์ ํ๋ค.
ํ๋กํ ์ฝ ์คํ
GTP๋ UDP ๋๋ TCP์ ํจ๊ป ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค. GTP ๋ฒ์ 1์ UDP์์๋ง ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค.
2018๋
๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ์ 0, 1 ๋ฐ 2์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฒ์ ์ด ์ ์๋์ด ์๋ค. ๋ฒ์ 0๊ณผ ๋ฒ์ 1์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ ์๋นํ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค. ๋ฒ์ 0์์๋ ์๊ทธ๋๋ง ํ๋กํ ์ฝ (PDP ์ปจํ
์คํธ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํํ์ฌ ํฐ๋์ ์ค์ ํ๋ ํ๋กํ ์ฝ)์ด ํ๋์ ํฌํธ์์ ํฐ๋๋ง ํ๋กํ ์ฝ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํฉ๋๋ค. ๋ฒ์ 1๊ณผ 2๋ ์ค์ ๋ก ์ ์ด (GTP-C๋ผ๊ณ ํจ)์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ํฐ๋๋ง (GTP-U๋ผ๊ณ ํจ)์ ์ํ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ํ๋กํ ์ฝ์ด๋ค. GTP ๋ฒ์ 2๋ GTP-C์์๋ง ๋ฒ์ 1๊ณผ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ ๋ฒ ์ด๋ฌ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฒ์ 2์ EPS ์ฉ GTP-C์ ๋ํ ํฅ์๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์ ์ํ 3GPP ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
GTP-U๋ UMTS ๋คํธ์ํฌ์์ RNC์์ SGSN์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์กํ๋ ๋ฐ์๋ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ ํธ๋ GTP-C ๋์ RANAP์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ์ํ๋๋ค.
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ GTP ๋ฒ์
GTP์ ์๋ ๋ฒ์ (๋ฒ์ 0)์ ํ์ฌ ๋ฒ์ (๋ฒ์ 1,2)๊ณผ ์๋นํ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ์์๋ค.
ํฐ๋ ์๋ณ์ ๋ฌด์์๊ฐ ์๋์๋ค;
X.25๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฐํ๊ธฐ์ํ ์ต์
์ด ์ ๊ณต๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ;
๊ณ ์ ํฌํธ ๋ฒํธ 3386์ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค (GTPv1์์์ ๊ฐ์ด ๊ณผ๊ธํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋).
TCP๋ UDP ๋์ ์ ์ก ์ต์
์ผ๋ก ํ์ฉ๋์์ง๋ง์ด๋ฅผ ์ง์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ํ ์ฌํญ์ด๋ค.
์๋น์ค ํ์ง๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์
๊ด๋ จ ๋ถ์ผ๊ฐ ๋ ์ ํ์ ์ด์๋ค.
๋ฒ์ 0์ ๋น ๋๋ค TEID๋ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์๊ฐ ๋ก๋ฐ ํํธ๋์ ๋คํธ์ํฌ์ ์ก์ธ์คํ๊ฑฐ๋ GPRS ๋ฐฑ๋ณธ์ ์๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ํจํท์ ๋ณด๋ด๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ฐพ์ ์์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ณด์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค. ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋คํธ์ํฌ์์ ๋ฒ์ 0์ด ์ฌ์ฉ๋์ง ์๊ณ ๋ฒ์ 1๋ก ๋์ฒด๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํฌํธ ๋ฒํธ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฉด ๊ฐ๋จํ IP ์ก์ธ์ค ๋ชฉ๋ก์ ํตํด ๋ฒ์ 0์ ์ฝ๊ฒ ์ฐจ๋จํ ์ ์๋ค.
GTP ํ์คํ
GTP๋ ์๋ ETSI (GSM ํ์ค 09.60) ๋ด์์ ํ์คํ๋์๋ค. UMTS ํ์ค์ด ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง๋ฉด์ GTP๋ 3GPP ํ์ค 29.060์ผ๋ก ์ ์ง๋ 3GPP๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒจ์ก๋ค. GTP'๋ ๋์ผํ ๋ฉ์์ง ํ์์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ง๋ง ์ ์ก๋๋ ๊ณผ๊ธ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์ ๋ํ ํ์คํ๋ ํ์๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ํ์ค 32.295์ ํน๋ณ ์ฉ๋๊ฐ ์ ์ฉ๋๋ค.
์ต์ ๋ฒ์ ์ TS 29.060์ GTPv1/v0 ์ธํฐ ์ํน์ ๋ ์ด์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก GSN์ด ์์ ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ง์ํ์ง ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ํด๋ฐฑ์ ์๋ค.
GTPv2 (์งํ ํจํท ์๋น์ค ์ฉ)๋ 2008๋
์ด์ ์ด์์ด๋์ด ๊ทธํด 12 ์์ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์ค๋์๋ค. GTPv2๋ ์ด์ "Version Not Supported" ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ ํตํด GTPv1๋ก ํด๋ฐฑ์ ์ ๊ณตํ์ง๋ง GTPv0์ผ๋ก ํด๋ฐฑ์ ๋ช
์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ง์ํ์ง ์๋๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
ํ๋ก์ ๋ชจ๋ฐ์ผ IPv6
๋ชจ๋ฐ์ผ IP
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
GSM ํ์ค 09.60, ETSI, 1996โ98,์ด ํ์ค์ GTP์ ์๋ณธ ๋ฒ์ 0์ ์ ์ฉ๋๋ค.
3GPP TS 29.060 V6.9.0 (2005-06), 3 ์ธ๋ ํํธ๋์ญ ํ๋ก์ ํธ, 650 Route des Lucioles-Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne-FRANCE, 2005-06. ์ด๊ฒ์ด GTP ๋ฒ์ 1์ ๋ชจ๋ GTP ๋ณํ์ ์ ์ํ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ์ค์ด๋ค.
3GPP TS 32.295 V6.1.0 (2005-06), 3 ์ธ๋ ํํธ๋์ญ ํ๋ก์ ํธ, 650 Route des Lucioles-์ํผ์ ์ํฐ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค, ๋ฐ๋ณธ ๋-ํ๋์ค, 2005-06. ์ด ํ์ค์ ๊ณผ๊ธ์ GTP ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ ์ฉ๋๋ค.
3GPP TS 29.274 V8.1.0 (2009-03), 3 ์ธ๋ ํํธ๋์ญ ํ๋ก์ ํธ, 650 ๋ฃจํธ des Lucioles-์ํผ์ ์ํฐ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค, ๋ฐ๋ณธ ๋-ํ๋์ค, 2009-03. ์งํ ๋ GPRS๋ฅผ์ํ GTPv2.
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
GTP ํ์ค์ ๋ณธ๊ฑฐ์ง ์ธ 3GPP ์น ์ฌ์ดํธ
GPRS ํฐ๋๋ง ํ๋กํ ์ฝ ๋ฒ์ 2 (GTPv2) ๋๋ ์งํ ๋ GTP (eGTP)์ ๋ฌด๋ฃ ๋ฐ ์คํ ์์ค ๊ตฌํ
๋คํธ์ํฌ ํ๋กํ ์ฝ
3GPP ํ์ค
GSM ํ์ค
ํฐ๋๋ง ํ๋กํ ์ฝ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRS%20Tunnelling%20Protocol | GPRS Tunnelling Protocol | GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (GTP) is a group of IP-based communications protocols used to carry general packet radio service (GPRS) within GSM, UMTS, LTE and 5G NR radio networks. In 3GPP architectures, GTP and Proxy Mobile IPv6 based interfaces are specified on various interface points.
GTP can be decomposed into separate protocols, GTP-C, GTP-U and GTP'.
GTP-C is used within the GPRS core network for signaling between gateway GPRS support nodes (GGSN) and serving GPRS support nodes (SGSN). This allows the SGSN to activate a session on a user's behalf (PDP context activation), to deactivate the same session, to adjust quality of service parameters, or to update a session for a subscriber who has just arrived from another SGSN.
GTP-U is used for carrying user data within the GPRS core network and between the radio access network and the core network. The user data transported can be packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats.
GTP' (GTP prime) uses the same message structure as GTP-C and GTP-U, but has an independent function. It can be used for carrying charging data from the charging data function (CDF) of the GSM or UMTS network to the charging gateway function (CGF). In most cases, this should mean from many individual network elements such as the GGSNs to a centralized computer that delivers the charging data more conveniently to the network operator's billing center.
Different GTP variants are implemented by RNCs, SGSNs, GGSNs and CGFs within 3GPP networks. GPRS mobile stations (MSs) are connected to a SGSN without being aware of GTP.
GTP can be used with UDP or TCP. UDP is either recommended or mandatory, except for tunnelling X.25 in version 0. GTP version 1 is used only on UDP.
General features
All variants of GTP have certain features in common. The structure of the messages is the same, with a GTP header following the UDP/TCP header.
Header
GTP version 1
GTPv1 headers contain the following fields:
Version It is a 3-bit field. For GTPv1, this has a value of 1.
Protocol Type (PT) a 1-bit value that differentiates GTP (value 1) from GTP' (value 0).
Reserved a 1-bit reserved field (must be 0).
Extension header flag (E) a 1-bit value that states whether there is an extension header optional field.
Sequence number flag (S) a 1-bit value that states whether there is a Sequence Number optional field.
N-PDU number flag (PN) a 1-bit value that states whether there is a N-PDU number optional field.
Message Type an 8-bit field that indicates the type of GTP message. Different types of messages are defined in 3GPP TS 29.060 section 7.1
Message Length a 16-bit field that indicates the length of the payload in bytes (rest of the packet following the mandatory 8-byte GTP header). Includes the optional fields.
Tunnel endpoint identifier (TEID) A 32-bit(4-octet) field used to multiplex different connections in the same GTP tunnel.
Sequence number an (optional) 16-bit field. This field exists if any of the E, S, or PN bits are on. The field must be interpreted only if the S bit is on.
N-PDU number an (optional) 8-bit field. This field exists if any of the E, S, or PN bits are on. The field must be interpreted only if the PN bit is on.
Next extension header type an (optional) 8-bit field. This field exists if any of the E, S, or PN bits are on. The field must be interpreted only if the E bit is on.
Next Extension Headers are as follows:
Extension length an 8-bit field. This field states the length of this extension header, including the length, the contents, and the next extension header field, in 4-octet units, so the length of the extension must always be a multiple of 4.
Contents extension header contents.
Next extension header an 8-bit field. It states the type of the next extension, or 0 if no next extension exists. This permits chaining several next extension headers.
GTP version 2
It is also known as evolved-GTP or eGTP. GTPv2-C headers contain the following fields:
There is no GTPv2-U protocol, GTP-U in LTE also uses GTPv1-U.
Version It is a 3-bit field. For GTPv2, this has a value of 2.
Piggybacking flag If this bit is set to 1 then another GTP-C message with its own header shall be present at the end of the current message. There are restrictions as to what type of message can be piggybacked depending on what the toplevel GTP-C message is.
TEID flag If this bit is set to 1 then the TEID field will be present between the message length and the sequence number. All messages except Echo and Echo reply require TEID to be present.
Message length This field shall indicate the length of the message in octets excluding the mandatory of the GTP-C header (the first 4 octets). The TEID (if present) and the Sequence Number shall be included in the length count.
Connectivity mechanisms
Apart from the common message structure, there is also a common mechanism for verifying connectivity from one GSN to another GSN. This uses two messages.
echo request
echo response
As often as every 60 seconds, a GSN can send an echo request to every other GSN with which it has an active connection. If the other end does not respond it can be treated as down and the active connections to it will be deleted.
Apart from the two messages previously mentioned, there are no other messages common across all GTP variants meaning that, for the most part, they effectively form three completely separate protocols.
GTP-C - GTP control
The GTP-C protocol is the control section of the GTP standard. When a subscriber requests a PDP context, the SGSN will send a create PDP context request GTP-C message to the GGSN giving details of the subscriber's request. The GGSN will then respond with a create PDP context response GTP-C message which will either give details of the PDP context actually activated or will indicate a failure and give a reason for that failure. This is a UDP message on port 2123.
The eGTP-C (or, GTPv2-C) protocol is responsible for creating, maintaining and deleting tunnels on multiple Sx interfaces. It is used for the control plane path management, tunnel management and mobility management. It also controls forwarding relocation messages; SRNS context and creating forward tunnels during inter LTE handovers.
GTP-U - GTP user data tunneling
GTP-U is, in effect a relatively simple IP based tunnelling protocol which permits many tunnels between each set of end points. When used in the UMTS, each subscriber will have one or more tunnel, one for each PDP context that they have active, as well as possibly having separate tunnels for specific connections with different quality of service requirements.
The separate tunnels are identified by a TEID (Tunnel Endpoint Identifier) in the GTP-U messages, which should be a dynamically allocated random number. If this random number is of cryptographic quality, then it will provide a measure of security against certain attacks. Even so, the requirement of the 3GPP standard is that all GTP traffic, including user data should be sent within secure private networks, not directly connected to the Internet. This happens on UDP port 2152.
The GTPv1-U protocol is used to exchange user data over GTP tunnels across the Sx interfaces. An IP packet for a UE (user endpoint) is encapsulated in an GTPv1-U packet and tunnelled between the P-GW and the eNodeB for transmission with respect to a UE over S1-U and S5/S8 interfaces.
GTP' - charging transfer
The GTP' protocol is used to transfer charging data to the Charging Gateway Function. GTP' uses TCP/UDP port 3386.
Within the GPRS core network
GTP is the primary protocol used in the GPRS core network. It is the protocol which allows end users of a GSM or UMTS network to move from place to place whilst continuing to connect to the Internet as if from one location at the GGSN. It does this by carrying the subscriber's data from the subscriber's current SGSN to the GGSN which is handling the subscriber's session. Three forms of GTP are used by the GPRS core network.
GTP-U for transfer of user data in separated tunnels for each PDP context
GTP-C for control reasons including:
setup and deletion of PDP contexts
verification of GSN reachability
updates; e.g., as subscribers move from one SGSN to another.
GTP' for transfer of charging data from GSNs to the charging function.
GGSNs and SGSNs (collectively known as GSNs) listen for GTP-C messages on UDP port 2123 and for GTP-U messages on port 2152. This communication happens within a single network or may, in the case of international roaming, happen internationally, probably across a GPRS roaming exchange (GRX).
The Charging Gateway Function (CGF) listens to GTP' messages sent from the GSNs on TCP/UDP port 3386. The core network sends charging information to the CGF, typically including PDP context activation times and the quantity of data which the end user has transferred. However, this communication which occurs within one network is less standardized and may, depending on the vendor and configuration options, use proprietary encoding or even an entirely proprietary system.
Use on the IuPS interface
GTP-U is used on the IuPS between the GPRS core network and the RAN, however the GTP-C protocol is not used. In this case, RANAP is used as a control protocol and establishes GTP-U tunnels between the SGSN and the radio network controller (RNC).
Protocol Stack
GTP can be used with UDP or TCP. GTP version 1 is used only on UDP.
there are three versions defined, versions 0, 1 and 2. Version 0 and version 1 differ considerably in structure. In version 0, the signalling protocol (the protocol which sets up the tunnels by activating the PDP context) is combined with the tunnelling protocol on one port. Versions 1 and 2 are each effectively two protocols, one for control (called GTP-C) and one for user data tunneling (called GTP-U). GTP version 2 is different to version 1 only in GTP-C. This is due to 3GPP defining enhancements to GTP-C for EPS in version 2 to improve bearer handling.
GTP-U is also used to transport user data from the RNC to the SGSN in UMTS networks. However, in this case signalling is done using RANAP instead of GTP-C.
Historical GTP versions
The original version of GTP (version 0) had considerable differences from the current versions (versions 1,2):
the tunnel identification was non-random;
options were provided for transporting X.25;
the fixed port number 3386 was used for all functions (not just charging as in GTPv1);
TCP was allowed as a transport option instead of UDP, but support for this was optional;
subscription-related fields such as quality of service were more limited.
The non-random TEID in version 0 represented a security problem if an attacker had access to any roaming partner's network, or could find some other way to remotely send packets to the GPRS backbone. Version 0 is going out of use and being replaced by version 1 in almost all networks. Fortunately, however the use of different port numbers allows easy blocking of version 0 through simple IP access lists.
GTP standardization
GTP was originally standardized within ETSI (GSM standard 09.60 ). With the creation of the UMTS standards this was moved over to the 3GPP which, maintains it as 3GPP standard 29.060. GTP' uses the same message format, but its special uses are covered in standard 32.295 along with the standardized formats for the charging data it transfers.
Later versions of TS 29.060 deprecate GTPv1/v0 interworking such that there is no fallback in the event that the GSN does not support the higher version.
GTPv2 (for evolved packet services) went into draft in early 2008 and was released in December of that year. GTPv2 offers fallback to GTPv1 via the earlier "Version Not Supported" mechanism but explicitly offers no support for fallback to GTPv0.
See also
Proxy Mobile IPv6
Mobile IP
PFCP
RANAP
Notes
References
GSM standard 09.60, ETSI, 1996โ98, this standard covers the original version 0 of GTP.
3GPP TS 29.060 V6.9.0 (2005-06), 3rd Generation Partnership Project, 650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne - FRANCE, 2005โ06. This is the primary standard defining all of the GTP variants for GTP version 1.
3GPP TS 32.295 V6.1.0 (2005-06), 3rd Generation Partnership Project, 650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne - FRANCE, 2005โ06. This standard covers using GTP for charging.
3GPP TS 29.274 V8.1.0 (2009-03), 3rd Generation Partnership Project, 650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne - FRANCE, 2009โ03. GTPv2 for evolved GPRS.
External links
The 3GPP web site, home of the GTP standard
Free and open source implementation of GPRS Tunnelling Protocol version 2 (GTPv2) or Evolved GTP (eGTP)
Network protocols
Mobile telecommunications standards
GSM standard
3GPP standards
Tunneling protocols |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%9E%89%20WC-135%20%EC%BD%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%ED%8A%B8%20%ED%94%BC%EB%8B%89%EC%8A%A4 | ๋ณด์ WC-135 ์ฝ์คํํธ ํผ๋์ค | WC-135 ์ฝ์คํํธ ํผ๋์ค๋ ๋ณด์ C-135 Stratolifter์์ ํ์ ๋ ํน์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. ํต ํญ๋ฐ์ ํ์งํ๊ณ ์๋ณํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋๊ธฐ์์ ์ํ์ ์์งํ๋ ์ฉ๋๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋์๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ด๊ณ์๋ค์ด๋ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ธ ๋งค์ฒด์์๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋น๊ณต์์ ์ผ๋ก "๋ ์จ ์กฐ๋ฅ" ๋๋ "์ค๋ํผ (sniffer)"๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ๋ถ๋ฅธ๋ค.
์ด์ ์ญ์ฌ
WC-135๋ 1965๋
12์์ ๋์
๋์๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ฐฐ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ํ๋ง ์๋ฌด์์ ๋ณด์ WB-50 ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋์ฒดํ๋ค. ์ด๊ธฐ์ 10 ๋์ ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ C-135B ์์ก๊ธฐ์์ ๊ฐ์กฐ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, MAC (Magic Airlift Command) ๋ฐ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ ๋งฅ ํด๋ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง์ ์ 55 ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ฐฐ๋๋ก ๋ฐฐ์น๋์๋ค. ๋๋จธ์ง๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ๋ค์ํ ๊ธฐ์ง์ ๋ฐฐ์น๋๋ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ค์ ์ข
์ข
์๋ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด์ธ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ญํ ์ ์ํํ๋๋ฐ, 1980๋
๋ ํ๋ฐ๊ณผ 1990๋
๋ ์ด ๋ช๋ช ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ ์์๋ก RAF ๋ฐ๋ ํ์ ์์นํ 10 ๊ณต์ ์ฌ๋ น๋ถ ๋ฐ ์ ์ด ๋นํ ์ค๋์ EC-135Hs์ ๋นํ ์๊ฐ์ ์ถ์ ์ ์ค์ผ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ๋ จ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ ๋น๋์๊ณ , ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ ํ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ๋ ฅ์ ์ด์กํ๋๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค.
๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ 1990๋
๋ ์ด๋ฐ์ ํด์ญํ์ง๋ง ์ถ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ํด 3 ๋๊ฐ ์ ์ง๋์๋ค. ์ผ๋ จ ๋ฒํธ 61-2666์ NC-135๋ก ๋ณํ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ RC-135 ์ฅ๋น ์
๊ทธ๋ ์ด๋๋ฅผ ์ํ ํ
์คํธ ๋ฒ ๋๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค. ์ผ๋ จ ๋ฒํธ 61-2667์ ํ๋ก์ ํธ ์ด๋ฆ ์ฝ์คํํธ ํผ๋์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ณ WC-135W๋ก ์
๊ทธ๋ ์ด๋๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ค๋ธ๋์ค์นด ์ฃผ Offutt ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง์์ 45 ์ฐจ ์ ์ฐฐ ์ ๋์ ํจ๊ป ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค. ์ผ๋ จ ๋ฒํธย 61-2674๋ ์ต์ด์ OC-135B Open Skyes ๊ด์ธก๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฐ์กฐ๋์ด 1993๋
์ ์ฌ์ฉ ์ฌ๊ฐํ๋ค. 1997๋
์ ํด์ญ ํ 2๋์ ์ถ๊ฐ ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ต์ฒด๋์๋ค.
์ด์ EC-135C, ์ผ๋ จ ๋ฒํธ 62-3582๋ 1998๋
์ฝ์คํํธ ํผ๋์ค๋ก ์ง์ ๋ WC-135C๋ก ๋ณํ๋์๋ค.
2018๋
4์์ 45 ๋์ ์ ์ฐฐ ์ ๋๊ฐ ์ด์ํ๋ 2๋์ ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋์ฒดํ๊ธฐ ์ํด 3 ๋์ KC-135R ์ ์กฐ์ ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ WC-135R ์ฝ์คํํธ ํผ๋์ค ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ก ์ ํ ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋์๋ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ 2019๋
9์๋ถํฐ ํ
์ฌ์ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋น์์ L3 Technologies์ ์ํด ๊ฐ์กฐ๋ ์์ ์ด๋ค.
์๋ฌด
WC-135B ๋ฐ WC-135W ์ฝ์คํํธ ํผ๋์ค ๋๊ธฐ ์์ง ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ 1963๋
์ ์ ํ๋ ํต ์ํ ๊ธ์ง ์กฐ์ฝ์ ์ง์ํ์ฌ ๋๊ธฐ์ ์ ๊ทผ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ง์ญ์์ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฝ์ ์ํด์ ๊ฐ์ค ์ ์ถ ๋ฌผ์ ์์งํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ฐจ์์ ์ ๋ณด ์๋น์๋ฅผ ์ง์ํ๋ค.
์ธํ
์ฝ์คํํธ ํผ๋์ค์ ๋ณํ์ ์ฃผ๋ก ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ ๋๊ธฐ์ ์์ง ์ ํ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ฏธ์
์น๋ฌด์์ ์ค์๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ฑ ์ํด "๊ตฌ๋ฆ"์ ๊ฐ์ง ํ ์ ์๋ค. ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์๋ ์ฌ๊ณผ์ง์ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฝ์๋ฅผ ์์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ธ๋ถ ํ๋ฆ ์ฅ์น์ ๊ณ ์ ๋ณด์ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์์ ์ ๋ ์ ์ฒด ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ํ์ ์ํ ์์ถ๊ธฐ ์์คํ
์ด ์ฅ์ฐฉ๋์ด ์๋ค. ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ช
์นญ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ C์ W๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๋์ผํ ์๋ฌด ์ฅ๋น๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฐํ๋ค (RC-135V ๋ฐ W ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ฌ).
๋ด๋ถ์๋ ์กฐ์ข
์ ์น๋ฌด์, ์ ์ง ๋ณด์ ์ง์ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ ์์ฉ ์ผํฐ์ ํน์ ์ฅ๋น ์ด์์๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ์ฌ 33๋ช
์ ์ข์์ด ์๋ค. ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ๋
ธ์ถ์ ์ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ์์
๋ถ๋ฅ์์๋ ์น๋ฌด์์ ๋ฏธ์
ํ์ ์ธ์์ธ ์กฐ์ข
์ฌ, ํญํด์ ๋ฐ ํน์ ์ฅ๋น ์ด์์๋ก ์ต์ํํ๋ค.
๋ฒจ๋ผ ์ฌ๊ฑด
WC-135B ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ 1979๋
์ 25 ์ข
์ ๋ ์ ๋ฒจ๋ผ ์์ฑ์ ์ํด ๊ฐ์ง ๋ ๋จ ๋์์์ ์ด์ค ์ฌ๊ด์ด ํต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์ํ์ธ์ง ํ์ธํ๋ ค๊ณ ์๋ํ์ง๋ง ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์ด์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
ํํค์คํ ๋ฐ ์ธ๋
์ฝ์คํํธ ํผ๋์ค ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ 1998๋
ํํค์คํ๊ณผ ์ธ๋๊ฐ ์ํํ ํต ์คํ์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์์งํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค.
๋ถํ
2006๋
10์ 6์ผ, ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ต๋ ๋ด์ค ๋๋ณ์ธ์ ํต ์คํ์์ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์ ํ์ง ํ ์ ์๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋จ๋ถ์์ ์ด๋ฅํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๋ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ถํ ํต ์คํ ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋ง ์ค๋น๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ ์ผํ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ก๋ค.
2006๋
10์ 9์ผ ๋ถํ์ ๊ณต์ ์ค์ ํต์ ์ฌ (KCNA)๋ ์ด ๋๋ผ๊ฐ ์งํ ํต ์คํ์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๋ํ๋ค.
2006๋
10์ 13์ผ, CNN์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด๋ณด๊ณ ํ๋ค. "๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์์ด ์ง์ญ์์ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ํ์ ์์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ์์ผ WC-135 ์ฝ์คํํธ ํผ๋์ค ๋๊ธฐ ์๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋นํํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ต๊ณ ์ ๋ณด๊ตญ ๊ด๊ณ์์ ๋ฐํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ถํ์ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ํ์ ๋ํ ์๋น ๋ถ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด '๋ถํ ํต ์คํ๊ณผ ์ผ์นํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ฑ ํํธ'์ด ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ ๋ณด๊ตญ ์กด ๋ค๊ทธ๋กํฐํ
(John Negroponte) ๊ตญ์ฅ์์ด ์ฑ๋ช
์๋ ๊ตญํ ์์ฌ๋น์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๋ด์ก์ง๋ง ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐํ๋์ง๋ ์์๋ค. CNN์ ์ํ ์์ํต์ ํตํด ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ป์๋ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ ๋ณด๊ตญ ๋ณด๊ณ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์์์ผ์ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ํ์ ์์ง ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์์์ผ์ 'ํ๊ณ ์ธ๊ทผ์์' ํต ์คํ๊ณผ ์ผ์นํ๋ ํํธ์ด ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ํ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ๋ CNN์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋ฐฉ์ฌ๋ฅ์ด ๊ฐ์ง๋์๋ค๊ณ ํต๋ณดํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ์ด ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ ์ค ํธํธ AFB์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์๋๊ณ ์คํค๋์์ ์นด๋ฐ๋ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง ๋ก ๋ณด๋ด์ ธ ์ํ๋ง ์๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ค.
์ค์์ผ๋ณด๋ 2009๋
6์ 17์ผ ๋ถํ์ด ์ค์ํ 5์ 25์ผ ํต ์คํ์ ๋ํด ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๋ํ๋ค. "๋ฏธ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์คํค๋์์ ์๋ ์นด๋ฐ๋ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง์์ ํน์ ์ ์ฐฐ ์ ํธ๊ธฐ WC-135 ์ฝ์คํํธ ํผ๋์ค๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ฒ ํ๊ฒฌํ์ฌ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ํ์ ์์งํ๋ค."
2010๋
11์ 23์ผ, ์ฐ์ผ์ด ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ถํ ํต ์คํ์ ์์ํ๋ฉด์ 2010๋
9์ WC-135๊ฐ ์นด๋ฐ๋ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒจ ์ก๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ๋ค.
2013๋
1์ 31์ผ, WC-135W๋ ๋ถํ์ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํต ์คํ์ ์์ํ์ฌ ์นด๋ฐ๋ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง์์ ๊ฐ์ ๋นํ์ ์ํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ก๋ค.
2016๋
1์ 6์ผ, ๋ฏธ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์ 1์ 5์ผ(EST) ์์ ํญํ ์คํ์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํํ๋ค๋ ๋ถํ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ถํ ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์ ํ
์คํธํ๊ธฐ ์ํด WC-135๋ฅผ ๊ณง ๋ฐฐ์นํ ๊ณํ์ ํ์ธํ๋ค.
2016๋
9์ 8์ผ์, ํ๊ตญ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ค์ด ๋ถํ์ด 0:30(UTC)์ ๋ค์ฏ ๋ฒ์งธ ํต ์คํ์ ์ํํ๋ค๊ณ ํ์ธํ ํ WC-135๊ฐ ๊ณง ํ๋ฐ๋ ์ฃผ๋ณ ๊ฐ์ ํญ๊ณตํธ์ ์์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๊ณ ๋์๋ค.
2017๋
4์ 12์ผ ๋ถํ๊ณผ์ ๊ธด์ฅ์ด ๊ณ ์กฐ๋ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ์คํค๋์์ ๋ฐฐ์น๋์๋ค. ๋ถํ์ 2017๋
4์ 3์ผ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ ์ํ์ ์ค์ํ๋ค.
2017๋
5์ 19์ผ, 2 ๋์ ์ค๊ตญ Su-30 ์ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ค๊ตญ ํด์์ WC-135๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ก ์ฑ์ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ์ ๊ณต์์ ์ธ ๋ถ๋ง์ด ์ ๊ธฐ๋์๋ค.
์ผ๋ณธ
2011๋
3์ 17์ผ, CNN์ WC-135W๊ฐ ๋ค๋ธ๋์ค์นด์ Offutt ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง์์ ์๋์ค์นด์ Eielson ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง์ ๋ฐฐ์น๋์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ฃผ๋ณ์ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ฑ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ํ์งํ๋ ๋ฐ ๋์์ด ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 2011๋
3์ 11์ผ 9.0 ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์ง์ง๊ณผ ์ฐ๋๋ฏธ๋ก ์ธํด ํ์ฟ ์๋ง I ์์๋ ฅ ๋ฐ์ ์์์ ๋ฐฉ์ถ๋ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ๋ฅ์ ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋งํ๋ค.
์ ๋ฝ
1986๋
WC-135C๋ ์ฒด๋ฅด๋
ธ๋น ์ฌํด ์ดํ ๋๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ๋ฝ์ ๋ฐฐ์น๋์๋ค.
2017๋
2์ 17์ผ, WC-135C๊ฐ RAF Mildenhall์ ๋ฐฐ์น๋์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋์๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ ๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด-๋ฌ์์ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์์ ์จ ์์ค๋-131์ ๋ณ์น์ ์ธ ์์ค์ ๋ํ ๋ช ๊ฐ์ง๋ณด๊ณ ์ ๋ํ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ธก๋์๋ค. 2017๋
4์ 10์ผ ํ์ฌ ์์ค๋-131 ๋ฐฉ์ถ์ ๊ณต์์ ์ธ ์์ธ์ ์์๋ค.
์ด์์
๋งํฌ=|ํ
๋๋ฆฌ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณต๊ตฐ โ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ์ฌ๋ น๋ถ
55 ๋ฒ ์ โ Offutt AFB, ๋ค๋ธ๋์ค์นด
์ 45 ์ ์ฐฐ ์ ๋
์ฌ์
์น๋ฌด์ : ๋ฏธ์
์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค๋ฆ
๊ธธ์ด : 42.6m (139 ํผํธ 11 ์ธ์น)
๋ ๊ฐ ๊ธธ์ด : 39.9m
๋์ด : 12.8m
๋ ๊ฐ ๋ฉด์ : 2,433ftยฒ (226mยฒ)
์ต๋ ์ด๋ฅ ์ค๋ : 136,300 kg (300,500 lb)
๋๋ ฅ ์ฅ์น : 4 ร Pratt & Whitney TF33-P-5 (WC-135W); Pratt & Whitney TF33-P-9 (WC-135C) ํฐ๋ณด ํฌ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ 16,050 lbf (71.4 kN)
๊ณต์ฐ
์ต๊ณ ์๋ : 350 KIAS (648 km / h)
๋ฒ์ : 4000 ๋ง์ผ (6437km)
์ฌ์ฉ ํ๋ : 12,200m (40,000 ํผํธ)
๋ ๊ฐ ์ ์ฌ : 123.5 lb / ftยฒ (603 kg / mยฒ)
์ถ๋ ฅ / ๋ฌด๊ฒ : 0.21
๊ตฐ๋น
์์
์ฐธ์กฐ
๋ฑ
๋ฏธํฐ
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
์ผ๋ฐ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
USAF : WC-135 ์ฝ์คํํธ ํผ๋์ค โ ์ฌ์ค ์๋ฃ
Airliners.net ๋ณด์ WC-135W (717-158)
GlobalSecurity.org WC-135 ํ์ด์ง
Fas.org WC-135 ํ์ด์ง
์์ ํผ๋์ค์ ๋ถํ ํต ์คํ์ CNN ๋ฒ์
์ฌ๋ฐ ์ ํธ๊ธฐ
์ ์ต๊ธฐ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing%20WC-135%20Constant%20Phoenix | Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix | The WC-135 Constant Phoenix is a special-purpose aircraft derived from the Boeing C-135 Stratolifter and used by the United States Air Force. Its mission is to collect samples from the atmosphere for the purpose of detecting and identifying nuclear explosions. It is also informally referred to as the "weather bird" or "the sniffer" by workers on the program and international media respectively.
Operational history
The WC-135 was introduced in December 1965, replacing Boeing WB-50 aircraft in the weather-reconnaissance and air-sampling mission. Ten aircraft were initially converted from C-135B transport aircraft and were placed in service with the 55th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron at McClellan Air Force Base, California, with the Military Airlift Command (MAC). Detachments were located at various bases throughout the United States and worldwide. The aircraft occasionally took on other roles throughout their careers; several aircraft were temporarily assigned to the 10th Airborne Command and Control Squadron at RAF Mildenhall in the late 1980s and early 1990s as training aircraft so that the unit could slow the accumulation of flight hours on its EC-135Hs, while others served as staff transports on an as-needed basis.
Upon retirement from frontline weather reconnaissance service in the early 1990s, five were retained for further use. Serial no.ย 61-2666 was converted to an NC-135 and remains in service as a testbed for RC-135 equipment upgrades. Serial no.ย 61-2667 was upgraded to a WC-135W, given the project name Constant Phoenix, and remains in service with the 45th Reconnaissance Squadron at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. Serial no.ย 61-2674 was converted to the first OC-135B Open Skies observation aircraft, reentering service in 1993. It was later stored in 1997 and replaced with two additional aircraft also converted from WC-135s.
In 1998, a former EC-135C, serial no.ย 62-3582, was converted into a WC-135C, also designated Constant Phoenix.
In April 2018 it was announced that three KC-135R tanker aircraft would be converted as WC-135R Constant Phoenix aircraft to replace the two aircraft operated by the 45th Reconnaissance Squadron. The first aircraft was scheduled to be converted by L3 Technologies at Greenville, Texas starting in September 2019.
In November 2020, WC-135C, tail number 62-3582, was retired during a ceremony at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. During its 56 year career, it amassed 29,680 flight hours and 72,251 landings. During its retirement ceremony, the 55th Wing chaplain dubbed the aircraft "Lucifer's Chariot", although the aircraft was never referred to by that name during its operational life.
In June 2022, the first of three planned WC-135R aircraft (serial number 64-14836) completed its maiden test flight, and was delivered to the 55th Wing on 11 July.
Mission
The WC-135B and WC-135W Constant Phoenix atmospheric-collection aircraft support national-level intelligence consumers by collecting particulate debris and gaseous effluents from accessible regions of the atmosphere in support of the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963.
Features
The Constant Phoenix's modifications are primarily related to the aircraft's on-board atmospheric collection suite, which allows the mission crew to detect radioactive debris "clouds" in real time. The aircraft is equipped with external flow-through devices to collect particulates on filter paper and a compressor system for whole air samples collected in high-pressure holding spheres. Despite the different designations, both the C- and W-models carry the same mission equipment (with a front-end avionics suite similar to the RC-135V and W aircraft).
The interior seats 33 people, including the cockpit crew, maintenance personnel, and special equipment operators from the Air Force Technical Applications Center. On operational sorties, the crew is minimized to just pilots, navigator, and special-equipment operators, to reduce radiation exposure to mission-essential personnel only.
Variants
WC-135B - 10 initial aircraft, converted from C-135Bs
WC-135C - Converted from former Looking Glass EC-135C Tail Number 62-3582, carries the same equipment as WC-135W
WC-135R - 3 converted KC-135Rs, announced in 2018 and included on the FY19 budget request. The first converted aircraft, Tail Number 64-14836, was delivered in July 2022.
WC-135W - Re-designation of WC-135B Tail Number 61-2667 after upgrades and removal of flight engineer crew position in the 1990s.
Operators
United States Air Force โ Air Combat Command
55th Wing โ Offutt AFB, Nebraska
45th Reconnaissance Squadron
Specifications
Activities
Vela Incident
WC-135B aircraft flew 25 sorties in 1979 to try to ascertain whether a double flash in the South Atlantic that was detected by a Vela satellite was a nuclear weapons test; however, the result was inconclusive.
North Korea
On October 6, 2006, Japan's Kyodo News agency reported that a US military aircraft, equipped to detect radiation from a nuclear test, took off from southern Japan. This was believed to be part of US efforts to prepare to monitor a North Korean nuclear test. On October 9, 2006, North Korea's official Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) reported that the country had performed a successful underground nuclear test. On October 13, 2006, CNN reported: "The U.S. Air Force flew a WC-135 Constant Phoenix atmospheric collection aircraft on Tuesday to collect air samples from the region. A preliminary analysis of air samples from North Korea shows 'radioactive debris consistent with a North Korea nuclear test', according to a statement from the office of the top U.S. intelligence official. The statement, from the office of Director of National Intelligence John Negroponte, was sent to Capitol Hill but not released publicly. CNN obtained it from a congressional source. The national intelligence office statement said the air samples were collected Wednesday, and analysis found debris that would be consistent with a nuclear test 'in the vicinity of Punggye' on Monday. The South Korean Defense Ministry told CNN that the United States has informed it that radioactivity has been detected." The aircraft was based at Offutt AFB and was sent to Kadena Air Base on Okinawa to operate during the sampling missions.
On June 17, 2009, JoongAng Daily reported, in reference to a purported May 25 nuclear test by North Korea: "The U.S. Air Force twice dispatched a special reconnaissance jet, the WC-135 Constant Phoenix from Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, Japan, to collect air samples."
On November 23, 2010, Sankei Shimbun reported that a WC-135 had been moved to Kadena Air Base in September 2010, in anticipation of a North Korean nuclear test.
On January 31, 2013, the WC-135W was reported to be conducting surveillance flights out of Kadena Air Base in anticipation of another North Korean nuclear test.
On January 6, 2016, the United States Air Force confirmed plans to soon deploy the WC-135 to test for radiation near North Korea to examine North Korea's claim that they had successfully conducted a hydrogen-bomb test on January 5 (EST).
On September 8, 2016, it was reported that the WC-135 would soon begin surveillance flights near the Korean Peninsula after South Korean officials confirmed that North Korea conducted its fifth nuclear test at approximately 0:30 UTC.
On April 12, 2017, it was deployed to Okinawa amid rising tensions with North Korea. North Korea conducted a missile test on April 3, 2017.
On May 19, 2017, two Chinese Su-30 fighter jets intercepted a WC-135 over the East China Sea, prompting a formal complaint from the Pentagon.
Japan
On March 17, 2011, CNN reported that the WC-135W had been deployed from Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska to Eielson Air Force Base in Alaska. From there it assisted in detecting radioactive materials in the atmosphere around Japan, monitoring radioactivity released from the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant caused by the magnitude 9.0 earthquake and subsequent tsunami of March 11, 2011.
Europe
In 1986, multiple WC-135Bs were deployed to Europe to help monitor the air after the Chernobyl disaster.
On February 17, 2017, it was reported that the WC-135C had been deployed to RAF Mildenhall. It was conjectured that this came in response to several reports of anomalous levels of iodine-131 coming from the Norwegian-Russian Border, but as of April 10, 2017, there was no official cause of the iodine-131 release.
In late July and early August 2021 a WC-135W deployed to Europe and carried out measurements over the Baltic Sea and Sweden. A connection is suspected with the technical problems of the Russian Oscar-II-class submarine Orel, which subsequently had to be tugged back.
See also
Bhangmeter
References
General
External links
USAF: WC-135 Constant Phoenix โ Factsheet
Airliners.net Boeing WC-135W (717-158)
GlobalSecurity.org WC-135 page
Fas.org WC-135 page
CNN coverage of Constant Phoenix and North Korean Nuclear Test
C-135W Constant Phoenix
C-0135W Constant Phoenix
Quadjets
Low-wing aircraft |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%8C%EB%B0%94 | ์ค๋ฐ | ์ค๋ฐ(Zumba)๋ ์ฝ๋กฌ๋น์์ ๋ฌด์ฉ๊ฐ, ์๋ฌด๊ฐ์ธ ์๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ "๋ฒ ํ " ํ๋ ์ค(Alberto "Beto" Pรฉrez)์ ์ํด์ ์ฐฝ์๋ ํผํธ๋์ค ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ด๋ค.
์ ๋์ ํน์ง
์ค๋ฐ๋ 1998๋
์ ์ฝ๋กฌ๋น์ ์นผ๋ฆฌ์์ ์์ด๋ก๋น
๊ฐ์ฌ๋ก ํ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ ์๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ "๋ฒ ํ " ํ๋ ์ค(Alberto "Beto" Pรฉrez)์ ์ํด ์ฐฝ์๋์๋ค. ์์ด๋ก๋น
์์
์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์นด์ธํธ ํ
์ดํ๋ฅผ ์์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฐ ๋ฒ ํ ํ๋ ์ค๊ฐ ๋์ ๊ฐ์ ธ์จ ์นด์ธํธ ํ
์ดํ์์ ํ๋ฌ๋์จ ๋ผํด ๋์ค, ์ด์ฌ, ๋ฉ๋ ๊ฒ ์์
์ ๋ง์ถฐ์ ์ถค์ ์ถ์๋๋ฐ ํ๋ ์ค๋ ์ด ์ด๋์ '๋ฃธ๋ฐ์ฌ์ด์ฆ'(Rumbacize)๋ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ฅด์ณค๋ค. ๋ฃธ๋ฐ์ฌ์ด์ฆ๋ '๋ฃธ๋ฐ'(Rumba)์ '์ฌ์ ์ฌ์ด์ฆ'(Jazzercize, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ํผํธ๋์ค ํ๋์ฐจ์ด์ฆ ๊ธฐ์
)์ ํฉ์ฑ์ด์ด๋ค. ๋ฒ ํ ํ๋ ์ค๋ ๋์ค์ ์ด ์ถค์ '์ค๋ฐ'๋ก ๋ช
๋ช
ํ๊ณ 1999๋
์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ฃผํ๋ฉด์ ์ค๋ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ํํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
๋ฒ ํ ํ๋ ์ค๋ 2001๋
์ ์๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ ํ๋ฅผ๋ง(Alberto Perlman), ์๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ ์๊ธฐ์จ(Alberto Aghion)๊ณผ์ ํ๋ ฅ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋๋ฐ ์ธ ์ฌ๋์ ํด์ค์ ๊ด๊ณ ์ ์ถ์ฐํ์ฌ ํผํธ๋์ค ๋น๋์ค๋ฅผ ์ถ์ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. 2006๋
์๋ ๋ฒ ํ ํ๋ ์ค๊ฐ ์ค๋ฐ ํผํธ๋์ค(Zumba Fitness)๋ฅผ ์ค๋ฆฝํ๋ค. ์ค๋ฐ๋ ์ค๋ฐ ํผํธ๋์ค์ ๋ฑ๋ก ์ํ์ธ๋ฐ ์ค๋ฐ์๋ ์ด๋ ํ ์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ๋ด๊ฒจ ์์ง ์๋ค. 2015๋
์๋ 186๊ฐ๊ตญ์ 1,400๋ง ๋ช
์ ๋ฌํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์ค๋ฐ ์์
์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
์ค๋ฐ๋ ์์ด๋ก๋น
์ ๋น๋กฏํ ๊ทธ ์ธ์ ํผํธ๋์ค ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ, ์ด๋ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ๋นํด ๋์ค ์คํ
์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ค. ์ค๋ฐ๋ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ค์ฉ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์์ด์ ํด๋ฝ, ํฌ์ค ํด๋ฝ, ๋์ค ํ์ ๋ฑ์์ ๋์ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ข
๋ฅ
์ค๋ฐ๋ 16๊ฐ์ง์ ๋ฌํ๋ ํต์ฌ ๋์ ์ ์ฒด ๋๋ ์ผ๋ถ ๋์์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. ์ค๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋์์ ๋ผํด ๋์ค ์ฅ๋ฅด์ธ ์ด์ฌ, ๋ ๊ฒํค, ๋ฉ๋ ๊ฒ, ์ฟฐ๋น์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ 4๊ฐ์ง ํต์ฌ ๋์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ๋ค.
์ค๋ฐ ์์
์ ์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฝ 1์๊ฐ ์ ๋์ ๋ฌํ๋ฉฐ ์ค๋ฐ ํผํธ๋์ค(Zumba Fitness)์์ ๊ณต์ ์ธ์ฆ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ฌ๋ค์ด ์์
์ ์งํํ๋ค. ์ค๋ฐ ์์
์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ ์ฌ๋์ ์ฃผ์ด์ง ์๋์ง์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ต๋ 600์นผ๋ก๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ชจํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ค๋ฐ ์์
์์๋ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ฟฐ๋น์, ์ด์ฌ, ๋ฉ๋ ๊ฒ, ๋ง๋ณด, ํ๋ผ๋ฉฉ์ฝ, ์ฐจ์ฐจ์ฐจ, ๋ ๊ฒํค, ์์นด, ์ผ๋ฐ, ํํฉ ์์
, ์
์ธ, ํฑ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋น๋กฏํ ๋ผํด ๋์ค ์์
์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค.
์ค๋ฐ์๋ ์ฐ๋ น๊ณผ ์ด๋ ์์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ํ์ ๊ฐ์ง 10๊ฐ์ง ์ข
๋ฅ์ ์์
์ด ์๋ค.
์ค๋ฐ ๊ณจ๋(Zumba Gold): ์ด๋ณด์์ ๋
ธ์ธ์ ์ํด ๊ณ ์๋ ์ค๋ฐ ์์
์ด๋ค.
์ค๋ฐ ์คํ
(Zumba Step): ๋ฃจํด ๋์, ์คํ
์์ด๋ก๋น
๋์์ ๋ผํด ๋์ค ๋ฆฌ๋ฌ์ ์ ๋ชฉํ ์ค๋ฐ ์์
์ผ๋ก์ ํ์ฒด ์ด๋์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ค.
์ค๋ฐ ํ ๋(Zumba Toning): ํ ๋ ์คํฑ(Toning stick, ๊ฐ๋ฝ์ ๋ง์ถ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๋ง๋๊ธฐ)์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ํด ๊ณ ์๋ ์ค๋ฐ ์์
์ผ๋ก์ ๋ณต๊ทผ, ํ๋ฒ
์ง, ํ, ๋ชธ์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ๊ทธ ์ธ์ ๊ทผ์ก๋ค์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ์ค๋ฐ ์์
์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์๋ค์๊ฒ ์ฌ์ฅ ์ด๋, ์ฒด๋ ฅ ํ๋ จ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค.
์์ฟ ์ ์ค๋ฐ(Aqua Zumba): ์์์ฅ์์ ์ค์ํ๋ ์ค๋ฐ ์์
์ผ๋ก์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์๋ค์ ์์ ๋ฌผ์์ ์์
์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ฌ๋ ํ์ฅ ์ฃผ๋ณ์์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์๋ค์ ์ง๋ํ๋ค. ์์ฟ ์ ์ค๋ฐ์ ๋์์ ์ค๋ฐ ํผํธ๋์ค ์์
๊ณผ ๋น์ทํ ์ถค์ ์์ง์, ์์ฟ ์ ํผํธ๋์ค ์์
์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ์ถค์ ์์ง์์ ์กฐํฉํ ๊ฒ์ด ํน์ง์ด๋ค.
์ค๋ฐ ์ธ ๋ ์ํท(Zumba in the Circuit): ์ถค๊ณผ ์ํ ๋์์ ๋ณํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํน์ง์ธ ์ค๋ฐ ์์
์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์์
์ ๋ณดํต 30๋ถ ์ ๋ ์ง์๋๋ฉฐ ๋ค์ํ ๊ณต๊ฐ์์ ์๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ๋๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ํ๋ ์ด๋์ ์งํํ๋ค.
์ค๋ฐ ํค์ฆ(Zumba Kids), ์ค๋ฐ ํค์ฆ ์ฃผ๋์ด(Zumba Kids Jr.): 7์ธ๋ถํฐ 11์ธ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋ค์ ์ํ์ฌ ๊ณ ์๋ ์ค๋ฐ ์์
์ด๋ค.
์ค๋ฐ ๊ณจ๋ ํ ๋(Zumba Gold-Toning): ๊ฐ๋ฝ์ ๋ง์ถฐ์ ๊ทผ์ก์ ํ, ์์ธ, ๊ธฐ๋์ฑ, ์กฐ์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ํฅ์ํ๋ ์ค๋ฐ ์์
์ผ๋ก์ ๋์ด๊ฐ ๋ง์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์๋ค์ ์ํด ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํน์ง์ด๋ค.
์ค๋ฐ ์ผํ์ค(Zumba Sentao): ์์์ ์กฐ๋ฌํ๋ ๋ฐ์ ์ค์ ์ ๋๋ ์์ ์ค๋ฐ ์์
์ผ๋ก์ ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ชธ์ ํผํผํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค.
์คํธ๋กฑ ๋ค์ด์
(STRONG Nationโข): ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์๋์ ๊ฐ๋๋ฅผ ๊ต์ฐจ์ํจ ๋ค์์ ์์ํ ๋์ฌ ๋๊ฐ๋ ๋์, ์์
๊ณผ ๋์์ ์งํํ๋ ๋์์ ๊ฒฐํฉ์ํจ ๊ทผ์ง๊ตฌ๋ ฅ ์์
์ด๋ค.
์ค๋น๋(Zumbini): 0์ธ๋ถํฐ 3์ธ๊น์ง์ ์๊ธฐ์ ๋ณดํธ์๋ฅผ ์ํ์ฌ ๊ณ ์๋ ์ค๋ฐ ์์
์ด๋ค.
ํ๋ ์ดํธ ๋ฐ์ด ์ค๋ฐ(Plate by Zumba): ๊ฑด๊ฐํ ์์ต๊ด์ ๊ดํ ์จ๋ผ์ธ ํ์ต ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ด๋ค.
๊ฑด๊ฐ
์ค๋ฐ๋ ์ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ ๊ฐํ ์ด๋์ด์ ์ ์ฐ์ ์ด๋์ผ๋ก์ ์นผ๋ก๋ฆฌ ์๋ชจ๊ฐ ํฐ ํธ์ด๋ค. ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 1์๊ฐ ๋์์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์งํ๋ ์ค๋ฐ ์ด๋์ ํตํด 1,000์นผ๋ก๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ชจํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ค๋ฐ๋ ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ต์
์ ์ ๊ณตํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ค๋ฐ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ ํธํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ค๋ฐ๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฐ๋ น์ด ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ ์์ ํ ์ด๋์์ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ค๋ฐ๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฐ๋ น๋์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์ฐธ์ฌํ ์ ์๋ ์ ์ฐ์ ์ด๋์์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
์ค๋ฐ๋ ๊ทผ์ก์ ํ์ ๋์ด๊ณ ๋์๊ณผ ์์ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๋์์ ์ค๋ค. ์ค๋ฐ๋ ์นผ๋ก๋ฆฌ ์๋ชจ ํจ๊ณผ ์ด์ธ์๋ ์ฌ์ฅ ์งํ์ ์ํ์ ๋ฎ์ถ๋ค. ๋ํ ํ์๊ณผ ๋์ ์ฝ๋ ์คํ
๋กค์ ๋ฎ์ถ๊ณ ์ข์ ์ฝ๋ ์คํ
๋กค์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํค๋ ๋ฐ์ ๋์์ ์ค๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
์ค๋ฐ ํผํธ๋์ค (Zumba Fitness)
์ค๋ฐ ํผํธ๋์ค (Zumba Fitness) ํ๊ตญ์ด ํํ์ด์ง
์ ์ฐ์ ์ด๋
2000๋
๋ ์ ํ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zumba | Zumba | Zumba is a fitness program that involves cardio and Latin-inspired dance. It was founded by Colombian dancer and choreographer Beto Pรฉrez in 2001, It currently has 200,000 locations, with 15 million people taking classes weekly, and is located in 180 countries. Zumba is a trademark owned by Zumba Fitness, LLC.
Origin
Zumba was created in the 1990s by dancer and choreographer Beto Pรฉrez, an aerobics instructor in Cali, Colombia. After forgetting his usual music one day, and using cassette tapes of Latin dance music (salsa and merengue) for class, Pรฉrez began integrating the music and dancing into other classes, calling it "Rumbacize".
In 2001, Pรฉrez partnered with Alberto Perlman and Alberto Aghion to launch Zumba, and the trio released a series of fitness videos sold via infomercial. Pรฉrez decided on the word "Zumba" because of its similarity to the word "rumba", the Cuban musical genre. Pรฉrez and his partner began to replace the first letter of "rumba" until they landed on "sumba", and Pรฉrez ultimately decided to spell it with the letter 'z' because he liked the fictional character Zorro when he was a child.
In 2012, Insight Venture Partners and the Raine Group invested in the venture. The company expanded into class instruction, and by 2015, according to Perlman, there were 14 million Zumba students in 186 countries.
Choreography
Zumba choreography is composed using all or some of sixteen core steps. There are four basic rhythms: salsa, reggaeton, merengue, and cumbia; each basic rhythm has four core steps.
Classes
Instructors are licensed by Zumba Fitness, LLC to teach classes.
There are eleven types of classes, for different ages and levels of exertion:
Zumba โ a mix of low and high intensity, interval-style moves.
Zumba Step โ a lower-body workout that incorporates Zumba routines and step aerobics with Latin dance rhythms.
Zumba Toning โ for people who do their workouts with toning sticks, targeting the abs, thighs, arms, and other muscles. This type of Zumba class provides participants with a cardio workout and strength training.
Aqua Zumba โ classes held in a swimming pool. The instructor leads the class poolside while participants follow in shallow water. The moves have been adapted to combine the dance movements used in a Zumba Fitness class with those used in aqua fitness classes. There is less impact on the joints, since it's in water, and natural resistance is created.
Zumba Sentao โ a combination of strength and resistance training, incorporating dance moves and a chair as your partner. It works your muscles and core without lifting weights.
Zumba Gold โ a modified, lower-intensity version of a typical Zumba class.
Zumba Gold-Toning โ a toning class designed for older participants with the goal of improving muscle strength, posture, mobility, and coordination.
Zumba Kids (ages 7โ11) & Zumba Kids Jr. (ages 4โ6) โ classes for kids that feature kid-friendly routines based on the original Zumba choreography, while also breaking down the steps and adding games and cultural exploration activities .
Zumbini โ a class for babies and children, ages of 0โ4 years old and their caregivers to learn, bond, and grow in a musical environment. Their live classes stream on BabyFirstTV.
Zumba in the Circuit โ combines dance with circuit training. These classes usually last 30 minutes and feature strength exercises on various stations in timed intervals.
A Plate by Zumba โ an e-learning program to learn about healthy eating habits.
Health benefits
Zumba is intended as a total-body cardio and aerobic workout, which provides calorie consumption. One 2012 study found that a participant burns 300 to 900 kcal with an hour-long Zumba exercise.
Because Zumba offers different options, proponents of the Zumba program claim that it is safe for all ages, meaning anyone can participate. Some of the classes are specifically aimed at elderly people.
Besides its high calorie burning, Zumba can help lower the risk of heart disease, reduce blood pressure and LDL cholesterol, and increase HDL cholesterol.
Events
The annual ZIN-con for Zumba instructors from around the world takes place in the United States, including master classes, specialty training and a Zumba concert. In addition to the Annual Zumba Convention, Zumba also operates a number of one-day Academies where instructors can attend master classes and rhythm sessions. These events are held in cities globally. In January 2016, the first Zumba Cruise took place.
Products
Zumba began selling DVDs via infomercials in 2002, selling more than 10 million DVDs by 2012.
In 2005, the Zumba Academy was launched to license instructors for teaching Zumba classes.
In 2007, the company launched a clothing line called Zumba Wear; as of 2012, official apparel sales amounted to $10-million per year.
In July 2012, Zumba released the compilation album Zumba Fitness Dance Party.
Video games
In 2010, Zumba released its first fitness video gameโZumba Fitnessโon 30 November 2010 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 (on Epic Games' Unreal Engine 3), selling 3 million copies by August 2011. It was followed by Zumba Fitness 2, released in November 2011, with a similar game released on the Xbox 360 as Zumba Fitness Rush in February 2012. In October 2012, Zumba Fitness Core was released for the Wii and Xbox 360, including new features such as nutrition tips and the ability to set personal goals.
Zumba Fitness: World Party was released on 5 November 2013, featuring a new "World Tour" mode that unlocks songs from seven global destinations as a player progresses, as well as authentic customs, local rhythms and native dance styles. The game was followed a couple weeks later by Zumba Kids on 19 November 2013.
On 19 November 2019, Zumba Burn It Up! was released by 505 Games and Sega in Japan and certain countries (digital only) for the Nintendo Switch, as the first Zumba game in six years.
Bans
In 2013, the Haredi city of Beitar Illit banned all-female participants or female teachers in the activity.
In June 2017, Zumba was banned in Iran for being un-Islamic. In August 2017, six people were arrested after being accused of "trying to change lifestyles" by teaching Zumba.
References
External links
How I Built This - Zumba: Beto Pรฉrez & Alberto Perlman
1999 introductions
2000s fads and trends
Aerobic exercise
Colombian inventions
Dance and health
Exercise organizations
Exercise-related trademarks
Franchises |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%AE%EB%8F%84%EB%A7%88%EB%B1%80%EB%B6%99%EC%9D%B4%EC%86%8D | ๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ | ๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์(Phelsuma)์ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๊ณผ์ ์ํ ํฐ ์์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ์ด ๊ฒ์ฝ(day geckos, ๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ)๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฆฐ๋ค.
์ด๋ค ๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ๋ ์ข
์ ์กด์์ด ์ํ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๊ณ ์ด๋ค ๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ๋ ํํ์ง๋ง, ๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ์์ ์ํ ๋ชจ๋ ์ข
์ CITES ๋ถ์์ II(:en:CITES Appendix II)์ ๋ฑ์ฌ๋์ด์๋ค. ๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์ ๊ฑฐ๋์ ๋ํด์ ๋ณ๋ก ์๋ ค์ง ๋ฐ๊ฐ ์์ง๋ง, IUCN์ ๊ฑฐ๋๊ฐ ๋ช๋ช ์ข
์ ์กด์์ ์ํ ์์๋ก ์์ฉํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ช๋ช ์ข
๋ค์ ์ ์๋๋ฌผ๋ก์ ์ฌ์ก๋๋ค.
์์ธ
๋ค๋ฅธ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์ ์ข
๋ค๊ณผ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ๋ ์ฃผ๋ก ๋ฎ์ ํ๋์ ์ด๋ค. ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผํ์ฑ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ๋ ๋์์ด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์, ๋ธ๋ณด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค. ๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ๋ ๋๊ณต์ด ๋ฅ๊ธ๊ณ , ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์ฒ๋ผ ๋๊บผํ์ด ์๋ ๋์ ๋์์ ๋ฎ๋ ๋ฅ๊ทผ ๋ง์ด ์์ด์ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ๋ฐ๋ฅ์ผ๋ก ํฅ์ ๋ฆ๋๋ค. ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ข
์ ๋ฐ์ ๋
น์, ์ ์, ์ฒญ์์ ๋๊ณ ์์ด์ ํ
๋ผ๋ฆฌ์, ๋น๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์์ฉ ์ ์๋๋ฌผ๋ก ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ํ๋ คํ ์๊น์ ์ข
์ ๊ตฌ๋ถํ๋ ์์์ด๋ฉฐ, ์์ฅ ์ญํ ๋ ํ๋ค.
๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์ ๋ค์ํ ์ข
์ ๊ธธ์ด๋ 6.5 - 30cm ์ฌ์ด๋ก ๋ค์ํ์ง๋ง, ๋ฉธ์ข
ํ ๋ก๋๋ฆฌ๊ฒ์คํฐ๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ๋ ์ปธ์๋ค. ๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ๋ ๋ฐ๊ฐ๋ฝ์ ์์ ๋ฐํ(:en:Lamella (zoology))์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ๋นจํ์ด ์์ด์ ๋๋๋ฌด๋ ์ ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ์๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ํํํ ์์ง, inverted ํ๋ฉด ์๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ ์์ชฝ ๋ฐ๊ฐ๋ฝ์ ํ์ (:en:Vestigiality)์ผ๋ก ๋จ์์๋ค. ์์ปท์ ๋ท๋ค๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ํด(:en:Femoral triangle)๊ณต์ด ์ ๋ฐ๋ฌ๋์ด์๋ค. ์์ปท์ ๋ํด๊ณต์ด ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ ์๋ค. ์์ปท์ ๋๊ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ด๋ฆผํ(:en:Endolymphatic)์ํ๋ญ์ด ์ ๋ฐ๋ฌ๋์ด์๋ค. ์ด ๋ญ๋ค์ ์์ ๋ง๋๋ ๋ฐ ํ์ํ ์นผ์์ ์ ์ฅํ๋ค. ์์ปท์ด ์์ ํ๋ค๋ฉด ๋ชธํต์ ์๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ค์ด ํ์ด๋์จ ๊ฒ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์ ์ฒด๋ 6 - 12๊ฐ์ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ฑ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์ํ๋ค. ์์ ์ข
์ 10๋
๊น์ง ์ฌ๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ํฐ ์ข
์ ์ฌ์ก ์์ 20๋
์ด์ ์ฐ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋์๋ค.
๋ถํฌ์ ์์์ง
๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ๋ ์ธ๋์์ ๋จ์๋ถ์ ์์ํ๋ค. ์์ธ๋ ์๋ค๋ง ์ ๋์ ๋ฒต๊ณจ๋ง์ ์์ํ๋ ์๋ค๋ง์ฌ๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋๋ฅ ๋ณธํ ์ ๋ํด์์ ์์ํ๋ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ธ๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ง๋ง, ์ด์ฉ๋ฉด ์ด ๋
์๋ค์ ํด๋น ์ง์ญ์ ๋น๊ต์ ์ต๊ทผ์ ๋์
๋์์์ง๋ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋ค. ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ๋ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌํ๋์ ๋ง๋ค๊ฐ์ค์นด๋ฅด์ ์์ํ๋ค. ๋ช๋ช ์ข
์ ๋ง์ค์นด๋ , ์ธ์ด์
ธ, ์ฝ๋ชจ๋ก ์ ๋ ๋ฑ์ ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ์ฌ๋ค์ ์์ํ๋ค. ์ด ๋
์๋ค์ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ํ์์ด ์ ๋์ ํ์์ด์ฌ, ์นด์ฐ์์ด์ฌ ๋ฑ์ ๋ช๋ช ์ฌ, ํ๋ก๋ฆฌ๋ค์ฃผ์ ํด์ถฉ๊ตฌ์ ๋ช
๋ชฉ์ผ๋ก ๋์
๋์๋ค. ๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ๋ ๊ณ ๋ 0 - 2,300m ์ฌ์ด์ ๋ถํฌํ๋ค. ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ๋ ์๋ชฉ์ฑ์ด๋ค. ์ด ๋
์๋ค์ ์ฝ์ฝ์ผ์๋ ๋ฐ๋๋๋๋ฌด์๋ ์์ํ์ง๋ง ์ ์, ์ธํ๋ฆฌ, ์ง, ํ๊ฐ ๋ฑ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง ๊ทผ์ฒ์์๋ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ค. ์์ธ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ฒ๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ์งํ์ข
์ด๋ค.
์์ฑ
๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ๋ ์ผ์์์๋ ๋ค์ํ ๊ณค์ถฉ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํ ์ ์ง๋๋ฌผ์ ๋จน๋๋ค. ๊ฝ๊ฟ, ๊ฝ๊ฐ๋ฃจ, ๋๋๋ก ๋ฐ๋๋๊ฐ์ด ๋ถ๋๋ฝ๊ณ ์ ์ต์ ๋ฌ๋ฌํ ๊ณผ์ผ๋ ๋จน๋๋ค.
์ฌ์ก ์์๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ์๋จ์ ๋ฐ๋ผํ์ฌ ๊ธ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ฃผ๋ก ๊ณผ์ผํ๋ฆฌ, ๋ค์ํ ํ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฒ์ง๋๋ฐฉ(:en:wax moth), ์์ ์ํผ์(:en:super worm), ์์ ๋ฒํฐ์(:en:Butterworm), ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ์์ ๊ณค์ถฉ์ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋, ํํ์ผ, ๋ฐ๋๋ ๋ฑ์ ๋ฌ๋ฌํ ์์ ๊ณผ์ผ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ด๋ ์ํ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด ๊ฝ๊ฟ ์ ํ์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ช ๋ฒ ๊ธ์ฌํ๋ค.
2008๋
์ BBC ์ ์์ง์ ๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ๊ฐ ํ๋ํธํธํผ(:en:planthopper)์ ๊ฐ๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋จน๋ ์ฅ๋ฉด์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ดฌ์ํ๋ค.
๋ถ๋ฅ
๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์์ ์๊ตญ์ ๋๋ฌผํ์ ์กด ์๋์๋ ๊ทธ๋ ์ด๊ฐ 1825๋
์ ์ต์ด๋ก ๊ธฐ์ ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ค๋๋๋์ ๋ด๊ณผ์ ๋ฌดํฌ ๋ฐ ํ ์จ(:en:Murk van Phelsum)์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ช
๋ช
๋์๋ค. ์ด ์์ 70 ๊ฐ ์ข
, ์์ข
์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ ธ์๋ค.
๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์ ๋ ์ข
, ๋ก๋๋ฆฌ๊ฒ์คํฐ๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ ๋ก๋๋ฆฌ๊ฒ์ค๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ์ด์ ๋ฉธ์ข
๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ฉฐ, ์๋ง ์ฌ๋๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ถ์ด ์์์ง๋ฅผ ํ๊ดดํ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ฎ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ๋ ์ค๋๋ ์ผ์ ์์์ง, ํนํ ์ด๋์ฐ๋ฆผ์ด ์ฌ๋ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํ๊ดด๋๊ณ ์์ด์ ๋ฉธ์ข
์๊ธฐ์ ์ฒํด์๋ค.
Phelsuma abbotti
Phelsuma abbotti abbotti โ Aldabra Island day gecko
Phelsuma abbotti chekei โ Cheke's day gecko
Phelsuma abbotti sumptio โ Assumption Island day gecko
Phelsuma andamanense โ Andaman Islands day gecko
Phelsuma antanosy
Phelsuma astriata โ Seychelles day gecko
Phelsuma astriata astovei
Phelsuma astriata astriata โ Seychelles small day gecko
Phelsuma astriata semicarinata
Phelsuma barbouri โ Barbour's day gecko
Phelsuma berghofi
Phelsuma borai
Phelsuma borbonica
Phelsuma borbonica agalegae โ Agalega day gecko
Phelsuma borbonica borbonica โ Reunion Island day gecko
Phelsuma borbonica mater
Phelsuma breviceps
Phelsuma cepediana โ blue-tailed day gecko
Phelsuma comorensis
Phelsuma dorsivittata
Phelsuma dubia โ dull day gecko, Zanzibar day gecko
Phelsuma edwardnewtoni โ Rodrigues day gecko (extinct, last seen 1917)
Phelsuma flavigularis โ yellow-throated day gecko
Phelsuma gigas โ Rodrigues giant day gecko (extinct, last seen 1842)
Phelsuma gouldi
Phelsuma grandis โ Madagascar giant day gecko
Phelsuma guentheri โ Round Island day gecko
Phelsuma guimbeaui โ orange-spotted day gecko, Mauritius lowland forest day gecko
Phelsuma guttata โ speckled day gecko
Phelsuma hielscheri
Phelsuma hoeschi
Phelsuma inexpectata โ Reunion Island ornate day gecko
Phelsuma kely
Phelsuma klemmeri โ yellow-headed day gecko
Phelsuma kochi
Phelsuma laticauda โ broad-tailed day gecko
Phelsuma laticauda angularis
Phelsuma laticauda laticauda โ gold dust day gecko
Phelsuma lineata
Phelsuma lineata bombetokensis
Phelsuma lineata elanthana
Phelsuma lineata lineata
Phelsuma lineata punctulata
Phelsuma madagascariensis
Phelsuma madagascariensis boehmei โ Boehme's giant day gecko
Phelsuma madagascariensis madagascariensis โ Madagascar day gecko
Phelsuma malamakibo
Phelsuma masohoala
Phelsuma modesta โ modest day gecko
Phelsuma modesta leiogaster
Phelsuma modesta modesta
Phelsuma mutabilis โ thicktail day gecko
Phelsuma nigristriata โ island day gecko
Phelsuma ornata โ Mauritius ornate day gecko
Phelsuma parkeri โ Pemba Island day gecko
Phelsuma parva
Phelsuma pasteuri โ Pasteur's day gecko
Phelsuma pronki
Phelsuma pusilla
Phelsuma pusilla hallmanni โ Hallmann's day gecko
Phelsuma pusilla pusilla
Phelsuma quadriocellata โ peacock day gecko
Phelsuma quadriocellata quadriocellata โ four-spotted day gecko
Phelsuma quadriocellata bimaculata
Phelsuma quadriocellata lepida
Phelsuma ravenala
Phelsuma robertmertensi โ Robert Mertens's day gecko
Phelsuma roesleri
Phelsuma rosagularis โ Mauritius upland forest day gecko
Phelsuma seippi โ Seipp's day gecko
Phelsuma serraticauda โ flat-tailed day gecko
Phelsuma standingi โ Standing's day gecko
Phelsuma sundbergi โ Praslin Island day gecko
Phelsuma sundbergi ladiguensis โ La Digue day gecko
Phelsuma sundbergi longinsulae โ Mahรฉ day gecko
Phelsuma sundbergi sundbergi โ Seychelles giant day gecko
Phelsuma vanheygeni
Phelsuma v-nigra โ Indian day gecko
Phelsuma v-nigra anjouanensis โ Anjouan Island day gecko
Phelsuma v-nigra comoraegrandensis โ Grand Comoro day gecko
Phelsuma v-nigra v-nigra
์ฃผ์์ฌํญ: ์ฝ์
์ด๊ตฌ์ ์ด๋ช
๋ช
๋ช
์(:en:Binominal nomenclature)๋ ์๋ ํด๋น ์ข
์ ํ์ฌ์๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ ํ์์ง๋ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
Phelsumania.com
Gekkota.com
Phelsuma.nl
Phelsuma at the Reptile Database
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
Gray JE (1825). "A Synopsis of the Genera of Reptiles and Amphibia, with a Description of some new Species". Annals of Philosophy. New Series [Series 2] 10: 193-217. (Phelsuma, new genus, p.ย 199).
๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๊ณผ
์กด ์๋์๋ ๊ทธ๋ ์ด๊ฐ ๋ช
๋ช
ํ ๋ถ๋ฅ๊ตฐ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phelsuma | Phelsuma | Phelsuma is a large genus of geckos in the family Gekkonidae. Species in the genus Phelsuma are commonly referred to as day geckos.
Some day geckos are seriously endangered and some are common, but all Phelsuma species are CITES Appendix II listed. Little is known about trade in day geckos, but the IUCN considers it a threat to some species. Some species are captive-bred.
Taxonomy
The genus itself is thought to have originated anywhere between the Late Cretaceous to the mid-Eocene (43 to 75 mya), as that is when its lineage is known to have diverged from the one containing the Namaqua day gecko (Rhoptropella), although it is unknown how closely related both genera are. The crown group containing all recent species is thought to have originated in the early Oligocene, about 30 million years ago, with the most basal of them being the isolated Andaman day gecko (P. andamanensis), which diverged from all other species shortly after the crown group originated. Most of the other divergence among species in areas of the Western Indian Ocean such as the Seychelles is thought to have occurred in the Neogene.
Description
In contrast to most other gecko species, day geckos of the genus Phelsuma are active mainly during the day. Other diurnal geckos include species of the genera Lygodactylus and Gonatodes. Like most other geckos, day geckos lack eyelids, instead having rounded pupils and a clear, fixed plate covering their eyes which they clean with their tongues. Many species have bright green, red, and blue colors which make them popular terrarium or vivarium pets. These brilliant colors play a role in intraspecies recognition and also serve as camouflage.
The total length (including tail) of the different Phelsuma species varies between about , but the extinct Rodrigues giant day gecko was even larger. Day geckos have toe pads consisting of tiny lamellae which allow them to walk on plain vertical and inverted surfaces like bamboo or glass. The inner toe on each foot is vestigial. Males have well-developed femoral pores on the undersurface of their rear limbs. These pores are less developed or absent in females. Females often have well-developed endolymphatic chalk sacs on the sides of their necks. These sacs store calcium, which is needed for egg production. Those eggs can often be seen through the ventral surface of the female's body shortly before they are laid. The hatchlings reach sexual maturity between six and 12 months old. Smaller species may live up to 10 years, whereas the larger species have been reported to live more than 20 years in captivity.
Distribution and habitat
Day geckos inhabit the islands of the south-west part of the Indian Ocean. The exceptions are Phelsuma andamanense, which is endemic to the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal, and Phelsuma dubia, which is also found on the East Coast of mainland Africa, although it possibly was introduced there. Most Phelsumas species are found in Mauritius and Madagascar. Some species are found on neighboring island groups, including the Mascarenes, Seychelles, and Comoros. Due to human introduction, they are also often found on some of the Hawaiian Islands, including the Big Island, Maui and Kauai, and the state of Florida, where they were introduced as a form of pest control. The different Phelsuma species can be found from sea level up to 2,300 meters. Most day geckos are arboreal. They inhabit, amongst others, coconut palms and banana trees, but can also be found near human settlements, in gardens, on fences, houses, and huts. An exception, Phelsuma barbouri, is a terrestrial species.
Diet
Day geckos feed on various insects and other invertebrates in the wild. They also eat nectar, pollen, and occasionally soft, ripe and sweet fruits such as bananas.
In captivity, such a diet is simulated. Insects which may be used include: (wingless) fruit flies, various flies, wax moths, crickets, small super worms, small butter worms and mealworms. Fruit, which is required a few times a week, may be small pieces of papaya, banana, or other sweet fruit and also commercial gecko nectars.
In 2008 a BBC film crew took footage of a day gecko successfully begging a planthopper for honeydew.
Classification
The genus Phelsuma was first described in 1825 by the British zoologist John Edward Gray, who named it after the Dutch physician Murk van Phelsum. The genus consists of about 70 known species and subspecies.
Two Phelsuma species (Phelsuma gigas and Phelsuma edwardnewtoni), both of which were endemic to the Mascarene island of Rodrigues, are now considered to be extinct, probably due to the destruction of their environments by human settlers and their domestic animals. Many day gecko species are endangered today for similar reasons: an increasing percentage of their natural habitat, especially tropical forest, is being destroyed by human activity.
Phelsuma abbotti
Phelsuma abbotti abbotti โ Aldabra Island day gecko
Phelsuma abbotti chekei โ Cheke's day gecko
Phelsuma abbotti sumptio โ Assumption Island day gecko
Phelsuma andamanensis โ Andaman Islands day gecko
Phelsuma antanosy
Phelsuma astriata โ Seychelles day gecko
Phelsuma astriata astovei
Phelsuma astriata astriata โ Seychelles small day gecko
Phelsuma astriata semicarinata
Phelsuma barbouri โ Barbour's day gecko
Phelsuma berghofi
Phelsuma borai
Phelsuma borbonica
Phelsuma borbonica agalegae โ Agalega day gecko
Phelsuma borbonica borbonica โ Reunion Island day gecko
Phelsuma borbonica mater
Phelsuma breviceps
Phelsuma cepediana โ blue-tailed day gecko
Phelsuma comorensis
Phelsuma dorsivittata
Phelsuma dubia โ dull day gecko, Zanzibar day gecko
Phelsuma edwardnewtoni โ Rodrigues day gecko (extinct, last seen 1917)
Phelsuma flavigularis โ yellow-throated day gecko
Phelsuma gigas โ Rodrigues giant day gecko (extinct, last seen 1842)
Phelsuma gouldi
Phelsuma grandis โ Madagascar giant day gecko
Phelsuma guentheri โ Round Island day gecko
Phelsuma guimbeaui โ orange-spotted day gecko, Mauritius lowland forest day gecko
Phelsuma guttata โ speckled day gecko
Phelsuma hielscheri
Phelsuma hoeschi
Phelsuma inexpectata โ Reunion Island ornate day gecko
Phelsuma kely
Phelsuma klemmeri โ yellow-headed day gecko
Phelsuma kochi
Phelsuma laticauda โ broad-tailed day gecko
Phelsuma laticauda angularis
Phelsuma laticauda laticauda โ gold dust day gecko
Phelsuma lineata
Phelsuma lineata bombetokensis
Phelsuma lineata elanthana
Phelsuma lineata lineata
Phelsuma madagascariensis
Phelsuma madagascariensis boehmei โ Boehme's giant day gecko
Phelsuma madagascariensis madagascariensis โ Madagascar day gecko
Phelsuma malamakibo
Phelsuma masohoala
Phelsuma modesta โ modest day gecko
Phelsuma modesta leiogaster
Phelsuma modesta modesta
Phelsuma mutabilis โ thicktail day gecko
Phelsuma nigristriata โ island day gecko
Phelsuma ornata โ Mauritius ornate day gecko
Phelsuma parkeri โ Pemba Island day gecko
Phelsuma parva
Phelsuma pasteuri โ Pasteur's day gecko
Phelsuma pronki
Phelsuma punctulata โ striped day gecko
Phelsuma pusilla
Phelsuma pusilla hallmanni โ Hallmann's day gecko
Phelsuma pusilla pusilla
Phelsuma quadriocellata โ peacock day gecko
Phelsuma quadriocellata quadriocellata โ four-spotted day gecko
Phelsuma quadriocellata bimaculata
Phelsuma quadriocellata lepida
Phelsuma ravenala
Phelsuma robertmertensi โ Robert Mertens's day gecko
Phelsuma roesleri
Phelsuma rosagularis โ Mauritius upland forest day gecko
Phelsuma seippi โ Seipp's day gecko
Phelsuma serraticauda โ flat-tailed day gecko
Phelsuma standingi โ Standing's day gecko
Phelsuma sundbergi โ Praslin Island day gecko
Phelsuma sundbergi ladiguensis โ La Digue day gecko
Phelsuma sundbergi longinsulae โ Mahรฉ day gecko
Phelsuma sundbergi sundbergi โ Seychelles giant day gecko
Phelsuma vanheygeni
Phelsuma v-nigra โ Indian day gecko
Phelsuma v-nigra anjouanensis โ Anjouan Island day gecko
Phelsuma v-nigra comoraegrandensis โ Grand Comoro day gecko
Phelsuma v-nigra v-nigra
Nota bene: A binomial authority or trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species or subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Phelsuma.
References
External links
Phelsumania.com
Gekkota.com
Phelsuma.nl
Phelsuma at the Reptile Database
Further reading
Berghof H-P (2016). Taggeckos der Gattung Phelsuma: Lebensweise โ Haltung โ Nachzucht. Mรผnster, Germany: Natur und Tier Verlag. 192 pp. . (in German).
Gehring P-S, Crottini A, Glaw F, Hauswaldt S, Ratsoavina FM (2010). "Notes on the natural history, distribution and malformations of day geckos (Phelsuma) from Madagascar". Herpetology Notes 3: 321-327.
Glaw F, Rรถsler H (2015). "Taxonomic checklist of the day geckos of the genera Phelsuma Gray, 1825 and Rhoptropella Hewitt, 1937 (Squamata: Gekkonidae)". Vertebrate Zoology 65 (2): 247โ283.
Gray JE (1825). "A Synopsis of the Genera of Reptiles and Amphibia, with a Description of some new Species". Annals of Philosophy. New Series [Series 2] 10: 193-217. (Phelsuma, new genus, p.ย 199).
Rocha S, Rรถsler H, Gehring P-S, Glaw F, Posada D, Harris DJ, Vences M (2010). "Phylogenetic systematics of day geckos, genus Phelsuma, based on molecular and morphological data (Squamata: Gekkonidae)". Zootaxa 2429: 1โ28.
Fauna of the Mascarene Islands
Reptiles of Mauritius
Reptiles of Seychelles
Reptiles of Madagascar
Lizard genera
Taxa named by John Edward Gray |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%BC%20%EC%A2%85%EC%A1%B1%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98 | ๋ฐ์ผ ์ข
์กฑ์ฃผ์ | ใ๋ฐ์ผ ์ข
์กฑ์ฃผ์ใ(ๅๆฅ ็จฎๆไธป็พฉ)๋ ์ด์ํ, ๊น๋๋
, ๊น์ฉ์ผ, ์ฃผ์ต์ข
, ์ ์๊ธฐ, ์ด์ฐ์ฐ์ด ์ ์ ํ ์ฑ
์ด๋ค. 2019๋
7์ 10์ผ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ฌ์์ ์ถ๊ฐ๋์๋ค. ๋ถ์ ๋ ใ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์๊ธฐ์ ๊ทผ์ใ์ด๋ค.
์ ๋ชฉ
์ด์ํ์ ์ด ์ฑ
์ ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ์ข
์กฑ์ฃผ์๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ํ ์ด์ ์ ๋ํ์ฌ "์์์์ ๋ฐ์ํ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์๋ ์ค์ธ์ ์ธ ๋ณดํธ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ๋์ด์ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฐ ๋ฌธํ์ ๊ธฐ์ดํ๋ค. ์์ ์ธ, ์์ ๋ก์ด ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์๋ก์ด ๊ณต๋์ฒด ์์์ด ๋ฐ๋ก ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์๋ค"๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ฉฐ, "ํ๊ตญ์ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์๋ ๊ทธ ์์ฒด๊ฐ ํ๋์ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฐ๋ ์ง๋จ์ด์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ์ด์ ์ ๋ถ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋์ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณผ ์๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ข
์กฑ์ฃผ์๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณด๋ ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค"๋ผ๊ณ ์ค๋ช
ํ์๋ค.
๋
ผ๋
์กฐ๊ตญ์ ํ์ด์ค๋ถ์ ํตํ์ฌ ์ด ์ฑ
์ด "์ผ์ ์๋ฏผ์ง๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋์๊ณผ ์๋ ์ํ, ์์๋ถ ์ฑ๋
ธ์ํ ๋ฑ ๋ฐ์ธ๊ถ์ , ๋ฐ์ธ๋ฅ์ ๋งํ์ ์์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค"๋ฉฐ "์ด๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์ญ์ง๋๋ ์ฑ
์ ๋ผ ์์ ๊ฐ ์๋ค๋ฉด, ์๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์ด๋ค์ โ์น์ผํโ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์์ ๊ฐ ์๋ค"๋ผ๊ณ ๋น๋ํ์๋ค.
ํ์คํ ๋ํ ํ์ด์ค๋ถ์ ํตํ์ฌ ์ด ์ฑ
์ด โํ ์ง์กฐ์ฌ ์ฌ์
, ์ ๋ง๋, ์์๋ถ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฑ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์์์ ์ด๊ธ๋๊ณ ์คํ๋ ค ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์๋ฏผ์ฌ๊ด ์ฃผ์ฅ๊ณผ ๋ง์ ๋จ์ด์ง๋ ๊ฒ ์๋๊ฐโ๋ผ๋ฉฐ โ๋ณด์์ฐํ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์๊ฐ์๋ ์ด๊ธ๋๋ ๋ด์ฉโ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ง์ ํ๊ณ , โ์ ์ด ์ฑ
์ ๋ณด์ ์ ํ๋ฒ๊ฐ ๋์ฐ๋์ง ์ดํด๊ฐ ๋์ง ์๋๋คโ๊ณ ํ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ก ํ์คํ์ ์๋ฒ์ง๋ ์ง์ฉ ์ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์คํ ์ญ์ "์ง์ฉ์ ๋๋ ค๊ฐ๋ค ์ด์์ค์ ๋ด ์๋ฒ๋์ด ๋งํด์คฌ๋ ์ฐธ์๊ณผ ๋๋ฌด ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค."๊ณ ์ง์ ํ๋ค.
๋ฐ๋ก ๋ฐ ๋
ผ์
๋ฐ์ผ ์ข
์กฑ์ฃผ์๊ฐ ๋
ผ๋์ด ๋ ์ดํ ๋ง์ ๋นํ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
ํนํ ์ด์ ๊น์ง ์ผ๋ถ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ํผ๋๋ฐฑ๋ ์๋ ์๊ทผ๋ก ์์ค์ ๋์ด ํ๊ตญ์ธ์ ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ด ์น๋ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฑ ์์ฒด๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ง๋ง์ ์ํ๋ค๋ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ทน์ฐ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์๋ฌธ์ ์ผ๋ค๋ ์ ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋์ ์์๋ถ, ๊ฐ์ ์ง์ฉ ๋ฑ์ ํ๊ตฌ๋ค, ๋
๋๋ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋
์ธ๋ฐ ํ๊ตญ์ด ๊ฐ์ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ๋ฑ์ ์์ ์ ํ๋ ๋ฑ ๊ณ ์ ๊ด๋
์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํ ๋ฐ์ธ์ด ๋ง๋ค๋ ์ ์ด ๋นํ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋๋ก ๋ฐ์ผ์ธ์ฌ์ ๋
๋๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๋ ์กฐ์น๋ฅผ ํ ์ด์น๋ง์ ์ฐฌ์ํ๋ ์ด์ค์ ์ธ ๋ด์ฉ์ด ๋ง๋ค๋ ์ด์ ๋ก ํ๋ฌธ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๊ท ํ์ ์๊ณ ๋์ค์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ์คํ๋ ค ์ค๋๋ ฅ์ ๋จ์ด๋จ๋ฆฐ ์ผ์ข
์ ์ํญ ์๋๋๋ ํ๊ฐ๋ ๋ง์ด ๋ฐ์๋ค.
์ผ๋ณธ ์ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ตญ์ ๊ทํํ ํธ์ฌ์นด ์ ์ง๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ผ์ข
์กฑ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ๋นํํ <์ ์น์ผํ>๋ฅผ ์ถํํ๋ค.
๊ธฐ๋ฏธ์ผ ๋ค๋ค์ ๋์ฟ๋ ๊ต์๋ 2020๋
์ธํฐ๋ทฐ์์, ์ญ์ฌ๊ด ์์ฒด๊ฐ ๋ค์ํด์ง๋๊ฑด ์ข์ ์ผ์ด์ง๋ง, ์ด ์ฑ
์ ์ญ์ฌ์ธ์์ด ๊ท ํ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐํ์ง ์๋๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ฉฐ, "์ด ์ฑ
์ ์ ์น์ ์ธ ์ ์ธ ์ด์๋ ์ดํ๋ ์๋๋ค. ํ์ผ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ง์งํ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฃฌ๋ค๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์์ ๋ค์ด ์ซ์ดํ๋ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ๋์ผ๊ด์ ์ง๋ณด ์ ๊ถ ๋นํ์ ๋๊ตฌ๋ก ์ด์ฉํ ๋ฐ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ค. ์ด ์ฑ
์์๋ ์ด๋ค ํ์ผ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ํ ๊ฒ์ธ๊ฐ ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ ์ฐฌ ์ง์ ๊ฒฉํฌ์ ๋ชจ์ต๋ ์ฐพ์๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค. 'ํ๊ตญ ์ฌํ๋ ์ ์ดํ ๋ก ๋นํฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ์ผ์ธ๊ฐ'ํ๋ ์๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์๊ฒ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ฑ
์์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค๋ ํ๊ตญ์ ๋ด์ฌํ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ ์ด ์ฑ
์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์๊ฒ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ฑ
์์ ๋ฉด์ฃํด ์ฃผ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ถ ์ข์ ๊ฒ์ผ์ง ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋ค.", "ํ๋ ํ๊ตญ์ธ์ ๊ฑฐ์ง๋ง์์ด๋ก ์์ํ๋ ์ํ๊ด์ ํ๊ตญ ์ ํต ๋ณด์์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ง์งํ ๋ฆฌ ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ์ฌํ๋ ๊ทน๋จ์ ์ธ ๋
ผ์๋ฅผ โ์๋นโํ ๊ฒ ์๋๋ผ, ์ด๋ฐ ๋์ผ๊ด์ด ํ๊ตญ ๋ด์์ ๊ทน์์์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ๊นจ๋ฌ์์ผ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ ์ด๋ฐ ์๊ฒฌ์ด ๊ทน์์์ธ์ง ๊ทธ ์ด์ ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ค์ค๋ก์ ์ฑ
์์ผ๋ก ์ผ์์ผ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด ์ฑ
์ โ๋๋์ด ํ๊ตญ์์ ๋์จ ์ ๋๋ก ๋ ์ญ์ฌ์โ๋ผ๊ณ ์น์ผ์ธ์ฐ๋ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ผ๋ถ ๋
ผ๋จ์ ์์ธ๊ฐ ๊ฑฑ์ ์ค๋ฝ๋ค. ํํธ์๋ ํํ๋ก ์ด ์์ ์ ๋์ณ๋๊ณ , TV์์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์์ฐฌ์ด ๋์ณ๋๋ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ฌํ์ ๋น๊ตํ๋ฉด ์ด๋ฐ ์๊ตญ ๋นํ์ ์ฑ
์ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ๊ณ ์ฝํ๋ ํ๊ตญ ์ฌํ๊ฐ ์ด์ฉ๋ฉด ํจ์ฌ ๊ฑด๊ฐํ์ง๋ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ค."๊ณ ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ๋ค.
ํ๋งค
์ด ์ฑ
์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๋ฐ์ 2019๋
8์ 11์ผ ์์ค24 ์ข
ํฉ ๋ฒ ์คํธ์
๋ฌ 1์, ๊ต๋ณด๋ฌธ๊ณ (์จ์คํ๋ผ์ธ ํตํฉ)์์๋ 10์ผ ์ข
ํฉ ๋ฒ ์คํธ์
๋ฌ 1์, ์๋ผ๋์์๋ 10์ผ ์ข
ํฉ ๋ฒ ์คํธ์
๋ฌ 1์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. 1๋
์ด ์ง๋ 2020๋
๊ธฐ์ค ์ฝ 11๋ง๋ถ๊ฐ ํ๋งค๋์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๋ฐ์ผ ์ข
์กฑ์ฃผ์ ๋ถ์ฝ์ํธ 1๋ถ - ์ ํ๋ธ ์ฑ๋ ์ด์น๋ง TV
๋ฐ์ผ ์ข
์กฑ์ฃผ์ ๋ถ์ฝ์ํธ 2๋ถ - ์ ํ๋ธ ์ฑ๋ ์ด์น๋ง TV
์๊ธฐ ํ๊ตญ์ ๊ทผ์ : ๋ฐ์ผ ์ข
์กฑ์ฃผ์ - ์ด์น๋ง TV
๋ฐ์ผ ์ข
์กฑ์ฃผ์ ํํ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ฉฐ ์ด์ํ 2018/12/10
๊ฑฐ์ง๋ง ๊ตญ๋ฏผ, ๊ฑฐ์ง๋ง ์ ์น, ๊ฑฐ์ง๋ง ์ฌํ ์ด์ํ 2018/12/11
์ ๋ง๋ ์๋ ๊น์ฉ์ผ 2018/12/13
๊ฐ์ ์ฐํ์ ์ ํ ์ด์ํ 2018/12/16
๊ณผ์ฐ ๊ฐ์ ๋
ธ๋์ด์๋? ์ด์ฐ์ฐ 2018/12/18
์ค์์ฒญ ํด์ฒด์ ์ง์ค - ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง์ฐ๋ค. ์ด์ฐ์ฐ 2018/12/20
์กฐ์ ์ธ ๋
ธ๋์ ์๊ธ ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ์ง์ค ์ฃผ์ต์ข
2018/12/23
ํฉ๋น๋ฌด๊ณ ใ์๋ฆฌ๋ใ ๊น๋๋
2018/12/26
ํ๋์ง์๋ณ, ๊ธฐ์ต๊ณผ ๋ง๊ฐ์ ์ ์น์ฌ ์ด์ฐ์ฐ 2018/12/30
์๋์ ์ํํ๋ค๊ณ ? ๊น๋๋
2019/01/01
์ก๊ตฐํน๋ณ์ง์๋ณ, ์ด๋ค์ ๋๊ตฌ์ธ๊ฐ? ์ ์๊ธฐ 2019/01/06
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์๋ฏผ์ง ์ง๋ฐฐ๋ฐฉ์ ์ฃผ์ต์ข
2019/01/08
ํ์์๋ ํผ์คํจ์, ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ์์๋ ์ธก๋๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ? ๊น์ฉ์ผ 2019/01/11
์ ๋น์ด ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ ๊ฒ ๋ณ๋ก ์์๋ค - ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถํ์ ์ ์ง์ค ๊น์ฉ์ผ 2019/01/13
ํ์๋ฌด์น์ ์ด๋ฆฌ์์ - ํ์ผํ๋ด ๊ฒฐ์ฌ๋ฐ๋ ์ ์๊ธฐ 2019/01/15
๋ง๊ตญ์ ์์ฃผ๊ฐ ๊ณ๋ชฝ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋ก ๋๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ด์ํ 2019/01/17
๋๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ง๋ณ์ธ๊ฐ? ์ด์ํ 2019/01/20
'์์ฌ์ค์ ' ์ด์์ฉ์ ์ํ ๋ณ๋ช
์ด์ํ 2019/01/22
Never ending story โ โ๋ฐฐ์! ๋ฐฐ์! ๋ฐฐ์!โ ์ฃผ์ต์ข
2019/01/24
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ฐฝ๊ตฐ, ๊ทธ ๋ถํธํ ์ง์ค! ์ ์๊ธฐ 2019/01/27
๋ฌด์์ ์ํ ๋
๋ฆฝ๊ธฐ๋
๊ด์ธ๊ฐ? ๊น์ฉ์ผ 2019/01/29
๋ ์กฐ๋ ๊น์ผ์ฑ ์ ํ์ ์ง์ค(1) ๊น์ฉ์ผ 2019/01/31
๋ ์กฐ๋ ๊น์ผ์ฑ ์ ํ์ ์ง์ค(2) ๊น์ฉ์ผ 2019/02/07
์น์ผ์ฒญ์ฐ์ด๋ ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ทน(่ฉๆฌบๅ) ์ฃผ์ต์ข
2019/02/10
์ผ์ค์ฟ ๋, ์ ๋ค์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ํ๊ตญ์ธ ์๋ น๋ค! ์ ์๊ธฐ 2019/02/12
๋ฐฑ๋์ฐ ์ ํ์ ๋ด๋ง ์ด์ํ 2019/02/21
๋
๋, ๋ฐ์ผ ์ข
์กฑ์ฃผ์์ ์ต๊ณ ์์ง ์ด์ํ 2019/03/05
๋ฐ์ผ ์ข
์กฑ์ฃผ์์ ์ ํ ์ด์ํ 2019/03/07
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ํด์ฒด, ๋ฐ์ผ์ข
์กฑ์ฃผ์์ ์
๋ณด ์ด์ํ 2019/03/12
์ข
๊ฐ: ์์ฒญ๊ณผ ๋๊ธ์ ๊ฐ์ฌ๋๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ. ์ด์ํ 2019/03/14
2019๋
์ฑ
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ญ์ฌ ๊ด๋ จ ๋์
๋ฐ์ผ ๊ฐ์
์ญ์ฌ์์ ์ฃผ์
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ญ์ฌ ์๊ณก
์ผ๋ณธ ๊ทน์ฐ์ฌ๊ด | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Japan%20Tribalism | Anti-Japan Tribalism | Anti-Japan Tribalism (๋ฐ์ผ์ข
์กฑ์ฃผ์, ๅๆฅ็จฎๆไธป็พฉ) is a book written by Lee Young-hoon, Joung An-ki, Kim Nak-nyeon, Kim Yong-sam, Ju Ik-jong, and Lee Woo-yeon. It was published by Miraesa on July 10, 2019. It was subtitled "The Root of the Korean Crisis" (๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์๊ธฐ์ ๊ทผ์). The Japanese version, published on November 14, 2019, is subtitled "The Root of Japan-South Korea Crisis" (ๆฅ้ๅฑๆฉใฎๆ นๆบ).
The book is based on a series of lectures delivered on the web-based Rhee Syngman TV, of which Lee is the host. The Japanese version was published by Bungeishunjลซ Ltd. in November 2019 and immediately became a bestseller (No. 1 at Amazon on the day of publication). Bungeishunjลซ announced it had sold 200,000 copies within a week.
Content
Described as "anti-Japan tribalism," the book posits that there is a shamanistic mentality in a small minority of South Korean people who regard Japan as their primary enemy. Such a mentality, the authors argue, gave rise to some anti-Japan arguments among some South Koreans. In the bookโs prologue titled "A Country of Lies," Lee Young-hoon speaks critically of the people who lie, the politics which lie, the scholarship of lies, and the trials of lies. According to this book, the lies are particularly noticeable in some instances of the ROK's national history. Lee and the co-authors thus elucidate how a minority of people in their country has created a small number of forged historical accounts. The book became a bestseller in South Korea as 130,000 copies were sold.
Essentially, the book argues that the official history of the ROK has never been empirical. Anti-Japanism has been a dogma for a minority in post-independence South Korea. As such, some anti-Japan forgeries were produced to dramatize the ROK's national history. Critical of such falsification, the book argues that some South Korean scholars, journalists, novelists, artists, activists, and politicians all contributed to this process.
Anti-Japan Tribalism is an attempt by some South Korean scholars to argue that there is a distorted historical narrative in their own country. Based on their opinion, the authors discuss some anti-Japan arguments. The book "has a potential to dismantle the ROK's official history, the one that has been taught as right."
As discussed by Lee Woo-yeon, the bookโs co-author and researcher at the Naksungdae Institute of Economic Research, Japanโs better wages and employment opportunities attracted 100,000 to 200,000 Korean workers each year through the 1930s and the early 1940s. Moreover, there was little wage discrimination during the war, when Japanese companies were in need of Korean workers.
Table of contents
The table of contents of this book, in Japanese edition, is as following:
Preface to the Japanese Edition
Preface
Prologue: A Nation of Lies
Part 1: Memory of Tribalism
1. Absurd Arirang
2. A pistol in one hand, a surveying instrument in another hand
3. Did you say they plundered the land?
4. The approach of Japanese colonial administration
5. Myth of โthe forced mobilizationโ
6. Was it really โforced laborโ and โslave laborโ?
7. Fictiveness of the wage discrimination against Koreans
8. Who are they, special army volunteers?
9. Originally, there was nothing to claim: The truth about the claim agreement
10. Stupid and shameless intrepid opposition against Korea-Japan talks
Part 2: Symbol and Fantasy of Tribalism
11. Inside facts of the myth surrounding Mt. Paektu
12. Dok-do, the supreme symbol of anti-Japan tribalism
13. The truth about the iron stakes myth
14. Dismantling of the former governor-generalโs office building: Deleting the ROK's history
15. Fraudulent drama called the liquidation of pro-Japanese vestiges
16. A never ending story: "Compensation! Compensation! Compensation!"
17. Theology of anti-Japan tribalism
Part 3: Comfort Women, a Bastion of Tribalism
18. Comfort women within us
19. Establishment and culture of the registered prostitute system
20. The truth about the issue of Japanese militaryโs comfort women
21. In more than 40 years after the liberation, the issue of comfort women has not existed
22. Until the day when the Korea-Japan relations fail
Epilogue: Retribution of the Anti-Japan Tribalism
Commentary: A Patriotism Interrogated by "Anti-Japan Tribalism"
Controversy
A confidant of President Moon Jae-in and a short-lived Minister of Justice, Cho Kuk criticized, "This book denies anti-humanist actions conducted by Imperial Japan during the World War II, such as wartime forced labor and sexual slavery," and called it "disgusting" in a Facebook post. Lee Young-hoon responded to Cho's criticism, "it is nasty propaganda that is not worth mentioning." He also said, "I don't think Cho really read my book. He should criticize the book after analyzing its logic and reasoning."
Hong Jun-pyo mentioned on his Facebook, "I think this book is inconsistent with our common sense about the Japan's cadastral surveys, installation of iron stakes, wartime forced labor, and comfort women issues. It seems to be consistent with historical views to support Japanese ruling in Korean Peninsula."
Professors from various South Korean universities co-authored a comprehensive critique on the book, titled Japanese Imperialist Tribalism and published in October 2019.
Yuji Hosaka published a critique on the book in April 2020, arguing that the authors are "New Pro-Japanese Collaborators" (์ ์น์ผํ).
Footnotes
See also
Chinilpa
JapanโKorea disputes
Special law to redeem pro-Japanese collaborators' property
O Sonfa
External links
Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea
South Korean books
2019 non-fiction books |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EB%84%88%EB%AF%B8 | ํ๋ ๋๋ฏธ | ํ๋ ๋๋ฏธ(frenemy)๋ "์น๊ตฌ"(friend)์ "์ "(enemy)๋ผ๋ ๋ ์๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๋จ์ด์ ํฉ์ฑ์ด๋ก ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ํ์คํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์์์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์น์ ํ ์ฌ๋" ๋๋ "์น๊ตฌ์ ์ ์ ํน์ฑ์ ํจ๊ป ๊ฐ๋ ์ฌ๋"์ ๋งํ๋ค ์ด ์ฉ์ด๋ ๊ฐ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋๋ ๊ธฐ๊ด ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ , ์ง์ ํ์ , ์์
์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค. ์ด ์ฉ์ด๋ ๋ํ ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ธ ์ฐํธ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค.
์ด ๋จ์ด๋ ์๋ฅ์ธต์ธ ๋ฏธํธํฌ๋ ์๋งค(Mitford sisters)์ ๋ฌธํ์ , ์ฌํ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์์ ๋น๋กฏ๋์๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ๋ ์๊ฐ์ด์ ํ๋๊ฐ ์ธ ์ ์์นด ๋ฏธํธ ํฌ๋(Jessica Mitford)๋ ์ด ๋จ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฒ์ ํผํธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. "Frenemy๋ ๋งค์ฐ ์ ์ฉํ ๋จ์ด์ด๋ค. ๋ด ๋์์ด ์ด๋ ธ์ ๋ ์์ง ์น๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ์ฌํ๋ ๋ง๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๊ณค ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์๋ก ๊ณ์ ํจ๊ป ๋์๋คโฆ ๋ณ๋ก ์ข์ํ๋ ์ฌ์ด๋ ์๋์์ง๋ง.
์ญ์ฌ
"Frenemy"๋ 1953๋
์ด์ "๋ฌ์์๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ Frienemies๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ด๋จ๊น?"๋ผ๋ ์ ๋ชฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฐ์ญ ์นผ๋ผ๋์คํธ ์ํฐ ์์ฒผ์ ์ํด ๋ค๋ฐ๋ค์ฃผ ์ ๋์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค 1990๋
๋ ์ค๋ฐ๋ถํฐ ์ด ๋ง์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์ด ๊ธ๊ฒฉํ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค.
์ฌ๋๋ค
๋น์ฆ๋์ค์ํฌ(Businessweek)์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ frenemies๋ ์ง์ฅ์์ ํนํ ๋น์ฆ๋์ค ํํธ๋์ญ ์ฌ์ด์์๋ ์์ฃผ ์ ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ ์ ๋น๊ณต์์ ์ธ ์์
ํ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ "์ฌ๋์ ์ง์
๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ธ ์ํ์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ๋ ๋งค์ฐ ๋ฐ์ ํ๊ณ ์ฝํ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ํํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ... ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ๋๋ฃ๋ค๊ณผ ์ฌ๊ต ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋งบ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ ๋ค์ด ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์๋๊ฒ์ ์๋์ง๋ง, ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์ง์ฅ์์ ๋ณด๋ด๋ ์๊ฐ์ด ๊ธธ์ด์ง์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ค ๋ฐ์์ ์ฐ์ ์ ์์ ์๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ฑํฅ์ด ์ ์ ๋ง์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋จ๊ฒผ๋ค." ๋ ๋ช
์ด์์ ๋น์ฆ๋์ค ํํธ๋๊ฐ ๋ชจ์ฌ ์๋ก ์ด์ต์ ์ป์ ๋ ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ๊ด๊ณ๋ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด์ง๋ง, ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ธ ๊ด๊ณ์๋ ๋น์ฆ๋์ค ์ด์ธ์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ด์ฌ์ฌ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค. ์ง์ฅ, ์คํฌ์ธ ํด๋ฝ ๋๋ ์ฑ๊ณผ ๋น๊ต๊ฐ ํ์ํ ์ฅ์์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ ์ฌ๋ ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ณตํต์ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํ์ฑ๋๋ค. ์น์ดํ ํ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๊ฒฝ์๋ ฅ์ด ์งํฌ์ฌ์ ์ผ๊ธฐ์ํค๊ณ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์
ํ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ํ๋ ๋๋ฏธ์์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ ๋น์ฆ๋์ค ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์์ ๋ํ ๊ณตํต๋ ๊ด์ฌ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ผ์์ ์ด๊ณ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ด ๋์๋ค.
์ง๊ทธ๋ฌธํธ ํ๋ก์ด๋(Sigmund Freud)๋ ์์ ์ ๋ํดโ์น๋ฐํ ์น๊ตฌ์ ๋ฏธ์์ ๋ฐ๋ ์ ์ ํญ์ ๋ด ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ธ ์ถ์ ์์ด์๋ ์ ๋ ์์์ด๋ค....ํํ๊ฒ.... ์น๊ตฌ์ ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ฌ๋์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ์๋ค.
Frenemies์ ์ข
๋ฅ
Frenemies๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ํ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ์ฃผ๋ก ๋๋ ์ ์๋คย :
์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ํ๋ ๋๋ฏธ: ํ ์ฌ๋์ด ๋์์ด๋ ํธ์๊ฐ ํ์ํ ๋๋ง ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋์๊ฒ ๋ค๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ง๋ ๋, ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋์ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ํ๋ ๋๋ฏธ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด ์ฌ๋์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋์ ์ถ์๋ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋๊ณผ ๋ฌด์จ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์ด๋๊ณ ์๋์ง์ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ์๋ค. ๋ํ ์๋๋ฐฉ์ด ํ์ํ ๋๋ ๋ํ๋์ง ์๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ๊ด๊ณ์ด๋ค.
๊ฑธ๋ฌ์ง์ง ์์/์ด์
ํ ํ๋ ๋๋ฏธ: ์ด ํ๋ ๋๋ฏธ๋ ์น๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ํ๊ณ , ๋๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ๋์์ ์ธ ๋๋ด์ ํ์ฌ ๋๋ฌด ์์ฃผ ์ฉ๋ฉํ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค. ๊ทธ/๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋น๋ฐ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ณต๊ฐํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋์ ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋์ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์ด ํ๋ ๋๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์ํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ง๋์น๊ฒ ๊ด์ฌ ๋ ํ๋ ๋๋ฏธ: ์ด๋ฐ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ํ๋ ๋๋ฏธ๋ ์น๊ตฌ์ ์น์ธ์์ด ์น๊ตฌ์ ์ถ์ ๊ด์ฌํ๋ค. ๊ทธ/๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ฌด์ธ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ํ๊ฐ์์ด ๊ฐ์กฑ, ์น๊ตฌ ๋๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ถ์ ์ ํ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๋ฝํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๊ณผ๋ํ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ ์น๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ท์ฐฎ๊ฒํ๋ค.
์์ฌ๋ง์ ์ง์ฅ์ ํ๋ ๋๋ฏธ: ์ด ํ๋ ๋๋ฏธ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ฌ๋์ ๊ฒฝ์์์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ๊ฐ์ ๊ณณ์์ ์ผํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ๊ทธ๋ ์ ํ๋ํ๊ณ , ์นญ์ฐฌ์ ํ๊ณ , ์น๋ถ์ ๊ฐ๊ณ ํ๋ํ์ง๋ง, ์ค์ ๋ก๋ ์๋๋ฐฉ์๊ฒ ์ข์ ์ผ์ ์ํ์ง ์๋๋ค. ๊ทธ/๊ทธ๋
๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ค๋ณด๋ค ๋ ์ฑ๊ณตํ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ ์ํ์ง ์๋๋ค.
์๋ฉด์ฑ์ ํ๋ ๋๋ฏธ: ์ด ์ข
๋ฅ์ ํ๋ ๋๋ฏธ๋ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ด๊ณ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ธ ํน์ฑ์ ํจ๊ป ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋๋ก๋ ๋์์ด๋๊ณ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ํ์ง๋ง ๋๋ก๋์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ด๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
์งํฌ ๋ง์ ํ๋ ๋๋ฏธ: ์งํฌ๋ ์น๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ๋ ๋๋ฏธ๋ก ๋ง๋ค ์ ์๋ค. ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ด๋ฆฐ์์ , ์ฑ๊ณต, ์๋ฆ๋ค์, ์ฑ๊ฒฉ, ์ ๋จธ, ์ฌํ์ ์ง์ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์น๊ตฌ๋ค์ ์งํฌ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ถํ์คํ ํ๋ ๋๋ฏธ: ์น๊ตฌ์ ์ํ๋ ์น๋ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ ํํ ์์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด, ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋์ด ์์ ์ ์ข์ํ๋์ง ์๋์ง, ์ค์ ์น๊ตฌ์ธ์ง ๋น์ฆ๋์ค ์น๊ตฌ์ธ์ง, ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋์ด ๊ฐ์กฑ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ด๋ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค๋ฉด ํ์คํ์ง ์๋ค.
์ฐธ์กฐ
๊ฒฝ์
๋ด ์ ์ ์ ์ด ๋ด ์น๊ตฌ ์ผ
์ ์ ํ๋ณด
์ฌ๋-์ฆ์ค ๊ด๊ณ
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๋งํด ์๋ ๊ฒฝ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ณ๊ฒฝ ๋
ผ์
LA ํ์์ฆ: ๊ตฌ๊ธ์ ์ํ์ด ์๋ ๋๋งน๊ตญ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋งํ๋ค.
The Word-Apocalypse Mao: ๋์์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ผ๋ก ์ดํด๋จ-ํ๋ ๋๋ฏธ (Colbert Report)
์ฐ์
์ธ๊ฐ ๊ด๊ณ
1950๋
๋ ์ ์กฐ์ด | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenemy | Frenemy | "Frenemy" (also spelled "frienemy") is an oxymoron and a portmanteau of "friend" and "enemy" that refers to "a person with whom one is friendly, despite a fundamental dislike or rivalry" or "a person who combines the characteristics of a friend and an enemy".
The term is used to describe personal, geopolitical and commercial relationships both among individuals and groups or institutions. According to communication scholars, Carol Mills and Paul Mongeau, in interpersonal relationships, frenemyships are often maintained because the "relational benefits (e.g., saving face, maintaining social networks, and sustaining potential instrumental connections) outweigh negative ramifications of dealing with the relationship or terminating it." In these relationships, parties engage in civil interaction in public, but fundamentally distrust or dislike one another.
History
"Frenemy" appeared in print as early as 1953 in an article titled "Howz about calling the Russians our Frienemies?" by the American gossip columnist Walter Winchell in the Nevada State Journal.
The American-based author and activist Jessica Mitford claimed in 1977 that the word was coined by one of her sisters: "... an incredibly useful wordโฆcoined by one of my sisters when she was a small child to describe a rather dull little girl who lived near us. My sister and the frenemy played together constantlyโฆall the time disliking each other heartily."
From the mid-1990s it underwent a massive increase in usage.
People
A Businessweek article stated that frenemies in the workplace are common, even in business to business partnerships. Due to increasingly informal environments and the "abundance of very close, intertwined relationships that bridge people's professional and personal lives ... [while] it certainly wasn't unheard of for people to socialize with colleagues in the past, the sheer amount of time that people spend at work now has left a lot of people with less time and inclination to develop friendships outside of the office."
Professional relationships are successful when two or more business partners come together and benefit from one another, but personal relationships require more common interests outside of business. Relationships in the workplace, in a sports club, or any place that involves performance comparing, form because of the commonalities between persons. Due to the intense environment, competitiveness can evolve into envy and strain a relationship. Frenemy type relationships become routine and common because of the shared interest of business dealings or competition.
Sigmund Freud said of himself that "an intimate friend and a hated enemy have always been indispensable to my emotional lifeโฆnot infrequentlyโฆfriend and enemy have coincided in the same person".
Types
Frenemies can be divided into different categories based on their behaviors:
Unfiltered/Undermining frenemy: This type of frenemy insults, makes fun of, and cracks sarcastic jokes about the friend so frequently that it gets hard to tolerate. Also, secrets are disclosed in public.
Over-involved frenemy: This kind of frenemy gets involved in the friend's life in ways that the friend might not approve of. They reach out to their family, friends, or significant others in inappropriate ways without their permission to find something out. Their over-involvement often bothers and irritates the friend.
Competitive work frenemy: This kind of frenemy is a competitor to one person. Since they work in the same place or area, they behave well, make compliments, and act as well-wishers, but in reality, they never want something good to happen to the other. They never want the other to become more successful.
Ambivalent frenemy: This kind of frenemy has both positive and negative qualities. Sometimes, they can be helpful and polite, but sometimes, they also act in a selfish or competitive way.
Jealous frenemy: Jealousy can turn friends into frenemies. A person may become jealous of their friends because of their raise, success, beauty, personality, humor, or social status.
Passive-aggressive frenemy: They make mean remarks and give backhand compliments but never directly to the other's face. They can leave a person feeling confused about whether they have done something wrong.
See also
Competition
The enemy of my enemy is my friend
Promoting adversaries
Loveโhate relationship
References
External links
Australian Broadcasting Company Sir Martin Sorrell discusses media changes
LA Times: Google an ally, not a threat, media exec says, Los Angeles Times
The Word - Apocalypse Mao: Murdered by the Orient's Success - Frenemy Colbert Report
1950s neologisms
Interpersonal relationships
Friendship
English words |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%84%9D%EB%8F%84%EB%A7%88%EB%B1%80%EB%B6%99%EC%9D%B4 | ๋ณด์๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด | ๋ณด์๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด(Naultinus gemmeus)๋ ์ฃผ์ผ ๊ฒ์ฝ(jewelled gecko)๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ๋ด์ง๋๋ ๋จ์ฌ์ ๊ณ ์ ํ, ๋ฉธ์ข
์๊ธฐ์ ์ฒํ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์ ์ผ์ข
์ด๋ค.
๋ณด์๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ ์คํ๊ณ , ์บํฐ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ, ์ฌ์ฐ์ค๋๋ ํ์์ง๋จ(subgroup)์ ์๊น๊ณผ ๋ฌด๋ฌ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถํ ์ ์๋ค. ์บํฐ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ ์์ปท์ ํ์, ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐํ์ ๋
ธ๋์, ๋ณด๋ผ์, ํฐ์ ์ค๋ฌด๋ฌ๋ ๋ค์ด์๋ชฌ๋ ๋ฌด๋ฌ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ์คํ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ฒด๊ตฐ์ ๋ณดํต ์ด๋ก์ ๋ฐํ์ ๋
ธ๋์, ํฐ์ ๋ฌด๋ฌ, ์ฌ์ฐ์ค๋๋ ๊ฐ์ฒด๊ตฐ์ ๋ณดํต ์ง์ ๋
น์์ด๋ค.
๋ณด์๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ๋ค์ํ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ๊ณค์ถฉ๊ณผ ๋๋ฐฉ์ ๋จน๋๋ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅ ์ด๋งค๋ ๋๋ฌผ๊ฒ ๊ฝ๊ฟ๋ ๋จน๋๋ค.
๋ด์ง๋๋์ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ๋ ์์คํ๊ฒ ๋ณดํธ๋๋ฉฐ ํฌํ, ๋ฐฉํด๋ ๊ธ์ง๋์ด์๋ค. ๋ณด์๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ๊ณง์ ์ผ์๋๋ฌผ ๋ฐ์๊พผ๋ค(:en:Wildlife smuggling)์ ํ์ ์ด ๋๋ค.
๊ตฌ๋ณ
๋ณด์๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ๋ฐ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ง์ ๋
น์ ๋ฐํ์, ๋ฑ์ ์ค๋ฌด๋ฌ๋ ๋ค์ด์๋ชฌ๋ ๋ฌด๋ฌ๊ฐ ๋์์ด์ ๋ณด์๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ด ๋ถ์๊ณ , ์ด๋ ์ค์ํ ์๋ณ ์์๊ฐ ๋๋ค. ์ค๋ฌด๋ฌ, ๋ค์ด์๋ชฌ๋ ๋ฌด๋ฌ๋ ํฐ์, ์ฐฝ๋ฐฑํ ๋
น์, ํน์ ๋
ธ๋์์ด๊ณ ๋ฌด๋ฌ์ ํ
๋๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ณดํต ๊ฒ์์์ด๋ ์ง์ ๊ฐ์์ด๋ค. ๋ฐฐ๋ ๋ณดํต ์ฐฝ๋ฐฑํ ์ด๋ก๋น ๋
ธ๋์, ๋๋ ํ์์ด๋ฉฐ ์ค๋ฌด๋ฌ๊ฐ ๋์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ์๋ค. ์คํ๊ณ , ์บํฐ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ ํ์์ง๋จ ์ฌ์ด์, ์์ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ธ์์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ์คํ๊ณ ์ ์บํฐ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ ํ์์ง๋จ์ ์์ปท์ด ๋ค์ด์๋ชฌ๋ ๋ชจ์ ๋ฌด๋ฌ๋ฅผ ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ์์ปท์ ์ค๋ฌด๋ฌ๋ฅผ ๋๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ฌด๋ฌ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์คํ๊ณ ํ์์ง๋จ์ ์
์์ ํธ๋ฅธ์, ํ๋ ๊ฒ์์์ธ ๋ฐ๋ฉด ์บํฐ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ ํ์์ง๋จ์ ์
์ ๋ถํ์์ด๋ฉฐ ํ๋ ๋ถํ์, ํน์ ์ฃผํฉ์์ด๋ค. ๋์ ๊ฐ์์์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ธ์์ ๋๋ค. ๊ธธ์ด๋ ์ฃผ๋ฅ์ด์์ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊น์ง 18cm, ํญ๋ฌธ๊น์ง 6-8cm๋ค. ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒ๋ ์ต๋ 15g์ด๋ฉฐ ์๋ช
์ด ๊ต์ฅํ ๊ธธ์ด์ 40๋
์ด์ ์ด์๊ฐ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ณด์กด ์ํ
2012๋
์ ๋ณด์กด๋ถ(:en:Department of Conservation (New Zealand))์์ ๋ณด์๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ด์ง๋๋๋ฉธ์ข
์๊ธฐ๋ถ๋ฅ์ฒด๊ณ(:en:New Zealand Threat Classification System)์ '์ํ(At Risk)'์ ๋ถ๋ฅํ์๋ค. ๋ณด์กด๋ถ๋ ์ด ๋
์๋ค์ด ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ์ ์ ์ฌํด์ง๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ์์๋๋ค๋ '์ํ' ์ํ ์ํ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ถฉ์กฑ์ํจ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋จํ์๋ค. ๋ณด์๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ IUCN ์ ์๋ชฉ๋ก์ '์๊ธฐ' ๋ฑ๊ธ์ผ๋ก ๋ฑ๋ก๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฉ๋ชฉ, ์ ์ด์ , ๋ฐฉํ๋ก ์ธํ ์์์ง ํ๊ดด, ์ดํ, ํํธํ์ ์นจ์
์ข
ํฌ์์ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
๋ถํฌ
๋ณด์๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ๋ด์ง๋๋ ๋จ์ฌ ๋จ๋๋ถ์ ํ ์ฐฉํ๋ฉฐ, ์ข ๋ ์ ํํ๋ ์บํฐ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ, ์คํ๊ณ ์ ์ฃผ๋ก ์์ํ๋ค. ์บํฐ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ์ ์คํ๊ณ ์ฌ์ด์์๋ ์๊ท๋ชจ๋ก ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋๊ณ ํํธํ๋ ๊ฐ์ฒด๊ตฐ์ด ์ด์๊ฐ๋ค. ์ด ์ข
์ ์ต๊ทผ ๋ช ๋
๊ฐ ๊พธ์คํ ๊ฐ์์ธ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ์ฌ IUCN์ '์๊ธฐ'๋ก ๋ฑ์ฌ๋์ด ์๋ค.
์์
๋ณด์๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ๋ชฉ์ง์ ์ด๋ชฉ, ๊ฑด์ง๋, ๋ค๋ถ์ง๋ ๋ฐ์์ ๋ค์ํ ์์์ง๋ฅผ ์ ํธํ๋ค. ์ถ์์ ๋ถ์ ํผํ ์์ ์ฒ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ชฉ์ง ์ผ๋ฆผ ์ด๋ชฉ์ ์์กดํ๋ค. ๋ณด์๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ์๋ชฉ์ฑ, ์ฃผํ์ฑ ์ข
์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ฆ ๋๋ฌด์์ ์ด์๊ฐ๋ฉฐ ๋ฎ์ ํ๋์ ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ป์ด๋ค. ๋ง๋์นด(:en:manuka), ๋๋๋ฐค๋๋ฌด๋ฅ, ๋งํ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ(:en:matagouri) ๋ฑ์ ๋ค์ํ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ๋๋ฌด, ๋ค๋ถ์์ ์ด์๊ฐ ์ ์๋ค. ๋
ธ๋๋ ๋งจ๋ค๋งจ๋คํ ๋ฐ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฎ์ธ ๊ณณ๋ ํฌ์์๋ค์๊ฒ์ ์ฝ๊ฒ ๋๋ง์น ์ ์์ด์ ์์์ง๋ก ์ ํฉํ๋ค.
์์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ
์์ปท์ ํ์์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ณดํต ๊ฐ์์ ์ถ์ฐํ๋ฉฐ, ์คํ๊ณ ๋ณด๋ค ์บํฐ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฐ์ฒด๊ตฐ์ด ์กฐ๊ธ ๋ ๋น ๋ฅด๋ค. ํด๋ง๋ค ๋ฒ์ํ๋ฉฐ, ์์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ์ฝ 7๋ฌ์ด๋ค. ๋ณด์๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ ์์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ ๋ํฉํ์ฑ(:en:vitellogenesis), ๋ฐฐ๋, ์์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๋๋ฐ, ๋ํฉ์ ๊ฐ์์ ์ถ์ฐํ ๋ค์ ํ์ฑ๋๊ธฐ ์์ํ๊ณ ๋ฐฐ๋์ ๋ด์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์์ปท์ ํ ๋ฒ์ ํ๋ ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณ๋๋ค.
๋ณด์๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ ์์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ ์ ์๋ ค์ง์ง ์์๋ค; ์ฌ์ก ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ 30๋
์ด์ ์ด์๊ฐ๋ฉฐ, ์์์ง ํํธํ๋ ํด๋น ์ง์ญ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ ์ข
๋ค์ ์์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํ์ฌ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋์ง ์๋๋ค. ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ด์ง๋๋ ํ ์ฐฉ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ์ฒ์ฒํ ์ฑ์ฅํ๊ณ ์ฑ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์ํ๋ ๋ฐ 2-8๋
์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋๋ฐ, ๋ณด์๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ์ฑ์ํ๋ ๋ฐ 4๋
์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋ค. ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ ํด๋ง๋ค ํ๋ ๋ง๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ถ์ฐํ๋ฉฐ, ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ด์ง๋๋ ํ ์ฐฉ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ฒ๋ผ ์์ด ์๋๋ผ ์๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ณ๋๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ค์ ๋ฒ์ ํ๋์ ๋ช
ํํ ๊ณ์ ์ฑ ๊ท์น์ด ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์คฌ๋๋ฐ, ๋ฐฐ๋์ ๋ด์ ์์ํ๋ฉฐ 7๋ฌ ์ ๋ ์์ ํ์ฌ ํ๋ ๋ง๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ณ๋๋ค. ์ฌ์ก ํ๊ฒฝ์์๋ 9-10์์ ์ง์ง๊ธฐํ๊ณ , 2-5์์ ์ถ์ฐํ๋ค. ์ด ์ข
์ ๊ณ์ ์ ์๊ด ์์ด ์๋๋ฏธ ์์์, ํนํ ๋ฐ๋ปํ๊ณ ๋ง์ ์์นจ์ ํ๋ณ์ ์ฌ๋ค. ์์ ํ ์์ปท์ ์ ์ผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์ฌ์ด๋ฐ, ๋ฑ์์ ์๋ผ๊ฐ ์๋ผ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ๋น์ ๋ ๋ง์ด ์ฌ์ด์ผ ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์๋จ, ๋จน์ด์ฐพ๊ธฐ
๋ณด์๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์ฒ๋ผ ์ผ์์ ์ผ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ๋ค๋ถ์์ ๋๋ ๋ค์ํ ๊ณค์ถฉ๊ณผ ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅ๋ฅผ ๋จน๋๋ค. ๋ณด์๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅผ ํฌํจํด ๋ชจ๋ ๋ด์ง๋๋์ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ๋ ์ก์๋๋ฌผ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ํ๋ฆฌ ๋ฑ์ ๋ค์ํ ๊ณค์ถฉ์ ์ญ์ทจํ๋ฉฐ, ์ฝํ๋ก์ค๋ง(:en:Coprosma)์ ๊ฐ์ ํ ์ฐฉ ์๋ฌผ์ ๊ณผ์ผ ๋ํ ๋จน๋๋ค. ๋ด์ง๋๋์ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ๋ ๋จน์ ์ ์๋ค๋ฉด ๊ฝ๊ฟ๋ ๋จน๋๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ค์ ธ์๋ค.
ํฌ์์, ๊ธฐ์์ถฉ, ์ง๋ณ
๋์ง ๋ฐฉ๋ชฉ, ์์์ง ํ๊ดด, ํฌ์์, ๋ถ๋ฒ ๋ฐ๋ ต๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์์๋ค์ด ๋ณด์๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ ์กด์์ ์ํํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ๋ 1953๋
์ผ์๋๋ฌผ๋ฒ(:en:Wildlife act of 1953)์ ์ํด ๋ณดํธ๋ฐ๊ณ ์์ง๋ง, ์ด ๋
์๋ค์ ์์์ง๋ ์ฌ์ ํ ๋๋ก์ ์ํ ํํธํ, ์นจ์
์ข
์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ํ๊ดด๋๋ ์ค์ด๋ค. ์ด ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ ํฌ์์๋ ์ธ๋ฅ, ์ค์น๋ฅ, ์กฑ์ ๋น๋ฅ, ๊ณ ์์ด, ์กฐ๋ฅ, ์ฃผ๋จธ๋์ฅ ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค. ์ธ๊ฐ ์์๋ ๋ชจ๋ ํฌ์์ ๋ฐฉ์ง ๊ตฌ์ญ(predator proof area)๊ณผ ์์ฐ๊ตฌ์ญ์์ ์งํ ์ค์ธ ๋ถ๋ฒ ๋ฐ๋ ต์ด๋ค. ์ค์น๋ฅ, ์์ฅ๋ค์ ๋ค๋ถ, ๋๋ฌด์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ ์์์ง๋ฅผ ์นจ๋ฒํ๋ ๋ฉ์น ํฐ ํฌ์์๋ค์ด๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๊ณ ์์ด์ ์กฑ์ ๋น๋ฅ๋ ์ฃผ๋ก ๋ฐค์ ์ฌ๋ฅํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ณด์๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅผ ์์ฃผ ์ก์๋จน์ง๋ ์๋๋ค. ๋ด์ง๋๋์ ์กฐ๋ฅ, ํนํ ๊น์น์ ๋ฌผ์ด์๋ฅ๊ฐ ๋ณด์๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน๋๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค. ์ฃผ๋จธ๋์ฅ๋ ๊ณ ์ด๋์น ๊ฐ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํด๋ก์ด ํฌ์ ๋ฅ๋ ๋ง์ฃผ์น๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋ ์ ์์ง๋ง, ์ข
์ ์กด์์ ํฐ ์ํ์ด ๋์ง๋ ์๋๋ค.
๋ณด์๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ ๊ธฐ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ค์ง๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ ์ ์ผํ ๊ธฐ์์ถฉ์ ์ฒด์ธ๊ธฐ์์ถฉ(:en:ectoparasite) Neotrombicula naultini์ด๋ค.
๊ธฐํ
๋ณด์๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ๋
น์๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ข
๋ฅ๋ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋นํ ์ค์ํ๋ค. ๋ด์ง๋๋ ๋จ์ฌ์ ์๊ฐ์ด ํํ(:en:Ngฤi Tahu) ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์ด ์๋ฆ๋ค์ด ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ๋ฅผ ํ์จ๊ฐ(taonga : ๊ท์คํ ์ฌ๋ฌผ์ด๋ ์ฒ์ฐ์์)๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋ฌธํ์์ ์ค์ํ๊ฒ ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค.
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์
๋ด์ง๋๋์ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์ ๋ชฉ๋ก(:en:List of geckos of New Zealand)
๋ด์ง๋๋์ ์ผ์๋๋ฌผ ๋ฐ์(:en:Wildlife smuggling in New Zealand)
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
Naultinus gemmeus at the New Zealand Herpetological Society
๋
น์๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์
1955๋
๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ ํ์ถฉ๋ฅ
์ฐฐ์ค ๋งค์บ์ด ๋ช
๋ช
ํ ๋ถ๋ฅ๊ตฐ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelled%20gecko | Jewelled gecko | The jewelled gecko (Naultinus gemmeus) is a threatened species of lizard in the family Diplodactylidae. The species is endemic to the South Island of New Zealand.
Subgroups or populations of the jewelled gecko living in Otago, Canterbury, and Southland can be distinguished by their colour and marking. Male Canterbury jewelled geckos tend to be grey or brown with yellow, purple and white rows of stripes or diamonds. Otago jewelled gecko populations are often green with yellow and white markings, and Southland jewelled geckos are usually solid green.
The jewelled gecko eats a wide variety of insects and moths. It also eats berries and, more rarely, nectar.
The jewelled gecko and other New Zealand geckos are highly protected and it is illegal to capture or disturb them. The jewelled gecko is often targeted by wildlife smugglers.
Identification
Naultinus gemmeus has a bright to olive green body with either stripes or a pattern of diamonds on its back, a pattern which has given the species its common name, and is an important identifying feature. Colors often seen in the stripes or diamond shapes are white, pale green, or yellow. Those colors are often outlined by black or dark brown. The underbelly is usually a pale greenish yellow or gray and can sometimes have stripes or streaks too. There appear to be some differences in looks between the Otago and Canterbury subgroups of the jewelled gecko, as well as between the males and females. For both the Otago and Canterbury subgroups it seems that the females are more likely to have a jewelled pattern, while the males have stripes or no pattern. For the Otago subgroup the mouth of the jewelled gecko typically has a lining of deep blue color and a blackish tongue, whilst the Canterbury subgroup have a mouth lining of pinkish color and a pink or orange tongue. The eye color ranges from brown to olive colored. The jewelled gecko can get to a total length of with the body usually measuring about from snout tip to anus (snout-to-vent length, abbreviated SVL). It can also weigh up to 15 grams (.53 oz) and has a very long life span lasting at least 40 years.
Conservation status
In 2012 the Department of Conservation reclassified the jewelled gecko as "At Risk" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System. It was judged as meeting the criteria for "At Risk" threat status as a result of it having a low to high ongoing or predicted decline. The jewelled gecko has a status of "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List, caused by several threats such as habitat destruction, degrading and fragmenting through grazing, herbicides and burning, as well as introduced predators.
Geographic Distribution
The jewelled gecko is a native species of the South Island of New Zealand. It is found only on the southeast of the South Island. More precisely the main population is found in Canterbury and Otago. Other populations have been found in the area between Canterbury and Otago, but those populations as well as the habitats are small, isolated and fragmented. The species has undergone a decline in population in recent years, and in 2008 was considered "Near Threatened" by the IUCN.
Habitat
The preferred habitats of the jewelled gecko are diverse woody vegetation, drylands and shrublands. It needs shelter from cold and fires in the landscape, and is therefore dependent on woody forest vegetation. The jewelled gecko is an arboreal, diurnal species, which means it lives in trees and is active during the day. It can live in a wide range of tree and shrub species, like manuka, beech and matagouri. Rocky outcrops and boulder fields also can be suitable habitat for easy escapes from predators.
Lifecycle
The jewelled gecko is viviparous. Females typically give birth in autumn, usually a little earlier for Canterbury individuals than the Otago ones. Reproduction happens annually, and pregnancy lasts about seven months. The reproductive cycle of the jewelled gecko consists of vitellogenesis, ovulation and pregnancy, with vitellogenesis starting in autumn after birth and ovulation happening during spring. Each female gives birth to one or two juveniles.
The lifespan of Naultinus gemmeus is unknown. It is thought to live for over 30 years when predation and habitat fragmentation aren't issues, based on the lifespan of other gecko species in the area. Although most geckos endemic to New Zealand are slow growing and can take 2โ8 years to reach maturity, the jewelled gecko takes 4 years to reach maturity. Once reaching maturity it gives birth to one to two young each year, and like other endemic New Zealand geckos, it gives birth to live young and doesn't lay eggs. Research has shown that there is a clear seasonal pattern of reproductive activity, ovulation starting in the spring and the gestation period lasting around 7 months, ending with the birth of one to two young. It has been recorded in captive environments that the jewelled gecko mating time is some time between September and October, and the birth time is February to May. This species basks in the sun on top of foliage especially on warm sunny mornings and does this year round. It has been shown that pregnant females are the easiest to find, and this is most likely due to needing the sun more to help development of young.
Diet/Prey/Predators
Diet and foraging
The jewelled gecko, like other geckos, has a rich diet of insects and berries that come from its habitat of native forest and shrublands. All New Zealand geckos like the jewelled gecko are omnivores and eat a wide variety of insects such as moths and different types of flies, and they also feed on berries from native plants such as those of the genus Coprosma. New Zealand geckos have also been known to feed on the nectar of flowers when available.
Predators, parasites and diseases
There are many threats that the jewelled gecko faces from farmland grazing, habitat destruction, predators, and illegal poaching. The jewelled gecko is protected under the Wildlife Act of 1953, but its habitats are still being destroyed by either fragmentation by roads or invasive species. The predators that this gecko faces include humans, rodents, mustelids, cats, birds and possums. The human factor is all the illegal poaching that is going on in the predator proof areas and natural areas. Rodents, rats, are a large predator for the jewelled gecko, climbing the branches of the shrubland and forest and infiltrating its habitat. However, there is evidence to show that mustelids and cats are not main predators because they are mainly nocturnal in their hunting behavior. Birds in New Zealand, particularly the magpie and kingfishers, are known to feed on the jewelled gecko. As for other pest mammals, such as possums or hedgehogs, these could possibly pose a problem if encountered, but they are not a main threat to the species.
The only known and recorded parasite for the jewelled gecko is the ectoparasite Neotrombicula naultini.
Cultural significance
There is a large cultural significance tied to the jewelled gecko and many more green species of geckos. The Ngฤi Tahu people of the South Island of New Zealand refer to these geckos as taonga (an object or natural resource which is highly prized), and they are highly thought of in their culture.
See also
Geckos of New Zealand
Wildlife smuggling in New Zealand
References
Further reading
McCann C (1955). "The lizards of New Zealand. Gekkonidae and Scincidae". Dominion Museum Bulletin (17): 1โ127. (Heteropholis gemmeus, new species, p.ย 63).
External links
Naultinus
Reptiles described in 1955
Taxa named by Charles McCann
Endemic fauna of New Zealand
Endemic reptiles of New Zealand |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%9C%EC%9F%81%EC%9D%B4%EB%8F%84%EB%A7%88%EB%B1%80%EB%B6%99%EC%9D%B4%EC%86%8D | ๋์์ด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ | ๋์์ด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์(Lygodactylus)์ ๋์ํ ๊ฒ์ฝ(dwarf geckos)๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ๋๋ต 60์ข
์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ์ฃผํ์ฑ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์ ์ผ์์ด๋ค. ์ฃผ๋ก ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ๋ง๋ค๊ฐ์ค์นด๋ฅด์ ์์ํ์ง๋ง ๋ ์ข
์ ๋จ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์์ํ๋ค. ์ ์ผ ์ ์๋ ค์ง ํฐ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋์์ด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ์ผ๋์ ์์ํ๋ค.
๊ทผ๋ ํ์๋์์์ ๋ฐ์ ์๊น์ ๋ฉธ์ข
์๊ธฐ์ข
์ฒญ๋ก์๋์์ด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์์ถ๋์ด, ํ์ถฉ๋ฅ ๊ฑฐ๋์์ ๋์์ด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ๊ฐ ์ ์ ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ผ์ ์ฒญ๋ก์๋์์ด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋๋ ๋ถ๋ฒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ์ด ๋
์๋ค์ ํฌ์ฅํ ์์๋ ๋ณดํต ๋ผ๋ฒจ์ ๋์์ด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ(Lygodactylus spp.), ๊ณถ๋์์ด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด(:en:Cape dwarf gecko) ๋ฐ์๋ก ์ผ๋ถ๋ฌ ๊ฑฐ์ง๋ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์
ํ๋ค. ๋ช๋ช ์ธ๊ด์๋ค์ด ๋์์ด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์๋ค์ ๊ตฌ๋ณํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ด๋ ค์์ ๊ฒช๊ณ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, CITES์์ ๋์์ด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ ์๋ณ ๊ฐ์ด๋๋ฅผ ์จ๋ผ์ธ์ผ๋ก ์ถํํ์๋ค.
ํ์
์ข
๋ค์ ์ข
๋ช
(:en:Specific name (zoology))์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ํ๋ฒณ ์์๋๋ก ๋์ดํ๋ค:
Lygodactylus angolensis Bocage, 1896 โ Angola dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus angularis Gรผnther, 1893 โ angulated dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus arnoulti G. Pasteur, 1965 โ Pasteur's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus bernardi V. FitzSimons, 1958 โ Bernard's dwarf gecko, Arnoultโs dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus bivittis (W. Peters, 1883) โ tiny scaled gecko
Lygodactylus blancae G. Pasteur, 1995 โก
Lygodactylus blanci G. Pasteur, 1967 โก โ Blanc's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus bonsi G. Pasteur, 1962 โ Bons's dwarf day gecko
Lygodactylus bradfieldi Hewitt, 1932 โ Bradfield's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus broadleyi G. Pasteur, 1995 โ Broadley's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus capensis (A. Smith, 1849) โ Cape dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus chobiensis V. FitzSimons, 1932 โ Okavango dwarf gecko, Chobe dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus conradti Matschie, 1892 โ Matschie's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus conraui Tornier, 1902 โ Cameroon dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus decaryi Angel, 1930 โ Angel's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus depressus K.P. Schmidt, 1919 โ Zaire dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus expectatus G. Pasteur & C. Blanc, 1967 โ Ambilobe dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus fischeri Boulenger, 1890 โ Fischer's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus grandisonae G. Pasteur, 1962 โ Kenya dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus graniticolus Jacobsen, 1992 โ granite dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus gravis G. Pasteur, 1965 โ Usambara dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus grotei Sternfeld, 1911
Lygodactylus guibei G. Pasteur, 1965 โ western dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus gutturalis (Bocage, 1873) โ Uganda dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus heterurus Boettger, 1913 โ Boettger's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus inexpectatus G. Pasteur, 1965 โ Dar es Salaam dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus insularis Boettger, 1913 โ insular dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus intermedius G. Pasteur, 1995
Lygodactylus keniensis Parker, 1936 โ Parker's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus kimhowelli G. Pasteur, 1995
Lygodactylus klemmeri G. Pasteur, 1965 โ Malagasy dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus klugei (H.M. Smith, R.L. Martin & Swain, 1977) โ Kluge's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus laterimaculatus G. Pasteur, 1964
Lygodactylus lawrencei Hewitt, 1926 โ Lawrence's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus luteopicturatus G. Pasteur, 1964 โ dwarf yellow-headed gecko, yellow-headed dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus madagascariensis (Boettger, 1881) โ Madagascar dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus manni Loveridge, 1928 โ Mann's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus methueni V. FitzSimons, 1937 โ Methuen's dwarf gecko, Woodbrush dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus miops Gรผnther, 1891 โ Gรผnther's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus mirabilis (G. Pasteur, 1962)
Lygodactylus mombasicus Loveridge, 1935
Lygodactylus montanus G. Pasteur, 1965 โ Mount Ivohibe gecko
Lygodactylus nigropunctatus Jacobsen, 1992 โ black-spotted dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus ocellatus Roux, 1907 โ ocellated dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus ornatus G. Pasteur, 1965 โ ornate dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus pauliani G. Pasteur & C. Blanc, 1991
Lygodactylus picturatus (W. Peters, 1871) โ white-headed dwarf gecko, painted dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus pictus (W. Peters, 1883) โ robust dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus rarus G. Pasteur & C. Blanc, 1973 โ thin dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus regulus Portik, Travers, Bauer & Branch, 2013 prince dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus rex Broadley, 1963 โ king dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus roavolana Puente, Glaw, Vieites, & Vences, 2009
Lygodactylus scheffleri Sternfeld, 1912 โ Scheffler's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus scorteccii G. Pasteur, 1959 โ Scortecci's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus somalicus Loveridge, 1935 โ Somali dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus stevensoni Hewitt, 1926 โ Stevenson's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus thomensis (W. Peters, 1881) โ Annobon dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus tolampyae (Grandidier, 1872) โ Grandidier's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus tuberosus Mertens, 1965
Lygodactylus verticillatus Mocquard, 1895 โ Mocquard's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus viscatus (Vaillant, 1873)
Lygodactylus waterbergensis Jacobsen, 1992 โ Waterberg dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus wetzeli H.M. Smith, R.L. Martin & Swain, 1977 โ South American dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus williamsi Loveridge, 1952 โ Williams's dwarf gecko, turquoise dwarf gecko, electric blue gecko
Lygodactylus wojnowskii Malonza, Granthon, & Williams, 2016 โ Mt. Kenya dwarf gecko
โก L. blancae (feminine, genitive, singular) is named for (Ms) Franรงoise Blanc, a French geneticist; but L. blanci (masculine, genitive, singular) is named for (Mr.) Charles Pierre Blanc, a French herpetologist.
์ฃผ์์ฌํญ(:en:Nota bene): ์ฝ์
์ด๊ตฌ์ ์ด๋ช
๋ช
๋ช
์(:en:Binominal nomenclature)๋ ์๋ ํด๋น ์ข
์ ๋์์ด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์(Lygodactylus)๊ณผ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ ํ์์ง๋ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
๋ถ๋์ (1885). Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume I. Geckonidรฆ ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 436 pp. + Plates I-XXXII. (Genus Lygodactylus, pp.ย 158โ159).
๋ธ๋์น(:en:Branch) (2004). Field Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Third Revised edition, Second impression. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 399 pp. . (Genus Lygodactylus, p.ย 245).
๊ทธ๋ ์ด (1864). "Notes on some Lizards from South-Eastern Africa, with the Descriptions of several New Species". Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1864: 58-62. (Lygodactylus, new genus, p.ย 59).
๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๊ณผ
์กด ์๋์๋ ๊ทธ๋ ์ด๊ฐ ๋ช
๋ช
ํ ๋ถ๋ฅ๊ตฐ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygodactylus | Lygodactylus | Lygodactylus is a genus of diurnal geckos with 82 species. They are commonly referred to as dwarf geckos. They are mainly found in Africa and Madagascar although two species are found in South America. Lygodactylus picturatus, the best known species, is found in Kenya and commonly known as the white-headed dwarf gecko. Recently, illegal importation from Tanzania of brightly colored (and critically-endangered), Lygodactylus williamsi, known as electric blue geckos, has been gaining attention for Lygodactylus geckos in the reptile trade.
Since all trade in wild-caught Lygodactylus williamsi is illegal, shipments of these geckos are often intentionally mislabelled as Lygodactylus spp. or as Lygodactylus capensis. As some customs officials have difficulty identifying members of this genus, a Lygodactylus spp. identification guide has been published online by CITES.
Species
Species in alphabetical order by specific name:
Lygodactylus angolensis Bocage, 1896 โ Angola dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus angularis Gรผnther, 1893 โ angulated dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus arnoulti G. Pasteur, 1965 โ Pasteur's dwarf gecko, Arnoult's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus baptistai Marques, Cerรญaco, Buehler, Bandeira, Janota & Bauer, 2020
Lygodactylus bernardi V. FitzSimons, 1958 โ Bernard's dwarf gecko, FitzSimon's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus bivittis (W. Peters, 1883) โ tiny scaled gecko
Lygodactylus blancae G. Pasteur, 1995 โก
Lygodactylus blanci G. Pasteur, 1967 โก โ Blanc's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus bonsi G. Pasteur, 1962 โ Bons's dwarf day gecko
Lygodactylus bradfieldi Hewitt, 1932 โ Bradfield's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus broadleyi G. Pasteur, 1995 โ Broadley's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus capensis (A. Smith, 1849) โ Cape dwarf gecko, common dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus chobiensis V. FitzSimons, 1932 โ Okavango dwarf gecko, Chobe dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus conradti Matschie, 1892 โ Matschie's dwarf gecko, Conradt's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus conraui Tornier, 1902 โ Cameroon dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus decaryi Angel, 1930 โ Angel's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus depressus K.P. Schmidt, 1919 โ Zaire dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus expectatus G. Pasteur & C. Blanc, 1967 โ Ambilobe dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus fischeri Boulenger, 1890 โ Fischer's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus fritzi Vences, Multzsch, Gippner, Miralles, Crottini, Gehring, Rakotoarison, Ratsoavina, Glaw, & Scherz, 2022
Lygodactylus grandisonae G. Pasteur, 1962 โ Kenya dwarf gecko, Bunty's dwarf gecko, Grandison's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus graniticolus Jacobsen, 1992 โ granite dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus gravis G. Pasteur, 1965 โ Usambara dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus grotei Sternfeld, 1911 โ Grote's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus guibei G. Pasteur, 1965 โ western dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus gutturalis (Bocage, 1873) โ Uganda dwarf gecko, chevron-throated dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus hapei Vences, Multzsch, Gippner, Miralles, Crottini, Gehring, Rakotoarison, Ratsoavina, Glaw, & Scherz, 2022
Lygodactylus heeneni De Witte, 1933
Lygodactylus heterurus Boettger, 1913 โ Boettger's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus hodikazo Vences, Multzsch, Gippner, Miralles, Crottini, Gehring, Rakotoarison, Ratsoavina, Glaw, & Scherz, 2022
Lygodactylus incognitus Jacobsen, 1992 โ cryptic dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus inexpectatus G. Pasteur, 1965 โ Dar es Salaam dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus insularis Boettger, 1913 โ insular dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus intermedius G. Pasteur, 1995
Lygodactylus keniensis Parker, 1936 โ Parker's dwarf gecko, Kenya dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus kimhowelli G. Pasteur, 1995 โ Kim Howell's dwarf gecko, Tanzanian dwarf gecko, zebra dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus klemmeri G. Pasteur, 1965 โ Malagasy dwarf gecko, Klemmer's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus klugei (H.M. Smith, R.L. Martin & Swain, 1977) โ Kluge's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus laterimaculatus G. Pasteur, 1964 โ side-spotted dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus lawrencei Hewitt, 1926 โ Lawrence's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus luteopicturatus G. Pasteur, 1964 โ dwarf yellow-headed gecko, yellow-headed dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus madagascariensis (Boettger, 1881) โ Madagascar dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus manni Loveridge, 1928 โ Mann's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus methueni V. FitzSimons, 1937 โ Methuen's dwarf gecko, Woodbrush dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus miops Gรผnther, 1891 โ Gรผnther's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus mirabilis (G. Pasteur, 1962)
Lygodactylus mombasicus Loveridge, 1935 โ white-headed dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus montanus G. Pasteur, 1965 โ Mount Ivohibe gecko
Lygodactylus montiscaeruli Jacobsen, 1992 โ Makgabeng dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus nigropunctatus Jacobsen, 1992 โ black-spotted dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus nyaneka Marques, Cerรญaco, Buehler, Bandeira, Janota & Bauer, 2020
Lygodactylus ocellatus Roux, 1907 โ ocellated dwarf gecko, spotted dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus ornatus G. Pasteur, 1965 โ ornate dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus pauliani G. Pasteur & C. Blanc, 1991 โ ornate dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus petteri Pasteur & Blanc. 1967 โ Petterโs dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus picturatus (W. Peters, 1871) โ white-headed dwarf gecko, painted dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus pictus (W. Peters, 1883) โ robust dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus rarus G. Pasteur & C. Blanc, 1973 โ thin dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus regulus Portik, Travers, Bauer & Branch, 2013 โ prince dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus rex Broadley, 1963 โ king dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus roavolana Puente, Glaw, Vieites, & Vences, 2009
Lygodactylus roellae Vences, Multzsch, Gippner, Miralles, Crottini, Gehring, Rakotoarison, Ratsoavina, Glaw, & Scherz, 2022
Lygodactylus salvi Vences, Multzsch, Gippner, Miralles, Crottini, Gehring, Rakotoarison, Ratsoavina, Glaw, & Scherz, 2022
Lygodactylus scheffleri Sternfeld, 1912 โ Scheffler's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus scorteccii G. Pasteur, 1959 โ Scortecci's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus somalicus Loveridge, 1935 โ Somali dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus soutpansbergensis Jacobsen, 1994 โ Soutpansberg dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus stevensoni Hewitt, 1926 โ Stevenson's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus tantsaha Vences, Multzsch, Gippner, Miralles, Crottini, Gehring, Rakotoarison, Ratsoavina, Glaw, & Scherz, 2022
Lygodactylus tchokwe Marques, Cerรญaco, Buehler, Bandeira, Janota & Bauer, 2020
Lygodactylus thomensis (W. Peters, 1881) โ Annobon dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus tolampyae (Grandidier, 1872) โ Grandidier's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus tsavoensis Malonza, Bauer, Granthon, D. Williams & Wojnowski, 2019 โ Tsavo dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus tuberosus Mertens, 1965
Lygodactylus ulli Vences, Multzsch, Gippner, Miralles, Crottini, Gehring, Rakotoarison, Ratsoavina, Glaw, & Scherz, 2022
Lygodactylus verticillatus Mocquard, 1895 โ Mocquard's dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus viscatus (Vaillant, 1873) โ Howell's dwarf gecko, Copal dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus waterbergensis Jacobsen, 1992 โ Waterberg dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus wetzeli (H.M. Smith, R.L. Martin & Swain, 1977) โ South American dwarf gecko
Lygodactylus williamsi Loveridge, 1952 โ Williams' dwarf gecko, turquoise dwarf gecko, electric blue gecko
Lygodactylus winki Vences, Multzsch, Gippner, Miralles, Crottini, Gehring, Rakotoarison, Ratsoavina, Glaw, & Scherz, 2022
Lygodactylus wojnowskii Malonza, Granthon & D. Williams, 2016 โ Mt. Kenya dwarf gecko
โก L. blancae (feminine, genitive, singular) is named for (Ms) Franรงoise Blanc, a French geneticist; but L. blanci (masculine, genitive, singular) is named for (Mr.) Charles Pierre Blanc, a French herpetologist.
Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was original described in a genus other than Lygodactylus.
References
Further reading
Boulenger GA (1885). Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume I. Geckonidรฆ ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 436 pp. + Plates I-XXXII. (Genus Lygodactylus, pp.ย 158โ159).
Branch, Bill (2004). Field Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Third Revised edition, Second impression. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 399 pp. . (Genus Lygodactylus, p.ย 245).
Gray JE (1864). "Notes on some Lizards from South-Eastern Africa, with the Descriptions of several New Species". Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1864: 58-62. (Lygodactylus, new genus, p.ย 59).
Mezzasalma M, Andreone F, Aprea G, Glaw F, Odierna G, Guarino FM (2016). "Molecular phylogeny, biogeography and chromosome evolution of Malagasy dwarf geckos of the genus Lygodactylus (Squamata, Gekkonidae)". Zoologica Scripta 46 (1): 42โ54.
Puente M, Glaw F, Vieites DR, Vences M (2009). "Review of the systematics, morphology and distribution of Malagasy dwarf geckos, genera Lygodactylus and Microscalabotes (Squamata: Gekkonidae)". Zootaxa 2103: 1โ76.
Rรถll B, Prรถhl H, Hoffmann K-P (2010). "Multigene phylogenetic analysis of Lygodactylus dwarf geckos (Squamata: Gekkonidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56 (1): 327โ335.
Taxa named by John Edward Gray
Lizard genera |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%86%A0%20%EC%95%84%ED%82%A4%EC%BD%94 | ์ฐํ ์ํค์ฝ | ์ฐํ ์ํค์ฝ(, 1942๋
5์ 11์ผ ~ )์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ ์ถ์ ์ ์น์ธ์ด๋ค. ์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์์ ์ฐธ์์ ์์์ด์ ์ 32๋ ์ฐธ์์ ์์ฅ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์์ ๋ค๋ก๊ฐ ํ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ์๋ฏผ๋น ๋ด ํ๋ฒ ์ค ํ๋์ธ ์์ฝ์นด์ด(, ํต์นญ ์์ํ)์ ๋ํ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋ก ๊ผฝํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
8์ ์ฐธ์์ ์์์ผ๋ก์จ, ํ์ญ ์ฐธ์์ ์์ ์ค ์ต๋ค์ ์ด๋ค. ์ 2์ฐจ ๊ฐ์ดํ ๊ฐ์กฐ ๋ด๊ฐ์์ ๊ณผํ๊ธฐ์ ์ฒญ(ํ์ฌ์ ๋ฌธ๋ถ๊ณผํ์ฑ) ์ฅ๊ด, ์ฐธ์์ ๋ถ์์ฅ, ์๋ฏผ๋น ์์ ์์์ดํ์ฅ์ ์ญ์ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, 2017๋
์์ํ์ ํตํฉ๋ ๋๊น์ง ์กด์ฌํ๋ ๋ฐ์ด ์ ์ฑ
์ฐ๊ตฌ์(, ํต์นญ ์ฐํ ํ)์ ํ์ฅ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
์์
๋์ฟ๋ถ ๋์ฟ์ ์ธํ๊ฐ์ผ๊ตฌ(ํ ๋์ฟ๋ ์ธํ๊ฐ์ผ๊ตฌ) ์ถ์ ์ด๋ค. ์๊ณก๊ฐ์๋ ๋จ ์ด์ฟ ๋ง์ ์๊ฐ๋ก 11์ด์ ๋์ด์ ๋ผ๋์ค ๋์ฟ(ํ TBS)์ ์ด๋ฆฐ์ด ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ฌํ์๋ก ์ฐ์๊ณ์ ์ง์ถํ๋ค. 15์ด์๋ ๋ผ๋์ค ๋๋ผ๋ง "์์นด๋ ์ค์ฆ๋
ธ์ค์ผ()"์ ๋ด๋ ์ด์
์ ๋งก์๋ค. 16์ด์๋ ๋์์ด์ ์ ์ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋งบ๊ณ ๋ค์นด์ฟ ๋ผ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป "๋ค๋ก ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ()" ๋ฑ์ ์ถ์ฐํ๋ค. ์ดํ 19์ด ๋ ํ๋ฆฌ๋์๊ฐ ๋์ด ๋ผ๋์ค๋ฅผ ๋์ด TV ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์๋ ์ง์ถํ์ฌ ๋๋ผ๋ง์ ํจ๊ป ๊ฐ์ข
ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ฌํ์ ์ถ์ฐ๋ ๋ณํํ๋ค. TV ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ "ํด์ฆ ํ์ ์ผํฌ"์ ์ถ์ฐํด์๋ 5์ฃผ ์ฐ์์ผ๋ก ์น๋ฆฌํ์ฌ "ํด์ฆ์ ์ฌ์"์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ ธ๋ค.
1974๋
๋ค๋์นด ๊ฐ์ฟ ์์ด ๋ด๊ฐ์ด๋ฆฌ๋์ ์ ๊ถ์ ๋ก ์ 10ํ ์ฐธ์์ ์์ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ ๊ตญ๊ตฌ๋ก ์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ๊ณต์ฒ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ถ๋งํ์๊ณ , ์ฝ 125๋ง ํ๋ฅผ ์ป์ด 32์ธ์ ์ต์ฐ์ ์ฐธ์์ ์์์ผ๋ก ๋น์ ๋์๋ค. ์ดํ 1980๋
(์ ๊ตญ๊ตฌ), 1986๋
(๋น๋ก๋ํ) ์ ๊ฑฐ์์๋ ๋น์ ๋์ด 3์ ์ด ๋์๋ค.
1990๋
12์, ์ 2์ฐจ ๊ฐ์ดํ ๊ฐ์กฐ ๋ด๊ฐ์์ ๊ณผํ๊ธฐ์ ์ฒญ(ํ์ฌ์ ๋ฌธ๋ถ๊ณผํ์ฑ) ์ฅ๊ด์ ์๋ช
๋์ด ์ฌ์ 6๋ฒ์งธ ์ฌ์ฑ ๊ฐ๋ฃ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
์ดํ 1992๋
์ 16ํ ์ฐธ์์ ์์ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ๋น๋ก๋ํ์ ์ถ๋งํ์ง๋ง ๋์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ฐธ์์ ์์ 4์ ์ ์คํจํ๋ค. 1995๋
์ ๋ค๋๋ฒ ๋ฐ์ฐ์ค()๊ฐ ์ฌ๋งํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์์์ง์ ์น๊ณํ์ง๋ง, ๋ฐ๋ก ๋ค์ ํด์ธ 1996๋
์ฐธ์์ ์์์ง์ ์ฌํดํ๊ณ ์ 41ํ ์ค์์ ์์ ์ด์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ํ ์ 6๊ตฌ์์ ์ถ๋งํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋์ ํ๋ค.
์ดํ ์ ์ ์ ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ ์๋ค๊ฐ 2001๋
์ 19ํ ์ฐธ์์ ์์ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋น๋ก๋ํ๋ก ๋ค์ ์ถ๋งํ์ฌ ๋น์ , 5๋
๋ง์ ์์์ง์ ๋ณต๊ทํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ค๋ก 2007๋
, 2013๋
, 2019๋
์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ฐ์ ๋น์ ๋์๋ค.
2007๋
์ 21ํ ์ฐธ์์ ์์ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ด ์ฐธํจํ์ฌ ์ฐธ์์ ์ 2๋น์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ์ ์์ผ๋ฉด์ ์ 1๋น์ด ๋ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ด ์ฐธ์์ ์์ฅ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ๊ฐ๊ณ , ์๋ฏผ๋น์ ๋ถ์์ฅ์ ๋งก๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ฐํ ๋ ์ฌ์ฑ์ผ๋ก์๋ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ์์ ๋ถ์์ฅ์ ์ทจ์ํ๋ค. ๋ถ์์ฅ ์ทจ์๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ด๋ก์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋น์ ์์ ์ดํํ๋ค.
2015๋
4์, ๋ฐ์ด ์ ์ฑ
์ฐ๊ตฌ์()์ ํ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ทจ์ํ์ฌ ์ฌ์ฑ ์ต์ด๋ก ์๋ฏผ๋น ๋ด ํ๋ฒ ์์ฅ์ด ๋์๋ค.
2017๋
7์, ๋ฐ์ด ์ ์ฑ
์ฐ๊ตฌ์๊ฐ ์ด์ฝ์นด์ด() ๋ฑ๊ณผ ํตํฉํ์ฌ ์๋ก์ด ์ด๋ฆ์ธ ์์ฝ์นด์ด()๋ก ์ถ๋ฒํ์๋ค. ์ด์ ํจ๊ป ์ฐํ ๋ ์์ฝ์นด์ด ํ์ฅ ๋ํ์ ์ทจ์ํ๋ค.
2019๋
๊ธฐ์ค ์ฐํ ์ ๋์ด๋ 77์ธ์์ง๋ง, ์ฐธ์์ ๋น๋ก๋ํ์ ์ ๋
์ 70์ธ๋ก ๊ท์ ํ ๋น๋ด ๊ท์น์ด ์์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๋ค๋ฅธ 6๋ช
๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ํน๋ก๋ก ์ 25ํ ์ฐธ์์ ์์ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ณต์ฒ๋์๋ค. ์ฐํ ๋ 2013๋
์ 23ํ ์ฐธ์์ ์์ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ์์๋ ์ ๋
ํน๋ก ๊ณต์ฒ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 8์ ์ ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋ค. ์ฐธ์์ ์์ 8์ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ฒ์ ์๋ ์ผ์ด์๋ค.
2019๋
8์ 1์ผ์ ์์ง๋ ์์ ๊ตญํ์์ ์ฐธ์์ ์์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ถ๋์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ 2004๋
~2007๋
์ฌ์ด ์์ฅ์ ์ญ์ํ ์ค๊ธฐ ์ง์นด๊ฒ() ์ดํ ์ฌ์ฑ์ผ๋ก์๋ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ์ฐธ์์ ์์ฅ์ด ๋์๋ค.
์ฝ๋ ฅ
1974๋
- ์ฐธ์์ ์์ ์ด์
1978๋
- ํ๊ฒฝ์ฒญ ์ ๋ฌด์ฐจ๊ด (์ 1์ฐจ ์คํ๋ผ ๋ด๊ฐ)
1978๋
- ํ๊ฒฝ์ฒญ ์ ๋ฌด์ฐจ๊ด (์ 2์ฐจ ์คํ๋ผ ๋ด๊ฐ)
1983๋
~ 1986๋
- ์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ํ๊ฒฝ๋ถ ํ์ฅ
1984๋
~ 1986๋
- ์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ๋ถ์ธ๊ตญ์ฅ
1987๋
- ์ฐธ์์ ํ๊ฒฝํน๋ณ์์ํ ์์์ฅ
1989๋
- ์ฐธ์์ ์ธ๋ฌด์์ํ ์์์ฅ
1990๋
- ๊ณผํ๊ธฐ์ ์ฒญ ์ฅ๊ด (์ 2์ฐจ ๊ฐ์ดํ ๊ฐ์กฐ ๋ด๊ฐ)
1991๋
- ์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด๋๋ณธ๋ถ์ฅ ๋๋ฆฌ
2001๋
~ 2005๋
- ์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ํธ์ฟ ๋ฆฌ์ฟ ์ง๋ฐฉ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์์์ฅ
2004๋
~ 2007๋
- ์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์์ ์์์ดํ์ฅ
2006๋
- ์ฐธ์์ ์์ ์ฌ์ง 25๋
์๋
๊ทผ์ํ์ฐฝ
2007๋
~ 2010๋
- ์ฐธ์์ ๋ถ์์ฅ
2010๋
~ 2012๋
- ์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ๋น๊ธฐ์์์ฅ
2012๋
- ์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์์ก์กฐ์ฌํ์ฅ
2013๋
- ์ฐธ์์ ๋ด๊ฐ์์ํ ์์์ฅ
2019๋
- ์ฐธ์์ ์์ฅ
์ ์ฑ
๋ฐ ์ฃผ์ฅ
์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์์ก์กฐ์ฌํ์ฅ ์ฌ์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ "์์ก๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฒ"์ ์ ์ ํ์๋ค.
์ ํ์ ๋ถ๋ถ ๋ณ์ฑ์ ๋์
์ "๋ฐ๋"ํ๋ค.
2008๋
12์ 5์ผ ์ฐธ์์ ๋ณธํ์์์ ํต๊ณผ๋ ๋ฏธํผ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ์๋ฒ์ง์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ด๋จธ๋ ์ฌ์ด์์ ํ์ด๋ ์์ด๊ฐ ํ์ ์ธ์ง๋๋ฉด ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ทจ๋ํ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ๋ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ ๊ฐ์ ์์ ๊ธฐ๊ถํ๋ค.
ํ๋ฒ ์ 9์กฐ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ฐฌ์ฑํ๋ฉฐ, ์์๋๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋๋ผ์ ๊ตฐ๋์ ๊ฐ์ด "๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ"์ผ๋ก ํด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค.
์ง๋จ์ ์์๊ถ ํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฐฌ์ฑํ๋ค.
ํํ
๋ง ๊ธฐ์ง๋ฅผ ํค๋
ธ์ฝ ์ง์ญ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฐฌ์ฑํ๋ค(ํํ
๋ง ๊ธฐ์ง ์ด์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ฐธ์กฐ).
์ด๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฃ์ ์ผ์ค์ฟ ๋ ์ ์ฌ ์ฐธ๋ฐฐ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค.
๊ฒฝ๊ฐ์ธ์จ(์ ์๋์ธต์ ์ํด ์ผ๋ถ ํ๋ชฉ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ์๋น์ธ๋ฅผ ๊น์์ฃผ๋ ๊ฒ) ๋์
์ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ค.
์ผ๋ณธ์ ํ๊ท ์ฐ๋ น์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์ฐ๊ธ ๊ฐ์
์๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ํ๊ณ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์๊ฐ์ด ์ง๋ ์๋ก ์ฐ๊ธ ์ง๊ธ์ก ์์ค์ด ๋ด๋ ค๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ด์ฉ ์ ์๋ ์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์์๋ ฅ ๋ฐ์ ์๋ ํ์ํ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๊ตญ์๋ ์์ถํด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋
ธ๋ ์์ฅ ๊ท์ ๋ฅผ ์ํ์์ผ ๊ธฐ์
์ธก์ด ์ง์์๊ฒ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ง๋ถํ๋ค๋ฉด ํด๊ณ ํ๊ธฐ ์ฝ๊ฒ ๋ง๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฐฌ์ฑํ๋ค.
์ฌํ ์ ๋์ ์ฐฌ์ฑํ๋ค.
2015๋
, ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ถ ์ฐ๋ น์ "๋ง 18์ธ ์ด์"์ผ๋ก ๋ฎ์ถ๋ ๊ณต์ง์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ ๊ฐ์ ์์ ์ฐธ์์ ๋ณธํ์ ํ๊ฒฐ์์ ํฌํํ์ง ์๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ถํ๋ค.
์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ๊ฐ์ ํก์ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ง ์์ ์ฐ๋งน ํ์ฅ์ผ๋ก์ 2020๋
๋์ฟ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ๋ฐ ํจ๋ด๋ฆผํฝ ๋๊น์ง ๊ฐ์ ํก์ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ง๋ฅผ ์คํํ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฉฐ ๊ณต๊ณต ์ฅ์์์์ ๊ฐ์ ํก์ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ง๋ฅผ ์๋ฌดํํ๋ "๊ฐ์ ํก์ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ง ๋ฒ์"์ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ๋ด๋ฐฐ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ํด์๋ ์ฆ์ธ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ ์ธ์์ ์ถ์งํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋๋ฐ, "์๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฉด ๊ณผ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ํ ๊ฐ์ 1000์ ์ ๋๋ก ํ ์ ์๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํด ๋
ผ๋์ ๋ถ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
2016๋
7์ ๋ฐ์ํ ์ฌ๊ฐ๋ฏธํ๋ผ ์ฅ์ ์ธ ์์ค ์ด์ ์ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จํด ๋ฒ์ฃ๊ฐ ์ฐ๋ ค๋๊ฑฐ๋ ์ถ์ ํ ์ ์๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ, ์ฌ๋ฒ ์ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ ์๋ ์ฑ๋ฒ์ฃ์ ๋ฑ์ ๋ํด GPS๋ฅผ ๋ชธ ์์ ๋ด์ฅํ๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋์ฑ
์ ๋
ผ์ํด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค.
์ ์น ํ๊ธ
์ฐํ ์ํค์ฝ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ด์ฟ ๋ํ(๋์ฟ๋ ์ดํ๋ฐ์๊ตฌ ์์น) ์ด์ฅ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ 1995๋
๋ถํฐ 2000๋
๊น์ง 5๋
๋์ 100๋ง ์์ ์ ์น ํ๊ธ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค๋ ์ ๋ฌธ ์์นดํํ์ ๋ณด๋๊ฐ 2002๋
8์ 23์ผ์ ์์๋ค.
๊ฐ์กฑ
์ฆ์กฐ๋ถ๋ ์ ์ง ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ํ ์ฐธ์ฌ์๋ ๋ฌด์ฐ ๋ฌด๋ค๋ฏธ์ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ณต์ด์ ๋ถํ์๋ ๊ธฐ์ด ์ง์ญ ์ถ์ ์ ๊ต์ก์์ด์ ๊ด๋ฃ์ธ ์ฐํ ์ง์นดํ ()์ด๋ฉฐ, ์์ํ ์๋ฒ์ง๋ ์ ์ง ์ค์์ ์์์ด์๋ ๊ณ ๋ค๋ง ๋ฃํ๋ก()์ด๋ค.
์์๋ ์์ ์ฐ๋งน
์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ๊ฐ์ ํก์ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ง ์์ ์ฐ๋งน (ํ์ฅ)
์ผ๋ณธํ์ ๊ตญํ์์ ๊ฐ๋ดํ
๋ค ํจ๊ป ์ผ์ค์ฟ ๋ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ฐธ๋ฐฐํ๋ ๊ตญํ์์ ๋ชจ์
์ํ ๋ญ๋น ์ ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ํธ๋๋ฑ
ํฌ ์ง์์ ์ถ์งํ๋ ์์ ์ฐ๋งน (ํ์ฅ)
์ญ๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ฃผํด
์ถ์ฒํด
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
์ฐํ ์ํค์ฝ ๊ณต์ ์ฌ์ดํธ
๊ณต์ Facebook
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ ์น์ธ
1942๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ๋ฃ
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ฌ์ ์ ์น์ธ
์ผ๋ณธ์ ๊ณผํ๊ธฐ์ ์ฒญ ์ฅ๊ด
๋ ์ง์น ๋๋๋ฅด ์๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ํ์ฅ ์ํ์
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๋ฐฐ์ฐ
์ผ๋ณธํ์ ๊ตญํ์์ ๊ฐ๋ดํ ๊ด๊ณ์
๋์ฟ๋ ์ถ์
๋์ฟ๋ ๊ตฌ๋ถ ์ถ์
์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น (์ผ๋ณธ)์ ์ ์น์ธ
์ฐธ์์ ์์
์ฐธ์์ ์์ฅ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiko%20Sant%C5%8D | Akiko Santล | is a Japanese politician who was the president of the House of Councillors of Japan from 2019 to 2022. A member of the Liberal Democratic Party, she was previously the vice president of the House of Councillors from 2007 to 2010.
Background and career
A native of Tokyo and graduate of Bunka Gakuin, Santo is the grandniece of Kodama Ryลtarล (September 1872 โ October 25, 1921), a member of the House of Representatives.
Santo was elected to the House of Councillors for the first time in 1974 after working as an actress and reporter. She was parliamentary vice-minister of environment (Ohira cabinet), and minister of state and director general of the Science and Technology Agency (Kaifu cabinet, 1990โ91). She became vice president of the House of Councillors in 2007, and chaired the joint plenary meeting of party members of both houses of the Diet.
The Senkaku episode
Santo played a role in the sale of three of the Senkaku Islands. She had known the landowner (Kurihara family) for 30 years, and in 2011 he told her that he wanted to sell to the governor of Tokyo, Shintaro Ishihara (whose nationalistic book he liked), instead of to the government and the prime minister, Yoshihiko Noda. The latter proposed a land swap, the former cash, and eventually the state bought the land for $25.5 million in 2012.
Like Ishihara, Santo is affiliated to the openly revisionist lobby Nippon Kaigi, which claims Japan's ownership of these islands, which are also claimed by China (as Diaoyu).
References
External links
Government ministers of Japan
Members of the House of Councillors (Japan)
Women government ministers of Japan
Female members of the House of Councillors (Japan)
Japanese actresses
Japanese actor-politicians
Members of Nippon Kaigi
Living people
1942 births
Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) politicians
Presidents of the House of Councillors (Japan) |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A4%EB%B9%84%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC | ์ค๋น๊ด๋ฆฌ | ์ค๋น๊ด๋ฆฌ(่จญๅ็ฎก็, )๋ ์ค๋น์ ์กฐ์ฌยท์ฐ๊ตฌยท์ค๊ณยท์ ์ยท์ค์น๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ฐ๋ ํ์ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ์ง ๋ฑ ํ๋ฌผํ๋ ๋๊น์ง์ ์ค๋น์ ์์ฐ์ฑ ํฅ์์ ๋๋ชจํ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ค. ์์ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๊ณํยท์๋ํยท๊ณ ๋ํ์ ์ง์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ค๋น์ ๋ํ ์์กด๋, ์ค๋นํฌ์์ก์ ์ฆ๋๊ฐ ์คํ๋๊ณ , ํฌ์ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ ์งยทํฅ์์ ์ํ์ฌ๋ ์ค๋น์ ์ ์ . ์ค๋น์ ํจ์จ์ ํ์ฉ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
์ค๋น๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ด์๋ก๋ ๋ค์์ ํฌํจํ๋ค.
๊ณต์ฅ์ ๋ฐฐ์น์ ์ค๊ณ
๊ฑด์ค๊ณผ ์ค์น
๋ณด์ ์๋ฆฌ์ ์ค๋น์ ๊ฐฑ์
์ ํธ๋ฌํฐ(utility)์ ์ด์
๊ณต์ฅ์ ์์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ
ํ์๋ก๋ ์ค๋น์ ๋ณด์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ง์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
์ค๋น๋ณด์
์ค๋น์ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ์ ์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ๋ ๋ถํ์ ๋์ฒด(ไปฃๆฟ)ยท๋ณด์(่ฃไฟฎ)ํ๋ ๋ฑ ๋ณด์ ๋น์ฉ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋๋ฐ, ์ด ๋ณด์ ํ๋์ ์ํํ ํ๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ ๋
ธํํยท์ ์ง๋ฑ์ ์์ค์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ค๋น ๋ณด์ ์ ๋ณด์ ๋น์ฉ+๋
ธํํยท์ ์ง ์์ค์ ์ต์๋ก ํ๋ ์์ค์์ ๋ณด์ ํ๋์ ์ ๋๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ ๋๋ค.
์ค๋น์ ๋
ธํํยท๊ณ ์ฅ์ ์ง ์์ค
์ค๋น๋ณด์ ํ๋์ ์ํํ ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋ฐ์๋๋ ์์คํญ๋ชฉ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์์ฐ์๋ ์ ํ์ ์ํ ์์ค โ ์ด๋ ํ๊ณ์ด์ตร์์ฐ์ ํ ์๋์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋๋ค.
ํ์ง์ ํ ์์ค โ ์ค๋น์ ๋
ธํํ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ง์ ํ์ ์ํ ์์ค๋ก์ ํ๋งค๋จ๊ฐ์ ์ฐจ์กร์๋, ๋ถ๋ํ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋น์ฉ, ์ ์ฉ์ ์ ํ ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค.
๋น์ฉ์ฆ๊ฐ์ ๋ํ ์์ค โ ์์ฌ๋ฃยทํฌ์
๋
ธ๋ฌด ๋ฑ ํฌ์
์๋จ์(ๆๅ
ฅๅๅฎไฝ)์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ ์ํ ์์ค.
๋ฉ๊ธฐ์ง์ฐ์์ค โ ์๊ฐ์ธ ์์
ยท์ฌ์ผ์์
๋ฑ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ ๋ฒ๊ณผ๊ธ์ง๋ถยท์ฒด์ ๋ฃ(ๆปฏ่นๆ)ยท์ ์ฉ์ ์ ํ.
์์ ๋ฐ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ ์ํ ์์ค โ ์ค๋น๊ณ ์ฅ์ ๋น๋ฒํ ๋ฐ์์ ์ข
์
์์ ์์
์์์ ์ ํ์ํค๋ ํ ์์ธ์ด ๋๋ฉฐ, ๊ณตํด๋ฐ์์ ์์ธ๋ ๋๋ค.
์ค๋น๋ณด์ ์ ๋ฐฉ์
์ค๋น์ ๊ณ ์ฅ์ด๋ ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ๋ ์๋ฐฉ๋ณด์ (PM๏ผpreventive maintenance)์ด ํ์ํ๊ณ , ๊ฒ์ฌยท์๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์คยท์์ง๊ณํ ๋ฑ ํต๊ณ์ ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค. ์ค๋น๋ณด์ ์ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์๋ฐฉ๋ณด์
์๋ฐฉ๋ณด์ (่ฑซ้ฒไฟๅ
จ, PM๏ผpreventivemaintenance)์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ค๋น์ ๊ฒ์ฌ์ ์ค๋น์ ์ ๋น์
๋ฌด์ ๋๋ก ํฌ๊ฒ ๋๋ ์๊ฐ ์๋ค.
PM์ ์ด๋น์ฉ()=์์ฐ์ ์ง์ ์ํ ์์ค()+๋ณด์ ๋น์ฉ()
PM์๋ฆฌยท๋๋ฐ๊ณ ์ฅ ์๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ PM๊ฒ์ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋๊ณ , ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์งง์ผ๋ฉด ์๋ฆฌํ์๋ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋์ด ์ฌ์ ๋ณด์(ไบๅ่ฃไฟฎ)๊ฐ ๋ง์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด ๋๋ฐ๊ณ ์ฅ์ ๊ธฐํ๋ ๊ฐ์๋๋ค. ,์ ๋ณด์ ๊ณต(ไฟๅ
จๅทฅ)์ ์๊ฐ ๋ง์ผ๋ฉด ์ค๋น์ ์ ์ง์๊ฐ์ด ๋จ์ถ๋์ด ์ ๊ฐ์ด ๊ฐ์ํ๋๋ฐ๋ฉด ์ ๊ฐ์ด ํฌ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
์ ๊ธฐ๋ณด์
์ ๊ธฐ๋ณด์ ์ ๋งค์ผ ๋๋ ๋งค์ฃผ๋ง๋ค ํํ๋ ์ค๋น์ ์ ๊ฒยท์์ ยท์กฐ์ ยท๊ธ์ ยท๋์ฒด ๋ฑ์ ๋ปํ๋ค.
๊ฐ๋๋ณด์
๊ฐ๋๋ณด์ (CM๏ผcorrective maintenance)์ ์ค๋น๊ฐ ๊ณ ์ฅ๋ ํ ๋ณด์ํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ, ์๊ท๋ชจ ์ค๊ณ๋ณ๊ฒฝยท์ฌ๋ฃ๊ฐ์ ยท๋ถํ๋์ฒด ๋ฑ์ค๋น์๋ช
์ฐ์ฅ, ๋
ธํํ ๋ฐฉ์ง๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋ณด์ ํ๋์ด๋ค.
๋ณด์ ์๋ฐฉ
์ค๋น๋ณด์ ์ PM, CM ๋ฑ์ ๋ณด์ ํ๋๋ง์ด ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์๋๊ณ , ์ค๋น์ ์ค๊ณ๋จ๊ณ์์๋ถํฐ ๋ณด์ ์ ์ํ์ง ์๋ ์ค๋น๋ฅผ ์ค๊ณํ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ด ๋์ ์ค๋น๋ฅผ ์ค๊ณยท์ ์ํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ ํ๋์ ๋ณด์ ์๋ฐฉ(MP๏ผmaintenance prevention)์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ(ไฟก่ณดๆง)์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ขฐ๋๋ก ์ธก์ ๋๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒ์ ์์คํ
๊ณผ ์ค๋น๊ฐ ๊ท์ ๋ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ผ๋ก ๊ท์ ๋ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ๊ท์ ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์ํํ๋ ํ๋ฅ ์ ๋งํ๋ค.
๋ณด์ ์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ ๋(maintenability)๋ก ์ธก์ ๋๋ฉฐ, ๋ณด์ ๋๋ ์๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์์คํ
๊ณผ ์ค๋น์ ๊ณ ์ฅ๋ฐ์ ํ ๊ท์ ๋ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ผ๋ก ์๋ฆฌํ ๋ ๊ท์ ๋ ์๊ฐ ์์ ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๋ฃ๋๋ ํ๋ฅ ์ ๋ปํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ณด์ ์๋ฐฉ์ ์ค๋น์ ์ ๋ขฐ๋์ ๋ณด์ ๋๋ฅผ ํจ์จ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ค๊ณํ์ฌ ์ค๋น์ ๊ฐ๋๋ฅ ์ ๋์ด๋ ํ๋์ ๋งํ๋ค.
์ค๋น๋ณด์ ์ ์กฐ์ง
์ค๋น๋ณด์ ์
๋ฌด๋ ๊ธฐ์ (์ค๋น์ ์ฑ๋ฅ๋ถ์ยท๊ณ ์ฅ๋ถ์, ๊ฐ์ข
๊ธฐ์ค์ ์์ฑ, ์ค๋น ๊ฐ์ ยท๋์ฒด๋ถ์), ๊ด๋ฆฌ(๋ณด์ ์์
๊ณํ ๋ฐ ๊ด๋ฆฌยท์์
์ง์ยท์์ฐํธ์ฑยท๋ณด์ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ฐ ๋ณด๊ณ ยท๋ณด์ ํจ๊ณผ ์ธก์ ยท์๋นํ๊ด๋ฆฌ) ๋ฐ ์ง์ ์์
(๊ฒ์ฌยท์ ๋นยท์๋ฆฌ) ๋ฑ์ด ํฌํจ๋๋ค.
๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ณด์ ์์
์ ์กฐ์ง์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํํ ํ์๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์กฐ์งํํ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๋๋ ์ ์๋ค.
์ง์ค๋ณด์ (้ไธญไฟๅ
จ) โ 1์ธ์ ๋ณด์ ์ฑ
์์ ๋ฐ์์ ๋ณด์ ํ๋์ ์ง์ค์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํํ๋ ์กฐ์งํํ
์ง์ญ๋ณด์ (ๅฐๅไฟๅ
จ) โ ์กฐ์ง์์ผ๋ก๋ ์ง์ค๋ณด์ ๊ณผ ๋์ผํ๋, ์ ํ๋ณยท์ ์กฐ๋ถ๋ฌธ๋ณ ๋๋ ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ ์
๋ฌด๊ฐ ๋ถ์ฐ ๋ฐฐ์น๋๋ ์กฐ์งํํ
๋ถ๋ฌธ๋ณด์ (้จ้ไฟๅ
จ) โ ๋ณด์ ์
๋ฌด๋ ๊ฐ ์ ์กฐ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ ๋ถ์ฐ๋๊ณ , ์ ์กฐ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ ์ฑ
์์์ ์ํ์ฌ ๋ณด์ ์
๋ฌด๊ฐ ์ง์ยท๊ฐ๋
๋๋ ์กฐ์งํํ
์ ์ถฉ๋ณด์ (ๆ่กทไฟๅ
จ) โ ์์ 3๊ฐ์ง๋ฅผ ์ ์ถฉํ ์กฐ์งํํ
์ค๋น๋ณด์ ์ ์์
๊ด๋ฆฌ
๋ณด์ ์์
์ ์ฐ๋ฐ์ ๊ธด๊ธ์์
์ด๋ฏ๋ก ์ผ์ ๊ณํ์ ์๋ฆฝ์ด ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ณ , ๋ณด์ ์์
์ ๋ํ ์์
์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฏธ๋น๋ก ์์
๋ฅ๋ฅ ์ด ๋ฎ์ ๊ฒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ทผ๋์๋ ์๋ฐฉ๋ณด์ ์ ๋์
์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ ์์
์ ์๊ฐํ์ค์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋๊ณ ์๊ณ , ์์
ํ์ค์ ์ค์ ๋ UMS(universal maintenance standards), MTM(method-time measurement) ๋ฑ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์์กดํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
UMS์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
๋ณด์ ์์
์๊ฐ์ ๋ฒค์น๋งํฌ(bench mark๏ผๅบๆบไฝๆฅญ)์ ๋ด์ฉ๊ณผ ๋น๊ต ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๊ณ ์ค๋น์๊ฐยท์ฌ์ ์๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ฐํ๋ค.
๋ฒค์น๋งํฌ๋ MTM์ ๊ธฐ์คํ PTS๋ฒ(predetermined elementaltime standards)์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ค์ ๋๋ค.
์ด ๋น๊ต์ ์ํ์ฌ ๋ณด์ ์์
์ ์๊ฐ์ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํ๊ท ์ ์๊ฐ์ด ํ ๋น๋๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํด๊ตฐ์ UMS๋ฅผ ์ฑ์ฉ, ํญ๊ตฌ์์ค์ ๋ณด์ ์์
์ ์ํํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์
๋ฅ๋ฅ ๋ ๋ณดํต 50% ์ดํ์์ 90โผ95%๊น์ง ํฅ์๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ค๋น๋ณด์ ์ ํจ๊ณผ์ธก์
์ค๋น๋ณด์ ํ๋์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ ์ธก์ ํ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๊ณค๋ํ๋ค. ์๋ํ๋ฉด ์ค๋น๋ณด์ ์ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์์ฐ์ฑ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ข
ํฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก ๋ํ๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.ํ๋ฆด(V. Z. Priel)์ ์ํ ํจ๊ณผ์ธก์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ณด์ ์ ์ ํจ์ฑยท๋ณด์ ์์
๋ยท๋ณด์ ๋น์ฉ์ 3๊ฐ์ง ์ธก๋ฉด์์ 20๊ฐ์ ๋น๊ต๋ฒ์ด ์ ์๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด ์ค ๋ํ์ ์ธ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
๋ณด์ ์ ์ ํจ์ฑ(maintenance effectiveness)
๋ณด์ ์์
๋(amount of maintenance)
๋ํ ๋ฌํฌ(W. S. Luck)์ ์ํ ๋ํ(Du Pont)๋ฐฉ์์ ๊ณํยท์์
๋ยท๋น์ฉยท์์ฐ์ฑ์ 4๊ฐ์ง ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๊ณ , ๋ํ๋ก์จ ์ข
ํฉ์ ์ธ ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ ํ๋ค. ์ฆใํ 3ใ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ณ ์์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์(็ง๏ผE) ์ฐ(ๅช๏ผG), ๋ณดํต์ด์(+A), ๋ณดํต(A), ๋ณดํต ์ดํ(-A), ๋ถ๋(P)์ 6๋จ๊ณ๋ก ํ๊ฐํ์ฌ ์ข
ํฉํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ๋ค.
๊ณต๊ตฌ๊ด๋ฆฌ
์์ฐ ๊ด๋ฆฌ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facility%20management | Facility management | Facility management or facilities management (FM) is a professional management discipline focused on the efficient and effective delivery of logistics and other support services related to real property and buildings. It encompasses multiple disciplines to ensure functionality, comfort, safety and efficiency of the built environment by integrating people, place, process and technology, as defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The profession is certified through Global Facility Management Association (Global FM) member organizations.
History
The term, "facilities management" was coined in the 1960s by IBM alumnus and Electronic Data Systems founder Ross Perot, in reference to network management of IT systems, and soon expanded to include all elements of commercial space management.
Facility management as integral to the processes of strategic organizational planning was represented during a 1979 conference sponsored by Herman Miller. Following the meeting, the furniture manufacturer opened the Facility Management Institute (FMI), with its headquarters in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
The National Facility Management Association (NFMA) was formed in 1980, separating the overall profession from a single enterprise. In 1982, the NFMA expanded to form the International Facility Management Association (IFMA)
In 1986, the first professional FM organization was launched in the UK, as the Association of Facility Managers (AFM).
Definitions and scope
Professional FM as an interdisciplinary business function has the objective of coordinating demand and supply of facilities and services within public and private organizations. The term "facility" (pl. facilities) means something that is built, installed or established to serve a purpose, International Facility Management Association (IFMA), 1998 which, in general, is every "tangible asset that supports an organization". Examples include: real estate property, buildings, technical infrastructure, HVAC, lighting, transportation, IT-services, furniture, custodial, grounds maintenance and other user-specific equipment and appliances.
In April 2017, the International Organization for Standardization published the ISO 41011:2017 standard for facility management, defining it as the "organizational function which integrates people, place and process within the built environment with the purpose of improving the quality of life of people and the productivity of the core business." The ISO definition was formally adopted by BIFM in August 2017.
A management system standard for facilities management has also been developed by ISO and published as ISO 41001:2018.
Scope
Facilities management is divided into two areas:
space and infrastructure, such as planning, design, workplace, construction, lease, occupancy, maintenance, and furniture
people and organisation, such as catering, cleaning, ICT, HR, accounting, marketing, and hospitality.
Its two broad areas of operation are commonly referred to as "hard FM" and "soft FM". The first refers to the physical built environment with a focus on work space and building infrastructure. The second covers the people and the organization and is related to work psychology and occupational physiology.
According to the IFMA: "FM is the practice of coordinating the physical workplace with the people and work of the organization. It integrates the principles of business administration, architecture, and the behavioral and engineering sciences." In a 2017 global job task analysis, IFMA identified eleven competencies of facility management as:
leadership and strategy
operations and maintenance
finance and business
environmental stewardship and sustainability
project management
Human factors and ergonomics
real estate and property management
facility and technology management
risk management
communication
quality and performance
The Institute of Workplace and Facilities Management, formerly the British Institute of Facilities Management, adopted the European definition and through its accredited qualification framework offers career path curriculum ranging from school leaver level through to master's degree level that is aligned with the European Qualifications framework.
FM may also cover activities other than business services: these are referred to as non-core functions and vary from one business sector to another. FM is also subject to continuous innovation and development, under pressure to reduce costs and to add value to the core business of public or private sector client organizations.
Accredited academics
Facility management is supported with education, training, and professional qualifications often coordinated by FM institutes, universities, and associations. Degree programs exist at both undergraduate and post-graduate levels. Facility Management has been a recognised academic discipline since the 1990s. Initial FM research work in Europe started in universities in the UK, the Netherlands and the Nordic countries, where academies funded research centers and began to establish courses at Bachelors, Masters, and PhD levels.
Early European FM research centers include the Centre for Facilities Management (CFM), founded in Glasgow in 1990; the Centre for People and Buildings at Delft University of Technology; and Metamorphose at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. The University of Moratuwa Faculty of Architecture in Sri Lanka has offered a BSc. degree in Facilities Management since 2006.
In 2018, 50 universities and research institutions were represented in EUROFM. The German Facility Management Association (GEFMA) has certified 16 FM study programs and courses at universities and universities of applied sciences in Germany.
As of 2021, the IFMA accredits university degree programs the United States, Sri Lanka, South Korea, Singapore, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, and the Netherlands.
Role of the facilities manager
Facilities managers (FMs) operate across business functions. The main priority of an FM is keeping people alive and safe. Facility managers need to operate at two levels:
Strategically and tactically: helping clients, customers and end-users understand the potential impact of their decisions on the provision of space, services, cost, and business risk.
Operationally: ensuring a corporate and cost-effective environment for the occupants to function.
EHS: environment, health and safety
The FM department in an organization is required to identify, analyze, evaluate, control, and manage many environment and safety-related issues. Failure to do so may lead to unhealthy conditions leading to employees falling sick, injury, loss of business, prosecution, and insurance claims. The confidence of customers and investors in the business may also be affected by adverse publicity from safety lapses.
Fire safety
The threat from fire carries one of the highest risks to loss of life, and the potential to damage property or shut down a business. The facilities management department will have in place maintenance, inspection, and testing for all of the facility's fire safety equipment and systems, keeping records and certificates of compliance.
Security
Protection of employees and the business often comes under the control of the facilities management department, particularly the maintenance of security hardware. Manned guarding may be under the control of a separate department.
Maintenance, testing and inspections
Maintenance, testing, and inspection schedules are required to ensure that the facility is operating safely and efficiently in compliance with statutory obligations, to maximize the life of equipment, and to reduce the risk of failure. The work is planned, often using a computer-aided facility management (CAFM) system. Building maintenance includes all preventative, remedial, and upgrades works required for the upkeep and improvement of buildings and their components. These works may include disciplines such as painting and decorating, carpentry, plumbing, glazing, plastering, and tiling.
Buildings may be designed with a view to minimizing their maintenance requirement.
Cleaning
Cleaning operations are often undertaken out of business hours, but provision may be made during times of occupations for the cleaning of toilets, replenishing consumables (such as toilet rolls, soap) plus litter picking and reactive response is scheduled as a series of periodic (daily, weekly and monthly) tasks.
Operational
The facilities management department has responsibilities for the day-to-day running of the building; these tasks may be outsourced or carried out by directly employed staff. This is a policy issue, but due to the immediacy of the response required in many of the activities involved the facilities manager will often require daily reports or an escalation procedure.
Some issues require more than just periodic maintenance, for example, those that can stop or hamper the productivity of the business or that have safety implications. Many of these are managed by the facilities management "help desk" that staff is able to be contacted either by telephone or email. The response to help desk calls is prioritized but may be as simple as too hot or too cold, lights not working, photocopier jammed, coffee spills, or vending machine problems.
Help desks may be used to book meeting rooms, car parking spaces, and many other services, but this often depends on how the facilities department is organized. Facilities may be split into two sections, often referred to as "soft" services such as reception and post room, and "hard" services, such as the mechanical, fire, and electrical services. Due to climate change, FM providers are increasingly focused on environmental, social and governance compliance considerations.
Business continuity planning
All organizations should have a continuity plan so that in the event of a fire or major failure the business can recover quickly. In large organizations, it may be that the staff move to another site that has been set up to model the existing operation. The facilities management department would be one of the key players should it be necessary to move the business to a recovery site.
Space allocation and changes
In many organizations, office layouts are subject to frequent changes. This process is referred to as churn, and the percentage of the staff moved during a year is known as the "churn rate". These moves are normally planned by the facilities management department using a computer-aided design (CAD) system. In addition to meeting the needs of the business, compliance with statutory requirements related to office layouts include:
The minimum amount of space to be provided per staff member
fire safety arrangements
lighting levels
signage
ventilation
temperature control
welfare arrangements such as toilets and drinking water
Consideration may also be given to vending, catering, or a place where staff can make a drink and take a break from their desk.
World Facilities Management Day
Since 2009, Global FM has sponsored an annual World Facilities Management Day, "World FM Day". The theme for the 2022 World FM Day (22 May 2022) was "leading a sustainable future"; the purpose of the day is " to recognise and celebrate the vital work that workplace and facilities managers and the wider industry contributes to business worldwide".
See also
1:5:200
Activity relationship chart
Activity-based working
AM/FM/GIS
Building information modeling
Building management
Computerized maintenance management system
Facility information model
U.S. GSA Public Buildings Service
Global Facility Management Association (Global FM)
Hard infrastructure
Industrial architecture
Institute of Workplace and Facilities Management
Janitor
Physical plant
Property management
References
Further reading
Property management
Management science
Logistics |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%8B%A4%20%EC%BC%88%EB%A6%AC%20%EC%9E%84%EA%B3%84%EC%82%AC%EA%B3%A0 | ์ธ์ค ์ผ๋ฆฌ ์๊ณ์ฌ๊ณ | ์ธ์ค ์ผ๋ฆฌ ์๊ณ์ฌ๊ณ ()๋ 1958๋
12์ 30์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ด๋ฉ์์ฝ์ฃผ ๋ก์ค์จ๋ฌ๋ชจ์ค ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์์ ์ผ์ด๋ ์๊ณ์ฌ๊ณ ์ด๋ค. ์ญ์ฌ์ ์์๋ก ์ธ๋ถ์์ ์ผ์ด๋ ์๊ณ์ฌ๊ณ 10๊ฑด ์ค ํ๋์ด๋ค. 1958๋
์ฌ๊ณ ๋น์์๋ 6์ 16์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ
๋ค์์ฃผ ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ์ง์ Y-12 ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋ณด์๊ตฌ์ญ ์๊ณ์ฌ๊ณ , 10์ 15์ผ ์ ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ผ๋น์ ๋ฒ ์ค๊ทธ๋ผ๋์ ๋น์ฐจ ํต์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์๊ณ์ฌ๊ณ ์ ์ด์ด ์ญ์ฌ์ 3๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ์ผ์ด๋ ์๊ณ์ฌ๊ณ ์ด๋ค. ์ก์ฒด ์์ฝ์ ์ฉํด๋ ํ๋ฃจํ ๋ ํํฉ๋ฌผ์ ์๊ณ ๋ฐ์์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ก ํํ์ ์ธ์ค ์ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๊ธ์ฑ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์ฆํ๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก 35์๊ฐ ๋ง์ ์ฌ๋งํ๋ค.
์ฌ๊ณ ์ ๊ฐ
์ธ์ค ์ผ๋ฆฌ(, 1920๋
10์ 16์ผ~1958๋
12์ 31์ผ)๋ 11๋
์ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง 38์ธ์ ํํ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ ์ ๋ฐ ์ด์์ ๋ก์ค์จ๋ฌ๋ชจ์ค ์คํ์ค์์ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ๋ค. ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฃผ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค ํ๋๋ 1,000L ์ ๋ ๋๋ ์คํ
์ธ๋ ์ค์ ํผํฉ ํฑํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค. ํฑํฌ ๋ด์๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์คํ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋์ค ๋จ์ ์๋ฅ ํ๋ฃจํ ๋-239์ ์ฌ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ํด ํ์ํ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ค์ํ ์ ๊ธฐ ์ฉ๋งค์ ์ฐ์ด ๋
น์ ์๋ ์์ฉ์ก์ด ์์๋ค. ์์ํ ํํ์ ์์จ์ ์จ๋, ์๋ ฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์์ ํ๋ฃจํ ๋์ ๋จ๋จํ๊ณ ์๋น์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ด๋ ๊ธ์์ด๋ค. ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ ๋
ธ์ถ๋๋ฉด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ณ์๋๋ฉฐ ์ผ์ฐ, ์์ด์ค๋์ฐ, ๊ณผ์ผ์์ฐ ๋ฑ์ ์ฝ๊ฒ ์ฉํด๋๋ค.
์ฌ๊ณ ๋น์ผ ํผํฉ ํฑํฌ ์์๋ ๋ถ์์ฑ์ด ๊ฐํ ์ง์ฐ๊ณผ ์ฉ๊ธฐ ๋ถ์์ ๋ง๊ธฐ ์ํ ์์ ํ์ฉ ์์ฉ์ฑ ์ ๊ธฐ์ฉ๋งค์ ์ฉํด๋ ํ๋ฃจํ ๋(์ฉ๋งค 1L ๋น ํ๋ฃจํ ๋ 0.1g ์ดํ)์ด ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ ํตํํ์๋ค์ ์ด๋ฐ ์ฉ์ก์ ๋ฆฐ(lean)์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ํ๋ฃจํ ๋ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ด ํฑํฌ ๋ด๋ก ์ต์ 2๋ฒ ์ด์ "๋ถ์ ์ ํ ํฌ์
"์ด ์ผ์ด๋(๋ค๋ง ์ด๊ฒ์ด ์๋์ ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํ ์ถ์ฒ๋ ์๊ฑฐ๋ ๋์ค์๊ฒ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋์ง ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ธ์ค ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ ์์ฌํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ๋ค๋ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ์๋ค.) ํฑํฌ ๋ด ํ๋ฃจํ ๋์ ๋๋๋ ์ผ๋ถ ์์ญ์์ ์๋ ๊ฐ์ ํ ์ํ๋ณด๋ค ๋๋ต 200๋ฐฐ ๋ ๋์๋ค. ๊ฒ๋ค๊ฐ ์ฉ์ก ๋ด ์ฉ์ง๋ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์์ด์ง ์์ ์ฉ์ก ์์ชฝ์ ํ๋ฃจํ ๋ 3kg ์ด์์ด ํจ์ ๋์ด ๋งค์ฐ ๋๋๊ฐ ๋์๊ณ ์ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฌด์จ ํ๋์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ ์๋ ์ด๋ฏธ ์๊ณ์ง๋์ ๊ฐ๊น์ ๋ค.
ํํธ ์ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ํผํฉ ํฑํฌ๋ฅผ ์๋์ํค์ ์ฉ์ก์ด ์์ฉ๋์ด ์น๊ณ ๊ฑฐํ์ด ์ผ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ํฑํฌ ๋ด์ ๋ฐ๋๊ฐ ๋์ ์์ฉ์ก ์ธต์ ๋ฐ๊นฅ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ ค๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆ์ฒ๋ผ ๊ฐ์ธ์ก๊ณ ๋ฐ๋๊ฐ ๋ฎ์, ํ๋ฃจํ ๋์ด ๋์ถ๋ ์ธต์ ์ฉ๊ธฐ ์ค์ฌ์ ํฅํด ์์ฉ๋์ด์ณค๋ค. ์ด์์ ์ธ ํน์ฑ ์ค ์์์ ํต๋ถ์ด ๋ฌผ์ง์ด ์๊ณ ์ง๋์ ๋ํํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ด์์ ํํ๋ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ด ์ ์ผ ์์ ๊ตฌ ๋ชจ์์ ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ํ๋ฃจํ ๋์ ๋๋๊ฐ ๋์ ์ฉ์ก์ ๊ตฌํ์ ์๋์์ง๋ง ์์ฉ๋์ด๊ฐ ์ฉ์ก์ ์ค์ฌ๋ถ๋ก ๋ชจ์ด๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค๊ณ ์ด์ ๋ถํผ๋น ๋ฐ๋๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ฐ๋ค ์ด๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ์ผ ๋ฌผ์ธต์ด ์ค์ฑ์ ๋ฐ์ฌ์จ์ ๋์ฌ ์ฉํด๋ ํ๋ฃจํ ๋์ ๋๋ต 1์ด ๋ด์ ์๊ณ ์ง๋์ ๋ํํ์ฌ ์๊ณ ๋ฐ์์ ์ผ์ผ์ผฐ๋ค. ํผํฉ๋ฌผ ๋ด์ ์ค์ฑ์๊ฐ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๋น๋๋ก ํ๋ฃจํ ๋ ์์ํต์ ๋๋ ค ํต๋ถ์ด์ด ์ผ์ด๋๊ณ ์ค์ฑ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ถํ๋ ํต ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์์ ๋๋ต 200๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ด(0.2์ด)๋ง ์ง์๋์์ผ๋ ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์์ด ์ผ์ด๋๋ ์๊ฐ ์์ฒญ๋ ์์ ์ค์ฑ์์ ๊ฐ๋ง์ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์ถ๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ํต์ ๋์ง ์์ ํต์๋์ง ๋ฐฉ์ถ ํ์์ ์๊ณ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅธ๋ค. 3์ด๋ ์๋์ด ํผํฉ๋ฌผ ์ธต์ด ์์ ํ ๋ถ์ฐ๋์ด ์๊ณ ๋ฐ์์ด ์ ์ง๋์๋ค.
ํผํญ
์ธ์ค ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ ์๊ณ์ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ ์ผ์ด๋ฌ์ ๋น์ ์ฌ๋ค๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋๋ ์ฑ ํฑํฌ์ ์๋ ์ ๋ง์ฐฝ์ ํตํด ํผํฉ ํฑํฌ ๋ด์ ๋ด์ฉ๋ฌผ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ ์์๋ค. ์คํ์ค ๋ด์ ์์
ํ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ ์ 2๋ช
์ ํธ๋ฅธ ๋น์ด ๋ฒ์ฉ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ํฐ ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋๋ ์ฒด๋ ์ฝํ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์๋ค. ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ์์ ์ด์์ ๊ฒช์๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฌ๋ค๋ฆฌ์์ ๋ฐ์ ํ๋๋ ๋ฑ์ ์ด์ ๋ก ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋
์ ๋จ์ด์ก๋ค. ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ ํผ๋์ค๋ฌ์ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ํผํฉ ํฑํฌ์ ์ค์์น๋ฅผ ๊ป๋ค ์ผฐ๋ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ณตํ๋ค๊ฐ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ฌ๋ ค๋๊ฐ๋ค. ์ดํ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ ์๊ฐ ๋ ์์์ ์ด๋์ค์กฐ ์ํ์ ๋น ์ง ์ฑ "์จ ๋ชธ์ด ๋ถํ๊ณ ์์ด!"๋ง ์ฐ์ ์ธ์น๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ์๋ค.
๋น์์๋ ํผํฉ ํฑํฌ์ ์๊ณ ๋ฐ์์ด ์ผ์ด๋ฌ์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ์ ํ ์๊ฐํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์๋ค์ ์ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ํ ๋ถ๊ดด ํ์์ ๋
ธ์ถ๋๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฐ์ฑ ์์กฐ ๋ฑ์ ๋น ์ง ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํํ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ์ป์ด๋ด๋ ์ค์์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ๊ณ ์ ๋ฏน์์ ์ค์์น๋ฅผ ์์ ํ ๊ป๋ค. ์ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ฌด์์ ์ํ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํ์ธ๋๋ฉฐ ์ถ๊ฐ ์ง์๋ค์ด ํ์ฅ์ ๋์ฐฉํ๋ค. ๋น์ ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ธ์ฑ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์ฆํ๊ตฐ์ ์ ํ์ ์ฆ์์ผ๋ก ์ผ๊ตด์ด ๋ฐ์ ๋ถํ์์ผ๋ก ๋ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ ํ๋ฐ ์ฆ์์ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ ์์๋ค.
๋ก์ค์จ๋ฌ๋ชจ์ค ๋ด์์ ์ผ์ด๋ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ๋ฌผ์ง๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ ์ฆ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ํ์ด ์กฐ์ฌํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์๊ธ์ค์ ๋๋ ค๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์ ์กฐ์ฌ์๋ค์ ํผํฉ ํฑํฌ๊ฐ ์๋ ๋ฐฉ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ์๊ณ ํ๋ฃจํ ๋์์ ๋ฐฉ์ถ๋ ์ํ์ ์ ๊ฐ์งํ ์ ์๋ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ๊ฒ์ถ๊ธฐ๋ก ์กฐ์ฌํ์๋ค. ํ๋ฃจํ ๋ ํผํฉ๋ฌผ์ด ํฑํฌ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ํ์ ํ๋์ด ๋ฐฉ ๊ตฌ์๊ตฌ์์ ์์ด์ผ ํ์ผ๋ ์๋ฌด๊ฒ๋ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. 18๋ถ ํ ๊ฐ์ํ์ ๊ฐ๋ง์ ๊ด์ธก์ ์์ํ๊ณ ๊ณง์ด์ด ํผํฉ ํฑํฌ ๊ทผ์ฒ์์ ์๊ฐ๋น ์์ญ ๋ผ๋(rad)์ ํด๋นํ๋ ๋งค์ฐ ๊ฐํ ๊ฐ๋ง์ ์ ๊ด์ธกํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ๊ฐ๋ง์ ์ ๋งค์ฐ ๋ง์ ํต๋ถ์ด ์์ฑ๋ฌผ์์๋ง ์์ฑํ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ ์๋ค์ด ์ค๋ช
ํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฐํ ๋น์ ๋ณด์๋ค๊ณ ์ฆ์ธํ๋ฉด์ ๊ณง ์๊ณ์ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ์์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค.
์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์น๋ฃ์ ์ฌ๋ง
์ฌ๊ณ ํ ์ฒซ 1์๊ฐ 40๋ถ ๋์ ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ผ๊ด์ฑ ์์ด ํผ๋์ค๋ฌ์ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ช ๋ฒ์ฉ ๊ตฌํ ์ ๊ตฌ์ญ์ง์ ๋ฐ๋ณตํ์๋ค. ํํฐ๋ ํฌ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ์ ์ฆ์ธ๊ฐ ๋์์ง๋ฉด์ ๊ณง์ด์ด ์์ ์ ๋์ฐพ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์์์ ํ๋ณตํด ์ ์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ํํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์๊ณ , ๋งฅ๋ฐ์ ์ธก์ ํ๊ณ ํผ๋ฅผ ๋ฝ์ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋น์ ์ธก์ ํ ๋งฅ๋ฐ์ ๋ถ๋น 160ํ, ํ์์ 80/40์ด์๋ค. ๋ชธ์์๋ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ๊ฒ์ถ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฒ์ถ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ฐ๋ง์ ์ ๋ฐฉ์ถํ๊ณ ์์๊ณ ํ ์ฌ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋๋ณ์์๋ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์ด ๊ฒ์ถ๋์๋ค. ํผํญ 1์๊ฐ 40๋ถ ํ ์ํํ ํ์ก ๊ฒ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ์ก์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์์๋ค์ด ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ํ๋์ด ์๋-24๊ฐ ๊ฒ์ถ๋์๊ณ ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ณ ์ ์ค์ฑ์์ ์ 9 ๊ทธ๋ ์ด(Gy), ๊ฐ๋ง์ ์ 27 Gy, ์ด 36 Gy์ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์ ๋
ธ์ถ๋์๋ค. ์ฑ์ธ ๋จ์ฑ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์กฐ์ฌ๋์ง ์์ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์ 2 Gy ์ ๋ ๋
ธ์ถ๋๋ฉด ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ฑ ์ฆํ๊ตฐ ์ฆ์์ด ์ผ์ด๋๊ธด ํ๋ ์น๋ช
์ ์ด์ง ์๋ค. ๋ฐ์ ์น์ฌ๋์ 2.4โ3.4 Gy์ด๋ฉฐ ์กฐ์ฌ๋์ด 5 Gy ์ด์์ด๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ์ฌ๋งํ๋ค. ์ฆ ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฑ์ธ ๋จ์ฑ์ ์น์ฌ๋๋ณด๋ค 7๋ฐฐ ์ด์ ๊ฐํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ง์๋ค.
์๊ธ์ค์ ์๋ฃ์ง๋ค์ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ ํต์ ๋์ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํํฐ๋๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํ์ ์ฃผ์ฌํ์์ง๋ง ์ด์ ๋๋ฌผ์ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ๋ฅ ํผํญ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฃฝ์์ ๋ง์ ์ ์์์์ ์๊ณ ์์๋ค. 6์๊ฐ๋ ์๋์ด ํ์ก ๋ด์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฆผํ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ผ์ก๋ค. ํผํญ 24์๊ฐ ํ ๊ณจ ์๊ฒ์ ์ค์ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ณจ์๊ฐ ํผ ์๊น์ด ๋ณด์ด์ง ์์ ์ ๋๋ก ๋ฌผ์ ๊ฐ๊น์ฐ๋ฉฐ ์ ํ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์๋ ๋ถ๋ ํ์ก๋ง ์์ฑํจ์ ํ์ธํ๋ค. ์ด์ ๋์ฒํ์ฌ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์๊ฒ ๊ณ์ํ์ฌ ์ํ์ ํ์์ง๋ง ์๋ฃ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์์ ์ฃผ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ํผํญ 2์ผ์ฐจ ๋ฐค์ด ๋์ ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ณต๋ถ์ ํต์ฆ์ ์ ์ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋๊ปด ์ฝ๋ฌผ๋ก๋ ํต์ ํ ์ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ ๋งฅ ์ฃผ์ฌ๊ฐ ์๋ฏธ์์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ช
๋์ด ์ฃผ์
์ด ์ค๋จ๋์๋ค. ํผํญ 35์๊ฐ ํ ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฌํ ๋ถ์, ๋์, ๋ฐํ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ํผ๋ถ๊ฐ ๋ฒ๊ฒจ์ง๋ฉฐ ๋งฅ๋ฐ์ด ๋ถ๊ท์นํด์ง๋ค๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ถ์ ์ฆ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋งํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
๋งจํดํผ ๊ณํ
๊ฐ์ฃผ
1958๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์์๋ ฅ ์ฌ๊ณ
์๋ฃ ๋
ผ์
์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ก ์ฃฝ์ ์ฌ๋ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil%20Kelley%20criticality%20accident | Cecil Kelley criticality accident | A criticality accident occurred on December 30, 1958, at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, in the United States. It is one of 60 known criticality events that have occurred globally outside the controlled conditions of a nuclear reactor or test, though it was the third such event that took place in 1958 after events on June 16 at the Y-12 Plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and on October 15 at the Vinฤa Nuclear Institute in Vinฤa, Yugoslavia. The accident involved plutonium compounds dissolved in liquid chemical reagents; within 35 hours, it killed chemical operator Cecil Kelley by severe radiation poisoning.
Context of the accident
Cecil Kelley was a 38-year-old chemical operator with 11 years of experience; he had spent more than half of this time at the Los Alamos lab, where one of his duties was to operate a large, 1000-liter capacity, stainless-steel mixing tank. The tank contained residual plutonium-239โa mostly man-made element existing in trace amounts in natureโfrom other experiments and applications, along with various organic solvents and acids in an aqueous solution for the purpose of recovery and reuse. In pure form and under normal temperature and pressure conditions, plutonium is a solid, silvery metal. It tarnishes quickly when exposed to air and readily dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric, hydroiodic, and perchloric acids, as well as others. On the day of the accident, the mixing tank was supposed to contain a "lean" concentration of dissolved plutonium (โค0.1ย g of plutonium per liter of solution) in a bath of highly corrosive nitric acid and a caustic, stabilized, aqueous, organic emulsion. The concentration of plutonium in the mixing tank was nearly 200 times higher than Kelley anticipated, however, as a result of at least two improper transfers of plutonium waste to the tank from undetermined sources. Additionally, the plutonium was distributed unevenly, with the upper layer of solution containing especially high concentrations, amounting to a total of over 3ย kg of plutonium, dangerously close to criticality. When Kelley switched on the mixer, a vortex began to form. The denser aqueous layer within the tank was forced outward and upward forming a "bowl", and the less dense, plutonium-rich layer was drawn toward the vessel's center.
Supercritical mass
Among other ideal characteristics, the optimal shape for any fissile substance to become supercritical is the shape of least surface area, a sphere. Although the plutonium-rich solution was not spherical, the vortex made it thicker in the center, and this, along with the corresponding increase in density and the neutron reflectivity of the aqueous layer surrounding it, caused the dissolved plutonium to reach and cross the criticality threshold in approximately one second: neutrons within the mixture began to bombard the nuclei of the solution's plutonium atoms with sufficient frequency to cause these atoms to break apart and release other neutrons in a sustained nuclear chain reaction lasting only 200ย microseconds but releasing a huge burst of neutrons and gamma radiation. Such an uncontrolled release of nuclear energy is often referred to as an excursion. Within 3ย seconds, the layers in the mixture had become dispersed, and no further excursions were possible.
Events of the excursion
Kelley had been standing on a ladder looking at the contents of the mixing tank through a viewing window when the excursion event occurred. Two other technicians working within the laboratory witnessed a bright flash of blue light followed by the sound of a thud. The power burst either caused Kelley to collapse or knocked him off the ladder, and he had fallen to the ground. He arose disoriented, and apparently switched the mixer off and then back on again before running out of the building. The other technicians found Kelley outdoors in a state of ataxia (uncoordinated muscle movement) and repeating the phrase, "I'm burning up! I'm burning up!"
Because the possibility of an excursion taking place in a mixing tank had been considered to be virtually non-existent, the technicians decided that Kelley must have somehow been exposed to either alpha radiation, the acid bath, or both, and one of them took him to a chemical shower while the other switched off the mixer. Additional staff members arrived at the scene within minutes to find Kelley virtually unconscious. The bright pink color of his face indicated erythema (redness of the skin) brought on by cutaneous radiation syndrome.
Any accident at Los Alamos involving a radioactive substance requires an immediate investigation by a team of radiation monitoring staff. Even before Kelley was taken to an emergency room, these staff members began an examination of the mixing room with radiation detectors capable of assessing the alpha radiation emitted by escaped plutonium. Alpha activity would have been widespread if any of the plutonium mixture had escaped from the tank, but none was found. Eighteen minutes later, the team began searching for gamma radiation, and were surprised to find intense gamma radiation near the mixing tank, on the order of tens of rads per hour. Such intense gamma radiation could only be produced by significant amounts of fission product; this, combined with the otherwise inexplicable flash of light reported by the other two technicians, was sufficient to confirm that a criticality accident had occurred.
Kelley's clinical course
For the first hour and forty minutes following the accident, Kelley had been incoherent, and had gone through waves of intense vomiting and retching. He then stabilized, was once again able to converse normally, and was able to have his pulse taken and his blood drawn. The blood sample indicated that Kelley had been exposed to approximately 9 Gy from fast neutrons and 27 Gy from gamma rays, for a total of 36 Gy. For an adult human, exposure to 2 Gy from an unfocused radiation source such as an excursion will cause radiation sickness but is not considered definitely lethal; about 4 Gy is the median lethal dose; a dose of 8 Gy almost always kills. Kelley had received more than seven times the adult human lethal dose. Although the medical staff in the emergency room took steps to ease his pain with pethidine and morphine, previous research on radiation exposure in animals indicated Kelley's death was inevitable. Within six hours his lymphocytes were all but gone. A bone biopsy performed 24 hours after the incident produced bone marrow that was watery and contained no red blood cells. Numerous blood transfusions had no lasting helpful effect: Only 35 hours after his initial exposure and after a final bout of intense restlessness, agitation, sweating, becoming ashen-skinned, and having an irregular pulse, Kelley died of heart failure.
Implications
An investigation into the circumstances of the accident never resulted in a public explanation of how the mixing tank became filled with such a high concentration of plutonium; initially, the blame was placed on Kelley himself.
Robert L. Nance, a colleague of Kelley, was the chemist assigned to recover the remaining plutonium in the tank. This task revealed to him that the solvent in the tank was not as potent as expected (possibly broken down by extended exposure to radiation), so there may have been a build up to a higher concentration for that reason. The report prepared by Nance was not approved to be published.
Although Kelley had neither ingested nor inhaled any plutonium during the accident, he, like many laboratory technicians at Los Alamos, had been exposed to minute particles of airborne plutonium over the course of several years. An event such as this was therefore considered an "experiment of opportunity." Careful records were kept of every moment of Kelley's life from accident through death and onto the autopsy table. His organs were kept for pathological examination and their plutonium levels analyzed. The results of these tissue analyses were considered fundamental to understanding what would happen to a population during a nuclear attack and impossible to obtain any other way. Although the bone marrow biopsy of Kelley's sternum was performed under the premise that the physicians wished to determine if he were a candidate for a bone marrow transplant, Kelley's death was inevitable, and an actual transplant was not seriously considered.
Court case
Kelley's death left a widow, Doris Kelley, and two children, then aged eight years and 18 months. Doris Kelley did not receive notification while he was still alive that her husband had been irradiated, and only learned of his death from the laboratory authority when representatives visited her at her home shortly afterward. Assuring her verbally that they would provide her with financial compensation for her husband's death, they convinced her not to file any lawsuits against the laboratory. Despite such assurances, the only compensation Doris Kelley received was a lifetime-level position working for the lab itself at near-poverty levels, until she had to retire for health reasons.
In 1996, Doris Kelley and her daughter, Katie Kelley-Mareau, filed a lawsuit against Clarence Lushbaugh, the pathologist who performed the autopsy on Cecil Kelley. The case alleged the misconduct of doctors, the hospital, and the administration of Los Alamos in removing organs from the deceased without consent from next-of-kin over a span of many years (1958โ1980). Kelley's autopsy was the first instance of this type of post-mortem analysis, but there were many more performed by Lushbaugh and others in later years at Los Alamos. During a deposition for the case, Lushbaugh, when asked who gave him the authority to take of organs and tissue from Kelley's body, said, "God gave me permission." The class action suit was settled by the defendants for about $9.5 million in 2002 and an additional $800,000 in 2007. None of the defendants admitted any wrongdoing.
References
1958 in New Mexico
Medical controversies in the United States
Victims of radiological poisoning
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Deaths from laboratory accidents
1958 disasters in the United States
Nuclear accidents and incidents in the United States |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EB%A7%88%EB%A6%AC%20%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%B4%EB%A0%88%EB%A5%B4 | ์ฅ๋ง๋ฆฌ ๋ฅดํด๋ ๋ฅด | ์ฅ๋ง๋ฆฌ ๋ฅดํด๋ ๋ฅด(, 1697๋
11์ 24์ผ ~ 1764๋
10์ 26์ผ)๋ ๋ฐ๋กํฌ ๋ฐ์ด์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋์คํธ์ด์ ์๊ณก๊ฐ์ด๋ค. ํ๋์ค ๋ฐ์ด์ฌ๋ฆฐ ํ๊ต๋ฅผ ์ค๋ฆฝํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ํ์ ๋ค ๋ชจ๋ ์์
๊ฐ๋ค์ด๋ค.
์์
๋ฆฌ์น์์ ํ์ด๋ฌ์ผ๋ ์ถค๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ด์ฌ๋ฆฐ์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ ๋ฆฌ๋
ธ๋ก ๋ ๋ฌ๋ค. 1716๋
1728๋
์ฆ์์ ์ฌ๋งํ ๋์ Marie-Rose Casthanie์ ๊ฒฐํผํ๋ค. ๋ฅดํด๋ ๋ฅด๋ 1723๋
ํ๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋์์์ Concert Spirituel์ ์ฐ์ฃผํ๋ค.
์ํ ๋ชฉ๋ก
Op. 1 No. 1 โ Violin Sonata in A minor
Op. 1 No. 2 โ Violin Sonata in C major
Op. 1 No. 3 โ Violin Sonata in B flat major
Op. 1 No. 4 โ Violin Sonata in D major
Op. 1 No. 5 โ Violin Sonata in G major
Op. 1 No. 6 โ Violin Sonata in E minor
Op. 1 No. 7 โ Violin Sonata in F major
Op. 1 No. 8 โ Violin Sonata in G major
Op. 1 No. 9 โ Violin Sonata in A major
Op. 1 No. 10 โ Violin Sonata in D major
Op. 1 No. 11 โ Violin Sonata in B flat major
Op. 1 No. 12 โ Violin Sonata in B minor
Op. 2 No. 1 โ Violin Sonata in E minor
Op. 2 No. 2 โ Violin Sonata in F major
Op. 2 No. 3 โ Violin Sonata in C major
Op. 2 No. 4 โ Violin Sonata in A major
Op. 2 No. 5 โ Violin Sonata in G major
Op. 2 No. 6 โ Violin Sonata in D major
Op. 2 No. 7 โ Violin Sonata in B flat major
Op. 2 No. 8 โ Violin Sonata in D major
Op. 2 No. 9 โ Violin Sonata in E major
Op. 2 No. 10 โ Violin Sonata in C minor
Op. 2 No. 11 โ Violin Sonata in B minor
Op. 2 No. 12 โ Violin Sonata in G minor
Op. 3 No. 1 โ Sonata for 2 violins in G major
Op. 3 No. 2 โ Sonata for 2 violins in A major
Op. 3 No. 3 โ Sonata for 2 violins in C major
Op. 3 No. 4 โ Sonata for 2 violins in F major
Op. 3 No. 5 โ Sonata for 2 violins in E minor
Op. 3 No. 6 โ Sonata for 2 violins in D major
Op. 4 No. 1 โ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in D minor
Op. 4 No. 2 โ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in B flat major
Op. 4 No. 3 โ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in D minor
Op. 4 No. 4 โ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in F major
Op. 4 No. 5 โ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in G minor
Op. 4 No. 6 โ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in A major
Op. 5 No. 1 โ Violin Sonata in A major
Op. 5 No. 2 โ Violin Sonata in F major
Op. 5 No. 3 โ Violin Sonata in E minor
Op. 5 No. 4 โ Violin Sonata in B flat major
Op. 5 No. 5 โ Violin Sonata in B minor
Op. 5 No. 6 โ Violin Sonata in C minor
Op. 5 No. 7 โ Violin Sonata in A minor
Op. 5 No. 8 โ Violin Sonata in D major
Op. 5 No. 9 โ Violin Sonata in E major
Op. 5 No. 10 โ Violin Sonata in C major
Op. 5 No. 11 โ Violin Sonata in G minor
Op. 5 No. 12 โ Violin Sonata in G major
Op. 6 โ Rรฉcrรฉation de musique in D major
Op. 7 No. 1 โ Violin Concerto in D minor (1737 homotonal, with all movements in D minor)
Op. 7 No. 2 โ Violin Concerto in D major
Op. 7 No. 3 โ Violin Concerto in C major
Op. 7 No. 4 โ Violin Concerto in F major
Op. 7 No. 5 โ Violin Concerto in A minor
Op. 7 No. 6 โ Violin Concerto in A major
Op. 8 โ Rรฉcrรฉation de musique in G minor
Op. 9 No. 1 โ Violin Sonata in A major
Op. 9 No. 2 โ Violin Sonata in E minor
Op. 9 No. 3 โ Violin Sonata in D major
Op. 9 No. 4 โ Violin Sonata in A major
Op. 9 No. 5 โ Violin Sonata in A minor
Op. 9 No. 6 โ Violin Sonata in D major
Op. 9 No. 7 โ Violin Sonata in G major
Op. 9 No. 8 โ Violin Sonata in C major
Op. 9 No. 9 โ Violin Sonata in E flat major
Op. 9 No. 10 โ Violin Sonata in F sharp minor
Op. 9 No. 11 โ Violin Sonata in G minor
Op. 9 No. 12 โ Violin Sonata in G major
Op. 10 No. 1 โ Violin Concerto in B flat major
Op. 10 No. 2 โ Violin Concerto in A major
Op. 10 No. 3 โ Violin Concerto in D major
Op. 10 No. 4 โ Violin Concerto in F major
Op. 10 No. 5 โ Violin Concerto in E minor
Op. 10 No. 6 โ Violin Concerto in G minor
Op. 11 โ Scylla et Glaucus, tragรฉdie en musique with prologue and five acts (opera, fp. 1746)
Op. 12 No. 1 โ Sonata for 2 violins in B minor
Op. 12 No. 2 โ Sonata for 2 violins in E major
Op. 12 No. 3 โ Sonata for 2 violins in D major
Op. 12 No. 4 โ Sonata for 2 violins in A major
Op. 12 No. 5 โ Sonata for 2 violins in G minor
Op. 12 No. 6 โ Sonata for 2 violins in B flat major
Divertissement for Le danger des รฉpreuves, a 1 act comedy given at the Duke of Gramont's theatre at Puteaux on 19 June 1749 [lost]
Apollon et Climรจne, second entrรฉe of Les amusements lyriques, given at the Duke of Gramont's theatre at Puteaux, in February 1750 [lost]
Incidental airs and dances for various theatrical productions (1751โ1764) [lost]
Op. 13 No. 1 โ Ouvertura for 2 violins & continuo in G major
Op. 13 No. 2 โ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in D major
Op. 13 No. 3 โ Ouvertura for 2 violins & continuo in D major
Op. 13 No. 4 โ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in B minor
Op. 13 No. 5 โ Ouvertura for 2 violins & continuo in A major
Op. 13 No. 6 โ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in G minor
Op. 14 โ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in A major
Op. 15 โ Violin Sonata in F major
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
1697๋
์ถ์
1764๋
์ฌ๋ง
18์ธ๊ธฐ ํด๋์ ์๊ณก๊ฐ
ํ๋์ค์ ํด๋์ ์๊ณก๊ฐ
ํ๋์ค์ ํด๋์ ๋ฐ์ด์ฌ๋ฆฐ ์ฐ์ฃผ์
๋ฆฌ์น ์ถ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie%20Leclair | Jean-Marie Leclair | Jean-Marie Leclair l'aรฎnรฉ (Jean-Marie Leclair the Elder) (10 May 1697ย โ 22 October 1764) was a French Baroque violinist and composer. He is considered to have founded the French violin school. His brothers, the lesser-known Jean-Marie Leclair the younger (1703โ77) as well as Pierre Leclair (1709โ84) and Jean-Benoรฎt Leclair (1714โafter 1759), were also musicians.
Biography
Leclair was born in Lyon, but left to study dance and the violin in Turin. In 1716, he married Marie-Rose Casthanie, a dancer, who died about 1728. Leclair had returned to Paris in 1723, where he played at the Concert Spirituel, the main semi-public music series. His works included several sonatas for flute and basso continuo.
In 1730, Leclair married for the second time. His new wife was the engraver Louise Roussel, who prepared for printing all his works from Opus 2 onward. He was named ordinaire de la musique (Director of Music of the Chapel and the Apartments) by Louis XV in 1733, Leclair dedicated his third book of violin sonatas to the king. Leclair resigned in 1736 after a clash with Jean-Pierre Guignon over control of the musique du Roi.
Leclair was then engaged by the Princess of Orange โ a fine harpsichordist and former student of Handel โ and from 1738 until 1743, served three months annually at her court in Leeuwarden, working in The Hague as a private for the remainder of the year. He returned to Paris in 1743. His only opera Scylla et Glaucus was first performed in 1746 and has been revived in modern times. From 1740 until his death in Paris, he served the Duke of Gramont, in whose private theatre at Puteaux were staged works to which Leclair is known to have contributed. They included, in particular, a lengthy divertissement for the comedy (1749) and one complete entrรฉe, , for the opรฉra-ballet by various authors, (1750).
Leclair was renowned as a violinist and as a composer. He successfully drew upon all of Europe's national styles. Many suites, sonatas, and concertos survive along with his opera, while some vocal works, ballets, and other stage music are lost.
Murder
In 1758, after the break-up of his second marriage, Leclair purchased a small house in a dangerous Parisian neighborhood in the northern part of Le Marais near the old Temple, where he was found stabbed to death on October 23, 1764. Although the murder remains a mystery, there is a possibility that his ex-wife may have been behind itโher motive being financial gainโalthough suspicion also rests on his nephew, Guillaume-Franรงois Vial.
See also
List of unsolved murders
List of works
Op. 1 No. 1 โ Violin Sonata in A minor
Op. 1 No. 2 โ Violin Sonata in C major
Op. 1 No. 3 โ Violin Sonata in B flat major
Op. 1 No. 4 โ Violin Sonata in D major
Op. 1 No. 5 โ Violin Sonata in G major
Op. 1 No. 6 โ Violin Sonata in E minor
Op. 1 No. 7 โ Violin Sonata in F major
Op. 1 No. 8 โ Violin Sonata in G major
Op. 1 No. 9 โ Violin Sonata in A major
Op. 1 No. 10 โ Violin Sonata in D major
Op. 1 No. 11 โ Violin Sonata in B flat major
Op. 1 No. 12 โ Violin Sonata in B minor
Op. 2 No. 1 โ Violin Sonata in E minor
Op. 2 No. 2 โ Violin Sonata in F major
Op. 2 No. 3 โ Violin Sonata in C major
Op. 2 No. 4 โ Violin Sonata in A major
Op. 2 No. 5 โ Violin Sonata in G major
Op. 2 No. 6 โ Violin Sonata in D major
Op. 2 No. 7 โ Violin Sonata in B flat major
Op. 2 No. 8 โ Violin Sonata in D major
Op. 2 No. 9 โ Violin Sonata in E major
Op. 2 No. 10 โ Violin Sonata in C minor
Op. 2 No. 11 โ Violin Sonata in B minor
Op. 2 No. 12 โ Violin Sonata in G minor
Op. 3 No. 1 โ Sonata for 2 violins in G major
Op. 3 No. 2 โ Sonata for 2 violins in A major
Op. 3 No. 3 โ Sonata for 2 violins in C major
Op. 3 No. 4 โ Sonata for 2 violins in F major
Op. 3 No. 5 โ Sonata for 2 violins in E minor
Op. 3 No. 6 โ Sonata for 2 violins in D major
Op. 4 No. 1 โ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in D minor
Op. 4 No. 2 โ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in B flat major
Op. 4 No. 3 โ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in D minor
Op. 4 No. 4 โ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in F major
Op. 4 No. 5 โ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in G minor
Op. 4 No. 6 โ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in A major
Op. 5 No. 1 โ Violin Sonata in A major
Op. 5 No. 2 โ Violin Sonata in F major
Op. 5 No. 3 โ Violin Sonata in E minor
Op. 5 No. 4 โ Violin Sonata in B flat major
Op. 5 No. 5 โ Violin Sonata in B minor
Op. 5 No. 6 โ Violin Sonata in C minor
Op. 5 No. 7 โ Violin Sonata in A minor
Op. 5 No. 8 โ Violin Sonata in D major
Op. 5 No. 9 โ Violin Sonata in E major
Op. 5 No. 10 โ Violin Sonata in C major
Op. 5 No. 11 โ Violin Sonata in G minor
Op. 5 No. 12 โ Violin Sonata in G major
Op. 6 โ Rรฉcrรฉation de musique in D major
Op. 7 No. 1 โ Violin Concerto in D minor (1737 homotonal, with all movements in D minor)
Op. 7 No. 2 โ Violin Concerto in D major
Op. 7 No. 3 โ Violin Concerto in C major
Op. 7 No. 4 โ Violin Concerto in F major
Op. 7 No. 5 โ Violin Concerto in A minor
Op. 7 No. 6 โ Violin Concerto in A major
Op. 8 โ Rรฉcrรฉation de musique in G minor
Op. 9 No. 1 โ Violin Sonata in A major
Op. 9 No. 2 โ Violin Sonata in E minor
Op. 9 No. 3 โ Violin Sonata in D major
Op. 9 No. 4 โ Violin Sonata in A major
Op. 9 No. 5 โ Violin Sonata in A minor
Op. 9 No. 6 โ Violin Sonata in D major
Op. 9 No. 7 โ Violin Sonata in G major
Op. 9 No. 8 โ Violin Sonata in C major
Op. 9 No. 9 โ Violin Sonata in E flat major
Op. 9 No. 10 โ Violin Sonata in F sharp minor
Op. 9 No. 11 โ Violin Sonata in G minor
Op. 9 No. 12 โ Violin Sonata in G major
Op. 10 No. 1 โ Violin Concerto in B flat major
Op. 10 No. 2 โ Violin Concerto in A major
Op. 10 No. 3 โ Violin Concerto in D major
Op. 10 No. 4 โ Violin Concerto in F major
Op. 10 No. 5 โ Violin Concerto in E minor
Op. 10 No. 6 โ Violin Concerto in G minor
Op. 11 โ Scylla et Glaucus, tragรฉdie en musique with prologue and five acts (opera, fp. 1746)
Op. 12 No. 1 โ Sonata for 2 violins in B minor
Op. 12 No. 2 โ Sonata for 2 violins in E major
Op. 12 No. 3 โ Sonata for 2 violins in D major
Op. 12 No. 4 โ Sonata for 2 violins in A major
Op. 12 No. 5 โ Sonata for 2 violins in G minor
Op. 12 No. 6 โ Sonata for 2 violins in B flat major
Divertissement for Le danger des รฉpreuves, a one-act comedy given at the Duke of Gramont's theatre at Puteaux on 19 June 1749 [lost]
Apollon et Climรจne, second entrรฉe of Les amusements lyriques, given at the Duke of Gramont's theatre at Puteaux, in February 1750 [lost]
Incidental airs and dances for various theatrical productions (1751โ1764) [lost]
Op. 13 No. 1 โ Ouvertura for 2 violins & continuo in G major
Op. 13 No. 2 โ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in D major
Op. 13 No. 3 โ Ouvertura for 2 violins & continuo in D major
Op. 13 No. 4 โ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in B minor
Op. 13 No. 5 โ Ouvertura for 2 violins & continuo in A major
Op. 13 No. 6 โ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in G minor
Op. 14 โ Trio for 2 violins & continuo in A major
Op. 15 โ Violin Sonata in F major
References
Notes
Bibliography
Pougin, Arthur, Le violon: Les violonistes et la musique de violon du XVIe au XVIIIe siรจcle, Paris, Fishbacher, 1924 (accessible online at Gallica BNF)
Sadler, Graham, Leclair, Jean-Marie, in Sadie, Stanley (ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, New York, Grove (Oxford University Press), 1997, II, pp.ย 1118โ1119 ()
External links
1697 births
1764 deaths
18th-century classical composers
18th-century French composers
18th-century French male classical violinists
French Baroque composers
French male classical composers
Musicians from Lyon
Deaths by stabbing in France
French murder victims
Male murder victims
People murdered in Paris
Unsolved murders in France
18th-century male musicians |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A1%EB%8A%94%EA%BC%AC%EB%A6%AC | ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ | ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ(prehensile tail, grasping tail)๋ ์ด๋ค ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ ์์ผ์ฅ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ถ์ก๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ์ํ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ค. ์์ ํ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋์์ ๋ถ์ก๊ณ ์กฐ์ํ๊ณ , ํนํ ์๋ชฉ์ฑ ์๋ฌผ์ด ๋๋ฌด ์์์ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์๋จน๋ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ด๊ฑธ ํ ์ ์๋ค๋ฉด ๋ถ์์ ํ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅธ๋ค - ์ด๋ฐ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ณดํต ๊ฐ์ง์ ๋งค๋ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ธฐ์ด์ค๋ฅด๋ ์ฉ๋๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. ์์ด ๋จ์ด prehensile ์ "์ก์ ์ ์๋"์ด๋ผ๋ ์๋ฏธ์ด๋ฉฐ, "์ก๋"์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ป์ ๋ผํด์ด ๋จ์ด prehendere์์ ์ ๋ํ์๋ค.
์งํ
์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฌ๋ฆฐ ๋๋ฌผ์ ๋ถํฌ๋ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋๋งํ ์์๋ค. ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋๊ฐ ์ ์ธ๊ณ, ๊ทธ ์ค์์๋ ํฌ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ๋๋จ์์์๋ณด๋ค ๋จ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ ๋๋ฌผ์ด ํจ์ฌ ๋ง๋ค. ํ์๋ค์ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ๋๋ฌผ์ด ๋จ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ๋ ๋ง์ ์ด์ ๋ ์ผ๋ฆผ์ด ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ ๋๋จ์์์๋ณด๋ค ๋ ๋ง๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋
ผ์ํด์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋์กฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋๋จ์์์์ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ฌ์ฑ๋ฌ์ฑํ ์ผ๋ฆผ์์๋ ๋ฐ์ฅ์์ญ์ด(:en:colugos), ๋ ๋ฑ(:en:flying snakes)๊ฐ์ ํ๊ฐ๋๋ฌผ(:en:Flying and gliding animals)์ด ๋ ํํ๋ค; ๋จ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์์๋ ๋ช๋ช ํ๊ฐํ๋ ์ฒ์ถ๋๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๋จ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์ฐ๋ฆผ์ ๋ฉ๊ตด๋๋ฌด๊ฐ ๋ ๋ง๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ฐ, ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์์์๋ณด๋ค ๋ฉ๊ตด๋๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋จน์ด์น์ธ ํฐ ๋๋ฌผ์ด ์ ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค; ๋ฉ๊ตด์ด ๋ฌด์ฑํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅ๋ ฅ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ ์ค์ฉ์ ์ผ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ ๊ธฐํ๊ฒ๋ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋๋ฅ์๋ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฌ๋ฆฐ ํฌ์ ๋ฅ๋, ํ๊ฐํ ์ ์๋ ํฌ์ ๋ฅ๋ ๋ง๋ค; ์ฌ์ค ํธ์ฃผ์ ์์ํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ํ๊ฐํ ์ ์๋ ํฌ์ ๋ฅ๋ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
ํด๋ถํ๊ณผ ์๋ฆฌํ์ ์ธก๋ฉด
๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ฒ์ถ๋๋ฌผ์ ํน์ง์ด๋ค; ํ์ง๋ง ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ๋ช๋ช ๋ฌด์ฒ์ถ๋๋ฌผ๋ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์ ๋น์ทํ ๋ถ์์ง(:en:appendage)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ฒ์ถ๋๋ฌผ๋ง์ด ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ค์ ธ์๋ค. ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฌ๋ฆฐ ํฌ์ ๋ฅ๋ ์ก๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋งจ์ด ๋ถ์๊ฐ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ '๋ง์ฐฐํ(friction pad)'์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅธ๋ค.
์์ ํ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ๋๋ฌผ
ํฌ์ ๋ฅ
๊ด๋น์๋ฅ. ๊ณ ํจ์์ญ์ด, ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์์ญ์ด, ์ํธ์์ญ์ด ๋ฑ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์์ญ์ด๊ณผ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ ์ธ๊ณ์์ญ์ด๋ฅ๊ฐ ํธ์๋ ์ด๊ฐํ(:en:tactile pad)์ด ์๋ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ธด๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์์ญ์ด์ ๋จผ ์น์ฒ๋ค๊ณผ๋ ๋์กฐ์ ์ด๋ค.
์ฃผ๋จธ๋์ฅ. ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด๋๋ฅ์ ์ ๋๋ฅ ๋ถ๋ฅ๊ตฐ. ์ฃผ๋จธ๋์ฅ๊ฐ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฅ์ง ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์์์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ค.
๊ฐ๋ฏธํฅ๊ธฐ. ๊ฐ๋ฏธํก๊ธฐ๋ ๋ผํด์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์์ํ๋ค. ์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ๋ฏธํฅ๊ธฐ์ ์์๊ฐ๋ฏธํฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋นํฌ๋กฑ. ์์ ํ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ช ์ ๋๋ ๊ตฌ์ธ๊ณ ๋๋ฌผ ์ค ํ๋์ด๊ธด ํ์ง๋ง, ์ด ๋
์๋ค์ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ๋ง์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค.
ํจ์นด์ฃผ. ๋ผํด์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์์ํ๋ฉฐ, ์์ก๋ชฉ์์ ๋นํฌ๋กฑ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋จ ๋ ๋ฟ์ธ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ ๋๋ฌผ์ด๋ค.
๋ฉง๋ฐญ์ฅ. ๋๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์ธ๊ณ ํฌ์ ๋ฅ ๋ฉง๋ฐญ์ฅ๋ ์์ ํ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง๋๋ค. ๊ณก๋ฌผ ์๋ฌผ(ํนํ ๋ฐ๊ณผ ์คํธ), ๊ธธ๊ฐ ํ๋ฐญ, ์์ธํ๋ฆฌ, ์ ๋ฐฉ, ์ผ์ต์ง ๋ฐ์์ ํคํฐ ํ๋ฐญ์์ ํํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ค.
์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นดํธ์ ๋ฅ์ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌํธ์ ์, ๊ฐ๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌํธ์ ์์ ๊ธฐ์ด์ค๋ฅด๊ฑฐ๋ ๋๋ฌด์์ ๋จ์ด์ง์ง ์๋๋ก ํ๋ ๋ฐ ๋์์ ์ฃผ๋ ์์ ํ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง๋๋ค.
๋๋ฌด์ฒ์ฐ๊ฐ. ์์ ํ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ช ์ ๋๋ ๊ตฌ์ธ๊ณ ํฌ์ ๋ฅ ์ค ํ๋.
์์๊ธด๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋์ฅํ
๋ . ์๋ชฉ์ฑ ํ
๋ ์ข
.
์ด๋ฅ
ํด๋ง. ํด๋ง๋ ์์ ํ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํด์ด, ์กฐ๋ฅ, ํด๋ฉด, ์ฐํธ, ์ธ๊ณต๋ฌผ ๋ฑ์ ๋์์ ์ก๋ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค.
๋ถ์์ ํ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ๋๋ฌผ
ํฌ์ ๋ฅ
๊ด๋น์๋ฅ. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ๋์์ญ์ด. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ๋์์ญ์ด๋ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ํ์ฉํ๊ณ ๋ ๋จ์ ์ง๋ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ง๋ง, ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋งจ์ด์ด ๋๋ฌ๋ ๋ถ๋ถ ์์ด ์จํต ํธ์๋ง ๋ค๋ฎ์ฌ์์ด ๋ง์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฎ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ทธ์ ๋งค๋ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฐ์๋ง ์ฐ์ธ๋ค. ๋ถ์์ ํ ์ก๊ธฐ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ด์ ๋ ์ด์ธ์๋ ์๋ง๋ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ทผ๋ ฅ์ด๋ ์ ์ฐ์ฑ์ด ๋ชจ์๋ผ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋จ์ง ๋์์ ์กฐ์ํ ํ์์ฑ์ด ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ผ์ง ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋ค.
์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นดํธ์ ๋ฅ. ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌํธ์ ์์ 15์ข
. ๋จ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์์ํ๋ฉฐ ํ ์ข
์ ๋ฉ์์ฝ์๊น์ง ์์ํ๋ค. ๋ชจ๋ ์ข
์ด ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ค์น๋ฅ. ์ด๋ค ๋์์ ์ฃผ๋ณ์ ๋ฌ๋ ค์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์์ด์ ๊ท ํ์ ์ ์งํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฝ๊ฐ์ ๋์์ด ๋๋ค. ์ ๊น๋์์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋์์ ๋งค๋ฌ๋ฆด ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ ์๋ ค์ ธ์๋ค.
ํฌ์ฌ. ์ด 63์ข
์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ํฌ๊ณ ๋ค์ํ ๋ถ๋ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์ ๋๋ฅ์ ์๋ชฉ ์ฟ ์ค์ฟ ์ค์๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ, ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์, ๋ด๊ธฐ๋์ ๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์ ๋ช๋ช ์ฌ๋ค์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ค. ์ด ์๋ชฉ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ข
๋ค์ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๋ค; ํ์ง๋ง ๊นํธ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ๋จธ๋์ฅ๊ณผ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ช๋ช ๊ตฌ์ฑ์๋ค์ ์ ํ๋ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ํนํ ์ ๋๋ฅ์์ ๋จ ์
๋ฐ์ ์๋ ํ๊ฐํ๋ ๋ถ๋ฅ๊ตฐ์ด ์ด ์๋ชฉ์ ์ํด์๋ค.
์ฅ์บฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฃจ. ๋ฒ ํต๊ธฐ์์, ์ฅ์บฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฃจ์์ ํฌํจํ๋, ํธ์ฃผ์ ์์ํ๋ ์ ๋๋ฅ ๋ถ๋ฅ๊ตฐ. ๋ถ์์ ํ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ชจ๋๋ ๋ธ ๋ชฌํ . ๋จ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์์ํ๋ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฌ๋ฆฐ ์์ ์ ๋๋ฅ.
ํ์ถฉ๋ฅ
์คํจํฌ. ์๋ก๋ชฌ์ฌ๋๋ง๋ฑ ๋ฐ์์ ๋ช๋ช ์ข
๋ฅ์ ์คํจํฌ๊ฐ ๋ถ์์ ํ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
์นด๋ฉ๋ ์จ.
๋ฑ. ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ฑ์ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ(ํน์ ์ก๋๋ชธํต)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ณ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ ๊ด๋ จ์ข
์ ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ผ์ค๋ฌด์ผ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด(:en:Urocoyledon rasmusseni). ์ฐ๋์ค์(:en:Udzungwa)์ฐ๋งฅ์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์ด๋ค.
์จ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ์ดํฐ ๋๋ง๋ฑ(:en:Alligator lizard). ๋จ๋ถ์จ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ์ดํฐ๋๋ง๋ฑ(:en:southern alligator lizard), ํ
์ฌ์ค์จ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ์ดํฐ๋๋ง๋ฑ(:en:southern alligator lizard), ๋๋ฌด์จ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ์ดํฐ๋๋ง๋ฑ(:en:Abronia (animal)) ๋ฑ์ ๋ช๋ช ์จ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ์ดํฐ๋๋ง๋ฑ์ด ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
์์๋ฅ
๋๋กฑ๋ฝ. ๋ถ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์ผ๋ฆผ์์ ์ด์๊ฐ๋ ์๋ง์ ๊ธฐ๋๋๋กฑ๋ฝ(:en:climbing salamander)๋ฅ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ด์ค๋ฅด๋ ๋ฐ ์๊ธดํ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ช๋ช์ ๊ธฐ๋๋๋กฑ๋ฝ์์ ์ํ ์๊ฐ๋๋กฑ๋ฝ(:en:Aneides ferreus), ๊ฑฐ๋๋๋กฑ๋ฝ(:en:wandering salamander), ๋๋ฌด๋๋กฑ๋ฝ(:en:Aneides lugubris), ๋ฌผ๊ฐํด๋๋กฑ๋ฝ์์ ์ค์์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์๋ฌผ๊ฐํด๋๋กฑ๋ฝ(:en:Bolitoglossa sombra), ๋ฉ์์ฝ์ ์ค์์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ๋ฉ์์ฝ๊ธฐ๋๋๋กฑ๋ฝ(:en:Bolitoglossa mexicana), ๋ฉ์น ํฐ ๋ถ์์ธ๋๋๋กฑ๋ฝ(:en:Phaeognathus hubrichti), ๋๊ตด๋๋กฑ๋ฝ(:en:Eurycea lucifuga)์ด ์๋ค.
์ด๋ฅ
์ค๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ณผ. ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ์ํ ํด๋ง, ํ์ดํํผ์ฌ ๋ฑ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ข
์ด ์ก๋๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
Canopy life
More on canopy life
์ฒ์ถ๋๋ฌผ ํด๋ถํ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehensile%20tail | Prehensile tail | A prehensile tail is the tail of an animal that has adapted to grasp or hold objects. Fully prehensile tails can be used to hold and manipulate objects, and in particular to aid arboreal creatures in finding and eating food in the trees. If the tail cannot be used for this it is considered only partially prehensile; such tails are often used to anchor an animal's body to dangle from a branch, or as an aid for climbing. The term prehensile means "able to grasp" (from the Latin prehendere, to take hold of, to grasp).
Evolution
One point of interest is the distribution of animals with prehensile tails. The prehensile tail is predominantly a New World adaptation, especially among mammals. Many more animals in South America have prehensile tails than in Africa and Southeast Asia. It has been argued that animals with prehensile tails are more common in South America because the forest there is denser than in Africa or Southeast Asia. In contrast, less dense forests such as in Southeast Asia have been observed to have more abundant gliding animals such as colugos or flying snakes; few gliding vertebrates are found in South America. South American rainforests also differ by having more lianas, as there are fewer large animals to eat them than in Africa and Asia; the presence of lianas may aid climbers but obstruct gliders. Curiously, Australia-New Guinea contains many mammals with prehensile tails and also many mammals which can glide; in fact, all Australian mammalian gliders have tails that are prehensile to an extent.
Anatomy and physiology
Tails are mostly a feature of vertebrates; however, some invertebrates such as scorpions also have appendages that can be considered tails. However, only vertebrates are known to have developed prehensile tails. Many mammals with prehensile tails will have a bare patch to aid gripping. This bare patch is known as a "friction pad".
Animals with fully prehensile tails
Mammals
New World monkeys. Many New World monkeys in the family Atelidae, which includes howler monkeys, spider monkeys and woolly monkeys, have grasping tails often with a bare tactile pad. This is in contrast with their distant Old World monkey cousins who do not have prehensile tails.
Opossum. A marsupial group from the Americas. The tail is occasionally used as a grip to carry bunches of leaves or bedding materials to the nest.
Anteaters. Anteaters are found in Central and South America. Three of the four species of anteater, the silky anteater and the two species of tamandua, have prehensile tails.
Binturong. One of the few Old World animals with fully prehensile tails, although they use only the tip of the tail.
Kinkajou. The kinkajou of South and Central America is the only other animal of the order Carnivora, besides the binturong, to sport the adaptation.
Harvest mouse. Another old world mammal, the harvest mouse (Micromys minutus) also has a fully prehensile tail. It is commonly found amongst areas of tall grasses such as cereal crops (particularly wheat and oats), roadside verges, hedgerows, reedbeds, dykes and salt-marshes.
New World porcupines of the genera Coendou and Chaetomys have fully prehensile tails that help them to climb and prevent them from falling from trees.
Tree pangolin. One of the few Old World mammals with a fully prehensile tail.
Microgale longicaudata, an arboreal species of the tenrec family.
Fish
Seahorses. Seahorses have fully prehensile tails, which they use to attach themselves to objects such as seagrass, algae, sponges, corals, or even man-made objects.
Animals with partially prehensile tails
Mammals
New World monkeys. The capuchin monkey. The capuchin is more than intelligent enough to make full use of its prehensile tail, but since the tail lacks an area of bare skin for a good grip it is only used in climbing and dangling. Other reasons for partial prehensility might include the lack of strength or flexibility in the tail, or simply having no need to manipulate objects with it.
Tree porcupines. The 15 species of tree porcupine (genus Coendou). They are found in South America, with one species extending to Mexico. All have prehensile tails.
Rats have been known to be able to wrap the tail around an object after running around it, therefore giving the creature a small bit of balance. They have also been seen to be able to briefly hang off an object, though not for long.
Possums. This large, diverse group of 63 species forms the marsupial suborder Phalangeriformes, found in Australia, New Guinea, and some nearby islands. All members of the suborder have prehensile tails; however, the tails of some members such as the Acrobatidae have only limited prehensile capacity. Notably, all three marsupial glider groups belong to this suborder.
Potoroidae. A marsupial group found in Australia that includes the bettongs and the potoroos. They have weakly prehensile tails.
Monito del monte. A small South American marsupial with a prehensile tail.
Reptiles
Prehensile-tailed skink. Several kinds of skink (e.g. Corucia zebrata) have partially prehensile tails.
Chameleons.
Snakes. Many snakes have prehensile tails (or a prehensile body)
Crested gecko and their relatives have prehensile tails
Urocoyledon rasmusseni. A gecko recently discovered in the Udzungwa mountains.
Alligator lizard. Some alligator lizards such as the southern alligator lizard, the Texas alligator lizard, and the arboreal alligator lizards (genus Abronia) have prehensile tails.
Big-headed turtle, and juvenile specimens of the family Chelydridae.
Amphibians
Salamanders. A number of North American forest-dwelling climbing salamanders have prehensile tails that help them climb. Some are from the genus Aneides such as the clouded salamander (Aneides ferreus), the wandering salamander (Aneides vagrans), and the arboreal salamander (Aneides lugubris). Others are the large Red Hills salamander (Phaeognathus hubrichti) and the cave salamander (Eurycea lucifuga). There are also the Central American Bolitoglossa sombra and Mexican and Central American Bolitoglossa mexicana salamanders.
Fish
Syngnathidae. Many species from this group, which includes seahorses and pipefish, have prehensile tails.
References
External links
Canopy life
More on canopy life
Vertebrate anatomy |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%20%EC%B9%B4%EB%9E%8C%EC%A7%84 | ๋์ฝ๋ผ์ด ์นด๋์ง | ๋์ฝ๋ผ์ด ๋ฏธํ์ผ๋ก๋น์น ์นด๋์ง(, 1766๋
12์ 12์ผ ~ 1826๋
6์ 3์ผ)์ ๋ฌ์์์ ์๊ฐ, ์์ธ, ์ญ์ฌ๊ฐ, ๋นํ๊ฐ์ด๋ค.
์ง์ฃผ ๊ท์กฑ ์ถ์ . ์ฒ์ ๋
ธ๋น์ฝํ์ ์ก์ง์ ๊ธฐ๊ณ ํ๊ณ ์์์ผ๋ 80๋
๋ ๋ง๋ถํฐ ์๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฌํ, ๊ท๊ตญ ํ <๋ฌ์์์ธ ์ฌํ์์ ํธ์ง>(1791-92)๋ฅผ ์์ ์ด ์ฐฝ๊ฐํ ์ก์ง์ ๊ฒ์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ํ ์์ค <๊ฐ๋ จํ ๋ฆฌ์>(1792)๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ ๋ฌ์์ ์ฃผ์ ์ฃผ์์ ์ง๋์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ์ด ์์ค์ ๋์ฌ๊พผ ๋ธ์ ๊ท์กฑ ์ถ์ ์ฒญ๋
์ ๋ํ ๋น๋ จ์ ์ฒญ์ ํ ๋ฌธ์ฒด๋ก ๋ฌ์ฌํ ๋ฌ์์ ์ต์ด์ ๊ทผ๋์์ค๋ก ๋์ฌ๊พผ ์ฌ์์ผ์ง๋ผ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ํ์ฌ ์ผ๋ฐ ๋
์์๊ฒ ๊น์ ๊ฐ๋์ ์ฃผ์๋ค. ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ด(ๆ็ซ ่ช)๋ฅผ ์๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ํจ ์ ์์๋ ์ปค๋ค๋ ๊ณต์ ์ ๋จ๊ฒผ๊ณ ๋ง๋
์๋ ๋์ <๋ฌ์์ ์ ๊ตญ์ฌ(ๅธๅๅฒ)>์ ์งํ์ ๋ชฐ๋ํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์
๋์ฝ๋ผ์ด ๋ฏธํ์ผ๋ก๋น์น ์นด๋์ง์ 18์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฌ์์ ์๊ฐ ์ค ๋น๋๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ํ๋์ ๋ผ์น ์ํฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ณผ ๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค์ํ ์ฐ๋ฌธ ์๊ฐ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์, ์ญ์ฌ์, ๋
ผ๋ฌธ, ๋ฒ์ญ, ์ก์ง ์ฐฝ๊ฐ ๋ฑ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ถ์ผ์์ ๋ง์ ํ๋์ ํ์ผ๋, ๊ทธ์ค์์๋ ํนํ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ๋จ๊ธด ๋จํธ ์ํ๋ค์ ์ธ์ด, ์คํ์ผ, ์ฃผ์ ๋ฑ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋น์๋ก์๋ ํ๊ธฐ์ ์ด์๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์ฑ๊ณต ์ญ์ ๋๋จํ ๊ฒ์ด์ด์ ๋ค์ํ ๊ณ์ธต์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์๊ฒ โ๋
์โ์ ์ฌ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์๊ฒ ํด ์ฃผ์๋ค. ์นด๋์ง ์ด์ ์๋ ์์ ๋ฌธํ ์ด๋กฑ๋ค์์ ์ฃผ๋ก ๊ท์กฑ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์๋ค ์ฌ์ด์ ๋๋ ค์ง๋ โ์ฑ
์ ์ฝ๋ ์ฌ๋ฏธโ๊ฐ, ์นด๋์ง์ ์ํ์ ํตํด ๋ฌธํ ์ด๋กฑ์ ๋ฐ๊นฅ์ธ์์ผ๋ก, ๋ ๊ท์กฑ์ด ์๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ์ธต์๊ฒ๊น์ง๋ ๋ฒ์ ธ ๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ก ์ธํด ๋น๋์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์๊ตฌ ์ ๋ฝ์ ๋นํด ๋งค์ฐ ๋ฎ์๋ ๋ฌ์์์ธ์ ๋
์ ์์ค์ ๋์ด์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. ๋ ์ด๋ ์นด๋์ง ์ดํ ๋ญ๋ง์ฃผ์ ์๋๋ฅผ ์ด๋๋ ์ฃผ์ฝฅ์คํค๋ ํธ์ํจ ๊ฐ์ ๋๋ฌธํธ๋ค์ ์์ ์ฑ์ด ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ํ๋ค์ด ์ ๋๋ก ๊ฐ์๋๊ณ ํ๊ฐ๋ ์ ์๋ ๋
์์ธต์ ๋ฌธํ์ ํ ์์ ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ์๋ฏธ์์ 19์ธ๊ธฐ์ ์๋ํ ์ฌ์ค์ฃผ์ ๋นํ๊ฐ ๋ฒจ๋ฆฐ์คํค๊ฐ ์นด๋์ง์ โ๋ฌ์์ ๋ฌธํ์ ์๋ก์ด ์ฅ์ ์ฐ ์ฌ๋โ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๊ฐํ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ ๊ณผ์ฅ์ด ์๋๋ค.
์นด๋์ง์ ์ฌ๋น๋ฅด์คํฌ ํ์์ ํด์ญ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ๋์งธ ์๋ค๋ก ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ์ด๋ฆฐ ์์ ์๋ ์๋ฒ์ง์ ์์ง์์ ์ง๋ด๋ฉฐ ์ฌ๋ฆฝ ๊ธฐ์ํ๊ต์์ ๊ณต๋ถํ๋ค.
1784๋
๋ชจ์คํฌ๋ฐ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ์ด์จ์ ์ผ์์ธ ์ด๋ฐ ์ธ๋ฅด๊ฒ์๋น์น ํฌ๋ฅด๊ฒ๋คํ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋๊ฒ ๋๋๋ฐ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ์ด์จ์ ์์ ยทํ๋ฑยทํ์ ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ํ ํ๋ผํ ๋ ์ฌ๋, ๊ทธ๋ค ์ฒ ํ์ ์ค์กด์ฃผ์์ ์ธก๋ฉด๋ค, ์ผ๋ฐ ๋์ค(๋๋
ธ)์ ๋ํ ๊ณ๋ชฝ๊ณผ ๊ต์ก์ ๋ํ ์ด์ ๋ฑ์ ๊ทธ์๊ฒ ๊น์ ์ธ์์ ๋จ๊ฒผ๊ณ , ์ดํ ๊ทธ์ ์ฒ ํ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณ๊ด์ ๋ง์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ผ์น๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
1789๋
์๋ ์ ๋ฝ ์ฌํ์ ๋ ๋๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ค์ ๊ฒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ฐ์ ์ธ์์ด๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฑ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ ๊ฒ์ด 1791๋
โช๋ชจ์คํฌ๋ฐ ์ก์งโซ์ ๏ผ๋ฌ์์ ์ฌํ์์ ํธ์ง๏ผ๋ผ๋ ์ ๋ชฉ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์ฌ๋์๋ค. ์นด๋์ง์ ๏ผ๋ฌ์์ ์ฌํ์์ ํธ์ง๏ผ๋ ๋น๋ ๋ฌ์์์์ ์ผ๊ธฐแจ์๊ฐ์ฒด ํ์์ ์ฌํ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋ ์ฅ๋ฅด๊ฐ ํฌ๊ฒ ์ ํํ๊ฒ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฐ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ 1820๋
๋๊น์ง ์ง์๋์๋ค.
1791๋
โช๋ชจ์คํฌ๋ฐ ์ก์งโซ๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ฐํ์๊ณ 1802๋
โช์ ๋ฝ ํต๋ณดโซ ์ถ๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ ์น์ธ์ด ๋ฐ๋ก ์์๋ ๋ฌ์์์์๋ ์๊ฐ๋ค์ด ์ ์ ์ ์ธ ์ง๋์์์ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋ฌธํแจ๋น๋ฌธํ ์ํ๋ค์ ํตํด ์ ์น์ ์ธ ์ง๋์ ์ญํ ๋ ์ํํ๋๋ฐ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ก์ง๋ ์ง์์ธ๋ค์๊ฒ ์ง ์ข์ ํ ๋ก ์ฅ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค.
๋ฌ์์ ๋ฌธํ์ ์์ด ์์ฃผ ์ค์ํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ ์นด๋์ง์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ํ๋ค์ 1790๋
๋์ 1802๋
์ฌ์ด์ ์ฐ์๋ค. 1802๋
๊ฒฐํผ ์ํ 1๋
๋จ์ง ๋๋ ํด, ์ ์ ์๋ด๊ฐ ์ฃฝ๋ ๋ถํ์ด ๋ฅ์ณค๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ ์ปค๋ค๋ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
1803๋
๋ถํฐ ์์ข
ํ๋ ์๊ฐ๊น์ง ๊ฑฐ์ 23๋
์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์นด๋์ง์ ์ญ์ฌ์ฑ
โช๋ฌ์์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์ญ์ฌโซ๋ฅผ ์งํํ๋ค.
์นด๋์ง์ ๋ํ์ ์ธ ์ฐ๋ฌธ ์ํ์ผ๋ก๋ ๏ผ๋ฌ์์ ์ฌํ์์ ํธ์ง๏ผ, ๏ผ๊ฐ์พ์ ๋ฆฌ์๏ผ, ๏ผ๋๊ท์กฑ์ ๋ธ ๋ํ๋ฆฌ์ผ๏ผ, ๏ผ๋ณด๋ฅธํ๋ฆ ์ฌ๏ผ, ๏ผ์์๋ผ ๋ชจ๋ ๋๏ผ, ๏ผ์จ๋ฆฌ์ผ๏ผ ๋ฑ์ด ์๊ณ , ์ญ์ฌ์๋ก๋ ์ 12๊ถ์ผ๋ก ๋ ๋์ โช๋ฌ์์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์ญ์ฌโซ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ด ๋ฐ์๋ ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฌธ์์ง โช์๊ธ๋ผ์ผโซ์ โช์์ค๋ํธโซ๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ฐํ๊ณ , ๋ง์ ์ ์ํ๊ณผ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ๋ค์ ๋จ๊ฒผ๋ค. ๋ ๋ค์ํ ์ก์ง๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ฐํด ๋
์์ธต์ ํ๋ํ๊ณ ๋
์์ ์์ค์ ๋์์ผ๋ก์จ, ๋ฌ์์์ธ๋ค์๊ฒ ํ์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์กด์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ ์๋ํ ํธ์ํจ์ ์๋๋ฅผ ๋ง์ ์ค๋น๋ฅผ ํ๊ฒ ํด ์ฃผ์๋ค.
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
Karamzin's History of the Russian State
Karamzin's Aglaia I-II, 2nd edition (1796)
Karamzin. Poem
English translations of 4 epigrams, "Inscriptions on a Statue of Cupid"
1766๋
์ถ์
1826๋
์ฌ๋ง
๋ฌ์์์ ๋ณด์์ฃผ์
ํ๋์ค์ด-๋ฌ์์์ด ๋ฒ์ญ๊ฐ
์ธ๋ฆฌ์ผ๋์คํฌ ์ถ์
๋ฌ์์์ ์ญ์ฌ๊ฐ
๋ฌ์์์ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์
๋ฌ์์์ ๊ท์กฑ
ํํ๋ฅด๊ณ ๋ฌ์์์ธ
๋ฌ์์์ ๋ฒ์ญ๊ฐ
19์ธ๊ธฐ ์ญ์ฌ๊ฐ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay%20Karamzin | Nikolay Karamzin | Nikolay Mikhailovich Karamzin (; ) was a Russian historian, romantic writer, poet and critic. He is best remembered for his fundamental History of the Russian State, a 12-volume national history.
Early life
Karamzin was born in the small village of Mikhailovka (modern-day Karamzinka village of the Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia) near Simbirsk in the Znamenskoye family estate. Another version exists that he was born in 1765 in the Mikhailovka village of the Orenburg Governorate (modern-day Preobrazhenka village of the Orenburg Oblast, Russia) where his father served, and in recent years Orenburg historians have been actively disputing the official version. His father Mikhail Yegorovich Karamzin (1724โ1783) was a retired Kapitan of the Imperial Russian Army who belonged to the Russian noble family of modest means founded by Semyon Karamzin in 1606. For many years its members had served in Nizhny Novgorod as high-ranking officers and officials before Nikolay's grandfather Yegor Karamzin moved to Simbirsk with his wife Ekaterina Aksakova of the ancient Aksakov dynasty related to Sergey Aksakov. According to Nikolay Karamzin, his surname derived from Kara-mirza, a baptized Tatar and his earliest-known ancestor who arrived to Moscow to serve under Russian rule. No records of him were left. The first documented Karamzin lived as early as 1534.
His mother Ekaterina Petrovna Karamzina (nรฉe Pazukhina) also came from a Russian noble family of moderate income founded in 1620 when Ivan Demidovich Pazukhin, a long-time officer, was granted lands and a title for his service during the PolishโRussian War. His two sons founded two family branches: one in Kostroma and one in Simbirsk which Ekaterina Karamzina belonged to. Her father Peter Pazukhin also made a brilliant military career and went from Praporshchik to Colonel; he had been serving in the Simbirsk infantry regiment since 1733. As far as the family legend goes, the dynasty was founded by Fyodor Pazukh from Lithuanian szlachta who left Mstislavl in 1496 to serve under Ivan III of Russia. Ekaterina Petrovna was born between 1730 and 1735 and died in 1769 when Nikolay was only over 2 years old. In 1770 Mikhail Karamzin married for the second time to Evdokia Gavrilovna Dmitrieva (1724โ1783) who became Nikolay's stepmother. He had three siblings โ Vasily, Fyodor and Ekaterina โ and two agnate siblings.
Nikolay Karamzin was sent to Moscow to study under Swiss-German teacher Johann Matthias Schaden; he later moved to St Petersburg, where he made the acquaintance of Ivan Dmitriev, a Russian poet of some merit, and occupied himself with translating essays by foreign writers into his native language. After residing for some time in Saint Petersburg he went to Simbirsk, where he lived in retirement until induced to revisit Moscow. There, finding himself in the midst of the society of learned men, he again took to literary work.
In 1789, he resolved to travel, visiting Germany, France, Switzerland and England. On his return he published his Letters of a Russian Traveller, which met with great success. These letters, modelled after Irish-born novelist Laurence Sterne's A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy, were first printed in the Moscow Journal, which he edited, but were later collected and issued in six volumes (1797โ1801).
In the same periodical, Karamzin also published translations from French and some original stories, including Poor Liza and Natalia the Boyar's Daughter (both 1792). These stories introduced Russian readers to sentimentalism, and Karamzin was hailed as "a Russian Sterne".
As a writer
In 1794, Karamzin abandoned his literary journal and published a miscellany in two volumes entitled Aglaia, in which appeared, among other stories, The Island of Bornholm and Ilya Muromets, the former being one of the first Russian Gothic novels and the latter, a story based on the adventures of the well-known hero of many a Russian legend. From 1797 to 1799, he issued another miscellany or poetical almanac, The Aonides, in conjunction with Derzhavin and Dmitriev. In 1798 he compiled The Pantheon, a collection of pieces from the works of the most celebrated authors ancient and modern, translated into Russian. Many of his lighter productions were subsequently printed by him in a volume entitled My Trifles. Admired by Alexander Pushkin and Vladimir Nabokov, the style of his writings is elegant and flowing, modelled on the easy sentences of the French prose writers rather than the long periodical paragraphs of the old Slavonic school. Karamzin also promoted a more "feminine" style of writing. His example proved beneficial for the creation of a Russian literary language, a major contribution for the history of Russian literature.
In 1802 and 1803, Karamzin edited the journal the Envoy of Europe (Vestnik Evropy). It was not until after the publication of this work that he realized where his strength lay, and commenced his 12 volume History of the Russian State. In order to accomplish the task, he secluded himself for two years at Simbirsk.
When Emperor Alexander learned the cause of his retirement, Karamzin was invited to Tver, where he read to the emperor the first eight volumes of his history. He was a strong supporter of the anti-Polish policies of the Russian Empire, and expressed hope that "there would be no Poland under any shape or name". In 1816, he removed to St Petersburg, where he spent the happiest days of his life, enjoying the favour of Alexander I and submitting to him the sheets of his great work, which the emperor read over with him in the gardens of the palace of Tsarskoye Selo.
He did not, however, live to carry his work further than the eleventh volume, terminating it at the accession of Michael Romanov in 1613. He died on 22 May (old style) 1826, in the Tauride Palace. A monument was erected to his memory at Simbirsk in 1845.
As a linguist and philologist
Karamzin is credited for having introduced the letter ร/รซ into the Russian alphabet some time after 1795. Prior to that simple E/e had been used, though there was also a rare form patterned after the extant letter ะฎ/ั. Note that ร/รซ is not an obligatory letter, and simple E/e is still often used in books other than dictionaries and schoolchildren's primers.
As a historian
Karamzin is well-regarded as a historian. Until the appearance of his work, little had been done in this direction in Russia. The preceding attempt of Vasily Tatishchev was merely a rough sketch, inelegant in style, and without the true spirit of criticism. Karamzin was most industrious in accumulating materials, and the notes to his volumes are mines of interesting information. Perhaps Karamzin may justly be criticized for the false gloss and romantic air thrown over the early Russian annals; in this respect his work is reminiscent of that of Sir Walter Scott, whose writings were at that time creating a great sensation throughout Europe and probably influenced Karamzin.
Karamzin wrote openly as the panegyrist of the autocracy; indeed, his work has been styled the Epic of Despotism and considered Ivan III as the architect of Russian greatness, a glory that he had earlier (perhaps while more under the influence of Western ideas) assigned to Peter the Great. (The deeds of Ivan the Terrible are described with disgust, though.)
In the battle pieces, he demonstrates considerable powers of description, and the characters of many of the chief personages in the Russian annals are drawn in firm and bold lines. As a critic Karamzin was of great service to his country; in fact he may be regarded as the founder of the review and essay (in the Western style) among the Russians.
Also, Karamzin is sometimes considered a founding father of Russian conservatism. Upon appointing him a state historian, Alexander I greatly valued Karamzin's advice on political matters. His conservative views were clearly expounded in The Memoir on Old and New Russia, written for Alexander I in 1812. This scathing attack on reforms proposed by Mikhail Speransky was to become a cornerstone of official ideology of imperial Russia for years to come.
Commemoration
Several places in Russia were named after the writer:
Karamzina village (it is part of Ulyanovsk nowadays);
Proyezd Karamzina (a road in Moscow);
Nikolay Karamzin street (a street in Kaliningrad, Krasnoyarsk, Mayna, Ulyanovsk Oblast);
A monument was built in honor of Nikolay Karamzin in Ulyanovsk;
Another monument was built in honor of Nikolay Karamzin at Ostafyevo Museum-Estate near Moscow Ring Road.
In Veliky Novgorod the monument Millennium of Russia, showing 129 statues of the most outstanding people in Russian history (by 1862), includes a statue of Nikolay Karamzin;
The Karamzin Public Library in Simbirsk, created in honor of the famous countryman, was opened to readers on April 18, 1848;
In 2016 the Dvorets knigi (Russian ะะฒะพัะตั ะบะฝะธะณะธ, a close translation - Book Palace) - the Ulyanovsk State Regional Scientific Library with the support of the Ministry of Art and Cultural Policy of the Ulyanovsk Region, the Ulyanovsk branch of the Union of Russian Writers and the literary magazine "Simbirsk" (Russian ะกะธะผะฑะธััะบั) organized an open literary competition ยซTebe, nash dobriy, chistiy geniyโฆยป (Russian ยซะขะตะฑะต, ะฝะฐั ะดะพะฑััะน, ัะธัััะน ะณะตะฝะธะนโฆยป, a close translation - To you, our kind, pure genius..), dedicated to the 250 years anniversary of the birth of Nikolay Mikhailovich Karamzin. For this competition only poems about Karamzin and poems based on his works were accepted.
In 2016 on the occasion of the 250th birthday of the writer, the Central Bank of Russia issued a silver 2-ruble coin in the series โOutstanding People of Russiaโ: N.M. Karamzin, writer.
Two commemorative stamps were issued depicting N.M. Karamzin: in 1991 in the USSR as part of the Russian Historians stamp series, face value of 10 Russian kopeks, and in 2016 as part of the Outstanding Russian historians stamp series, face value of 25 Russian rubles.
Selected works
Prose
Fiction
Evgenyi i Yuliya (), English translation: Evgeniy and Julia (1789)
Bednaya Liza (), English translation: Poor Liza (1792)
Natalya, boyarskaya doch (), English translation: Natalya the Boyar's Daughter (1792)
Prekrasnaia tsarevna i schastlivyi karla (), English translation: The Beautiful Princess and the Happy Dwarf (1792)
Ostrov Borngolm (), English translation: Island of Bornholm (1793)
Afinskaya zhizn (), English translation: Athenian Life (1794)
Melodor k Filaletu (), English translation: Melodor to Filalet (1794; paired with a sequel, Filalet to Melodor)
Yuliya (), English translation: Julia (1796)
Marfa-posadnitsa (), English translation: Martha the Mayoress (1802)
Moya ispoved (), English translation: My Confession (1802)
Chuvstvitelnyi i kholodnyi (), English translation: The Sensitive and the Cold (1803)
Rytsar nashego vremeni (), English translation: A Knight of Our Times (1803)
Non-fiction
Pisma russkogo puteshestvennika (), English translation: Letters of a Russian Traveler (1791โ92)
Zapiska o drevney i novoy Rossii (), English translation: Memoir on Ancient and Modern Russia (1811)
Istoriya gosudarstva Rossiyskogo (), English translation: History of the Russian State (1816โ26)
Poetry
Poetry (), 1787
Darovaniya (), English translation: Gifts (1796)
Solovey (), English translation: Nightingale (1796)
Protey, ili Nesoglasiya stikhotvortsa (), English translation: Proteus, or Inconsistencies of a Poet (1798)
Ego imperatorskomu velichestvu Alexandru I, samoderzhtsu vserossiyskomu, na vosshestvie ego na prestol (, English translation: To His Imperial Highness Alexander I, All-Russian Autocrat, on the Occasion of His Rise to the Throne (1801)
Gimn gluptsam (), English translation: Hymn to the Fools (1802)
K Emilii (), English translation: To Emilie (1802)
K dobrodeteli (), English translation: To Virtue (1802)
Osvobozhdenie Evropy i slava Alexandra I (), English translation: The Freeing of Europe and the Glory of Alexander I (1814)
See also
List of Russian historians
Notes
References
Further reading
Anderson, Rogerย B. N.M. Karamzin's Prose: The Teller and the Tale. Houston: Cordovan Press, 1974.
Black, J.L. Nicholas Karamzin and Russian Society in the Nineteenth Century: A Study in Russian Political and Historical Thought. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1975 (hardcover, ).
Cross, A.G. N.M. Karamzin: A Study of His Literary Career, 1783โ1803. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1971 ().
Essays on Karamzin: Russian Man-of-Letters, Political Thinker, Historian, 1766โ1826 (Slavistic Printings and Reprintings; 309). Edited by J.L. Black. The Hague; Paris: Mouton, 1975.
Grudzinska Gross, Irena. "The Tangled Tradition: Custine, Herberstein, Karamzin, and the Critique of Russia", Slavic Review, Vol.ย 50, No.ย 4. (Winter, 1991), pp.ย 989โ998.
[Karamzin, N.M.] Selected Prose of N.M. Karamzin. Trans. and Intr. by Henryย M. Nebel, Jr. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1969.
Nebel, Henryย M., Jr. N.M. Karamzin: A Russian Sentimentalist. The Hague: Moutonย &ย Co., 1967.
Pipes, Richard. Karamzin's Memoir on Ancient and Modern Russia: A Translation and Analysis (Russian Research Center Studies; 33). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959.
Fraanje, Maarten. Nikolai Karamzin and Christian Heinrich Spiess: "Poor Liza" in the Context of the Eighteenth-Century German Suicide Story. Study Group on Eighteenth-Century Russia Newsletter Volume 27 (1999).
External links
Karamzin's History of the Russian State
Karamzin's Aglaia I-II, 2nd edition (1796)
Karamzin. Poem
English translations of 4 epigrams, "Inscriptions on a Statue of Cupid"
1766 births
1826 deaths
18th-century poets from the Russian Empire
18th-century male writers
19th-century historians from the Russian Empire
19th-century novelists from the Russian Empire
19th-century poets from the Russian Empire
Burials at Tikhvin Cemetery
Conservatism in Russia
FrenchโRussian translators
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Members of the Russian Academy
People from Ulyanovsk
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class
Russian male writers
Russian male poets
Russian untitled nobility
Russian translators
Russian people of Tatar descent
Russian scientists |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%A0%88 | ์์ | ์์ (Autotomy - ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ด auto- "์๊ธฐ-" ์ tome "์๋ฅด๊ธฐ"์์ ์ ๋, ฮฑแฝฯฮฟฯฮฟฮผฮฏฮฑ) ํน์ ์๊ธฐ์ ๋จ(self-amputation)์ ๋๋ฌผ์ด ํ ๊ฐ ์ด์์ ๋ถ์์ง(:en:appendage)๋ฅผ ์ค์ค๋ก ์๋ฅด๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ ํ์์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ๋ก ํฌ์์์ ํ์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ๋์ด์ ๋๋ง์น๊ธฐ ์ํ ์๊ธฐ๋ฐฉ์ด๊ธฐ์ ๋ก์ ์์ฉํ๋ค. ์ด๋ค ๋๋ฌผ๋ค์ ๋์ค์ ์์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฐ ๋ถ์๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ํ ์ ์๋ค.
์ฒ์ถ๋๋ฌผ
ํ์ถฉ๋ฅ์ ์์๋ฅ
์ด๋ค ๋๋ง๋ฑ, ๋๋กฑ๋ฝ, ํฌ์ํ๋ผ๋ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ถ์กํ๋ฉด ๋๋ง์น๊ธฐ ์ํด ์์ ํ๋ค. ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ข
์ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ณ์ํด์ ๊ฟํ๊ฑฐ๋ ค์, ๋๋ง์น๋ ๋์ ํฌ์์์ ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ๋๋ค. ์ข
์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ํ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณดํต ๋ช ์ฃผ, ๋ช ๋ฌ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋ค. ์ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ก์์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ํ ์ ์์ง๋ง ๋๊ฐ ์ ๋ณด๋ค ์งง๊ณ , ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ๋์ ๋ฌผ๋ ๋ผ๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ๋ฉฐ, ํผ๋ถ์ ์๊น๊ณผ ์ง๊ฐ์ ๋ณดํต ์ด์ ๊ณผ๋ ์๋นํ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค.
๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋์ ์ ์๋ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ ํ์ ์ฉ์ด๋ ์๋ฏธ์ ๋จ(caudal autotomy)์ด๋ค. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์์ ํ๋ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋๋ง๋ฑ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ํ์ผ๋ก ์กํ์ ๋๋ง ๋์ด์ง์ง๋ง, ๋ช๋ช ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด ๊ฐ์ ์ด๋ค ์ข
๋ค์ ์ง์ ํ ์์ ์ ํํ ์ ์์ด์, ๊ฐ๋ฏธํํ
๊ณต๊ฒฉ๋นํ๋ ๋ฑ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์คํธ๋ ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ๋ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋์ด๋ธ๋ค.
๋๋ง๋ฑ์ ์๋ฏธ์ ๋จ์ ๋ ํํ๋ก ๋๋๋ค. ์ถ๊ฐ์์ (intervertebral autotomy)์ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์ฌ์ด๊ฐ ๋์ด์ง๋ฉฐ, ์ถ๋ด์์ (intervertebral autotomy)์ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ์ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ก์ง๋ฅด๋ ์ทจ์ฝํ ๋ถ์, ํ๊ดด๋จ๋ฉด์ด ์์ด์, ๊ทผ์ก์ ์์ถ์์ผ ์ทจ์ฝํ ๋ถ์๋ฅผ ๊ณจ์ ์ํจ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ค์์ ๊ด์ฝ๊ทผ์ด ๋ฏธ๋๋งฅ(:en:caudal artery)์ ์์ถ์์ผ ์ถํ์ ์ต์ํํ๋ค. ์๋ฏธ์ ๋จ์ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋คํํ
ํํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค; 20๊ณผ ์ค 13๊ณผ์ ์ํ ์ข
๋ค์ด ์๋ฏธ์ ๋จ์ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
์๋ฏธ์ ๋จ์ ๋ฐํฌ์์ ์ ๋ต์ผ๋ก์ ์กด์ฌํ์ง๋ง, ๋์ข
๋๋ฆฝ, ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ๋น์จ์ด ๋์ ์ข
๋ค์๊ฒ๋ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด ์๊ฐ๋ง๋๋ง๋ฑ(:en:Agama agama)์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋์ข
์ ๋ํญํด ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ์ฐ์ฒ๋ผ ํ๋๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ์ธ์ด๋ค. ์์ ํ ์๋ ์์ง๋ง ์ฌํ์ ์
์ง์ ์ง์ง๊ธฐ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐ์๋ผ๋ ์ฌํ์ ๋น์ฉ์ ๋๊ฐ๋ก ์น๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์๋ก ๋์๋ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ณค๋ด์ฒ๋ผ ์๋ผ๋ ๋์ฑ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋๋ฉฐ, ์์ ๊ณผ ์ฌ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์ ์์กด, ๋ฒ์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๋์ฌ์ค๋ค.
์์ ์ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ด๋์ง๋ง, ํฐ ๋น์ฉ์ ์ง๋ถํด์ผ ํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ค์ง ์ตํ์ ์๋จ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์ธ๋ค. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋์ด์ง๋ฉด ๋ฉด์ญ์ฒด๊ณ๊ฐ ์ฝํด์ ธ์ ๊ธฐ์์ถฉ๊ณผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํด๋ก์ด ์ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ ์ ์ฒด์ ๋ ํฐ ํด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์น๊ฒ ๋์ด ๊ฑด๊ฐ๊ณผ ์๋ช
์ด ์ค์ด๋ ๋ค. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ํํ๋ฅผ ํ ์๋์ง ์ ์ฅ๊ณ ๋ก์ ์ค์ํ ์ญํ ์ ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ์ฝ์ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์๋ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ๋๋ฌด ํฌ๋ค. ๋ง์ ์ข
๋ค์ ํ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ ์์ ํ์ ๋์ฑ
์ ์งํ์์ผฐ๋๋ฐ, ์๋์ง ๋น์ถ๋ถ ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋ฑ์ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํจ์ด๋ค. ์ด์ฒ๋ผ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ ์์๋ถ ์ ์ฅ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ผ๋ก ํ์ฉํ๋ ๋ช๋ช ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ค์ ์ํ์ด ๊ฐ์๊ณ ๋๋ฉด ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋จ์ด๋จ๋ฆฐ ๊ณณ์ผ๋ก ๋์์, ๋น์ถํ ์์์์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ผ๋ ํ๋ณตํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋จน์ด์น์ด๋ค. ํํธ ๋ช๋ช ์ข
๋ค์ ๋์กฑ ๊ฒฝ์์๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ์ฌ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ก์๋๊ณ , ๊ฒฝ์์๊ฐ ๋ฌ์๋๋ฉด์ ๋์ด๋ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋จน์ด์น์ด๋ค. ์์ ์ดํ์๋ ์ฌ์์ด ์ต์ฐ์ ์์๊ฐ ๋๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ต์ ํํ๊ณ ๋ฒ์๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๋์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์ํด์์ด๋ค. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ํ๋ ๋์ ์๋ฏธ์ ๋จ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ณต๊ท๋๋๋ฐ, ๋๊ฐ ์ ์ฒด์ ์ฑ์ฅ์ด๋ ๋์ข
๊ฐ ์ํธ์์ฉ์ ๋ฐฉํดํ ์ ๋๋ก ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ์์๊ฐ๋ค.
ํ์์ผ๋ก ๋จ์ ์์
์์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์๋ ๋๋ง๋ฑ ์ธ ํ์ถฉ๋ฅ์ ํ์์ ์ํ๊ธฐ ๋ง๊ธฐ, ํ๋ฆ๊ธฐ ์ด๊ธฐ ์๋๋ก ๊ฑฐ์ฌ๋ฌ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ๋ค. ์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ์๊ธฐ์ ๋๋ง๋ฑ ๋ ์ข
, Eichstaettisaurus schroederi ์ Ardeosaurus digitatellus๋ ์ถ๋ด์์ ๋จ๋ฉด์ด ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํ์ธ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ข
๋ค์ ํ์ฌ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์ ์กฐ์๊ฒฉ์ ์์นํด ์๋ค.
ํฌ์ ๋ฅ
์ต์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ๊ฐ์์ฃผ๋จธ๋์์ฅ์ ์ํ๋ ๋ ์ข
, ์ผํ๊ฐ์์ฅ์ ํผ์๋ฒ๊ฐ์์ฅ๋ ์๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฉด ํฌ์์์๊ฒ ์กํ ์ํฉ์์ ํผ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์์ ํ์ฌ ๋ฒ์ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด ๋
์๋ค์ ์ด๋ฐ ์ง์ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ค์ง ์ต์ด์ ํฌ์ ๋ฅ์ด๋ค. ์ด ๋
์๋ค์ ์์ ํ์ฌ ๋ฒ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ด์ ๋ก ์์๋ ํผ๋ถ ์กฐ์ง์ ์์ ํ ์ฌ์ํ ์ ์๋ค - ๋ชจ๋ญ, ํผ๋ถ, ๋์, ๋ชจ๋ฐ, ์ฐ๊ณจ์ด ํํฐ๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์, ์ ํ ๋จ๊ธฐ์ง ์๊ณ ์๋ผ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฌ์ ์ ์ ์๋ ์ฌ๋์์๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค.
๋ฌด์ฒ์ถ๋๋ฌผ
200 ์ข
์ด์์ ๋ฌด์ฒ์ถ๋๋ฌผ์ด ํํผ, ๋ฐฉ์ด ํ๋์ ์ผํ์ผ๋ก ์์ ์ ํ์ฉํ๋ค. ์ด ๋๋ฌผ๋ค์ ์์กด์ ํ์ํ๋ค๋ฉด ์๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์์ง๋ฅผ ๋์ด๋ธ๋ค. ์์ ์ ํํ์ , ์จ๋์ , ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์๊ทน์ ๋ฐ์ํด ์ผ์ด๋ ์ ์์ง๋ง, ์๋ง๋ ํฌ์์์๊ฒ ์กํ์ ๋ ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ ์๊ทน์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ์ ์ผ ๋ง์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์์ ์ ํ์ถ์ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ๋์ผ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฐ ๋ถ์์์ ๋
์ด ํผ์ ธ๋๊ฐ๋ค๋ ์ง ํด์ ๋๋ฌผ์ ์์ฌ๋ฌผ์ด ์ผ๊ธฐํ๋ ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์์์ ๋ฐฉ์งํด์ค๋ค.
์ฐ์ฒด๋ฅ
๋ช๋ช ์ข
์ ๋ฌธ์ด๋ ์์กด, ๋ฒ์์ ์ํด ์์ ํ๋ค: ์์ปท์ ๊ต์ ์ฉ ๋ค๋ฆฌ(:en:hectocotylus)๋ ์ง์ง๊ธฐ ๋์ค ๋จ์ด์ง๋ฉฐ, ์์ปท์ ์ธํฌ(:en:mantle (mollusc))๋ญ์์ ๋จ์์๋ค.
Prophysaon ์์ ๋ฏผ๋ฌํฝ์ด ์ข
์ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์์ ํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ค ๋ฐ๋ค๋ฌํฝ์ด(:en:Oxynoe panamensis)๋ ์ง์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋ง์ฐฐ์ด ์๊ธฐ๋ฉด ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์์ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ค์ ธ์๋ค.
๋ช๋ช ๋ฐ๋ค๋ฏผ๋ฌํฝ์ด(:en:sea slug)๋ ์์ ํ ์ ์๋ค. Discodoris lilacina ์ Berthella martensi๋ ๋ถ์กํ๋ฉด ์ธํฌ๊ธฐ(mantle skirt) ์ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋จ์ด๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฌํ ์ต์ฑ ๋์ Discodoris lilacina๊ฐ Discodoris fragilis ๋ก๋ ๋ถ๋ฆฐ๋ค. Phyllodesmium ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์๋ค์ (:en:cerata)๋ฅผ ๋จ๊ตฌ๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ปค๋ค๋ ์ ์ก๋ญ์ด ์ ์ฑ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ๋ถ๋นํ๋ค.
๊ฐ๊ฐ๋ฅ
์์ ํ๋ ๋๊ฒ(:en:Florida stone crab)๋ ํนํ ํ๋ก๋ฆฌ๋ค์ฃผ์์ ๋ค์ ์๋ผ๋๋ ์์์ผ๋ก ํ์ฉ๋๋ค. ๊ฒ์ ํ์ชฝ, ์์ชฝ ์ง๊ฒ๋ฅผ ๋ผ์ด๋ธ ๋ค์ ๋ผ๋ธ ๋ถ์๊ฐ ๋ค์ ์๋ผ๋๋๋ก ๊ฒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ค์ ๋์ง๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ํํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์คํํ๊ฒฝ์์๋ ์์
์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์์๋ ์์ชฝ ์ง๊ฒ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐํ ๋๊ฒ์ 47%, ํ์ชฝ ์ง๊ฒ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐํ ๋๊ฒ์ 28%๊ฐ ์ฃฝ์๋ค; ๊ทธ ์ค 76%๋ ์ง๊ฒ๋ฅผ ๋ ์ง 24์๊ฐ ์์ ์ฃฝ์๋ค. ์ด์
์ํ๋ถ์์ ์ฌ์๋ ํ์ด ์ฐจ์งํ๋ ๋น์ค์ ๋ฎ๋ค; ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ 10% ๋ฏธ๋ง, ์ข ๋ ์ต๊ทผ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ 13%๋ง์ด ์ฌ์ํ ํ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค.(์ง๊ฒ๋ผ๊ธฐ(:en:Declawing of crabs)๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ๋ผ)
์ดํ ํ ๋ถ์์ง ์์ ์ ๋ช๋ช ์ข
๋ฅ์ ๊ฒ, ๋ฐ๋ค๊ฐ์ฌ ์ด์
์์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ๋ฅ๊ฐ ๋ฏผ๋ฌผ์ด๋, ๋ถ๋ฅ์์์ ๊ฑด์กฐํ ์๊ธ์ ํํ๋ก ๊ณ ์ผํด์์ ๋
ธ์ถ๋๋ฉด ํํ ์ผ์ด๋๋ ํ์์ด๋ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ ์์ ๋ฐ์ฌ๋ฐ์์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ๋ฅ๊ฐ "๊ณ ํต์ ๋๋ผ๋์ง"์ ๋ํ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ ์ง๋ฌธ์ ๋ถ๋ฌ์ผ์ผํค๋ ์์ฐ์ ์ธ ํ๋์ ์์๋ก์ ์ ์๋์ด์๋ค. ์ด๋ "๊ณ ํต"์ ์ ์์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ด ๋ ์ ์๋๋ฐ, ๋ค๋ง ์ด ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์์์์ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋ช
ํ๋ ๋ฐ์ฆํ๋ ์ด๋ ํ ๋ฐ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ํ๋ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง์ง ์์๋ค๋ ์ค๋ฅ๊ฐ ์๋ค.
๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ
์์ฐํ๊ฒฝ์์ ํธ๋๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋ฅ(:en:Argiope (spider))๋ ๋ง๋ฒ์ด๋ ๋ฒ์ด ์ ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์์ ํ๋ค. ์คํํ๊ฒฝ์์๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ ๋ค๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฒ๋
, ๋ง๋ฒ๋
์ ์ฃผ์
ํ๋ฉด ๋ถ์์ง๋ฅผ ์์ ํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ผ๋ถ๋ง์ ์ฃผ์
ํ๋ฉด ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ ์์ ํ์ง ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ก์ฒด์ ์ฃผ์
์ด๋ ์นจ์
๊ทธ ์์ฒด๋ง์ผ๋ก๋ ์์ ์ ์ ๋ฐํ์ง ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๊ฒ๋ค๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ํํ
์ฃผ์
ํ์ ๋ ๊ณ ํต์ ๋ถ๋ฌ์ผ์ผํค๋(์ธ๋กํ ๋, ํ์คํ๋ฏผ, ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌํ์ด์ฆ A2(:en:phospholipase A2), ๋ฉ๋ฆฌํด(:en:melittin)) ๋
์ฑ๋ถ์ ์ฃผ์
ํ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋ ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์์ ํ์ง๋ง, ์ฌ๋์๊ฒ ๊ณ ํต์ ์ฃผ์ง ์๋ ๋
์ฑ๋ถ์ ์ฃผ์
ํ์ ๋๋ ์์ ํ์ง ์์๋ค.
๋ฒ๊ณผ ๋ง๋ฒ
๊ฟ๋ฒ์ด ํฌ์์๋ฅผ ๋
์นจ(:en:Stinger)์ผ๋ก ์ ๋๋ ๋๋๋ก ๋ฏธ๋ ๋ชจ์์ ์นจ์ด ํ๋ฌปํ ์ฑ ๋จ๋๋ค. ๋ฒ์ ๋ณต๋ถ์์ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ (:en:ganglion), ๋ค์ํ ๋ถ์์ ๊ทผ์ก, ๋
๋ญ(:en:venom sac), ์ํ๊ด์ด ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ํฌํจํ ๋ง์ด๋ถ์๊ฐ ์นจ์ ํต์งธ๋ก ๋ธ๋ ค๋๊ฐ๋ค. ๋ณต๋ถ๊ฐ ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ํฌ๊ฒ ํ์ด๋ ๋ฒ์ ์ฃฝ๊ณ ๋ง๋ค. ๊ฟ๋ฒ ์ผ๋ฒ์ ๋จ ํ ๋ฒ๋ง ์ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋๋ฆฌ ์๋ ค์ ธ์์ง๋ง, ์ด๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ง์ง ์๋ค: ๋ฏธ๋ ๋ชจ์ ๋
์นจ์ด ํฌ์์์ ํผ๋ถ์ ๋ฐํ๋ฉด ๋ฒ์ ๋ณต๋ถ๊ฐ ์ฐข๊ฒจ์ ธ์ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฌ์ง๋ง, ์ด๋ฐ ์ผ์ ์ ๋์์ ํผ๋ถ๊ฐ ํฌ์ ๋ฅ์ฒ๋ผ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๋๊บผ์ธ ๋๋ง ์ผ์ด๋๋ค. ํํธ ๊ฟ๋ฒ ์ฌ์๋ฒ์ ๋
์นจ์๋ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์๊ณ , ์์ ํ์ง๋ ์๋๋ค. ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฟ๋ฒ๋ฅ์ ์ข
๋ค์ ์ด๋ฐ ์์ผ๋ก ๋
์นจ์ ์์ ํ๋ค. (:en:Polybia rejecta), ์๋ฆฌ๋จ๋ถ์น๊ธฐ๋ฒ(:en:Synoeca surinama)์ ๋ ๋ง๋ฒ๊ณผ ์ข
์ด ๋ฐฉ์ด๊ธฐ์ ๋ก์ ๋
์นจ์ ์์ ํ๋ค.
์ํ์ ์์๊ธฐ(:en:Drone (bee))์ ๋ด๋จ๊ทผ(endophallus), ๊ท๋(cornua) ๋ถ์๋ ์ง์ง๊ธฐํ๋ ๋์ ์์ ํ์ฌ ์ง์ง๊ธฐ๋ง๊ฐ(:en:mating plug)๋ก์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅํ๋๋ฐ, ๋ค์ ์ํ์ด ์ฌ์๊ณผ ๊ต๋ฏธํ๋ ค๋ฉด ์์๊ธฐ๋ก ์ด๊ฑธ ์ ๊ฑฐํ์ฌ์ผ ํ๋ค. ์ํ์ ๋ช ๋ถ ๋์ ์ง์ง๊ธฐํ๋ ๋์ค์ ์ฃฝ๋๋ค.
๊ทนํผ๋๋ฌผ
ํด์ผ์ด ์คํธ๋ ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ๋ ๋ด๋ถ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ ๋ฐฐ์ถํ๋ ๋ด์ฅํ์ถ(:en:Evisceration)๋ ์์ ์ ํ ํํ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด๋ค์ ๋์ค์ ์ฌ์๋๋ค.
์ด๋ค ๋ถ๊ฐ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ํ์ ๋ผ๋ธ๋ค. ํ์ ๋์ค์ ์๋ก์ด ๋ถ๊ฐ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ก ์๋ผ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์
์์ธํ(:en:Ainhum)
๋ฐํฌ์์ ์ ์(:en:Antipredator adaptation)
์๊ฐ์ ๋จ(:en:Autoamputation)
์ ์ฒดํตํฉ์ ์ฒด์ฑ์ฅ์
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
Autotomy in sea gastropod
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๋๋ฌผํด๋ถํ
๋๋ฌผํ๋ํ
๋ฐํฌ์์ ์ ์
์ ๋จ์ ์ ํ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotomy | Autotomy | Autotomy (from the Greek auto-, "self-" and tome, "severing", ฮฑแฝฯฮฟฯฮฟฮผฮฏฮฑ) or 'self-amputation', is the behaviour whereby an animal sheds or discards one or more of its own appendages, usually as a self-defense mechanism to elude a predator's grasp or to distract the predator and thereby allow escape. Some animals have the ability to regenerate the lost body part later. Autotomy has multiple evolutionary origins and is thought to have evolved at least nine times independently in animals. The term was coined in 1883 by Leon Fredericq.
Vertebrates
Reptiles and amphibians
Some lizards, salamanders and tuatara when caught by the tail will shed part of it in attempting to escape. In many species the detached tail will continue to wriggle, creating a deceptive sense of continued struggle, and distracting the predator's attention from the fleeing prey animal. In addition, many species of lizards, such as Plestiodon fasciatus, Cordylosaurus subtessellatus, Holaspis guentheri, Phelsuma barbouri, and Ameiva wetmorei, have elaborately colored blue tails which have been shown to divert predatory attacks toward the tail and away from the body and head. Depending upon the species, the animal may be able to partially regenerate its tail, typically over a period of weeks or months. Though functional, the new tail section often is shorter and will contain cartilage rather than regenerated vertebrae of bone, and in color and texture the skin of the regenerated organ generally differs distinctly from its original appearance. However, some salamanders can regenerate a morphologically complete and identical tail. Some reptiles such as the crested gecko do not regenerate the tail after autotomy.
Mechanism
The technical term for this ability to drop the tail is 'caudal autotomy'. In most lizards that sacrifice the tail in this manner, breakage occurs only when the tail is grasped with sufficient force, but some animals, such as some species of geckos, can perform true autotomy, throwing off the tail when sufficiently stressed, such as when attacked by ants.
Caudal autotomy in lizards takes two forms. In the first form, called intervertebral autotomy, the tail breaks between the vertebrae. The second form of caudal autotomy is intravertebral autotomy, in which there are zones of weakness, fracture planes across each vertebra in the mid-part of the tail. In this second type of autotomy the lizard contracts a muscle to fracture a vertebra, rather than break the tail between two vertebrae. Sphincter muscles in the tail then contract around the caudal artery to minimize bleeding. Another adaptation associated with intravertebral autotomy is that skin flaps fold over the wound at the site of autotomy to readily seal the wound, which can minimize infection at the autotomy site. Caudal autotomy is prevalent among lizards; it has been recorded in 13 of approximately 20 families.
Effectiveness and costs
Caudal autotomy is present as an anti-predator tactic but is also present in species that have high rates of intraspecific competition and aggression. The Agama agama lizard fights by using its tail as a whip against other conspecifics. It can autotomize its tail but this is met with a social cost - tail loss decreases social standing and mating ability. For example, Uta stansburiana suffers reduced social status following caudal autotomy, while Iberolacerta monticola experiences reduced mating success. Among Coleonyx brevis, smaller eggs or no eggs at all are produced after the tail is lost. However, the regenerated tail in Agama agama takes on a new club-like shape providing the male with a better fighting weapon, such that autotomy and regeneration work together to increase the lizard's ability to survive and reproduce. There are also examples in which salamanders will attack the tails of conspecifics in order to establish social dominance and decrease the fitness of competitors.
Despite this mechanismโs effectiveness, it is also very costly and is employed only after other defenses have failed. One cost is to the immune system: tail loss results in a weakened immune system which allows for mites and other harmful organisms to have a larger negative impact on individuals and reduce their health and lifespan. Since the tail plays a significant role in locomotion and energy storage of fat deposits, it is too valuable to be dropped haphazardly. Many species have evolved specific behaviors after autotomy, such as decreased activity, in order to compensate for negative consequences such as depleted energy resources. Some such lizards, in which the tail is a major storage organ for accumulating reserves, will return to a dropped tail after the threat has passed, and will eat it to recover part of the sacrificed supplies. Conversely, some species have been observed to attack rivals and grab their tails, which they eat after their opponents flee.
There are also adaptations that help mitigate the cost of autotomy, as seen in the highly toxic salamander, Bolitoglossa rostrata, in which the individual will delay autotomy until the predator moves its jaws up the tail or holds on for a long time, allowing the salamander to retain its tail when toxicity alone can ward off predators. Regeneration is one of the highest priorities after autotomy, in order to optimize locomotor performance and recoup reproductive fitness. While regenerating their tails, caudal autotomy is restored at an energetic cost that often hinders body growth or intraspecies interactions.
Autotomy in the fossil record
Fossils of reptiles possessing the ability to autotomize that are not within the lizard family have been found that date back to the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian, belonging to the groups Recumbirostra and Captorhinidae. Two squamate species from the Jurassic period, Eichstaettisaurus schroederi and Ardeosaurus digitatellus, were identified as having intervertebral autotomy planes, and these species were placed in the squamate taxonomy as being an ancestor of current existing geckos.
Mammals
At least two species of African spiny mice, Acomys kempi and Acomys percivali, are capable of autotomic release of skin, e.g. upon being captured by a predator. They are the first mammals known to do so. They can completely regenerate the autotomically released or otherwise damaged skin tissue โ regrowing hair follicles, skin, sweat glands, fur and cartilage with little or no scarring. These and other species of rodent are also known to exhibit a so-called "false caudal autotomy," whereby the skin on the tail slides off with minimal force, leaving only the bare vertebral structure. Examples of species possessing this ability are cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus), eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus), and degu (Octodon degus).
Invertebrates
Over 200 species of invertebrates are capable of using autotomy as an avoidance or protective behaviour. These animals can voluntarily shed appendages when necessary for survival. Autotomy can occur in response to chemical, thermal and electrical stimulation, but is perhaps most frequently a response to mechanical stimulation during capture by a predator. Autotomy serves either to improve the chances of escape or to reduce further damage occurring to the remainder of the animal such as the spread of a chemical toxin after being stung.
Molluscs
Autotomy occurs in some species of octopus for survival and for reproduction: the specialized reproductive arm (the hectocotylus) detaches from the male during mating and remains within the female's mantle cavity.
Species of (land) slugs in the genus Prophysaon can self-amputate a portion of their tail. There is known autotomy of the tail of sea snail Oxynoe panamensis under persistent mechanical irritation.
Some sea slugs exhibit autotomy. Both Discodoris lilacina and Berthella martensi will often drop their entire mantle skirt when handled, leading to Discodoris lilacina also being called Discodoris fragilis. The members of Phyllodesmium will drop a large number of their cerata each, on the tip having a large sticky gland that secretes a sticky substance. Young specimens of two Elysia species, E. atroviridis and E. marginata, can regenerate their whole parasitised body from their head which may have evolved as a defence-mechanism against internal parasites. These sea slugs are known to be able to conduct photosynthesis via incorporating chloroplasts from algal food into their cells which they use to survive after separation from their digestive system.
Crustaceans
Autotomic stone crabs are used as a self-replenishing source of food by humans, particularly in Florida. Harvesting is accomplished by removing one or both claws from the live animal and returning it to the ocean where it can regrow the lost limb(s). However, under experimental conditions, but using commercially accepted techniques, 47% of stone crabs that had both claws removed died after declawing, and 28% of single claw amputees died; 76% of the casualties died within 24 hours of declawing. The occurrence of regenerated claws in the fishery harvest is low; one study indicates less than 10%, and a more recent study indicates only 13% have regenerated claws.
(See Declawing of crabs)
Post-harvest leg autotomy can be problematic in some crab and lobster fisheries, and often occurs if these crustaceans are exposed to freshwater or hypersaline water in the form of dried salt on sorting trays. The autotomy reflex in crustaceans has been proposed as an example of natural behaviour that raises questions concerning assertions on whether crustaceans can "feel pain", which may be based on definitions of "pain" that are flawed for lack of any falsifiable test, either to establish or deny the meaningfulness of the concept in this context.
Spiders
Under natural conditions, orb-weaving spiders (Argiope spp.) undergo autotomy if they are stung in a leg by wasps or bees. Under experimental conditions, when spiders are injected in the leg with bee or wasp venom, they shed this appendage. But, if they are injected with only saline, they rarely autotomize the leg, indicating it is not the physical injection or the ingress of fluid per se that causes autotomy. In addition, spiders injected with venom components which cause injected humans to report pain (serotonin, histamine, phospholipase A2 and melittin) autotomize the leg, but if the injections contain venom components which do not cause pain to humans, autotomy does not occur.
In spiders, autotomy can also play a role in mating. The male of Nephilengys malabarensis from Southeast Asia breaks off his pedipalp when transferring sperm and plugs the female's genital opening, after which the palp keeps pumping. This helps the male to avoid sexual cannibalism and if escape succeeds, the male goes on to guard "his" female from competitors.
Bees and wasps
Sometimes when honey bees (genus Apis) sting a victim, the barbed stinger remains embedded. As the bee tears itself loose, the stinger takes with it the entire distal segment of the bee's abdomen, along with a nerve ganglion, various muscles, a venom sac, and the end of the bee's digestive tract.
This massive abdominal rupture kills the bee. Although it is widely believed that a worker honey bee can sting only once, this is a partial misconception: although the stinger is barbed so that it lodges in the victim's skin, tearing loose from the bee's abdomen and leading to its death, this only happens if the skin of the victim is sufficiently thick, such as a mammal's. The sting of a queen honey bee has no barbs, however, and does not autotomize. All species of true honey bees have this form of stinger autotomy. No other stinging insect have the sting apparatus modified this way, though some may have barbed stings. Two wasp species that use sting autotomy as a defense mechanism are Polybia rejecta and Synoeca surinama.
The endophallus and cornua portions of the genitalia of male honey bees (drones) also autotomize during copulation, and form a mating plug, which must be removed by the genitalia of subsequent drones if they are also to mate with the same queen. The drones die within minutes of mating.
Echinoderms
Evisceration, the ejection of the internal organs of sea cucumbers when stressed, is also a form of autotomy, and they regenerate the organ(s) lost.
Some starfish shed their arms. The arm itself may even be able to regrow into a new starfish.
See also
Ainhum
Anti-predator adaptation
Autoamputation
Evisceration (autotomy)
Self-amputation
References
Further reading
Autotomy in sea gastropod
External links
Physiological and Biochemical Zoology Focused Collection: Caudal Autotomy and Regeneration in Lizards: Patterns, Costs, and Benefits
Animal anatomy
Antipredator adaptations
Types of amputations
Ethology
Articles containing video clips |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EA%B0%80%EC%99%80%20%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%98%A4 | ์ค๊ฐ์ ๋์์ค | ์ค๊ฐ์ ๋์์ค(, 1948๋
3์ 18์ผ ~ )๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ ์น์ธ์ด์ ์ ์ง ๋ณํธ์ฌ, ํ์ฌ, ๊ฒ์ฌ์ด๋ค. ์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์์ ์ฐธ์์ ์์์ด์ ์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์์๊ณ ๋ฌธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ 32๋ ์ฐธ์์ ๋ถ์์ฅ์ด๋ค.
๊ฐ ์ 1์ฐจ ๊ฐ์กฐ ๋ด๊ฐ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ ์ 2์ฐจ ๊ฐ์กฐ ๋ด๊ฐ, ๋
ธ๋ค ๋ด๊ฐ์์ ๋ฒ๋ฌด ๋ถ(ๅฏ)๋์ ์ ์ง๋์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋
ธ๋ค ์ 1์ฐจ ๊ฐ์กฐ ๋ด๊ฐ์์ ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋์ (์ 89๋)์ ์ง๋๋ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ฌํ๊ด ํํต์ฌํ์์ ์ฌํ์ฅ์ ๋งก์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏผ์ง๋น ์๊ธฐ์ ์ฐธ์์ ๊ฐ์ฌ์ฅ, ์ฐธ์์ ์์ํ์ฅ์ ์ง๋๋ค. ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์์ ์๋ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์ฐธ์์ ๊ฐ์ฌ์ฅ ๋ฐ ์ฐธ์์ ์ ์ฑ
์ฌ์ํ์ฅ, ์ฐธ์์ ์ธ๊ต๋ฐฉ์์์ํ ์์์ฅ, ๋๋ฆผ์์ฐ์์ํ ์์์ฅ, ๋ด๊ฐ์์ํ ์์์ฅ, ๊ฒฐ์ฐ์์ํ ์์์ฅ ๋ฑ์ ์ง๋๋ค.
์์
1948๋
๋์ฟ๋ ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ง๊ตฌ ์ถ์์ผ๋ก, ๋ฆฟ์ฟ ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต ๋ฐ ๋ฆฟ์ฟ ๋ํ ๋ฒํ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์กธ์
ํ๋ค.
1970๋
์ฌ๋ฒ์ํ์ ํฉ๊ฒฉํ๋ค.
1973๋
ํ์ฌ๋ณด์ ์๊ด, ์์ฆ์ค์นด ์ง๋ฐฉ์ฌํ์์์ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ๋ค.
1976๋
๊ฒ์ฌ๋ก ์ ๊ด(่ฝๅฎ)ํ์ฌ ๋์ฟ ์ง๋ฐฉ๊ฒ์ฐฐ์ฒญ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ญ์ํ๋ค.
1981๋
๊ฒ์ฌ ํด๊ด ํ ๋ณํธ์ฌ๋ก ๊ฐ์
ํ๋ค.
1988๋
์๋ ์ฌ๋ฐฐ์ฐ ์ด์น๊ฒ ์์์()์ ๊ฒฐํผํ๋ค๊ฐ ์ดํ ์ดํผํ๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ํด ์ฃผ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ถ ๋ฑ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ก์ง๋ ์ ๋ฌธ์์ ์ดํผ์ ์์ธ์ด ์ค๊ฐ์์ ๊ฐ์ ํญ๋ ฅ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ณด๋๊ฐ ๋์ค๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ค๊ฐ์ ์ธก์ ์ํน์ ์ ๋ฉด ๋ถ์ธํ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ํ ์ก์ง์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ํ ์นจํด์ฃ๋ก ๊ณ ์ํ์๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋์ฟ ๊ณ ๋ฑ์ฌํ์์์ ์ ์ธก์ด ํํดํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํฉ์ํ์๋ค(๊ทธ ๋ด์ฉ์ ์๋ ค์ง์ง ์์).
์ดํ ์ ๊ณ์ ์
๋ฌธํ์ฌ ์ ๋น ์ฌํค๊ฐ์ผ์ ์
๋นํ์ผ๋ 1996๋
์ ํ๋นํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํด ์น๋ฌ์ง ์ 41ํ ์ค์์ ์์ ์ด์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ตฌ(่) ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ ๊ณต์ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋์ฟ๋ ์ 9๊ตฌ์์ ์ถ๋งํ์ผ๋ ์ ์ง๋น ๊ณต์ฒ์ ์์๋ค ๊ณ ์ด์น()์ ๋ฐ๋ ค ๋์ ํ๋ค.
์ดํ 1998๋
์ 18ํ ์ฐธ์์ ์์ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ๊ณต์ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋์ฟ๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ถ๋งํ์ฌ ์ด์ ์ ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋ค. ์ดํ 2004๋
์ 20ํ ์ฐธ์์ ์์ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ์์๋ ์ฌ์ ๋์๋ค.
2007๋
์๋ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์ฐธ์์ ๊ฐ์ฌ์ฅ, ์ฐธ์์ ์ธ๊ต๋ฐฉ์์์ํ ์์์ฅ, ์ฐธ์์ ๊ฒฐ์ฐ์์ํ ์์์ฅ์ ๋งก๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
2010๋
6์์๋ ์ค๊ฐ์์ ์ ์น์ ๋์ง์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ๋์ฟ๋๋ฅผ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ๋ก ๋ ๊ฐ ๋์คํ ๊ฐ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ๋ํ์ ์ ์ถ๋๋ค. ์ดํ ๊ฐ ๋์คํ ์ง๋๋ถ์ ๋ํฐ์ด ์ ์์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์ 22ํ ์ฐธ์์ ์์ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋์ฟ๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ถ๋งํ์ฌ 3์ ์ ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋ค.
๊ทธ ํด 9์, ๊ฐ ์ 1์ฐจ ๊ฐ์กฐ ๋ด๊ฐ์์ ๋ฒ๋ฌด ๋ถ(ๅฏ)๋์ ์ ์๋ช
๋์๋ค. ์ดํ ๊ทธ ํด 11์ ์ผ๋๊ธฐ๋ค ๋ฏธ๋
ธ๋ฃจ ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋์ ์ด ๊ตญํ์์ ์ง์์ ๋ํ ๋ต๋ณ ๋
ผ๋์ผ๋ก ์์ง ์ฌํดํ์, ํ์ ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋์ ์ ์ค๊ฐ์์ ์ด๋ฆ์ด ์ค๋ฅด๋ด๋ ธ์ผ๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ด๊ฐ๊ด๋ฐฉ์ฅ๊ด์ธ ์ผ๊ณ ์ฟ ์์ํ ๊ฐ ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋์ ์ ๊ฒธ์งํ๋ ํํ๋ก ํ์์ด ์ ํด์ก๋ค.
2011๋
1์ ์ถ๋ฒํ ๊ฐ ์ 2์ฐจ ๊ฐ์กฐ ๋ด๊ฐ์์ ์ ์๋์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ํด 9์๊น์ง ๋ฒ๋ฌด ๋ถ(ๅฏ)๋์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ํ๋ค.
2011๋
11์, ๋์์ค์นด ๋ค์ผ์ค ์ฐธ์์ ์์ฅ์ด ์ฌ๋งํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํ๋ผํ ๊ฒ์ง ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์ฐธ์์ ๊ฐ์ฌ์ฅ์ด ํ์ ์์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ทจ์ํ๋ฉด์ ๊ณต์์ด ๋ ์ฐธ์์ ๊ฐ์ฌ์ฅ์ ์ทจ์ํ์๋ค.
2012๋
1์ ๋
ธ๋ค ์ 1์ฐจ ๊ฐ์กฐ ๋ด๊ฐ์์ ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋์ ์ ์๋ช
๋๋ฉฐ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์
๊ฐํ๋ค. ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋์ ์ฌ์ ์ค ์ค์์ ์ด์น๋ก์ ์๊ธ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๋จ์ฒด์ธ ๋ฆฌ์ฟ ์์นด์ด()์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ํน์ ์์ฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ฐฐ์ ์์ฌ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ ์์กฐ๊ฐ ๋๋ฌ๋์, ์๊ด ๋ถ์ฒ์ธ ๋ฒ๋ฌด์ฑ์ ์์ฅ์ธ ์ค๊ฐ์๊ฐ ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒ์ฐฐ์ ์ฒ๋ถ์ ๋นํ์ ์ธ ์
์ฅ์ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฌ์กฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง์ํ๊ณ ์งํ๊ถ์ ๋ฐ๋ํ ๊ฒ์ ๋
ธ๋ค ์์ํ์ฝ ์ด๋ฆฌ์๊ฒ ์ ์ํ์ผ๋ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ฌ์ง์ง ์์๊ณ , ์ดํ ์ด๋ฆฌ์์ ๋ถํ์ค์ด ์ ๊ธฐ๋๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ๋ก ๋ค์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ธ 2012๋
6์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์์ ๊ต์ฒด๋์๋ค. ์ฌ์ 5๊ฐ์์ฌ ๋ง์ด์๋ค. ์ค๊ฐ์๋ ํ๋ ์ธ๋ก ๊ณผ์ ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ์์ ์ด๋ฆฌ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ด ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋์ ํด์์ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์ธ ์ด์ ์๋ค๋ ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ธํ๋ค.
์ดํ 2012๋
12์, ์ฐธ์์ ์์ฐ์์ํ ์์ ์ด์ฌ์ ์ทจ์ํ๋ค.
2015๋
10์, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์ฐธ์์ ๊ฐ์ฌ์ฅ์ ๋ค์ ์ทจ์ํ๋ค.
2016๋
7์ 10์ผ ์ค์๋ ์ 24ํ ์ฐธ์์ ์์ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ฏผ์ง๋น ๊ณต์ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ๋ง, 6๋ช
์ ์ ์ถํ๋ ์ค์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์ธ ๋์ฟ๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์ 6์์ ๋ํ๋ฅผ ํ์ฌ ๊ฐ์ ํ ๋น์ ํฑ๊ฑธ์ด์ ์ฑ๊ณต, 4์ ์ด ๋์๋ค. ๋น์ ํ ๋ฏผ์ง๋น ์ฐธ์์ ์์ํ์ฅ์ ์ทจ์ํ๋ค.
2017๋
11์ 17์ผ์๋ ์ฐธ์์ ์์ํ์ฅ์ ์ฐ์๋์๋ค.
2017๋
์ 48ํ ์ค์์ ์์ ์ด์ ๊ฑฐ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๋ฒ์ด์ง ์ผ๊ถ ๋ถ์ด์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๋๊น์ง ๋ฏผ์ง๋น์ ์งํค๋ค๊ฐ 2018๋
์ด ๋ฏผ์ง๋น๊ณผ ํฌ๋ง์ ๋น์ด ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ผ๋ก ํฉ๋นํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ ๋์ ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ฐํ์ฌ 4์ 27์ผ ํ๋น๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ ์ถ, ์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ ์
๋นํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ํด 5์ 11์ผ, ์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์์๊ณ ๋ฌธ์ผ๋ก ์ทจ์ํ์๋ค.
2019๋
8์ 1์ผ, ์ฐธ์์ ๋ถ์์ฅ์ ์ทจ์ํ์๋ค.
์ ์ฑ
๋ฐ ์ฃผ์ฅ
์ ์น์ ์ฌ์์ ๋ํ ์
์ฅ
๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์ ๊ถ๊ต์ฒด ์ด์
2007๋
3์ 5์ผ ์ฐธ์์ ์์ฐ์์ํ์์ ๋ง์ฐ์ค์นด ๋์์นด์ฐ ๋๋ฆผ์์ฐ๋์ ๊ณผ์ ์ง์ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๋ง์ฐ์ค์นด์ ์๊ธ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๋จ์ฒด์ธ "๋ง์ฐ์ค์นด ๋์์นด์ฐ ์ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์ ๊ฒฝ ๊ฐ๋ดํ"๊ฐ ์ ๊ธฐ, ์๋ ์๊ธ ๋ฑ์ ๊ณต๊ณผ๊ธ์ด ๋ฉด์ ๋๋ ์์ํ๊ด์์ 2005๋
ํ ํด์๋ง 500๋ง ์์ ์ด๊ณผํ๋ ๊ณต๊ณผ๊ธ์ ๊ณ์ฐํ ์ ์ ๋ํด ์ง์ํ์, ๋ง์ฐ์ค์นด๋ "์ ์ ์ฅ์น์ ๋๋ฐฉ ์ฅ์น์ ๋๋ ๋์ด์๋ค"๊ณ ๋ต๋ณํ์๊ณ , ์ด์ ์ค๊ฐ์๋ ๋ค์ ๋ง์ฐ์ค์นด์๊ฒ "๊ทธ๋ด ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ด๊ฑด ๋ช
๋ฐฑํ ํ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ค"๋ผ๊ณ ๋นํํ๋ค.
๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์ ๊ถ๊ต์ฒด ์ดํ
2010๋
2์ 10์ผ ์ค์์ ์ด์น๋ก ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ๊ฐ์ฌ์ฅ์ ์๊ธ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๋จ์ฒด์ธ ๋ฆฌ์ฟ ์์นด์ด()์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ "๋ฆฌ์ฟ ์์นด์ด ์ฌ๊ฑด", ๋ํ ๊ฑด์ค์ฌ์ธ ๋์๋ง์ฐ ๊ฑด์ค๊ณผ ์ ์น๊ถ ์ฌ์ด์ ๋ถํจ ์ค์บ๋ค ๋ฑ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์์๋ค๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๋น๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์์ ๋๋ฌ๋์ ์ค๊ฐ์๋ ๊ฒ์ฐฐ์ด ์ฒ ์ ํ ์ฌ์ค์ ๊ท๋ช
ํ์ง ์๊ณ ์ธ๋ก ์ ์์ฌ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋์คํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ฉฐ "์์ฌ ์ ๋ณด ์ ์ถ ๋ฌธ์ ๋์ฑ
๋ฐ"์ ๋ฐ์กฑ์์ผฐ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ ์ค๊ฐ์๊ฐ ์์ฌํ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ณผ์ ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ์์ ์ด ์กฐ์ง์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๋ํด ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ฉฐ "๋์ฟ ์ง๊ฒ ํน์๋ถ๊ฐ ์์ฌ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋์คํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ด ์ฌ๋ก ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ป๋๋ค๋ฉด ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ๋ฌ์ฑ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค"๋ผ๋ ๋์์ค๋ก ๋ฐ์ธํ๋ ๋ฐ๋์ ์๋ฏผ๋น ๋ฑ ์ผ๋น์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ธ๋ก ๋ณด๋์ ์์ ๋ฅผ ์นจํดํ๋ค๋ ๊ฑฐ์ผ ๋ฐ๋ฐ์ ์๋ค.
๋ค์์ ์ด ์กฐ์ง์ ๋ํ ์ค๊ฐ์ ๋์์ค์ ์์ฌํ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ณผ์ ๋
ผ๋์ด ๋ ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ ๋ด์ฉ์ด๋ค.
2010๋
2์ 27์ผ, ์ฌ๋ฆ์ ์ค์๋๋ ์ 22ํ ์ฐธ์์ ์์ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์๋๊ณ ์ค๊ฐ์๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ 6๋ช
์ ์ฐธ์์ ์์๊ณผ ํจ๊ป "๊ธฐ์
ยท๋จ์ฒด ํ๊ธ์ ์ ๋ฉด ๊ธ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ํ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ"๋ฅผ ์ถ๋ฒ์ํค๋ฉด์ ํ์ฅ์ ์ทจ์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ฐธ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ๋๋ ๋ค ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ ๋์ฐ "๊ธฐ์
ยท๋จ์ฒด์ ํ๊ธ์ ์ ๋ฉด ๊ธ์งํ๋๋ก ํ ์ ์น์๊ธ๋ฒ ๊ฐ์ ์์ด ์ฑ๋ฆฝ๋์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค"๋ฉฐ ์์ ํด์ค๋ ๊ธฐ์
ยท๋จ์ฒด ํ๊ธ์ ์์ฉ์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ค.
2010๋
4์ 27์ผ, ํํ ์ผ๋ง ์ ํค์ค ์ด๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์น ์๊ธ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๋จ์ฒด์ธ "์ฐ์ ์ ๊ฒฝ ๊ฐ๋ดํ"๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ์ธ๊ณ ์ ์น์๊ธ๋ฒ ์๋ฐ ๋
ผ๋์ด ์ผ์๊ณ ์ค์ ๋ก ๊ฒ์ฐฐ์ ์์ฌ๋ ์์์ผ๋, ์ดํ ๋์ฟ ์ 4 ๊ฒ์ฐฐ์ฌ์ฌํ๊ฐ ํํ ์ผ๋ง ์ด๋ฆฌ์ ๋ํด ๋ถ๊ธฐ์ ์ฒ๋ถ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ๋ด๋ฆฌ์ "์์ฌ์ด ๋๋ค. ์ ์ง ๋น์์๊ฒ๋ ์ ์ฃ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ด ๋ด๋ ค์ก๋๋ฐ ํํ ์ผ๋ง ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ถ๊ธฐ์๋์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ถํ ์ค ๋คํ์ด๋ค"๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ธฐยท๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ฒ ๋ฐ๋
1999๋
์ผ๋ณธ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ(ๅๆญ)๋ฅผ ์ ํ๋ ๋ฒ๋ฅ ์์ ์ฐธ์์ ๋ณธํ์ ํ๊ฒฐ์์ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ฅผ ๋์ก๋ค.
์ง๋จ์ ์์๊ถ ํ์ฌ ์ธ์ ๋ฐ๋
2014๋
4์ 21์ผ, ์ ์ง ํ์ ์์ ๋ด๋น ๋์ ๋ ํธ์ ์ฌํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ๋น์ ์์๋ค ๋ค๋คํ ๋ชจ๋ ์ 2์ฐจ ์๋ฒ ๋ด๊ฐ์ด ์งํฅํ๋ ํ๋ฒ ํด์ ๋ณ๊ฒฝ์ ํตํ ์ง๋จ์ ์์๊ถ ํ์ฌ ํ์ฉ์ ์ฉ์ธํ์ง ์๋๋ก ๋ฒ๋ฝ ์ค๋ฐ๋ง ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ํต๋ น์๊ฒ ์๊ตฌํ๋ ๋ฌธ์๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋์ฌ๊ด์ ์ ๋ฌํ๋ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์์ ๊ฐ์ด ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฐ ์ฌ๋์ผ๋ก๋ ๋
ธ๋ค ๊ตฌ๋์์, ๊ณ ๋์ ํ๋ก์ ํค, ์๋ฆฌํ ์์ํ, ๋์ฟ ๋๊ฐ ์๋ฆฌ, ํ์ฟ ์๋ง ๋ฏธ์ฆํธ ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค. ์ด๋ณด๋ค ์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์ง๋๋ถ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฌํ ์์ง์์ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์์, ๋
ธ๋ค ์ 3์ฐจ ๊ฐ์กฐ ๋ด๊ฐ์์ ๋ฐฉ์ ๋ถ(ๅฏ)๋์ ์ ์ง๋ธ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์์ ์ค์์ ์์ ๋๊ฐ์๋ง ์ํคํ์ฌ๋ ์์ ์ ํธ์ํฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด "๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์๊ตญ๋ ์๋๊ณ , ํํ์ค๋ฝ๋ค"๋ผ๊ณ ๋นํํ๋ค.
์ฌํ ์งํ
๋ฒ๋ฌด๋์ ์ทจ์ ๋น์ ๊ธฐ์ํ๊ฒฌ์์๋ ์ ์ ํ๋ผ์ค์นด ํ๋ฐ์ค๋ฅผ ๋น๋กฏํ ์๋ค ์ฌ์ฐํค, ์ผ๊ณ ์ฟ ์์ํ ๋ฑ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์ถ์ ์ ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋์ ๋ค์ด ๋ชจ๋ ์ ์คํ ์
์ฅ์ ๋ณด์๋ ์ฌํ ์งํ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ดํด์ "๋ฒ๋ฅ ์ด ์ ํ ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋์ ์ ์ง๋ฌด์ด๋ฏ๋ก ๋ฌด์ฒ ๊ดด๋กญ๋๋ผ๋ ๊ทธ ์ง์ฑ
์ ํกํกํ ํด๋ด๊ณ ์ถ๋ค"๋ฉฐ ์ฌํ ์งํ์ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ 2010๋
์ง๋ฐ ๊ฒ์ด์ฝ ์ ์ง ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋์ ์ด ์ค์นํ ์ฌํ ์ ๋์ ๊ดํ ๋ด๋ถ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ๋ "์ด๋ฏธ ๋
ผ์๋ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก๋ค"๋ฉฐ ํ์งํ๋ค.
2012๋
3์ 29์ผ, ์ค๊ฐ์๊ฐ ์ฌํ ์งํ ๋ช
๋ น์ ๋ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฏธ์ผ์ํค ์ฐ์ ์ด์ธ ๊ฐ๋ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๋ฒ์ธ ๋ฐ ์์ฝํ๋ง ์ ์ฒ ์ผ๊ฐ ์ด์ธ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๋ฒ์ธ, ์ฐ์๋ฒ ์ผ์ค์ํค ๋ฑ 3๋ช
์ ์ฌํ์์ ๋ํ ์งํ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋์ฟ, ํ๋ก์๋ง, ํ์ฟ ์ค์นด์ ๊ตฌ์น์์์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก๋ค. ์ด ์ฌํ ์งํ์ 2010๋
๋น์ ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋์ ์ง๋ฐ ๊ฒ์ด์ฝ์ ๋ช
๋ น์ผ๋ก ์ฌํ์ 2๋ช
์ ๋ํด ์งํํ ์ดํ ์ฝ 1๋
8๊ฐ์ ๋ง์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ๊ฒ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋
ธ๋ค ๋ด๊ฐ ํ์์๋ ์ฒซ ์งํ์ด์๋ค. ์ฌํ ์งํ ํ์ ๊ธฐ์ํ๊ฒฌ์์ ์ค๊ฐ์๋ "๋ด๊ฐ๋ถ์ ์ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์ฌ์์ 85%์ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด ์ฌํ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ์ง์งํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฌํ๊ด๋ค ์ฌ์ด์์๋ ์ฌํ์ด ์ง์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค"๋ฉฐ "์ฌํ ์งํ์ ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋์ ์ ์ง๋ฌด๋ก์จ ๋ฒ๋ฅ ์ ๊ท์ ๋๋ก ์ง๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋์ ์ ์๋ฌด์ด๋ค"๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฌํ ์งํ์ ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋์ ์ ์ง๋ฌด์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ฌํ์ด ์ง์ง๋ฅผ ์ป๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์ ์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ค.
์์๋ถ ๋ฌธ์
์ 1์ฐจ ์๋ฒ ๋ด๊ฐ ์๊ธฐ์ธ 2007๋
3์ 5์ผ ์ฐธ์์ ์์ฐ์์ํ์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ์์ด ์์๋ถ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ดํ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ฌ์ฃ๋ฅผ ์ด๊ตฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ถ์งํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ์ 121ํธ ๊ฒฐ์์ ๋ํด ์ด์๋ฅผ ์ ๊ธฐํ๋ ์๋ฒ ์ ์กฐ ์ด๋ฆฌ์๊ฒ "์ฌ๊ณผํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์๋๋ ์
์ฅ์์๋ '์์๋ถ ์ฆ์ธ์ ์ฌ์ค ๋ฌด๊ทผ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋๋ฐ ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ๋ก ์ ์ด์ ๋์ํ์ง ์์ ๊ฒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋นํํ๋ค. ์ดํ ์ค๊ฐ์๋ "๋๋จํ ํญ์ธ์ด๊ตฐ์", "์ง๊ธ์ ํ์ ์ธ๊ต์์ํ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ๋์ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ณ ์์ง๋ง, ์ด์ ๋ ํ์ ์ ์ฒด์์ ๊ฒฐ์๊ฐ ๋์ฌ์ง๋ ๋ชจ๋ฆ
๋๋ค. ์ ๋ ์ง๊ธ ๊ทธ๋ก ์ธํด ์๊ธฐ๋ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ์ ๊ตญ์ ์ ํ๊ฐ, ์ด๊ฒ์ด ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ผ๋ คํด ๋งํ๋ ๊ฒ์
๋๋ค" ๋ฑ์ ๊ฒฉ์๋ ๋นํ์ ์ด์ด๊ฐ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ค๊ฐ์๋ ์ด ๊ฒฐ์์ ์์ธ์ด ๋ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ ๋ถ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆ๋ ์ญ์ฌ ์ธ์์ ๋ํด์๋ ์ด๋ ํ ์
์ฅ๋ ํ๋ช
ํ์ง ์์๋ค.
์ ํ์ ๋ถ๋ถ ๋ณ์ฑ ์ ๋
์ ํ์ ๋ถ๋ถ ๋ณ์ฑ์ ๋์
์ ํฌํจํ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ฐฌ์ฑํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญํ์ ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ถ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฐจ๋ก ๋ฐ์์์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ค๊ฐ์๋ ์ ํ์ ๋ถ๋ถ ๋ณ์ฑ์ ์ ๋ํด "์ ํ์ ํ๊ฒ ํด์ฃผ๋ฉด, ์๋ฌด๋๋ ์ฌ์ ์ ๊ทธ๋ด ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ ์ฌ๋, ํน์ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ํฌ๋งํ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ํด ๋ณ์ฑ์ ์ธ์ ํด ์ค ์ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธ์ ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ํ์ฌ ๋ถ๋ถ ๋์ฑ(ๅๅง)์ ์๋ฌด๋ก ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ํํด๋ค๋ ์์จ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. 2015๋
6์ 12์ผ์๋ ๋ํ ๋ฐ์์๋ก์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ๋ฑ ์ผ๋น์ ์
์ฅ์ ๋ด์ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ ๊ฐ์ ์์ ์ฐธ์์์์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค.
ํผ์ธ์ ์ฐจ๋ณ ์ฒ ํ
ํผ์ธ์์ ๋ํ ์ฐจ๋ณ ์ฒ ํ์ ์ฐฌ์ฑํ๋ค. 2013๋
11์ 21์ผ, ์ถ์ ์ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ฌ ์ฌํญ์์ ์ ์ถ(ๅซกๅบ) ๋ฐ ๋น์ ์ถ์ ๊ตฌ๋ถ์ ์์ ์๋ ์ทจ์ง์ ํธ์ ๋ฒ ๊ฐ์ ์์ ์ผ๋น ๊ณต๋์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ์์์์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค.
์์ฃผ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ์ ๋ํ ์ง๋ฐฉ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ถ ๋ถ์ฌ ์ถ์ง
2009๋
11์ 26์ผ ์ค์์ ์ 1 ์์ํ๊ด์์ ์ฌ์ผ๋ณธ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ฒญ๋
ํ, ์ฌ์ผ๋ณธ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋จ(๋ฏผ๋จ)์ด ๊ณต๋ ์ฃผ์ตํ "์์ฃผ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ง๋ฐฉ ์ฐธ์ ๊ถ ๋ฒ์์ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์
๋ฒํ๋ฅผ ์๊ตฌํ๋ 11ยท26 ๊ธด๊ธ ์๋ด ์งํ"์ ์ค์๋ง์ฐ ์์๋
ธ๋ฆฌ, ์ํ๋๋ฒ ๊ณ ์ด์น๋ก, ๋ฐ์ฆ์นด ์์์ค, ํ์ฐ์์นด ์ํคํ๋ก, ํ์ฟ ์ ์ฟค, ๊ณค๋ ๋ง์ฌ๋ฏธ์น, ์ฐ์ค์ฆ๋ฏธ ์ ์ด์น๋ก, ์๋๋ถ์น ์์ฝ, ๊ฐ์ฌ์ด ์ํค๋ผ์ ํจ๊ป ์ฐธ์ํ์ฌ ์ฌ์ผ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฐธ์ ๊ถ ๋ฒ์์ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ ๋ป์ ํ๋ช
ํ๋ค.
2012๋
2์ 21์ผ, ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋์ ์ผ๋ก์ ์ค์์ ์์ฐ์์ํ์ ์ถ์ํ์ฌ ์์ฃผ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ง๋ฐฉ ์ฐธ์ ๊ถ ๋ถ์ฌ์ ์ฐฌ์ฑํ๋ค(์๋ฐ์ผ๋ง ๋ง์ฌํ์ฝ ์๋ฏผ๋น ์์์ ์ง๋ฌธ์ ๋ํ ๋ต๋ณ).
์ธ๊ถ ์นํธ ๋ฒ์ ์ถ์ง
๋ฒ๋ฌด๋์ ์ทจ์ ํ ์์ฃผ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ(์ฐธ์ ๊ถ ๋ณด์ ์)๋ ์์์ด ๋ ์ ์๋ ์ธ๊ถ์์ํ ์ค์น ๋ฒ์์ ์ถ์งํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋ค.
2012๋
6์ 4์ผ ๋
ธ๋ค ์ 2์ฐจ ๊ฐ์กฐ ๋ด๊ฐ ์ถ๋ฒ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋์ ์์ ํด์ํ ๋ค ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋ถ๋ฌธํ์์ ์ทจ์ํ๋ค. ์ดํ ์ธ๊ถ ์นจํด ๊ตฌ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ธ "์ธ๊ถ์์ํ"๋ฅผ ๋ฒ๋ฌด์ฑ์ ์ธ๊ตญ(ๅคๅฑ)์ผ๋ก ์ ์คํ๋๋ก ํ๋ "์ธ๊ถ ์นํธ ๋ฒ์"์ ์
๋ฒํ๋ฅผ ๋น๋ด ์ ์ค๋ก ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์ต์ข
๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ค. ์ค๊ฐ์๋ "๋ ๋
ผ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ํด์ ๋น๋ด ์๊ฒฌ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ขํ ์ ์๋ ๋ถ์๊ธฐ๋ ์๋์ฌ์, ์ด์ฐธ์ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋๋ค"๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ด์ ๋ฅผ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์ดํ ์ค๊ฐ์๊ฐ ๋น๋ด์์ "์ฐจ๊ธฐ ์ค์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ถ๋งํ์ฌ ์ธ๊ถ ๋จ์ฒด์ ์ง์์ ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ฅผ ๋ ์ป๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ ๋ต"์ด๋ผ๋ ๋นํ์ ๋ฐ๋ ์์ธ์ด ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๋ค.
์ด๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ์ค์ฟ ๋ ์ ์ฌ ์ฐธ๋ฐฐ ๋ฐ๋
๋ด๊ฐ์ด๋ฆฌ๋์ ์ด ์ผ์ค์ฟ ๋ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ฐธ๋ฐฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํด์๋ ์ ๊ต๋ถ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ด์ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ ์ฐธ๋ฐฐ ๋๋ง๋ค ์ญ์ฌ์ , ์ข
๊ต์ , ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ธ ๋
ผ๋์ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ์ผ์ค์ฟ ๋ ์ ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋์ ํด ์ ๋ชฐ์๋ค(A๊ธ ์ ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ธ)์ ์์ฅํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ฐจ์์ ๋์ฒด ์ถ๋ ์์ค์ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝํ ๊ฒ์ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํ์์
ํ์์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ฐฌ์ฑํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
TPP ๋ฐ๋
ํํํ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋๋ฐ์ ํ์ (TPP)์๋ ๋ฐ๋์ ์
์ฅ์ ๋ถ๋ช
ํ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํํ
๋ง ๊ธฐ์ง ๋ฌธ์
ํํ
๋ง ๊ธฐ์ง์ ์ด์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ํด์๋ ํค๋
ธ์ฝ ์ง์ญ์ด ์๋ ๊ตญ์ธ๋ก ์ด์ ํด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค.
๊ณต๋ชจ์ฃ ๋ฐ๋
2006๋
4์ 26์ผ, ์ฐธ์์ ์์ํ๊ด์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ "๊ณต๋ชจ์ฃ์ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ ์ด๋นํ ๊ตญํ์์๊ณผ ์๋ฏผ์ ๊ธด๊ธ ์๋ด ์งํ"๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ฌํ์๋ค. ์ด ์๋ฆฌ์์ ์ค๊ฐ์๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ์ฌ๋ฏผ, ๊ณต์ฐ, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ๋ฑ 3๋น ์์๋ค์ "๊ณต๋ชจ์ฃ๋ ํ๋์ ์น์์ ์ง๋ฒ"์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ๋ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ๋ช
ํ๋ค.
ํํ์ ์์ ๊ท์ ๋ฐ๋
2003๋
์ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง ์๋ ํฌ๋ฅด๋
ธ ๊ธ์ง๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ๋งํ, ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
๋ฑ์ ์ฐฝ์๋ฌผ ๊ท์ ๋ฐ ๋จ์ ์์ง ๊ท์ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ ์ฒญ์์ ์๋ช
ํ๊ณ "์๋ ๋ณดํธ๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฐฝ์๋ฌผ ๊ท์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ ์ฒญ์ ์๋ช
"์ ๋ํ ์์์ ์ง๋๋ค.
2016๋
์ 24ํ ์ฐธ์์ ์์ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ ๋ ์ํคํ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ ์ธ์์ ์ค๊ฐ์๋ "ํํ์ ์์ ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์กด์ฌ ์์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์
๋๋ค"๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐ์ธํ๋ค.
๋ํ ๋ฏผ์ง๋น ์ ์ฑ
์ง์ ์ฐฝ์๋ฌผ ๊ท์ ์ ๊ดํด ์คํด๋ฅผ ์ด ๋งํ ํํ์ด ์๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ง๋ง ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
์ด๋ ๋งํ๋ฅผ ๊ท์ ํ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ผ๋ ์๋ค๋
ธ ์ ํค์ค ๋ฏผ์ง๋น ๊ฐ์ฌ์ฅ์ ๋ฐ์ธ์ ๋ํด์๋ ๋์ํ๋ค.
์ธ๋ฌผ
์์ฐ๊ฐ
2010๋
๊ธฐ์ค ์ค๊ฐ์์ ์ด ์์ฐ์ 1์ต 5010๋ง ์(๋ณธ์ธ ๋ช
์ ์ฌ์ฐ์ ์ฝ 1์ต 3000๋ง ์)์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ์์ ์์ ์ค 5๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ์์ฐ์ด ๋ง์๋ค. ์ดํ 2005๋
์กฐ์ฌ์์๋ 1์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค๊ฐ 2011๋
์๋ ๋ค์ 5์๋ก ๋จ์ด์ก๋ค.
๊ฒฝ๋ง
๊ฒฝ๋ง๋ฅผ ๋งค์ฐ ์ข์ํ์ฌ ๋ณธ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ๋ง๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ก ์์ ํ ์ ๋์ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ์ ํธ๊ฐ์ด๋ค. ์ค๊ฐ์๊ฐ ์์ ํ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ๋ง ์ค์๋ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ค์๊ฒฝ๋งํ๊ฐ ์์ฌํ๋ "๋์ผ์ด์"์ 2๋ฒ์ด๋ ์์ํ ๋ง๋ ์๋๋ฐ ์ด๋ฆ์ "์ดํ๋ฆฌ์ ์ปฌ๋ฌ"์ด๋ค.
์ทจ๋ฏธ
๊ฐ๋ผ์ค์ผ(ํ๊ตญ์ ๋
ธ๋๋ฐฉ)์์ ์ด์ํ๋ผ ์ ์ง๋ก์ ๋
ธ๋๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฒจ ๋ถ๋ฅธ๋ค.
์ข์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฐ์กฑ ์ฌํ, ์์, ๊ณจํ์ด๋ค.
์ข์ํ๋ ์์์ ์๋ฐ, ์ผํค๋์ฟ , ์ค๊ตญ ์๋ฆฌ์ด๋ค.
๋ช
์ ํผ์ ๋ณด๋ ์ฌํ
ํธ์น ์ ๋ฌธ()์ด ๋ณด๋ํ ์ ์ฒ์์ ์ดํผ ์์ธ์ด ๊ฐ์ ํญ๋ ฅ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฌ์ค๋ฌด๊ทผ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์ค๊ฐ์๋ ๋ฏผ์ฌ์์ก์ ์ ๊ธฐํ๋ค. ๋์ฟ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ฌํ์ ๋ฐ ๋์ฟ ๊ณ ๋ฑ์ฌํ์๋ ๋ชจ๋ ํด๋น ์ธ๋ก ์ฌ์ ๋ช
์ํผ์์ ์ธ์ ํ์๊ณ , ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ์ ์ทจ์ ๋ฐ ์ฌ๊ณผ ๊ด๊ณ ๊ฒ์ฌ, ์์๋ฃ ์ง๋ถ์ ์ด๋์ด๋๋ค. ๋ํ ์ฃผ๊ฐ์ ์กฐ()์ 2012๋
1์ 26์ผ์์์ ๊ฐ์ ์ํน์ ๋ํ ๋ณด๋๊ฐ ๋์ค์ ์ด์ ๋ํด์๋ ์ฌ์ค๋ฌด๊ทผ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ ๋ค์ ๋ช
์ํผ์์ฃ๋ก ํด๋น ์ธ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 220๋ง ์์ ๋ฐฐ์๊ธ์ ์ป์ด๋๋ค. ์ด ๋ฐ์ ๋น์ทํ ๋์์ค์ ๋ณด๋๋ฅผ ํ ์ฃผ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ถ์๋ ์์ก์ ๊ฑธ์ด, 2012๋
11์ 2์ผ ๋์ฟ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ฌํ์์์ 200๋ง ์ ์ํด ๋ฐฐ์ ๋ฐ ์ฌ๊ณผ ๊ด๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ช
๋ นํ๋ ์น์ ํ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ดํ ์๊ธ์ฌ์์๋ ์ต์ข
์น์ํ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฃผ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ถ์ 2016๋
9์ 1์ผ์ 110์ชฝ์ ์ฌ๊ณผ ๊ด๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ฃ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
์์๋ ๋จ์ฒด ๋ฐ ์์ ์ฐ๋งน
ํ์ผ์์์ฐ๋งน
์ฌ์ผ ํ๊ตญ์ธ์ ๋น๋กฏํ ์์ฃผ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ ๋ฒ์ ์ง์ ํฅ์์ ์ถ์งํ๋ ์์ ์ฐ๋งน
์ ์
ใ์งํ๊ถ ๋ฐ๋ - ๊ฒ์ฐฐ์ ์ ์๋ ์ฌ๋ผ์ก๋ค-ใ ์์ฌํ ์ ๋ฌธ ์ถํใISBN 978-4-02-331194-7
ใ๋ชจ๋ฆฌํ ๋ชจยท๊ตญ์ ์ง ๋ถํ ๋น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐใ ๋
นํ์ถํใISBN 978-4-8461-1802-0
์ญ๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
์ค๊ฐ์ ๋์์ค ๊ณต์ WEB ์ฌ์ดํธ
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ ์น์ธ
1948๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
์ฐธ์์ ์์
์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น (์ผ๋ณธ, 2017๋
)์ ์ ์น์ธ
์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น (์ผ๋ณธ, 2020๋
)์ ์ ์น์ธ
๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น (์ผ๋ณธ, 1998๋
)์ ๊ตญํ์์
์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋ณํธ์ฌ
์ผ๋ณธ์ ๊ฒ์ฌ
์ผ๋ณธ์ ํ์ฌ
๋ง์ฃผ
๋ฆฟ์ฟ ๋ํ ๋๋ฌธ
๋ฆฟ์ฟ ๋์ ์คํ๊ตยท๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
๋์ฟ๋ ๊ตฌ๋ถ ์ถ์
์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋์
๋ฏผ์ง๋น์ ์ ์น์ธ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshio%20Ogawa | Toshio Ogawa | is a Japanese politician of the Constitutional Democratic Party and a member of the House of Councillors in the Diet (national legislature). Ogawa is a former Minister of Justice. A native of Nerima, Tokyo, and a graduate of Rikkyo University, he was elected to the House of Councillors for the first time in 1998 after working as a prosecutor.
Political career
In 1996, he ran for a lower house seat with support from the Democratic Party of Japan, but failed. In 1998, he ran for an upper house election, and was elected. In 2004, he again got elected in an upper house election. In 2012, he was appointed justice minister.
He was re-elected in 2004, 2010 and 2016, and is currently the longest serving councillor from Tokyo. When the Democratic Party merged with Kibล no Tล to form the DPP in May 2018, Ogawa did not join the new party and decided to join the CDP instead.
References
External links
Official website
|-
|-
1948 births
Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan politicians
Democratic Party of Japan politicians
Ministers of Justice of Japan
20th-century Japanese judges
Japanese prosecutors
Japanese racehorse owners and breeders
Living people
Members of the House of Councillors (Japan)
Politicians from Tokyo
Rikkyo University alumni |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%ED%95%98%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4%20%ED%8F%BC%ED%8E%98 | ์ํ๋ค์ค ํผํ | ์ํ๋ค์ค ํผํ(Johannes Lijdius Catharinus Pompe van Meerdervoort, 1829๋
5์ 5์ผ~1908๋
10์ 7์ผ)์ ๋ค๋๋๋ ํด๊ตฐ์ ์ด๋ฑ ๊ตฐ์๊ด์ด์๋ค.
์ํธ๋ ํํธ ์ก๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์ํ๊ต์์ ์ํ์ ๊ณต๋ถํ๊ณ ๊ตฐ์๋ก ์๊ดํ๋ค. ๋ง๋ง ์ผ๋ณธ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ฒฌ๋์ ๋ค๋๋๋ ์ํ์ ์ ํ๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์๊ตฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ด ์ํ ์์
์ ์งํํ๊ณ ์ ์ต์ ๋ถ์๋ณ์๋ ์์์์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ค์๋ค. (ํ์ฌ์ ๋๊ฐ์ฌํค ๋ํ ์ํ๋ถ) ๋ํ ํ์์ ์ ๋ถ์ ๊ด๊ณ์์ด ์ง๋ฃํ์ฌ ๋๋ฆฌ ์๋ ค์ก๋ค.1862๋
๊น์ง ์ฒด๋ฅํ ๋ค ๋ค๋๋๋๋ก ๋์์๋ค. ํ๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์์์ ์ฒด๋ฅ๋ฅผ ๊ฟ์ฒ๋ผ ์๋ จํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๊ณ ํ ๋ฐ ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ํ ์์
์ ์์ํ 1857๋
11์ 12์ผ์ ํ๋ ์์ ์ํ ๊ต์ก์ ์์์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋๋ฉฐ ๋๊ฐ์ฌํค ๋ํ ์๊ณผ๋ํ์ ๊ฐ๊ต์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋
๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ํ์ ์ต์
ํผํ๋ ์นดํ
๋์ผ(Kattendijke)๊ฐ ๋๊ฐ์ฌํค ํด๊ตฐ ์ ์ต์์ ํ๊ฒฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ๋ฐํ 2์ฐจ ๊ต๊ด๋จ์ ์ํด์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋ง์ฐ๋ชจํ ๋ฃ์ค์ด ๋ฐ์ ์์ง์ฌ ์์๋ ์ํ์ ์ต์์์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ต์ด๋ก ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ธ ์์์ํ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅด์น๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ด๊ณณ์์ ์ดํ ๊ตฐ์์ด๊ฐ์ด ๋๋ ๋ง์ฐ๋ชจํ ๋ฃ์ค์ ๋น๋กฏํด ๅธ้ฆฌๅๆตทใๅฒฉไฝ็ดใ้ทไธๅฐๆใไฝ่คๅฐไธญใ้ขๅฏๆใไฝใ
ๆจๆฑๆดใๅ
ฅๆพคๆญๅนณ ๋ฑ ์์์ํ์ ๊ธฐํ์ ์ก๋ ์ด๋ค์ด ๋ค์ ๋ฐฐ์ถ๋์๋ค.
1855๋
1์ฐจ ํด๊ตฐ์ ์ต์์ ๊ฐ์ฌ์ง์ด ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์์ ๋ ๊ตฐ์๊ด์ด์๋ ๋ฐ ๋ด ๋ธ๋ฃจํฌ๊ฐ ๊ณผํ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅด์น๋ ์ค์ด์์ผ๋ ์์
์ ์์ง ๋จํธ์ ์ด์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์น์ฟ ์ ๋ฒ์ ๊ฐ์๋
ธ ํ
์ด์กฐ(ๆฒณ้็ฆ้ )๋ ๋ค๋๋๋์ด ํํ์์ธ ์ฌ๋ฐํธ๋ใ่ๅฏไพฟ่ฆงใ์ ํด๋๋ค. ๊ทธํ 1857๋
2์ฐจ ํด๊ตฐ์ ์ต์๊ฐ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์ ํผํ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ด๊ณผํ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋งก์ ์์
์ ์์ํ๋ค. 1857๋
11์ 12์ผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ ์ด ๋๊ฐ์ฌํค๋ํ ์ํ๋ถ์ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ์ผ์ด๋ค. ์ฒ์์ ํ์ 12๋ช
์ ๋๊ณ ์๊ฒ ์์ํ์ผ๋ ํ์ ์ซ์๊ฐ ๋๋ฉด์ ้ซๅณถ็งๅธ์ ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ์ฅ์๋ฅผ ์ฎ๊ฒจ ์์
ํ๋ค. ํผํ๋ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ, ํํ, ํด๋ถํ, ์๋ฆฌํ, ๋ณ๋ฆฌํ ๋ฑ ์ํ ๊ด๋ จ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅด์ณค๋ค. ๋ด์ฉ์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ํธ๋ ํํธ ์ก๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์ํ๊ต์์ ๋ฐฐ์ด ๋ด์ฉ ๊ทธ๋๋ก์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์์์ ์ด๊ณ ์ค์ฉ์ ์ด์๋ค. ์ฒ์์ ์ธ์ด๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๊ฝค ์์์ง๋ง ์ ์ฐจ ์ต์ํด์ ธ ํ๋ฃจ์ 8์๊ฐ๊น์ง ์์
์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก๋ค. 1859๋
์ ์คํ๋ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ต์ด์ ์์ฒด ํด๋ถํ ์ค์ต์๋ ์ง๋ณผ๋์ ๋ธ ๊ตฌ์ค๋ชจํ ์ด๋ค๊ฐ ํฌํจ๋ 46๋ช
์ ํ์์ด ์ฐธ๊ดํ๋ค. ์ด์ ์๋ ๋ชจํ์ผ๋ก๋ง ์์
์ด ์งํ๋์๋ค. ํผํ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ค์ ์ค๊ฐํ ๊ณ ์์ด ๋ฐํค์ฃผ์ฟ ํ์์ด๋ ้ทไธๅฐๆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ด์ ๋ฐฐ์ธ์ ๋๋ก ํผํ์ ์์
์ ์ต์ ์ด์๋ค. 1860๋
์๋ ํด๊ตฐ์ ์ต์ด ์ข
๋ฃ๋์์ผ๋ ํผํ๋ ๋จ์๋ค. ํผํ๋ 1862๋
11์ 1์ผ์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋ ๋๊ธฐ๊น์ง 5๋
๊ฐ 61๋ช
์ ์กธ์
์์ผฐ๋ค. ๊ฐ๋ฅด์น๋ ์์ค์๋ ์น๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ณํํ์ฌ ๋๋ต 14,530๋ช
์ด ์น๋ฃ๋ฐ์๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ค์ ธ์๋ค. ๋ค๋๋๋๋ก ๋์๊ฐ ๋ค์๋ ์์ฌ๋ก ๊ฐ์
ํ๊ณ ์ ์ญ์ ์ผ์ ๊ด์ฌํ๋ค.
์ธ๋ฌผ
1857๋
๋ง์๋ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ข
๋๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ค. 1858๋
์ ๋๊ฐ์ฌํค์์ ํผ์ง ์ฝ๋ ๋ผ ํด์น์๋ ์๋นํ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. 1861๋
์ ๋๊ฐ์ฌํค์ 124 ์นจ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ์ผ๋ณธ ์ต์ด์ ์ํ๊ต์ก๋ณ์์ธ ์ฝ์ง๋ง ์์์ๅฐๅณถ้ค็ๆ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ ๋ค. ํผํ์ ์ง๋ฃ๋ ์ ๋ถ๊ณผ ๋น๋ถ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌ์ง ์๋ ์๋นํ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ ์ธ ํํ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์๊ฐ ์ฒ์ ์๋ฆฌ์ก์ ๋ถ์ผ๋ ์๋ฃ๋ถ์ผ์๋ค๋ ๋ง์ด ์์ ์ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ธ์๋ ํผํ๋ ์ ๊ณฝ์ธ ๋ง๋ฃจ์ผ๋ง์ ์ฌ์ฑ๋ค์๊ฒ ๋งค๋
๊ฒ์ฌ๋ ์ํํ๋ค. ์ดํ ๋ง์ฐ๋ชจํ ๋ฃ์ค์ด ์๋์์ ์งํํ ้ ๅคฉๅ ์์์ ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ์ถฉ์คํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ ํผํ์ ์ํฅ์ด๋ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก ๋ง์ฐ๋ชจํ ๋ ์์์ํ์ ์ฒจ๋จ์์ ๋ฐฐ์ด ์ฌ๋์ด์ง๋ง ๊ธฐ์กด ์์ฌ์ง๋จ์ ๋ฐ๋ฐ์ด ์ฌํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ฃ์ค์ด ๊ทธ ์ค๊ฐ์์ ์กฐ์ ์ ํ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์กด ์์ฌ์ง๋จ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ญํ ์ ํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ํผํ์ ๋ณด๊ฑด์์๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ง๋จ์ ๊ณต์ ๋์ด ํ๋ ์ ์ ์กฐ ์ฃผ๋์ง์ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ๊ฒฝ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฑ์๋ ์ฐธ์กฐ๋์๋ค. .
ํ๋ ๋ฉ์ด์ง ์๋์ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์ค๊ฐ์ด๊ฐ ์ ๋ฝ ์ ํ์ค์ ์ ์ญ์ ๊ตญ์ ํ์์์ ํผํ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์์ ๋ณด๋ธ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ํ ๊ฐ์์ ๋ฌผ์๋๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ ํผํ๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์์ ์์๋ ์ผ๋ค์ ๊ฟ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ถ์ด ๋ ๋ค๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๋ง๋
์ ํผํ๋ ๊ตด ์์์
์๋ ์์ ๋๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
์ํธ๋ ํํธ ์ก๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์ํ๊ต๋ ํ๋์ค ์ 1๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ๋ค๋๋๋ ์ง๋ฐฐ๋น์ ๋ ์ด๋์ ์ก๊ตฐ๋ณ์๋ถ์ํ๊ต ํํ๋ก ์ธ์์ก๊ณ ์ดํ ์ํธ๋ ํํธ ๋ํ๊ต ์ํ๋ถ์ ์ฐ๊ณ๋์ด ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์๋ฏผ์ง์ ํ๊ฒฌํ ์๋ฃ์ง์ ์์ฑํด์๋ค. 1850๋
๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์จ ๋ค๋๋๋์ธ ์์ฌ ๋ค์๋ ์ด๊ณณ ์ถ์ ์ด์๋ค. ์ดํ ์ํ๊ต์ก์ด ๋ํ์ผ๋ก ์ผ์ํ๋๋ฉด์ 1875๋
ํ๊ต๋์๊ณ ์ดํ ํธํ
๋ก ์ด์ฉ๋์๋ค.
ํผํ๋ ์ต์์ฌ์ง์ ์๋ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ์์๋ค. ์ ์์ธ ไธ้ๅฝฆ้ฆฌ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ฌ์ง ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์งํํ๋ค. ๊ฐ๊ด์ ์ํด ๊ณ ์๋์ ์์ฝ์ด ํ์ํ๋๋ฐ ์ข
์ข
ํผํ๋ ์์ ์ ์ง์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. .
ํผํ๊ฐ ๋จ๊ธด ๋ง์ด ๋๊ฐ์ฌํค ๋ํ์ ๋ช
ํ์ผ๋ก ๋จ์์๋ค ์์ฌ๋ ์์ ๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ถ์ฌ๋ ์ฒ์ง์ ์ ์๊ณ ์์ด์ผ ํ๋ค. ์ด ์ง์
์ ์ ํํ ์ด์ ์์ฌ๋ผ๋ ์กด์ฌ๋ ์์ ์ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๊ณ ํ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์ด ๋ง์์ ๋ค์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ง์
์ ์ ํํด๋ผ.
๋ ๊ทธ๋ "์์ฌ๋ ํ์์ ์น๊ตฌ"๋ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ฅด์ณค๋ค .
ํผํ์ ์์
๊ฐ์ ์๊ฐํ
์ฑ๊ดํ์ ๋๊ฐ์ฌํค ๋ถ๊ต์ ์์ฒญ์ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค.
์ฝ๋ฌผ ํ
(์ฉ๋๊ฐ ํ์ธ๋ ๊ฒ๋ง ํ์)
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
้ทๅดๅคงๅญฆ่ฌๅญฆ้จ็ทจใๅบๅณถใฎใใใใใไนๅทๅคงๅญฆๅบ็ไผใ2000ๅนดใ
้ฑๅๆๆฅ็ทจ้้จ็ทจใๅธ้ฆฌ้ผๅคช้ใฎๅนๆซ็ถญๆฐIIIใ้ฃใถใๅฆใใใๆๅพใฎๅฐ่ปใใ่ก่ถใฎๅคขใใฎไธ็ใ ๆๆฅๆๅบซใ2012ๅนดใ
ๆฒผ็ฐๆฌก้ใ่็ฌ้ฒๅ
ฑ่จณใใใณใๆฅๆฌๆปๅจ่ฆ่่จ-ๆฅๆฌใซใใใไบๅนด้ใ ๆฐ็ฐๅฝๅขๆธ๏ผ้ๆพๅ ๅบ็ใๆญๅ53ๅนด๏ผ1978ๅนด๏ผใ
ๅฎฎๆฐธๅญใใใณใ ๆฅๆฌ่ฟไปฃๅปๅญฆใฎ็ถใ ็ญๆฉๆธๆฟใๆญๅ60ๅนด๏ผ1985ๅนด๏ผใ
ๅธ้ฆฌ้ผๅคช้ใ่ก่ถใฎๅคขใ ๆฐๆฝฎๆๅบซๅ
จ3ๅทปใๆน็ๅนณๆ17ๅนด๏ผ2005ๅนด๏ผใๅธ้ฆฌๅๆตทใไธปไบบๅ
ฌใ
ๅๆๆญใๆใฎๆ
ไบบใ ่ฌ่ซ็คพใๅนณๆ17ๅนด๏ผ2005ๅนด/ ่ฌ่ซ็คพๆๅบซใๅนณๆ20ๅนด๏ผ2008ๅนด๏ผใๆพๆฌ่ฏ้ ใไธปไบบๅ
ฌใ
่ๅฒๅคซ่จณใใใณใๅๅญฆๆธใๆฅๆฌๆๅใฎๅๅญฆ่ฌ็พฉ้ฒใ ๅๅญฆๅไบบใๅนณๆ17ๅนด๏ผ2005ๅนด๏ผใ
็ธๅทๅฟ ่ฃใใใณใใปใใกใณใปใกใผใซใใซใใฉใผใซใ ่ฟไปฃ่ฅฟๆดๅปๅญฆๆ่ฒใฎ็ถใใใไนๅทใฎ่ญๅญฆ-่ถๅขใจไบคๆตใใ303-310้ ใ ใดใฉใซใใฌใณใฐใปใใใงใซใ้ณฅไบ่ฃ็พๅญใๅทๅถ็ไบบๅ
ฑ็ทจ ใๆๆ้ฃๅบ็ใๅนณๆ21ๅนด๏ผ2009ๅนด๏ผใISBN 978-4-7842-1410-5ใ
ใ้ทๅดๅคงๅญฆๅปๅญฆ้จ ๅต็ซ150ๅจๅนด่จๅฟต่ชใใISBN 978-4-9904432-0-7ใ
ใๆฅๆฌไบบใจๆฅๆฌๆๅใ๏ผๅธ้ฆฌ้ผๅคช้ใใใใซใใปใญใผใณๅฏพ่ซ้๏ผ
็ฌฌๅ
ญ็ซ ๆฅๆฌใซใใๅคๅฝไบบใฎ้
ใงใใณใใซ่งฆใใฆใใใ
๋ด์ฉ์ฃผ
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
ํผํ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฒฌ๋ฌธ๊ธฐ
1908๋
์ฌ๋ง
1829๋
์ถ์
๋๊ฐ์ฌํค ๋ํ
๋ค๋๋๋-์ผ๋ณธ ๊ด๊ณ
๋ธ๋คผํ ์ถ์
์ผ๋ณธ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ๋ค๋๋๋์ธ
๋ง๋ง์ ๊ณ ์ฉ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20L.%20C.%20Pompe%20van%20Meerdervoort | J. L. C. Pompe van Meerdervoort | Johannes Lijdius Catharinus Pompe van Meerdervoort (5 May 1829, in Bruges โ 7 October 1908, in Brussels) was a Dutch physician based at Nagasaki, in Bakumatsu period Japan. While in Japan, he briefly taught medicine, chemistry and photography at the Nagasaki Naval Training Center, and established a medical school and hospital. Some of his noted students included Nagayo Sensai and Matsumoto Jun.
Biography
Pompe van Meerdervoort was born into an aristocratic family originally from Dordrecht, and was the son of an officer in the Royal Dutch Army, Johan Antoine Pompe van Meerdervoort of Leiden, and Johanna Wilhelmina Hendrika de Moulin of Kampen. Pompe studied medicine at the Imperial Academy for Military Medicine in Utrecht and became a naval surgeon in 1849.
Pompe van Meerdervoort traveled to Japan in 1857 with the second Dutch military mission led by Lieutenant Willem Huyssen van Kattendijke. Since the beginning of the seventeenth century, the ruling Tokugawa shogunate of Japan pursued a policy of isolating the country from outside influences. Foreign trade was maintained only with the Dutch and the Chinese and was conducted exclusively at Nagasaki. However, by the early nineteenth century, this policy of isolation was increasingly under challenge. Following the Perry Expedition and with the increased threat to Japanese sovereignty posed by the European powers and their Black ships, the Japanese government turned towards the Dutch for technical and military assistance. The Nagasaki Naval Training Center was opened in 1855 with Dutch military advisors to teach the Japanese about steam warship technology. On arrival, he found that his predecessor Jan Karel van den Broek had been devoting much of his energies into production of a Japanese-Dutch/Dutch-Japanese dictionary, and acting as technical advisor on a wide range of engineering and technical questions, rather than concentrating on medicine or medical education. However, this provided Pompe van Meerdervoort with a foundation on which he was able to establish a school of western medicine on 12 November 1857. Initially, he had only twelve students and used the residence of Takashima Shลซhan to lecture on biology, chemistry, human anatomy, physiology, and pathology. He performed the first recorded human autopsy in Japan, and his student base quickly expanded to over 133 students, including Kusumoto Ine, the daughter of Philipp Franz von Siebold. The Nagasaki Naval Training Center was closed in 1860 and its Dutch staff withdrawn, with the exception of Pompe van Meerdervoort.
At the time, a widespread cholera outbreak was killing thousands in Japan, and at Pompe van Meerdervoort's suggestion the Tokugawa shogunate agreed to open Japan's first western-style hospital, the Nagasaki Yojosho, with 124 beds and a medical school in Nagasaki in 1861 This facility is now the medical school of Nagasaki University. People were surprised by his insistence on treating all patients equally without regard to their wealth or social standing.
Pompe van Meerdervoort returned to the Netherlands in 1862, accompanied by two of his students, who thus became the first Japanese to study western medicine abroad.
In 1867-1868 Pompe published a book titled Vijf jaren in Japan ("Five Years in Japan").
Among Pompe's photography students were Ueno Hikoma, one of the first professional Japanese photographers, and Uchida Kuichi, who was the first to photograph the Emperor Meiji and Empress Shลken.
In Voorburg, near The Hague, a Pompe van Meerdervoortstraat was named after him.
Notes
References
Anglo-American Name Authority File, s.v. "Pompe van Meerdervoort, J. L. C.", LC Control Number n 85206160. Accessed 11 October 2006.
External links
: Scan of Vijf jaren in Japan at Google Books
: Image of J. L. C. Pompe van Meerdervoort
1829 births
1908 deaths
19th-century Dutch physicians
Dutch expatriates in Japan
Pioneers of photography
Photography in Japan |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EB%8B%88%EC%A6%88%20%ED%98%B8 | ๋ฐ๋์ฆ ํธ | ๋ฐ๋์ฆ ํธ(, , ๋ณธ๋ช
: ๋ฐ๋์ฆ ํธ์์(Denise Ho Wan-see), 1977๋
5์ 10์ผ ~ )๋ ํ์ฝฉ, ์บ๋๋ค์ ๊ฐ์, ์ฑ์ด์ก๋ผ์ดํฐ, ๋ฐฐ์ฐ, ํ๋๊ฐ์ด๋ค.
์์
๋ฐ๋์ฆ ํธ๋ 1977๋
5์ 10์ผ์ ํ์ฝฉ์์ ๊ต์ฌ๋ก ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ธ๋ก ํ์ด๋ฌ์ผ๋ฉฐ 11์ธ ์์ ์ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์บ๋๋ค ๋ชฌํธ๋ฆฌ์ฌ๋ก ์ด์ฃผํ๋ค. ์บ๋๋ค ํ๋ฒก ๋ํ๊ต ๋ชฌํธ๋ฆฌ์ฌ์์ ๊ทธ๋ํฝ ๋์์ธ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๊ณ 1996๋
์ ํ์ฝฉ TVB ๋ฐฉ์ก๊ตญ์ด ์ฃผ์ตํ ์์
๊ฒฝ์ฐ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ธ ใ์ ์ธ ๋
ธ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ํใ(ๆฐ็งๆญๅฑๅคง่ณฝ)์์ ์ฐ์น์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ฉด์ ๊ฐ์๋ก ๋ฐ๋ทํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
๋ฐ๋์ฆ ํธ๋ 2001๋
์ ์์ ์ ์ฒซ EP ์๋ฐ์ธ ใfirst.ใ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ๊ณ 2002๋
์๋ ์์ ์ ์ฒซ ์ ๊ท ์๋ฐ์ธ ใFree Loveใ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. 2006๋
๋ถํฐ 2007๋
๊น์ง ํ์ฝฉ, ์บ๋๋ค ํ ๋ก ํ , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ ํ๋ํฑ์ํฐ๋ฅผ ์ค๊ฐ๋ฉด์ ์์ ์ ์ฒซ ์ฝ์ํธ ํฌ์ด์ธ ใLive in Unityใ๋ฅผ ์ด์๋ค.
๋ฐ๋์ฆ ํธ๋ 2012๋
11์ 10์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ํ์ฝฉ ํ๋ผ์ด๋ ํผ๋ ์ด๋์์ ์์ ์ด ๋ ์ฆ๋น์ธ์์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ช
ํ๊ณ 2013๋
1์์๋ ํ์ฝฉ์ ์ฑ์์์๋ฅผ ์ง์งํ๋ ๋จ์ฒด์ธ ๋์ ๋๋งน(ๅคงๆๅ็)์ ๊ฒฐ์ฑํ๋ค. 2014๋
ํ์ฝฉ ์์ ๊ณผ์ ์์๋ ํ์ฝฉ ์์๋๊ฐ ์ฃผ๋ํ ์ฐ์ฐ ํ๋ช
์ ์ฐฌ์ํ๋ ๋
ธ๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ๋ฉด์ ํ์ฝฉ ์ ๋ถ์ ์์ ์ง์์ ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋นํํ๋๋ฐ ์ด ์ฌ๊ฑด์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๋ฐ๋์ฆ ํธ๋ ์ค๊ตญ ๋ณธํ ์์ ํ๋ ๊ธ์ง ์ฒ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
2016๋
6์์๋ ํ๋์ค์ ํ์ฅํ ๋ธ๋๋์ธ ๋์ฝค์ด 2016๋
6์ 19์ผ์ ํ์ฝฉ์์ ๋ฐ๋์ฆ ํธ๊ฐ ์ฐธ์ํ๋ ์ฝ์ํธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ตํ๋ ค๋ ๊ณํ์ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ์ด์ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ด์ ์ ๋ฌธ์ธ ใํ๊ตฌ์๋ณดใ๋ ๋ฐ๋์ฆ ํธ๋ฅผ "ํ์ฝฉ ๋
๋ฆฝ ์ด๋ ์ง๋์"๋ผ๊ณ ๋น๋ํ๋ ๋ด์ฉ์ด ๋ด๊ธด ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋์ฝค์ ๋ํ ๋ถ๋งค ์ด๋์ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๊ณ ๋์ฝค์ ๋ฐ๋์ฆ ํธ์ ์ฝ์ํธ๋ฅผ ์ทจ์ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ด ๋๋ฌธ์ ํ์ฝฉ์์๋ ๋์ฝค์ด ์ค๊ตญ ๊ณต์ฐ๋น์ ์๋ ฅ์ ๊ตด๋ณตํ๋ค๋ ๋นํ ์ฌ๋ก ์ด ํ์ฐ๋์๊ณ ๋ฐ๋์ฆ ํธ๋ ํ์ฝฉ์์ ์๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์ํ ์ฝ์ํธ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ๊ฐ์ตํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋์ฆ ํธ๋ 2016๋
์ ์๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์ก๊ณต์ฌ(BBC)๊ฐ ๋ฐํํ ์ ์ธ๊ณ์์ ํฐ ์ํฅ์ ์ค ์ฌ์ฑ 100์ธ์ ๊ดํ ๋ช
๋จ์ธ 100 ์๋ฏผ(100 Women)์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ค.
๋ฐ๋์ฆ ํธ๋ 2019๋
ํ์ฝฉ ์์๋ฅผ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ์ฝฉ์ ์์ , ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ์ง์งํ๋ ์
์ฅ์ ํ๋ช
ํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋์ฆ ํธ๋ 2019๋
7์์ ์ค์์ค ์ ๋ค๋ฐ์ ์์นํ ์ ์ ์ธ๊ถ ์ด์ฌํ์์ ์งํ๋ ์ฐ์ค์ ํตํด ํ์ฝฉ์ ์์ , ์ธ๊ถ, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์๊ฐ ์ํ์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ง์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ ์ ์ธ๊ถ ์ด์ฌํ์์ ์ถ์ถํด์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ์
์ฅ์ ํ๋ช
ํ๋ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๋ฐ๋์ฆ ํธ๋ ์ ์ ์ฃผ์ฌ ์ค๊ตญ ์ธ๊ต๊ด๋ค๊ณผ 2์ฐจ๋ก์ ๊ฑธ์น ์ค์ ์ ๋ฒ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
2019๋
9์ 17์ผ์๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ํ์์ฌ๋น์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ํ ์ฐํ ์ํยทํ์ ๋ถ ์ค๊ตญ์์ํ ์ฒญ๋ฌธํ์ ์ฐธ์ํ์ฌ ํ์ฝฉ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ์์์๋ค์๊ฒ ๊ณผ๋ํ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ง์ ํ๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ํ์ ใํ์ฝฉ ์ธ๊ถยท๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์๋ฒใ(Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act)์ ํต๊ณผ์ํฌ ๊ฒ์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค. ๊ฒ
์ฝ ์ค๊ตญ ์ธ๊ต๋ถ ๋๋ณ์ธ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ํ๊ฐ ํ์ฝฉ ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ๋น๋ฏธ๋ก ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ด์ ์ ๊ฐ์ญํ๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋นํํ์ง๋ง ๋ฐ๋์ฆ ํธ๋ ํ์ฝฉ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ ๋ํ ํ์์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ง์ ํ๋ค. 2019๋
9์ 29์ผ์๋ ํ์ด์ ํ์ด๋ฒ ์ด์์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ํ์ฝฉ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ ์์ ์ง์ง ์งํ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๋ ๋์ค์ ํ์ธํธ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
์๋ฐ ๋ชฉ๋ก
์ ๊ท ์๋ฐ
2002๋
ใFree Loveใ
2003๋
ใDress Me Up!ใ
2005๋
ใ่ถๅ
ๅๅฐใ
2005๋
ใๆข็ฅไธไธๅณๅฅใ
2006๋
ใOur Time Has Comeใ
2007๋
ใWhat Really Mattersใ
2008๋
ใTen Days in the Madhouseใ
2009๋
ใHeroesใ
2010๋
ใ็กๅยท่ฉฉใ
2011๋
ใAwakeningใ
2012๋
ใAwakening ่ณๅฏถ็ใ
2013๋
ใๅ
ฑๅญใ
2013๋
ใRecollectionsใ
์ปดํ๋ ์ด์
์๋ฐ
2003๋
ใRoundupใ
2004๋
ใThe Best of HOCCใ
2008๋
ใGoomusic Collection 2004-2008ใ
EP ์๋ฐ
2001๋
ใfirst.ใ
2002๋
ใhoccยฒใ
์ฑ๊ธ ์๋ฐ
2007๋
ใWe Stand As Oneใ
2010๋
ใ่ฉฉ่่ก่ชชใ
2011๋
ใGreenใ
2012๋
ใ็ก่ไบบใ
2015๋
ใๆฏๆ็จฎไบบใ
2016๋
ใDearest Blackใ
2018๋
ใๆฅตๅคๅพใ
๋ผ์ด๋ธ ์๋ฐ
2007๋
ใHocc Live in Unity 2006ใ
2007๋
ใSmall Mattersใ
2009๋
ใๅฟซๆจๆฏๅ
่ฒป็้ณๆจๆใ
2010๋
ใSupergooไฝ้ป่ฉฉๆผๅฑๆ2009ใ
2011๋
ใHocc Homecoming Live 2010ใ
2014๋
ใMementoไฝ้ป่ฉฉๆผๅฑๆ2013ใ
2015๋
ใRe-imagine Hocc Live 2015ใ
2017๋
ใDear Friend, ไฝ้ป่ฉฉ2016ๆผๅฑๆใ
2019๋
ใOn the Pulse of Hocc 2018 Liveใ
์ถ์ฐ ์ํ ๋ชฉ๋ก
์ํ
1998๋
ใ็็ซ้ๆฅใ (Rumble Ages)
2000๋
ใๅฆๆชๅณใ (The Slayer of Demons)
2003๋
ใ่ฑชๆ
ใ (Naked Ambition)
2003๋
ใๅฐๆพๅจๆฐๅซใ (Hidden Track)
2003๋
ใๅฎๅจ่ๆญฆๆใ (Anna in Kung Fu Land)
2003๋
ใ1:99้ปๅฝฑ่กๅใ - ใ่ชฐๆฏ้ฆๆธฏๅฐๅง?ใ (1:99 Shorts: Who Is Miss Hong Kong?)
2007๋
ใ้ฟๆฃฎไธๆๅคง้ปๅฝฑใ (The Simpsons Movie)
2008๋
ใๅๅคซ็่ฒใ (Kung Fu Panda)
2009๋
ใๆธธ้พๆฒ้ณณใ (Look for a Star)
2010๋
ใ72ๅฎถ็งๅฎขใ (72 Tenants of Prosperity)
2010๋
ใ่ฒ็้ฌฅๅค็ชใ (Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore)
2010๋
ใๆฑ้ขจ็ ดใ (Merry-Go-Round)
2011๋
ใๅๅคซ็่ฒ 2ใ (Kung Fu Panda 2)
2011๋
ใๅฅชๅฝ้ใ (Life Without Principle, ํ๋ช
๊ธ: ์ฌ๋ผ์ง ์ฒ๋ง ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ํ๋ฐฉ)
2012๋
ใ2012ๆๆHK ๅไธๅ ๅใ (I Love Hong Kong 2012)
2012๋
ใ่กๆปดๅญใ
2013๋
ใๅคๆไป๏ผๆฑๆนๆฐ็งฉๅบใ (Young and Dangerous: Reloaded)
๋๋ผ๋ง
1999๋
ใๅ้ปๅ
้ใ (Anti-Crime Squad)
2000๋
ใ้ๆงๅธซๅงIIใ (Armed Reaction II)
2004๋
ใไธๆตท็ไนไฟ ้ซๅณๅฅใ (Shanghai Legend)
2007๋
ใๆฃฎไนๆๆ
ใ (Colours of Love)
2010๋
ใๅฅณ็่พฆๅ
ฌๅฎคใ (O.L. Supreme)
์์
2006๋
์ผํฐ๋ฉ์ดํธ ์ก ์ฐจํธ ์ด์๋ ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ๋ฌธ ๊ธ์ ์์
2012๋
์ค๊ตญ ์ํ ๋งค์ฒด์ ์ฌ์ฐ์กฐ์ฐ์ ์์
2013๋
์ผํฐ๋ฉ์ดํธ ์ก ์ฐจํธ ์ด์๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ฌ๋๋ฐ๋ ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ๋ฌธ ์์
2014๋
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1977๋
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ํ์ฝฉ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์ ์ด๋๊ฐ
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21์ธ๊ธฐ ์ฑ์์์ ์ฌ๋
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๊ฐ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise%20Ho | Denise Ho | Denise Ho Wan-see (born 10 May 1977) is a Hong Kong-born Canadian Cantopop singer and actress. She is also a pro-democracy and Hong Kong human rights activist. In 2012, Ho came out as lesbian, the first mainstream Cantonese singer to do so. In 2014, Ho was blacklisted by the Chinese government and by the luxury brand Lancome for her participation in the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong. Ho is a Canadian citizen.
On 28 December 2021, Ho was arrested by the Hong Kong police under the joint charges of both production and distribution of seditious materials.
Early life and education
Ho was born in Hong Kong. Both of her parents were teachers. She began her primary school education at the Diocesan Girls' Junior School. In 1988, she moved with her parents to Montreal, Canada. Ho first attended Collรจge Jean de la Mennais, an elementary and middle school in La Prairie, on the South Shore of Montreal, then attended Collรจge Jean-de-Brรฉbeuf, a Catholic college preparatory secondary school and private college. There, she received a Quebec Diploma of College Studies in Arts and Communications.
In 1996, she returned to Hong Kong to take part in the New Talent Singing Awards (NTSA). Afterwards, she began her studies at Universitรฉ du Quรฉbec ร Montrรฉal (UQAM) in graphic design. She was enrolled for only one semester before returning to Hong Kong to kickstart her career.
Career
1996โ1999: Career begins
At age 19, Ho enrolled in the 1996 New Talent Singing Awards and to her stated surprise, won the competition.
This gave her the opportunity to meet Anita Mui, a renowned singer of Cantopopโ"queen of Hong Kong movies andโฆrenowned in theโฆ world of Cantonese pop music"โof whom she had been a fan since childhood, and who would become her mentor following her win. This launched her career, and at this time she took on the stage name, "HoCC"; this gave her the opportunity to record an album, and gave her a recording contract with Capital Artists. In the intervening period between the contents win and her first album, Ho toured as a background vocalist with Mui, and hosted various television programs produced by TVB.
2000โ2004: Breakthrough
Ho released her first album "First" in 2001, in her fourth year of the contract with Capital Artists. Produced by Choy Yat Chi of Grasshopper (band), this EP, containing her first single "Thousands More of Me" (ๅๅ่ฌ่ฌๅๆ) and "Home of Glory" (ๅ
ๆฆฎไนๅฎถ), defined with success Ho's style as the rock pop independent female she is up till recent years. She earned the award of โBest New Singerโ in various prize presentation ceremonies that year. In October, Capital Artists announced bankruptcy, resulting in the end of Ho's first record label era.
After Capital Artists closed, Ho joined EMI in 2002. Although she was only with the company for a brief 2-year period, it was during this time that her musical talents flourished. She teamed up with Ying C Foo (่ฑๅธซๅ
) for her first EMI label release, Hoccยฒ. The song "Angel Blues" (ๅคฉไฝฟ่), composed by Ho herself, not only reached top spots on music charts, but according to Ho, it is also her "growing up" song.
Another single in the EP, "Rosemary" (้ฒ็ตฒ็ช่), written by Wyman Wong, created considerable controversies at the time, as it touched on the topic of lesbianism. This song also marked the beginning of Ho's series of songs containing gay themes. Following the success of "Rosemary" (้ฒ็ตฒ็ช่), Ho continued the story of the two lovers in "Goodbye... Rosemary" (ๅ่ฆ...้ฒ็ตฒ็ช่) in her first full-length album, โfree {love}โ.
In 2002, Ho's two singles "Angel Blues" (ๅคฉไฝฟ่) and "Goodbye... Rosemary" (ๅ่ฆ...้ฒ็ตฒ็ช่) won multiple music awards in Hong Kong, including CASH Golden Sail Music Awards (CASH้ๅธ้ณๆจ็) โ "Best Vocal Performance by a Female Artist" for the song "Angel Blues". In the same year, Ho won the renowned "Female Singer Bronze Award" in the Ultimate Song Chart Awards Presentation (ๅฑๅๆจๅฃๆต่กๆฆ้ ็ๅ
ธ็ฆฎ).
In 2003, Ho held a "Music is Live" concert with Andy Hui, who is also an apprentice of Anita Mui. Their performance won praise from the critics, and Ho proved to the audience her abilities to perform live as a musician. Later that year, Ho released her second full-length album "Dress Me Up!". She was the credited as the producer of the album, indicating that Ho has finally gained full control over her music. In September 2003, Ho's longtime mentor, Anita Mui announced she was diagnosed with cervical cancer. Shortly after the announcement, Anita lost her battle against cervical cancer and died on 30 December 2003.
Between 2003 and 2004, Ho took on the role of hosting TVB's weekly live music show, Jade Solid Gold. In 2004, she appeared in Sammi Cheng's 2004 "Sammi vs. Sammi" concert as a cross-dressing cigarette-smoking admirer of Sammi Cheng. Ho's critically acclaimed performance in the short musical segment not only brought attention to the role she played, but also further established herself as a tremendous live performer. In September 2004, Ho signed a contract with East Asia Music.
2005โ2009: Continued success
The album "Glamorous", which pays tribute to the superstars of the 1980s, was released in January 2005. It also marked the start of a close collaboration between Ho and the Green Mountain Orchestra band. She was named the Orbis Student Ambassador 2005, and visited Hainan in July. In September 2005, Ho performed in the musical Butterfly Lovers (ๆข็ฅไธไธๅณๅฅ) as the leading actress, producer and musical director. Her album of the same name gave her three Number 1 singles โ "Becoming a Butterfly" (ๅ่ถ), "Lawrence and Lewis" (ๅๆฏ๏ผ่ๆฏ) and "Coffee in a Soda Bottle" (ๆฑฝๆฐดๆจฝ่ฃก็ๅๅก), which are all based on the story of the Butterfly Lovers, with possible homosexual themes. These singles helped her to receive the "Female Singer Silver Award" at the Ultimate Song Chart Awards Presentation 2005 (ๅฑๅๆจๅฃๆต่กๆฆ้ ็ๅ
ธ็ฆฎ).
Ho held her first Hong Kong Coliseum concert "Live in Unity 2006" on 26โ28 October 2006. The concert was a great success and was positively received by the public. She decided to stage a second concert, "Live in Unity 2007", on 19โ20 January 2007 following the original concert's success. Her single, "We Stand As One", named after the slogan for the "Live in Unity" concerts, was released on 11 January 2007. Recordings of the concert were later released in February 2007. She went on a worldwide tour, performing in Toronto, Canada and Atlantic City, New Jersey.
The significant public attention and positive reception to her music helped her garner the "Female Singer Gold Award" at the Ultimate Song Chart Awards Presentation 2006 (ๅฑๅๆจๅฃๆต่กๆฆ้ ็ๅ
ธ็ฆฎ). She sang the Chinese version of Ayumi Hamasaki's song "Secret", known as "Wounded City Secret" (ๅทๅ็งๅฏ), for the 2006 movie Confession of Pain. She continued as the Orbis Student Ambassador 2006 and visited Vietnam, and later started her own charitable fund. In 2008, a new album "Ten Days in the Madhouse" was released. She produced this album from the viewpoint of society's outcasts and to raise awareness of mental health issues. She encouraged people to understand and find out more about people with mental illnesses and those who formerly suffered from mental illnesses, and care about their needs and situations. Ho encouraged communication between them and the public, ultimately, to achieve social harmony. "Ten Days in the Madhouse" was Ho's most ambitious project. Yet, with the release of a documentary by Hong Kong director Yan Yan Mak (Butterfly) and an exhibition for charity, Ho showed that a multimedia project by a musician can be about something more important than clothing tie-ins.
In 2009, she followed up her plan from the previous year and organised a free concert called "Happiness is Free" in the outdoor courtyard of Diocesan Boys' School. She managed to book the place because her father was a teacher there. In June, she began shooting a new TVB sitcom titled O.L. Supreme with Liza Wang. In July, she released her new song "The Old Testament" (่็ด) and announced that she would hold her "SUPERGOO" themed concerts from 9โ12 October that year. Following the concerts, Ho took on a role in the new stage comedy "Man and Woman, War and Peace" (็ทไบบ่ๅฅณไบบไนๆฐ็ญ่ๅๅนณ) directed by Edward Lam. The stage comedy was presented on 13โ16 November at Kwai Tsing Theatre in Hong Kong.
2010โ2015: Political awakening
In 2010, Ho appeared in the film Life Without Principle directed by Johnnie To. In September 2010, her first Mandarin album "Nameless Poem" (็กๅ๏ผ่ฉฉ) was released in Taiwan and Hong Kong, and she held "Homecoming" concerts in Hong Kong in December 2010. In 2011, Ho received her first nomination in the 22nd Golden Melody Awards as โBest Mandarin Female Singerโ.
In 2012, she was nominated in the 49th Golden Horse Award for โBest Actressโ for her performance in the movie โLife Without Principleโ. In the same year, she came out as gay at the fourth annual Hong Kong Pride Parade, becoming the first "mainstream female singer in Hong Kong to come out of the closet". Since then, Ho has been actively involved in striving for LGBT rights.
In 2013, Ho continued the tour of her play, โAwakeningโ, in Singapore and in many cities in China. She released her second Mandarin album, โCoexistenceโ, which touches upon the theme of loving others despite differences. Ho received her second nomination in the 25th Golden Melody Awards as โBest Mandarin Female Singerโ in 2014.
At the end of 2014, the Umbrella Movement emerged in Hong Kong. Ho was a staunch supporter of the movement, and was later arrested when the police cleared the protest camps. Her active participation in Hong Kong's large-scale social movement led her to be blacklisted and banned from performing in China.
2015โpresent: Independent artist
In March 2015, Ho's contract with Media Asia Music (previously named as East Asia Music) expired. She announced in her Facebook and newspaper column in Apple Daily that she would become an independent artist. Afterwards, she organized multiple events on her own: โReimagine Liveโ, a self-funded concert in Taiwan, and a local charity market co-organized with Nomad Nomad. On 19โ24 August 2015, she also held a self-funded concert โReimagine HK18โ in Hong Kong Queen Elizabeth Stadium.
On 7โ10 October 2016, Ho returned to the Hong Kong Coliseum for her first crowdfunded concert โDear Friend,โ. As she was banned and blacklisted by China, Ho could not find any powerful sponsor that would support her shows. So she came up with a crowdfunding alternative she called โTogetherly Exclusive.โ She invited individuals and small and medium enterprises to pledge sponsorship for the event. Eventually, sponsored by over 300 small enterprises and individuals, the four-day concert was successfully held and revisited 24 of the singer's greatest hits.
Approaching the end of 2016, Ho was selected by the BBC as one of the โ100 Women 2016โ.
From the end of 2017 to 2018, she went on a worldwide tour called โDear Self, Dear Worldโ, performing in Britain, Taiwan and the United States and Canada. She originally planned to continue the tour in Malaysia, but was forced to cancel as her visa application was rejected by the Immigration Department of Malaysia.
In May 2018, Ho published a new song โPolarโ, marking her first attempt to write lyrics for a song. In September, Ho collaborated with Taiwanese band Chthonic on their song Millennia's Faith Undone, which required her to sing in Taiwanese Hokkien. Later, an acoustic version of the song was also released.
At the end of 2018, she successfully organized a 6-day event called โOn The Pulse Ofโ Festival in Hong Kong Science Park. The event is a combination of local market, music festival and Ho's concert. She tried to invite Chthonic to perform together in the festival, but the band's work visa application was denied. Eventually, Ho managed to make a joint performance on stage with Chthonic in her concert through video chat.
In 2019, Ho started to become an active speaker in international human rights forum. In May 2019, Ho was invited to participate in Oslo Freedom Forum. She made a speech on the topic โUnder the umbrella : Creative dissent in Hong Kongโ and performed โPolarโ to the audience. Followed by that is Hong Kong's anti-extradition law amendment bill protests. Ho, as a Canto-pop star turned activist, got worldwide media coverage due to her active participation in the movement. On 8 July, she attended the United Nations Human Rights Council's meeting in Geneva. During her short speech, she called on the council to remove China from the body and convene an urgent session to protect Hongkongers, sparking two interruptions by Chinese delegate Dai Demao. On 20 August, Ho participated in Singularity University's (SU) annual Global Summit and did a keynote speech about how Hong Kong people utilize technology in their social movements.
On 29 December 2021, Ho and five other people linked to Stand News, including barrister Margaret Ng, were arrested by Hong Kong Police on suspicion of breaching the colonial-era law covering conspiracy to print or distribute seditious materials.
Ho is a Canadian citizen who partly grew up in Montreal; a Canadian government spokesman expressed concern about the arrests and stated that Canada and its allies would issue a statement.
Activism
When asked about the origins of her "passion for freedom of expression," Ho replied to reporter Frรฉdรฉric Leliรจvre of La Presse that it was probably from her being an adolescent in Montreal at the time of the 1995 Quebec referendum.
LGBT issues
Ho proudly announced herself as "tongzhi" (Cantonese: tung4 zi3), a Chinese slang term for homosexuals, at age 35, at the fourth annual Hong Kong Pride Parade on 10 November 2012.
Sara Gates of The Huffington Post reports that the various Hong Kong media outlets had indicated that Ho was the first "mainstream female singer in Hong Kong to come out of the closet." Since then, Ho has been involved in the Big Love Alliance (ๅคงๆๅ็), a civil rights group striving equal rights for the LGBT community. This marks the start of her involvement in striving LGBT rights.
Days later, she watched in appalled amazement as the city's parliament struck down a motion to launch a public consultation on LGBT discrimination.
"It wasn't about gay marriage, nothing serious like that, just trying to do a public survey and it was blocked," she said. "I was so angry back then, and that was the first time I saw how unfair the system is, how the government controlled everything."
Ho faced a visa refusal by Malaysia in February 2018, which forced her to cancel the concert in April, allegedly related to her stance on LGBT and her LGBT identity.
Pro-democracy activism
In 2014, Ho made her stance clear when police fired tear gas in a futile attempt to disperse thousands of mostly-young pro-democracy protesters who had taken to the streets for the "Umbrella Movement".
"That was an enraging moment for me and for many other Hong Kong people," Ho said. "As a celebrity, as a public persona, as an adult, you have to speak out in support of these students and these other Hong Kong citizens."
She took to the streets herself, becoming one of the movement's most outspoken supporters, and one of the last to be hauled off by the police when they cleared the protest camps.
On 5 June 2016, French cosmetics brand Lancรดme cancelled a promotional concert by Denise Ho that was scheduled to be held on 19 June in Sheung Wan. This action was taken in response to a boycott campaign launched by the Communist Party-controlled Global Times, which accused her of supporting Hong Kong and Tibet independence, and backlash from mainland Chinese internet users. Lancรดme added, in a Facebook post, that Ho is not a spokesperson for the brand. The Tibet allegation appeared to have stemmed from Ho's May 2016 meeting with the Dalai Lama. Ho says that citizens' wish for self-rule is not a crime.
Shortly after the Lancรดme incident, Ho announced a crowd-sponsorship campaign named "Togetherly Exclusive Sponsorship" for her Hong Kong Coliseum concert "Dear Friend,โ. It was planned to be held in October of the same year, in response to being avoided by corporates.
Approaching the end of 2016, Ho was selected by the BBC as one of the โ100 Women 2016โ.
In 2019, Ho became an active speaker in international human rights forum. In May 2019, Ho was invited to participate in Oslo Freedom Forum, a global platform for human rights defenders to share their stories. She made a speech on the topic โUnder the umbrella : Creative dissent in Hong Kongโ and performed โPolarโ to the audience.
Followed by that was her response to Hong Kong's anti-extradition law amendment bill protests. Ho got worldwide media coverage due to her supposed active participation in the movement.
On 8 July, she attended the United Nations Human Rights Council's (UNHRC) meeting in Geneva. She asked the United Nations (UN) and the international community to protect the people of Hong Kong from infringements on their freedoms, saying that human rights were under "serious attack" in Hong Kong, and called on the UN to remove China from the Human Rights Council. According to Ho, China has engaged in kidnappings, jailed activists, disqualified pro-democracy lawmakers, and restricts universal suffrage. Her speech was interrupted twice by Chinese diplomat Dai Demao, who asserted Chinese sovereignty over Hong Kong. Dai accused Ho of "[mentioning] Hong Kong side-by-side with China", which he called an "affront" and accused her of using "abusive language."
Her speech at the UNHRC was in reference to the China extradition bill protests and the ongoing freedom and democracy movement in Hong Kong. Speaking about the protests, Ho stated that police engage in excessive force, and that if the Hong Kong government continues to ignore citizen demands the opposition movement will continue. During an interview prior to the UN session, Ho called Beijing's abuses a global issue, and mentioned Tibet and Xinjiang as regions also suffering from human rights violations.
On 20 August, Ho participated in Singularity University's (SU) annual Global Summit and did a keynote speech about how Hong Kong people utilize technology in their social movements. She attended the following events: Antidote 2019, a festival organized by the Sydney Opera House; "Be Water: Hong Kong vs China", a seminar co-organized with Badiucao in Melbourne; and this year's second Oslo Freedom Forum, which will take place in Taiwan.
On 17 September, Ho and other activists participated in a Congressional-Executive Commission on China (CECC) commission in the United States Capitol. She emphasized that the Hong Kong police were using excessive violence on the protesters, and urged the U.S. Congress to pass the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act. In response, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Geng Shuang called for foreign legislatures to not interfere in China's internal affairs. Ho rejected this in her testimony, saying, "This is not a plea for so-called foreign interference. This is a plea for democracy."
A 90-minute documentary film produced by Sue Williams, Denise Ho: Becoming the Song, released on 1 July 2020 in solidarity with the protest, marking the 23rd anniversary of Britain's handover of Hong Kong to China in 1997.
On 11 May 2022, Ho was arrested under the charge of "colluding with foreign forces" by the national security police.
Discography
Studio albums
first. (EP) (2001)
hoccยฒ (EP) (2002)
free {love} (2002)
Dress Me Up (2003)
Glamorous (2005)
Butterfly Lovers (2005)
Our Time Has Come (2006)
What Really Matters (2007)
Ten Days in the Madhouse (2008)
Heroes (2009)
Unnamed.Poem (2010)
Awakening (2011)
Coexistence (2013)
Recollections (2013)
Compilation albums
Roundup (New + Best Selection) (2003)
Goomusic Collection 2004-2008 (2008)
Live albums
HOCC Live in Unity (2007)
Supergoo ยท Live (2009)
Coexistence ยท Legacy Taipei Live (2013)
Memento Live 2013 (2014)
Reimagine Live 2015 (2015)
Dear Friend, Concert 2016 Live (2017)
Dear Self, Dear World ยท Live in Montreal (2019)
On the Pulse of HOCC 2018 Live (2019)
Filmography
Film
1998 โ Rumble Ages (็็ซ้ๆฅ)
1999 - Anti Crime Squad
2000 โ The Slayer of Demons (ๅฆๆชๅณ) โ Voice only: Sakuya (่ฒๆผ: ็ฅๆจๆซปๅค)
2003 โ 1:99
2003 โ Naked Ambition (่ฑชๆ
)
2003 โ Anna in Kungfuland (ๅฎๅจ่ๆญฆๆ)
2003 โ Hidden Track (ๅฐๆพๅจๆฐๅซ)
2006 โ Superstition
2007 โ The Simpsons Movie (้ฟๆฃฎไธๆๅคง้ปๅฝฑ) โ Hong Kong Voice only: Bart Simpson
2008 โ Kung Fu Panda (ๅๅคซ็่ฒ) โ Hong Kong Voice only: Tigress
2009 โ Look for a Star (ๆธธ้พๆฒ้ณณ)
2010 โ 72 Tenants of Prosperity (72ๅฎถ็งๅฎข)
2010 โ Merry-Go-Round (ๆฑ้ขจ็ ด)
2011 โ Kung Fu Panda (ๅๅคซ็่ฒ) โ Hong Kong Voice only: Tigress
2011 โ Life Without Principle (ๅฅชๅฝ้)
2012 โ I Love Hong Kong 2012 (2012ๆๆHK ๅไธๅ ๅ)
2013 โ Young and Dangerous: Reloaded (ๅคๆไป๏ผๆฑๆนๆฐ็งฉๅบ)
2020 โ Denise Ho: Becoming the Song โ documentary film produced by Sue Williams
TV series
1999 โ Anti-Crime Squad (ๅ้ปๅ
้) as ๅฎ่งฃๅฟ
2004 โ Shanghai Legend (ไธๆตท็ไนไฟ ้ซๅณๅฅ)as ๆฑ้ช
2010 โ O.L. Supreme (ๅฅณ็่พฆๅ
ฌๅฎค) as Music Miu ็นๆไน
Concerts and tours
Live in Unity (2006)
Happiness is Free (2009)
Supergoo (2009)
Homecoming Live (2010)
Memento Live (2013)
Reimagine Hong Kong (2015)
Dear Friend, (2016)
Dear Self, Dear World (2017-2018)
On The Pulse Of (2018)
International conferences and talks
May 2019 โ Oslo Freedom Forum (Oslo)
July 2019 โ United Nations Human Rights Council's meeting (Geneva)
August 2019 โ Singularity University's (SU) annual Global Summit (San Francisco)
September 2019 โ Antidote 2019 by Sydney Opera House (Sydney)
September 2019 โ "Be Water: Hong Kong vs China" Seminar with Badiucao (Melbourne)
September 2019 - Oslo Freedom Forum (Taipei)
October 2019 - Oslo Freedom Forum (New York)
December 2019- TEDWomen โ Brilliant and Bold
February 2020- Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy โ (Geneva)
Awards and nominations
Ho has received numerous awards. As a solo artist she has achieved IFPI's "Top 10 Best-selling Local Artists Award" for 9 consecutive years, making her one of the best-selling artists in Hong Kong. She had also won the title of "Best Female Singer" and "My Favourite Female Singer" in the CRHK Ultimate Song Chart Awards Presentation over the past years, securing her position as a leading pop diva in the city. In recent years, although she is blacklisted by China, she has started up her own record label and continued to produce music. In 2019, she has collaborated with CHTHONIC, a Taiwanese band, to make the song "Millennia's Faith Undone". The song is nominated as "Song of the Year" in the 30th Golden Melody Awards.
Despite her robust music career, she has also made numerous attempts in the area of film and drama. As one of the leading actress in Johnnie To's award-winning film, "Life Without Principles", she had received recognition for her performance by achieving nominations and awards in the Hong Kong Film Awards, Golden Horse Awards and Chinese Film Media Awards respectively.
Films
Dramas
Music
See also
LGBT culture in Hong Kong
2014 Umbrella Revolution
2019โ20 Hong Kong protests
References
External links
Denise Ho's Official Blog
Denise Ho's Former Official Blog
1977 births
Activists from Montreal
Actresses from Montreal
Hong Kong contraltos
Hong Kong emigrants to Canada
20th-century Hong Kong women singers
Hong Kong film actresses
Hong Kong television actresses
Lesbian singers
Hong Kong lesbian actresses
Hong Kong lesbian musicians
Hong Kong LGBT rights activists
Hong Kong LGBT singers
Living people
Naturalized citizens of Canada
New Talent Singing Awards contestants
Singers from Montreal
Hong Kong democracy activists
Hong Kong women activists
20th-century Canadian actresses
20th-century Canadian women singers
20th-century Hong Kong actresses
21st-century Canadian actresses
21st-century Canadian women singers
21st-century Hong Kong actresses
21st-century Hong Kong women singers
Women civil rights activists
20th-century Hong Kong LGBT people
21st-century Hong Kong LGBT people |
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1์ 9์ผ ๋ฐ๋ทํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ 5์ธ์กฐ ๋ณด์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด๋ค.
ํ๋ช
์์ด์ค(ONEUS)๋ '์ ๋ฉ์ดํฌ ์ด์ค(You Make Us)โ์ ์ด์ค(Us)์ ํ๋(One)๋ผ๋ ๋ป์ด ํฉ์ณ์ง ์ด๋ฆ์ด๋ค. 'ํฌ ํ ๋ช
ํ ๋ช
(ONE)์ ํ์ด ๋ชจ์ฌ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง ์ฐ๋ฆฌ(US)'๋ผ๋ ๋ป์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 'ํ๋ฒํ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ(US)๊ฐ ํจ๊ป ๋ชจ์ฌ ํ๋(ONE)์ ์ธ์์ ๋ง๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ค'๋ ํฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๋ด๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํฌ๋ค๋ช
์ TOMOON์ด๋ค.
ํ๋
2019: ๋ฐ๋ท, LIGHT US
2019๋
1์ 9์ผ, ์์ด์ค๋ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋ฏธ๋ ์๋ฐ ใLIGHT USใ์ ๋ฐ๋งคํ์๋ค. ๋น์ผ ์คํ์ ์์ธํน๋ณ์ ๊ด์ง๊ตฌ ์์ค24 ๋ผ์ด๋ธํ์์ ๋ฐ๋ท ์ผ์ผ์ด์ค๊ฐ ์ด๋ ธ๋ค. ํ์ดํ ๊ณก์ ใ๋ฐํค๋ฆฌ (Valkyrie)ใ์ด๋ค.
2019: RAISE US
2019๋
5์ 29์ผ, ์์ด์ค๋ 4๊ฐ์ ๋ง์ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋ฏธ๋ ์๋ฐ ใRAISE USใ์ ๋ฐ๋งคํ์๋ค. ๋น์ผ ์คํ์ ์์ธํน๋ณ์ ๋งํฌ๊ตฌ ์๊ต๋ ํ๋ ๋ฌด๋ธํ์์ ์ปด๋ฐฑ ์ผ์ผ์ด์ค๊ฐ ์ด๋ ธ๋ค. ์๋ฐ์ ํด์ง๋
์ ๋ปํ๋ ํ๋์ค ์๋ด โ๊ฐ์ ๋๋์ ์๊ฐโ์ ๋ชจํฐ๋ธ๋ก ํ๋ฉฐ, ํ์ดํ ๊ณก์ ใํ์์ด ๋จ์ด์ง๋ค (Twilight)ใ์ด๋ค.
2019: FLY WITH US
2019๋
9์ 30์ผ, ์์ด์ค๋ 4๊ฐ์ ๋ง์ ์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋ฏธ๋ ์๋ฐ ใFLY WITH USใ์ ๋ฐ๋งคํ์๋ค. ํ์ดํ ๊ณก์ ใ๊ฐ์ (LIT)ใ์ด๋ค.
2020: IN ITS TIME
2020๋
3์ 24์ผ, ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ ์๋ฐ ใIN ITS TIMEใ์ ๋ฐ๋งคํ์๋ค. ํ์ดํ ๊ณก์ ใ์ฝ๊ฒ ์ฐ์ฌ์ง ๋
ธ๋ใ์ด๋ค.
2020: LIVED
2020๋
8์ 19์ผ, ๋ค ๋ฒ์งธ ๋ฏธ๋ ์๋ฐ ใLIVEDใ ๋ก ์ปด๋ฐฑํ๋ค. ํ์ดํ ๊ณก์ ใTo Be Or Not To Beใ์ด๋ค.
์ดํ ์๋ก๊ณก ใAirplaneใ์ผ๋ก ํ์ ํ๋ํ๋ค.
2020: ๋ฟ์
(BBUSYEO)
2020๋
12์ 1์ผ, ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋์งํธ ์ฑ๊ธ ์๋ฐ ใ๋ฟ์
(BBUSYEO)ใ๋ก ์ปด๋ฐฑํ๋ค. ํ์ดํ ๊ณก์ ใ๋ฟ์
(BBUSYEO)ใ์ด๋ค.
2021: DEVIL
2021๋
1์ 19์ผ, ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ ๊ท ์๋ฐ ใDEVILใ๋ก ์ปด๋ฐฑํ๋ค. ํ์ดํ ๊ณก์ ใ๋ฐ๋ฐ๋ถ๊ฐ>์ด๋ค.
์ดํ ์๋ก๊ณก ใ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์๊ฐ์ ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋ก ํ๋ฅธ๋คใ๋ก ํ์ ํ๋ํ๋ค
2021: Binary Code
2021๋
5์ 11์ผ, ๋ค์ฏ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋ฏธ๋ ์๋ฐ ใBinary Codeใ๋ก ์ปด๋ฐฑํ๋ค. ํ์ดํ ๊ณก์ ใBLACK MIRRORใ์ด๋ค.
2021: BLOOD MOON, ๋ฐ๋ท ํ ์ฒซ 1์
2021๋
11์ 9์ผ, ์ฌ์ฏ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋ฏธ๋ ์๋ฐ ใBLOOD MOONใ๋ก ์ปด๋ฐฑํ๋ค. ํ์ดํ ๊ณก์ ใLUNA (์ํ๋ฏธ์ธ)ใ์ด๋ค. 2021๋
11์ 17์ผ, ์ผ ์ฑํผ์ธ์์ ๋ฐ๋ท ํ ์ฒซ 1์๋ฅผ ์์ํ์๋ค.
2022: TRICKSTER
2022๋
5์ 17์ผ, ์ผ๊ณฑ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋ฏธ๋ ์๋ฐ ใTRICKSTERใ๋ก ์ปด๋ฐฑํ๋ค. ํ์ดํ ๊ณก์ ใ๋ค๋ฒผ (Bring it on)ใ์ด๋ค.
2022: MALUS, ๋ฉค๋ฒ ๋ ์ด๋ธ ํํด
2022๋
9์ 5์ผ, ์ฌ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋ฏธ๋ ์๋ฐ ใMALUSใ๋ก ์ปด๋ฐฑํ๋ค. ํ์ดํ ๊ณก์ ใSame Scentใ์ด๋ค. ํ๋ ํ ๋ฉค๋ฒ ๋ ์ด๋ธ์ด ํํดํ๋ค.
2023: PYGMALION
5์ธ ์ฒด์ ๋ก ๊ฐํธ ํ 2023๋
5์ 8์ผ, ์ํ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋ฏธ๋ ์๋ฐ ใPYGMALIONใ๋ก ์ปด๋ฐฑํ๋ค. ํ์ดํ ๊ณก์ ใERASE MEใ์ด๋ค.
2023: La Dolce Vita
2023๋
9์ 26์ผ, ์ด ๋ฒ์งธ ๋ฏธ๋ ์๋ฐ ใLa Dolce Vitaใ๋ก ์ปด๋ฐฑํ๋ค. ํ์ดํ ๊ณก์ ใBaila Conmigoใ์ด๋ค.
๊ตฌ์ฑ์
์ด์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์
์๋ฐ
์ ๊ท
EP
์ฑ๊ธ
๋์งํธ ์ฑ๊ธ
์์
TV ๊ฐ์ ์ฐจํธ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
์์์
2019๋
์๋ฆฌ๋ฐ๋ค ๋ฒ ์คํธ ์ผ์ด๋ฎค์ง ์ด์์ฆ ๋ฅ์คํธ ์ํฐ์คํธ์
2020๋
์๋ฆฌ๋ฐ๋ค ๋ฒ ์คํธ ์ผ์ด๋ฎค์ง ์ด์์ฆ ์ ํ๋ฅ ๋ฎค์ง ์์ด์ฝ์
2020๋
์ 5ํ ์์์ ์ํฐ์คํธ ์ด์์ฆ AAA ํฌ์ปค์ค์
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
์์ด์ค - ์คํฌํฐํ์ด
์์ด์ค - ์ ํ๋ธ ์ฑ๋
์์ด์ค
RBW ์์
ํ๊ตญ์ด ์์
๊ทธ๋ฃน
K-pop ์์
๊ทธ๋ฃน
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํ ์์
๊ทธ๋ฃน
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๋์ค ์์
๊ทธ๋ฃน
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๋ณด์ด ๋ฐด๋
์์ด๋ ๊ทธ๋ฃน
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์์ด๋ ๊ทธ๋ฃน
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์์
๊ทธ๋ฃน
2010๋
๋ ์์
๊ทธ๋ฃน
2020๋
๋ ์์
๊ทธ๋ฃน
5์ธ์กฐ ์์
๊ทธ๋ฃน
2019๋
๊ฒฐ์ฑ๋ ์์
๊ทธ๋ฃน | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneus | Oneus | Oneus (, pronounced as "One Us") is a South Korean boy band formed by RBW. The group consists of five members: Seoho, Leedo, Keonhee, Hwanwoong and Xion. The group released their debut extended play Light Us on January 9, 2019.
History
2017โ2018: Pre-debut
Individual members of Oneus came out of various trainee programs. Seoho, then known as Gunmin, Keonhee and Hwanwoong were trainees for RBW in the second season of Produce 101 during the first half of 2017, and Ravn and Seoho were trainees for RBW on the YG survival show Mix Nine during the second half of 2017. Leedo also participated in Mix Nine as an independent trainee, but did not pass the first audition.
RBW started a pre-debut project "RBW Trainee Real Life โ We Will Debut" in late 2017, to showcase the label's promising male trainees. Produce 101 frontrunners Keonhee and Hwanwoong were the first to join the lineup. In December 2017, They participated in the second chapter 'Special Party' with their label-mates MAS. In early 2018, Keonhee and Hwanwoong, with the addition of Ravn and Seoho, were introduced as pre-debut team RBW Boyz, with Leedo and Xion added in March 2018. They were renamed Oneus in June 2018. On September 27, Oneus and their label-mates Onewe (formerly MAS) released a pre-debut single "Last Song".
2019: Debut
The group's debut EP Light Us was released on January 9, with "Valkyrie" serving as its lead single. The single charted in the top ten of several countries' iTunes charts, including at number one in the U.S. and Australia, as well as at number fifteen on Billboard'''s World Digital Song Sales chart.
Oneus released their second EP Raise Us on May 29, with the lead single titled "Twilight". Releasing a Japanese version of the single on August 27, Oneus made their official Japanese debut. The Japanese version of "Twilight" sold more than 60,000 copies by October. The group also held their first concert in Japan, 2019 Oneus Japan 1st Live: ๅ
ๅทฎ, with shows at Osaka's Zepp Namba on July 28 and Tokyo's Zepp DiverCity on August 25.
In August, the group won the "Next Artist Award" at the 2019 Soribada Best K-Music Awards.
Oneus released their third EP Fly with Us on September 30, with the lead single titled "Lit". Following the release of the EP, they held their first tour in the U.S., also called Fly With Us in November 2019. The tour made stops in six cities: New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Dallas, Minneapolis and Los Angeles.
On December 18, they had their first Japanese comeback with the single "808". "808" debuted at number 1 on the Oricon Daily Single Chart with 3,662 copies sold on the first day of release.
2020: In Its Time, Road to Kingdom, Lived, and "Bbusyeo"
On January 10, Oneus held a fan-meeting in honor of their one-year anniversary, called Our Moment, at Yes 24 Live Hall in Seoul.
In early February, Oneus had a second concert series in Japan, Fly With Us Final, performing in Osaka on February 8 and 9 and in Chiba on February 15 and 16. The concert had 2,200 in attendance in Osaka and 3,800 in attendance in Chiba.
On March 20, it was announced that the group would join Mnet's reality television competition Road to Kingdom. For the show's finale on June 12, Oneus released their song "Come Back Home" and finished in fourth place overall.
On March 24, the group released their first single album called In Its Time with the lead single "A Song Written Easily". The song was the group's third single to chart on Billboard's World Digital Song Sales chart, ranking the highest of the three singles at number eleven.
On August 19, the group released their fourth EP Lived, with the lead single "To Be Or Not To Be".
On December 1, the group released their first digital single "Bbusyeo".
2021: Devil, Binary Code, and Blood Moon
On January 19, the group released their first studio album Devil, with the album consisting of eleven tracks, including the lead single "No Diggity".
On May 11, the group released their fifth EP Binary Code, with the lead single "Black Mirror". The EP also contained a rock version of their debut song "Valkyrie".
It was announced that Oneus would be holding an online and offline concert "Oneus Theatre: Blood Moon" in Seoul from November 6 to 7.
On November 9, the group released their sixth EP Blood Moon, with the lead single "Luna". On November 17, the group earned their first music show win of their career with "Luna" on MBC M's Show Champion.
On December 21, Oneus released a new collaboration single with Onewe titled "Stay".
2022: Blood Moon tour, Trickster, Malus and Ravn's departure
In February 2022, Oneus began their U.S. tour, with twelve stops including major cities such as New York City and Los Angeles and smaller cities such as Wilkes-Barre and Lawrence.
In April, Oneus announced two stops to continue their Blood Moon tour, holding their third Japanese concert with a show in Chiba and in Osaka. They also announced a comeback with their seventh EP Trickster, which was released on May 17, with the lead single "Bring It On".
On June 1, RBW released the poster "2022 Oneus Japan 1st Fanmeeting 'Summer'" via ONEUS's official SNS which is a Japanese fan meeting event that was held on June 25 and July 3.
On August 16, they announced their comeback on September 5 with their eighth EP, Malus''.
On October 17, 2022, RBW announced the temporary suspension of Ravn's activities due to reports of inappropriate behavior, and until the fact check is complete.
On October 27, 2022, RBW announced that after consideration, Ravn had made the decision to voluntarily leave the group, making Oneus a five-member group.
Members
Adapted from Naver.
Current
Seoho ()
Leedo ()
Keonhee ()
Hwanwoong ()
Xion ()
Former
Ravn () โ (2018โ2022)
Discography
Studio albums
Extended plays
Single album
Singles
As lead artist
Collaborations
Other songs
Filmography
Reality shows
Web dramas
Hosting
Awards and nominations
Notes
References
External links
South Korean boy bands
South Korean dance music groups
K-pop music groups
Musical groups established in 2018
2018 establishments in South Korea |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4%20%EC%A0%9C%EC%9D%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4 | ์ฐฐ์ค ์ ์ธ์จ์ด | ์ฐฐ์ค ์ ์ธ์จ์ด(Charles Alderson Janeway, Jr., 1943 โ 2003)๋ ์ ์ฒ๋ฉด์ญ (innate immunity)์ ํ๋ ๋ถ์ผ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ ๋ฉด์ญ ํ์์ด๋ค. ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ณผํ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ (National Academy of Sciences )์ ํ์์ด์๋ ๊ทธ๋ Yale University ์๋์์ ๊ต์์ง์ ์ญ์ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) ์ฑ
์์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ด์๋ค.
์ด๊ธฐ ์์
1943๋
2์ 5์ผ ๋ณด์คํด์์ ์๋ฒ์ง Charles A. Janeway์ ์ด๋จธ๋ Elizabeth B. Janeway ์ฌ์ด์ ํ์ด๋ ์ ์ธ์จ์ด๋ ๋งค์ฌ์ถ์ธ์ค์ฃผ ์จ์คํด์์ ์๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ดํดํธ์
์ฃผ์ ์๋ ํ๋ฆฝ์ค ์์คํฐ(Phillips Exeter Academy)๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์
ํ๊ณ Harvard ๋ํ์์ 1963๋
์์ 5%์ ํ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ (summa cum laude, ์ต์ฐ์ํ์) ํํ ํ์ฌ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ์ํ์ ๋ํ ๊ทธ์ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ชจ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ ํด์ง ์ํฅ์ด ํฐ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์๋ฒ์ง Charles Alderson Janeway๋ 1946๋
๋ถํฐ 1974๋
๊น์ง Boston Children 's Hospital์ ์์์์ฌ(physician in chief)์๊ณ ๊ทธ์ ์ด๋จธ๋๋ Boston Lying-In Hospital์ ์ฌํ๋ณต์ง์ฌ์๋ค.
1969๋
ํ๋ฒ๋ ์๊ณผ๋ํ์์ ์ํ ํ์๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋ํ Janeway๋ ์ ๋ช
ํ ์์ฌ๋ก ๊ณ์น๋๋ ๊ธด ๊ฐ์กฑ ๊ณ์ด์ ํฉ๋ฅํ๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์๋ฒ์ง ์ธ์๋ ํ ์๋ฒ์ง์ธ Theodore C. Janeway๋ Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine์ ์ต์ด์ ์ ์ ์๊ณผ๋ํ ๊ต์์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ์ ์ฆ์กฐ ํ ์๋ฒ์ง์ธ Edward G. Janeway๋ ๋ด์์ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ตญ์ฅ (Health Commissioner)์ด์๋ค.
๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
Janeway๋ ํ๋ฒ๋(Harvard) ๋ํ์ ํด ๋งฅ๋ฐ๋นํธ(Hugh McDevitt ), ์๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ์ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ์(National Institute for Medical Research)์ ์กด ํํ๋ฆฌ(John Humphrey ), ์๊ตญ์ ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ๋ํ๊ต(Cambridge University)์ ๋ก๋น ์ฟฐ์ค(Robin Coombs)๋ค๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ด๊ณผํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ๋ จ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ณด์คํด์ Peter Bent Brigham Hospital์์ ๋ด๊ณผ ์ธํด์ฝ์ ๋ง์ณค๋ค. ๋ฉ๋ฆด๋๋์ฃผ ๋ฒ ๋ฐ์ค๋ค(Bethesda)์ ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๋ณด๊ฑด์ (National Institutes of Health)์์ ์๋ฆฌ์ ํด (William E. Paul)๊ณผ 5๋
๊ฐ์ ๋ฉด์ญํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ค์จ๋ด ์์ด๋ผ ๋ํ (Uppsala University)์์ Hans Wigzell๊ณผ 2๋
๊ฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ ํ 1977๋
Yale ๊ต์์ง์ ํฉ๋ฅํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ํ 1983๋
๋ณ๋ฆฌํ๊ณผ ๊ต์๋ก ์น์งํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 1988๋
์์ผ๋ํ๊ต ์๊ณผ๋ํ์ ์๋ก ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง ๋ฉด์ญ์๋ฌผํ ๋ถ๊ณผ (Section of Immunobiology)๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝํ๋๋ฐ ์ฃผ์ ๊ณตํ์ ํ์๋ค. Section of Immunobiology๋ 1998๋
๋์ ์ค๋ฆฝ๋ ํ์ฌ์ ๋ฉด์ญํ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ ์ด๋ค.
Janeway๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ธ๋์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ ์๋ ๋ฉด์ญํ์ ์ค ํ๋ช
์ผ๋ก ํ์ฌ ๋ฉด์ญํ์ ๊ธฐ์ด๊ฐ ๋๋ ๋ง์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์๋ฆฝํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ T ๋ฆผํ๊ตฌ ์๋ฌผํ์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ดํด์ ํฐ ๊ณตํ์ ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฐ์ผ์ ๋ํ ์ฒซ ๋ฐฉ์ด์ ์ธ ์ ์ฒ์ฑ๋ฉด์ญ์ ๋ํ ํ๋ ์ด๋ก ์ ์๋ฆฝํ๊ณ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ฒํ์๋ค.
Janeway๋ 1989๋
์ ์ ์์ฑ๋ฉด์ญ๋ฐ์(adaptive immune response)์ ํ์ฑํ๊ฐ ์งํ์ ์ผ๋ก ํจ์ฌ ๋ ์ค๋๋ ์ ์ฒ์ ๋ฉด์ญ๊ณ(innate immune response)์ ์ํด ํต์ ๋๋ค๊ณ ์์ธกํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ ์ฒ์ ๋ฉด์ญ์ธ์์ด ๋ณ์์ฒด์ ํจํด์ ์ธ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ํจํด์ธ์ ์ด๋ก (pattern recognition theory)์ ์ ์ํ์๊ณ ์ ์๋ฉด์ญ์ ์ ์ฒ์ ์กฐ์ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์์ธก์ ์ดํ ๋ช ๋
๋์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ํ์์ ์ํด ์ ์ฐจ ํ์ธ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ์ฌ ์ ์ฒ๋ฉด์ญ๊ณ์ ํ์ฌ ์ดํด์ ์ ์ฒ๋ฉด์ญ๊ณผ ์ ์๋ฉด์ญ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ ์ํ ๊ฐ๋
์ ํ์ ํ์ฑํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ทธ์ ์ด๋ก ์ 2011๋
๋
ธ๋ฒจ์ํ์์ ์์ํ๊ฒ ๋์๊ณ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ณ์ธํ ํ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ทธ์ ๋๋ฃ์ ํ๋ฐฐ๋ค์ ์ํด ๊ทธ์ ์
์ ์ด ์ธ์ ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ด๋ฏธ 1989๋
๋ฐํ๋ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ, Approaching the asymptote Evolution and revolution in immunology (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2700931/), ์ ์ ์ค๋ช
๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
Janeway๋ ์ด ์ธ์๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ถ์ผ์ ๋ฉด์ญํ์ ์ค์ํ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ์๋ค. Janeway๋ ๊ทธ์ ๋ฐ์ฌํ ๊ณผ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์์ฒด ํญ์์ด MHC ํด๋์ค II ๋ถ์์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๊ฒฐํฉํ๋์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฐ ํ๋ค. ์ด์ธ์๋ T ์ํ๊ตฌ์ ์์ฉ์ฒด (T cell antigen receptor)๊ฐ ์ด๋ค ํํ๋ก MHC ํด๋์ค II ๋ถ์์ ์ ์ดํ๋์ง์ ๋ํ ๊ธฐ์ด์ ์ธ ์ดํด๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ์๋ค (9). ์ด ๋ฐ์๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ ์์ง ์์ ๋ฉด์ญ ๋ถ์ผ๋ ์๊ฐํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ธ ์ ๋์ด๋ค.
Janeway๋ ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฉ๋๋ ๋ฉด์ญํ ํ์ค ๊ต๊ณผ์์ธ Immunobiology ์ ์ฃผ์ ์ ์๋ก 1993๋
์ Yale ๋ํ๊ต ์๊ณผ๋ํ์์ ์๋๋ก ๊ฐ์ํ ๊ฒ์ ๊ต์ฌ๋ก ๋ง๋ค์๋ค๊ณ ์ ํด์ง๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ดํ 2004๋
๊น์ง ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ง์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ ์๋ก์ด ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋ ๋ฒ์ ผ์ ์ 6ํ๊น์ง ์ถ๊ฐํ์๋ค. 2008๋
์ดํ Ken Murphy๋ฅผ ๋น๋กฏํ ๋ง์ ๋๋ฃ ๋ฐ ํ๋ฐฐ๋ค์ด ๋๋ฅผ ์ด์ด Immunobiology๋ฅผ ๊ฐฑ์ ์ถํํ์๋ค. ์ต๊ทผ์ ์ถํ ๋ ๋ณ๊ฒฝํ ๋ค์ ์ ์ธ์จ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋
ํ์ฌ Janeway์ ๋ฉด์ญ์๋ฌผํ(Janeway's Immunobiology)์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฆ์ด ๋ฐ๋์๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ทธ๋ 300 ํธ์ด ๋๋ ๊ณผํ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐํํ๊ณ ๋ง์ ๊ฒ๋ค์ด ๋ฉด์ญํ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ฐ๊ฟ๋๊ฑฐ๋ ์ ๋ฆฝํ๋ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ๋ค์ด์๋ค.
Janeway๋ Trudeau Institute ๋ฐ Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB)์ ํฌํจํ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ด์ฌ๋ก์ ํ๋ํ์๊ณ , ๋ํ 1997-1998๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฉด์ญํ์ ํํ(American Association of Immunologists) ํ์ฅ์ ์ญ์ํ์๋ค.
Janeway๋ Kim Bottomly, Ph.D.์ ๊ฒฐํผํ์ฌ Katherine A. Janeway, MD, Hannah H. Janeway, MD ๋ฐ Megan G. Janeway, MD์ ์ธ ๋ธ์ ๋์๋ค. ์ธ ๋ธ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ์ ํต์ ์ด์ด๊ฐ๋ฉฐ ์ํ์ ์ข
์ฌํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 2003๋
4์ 12์ผ ๋ดํค์ด๋ธ ์ํ์์ ๋ณ์ธํ์๋ค.
์์
2003๋
์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ Institute of William B. Coley Award
2001 ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฉด์ญ ํ์ ํํ ํ์ ๊ณต๋ก์ ์์
์์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฌ ๋๋ ์คํ์ด๋ ์
Yale University, Bohmfalk Teaching Award (1991)
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
Janeway ๋ฑ. ๋ฉด์ญ์๋ฌผํ . ์ 7ํ ISBN ย 0-8153-4101-6 . (5th ed.๋ NCBI์์ ๋ฌด๋ฃ๋ก ๋ณผ ์์์ต๋๋ค. ์ด ํ์ด์ง๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐ ํ์ญ์์ค .) )
9. Soon-Cheol Hong, AdinaChelouche, Rong-hwaLin, DavidShaywitz, Ned S.Braunstein, LaurieGlimcher, Charles A.JanewayJr (1992). "An MHC interaction site maps to the amino-terminal half of the T cell receptor ฮฑ chain variable domain. (Cell). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(92)90618-M
โhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/009286749290618M
ํ๋ฆฝ์ค ์์ํฐ ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ๋๋ฌธ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณผํ ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ์ ํ์
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ฉด์ญํ์
2003๋
์ฌ๋ง
1943๋
์ถ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Janeway | Charles Janeway | Charles Alderson Janeway, Jr. (1943โ2003) was a noted immunologist who helped create the modern field of innate immunity. A member of the National Academy of Sciences, he held a faculty position at Yale University's Medical School and was an Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator.
Early life
Born in Boston on February 5, 1943, to Charles A. and Elizabeth B. Janeway, Charles Janeway was raised in Weston, Massachusetts. He was educated at Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire, and Harvard College, where he graduated summa cum laude in 1963 with a bachelor's degree in chemistry. His interest in medicine was inspired by his parents: his father Charles Alderson Janeway was physician-in-chief at Boston Children's Hospital from 1946 to 1974 and his mother was a social worker at the Boston Lying-In Hospital.
By earning his medical degree from Harvard Medical School in 1969, Janeway joined a long family line of prominent physicians. In addition to his father, his grandfather, Theodore C. Janeway, was the first full-time professor of medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and his great-grandfather, Edward G. Janeway, was the Commissioner of Health of the City of New York.
Career
Janeway trained in basic-science research with Hugh McDevitt at Harvard, John Humphrey at the National Institute for Medical Research in England, and with Robin Coombs at Cambridge University in England. He completed an internal medicine internship at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston. Following five years of immunology research at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Md., under William E. Paul, and two years at Uppsala University in Sweden under Hans Wigzell, he joined the faculty of Yale University in 1977. In 1983, he was promoted to Professor of Pathology. In 1998, he was a founding member of the Section of Immunobiology at Yale University School of Medicine.
Janeway was one of the leading immunologists of his generation, studying the innate immune system and the biology of T cells. In 1989, he predicted that activation of the adaptive immune response is controlled by the more ancient innate immune system recognizing patterns of pathogens.
Janeway made fundamental contributions to many other areas of immunology, including co-discovery of bacterial superantigens. Together with Alexander Rudensky, Janeway also characterized how self antigens associate with MHC class II molecules.
Janeway is particularly well known as the lead author of Immunobiology, a standard textbook on immunology. Since the 2008 publishing of its seventh edition, it has been renamed as Janeway's Immunobiology in his memory. He also published more than 300 scientific papers.
Janeway also served on the board of directors of several research institutes, including the Trudeau Institute, and the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. He was president of the American Association of Immunologists from 1997 to 1998.
Janeway was married to H. Kim Bottomly, Ph.D., and had three daughters: Katherine A. Janeway, M.D., Hannah H. Janeway, M.D., and Megan G. Janeway, M.D. He died on April 12, 2003, in his home in New Haven, Connecticut.
Awards
2003 Cancer Research Institute William B. Coley Award
2001 American Association of Immunologists Lifetime Achievement Award
2002 German Society for Immunology Avery-Landsteiner Award
1991 Bohmfalk Teaching Award, Yale University
References
1943 births
2003 deaths
American immunologists
Howard Hughes Medical Investigators
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Harvard Medical School alumni
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
People from Weston, Massachusetts |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC%20%EB%A6%BC%ED%94%84%EC%A2%85 | B-์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
| B-์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
()์ B ์ธํฌ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ ํ์ ๋ฆผํ์ข
์ด๋ค. ๋ฆผํ์ข
์ ๋ฆผํ์ ์์์ "ํ์ก์"์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ค์ ๋
ธ์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฉด์ญ๋ ฅ์ด ์ฝํ๋ ๊ฐ์ธ์์ ๋ ์์ฃผ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค.
B ์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
์ ํธ์งํจ ๋ฆผํ์ข
๊ณผ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋นํธ์งํจ ๋ฆผํ์ข
์ ํฌํจํ๋ค. ์ด๋ค์ ์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ฑ๊ธ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ๋ฑ๊ธ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅ๋๋ฉฐ, ์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฑ์ฅ ๋ฆผํ์ข
๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ฑ ๋ฆผํ์ข
์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํด๋นํ๋ค. ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก, ๋ฌด์ฆ์ ๋ฆผํ์ข
์ ์น๋ฃ์ ๋ฐ์ํ๊ณ ์๋
๋์ ์ฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์์กดํ๋ฉด์ ์กฐ์ (์ํ) ์ํ๋ก ์ ์ง๋์ง๋ง ์น๋ฃ๋์ง๋ ์๋๋ค. ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ฑ ๋ฆผํ์ข
์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ง์ค ์น๋ฃ๋ฒ์ ํ์๋ก ํ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ถ๋ ์๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์น๋ฃ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋๋ค.
์ํ์ ์น๋ฃ๋ ๋จ๊ณ์ ๋ฑ๊ธ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ํน์ ์ ํ์ ๋ฆผํ์ข
์ ๋ฌ๋ ค ์๋ค. ์น๋ฃ์๋ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ๋ฐ ํํ์๋ฒ์ด ํฌํจ๋๋ค. ์ด๊ธฐ ๋จ๊ณ์ ์ ์ฑ์ฅ์ฑ B ์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
์ ์ข
์ข
์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฐ์์ด ์น๋ฃํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๊ธฐ ๋จ๊ณ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ฑ ์ง๋ณ์ 70-90%์ ์น๋ฃ ์๋๋ก ํํ ์๋ฒ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ์น๋ฃ๋๋ค. ๋ง๊ธฐ ๋ฌด์ฆ์ ๋ฆผํ์ข
์ ๋๋๋ก ์งํ๋์ง ์์ ๋๊น์ง ์น๋ฃ๋์ง ์๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋ง ๋๋ค. ํ๊ธฐ ๋จ๊ณ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ฑ ์ง๋ณ์ 70% ์ด์์ ์น๋ฃ ์๋๋ก ํํ ์๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์น๋ฃ๋๋ค.
์ข
๋ฅ
B ์ธํฌ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์๋ง์ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ๋ฆผํ์ข
์ด ์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ๋ถ๋ฅ ์์คํ
์ WHO ๋ถ๋ฅ๋ก, ํ๋ ์ด์์ ์ค๋๋ ๋ถ๋ฅ์์คํ
์ด ๋ณตํฉ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
ํํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ
๋นํธ์งํจ ๋ฆผํ์ข
ํ์ 4๋ช
์ค ๊ฑฐ์ 3๋ช
์ ๋ค์์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋ 5๊ฐ์ง ์ค ํ๊ฐ์ง์ด๋ค.
ํ์ฐ์ฑ ๊ฑฐ๋ B ์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
(Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: DLBCL)
์ฌํฌ์ฑ ๋ฆผํ์ข
(Follicular lymphoma)
ํ๊ณ๊ตฌ์ญ(Marginal zone) B ์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
(MZL) ๋๋ ์ ๋ง ๊ด๋ จ ๋ฆผํ ์กฐ์ง ๋ฆผํ์ข
(MALT)
์๋ฆผํ๊ตฌ์ฑ ๋ฆผํ์ข
(๋๋ chronic lymphocyte leukemia, CLL)๋ก ์ ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค) (
Small lymphocytic lymphoma (๋๋ chronic lymphocytic leukemia, CLL)
์ธํฌ์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
(MCL)
ํฌ๊ทํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ
๋ฐ์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋ ํํ๋ ์์ฃผ ๋ฐ์๋์ง ์๋๋ค.
DLBCL ๋ณํ ๋๋ ํ์ ์ ํ (sub-type)
์๋ฐ ์ข
๊ฒฉ๋(Primary mediastinal) (ํ์ )(thymic) ํฐ B ์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
T ์ธํฌ/์กฐ์ง์ด ํ๋ถํ ํฐ B ์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
์๋ฐ์ฑ ํผ๋ถ ํ์ฐ์ฑ(primary cutaneous diffuse) ํฐ B- ์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
, ๋ค๋ฆฌ ์ ํ (1 ์ฐจ ํผ๋ถ DLBCL, ๋ค๋ฆฌ ์ ํ)
๋
ธ์ธ์ EBV ์์ฑ ํ์ฐ์ฑ ํฐ B ์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
์ผ์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ํ์ฐ์ฑ ํฐ B ์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
๋ฒํท ๋ฆผํ์ข
(Burkitt's lymphoma)
Waldenstrรถm์ macroglobulinemia(Waldenstrรถm's macroglobulinemia) ๋ก ๋ํ๋ ์์๋ ๋ฆผํ์ข
์ ๋ฆผํ์ข
(Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma)
๊ฒฐ์ ์ฃผ๋ณ๋ถ B ์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
(Nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma) (NMZL)
๋น์ฅ ๋ณ์ฐ๋ถ ๋ฆผํ์ข
(Splenic marginal zone lymphom, SMZL)
ํ๊ด ๋ด ํฐ B ์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
(Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma)
์๋ฐ์ฑ ์ผ์ถ ๋ฆผํ์ข
(Primary effusion lymphoma)
๋ฆผํ์ข
์ก์ ์ข
์ฆ(Lymphomatoid granulomatosis)
์๋ฐ ์ค์ถ ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฆผํ์ข
(Primary central nervous system lymphoma)
ALK- ์์ฑ ํฐ B- ์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
(ALK-positive large B-cell lymphoma)
ํ์ง ์์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
(Plasmablastic lymphoma)
HHV8 ๊ด๋ จ ๋ค ์ฌ์ฑ Castleman 's disease์์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ํฐ B ์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
(Large B-cell lymphoma arising in HHV8-associated multicentric Castleman's disease)
B- ์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
, ํ์ฐ ์ฑ ํฐ B- ์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
๊ณผ ๋ฒํท ๋ฆผํ์ข
์ฌ์ด์ ์ค๊ฐ ํน์ง์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅ ํ ์ ์์(B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma)
ํ์ฐ ์ฑ ๋ํ B- ์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ ์ ํธ ์งํจ ๋ฆผํ์ข
์ฌ์ด์ ์ค๊ฐ ํน์ง์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅ ํ ์ ์๋ B- ์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
(B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma)
๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ
๋ํ ์ผ๋ถ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ค์ AIDS ๊ด๋ จ ๋ฆผํ์ข
๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉด์ญ๊ณ ์ฅ์ ๋ก ์ธํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ด๋ ๋ฆผํ์ข
์ ๋ฐ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฌํ๋ค.
๊ณ ์ ์ ์ธ ํธ์งํจ ๋ฆผํ์ข
๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ฆผํ๊ตฌ ์ฐ์ธ ํธ์งํจ ๋ฆผํ์ข
(nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma)์ ์ด์ B-์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
์ ํํ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋๋ค.
๊ด๋ จ ์ผ์์ฒด ์ ์ข
immunoglobulin heavy locus (IGH @)์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ผ์์ฒด ์ ์ข(Chromosomal translocations)๋ ์ฌํฌ์ฑ ๋ฆผํ์ข
, ๋งจํ์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
๋ฐ ๋ฒํท ๋ฆผํ์ข
์ ํฌํจํ ๋ง์ B-์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
์ ๋ํ ์ ํ์ ์ธ ์ธํฌ ์ ์ ์ ์ด์์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ฉด์ญ ๊ธ๋ก๋ถ๋ฆฐ ์ค์ง ์ ์ ์์ข(Ig heavy chain locus)๋ ์ฆ์์ฑ ๋๋ ํญ-์ํฌํ ์์ค ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง๊ณผ ์ตํฉ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง์ ํ์ฑํ๋ค. ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก B ์ธํฌ๊ฐ ๋๋์ ํญ์ฒด ์์ฐ์ ํ๊ฒํ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ํ๋ ๋ฉด์ญ ๊ธ๋ก๋ถ๋ฆฐ ์ค ์ ์ ์์ข์ ์ธํธ์(enhancer) ์์๋ ์ด์ ์ตํฉ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง์ ๋๋ ์ ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ์ตํฉ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง์ ํจ์ ํ๋ B ์ธํฌ์ ๊ณผ๋ํ ์ฆ์ ๋๋ ํญ-์ํฌํ ์์ค ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ๋ค.
๋ฒํท๋ฆผํ์ข
๋ฐ ๋งจํ์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
์์๋, ์ตํฉ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ c-myc (์ผ์์ฒด 8) ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ดํด๋ฆฐ D1 (์ผ์์ฒด 11)์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ์ตํฉ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์ฆ์์ฑ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. ์ฌํฌ์ฑ ๋ฆผํ์ข
์์, ์ตํฉ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง์ด Bcl-2 (์ผ์์ฒด 18)์ด๋ฉด, ์ด๋ ์ตํฉ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ํญ-์ํฌํ ์์ค ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค.
์ฐธ์กฐ
๋ฆฌํํฐ์ ๋ณํ
T ์ธํฌ ๋ฆผํ์ข
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
harvard.edu์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ ๋น๋์ค
๋ฆผํ์ข
ํํ โ ํ์, ๊ฐ์กฑ, ์น๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ณ์ธ์๊ฒ ๋ฌด๋ฃ ์ ๋ณด ๋ฐ ์ง์์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ์๊ตญ์ ์ ๋ฌธ ์์ ๋จ์ฒด
๋ฆผํ์ข
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-cell%20lymphoma | B-cell lymphoma | The B-cell lymphomas are types of lymphoma affecting B cells. Lymphomas are "blood cancers" in the lymph nodes. They develop more frequently in older adults and in immunocompromised individuals.
B-cell lymphomas include both Hodgkin's lymphomas and most non-Hodgkin lymphomas. They are typically divided into low and high grade, typically corresponding to indolent (slow-growing) lymphomas and aggressive lymphomas, respectively. As a generalisation, indolent lymphomas respond to treatment and are kept under control (in remission) with long-term survival of many years, but are not cured. Aggressive lymphomas usually require intensive treatments, with some having a good prospect for a permanent cure.
Prognosis and treatment depends on the specific type of lymphoma as well as the stage and grade. Treatment includes radiation and chemotherapy. Early-stage indolent B-cell lymphomas can often be treated with radiation alone, with long-term non-recurrence. Early-stage aggressive disease is treated with chemotherapy and often radiation, with a 70โ90% cure rate. Late-stage indolent lymphomas are sometimes left untreated and monitored until they progress. Late-stage aggressive disease is treated with chemotherapy, with cure rates of over 70%.
Types
There are numerous kinds of lymphomas involving B cells. The most commonly used classification system is the WHO classification, a convergence of more than one, older classification systems.
Common
Five account for nearly three out of four patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma:
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)
Follicular lymphoma
Marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MZL) or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue lymphoma (MALT)
Small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL, also known as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, CLL)
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL)
Rare
The remaining forms are much less common:
DLBCL variants or sub-types of
Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B cell lymphoma
T cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma
Primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type (Primary cutaneous DLBCL, leg type)
EBV positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the elderly
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma associated with chronic inflammation
Fibrin-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Primary testicular diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Burkitt's lymphoma
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, which may manifest as Waldenstrรถm's macroglobulinemia
Nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma (NMZL)
Splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL)
Intravascular lymphomas variants
Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma
Intravascular NK-cell lymphoma
Intravascular T-cell lymphoma
Primary effusion lymphoma
Lymphomatoid granulomatosis
Primary central nervous system lymphoma
ALK+ large B-cell lymphoma
Plasmablastic lymphoma
Large B-cell lymphoma arising in HHV8-associated multicentric Castleman's disease
B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma
B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma
Other
Additionally, some researchers separate out lymphomas that appear to result from other immune system disorders, such as AIDS-related lymphoma.
Classic Hodgkin's lymphoma and nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma are now considered forms of B-cell lymphoma.
Diagnosis
When a person appears to have a B-cell lymphoma, the main components of a workup (for determining the appropriate therapy and the person's prognosis) are:
Establishing the precise subtype: Initially, an incisional or excisional biopsy is preferred. A core needle biopsy is discouraged except in case a lymph node is not easily accessible. Fine-needle aspiration is only acceptable in selected circumstances, in combination with immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry.
Determining the extent of the disease (localized or advanced; nodal or extranodal)
The person's general health status.
Associated chromosomal translocations
Chromosomal translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy locus is a classic cytogenetic abnormality for many B-cell lymphomas, including follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma and Burkitt's lymphoma. In these cases, the immunoglobulin heavy locus forms a fusion protein with another protein that has pro-proliferative or anti-apoptotic abilities. The enhancer element of the immunoglobulin heavy locus, which normally functions to make B cells produce massive production of antibodies, now induces massive transcription of the fusion protein, resulting in excessive pro-proliferative or anti-apoptotic effects on the B cells containing the fusion protein.
In Burkitt's lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma, the other protein in the fusion is c-myc (on chromosome 8) and cyclin D1 (on chromosome 11), respectively, which gives the fusion protein pro-proliferative ability. In follicular lymphoma, the fused protein is
Bcl-2 (on chromosome 18), which gives the fusion protein anti-apoptotic abilities.
See also
Richter's transformation
T-cell lymphoma
References
External links
Lymphoma |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%9C%20%EC%BB%A4%EB%B9%84 | ํ๋ ์ปค๋น | ํ๋์ธ์ค์นด ์ปค๋น(, 1993๋
1์ 29์ผ ~ )๋ ํ๋ ์ปค๋น()๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ ์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๋ก ํ์ฌ ์ฒผ์ FC ์๋ฏผ์์ ๋ฏธ๋ํ๋๋ก ํ๋ํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ 2022๋
๊น์ง ์ง์์ฐ(ํ ์์ FC ์๋ฏผ)๊ณผ ํ์ฅ๋ฐฅ์ ๋จน๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
ํด๋ฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
ํ๋ ์ปค๋น๋ 7์ธ ์์ ์ ์์ ์ ๊ณ ํฅ์ ์ฐ๊ณ ๋ก ํ๋ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํด๋ฝ์ธ ๋ ๋ฉ ์ ์ค ํ์ ์
๋จํ๋ค. 16์ธ ์์ ์ ๋ ๋ฉ 1๊ตฐ ํ์์ ๋ฐ๋ทํ์ง๋ง ๋ค์ ํด์ ์ด๋จธ๋์ ์ฃฝ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ์ฐ์ธ์ฆ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ถ๊ตฌ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ ๋๊ฒ ๋๋ค. 2012๋
์ ๋ ๋ฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ณต๊ทํ ํ๋ ์ปค๋น๋ 2012-13 FA ์ฌ์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์๋ ๋๋น์ ์์ฆ์์ 21๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 32๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋์ ์์ ์ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
๋ ๋ฉ์ 2014๋
์ ์๋ก ์ถ๋ฒํ FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2(WSL2)๋ก ์น๊ฒฉ๋์๋ค. ํ๋ ์ปค๋น๋ 2014 FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 ์์ฆ์์ 16๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 24๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋์ ์์ ์ฌ๋๊ณ ๋ ๋ฉ์ด 3์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ํ๋ ์ปค๋น๋ ๋ ๋ฉ์์๋ ์ต์ด๋ก ํ๋ก ์ ์ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ฐ ๋์๊ณ 2014๋
์๊ธ๋๋ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํํ ์ฌ์ฑ์์์๋ WSL2 ์ฌํด์ ์ ์๋ก ์ ์ ๋๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์์๋ค. ํ๋ ์ปค๋น๋ 2015 FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 ์์ฆ์์ 5๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 11๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋๋ฐ ๋ ๋ฉ์ 2015 FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 ์์ฆ์์ ์ฐ์น์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ฉด์ FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1(FA WSL1)๋ก ์น๊ฒฉ๋์๋ค.
ํ๋ ์ปค๋น๋ 2015๋
7์์ 2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์ด ๋๋ ์ดํ์ ์ฒผ์๋ก ์ด์ ํ๋ค. ์ฒผ์๋ 2015๋
8์์ ์๊ธ๋๋ ๋ฐ๋์ ์์นํ ์ธ๋ธ๋ฆฌ ์คํ๋์์์ ์ต์ด๋ก ์ด๋ฆฐ 2015๋
FA ์ฌ์์ปต ๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋
ธ์ธ ์นด์ดํฐ๋ฅผ 1-0์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฅด๊ณ ์ฐ์น์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ปค๋น๋ ์ฒผ์๋ก ์ด์ ํ ์ง ์ผ๋ง ์ง๋์ง ์์ ์ํ์ฌ์ ์ถ์ ์๊ฒฉ์ด ์์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ด์ค์ผ๋ก์ ์ฒผ์์ ์ฌ์ ์ฒซ ๋ฉ์ด์ ๋ํ ์ฐ์น์ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ฒผ์๋ 2015๋
10์์ ์ฌ์ ์ฒซ FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 ์ฐ์น์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค. ์ปค๋น๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฌ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๊ธ๋์ค๊ณ ์ํฐ์์ UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ฒผ์์ UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฌ์ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
ํ๋ ์ปค๋น๋ 2016๋
4์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ์์ 2015-16 FA ์ฌ์์ปต ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ์ฐ์ฅ์ ์์ ๋์จ ๊ฒฐ์น๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ์ฒผ์์ 2-1 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ฒผ์๋ 2016๋
5์์ ์ธ๋ธ๋ฆฌ ์คํ๋์์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์์ค๋๊ณผ์ 2016๋
FA ์ฌ์์ปต ๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 0-1๋ก ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ฉด์ ์ค์ฐ์น์ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. 2016 FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 ์์ฆ์์๋ 7๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 5๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ์ฒผ์์ ์ค์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. 2018๋
4์ 22์ผ์๋ ์๊ธ๋๋ ํ๋ก ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ํํ(PFA)๊ฐ ์ ์ ํ ์ฌํด์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์์, ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ์ ํํ(FWA)๊ฐ ์ ์ ํ ์ฌํด์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์์์ ์์ํ๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
ํ๋ ์ปค๋น๋ 2013๋
๋ถํฐ 2014๋
๊น์ง ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ฌ์ U-23 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์๋ก ํ๋ํ๋ค. 2014๋
6์์๋ FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 ์์ ์ ์๋ก๋ ์ต์ด๋ก ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋ช
๋จ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋๋ฐ ๋น์ ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋ฃจ์ค, ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋์์ 2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ ๋ฝ ์ง์ญ ์์ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์๋๊ณ ์์๋ค. ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋ฃจ์ค์์ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ ๊ต์ฒด ๋ช
๋จ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ์ง๋ง ์ถ์ ํ์ง๋ ์์๋ค. ํ๋ ์ปค๋น๋ 2014๋
8์ 3์ผ์ ์๊ธ๋๋ ํํํ์ ์์นํ ๋น
ํ ๋ฆฌ์ ํํฌ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ค์จ๋ด๊ณผ์ ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ฒ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์๋ก ๋ฐ๋ทํ๋ค. ์๊ธ๋๋๋ ์ปค๋น๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๋กํ 2๋ฒ์งธ ๊ณจ์ ํ์
์ด ์ค์จ๋ด์ 4-0 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋๋ฐ ์ด ๊ณจ์ ์ปค๋น์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
ํ๋ ์ปค๋น๋ 2015๋
5์์ ๋งํฌ ์ํ์จ ๊ฐ๋
์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์บ๋๋ค์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋ช
๋จ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ค. ์ปค๋น๋ ๋ฉ์์ฝ์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์๊ธ๋๋์ 1๋ฒ์งธ ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ์๊ธ๋๋์ 2-1 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ํนํ ์ํ์จ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ปค๋น๋ฅผ "์์ ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ฌ ๋ฉ์"๋ผ๊ณ ๋์ด ํ๊ฐํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ์ปค๋น๋ ํ๋์ค์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ฝ๋กฌ๋น์์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด์์ 16๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์๋ ์ถ์ ํ์ง๋ง ์บ๋๋ค์์ 8๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๋
์ผ๊ณผ์ 3ยท4์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์๋ ์ถ์ ํ์ง ์์๋ค. ์๊ธ๋๋๋ ํด๋น ๋ํ์์ 3์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋๋ฐ ์ปค๋น๋ "ํ์์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ์ด์ ๊ธํ๊ฒ ์์ง ๋ชปํ ๊ฒฝํ"์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ ธ๋ค.
ํ๋ ์ปค๋น๋ 2015๋
9์ 21์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์์คํ ๋์์์ UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2017 ์์ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ๋ณต๊ทํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ํด๋น ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 2๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ์๊ธ๋๋์ 8-0 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ปค๋น๋ 2016๋
5์๋ถํฐ 2017๋
5์๊น์ง 12๊ฐ์ ๋์ ๋ฌด๋ฆ๊ณผ ๋ฐ๋ชฉ ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ํ๋์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๋์์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
ํ๋ ์ปค๋น๋ ๋ค๋๋๋์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2017์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋ช
๋จ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์ ๋ํํ์ ๋ณต๊ทํ๋ค. ์ค์ฝํ๋๋์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ ์กฐ๋ ํ
์ผ๋ฌ์๊ฒ ์๋ฆฌํ ํจ์ค๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ ค์ฃผ๋ฉด์ ์๊ธ๋๋์ 1๋ฒ์งธ ๊ณจ์ ์ด์์คํธํ๊ณ ์๊ธ๋๋๋ ์ค์ฝํ๋๋์ 6-0 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์๊ธ๋๋๋ ์คํ์ธ๊ณผ์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํ๋ ์ปค๋น๊ฐ 1๊ณจ, ์กฐ๋ ํ
์ผ๋ฌ๊ฐ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ฌ ์คํ์ธ์ 2-0 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ 8๊ฐ์ ์ ์ง์ถํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์๊ธ๋๋๋ ๋ค๋๋๋์์ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ์์ 0-3์ผ๋ก ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ฝํ๋๋ฐ ์ปค๋น๋ "์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฐจ๋ก์ ๊ธฐํ๊ฐ ์์๊ณ ๋ช ์ฐจ๋ก์ ํ๋ํฐํฅ์ ํ๋ํ ์ ์์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ค๋งํ๋ค."๋ฉฐ ์ ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ช
ํ๋ค.
ํ๋ ์ปค๋น๋ 2018๋
10์ 6์ผ์ ์๊ธ๋๋ ๋
ธํ
์์ ์์นํ ๋ฉ๋ ๋ ์ธ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋ธ๋ผ์ง๊ณผ์ ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๊ฒฐ์น๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ์๊ธ๋๋์ 1-0 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ์๊ธ๋๋์ ํ ๋ค๋น ๊ฐ๋
์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋๋ ์ดํ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ์์ "๋๋ ํ๋ ์ปค๋น๊ฐ ๋ธ๋ผ์ง์ 10๋ฒ ์ ์๋ณด๋ค ๋ ์ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค."๋ผ๋ฉด์ ์ปค๋น๊ฐ 6์ฐจ๋ก์ ๊ฑธ์ณ FIFA ์ฌํด์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์์์ ์์ํ๋ ๋ธ๋ผ์ง์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์์ธ ๋ง๋ฅดํ๋ณด๋ค ์ฐ์์ ์์์ ์จ๊น์์ด ์ ์ธํ๋ค.
์์
ํด๋ฝ
์ฒผ์
FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 3ํ ์ฐ์น (2015, 2017 ์คํ๋ง ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ, 2017-18)
FA ์ฌ์์ปต 2ํ ์ฐ์น (2014-15, 2017-18)
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต 3์
2019๋
์๋น๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ค์ปต ์ฐ์น
๊ฐ์ธ
2017-18 ์์ฆ ์๊ธ๋๋ ํ๋ก ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ํํ(PFA) ์ฌํด์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ์์
2017-18 ์์ฆ ์๊ธ๋๋ ํ๋ก ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ํํ(PFA) WSL 1 ์ฌํด์ ํ ์ ์
2017-18 ์์ฆ ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ์ ํํ(FWA) ์ฌํด์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ์์
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
ํ๋ ์ปค๋น ํ๋กํ - ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํํ
ํ๋ ์ปค๋น ํ๋กํ - ์ฒผ์ FC ์๋ฏผ
1993๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์๊ธ๋๋ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์
2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2017 ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
์ ๋๋ฒ์์๋ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
์๊ตญ์ ์ ๋๋ฒ์์๋ ๊ธ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
2020๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ฑ์์์ ์คํฌ์ธ ์ ์
20์ธ๊ธฐ ์ฑ์์์ ์ฌ๋
21์ธ๊ธฐ ์ฑ์์์ ์ฌ๋
FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2022 ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
์ฒผ์ FC ์๋ฏผ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
2013๋
ํ๊ณ ์ ๋๋ฒ์์๋ ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%20Kirby | Fran Kirby | Francesca Kirby (born 29 June 1993) is an English professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Chelsea and the England national team. She began her career with hometown club Reading before moving to Chelsea in July 2015. In August 2014, Kirby won her first senior cap for England. She represented her country at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup in Canada, the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup in France and the UEFA Women's Euro 2017 in the Netherlands.
In April 2018, Kirby was awarded the PFA Women's Players' Player of the Year and the Football Writers' Women's Footballer of the Year. She was named to the shortlist for the Ballon d'Or in 2021, ranking 10th. She was also named to the Top 10 of The Guardian The 100 Best Female Footballers In The World in 2021, ranking 7th.
As of December 2020, she is Chelsea's all-time top scorer.
Early life
Born and raised in Reading with her brother Jamie and parents Denise and Steve, Kirby began playing football as a young girl after watching her brother play. She would play any chance she got: at school, in the street, in the front garden. At a young age, her mother, Denise, wrote in a birthday card that Fran would play in a World Cup one day: she was her biggest supporter.
Kirby attended Caversham Park Primary School and Chiltern Edge, Sonning Common where she played against boys. As part of the "Where Greatness Is Made" campaign, a plaque honouring Kirby was installed at local club Caversham Trents. At age 7, she joined Reading's academy and made her senior debut at 16.
Club career
Reading, 2012โ15
Kirby joined her hometown club Reading at the age of seven and worked her way through the youth teams. She made her debut for the first team at the age of sixteen but quit football the following year after an onset of depression, brought about by the death of her mother. Kirby returned to the club in 2012 and went on to become the FA Women's Premier League Southern Division's top scorer for the 2012โ13 season, with 32 goals in 21 appearances.
With Reading promoted to the newly formed Women's Super League 2 for 2014, Kirby helped the team achieve third place with 24 goals in sixteen appearances. She ended the season as the league's top goalscorer; netting four against London Bees, as well as hat-tricks against Durham, Watford and Doncaster Rovers Belles. Shortly after, she became the first female player to receive a professional contract from the club. At the 2014 FA Women's Awards, Kirby was named the inaugural WSL2 Players' Player of the Year.
Kirby continued her goalscoring form into the 2015 WSL2 season, taking 11 goals in five league appearances for Reading, including all four goals in a 4โ2 away win against Yeovil Town and five goals in a 7โ0 win against London Bees. Following the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, Reading accepted an undisclosed transfer fee from Chelsea and she completed a move in July 2015. It was reported that the fee of between ยฃ40,000 and ยฃ60,000 constituted a British record, although Chelsea denied this was the case and Kirby was not aware of the figure.
Chelsea, 2015 โ present
At the 2015 FA Women's Cup Final, staged at Wembley Stadium for the first time, Kirby was a cup-tied spectator for Chelsea's 1โ0 win over Notts County. It was Chelsea's first major trophy. In October 2015, she scored twice in Chelsea's 4โ0 win over Sunderland which secured the club's first FA WSL title; a league and cup double. The same month, Kirby scored Chelsea's first ever UEFA Women's Champions League goal in a 1โ0 win over Glasgow City.
Kirby's form extended into the 2016 FA WSL season. In April, she secured Chelsea's return to Wembley Stadium by scoring a late, extra-time winner against Manchester City in the FA Women's Cup semi-final. Four days later, she scored both goals in Chelsea's 2โ0 WSL win at Arsenal.
On 22 April 2018, Kirby was awarded the PFA Women's Players' Player of the Year and the Football Writers' Women's Footballer of the Year for the 2017โ18 season.
In February 2020, Chelsea announced that Kirby was diagnosed with pericarditis, which had ruled her out of the team since November 2019. She overcame her infection, despite being told by cardiologists that she may never play again, and played 70 minutes in Chelsea's FA Community Shield win against Manchester City on 29 August 2020. On 9 December 2020, Kirby's 2 goals in a 5โ0 win against Benfica in the UEFA Women's Champions League, saw her overtake Eniola Aluko as Chelsea's all-time goal scorer, with her 69th and 70th goals for the club, five years after signing.
During a match against her former club, Reading on 10 January 2021, Kirby scored four goals lifting Chelsea to a 5โ0 win. In the 2021 FA Women's League Cup final match against Bristol City W.F.C., Kirby scored two goals and created four assists as defending champions Chelsea won 6โ0 at Vicarage Road.
Kirby was singled out by observers as the top performer for Chelsea during their double-winning 2020โ21 campaign. She later won FWA's 2021 Women's Footballer of the Year award. On 5 December, Kirby scored the opening goal in the delayed 2020โ21 FA Cup final against Arsenal, helping her team lift the trophy and secure the domestic quadruple of the 2020โ21 season, the first English women's club to achieve the feat.
International career
Early in her career, Kirby was a member of the England under-23 squad. She became the first WSL 2 player to be called up to the senior squad, in June 2014 for the World Cup qualifiers against Belarus and Ukraine. She was named on the substitutes' bench against Belarus but did not make an appearance. She made her senior international debut against Sweden in August 2014, getting the second goal in a 4โ0 friendly win at Victoria Park, Hartlepool.
In May 2015, England manager Mark Sampson named Kirby in his final squad for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, hosted in Canada. She scored in England's 2โ1 win over Mexico and was hailed "mini Messi" by Sampson. Although Kirby was disappointed to be ruled out by injury from the quarter-finals onwards, England's eventual third-place finish left her with a positive overall impression of the tournament: "a fantastic experience and one I won't forget in a hurry."
Sampson kept Kirby in the national team for the UEFA Women's Euro 2017 qualifying campaign. In Estonia on 21 September 2015 she scored twice in England's 8โ0 win. After "12 months of hell" caused by knee and ankle injuries, Kirby returned to England's line-up for UEFA Women's Euro 2017 in the Netherlands. In England's opening fixture against rivals Scotland, second striker Kirby's clever dummy sent Jodie Taylor through to score England's opening goal in a 6โ0 rout. In the next match Kirby and Taylor scored in a 2โ0 win over Spain, which secured England's place in the quarter-final. When England were thrashed 3โ0 by the hosts in the semi-final, Kirby was rueful: "We had chances and could have had a few penalties. We are bitterly disappointed".
On 6 October 2018, Kirby scored in England's 1โ0 friendly win over Brazil at Meadow Lane. In post-match interviews England coach Phil Neville breathlessly proclaimed Kirby's superiority to six-time World Player of the Year Marta: "I'd take my No 10 over Brazil's No 10, that's for sure".
In June 2022 Kirby was included in the England squad which won the UEFA Women's Euro 2022.
Kirby was allotted 186 when the FA announced their legacy numbers scheme to honour the 50th anniversary of Englandโs inaugural international.
In 2023, Kirby confirmed that she would miss the upcoming FIFA Women's World Cup 2023 due to requiring surgery for an ongoing knee problem.
Great Britain
Kirby was hailed as a "stand out player" in Great Britain's gold medal-winning team at the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan, Russia. She went on to represent Great Britain at the delayed 2020 Tokyo Olympics.
Personal life
While growing up, Kirby was very close to her mother Denise. When Kirby was 14, Denise died suddenly from a brain haemorrhage. Two years later, Kirby experienced a deep depression, and stated that she "just could not comprehend what had happened. And it stayed like that for many years." Away with England U17, Kirby broke down because she "missed [her] mum". She returned home and dropped out of football. She later reflected that "I'd have days where I wouldn't get out of bed. Or I wouldn't go to college. I could get as far as the bus stop, then I'd just break down crying." One day, one of her friends invited her to play with her amateur team, where she found her love for football again.
In October 2019, Kirby received the honorary degree of Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) from the University of Winchester for her "achievements both on and off the field, in particular her work supporting mental health and wellbeing."
In February 2020, Chelsea revealed Kirby had successfully recovered from pericarditis, a potentially career-ending illness. Kirby had fallen ill in November 2019 and came close to retiring from the game as a result.
In April 2020, Kirby was named in Diva magazine's '"Visible Lesbian 100" list during Lesbian Visibility Week.
In April 2022, Kirby stated on Twitter that she had continued to deal with to an "on-going issue" throughout her career and wanted to "put [her] health first". Emma Hayes, the manager of Chelsea Women, clarified during a press conference that Kirby had been "suffering a lot with fatigue", yet the cause was unknown.
Career statistics
Club
International
Scores and results list England's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Kirby goal.
Honours
Chelsea
FA Women's Super League: 2015, Spring Series, 2017โ18, 2019โ20, 2020โ21, 2021โ22
FA Women's Cup: 2014โ15, 2017โ18, 2020โ21, 2021โ22
FA Women's League Cup: 2019โ20, 2020โ21
FA Women's Community Shield: 2020
UEFA Women's Champion's League runners-up: 2020โ21
England
FIFA Women's World Cup: third place 2015
UEFA Women's Championship: 2022
Individual
PFA Women's Players' Player of the Year: 2017โ18, 2020โ21
PFA WSL 1 Team of the Year: 2017โ18, 2020โ21
FWA Women's Footballer of the Year: 2017โ18, 2020โ21
FA Women's Super League Player of the Month: January 2021, September 2021
London Football Awards Women's Super League Player of the Year: 2020โ21
FA Women's Super League Player of the Year: 2020โ21
Chelsea Women's Player of the Year: 2017โ18, 2020โ2021
Freedom of the City of London (announced 1 August 2022)
Records
All-time leading scorer for Chelsea Women: 101
See also
List of UEFA Women's Championship goalscorers
List of England women's international footballers
List of FA WSL hat-tricks
List of Nike sponsorships
List of people from Reading, Berkshire
References
Further reading
Aluko, Eniola (2019), They Don't Teach This, Random House,
Brown, Charlotte (2019), Kirby, John Blake
Caudwell, Jayne (2013), Women's Football in the UK: Continuing with Gender Analyses, Taylor & Francis,
Clarke, Gemma (2019), Soccerwomen: The Icons, Rebels, Stars, and Trailblazers Who Transformed the Beautiful Game,
Dunn, Carrie (2019), Pride of the Lionesses: The Changing Face of Women's Football in England, Pitch Publishing (Brighton) Limited,
Dunn, Carrie (2016), The Roar of the Lionesses: Women's Football in England, Pitch Publishing Limited,
Grainey, Timothy (2012), Beyond Bend It Like Beckham: The Global Phenomenon of Women's Soccer, University of Nebraska Press,
Smith, Kelly (2012), Footballer: My Story, Transworld,
Stay, Shane (2019), The Women's World Cup 2019 Book: Everything You Need to Know About the Soccer World Cup, Books on Demand,
Theivam, Keiran and Jeff Kassouf (2019), The Making of the Women's World Cup: Defining Stories from a Sport's Coming of Age, Little,
External links
Football Association player profile
Chelsea FC player profile
1993 births
Living people
Women's association football forwards
English women's footballers
England women's under-23 international footballers
England women's international footballers
Chelsea F.C. Women players
Women's Super League players
Footballers from Reading, Berkshire
Reading F.C. Women players
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players
2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players
Footballers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Great Britain
Universiade medalists in football
Medalists at the 2013 Summer Universiade
Lesbian sportswomen
LGBT association football players
English LGBT sportspeople
Olympic footballers for Great Britain
Footballers from Berkshire
UEFA Women's Euro 2022 players
UEFA Women's Championship-winning players
UEFA Women's Euro 2017 players |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EB%B9%88%20%EB%B0%A9%EB%AC%B8 | ๊ตญ๋น ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ | ๊ตญ๋น ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ(ๅ่ณ่จชๅ, State visit)์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์๊ฐ ์ธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์์ ์ด์ฒญ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ ๊ณต์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ๋ ์ผ์ ์ผ์ปซ๋๋ค. ๊ตญ๋น ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ์ฃผ๊ถ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ด์์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ ์ฐํธ์ ์ธ ์์์ฃผ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์ ๋จ๊ณ์ ํํ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ณดํต ๊ณต์ ๊ณต๊ณต์๋ก๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํน์ง์ด๋ค. ์์๋ด๊ฐ์ ๋๋ผ์์๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์๊ฐ ์ธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์๋ฅผ ์ด์ฒญํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ด์ฒญ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ผ์ง ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ ์ ๋ถ์๋ฐ์ ์กฐ์ธ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ณต์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์๋ฅผ ์ด์ฒญํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ด์ฒญ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ธ๋ค.
๊ตญ๋น ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๋ณด๋ค ํ์ ํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ ๋ฎ์ ๋จ๊ณ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ ๊ท๋ชจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ณต์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ, ๊ณต์ ์ค๋ฌด ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ, ์ค๋ฌด ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ, ์ฌ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ผ๋ก ๋๋๋ค.
๊ตญ๋น ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ(State visit)
๊ณต์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ(Official Visit)
๊ณต์ ์ค๋ฌด ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ(Official working visit)
์ค๋ฌด ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ(Working Visit)
Guest-of-government visit
์ฌ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ(Private Visit)
์๊ตญ์ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ ์๋ฆฌ์๋ฒ ์ค 2์ธ๋ ์ธ๊ณ์์ ํด์ธ ์๋ฐฉ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ด ํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์์ธ๋ฐ, ์ฌ์ 60์ฃผ๋
์ด์๋ 2012๋
๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก 261๋ฒ์ ๊ณต์ ์๋ฐฉ์ ์ค์ํ๊ณ 116๊ฐ์ ๋๋ผ์์ 96๋ฒ์ ๊ตญ๋น ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ ์ค์ํ๋ค. ์๋ฆฌ์๋ฒ ์ค 2์ธ๋ ์๊ตญ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ์๊ตญ์ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ ๋ณดํต ์๊ตญ์ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ ์ ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ๊ตญ๋น ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ ์ค์ํ๋ฉฐ, ์๊ตญ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ์๊ตญ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๊ตญ์์๋ ์ธ๊ตญ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์๊ฐ ๊ตญ๋น์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ์ ๋ ์ด๋
์ด ์๊ตญ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ์๊ตญ์ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋์ ํด ๋ง์ดํ๋ค.
๊ตฌ์ฑ
๊ตญ๋น ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์๋ ๊ฐ ๋๋ผ๋ง๋ค ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ์ ํต ์ธ์ ๋ณดํต ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ํ์ฌ๋ค์ ํฌํจํ๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ์์ ๋๋ ๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฅ์์์ ๋ง๋๊ธฐ๋ก ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต์ ์ฌ์ ๊ณผ ์ ์์ฅ์ ์ ์๋ฐ์ ๋์ฌ๋ ์ธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ ๋์ฐฉ์ ๋ง์ดํ๋ค.
๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ป์์ 21๋ฐ์ ์ํฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ค.
๊ตฐ์
๋๊ฐ ๋ ๋๋ผ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐ์ฃผํ๋๋ฐ, ๋ณดํต ์ด์ฒญ๋ฐ์ ๋๋ผ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ ์ฐ์ฃผํ๋ค.
์์ฅ๋๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ดํ๋ค.
๋ ๋๋ผ์ ๊ณ ์ ๊ด๋ฃ๋ค๊ณผ ์ํ์๋ค์ ์๊ฐํ๋ค.
๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์ ๋ฌผ์ ๊ตํํ๋ค.
์ฐ๋ฏธ๋ณต ๋๋ ํฑ์๋๋ฅผ ์
๊ณ ๊ตญ๋น ๋ง์ฐฌ์ ์ฐธ์ํ๋ค.
์ด์ฒญํ ๋๋ผ์ ์
๋ฒ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ๋ ๊ตญํ์์๋ค์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ๊ณต์ ์ฐ์ค์ ํ๋ค.
๋ฌ์ง์ ํํ๋ฅผ ํ๋ ๋ฑ ์ด์ฒญํ ๋๋ผ์ ๋ช
์๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ๋ค.
๋ ๋๋ผ ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋
ํ๋ ๋ฌธํ ํ์ฌ์ ์ฐธ์ํ๋ค.
์ธ๊ตญ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์๋ ๋ณดํต ์ธ๋ฌด๋ถ ์ฅ๊ด ๋ฑ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ ์ ๊ด๋ฃ๋ค์ ๋๋ํ๋ค. ๋ํ ์ฌ์
๊ฐ ๋ฑ์ด ํจ๊ป ํด ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ฌธํ, ์ฌํ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์์ ํ๋ ฅํ๊ณ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๊ตญ๋น ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ด ๋๋ ๋์ ์ธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์๋ ์ํธ์ฃผ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ด์ฒญํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์์๊ฒ ๋ต๋ฐฉ์ ์ด์ฒญํ๋ค.
๊ตญ๋น ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ ๋๋ ๋น์ฉ์ ๋ณดํต ์ด์ฒญํ ๋๋ผ์์ ๋ถ๋ดํ๋ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์๋ ์ด์ฒญํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์์ ๊ด์ ์ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์์ฝํ ์์, ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ ๋๋ผ์ ์๊ตญ ๋์ฌ๊ด ๋ฑ์ ๋จธ๋ฌธ๋ค.
์ํฌ 21๋ฐ
๋ณธ๋ ์ํฌ๋ ์ธ์์์ ์ด๊ธด ์ชฝ์ด ํจํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋ฌด์ฅํด์ ์ ํ์๋ก ํฌ๋ ํํ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฐ์ฌํ๊ฒ ํ 17์ธ๊ธฐ ์๊ตญ์ ํด์๊ด์ต์์ ์ ๋ํ๋ค. ์๊ตญ์ ์ฒ์์๋ ํจ์ ์ ์ ์ฌํ๋ ํ์ค์ ์ธ ํฌ์ ์๊ฐ 7๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ ์ ์ฐฉ์ํด 7๋ฐ์ ํฌ๋ฅผ ํด๊ตฐ์ํฌ๋ก ์๊ฒ ํ๋ค. ๋น์ ํ์ฝ์ ์ง์ฐ๋ํธ๋ฅจ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ค์ด์ ธ ํด์์์๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ก์์์ ๋ณด๊ดํ๊ธฐ ์ฌ์ ํด์์์ 1๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ฌํ ๋, ์ก์์์ 3๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ฌํ ์ ์์๋ค. ํด์์์ 7๋ฐ์ ์ ๋ ์ก์์์๋ 21๋ฐ์ ์ ์ ์์ด, ์ด๊ฒ์ด 21๋ฐ์ ์ ๋๊ฐ ๋๋ค. ํ์ ํด๊ตฐ๋ ฅ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ก ํด๊ตฐ ์ญ์ 21๋ฐ๋ก ๋๋ ธ๋ค.
์ํฌ๋ ์ต๊ณ 21๋ฐ๋ถํฐ ํ์๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ์ต์ 11๋ฐ๊น์ง ๋ฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ํต๋ น์ด๋ ๊ตญ์, ์ฌ์ ๋ฑ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์์์ ๋ํด์๋ 21๋ฐ, ๋ถํต๋ น์ด๋ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ทธ๋ณด๋ค 2๋ฐ ์ ์ 19๋ฐ์ ์๋ค. ๋์์ ์ง์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ 2๋ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ํ์๋ก ์๋ฉฐ 11๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๋ง์ ์๋ค. ์ผ๊ฐ์๋ ๋ฐ์ฌํ์ง ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๊ด๋ก๋ค.
์๊ตญ ์์ค์ ํ๊ตญ ๋ฑ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ 21๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ฌํ์ง๋ง ๊ตญ๋น๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ์์ธ์ ์ผ๋ก 41๋ฐ์, ์ฌ์์ ์์ผ์๋ 61๋ฐ์ ์ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ฌํ๋ค. 2004๋
๋
ธ๋ฌดํ ๋ํต๋ น์ด 2๋ฐ 3์ผ ์ผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋น ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ ํ๋๋ฐ, ๋
ธ๋ฌดํ ๋ํต๋ น ๋ด์ธ์ ์๋ฆฌ์๋ฒ ์ค ์ฌ์ ๋ด์ธ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ด๋์ ์์ ์๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ฐ์ฃผ๋๋ฉด์ 41๋ฐ์ ์ํฌ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ฌ๋๋ค.
์ํฌ์ ๋ฐ์ฌ ํ์๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ 21๋ฐ, ์ด๋ฆฌ, ๊ตญํ์์ฅ, ๋๋ฒ์์ฅ 19๋ฐ, ์ฅ๊ด, ๋์ฅ 17๋ฐ, ์ค์ฅ 15๋ฐ, ์์ฅ 13๋ฐ, ์ค์ฅ 11๋ฐ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ๊ท์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ธ๋น๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์์๋ 21๋ฐ, ์ธ๊ตญ๋ถํต๋ น, ์ผ๋ถ์์ธ์ ํด๋น ํ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฃ, ํน๋ช
์ ๊ถ๋์ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ์ฅ๊ด 19๋ฐ, ์ฐธ๋ชจ์ด์ฅ ๋ฐ ์ค์ฅ 17๋ฐ, ํน๋ช
์ ๊ถ๊ณต์ฌ ๋ฐ ์์ฅ 15๋ฐ, ์ค์ฅ 13๋ฐ, ๋๋ฆฌ๋์ฌ ๋ฐ ์ด์์ฌ 11๋ฐ๋ก ๊ท์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ณ ๊ตญ๋น ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์์ ๊ตญ๋น ํ์ ํ์ฌ๋ ๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์๊ฐ ์ธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋๋๊ณ ์ ํต ์์ฅ๋๋ฅผ ํต๊ณผํ ๋ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ฐ์ฃผ, ์์ฅ๋ ์ฌ์ด, ํ์ ์ธ์ฌ, ๊ณต์ ์ํ์๊ณผ์ ์ธ์ฌ ๊ตํ์ ์์๋ก ์งํ๋๋ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์๊ฐ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ์์ธํ์ถฉ์์ ์ฐพ์ ํํ๋ฅผ ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ตญํ์์ ๊ตญํ์์๋ค์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์ค์ ํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
๋ฏธ๊ตญ
์์ฑํด D.C.๋ก์ ๊ตญ๋น ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ํต๋ น์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์์ด์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ ๋ถ ์๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ์์ ๋์ ์ด์ฒญ์ด ์์ ๋์๋ง ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ค. 1874๋
์ ํ์์ด ์๊ตญ์ ์์ด์๋ ์นผ๋ผ์นด์ฐ์๊ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ต์ด๋ก ๊ตญ๋น ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, 1876๋
์๋ ๋ธ๋ผ์ง ์ ๊ตญ์ ํ๋๋ฃจ 2์ธ๊ฐ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ตญ๋น ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ๋ค.
๋ฐฑ์
๊ด์ด ๊ตญ๋น ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ฒญํ ์ธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์์๊ฒ ๋์ ํ๋ ๋ง์ฐฌ์ ๋จ๊ฐ๋ ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค๋ฅธ๋ฐ, 2009๋
9์์ ์ธ๋์ ์ด๋ฆฌ ๋ง๋ชจํ ์ฑ์ด ๊ตญ๋น์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ์ ๋์๋ 6์ต 8์ฒ 2๋ฐฑ๋ง ์์ด ๋ค์ด ํ ๋ช
๋น 2๋ฐฑ๋ง ์์ด์๊ณ , 2011๋
10์์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๋ํต๋ น ์ด๋ช
๋ฐ์ด ๊ตญ๋น์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ์ ๋์๋ ๋ง์ฐฌ ๋น์ฉ์ผ๋ก 2์ต 4์ฒ 2๋ฐฑ๋ง ์์ด ๋ค์ด ํ ๋ช
๋น 120๋ง ์์ด์๋ค.
์๊ตญ
์๊ตญ์ผ๋ก์ ๊ตญ๋น ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ ์๊ตญ์ ์๊ฐ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์๋ค์ด ์ฐธ์ํ๋ ์์ค ํ์ฌ๋ค. ํ์ ํ์ฌ๋ ๋ณดํต ํธ์ค ๊ฐ์ฆ ํผ๋ ์ด๋์์ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒํน์๊ถ์ด๋ ์์ ์ฑ์์ ์ด๋ฆด ๋๋ ์๋ค. ๊ทผ์๋๋ ํญ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ ๊ตญ๋น์ ์ธ์ด๋ก ์ค๋น ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์๋ฆฐ ๋ค ํ์ง์ ์์ํ๊ณ ์ฌ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋๋ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์์ ์๊ตญ์ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋ ์์ค๊ธฐ๋ณ๋์ ํธ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ง์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ๋ฒํน์๊ถ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ํ๋ค. ํ์ ํ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ ๋์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ํํฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ํ์์๋ 21๋ฐ์ ์ํฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ค. ๋ฒํน์๊ถ์ ๋ฌด๋ํ์ฅ์์ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ ์ ๋
๊ตญ๋น ๋ง์ฐฌ์๋ ์ฝ 150๋ช
์ด ์ด์ฒญ์ ๋ฐ๋๋ค.
์๊ตญ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ์๊ตญ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๊ตญ์ ์๊ตญ์ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์๋ก ํ๊ณ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์๊ตญ๊ณผ ์๊ตญ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ์๊ตญ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๊ตญ์ธ 15๊ฐ ๋๋ผ ์ฌ์ด์๋ ๊ตญ๋น ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง์ง ์๋๋ค. ์๊ตญ์ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ ์๊ตญ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ์๊ตญ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๊ตญ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ ๋์๋ ์๊ตญ์ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋ก์๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ํด๋น ๋๋ผ์ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ ์๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ๋ค. ์๊ตญ ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๊ตญ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ์๊ตญ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๊ตญ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ ๋์๋ ๊ณต์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ ๋ชจ์ต์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ฉฐ, ์๊ตญ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ์๊ตญ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๊ตญ์ ์์์ด๋ ์ด๋
์ด ์๊ตญ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ ๋์๋ ๊ณต์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ ๋ชจ์ต์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ค.
์ผ๋ณธ
์ผ๋ณธ์ ๊ตญ๋น ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ฒญํ ๋๋ผ์์ ์น์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ฆ์งํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์๋ ์๋น๊ด์์ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ณ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ฒํฉ๊ณผ ํ๋ด์ ๊ฐ๋๋ค. ์์ฌํ ์ ๋ฌธ์ 2019๋
๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ๊ตญ๋น์ ํ ์ฐจ๋ก ์ด์ฒญํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฝ 2์ฒ 5๋ฐฑ๋ง ์์ด ํ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
์คํ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ
์คํ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์์ ๊ตญ๋น ํ์ ํ์ฌ๋ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง์์ ์ธ๋ฏผ๋ํ๋น์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ๋ค.
๊ตฐ์
๋๊ฐ ๋ ๋๋ผ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐ์ฃผํ ๋ค ํฌ๋ณ๋๊ฐ 21๋ฐ์ ์ํฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ค ๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์๋ ์ค๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผํด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ์์ฅ๋๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ดํ๊ณ ๊ฝ๊ณผ ๋ ๋๋ผ์ ๊ตญ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ๋๋ ํ์๋ค์ ์๊ณ , ๊ตฐ์
๋๋ ์๋ ๋๋ผ์ ํ์ง๊ณก์ด๋ ๋ฏผ์๋ฅผ ์ฐ์ฃผํ๋ค. ๋ํต๋ น์ด๋ ์ด๋
, ๊ตฐ์ฃผ ๋ฑ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ฃผ์์ด ํ์ ํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๊ณ , ์์์ด๋ ์์ธ์ ๋ฐ ์์ธ๋
๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ๋ฉด ๊ตญ๋ฌด์ ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ฐ๋ค. ์์ฅ๋๋ ์ค๊ตญ์ธ๋ฏผํด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ๊ฐ์ ๋ง์ถ์ด ํ์๋จผ ๊ด์ฅ์ ํ์งํ ๋ค ์ด๋ณ์์ ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ํ์ ํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง์น๋ค.
๊ตญ๋น ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ ๋์ ์ฐ์ํ์ฅ ๋ฑ ํ์ฅ์ ์์ฌํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
ํ๋์ค
ํ๋์ค์์ ๊ตญ๋น ํ์ ํ์ฌ๋ ์๋ฆฌ์ ๊ถ์ด๋ ์ต๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๋์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ๋ค. ๊ตญ๋น ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ด ๋๋ ๋ฌด๋ ต ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์๋ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ด๊ถ์์ ํ๋์ค ์์ ์์๋ค์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์ค์ ํ๊ณ ์์๋ค๊ณผ ํ๋ด ์๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋๋ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์๊ฐ ์ํฌ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฌด๋ช
์ฉ์ฌ์ ๋ฌด๋ค์ ํํ๋ฅผ ํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
๋ถํ
2018๋
9์ 18์ผ, ๋ถํ์ด ๋จ๋ถ์ ์ํ๋ด์ ์ํด ํ์์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ ๋ฌธ์ฌ์ธ ๋ํต๋ น ๋ถ๋ถ์๊ฒ ๊ตญ๋น์ ์๊ธ ์์ฐ๋ฅผ ์๋ฏธํ๋ '์ํฌ 21๋ฐ'์ ๋ฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ๋จ๋ถ ์ ์์ด ๋ง๋๋ ์๋ฆฌ์์ '์ํฌ 21๋ฐ'์ด ๋ฐ์ฌ๋ ๊ฑด ์ด๋ฒ์ด ์ฒ์์ด๋ค.
์๋ฅด๋ฉ๋์
๊ตญ๋น๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์์๋ ์๋ฅด๋ฉ๋์ ๋ํต๋ น์ด ํ์ํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ตํ๊ณ , ๊ณต์๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์์๋ ์๋ฅด๋ฉ๋์ ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ํ์ํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ตํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
์ ์ํ๋ด
์ํธ์ฃผ์
๊ฐ์ฃผ
๊ตญ๊ฐ ์๋ก
๊ตญ์ ๊ด๊ณ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20visit | State visit | A state visit is a formal visit by a head of state to a foreign country, at the invitation of the head of state of that foreign country, with the latter also acting as the official host for the duration of the state visit. Speaking for the host, it is generally called a state reception. State visits are considered to be the highest expression of friendly bilateral relations between two sovereign states, and are in general characterised by an emphasis on official public ceremonies.
Less formal visits than a state visit to another country with a lesser emphasis on ceremonial events, by either a head of state or a head of government, can be classified (in descending order of magnitude) as either an official visit, an official working visit, a working visit, a guest-of-government visit, or a private visit.
In parliamentary democracies, while heads of state in such systems of government may formally issue and accept invitations, they do so on the advice of their heads of government, who usually decide on when the invitation is to be issued or accepted in advance.
Queen Elizabeth II was the most travelled head of state in world history, having made 261 official overseas visits and 96 state visits to 116 countries by the time of her Diamond Jubilee in 2012. Although she was sovereign of each of the Commonwealth realms, in practice, she usually performed full state visits as Queen of the United Kingdom, while the relevant governor-general undertook state visits for his or her respective country on the sovereign's behalf. However, the Queen occasionally made some state and official visits representing one of her other Commonwealth realms.
Components of a state visit
State visits typically involve some or all the following components (each host country has its own traditions):
The visiting head of state is immediately greeted upon arrival by the host (or by a lesser official representative, if the two heads of state are to meet later at another location) and by his or her ambassador (or other head of mission) accredited to the host country.
A 21-gun salute is fired in honor of the visiting head of state.
The playing of the two national anthems by a military band. The guest country's anthem is usually played first.
A review of a military guard of honour.
The visiting head of state is formally introduced to senior officials/representatives of the host country and the hosting head of state is introduced to the delegation accompanying the visiting head of state.
An exchange of gifts between the two heads of state.
A state dinner, either white tie or black tie, is mounted by the hosting head of state, with the visiting head of state being the guest of honour.
A visit to the legislature of the host country, often with the visiting head of state being invited to deliver a formal address to the assembled members of the legislature.
High-profile visits by the visiting heads of state to host country landmarks such as laying a wreath at a military shrine or cemetery.
The staging of cultural events celebrating links between the two nations.
The visiting head of state is usually accompanied by a senior government minister, usually by a foreign minister. Behind the diplomatic protocol, delegations made up from trade organizations also accompany the visiting head of state, offer an opportunity to network and develop economic, cultural, and social links with industry leaders in the nation being visited. At the end of a state visit, the foreign head of state traditionally issues a formal invitation to the head of state of the nation being visited who at another time in the future, would pay a reciprocal state visit.
While the costs of a state visit are usually borne by state funds of the host country, most nations host fewer than ten state visits per year, with some as few as two. Most foreign heads of state will stay in the official residence of the head of state who is hosting the state visit, in a guest house reserved for foreign visitors, or in their own nation's embassy located in the foreign nation being visited.
State visits by well-known global leaders or figures, such as the British Monarch, the president of the United States or the pope, often draw much publicity and large crowds. Occasionally, these include protesters.
State visits by country
Armenia
State visits to Armenia are held in the capital of Yerevan, with a welcoming ceremony usually being held at Zvartnots International Airport. Foreign heads of state are welcomed at the President's Residence while heads of government are welcomed at the Residence of the Prime Minister. These visits consist of the following components:
Since 1991, foreign leaders who embark on visits to Armenia have paid tribute to the victims of the Armenian genocide at the Tsitsernakaberd complex. During a visit to the complex, most leaders receive a tour of the museum, plant trees near the memorial, and lay wreaths at the eternal flame.
Belgium
A state visit in Belgium starts with an inspection of the troops in front of the Royal Palace of Brussels, whereafter the king and queen have a private audience with the visiting head of state and his or her spouse. The first day of the state visit traditionally comes to a close with a state banquet at the Castle of Laeken, which is the official residence of the king of the Belgians.
It is customary to be awarded the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold during state visits.
Canada
The Office of Protocol coordinates the operational aspects of state and official visits to Canada and manages all events that are related to the visit. It also defines the protocol standards for state visits of heads of state and government.
The Governor General's Foot Guards, one of two household foot guards, take part in state and official visits to Ottawa. Arrival ceremonies take place at either Parliament Hill or Rideau Hall, where the visitor will be received by the governor general of Canada (for state visits) or prime minister of Canada (for official visits). State visits also include a visit to the National War Memorial.
State and official visits by Canada are performed by the Canadian monarch or a representativeโthe governor general, a lieutenant governor, or another member of the royal family. The first state visit by Canada was to the United States in 1937, when the US accorded the governor general the equivalent status given to a visiting head of state.
Tours of Canada by the country's monarch (and other members of the royal family) are not state or official visits, as the monarch conducts royal tours in his capacity as the Canadian head of state, not as a foreign head of state. Additionally, because the Canadian sovereign is shared with 14 other Commonwealth realms, state visits are not conducted between realms, with official visits performed by the realms' respective governor-general, or prime minister.
China, People's Republic of
State arrival ceremonies in China take place at the East Court of the Great Hall of the People on Tiananmen Square in Beijing. The guard of honour for the ceremony is provided by the Beijing Garrison Honor Guard, with musical accompaniment provided by the Central Military Band of the People's Liberation Army of China.
As the military band plays the national anthems of the two countries, an artillery battery fires a 21-gun salute. After the band finishes its performance, the two leaders then inspect the guard of honour at the invitation of the guard commander. Following the inspection, both leaders embrace schoolchildren who wave flowers and the flags of both countries. At this time, the band performs a military march or folk song from the guest country. If a prime minister or chancellor or crown prince visits China, the welcoming ceremony is held by the premier. If a president, governor-general or king visits, the welcoming ceremony is held by the president.
The People's Liberation Army (PLA) Honor Guard then marches off the square to the tune of the March of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. The ceremony ends with the marching band of the PLA performing an exhibition of military drill.
During state visits, national awards are presented to visiting dignitaries, including the Order of Friendship. Since 1954, the State Protection Unit has provided motorcades for visiting dignitaries traveling from the airport to their meeting place.
China, Republic of
A 30-minute ceremony at the Plaza of the National Performing Arts Center in Taipei takes place to honor visiting dignitaries to the Republic of China (Taiwan). After the anthems are played, the president escorts the visitor past the tri-service honor guard of the Republic of China Armed Forces, led by a colonel. After inspecting the troops, the president of Taiwan delivers welcome remarks, after which the foreign leader speaks, before receiving a key to the city from the mayor of Taipei, and the director of the Department of Protocol of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs then introducing members of the cabinet to the dignitary and members of the delegation to the ROC president.
Czech Republic
The military welcome accorded to foreign leaders at Prague Castle are provided by troops of the Prague Castle Guard, Honor Guard of the Czech Armed Forces, the Czech Army Central Band, the Band of the Castle Guards and Police and units of the Prague Garrison Command.
Finland
The Protocol Services of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is responsible for arranging high-level international visits and Finland's own state events. The task of the protocol services is to take care of receiving, escorting, accommodation, transportation and meal arrangements for guests.
In Finland, state visits usually follow a certain pattern that has already become a tradition. The official reception ceremonies take place in front of the Presidential Palace or alternatively at Helsinki Airport. At the reception ceremony, the head of the visiting country, together with the President of Finland, inspects the guard of honor to the rhythm of the Bjรถrneborgarnas marsch. After the inspection of the honor guard and the performance of the national anthems, the heads of state greet the public from the balcony of the Presidential Palace, from where they move to the yellow salon to drink welcome toasts, take official photos and exchange gifts and badges of honor.
Usually, the official program includes at least the laying a wreath on Marshal Mannerheim's grave at the Hietaniemi Cemetery, and a visit to the Parliament House or the Helsinki City Hall. The visit usually ends with state dinners held at the Presidential Palace, where the heads of state give their speeches.
France
State arrival ceremonies are held at either the Elysee Palace or Les Invalides, with the participation of the Infantry and Fanfare Band of the French Republican Guard Band and the 1st Infantry Regiment of the Republican Guard. The Vestibule d'Honneur (Hall of Honour) in the Elysee is where the president of France meets visiting dignitaries and holds bilateral meetings. Towards the end of the visit, the head of state or governments will give a speech at the Palais Bourbon to the Senate of France, and will hold meetings with members of parliament. Sometime during the state visit, the visiting dignitary will lay a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the Arc de Triomphe.
Georgia
State visits in Georgia are held outside the Presidential Palace of Georgia in Tbilisi. Ceremonial honours are provided by the Honour Guard and the Band of the National Guard of Georgia. The band plays Georgian Army songs during the inspection of the honour guard. During the presidency of Mikheil Saakashvili, the band played the March of the Preobrazhensky Regiment during state visits.
During state visits, dignitaries usually meet with the prime minister, chairperson of the Parliament, and the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia separately from the president. State dinners are also held inside the presidential palace with officials from both countries present.
Germany
During state visits to Germany, honours are provided by the German Wachbataillon (Guard battalion) and the Staff Band of the Bundeswehr. An exception to this was on 3 May 2007 during the visit of French President Jacques Chirac to Berlin, during which the Franco-German Brigade provided the honors. Depending on the status of the guest, state ceremonies are either held at the Bellevue Palace or the Federal Chancellery Complex. In recent years, state visits have been marked with dignitaries paying homage at memorials such as the Berlin Victory Column, the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, and the Soviet War Memorial (Tiergarten).
During state visits, foreign dignitaries typically visit German federal states outside the capital. It this regard, a full honors ceremony is also held with the minister-president being the presiding officer. In break with the traditional Berlin military protocol, chairs have since July 2019 been set up outside the Chancellery due to Chancellor Angela Merkel's unusual episodes of shaking and uneasiness during the honours ceremony. Currently, only Moldovan Premier Maia Sandu and Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen have had to be received under this arrangement.
India
Foreign leaders are received at the Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi during state visits. The dignitary first receives the salute from the President's Bodyguard (PBG), and the Tri-Services Guard of Honour. Heads of state are also given a 21-gun salute, with a 19-gun salute being to heads of government. The massed bands and the commander of the guard of honour is chosen by a rotation between the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force. In 2015, Wing Commander Pooja Thakur became the first female officer to lead the guard of honour for a foreign leader. All military honours are organized by Section D of the Ministry of Defence.
State banquets are also held for foreign dignitaries at the Rashtrapati Bhavan which are hosted by the president of India. Over 100 guests are invited to attend state banquets, including the vice-president of India, the prime minister of India, as well as government officials and leaders of the ruling
party.
Israel
The president of the State of Israel, in his or her position as head of state, leads the welcoming events and is the official host of foreign leaders who visit Israel. A guard of honor made up of personnel of all the service branches of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) are usually lined up at the main V.I.P terminal of Tel Aviv International Airport.
During some state visits, the itinerary has included a visit to the Yad Vashem memorial. There the leader, accompanied by the prime minister, will rekindle the Eternal Flame, and will also lay a wreath in memorial of the 6 million Jews murdered in the holocaust.
Italy
When dignitaries arrive in the Italian capital of Rome, they are received in a short reception ceremony at the airport by the head of the Diplomatic Ceremonial Office among other officials, who then briefly entertain the guest in the boardroom to allow the handling of airport formalities. Arrival honors for foreign dignitaries visiting Rome are held either at the Quirinal Palace (official residence of the president of the Italian Republic) or the Palazzo Chigi (official residence of the prime minister of the Italian Republic). During the ceremony, the guard of honor is provided by a military unit (most likely the Corazzieri and a selected ceremonial unit such as the Honour Company "Goito" from the 1ยฐ Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna") and a supporting military band that performs 3 Ruffles and flourishes known as "Onori" ("Honors") prior to playing the national anthem of the dignitary's home country and Il Canto degli Italiani. In recent years, the Bersaglieri, the Carabinieri, and the Italian Navy have provided honor guards for the ceremony.
The rest of the day includes bilateral meetings, one on one conversations, a joint press conference, and a state dinner, where the exchange of gifts and the awarding of honors takes place. The next day sees the laying of wreaths at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in the Altar of the Homeland. All protocol events in the capital are organized by the State Ceremonial Office. In particular, the Ceremonial Office of the Ministry of Defense handles protocol related to the Italian Armed Forces, and the Diplomatic Ceremonial Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs handles protocol related to the diplomatic corps.
Japan
Japan extends invitations for state visitors and official visitors aims to promote the friendship and relation between Japan and the country of the invitee. In addition to state and official visits, the Japanese government also extends several other forms of invitations to visit the country.
The invitation of official practical visitors, practical visitors, and visitors to Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs aim to promote negotiations, to strengthen security and to be used for policy coordination, etc.
The invitation of ministers is an invitation extended to ministers from other countries, and aims to have them deepen their understanding of Japan and send information about Japan based on the knowledge obtained through invitations through conference, inspection, etc. with Japanese VIPs and experts.
The invitation of strategic practitioners is an invitation extended to certain members in certain positions or those who are expected to hold a certain leadership position in the future, in political, economic, governmental, academic, etc., in foreign countries or international organizations. It aims to promote understanding of Japan's various policies and fields such as culture and society, to facilitate the promotion of Japan's foreign policy through personal connections with Japanese experts, and to promote pro-Japan in the medium- and long-term through briefings with private experts, Japanese cultural experiences, and local visits.
During the state visits by people belonging to the upper two categories, guards of honour are mounted by the Imperial Guard of the National Police Agency and the 302nd Military Police Company of the Japan Self-Defense Forces.
Kyrgyzstan
State visits are planned in accordance with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs one month in advance. Arrival ceremonies for state visits to Kyrgyzstan typically take place at Manas International Airport with the participation of the Honour Guard Battalion of the 701st Military Unit of the National Guard and the Band of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Kyrgyzstan. A wreath-laying ceremony is also held at Victory Square. A bilateral meeting, press conference, and state dinner are all held at the Ala Archa State Residence.
The Kyrgyz official welcoming group includes the chairman of the Supreme Council, the prime minister, and the minister of foreign affairs. The official morning breakfast reception takes place from 11:00ย am to 3:00ย pm. Arrival ceremonies are also held at the state residences all over the country.
Mexico
State visits to Mexico City are held on a regular basis. Arrival ceremonies are usually held at the National Palace, the president's workplace or at Mexico City International Airport. On certain occasions, a full honors ceremony with the participation of the National Guard's Presidential Guards Corps are held at Campo Marte, where the corps' two military police brigades are stationed.
The arrival ceremony begins with a platoon of National Guards presenting arms at the arrival of the state guest at the entrance of the National Palace. After the state guest arrives with the president of Mexico (and his first lady if present) in the palace' south courtyard the NG's Presidential Guards honor guard company presents arms while the Representative Music Band of the Mexican Armed Forces plays the anthems of the two countries (the Himno Nacional Mexicano is always played first). Then the president of Mexico introduces members of his or her cabinet before the visiting dignitary introduces members of their delegation accompanying them on this visit. After this is done, the commander of the National Guard's honour guard company then delivers the following report to the dignitary:
โWith your permission Mr/Madam President of the United Mexican States, I am the commander of the honour guard of the (states dignitary's position) and I invite you to review the guard of honour present, sir/ma'am."
The president and the dignitary then inspect the guard, paying homage to the Mexican flag and the flag of the guest country along the way. The ceremony then ends and the two go into the palace to begin their bilateral meeting. The Campo Marte ceremony is similar in style to the palace ceremony with the main differences being a 21-gun salute, opening remarks, and the military parade being added to the program. The unit responsible currently for the 21-gun salute is the State Honors Artillery Battery, coming under the 1st Artillery Battalion (Separate) of the 1st Army Corps.
Moldova
The State Diplomatic Protocol (SDP) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Moldova organizes activities concerning state visits to the Moldovan capital of Chisinau. All state arrival ceremonies take place at the Presidential Administration or the Presidential Palace, involving the Honor Guard Company and the Presidential Band. During the inspection, the foreign guest will greet the personnel of the company in the Romanian language (the dignitary will say buna ziua or "good morning" to which the soldiers will respond by saying salutari or "greetings"). Foreign guests may also visit the Gagauz capital of Comrat.
Netherlands
State visits in the Netherlands revolve around and are centered on the capital of Amsterdam. A characteristic of a state visit is that it is usually carried out by a foreign head of state, rather than a head of government. Upon arrival to the country, the dignitary will be given a tour through the capital, which includes a wreath-laying ceremony at the National Monument. Foreign dignitaries are usually received by the monarch at the Royal Palace of Amsterdam, where they receive a guard of honour formed by the Grenadiers' and Rifles Guard Regiment upon arrival. It is here where all matters of state and bilateral meetings take place over the course of the visit.
During a state visit, the Dutch monarch always hosts a state dinner in honor of the guest, sometimes at the Royal Palace in Amsterdam and at other times at the monarch's residence at the Noordeinde Palace in The Hague. It is customary to be awarded the Knight Grand Cross Order of the Netherlands Lion during state visits.
North Korea
Although state visits to North Korea do not happen often, they are held to the highest standard when they occur. Portraits of the visiting leader and the Supreme Leader of North Korea are hung all over the city and at Pyongyang Sunan International Airport, where the arrival ceremony takes place. During the ceremony, the Guard of Honour Company of the Korean People's Army's Supreme Guard Command, made up of servicemen from the Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, Special Operations and the Strategic Forces, together with a platoon of the Worker-Peasant Red Guards renders honours while the Central Band of the KPA performs the visiting anthem and Aegukka, the anthem of the DPRK. After this, the commander of the guard reports to the leader before they inspect the troops and review a marchpast. They then ride in a motorcade that takes them to the Paekhwawon State Guest House and or the Kumsusan Guesthouse for bilateral negotiations. The former guest house was first used for state visits in the early 2000s for the visits of Madeleine Albright and Junichiro Koizumi and became relevant once again during the 2018โ19 Korean peace process. The latter was only built in the spring of 2019 in time for the visit of the Chinese President and General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. En route to the guesthouse, a Korean Children's Union guard of honour company takes its position to award an honorary red neckerchief to the visiting leader in the name of all members present, and in addition, flower bouquets can be given by representatives on behalf of the KPA, the people of Pyongyang, and the city government.
Notable state visits held in the 21st century were those by South Korean leaders such as Roh Moo-hyun in 2007 and Moon Jae In in 2018, as well as Chinese leader Xi Jinping that same year. During Xi's visit, he became the first Chinese Paramount leader to visit the Kumsusan Palace of the Sun and took part in the reopening of the Arirang Mass Games at Rungrado 1st of May Stadium. For many state visits, the Korean People's Army State Merited Chorus and Symphony Orchestra have performed pieces native to the visitors homeland, such as Katyusha during Vladimir Putin's visit in 2000. Other lower-level world leaders who have undertaken state visits to the DPRK include Cuban leader Miguel Diaz-Canel in November 2018 and Mongolian President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj in 2013, with the latter being played down as it did not include a meeting with Chairman Kim Jong Un.
Norway
State visits to the Norwegian capital of Oslo begin with the inspecting of the 3rd Company, Hans Majestet Kongens Garde at the Royal Palace by the visiting dignitary and the Norwegian monarch. Once they are in the palace, the monarch takes the dignitary to the Bird Room to engage in an exchange of gifts. The visit also includes a wreath-laying ceremony at Akershus Fortress, which is also an official residence of the prime minister of Norway. In the evening, a gala dinner hosted by the royal family of Norway is held at the Royal Palace in honour of the visiting head of state.
As it refers to state visits by the monarch of Norway, they are always accompanied by the Norwegian foreign minister and representatives of the Government. Between two and four state visits to Oslo and royal visits to other countries are made per year, usually by the reigning monarch.
Poland
State visits take place on a regular basis in Poland. Ceremonial honours a provided by the Representative Honor Guard Regiment of the Polish Armed Forces at the Presidential Palace. Musical accompaniment is provided by the Representative Central Band of the Polish Armed Forces.
The White Hall in the Presidential Palace is used to host foreign heads of state. The hall is located at the main entrance from the courtyard, where the welcoming ceremony takes place.
Russia
The Department of State Protocol of the Russian Foreign Ministry is responsible for organizing the itinerary for state visits to the country. It was founded on 18 December 1991, by Decree No. 291 of President Boris Yeltsin on the basis of the Foreign Policy Service of the RSFSR. The decree, in effect, provided a new unified protocol practice in the Russian Federation. Its duties range from organizing invitations to the country to developing an event schedule for the dignitary's visit. Common practices organized by the department include protocol events meetings, wreath-laying, breakfast, and lunch, among others. The Presidential Protocol Office in the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation also serves a similar purpose.
A foreign head of state or government receives arrival honours from the 154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment and the Special Exemplary Military Band upon their arrival at the VIP terminal at Vnukovo International Airport in Moscow, where they are usually greeted by the Russian deputy foreign minister. Heads of state also take part in a welcoming ceremony with the president of Russia in the Hall of the Order of St. George of the Grand Kremlin Palace.
The following is Estonian diplomat Tiit Matsulevitลก's opinion on Russian protocol for state visits:
Spain
State visits to the Kingdom of Spain are held with the participation of the King and Queen of Spain. The day's events begin as the visiting dignitary arrives in a special vehicle at the Palacio Real in the Spanish capital of Madrid. As the dignitary arrives, units of the Spanish Royal Guard (including the Mounted Band of Timpani and Bugles and the Lancers Troop) prepares for the start of the arrival ceremony. The ceremony starts with all units presenting arms at the sound of a bugle call and performing a royal salute, with the playing of the guest anthem and the Marcha Real taking place. Once the regiment is orders arms, three senior officers from the guard (a senior commander, a bugler and a guidon bearer) approach the central grandstand to report to the guest and the king on the readiness of the regiment for inspection. They then begin their inspection, reviewing the infantry as well as the mounted units. Once the review is complete, a large military parade in the forecourt of the palace is held with the massed bands playing military music as the units march past.
The other notable state ceremony that takes place in the palace is the state dinner, which is hosted by the king, and is attended by the visiting dignitary, his or her delegation, the Spanish royal family, the Spanish prime minister, and other government officials. During the course of the visit, the visiting leader may deliver an address to a joint session of the bicameral Cortes Generales (composed of the Senate and the Congress of Deputies).
Ukraine
State visits to Ukraine are managed by the Main Department on State Protocol and Ceremonies of the Office of the President of Ukraine as well as the State Protocol Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. State visits involve the president of Ukraine, the chairman of the Verkhovna Rada, and the prime minister of Ukraine. Heads of state are met at the Boryspil International Airport, during which they are met by children in Ukrainian national costumes handing them bread. after which they are driven to the Mariinskyi Palace to receive a guard of honour from the Kyiv Presidential Honor Guard Battalion. The battalion band performs national anthems of both countries, during which a 21-gun artillery salute. As the guest bows his or her head to the state flag of Ukraine, they greet the honor guard with the battle cry of Glory to Ukraine (the official greeting of the Armed Forces of Ukraine). After the ceremony, negotiations and a working breakfast/lunch are arranged in honor of the guest. In Kyiv, there is a tradition of laying wreaths at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, the ceremony of which is as follows: a march of the three man team carrying a wreath through the Alley of Glory, wreath laying in front of the eternal flame, performance of national anthems, a march past of a guard of honour. On the first day of the visit, as a rule, a public dinner is held on behalf of the president of Ukraine in honor of the head of state in the Red Hall. At the end of the state dinner, a concert of musicians is held in the White Hall. Protocol stipulates that a state visit lasts longer (3โ4 days) than an official visit (2โ3 days).
United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates Air Force does a flyover while painting the sky in the colors of the visiting country's flag as the leader's car arrives at the presidential palace with an Army mounted escort. Upon arrival, he or she is greeted by the president of the UAE or the deputy supreme commander of the United Arab Emirates Armed Forces, where they both receive military honors from the UAE Presidential Guard as well as a 21-gun salute from members of the Army. While inside the palace they are also greeted by children holding UAE flags as well as flags of the visiting country. The entire city of Abu Dhabi is usually decorated for the visit, with flags being laid out in the streets and large pictures of the leaders of the visiting country and the UAE being put on large buildings. During the visit of Vladimir Putin in October 2019, police cars were sprayed with the Cyrillic letters "ะะะก", which stands for the "ะะพัะพะถะฝะพ-ะฟะฐัััะปัะฝะฐั ัะปัะถะฑะฐ" ().
United Kingdom
A state visit to the United Kingdom is a royal event which involves the King and other members of the royal family. An arrival ceremony usually takes place on Horse Guards Parade (There are also some instances where it takes place at Buckingham Palace or Windsor Castle) with a guard of honour being provided by members of the King's Guard. The guard of honour will always report to the dignitary in the language of the visitor, with the report being along the lines of the following:
"Your Excellency, the guard of honour, provided by the (states name of unit), is formed up, and ready for inspection."
Depending on the area where the ceremony takes place, a march past will immediately take place following the inspection. The foreign guest and the King then travel to Buckingham Palace in a carriage procession escorted by a large number of mounted soldiers from the Household Cavalry. The welcome ceremony is accompanied by 21-gun salutes fired from Green Park and the Tower of London. Around 150 guests are invited to Buckingham Palace for the state banquet in the evening in the ballroom.
State visits do not formally occur between the United Kingdom and the 14 other Commonwealth realms, as the realms all share a common monarch and head of state. A visit conducted by the monarch to another Commonwealth realm is also not considered a state visit, but is termed a royal tour. Tours of Commonwealth realms by the monarch are conducted in their capacity as the monarch of that respective realm, and not as the British monarch. As a result, visits on behalf of the United Kingdom to other Commonwealth realms are typically conducted as official visits by the prime minister of the United Kingdom. Conversely, official visits to the United Kingdom by another Commonwealth realm is typically performed by their respective governor-general, or prime minister.
United States
State visits to Washington, D.C., occur only on the invitation of the president of the United States in their position as head of state and head of the federal government of the United States. Official visits refer to a visit by a head of government to Washington. During state visits, there are usually many events taking place in the capital, with the participation of hundreds of individuals. The first state visit took place in 1874 by Kalฤkaua of the Kingdom of Hawaii, followed by Pedro II of Brazil in 1876.
Events can range from a flight line ceremony at Joint Base Andrews, an arrival ceremony (either at the White House or The Pentagon depending on the guest), a State Department luncheon, a state dinner and an address to the Congress.
See also
Air transports of heads of state and government
Foreign relations
Motorcade
Reciprocity (international relations)
State banquet
Summit (meeting)
References
External links
Visits by Foreign Leaders โ Organized by the Office of the Historian of the United States Department of State; lists visits by year and by country, including names of the visiting leader and a brief description of the visit
REFEED: Putin begins state visit to UAE
FULL VIDEO: Queen Elizabeth II hosts welcoming ceremony for Chinese President Xi Jinping
State ritual and ceremonies
Heads of state |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%BF%EC%BA%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%85 | ๊ตฟ์บ์คํ
| ใ๊ตฟ์บ์คํ
ใ์ 2020๋
4์ 27์ผ๋ถํฐ 2020๋
6์ 16์ผ๊น์ง ๋ฐฉ์ํ SBS ์ํ ๋ฏธ๋์๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ก, ์ฒซ ๋ฐฉ์ก ์ ์ธ 2020๋
2์์ 100% ์ ์์ด ์๋ฃ๋ ์ฌ์ ์ ์ ๋๋ผ๋ง์ด๋ค.
๊ธฐํ์๋
ํ์ฅ์์ ๋ฐ๋ ค๋ ๊ทผ๊ทผ์ด ์ฑ
์์ ์งํค๋ ์ฌ์ฑ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์์๋ค์ด ์ฐ์ฐํ ํ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ฐจ์ถ๋๋ฉฐ ๋ฒ์ด์ง๋ ์ก์
์ฝ๋ฏธ๋ ๋๋ผ๋ง.
๋ฑ์ฅ ์ธ๋ฌผ
์ฃผ์ ์ธ๋ฌผ
์ต๊ฐํฌ : ๋ฐฑ์ฐฌ๋ฏธ(๊ฐ๋ช
๋ฐฑ์ฅ๋ฏธ) ์ญ - 38์ธ, 3๋
์ ์ ์ค์ ๋ธ๋ ์์. ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ฌ์ด๋ฒ ์๋ณดํ โ ์ผ๊ดํ์ดํ
๋ํ์ด์ฌ์ค ๋น์๋ก ์์ฅ
์ ์ธ์ : ์์์(๊ฐ๋ช
์์ ์) ์ญ - 28์ธ, ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ฐ์
๋ณด์ํ ํ์ฅ์ง์๋ถ โ ์ผ๊ดํ์ดํ
๊ด๊ณ ๊ธฐํํ ์ธํด์ฌ์์ผ๋ก ์์ฅ
๊น์ง์ : ํฉ๋ฏธ์(๊ฐ๋ช
๊ธฐ๋ฏธ์ ) ์ญ - 48์ธ, ๊ตญ์ ์ ๊ตญ์ ๋ํ
๋ฌ ๋์ํ โ ์น์นํด๋ฆฐ ํ๊ฒฌ์ง ์ฒญ์์ฉ์ญ์ผ๋ก ์์ฅ
์ด์์ฝ : ์ค์ํธ ์ญ - 35์ธ, ์ผ๊ดํ์ดํ
๋ํ์ด์ฌ
์ด์ค์ : ๊ฐ์ฐ์ ์ญ - 29์ธ, ๋ชจ๋ธ์ถ์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ, ์ผ๊ดํ์ดํ
๋ฐฅ์ฅ ๊ด๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ธ
์ด์ข
ํ : ๋๊ด์ ์ญ - 43์ธ, ์ฐฌ๋ฏธ์๋ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ฌ๋ด์ปคํ์ด์๋ ์ฌ์ด. ๊ตญ์ ์ ๊ตญ๋ดํํธ ์ฐ์
๋ณด์ 3ํ ํ์ฅ
๊ตญ์ ์ ๋ผ์ธ
์ ์ธ๊ธฐ : ์๊ตญํ ์ญ - 50๋, ๊ณฐ์ ํ์ ์ด ์ฌ์ฐ. ์ฝ์ญ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋ด์ ์น์ ๋ฌ์ธ. ๊ตญ๋ด ์ฐ์
๋ณด์ํํธ ์ด๊ด ๊ตญ์ฅ
๋ฐ๊ฒฝ์ : ๋ฐฐ๋ฌดํ ์ญ - 20๋, ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ธํด์ฌ์. ํ์ฅ์ ํฌ์
๋ ์์ค๋ง๋ค์ ์ํฌํฐ ์
๋ฌด ๋ด๋น
ํฉ๋ณด๋ฏธ : ๊ฐํํฌ ์ญ - 30๋, ๊ตญ์ ์ ๋ธ๋ ์์
์ผ๊ดํ์ดํ
๋ผ์ธ
์ฐํ : ๋ช
๊ณ์ฒ ์ญ - 50๋, ์ ๋ฌด. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ถ์ ์ผ๋ก์ ํ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์น์ง์ ๊ฑฐ๋ญ, ์ ๋ฌด์ ์๋ฆฌ๊น์ง ์ค๋ฆ
์ด์ํ : ํ์๊ธฐ ์ญ - 40๋, ๊ธฐํ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋ณธ๋ถ์ฅ. ๋ช
์ ๋ฌด์ ์ค๋ฅธํ๋ก ์จ๊ฐ ๋๋ฌ์ด ์ผ์ ๋๋งก์ ํ๋ ์ต์ธก๊ทผ
๊น์ฉํฌ : ์ฅ์ฒ / ๋ง์ดํด ์ญ - 50๋, ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ฅ. ์ฝ์ ์์ ์๋ฉด ๋์์ด ๊ฐํด์ง๋ ์ด์ค์ธ๊ฒฉ์
ํ์ฌํธ : ๋ณ์ฐ์ ์ญ(๋ณ ๋น์) - 30๋, ์ค์ํธ ๋ณธ๋ถ์ฅ์ ์ํ ๋น์
ํ์์ง : ๊ตฌ ๋น์ ์ญ - 40๋, ๊ธฐํ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋ณธ๋ถ ๋น์. ํ๊ต ์ถ์
์กฐ์ํ : ์ค์ํ ์ญ - 30๋, ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ฅ์์ฅ์ ์ด์ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์
๋จ์ฑ์ง : ์ผ๊ดํ์ดํ
์ฒญ์ ๋ฐ์ฅ ์ญ
๊น๊ฒฝ์ : ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ์ ์ญ - ์ผ๊ดํ์ดํ
ํ๋ณด ํ์ฅ
์ง์ํ : ํจ์ง ์ญ - ์์์ ์ง์ฅ์์ฌ
๋ฐ์ํ : ์ผ๊ดํ์ดํ
์ง์ ์ญ
์ฃผ๋ณ ์ธ๋ฌผ
์ฐจ์์ฐ : ์ฌํ๋ ์ญ - LK์์คํ
ํฑ ์ค๋, ์ค์ํธ์ ๅ ์ฒ. 4์ ์์์ ์ง๋ธ ์ฌ์ฐฌ ๊ตญํ์์ ๋ธ
์ด์นํ : ๋จ๋ด๋ง ์ญ - 40๋, ํ์ฌ์, ๋ฏธ์์ ๋จํธ
๊น๋ณด์ค : ๋จ์ฃผ์ฐ ์ญ - ๋ฏธ์์ ๋ธ, ์ฌ๊ณ ์, ๊ฐ์ฐ์ ํฌ
๋ฐฐ์ง์
: ํผ์ฒ ์
์ญ - 30๋, ์ด์ฉ๋ค ๋ณด๋ ์ฑ์ง ๋ญฃ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ฐ์์ ๋งค๋์
์ฑํ : ๊ถ๋ฏผ์ ์ญ - ์์์์ ๋จํธ. ๊ถ์ํฌ์ ์๋น
๋
ธํ์ฐ : ๊ถ์ํฌ ์ญ - ์์์์ ๋ธ
๊ทธ ์ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ
๊น์งํธ : ๊ธ๋์ ์ญ - ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ๋ณด์ ์ฐจ์ฅ
์ฅ๋จ์ด : ์์นด์ด ์ญ
์ ํ : M ์ญ - ์์นด์ด์ ์ํ
๊น๋ฏธํ : ์น๋ฌด์ ์ญ
์ ์ข
์ฐ
์๋์
์ก๋ฏผ์ฌ
์์๋น
์๋ฒ์
์๋์คํ์ค ์์ฝ๋ก๋ฐ : ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฐ๋ผ ์ญ - ๊ต๋์์ ์๊ฐ๋ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ
์์ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
2020 SBS์ฐ๊ธฐ๋์ ๋ฒ ์คํธ ์บ๋ฆญํฐ์ ์ต๊ฐํฌ
์ดฌ์์ง
๊ตฌ ์ฑ๋๊ตฌ์น์
SBS ํ๋ฆฌ์ฆํ์ - ์ผ๊ดํ์ดํ
์ด์๋
์๊ตฌ์ ๋๋ค๋ชฉ ํ ๋ผ๊ตด
์์ฒญ๋ฅ
์ฐธ๊ณ ์ฌํญ
๋น์ด ์๋ชฉ๋๋ผ๋ง ใ์ํฌ๋ฆฟ ๋ถํฐํฌใ์ ํ์์์ผ๋ก ํธ์ฑ๋ ์์ ์ด์์ง๋ง ์ ์ ํด๋ฐฉ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ํ๋๋ผ๋ง๋ก ํธ์ฑ์ด ํ์ ๋์๋ค.
์๋ ์ ๋ชฉ์ ใ๋ฏธ์ค์บ์คํ
ใ์ด์์ผ๋ ์ข์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋ค์ ๋ชจ์๋๊ณ ๋ง๋ ๋๋ผ๋ง๋ก ๋งค์ฐ ๋ถ์ ์ ํ๋ค๋ ์๊ฒฌ์ผ๋ก ใ๊ตฟ์บ์คํ
ใ์ผ๋ก ์ต์ข
ํ์ ํ๋ค.
๋ณธ ๋๋ผ๋ง๋ ํฝ์
์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ค์ ์ ๊ด๋ จ ์์์ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
๋ณธ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ ํฐ๋ฐ์ค๊ฐ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋์๋ค.
ํน์ ์ง์
์ ๋ํ ๋ช
์๋ฅผ ํผ์ํ ์์ง๊ฐ ์๋ ๋ด์ฉ์ ๋ด๋ณด๋ด ๋ฐฉ์ก์์ํ๋ก๋ถํฐ "๊ถ๊ณ " ์กฐ์น๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
์ดฌ์์ง
๊ตฌ ์ฑ๋๊ตฌ์น์
SBSํ๋ฆฌ์ฆํ์ - ์ผ๊ดํ์ดํ
์ด์๋
์๊ตฌ์ ๋๋ค๋ชฉ ํ ๋ผ๊ตด
์์ธ์ ๊ด์
๊ตฌ ์ ๋ฆผ๋
๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ ์ผ์ฐ์ SBS ํํ ์ ์์ผํฐ
๊ฐ์๋ ํ์ฐฝ๊ตฐ ๋๊ด๋ น ์ํ์์ ๋ฆฌ์กฐํธ
๋์๊ฐ๋ ๋๋ผ๋ง
KBS ์ํ ๋ฏธ๋์๋ฆฌ์ฆ
ใ๋ณธ ์ด๊ฒ์ธใ (2020๋
4์ 20์ผ ~ 2020๋
6์ 9์ผ)
MBC ์ํ ๋ฏธ๋์๋ฆฌ์ฆ
ใ์ ๋
๊ฐ์ด ๋์ค๋์?ใ (2020๋
5์ 25์ผ ~ 2020๋
7์ 14์ผ)
JTBC ์ํ๋๋ผ๋ง
ใ์ผ์๋จ๋
ใ (2020๋
5์ 25์ผ ~ 2020๋
6์ 30์ผ)
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
<๊ตฟ์บ์คํ
> ๊ณต์ ํํ์ด์ง
<๊ตฟ์บ์คํ
> ์ ํ์ฐจ ๋ฌด๋ฃ๋ณด๊ธฐ
SBS ์ํ๋๋ผ๋ง
2020๋
๋๋ผ๋ง
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ก์
๋๋ผ๋ง
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ฝ๋ฏธ๋ ๋๋ผ๋ง
2020๋
๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
2020๋
์ ์์ํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
2020๋
์ ์ข
๋ฃํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good%20Casting | Good Casting | Good Casting () is a 2020 South Korean television series starring Choi Kang-hee, Yoo In-young, Kim Ji-young, Lee Sang-yeob, Lee Jun-young and Lee Jong-hyuk. It aired on SBS TV from April 27 to June 16, 2020.
Synopsis
Legendary espionage agents give girl power a whole new meaning in this thrilling action comedy. Once part of South Korea's top secret National Intelligence Service, a group of talented female agents are reassigned to go undercover in a case involving corruption and leaked trade secrets at the country's largest conglomerate. After several mistakes during important missions, Baek Chan Mi (Choi Kang Hee) was reassigned to the cybersecurity team, but dreams of returning to her former role. Hwang Mi Soon has left agent life behind and become a full-time homemaker. Meanwhile, Lim Ye Eun, a smart single mom and desk agent dreams of being promoted to an undercover spymaster working in the field. Their lives collide when Don Kwan Soo, a longtime director in the NIS, recruits all three for a do or die mission.
Cast
Main
Choi Kang-hee as Baek Chan-mi / Baek Jang-mi
Yoo In-young as Im Ye-eun / Im Jung-eun
Kim Ji-young as Hwang Mi-soon / Gi Mi-sun
Lee Sang-yeob as Yoon Seok-ho
Lee Jun-young as Kang Woo-won
Lee Jong-hyuk as Dong Kwan-soo
Supporting
National Intelligence Service
Jung In-gi as Seo Gook-hwan
Park Kyung-soon as Bae Moo-hyuk
Hwang Bo-mi as Gan Tae-hee
Kim Jin-ho as Geum Dong-seok
Il Kwang Hitech
Woo Hyun as Myung Gye-chul
Lee Sang-hoon as Tak Sang-gi
Kim Yong-hee as Ok Chul
as Byun Woo-seok
Han Soo-jin as Assistant Goo
Jo Young-hoon as Seol Young-hoon
Kim Kyung-sook as Park Kyung-sook
Main's entourage
Cha Soo-yeon as Shim Hwa-ran
Lee Seung-hyung as Nam Bong-man
Yoon Sa-bong as Prison boss
Kim Bo-yoon as Nam Joo-yeon
Bae Jin-woong as Pi Chul-woong
Sung Hyuk as Kwon Min-seok
Noh Ha-yeon as Kwon So-hee
Production
Development
The series is based on a screenplay which was one of the winners of the 2016 2H MBC Drama Screenplay Competition (miniseries category), alongside the 2019โ20 SBS television series Hot Stove League.
Early working title of the series is Miscasting (). Director Choi Young-hoon first wanted to name the series that way because the characters are miscasted for the operation, but he changed it to Good Casting as all three actresses showed good team work.
Filming
The series is entirely pre-produced. Filming ended on February 7, 2020.
Original soundtrack
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Viewership
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Seoul Broadcasting System television dramas
Korean-language television shows
2020 South Korean television series debuts
2020 South Korean television series endings
South Korean action television series
South Korean comedy television series
National Intelligence Service (South Korea) in fiction
South Korean pre-produced television series |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B2%A0%EB%85%B8%20%EB%AC%B4%EB%84%A4%ED%86%A0 | ์๋ฒ ๋
ธ ๋ฌด๋คํ | ์๋ฒ ๋
ธ ๋ฌด๋คํ ()๋ ํค์ด์ ์๋ ์ค๊ธฐ์ ๋ฌด์ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ฌด์ฐ๊ตญ์ ํ์(ไฟๅ)์ ์์ฅ์ด์๋ ํธ์กฑ ์๋ฒ ์จ(ๅฎๅๆฐ, ๋ฌด์ฐ ์๋ฒ ์จ)์ ์๋ฒ ๋
ธ ์๋ฆฌํ ํค(ๅฎๅ้ ผๆ)์ ์
์งธ ์๋ค์ด๋ค.
๋๋
ธ๋ฏธ ์์(้ณฅๆตทๆต)์ ์ฃผ์ธ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฒ ๋
ธ ๋๋
ธ๋ฏธ์ฌ๋ถ๋ก ๋ฌด๋คํ (ๅฎๅ้ณฅๆตทไธ้ๅฎไปป)๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ๋ถ๋ ธ๋ค. ์๋ฆฌํ ํค์ ์ ์ฒ(ๅซกๅฆป)์๋ ๊ธฐ์ํ๋ผ ์จ(ๆธ
ๅๆฐ) ์์์ ์๋ค๋ก ์ ์์ ์คํ๋ ์ง์์ ์์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ฐฐํ๋ ์ค์ด ์๋ค.
์์
์ 9๋
์ ์ญ
์ค์์ ์ค์ฟ 6๊ตฐ(ๅฅฅๅ
ญ้ก)์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฒ์ง ์๋ฆฌํ ํค์ ํ ์ฌ๋คํ ์ ํจ๊ป ๋ฏธ๋๋ชจํ ๋
ธ ์๋ฆฌ์์(ๆบ้ ผ็พฉ)์ ๋ง์ ์ธ์ ๋ค(์ 9๋
์ ์ญ). 12๋
์ ๊ฑธ์น ๋ถ์ ๋์ ์ฌ๋คํ ๋ฑ์ ์ต๋ถ๋จ์ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์ผ๊ฐ์ ์์(ๅจๅทๆต)์์ ์ดํด๋์๊ณ , ๋ฌด๋คํ ๋ฑ์ ํญ๋ณตํ์ฌ ๋ชฉ์จ์ ๊ฑด์ง๊ณ ๋ฏธ๋๋ชจํ ๋
ธ ์์์ด์(ๆบ็พฉๅฎถ)์ ํจ๊ป ๊ตํ ๋ก ์ฐํ๋์๋ค.
์ด ๋ฌด๋ ต ์ค์ ์ง์ญ์ ์๋ฏธ์(่ฆๅคท)๋ค์ ๊ฝ์ ์ด๋ฆ ํ๋๋ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋ค๋ฉฐ ์กฐ๋กฑํ๋ ์ด๋ ๊ท์กฑ์ด ๋งคํ๊ฝ์ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํค๋ฉด์ โ์ ๊ฒ ๋ญ์ง๋ ์๋๋?โ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋น์์ ๊ทธ ์๋ฆฌ์์ ใ๋ ์ด๋ ๋
์ฃ ๋งคํ๊ฝ ๊ฐ์ ธ์ ๋ณด์ด์๊ณ ๋์ ๋ถ๊ป์ ์ด์ธ ๋ง์์ด์จ์งใ(ใใๅฝใฎใๆข
ใฎ่ฑใจใฏ ่ฆใคใใฉใใๅคงๅฎฎไบบใฏ ใใใใใตใใ)๋ผ๋ ๋ด์ฉ์ ๋
ธ๋๋ฅผ ์์ด ๊ตํ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋๋ผ๊ฒ ํ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค(ใํค์ด์ผ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐใ)
์ ๋ฐฐ
์๋ฒ ๋
ธ ๋ฌด๋คํ ๋ ์์ฝ์ฟ (ๅๅฝ)์ ์ด์๊ตญ(ไผไบๅฝ)์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ฐฐ๋์๊ณ ์ค๋๋ ์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ด๋ง๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์(ไปๆฒปๅธ)์ ๋๋ฏธํ(ๅฏ็ฐ) ์ง๊ตฌ์์ 3๋
๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๋ค์ ์กฐ๊ธ์ฉ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ํค์ ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ง๋ด์ฟ (ๆฒปๆฆ) 3๋
(1067๋
) ๊ท์(ไนๅท) ์ง์ฟ ์ (็ญๅ)์ ๋ฌด๋๊ฐํ ๊ตฐ(ๅฎๅ้ก)์ ์๋ ์ง์ฟ ์ ์ค์๋ง(็ญๅๅคงๅณถ)๋ก ๋ค์๊ธ ์ ๋ฐฐ์ง๊ฐ ์ฎ๊ฒจ์ก๋ค. ํ๋ ๋ฌด๋์นดํ์ ๋ค์ด๋ฌ(ๅคงๅ)๊ฐ ๋ ๋ฌด๋์นดํ ์จ(ๅฎๅๆฐ)์ ์ํด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋ ์ก(ๅฎ)๊ณผ ๊ต์ญ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก์ ๋ ์ค์ํ ์ญํ ์ ๋งก์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๋ํ ์ค์๋ง์ ์ต์น์ง์ ์์ ์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ธ ํธ์ ๋ถ๋ก์จ ์ง๋๊ณ ๋ค๋๋ ์ฝ์ฌ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ด์ฌ๋(่ฌๅธซ็ ็ๅ
ๅฆๆฅ)๋ฅผ ์์นํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์์ฐฝ์(ๅฎๆ้ข)์ ์ธ์ ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ผ 3๋
(1108๋
) 2์ 4์ผ์ 77์ธ์ ๋์ด๋ก ์ฌ๋งํ์๋ค.
ํํธ ์๋ฒ ๋
ธ ๋ฌด๋คํ ์ ์ ๋ฐฐ์ง์ ๋ํด์ ์ด์์์ ์ง์ฟ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒจ์ก๋ค๋ ์ค๋ ์ง์ฟ ์ ์ด์ ์ ๋ค์์ดํ(ๅคงๅฎฐๅบ)์ ์ ๋ฐฐ๋์ด ์์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ ์ค๋ ์๋ค.
์๋
์ฅ๋จ - ์๋ฒ ๋
ธ ๋ฌด๋ค์์(ๅฎๅๅฎ่ฏ)
๋ฌด๋ค์์๋ ์ค์๋ง ํ๋ก(ๅคงๅณถๅคช้)ยท์๋ฒ ๋
ธ ๊ณค๋
ธ์นด๋ฏธ(ๅฎๅๆจฉ้ ญ)๋ก์จ ์ค์๋ง์ ์๋ฃ(็ตฑ้ )๋ฅผ ์ด์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์์์ธ ์๋ฒ ๋
ธ ์๋ฆฌํ (ๅฎๅ้ ผไปป)๋ ๊ท์์ ๊ฒํธ(ๅฃ่ฑช)๋ก์จ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์๋ ธ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ค์ด๋ฌ ์ํค์ฆํค์จ(็งๆๆฐ) ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ ์ถ์ฌํ์ฌ ์๋ฒ ๋ฆฝ๊ฒ๋(ๅฎๅ็ซๅฃ้)๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ํ๋ฅผ ์ด์๋ค.
์ฐจ๋จ - ์๋ฒ ๋
ธ ๋์นดํ (ๅฎๅไปฒไปป)
๋์นดํ ๋ ์ฌ์ฐ๋ง๊ตญ(่ฉๆฉๅฝ)์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๋ด์ก๋ค.
์ผ๋จ - ์๋ฒ ๋
ธ ์ค์ํ (ๅฎๅๅญฃไปป)
์ค์ํ ๋ ํ์ ๊ตญ(่ฅๅๅฝ)์ ๋ง์ฐ๋ผ(ๆพๆตฆ)๋ก ๋ณด๋ด์ ธ์ ๋ง์ฐ๋ผ ์จ(ๆพๆตฆๆฐ)์ ์ฌ์๊ฐ ๋์ด ๋ง์ฐ๋ผ๋
ธ ์ฌ๋ถ๋ก๋ค์ดํ ์ฌ๋คํ (ๆพๆตฆไธ้ๅคงๅคซๅฎไปป)๋ผ ์ด๋ฆํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์์์ ๋ถ๋ถ ๊ท์์ ์๊ตฐ(ๆฐด่ป) ๋ง์ฐ๋ผํ (ๆพๆตฆๅ
)๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๋ ์ผ์กฑ์ด ๋์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
์ฅ๋
- ํ์ง์๋ผ๋
ธ ๋ชจํ ํ๋ผ(่คๅๅบ่กก)์ ์๋ด(๋ค๋ง ์๋ฌธ๋ ์๋ค)
์ค์ ํ์ง์๋ผ ์จ 3๋ ๋น์ฃผ ํ์ง์๋ผ๋
ธ ํ๋ฐํ๋ผ(่คๅ็ง่กก)์ ์ด๋จธ๋(์ด์ค๋ ์๋ค).
๋ง๋ด ๋ธ - ์ฌ์ฌํค ์ค์์ฌ๋ค(ไฝใ
ๆจๅญฃๅฎ)์ ์๋ด
์ฌ์ฌํค ์ค์์์(ไฝใ
ๆจ็ง็พฉ)์ ์ด๋จธ๋. ํค์ด์ง์ ๋(ๅนณๆฒปๅๆฆ) ์ดํ ๋ณธ๊ด์ง์ธ ์ค๋ฏธ๊ตญ(่ฟๆฑๅฝ) ๊ฐ๋ชจ ๊ตฐ(่ฒ็้ก)์ ์ฌ์ฌํค ์ฅ(ไฝใ
ๆจๅบ)์์ ์ซ๊ฒจ๋ ์ค์์์๊ฐ ์ธ๊ฐ์ชฝ ์ฐ์ค์ด ์๋ ์ค์ ํ์ง์๋ผ ์จ์ ์์งํ๋ ค ๋ถ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ํฅํ๋ ๋์ค์ ์ฌ๊ฐ๋ฏธ๊ตญ(็ธๆจกๅฝ)์ ๋ฌด์ฅ ์๋ถ์ผ ์๊ฒ์ฟ ๋(ๆธ่ฐท้ๅฝ)์๊ฒ ๊ทธ ๋ฌด์ฉ์ด ๋์ ๋ค์ด ์๊ฒ์ฟ ๋์ ์๊ฐ์ด ๋์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
์์
์๋ฒ ๋
ธ ๋ฌด๋คํ ์ ์
์งธ ์๋ค ์ค์ํ ๋ ํ์ ๋ง์ฐ๋ผ ์ผ์กฑ๊ณผ ์ธ์ฒ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ๋์ด ๏ฝข๋ง์ฐ๋ผ ์ฌ๋คํ ๏ฝฃ(ๆพๆตฆๅฎไปป)๋ผ ์นญํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์์์ธ ๋ง์ฐ๋ผ ๋ค์นดํ ์(ๆพๆตฆ้ซไฟ)๋ ๋ค์ด๋ผ๋
ธ ๊ธฐ์๋ชจ๋ฆฌ(ๅนณๆธ
็)์ ์ธก๊ทผ์ผ๋ก ํค์ด์ผ(ๅนณๅฎถ) ์๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก์จ ํ์ฝํ์๊ณ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ง์ผ-์ฃผ์์ด์ ๋ ์ดํ ์ค๋๋ ์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ผ๋ง๊ตฌ์นํ(ๅฑฑๅฃ็) ๋๊ฐํ ์(้ท้ๅธ) ์๋ถ๋ผ์ผ(ๆฒน่ฐท)๋ก ์ ๋ฐฐ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ค ๋ค์นดํ ์์ ๋ธ์ ๋ค์ด๋ผ๋
ธ ๋๋ชจ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ(ๅนณ็ฅ็)์ ์
์งธ ์๋ค ๋ค์ด๋ผ๋
ธ ๋๋ชจํ๋ค(ๅนณ็ฅๅฟ )์๊ฒ ์์ง๊ฐ์ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ง(ๆบๆฐ)์ ๋ฐํด๋ฅผ ํผํด ๋๋ชจํ๋ค์ ์ผ์กฑ์ ์๋ด์ ์กฐ๋ถ๋ก์จ ๋ง์ฐ๋ผ ์จ๋ฅผ ์นญํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ค์ํ (์ฌ๋คํ )์ ํผ์ธ(ๆฌๅง)์ธ ใ์๋ฒ ใ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ์๋ฏผ๋น ์ค์์์ผ๋ก์จ ์ธ๋ฌด๋์ ์ ์ง๋๋ ์๋ฒ ์ ํ๋ก(ๅฎๅๆๅคช้)์ ๊ทธ ์๋ค๋ก์จ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋ด๊ฐ์ด๋ฆฌ๋์ (ๅ
้ฃ็ท็ๅคง่ฃ)์ด ๋ ์๋ฒ ์ ์กฐ(ๅฎๅๆไธ) ๋ฑ์ ๋ฐฐ์ถํ ์ผ๋ง๊ตฌ์น ํ์ ์๋ฒ ์จ๋ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ง์ ๋ฐํด๋ฅผ ํผํด ์๋ด์ ์ฑ์จ๋ฅผ ์นญํ๋ ๋๋ชจํ๋ค์ ํ์์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ผ์ปฌ์ด์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
๊ณ ์ฌ
์ผ๋ณธ ์ด์ํ
ํ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค์นด์(็ๅฒกๅธ) ์ถ์ ์ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ท์กฑ์ ์์์ผ๋ก ์ 18 ใป 22๋ ๋์ฟ๋ถ์ง์ฌ(ๆฑไบฌๅบ็ฅไบ)๋ฅผ ์ง๋๋ ์๋ฒ ํ๋ก์(้ฟ้จๆตฉ)๋ ํค์ด์ผ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ์ ์ค๋ ค ์๋ ์๋ฒ ๋
ธ ๋ฌด๋คํ ์ ๋งคํ์ ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋น์ด ์๋ฒ ์จ์ ์ฐ๊ณ ๊ฐ ์๋ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค์นด ์ ์๋ฒ ๋
ธํํ
์ (ๅฎๅ้คจ็บ)์ ๋ณ์ (ๅฅ้ธ)๋ฅผ ์ง๊ณ ๊ณ ์ฝ๋ชจ์ด(ๅพ้ทๆฅณ่)๋ผ ์ด๋ฆํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ใ๋ด ๊ณ ํฅ์ ๋งคํ๋ฐญใ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ป์ด๋ค. ํธ์ก์ ํํธ๋ ์ดํ ํ๋ก๋ถ๋ฏธ(ไผ่คๅๆ)๊ฐ ์ผ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ค๋๋ ์๋ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค์นด ์ ์๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋
๊ด(็ๅฒกๅธๅๆฌ่จๅฟต้คจ)์ด ์์ฅํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ํ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์ผ๊ฐ์ ์์์์ ๊ดด๋ฉธ๋ ์๋ฒ ์จ๋ฅผ ์ถ๋ชจํ๋ ์๋ฏธ์์ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค์นด ์๋ฆฝ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์ผ๊ฐ์ ์คํ๊ต(็ๅฒกๅธ็ซๅจๅทไธญๅญฆๆ ก)๋ ๋งคํ๋ฅผ ํ๊ต์ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
ใ๋ถํ์ค๋ฅด๋คใ(็็ซใค, NHK ๋ํ๋๋ผ๋ง, 1993 - 1994๋
) - ๋ฐฐ์ญ : ๊ฐ์๋
ธ ํ๋ก(ๅท้ๅคช้)
1032๋
์ถ์
1108๋
์ฌ๋ง
์ค์ ์๋ฒ ์จ
ํค์ด์ ์๋์ ๋ฌด์ฌ
์ 9๋
์ ์ญ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe%20no%20Munet%C5%8D | Abe no Munetล | was a samurai of the Abe clan during the Heian period of Japan. He was the son of Abe no Yoritoki, the head of the Abe clan of Emishi who were allowed to rule the six Emishi districts in the from Morioka to Hiraizumi in what is now Iwate Prefecture. Abe no Yoritoki was the Chinjufu-shลgun (general in charge of overseeing the Ainu and the defense of the north). In the Zenkunen War, he fought, together with his brother Sadato, alongside his father against the Minamoto.
Abe no Munetล was based at the Isawa Stockade. He occupied the fort called the Tonomi Palisade (้ณฅๆตทๅ, tonomi-saku) that was established on the north side of the Isawa at an uncertain date. In 1061, during the Zenkunen War, Abe no Munetล defeated the Minamoto forces in the Battle of Tonomi Palisade.
Siblings
Abe no Sadato (1019โ1062) who occupied the Kuriyagawa Stockade;
Abe no Masato who occupied the Kurosawa Stockade;
Abe no Norito who stayed at the Koromo Stockade with his father;
a sister who married Taira no Nagahira;
a sister who married Fujiwara no Tsunekiyo. Through her his father Yoritoki became the grandfather of Fujiwara no Kiyohira, the founder of the Northern Fujiwara dynasty.
External links
Abe no Munetล biographical data
People from Iwate Prefecture
1108 deaths
Samurai
People of Heian-period Japan
1032 births |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%98%ED%99%98%EA%B8%B0 | ์นํ๊ธฐ | ์นํ๊ธฐ(็ฝฎๆๅบ, )๋ ์ ๊ธฐํํ ๋ฐ ์ํํ์์ ํํ์์์ ๋ชจ์ฒด ์ฌ์ฌ ์์ ํ ๊ฐ ์ด์์ ์์ ์์๋ฅผ ๋์ฒดํ๋ ์์ ๋๋ ์์๋จ์ผ๋ก, ์์ฑ๋ ์๋ก์ด ๋ถ์์ ๋ถ๋ถ์ด๋ค. ์นํ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์์ฉ๊ธฐ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒ๋ค(์: ๊ณ์ฌ์ฌ, ํ๋ํธ๊ธฐ)์ ์ง์นญํ๋ ์ฉ์ด๋ ๋ชจ์ฒด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์์ ๋์จ ๋ถ์๋ฅผ ์ค๋ช
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ฑฐ์ ์ํธ๊ตํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋์ง๋ง, ๊ณ ๋ถ์ํํ์์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ผ์ ํ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์คํฉ์ฒด์์ ๊ณ์ฌ์ฌ์ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ฐ์ฅ๋์ด์ ๋์จ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง์์ ๊ณ์ฌ์ฌ์ ์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ฐ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ ฮฑ ํ์ ์์์ ๊ฒฐํฉ๋์ด ์๋ค.
์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ "โ์ผ(โyl)"์ ํ๋์ ์์๋ฅผ ๋์ฒดํ๋ ๋จ์ผ ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ํฌํจํ๋ ์ ๊ธฐ ํํฉ๋ฌผ์ ๋ช
๋ช
ํ ๋ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค. ์ด์ค ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉด "โ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ด(โylidene)", ์ผ์ค ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉด "โ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ค์ธ(โylidyne)"์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. ๋ํ ์นํ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ํํ์์๋ฅผ ๋ช
๋ช
ํ ๋, ์นํ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ด๋ค ํ์ ์์์ ๊ฒฐํฉํ๊ณ ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด๋ ์์น ์ซ์๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ, ์ด์ฑ์ง์ฒด๋ค์ ๊ตฌ๋ณํ ํ์๊ฐ ์์ ๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. ์นํ๊ธฐ์ ์ํด ๋ํ๋๋ ๊ทน์ฑ ํจ๊ณผ๋ ์ ๋ ํจ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ฉ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์กฐํฉ์ด๋ค. ์นํ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ ์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ถํผ์ ์ํด ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์
์ฒด ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ด ์นํ๋๊ณ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ๊ฒ ์นํ๋ ์ํ๋ ๋ถ์๋ฅผ ์ค๋ช
ํ๊ณ ๊ทธ ์์ฑ๋ฌผ์ ์์ธกํ๋๋ฐ ์์ฃผ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฉ์ด์์ ๋ฉํ
์ธ์ ๋น๊ต ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค. ๋ฉํ
์ธ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ํ์ฌ ์์ ์์๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ฉ๊ธฐ๋ก ์นํ๋ ์๋ก, ๊ทธ ๋ถ์๋ ๊ณ ๋๋ก ์นํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋งํ ์ ์๋ค. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฉด, ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
๋ง๋ฅด์ฝ๋ธ๋์ฝํ์ ๋ฒ์น์ ๋ณด๋ค ๋ง์ ์์๊ฐ ๊ฒฐํฉํ๊ณ ์๋(์ํฌ ์นํ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ ์) ํ์์ ์์๊ฐ ์ฒจ๊ฐ๋๋ค๊ณ ์์ธกํ๋ค.
์์ด์ฒดํ์ ๋ฒ์น์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ฐ์์ ์์ฑ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ณด๋ค ์นํ๋(๋ณด๋ค ์์ ์ ์ธ) ์ด์ค ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ์์ผ์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์์ธกํ๋ค.
๋ช
๋ช
๋ฒ
์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ "โ์ผ(โyl)"์ ์ ๊ธฐํํ์์ ๋ณ๋์ ์ข
(์์ ๋ผ๋์นผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํจ) ๋๋ ๋ถ์์ ํํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฐํฉ๋ ์ผ๋ถ(๋ถ๋ถ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํจ)์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ผ๋์นผ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ง๋๋๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ ๋ฉํ์ฌ์ ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ธ "๋ฉํธ๋ (methylene)" (๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ด๋ก "๋ฉํฐ(methy)"๋ ํฌ๋์ฃผ(wine)"๋ผ๋ ๋ป์ด๊ณ , "hศณlฤ"์ "๋๋ฌด(wood)"๋ผ๋ ๋ป์)์์ ๋ฐ์จ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก, ์ด๋ ํํฉ๋ฌผ์ ์ด๋ฆ์์ "๋ฉํธ(methyl)"๋ก ๋จ์ถ๋์๋ค. ํํ ๋ช
๋ช
๋ฒ์ ๋ช ์ฐจ๋ก์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ํตํด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ๊ธฐ ์นํ๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ผ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์นํ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ชจ์ฒด ํํฉ๋ฌผ(๋ฐ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์นํ๊ธฐ์์๋)์์ ์นํ๋๋ ์์ ์์์ ์์ ์ํด์ ๊ฒฐ์ ๋๋ค. 1993๋
์ IUPAC ์ง์นจ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
"โ์ผ(โyl)"์ ์์ ์์ 1๊ฐ๊ฐ ์นํ๋์์์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
"โ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ด(โylidene)"์ ์์ ์์ 2๊ฐ๊ฐ ์นํ๋์ด ๋ชจ์ฒด ํํฉ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์นํ๊ธฐ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ด์ค ๊ฒฐํฉ์ด ํ์ฑ๋์์์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
"โ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ค์ธ(โylidyne)"์ ์์ ์์ 3๊ฐ๊ฐ ์นํ๋์ด ๋ชจ์ฒด ํํฉ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์นํ๊ธฐ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ผ์ค ๊ฒฐํฉ์ด ํ์ฑ๋์์์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ "โ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋(โylidine)" ("โyne" ๋๋ "โene" ๋์ ์ "โine"์ด ํฌํจ)์ด ์ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ฉฐ "โ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ด(โylidene)"์ ๋ณํ ์ฒ ์๋ก ๋ํ๋๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ IUPAC ์ง์นจ์๋ ์ธ๊ธ๋์ด ์์ง ์๋ค.
์นํ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ฒด ํํฉ๋ฌผ์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ๋ ๋์ผํ ์ ํ์ ๋ค์ค ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ์ ๋์ฌ "๋ค์ดโ(diโ)", "ํธ๋ผ์ดโ(triโ)", "ํ
ํธ๋ผโ(tetraโ)" ๋ฑ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. "โ๋ค์ด์ผ(โdiyl)"์ 2๊ฐ์ ๋จ์ผ ๊ฒฐํฉ, "โํธ๋ผ์ด์ผ(โtriyl)์ 3๊ฐ์ ๋จ์ผ ๊ฒฐํฉ, "โํ
ํธ๋ผ์ผ(โtetrayl)"์ 4๊ฐ์ ๋จ์ผ ๊ฒฐํฉ, "โ๋ค์ด์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ด(โdiylidene)"์ 2๊ฐ์ ์ด์ค ๊ฒฐํฉ์ด ์์์ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค.
์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐํฉ ํํ์ ๋ค์ค ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ๋ณต์์ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ฐํ๋ค. "โ์ผ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ๋ด(โylylidene)"์ 1๊ฐ์ ๋จ์ผ ๊ฒฐํฉ๊ณผ 1๊ฐ์ ์ด์ค ๊ฒฐํฉ, "โ์ผ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ๋ค์ธ(โylylidyne)"์ 1๊ฐ์ ๋จ์ผ ๊ฒฐํฉ๊ณผ 1๊ฐ์ ์ผ์ค ๊ฒฐํฉ, "โ๋ค์ด์ผ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ๋ด(โdiylylidene)"์ 2๊ฐ์ ๋จ์ผ ๊ฒฐํฉ๊ณผ 1๊ฐ์ ์ด์ค ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
๋ชจ์ฒด ํํฉ๋ฌผ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณ๊ฒฝํ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ง์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ํํฉ๋ฌผ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ์นํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ชฝ ๋(1๋ฒ ์์น)์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ฒํธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฌํ์ง ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ IUPAC 2013๋
๊ท์น์ IUPAC ์ฐ์ ๋ช
์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์นํ๊ธฐ๋ค์ ๋ํด ๋ช
ํํ ์์นํ์์(locant)๋ฅผ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค. ์นํ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ "โane"์ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๊ณ ์ ์ ํ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ฐํ์ฌ ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ฌ์ฌํ ํฌํ ํํ์์์ ๋จ์ผ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ํํ์์ ์นํ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ท์, ์ ๋ง๋, ์ฃผ์, ๋ฉ, ๋ถ์์ ๋จ์ผ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ์ฒด ์์ํ๋ฌผ์๋ง ๊ถ์ฅ๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ "X-ic acid"๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ์นด๋ณต์ค์ฐ, "X-anol" (๋๋ "X-yl alcohol")๋ก ๋๋๋ ์์ฝ์ฌ ๋๋ "X-ane"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ์์ผ์ธ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, "X-yl"์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ค ํํฉ๋ฌผ์ ๋ง๋จ ํ์ ์์๋ก๋ถํฐ ์์ ์์๋ฅผ ํ ๊ฐ ์ ๊ฑฐํ์ฌ ์ป์ด์ง๋ 1๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง์นญํ๋ค.
๋ณด๋ค ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์นํ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ฆ ๋ง๋จ์ "โe"๋ง ์๋ตํ์ง๋ง, 1๋ฒ ์์น์์๋(์ผ์ค ๊ฒฐํฉ์ผ๋ก์ ์นํ๊ธฐ ํ์ ์ฌ์ฌ์ ์ข
๊ฒฐํด์ผ ํ๋"โ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ค์ธ(โylidyne)"์ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ ), "โ์ผ(โyl)" ์์ ๋ช
์์ ์ธ ๋ฒํธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฌํด์ผ ํ๋ค. "ํํ-1-์ผ(pentan-1-yl)"์ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ํ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ ์ง์นจ์ "ํํธ(pentyl)"๊ณผ ๋์์ด์ด๋ค.
"๋น๋"("ํด๋ฆฌ๋น๋"์ ์๋ฏธํ๋๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ)๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ถ ๋์ค์ ์ธ ์ฉ์ด๋ค์ ์ ์ฒด ํํ ๋ช
์นญ๋ค ์ค ์ผ๋ถ์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ค๋ ์ ์ ์ ์ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ"โ์ผ(โyl)"์ "๋ฉํธ(methyl)"์ด๋ผ๋ ๋จ์ด๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ถ์ถ๋์ด ์ ๋ํ์๋ค.
๋ฉํ
์ธ ์นํ๊ธฐ
์๊ธฐ ๊ท์น์ ๋ฐ๋ผ, ์นํ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋๋ ๋ถ์ ๋ด์ ํ์ ์์๋ ํ์ ์์์ ๊ฒฐํฉ๋์ด ์๋ ์์ ์์์ ์์ ๋ถ์์ ๋๋จธ์ง์ ํ์ฑ๋๋ ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๊ฐ๋๋ค.
๊ตฌ์กฐ
ํํ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์์์ ๋ฉํธ๊ธฐ, ์ํธ๊ธฐ, ์๋ฆด๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๊ธฐ ์นํ๊ธฐ๋ค์ R(๋๋ R1, R2 ๋ฑ)๋ก ๋ํ๋ผ ์ ์๋ค. "R"์ "radical" ๋๋ "rest"๋ก๋ถํฐ ํ์๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์์น ํ์์์ด๋ฉฐ, ์์ฑ์๊ฐ ํธ๋ฆฌํ๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐ๋๋ ํํ์์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋์ฒดํ ์ ์๋ค. 1844๋
์ ํ๋์ค์ ํํ์ ์ค๋ฅผ ํ๋ ๋ฐ๋ฆญ ๊ฒ๋ผ๋ฅดํธ(Charles Frรฉdรฉric Gerhardt)๊ฐ ๊ธฐํธ "R"์ ์ต์ด๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ์๋ค.
๊ธฐํธ "X"๋ ์ข
์ข
ํ ๋ก์ ํ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์์ฑ์ ์นํ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค.
ํต๊ณ ๋ถํฌ
์ด๋ค ํํ์ ๋ณดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ํ์, ์์, ์ง์, ์ฐ์, ํฉ, ์ธ, ์
๋ ๋, ํ ๋ก์ ๋ฑ ์ต๋ 12๊ฐ์ง์ ๋น์์ ์์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ 3,043,941 ๋ถ์๋ค์์ 849,574๊ฐ์ง์ ์นํ๊ธฐ๋ค์ ํ์ธํ๋ค. ์ด ๋ถ์๋ค์ 1% ์ด์์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ 50๊ฐ์ง์ ์นํ๊ธฐ๋ค์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ ๋ คํ ์ ์๊ณ , 0.1% ์ด์์์ 438์ข
๋ฅ์ ์นํ๊ธฐ๋ค์ด ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ค. ์นํ๊ธฐ์ 64%๋ ๋จ ํ๋์ ๋ถ์์์๋ง ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ค. ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์์ 5๊ฐ์ ์นํ๊ธฐ๋ค์ ๋ฉํธ๊ธฐ, ํ๋๊ธฐ, ํด๋ก๋ก๊ธฐ, ๋ฉํก์๊ธฐ, ํ์ด๋๋ก์๊ธฐ์ด๋ค. ์ ๊ธฐํํ์์ ์ ๊ธฐ ์นํ๊ธฐ๋ค์ ์ด ์๋ 3,100,000์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ฉฐ, ์ด 6.7ร1023 ๊ฐ์ง์ ๋ถ์๋ค์ด ์์ฑ๋๋ค. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด, ๋ฉํธ๊ธฐ(โCH3)์ ํํธ๊ธฐ(โC5H11)์์์ฒ๋ผ ํ์ ์ฌ์ฌ์ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํด์ผ๋ก์จ ๋ฌดํํ ์์ ์นํ๊ธฐ๋ค์ ์ป์ ์ ์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
์์ฉ๊ธฐ
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ ๊ธฐํํ
ํํ ๋ช
๋ช
๋ฒ
์นํ๊ธฐ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituent | Substituent | In organic chemistry, a substituent is one or a group of atoms that replaces (one or more) atoms, thereby becoming a moiety in the resultant (new) molecule. (In organic chemistry and biochemistry, the terms substituent and functional group, as well as side chain and pendant group, are used almost interchangeably to describe those branches from the parent structure, though certain distinctions are made in polymer chemistry. In polymers, side chains extend from the backbone structure. In proteins, side chains are attached to the alpha carbon atoms of the amino acid backbone.)
The suffix -yl is used when naming organic compounds that contain a single bond replacing one hydrogen; -ylidene and -ylidyne are used with double bonds and triple bonds, respectively. In addition, when naming hydrocarbons that contain a substituent, positional numbers are used to indicate which carbon atom the substituent attaches to when such information is needed to distinguish between isomers. Substituents can be a combination of the inductive effect and the mesomeric effect. Such effects are also described as electron-rich and electron withdrawing. Additional steric effects result from the volume occupied by a substituent.
The phrases most-substituted and least-substituted are frequently used to describe or compare molecules that are products of a chemical reaction. In this terminology, methane is used as a reference of comparison. Using methane as a reference, for each hydrogen atom that is replaced or "substituted" by something else, the molecule can be said to be more highly substituted. For example:
Markovnikov's rule predicts that the hydrogen atom is added to the carbon of the alkene functional group which has the greater number of hydrogen atoms (fewer alkyl substituents).
Zaitsev's rule predicts that the major reaction product is the alkene with the more highly substituted (more stable) double bond.
Nomenclature
The suffix -yl is used in organic chemistry to form names of radicals, either separate species (called free radicals) or chemically bonded parts of molecules (called moieties). It can be traced back to the old name of methanol, "methylene" (from , 'wine' and , 'wood', 'forest'), which became shortened to "methyl" in compound names, from which -yl was extracted. Several reforms of chemical nomenclature eventually generalized the use of the suffix to other organic substituents.
The use of the suffix is determined by the number of hydrogen atoms that the substituent replaces on a parent compound (and also, usually, on the substituent). According to the 1993 IUPAC recommendations:
-yl means that one hydrogen is replaced.
-ylidene means that two hydrogens are replaced by a double bond between parent and substituent.
-ylidyne means that three hydrogens are replaced by a triple bond between parent and substituent.
The suffix -ylidine is encountered sporadically, and appears to be a variant spelling of "-ylidene"; it is not mentioned in the IUPAC guidelines.
For multiple bonds of the same type, which link the substituent to the parent group, the infixes -di-, -tri-, -tetra-, etc., are used: -diyl (two single bonds), -triyl (three single bonds), -tetrayl (four single bonds), -diylidene (two double bonds).
For multiple bonds of different types, multiple suffixes are concatenated: -ylylidene (one single and one double), -ylylidyne (one single and one triple), -diylylidene (two single and one double).
The parent compound name can be altered in two ways:
For many common compounds the substituent is linked at one end (the 1 position) and historically not numbered in the name. The IUPAC 2013 Rules however do require an explicit locant for most substituents in a preferred IUPAC name. The substituent name is modified by stripping -ane (see alkane) and adding the appropriate suffix. This is "recommended only for saturated acyclic and monocyclic hydrocarbon substituent groups and for the mononuclear parent hydrides of silicon, germanium, tin, lead, and boron". Thus, if there is a carboxylic acid called "X-ic acid", an alcohol ending "X-anol" (or "X-yl alcohol"), or an alkane called "X-ane", then "X-yl" typically denotes the same carbon chain lacking these groups but modified by attachment to some other parent molecule.
The more general method omits only the terminal "e" of the substituent name, but requires explicit numbering of each yl prefix, even at position 1 (except for -ylidyne, which as a triple bond must terminate the substituent carbon chain). Pentan-1-yl is an example of a name by this method, and is synonymous with pentyl from the previous guideline.
Note that some popular terms such as "vinyl" (when used to mean "polyvinyl") represent only a portion of the full chemical name.
Methane substituents
According to the above rules, a carbon atom in a molecule, considered as a substituent, has the following names depending on the number of hydrogens bound to it, and the type of bonds formed with the remainder of the molecule:
Notation
In a chemical structural formula, an organic substituent such as methyl, ethyl, or aryl can be written as R (or R1, R2, etc.) It is a generic placeholder, the R derived from radical or rest, which may replace any portion of the formula as the author finds convenient. The first to use this symbol was Charles Frรฉdรฉric Gerhardt in 1844.
The symbol X is often used to denote electronegative substituents such as the halides.
Statistical distribution
One cheminformatics study identified 849,574 unique substituents up to 12 non-hydrogen atoms large and containing only carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, selenium, and the halogens in a set of 3,043,941 molecules. Fifty substituents can be considered common as they are found in more than 1% of this set, and 438 are found in more than 0.1%. 64% of the substituents are found in only one molecule. The top 5 most common are the methyl, phenyl, chlorine, methoxy, and hydroxyl substituents. The total number of organic substituents in organic chemistry is estimated at 3.1 million, creating a total of 6.7ร1023 molecules. An infinite number of substituents can be obtained simply by increasing carbon chain length. For instance, the substituents methyl (-CH3) and pentyl (-C5H11).
See also
Functional groups are a subset of substituents
References
Organic chemistry
Chemical nomenclature |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EC%95%99%ED%88%AC%EC%9D%B4 | ํธ์ํฌ์ด | ํธ์ํฐํฌ์ด(๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ด: Hoร ng Thแป Thรนy, ํ์: ้ปๆฐๅ(ํฉ์), 1992๋
3์ 15์ผ ~)๋ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด๋ค. 2011๋
ใ๋์ ! ์ํผ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จใ ์์ฆ 2์ ์ถ์ฐํด ์ฐ์นํ๋ฉด์ ์ด๋ฆ์ด ์๋ ค์ก๋ค. 2017๋
์ 3ํใ๋ฏธ์ค ์ ๋๋ฒ์ค ๋ฒ ํธ๋จใ์ ๋ฐ๋ํ์์ ์ค์ฐ์นํ์ฌ ๋ฏธ์ค ์ ๋๋ฒ์ค ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ 2019์ผ๋ก ๋ฝํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, 2019๋
12์ 8์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์กฐ์ง์์ฃผ ์ ํ๋ํ์ํฐ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฏธ์ค ์ ๋๋ฒ์ค 2019 ๋ํ์์ Top 20์ ์ฌ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ข
์ข
1990๋
๋์ ํ์ด๋ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ค ํ๋๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค.
ํ๋ ฅ
๋ค์1๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต (์กธ์
)
ํ๋
ธ์ด๊ฑด์ถ๋ํ๊ต (์กธ์
)
์ผํธ๋ด ์ธ์ธํธ ๋งํด์ค (์กธ์
)
์์
1992โ2011: ์ด๊ธฐ ์์
ํธ์ํฌ์ด๋ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ํ์ธํธ์์ฑ ๋ค์ํ์ ๊ฐ๋ํ ๊ฐ์ ์์ ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ 2010๋
๋ค์1 ๊ทธ๋ฑํ๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์
ํ๋ค. ํ๋
ธ์ด ๊ฑด์ถ ๋ํ์์ 2ํ๋
๋ ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋์ ! ์ํผ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ 2011(Vietnam's Next Top Model)์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ ๊ทธ๋
์ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ ์์์ ๋ํ๋๋ค.
2011โ2017:ใVietnam's Next Top Modelใ์์ ์ฐ์นํ๋ ๊ฒ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ํ๋ค ํ ํ๋
ํฌ์ด๋ 2011๋
9์ 25์ผ ๋์ ! ์ํผ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ 2011์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ์ด๋ผ ๋ฑ
ํฌ์ค๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ ์ ํํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ 2012๋
1
์ 8์ผ์ ์ฐ์น์๋ก ๋ฐํ๋์๋ค.
2012๋
๋
์ผ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์์ ํ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ค๋ธ ๋ ์๋(Top Model of the Word)์ ํฉ๋ฅํ์ฌ Top 15์ ์ ์ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฒ ์คํธ ์บฃ์ํฌ ์ด์(Best Catwalk Award)๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ค.
๋์ ! ์ํผ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ๋ ๋ ์๋ง์ ๊ตญ๋ด์ธ์์ ์ผํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ด์, ํ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ๋์ ๋ํ์ฌ์ ์ํด ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ๋นํ๋ค. 2014๋
2์, ๋ฐ๋ ํจ์
์ํฌ(LFW)๋ ์บ์คํ
์ ์์ฒญํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ํ ์ผ๋ง ์ง๋์ง ์์ ๋ฏธ์ํฉ์ ์ํ์ ์ํด ๋ฐ๋์ ์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ธ ์ฐ๋ฝ ์์ด๋ ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ์ฐพ์ ์์๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฑ๋์ ํตํด ๋ชจ๋ ๋์์ด๋์๊ฒ ์ด๋ฉ์ผ๋ก ํฌํธํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋๋ค. ํจ์
์ํฌ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ ๋์์ด๋ ์ค ํ ๋ช
์ธ ์ฅ ํผ์๋ฅด ๋ธ๋ผ๊ฐ์(Jean Pierre Braganza)๋ ๊ทธ๋
์๊ฒ ๋๋ตํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ํ ๋ธ๋ผ๊ฐ์๋ ํจ์
์ํฌ์์ ๊ทธ์ 4๊ฐ์ ์ผ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋๋ก ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ๋ค์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
์ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ ์ ํ์ ์ด๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ 2015๋
๋ฐ๋์์ PRM ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋งบ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ํ, ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์๋ฅด(Elle)์ ๊ทธ๋ผ์ง์(Grazia)์ ์ก์ง์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฑ์ฅํ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด๋์๋ค.
2017๋
ํธ์ํฌ์ด๋ ใ๋ ํ์ด์ค ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ(The Face Vietnam)ใ์์ฆ 2์ ํ๋ จ์(mentor)๋ก ๋ฐํ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ์์ ์น์๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํธ๋ ์ด๋ ๋์ฟ ์์ ํ์ ์ํ ๋ํ์ค์ด๋ค.
2017โํ์ฌ: ์ 3ํใ๋ฏธ์ค ์ ๋๋ฒ์ค ๋ฒ ํธ๋จใ์์ ์ค์ฐ์น์ ์ค๋ฆ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์ค ์ ๋๋ฒ์ค ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ 2019 ์ญํ ์ ํ๋
๋ ํ์ด์ค ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ํ ์ผ๋ง ์ง๋์ง ์์ ๊ทธ๋
๋ 2017๋
์ 3ํ ๋ฏธ์ค ์ ๋๋ฒ์ค ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋ํ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ฌ 2์(1st runner-up)์ ์ฌ๋๋ค.
2019๋
5์ 6์ผ, ํธ์ํฌ์ด๋ ๋ฏธ์ค ์ ๋๋ฒ์ค์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋ํ๊ฐ ๋ ๋ฏธ์ค ์ ๋๋ฒ์ค ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ 2019์ผ๋ก ๊ณต์ ๋ฐํ๋์๋ค. 2019 ๋ฏธ์ค ์ ๋๋ฒ์ค์์ 20์ ์์ ๋ค์๋ค.
2019 ๋ฏธ์ค ์ ๋๋ฒ์ค ๋ํ์์ ๋์์จ ํ ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ฏธ์ค ์ํ๋ผ๋์
๋์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋ํ๋ก ์ด์ฒญ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ํฌ๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ง์ ๊ธฐ๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์์ง๋ง ๋ฏธ์ค ์ํ๋ผ๋ด์
๋์์ 2020 ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋ํ ์ด์ฒญ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ํ๋ค.
์ปค๋ฒ ๋ชจ๋ธ
์ก์ง ์ปค๋ฒ
๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ์ก์ง๋ค:
ใ์ฝ์ค๋ชจํด๋ฆฌํใ์ก์ง (2010๋
๋ถํฐ 2015๋
๊น์ง ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ์ก์ง ์ค ํ๋์)
2012๋
7์ ์ถํ ๋ ์ปค๋ฒ
ใฤแบธPใ์ก์ง (2010๋
๋ถํฐ ํ์ฌ๊น์ง ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ์ก์ง ์ค ํ๋์)
2012๋
7์ ์ถํ ๋ ์ปค๋ฒ
2013๋
10์ ์ถํ ๋ ์ปค๋ฒ
2014๋
7์ ์ถํ ๋ ์ปค๋ฒ
2014๋
9์ ์ถํ ๋ ์ปค๋ฒ
ใ์๋ฅดใ์ก์ง (2010๋
๋ถํฐ 2020๊น์ง ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ์ก์ง ์ค ํ๋์)
2016๋
4์ ์ถํ ๋ ์ปค๋ฒ
ใํํผ์ค ๋ฐ์ใ์ก์ง (2010๋
๋ถํฐ ํ์ฌ๊น์ง ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ์ก์ง ์ค ํ๋์)
2016๋
7์ ์ถํ ๋ ์ปค๋ฒ
2019๋
9์ ์ถํ ๋ ์ปค๋ฒ
๋ค๋ฅธ ์ก์ง:
2012๋
2์ใํ๋ฅด ์๋ใ์ถํ ๋ ์ปค๋ฒ
2012๋
2์ใThแป thao vร vฤn hรณaใ์ถํ ๋ ์ปค๋ฒ
2012๋
2์ใHoa hแปc trรฒใ์ถํ ๋ ์ปค๋ฒ
2012๋
3์ใNgฦฐแปi ฤแบนpใ์ถํ ๋ ์ปค๋ฒ
2012๋
4์ใSร nh ฤiแปuใ์ถํ ๋ ์ปค๋ฒ
2012๋
4์ใDu lแปch Giแบฃi trรญใ์ถํ ๋ ์ปค๋ฒ
2012๋
5์ใThแบฟ giแปi ngฦฐแปi nแปi tiแบฟngใ์ถํ ๋ ์ปค๋ฒ
2012๋
6์ใTravelliveใ์ถํ ๋ ์ปค๋ฒ
2012๋
12์ใํ๋ฅด ์๋ใ์ถํ ๋ ์ปค๋ฒ
2013๋
1์ใNew Fashionใ์ถํ ๋ ์ปค๋ฒ
2015๋
2์ใํฌ๋ธ์คใ์ถํ ๋ ์ปค๋ฒ
2015๋
9์ใF (์ํ)ใ์ถํ ๋ ์ปค๋ฒ
2015๋
9์ใStyleใ์ถํ ๋ ์ปค๋ฒ
2015๋
10์ใํ๋ฅด ์๋ใ์ถํ ๋ ์ปค๋ฒ
๊ด๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ธ
์ ๋ฐฐ์๋
ํ
๋ ๋น์ ๊ด๊ณ
๋ฐฉ์ก ํ๋
์์ ๋ฐ ํ๋ณด
์ ๋ฐ๋ํ์ ์์
์์์์ ์์ ๋ฐ ํ๋ณด
๊ฐ์ฃผ
1992๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
ํ์ธํธ์์ฑ ์ถ์
๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ์ฌ์ ๋ชจ๋ธ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng%20Th%C3%B9y | Hoร ng Thรนy | Hoร ng Thแป Thรนy or Hoร ng Thรนy ( ; born 15 March 1992) is a Vietnamese model and beauty pageant titleholder. She began her career in 2011, after winning cycle two of Vietnam's Next Top Model. Eight years later, she was sashed as Miss Universe Vietnam 2019 to represent Vietnam at Miss Universe 2019 and placed in the Top 20. She is often considered one of the most successful Vietnamese models on international runway as well as of Vietnamese 1990s-born model generation.
Background and education
Thรนy was born and raised in the commune of Thiแปn Lรขm, Tฤฉnh Gia District, Thanh Hรณa Province of Vietnam to a poor family of four daughters. When she was young, she used to sell rice cakes on coach buses to assist her family. Despite financial struggles, her family continued to support their daughters to continue their education. Thรนy graduated from Tฤฉnh Gia 1 High School in 2010. She was a sophomore majoring in industrial design at Hanoi Architectural University before participating in the second season of Vietnam's Next Top Model and pursuing modelling afterwards. In 2016, she started enrolling in fashion design courses at Central Saint Martins in London.
Career
Vietnam's Next Top Model
In 2011, Thรนy joined Vietnam's Next Top Model cycle 2. Throughout the cycle, Thรนy performed consistently well and only landed in the bottom two once. In the season finale, Thรนy was announced to be the winner over the runners-up Trร My and Lรช T. Thรบy. In 2015, it was revealed that Tyra Banks, creator of the Top Model franchise and also the special judge of the season 2 finale, fought for Thรนy to become the winner of that cycle.
Post show career
She joined Top Model of the World 2012 in Berlin, Germany where she placed in the Top 15 and also won the Best Catwalk Award. Thรนy started working both domestically and internationally as soon as she left Vietnam's Next Top Model. She was rejected multiple times by agencies in New York, Paris and London. In February 2014, she went to London to try out for its fashion week's casting calls without having an agency. With no personal contacts, she sent her portfolio by email to all the designers participating in Autumn/Winter 2014 London Fashion Week via any channels she could find. She first heard back from Jean Pierre Braganza and proceeded to successfully book 4 shows that season, which was a turning point in her international career. Since then, she has walked the runways of New York Fashion Week, London Fashion Week and Vietnam International Fashion Week. Thanks to her outstanding achievements, Hoร ng Thรนy was named in Forbes Vietnam's 30 Under 30 list in early 2015. She signed with PRM Models in London in 2015 and landed a fashion spread on Elle as well as Grazia shortly after, becoming the first Vietnamese model to do so. The same year, Thรนy made an appearance on BBC One's The Clothes Show and was the only Asian model in that edition's cast.
In 2017, she became a coach in the second season of The Face Vietnam. Throughout the show, general viewers called Thรนy "the master of proverbs" due to her tendency to use Vietnamese proverbs in her confessions.
Miss Universe Vietnam 2017
Shortly after season two of The Face Vietnam ended, it was revealed that Thรนy had signed up to join Miss Universe Vietnam 2017. She was a favorite throughout the competition. Ultimately, Thรนy was named as the 1st Runner-up and received the People's Choice Award. The top three of the competition were all Vietnam's Next Top Model alumnae with the winner H'Hen Niรช participating in cycle 6 (finishing 8th), Thรนy winning cycle 2 and Mรขu T. Thanh Thแปงy winning cycle 4. Due to the biennial hosting of Miss Universe Vietnam, the next edition would be held in 2019. Thus, Hoร ng Thรนy has a chance to represent Vietnam at Miss Universe 2019 if the pageant is held sooner than the country's selection that year.
Miss Universe 2019
On 6 May 2019, Thรนy was officially appointed to be Vietnam's representative at Miss Universe 2019 after she placed 1st runner up in Miss Universe Vietnam 2017. Thรนy competed in Miss Universe 2019 and placed in the Top 20 as she was one of the five most outstanding candidates from Africa and Asia Pacific.
Titles, Awards and Nominations
Competitions and Pageants
Awards and nominations
References
1992 births
Living people
Miss Universe 2019 contestants
Next Top Model winners
People from Thanh Hรณa province
Vietnamese beauty pageant winners
Vietnamese expatriates in England
Vietnamese female models
21st-century Vietnamese women
21st-century Vietnamese people |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%99%EC%83%89%EC%A2%85 | ์ฒ์์ข
| ์ฒ์์ข
(Chordoma)์ ํ์๊ธฐ ์์ฌ์กฐ์ง(์ฒ์, notochord)์ ์ธํฌ ์์ฌ๋ฌผ์์ ์ ๋ํ๋ ์์ฃผ ์ฒ์ฒํ ์ปค์ง๋ ์
์ฑ์ข
์์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์
์ฆํ๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ก๋ ์ข
์์ด ์๊ธฐ๋ ์์น์ (์ ๊ฒฝ์ถ "nuraxis" ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์๊น), ์ ์ฌํ ์กฐ์ง๊ฒ์ฌ ํจํด ๋ฐ ํ์๊ธฐ ์์ฌ์กฐ์ง ์ธํฌ๊ฐ ๋๊ฐ๊ณจ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ถ (clivus) ๋ฐ ์ฒ์ถ์ ์๋ ๋ ๋ถ๋ถ, ์์น๋ผ(sacrococcygeal) ์ง์ญ์ ๋ง์ด ๋จ์์๋ค๋ ์ ์ด๋ค.
์ฆ์ธ
์ฒ์์ข
์ ๋๊ฐ๊ณจ์ ๋ผ์ ์ฒ์ถ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ด๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์์๋ ์๊ธธ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๊ณณ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋๊ฐ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ ๋ถ ๋ผ์ ์์น๋ผ์ ๋งจ ์๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ด๋ค.
์ ์
์ฒ์์ข
์ ์ํด ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ง ๋น์ทํ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ์ข
์๋ค์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ค ์ค 4๊ฐ์ง ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์์ ์ ์ฌ์ธ์์ธ brachyury ์ ์ ์์ ๋ณต์ ๊ฐ ์ฒ์์ข
์ ์์ธ์ด ๋๋๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐํ์ก๋ค.
๊ฒฐ์ ์ฑ ๊ฒฝํ์ฆ ๋ณตํฉ์ฒด (tuberous sclerosis complex) (TSC1 ๋๋ TSC2)์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ฐ๊ด์ฑ์ด ์ ์๋์๋ค.
๊ธฐ์
mTOR ์ ํธ์ ๋ฌ์ด ์ฐ๋ฐ์ฑ ์ฒ๊ณจ์ฑ ์ฒ์์ข
์์ ๊ณผ์ ํ์ฑ๋๋ค. ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ 10๊ฐ์ ์ฒ๊ณจ์ฑ ์ฒ์์ข
์ค 10๊ฐ๊ฐ ์กฐ์ง๊ฒ์ฌ์ ์ํด ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง s6 ๋ฐ EIF4EBP1์ ์ธ์ฐํ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋๋ค
๊ฑฐ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ฒ๊ณจ์ฑ ์ฒ์์ข
์์ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋๋ ์์ ํ PTEN ์ ์ ์์ ๊ฒฐํ์ด ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์๋ค
49๊ฐ์ ์ฒ์์ข
์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ Akt, TSC2 ๋ฐ EIF4EBP1์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 92%, 96% ๋ฐ 98% ์ธ์ฐํ๋์๋ค.
21๊ฐ์ ์ฒ์์ข
์ ์ด์ฉํ ์กฐ์ง์ ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก์ด๋ ์ด์์ ํ์ํ์ ๋ ์ฑ์ฅ์ธ์ ์์ฉ์ฒด(Platelet-derived growth factor receptor)-๋ฒ ํ (PDGFR-b), ํํผ์ฑ์ฅ์ธ์์์ฉ์ฒด (EGFR), KIT ( CD117) ๋ฐ HER2 ๊ฐ 100%, 67%, 33% ๋ฐ 0% ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฒ์ถ๋์๋ค.
์ผ์์ฒด 9p21์ CDKN2A (p16) ๋ฐ CDKN2B (p15) ์ ์ ์์ข๋ ์ฐ๊ณจ์ข
์์ ์์ฃผ ์ญ์ ๋๋ค. ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ CDKN2A ๋ฉด์ญ ๋ฐ์์ฑ์ด ๋จ์ง 4%์ ์ฌ๋ก์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์๋ค.
์ฐ๊ณจ์ข
์ 62%๋ ๋ฉด์ญ์๋ฒ์ ํ์ ์ด ๋ ์ฝ๋๋ก์ดํด ์คํ์ดํธ ํ๋กํ
์ค๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ 4 (CSPG4)๋ก๋ ์๋ ค์ง ๊ณ ๋ถ์๋ ํ์์ข
๊ด๋ จ ํญ์์ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
2009๋
์ ๊ณผํ์๋ค์ ์ ์ ์ ๋ณต์ ๊ฐ ์ด ์ฅ์ ์ ์ ์ ์ ์ฒ์์ข
์ ์์ธ์ด ๋๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๋ค. ์ ์ ์ฑ ์ฒ์์ข
์ ์๋นํ ๋๋ฌธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ก ์ฝ 0.4% ์ผ์ด์ค๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค.
์ง๋จ
์ฒ์์ข
์ง๋จ ๋ฐ ์น๋ฃ์ ๊ดํ ์ต์ด์ ํต์ผ๋ ์ง์นจ์ด 2015๋
Lancet Oncology์ ๋ฐํ๋์๋ค.
๋ถ๋ฅ
์ฒ์์ข
์๋ 3๊ฐ์ง ํํ์ ์กฐ์ง์ ๋ณ์ด๊ฐ ์๋ค: ๊ณ ์ (๋๋ "๊ธฐ์กด์")์ ์ธ ์กฐ์ง, ์ฐ๊ณจํํ์ ์กฐ์ง ๋ฐ ํ๋ถํ ํํ์ ์กฐ์ง์ด๋ค.
๊ณ ์ ์ ์ฒ์์ข
์ ์กฐ์งํ์ ์ธ๊ด์ ์ฌ์ ์ง ๊ฒฉ๋ง์ ์ํด ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ธํฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ์์ฝ ์ข
์์ด๋ค. ์ธํฌ๋ ์์ ์ํ ํต๊ณผ ํ๋ถํ ์กํฌ์ฑ ์ธํฌ์ง์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋๋ก๋ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐํฌ ๋๋ ์กํฌ๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ฌ์ฌ๋๋ค.
์ฐ๊ณจ ์ฐ๊ณจ์ข
์ ์ฐ๊ณจ์ข
๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ณจ ์ก์ข
์ ํน์ง์ ์กฐ์ง์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
์น๋ฃ
๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ์์ ์ ์ ์์ ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์๋ฒ์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ํจ๊ณผ์๋ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์น๋ฃ๋ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด๊ธฐ ์ข
์์ ๋ถ์์ ํ ์ ์ ์์ ์ ์ด ์ง๋ณ์ ๋์ฑ ์ด๋ ต๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๋์ธ๋ค. ์์ ํ ์์ ๋๋ ๋ถ์์ ์์ ์ ์ํ ์ฌ๋ถ๋ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ข
์์ ํด๋ถํ์ ์์น์ ์ค์ถ ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ์ค์ํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ํ ๊ทผ์ ์ฑ์ ๋ฌ๋ ค ์๋ค.
์ฒ์์ข
์ ๋น๊ต์ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์ ๊ฐํ๋ฏ๋ก ๋ง์ ์์ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค. ๋์ค๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ค์ํ ์ ๊ฒฝ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋ํ ์ฒ์์ข
์ ๊ทผ์ ์ฑ์ ์์ ํ๊ฒ ์ชผ์ผ ์ ์๋ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์์ ์ ํํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์์ฑ์์๋ฒ(proton therapy) ๋ฐ ํ์์ด์จ์๋ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋์ถ๋ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์ด ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์์ค๋ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ๋ณด๋ค ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ค.
ํ์ฌ ์ฒ์์ข
์น๋ฃ์ฉ ์น์ธ๋ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์ ์์ง๋ง PDGFR(PDGFR) ์ต์ ์ ์ธ ์ด๋งํฐ๋(Imatinib)์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์์์ ์์์ํ์ ์ผ๋ถ ์ฒ์์ข
ํ์์์ ์ข์ ๋ฐ์์ ๋ํ๋๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ์ ์ด๋งํฐ๋๊ณผ ์๋กค๋ฆฌ๋ฌด์ค(sirolimus)๋ฅผ ํจ๊ป ์ฌ์ฉํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ด๋งํฐ๋ ๋จ๋
์น๋ฃ๊ฐ ์๋ ๋ช๋ช ํ์๋ค์์ ๋ฐ์์ ์ผ์ผํจ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ๋ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๋ค.
olaparib์ ๋ํ ์์๋ณด๊ณ ์ ๋ํ 2019๋
์ ์ถ๊ฐ๋์๋ค.
์ํ
ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์์น๋ผ ์ฒ์์ข
์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ 10๋
๊ฐ ์์กด์จ์ด 46%์ด๊ณ ์ฐ๊ณจ์ ์ฒ์์ข
์ ๋ ์ฒ์ฒํ ์งํ๋๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ์๋ค.
์ญํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ฒ์์ข
์ ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์๋ฅ ์ ์ฝ 100๋ง๋ช
์ค 1๋ช
๊ผด์ด๋ค. ๋งค๋
300๋ช
์ ์๋ก์ด ํ์๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค.
ํ์ฌ ์ฒ์์ข
์ ๋ํด ์๋ ค์ง ํ๊ฒฝ ์ํ์์๋ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฏธ ์ธ๊ธํ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ด ์ ์ฌ์ธ์ brachyury์ ์์๊ณ์ด ์ค๋ณต(germline duplication)์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฒ์์ข
๊ณ์ด์์ ์ฃผ์ ๊ฐ์์ฑ ์์ธ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธ๋์๋ค.
์ฒ์์ข
์ ๊ฐ์ง ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ด ๋ณ์ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์กฑ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์์ด ์์ง๋ง ์น์ฒ ์ค์ ๋๋ฌผ๊ฒ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ์ฌ๋ก๊ฐ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋์ด ์๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ ์ผ๋ถ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์ฒ์์ข
์ ์ ๋ฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ ์ ์ ์์ธ์ด ์์์ ์์ฌํ๋ค. ์ฒ์์ข
์ ์ ์ ํ์ ๋๋ ์ ์ ์ ์ธ ์ํ์ธ์๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ์์ฐ๊ตฌ์(National Cancer Institute)์ ๊ณผํ์๋ค์ ์ด ์ข
์์ ๋ฐ๋ฌ์ ๊ด์ฌํ๋ ์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ฐ์กฑ์ฑ ์ฒ์์ข
์ฐ๊ตฌ(Familial Chordoma Study)๋ฅผ ์ํํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ฌํ
"์ฒ์์ข
์ ์ง๋จ ๋ฐ ์น๋ฃ์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ์ ๊ถ์ฅ์ฌํญ"(Expert Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chordoma")์ ์ฒ์์ข
์ฌ๋จ(Chordoma Foundation)์์ ์ ์ํ ํธ๋๋ถ์ผ๋ก, ์ฒ์์ข
ํ์๋ฅผ ๋๋ณด๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ๋ฌธ์ผ๋กํ๋ 40๋ช
์ด์์ ์์ฌ๋ค์ด ๊ฐ๋ฐํ ๊ถ์ฅ์ฌํญ์ ์์ฝํ์๋ค. ์์ด, ์ค๊ตญ์ด, ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์ด, ๋ค๋๋๋์ด ๋ฐ ์คํ์ธ์ด๋ก ์ ์ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ณต๋๋ฉฐ ์์ด ๋ฐ ์คํ์ธ์ด๋ ์ธ์๋ณธ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ ๊ณต๋๋ค.
์ฃผ๋ชฉํ ๋งํ ์ฌ๋ก
Salon์ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์นผ๋ผ๋์คํธ์ธ ์บ๋ฆฌ ํ
๋์ค(Cary Tennis)๋ 2009๋
11์ 19์ผ ์นผ๋ผ์์ ์ฒ์์ข
์ง๋จ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
์ ์คํ์ธ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ํธ์ธ ์๋ฆฌ์ผ(Josรฉ Enrique)๋ 2018๋
5์์ ์ฒ์์ข
์ง๋จ์ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธํด 6์์ ์ข
์์ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์์ ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 2019๋
4์์ ๋ชจ๋ ์น๋ฃ๋๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
Chordoma Foundation-Chordoma ํ์์ ์ถ์ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ณ ์น๋ฃ๋ฒ์ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ๋ ์กฐ์ง
Chordoma์ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง-์ฃผ๋ก ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ (CT ๋ฐ MRI ์ค์บ), ํ๋์ ๋ถ๊ฒ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง
์ฒ์์ข
(WikiGenes)์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ๋ณด
ํผ๋ถ ์งํ
๊ณจ๋ณ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordoma | Chordoma | Chordoma is a rare slow-growing neoplasm thought to arise from cellular remnants of the notochord. The evidence for this is the location of the tumors (along the neuraxis), the similar immunohistochemical staining patterns, and the demonstration that notochordal cells are preferentially left behind in the clivus and sacrococcygeal regions when the remainder of the notochord regresses during fetal life.
In layman's terms, chordoma is a type of spinal cancer.
Presentation
Chordomas can arise from bone in the skull base and anywhere along the spine. The two most common locations are cranially at the clivus and in the sacrum at the bottom of the spine.
Sacral chordoma is presented with chronic low back pain.
Genetics
A small number of families have been reported in which multiple relatives have been affected by chordoma. In four of these families, duplication of the brachyury gene was found to be responsible for causing chordoma.
A possible association with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC1 or TSC2) has been suggested.
Mechanism
mTOR signaling is hyperactive in sporadic sacral chordomas: in one study 10 out of 10 sacral chordomas exhibited phosphorylation of Ribosomal protein s6 and EIF4EBP1 by immunohistochemistry
Partial or complete PTEN (gene) deficiency is observed in nearly all sacral chordomas
In a study of 49 chordomas Akt, TSC2, and EIF4EBP1 were phosphorylated in 92%, 96% and 98% of cases, respectively.
In a tissue microarray containing 21 chordomas Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFR-b), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), KIT (CD117) and HER2 were detected in 100%, 67%, 33% and 0% of cases, respectively.
The CDKN2A (p16) and CDKN2B (p15) loci on chromosome 9p21 are frequently deleted in chordomas Another study found CDKN2A immunoreactivity in just 4% of cases.
62% of chordomas express the High Molecular Weight Melanoma Associated Antigen, also known as Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) which has been the target of immune therapy.
In 2009, scientists discovered that an inherited gene duplication is responsible for the familial form of this disorder. Familial chordoma are rare, with an estimated rate of 0.4% in all Chordomas.
Diagnosis
In 2015 the first consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chordoma were published in The Lancet Oncology. These tumors express brachyury and cytokeratin, which can be detected by immunohistochemistry.
Classification
There are three histological variants of chordoma: conventional, chondroid and dedifferentiated.
The histological appearance of classical chordoma is of a lobulated tumor composed of groups of cells separated by fibrous septa. The cells have small round nuclei and abundant vacuolated cytoplasm, sometimes described as physaliferous (having bubbles or vacuoles).
Chondroid chordomas histologically show features of both chordoma and chondrosarcoma.
Treatment
In most cases, complete surgical resection followed by radiation therapy offers the best chance of long-term control. Incomplete resection of the primary tumor makes controlling the disease more difficult and increases the odds of recurrence. The decision whether complete or incomplete surgery should be performed primarily depends on the anatomical location of the tumor and its proximity to vital parts of the central nervous system.
Chordomas are relatively radioresistant, requiring high doses of radiation to be controlled. The proximity of chordomas to vital neurological structures such as the brain stem and nerves limits the dose of radiation that can safely be delivered. Therefore, highly focused radiation such as proton therapy and carbon ion therapy are more effective than conventional x-ray radiation.
There are no drugs currently approved to treat chordoma, however a clinical trial conducted in Italy using a tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib demonstrated a modest response in some chordoma patients. The same group in Italy found that the combination of imatinib and sirolimus caused a response in several patients whose tumors progressed on imatinib alone. Erlotinib-like EGFR inhibitors have been also reported to be effective in chordoma. Although EGFR mutation is not present in chordoma, EGFR expression might predict response to erlotinib (as shown in report by Dr Sameer Rastogi).
A report of response to olaparib has been published.
Prognosis
In one study, the 10-year tumor free survival rate for sacral chordoma was 46%. Chondroid chordomas appear to have a more indolent clinical course.
Epidemiology
In the United States, the annual incidence of chordoma is approximately 1 in one million (300 new patients each year).
Sacral chordomas make up 2 to 4% of all primary bone tumours and 44% of all primary sacral tumours, thus making it the most common malignant sacral tumour. About 50 to 60% of chordomas are located in the sacrococcygeal region. Males aged between 40 and 50 years are twice as likely as women to get sacral chordoma.
There are currently no known environmental risk factors for chordoma. As noted above germline duplication of brachyury has been identified as a major susceptibility mechanism in several chordoma families.
While most people with chordoma have no other family members with the disease, rare occurrences of multiple cases within families have been documented. This suggests that some people may be genetically predisposed to develop chordoma. Because genetic or hereditary risk factors for chordoma may exist, scientists at the National Cancer Institute are conducting a Familial Chordoma Study to search for genes involved in the development of this tumor.
Society
Expert Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chordoma is a handbook produced by the Chordoma Foundation, which summarizes recommendations developed by a group of over 40 leading doctors who specialize in caring for chordoma patients. It is available electronically in English, Chinese, Italian, Dutch, and Spanish and hardcopies are available in English and Spanish.
Notable cases
NFL player Craig Heyward was treated for a chordoma in 1998, which ended his career. While initially thought to be successfully removed, the tumor returned in 2005, and caused Heyward's death in May 2006.
Pro skateboarder Ray Underhill, a member of the Powell-Peralta Bones Brigade, battled chordoma for two years before succumbing to his disease in August 2008.
Cary Tennis, the popular advice columnist for Salon, announced in his column of November 19, 2009, that he had been diagnosed with a chordoma.
Former Spanish footballer Josรฉ Enrique was diagnosed with chordoma in May 2018 and underwent surgery to remove the tumour in June of that year. He announced in April 2019 that he had been given the all clear.
References
External links
Images of Chordoma - mostly radiological (CT and MRI scans), one autopsy image
Research information on chordoma (WikiGenes)
Osseous and chondromatous neoplasia
Dermal and subcutaneous growths |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EA%B1%B4%20%EB%8D%94%20%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%A4%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B8 | ๋ฉ๊ฑด ๋ ์คํค๋ฆฌ์ธ | ๋ฉ๊ฑด ์กฐ๋ณธ ๋ฃจ์ค ํผํธ(Megan Jovon Ruth Pete, 1995๋
2์ 15์ผ ~ )๋ ์๋ช
๋ฉ๊ฑด ๋ ์คํค๋ฆฌ์ธ(Megan Thee Stallion)์ผ๋ก ๋ ์ ์๋ ค์ง ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ํผ์ด๋ค. ํ
์ฌ์ค์ฃผ ํด์คํด ์ถ์ ์ผ๋ก, ํ๋ฆฌ์คํ์ผ ์์์ด ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ ๋ฑ ์์
๋ฏธ๋์ด์์ ํ์ ๊ฐ ๋๋ฉด์ ์ฒ์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
2018๋
์ 300 ์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ์ ๊ณ์ฝํ ํ ๋ฐ๋งคํ ๋ฏน์คํ
์ดํ Fever (2019)์ EP Suga (2020)๋ ๋น๋ณด๋ 200 10์ ์์ ๋ค์๊ณ , ์ ๊ท ์๋ฐ Good News (2020)๋ ํ๋จ์ ํธํ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๋น์์ธ๊ฐ ํผ์ฒ๋งํ "Savage" ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์ค์ ์์ ์ด ํผ์ฒ๋งํ ์นด๋ ๋น์ "WAP"์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋น๋ณด๋ ํซ 100 1์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ์์ ๊ณผ ๋์ ์บฃ์ด ํผ์ฒ๋งํ ์๋ฆฌ์๋ ๊ทธ๋๋ฐ์ 2021๋
์ฑ๊ธ "34+35 Remix"๋ ๋น๋ณด๋ ํซ 100 2์๋ฅผ ๋ฌ์ฑํ๋ค. ์ดํ ์ปดํ๋ ์ด์
์๋ฐ Something for Thee Hotties๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋งคํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ ๋น๋ณด๋ 200 10์ ์์ ๋ค์๋ค. ์๋ก๊ณก "Thot Shit"์ ๋น๋ณด๋ ํซ 100 20์ ์์ ๋ค์๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋๋ฏธ ์ด์๋ ์ต์ฐ์ ๋ฉ ํผํฌ๋จผ์ค ํ๋ณด๋ก ์ ์ ๋์๋ค.
๋ฉ๊ฑด ๋ ์คํค๋ฆฌ์ธ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋์ ๊ทธ๋๋ฏธ ์ด์๋ 3๊ฐ, ๋น๋ณด๋ ๋ฎค์ง ์ด์๋ 1๊ฐ, ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ฎค์ง ์ด์๋ 4๊ฐ ๋ฑ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์์
์์ ์์ํ์๋ค. ์ 63ํ ๊ทธ๋๋ฏธ ์ด์๋์์ 1999๋
๋ก๋ฆฐ ํ ์ดํ ์ต์ฐ์ ์ ์ธ์์ ์์ํ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฌ์ฑ ๋ํผ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. 2020๋
์ ํ์ '๊ฐ์ฅ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ ์๋ 100์ธ'์ ์ ์ ๋์๋ค.
์์ ๋ฐ ํ๋ ฅ
๋ฉ๊ฑด ์กฐ๋ณธ ๋ฃจ์ค ํผํธ๋ 1995๋
2์ 15์ผ์ ํ
์ฌ์ค์ฃผ ์์ํ ๋์ค์์ ํ์ด๋ ํด์คํด์์ ์๋๋ค. 14์ด ๋ ๋ฉ ๊ฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต 1ํ๋
๋ ์๋ฒ์ง๊ฐ ๋์๊ฐ์
จ๊ณ , 2013๋
์ ํ๋๋ ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์
ํ๋ค.
ํ๋ ๋ฆฌ ๋ทฐ A&M ๋ํ๊ต ์ฌํ ์ค ์์ ์ ํ๋ฆฌ์คํ์ผ ์์์ SNS์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ์ฌ์ดํผ์์ ๋จ์ ๋ํผ๋ค์ ์๋๋ก ๋ฉ ๋ฐฐํ์ ํ๋ ์์์ด ํ์ ๊ฐ ๋์๊ณ , ์ด๋ก ์ธํด ๊ทธ์ SNS ํ๋ก์ ์๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค. ํดํ ํ ํ
์ฌ์ค ์๋ ๋ํ๊ต์์ ๊ณต๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๊ฐํ๊ณ , 2021๋
์ ์๋ฃํ์ ํ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์กธ์
ํ๋ค.
ํฐ ํค(5'10" ๋๋ 178cm)๋ก ์ธํด ์ฒญ์๋
๊ธฐ์ ์ข
๋ง(stallion)๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ ค ์๋ช
์ "Megan Thee Stallion"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ง์๋ค.
๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
2016-2017: ์ด๊ธฐ
๋ฉ๊ฑด ๋ ์คํค๋ฆฌ์ธ์ 2016๋
์ ๋ฐ๋ท ์ฑ๊ธ "Like a Stallion"์ ๋ฐ๋งคํ ํ, ์ฌ์ด๋ํด๋ผ์ฐ๋์ ๋ฏน์คํ
์ดํ Rich Rachet๊ณผ Megan Mix๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐํ๋ค. 2017๋
์ ๋ฐ๋ท EP Make It Hot์ ๋ฐ๋งคํ๋ค.
2018-2019: Tina Snow์ Fever
๋ฉ๊ฑด ๋ ์คํค๋ฆฌ์ธ์ 2018๋
์ด์ 1501 Certified ์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ์ ๊ณ์ฝํ ํ 6์์ EP Tina Snow๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋งคํ๋ค. 11์์ 300 ์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ์ ๊ณ์ฝํ์ฌ ๋ ์ด๋ธ์ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฌ์ฑ ๋ํผ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
2019๋
1์์ ์ฑ๊ธ "Big Ole Freak"๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋งคํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ฑ๊ธ ์ค ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ๋น๋ณด๋ ํซ 100์ ์ง์
ํ์ฌ ์ต๊ณ ์์ 65์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. 5์์ ๋ฏน์คํ
์ดํ Fever๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋งคํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ ํ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ค์ ํธํ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. 6์์ 'XXL ํ๋ ์๋งจ ํด๋์ค'์ ์ ์ ๋์๋ค. 8์์ ๋ํผ ๋ํค ๋ฏธ๋์ฆ์ ํ์ด ๋ฌ๋ผ ์ฌ์ธ์ด ํผ์ฒ๋งํ ์ฑ๊ธ "Hot Girl Summer"๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋งคํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ ๋น๋ณด๋ ํซ 100 11์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. 9์์ ๋ฝ ๋ค์ด์
๊ณผ ๋งค๋์ง๋จผํธ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ๊ณ , 11์์ 'ํ์ 100 ๋ฅ์คํธ'์ ์ ์ ๋์๋ค.
2020-2021: Suga, Good News, Something for Thee Hotties
๋ฉ๊ฑด ๋ ์คํค๋ฆฌ์ธ์ 2020๋
1์์ EP Suga์ ๋ฐ๋งค๋ฅผ ์๊ณ ํ ํ ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฑ๊ธ "B.I.T.C.H."๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋งคํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ 3์์ 1501 Certified์ ๊ณ์ฝ ์ฌํ์์ ์๋ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ EP ๋ฐ๋งค๊ฐ ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 1501์ ์ฒ์ ๊ณ์ฝํ์ ๋ ์ผ๋ถ ์ฉ์ด๋ฅผ ์ดํดํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค๊ณ ์ธ๊ธํ๋ฉด์ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ํ ์ธ์์ ๋์ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ํด์ํ๊ทธ #FreeTheeStallion์ ์์ํ๋ค.
ํ์ฌ๊ฐ 1501์ ์ผ์์ ์ธ ์ ๊ทผ๊ธ์ง ๋ช
๋ น์ ๋ด๋ฆฐ ํ, ๋ฉ๊ฑด ๋ ์คํค๋ฆฌ์ธ์ Suga๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋งคํ๋ค. ์๋ก๊ณก "Savage"๋ ํฑํก์์ ํฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ป์๋ค. 4์์ ๊ฐ์ ๋น์์ธ๊ฐ ํผ์ฒ๋งํ "Savage Remix"๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋งคํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ฒซ ๋น๋ณด๋ ํซ 100 1์ ๋
ธ๋๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. 8์์ ๋ํผ ์นด๋ ๋น์ ์ฑ๊ธ "WAP"์ ํผ์ฒ๋งํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ ๊ทธ์ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ 1์ ๋
ธ๋๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ํ์ฅํ ๋ธ๋๋ ๋ ๋ธ๋ก ์ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ๋ธ๋๋ ์ฐ๋ฒ์๋๊ฐ ๋์๊ณ , 9์์ ํ์ '๊ฐ์ฅ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ ์๋ 100์ธ'์ ์ ์ ๋์๋ค. 11์์ ๋ฐ๋ท ์ ๊ท ์๋ฐ Good News๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋งคํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ ๋น๋ณด๋ 200 2์๋ก ์ง์
ํ๋ค.
2021๋
3์์ ๊ทธ๋๋ฏธ ์ด์๋์์ ์ต์ฐ์ ์ ์ธ ์ํฐ์คํธ๋ฅผ ์์ํ๊ณ , "Savage Remix"๋ ์ต์ฐ์ ๋ฉ ๋
ธ๋์ ์ต์ฐ์ ๋ฉ ํผํฌ๋จผ์ค๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ค. 10์์ ๋ฏธ๋ฐ๋งค๊ณก๊ณผ ํ๋ฆฌ์คํ์ผ์ ๋ชจ์ ์ปดํ๋ ์ด์
์๋ฐ Something for Thee Hotties๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋งคํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ ๋น๋ณด๋ 200 5์๋ก ์ง์
ํ๋ค. 11์์ ๊ธ๋๋จธ ์ฌํด์ ์ฌ์ฑ ์ค ํ ๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ ์ ๋์๊ณ , ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ฎค์ง ์ด์๋์์ ์ 3๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
2022: Traumazine
๋ฉ๊ฑด ๋ ์คํค๋ฆฌ์ธ์ 2022๋
2์์ ๋์๊ฐ์ ์ด๋จธ๋ ํ๋ฆฌ ํ ๋ง์ค์ ์๋ฒ์ง ์กฐ์ธํ ํผํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํผํธ์ ํ ๋ง์ค ์ฌ๋จ์ ์ค๋ฆฝํ๋ค. 3์์ ๊ฐ์ ๋์ ๋ฆฌํ์ ํฉ์ ์ฑ๊ธ "Sweetest Pie"๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋งคํ๊ณ , 8์์ 2๋ฒ์งธ ์ ๊ท ์๋ฐ Traumazine์ ๋ฐ๋งคํ๋ค.
์์ ์ฑ
๋ฉ๊ฑด ๋ ์คํค๋ฆฌ์ธ์ ์์ ๊ฐ, ๊ด๋ฅ์ฑ, ๋
ธ๊ณจ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ฌ๋ก ์ ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ฌ, ๋น๋์ค, ๋ผ์ด๋ธ ๊ณต์ฐ์ ํตํด ์์ ์ ์น์์ผ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฅผ ํํํ๋ค. ํผ์นํฌํฌ์์ ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ์์ "๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๋จ์ง ์น์ํด์ง๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ดํ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ, ๋ด ์ฑ์ ๋ํด ์์ ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋ด๊ฐ ์์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ดํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค."๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
๋์ค์ฝ๊ทธ๋ํผ
์ ๊ท ์๋ฐ
Good News (2020)
Traumazine (2022)
ํ๋ชจ๊ทธ๋ํผ
TV
์์ ๋ฐ ํ๋ณด
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
1995๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ์ ๋ํผ
์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋ํผ
ํ
์ฌ์ค์ฃผ ์ถ์ ์์
๊ฐ
์์ํ ๋์ค ์ถ์
๊ทธ๋๋ฏธ์ ์์์
์์ํ ๋์ค์ ์์
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan%20Thee%20Stallion | Megan Thee Stallion | Megan Jovon Ruth Pete (born February 15, 1995), known professionally as Megan Thee Stallion (pronounced "Megan the Stallion"), is an American rapper. Originally from Houston, Texas, she first garnered attention when videos of her freestyling became popular on social media platforms such as Instagram. Megan Thee Stallion signed to 300 Entertainment in 2018, where she released the mixtape Fever (2019) and the extended play Suga (2020), both of which reached the top ten of the Billboard 200.
She released her debut studio album Good News in 2020, to critical acclaim, appearing on several year-end best album lists. She earned her first and second number-one singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 with the remix of her song "Savage" (featuring fellow Houston native Beyoncรฉ), and her feature on Cardi B's single "WAP" (both in 2020); the latter song was her first number-one in several international markets, as well as on the Billboard Global 200 chart. In 2021, she was featured alongside Doja Cat on the remix of Ariana Grande's 2020 single "34+35", which reached number-two on the Billboard Hot 100. She followed this with her debut compilation album Something for Thee Hotties (2021), which reached the top ten on the Billboard 200, and spawned the single "Thot Shit", which reached the top twenty in the US, and earned a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance.
In July 2020, Megan Thee Stallion was shot in the foot by Canadian rapper Tory Lanez during an altercation in the Hollywood Hills, California. The shooting was a major thematic element of her debut album, Good News. In December 2022, Lanez was tried and convicted on all counts in relation to the attack on her.
She has received several accolades, including six BET Awards, five BET Hip Hop Awards, four American Music Awards, two MTV Video Music Awards, a Billboard Women in Music Award, and three Grammy Awards. At the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, she became the second female rapper to win Best New Artist, after Lauryn Hill in 1999. In 2020, Time named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world on their annual list. Outside of music, she has focused on her education, graduating from Texas Southern University with a Bachelor of Science in Health Administration in 2021. She is also an avid follower of Anime, with some stylistic elements of the genre influencing her music videos, citing some of her favorites as Attack on Titan, Black Butler, Black Clover, Bleach, My Hero Academia, Naruto and Soul Eater.
Early life and education
Megan Jovon Ruth Pete was born on February 15, 1995, in San Antonio, Texas, and her mother, Holly Thomas, immediately moved to Houston after her birth. Thomas rapped under the name "Holly-Wood" and would bring her daughter with her to recording sessions instead of putting her in daycare. Pete was raised in the South Park neighborhood of Houston before moving with her mother to Pearland at age 14, where she lived until she turned 18. Pete began writing raps at age 14. When she eventually showed Thomas her rapping skills at age 18, Thomas required that Pete wait until she was 21 to pursue rapping as a career. Her mother commented that her lyrics were too sexually suggestive for her young age. Pete attended Pearland High School and graduated in 2013. Her father died during her freshman year of high school.
In 2013, while Pete was a student at Prairie View A&M University, she began uploading videos of herself freestyling on social media. A clip of Pete battling against male opponents in a "cypher" went viral. The exposure helped Pete gain a larger digital presence and following on social media. She garnered fans by posting her freestyles on her Instagram while in college. She refers to her fans as "hotties" and credits her hyperactive fan base for her early success. After taking time off from school, Pete resumed her studies at Texas Southern University. She graduated on December 11, 2021, with a Bachelor of Science in health administration.
She adopted the stage name "Megan Thee Stallion" because she was called a "stallion" in adolescence due to her height () and "thick" body frame; voluptuous and statuesque women in the Southern United States are colloquially called "stallions."
Career
2016โ2017: Early beginnings
In April 2016, Megan Thee Stallion released her first single "Like a Stallion". This was followed by the small SoundCloud-exclusive mixtapes Rich Ratchet (2016), and Megan Mix (2017). In September 2017, Megan Thee Stallion made her professional solo debut with the commercially released EP Make It Hot. The EP's 2017 single "Last Week in HTx" became her most successful single during this time, amassing several million views on YouTube. In 2017, Megan Thee Stallion released the song "Stalli (Freestyle)", as a rework of late musician XXXTentacion's "Look at Me!".
Around this time, Megan Thee Stallion auditioned to be a cast member on Love & Hip Hop: Houston; however, the proposed spin-off of the Love & Hip Hop franchise was postponed indefinitely in June 2016.
2018โ2019: Tina Snow and Fever
In early 2018, Megan Thee Stallion signed with 1501 Certified Entertainment, an independent label in Houston run by T. Farris and owned by former baseball player Carl Crawford. The first female rapper signed to the label, she then performed at SXSW in March 2018. In June 2018, Megan Thee Stallion released a 10-song extended play titled Tina Snow under the label. The EP was named after her alter ego, "Tina Snow", who she describes as "a more raw version" of herself. Tina Snow was mainly produced by 1501 in-house producer LilJuMadeDaBeat, and was positively received by critics. Eric Torres of Pitchfork wrote: "she provided plenty of freak anthems with quotable lyrics to wield against ain't-shit men". She stated in an interview with Mic that she is not afraid to talk about sexuality, nor does she feel boxed in to either the "intelligent" or "freak" dichotomy. Nandi Howard of The Fader referred to her ability to rap with "electrifying pace and precision". In November 2018, Megan Thee Stallion announced that she had signed with 300 Entertainment, making her the first female rapper to be signed by the label. It was during this time that she was scheduled to support Australian rapper Iggy Azalea on her Bad Girls Tour; however, the tour was later cancelled.
On January 22, 2019, Megan Thee Stallion released "Big Ole Freak" as a single from her EP, Tina Snow, and also filmed a music video for the track. The single, "Is It Love This Time", is sampled throughout the single. On April 15, "Big Ole Freak" charted at number 99 on the Billboard Hot 100 giving Megan Thee Stallion her first chart entry, with it later peaking at number 65 on the Hot 100. Fever, her second mixtape, was released on May 17, 2019. The album received critical acclaim and landed on several year-end critics lists, with Paper calling it the best album of 2019. Taylor Crumpton of Pitchfork rated the album 8/10 and wrote in the review, "Megan's delivery of perfectly executed bars are comparable to successions from a fully automatic machine gun; a carefully studied aim of fiery stanzas that could only be carried by a rapper with extensive knowledge of the genre's early practices of battle rap." On May 21, 2019, she released the music video for the opening album track, "Realer", which is inspired by the blaxploitation film style. On June 20, 2019, she was announced to be one of eleven artists included in the 12th edition of XXLs "Freshman Class". Her freestyle in the cypher was praised by music critics. In July 2019, Chance The Rapper released his debut studio album, The Big Day, and Megan Thee Stallion was featured on the track, "Handsome". On August 2, 2019, A Black Lady Sketch Show premiered on HBO; the show uses Megan Thee Stallion's song "Hot Girl" in the opening title sequence.
On August 9, 2019, Megan Thee Stallion released the single "Hot Girl Summer", featuring fellow American rapper Nicki Minaj and singer Ty Dolla Sign. The song, an ode to her viral "hot girl summer" meme, came about after an Instagram Live session between Minaj and Megan Thee Stallion. It peaked at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming Megan Thee Stallion's first top 20 single, and topped the Rolling Stone 100. The week thereafter, she featured on Quality Control compilation album, Quality Control: Control the Streets, Volume 2, on the track "Pastor", alongside Quavo and City Girls. In September 2019, Megan Thee Stallion signed a management deal with Roc Nation. In October 2019, she created and starred in a horror series, Hottieween, directed by Teyana Taylor. In that same month, she performed a NPR Tiny Desk Concert during the Tiny Desk Fest. In November 2019, Time placed Megan Thee Stallion on their inaugural "Time 100 Next" list.
2020โ2021: Career stardom, Suga and Good News
In January 2020, Megan Thee Stallion released the single "Diamonds" with singer Normani, for the soundtrack of the superhero film Birds of Prey released the same year. That same month, she announced her debut album Suga and released the lead single "B.I.T.C.H.". In February 2020, she featured on the single "Fkn Around" by Phony Ppl, and appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, performing "B.I.T.C.H.". The next month, she announced that her debut album was delayed as a result of her attempting to renegotiate her contract with 1501 Certified. She started the hashtag "#FreeTheeStallion" to raise awareness of the issue, noting that "[she did not] understand some of the verbiage" when she signed the initial contract with 1501.
On March 6, 2020, she released the EP, Suga, against the wishes of 1501, after a judge granted a temporary restraining order against the label. That same month, the song "Savage" from the EP went viral on TikTok, when popular user Keara Wilson used it for a dance challenge video, which racked up 15.7ย million views and 2.4ย million likes as of March 20, 2020. A remix featuring Beyoncรฉ was released on April 29, 2020. The song became Megan Thee Stallion's first top 10 entry in the United States shortly after the remix's release, eventually becoming her first chart topper in the country. "Savage" also helped boost Sugas sales, propelling it up to number 7 on the Billboard 200. Proceeds from the song went to Houston nonprofit Bread of Life which provides disaster relief for residents affected by COVID-19. Megan Thee Stallion was also judge on the HBO Max voguing competition show Legendary which debuted in May 2020. She released the song "Girls in the Hood" on June 26, 2020, before featuring on Cardi B's single "WAP" and appearing in its music video in August 2020. "WAP" became her second number-one single in the U.S., breaking the record for the most streams for a song in its first week of release in the U.S. (93ย million).
Megan Thee Stallion became a Global Brand Ambassador for Revlon in August 2020. She received her first-ever Billboard Music Award nomination when she was nominated for Top Rap Female Artist in September 2020. A few days later, she was featured in the annual Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world. Her write-up for this listing was composed by American actress Taraji P. Henson. Megan Thee Stallion tied with Drake when she received eight nominations at the 2020 BET Hip Hop Awards, including Artist of the Year, Song of the Year and Album of the Year. She also tied with Justin Bieber as the most nominated musician at the 2020 People's Choice Awards, earning six nominations each. Megan Thee Stallion would also become the second most-nominated act at the 2020 American Music Awards. In October 2020, she released the single, "Don't Stop" featuring rapper Young Thug, and promoted it by performing it on the 46th season premiere of Saturday Night Live. She performed a "politically charged" version of "Savage" that evening, in which she addressed racism, the Attorney General of Kentucky Daniel Cameron, and sent a message about the importance of protecting black women and the Black Lives Matter movement. She continued working for this cause by writing an op-ed for The New York Times titled "Why I Speak Up for Black Women", which received acclaim. Megan Thee Stallion appeared in the 2020 comedy special Sarah Cooper: Everything's Fine. She received four nominations at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, including Best New Artist and Record of the Year for "Savage (Remix)". She went on to win the former, which made her the first female hip hop artist to do so since Lauryn Hill in 1999, as well as Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance, both for "Savage (Remix)".
On November 13, 2020, Megan Thee Stallion announced the release of her debut studio album Good News, which was released on November 20, 2020. The release of the album also coincided with its fourth single "Body" as well as its music video. The album debuted at number 2 on the Billboard 200 and at number 1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums with over 100,000 album-equivalent units sold. On January 14, 2021, Megan Thee Stallion was featured on the remix of Ariana Grande's single "34+35", the second single from her sixth studio album Positions alongside American singer and rapper Doja Cat. A music video for the remix was later released on February 12, 2021. In June, she released the single "Thot Shit" with a music video that follows around an hypocritical social conservative politician. Megan Thee Stallion won the most awards at the 2021 BET Awards ceremony with four. Boy band BTS released a remix of the single "Butter" featuring the rapper, which reached number three on the Billboard Global 200. She also led the nominations for the 2021 BET Hip Hop Awards along with Cardi B, with nine each; both rappers won the most awards during the ceremony with three for "WAP". Megan Thee Stallion was featured on DJ Snake's single "SG", along with Ozuna and Lisa of Blackpink, released in October. Megan released Something for Thee Hotties, a collection of previously unreleased songs and freestyles, on October 29, 2021. The compilation album debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200, becoming Megan Thee Stallion's fourth top 10.
On September 16, 2021, Post Malone announced the Posty Fest 2021 lineup, with Megan Thee Stallion as one of the performers at the festival based in Arlington, Texas, next October. Megan was honored as one of Glamours Women of the Year in November. Megan won three awards at the 2021 American Music Awards, tying with Doja Cat and BTS for the most during the night.
Megan Thee Stallion graduated from Texas Southern University on December 11, 2021. Shortly after, Megan was honored with the 18th Congressional District of Texas Hero Award by Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee for her philanthropy efforts in Houston. In the coming days after Megan's graduation, she signed an exclusive first-look deal with Netflix that will see her create and produce executive content, including television series and other projects.
2022โpresent: Traumazine
On March 11, 2022, Megan Thee Stallion released a collaboration with English singer Dua Lipa, named "Sweetest Pie". On March 27, Megan made a surprise appearance at the 94th Academy Awards where she performed alongside various artists "We Don't Talk About Bruno" from the film Encanto. Megan made history becoming the 2nd female rapper to perform the Academy Awards, the first being Queen Latifah in the 81st Academy Awards ceremony. She received acclaim at the Oscars for the surprise performance, with Rolling Stone stating: "Megan Thee Stallion Makes 'Encanto' Track...All the More Magical at Oscars."
Outside of music, on February 15, 2022 - her birthday - Megan Thee Stallion announced the launching of a nonprofit, the Pete and Thomas Foundation, in honor of her late mother and father Holly Thomas & Joseph Pete Jr. The foundation seeks to help underserved communities in Houston, Texas and beyond with education, housing, and health and wellness needs. On May 1, 2022, the Mayor of Houston Sylvester Turner honored Megan for her philanthropic and humanitarian efforts for the Houston people by proclaiming May 2 Megan Thee Stallion Day in Houston, Texas, which falls on the same day as her grandmother and late mother's birthday. She received an honorary key to the City of Houston, a symbolic cowboy hat and belt buckle. In a Rolling Stone cover story, Megan revealed that she collaborated with Future for her upcoming second album on a song titled "Pressurelicious".
On August 11, 2022, Megan Thee Stallion took to Twitter to announce that her second studio album Traumazine would be released the next day. Upon release, Traumazine received positive reviews from critics, who complimented its production and Megan's flow. In 2023 she will star in the Larry Charles directed A24 musical film Dicks: The Musical (2023). The film based on the off-Broadway musical Fucking Identical Twins by Josh Sharp and Aaron Jackson will debut at the 2023 Toronto International Film Festival. She will co-star alongside Nathan Lane, Bowen Yang, and Megan Mullally. On September 4, 2023, Cardi B and Megan Thee Stallion announced their new single "Bongos". On October 27, she announced an upcoming project titled "Cobra", slated for release on November 2.
Artistry
Public image
Megan Thee Stallion was noted for presenting her sexuality throughout her lyrics, videos, and live performances. In an interview with Pitchfork she stated, "It's not just about being sexy, it's about being confident and me being confident in my sexuality." On her Texas rap origins, she told Rolling Stone, "I don't feel like we ever really had a female rapper come from Houston or Texas and shut shit down. So that's where I'm coming from." She is often regarded as a sex symbol.
Influences
Megan Thee Stallion cites her mother as her first and biggest influence. She has considered Pimp C and his 2006 solo album, Pimpalation, an influence since her childhood, admiring his talk-rap delivery and "cockiness". Other inspirations she has mentioned are the Notorious B.I.G., Lil' Kim, Queen Latifah, Eve, Three 6 Mafia, Trina, Salt-N-Pepa, Missy Elliott,Foxy Brown and she credits Q-Tip as her mentor. She has said in interviews that when she was coming of age in the 2000s, she would listen to her favorite rap songs from acts like Three 6 Mafia and Pimp C, and ask herself, "How good would this sound if a girl did it?"
She has also been influenced by Beyoncรฉ. In her Grammy Awards acceptance speech with Beyoncรฉ for "Savage", she said: "Ever since I was little, I was like, 'you know what? One day, I'm gonna grow up and I'm gonna be like the rap Beyoncรฉ.' That was definitely my goal. [..] I love her work ethic, I love the way she is, I love the way she carries herself." In a Teen Vogue interview, she spoke about Nicki Minaj as another influence: "[she] was here before us, so this is who we had to look at, at this time. So, definitely she has been an inspiration to me."
Alter egos
In multiple interviews, Megan Thee Stallion has referred to herself as "Tina Snow", one of her alter egos and also the name of her debut EP, Tina Snow. It was influenced by Pimp C's alias Tony Snow, and has similar confidence and an unapologetically sexually dominant delivery. "Hot Girl Meg" is another alter ego who is described as embodying Megan Thee Stallion's carefree and outgoing side, which she compares to a "college, party girl." She stated that she introduced "Hot Girl Meg" on her EP, Fever. She has also referred to herself as "Thee Hood Tyra Banks".
Trademarks
Megan originated the viral catchphrase "hot girl summer" on social media. It is a derivative of another of her most-known catchphrases, "hot girl", also derived from "real hot girl shit". She first used the phrase in a tweet on April 14, 2018. It later appeared on the Fever album cover, which read, "She's thee HOT GIRL and she's bringing THEE HEAT." She defined the term as "women and men being unapologetically them, just having a good-ass time, hyping up their friends, doing you." Megan Thee Stallion officially trademarked the term "hot girl summer" in September 2019 after applying for it in July of that year. A song of the same name was released on August 9, 2019.
In addition to "hot girl" and "hot girl summer", Megan Thee Stallion is known for her signature ad-lib which involves sticking her tongue out, creating a "creaky", audible "agh" or "blah" sound. In August 2019, Twitter created an official emoji for this tongue symbol which could be spawned directly after the hashtag "#MeganTheeStallion". This symbol also inspired the cover art of her EP Suga which was revealed in March 2020.
Other ventures
In September 2021, Megan partnered with Nike for a promotional campaign and fitness program through the Nike Training Club app. In October 2021, Megan appeared on First We Feast and Complex Media's Hot Ones. On October 14, 2021, it was announced that Megan Thee Stallion signed a wide-ranging deal with multinational fast-food company Popeyes that includes her own Popeyes franchise, a new hot sauce (Megan Thee Stallion Hottie Sauce) and co-branded merchandise. She partnered with Cheetos for a Super Bowl commercial in 2022.
Megan was on the grid of the 2021 United States Grand Prix where attempts to interview her by Martin Brundle were snubbed by her bodyguards leading to criticism, causing F1 to introduce the "Brundle Clause", prohibiting bodyguards on the race grid.
Television and film
In 2020, Megan Thee Stallion appeared as a judge on the premiere season of HBOโs ballroom and voguing competition series Legendary. She would continue appearing as a judge for the seriesโ second season in 2021, before being replaced by Keke Palmer, in the third and final season, due to scheduling and contractual agreements. On December 16, 2021, she signed an exclusive first-look deal at Netflix, to create and executive produce new series and other projects. On February 17, 2022, it was announced that Megan will co-star in A24's first movie musical titled Dicks: The Musical, described as "a spin on The Parent Trap". She guest starred in the Disney+ Marvel Cinematic Universe series She-Hulk: Attorney at Law as a fictionalized version of herself.
Philanthropy
She contributed $15,400 worth of Thanksgiving turkeys and helped hand them out to 1,050 households in need at the Houston Food Bank portwall pantry, in November 2019. In April 2020, she donated over $10,000 to bail relief effort for Houston protestors. The same month, Megan teamed up with Amazon Music to donate to a Nursing Facility in Houston. All the proceeds collected from her collaboration on Beyoncรฉ's Savage (remix) went to Bread of Life, which helps local Houston communities with Covid-19 relief efforts. The song raised over $2.5 million.
In October 2020, she partnered with Amazon Music's rap rotation and launched the "Don't Stop" scholarship fund that awarded two women of color pursuing associate, bachelor or postgraduate degrees, $10,000 each. In February 2021, she launched "Hotties Helping Houston" with US House Democrat Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee of Texas, the National Association of Christian Churches disaster services, Taraji P. Henson, 300 Entertainment, Maroon 5, Revlon, Mielle Organics, Fashion Nova, and Billie Eilish to help senior citizens and single moms recovering from the area's storm related devastation. In March 2021, she collaborated with Fashion Nova for the 'Women on Top" initiative, which would give away $1 million to support female-owned businesses and organizations. The same month, along with Fashion Nova and journalist May Lee, they donated $50,000 after the Atlanta spa shootings to the legal non-profit, Advancing Justice Atlanta.
In June 2021, she offered a full tuition, four-year scholarship to the Roc Nation school of music, sports & entertainment at Long Island University. In June 2021, she partnered with Cash App to make "Investing for Hotties" educational videos. This partnership also donated $1 million worth of stock to randomly-selected fans.
In October 2021, as part of her wide-ranging agreement with Popeyes, she made a six-figure donation to the charitable organization Houston Random Acts of Kindness.
BTS Army launched "Thee Army Fund" project, in collaboration with the "Hotties" which raised over $120,000 to donate to three different organizations: (Women for Afghan Women, Black Women of Wellness, and Houston Food Bank) in her name to congratulate her on the Butter (Remix). As part of her ceremony to receive the key to the city of Houston, the non-profit Pete and Thomas Foundation donated $5,000 to three people in Houston to assist with their education, housing and wellness expenses.
Personal life
Megan Thee Stallion mentioned being part Creole in her songs "Cocky AF" and "Freak Nasty" as well as in a tweet in September 2017. Her mother, Holly Thomas, died in March 2019 from a longstanding cancerous brain tumor, and Megan's great-grandmother died in the same month. She mentioned her mother's death (Ever since my mama died, 2019) on beginning of her song "Flip Flop" from the second studio album, Traumazine, released on August 12, 2022. In addition to acting as her manager, Megan's grandmother was a major influence on her decision to study health administration and also helped foster her goal to establish assisted living facilities in her hometown of Houston.
She is a self-described fan of anime and her favorites are My Hero Academia and Naruto. Manga artist Shลta Noguchi, who assists My Hero Academia creator Kลhei Horikoshi, has published several renditions of MHA character Rumi Usagiyama using Instagram photos of Megan Thee Stallion as reference. In turn, Megan Thee Stallion published photos of her 2022 Halloween costume of Usagiyama. She has previously cosplayed as MHA character Shoto Todoroki and Usagi Tsukino from Sailor Moon.
Megan Thee Stallion confirmed her relationship with fellow rapper Pardison Fontaine via Instagram Live on February 19, 2021. Their relationship would go on to break up in 2023.
While she has never publicly stated a particular label for her sexuality, she has expressed interest in women over the years.
Tory Lanez shooting
On July 15, 2020, Megan Thee Stallion stated that she had suffered gunshot wounds, and that she had undergone surgery to remove the bullets. Her statement countered an earlier TMZ report that she had injured her foot on broken glass three days prior when she was in a car with rap and R&B musician Tory Lanez (Daystar Peterson) and an unidentified woman. The car was pulled over by police, and Lanez was arrested on gun charges following a vehicle search.
On July 27, 2020, Megan revealed that she had been shot in both feet, and denounced rumors in an Instagram Live session where she recounted the shooting incident and cried. The following month, Megan claimed that Lanez was the person who shot her, saying, "I didn't tell the police what happened immediately right there because I didn't want to die."
On September 25, 2020, Lanez released his fifth album, Daystar, in which he addressed Megan's allegations in nearly every song, denying that he shot her while also claiming that she and her team were "trying to frame" him.
The same day, in a statement to Variety, Megan's attorney, Alex Spiro, claimed Lanez's representatives had attempted to launch a "smear campaign," using falsified messages to "peddle a false narrative" discrediting Megan. Lanez's team denied this, stating that they would investigate whoever was behind the fake emails, then would take appropriate action. Megan later confirmed that she had been offered money by Lanez and his team to keep quiet on the incident, following the incident.
On October 8, 2020, Lanez was charged with shooting Megan Thee Stallion by L.A. County prosecutors. His arraignment was scheduled on October 13; however, it was rescheduled for November 18 after Lanez's attorney requested a continuance. Megan was issued a protection order against Lanez, directing him to stay at least away from her, and to not contact her. He was also ordered to surrender any guns he owns.
In an op-ed for The New York Times, published on October 13, 2020, Megan addressed the shooting allegation further, writing, "Black women are still constantly disrespected and disregarded in so many areas of life. I was recently the victim of an act of violence by a man. After a party, I was shot twice as I walked away from him. We were not in a relationship. Truthfully, I was shocked that I ended up in that place."
Lanez pleaded not guilty to assault with a semiautomatic handgun in late November 2020. In the same month, Megan Thee Stallion released her debut studio album, Good News, on which the album opener is the diss track "Shots Fired" directed towards Lanez. The song gained acclaim, with critics praising its use of sampling and interpolation of the 1995 song "Who Shot Ya?" by The Notorious B.I.G.
In April 2022, Lanez was arrested for violating the protection order relating to the case; and he was released shortly after on an increased bond of $350,000. On December 13, 2022, Megan Thee Stallion testified in Lanez's assault trial and stated that she "wish[ed Tory] would have just shot and killed me." On December 23, 2022, a jury convicted Lanez on three felony charges stemming from the shooting: assault with a semiautomatic handgun, having a loaded and unregistered firearm in a vehicle, and gross negligence in discharging his firearm. On August 8, 2023, Tory Lanez was sentenced to 10 years in prison for the shooting.
Discography
Good News (2020)
Traumazine (2022)
Filmography
Film
Television
Tours
Supporting
Bad Girls Tour (2018; Cancelled)
Legendary Nights Tour (2019)
Future Nostalgia Tour (2022)
Awards and nominations
See also
List of artists who reached number one in the United States
Southern hip hop
List of YouTubers
Notes
References
External links
1995 births
Living people
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American songwriters
21st-century American LGBT people
21st-century women rappers
African-American women rappers
African-American women singer-songwriters
American bisexual musicians
American people of Creole descent
American shooting survivors
American women hip hop singers
American women rappers
American YouTubers
Bisexual women musicians
Grammy Award winners
African-American LGBT people
LGBT rappers
MTV Video Music Award winners
Music YouTubers
Pearland High School alumni
People from Pearland, Texas
Prairie View A&M University alumni
Rappers from Houston
Rappers from San Antonio
Women shooting survivors
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Southern hip hop musicians
Texas Southern University alumni
Trap musicians |
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์์ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ ์์ด ๋ถ๊ทผ์ ๋๋์์ค๋ ๋น(beam)์ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ช
์์ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด ๋๋ค. ์ฆ, ์ ์๋น์ด ์ ํ ์ค์์น์ ๊ตฌ์ค์ ํ์ฌ ํ์(็ตๅ)์ด ์ ๊ธฐ์ ํธ๋ก ๋ณํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋๋ค.
์ ์์ด์ ๋๋ ์ ๋ถ์ด ์๋ ๋ค์ด๋
ธ๋(dynode)๋ผ๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ด ๋๋์๊ฐ๋ ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋์ฑ ์ฆํญํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์์ด๋ ๋ง๊ทธ๋ค์์ ํฉ๊ธ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ค์ด์ ธ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ์๊ฐ ๋ฟ์ผ๋ฉด ์ฐจ๋ก๋ก 2์ฐจ ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ถํ๋๋ฐ ์ด 2์ฐจ ์ ์์ ์๋ 1์ฐจ์ ์์ ์๋ณด๋ค ๋ ๋ง๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ํ์ฌ ํฐ์ถ๋ ฅ์ด ์ป์ด์ง๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ ์ ์๋ฅ์ฆ๋ฐฐ(้ปๅญๆตๅขๅ)๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
์ด๋ฏธ์ง ์ค์์ฝ์ ๋ฌ๋น ์์์๋ ํ์์ ํฌ์ฐฉํ ์ ์์ด ๊ฐ๋ยทํ์ง์ ์ธ ์ ์์ ํ์ฌ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ฐ์ํ ์ดฌ์๊ด์ผ๋ก ๊ผฝํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด ๋ ๋์ด ์ฃผ๋ก ์คํ๋์ค์ฉ์ผ๋ก์ ์ฐ์ด๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋น๋์ฝ
๋น๋์ฝ(vidicon)์ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง ์ค์์ฝ๊ณผ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ด๋์ ํ์์ ์ด์ฉํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ํ์ด์ค ํ๋ ์ดํธ์ ์ ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ด๋ฉด์ ํฌ๋ช
ํ ์ฐํ์ฃผ์(SnO2)์ ๋ค์ฌ๋ง(nesa ่)์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ฐ๋ง์ด ์๋ค. ๋ค์ฌ๋ง์ ์ ํธ๋ฅผ ์ป์ด ๋ด๋ ์ ๊ทน์ผ๋ก์ ๋์ํ๋ค.
๊ด๋์ ๋ฌผ์ง์ธ ์ผํฉํ์ํฐ๋ชฌ(Sb2S3)์ ์ด ๋ค์ฌ๋ง์ ์ ์์ด์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋๊ป ์ฮผ์ ์์ ์ธต์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ด ์๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ๋๋ ๋ค์ฌ๋ง์ 20-40V์ ํ๋ฌ์ค์ ์ ์์ ๊ฑธ์ด ๋๋ค. ์ง๊ธ ๋น์ด ๋ค์ฌ๋ง์ ํตํ์ฌ ๊ด๋์ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ๋ฐ์ธต(่ๅฑค)์ ๋ฟ์ผ๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ํญ์ ๋น์ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ ํํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ํ์ฌ ๋ฐ์ธต์ ์ ์์ด์ธก์ ํ๋ฉด์๋ ๋น์ ๊ฐ์ฝ, ์ฆ ์์ ๋ช
์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํ๋ฌ์ค์ ์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ํ๋๋ค. ์ด ์ ํ์(้ป่ทๅ)์ ๋ค์ฌ๋ง๊ณผ์ ์ฌ์ด์ ์์ฃผ ์์ ์ ์ ์ฉ๋(้้ปๅฎน้)์ ์ถ์ ๋๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒ์ ์ ์๋น์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ์ฌํ๋ฉด ๋น ์์ ์ ์์ ์ผ๋ถ๊ฐ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ทธ ์์ ํ๋ฌ์ค์ ์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ง์ ๋ถ๋ถ, ์ฆ ๋น์ด ๊ฐํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ผ์๋ก ๋ง๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ํ์ฌ ๋ค์ฌ๋ง์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ๋ ๋น์ ๋ช
์์ ์ํ์ฌ ๋ณํํ๋ ์ ๋ฅ, ์ฆ ์ ํธ ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐ ์ป์ด์ง๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
๋น๋์ฝ(vidicon)์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋จํ๋ค. ๊ด(็ฎก)์ ์ง๊ฒฝ๋ 25mm๊ฐ ํ์ค์ด๋ฉฐ, ์์ ๊ฒ์ ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ฐ์ ๋์ง ์๋ ๊ฒ๋ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋น๋์ฝ์ ํด๋์ฉ ๋๋ ํ๋ฆ ์ดฌ์์ฉ์ ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ, ์คํ๋์ค์ ๋ณด์กฐ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ, ๋์๊ฐ์๋ ์ธ๊ณต์์ฑ์ด๋ ์ฐ์ฃผ๋ก์ผ์ ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ๋ก ์ฐ์ธ๋ค.
๊ด๋์ ๋ฌผ์ง(ๅ
ๅฐ้ป็ฉ่ณช)๋ก ์ฐ์ด๊ณ ์๋ ์ผํฉํ์ํฐ๋ชฌ ๋์ ์ฐํ๋ฉ(P)์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ๊ฒ์ด ์ค์ฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ ํ๋๋น์ฝ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ฉฐ, ํนํ ์ปฌ๋ฌ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ์ฉ ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ๋ก์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋น๋์ฝ๋ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง ์ค์์ฝ๊ณผ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ๋๋์์ค๋ ๋น ๋ฐ ์ ์๋ฅ์ฆ๋ฐฐ(้ปๅญๆตๅขๅ)๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์์ผ๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ ๋ณต์กํด์ง๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ๋จํ์ฌ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ข๋ค๋ ํน์ง์ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ฏ๋ก ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ฐ์ด์ง ์๊ณ ์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
Orthicon: Brief history, description and diagram.
The Cathode Ray Tube site
CCD Technology - A Brief History
The German TV museum with a lot of knowledge (in German)
Most of the TV tubes were shown and carefully explained (in German)
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๋ ๋น์ ์ ์ญ์ฌ
ํ
๋ ๋น์ ๊ธฐ์
์ง๊ณต๊ด | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20camera%20tube | Video camera tube | Video camera tubes were devices based on the cathode ray tube that were used in television cameras to capture television images, prior to the introduction of charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensors in the 1980s. Several different types of tubes were in use from the early 1930s, and as late as the 1990s.
In these tubes, an electron beam was scanned across an image of the scene to be broadcast focused on a target. This generated a current that was dependent on the brightness of the image on the target at the scan point. The size of the striking ray was tiny compared to the size of the target, allowing 480โ486 horizontal scan lines per image in the NTSC format, 576 lines in PAL, and as many as 1035 lines in Hi-Vision.
Cathode ray tube
Any vacuum tube which operates using a focused beam of electrons, originally called cathode rays, is known as a cathode ray tube (CRT). These are usually seen as display devices as used in older (i.e., non-flat panel) television receivers and computer displays. The camera pickup tubes described in this article are also CRTs, but they display no image.
Early research
In June 1908, the scientific journal Nature published a letter in which Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton, fellow of the Royal Society (UK), discussed how a fully electronic television system could be realized by using cathode ray tubes (or "Braun" tubes, after their inventor, Karl Braun) as both imaging and display devices. He noted that the "real difficulties lie in devising an efficient transmitter", and that it was possible that "no photoelectric phenomenon at present known will provide what is required". A cathode ray tube was successfully demonstrated as a displaying device by the German Professor Max Dieckmann in 1906; his experimental results were published by the journal Scientific American in 1909. Campbell-Swinton later expanded on his vision in a presidential address given to the Rรถntgen Society in November 1911. The photoelectric screen in the proposed transmitting device was a mosaic of isolated rubidium cubes. His concept for a fully electronic television system was later popularized as the "Campbell-Swinton Electronic Scanning System" by Hugo Gernsback and H. Winfield Secor in the August 1915 issue of the popular magazine Electrical Experimenter and by Marcus J. Martin in the 1921 book The Electrical Transmission of Photographs.
In a letter to Nature published in October 1926, Campbell-Swinton also announced the results of some "not very successful experiments" he had conducted with G. M. Minchin and J. C. M. Stanton. They had attempted to generate an electrical signal by projecting an image onto a selenium-coated metal plate that was simultaneously scanned by a cathode ray beam. These experiments were conducted before March 1914, when Minchin died, but they were later repeated by two different teams in 1937, by H. Miller and J. W. Strange from EMI, and by H. Iams and A. Rose from RCA. Both teams succeeded in transmitting "very faint" images with the original Campbell-Swinton's selenium-coated plate, but much better images were obtained when the metal plate was covered with zinc sulphide or selenide, or with aluminum or zirconium oxide treated with caesium. These experiments would form the base of the future vidicon. A description of a CRT imaging device also appeared in a patent application filed by Edvard-Gustav Schoultz in France in August 1921, and published in 1922, although a working device was not demonstrated until some years later.
Image dissector
An image dissector is a camera tube that creates an "electron image" of a scene from photocathode emissions (electrons) which pass through a scanning aperture to an anode, which serves as an electron detector. Among the first to design such a device were German inventors Max Dieckmann and Rudolf Hell, who had titled their 1925 patent application Lichtelektrische Bildzerlegerrรถhre fรผr Fernseher (Photoelectric Image Dissector Tube for Television). The term may apply specifically to a dissector tube employing magnetic fields to keep the electron image in focus, an element lacking in Dieckmann and Hell's design, and in the early dissector tubes built by American inventor Philo Farnsworth.
Dieckmann and Hell submitted their application to the German patent office in April 1925, and a patent was issued in October 1927. Their experiments on the image dissector were announced in September 1927 issue of the popular magazine Discovery and in the May 1928 issue of the magazine Popular Radio. However, they never transmitted a clear and well focused image with such a tube.
In January 1927, American inventor and television pioneer Philo T. Farnsworth applied for a patent for his Television System that included a device for "the conversion and dissecting of light".
Its first moving image was successfully transmitted on September 7 of 1927,
and a patent was issued in 1930. Farnsworth quickly made improvements to the device, among them introducing an electron multiplier made of nickel and using a "longitudinal magnetic field" in order to sharply focus the electron image.
The improved device was demonstrated to the press in early September 1928.
The introduction of a multipactor in October 1933 and a multi-dynode "electron multiplier" in 1937 made Farnsworth's image dissector the first practical version of a fully electronic imaging device for television. It had very poor light sensitivity, and was therefore primarily useful only where illumination was exceptionally high (typically over 685 cd/m2). However, it was ideal for industrial applications, such as monitoring the bright interior of an industrial furnace. Due to their poor light sensitivity, image dissectors were rarely used in television broadcasting, except to scan film and other transparencies.
In April 1933, Farnsworth submitted a patent application also entitled Image Dissector, but which actually detailed a CRT-type camera tube. This is among the first patents to propose the use of a "low-velocity" scanning beam and RCA had to buy it in order to sell image orthicon tubes to the general public. However, Farnsworth never transmitted a clear and well focused image with such a tube.
Dissectors were used only briefly for research in television systems before being replaced by different much more sensitive tubes based on the charge-storage phenomenon like the iconoscope during the 1930s. Although camera tubes based on the idea of image dissector technology quickly and completely fell out of use in the field of television broadcasting, they continued to be used for imaging in early weather satellites and the Lunar lander, and for star attitude tracking in the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station.
Operation
The optical system of the image dissector focuses an image onto a photocathode mounted inside a high vacuum. As light strikes the photocathode, electrons are emitted in proportion to the intensity of the light (see photoelectric effect). The entire electron image is deflected and a scanning aperture permits only those electrons emanating from a very small area of the photocathode to be captured by the detector at any given time. The output from the detector is an electric current whose magnitude is a measure of the brightness of the corresponding area of the image. The electron image is periodically deflected horizontally and vertically ("raster scanning") such that the entire image is read by the detector many times per second, producing an electrical signal that can be conveyed to a display device, such as a CRT monitor, to reproduce the image.
The image dissector has no "charge storage" characteristic; the vast majority of electrons emitted by the photocathode are excluded by the scanning aperture, and thus wasted rather than being stored on a photo-sensitive target.
Charge-storage tubes
Iconoscope
The early electronic camera tubes (like the image dissector) suffered from a very disappointing and fatal flaw: They scanned the subject and what was seen at each point was only the tiny piece of light viewed at the instant that the scanning system passed over it. A practical functional camera tube needed a different technological approach, which later became known as Charge - Storage camera tube. It based on a new physical phenomenon which was discovered and patented in Hungary in 1926, but became widely understood and recognised only from around 1930.
An iconoscope is a camera tube that projects an image on a special charge storage plate containing a mosaic of electrically isolated photosensitive granules separated from a common plate by a thin layer of isolating material, somewhat analogous to the human eye's retina and its arrangement of photoreceptors. Each photosensitive granule constitutes a tiny capacitor that accumulates and stores electrical charge in response to the light striking it. An electron beam periodically sweeps across the plate, effectively scanning the stored image and discharging each capacitor in turn such that the electrical output from each capacitor is proportional to the average intensity of the light striking it between each discharge event.
After Hungarian engineer Kรกlmรกn Tihanyi studied Maxwell's equations, he discovered a new hitherto unknown physical phenomenon, which led to a break-through in the development of electronic imaging devices. He named the new phenomenon as charge-storage principle. (further information: Charge-storage principle)
The problem of low sensitivity to light resulting in low electrical output from transmitting or camera tubes would be solved with the introduction of charge-storage technology by Tihanyi in the beginning of 1925. His solution was a camera tube that accumulated and stored electrical charges (photoelectrons) within the tube throughout each scanning cycle. The device was first described in a patent application he filed in Hungary in March 1926 for a television system he dubbed Radioskop. After further refinements included in a 1928 patent application, Tihanyi's patent was declared void in Great Britain in 1930, and so he applied for patents in the United States. Tihanyi's charge storage idea remains a basic principle in the design of imaging devices for television to the present day.
In 1924, while employed by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Russian-born American engineer Vladimir Zworykin presented a project for a totally electronic television system to the company's general manager. In July 1925, Zworykin submitted a patent application titled Television System that included a charge storage plate constructed of a thin layer of isolating material (aluminum oxide) sandwiched between a screen (300 mesh) and a colloidal deposit of photoelectric material (potassium hydride) consisting of isolated globules. The following description can be read between lines 1 and 9 in page 2: "The photoelectric material, such as potassium hydride, is evaporated on the aluminum oxide, or other insulating medium, and treated so as to form a colloidal deposit of potassium hydride consisting of minute globules. Each globule is very active photoelectrically and constitutes, to all intents and purposes, a minute individual photoelectric cell". Its first image was transmitted in late summer of 1925, and a patent was issued in 1928. However the quality of the transmitted image failed to impress H.P. Davis, the general manager of Westinghouse, and Zworykin was asked "to work on something useful". A patent for a television system was also filed by Zworykin in 1923, but this filing is not a definitive reference because extensive revisions were done before a patent was issued fifteen years later and the file itself was divided into two patents in 1931.
The first practical iconoscope was constructed in 1931 by Sanford Essig, when he accidentally left a silvered mica sheet in the oven too long. Upon examination with a microscope, he noticed that the silver layer had broken up into a myriad of tiny isolated silver globules. He also noticed that, "the tiny dimension of the silver droplets would enhance the image resolution of the iconoscope by a quantum leap". As head of television development at Radio Corporation of America (RCA), Zworykin submitted a patent application in November 1931, and it was issued in 1935. Nevertheless, Zworykin's team was not the only engineering group working on devices that used a charge storage plate. In 1932, the EMI engineers Tedham and McGee under the supervision of Isaac Shoenberg applied for a patent for a new device they dubbed the "Emitron". A 405-line broadcasting service employing the Emitron began at studios in Alexandra Palace in 1936, and patents were issued in the United Kingdom in 1934 and in the US in 1937.
The iconoscope was presented to the general public at a press conference in June 1933, and two detailed technical papers were published in September and October of the same year. Unlike the Farnsworth image dissector, the Zworykin iconoscope was much more sensitive, useful with an illumination on the target between 40and215lux (4โ20 ft-c). It was also easier to manufacture and produced a very clear image. The iconoscope was the primary camera tube used by RCA broadcasting from 1936 until 1946, when it was replaced by the image orthicon tube.
Super-Emitron and image iconoscope
The original iconoscope was noisy, had a high ratio of interference to signal, and ultimately gave disappointing results, especially when compared to the high definition mechanical scanning systems then becoming available. The EMI team under the supervision of Isaac Shoenberg analyzed how the Emitron (or iconoscope) produces an electronic signal and concluded that its real efficiency was only about 5% of the theoretical maximum. This is because secondary electrons released from the mosaic of the charge storage plate when the scanning beam sweeps across it may be attracted back to the positively charged mosaic, thus neutralizing many of the stored charges. Lubszynski, Rodda, and McGee realized that the best solution was to separate the photo-emission function from the charge storage one, and so communicated their results to Zworykin.
The new video camera tube developed by Lubszynski, Rodda and McGee in 1934 was dubbed "the super-Emitron". This tube is a combination of the image dissector and the Emitron. It has an efficient photocathode that transforms the scene light into an electron image; the latter is then accelerated towards a target specially prepared for the emission of secondary electrons. Each individual electron from the electron image produces several secondary electrons after reaching the target, so that an amplification effect is produced. The target is constructed of a mosaic of electrically isolated metallic granules separated from a common plate by a thin layer of isolating material, so that the positive charge resulting from the secondary emission is stored in the granules. Finally, an electron beam periodically sweeps across the target, effectively scanning the stored image, discharging each granule, and producing an electronic signal like in the iconoscope.
The super-Emitron was between ten and fifteen times more sensitive than the original Emitron and iconoscope tubes and, in some cases, this ratio was considerably greater. It was used for an outside broadcast by the BBC, for the first time, on Armistice Day 1937, when the general public could watch in a television set how the King laid a wreath at the Cenotaph. This was the first time that anyone could broadcast a live street scene from cameras installed on the roof of neighboring buildings.
On the other hand, in 1934, Zworykin shared some patent rights with the German licensee company Telefunken. The image iconoscope (Superikonoskop in Germany) was produced as a result of the collaboration. This tube is essentially identical to the super-Emitron, but the target is constructed of a thin layer of isolating material placed on top of a conductive base, the mosaic of metallic granules is missing. The production and commercialization of the super-Emitron and image iconoscope in Europe were not affected by the patent war between Zworykin and Farnsworth, because Dieckmann and Hell had priority in Germany for the invention of the image dissector, having submitted a patent application for their Lichtelektrische Bildzerlegerrรถhre fรผr Fernseher (Photoelectric Image Dissector Tube for Television) in Germany in 1925, two years before Farnsworth did the same in the United States.
The image iconoscope (Superikonoskop) became the industrial standard for public broadcasting in Europe from 1936 until 1960, when it was replaced by the vidicon and plumbicon tubes. Indeed, it was the representative of the European tradition in electronic tubes competing against the American tradition represented by the image orthicon. The German company Heimann produced the Superikonoskop for the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games, later Heimann also produced and commercialized it from 1940 to 1955, finally the Dutch company Philips produced and commercialized the image iconoscope and multicon from 1952 until 1963, when it was replaced by the much better Plumbicon.
Operation
The super-Emitron is a combination of the image dissector and the Emitron. The scene image is projected onto an efficient continuous-film semitransparent photocathode that transforms the scene light into a light-emitted electron image, the latter is then accelerated (and focused) via electromagnetic fields towards a target specially prepared for the emission of secondary electrons. Each individual electron from the electron image produces several secondary electrons after reaching the target, so that an amplification effect is produced, and the resulting positive charge is proportional to the integrated intensity of the scene light. The target is constructed of a mosaic of electrically isolated metallic granules separated from a common plate by a thin layer of isolating material, so that the positive charge resulting from the secondary emission is stored in the capacitor formed by the metallic granule and the common plate. Finally, an electron beam periodically sweeps across the target, effectively scanning the stored image and discharging each capacitor in turn such that the electrical output from each capacitor is proportional to the average intensity of the scene light between each discharge event (as in the iconoscope).
The image iconoscope is essentially identical to the super-Emitron, but the target is constructed of a thin layer of isolating material placed on top of a conductive base, the mosaic of metallic granules is missing. Therefore, secondary electrons are emitted from the surface of the isolating material when the electron image reaches the target, and the resulting positive charges are stored directly onto the surface of the isolated material.
Orthicon and CPS Emitron
The original iconoscope was very noisy due to the secondary electrons released from the photoelectric mosaic of the charge storage plate when the scanning beam swept it across. An obvious solution was to scan the mosaic with a low-velocity electron beam which produced less energy in the neighborhood of the plate such that no secondary electrons were emitted at all. That is, an image is projected onto the photoelectric mosaic of a charge storage plate, so that positive charges are produced and stored there due to photo-emission and capacitance, respectively. These stored charges are then gently discharged by a low-velocity electron scanning beam, preventing the emission of secondary electrons. Not all the electrons in the scanning beam may be absorbed in the mosaic, because the stored positive charges are proportional to the integrated intensity of the scene light. The remaining electrons are then deflected back into the anode, captured by a special grid, or deflected back into an electron multiplier.
Low-velocity scanning beam tubes have several advantages; there are low levels of spurious signals and high efficiency of conversion of light into signal, so that the signal output is maximum. However, there are serious problems as well, because the electron beam spreads and accelerates in a direction parallel to the target when it scans the image's borders and corners, so that it produces secondary electrons and one gets an image that is well focused in the center but blurry in the borders. Henroteau was among the first inventors to propose in 1929 the use of low-velocity electrons for stabilizing the potential of a charge storage plate, but Lubszynski and the EMI team were the first engineers in transmitting a clear and well focused image with such a tube. Another improvement is the use of a semitransparent charge storage plate. The scene image is then projected onto the back side of the plate, while the low-velocity electron beam scans the photoelectric mosaic at the front side. This configurations allows the use of a straight camera tube, because the scene to be transmitted, the charge storage plate, and the electron gun can be aligned one after the other.
The first fully functional low-velocity scanning beam tube, the CPS Emitron, was invented and demonstrated by the EMI team under the supervision of Sir Isaac Shoenberg. In 1934, the EMI engineers Blumlein and McGee filed for patents for television transmitting systems where a charge storage plate was shielded by a pair of special grids, a negative (or slightly positive) grid lay very close to the plate, and a positive one was placed further away. The velocity and energy of the electrons in the scanning beam were reduced to zero by the decelerating electric field generated by this pair of grids, and so a low-velocity scanning beam tube was obtained. The EMI team kept working on these devices, and Lubszynski discovered in 1936 that a clear image could be produced if the trajectory of the low-velocity scanning beam was nearly perpendicular (orthogonal) to the charge storage plate in a neighborhood of it. The resulting device was dubbed the cathode potential stabilized Emitron, or CPS Emitron. The industrial production and commercialization of the CPS Emitron had to wait until the end of the second world war; it was widely used in the UK until 1963, when it was replaced by the much better Plumbicon.
On the other side of the Atlantic, the RCA team led by Albert Rose began working in 1935 on a low-velocity scanning beam device they came to dub the orthicon. Iams and Rose solved the problem of guiding the beam and keeping it in focus by installing specially designed deflection plates and deflection coils near the charge storage plate to provide a uniform axial magnetic field. The orthicon's performance was similar to that of the image iconoscope, but it was also unstable under sudden flashes of bright light, producing "the appearance of a large drop of water evaporating slowly over part of the scene".
Image orthicon
The image orthicon (sometimes abbreviated IO), was common in American broadcasting from 1946 until 1968. A combination of the image dissector and the orthicon technologies, it replaced the iconoscope in the United States, which required a great deal of light to work adequately.
The image orthicon tube was developed at RCA by Albert Rose, Paul K. Weimer, and Harold B. Law. It represented a considerable advance in the television field, and after further development work, RCA created original models between 1939 and 1940. The National Defense Research Committee entered into a contract with RCA where the NDRC paid for its further development. Upon RCA's development of the more sensitive image orthicon tube in 1943, RCA entered into a production contract with the U.S. Navy, the first tubes being delivered in January 1944. RCA began production of image orthicons for civilian use in the second quarter of 1946.
While the iconoscope and the intermediate orthicon used capacitance between a multitude of small but discrete light sensitive collectors and an isolated signal plate for reading video information, the image orthicon employed direct charge readings from a continuous electronically charged collector. The resultant signal was immune to most extraneous signal crosstalk from other parts of the target, and could yield extremely detailed images. For instance, image orthicon cameras were still being used by NASA for capturing Apollo/Saturn rockets nearing orbit, although the television networks had phased the cameras out. Only they could provide sufficient detail.
An image orthicon camera can take television pictures by candlelight because of the more ordered light-sensitive area and the presence of an electron multiplier at the base of the tube, which operated as a high-efficiency amplifier. It also has a logarithmic light sensitivity curve similar to the human eye. However, it tends to flare in bright light, causing a dark halo to be seen around the object; this anomaly was referred to as blooming in the broadcast industry when image orthicon tubes were in operation. Image orthicons were used extensively in the early color television cameras, where the increased sensitivity of the tube was essential to overcome the very inefficient, beam-splitting optical system of the camera.
The image orthicon tube was at one point colloquially referred to as an Immy. Harry Lubcke, the then-President of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences, decided to have their award named after this nickname. Since the statuette was female, it was feminized into Emmy.
Operation
An image orthicon consists of three parts: a photocathode with an image store (target), a scanner that reads this image (an electron gun), and a multistage electron multiplier.
In the image store, light falls upon the photocathode which is a photosensitive plate at a very negative potential (approx. -600ย V), and is converted into an electron image (a principle borrowed from the image dissector). This electron rain is then accelerated towards the target (a very thin glass plate acting as a semi-isolator) at ground potential (0ย V), and passes through a very fine wire mesh (nearly 200 wires per cm), very near (a few hundredths of a cm) and parallel to the target, acting as a screen grid at a slightly positive voltage (approx +2ย V). Once the image electrons reach the target, they cause a splash of electrons by the effect of secondary emission. On average, each image electron ejects several splash electrons (thus adding amplification by secondary emission), and these excess electrons are soaked up by the positive mesh effectively removing electrons from the target and causing a positive charge on it in relation to the incident light in the photocathode. The result is an image painted in positive charge, with the brightest portions having the largest positive charge.
A sharply focused beam of electrons (a cathode ray) is generated by the electron gun at ground potential and accelerated by the anode (the first dynode of the electron multiplier) around the gun at a high positive voltage (approx. +1500ย V). Once it exits the electron gun, its inertia makes the beam move away from the dynode towards the back side of the target. At this point the electrons lose speed and get deflected by the horizontal and vertical deflection coils, effectively scanning the target. Thanks to the axial magnetic field of the focusing coil, this deflection is not in a straight line, thus when the electrons reach the target they do so perpendicularly avoiding a sideways component. The target is nearly at ground potential with a small positive charge, thus when the electrons reach the target at low speed they are absorbed without ejecting more electrons. This adds negative charge to the positive charge until the region being scanned reaches some threshold negative charge, at which point the scanning electrons are reflected by the negative potential rather than absorbed (in this process the target recovers the electrons needed for the next scan). These reflected electrons return down the cathode ray tube toward the first dynode of the electron multiplier surrounding the electron gun which is at high potential. The number of reflected electrons is a linear measure of the target's original positive charge, which, in turn, is a measure of brightness.
Dark halo
The mysterious dark "orthicon halo" around bright objects in an orthicon-captured image (also known as "blooming") is based on the fact that the IO relies on the emission of photoelectrons, but very bright illumination can produce more of them locally than the device can successfully deal with. At a very bright point on a captured image, a great preponderance of electrons is ejected from the photosensitive plate. So many may be ejected that the corresponding point on the collection mesh can no longer soak them up, and thus they fall back to nearby spots on the target instead, much as water splashes in a ring when a rock is thrown into it. Since the resultant splashed electrons do not contain sufficient energy to eject further electrons where they land, they will instead neutralize any positive charge that has been built-up in that region. Since darker images produce less positive charge on the target, the excess electrons deposited by the splash will be read as a dark region by the scanning electron beam.
This effect was actually cultivated by tube manufacturers to a certain extent, as a small, carefully controlled amount of the dark halo has the effect of crispening the visual image due to the contrast effect. (That is, giving the illusion of being more sharply focused than it actually is). The later vidicon tube and its descendants (see below) do not exhibit this effect, and so could not be used for broadcast purposes until special detail correction circuitry could be developed.
Vidicon
A vidicon tube is a video camera tube design in which the target material is a photoconductor. The vidicon was developed in the 1950s at RCA by P. K. Weimer, S. V. Forgue and R. R. Goodrich as a simple alternative to the structurally and electrically complex image orthicon. While the initial photoconductor used was selenium, other targetsโincluding silicon diode arraysโhave been used.
The vidicon is a storage-type camera tube in which a charge-density pattern is formed by the imaged scene radiation on a photoconductive surface which is then scanned by a beam of low-velocity electrons. The fluctuating voltage coupled out to a video amplifier can be used to reproduce the scene being imaged. The electrical charge produced by an image will remain in the face plate until it is scanned or until the charge dissipates. By using a pyroelectric material such as triglycine sulfate (TGS) as the target, a vidicon sensitive over a broad portion of the infrared spectrum is possible. This technology was a precursor to modern microbolometer technology, and mainly used in firefighting thermal cameras.
Prior to the design and construction of the Galileo probe to Jupiter, in the late 1970s to early 1980s NASA used vidicon cameras on nearly all the unmanned deep space probes equipped with the remote sensing ability. Vidicon tubes were also used aboard the first three Landsat earth imaging satellites launched in 1972, as part of each spacecraft's Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) imaging system. The Uvicon, a UV-variant Vidicon was also used by NASA for UV duties.
Vidicon tubes were popular in 1970s and 1980s, after which they were rendered obsolete by solid-state image sensors, with the charge-coupled device (CCD) and then the CMOS sensor.
All vidicon and similar tubes are prone to image lag, better known as ghosting, smearing, burn-in, comet tails, luma trails and luminance blooming. Image lag is visible as noticeable (usually white or colored) trails that appear after a bright object (such as a light or reflection) has moved, leaving a trail that eventually fades into the image. The trail itself does not move, rather it progressively fades as time passes, so areas that were exposed first fade before areas that were later exposed fade. It cannot be avoided or eliminated, as it is inherent to the technology. To what degree the image generated by the vidicon is affected will depend on the properties of the target material used on the vidicon, and the capacitance of the target material (known as the storage effect) as well as the resistance of the electron beam used to scan the target. The higher the capacitance of the target, the higher the charge it can hold and the longer it will take for the trail to disappear. The remmanant charges on the target eventually dissipate making the trail disappear.
Plumbicon (1963)
Plumbicon is a registered trademark of Philips from 1963, for its lead(II) oxide (PbO) target vidicons. Used frequently in broadcast camera applications, these tubes have low output, but a high signal-to-noise ratio. They have excellent resolution compared to image orthicons, but lack the artificially sharp edges of IO tubes, which cause some of the viewing audience to perceive them as softer. CBS Labs invented the first outboard edge enhancement circuits to sharpen the edges of Plumbicon generated images.
Philips received the 1966 Technology & Engineering Emmy Award for the Plumbicon.
Compared to Saticons, Plumbicons have much higher resistance to burn-in, and comet and trailing artifacts from bright lights in the shot. Saticons though, usually have slightly higher resolution. After 1980, and the introduction of the diode-gun Plumbicon tube, the resolution of both types was so high, compared to the maximum limits of the broadcasting standard, that the Saticon's resolution advantage became moot. While broadcast cameras migrated to solid-state charge-coupled devices, Plumbicon tubes remained a staple imaging device in the medical field. High resolution Plumbicons were made for the HD-MAC standard.
Until 2016, Narragansett Imaging was the last company making Plumbicons, using factories Philips built in Rhode Island, USA. While still a part of Philips, the company purchased EEV's (English Electric Valve) lead oxide camera tube business, and gained a monopoly in lead-oxide tube production.
Saticon (1973)
Saticon is a registered trademark of Hitachi from 1973, also produced by Thomson and Sony. It was developed in a joint effort by Hitachi and NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories (NHK is The Japan Broadcasting Corporation). Its surface consists of selenium with trace amounts of arsenic and tellurium added (SeAsTe) to make the signal more stable. SAT in the name is derived from (SeAsTe). Saticon tubes have an average light sensitivity equivalent to that of 64 ASA film. A high-gain avalanche rushing amorphous photoconductor (HARP) can be used to increase light sensitivity to up to 10 times that of conventional saticons. Saticons were made for the Sony HDVS system, used to produce early analog high-definition television using multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding.
Pasecon (1972)
Originally developed by Toshiba in 1972 as chalnicon, Pasecon is a registered trademark of Heimann GmbH from 1977. Its surface consists of cadmium selenide trioxide (CdSeO3). Due to its wide spectral response, it is labelled as panchromatic selenium vidicon, hence the acronym 'pasecon'.
Newvicon (1973)
Newvicon is a registered trademark of Matsushita from 1973. The Newvicon tubes were characterized by high light sensitivity. Its surface consists of a combination of zinc selenide (ZnSe) and zinc cadmium Telluride (ZnCdTe).
Trinicon (1971)
Trinicon is a registered trademark of Sony from 1971. It uses a vertically striped RGB color filter over the faceplate of an otherwise standard vidicon imaging tube to segment the scan into corresponding red, green and blue segments. Only one tube was used in the camera, instead of a tube for each color, as was standard for color cameras used in television broadcasting. It is used mostly in low-end consumer cameras, such as the HVC-2200 and HVC-2400 models, though Sony also used it in some moderate cost professional cameras in the 1980s, such as the DXC-1800 and BVP-1 models.
Although the idea of using color stripe filters over the target was not new, the Trinicon was the only tube to use the primary RGB colors. This necessitated an additional electrode buried in the target to detect where the scanning electron beam was relative to the stripe filter. Previous color stripe systems had used colors where the color circuitry was able to separate the colors purely from the relative amplitudes of the signals. As a result, the Trinicon featured a larger dynamic range of operation.
Sony later combined the Saticon tube with the Trinicon's RGB color filter, providing low-light sensitivity and superior color. This type of tube was known as the SMF Trinicon tube, or Saticon Mixed Field. SMF Trinicon tubes were used in the HVC-2800 and HVC-2500 consumer cameras, as well as the first Betamovie camcorders.
Light biasing
All the vidicon type tubes except the vidicon itself were able to use a light biasing technique to improve the sensitivity and contrast. The photosensitive target in these tubes suffered from the limitation that the light level had to rise to a particular level before any video output resulted. Light biasing was a method whereby the photosensitive target was illuminated from a light source just enough that no appreciable output was obtained, but such that a slight increase in light level from the scene was enough to provide discernible output. The light came from either an illuminator mounted around the target, or in more professional cameras from a light source on the base of the tube and guided to the target by light piping. The technique would not work with the baseline vidicon tube because it suffered from the limitation that as the target was fundamentally an insulator, the constant low light level built up a charge which would manifest itself as a form of fogging. The other types had semiconducting targets which did not have this problem.
Color cameras
Early color cameras used the obvious technique of using separate red, green and blue image tubes in conjunction with a color separator, a technique still in use with 3CCD solid state cameras today. It was also possible to construct a color camera that used a single image tube. One technique has already been described (Trinicon above). A more common technique and a simpler one from the tube construction standpoint was to overlay the photosensitive target with a color striped filter having a fine pattern of vertical stripes of green, cyan and clear filters (i.e. green; green and blue; and green, blue and red) repeating across the target. The advantage of this arrangement was that for virtually every color, the video level of the green component was always less than the cyan, and similarly the cyan was always less than the white. Thus the contributing images could be separated without any reference electrodes in the tube. If the three levels were the same, then that part of the scene was green. This method suffered from the disadvantage that the light levels under the three filters were almost certain to be different, with the green filter passing not more than one third of the available light.
Variations on this scheme exist, the principal one being to use two filters with color stripes overlaid such that the colors form vertically oriented lozenge shapes overlaying the target. The method of extracting the color is similar however.
Field-sequential color system
During the 1930s and 1940s, field-sequential color systems were developed which used synchronized motor-driven color-filter disks at the camera's image tube and at the television receiver. Each disk consisted of red, blue, and green transparent color filters. In the camera, the disk was in the optical path, and in the receiver, it was in front of the CRT. Disk rotation was synchronized with vertical scanning so that each vertical scan in sequence was for a different primary color. This method allowed regular black-and-white image tubes and CRTs to generate and display color images. A field-sequential system developed by Peter Goldmark for CBS was demonstrated to the press on September 4, 1940, and was first shown to the general public on January 12, 1950. Guillermo Gonzรกlez Camarena independently developed a field-sequential color disk system in Mexico in the early 1940s, for which he requested a patent in Mexico on August 19 of 1940 and in the US in 1941. Gonzalez Camarena produced his color television system in his laboratory Gon-Cam for the Mexican market and exported it to the Columbia College of Chicago, who regarded it as the best system in the world.
Magnetic focusing in typical camera tubes
The phenomenon known as magnetic focusing was discovered by A. A. Campbell-Swinton in 1896. He found that a longitudinal magnetic field generated by an axial coil can focus an electron beam. This phenomenon was immediately corroborated by J. A. Fleming, and Hans Busch gave a complete mathematical interpretation in 1926.
Diagrams in this article show that the focus coil surrounds the camera tube; it is much longer than the focus coils for earlier TV CRTs. Camera-tube focus coils, by themselves, have essentially parallel lines of force, very different from the localized semi-toroidal magnetic field geometry inside a TV receiver CRT focus coil. The latter is essentially a magnetic lens; it focuses the "crossover" (between the CRT's cathode and G1 electrode, where the electrons pinch together and diverge again) onto the screen.
The electron optics of camera tubes differ considerably. Electrons inside these long focus coils take helical paths as they travel along the length of the tube. The center (think local axis) of one of those helices is like a line of force of the magnetic field. While the electrons are traveling, the helices essentially don't matter. Assuming that they start from a point, the electrons will focus to a point again at a distance determined by the strength of the field. Focusing a tube with this kind of coil is simply a matter of trimming the coil's current. In effect, the electrons travel along the lines of force, although helically, in detail.
These focus coils are essentially as long as the tubes themselves, and surround the deflection yoke (coils). Deflection fields bend the lines of force (with negligible defocusing), and the electrons follow the lines of force.
In a conventional magnetically deflected CRT, such as in a TV receiver or computer monitor, basically the vertical deflection coils are equivalent to coils wound around an horizontal axis. That axis is perpendicular to the neck of the tube; lines of force are basically horizontal. (In detail, coils in a deflection yoke extend some distance beyond the neck of the tube, and lie close to the flare of the bulb; they have a truly distinctive appearance.)
In a magnetically focused camera tube (there are electrostatically focused vidicons), the vertical deflection coils are above and below the tube, instead of being on both sides of it. One might say that this sort of deflection starts to create S-bends in the lines of force, but doesn't become anywhere near to that extreme.
Size
The size of video camera tubes is simply the overall outside diameter of the glass envelope. This differs from the size of the sensitive area of the target which is typically two thirds of the size of the overall diameter. Tube sizes are always expressed in inches for historical reasons. A one-inch camera tube has a sensitive area of approximately two thirds of an inch on the diagonal or about 16ย mm.
Although the video camera tube is now technologically obsolete, the size of solid-state image sensors is still expressed as the equivalent size of a camera tube. For this purpose a new term was coined and it is known as the optical format. The optical format is approximately the true diagonal of the sensor multiplied by . The result is expressed in inches and is usually, though not always, rounded to a convenient fraction (hence the approximation). For instance, a sensor has a diagonal of and therefore an optical format of 8.0 ร = , which is rounded to the convenient imperial fraction of . The parameter is also the source of the "Four Thirds" in the Four Thirds system and its Micro Four Thirds extensionโthe imaging area of the sensor in these cameras is approximately that of a video-camera tube at approximately .
Although the optical format size bears no relationship to any physical parameter of the sensor, its use means that a lens that would have been used with (say) a -inch camera tube will give roughly the same angle of view when used with a solid-state sensor with an optical format of of an inch.
Late use and decline
The lifespan of videotube technology reached as far as the 90s, when high definition, 1035-line videotubes were used in the early MUSE HD broadcasting system. While CCDs were tested for this application, as of 1993 broadcasters still found them inadequate due to issues achieving the necessary high resolution without compromising image quality with undesirable side-effects.
Modern charge-coupled device (CCD) and CMOS-based sensors offer many advantages over their tube counterparts. These include a lack of image lag, high overall picture quality, high light sensitivity and dynamic range, a better signal-to-noise ratio and significantly higher reliability and ruggedness. Other advantages include the elimination of the respective high and low-voltage power supplies required for the electron beam and heater filament, elimination of the drive circuitry for the focusing coils, no warm-up time and a significantly lower overall power consumption. Despite these advantages, acceptance and incorporation of solid-state sensors into television and video cameras was not immediate. Early sensors were of lower resolution and performance than picture tubes, and were initially relegated to consumer-grade video recording equipment.
Also, video tubes had progressed to a high standard of quality and were standard issue equipment to networks and production entities. Those entities had a substantial investment in not only tube cameras, but also in the ancillary equipment needed to correctly process tube-derived video. A switch-over to solid-state image sensors rendered much of that equipment (and the investments behind it) obsolete and required new equipment optimized to work well with solid-state sensors, just as the old equipment was optimized for tube-sourced video.
See also
Monoscope
Professional video camera
References
External links
Orthicon: Brief history, description and diagram.
The Cathode Ray Tube site
CCD Technology - A Brief History
The German TV museum with a lot of knowledge (in German)
Most of the TV tubes were shown and carefully explained (in German)
Television technology
Vacuum tubes |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8E%85%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%B4%20%EB%B0%B1%EC%8B%A0 | ๋
๊ธฐ์ด ๋ฐฑ์ | ๋
๊ธฐ์ด ๋ฐฑ์ ์ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๋
๊ธฐ์ด ๋ฐ์์ ์๋ฐฉํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋ฐฑ์ ์ด๋ค. ์ธ๊ณ๋ณด๊ฑด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(WHO)๋ ์๋ฐฉ์ ์ข
์ ์ ๋ณ๊ฒ์ฌ ๋๋ ์ต๊ทผ ์ง์ญ๋ด ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅ ์ ๋ํ ๋ฌธ์ํ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๋
๊ธฐ์ด ์ํ์ ์ต์ํ ํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ง ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋
๊ธฐ์ด๋ฐฑ์ CYD-TDV๋ก ์๋ฐฉ์ ์ข
์ ๊ณ ๋ คํด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ๊ถ์ฅํ๋ค (9์ธ๊น์ง ์ต์ 80%). 2017๋
์ ์ ์กฐ์
์ฒด๋ ์ด์ ์ ๋
๊ธฐ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ผ๋ ์ฌ๋์๊ฒ๋ง ๋ฐฑ์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋๋ก ๊ถ์ฅํ๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ์ด์ ์ ๊ฐ์ผ๋์ง ์์ ์ฌ๋์๊ฒ๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์
ํ ๋ ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ก ์ธํด ํ์ฒญ ์ํ์ ๊ด๊ณ์์ด 733,000๋ช
์ด์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ์ด์ 50,000๋ช
์ด์์ ์ฑ์ธ ์์๋ด์ฌ์๊ฐ ์๋ฐฉ ์ ์ข
์ ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ฆฌํ์์ ์ค์บ๋ค์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค.
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๊ธฐ์ด ๋ฐฑ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ 1929๋
์ด์ ์์๋์์ง๋ง, ์ง๋ณ์ ๋ณ์ธ์ ๋ํ ๋ถ์์ ํ ์ง์์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ฒ์์๋ ๋ฐฉํด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ์๋ ๋ค ๊ฐ์ง ๋
๊ธฐ์ด ํ์ฒญํ ๋ชจ๋์ ๋ํด ์์ ์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์ญ์ฑ์ ๋์์ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ผ ํจ์ผ๋ก ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ง๋๊ฐ ๋๊ฐ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ๋
์ฑ์ ์ฝํ์ํจ(live attenuated) ์ด์์๋ ๋น๋ฃจ์ค, ๋ถํ์ฑํ์ํจ (inactivated) ๋น๋ฃจ์ค, DNA ๋ฐ ์๋ธ์ ๋ ๋ฐฑ์ ์ ํฌํจํ ๋ช๋ช ๋ฐฑ์ ํ๋ณด๋ฌผ์ง์ด ๊ฐ๋ฐ ์ค์ ์๋ค. ๋
์ฑ์ ์ฝํ์ํจ(live attenuated) ์ด์์๋ ๋น๋ฃจ์ค๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ๋ฐฑ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ ์ง๋๊ฐ ๋๊ฐ์๋ค.
2016๋
๋ฉ์์ฝ, ํ๋ฆฌํ, ์ธ๋๋ค์์, ๋ธ๋ผ์ง, ์์ด๋ฐ๋๋ฅด, ์ฝ์คํ๋ฆฌ์นด, ํ๋ผ๊ณผ์ด, ๊ณผํ
๋ง๋ผ, ํ๋ฃจ, ํ๊ตญ, ์ฑ๊ฐํฌ๋ฅด ๋ฑ 11๊ฐ๊ตญ์์ ๋
๊ธฐ์ด์ ๋ํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฑ์ (Dengvaxia)์ด ์์ฉํ๋์๋ค. ์ธ๋๋ค์์์์๋ ๊ถ์ฅ 3ํ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ฝ 207๋ฌ๋ฌ๊ฐ ์์๋๋ค. WHO๋ ํ์ฒญ ์์ฑ ๋ฐฑ์ ์์ฉ์๊ฐ ๋ฐฑ์ ์ ์ข
์ ๋ฐ์ง ์์ ํ์ฒญ ์์ฑ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋นํด ์ฌํ ๋
๊ธฐ์ด์ ์ํ์ด ๋๋ค๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก 2018๋
9์ Dengvaxia ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๊ดํ ๊ถ์ฅ ์ฌํญ์ ์
๋ฐ์ดํธํ๋ค. ๋ฐฑ์ ์ ์ข
์๋ฐ์ ํ์ฒญ ์์ฑํ์๊ฐ ๋ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๋ถ์์ฉ์ ๋ณด์ด๋ ์ด์ ๋ ๋ถ๋ช
ํ์ง ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ด๋ฏํ ๊ฐ์ค์ ํญ์ฒด์์กด์ฑํฅ์(antibody-dependent enhancement.) ํ์์ด๋ค.
CYD-TDV
๋ธ๋๋ ์ด๋ฆ ๋
๋ฐฑ์์(Dengvaxia)๋ก ํ๋งค๋๋ ์ฌ๋
ธํผ ํ์คํ
๋ฅด(Sanofi Pasteur๊ฐ) ์ ์กฐํ CYD-TDV๋ ์ฝํ๋ ํฉ์ด๋ณ 17D ๊ท ์ฃผ์ PrM (์ฌ์ ๋ง) ๋ฐ E(๋ดํฌ) ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ์ฌ์กฐํฉ DNA ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ 4 ๊ฐ์ ๋
๊ธฐ์ด ์ ์ ์๋ก ๋์ฒดํ์ฌ ์ ์กฐ๋ ์ํค๋ฉ๋ผ๋ฐฑ์ (live attenuated chimeric vaccine)์ด๋ค.
2017๋
์ ์ ์กฐ์
์ฒด๋ ์ด ๋ฐฑ์ ์ ๋
๊ธฐ์ด ๊ฐ์ผ์ด ์๋ ์ฌ๋์๊ฒ๋ง ์ฌ์ฉํ๋๋ก ๊ถ์ฅํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ํ์๊ฐ์ผ์ด ์
ํ๋ ์ ์๋ค๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ์์๋ค. ์ด๊ธฐ ํ๋กํ ์ฝ์ ์ด์ ์ ๋
ธ์ถ๋์ง ์์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์์์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๋
๊ธฐ์ด์ ์ํ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ ๋ํ ์ดํด๋ฅผ ํ๋ฆฝํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฐฑ์ ์ ์ข
์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ํ์ก ์ํ์ ์๊ตฌํ์ง ์์๋ค. 2017๋
11์ Sanofi๋ ์ผ๋ถ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ผ์ ์ฌ์ ๋
ธ์ถ์ด ์๋ค๋ฉด ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๋
๊ธฐ์ด์ ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ์ํ์ด ์์์ ์ธ์ ํ๋ค. ์ดํ ํ๋ฆฌํ ์ ๋ถ๋ ์์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๊ฒํ ๋ฅผ ์์ํ WHO์ ์ง์์ผ๋ก ๋๋ ์๋ฐฉ์ ์ข
ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ค๋จํ๋ค.
๋ผํด์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ฐ ์์์์์ ์งํ์ค์ธ 3์ ์ํ์ 2์ธ์์ 14์ธ ์ฌ์ด์ 31,000๋ช
์ด์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋ฅผ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ํ์ ์ฒซ๋ฒ์งธ ๋ณด๊ณ ์์์, ์ ์ด๋ ํ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐฑ์ ์ฃผ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ํ์์์ ๋ฐฑ์ ํจ๋ฅ์ ์์์์์๋ 56.5%, ๋ผํด ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์์๋ 64.7%์๋ค. ํจ๋ฅ์ ํ์ฒญํ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค๋ฅด์ง๋ง ๋ ์คํ์์ ๋ฐฑ์ ์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๋
๊ธฐ์ด ์ฌ๋ก์ ์๋ฅผ ์ฝ 80% ์ค์๋ค. ์ถ์ ๊ด์ฐฐ 3๋
์งธ์ ๋ผํด์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ฐ ์์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ํ ๋ถ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ฐฑ์ ์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ 9์ธ ์ด์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ์ด์ ๋ณ์ ์
์์ ์๋ฐฉํ๋ ๋ฐ 65.6%์์ง๋ง, ํ์ฒญ ์์ฑ(์ด์ ๋
๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์ผ์ ๋ํ๋)์ธ ์ด๋ฆฐ์ด์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ํจ์ฌ ์ข์ (81.9%) ๋ฐฑ์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ป์๋ค. ์๋ฐฉ ์ ์ข
์ 0, 6 ๋ฐ 12๊ฐ์ 3ํ ์ฃผ์ฌ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๋ค. ์ด ๋ฐฑ์ ์ 2015๋
12์ ๋ฉ์์ฝ, ํ๋ฆฌํ ๋ฐ ๋ธ๋ผ์ง, ์์ด๋ฐ๋๋ฅด, ์ฝ์คํ๋ฆฌ์นด, ํ๋ผ๊ณผ์ด, ๊ณผํ
๋ง๋ผ, ํ๋ฃจ, ์ธ๋๋ค์์, ํ๊ตญ ๋ฐ ์ฑ๊ฐํฌ๋ฅด์์ 2016๋
์ ์น์ธ๋์๋ค. ๋
๋ฐฑ์์ (Dengvaxia)๋ผ๋ ์ํ๋ช
์ผ๋ก 9์ธ ์ด์์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์๊ฒ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋๋ก ์น์ธ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ 4๊ฐ์ง ํ์ฒญ ํ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์๋ฐฉํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋์ด์๋ค.
๊ฐ๋ฐ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์๋ ๋ฐฑ์
DENVax ๋๋ TAK-003
DENVax ๋๋ TAK-003์ ์๋ ๋ฐฉ์ฝ์ Mahidol ๋ํ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋์ด ํ์ฌ Inviragen (DENVax) ๋ฐ Takeda (TAK-003)๊ฐ ์๊ธ์ ์ง์ํ๋ ๋
๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ด๋ฌ์ค ์ ํ 2 (DENV2) ๋ฐฑ๋ณธ์ DENV1, DENV3 ๋ฐ DENV4 ๊ตฌ์ฑ์์๊ฐ ์๋ ์ฌ์กฐํฉ ํค๋ฉ๋ผ๋ฐฑ์ ์ด๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์ฝ๋กฌ๋น์, ํธ์๋ฅดํ ๋ฆฌ์ฝ, ์ฑ๊ฐํฌ๋ฅด ๋ฐ ํ๊ตญ์์ 1๋จ๊ณ ๋ฐ 2๋จ๊ณ ์ํ์ด ์งํ ์ค์ด๋ค . Lancet Infectious Diseases ์ ๋์ ๋ฐํ๋ ์ต์ 18๊ฐ์์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, TAK-003์ ์ด์ ๋
๊ธฐ ๋
ธ์ถ ๋ฐ ํฌ์ฝ ์ผ์ ์ ๊ด๊ณ์์ด 4๊ฐ์ง ๋ฐ์ด๋ฌ์ค ๊ท ์ฃผ์ ๋ํด ์ง์์ ์ธ ํญ์ฒด ๋ฐ์์ ๋ํ๋๋ค.
ํ
ํธ๋ผ๋ฐฑ์ค -DV
TetraVax-DV๋ ์์ ์ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฉด์ญ์์ฑ์ ๋ํด ๋ณ๋๋ก ํ
์คํธ๋ 1๊ฐ ๋ฐฑ์ ์ 4๊ฐ ํผํฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋ค. ์ด ๋ฐฑ์ ์ 1์ ์ํ์ ํต๊ณผํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ธ๋ผ์ง์์ 2์ ์ํ์ค์ด๋ค. ๋ธ๋ผ์ง์์๋ Instituto Butantan ๊ณผ ๊ณต๋์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์งํ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
TDEN PIV
TDEN PIV๋ GSK์ Walter Reed Army Institute of Research ํ๋ ฅ์ ์ผํ์ผ๋ก 1์ ์ํ์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ ๋นํ์ฑํ๋ 4๊ฐ ๋ฐฑ์ ์ด๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ฝ๋
ํ ํ๋ณด๋ฐฑ์ (live attenuated vaccine)๊ณผ ํ๋ผ์ ๋ถ์คํธ ์ ๋ต์ผ๋ก ์์น์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ II์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ํ๊ฐ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ํ๋ผ์ ๋ถ์คํ
์์๋, ํ ์ ํ์ ๋ฐฑ์ ์ด ๋ฉด์ญ์์ฑ์ ํฅ์์ํค๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์คํธ๋๋ค.
V180
๋จธํฌ(Merck)๋ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ ์ธํฌ์์ ๋ฐํ๋ ์ฌ์กฐํฉ ์๋จ์ ๋ฐฑ์ (subunit vaccine)์ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ 2015๋
ํ์ฌ 1๋จ๊ณ์ ์๋ค.
DNA ๋ฐฑ์
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํด๊ตฐ์๋ฃ์ฐ๊ตฌ์(Naval Medical Research Center)๋ DNA ํ๋ผ์ค๋ฏธ๋ 1๊ฐ ๋ฐฑ์ ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๋ ค๊ณ ์๋ํ์ง๋ง ์ด๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ ๋ฉด์ญ์์ฑ์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.
์ธ๋ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ์ ์กฐ์
์ฒด
Panacea Biotec ๊ณผ Biological E. Limited๋ ์ด๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ๋จ๊ณ์ ๋ฐฑ์ ํ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ํ ํ์ฌ (VABIOTECH)๊ฐ ์์ ํ
์คํธ๋ฅผ ์ํํ๊ณ ์์์ํ ๊ณํ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ์ค์ด๋ค. ์ธ ํ์ฌ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ณด๊ฑด์ฐ๊ตฌ์( National Institutes of Health)์ ํจ๊ป TetraVax-DV ๋ฐฑ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ฌํ์ ๋ฌธํ
ํ๋ฆฌํ ๋
ผ์
2017๋
ํ๋ฆฌํ์์์ ๋
๊ธฐ์ด ๋ฐฑ์ ๋
ผ์์ ํ๋ฆฌํ ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ถ์ ์ํด ์ด์ํ๋ ์๋ฐฉ์ ์ข
ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ๋ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ค์ ์ฌ๋
ธํผ ํ์คํด๋ฅด์ CYD-TDV (Dengvaxia)๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ํ์๋ค์๊ฒ ๋
๊ธฐ์ด ๋ฐฑ์ ์ ์ ์ข
ํ๋ค. ๋ฐฑ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ถ ์ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋ ์ ํ ๋
๊ธฐ์ด ๋ฐ์ด๋ฌ์ค์ ๊ฐ์ผ๋ ์ ์ด ์์๋ค. ์ด ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ฌ๋
ธํผ ํ์คํด๋ฅด (Sanofi Pasteur)๊ฐ ํ๋ฆฌํ ์ ๋ถ์๊ฒ ์ด์ ์ ๊ฐ์ผ๋์ง ์์ ์ฌ๋์ด ์ด ๋ฐฑ์ ์ ๋ง์ผ๋ฉด ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๋
๊ธฐ์ด์ด ๋ฐ์ํ ์ํ์ด ๋๋ค๊ณ ์ถฉ๊ณ ํ ์ดํ ์ค๋จ๋์๋ค. ์ด ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ธ์ฌ ์ด์๋์๋์ง์ ์๋ฐฉ์ ์ข
์ ํ ์ด๋ฆฐ์ด์๊ฒ ํด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์น ํ์์ ๋ํด ๋๊ฐ ์ฑ
์์ ์ ธ์ผํ๋์ง์ ๋ํ ์ ์น์ ๋
ผ์์ด ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. </br>
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
๋ฐฑ์
์ธ๊ณ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ํ์ ์์ฝํ (๋ฐฑ์ ) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue%20vaccine | Dengue vaccine | Dengue vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent dengue fever in humans. Development of dengue vaccines began in the 1920s, but was hindered by the need to create immunity against all four dengue serotypes. As of 2023, there are two commercially available vaccines, sold under the brand names Dengvaxia and Qdenga.
Dengvaxia is only recommended in those who have previously had dengue fever or populations in which most people have been previously infected. The value of Dengavaxia is limited by the fact that it may increase the risk of severe dengue in those who have not previously been infected. In 2017, more than 733,000 children and more than 50,000 adult volunteers were vaccinated with Dengvaxia regardless of serostatus, which led to a controversy. Qdenga is designated for people not previously infected.
There are other vaccine candidates in development including live attenuated, inactivated, DNA and subunit vaccines.
History
In December 2018, Dengvaxia was approved in the European Union.
In May 2019, Dengvaxia was approved in the United States as the first vaccine approved for the prevention of dengue disease caused by all dengue virus serotypes (1, 2, 3 and 4) in people ages nine through 16 who have laboratory-confirmed previous dengue infection and who live in endemic areas. Dengue is endemic in the US territories of American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands.
The safety and effectiveness of the vaccine was determined in three randomized, placebo-controlled studies involving approximately 35,000 individuals in dengue-endemic areas, including Puerto Rico, Latin America and the Asia Pacific region. The vaccine was determined to be approximately 76 percent effective in preventing symptomatic, laboratory-confirmed dengue disease in individuals 9 through 16 years of age who previously had laboratory-confirmed dengue disease.
In March 2021, the European Medicines Agency the filing package for TAK-003 (Qdenga) intended for markets outside of the EU.
In August 2022, the Indonesian FDA approved Qdenga for use in individuals six years to 45 years of age and become the first authority in the world to approve Qdenga. Qdenga was approved in the European Union in December 2022.
CYD-TDV (Dengvaxia)
CYD-TDV, sold under the brand name Dengvaxia and made by Sanofi Pasteur, is a live attenuated tetravalent vaccine that is administered as three separate injections, with the initial dose followed by two additional shots given six and twelve months later. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted the application for Dengvaxia priority review designation and a tropical disease priority review voucher. The approval of Dengvaxia was granted to Sanofi Pasteur.
The vaccine has been approved in 19 countries and the European Union, but it is not approved in the US for use in individuals not previously infected by any dengue virus serotype or for whom this information is unknown.
Dengvaxia is a chimeric vaccine made using recombinant DNA technology by replacing the PrM (pre-membrane) and E (envelope) structural genes of the yellow fever attenuated 17D strain vaccine with those from the four dengue serotypes. Evidence indicates that CYD-TDV is partially effective in preventing infection, but may lead to a higher risk of severe disease in those who have not been previously infected and then do go on to contract the disease. It is not clear why the vaccinated seronegative population have more serious adverse outcomes. A plausible hypothesis is the phenomenon of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). American virologist Scott Halstead was one of the first researchers to identify the ADE phenomenon. Dr. Halstead and his colleague Dr. Phillip Russell proposed that the vaccine only be used after antibody testing, to check for prior dengue exposure and avoid vaccination of sero-negative individuals.
Common side effects include headache, pain at the site of injection, and general muscle pains. Severe side effects may include anaphylaxis. Use is not recommended in people with poor immune function. Safety of use during pregnancy is unclear. Dengvaxia is a weakened but live vaccine and works by triggering an immune response against four types of dengue virus.
Dengvaxia became commercially available in 2016 in 11 countries: Mexico, the Philippines, Indonesia, Brazil, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Paraguay, Guatemala, Peru, Thailand, and Singapore. In 2019 it was approved for medical use in the United States. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In Indonesia it costs about for the recommended three doses as of 2016.
In 2017, the manufacturer recommended that the vaccine only be used in people who have previously had a dengue infection, as outcomes may be worsened in those who have not been previously infected. This led to a controversy in the Philippines where more than 733,000 children and more than 50,000 adult volunteers were vaccinated regardless of serostatus.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that countries should consider vaccination with the dengue vaccine CYD-TDV only if the risk of severe dengue in seronegative individuals can be minimized either through pre-vaccination screening or recent documentation of high seroprevalence rates in the area (at least 80% by age nine years).
The WHO updated its recommendations regarding the use of Dengvaxia in 2018, based on long-term safety data stratified by serostatus on 29 November 2017. Seronegative vaccine recipients have an excess risk of severe dengue compared to unvaccinated seronegative individuals. For every 13 hospitalizations prevented in seropositive vaccinees, there would be 1 excess hospitalization in seronegative vaccinees per 1,000 vaccinees. WHO recommends serological testing for past dengue infection
In 2017, the manufacturer recommended that the vaccine only be used in people who have previously had a dengue infection as otherwise there was evidence it may worsen subsequent infections. The initial protocol did not require baseline blood samples prior to vaccination in order to establish an understanding of increased risk of severe dengue in participants who had not been previously exposed. In November 2017, Sanofi acknowledged that some participants were put at risk of severe dengue if they had no prior exposure to the infection; subsequently the Philippine government suspended the mass immunization program with the backing of the WHO which began a review of the safety data.
Phase III trials in Latin America and Asia involved over 31,000 children between the ages of two and 14 years. In the first reports from the trials, vaccine efficacy was 56.5% in the Asian study and 64.7% in the Latin American study in patients who received at least one injection of the vaccine. Efficacy varied by serotype. In both trials vaccine reduced by about 80% the number of severe dengue cases. An analysis of both the Latin American and Asian studies at the 3rd year of follow-up showed that the efficacy of the vaccine was 65.6% in preventing hospitalization in children older than nine years of age, but considerably greater (81.9%) for children who were seropositive (indicating previous dengue infection) at baseline. The vaccination series consists of three injections at 0, 6 and 12 months.
The vaccine was approved in Mexico, the Philippines, and Brazil in December 2015, and in El Salvador, Costa Rica, Paraguay, Guatemala, Peru, Indonesia, Thailand, and Singapore in 2016. Under the brand name Dengvaxia, it is approved for use for those aged nine years of age and older and can prevent all four serotypes.
TAK-003 (Qdenga)
TAK-003 or DENVax, sold under the brand name Qdenga and made by Takeda, is a recombinant chimeric attenuated vaccine with DENV1, DENV3, and DENV4 components on a dengue virus type 2 (DENV2) backbone originally developed at Mahidol University in Bangkok and now funded by Inviragen (DENVax) and (TAK-003). Phase I and II trials were conducted in the United States, Colombia, Puerto Rico, Singapore and Thailand. Based on the 18-month data published in the journal Lancet Infectious Diseases, indicated that TAK-003 produced sustained antibody responses against all four virus strains, regardless of previous dengue exposure and dosing schedule.
Data from the phase III trial, which began in September 2016, show that TAK-003 was efficacious against symptomatic dengue. TAK-003 appears to not lack efficacy in seronegative people or potentially cause them harm, unlike CYD-TDV. The data appear to show only moderate efficacy in other dengue serotypes than DENV2.
Qdenga received approval for use in the European Union in 2022 for people aged 4 and above, and is also approved in the United Kingdom, Brazil, Argentina, Indonesia, and Thailand.ย Takeda voluntarily withdrew their application for the vaccination's approval in the United States in July 2023 after the FDA sought further data from the firm, which the company stated could not be addressed during the current review cycle.
In development
TV-003/005
TV-003/005 is a tetravalent admixture of monovalent vaccines, that was developed by NIAID, that were tested separately for safety and immunogenicity. The vaccine passed phase I trials and phase II studies in the US, Thailand, Bangladesh, India, and Brazil.
NIH has conducted phase I and phase II studies in over 1,000 participants in the US. It has also conducted human challenge studies while having conducted NHP model studies successfully.
NIH has licensed their technology for further development and commercial scale manufacturing to Panacea Biotec, Serum Institute of India, Instituto Butantan, Vabiotech, Merck, and Medigen.
In Brazil, phase III studies are being conducted by Instituto Butantan in-collaboration with NIH. Panacea Biotec has conducted phase II clinical studies in India.
A company in Vietnam (Vabiotech) is conducting safety tests and developing a clinical trial plan. All four companies are involved in studies of a TetraVax-DV vaccine in conjunction with the US National Institutes of Health.
TDENV PIV
TDENV PIV (tetravalent dengue virus purified inactivated vaccine) is undergoing phase I trials as part of a collaboration between GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) and the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR). A synergistic formulation with another live attenuated candidate vaccine (prime-boost strategy) is also being evaluated in a phase II study. In prime-boosting, one type of vaccine is followed by a boost with another type in an attempt to improve immunogenicity.
V180
Merck is studying recombinant subunit vaccines expressed in Drosophila cells. , it had completed phase I stage and V180 formulations found to be generally well tolerated.
DNA vaccines
In 2011, the Naval Medical Research Center attempted to develop a monovalent DNA plasmid vaccine, but early results showed it to be only moderately immunogenic.
Society and culture
Legal status
On 13 October 2022, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Qdenga, intended for prophylaxis against dengue disease. The applicant for this medicinal product is Takeda GmbH. The active substance of Qdenga is dengue tetravalent vaccine (live, attenuated), a viral vaccine containing live attenuated dengue viruses which replicate locally and elicit humoral and cellular immune responses against the four dengue virus serotypes. Qdenga was approved for medical use in the European Union in December 2022.
In February 2023, Qdenga was approved by the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) for people aged four years and older.
In July 2023, Takeda withdrew its application for Qdenga before the FDA, citing the FDA's requirement for additional data not captured in the phase III studies.
Economics
In Indonesia, Dengvaxia cost about for the recommended three doses as of 2016. Indonesia was the first country to approve Qdenga, in late 2022.
Controversies
Philippines
The 2017 dengue vaccine controversy in the Philippines involved a vaccination program run by the Philippines Department of Health (DOH). The DOH vaccinated schoolchildren with Sanofi Pasteur's CYD-TDV (Dengvaxia) dengue vaccine. Some of the children who received the vaccine had never been infected by the dengue virus before. The program was stopped when Sanofi Pasteur advised the government that the vaccine could put previously uninfected people at a somewhat higher risk of a severe case of dengue fever. A political controversy erupted over whether the program was run with sufficient care and who should be held responsible for the alleged harm to the vaccinated children.
References
External links
Dengue fever
Vaccines
World Health Organization essential medicines (vaccines)
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EB%82%98%20%EA%B4%B4%EC%8A%AC%EB%A7%81 | ๋ ๋ ๊ดด์ฌ๋ง | ๋ ๋ ๊ดด์ฌ๋ง(, 1986๋
3์ 8์ผ ~ )์ ๋
์ผ์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์์ด๋ค. ํฌ์ง์
์ ๋ฏธ๋ํ๋์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ์ฌ ๋
์ผ ํ๋ผ์ฐ์-๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ VfL ๋ณผํ์ค๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ์์ ํ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํด๋ฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
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๋ฅด์ฌ๋ก 2000 ์ ์ค ํ์์ ํ๋ํ๊ณ 2002๋
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์ผ U-17 ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์์ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝํํ๋ค. 2003๋
์ FC ๊ทํ
๋ฅด์ฌ๋ก 2000 1๊ตฐ ํ์ผ๋ก ์น๊ฒฉ๋๋ฉด์ 2. ํ๋ผ์ฐ์-๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฌด๋์ ๋ฐ๋ทํ๊ณ 2006๋
์ SC 07 ๋ฐํธ๋
ธ์ด์๋์ด๋ก ์ด์ ํ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ผ์ฐ์-๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฌด๋์ ๋ฐ๋ทํ๋ค.
๋ ๋ ๊ดด์ฌ๋ง์ 2011๋
6์์ VfL ๋ณผํ์ค๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ๋ก ์ด์ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 2012-13 ์์ฆ์์๋ VfL ๋ณผํ์ค๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ์ ํ๋ผ์ฐ์-๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ฐ์น, ์ฌ์ DFB-ํฌ์นผ ์ฐ์น, UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ๋ค. 2013-14 ์์ฆ์์๋ VfL ๋ณผํ์ค๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ์ ํ๋ผ์ฐ์-๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ฐ์น, UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ๊ณ 2016-17 ์์ฆ๋ถํฐ 2018-19 ์์ฆ๊น์ง VfL ๋ณผํ์ค๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ์ ํ๋ผ์ฐ์-๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ฐ์น, ์ฌ์ DFB-ํฌ์นผ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
๋ ๋ ๊ดด์ฌ๋ง์ 2002๋
๋ถํฐ 2007๋
๊น์ง ๋
์ผ ์ฌ์ U-17, U-19, U-20, U-23 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์๋ก ํ๋ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ๋๋์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2004๋
UEFA U-19 ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์์ ๋
์ผ์ ์ค์ฐ์น์ ๊ณตํํ๋ค.
๋ ๋ ๊ดด์ฌ๋ง์ ํ๊ตญ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2004๋
FIFA U-19 ์ธ๊ณ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ๊ตญ๊ณผ์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 2๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ธ์ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์์์ 8๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ค๊ตญ๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์๋ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋
์ผ์ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ณตํํ๋ค. ๋ฌ์์์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2006๋
FIFA U-20 ์ธ๊ณ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์๋ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ง๋ง ๋
์ผ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์ 8๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ฝํ๊ณ ๋ง๋ค.
๋ ๋ ๊ดด์ฌ๋ง์ 2008๋
2์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ค๊ตญ๊ณผ์ ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋
์ผ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์๋ก ๋ฐ๋ทํ๋ค. 2008๋
๋ฒ ์ด์ง ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ, ํ๋๋์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2009 ๋ณธ์ ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ๋
์ผ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์๋น ๋ช
๋จ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ์ง๋ง ์ต์ข
๋ช
๋จ์์ ํ๋ฝํ๋ฉด์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ง ์์๋ค. ๋
์ผ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2011๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ฌ ํ๋์ค์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์ 8๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ง๋ง ๋
์ผ์ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์ 8๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ฝํ๊ณ ๋ง๋ค.
๋ ๋ ๊ดด์ฌ๋ง์ 2011๋
10์ 22์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฃจ๋ง๋์์์ UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2013 ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์์ ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ์ค์จ๋ด์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2013 ๋ณธ์ ์์๋ ๋ค๋๋๋์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์์ด์ฌ๋๋์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์์ 8๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ค์จ๋ด๊ณผ์ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด์์ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ๋
์ผ์ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
๋ ๋ ๊ดด์ฌ๋ง์ ์บ๋๋ค์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์์ ์ฝํธ๋๋ถ์๋ฅด์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ค์จ๋ด๊ณผ์ 16๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ํ๋์ค์์ 8๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์๊ธ๋๋์์ 3ยท4์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋๋ฐ ๋
์ผ์ ํด๋น ๋ํ์์ 4์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค. 2016๋
๋ฆฌ์ฐ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด๋ฃจ ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ์์๋ ๋ณธ์ 6๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ๋
์ผ์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ธ๋ฉ๋ฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
๋ ๋ ๊ดด์ฌ๋ง์ ๋ค๋๋๋์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2017์์ ๋ฌ์์์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๋ด๋งํฌ์์ 8๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ง๋ง ๋
์ผ์ ๋ด๋งํฌ์์ 8๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ฝํ๊ณ ๋ง๋ค. ํ๋์ค์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์๋ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ผ๋, ์ค์จ๋ด๊ณผ์ 8๊ฐ์ ์์ ํจ๋ฐฐํด ํ๋ฝํ ํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์์ ์ํดํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
์์
ํด๋ฝ
VfL ๋ณผํ์ค๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ
ํ๋ผ์ฐ์-๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ 5ํ ์ฐ์น (2012-13, 2013-14, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19)
์ฌ์ DFB-ํฌ์นผ 6ํ ์ฐ์น (2012-13, 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19)
UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2ํ ์ฐ์น (2012-13, 2013-14)
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
2004๋
UEFA U-19 ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์ค์ฐ์น
2004๋
FIFA U-19 ์ธ๊ณ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์ฐ์น
2012๋
์๊ฐ๋ฅด๋ธ์ปต ์ฐ์น
UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2013 ์ฐ์น
2014๋
์๊ฐ๋ฅด๋ธ์ปต ์ฐ์น
2016๋
๋ฆฌ์ฐ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด๋ฃจ ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ๊ธ๋ฉ๋ฌ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๋ ๋ ๊ดด์ฌ๋ง ํ๋กํ - ๋
์ผ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐ๋งน
1986๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
๋
์ผ์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋
์ผ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๋ฏธ๋ํ๋
FIFA ์ผ์ถ๋ฆฌ ํด๋ฝ ์ฌ์ ์ ์
2011๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2013 ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2016๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
๋
์ผ์ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
๋
์ผ์ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ๊ธ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
2016๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2017 ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
ํ๋ผ์ฐ์-๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
VfL ๋ณผํ์ค๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ (์ฌ)์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena%20Goe%C3%9Fling | Lena Goeรling | Lena Goeรling (born 8 March 1986) is a German former footballer. She played as a midfielder.
Career
Club
Goeรling began her career at her local football club SV Lรถhne-Obernbeck. She later joined FC Gรผtersloh 2000, where she won the German Under-17 championship. Goeรling played two seasons in the second Bundesliga with Gรผtersloh, before joining the top division side SC 07 Bad Neuenahr in 2006. After five years and 97 games for the club, she announced her transfer to VfL Wolfsburg for the 2011โ12 season.
After the 2020โ21 season, she announced her retirement.
International
Goeรling won the 2004 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship with Germany. She had three appearances for the team and scored twice in the first group game against Thailand. Two years later, she again competed at the 2006 FIFA U-20 Women's World Championship. Now a regular starter, she was eliminated with her team in the quarter-finals against the United States.
In February 2008, Goeรling made her debut for the German national team against China. Twice she has been denied a place in a German squad at international tournaments. She was named to the 26 player preliminary squads at the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2009 European Championship, but failed to make the final 21 player squad at both tournaments. Goeรling has been called up for the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, which was her first major tournament.
She was part of the squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics, where Germany won the gold medal.
She announced her retirement after the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup.
International goals
Scores and results list Germany's goal tally first:
Source:
Honours
International
Summer Olympic Games: Gold medal, 2016
UEFA Women's Championship: Winner 2013
Algarve Cup: Winner 2012, 2014
FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup: Winner 2004
UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship: Runner-up 2004
Club
VfL Wolfsburg
UEFA Women's Champions League : Winner 2012โ13, 2013โ14
Bundesliga : Winner 2012โ13, 2013โ14, 2016โ17, 2017โ18, 2018โ19
DFB Pokal : Winner 2012โ13, 2014โ15, 2015โ16, 2016โ17, 2017โ18, 2018โ19
Individual
IFFHS World's Best Woman Playmaker: 2013
UEFA Women's Championship All-Star Team: 2013
Silbernes Lorbeerblatt: Winner 2016
IFFHS Women's World Team: 2020
IFFHS World's Woman Team of the Decade 2011โ2020
IFFHS UEFA Woman Team of the Decade 2011โ2020
See also
List of women's footballers with 100 or more caps
References
External links
Player German domestic football stats at DFB
1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Bielefeld
German women's footballers
SC 07 Bad Neuenahr players
VfL Wolfsburg (women) players
2011 FIFA Women's World Cup players
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players
Women's association football midfielders
Germany women's international footballers
Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Germany
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Frauen-Bundesliga players
Olympic footballers for Germany
UEFA Women's Championship-winning players
FIFA Women's Century Club
2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players
UEFA Women's Euro 2017 players |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%BC%EB%AF%BC%EB%8B%A4%EB%A6%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%A7%88%EB%B1%80 | ๋ฒํผ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋๋ง๋ฑ | ๋ฒํผ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋๋ง๋ฑ(Lialis burtonis)์ ๋ฒํผ ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ๋ฆฌ์๋(Burton's legless lizard)๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋๋ง๋ฑ๊ณผ์ ์ํ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์, ํํธ์๋ด๊ธฐ๋ ๊ณ ์ ์ข
์ด๋ค. ์ด ์ข
์ ์๋ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๊ณ ๋ท๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ ํ์ ๋ง์ด ๋จ์๋ค. ๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ฅ๋ "๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ๋ฆฌ์๋(legless lizards)", "ํ๋ซํ ๋ฆฌ์๋(flap-footed lizards)", "์ค๋ค์ดํฌ ๋ฆฌ์๋(snake-lizards)"๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ๋ถ๋ฆฐ๋ค.
์ด์
์ข
๋ช
burtonis๋ ์๊ตญ์ ๊ตฐ์๊ด ์๋์๋ ๋ฒํผ(:en:Edward Burton (zoologist))(1790โ1867)์ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๋ถ๋ฅ์ ํํ
๋ฒํผ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋๋ง๋ฑ๊ณผ์ ์ํ ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋๋ง๋ฑ์์ ์ผ์ข
์ด๋ค. ๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋๋ง๋ฑ๊ณผ์ ์ํ 40 ๊ฐ์ ์ข
์ค์์ ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋๋ง๋ฑ์์ ์ํ ์ข
์ ๋ฒํผ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ข
ํ๋ (L. jicari) ๋ฟ์ด๋ค. ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋๋ง๋ฑ์์ ํฌํจ๋ ์ข
๋ค์ macrostomata์ ์ํ ๋ฑ๋ค๊ณผ ์ ์ฌํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋๋ฐ, ์ด ๋ถ๋ฅ๊ตฐ๋ค์ด ํฐ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ํต์งธ๋ก ์ผํฌ ์ ์๋ ๋ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฌํ ์ ์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋๋ง๋ฑ์ ๋ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋
์๋ ์๊ณ , ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ผ ์๋ ์๊ณ , ํ๋ฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ฐ๋ผ์ง์ง๋ ์์๊ณ ํตํตํ๋ฉฐ, ๊ท๊ตฌ๋ฉ๊ณผ ๋ท๋ค๋ฆฌ ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ๊ฒ๋ค๊ฐ ๋ฒํผ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋๋ง๋ฑ๊ณผ์ ์ํด์๋๋ฐ, ์ด ๊ณผ๋ ์ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก, ํด๋ถํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๊ณผ์ ์ ์ผ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค. ๊ฒ๋ณด๊ธฐ์๋ ๋ฑ๊ณผ ์ ์ฌํ๊ฒ ์๋ ด์งํํ์ง๋ง ๋ง์ด๋ค.
๋ฒํผ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฐ๋ฒ๋ฅ์น๋ ํฐ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์๋นํ ํํ์ ์ ์์ ํด์๋ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ๋ ์นด๋กญ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ฌ์ง, ์์ง์ด๋(hinged) ์ด๋นจ์ด ์ค์ค์ด ๋ ๊ธธ์ญํ ์ฃผ๋ฅ์ด๋ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์
์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ก๋๋ฐ ๋์์ ์ค๋ค. ๊ฒ๋ค๊ฐ ์ด ๊ธธ์ญํ ์ฃผ๋ฅ์ด ๋ํ์ ๋ ๋์ผ๋ก ๋์์ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋
ธ๋ ค์(:en:binocular vision) ๋ ์ ํํ๊ฒ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฎ์น ์ ์๋ค. ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ์ ์ฐํ mesokinetic, hypokinetic ๊ด์ ๋์ ํฑ์ด ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ์ ์ ์๋ค. ์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ๋์ ์์ผ๋ก ์ง์ด๋ฃ๋ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๋ฒํผ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๊ฐ์ ํ์ฉํด ์ฌ๋ฅํ๋ ์๊ฐ ํฌ์์(visual predator)์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ต์ฅํ ์ค์ํ๋ฐ, ์ด ๋์ ์ธ์ธ ๋ ๋์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณดํธํ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ถํฌ์ ์์์ง
๋ฒํผ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ ํธ์ฃผ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ณณ์์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ์ง๋ง, ํ์ฆ๋ฉ์ด๋์๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ๋จ๋๋ถ ์ผ๋ถ์์๋ ์กด์ฌํ์ง ์๋๋ค. ์ด ์ข
์ ํํธ์๋ด๊ธฐ๋์์๋ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์ง๋ง, ํ ์์ ์ง์ญ์์๋ง ๋ถํฌํ๋ค.
๋ฒํผ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฌ๋ง์์ ์ฐ๋ฆผ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ ๋ค์ํ ์์์ง์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์ง๋ง, ๋ถํฌ ์ง์ญ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์ด๋ณด์ ์์๋ฒํ ํธ์ฃผ ๋จ๋ถ์ ๊ณ ์ฐ์ง๋์ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ํน๋
ํ ์ฌ๋ง์ง์ญ์์๋ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์ง ์๋๋ค. ๋ณดํต ํ์ธต์์์ด๋, ์๋๋ฏธ ๋ฐ์์ ์ง๋ฉด์ ์ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ ์์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค์์๋ ์๋๋ฏธ๋ ์ด๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์์ํ๋ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ค์๊ฒ ์ค์ํ๊ฒ ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค. ์ด๋ ์จ๋๊ฐ ์ ๋นํ ๋ช ๊ฐ์ง ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ณตํ์, ์ด๋ ์ง๋ฐฉ์์ ํฌํํ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ค์ด ์๋๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํจ์ฌ ์ ํธํ๋ค๋ ์คํ์ ํตํด ์ฆ๋ช
๋์๋ค. ์๋๋ฏธ๊ฐ ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ์๋ ๊ณณ์์๋, ์์์ง์์ ์ฐพ์ ์ ์๋ ํ, ๋ฒ๋ ค์ง ๊ตด ๋ฑ์ ์ ๋นํ ์์ ์ฒ๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์์ฑ
๋ฒํผ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ง์ ๋จน๋๋ค. ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์คํจํฌ๋ฅผ ์ญ์ทจํ์ง๋ง ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋๋ง๋ฑ, ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด, ์๊ฐ๋ง๋๋ง๋ฑ ๋ฐ์๋ ๋จน๋๋ค. ๊ฒ๋ค๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ํ๋ณธ์ ์ ์์ ์์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋๋ฌผ๊ฒ๋ ๋ฑ๋ ๋จน๋๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฐํ์ก๋ค. ํนํ ์ต๊ทผ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ด ์ข
์ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์์ฃผ ๋จน์ง ์๋๋ค.
๋ฒ์
๋ฒํผ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฒ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ํธ์ฃผ ์ ์ญ์์ ๋น์ทํ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ง์ง๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ๋ค. ๋ฒํผ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฐฐ๋๊ณผ ์ง์ง๊ธฐ๋ ๋ณดํต 9์์์ ์ฌ๋ฆ๊น์ง ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ค.(๋จ๋ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๊ณ์ ์ด ๋ถ๋ฐ๊ตฌ์ 6๊ฐ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋๋ค.) ์ด ์ข
์ ๋์ํ๋ฉฐ ๋ณดํต 11์์์ 1์์ ์ฐ๋ํ์ง๋ง, ๋ฒ์์ ๋ฒ์๊ธฐ(:en:Breeding season)๊ฐ ์๋๋๋ผ๋ ์ธ์ ๋ ํ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์์ปท์ ์์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฐจ๋ก ๋ณ์ ์ ์๋ค. ์์ ๋๋ฌดํ ๋ง์ด๋ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ, ์ง๋ฉด, ์๋๋ฏธ ๋ฐ, ๋๋ก๋ sugar ants์ ๋ฅ์ง ์์ ๋์ธ๋ค.
์ด ๋
์๋ค์ ํ ๋ฒ์ 1 - 3 ๊ฐ์ ๊ป์ง์ด ๋ถ๋๋ฌ์ด ์์ ์ฌ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ณ๋๋ฐ, ๋ณดํต์ ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณ๋๋ค. ๋ฅ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ค ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ ๋ฅ์ง์ 20๊ฐ ๊น์ง์ ์์ด ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์๋ค. ๋ฒํผ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ ์์ปท์ ๋๋ค๋ฅธ ํน์ง์ ๋ค์ ๋ฒ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ์๋ฅผ ์ ์ฅํ๊ฑฐ๋, ์ง์ง๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ์ง ๋ชปํ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ฒ๋
์์์ ํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ฐ ๋ถํํ ์๋ผ์ ๊ธธ์ด๋ 13 cm ์ ๋๋ค.
์ต์ฑ
๋ฒํผ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฃผํ์ฑ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋จน์ด๊ฐ ๋ฎ์ ํ๋ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๊ณ ์ฌ์ค์ ์ด๋ ๋๋ ํ๋ํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ฒํผ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ ๋์ด ํ๊ฒฝ ์๋์์์ ๊ณ ์ฒด์จ์ฆ, ๋งน๊ธ๋ฅ ๋ฐ์์ ์ฃผํ์ฑ ํฌ์์์ ๊ฐ์ ์ํ์ ํํผํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฐค์ ์์ง์ด๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด ์๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ๋๋ผ์ด ์ ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐค์ ์์ง์ด๋ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ด์ ๋ ๋ฎ์ ์์ง์ด๋ค ๋จน์๊ฐํํ
์์ ์์น๋ฅผ ๋คํค์ง ์๊ธฐ ์ํด์์ด๋ค. ๊ฒ๋ค๊ฐ ์ง์ญ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋๊ณผ ๋จน์ด์ฐพ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ค์ํ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ์ด ์ข
์ด ๊ต์ฅํ ๋๋ฆฌ ๋ถํฌํ๋ฉฐ ๋ค์ํ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์์ํ๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ์์ธกํ ์ ์๋ ์ฌํญ์ด๋ค.
์ด ๋๋ง๋ฑ์ ์๊ฐ์ ์์กดํ๋, ์์ง์ด๋ ๋์์ ๋ฎ์น๋ ํฌ์์์ด๋ฉฐ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ต๊ฒฉํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์์ ์ฒ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค. ์์ ์ฒ๋ ํฌ์์๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ชธ์ ์จ๊ธฐ๋ ๋ฐ๋ ํ์ํ๋ฉฐ, ํนํ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ผ์ผฐ์ ๋๋ ์์ง์ด๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์์ ํฌ์์์๊ฒ ๋์ํ๊ธฐ๋ ๋ฒ๊ฑฐ์์ง๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ค์ํ๋ค. ๋์ ์์ ์ฒ๋ ์ฒด์จ์กฐ์ ์๋ ์ค์ํ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ค. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด ๋ํฐ์ด ์๋๋ฏธ๋ ๊ต์ฅํ ์ข์ ์์ ์ฒ์ธ๋ฐ, ์จ๋๊ฐ ์ ์ ํ ๊ณณ์ผ๋ก ๊น์์ด ํ๊ณ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ์ ์จ์ด์์ ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
๋ฒํผ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋์(:en:Caudal luring)๋ก ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ๋๋ฐ, ๋๋ง๋ฑํํ
๋ ์๋นํ ๋๋ฌธ ๋ฐฉ์์ด๋ค. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋์๋ ์ฒ์์ ๊ธฐ์ต๊ณต๊ฒฉํ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ก๋ ๋ฐ ์คํจํ์ ๋๋ง ํ์ฉํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋จน์ด๊ฐ ๋๋ง์ณค๋ค๊ณ ํด์ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์์ด ์ธ์ ๋ ์ฐ์ด์ง๋ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด ์ ๋ต์ ํ์ฉํ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๋ฒํผ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ง์ง๋ง ์์์ ๋จน์ ํ ์๊ฐ์ด ์ง๋จ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋์๋ ๋จน์๊ฐ์ ์์ผ๋ก ์ ์ธํ๊ฑฐ๋, ๋ฎ์น๋ ์๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ๋ด ๋ฐ๋ก ๋๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋, ์ด ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋์์ ํ์ฉํ๋ ์ด ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ๋์น ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ก๋ ๋ฐ ํ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ฒํผ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ์๊ฒ ์์ด ๋จน์ด์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์ ๋ต์ ๊ต์ฅํ ์ค์ํ๋ฐ, ์ด ๋
์๋ค์ด ๋ฌผ๋ ธ์ ๋ ์ฌํ ์์ฒ๋ฅผ ์
์ ์ ๋๋ก ํฐ ๋จน์๊ฐ์ ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ฒํผ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋จน์๊ฐ์ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฎ์น๊ธฐ์ ์ ํ์ฑ์ ์กฐ์ ํ๋ ์ด์ ๋ก ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ํฐ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฎ์น ๋๋ ๋ค๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ง ์๋๋ก ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ๋ค. ์ด ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ๋ฒํผ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ ํฐ ๋จน์ด๊ฐ ์์ ์๊ฒ ์์ฒ๋ฅผ ์
ํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋๋ก ์ผํค๊ธฐ ์ ์ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ๋ ๋๊น์ง ๊พน ์์ผ์ฅ๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ์์ ๋จน์ด๋ ๋ฐ๋ฒ๋ฅ์น๋ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ผํค๋ ๋ฐ ๋๋ ์๋์ง๋ณด๋ค ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฐ ๋๋ ์๋์ง๊ฐ ๋ ๋ง๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐ๋ฒ๋ฅ์น๋ ๋ง๋ ํต์งธ๋ก ์ผํจ๋ค.
์ด ์ข
์ ํนํ ์ํ๋ฐ์ ๋ ์๋ฆฌ์ง๋ฅธ๋ค. ๊ฒ๋ค๊ฐ ํฌ์์ํํ
์กํ๋ฉด ๋ค๋ฅธ ์๋ง์ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ค์ฒ๋ผ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์์ ํ ์ ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ ๊ฑด ์๋นํ ํฐ ์์ค์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ค์ ์๋ผ๋ ค๋ฉด ์๊ฐ๊ณผ ์์๋ถ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
๋ณด์กด
๋ฒํผ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ ํธ์ฃผ์์ ์ ์ผ ๋๋ฆฌ ๋ถํฌํ๋ ํ์ถฉ๋ฅ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทนํ ๋๋ฌธ ์์ธ๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ ๋ชจ๋ ์ ํ์ ํธ์ฃผ์ ์์์ง์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ณด์กด์ ์ฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ ๊ธฐ์ธ์ผ ํ์๋ ์๋ค. ๋ฒํผ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ผ๋ง๋ ํํ์ง๋ ์๋ ค์ ธ ์์ง ์์ง๋ง, ์ด ์ข
์ด ๊ทนํ ๋๋ฌผ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ค์ด๋ค๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ ์๋ค. ์์ง IUCN ๋ณด์กด ์ํ๊ฐ ํ๊ฐ๋์ง ์์์ง๋ง, ํ๊ฐ๋๋ค๋ฉด "๊ด์ฌ ํ์" ์ํ๊ฐ ์ ๋ ฅํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
Gray JE (1835). "Characters of a New Genus of Reptiles (Lialis) from New South Wales". Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1834: 134-135. (Lialis burtonis, new species). (in Latin and English).
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๋ฏผ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋๋ง๋ฑ์
1835๋
๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ ํ์ถฉ๋ฅ
์กด ์๋์๋ ๊ทธ๋ ์ด๊ฐ ๋ช
๋ช
ํ ๋ถ๋ฅ๊ตฐ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton%27s%20legless%20lizard | Burton's legless lizard | Burton's legless lizard (Lialis burtonis) is a species of lizard in the family Pygopodidae. The species lacks forelegs and has only rudimentary hind legs. Pygopodid lizards are also referred to as "legless lizards", "flap-footed lizards" and "snake-lizards". This species is native to Australia and Papua New Guinea.
Taxonomy
English zoologist John Edward Gray described Burton's legless lizard in 1835. The specific name, burtonis, is in honour of British army surgeon Edward Burton (1790โ1867). Burton's legless lizard (Lialis burtonis) is a member of the genus Lialis within the family Pygopodidae. There are approximately 40 species in the family Pygopodidae, however, Burton's legless lizard and another species (L. jicari) are the only species that fall within genus Lialis. Members in genus Lialis are considered analogous to macrostomatan snakes as these taxonomic groups have functionally similar adaptations such as the ability to swallow relatively large prey whole. However, their resemblance to snakes is merely superficial example of convergent evolution, and they are not closely related.
Differences between legless lizards and snakes include the lack of venom glands in legless lizards, their inability to constrict prey, the presence of a fleshy tongue rather than a forked tongue, visible ear holes, and remnant hind limbs. Burton's legless lizard and the Pygopodidae, as a whole, are members of the infraorder Gekkota, meaning that they are essentially legless geckos. Pygopods are the namesake of the Australasian gecko superfamily Pygopodoidea (sometimes called Diplodactyloidea), and they are the sister taxon to legged geckos in the family Carphodactylidae.
Description
Burton's legless lizard has significant morphological adaptations to enable it to deal with large struggling prey items. The first adaptation is a skull with an elongated snout that may, along with its pointed, recurved and hinged teeth, be an adaptation that assists it to grip its prey. In addition, this elongated snout may also promote binocular vision which would allow strikes to be more accurately directed. Another adaptation that assists Burton's legless lizard to hold its prey is its flexible mesokinetic and hypokinetic joints which allow its jaws to encircle prey. Lastly, the ability of the species to retract its eyes is of key importance as it is a visual predator that relies on eyesight and this adaptation effectively protects them during conflict.
Distribution and habitat
Burton's legless lizard occurs almost Australia wide but it is absent in parts of southern Australia including Tasmania. This species is also found in Papua New Guinea, although populations are limited to one small area.
Burton's legless lizard is found in a variety of habitats from deserts to the margins of rainforests but not in southern alpine areas and extreme northern deserts as would be expected based on its distribution. It is usually found in low vegetation or debris on the ground such as leaf litter which has been shown to be important to specimens located in tropical environments. This was demonstrated in an experiment where individuals were given a choice of several thermally comparable environments and there was an overwhelming preference for leaf litter by specimens from the tropics. In areas where leaf litter is not as readily available this species will use grasses, abandoned burrows and other shelter that it can find as habitat.
Diet
L. burtonis feeds almost exclusively on lizards. Generally, skinks are the main prey item taken but other legless lizards, geckos and dragons are also a part of the diet of Burton's legless lizard. In addition, it has been reported that this species will eat small snakes on rare occasions and this has been documented in a study of the stomach contents of museum specimens. Notably, this species also feeds rather infrequently according to a recent study.
Reproduction
Reproduction seems to be seasonal in populations of Burton's legless lizard and mating occurs at similar times throughout Australia. Ovulation and mating for the species usually occurs from September until summer. The species is oviparous and eggs are generally laid from November to January, although, reproduction can occur at any time outside of the usual breeding season and females are capable of laying more than one clutch each year. Eggs are laid under logs or rocks, on the ground, under leaf litter and sometimes in the nests of sugar ants.
Clutches can be laid in quick succession with each clutch containing 1 to 3 tough, leathery eggs, although a clutch size of 2 eggs is by far the most common. Nesting can be communal and up to 20 eggs have been found in a nest. Another characteristic that has been discovered is the ability of females of this species to either store sperm for reproduction at a later time or to reproduce through parthenogenesis which does not require mating to be successful. Hatchlings are approximately 13 centimetres long.
Captivity
In Australia a license is required to keep the Burton's legless lizard as a pet.
Behaviour
Burton's legless lizard is generally a diurnal feeder as prey is most commonly encountered during the day but it can be active at any time. This is highlighted as its movements tend to be nocturnal to take advantage of benefits such as reduced risks of hyperthermia during hot conditions and reduced risks of predation from diurnal predators like raptors. Another reason for it to move at night is to avoid revealing its ambush position in the day when it has the highest likelihood of encountering an otherwise unsuspecting prey item. In addition, there is geographic variation in movement and feeding patterns which is expected as this species is very widespread and inhabits a variety of different environments.
This lizard is a visually oriented predator that strikes based on movement and requires shelter to ambush its prey. Shelter is also required to hide from predators and may be particularly important after feeding as individuals become more sedentary than usual which is thought to be an anti-predator response.
Alternatively, shelter also plays a key role in lizard thermoregulation. Deep leaf litter for example, is very good shelter as individuals can bury themselves at an appropriate depth to regulate temperature and remain hidden at the same time.
Burton's legless lizard also uses caudal luring as a feeding strategy which is rare in lizards. Notably, this behaviour only occurs if its initial ambush attack is unsuccessful in capturing its intended prey. However, this tactic is not exhibited every time that prey escapes as the likelihood of this tactic being used increases with time since an individual's last meal. Caudal luring can be used to recapture prey in 3 ways as it can be used to lure prey towards it, to distract prey at the moment that it strikes or both.
Feeding strategies are a very important behaviour for this species as the lizards it eats can often be large enough to inflict a retaliatory bite that could cause serious harm. This is thought to be the reason that this species will modify its strike precision according to prey size as strikes at large prey will be directed at either the head or neck to prevent them from biting back. Furthermore, Burton's legless lizard will hold large prey until it is incapacitated before swallowing to prevent harm to itself whereas it swallows small prey that is still struggling as swallowing live prey costs less energy than waiting for it to be incapacitated.
This species also has a tendency to vocalise, especially, when it is threatened. Furthermore, if it is seized by a predator it can drop its tail like many other lizards. However, there are substantial costs associated with a lizard losing its tail as it requires time and energy to grow back.
Conservation
L. burtonis is not a priority for conservation as it is Australia's most widespread reptile and inhabits almost all Australian habitat types with only a few exceptions. In addition, it is not known how abundant Burton's legless lizard is, but there has been no indication that this species is rare or rapidly declining. Consequently, while Burton's legless lizard has not been assessed for an IUCN conservation status yet, it is predicted with a fair degree of confidence that it would be given the status of "least concern".
References
Further reading
Cogger HG (2014). Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, Seventh Edition. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. xxx + 1,033 pp. .
Goin CJ, Goin OB, Zug GR (1978). Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. xi + 378 pp. . (Lialis burtonis, p. 286).
Wilson, Steve; Swan, Gerry (2013). A Complete Guide to Reptiles of Australia, Fourth Edition. Sydney: New Holland Publishers. 522 pp. .
External links
Reptiles of Western Australia
Lialis
Reptiles described in 1835
Taxa named by John Edward Gray
Pygopodids of Australia |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%A7%95%EC%96%B4%EC%99%80%20%EA%B3%A0%EB%9E%98 | ์ค์ง์ด์ ๊ณ ๋ | ใ์ค์ง์ด์ ๊ณ ๋ใ()๋ 2005๋
์ ๋์ค ์ํ์ ์์ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฝ๋ฏธ๋, ๋๋ผ๋ง ์ํ์ด๋ค. ๋
ธ์ ๋ฐ์๋ฐฑ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ํ์ด๋ฉฐ ์จ์ค ์ค๋์จ์ด ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ๋ก๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๋, ์ ํ ๋๋์ผ์ค, ์ ์ ์์ด์ ๋ฒ๊ทธ, ์ค์ธ ํด๋ผ์ธ์ด ์ถ์ฐํ์ฌ ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ์ดํผ ํ ๋ถ์ด์ ๊ฒฝํํ๋ 4์ธ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ค. 2005๋
์ ๋์ค ์ํ์ ์์ ์ด ์ํ๋ ๊ฐ๋
, ๊ฐ๋ณธ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์์ ์์ํ๋ค.
์ค๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ
๋ธ๋ฃจํด๋ฆฐ์ ์ฌ๋ ๋ฒํฌ๋จผ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ์๋น ๋ฒ๋๋, ์๋ง ์กฐ์ค, ํฐ์๋ค ์ํธ, ์์์๋ค ํ๋ญํฌ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ ธ ์๋ค. ๋ฒ๋๋๋ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ช
์ฑ์ ์๊ณ ๊ฐ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ์ด๋จน๊ณ ์ฌ๋ ํ๋ฌผ๊ฐ ์์ค๊ฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์๋ด ์กฐ์ค์ ๋ฐ๋๋ก ์ต๊ทผ์ ๊ธ์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์์ํด์ ์ ๋ช
์ธ๋ฅผ ์ป์ด๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ํธ๋ ์์
์ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ๋ง๊ณ ํ๋ญํฌ๋ ํ
๋์ค์ ์ด์๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ ๋ฒ๋๋์ ์กฐ์ค์ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋คํฐ ๋ค, ์๋ค๋ค์๊ฒ ์ดํผํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋ค๊ณ ํต๋ณดํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฒ๋๋๊ฐ ๋๊ฐ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์์ด๋ค์ ๊ณต๋ ์์กํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋ค๋ฉด์ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ์ ๋๋์ด ๋งค์ผ ์ค๊ฐ๊ฒ ํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋ค.
๋น์ฐํ๊ฒ๋ ํ์ ๋ ํผ๋์ ๊ฒช๋๋ค. ์ํธ๋ ์๋ฒ์ง ์ชฝ์ ๊ธฐ์ธ์ง๋ง ํ๋ญํฌ๋ ์ด๋จธ๋๊ฐ ๋ ์ณ๋ค๊ณ ์ฌ๊ธด๋ค. ์ํธ๋ ์ฌ๋ํ ์์ค ํ๊ต์์ '์ํผ'๋ผ๋ ์ฌ์์์ด์ ๋ง๋๋ค. ์ํธ๋ ์ํผ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ ์์๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ์ง๋ ์๊ณ ๋ค์ ๋ฎ์ก์ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ ์์ง๋ง ์ด์จ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋์ ์ฐ์ธ์ด ๋๋ค. ํํธ ํ๋ญํฌ๋ ๋๋๊ณ ์ ์ ๋ง์๊ธฐ๋ ํ๊ณ , ์์ค๋ ๋ง์ด ํ๊ณ ์ผ๋ถ๋ฌ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ด๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๋ฒ๋๋๊ฐ ์กฐ์ค์ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ธ๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ๋ฐํ์ ๋, ์ํธ๋ ์ด๋จธ๋๋ฅผ ํ์คํ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์ด ์ง๋ด๋ ค ํ์ง ์์ง๋ง, ํ๋ญํฌ๋ ๋ฐ๋๋ก ์ผ๋ถ๋ฌ ์๋ฒ์ง ์ง์ ํ์ถํด์๋ผ๋ ์ด๋จธ๋์ ๊ฐ์ด ์์ผ๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
๋ฒ๋๋๋ ๋
์ ๋ชจ์์์ ๋ง๋ ์ ์ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง์ผ๋ก ๋ค์ธ๋ค. ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ๋ ์๊ทผํ ๋ฒ๋๋๋ฅผ ์ ํนํ๋ ํํธ ์ํธ๋ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์๊ฒ ์ฑ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฆฐ๋ค. ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ค ๋ชป์๊ธด ์ํผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ง์กฑ์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ ์ฌ๊ธด๋ค. ์กฐ์ค์ ํ๋ญํฌ์ ํ
๋์ค ์ ์์ด์๋ ์ด์ ์์ด๋ฒ๊ณผ ๋ง๋๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ํ๋ญํฌ๋ ์์ํ์๋ฅผ ํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋จธ๋์ ์์ท์ ํ๋ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ณต๊ณต์ฅ์์์ ๋ชฐ๋ ์์ํ ๋ค ์ ์ก์ ๋ฟ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ค๋๋ค. ๊ณง ํ๊ต์์ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ ์ ์ก์ ๋ฌปํ๋ค๊ฐ ๋ฐ๊ฐ๋์ด ๋ฒ๋๋์ ์กฐ์ค์ด ํ๊ต์ ๋ถ๋ ค์จ๋ค. ๋ถ๋ถ๋ ์๋ก์๊ฒ ์ฑ
์์ ๋ ๋๊ธด๋ค.
์ํธ๋ ํ๊ต ์์
๊ณต์ฐ์์ ์์๊ณก์ ๋ฐํํ์ฌ ํฐ ํธ์์ ์ป๊ณ ์ฌ์์์ด๋ค์ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ป์ ๊ณง ์ฐ์ญํด์ง๋ค. ์ด๋จธ๋๋ฅผ ๋
ธ๊ณจ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฐ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ์ํผ์ ํค์ด์ง๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ง๋ง ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์์๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ๋ ์๋ฒ์ง์ ์น์ค๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ์์๋ค. ์๊ฐ์ด ์ง๋ ์ํธ๊ฐ ๋ฐํํ ์์๊ณก์ด ์ค์ ํํฌ ํ๋ก์ด๋์ ๊ณก์ ํ์ ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐํ์ ธ, ์ํธ๋ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์๋ด์ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์๋ด์ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉด์, ์ํธ๋ ์ ์ฐจ ์๋ฒ์ง์ ์ํฅ์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ์์ฐ์ฌ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์์ ์ค์ง์ด์ ๊ณ ๋์ ์ธ์์ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ฌด์์ ํ๋ ์ผ์ ๋ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ์์ ์ ๋ ๊ฑฑ์ ํด์ค ๊ฒ์ ์๋ฒ์ง๊ฐ ์๋ ์ด๋จธ๋์์์ ๊นจ๋ซ๋๋ค.
์ผ๋ จ์ ํ๊ตญ์ ๊ฒช๊ณ ๋ฒ๋๋๋ ์กฐ์ค์๊ฒ ํํดํ์๋ ๊ธฐ์์ ๋ณด์ด์ง๋ง ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ธ์์ผ๋ก ๋๋๋ค. ๋ฒ๋๋๊ฐ ํ๋ฅผ ๋ชป ์ด๊ธฐ๊ณ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋ฐ์ณ ๋๊ฐ๋ค๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ง ์ฐจ์ ์น์ฌ ๋ณ์์ ์ค๋ ค๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๋ณ๋ฌธ์์ ๊ฐ ์ํธ๋ ๊ฐ์ด ์์ฌ๋ผ๋ ํ์๋ ์๋ฒ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฟ๋ฆฌ์น๊ณ ๋ณ์์ ๋์์, ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ด๋ ธ์ ์ ๋ณด์๋ ์ค์ง์ด์ ๊ณ ๋ ๋ชจํ์ ์์ํ๋ค.
์ถ์ฐ
์ ํ ๋๋์ผ์ค - ๋ฒ๋๋ ๋ฒํฌ๋จผ
๋ก๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๋ - ์กฐ์ค ๋ฒํฌ๋จผ
์ ์ ์์ด์ ๋ฒ๊ทธ - ์ํธ ๋ฒํฌ๋จผ
์ค์ธ ํด๋ผ์ธ - ํ๋ญํฌ ๋ฒํฌ๋จผ
์ ๋ ํจํธ - ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ
์๋ฆฌ์ ๋ณผ๋์ - ์์ด๋ฒ
ํผ๋ฆฌ ํ์ดํผ - ์ํผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ฒ๊ทธ
์ผ ๋ - ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์๋ด๊ฐ
๋ฐ์ด๋น๋ ๋ฒค์ - ์นผ
์ ๋ค ๋ก์ฆ - ์คํ
ํผํฐ ๋ด๋จผ - ์ํผ๋ค ์๋น
ํ๊ธฐ ๊ณฐ๋ฆฌ - ์ํผ๋ค ์๋ง
๊ทธ๋ ํ ํด๋ผ์ธ - ์ํผ๋ค ํ ๋จธ๋
๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์ค ํ๋ ํท - ๋ฏธ์ฆ ๋ ๋ชฌ
๊ธฐํ
๊ณต๋์ ์: ์ ๋ํผ ๋ก์ค
๋ฏธ์ : ์ค ๋ก์ค
์ธํธ: ๋ก๋ฒํธ ์ฝ๋ฒจ๋ง
์์: ์์ด๋ฏธ ์จ์คํธ์ฝง
๋ฐฐ์ญ: ๋๊ธ๋ฌ์ค ์์ด๋ฒจ
์ฌ์ด๋ํธ๋
"Park Slope" โ Britta Phillips & Dean Wareham
"Courting Blues" โ Bert Jansch
"Holland Tunnel" โ John Phillips
"Lullaby" โ Loudon Wainwright III
"Heart Like a Wheel" โ Kate & Anna McGarrigle
"The Bright New Year" โ Bert Jansch
"Drive" โ The Cars
"Let's Go" โ The Feelies
"Figure Eight" โ Blossom Dearie
"Come Sing Me a Happy Song to Prove We All Can Get Along the Lumpy, Bumpy, Long & Dusty Road" โ Bert Jansch
"Hey You " โ Pink Floyd (Performed by Dean Wareham)
"Family Conference" โ Britta Phillips & Dean Wareham
"Street Hassle" โ Lou Reed
"The Swimming Song" โ Loudon Wainwright III
"Love on a Real Train" โ Tangerine Dream
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
The Squid and the Whale: 4 Way Street an essay by Kent Jones at the ํฌ๋ผ์ดํ
๋ฆฌ์ธ ์ปฌ๋ ์
2005๋
์ํ
์์ด ์ํ ์ํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฝ๋ฏธ๋ ๋๋ผ๋ง ์ํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฑ์ฅ ์ํ
์๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ์ํ
๋
ธ์ ๋ฐ์๋ฐฑ ๊ฐ๋
์ํ
1986๋
์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ํ
๋ธ๋ฃจํด๋ฆฐ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ํ
๊ต์ก์๋ฅผ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ์ํ
์ดํผ์ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ์ํ
๋ชจ์๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ์ํ
๋ถ์๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ์ํ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Squid%20and%20the%20Whale | The Squid and the Whale | The Squid and the Whale is a 2005 American independent comedy-drama film written and directed by Noah Baumbach and produced by Wes Anderson. It tells the semi-autobiographical story of two boys in Brooklyn dealing with their parents' divorce in 1986. The film is named after the giant squid and sperm whale diorama housed at the American Museum of Natural History, which is seen in the film. The film was shot on Super 16ย mm, mostly using a handheld camera.
At the 2005 Sundance Film Festival, the film won awards for best dramatic direction and screenwriting, and was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize. Baumbach later received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay. The film received six Independent Spirit Award nominations and three Golden Globe nominations. Baumbach became one of the few screenwriters to ever sweep "The Big Four" critics awards (Los Angeles Film Critics' Association, National Board of Review, National Society of Film Critics, and New York Film Critics' Circle).
Plot
It is 1986. Bernard Berkman is an arrogant, once-promising novelist whose career has gone into a slow decline; he cannot find an agent. His unfaithful wife, Joan, has recently begun publishing her own work to widespread acclaim, which only increases the growing tension between them.
One day, Bernard and Joan tell their two sons, 16-year-old Walt and 12-year-old Frank, that they are separating, with Bernard renting a house on the other side of Prospect Park from their home in Park Slope, Brooklyn. The parents agree to joint custody, and to spending equal time with their children, but, after separation, the parental relationship becomes more combative than before.
Joan begins dating Ivan, Frank's tennis instructor, and Bernard starts sharing his new house with Lili, one of his students. The two boys begin taking sides in the battle between their parents, with Frank siding with their mother and Walt with their father. Walt idolizes their father and tries to emulate him: he blames their mother.
Along with the trouble both boys exhibit verbally with their parents, they also show internal struggles and very different ways of handling the stress of their parents' divorce. Frank repeatedly masturbates at school; he begins to drink beer and imitates Ivan's mannerisms. Over-influenced by his father, Walt spoils his relationship with Sophie, his girlfriend, and she breaks up with him. He performs and claims to have written "Hey You" by Pink Floyd at his school's talent show. After he wins first place and receives praise from his family and friends, his school realizes that he did not write the song. At this point, the school calls Bernard and Joan in to discuss Walt. They all agree that he should see a therapist.
At the meeting with the therapist, Walt starts to see things without the taint of his father's opinions. The therapist asks Walt for a happy memory. After some reluctance, he tells how his mother would take him, when he was very young, to see the giant squid and whale exhibit at the American Museum of Natural History; the exhibit scared him, so he would look at it through his fingers. Then, at home, they would discuss what they saw. As they talked, the exhibit would become less scary. It becomes clear to Walt that his father was never really present, and that his mother was the one who cared for him.
After a heated argument between Bernard and Joan over custody and whether Joan would take him back, Bernard collapses on the street outside their home and is taken to the hospital. Bernard asks Walt to stay by his side, but Walt instead runs to the Natural History Museum. The film ends with him standing in front of the exhibit, now able to look at it.
Cast
Jeff Daniels as Bernard Berkman; a selfish and arrogant writer.
Laura Linney as Joan Berkman; a writer and unfaithful former wife.
Jesse Eisenberg as Walt Berkman
Owen Kline as Frank Berkman
Anna Paquin as Lili
William Baldwin as Ivan
Halley Feiffer as Sophie Greenberg
Ken Leung as School Therapist
David Benger as Carl
Adam Rose as Otto
Peter Newman as Mr. Greenberg
Peggy Gormley as Mrs. Greenberg
Greta Kline as Greta Greenberg
Maryann Plunkett as Ms. Lemon
Alexandra Daddario as Pretty Girl
Production
Bill Murray, a frequent collaborator to producer Wes Anderson, was considered for the role of Bernard Berkman. John Turturro was also considered for the role.
Noah Baumbach looked to documentaries, French New Wave films, and John Cassavetes and early Martin Scorsese films when envisioning the style of the film. He shot the film in Super 16 rather than digital video "to give the film an authentic 1980โs feel", commenting "Super 16 also feels lived-in, instantly looks like an older film. I wanted to handhold the movie, but steadily, so you detect only a hint of movement. It added to the immediacy of the whole thing."
The screenplay was intentionally pared down. Baumbach explained, "I really wanted this [film] to be an experience that people live through. Which is how people talk about action films. In some ways, maybe the cinematic equivalent of that would be not to give people moments of reflection. So that youโre taken through each scene, and then youโre right into another. A lot of scenes start on the dialogue, and the dialogue prelapses the next scene โ So you never have time. Thereโs no sun rises over Brooklyn shot, no establishing shot." Baumbach has said the film is semi-autobiographical.
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 92% approval rating, based on 154 reviews, with an average rating of 7.90/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "This is a piercingly honest, acidly witty look at divorce and its impact on a family." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 82 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".
On an episode of Ebert & Roeper, both critics praised the film and gave it a "two thumbs up" rating. Premiere critic Glenn Kenny praised the film, writing, "It's a rare film that can be convincingly tender, bitterly funny, and ruthlessly cutting over the course of fewer than 90 minutes. The Squid and the Whale not only manages this, it also contains moments that sock you with all three qualities at the same time." Time critic Richard Corliss wrote, "The Squid and the Whale is domestic tragedy recollected as comedy: a film whose catalog of deceits and embarrassments, and of love pratfalling over itself, makes it as (excruciatingly) painful as it is (exhilaratingly) funny."
The English Indie folk band Noah and the Whale takes its name from a combination of the director's name (Noah Baumbach) and the film's title.
Accolades
Home media
The film was released on DVD on March 21, 2006 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. The DVD includes a 45-minute commentary with director Noah Baumbach, another 40-minute commentary with Baumbach and Phillip Lopate, cast interviews, and trailers. In 2013 Mill Creek Entertainment released the film for the first time on Blu-ray in a 2 pack set with Running with Scissors. All extras were dropped for the Blu-ray release.
The Criterion Collection re-released the film on DVD and Blu-ray on November 22, 2016 which included new interviews with Baumbach and actors Jeff Daniels, Jesse Eisenberg, Owen Kline and Laura Linney; a new conversation about the score and other music in the film between Baumbach and composers Dean Wareham and Britta Phillips; a 2005 documentary titled Behind The Squid and the Whale; audition footage; and the original trailers.
Music
The soundtrack features two songs by Loudon Wainwright III and one by Kate & Anna McGarrigle. It reuses Tangerine Dream's "Love on a Real Train", from Risky Business, for the scenes of Frank's sexual awakenings. Other contemporary popular music is played in the background of scenes, such as The Cars' "Drive" and Bryan Adams' "Run to You". "Figure Eight", from Schoolhouse Rock, is used as both an instrumental and a vocal. Pink Floyd's "Hey You" is heard several times in the movie, since it plays a role in the plot and is cited by Walt as capturing his emotional state. Both the original version, and diegetic performances by Jesse Eisenberg and Owen Kline, are used. Baumbach originally wanted to use The Who's "Behind Blue Eyes" instead but he could not secure the rights.
Soundtrack
"Park Slope" โ Britta Phillips & Dean Wareham
"Courting Blues" โ Bert Jansch
"Holland Tunnel" โ John Phillips
"Lullaby" โ Loudon Wainwright III
"Heart Like a Wheel" โ Kate & Anna McGarrigle
"The Bright New Year" โ Bert Jansch
"Drive" โ The Cars
"Let's Go" โ The Feelies
"Figure Eight" โ Blossom Dearie
"Come Sing Me a Happy Song to Prove We All Can Get Along the Lumpy, Bumpy, Long & Dusty Road" โ Bert Jansch
"Hey You " โ Pink Floyd (Performed by Dean Wareham)
"Family Conference" โ Britta Phillips & Dean Wareham
"Street Hassle" โ Lou Reed
"The Swimming Song" โ Loudon Wainwright III
"Love on a Real Train" โ Tangerine Dream
References
External links
The Squid and the Whale: 4 Way Street an essay by Kent Jones at the Criterion Collection
2005 films
2000s coming-of-age comedy-drama films
American coming-of-age comedy-drama films
Films about writers
Films about dysfunctional families
Films directed by Noah Baumbach
Films set in 1986
Films set in the 1980s
Films set in Brooklyn
Films about educators
Films produced by Wes Anderson
Sundance Film Festival award-winning films
2005 independent films
Films about divorce
Films about brothers
Films about motherโson relationships
Films about fatherโson relationships
Films shot in 16 mm film
2000s English-language films
2000s American films |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%B8%EB%B3%B4%EB%8F%84%EB%A7%88%EB%B1%80%EB%B6%99%EC%9D%B4%EC%86%8D | ๋ธ๋ณด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ | ๋ธ๋ณด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์(Gonatodes)์ ๋
๋ธ์ด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๊ณผ์ ์ํ, ๋์์ด ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์ ์ผ์์ด๋ค.
์์ธ
๋ธ๋ณด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ข
์ ์ฃผํ์ฑ์ด๊ณ , ์๋ชฉ์ฑ(:en:Arboreal locomotion)์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ฑ์ ์ด์์ฑ์ ๋๋ฉฐ, ์ฑ์ฒด์ ์ฒด์ฅ(์ฃผ๋ฅ์ด-ํญ๋ฌธ ๊ธธ์ด)์ 28 - 65 mm ์ ๋ฌํ๋ค.
์์ฑ
๋ธ๋ณด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ๊ต์ฅํ ์์ ์ ์ง๋ฅ๋ฅผ ๋จน๋๋ค.
๋ฒ์
์๋ฌด๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋์ ์๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ฉฐ, ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ข
์ ํด๋ง๋ค ๋์ธ ๋ฒ ์์ ๋ณ๊ณ , ๋ช๋ช์ ๊ณต๋ ์ฐ๋ ์ฅ์๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ๋ค.
์์์ง
๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ข
์ ์ตํ ์ด๋์ผ๋ฆผ์, ๋ช๋ช์ ๋ฐ๋ปํ ์ ์ง๋์, ๋๋จธ์ง๋ ์์ํ ์ง์ญ์ ์์ํ๋ฉฐ, ์์์ ์ข
๋ค์ ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ๋, ์ผ๋ฆผ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ์ง์ญ์ ์ข ๋ ๊ฑด์กฐํ ์์์ง, ์ด๋ ๊ฑด์กฐ ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ฆผ, ๋ค๋ถ ์ฐ๋ฆผ์ ์์ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ค ์ข
๋ค(๋๊ฐ ์ข ๋ ๊ฑด์กฐํ ๊ณณ์ ์์ํ๋ ์ข
๋ค)์ ์ข ๋ ๋๊ฒ ํธ์ธ ์ฌ๋์ ์๊ธธ์ด ๋ฟ์ ํ๊ฒฝ์์์กฐ์ฐจ, ๋ช๋ช ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ๊ณ ๋๋ก ๋์ํ๋ ์ง์ญ์ ์์ํ๋ค. ๋ธ๋ณด๋๋ง๋ฑ์์ ์ข
๋ค์ ํ๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ง๋ฉด์์ ์ง๋ฉด ์ 0.6m (๋๋ก๋ 2 - 3m) ์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ ๊ณณ์ ๋๋ฌด์ค๊ธฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฃจํฐ๊ธฐ, ํต๋๋ฌด, ๋๋๋ก๋ ๋ฐ์, ํน์ ์ธ๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง์ ์๋ค๋ฉด ๋ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ง ๋ฐ์์ ์์์์๋งํ ๊ณณ์ ์์ง์ผ๋ก, ํน์ ๊ฑฐ์ ์์ง์ผ๋ก ์ด๋๋ ์์์๋ค. ๊ฐ๋ ฌํ ํ๋น์ ๋ฐ์๊ฐ๋ฉฐ ์๋ ์ผ์ ๋๋ฌผ๊ณ , ํ๋ณ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋์ค์ง๋ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋๋ถ๋ถ ๊ทธ๋์ด๋ ์ง์ฌ๊ด์ ์ด ๋ ๋ด๋ฆฌ์ฌ๋ ๊ณณ์ ์ ํธํ๋ค.
์ง๋ฆฌํ์ ๋ถํฌ
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์ ๋ฉ์์ฝ ๋จ๋ถ, ์ฟ ๋ฐ์ฌ, ํ์คํ๋์ฌ๋ผ์ฌ, ์๋ฉ์ด์นด, ๊ทธ๋ ๋๋ ์ ๋์ ์ ๋์ธ์ฌ, ๋ฑ์ ๋ช๋ช ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธํด์ ์ฌ๋ค ๋ฐ์์ ์ค์์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด, ํ๋ฃจ, ์ฝ๋กฌ๋น์, ์์ฟ ์๋๋ฅด, ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น์, ๊ธฐ์๋, ํ๋์ค๋ น ๊ธฐ์๋, ์๋ฆฌ๋จ, ๋ธ๋ผ์ง์ ์ผ๋ถ, ๋ฒ ๋ค์์๋ผ, ํธ๋ฆฌ๋๋ค๋ ํ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์ ์ฌ๋ค, ๋จ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ถ๋ถ ํด์๊ฐ์ ๋ช๋ช ์ฌ๋ค ๋ฐ์์ ๋จ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ถ๋ถ์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ค.
๋์
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์ ๊ฐ๋ผํ๊ณ ์ค ์ ๋์, ํ ์ข
์ ํ๋ก๋ฆฌ๋ค์ฃผ์ ์ฌ๋์ ํตํด ๋์
๋์๋ค. ๊ฒ๋ค๊ฐ ์ด๋ค ์ข
๋ค์ ์ธ๋ฅํ๋(human activity)์ ํตํด ๋๋ต์ ์ธ ๋ฒ์ ์์, ์ด์ ์๋ ๋ถํฌํ์ง ์์๋ ๋ค์ํ ์ง์ญ์ ์ฎ๊ฒจ์ก๋ค.
ํ์
๋ค์์ 31 ๊ฐ ์ข
์ด ์ ํจํ๋ค๊ณ ์ธ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๋ช๋ช ์์ข
๋ํ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ ์ฌ๋๋ค.
Gonatodes albogularis (A.M.C. Dumรฉril & Bibron, 1836) โ yellow-headed gecko
Gonatodes albogularis albogularis (A.M.C. Dumรฉril & Bibron, 1836)
Gonatodes albogularis bodinii Rivero-Blanco, 1968
Gonatodes albogularis notatus (J.T. Reinhardt & Lรผtken, 1862)
Gonatodes alexandermendesi Cole & Kok, 2006
Gonatodes annularis Boulenger, 1887 โ annulated gecko
Gonatodes antillensis (Lidth de Jeude, 1887) โ Antilles gecko
Gonatodes astralis Schargel et al., 2010
Gonatodes atricucullaris Noble, 1921 โ Cajamarca gecko
Gonatodes caudiscutatus (Gรผnther, 1859) โ shieldhead gecko
Gonatodes ceciliae Donoso-Barros, 1966 โ brilliant South American gecko
Gonatodes concinnatus (O'Shaughnessy, 1881) โ O'Shaughnessy's gecko
Gonatodes daudini Powell & Henderson, 2005 โ Grenadines clawed gecko, Union Island gecko
Gonatodes eladioi Nascimento et al., 1987 โ South American gecko
Gonatodes falconensis Shreve, 1947 โ Estado Falcon gecko
Gonatodes hasemani Griffin, 1917 โ Haseman's gecko
Gonatodes humeralis (Guichenot, 1855) โ Trinidad gecko
Gonatodes infernalis Rivas & Schargel, 2008
Gonatodes lichenosus Rojas-Runjaic et al., 2010 - Perijรก lichen gecko
Gonatodes ligiae Donoso-Barros, 1967
Gonatodes nascimentoi Sturaro & รvila-Pires, 2011
Gonatodes naufragus Rivas et al., 2013
Gonatodes ocellatus (Gray, 1831) โ eyespot gecko
Gonatodes petersi Donoso-Barros, 1967 โ Peters's gecko
Gonatodes purpurogularis Esqueda, 2004
Gonatodes rayito Schargel, Rivas, Garcia-Perez, Rivero-Blanco, Chippindale, & Fujita, 2017
Gonatodes riveroi Sturaro & Avila-Pires, 2011
Gonatodes rozei Rivero-Blanco & Schargel, 2012 - Rozeโs gecko
Gonatodes seigliei Donoso-Barros, 1966 โ Estados Sucre gecko
Gonatodes superciliaris Barrio-Amorรณs & Brewer-Carรญas, 2008 - Sarisariรฑama Forest gecko
Gonatodes taniae Roze, 1963 โ Estado Aragua gecko
Gonatodes tapajonicus Rodrigues, 1980 โ Parรก gecko
Gonatodes timidus Kok, 2011
Gonatodes vittatus (Lichtenstein, 1856) โ Wiegmann's striped gecko
์ฃผ์์ฌํญ: ์ฝ์
์ด๊ตฌ์ ์ด๋ช
๋ช
๋ช
์(:en:Binominal nomenclature)๋ ์๋ ํด๋น ์ข
์ ์(Gonatodes)๊ณผ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ ํ์์ง๋ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
Fitzinger L (1843). Systema Reptilium, Fasciculus Primus, Amblyglossae. Vienna: Braumรผller & Seidel. 106 pp. + indices. (Gonatodes, new genus, pp.ย 18, 90-91). (in Latin).
๋
๋ธ์ด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๊ณผ
๋ ์คํดํธ ํผ์นญ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ๋ช
๋ช
ํ ๋ถ๋ฅ๊ตฐ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonatodes | Gonatodes | Gonatodes is a genus of New World dwarf geckos of the family Sphaerodactylidae.
Description
The majority of the species in the genus Gonatodes are diurnally active, scansorial, and sexually dichromatic, with adult body size (snoutโvent length) ranging from for known species.
Diet
The diets of the various species of Gonatodes are composed mainly of very small arthropods.
Reproduction
Clutch size is one, with most species producing several clutches per year, and some utilizing communal egg-laying sites.
Habitat
Most species are humid tropical forest dwelling (some in warm lowlands, and others in somewhat cooler montane regions), with relatively fewer species utilizing more open, drier habitats at forest edge, tropical dry seasonal forest and scrub forest. Some species (usually those that use drier natural habitats) are able to utilize even more open human modified environments; in some cases including highly urbanized areas. Gonatodes usually spend most of their active hours perched anywhere from ground level to about 0.6 metres (2 feet) above ground, sometimes up to 2 or 3 metres (6.6 or 9.8 feet), on vertical or near vertical surfaces of tree trunks, tree stumps, logs and sometimes rocks (as well as on walls and house-posts for those that are able to use human altered environments). They seldom sit exposed to direct strong sunlight (they do not appear to bask), and most seem to prefer shade / filtered light with less exposure to direct sun light.
Geographic range
Species of Gonatodes are found in Central America including southern Mexico, a few Caribbean Islands (including Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica and Union Island in St. Vincent and the Grenadines) and the northern part of South America, including Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname, parts of Brazil, Venezuela, the islands of Trinidad and Tobago, and some of the small islands just off the cost of northern South America.
Introduced species
Human mediated introductions have occurred with Gonatodes caudiscutatus in the Galapagos Islands and G. albogularis in Florida. In addition, some species have been transplanted by human activity to various regions within the general range of the genus where the particular species did not previously exist.
Species
The following 34 species are recognized as being valid. Some subspecies are also listed.
Gonatodes albogularis (A.M.C. Dumรฉril & Bibron, 1836) โ white-throated clawed gecko, white-throated gecko, yellow-headed gecko
Gonatodes albogularis albogularis (A.M.C. Dumรฉril & Bibron, 1836)
Gonatodes albogularis bodinii Rivero-Blanco, 1968
Gonatodes albogularis notatus (J.T. Reinhardt & Lรผtken, 1862)
Gonatodes alexandermendesi Cole & Kok, 2006
Gonatodes annularis Boulenger, 1887 โ annulated gecko
Gonatodes antillensis (Lidth de Jeude, 1887) โ Antilles gecko, Venezuelan coastal clawed gecko
Gonatodes astralis Schargel et al., 2010
Gonatodes atricucullaris Noble, 1921 โ Cajamarca gecko
Gonatodes castanae Carvajal-Cogollo, Eguis-Avendaรฑo & Meza-Joya, 2020 โ Castaรฑo's Gecko
Gonatodes caudiscutatus (Gรผnther, 1859) โ shieldhead gecko
Gonatodes ceciliae Donoso-Barros, 1966 โ brilliant clawed gecko, brilliant South American gecko
Gonatodes chucuri Meneses-Pelayo & Ramรญrez, 2020 โ Chucuri gecko
Gonatodes concinnatus (O'Shaughnessy, 1881) โ O'Shaughnessy's gecko
Gonatodes daudini Powell & Henderson, 2005 โ Grenadines clawed gecko, Union Island clawed gecko, Union Island gecko
Gonatodes eladioi Nascimento, รvila-Pires & Cunha, 1987 โ South American gecko
Gonatodes falconensis Shreve, 1947 โ Estado Falcรณn gecko
Gonatodes hasemani Griffin, 1917 โ Haseman's gecko
Gonatodes humeralis (Guichenot, 1855) โ South American clawed gecko, Trinidad gecko
Gonatodes infernalis Rivas & Schargel, 2008
Gonatodes lichenosus Rojas-Runjaic et al., 2010 - Perijรก lichen gecko
Gonatodes ligiae Donoso-Barros, 1967
Gonatodes machelae Rivero-Blanco & Schargel, 2020
Gonatodes nascimentoi Sturaro & รvila-Pires, 2011
Gonatodes naufragus Rivas et al., 2013 โ La Blanquilla clawed gecko
Gonatodes ocellatus (Gray, 1831) โ eyespot clawed gecko, eyespot gecko, ocellated gecko
Gonatodes petersi Donoso-Barros, 1967 โ Peters' gecko
Gonatodes purpurogularis Esqueda, 2004
Gonatodes rayito Schargel, Rivas, Garcรญa-Pรฉrez, Rivero-Blanco, Chippindale & Fujita, 2017
Gonatodes riveroi Sturaro & รvila-Pires, 2011
Gonatodes rozei Rivero-Blanco & Schargel, 2012 - Roze's gecko
Gonatodes seigliei Donoso-Barros, 1966 โ Estado Sucre gecko
Gonatodes superciliaris Barrio-Amorรณs & Brewer-Carรญas, 2008 - Sarisariรฑama forest gecko
Gonatodes taniae Roze, 1963 โ Estado Aragua gecko, ring-necked clawed gecko
Gonatodes tapajonicus Rodrigues, 1980 โ Parรก gecko
Gonatodes timidus Kok, 2011
Gonatodes vittatus (Lichtenstein, 1856) โ striped clawed gecko, Wiegmann's striped gecko
Nota bene: A binomial authority or trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species or subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Gonatodes.
References
Further reading
Fitzinger L (1843). Systema Reptilium, Fasciculus Primus, Amblyglossae. Vienna: Braumรผller & Seidel. 106 pp. + indices. (Gonatodes, new genus, pp.ย 18, 90โ91). (in Latin).
Vertebrates of Guyana
Lizard genera
Taxa named by Leopold Fitzinger |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%84%A4%20%EB%A2%B0%EB%94%94%ED%81%AC%20%ED%95%9C%EC%84%BC | ๋ฆฌ๋ค ๋ขฐ๋ํฌ ํ์ผ | ๋ฆฌ๋ค ๋ขฐ๋ํฌ ํ์ผ(, 1988๋
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๊น์ง ๋ธ๋ขด๋ท IF ์์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ธ๋ขด๋ท IF์ ์๋ฆฌํ
๋๋น์์ค๋จ 2ํ ์ฐ์น, ๋ด๋งํฌ ์ฌ์์ปต 1ํ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. 2008๋
์๋ ๋ธ๋ขด๋ท IF ์ฌํด์ ์ ์๋ก ์ ์ ๋๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์์๋ค.
๋ขฐ๋ํฌ ํ์ผ์ 2010๋
๋ถํฐ 2014๋
๊น์ง ์ค์จ๋ด ๋ค๋ง์ค๋ฒค์ค์นธ ์์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํด๋ฝ์ธ ํ๋ ์ FF ์์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ํ๊ณ 2012 ๋ค๋ง์ค๋ฒค์ค์นธ ์์ฆ์์ ํ๋ ์ FF์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ฌ์ ์ฒซ ๋ค๋ง์ค๋ฒค์ค์นธ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ 3์์ฆ ๋์์๋ ๋ ํํธ ๋ฐฑ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ํ์ง๋ง 2013๋
์ ์ฌ๋ผ ํฌ๋ค๋ธ๋ก๊ฐ ํ๋ ์ FF์ ํฉ๋ฅํ๋ฉด์ ์ผํฐ ๋ฐฑ์ผ๋ก ์ ํฅํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. 2014๋
์๋ ํ๋ ์ FF์ 2013-14 UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์ง์ถ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋๋ฐ ํ๋ ์ FF๋ VfL ๋ณผํ์ค๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ์ 3-4๋ก ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ฉด์ ์ค์ฐ์น์ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
2014๋
์ ํ๋ ์ FF๊ฐ ํ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๋ค๋ง์ค๋ฒค์ค์นธ ์์ฆ์ ๋ถ์ฐธํ๋ฉด์ ๋ขฐ๋ํฌ ํ์ผ์ ์์ ํ์์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ ๋๋ฃ ์ ์๋ค๊ณผ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ์์ ๊ณ์ฝ ์ ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. 2014๋
7์์๋ ๋ง๋ซผ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ณ ๋ก ํ๋ ์ค์จ๋ด์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํด๋ฝ์ธ FC ๋ก์
์ค๋ฅด๋์ 2๋
6๊ฐ์ ๋์์ ๊ฑธ์น ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ๊ณ FC ๋ก์
์ค๋ฅด๋์ ๋ค๋ง์ค๋ฒค์ค์นธ 2ํ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
2016๋
1์์๋ ํ๋์ค ๋๋น์ง์น 1 ํ๋ฏธ๋ ์์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํด๋ฝ์ธ ์ฌ๋ญํผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์น์ผ๋ก ์ด์ ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ญํผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์น์ ๋๋น์ง์น 1 ํ๋ฏธ๋ ์ฐ์น, ์ฟ ํ ๋ ํ๋์ค ํ๋ฏธ๋ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ฌ๋ญํผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์น์ 2015-16 UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์์ ์ฐ์น์ ์ฐจ์งํ์ง๋ง ๋ขฐ๋ํฌ ํ์ผ์ ์ถ์ ์๊ฒฉ์ด ์์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ ์๊ฐ ์์๋ค.
๋ขฐ๋ํฌ ํ์ผ์ 2016๋
7์์ ์คํ์ธ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๋ผ ๋๋น์์จ ํ๋ฉ๋๋ ์์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํด๋ฝ์ธ FC ๋ฐ๋ฅด์
๋ก๋ ํ๋ฉ๋๋ก ์ด์ ํ ์ดํ์ ํ์ ์ฝํ ๋ฐ ๋ผ ๋ ์ด๋ 2ํ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. 2018๋
7์์๋ ๋ค๋๋๋ ์๋ ๋๋น์ ํ๋ผ์ฐ์ธ ์์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํด๋ฝ์ธ AFC ์์ฝ์ค ํ๋ผ์ฐ์ธ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ ํ๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
๋ขฐ๋ํฌ ํ์ผ์ 2004๋
๋ถํฐ 2005๋
๊น์ง ๋ด๋งํฌ ์ฌ์ U-17 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์๋ก ํ๋ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 2004๋
๋ถํฐ 2006๋
๊น์ง ๋ด๋งํฌ ์ฌ์ U-19 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์๋ก ํ๋ํ๋ค. 2006๋
2์ 15์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ค์์ค์์ ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํ๋ฐ์ ์ ๊ต์ฒด ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ด๋งํฌ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์๋ก ๋ฐ๋ทํ๊ณ 2007๋
, 2008๋
์๊ฐ๋ฅด๋ธ์ปต์์ ๋ด๋งํฌ์ ์ค์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
๋ขฐ๋ํฌ ํ์ผ์ ์ค๊ตญ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2007๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ๋ด๋งํฌ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋ช
๋จ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ์ง๋ง ๋ณธ์ ์๋ ๊ธฐ์ฉ๋์ง ์์๋ค. ํ๋๋์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2009์์๋ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 3๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ถ์ ํ์ง๋ง ๋ด๋งํฌ๋ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ์์ ํ๋ฝํ๊ณ ๋ง๋ค. 2010๋
์๋ ๋ด๋งํฌ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํํ๊ฐ ์ ์ ํ ๋ด๋งํฌ ์ฌํด์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์์์ ์์ํ๋ค.
์ค์จ๋ด์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2013์์ ๋ด๋งํฌ์ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ์ง์ถ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 2015๋
9์ 17์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฃจ๋ง๋์์์ ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ A๋งค์น 100๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์๋ฆฝํ๋ค. ๋ค๋๋๋์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2017์์๋ ๋ด๋งํฌ์ ์ค์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
์์
ํด๋ฝ
๋ธ๋ขด๋ท IF
์๋ฆฌํ
๋๋น์์ค๋จ 2ํ ์ฐ์น (2007, 2008)
๋ด๋งํฌ ์ฌ์์ปต 1ํ ์ฐ์น (2007)
ํ๋ ์ FF
๋ค๋ง์ค๋ฒค์ค์นธ 1ํ ์ฐ์น (2012)
FC ๋ก์
์ค๋ฅด๋
๋ค๋ง์ค๋ฒค์ค์นธ 2ํ ์ฐ์น (2014, 2015)
์ฌ๋ญํผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์น
๋๋น์ง์น 1 ํ๋ฏธ๋ 1ํ ์ฐ์น (2015-16)
์ฟ ํ ๋ ํ๋์ค ํ๋ฏธ๋ 1ํ ์ฐ์น (2015-16)
FC ๋ฐ๋ฅด์
๋ก๋ ํ๋ฉ๋
์ฝํ ๋ฐ ๋ผ ๋ ์ด๋ 2ํ ์ฐ์น (2017, 2018)
์ฝํ ์นดํ๋ฃจ๋ ํ๋ฉ๋๋ 2ํ ์ฐ์น (2016, 2017)
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
2007๋
์๊ฐ๋ฅด๋ธ์ปต ์ค์ฐ์น
2008๋
์๊ฐ๋ฅด๋ธ์ปต ์ค์ฐ์น
UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2017 ์ค์ฐ์น
๊ฐ์ธ
2010๋
๋ด๋งํฌ ์ฌํด์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ์ ์
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
1988๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
๋ด๋งํฌ์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ด๋งํฌ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์๋น์
FIFA ์ผ์ถ๋ฆฌ ํด๋ฝ ์ฌ์ ์ ์
2007๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2009 ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2013 ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2017 ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
๋ฆฌ๊ฐ F์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ฌ๋ญํผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์น ํ๋ฏธ๋์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
FC ๋ฐ๋ฅด์
๋ก๋ ํ๋ฉ๋์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ค์จ๋ด์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์คํ์ธ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
ํ๋์ค์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋๋น์ง์น 1 ํ๋ฏธ๋์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ค๋ง์ค๋ฒค์ค์นธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20R%C3%B8ddik%20Hansen | Line Rรธddik Hansen | Line Rรธddik Hansen (born 31 January 1988) is a Danish former footballer who played as a defender for Danish club FC Nordsjรฆlland and the Denmark women's national team. She previously played for French club Lyon and Spanish club FC Barcelona, as well as Tyresรถ FF and FC Rosengรฅrd of the Swedish Damallsvenskan. She accrued 132 caps for the Denmark women's national football team between her debut in February 2006 and her retirement in December 2020.
Club career
After joining Brรธndby IF in 2007 Rรธddik Hansen won the Danish championship in her first season with the club. She was named club Player of the Year in 2008. She scored seven goals for Brรธndby in a total of 78 appearances across all competitions.
Copenhagen-born Rรธddik Hansen left Brรธndby IF for newly promoted Damallsvenskan club Tyresรถ FF ahead of the 2010 season, rejecting a competing offer from the American Women's Professional Soccer (WPS). She spent three seasons playing at left-back, before moving inside to centre back when the Swedish club signed Sara Thunebro in 2013.
Tyresรถ dramatically won the Damallsvenskan title for the first time in the 2012 season and Rรธddik Hansen collected her first league winner's medal. She played in Tyresรถ's 4โ3 defeat by Wolfsburg in the 2014 UEFA Women's Champions League Final.
Tyresรถ suffered a financial implosion in 2014 and withdrew from the 2014 Damallsvenskan season, expunging all their results and making all their players free agents. The Stockholm County Administrative Board published the players' salaries, showing Rรธddik Hansen was one of the lower paid players, at SEK 25 000 per month.
In July 2014, Rรธddik Hansen signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with reigning Damallsvenskan champions, FC Rosengรฅrd, of Malmรถ. She transferred to French champions Lyon in January 2016. She was cup-tied for Lyon's win in the 2016 UEFA Women's Champions League Final. In July 2016 Rรธddik Hansen signed for FC Barcelona.
Rรธddik Hansen spent the final year of her career playing for Danish club FC Nordsjรฆlland. She announced her retirement from football in an Instagram post in December 2020.
International career
On 25 February 2006 Rรธddik Hansen made her senior Denmark debut, playing the second half of a 3โ2 friendly win in Switzerland.
She was the youngest member of the Danish squad at the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup in China at the age of 19 but did not appear in any matches. At UEFA Women's Euro 2009 in Finland Rรธddik Hansen played in all three group games as Denmark made a first round exit.
In 2010, she was named Danish Football Player of the Year.
The 2013 Algarve Cup match against Germany marked Rรธddik Hansen's 75th international cap. She was named in national coach Kenneth Heiner-Mรธller's squad for UEFA Women's Euro 2013. She was also named in national coach Nils Nielsen's squad for UEFA Women's Euro 2017 where she was an integral part of Denmark achieving second place.
Honours
Brรธndby IF
Elitedivisionen: Winner 2007, 2008
Danish Women's Cup: Winner 2007
Tyresรถ FF
Damallsvenskan: Winner 2012
FC Rosengรฅrd
Damallsvenskan: Winner 2014, 2015
FC Barcelona
Copa de la Reina de Fรบtbol: Winner 2017, 2018
Copa Catalunya: Winner 2016, 2017
Style of play
Upon joining Barcelona, Rรธddik Hansen said that she liked the team's possession-based tactics: "I play both at centre back and left back, and I think Iโm good at playing the ball out of defence."
Personal life
Rรธddik Hansen graduated from the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences in June 2013, with a qualification in sports coaching.
References
External links
1988 births
Living people
Danish women's footballers
Denmark women's international footballers
Tyresรถ FF players
Damallsvenskan players
Brรธndby IF (women) players
FC Rosengรฅrd players
Expatriate women's footballers in Sweden
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Sweden
Danish expatriate sportspeople in France
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Olympique Lyonnais Fรฉminin players
Expatriate women's footballers in France
Expatriate women's footballers in Spain
FIFA Women's Century Club
Liga F players
FC Barcelona Femenรญ players
Division 1 Fรฉminine players
Women's association football defenders
Danish expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
2007 FIFA Women's World Cup players
FC Nordsjรฆlland (women) players
Ballerup-Skovlunde Fodbold (women) players
Footballers from Copenhagen
UEFA Women's Euro 2017 players |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EA%B7%9C%EC%84%B1 | ์กฐ๊ท์ฑ | ์กฐ๊ท์ฑ(ๆบๅญๆ, 1998๋
1์ 25์ผ~)์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๋ก ํฌ์ง์
์ ์คํธ๋ผ์ด์ปค์ด๋ค. ํ์ฌ ๋ด๋งํฌ ์ํ๋ฅด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ FC ๋ฏธํธ์๋๊ณผ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์์ ํ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
FIFA ์๋์ปต์์ 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ 2๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ ์, ์๋์ปต์์ ๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ 24๋ฒ์งธ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ ์, ์๋์ปต์์ 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ก 2๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์์์ ์ ์์ด๋ค.
๊ตฌ๋จ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
FC ์์
๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ ์์ฐ์ ์๋ก๊ตฌ ๋ณธ์ค๋์์ ํ์ด๋ ์กฐ๊ท์ฑ์ FC ์์ ์ ์คํ์ธ ์์๊ณต์
๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์
ํ ๋ค 2019๋
๊ด์ฃผ๋ํ๊ต ์ฌํ ์ค ์ฐ๊ณ ํด๋ฝ์ธ FC ์์์ ์ฐ์ ์ง๋ช
์ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ FC ์์์ ์
๋จํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์์ ์์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ก ๋ฌด๋์ ๋ฐ๋ทํ๋ฉด์ FC ์์ ์ต์ด๋ก ์์์ ์ ์คํ์ ๊ฑฐ์น ์ ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
์ดํ 2019๋
3์ 2์ผ ๋ถ์ฐ ์์ดํํฌ์์ 2019๋
K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 ๊ฐ๋ง์ ์ ์ ๋ฐ ์ถ๊ฒฉ์ ํตํด ํ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ ๊ณ ์ ๋ฐ 18๋ถ ์๋ ์ค ๋ชฌํ
์ด๋ฃจ ์ง ๋ฆฌ๋ง์ ๋์ ์ ์ด์์คํธํ๋ฉฐ ํ์ 4-1 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ์กฐํ๋ค. 4์ 20์ผ ์์ฐ ๋ฌด๊ถํ์์ 7๋ผ์ด๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ท๊ณจ์ ํฐ๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ 2-0 ์์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ดํ 5์ 1์ผ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์์ FC์์ 9๋ผ์ด๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ ๋ฉํฐ๊ณจ์ ํฐ๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ํ์ 2-1 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
7์ 8์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋์ ์ํฐ์ฆ๊ณผ์ 18๋ผ์ด๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ ๋ฉํฐ๊ณจ์ ํฐ๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ 2-1 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ํ์ฝ์ผ๋ก 2019 ์์ฆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 14๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ๋์ ๋ญํน 3์์ ์ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ํ์ ํ๋ ์ด์คํ ์ง์ถ์ ์ด๋์๋ค. ์ดํ ์์์ ํ๋ ์ด์คํ์์ ๋ถ์ฐ ์์ดํํฌ์ 0-1๋ก ํจํ๋ฉฐ ์น๊ฐ ํ๋ ์ด์คํ ์ง์ถ์๋ ์คํจํ์ง๋ง ์กฐ๊ท์ฑ ์์ ์ 2019 ์์ฆ ์ข
๋ฃ ํ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 ๋ฒ ์คํธ 11์ ์ ์ ๋์๋ค.
์ ๋ถ ํ๋ ๋ชจํฐ์ค 1๊ธฐ
2020 ์์ฆ์ ์๋๊ณ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1์ ๊ฐํธ๋ก ํ๊ฐ๋๋ ์ ๋ถ ํ๋ ๋ชจํฐ์ค๋ก ์ด์ ํ ๋ค 2020๋
2์ 12์ผ ์ผ๋ณธ J1๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์์ฝํ๋ง F. ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋
ธ์ค์์ 2020๋
AFC ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ H์กฐ ์กฐ๋ณ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1์ฐจ์ ์์ ๊ต์ฒด ์ถ์ ์ ํตํด ์ ๋ถ ํ๋์์์ ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ ์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ๋ฐ 35๋ถ ์ ๋ถ ์ด์ ํ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์์ผ๋ ํ์ 1-2๋ก ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋๋ 2020 ์์ฆ์์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 23๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 4๊ณจ์ ๋น๋กฏํด ๊ณต์์ 34๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 8๊ณจยท3์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ํ์ ๋๋ธ ๋ฌ์ฑ(2020๋
K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 ์ฐ์น, 2020๋
FA์ปต ์ฐ์น)์ ์ผ์กฐํ๋ค.
๊น์ฒ ์๋ฌด
2021 ์์ฆ์ ์๋๊ณ ๊ตฐ์ธ ์ถ๊ตฌํ์ธ ๊น์ฒ ์๋ฌด์ ํฉ๊ฒฉํ ํ ์
๋ํ๋ค. 2021 ์์ฆ์์๋ ๊ณต์์ 27๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 8๊ณจยท3์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ 2021๋
K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 ์ฐ์น ๋ฐ 2022๋
K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 ์น๊ฒฉ์ ์ด๋์๊ณ 2021๋
K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ด์๋ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 ๋ฒ ์คํธ 11 ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ๋ถ๋ฌธ ํ๋ณด์๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ฑ๋จ FC์์ 2022๋
K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 23๋ผ์ด๋์์ 1๊ณจ 2์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ๊น์ฒ์ ์น๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ์กฐํ ํ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋์ผ๋ก ๊ตฐ๋ณต๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ง์น๊ณ ๊น์ฒ ์๋ฌด์์ ์ ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ๋ณต๊ทํ๋ค.
์ ๋ถ ํ๋ ๋ชจํฐ์ค 2๊ธฐ
์ ๋ถ ํ๋๋ก ๋ณต๊ท ํ ์ธ์ฒ ์ ๋์ดํฐ๋์์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 38๋ผ์ด๋ ์ต์ข
์ ์์ ํฐ๋จ๋ฆฐ ๋ฉํฐ๊ณจ์ ๋น๋กฏํด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์์ 17๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ์ ์ฃผ ์ ๋์ดํฐ๋์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๊ท์ ๋์ ๊ฐ์์์ ๋๋ฅ ์ ์ด๋ค์ง๋ง ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๊ท๋ณด๋ค ์ถ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์๊ฐ ์ ์ด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋์ ์์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋๋ถ์ด ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๊ท์ ํจ๊ป K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ์คํธ 11 ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ค.
์ดํ FC ์์ธ๊ณผ์ 2022๋
FA์ปต ๊ฒฐ์น์ 1์ฐจ์ ๊ณผ 2์ฐจ์ ์์ 3๊ณจ์ ํฐ๋จ๋ ธ๊ณ ๋น๋ก FA์ปต ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถ์ ์๊ฐ ์ ์๋ ํฌํญ ์คํธ๋ฌ์ค์ ํ์ฉ์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ ค ๋์ ์์ ์ฐจ์งํ์ง๋ ๋ชปํ์ง๋ง ํ์ 2๋
๋ง์ FA์ปต ์ ์ ํํ์ ์ด๋ ๊ณต์ ์ธ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ํ์ ์ต์ฐ์ ์ ์์ ์ ์ ๋์๋ค.
2023๋
7์ 9์ผ ์ ๋ถ ํ๋ ๋ชจํฐ์ค๋ ๊ณต์ ์์
๋ฏธ๋์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด FC ์์ธ๊ณผ์ 2023๋
K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 21๋ผ์ด๋๋ฅผ ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ์กฐ๊ท์ฑ์ด ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ ๋๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
FC ๋ฏธํธ์๋
2023๋
7์ 11์ผ ๋ด๋งํฌ ์ํ๋ฅด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ FC ๋ฏธํธ์๋๊ณผ 5๋
๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋งบ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ ํํ ์ด์ ๋ฃ๋ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋์ง ์์์ง๋ง ์ ๋ฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ด์ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ์ ๊ณต์ SNS์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด '์ด์ ๋ฃ๋ ์ฝ 43์ต์'์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 11์ผ ํ ์ด๋ฆฐ ํ๋น๋์ฐ๋ IF์์ 2023-24 ์์ฆ ๋ด๋งํฌ ์ํ๋ฅด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ง์ ์์ ์์ ์ ์ ๋ฝ ๋ฌด๋ ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ๊ฐ์ก๋ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํ๋ฐ 10๋ถ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ท๊ณจ์ด์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฒฐ์น๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ์ 1-0 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋์๊ณ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ดํ ํ๋ ์ด์ด ์ค๋ธ ๋ ๋งค์น๋ก ์ ์ ๋์๋ค.
๊ทธ ํ 8์ 18์ผ ํคํ๋ก์ค 1๋ถ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ AC ์ค๋ชจ๋์์์ ์ ๋กํ์ปจํผ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ 3๋ผ์ด๋ 2์ฐจ์ ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 2023-24 ์์ฆ ๊ณต์์ 4๋ฒ์งธ ๋์ ์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ํค๋ฉฐ ํ์ 1ยท2์ฐจ์ ํฉ๊ณ 5-2 ์ญ์ ์น๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ํ๋ ์ด์คํ ์ง์ถ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ U-23 ๋ํํ
2019๋
5์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ U-23 ๋ํํ์ ๋ฐํ๋ ํ 2020๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์์์ ์ง์ญ ์์ ์ ๊ฒธํ ๋ํ์ธ 2020๋
AFC U-23 ์ฑํผ์ธ์ญ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ์ด๋๊ณผ์ C์กฐ ์กฐ๋ณ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2์ฐจ์ ์์ ์ค๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ํ์ 2-1 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณตํํ๊ณ ์๋ฅด๋จ๊ณผ์ 8๊ฐ์ ์์๋ ํค๋ ์ ์ทจ๊ณจ์ ํฐ๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ์ ์ฒซ AFC U-23 ์์์์ปต ์ฐ์น๊ณผ ํจ๊ป 9ํ ์ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ๋ณธ์ ์ง์ถ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ A ๋ํํ
2021๋
9์ 7์ผ ๋ ๋ฐ๋
ผ๊ณผ์ 2022๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต ์์์ ์ง์ญ ์ต์ข
์์ A์กฐ 2์ฐจ์ ์์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ๋ก์ ์ฒซ A๋งค์น ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ก๊ณ 2022๋
1์ 15์ผ ํ๋ฅดํค์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์์ด์ฌ๋๋์์ ํ๊ฐ์ ์์ ์ฒซ A๋งค์น ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
์๋ฌด์์์ ๊ตฐ ๋ณต๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ง์น๊ณ ์ ๋ถ ํ๋๋ก ๋ณต๊ทํ ๋ค 2022๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต 26์ธ ์ต์ข
์ํธ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋๋ฉฐ ์์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์๋์ปต ๋ฌด๋์ ๋์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ํด 11์ 28์ผ ์นดํ๋ฅด ์๋ผ์ด์์ ์๋์ผ์ด์
์ํฐ ์คํ๋์์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฐ๋์์ 2022๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต H์กฐ 2์ฐจ์ ์์ ์๋์ปต ๋ฐ๋ท๊ณจ์ด์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ ์ ์ต์ด์ ์๋์ปต 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 2๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ํ๊ตญ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์๋์ปต ํต์ฐ 35ํธ, 36ํธ ๊ณจ์ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด ๋์๋ค.
ํต์ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ก
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ก
์์ ๋ด์ญ
๊ตฌ๋จ
์ ๋ถ ํ๋ ๋ชจํฐ์ค
K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1: 2020
FA์ปต: 2020, 2022
๊น์ฒ ์๋ฌด
K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2: 2021
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ U-23
AFC U-23 ์์์์ปต: 2020
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ
EAFF E-1 ํ๋ณผ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ญ ์ค์ฐ์น: 2022
๊ฐ์ธ์
K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 ๋ฒ ์คํธ 11: 2019
K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 ๋ฒ ์คํธ 11: 2022
K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋์ ์: 2022
FA์ปต MVP: 2022
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
1998๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
20์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ฌ๋
21์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ฌ๋
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ถ๊ตฌ ์คํธ๋ผ์ด์ปค
FC ์์์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ ๋ถ ํ๋ ๋ชจํฐ์ค์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๊น์ฒ ์๋ฌด FC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
FC ๋ฏธํธ์๋์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋จ์ U-23 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ด๋งํฌ ์ํ๋ฅด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํด์ธ ์ง์ถ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๋ด๋งํฌ ์ง์ถ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ด๋งํฌ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
2022๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 ๋ฒ ์คํธ 11 ์์์
K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 ๋ฒ ์คํธ 11 ์์์
์์ฐ์ ์ถ์
๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ ์ถ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ดํธ์ด๋ฑํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
์๊ณก์คํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
์์๊ณต์
๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
๊ด์ฃผ๋ํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
๋ด๋งํฌ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ธ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho%20Gue-sung | Cho Gue-sung | Cho Gue-sung (; born 25 January 1998) is a South Korean footballer who plays as striker for Danish Superliga club Midtjylland and the South Korea national team.
Club career
Early career in South Korea
Cho played defensive midfielder during his youth career and freshman year at Gwangju University. However, Cho was not evaluated as a good midfielder by his university's head coach Lee Seung-won and changed his position to striker in 2017. In 2019, Cho joined K League 2 side FC Anyang where he was a youth player before. He was selected for the K League 2 Best XI by becoming the No. 3 goalscorer in his first professional season and transferred to K League 1 club Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors the next year.
Cho had difficulty proving his worth in his first season at Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors. In 2021, he joined the military team Gimcheon Sangmu to serve his mandatory duty and get a stable spot. As a result, he developed physically and technically while being trained at Gimcheon. He became the top goalscorer in the 2022 K League 1 and led Jeonbuk to the 2022 Korean FA Cup title. In January 2023, Jeonbuk received transfer bids for him from Mainz 05, Celtic and Minnesota United. Cho was attracted to Mainz and Celtic but rejected their offers after judging that his body condition was not good enough to play in Europe.
Midtjylland
On 11 July 2023, Cho signed Danish Superliga club Midtjylland on a five-year contract for a fee reported to be around ยฃ2.6 million. On 22 July 2023, he made his Danish Superliga debut with Midtjylland, scoring in a 1-0 win over Hvidovre.
International career
Cho made his senior debut for South Korea on 7 September 2021 in a World Cup qualifier against Lebanon.
In November 2022, Cho was named to the 26-man squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. In Korea's second match at the tournament, he scored two goals against Ghana in an eventual 2โ3 defeat, becoming the first South Korean player to ever score 2 or more goals in a single World Cup match. Despite losing that match, the goals proved decisive in ultimately sending Korea through to the Round of 16 on goal difference, at the expense of Uruguay. Due to his performance in 2022 FIFA World Cup, Cho proved to be one of the greatest players in the air in Qatar. The young Korean forward won 21 aerial duels, putting him second in terms of success in the air among all players at the World Cup, after Moroccoโs Youssef En-Nesyri.
Career statistics
Club
International
Scores and results list South Korea's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Cho goal.
Honours
Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors
K League 1: 2020
Korean FA Cup: 2020, 2022
Gimcheon Sangmu
K League 2: 2021
South Korea U23
AFC U-23 Championship: 2020
South Korea
EAFF Championship runner-up: 2022
Individual
K League 2 Best XI: 2019
Korean FA Goal of the Year: 2020
K League 1 top goalscorer: 2022
K League 1 Best XI: 2022
Korean FA Cup Most Valuable Player: 2022
Notes
References
External links
Cho Gue-sung at KFA
Gue-sung Cho at FC Midtjylland
Gue-Sung Cho at Danish Superliga
1998 births
Living people
Men's association football forwards
South Korean men's footballers
South Korea men's under-23 international footballers
South Korea men's international footballers
FC Anyang players
Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors players
Gimcheon Sangmu FC players
FC Midtjylland players
K League 1 players
K League 2 players
Danish Superliga players
People from Ansan
Footballers from Gyeonggi Province
South Korean expatriate men's footballers
South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Denmark
Expatriate men's footballers in Denmark
2022 FIFA World Cup players |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNOMED%20CT | SNOMED CT | The International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation๋ SNOMED CT๋ฅผ ์ฝ์(acronym)๋ณด๋ค๋ ๋ธ๋๋ ๋ช
์นญ(brand name)์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผํ๋ค. ์์ ์ SNOMED๋ Systematized Nomenclature Of Medicine์ ์ฝ์์์ผ๋, SNOMED๊ฐ CTV3(Clinical Terms Version 3)์ ํฉ์ณ์ ธ SNOMED Clinical Terms(SNOMED CT)๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ํตํฉ๋ ์ ํ์ด ๋๋ฉด์ ๊ทธ ์๋ฏธ๋ ์์ด์ก๋ค.
SNOMED CT ๋๋ SNOMED Clinical Terms๋ ์์ ๋ฌธ์์ ๋ณด๊ณ ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ์ฝ๋์ ์ฉ์ด์ ๋์์ด, ์ ์๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋, ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์กฐํ๋์ด ์ ์ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ํ์ฉ์ด(medical term)์ ์งํฉ์ด๋ค. SNOMED CT๋ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฌ๊ด์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ค์ค์ธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ง์ํ๋ ์์ ํฌ์ค์ผ์ด ์ฉ์ด์ฒด๊ณ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋๋ค. SNOMED CT์ ์ผ์ฐจ์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ํ์ ์น๋ฃ๋ฅผ ํฅ์์ํค๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฑด๊ฐ ์ ๋ณด์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฝ๋ํํ๊ณ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์ง์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. SNOMED CT๋ ์ ์๊ฑด๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ก(electronic health records)์ ์ํ ํต์ฌ์ด ๋๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์ฉ์ด์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. SNOMED CT๋ ๋ค์์ ํฌ๊ดํ๋ค : ์์์๊ฒฌ(clinical findings)๊ณผ ์ฆ์(symptoms), ์ง๋จ(diagnoses), ์ฒ์น(procedures), ์ ์ฒด๊ตฌ์กฐ(body structures), ์ ๊ธฐ์ฒด(organisms)์ ๊ธฐํ ๋ณ์ธ(other etiologies), ๋ฌผ์ง(substances), ์ฝ์ฌ(pharmaceuticals), ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ(devices), ๊ฒ์ฒด(specimens).
SNOMED CT๋ ์๊ตญ ๋ฐ๋์ ์์นํ ๊ตญ์ ๋น์๋ฆฌ ํ์ค๊ฐ๋ฐ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ธ SNOMED International์์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐํฌํ๊ณ ์๋ค. SNOMED International์ 2007๋
์ค๋ฆฝ๋ International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation (IHTSDO)์ ์ํธ์ด๋ค.
SNOMED CT๋ ์ผ๊ด๋ ์ ๋ณด์ ๊ตํ์ ์ํด ์ ๊ณต๋๋ฉฐ, ์ํธ์ด์ฉ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ ์๊ฑด๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ด ๋๋ค. SNOMED CT๋ ์ง๋ฃํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์ ์์ธ, ์ ์ฅ, ๊ฒ์, ์์ง์ ์ํ ์ผ๊ด๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. ๋ํ ํ์์ ๋ํ ์์ ์ง๋ฃ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๊ฐ ์์ง๊ณผ ์ฝ๋ํ, ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ค์ํ ๋ณ์ด๋ฅผ ์ค์์ผ๋ก์จ ์ ์๊ฑด๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํํ๋๋ฐ ๋์์ ์ค๋ค. SNOMED CT๋ ์ ์๊ฑด๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ด์ ๊ฐ์ธ๋ค์ ์์ ๋ด์ญ๋ค์ ์ง์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ ๋ณด๊ฐ ์ ๊ณต๋ ์ํ์์ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์ฉ์ดํ๊ฒํ๊ณ ์ฅ๊ธฐํ์์น๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ง์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ์ฌ์ฉ์์๊ฒ ์๋ง์ ์์์น๋ฃ๊ฒฝ๋ก(clinical care pathway)์ ๊ณต์ ์น๋ฃ๊ณํ(shared care plans), ๊ธฐํ ์ง์์์์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์์ผ์ค๋ค. ์์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์ฝ๋ํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์์ํ๋ SNOMED CT ์ฉ์ด ๋ชฉ๋ก์ ๋ฐํํ ์ ์๋ ๋ฌด์์ ์๋ํ๋ ์ฝ๋ฉ๋๊ตฌ๋ค๊ณผ ์๋น์ค๋ค์ ์ด์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค๋ฉด, ๋ณด๊ฑด์๋ฃ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ์ฉ์ด์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ์ํ๋๋ฐ ๋์์ ์ค ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
SNOMED CT๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ์ ํ์ค๊ณผ ๋ถ๋ฅ์ฒด๊ณ๊ณผ์ ์ํธ๋งคํ์ ํ ์ ์๋ ์ฉ์ด์ฒด๊ณ์ด๋ค. ๊ตญ์ ๋ฐฐํฌํ์ ๋ณด์ํ๋ ํน์ ์ธ์ด ๋ฐฐํฌํ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ฌ๊ธฐ์๋ ๋ฒ์ญ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ฉ์ด๋ค์ ํฌํจํ ์ ์๋ค. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด, ํธ์ฃผ์์ 2009๋
12์๋ถํฐ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ SNOMED CT-AU๋ SNOMED CT์ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฐฐํฌํ์ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ์ง๋ง, ์์์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ํธ์ฃผ์ ์ ์ผํ ๋จ์ด๋ค๊ณผ ์์ด๋์ด๋ค์ ํฌํจํ๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ
SNOMED๋ 1965๋
์ Systematized Nomenclature of Pathology (SNOP)๋ก ์์๋์๊ณ ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋์ด ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ํฌ์ค์ผ์ด ์ฉ์ด์ฒด๊ณ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
SNOMED CT๋ 1999๋
์ 2๊ฐ์ ์ปค๋ค๋ ์ฉ์ด์ฒด๊ณ์ ํฉ๋ณ๊ณผ ํ์ฅ, ์ฌ๊ตฌ์กฐํ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ง๋ค์ด์ก๋ค: College of American Pathologists (CAP)์์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ SNOMED Reference Terminology (SNOMED RT)์ ์๊ตญ์ National Health Service(NHS)์์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ Clinical Terms Version 3 (CTV3) (์ด์ ์๋ Read codes๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ์์์). ์ต์ข
์ ํ์ 2002๋
1์์ ๋ฐฐํฌ๋์๋ค.
SNOMED์ ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ํ์ ์ ๋ฌธ์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค. 120,000๊ฐ ์ด์์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๊ฐ์ง SNOMED RT๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด๋ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ธ๋ค์ด ๊ธฐ๋กํ ๋ณ๋ฆฌํ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์ ํตํฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒ์์ ์ํ ๊ณตํต์ ์ฐธ์กฐ์ฉ์ด์ฒด๊ณ๋ก์ ์ ๊ณต๋๋๋ก ์ค๊ณ๋์๋ค. CTV3์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์ค๋ฌด์ฉ ์ฉ์ด์ฒด๊ณ๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค. 200,000๊ฐ์ ์ํธ์ฐ๊ด๋ ๊ฐ๋
๋ค์ ๊ฐ์ง CTV3๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ธ์ ํ์์ค์ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ก์์ 1์ฐจ ์๋ฃ์ ๋ํ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ๋ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ ์ฅํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค.
ํ์ฌ SNOMED CT๋ 311,000๊ฐ ์ด์์ ํ์ฌ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ๊ฐ๋
๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ ์๊ฑด๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ก(EHR)์ ์ํ ํต์ฌ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ณดํธ์ ์ธ ์ฉ์ด์ฒด๊ณ์ด๋ค.
2003๋
7์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ HHS๋ฅผ ๋์ ํ์ฌ National Library of Medicine (NLM)์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ด National Library of Medicine's Unified Medical Language System UMLS Metathesaurus๋ฅผ ํตํด์ SNOMED CT๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ๋๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋ณ๋ฆฌํํ์ ํฉ์ํ์๋ค. NLM ํ์ํ์ Betsy Humphreys๊ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, NLM์ ํต์ฌ SNOMED CT(์คํ์ธ์ด์ ์์ด)์ ์ง์์ ์ธ ์
๋ฐ์ดํธ์ ๋ํ ์๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ๋ผ์ด์ผ์ค๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ํ์๋ค.
2007๋
4์์ SNOMED CT ์ง์ ์ฌ์ฐ๊ถ์ด SNOMED CT์ ๊ตญ์ ์ ๋์
๊ณผ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ด์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด, CAP์์ International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation (IHTSDO)๋ก ์ด์ ๋์๋ค.์ง๊ธ์ SNOMED International๋ก ์ํธ๊ฐ ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ด์ด ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก "SNOMED CT์ ์ง์์ ์ธ ์ ์ง ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐ, ํ์ง๋ณด์ฅ, ๋ฐฐํฌ"์ ๋ํ ์ฑ
์์ ์ง๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ,ํ์์ ์๋ง์ ์ธ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ํ๋ eํฌ์ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค๊ณผ ์ง์ญ๋ค๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋์ด์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค: ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋, ํธ์ฃผ, ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์, ๋ธ๋ฃจ๋์ด, ์บ๋๋ค, ์ฒด์ฝ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ, ์น ๋ , ๋ด๋งํฌ, ์์คํ ๋์, ํ์ฝฉ, ์์ด์ค๋๋, ์ธ๋, ์์ผ๋๋, ์ด์ค๋ผ์, ๋ฆฌํฌ์๋์, ๋ง๋ ์ด์์, ๋งํ, ๋ค๋๋๋, ๋ด์ง๋๋, ๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด, ํด๋๋, ํฌ๋ฃจํฌ๊ฐ, ์ฑ๊ฐํด, ์ฌ๋ก๋ฐํค์ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ, ์ฌ๋ก๋ฒ ๋์ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ, ์คํ์ธ, ์ค์จ๋ด, ์ค์์ค, ์๊ตญ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์ฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด.
SNOMED CT๋ ๋ค์ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ์ธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ง์ํ๋ ์ฉ์ด์ฒด๊ณ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์์ดํ ์ธ์ด์ ์ง์ญ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ ์ ์๋ค. SNOMED CT๋ ํ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์์ด, ์๊ตญ ์์ด, ์คํ์ธ์ด, ๋ด๋งํฌ์ด, ์ค์จ๋ด์ด๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ฉฐ, ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ด๋ก ๋ฒ์ญ์ด ์งํ๋๊ณ ์๊ณ , ํ๋์ค์ด์ ๋
์ผ์ด๋ ๊ฑฐ์ ์๋ฃ๋์๋ค. SNOMED CT๋ ICD-9-CM๊ณผ ICD-10, ICD-O-3, ICD-10-AM, LOINC, OPCS-4์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฉ์ด์ฒด๊ณ๋ค๊ณผ์ ์ํธ๋งคํ์ด ๋์ด์๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ ANSI์ DICOM, HL7, ISO ํ์ค์ ์ง์ํ๋ค. SNOMED CT๋ World Health Organization (WHO)์ ๊ณต๋ํ๋ก์ ํธ์ธ ์จํจ๋ก์ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ [ICD-11]] ๊ฐ๋ฐ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํ๊ตญ์ 2020๋
8์ SNOMED International์ 39๋ฒ์งธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ํ์์ด ๋์๊ณ , ํ๊ตญ๋ณด๊ฑด์๋ฃ์ ๋ณด์์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ฐฐํฌ์ผํฐ(NRC, National Release Center)๋ก ์ง์ ๋์๋ค.
๊ตฌ์กฐ
SNOMED CT๋ 4๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ํต์ฌ ์ปดํฌ๋ํธ๋ค๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๋ค:
Concept Codes โ ์์ ์ฉ์ด๋ค์ ์๋ณํ๋ ์ซ์๋ก๋ ์ฝ๋๋ค์ด๋ฉฐ, primitive ๋๋ fully defined๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋์ด ๊ณ์ธต๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ๋์ด ์์
Descriptions โ Concept Codes์ ๋ฌธ์์ด
Relationships โ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ Concept Codes ๊ฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ
Reference Sets โ Concepts ๋๋ Descriptions์ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ผ๋ก ๋ฌถ์ด ์ธํธ๋ก ๋ง๋๋๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ฉฐ, ์ฐธ์กฐ์ธํธ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ๋ฅ์ฒด๊ณ๋ ํ์ค์ ์ํธ๋งคํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํฌํจํจ.
SNOMED CT "Concepts"๋ ํฌ์ค์ผ์ด ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํน์ง์ง์ฐ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋กํ ํ์์๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฒ์ฃผํํ๋ ํํ์ ๋จ์์ด๋ค. 2020๋
SNOMED CT๋ 352,000๊ฐ ์ด์์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ํฌํจํ๋ฉฐ, ์ ์ผํ concept ID๋ก ์๋ณ๋๋ค. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด concept 22298006๋ Myocardial infarction(์ฌ๊ทผ๊ฒฝ์)์ ์ฐธ์กฐํ๋ค. ๋ชจ๋ SNOEMD CT concepts๋ ๋น์ํ ๋ถ๋ฅํ์ ๊ณ์ธต๊ตฌ์กฐ(is-a)๋ก ์กฐ์งํ๋์ด ์๋ค; ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด Viral pneumonia(๋ฐ์ด๋ฌ์ค ํ๋ ด) IS-A Infectious pneumonia(๊ฐ์ผ์ฑ ํ๋ ด) IS-A Pneumonia(ํ๋ ด) IS-A Lung disease(ํ์งํ). Concepts๋ ๋ค์ค์ ๋ถ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์๋๋ฐ, ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด, Infectious pneumonia(๊ฐ์ผ์ฑ ํ๋ ด)์ Lung disease(ํ์งํ) ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ Infectious disease(๊ฐ์ผ์ฑ ์งํ)์ ์์์ด๋ค. ๋ถ๋ฅํ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๊ฐ ์ ์ฅ๋ ์ ์๊ณ , ์ดํ์ ์์ดํ ์์ค์ ํตํฉ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ทผ๋ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ๋ค. SNOMED CT concepts๋ 3,040,000๊ฐ ์ด์์ 'relationships'๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋งํฌ๋ค๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋์ด ์๋ค.
Concepts๋ Descriptions๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ค์ํ ์์ ์ฉ์ด๋ค ๋๋ ๋ฌธ๋จ๋ค๋ก ๊ธฐ์ ๋ ์ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ค์ Fully Specified Names(์์ ํ ๋ช
์๋ ๋ช
์นญ) (FSNs), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ Preferred Terms(์ ํธ์ฉ์ด) (PTs), Synonyms(๋์์ด)๋ก ๋๋๋ค. ๊ฐ Concepts๋ SNOMED CT ์ ์ฒด์์ ์ ํํ 1๊ฐ์ ์ ์ผํ FSN๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๋ค. ์ถ๊ฐ๋ก ์ด๊ฒ์ ์ ํํ 1๊ฐ์ PT๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๋๋ฐ, ์์์์ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ํด๋น concept์ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํํํ๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ณตํต๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ด ๋๋๋ก PT๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ synonym์ด ์๊ฑฐ๋ ๋๋ ๋ง์ ์์ synonyms๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ์ ์๋ค. Synonyms๋ ํด๋น concept๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐํ๋ ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์ฉ์ด๋ค๊ณผ ๋ฌธ๋จ๋ค์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ์ ์ผํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ช
ํํ ํ์๋ ์๋ค.
SNOMED CT์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ธ ์ ๊ท ๋ชจ๋ธ
SNOMED CT๋ ์จํจ๋ก์ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ ๋ค์ค์ธ์ด ์์๋ฌ์ค๋ก ํน์ง์ง์์ง ์ ์๋ค. ์์๋ฌ์ค๊ฐ์ ํน์ง์ ์ปจ์
-์ฉ์ด ๊ด๊ณ์ธ๋ฐ, ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด, concept 82272006์ ๋ํด์ ๋์์ด descriptions๋ "Acute coryza", "Acute nasal catarrh", "Acute rhinitis", "Common cold" (๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์คํ์ธ๋ก "resfrรญo comรบn"์ "rinitis infecciosa")์ด๋ค.
์จํจ๋ก์ง์ ์ธ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์์ธํ๋ณด๋ฉด, SNOMED CT๋ (ICD์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ํ์ ์ธ ํต๊ณ์ ์ธ ๋ถ๋ฅ์ฒด๊ณ์ ๋ฐ๋๋ก ๊ด๋ฒ์ํ ํด๋์ค๋ค์ ์ค์ฒฉ์ ๊ฐ๋) ํด๋์ค ๊ณ์ธต์ด๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ SNOMED CT concept 82272006์ด "common cold(๊ฐ๊ธฐ)"์ ๋ํ ๊ธฐ์ค๊ณผ ์ผ์นํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฐ๋ณ ์งํ ์ธ์คํด์ค์ ํด๋์ค๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค (์, ํ ํ์๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ "head cold"๋ผ๊ณ ์ ํ์๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ "Acute corynza"๋ผ๊ณ ์ ํ์์ ์๋ ์๋๋ฐ, ๋ ๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ "common cold"์ ์ธ์คํด์ค๋ก ์ฐพ์ ์ ์๋ค). ์ํผํด๋์ค (IS-A) ๊ด๊ณ๋ ๋ฉค๋ฒ๋ค์ ํฌํจํ๋ค๋ ์๋ฏธ์์ ํด๋์ค๋ค์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ํจ๋ค. ์ฆ, ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฐ๋ณ์ ์ธ "cold-processes"๋ ๋ํ ๋ฐ์ด๋ฌ์ค์ฑ ์๊ธฐ๋๊ฐ์ผ(๊ทธ๋ฆผ)๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ํด๋์ค Common cold์ ๋ชจ๋ ์์ํด๋์ค์ ํฌํจ๋๋ค.
SNOMED CT์ ๊ด๊ณํ ๋ฌธ์ฅ(relational statements)์ finding site๊ณผ due to ๋ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ์์ (linkage concepts๋ผ๋) ๊ด๊ณํ์
์ธ Relationx์ ๊ฐ๋ Concept1 โ Relationx โ Concept2์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ธ ์์ ํํ์ด๋ค. ์ด ์ธ ์์ ํด์์ (ํจ์ถ์ ์ผ๋ก) ๋จ์ Description logic (DL)์ ์๋ฏธ๋ก ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ๋๋ฐ, ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด, ์ธ ์ Common Cold(๊ฐ๊ธฐ) โ causative agent(๋ณ์ธ) โ Virus(๋ฐ์ด๋ฌ์ค)์ ์ผ์ฐจ์ ์ด๋
ผ๋ฆฌ(first-order) ํํ๊ณผ ์ผ์นํ๋ค.
forall x: instance-of (x, Common cold) -> exists y: instance-of (y, Virus) and causative-agent (y, x)
๋๋ ๋ ์ง๊ด์ ์ธ DL ํํ
Common cold subClassOf causative-agent some Virus
Common cold(๊ฐ๊ธฐ) ์์์, concept description์ "primitive"์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒ์ ๊ฐ ์ธ์คํด์ค์ ๋ํด์ ๋ง์กฑํด์ผํ๋ ํ์(necessary) ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ฃผ์ด์ก์ง๋ง Common cold์ ์ธ์คํด์ค๋ก ์งํ์ด ๋ถ๋ฅํ๋๋ฐ ์ถฉ๋ถํ์ง๋(sufficient) ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋๋ก Viral upper respiratory tract infection(๋ฐ์ด๋ฌ์ค์ฑ ์๊ธฐ๋๊ฐ์ผ)์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๊ธฐ์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ๋ก fully defined concept(์์ ํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฐ๋
)๋ก ํํ๋์์์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค:
Viral upper respiratory tract infection equivalentTo
Upper respiratory infection and Viral respiratory infection and
Causative-agent some Virus and
Finding-site some Upper respiratory tract structure and
Pathological-process some Infectious process
์ด๊ฒ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ ์์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๋ง์กฑํ๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฐ๋ณ ์งํ์ ๋ฐ์ด๋ฌ์ค์ฑ ์๊ธฐ๋๊ฐ์ผ์ ์ธ์คํด์ค๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅ๋ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๊ธฐ์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ
2011๋
, SNOMED CT ์ปจํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ EL++ ์ ๊ท์์ ํ์์ธํธ๋ก ์ ํํ๊ณ , ๋ค์์ ์ฐ์ฐ์๋ก ์ ํํ๋ค:
Top, bottom
Primitive roles and concepts with asserted parent(s) for each
Concept definition and conjunction but NOT disjunction or negation
Role hierarchy but not role composition
Domain and range constraints
Existential but not universal restriction
A restricted form of role inclusion axiom (xRy ^ ySz => xRz)
๋
ผ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ๋ฏธ๋์ General Concept Inclusion Axioms๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ๋๋ก ํ์ฅ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์ ์ดํดํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์, concept์ stated view๊ณผ inferred view๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ ๊ฒ ๋ํ ์ค์ํ๋ค. State view๋ฅผ ๋ ์ดํด๋ณด๋ฉด, SNOMED CT๋ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ "proximal parent" ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. 2015๋
์ดํ, "proximal primitive parent"๋ผ๋ ๋ ์ฐ์ํ ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ์ด ๋์
๋์๋ค.
์ ์กฐํฉ๊ณผ ํ์กฐํฉ
SNOMED CT๋ SNOMED CT concepts์ ์ํด ๋ช
์์ ์ผ๋ก ํํ๋ ์ ์๋ ์์ ์์ด๋์ด๋ค์ ํํํ๋ ํํ์์ ์์ฑํ๋๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ์ ์๋ compositional syntax๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค.
์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด, "third degree burn of left index finger caused by hot water (๋จ๊ฑฐ์ด ๋ฌผ์ ์ํด ๋ฐ์ํ ์ข์ธก ๊ฒ์ง์๊ฐ๋ฝ์ 3๋ ํ์)"๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋ช
์์ ์ธ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง compositional syntax๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํด์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ํํํ ์ ์๋ค
284196006 | burn of skin | :
116676008 | associated morphology | = 80247002 | third degree burn injury |
, 272741003 | laterality | = 7771000 | left |
, 246075003 | causative agent | = 47448006 | hot water |
, 363698007 | finding site | = 83738005 | index finger structure
์ด๋ฌํ ํํ์์ 'postcoordinated(ํ์กฐํฉ)'์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ํ์กฐํฉ์ SNOMED CT ๋ด์ ์๋ง์ fully defined concepts๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ผ ํ๋ ์๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํผํ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ง์ ์์คํ
๋ค์ precoordinated(์ ์กฐํฉ) ํํ๋ง์ ํ์ฉํ๋ค. ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ด ๋๋ ๊ธฐ์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํด์ ํจ์จ์ ์ผ๋ก ํํ์์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ ์ ์๋ ์ ์ ํ ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ํ์กฐํฉ ํํ์์ ์์ ์ ์ธ ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ ๋น๊ต๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค.
์ฃผ์ ์ ์๊ฑด๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ก(EHRs)์ IHTSDO์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ์ค๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์กฐํฉ ํํ์์ "๋ณต์ก๋"์ ๋ํด์ ๋ถ๋ง์ ์ ๊ธฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด, ์์ ํ์กฐํฉ๋ ํํ์์ ํ์ค์ ์ธ ๋ฃฐ์ ์ด์ฉํด์ ์ ์ฌํ ๊ฐ๋
๋ค๊ณผ ๋น๊ต๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๋ค์์ "normal form expression(์ ๊ทํํ์)"์ผ๋ก ์ ํํ ์ ์๋ค.
64572001 | disease | :
246075003 | causative agent | = 47448006 | hot water |
, 363698007 | finding site | = ( 83738005 | index finger structure | : 272741003 | laterality | = 7771000 | left | )
, { 116676008 | associated morphology | = 80247002 | third degree burn injury |
, 363698007 | finding site | = 39937001 | skin structure | }
์์ํ ์ปจํ
์ธ
SNOMED CT์ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฐฐํฌํ์๋ ์ฌ๋๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ฉ์ด๋ค๊ณผ ํฌํจํ๋ค. 2014๋
์ ๋ช
ํํ๊ฒ ์์ํ ๊ฐ๋
๋ค์ SNOMED CT ์์ํ ํ์ฅํ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ ๋์๋ค. ์ด ํ์ฅํ์ Virginia Tech์ Va-Md College of Veterinary Medicine์ ์๋ Veterinary Terminology Services Lab์์ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ๋ค.
์๋ ค์ง ๊ฒฐํจ ๋ฐ ์ํ ์ ๋ต
SNOMED ์ด๊ธฐ ๋ฒ์ ๋ค์ ์๋งจํฑ ์ถ์ ์ํด ์์๊ฐ ์ ํด์ง๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์๋๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฒ์ ์์ดํ ์ฝ๋๋ค์ ์กฐํฉ์ผ๋ก ์ฝ๋๋ฅผ ๋ง๋๋ ๋ณต์กํ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ํ๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ํฐ ์ฝ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์๋๋ฐ, ํ๊ฐ์ง ์ฝ์ ์ ํ์กฐํฉ์ ํ์์ฑ์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์์ ์นํ์ ์ด์ง ๋ชปํ ์ฅ์ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ธ์๋์ด, ์ด๊ธฐ SNOMED ๋ฒ์ ๋ค์ ๋ฎ์ ๋์
์ ์ด๋์ ๋ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ์๋ค. ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฝ์ ์ ์ผ๊ด๋ ์ฝ๋ฉ์ด ์ด๋ ค์ ๋๋ฐ, ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด, Acute appendicitis(๊ธ์ฑ์ถฉ์๋๊ธฐ์ผ)์ ์๋ฏธ๋ก ์ ๋์น๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ฐํ ์ ์๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด ์๋ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ํ์กฐํฉ์ด ๋ ์ ์์๋ค. SNOEMD RT๋ ๊ธฐ์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ ๊ณต์์ ๋์
ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๋ค. CTV3์ ์ถ๊ฐ๋ก ์๋ง์ ๊ฐ๋
๋ค์ด ์ ๊ทํํ์์ ์ด์ฉํด์ ์ฌ์ ์๋์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ฌ์ฉ์์ ์น๋ฐํ, ๋ง์ descriptions๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์ฅํ CTV3์์ ์ตํฉ์ ์ฌ์ ํ SNOMED CT์ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ช๋ช ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ค์ด ์๊ฒจ๋ฌ๋ค. ๋ค๋์ ๋ค์ค์์์ ๊ฐ๋ ๋ง์ ๊ณ์ธต๋จ๊ณ๋ค์ ํผ๋์ค๋ฐ ๋ถ๋ฅํ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ(์. Acute appendicitis๋ 36๊ฐ์ ๋ถ๋ฅํ์ ์กฐ์์ด ์๋ค)์ ๋ํด์, ๋ชจํธํ๊ณ , ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์์กด์ ์ธ ๋ง์ ๊ฐ๋
๋ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก SNOMED CT์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ค. ์ ์กฐํฉ์ ๋๋๋ก ๊ทน๋จ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ง๋์๋๋ฐ, ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ 350๊ฐ์ ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ์๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๊ฐ๋
์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ค.
SNOMED CT์ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ํน์ง์ง์ฐ๋ ํ์์ ์์ epistemic intrusion(์ ์ผ์ฑ ์นจํฌ)์ด๋ค. ์์น์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฉ์ด์ฒด๊ณ (๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฌ์ง์ด ์จํจ๋ก์ง)์ ์๋ฌด๋ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์ ์์ ๋ก์ด ์ฉ์ด ๋ฐ ํด๋์ค ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋์ด์ผํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ํํ ๋จ์์ ๋ฌธ๋งฅํ๋ ์ด์์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ ๋ณด๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์๋ฌด๊ฐ ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค. ์ฌ๋์ ์ธ์ด๋, Ectopic pregnancy(์๊ถ์ธ ์์ ) vs Suspected pregnancy(์์ ํ ๊ฒ ๊ฐ์)์ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ง์น ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฒ์ฃผํ๋ ๋ช
ํํ ์ํฐํฐ๋ค์ ๋ํ๋ด๊ธฐ์ํด์ ์ ์ฌํ ํํ์ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ, ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ์๋ชป์ฐพ์๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ฒซ๋ฒ์งธ ๊ฒ์ ์ง์ง ์์ ์ ๋งํ์ง๋ง, ๋๋ฒ์งธ ๊ฒ์ (๋ถํ์คํ) ์ ๋ณด์ ํ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ด๋ค. SNOMED CT์์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ (๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ ๋ถ๋ ์๋) ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์์กด์ ์ธ ๊ฐ๋
๋ค์ Situation with explicit context์ ํ์๊ณ์ธต์ ์ง์ค๋์ด์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฐ๋
๋ค์ ๋ฐฐ์ ํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ์ค์ํ ์ด์ ๋ ํ ์ํ์์ ์ ๋ณด๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๊ตฌํ๋์ด ์์ง ์์, ๋ง์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ SNOMED CT๊ฐ ์ ๋ณด๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๋ด๋นํ๊ณ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
IHTSDO์ ์ค๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป, SNOMED CT๋ ๋ ๋ง์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ฉ์ด์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ํ์ ๋ํ ๋นํ์ ์๋ง์ ์ค์ง์ ์ธ ์ฝ์ ์ ์ํด ๋ฐ์๋ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ํ์ง๋ณด์ฅ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ถ์กฑ์๋ ๊ธฐ์ธํ๋ค. ์ฒ์๋ถํฐ IHTSDO๋ ๊ทธ๋ฐ (๋ํ ํ๋ฌธ์ ์ธ) ๋นํ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ์ด์๋ค. ์ง๋ ๋ช ๋
๊ฐ, ํ์ง๊ณผ ๋๊ตฌ์ ๊ดํด์๋ ์๋นํ ์ง์ ์ด ์์ด์๋ค.
๋ ์์น์ ์ธ ์จํจ๋ก์ง์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ๋ํ ํ์์ฑ์ ์ ์ง์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์๋ค์ฌ์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ํ ๊ธฐ์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ ์๋ฏธ๋ก ์ ๋ํด์๋ ๋ ์ดํด๊ฐ ์ปค์ก๋ค. Observables, disorder๊ณผ findings,, substance, organisms ๋ฑ์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ์ ์์ ์ฌ์ค๊ณ๊ฐ ๊ณต์ํ๋์๋ค. ๋ฒ์ญ ๊ฐ์ด๋๋ผ์ธ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์ปจํ
์ธ ์ ์ถ์ ๊ดํ ๊ฐ์ด๋๋ผ์ธ, ์ ์กฐํฉ ์ปจํ
์ธ ์ ํฌํจ์ ๊ดํ ์ ๋ต์ด ์์ธํ๋์๋ค. SNOMED CT์ "ontological commitment"(์กด์ฌ๋ก ์ ๊ฐ์
)๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ฌ์ ํ ์๋ ค์ง ๊ฒฐํจ์ด ์๋๋ฐ, ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด, ์ด๋ค ์ข
๋ฅ์ ์ํฐํฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ด์ง SNOMED CT ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ธ์คํด์ค์ธ์ง ๋ช
ํํ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ์ฉ์ด๋ ์ง๋ณ ๋๋ ์ง๋ณ์ ๊ฐ์ง ํ์๋ก ํด์๋ ์ ์๋๋ฐ, ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด, Tumour(์ข
์)์ ์กฐ์ง์ ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ํํ๋ ์ ์๊ณ Allergy(์๋ ๋ฅด๊ธฐ)๋ ์๋ ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋ฐ์ ๋๋ ๋จ์ง ์๋ ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์ฑํฅ์ผ๋ก ํํ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ ์ต๊ทผ์ ์ ๋ต์ SNOMED CT ์ปจํ
์ธ ์์ ๋ชจํธ์ฑ์ ์์ ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ์
์ด ์ง์ ๋ ์์๋ ๋ฒจ์ ์จํจ๋ก์ง๋ค์ ์๊ฒฉํ๊ฒ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
ํ์์น๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ง์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ผ์์ ์ธ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ SNOMED CT ์ฑํ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ก ๋ ํฐ ์ฐธ์ฌ ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ๊ฐ ์๊ฒจ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ SNOMED CT ์ฉ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ ๋น๋๋ ์์์ ์ฆ๊ฐ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ SNOMED CT๋ฅผ ํผํผํ ์ฐ์
๊ณ์์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ํ์ค์ด ๋๊ฒ ํ๋ ํ์
์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒ์ ๊ตฌํ์ ์ง์ํ๋ ์ง์๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ ์๋ง์ ์ํํธ์จ์ด ํด๊ณผ ์๋ฃ๋ค์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. SNOMED CT์ ํน๋ณํ ์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ SNOMED CT์ ๊ตฌํ์ ์ง์คํ๋ ์๋ง์ ์จ๋ผ์ธ ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ๋ค์ด ๋ํ ๋ฐ๋ฌํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ด๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก, ๊ธฐ์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ถ๋ก ์ ์ด๋ ํ ์๋ก์ด ํ๋ณด ํ์กฐํฉํํ์์ด ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ ์กฐํฉ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ํด์ ๋ถ๋ชจ์ธ์ง ์ ์กฐ์ธ์ง ์์์ธ์ง ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์์ธ์ง ์๋ฏธ๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์น์ธ์ง๋ฅผ ํ๊ฐํ๋๋ฐ ์ ์ฉ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ก CTV3์์ ํตํฉ์ ์ง์์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ ๋๋ฌธ์, SNOMED๋ ์ฌ์ ํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ์ด ์๋๋ ์๋ฏธ๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ค๋ณต๋ primitive์ defined concepts๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ง์ ๊ฐ๋
๋ค์ด primitive๋ก ๋จ์์์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์๋ฏธ๋ก ์ ์ญ์ ์์คํ
๋ด์ ํจ๊ป ์กด์ฌํ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ primitives์ roles๋ก ํฉ๋ฒ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์๋ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์๋ฏธ๋ก ์ ์ปจํ
์ธ ์ ์๋ต๊ณผ ์ค์ง์ ๋๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ค๋ณต๋๋ฌธ์, ํฌ์ญ(subsumption) ๋๋ ์๋ฏธ๋ก ์ ๋์น(equivalence)๋ฅผ ์ถ๋ก ํ๋ ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์ค์ ์ํ๋ ฅ์ ์์ธกํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ ๋ถ์์ ํ๋ค.
SNOMED CT ๊ฒ์ฆ
์ผ๊ด๋ ๋ฃฐ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ SNOMED CT์ ํ์ง์ ์ํด ์ค์ํ๋ค. 2009๋
์ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด ํ๋กํ ํ์
์ Machine Readable Concept Model (MRCM)์ด SNOMED CT ํ์ ์ํด ๋ง๋ค์ด์ก๋ค. ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์์
์ผ๋ก ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์ SNOMED CT expression constraints๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ๋๋ก ๊ฐ์ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
SNOMED CT์ ICD
SNOMED CT๋ ์์์ ๋ชฉ์ ์์ ํ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ํ๋ ๋ฐ ํํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ค๊ณ๋ ์์ ์ฉ์ด์ฒด๊ณ์ด๋ค. [International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems]] (ICD)๋ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ medical classification(์ํ ๋ถ๋ฅ์ฒด๊ณ) ์์คํ
์ผ๋ก, ํต๊ณ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ ์ญํ, ๋ณดํ๊ธ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ, ์์ ๋ฐฐ์น๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ง๋จ์ฝ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ช๋ช ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์์ ์์ ํ์์๋ ์ฒ์น์ฝ๋๋ฅผ ํ ๋นํ๋๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค. ๋ ์์คํ
๋ค์ ํ์คํ๋ ์ ์๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ณ , ์ ์๊ฑด๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ก(EHR) ์์คํ
๋ด์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ๊ณตํต์ ์ํ ์ธ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ ๋ค. SNOMED CT๋ ํ์ ์ง๋ฃ ๊ณผ์ ์์ EHR ์์คํ
์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ณด๊ฐ ์
๋ ฅ๋๋๋ก ํ๋ฉฐ, ICD๋ ์ด์ฐจ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์ํด ์ ๋ณด๊ฒ์ ๋๋ ์ถ๋ ฅ์ ์ฉ์ดํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค.
SNOMED CT์ LOINC
LOINC๋ ๊ฒ์ฌ์ค ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ๋ ์ฉ์ด์ฒด๊ณ์ด๋ค. 2017๋
๋ถํฐ, SNOMED CT International์ LOINC components๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ฉ์ด๋ค์ ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ ์์ํ๊ณ , ์๋ง์ LOINC ์ฉ์ด๋ค์ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ๋ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด SNOMED CT ํํ์ ์ธํธ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค.
์ฌ์ฉ
SNOMED CT๋ ์๋ง์ ๋ค์ํ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ์ ์๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค :
ํฌ์ค์ผ์ด ์ ๊ณต์ ํ์ํ ์์ธ์์ค์์ ์์์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ๋ํ๋ค.
๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๊ณต์ ๋ฅผ ํตํด, ํฌ์ค์ผ์ด ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ์ ์๋ก์ด ์ง๋ฃ ๋๋ง๋ค ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ด๋ ฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ณตํด์ ์ ๋ฌํด์ผํ ํ์์ฑ์ ์ค์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
์์ดํ ์ฅ์์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ํด ์ ๋ณด๋ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ ์ ์๊ณ , ํ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ด์์ ๋จ์ํ ์ ๋ณด ๊ด์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฐํฉ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
๊ณตํต ์ฉ์ด์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ ๋ณด์ ํด์์ด ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ค์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
๊ณตํต๋ฐฉ์์ ์ ์๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์๋ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์์ด ์์ฑ๋๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฅํ๋๋ฐ ๋์์ด ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
ํ์คํ๋ ์ ๋ณด๋ ๋ถ์๊ณผ ํ์ง์ง์, ๋น์ฉํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ค๋ฌด์์
, ์ฐ๊ตฌ, ์์ ๊ฐ์ด๋๋ผ์ธ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ฉ์ดํ๊ฒํ๋ค.
์์ ์ฉ์ด์ฒด๊ณ๋ ํฌ์ค์ผ์ด ์ ๊ณต์๊ฐ ํน์ ํ ์ฝ๋ํ๋ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ์๋ฅผ ์๋ณํ๊ณ ๋ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋, ์น๋ฃ ๋ฐ ์ถ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ๋๋ก ํ๋ค.
์ ์ฆ ์ผ์ด์ค
๋ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ค์์ ์ํ ์ปดํจํฐ ์ ํ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ด์
์ SNOMED CT๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค :
์ ์๊ฑด๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ก ์์คํ
์ค๋์
๋ ฅ์์คํ
(Computerized Provider Order EntryCPOE) ์. ์ ์์ฒ๋ฐฉ(E-Prescribing) ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ฌ์ค ์ค๋์
๋ ฅ์์คํ
(Laboratory Order Entry)
์์ ์๋น์ค ์นดํ๋ก๊ทธ; ์, ์ง๋จ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง(Diagnostic Imaging procedures)
์์ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ์์คํ
(clinical decision support systems (CDSS)) ๋ด์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ์ง์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฒ ์ด์ค
์๊ฒฉ ์คํ์์ค ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋ง
๊ฒ์ฌ์ค ๋ณด๊ณ
์๊ธ์ํ๊ณผ ์ฐจํ
์ ๋ณด๊ณ
์ ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฒ ์ด์ค
์ก์ธ์ค
SNOMED CT๋ ์๊ตญ, ๋ฐ๋์ ์์นํ ๊ตญ์ ๋น์๋ฆฌ ํ์ค๊ฐ๋ฐ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ธ SNOEMD CT International์์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐํฌํ๋ค.
์ํ ์์คํ
์์ SNOMED CT์ ์ด์ฉ์๋ ๋ผ์ด์ผ์ค๋ฅผ ํ์๋ก ํ๋ฉฐ, ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ผ์ด์ผ์ค๊ฐ ์๋ค:
SNOMED International ๋ด์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ/์ง์ญ ํ์ (gross national product์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ๊ณผ).
์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์ดํธ(Affiliate) ๋ผ์ด์ผ์ค (์ต์ข
์ฌ์ฉ์์ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฆ). LCDs (least developed countries(์ต๋น๊ฐ๋ฐ๋์๊ตญ))๋ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ฃ์์ด SNOMED CT๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค.
์๋ฃ์ ๋ณดํ ๋ด์ ๊ณผํ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ํด์, ๋ฐ๋ชจ ๋ฐ ํ๊ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์์ SNOEMD CT ์์ค๋ ์์ ๋กญ๊ฒ ๋ค์ด๋ก๋ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค. ํ
์ด๋ธ ํํ์ ์๋ณธ SNOMED CT ์์ค๋ ํฉ์์ ๋์ํ Unified Medical Language System (UMLS)์ ๋ฑ๋ก๋ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ด ์ก์ธ์คํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ง์ ์จ๋ผ์ธ๊ณผ ์คํ๋ผ์ธ ๋ธ๋ผ์ฐ์ ๋ค์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค.
SNOMED CT ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๋ํ ๋ผ์ด์ผ์ค๋ฅผ ํ๋ํ๊ณ ๋ค์ด๋ก๋ํ๊ธธ ์ํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ IHTSDO ์น์ฌ์ดํธ ์์์ ์ ๊ณต๋๋ ๋งํฌ์ธ ํด๋น ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ฐฐํฌ์ผํฐ(National Release Centre)์ ์ฐ๋ฝํด์ผํ๋ค.
๋ผ์ด์ผ์ค๊ฐ ์๋ ์๋ธ์ธํธ
SNOMED CT์ ์ฑํ์ ์ฉ์ดํ๊ฒ ํ๊ณ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ์ค์์ SNOMED CT์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ํด์, ๋ผ์ด์ผ์ค์๋ ์๋ธ์ธํธ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด, (IHTSDO ํ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์ ํ์์ด)DICOM ํธํ ์ํํธ์จ์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ 7,314 ์ฝ๋์ ์ฉ์ด๋ค์ ๋ฌด๋ฃ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค.
Top level concepts
SNOMED CT ๊ฐ๋
๋ค์ (์์ฝํ-๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐํฉ ๊ฐ๋
๋ค์ ์์ธ๋ก ํ๊ณ ) ์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋จ์ผ ๊ณ์ธต๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ํฌํจ๋๋ค. ๋ช๋ช ๊ณ์ธต๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ ์ ์๋ ๊ฐ๋
๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค (์. clinical findings). ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋๋ฉ์ธ๋ค (์. Organism, Substance, Qualifier value)์ ๋ํด์๋ ์์ง ์ ์๋ ๊ฐ๋
๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์๋ค.
2016๋
๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก Event ๊ณ์ธต์ ์ ์๋ ๊ฐ๋
๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ง ์๋ค. 2006๋
์ 'Clinical findings' ๊ณ์ธต์ ๋ช๋ช ๊ฐ๋
๋ค์ด Event ๊ณ์ธต์ผ๋ก ์ด์ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฐ๋
๋ค์ ๊ทธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ์์ฑ๋ค(attributes)์ ์ ์งํ๋ค (์. causative agent)
Observable entities
SNOMED International์ observable entities๋ฅผ ์ํ ๊ฐ๋
๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์์ฑํ๋ ์์
์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
Pharmaceutical / biologic product
Pharmaceutical and biologic products๋ ํ์ฑ์ฑ๋ถ(active ingredient)๊ณผ ์ฉ๋ํ๊ธฐ(presentation strength), ์ฉ๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ด ๋๋ ์ฑ๋ถ(basis of strength)์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง๋์๋ค. 2018๋
๋ถํฐ SNOMED CT ์์ฝํ ์ปจํ
์ธ ์ IDMP ํ์ค๊ณผ์ ์กฐ์ ์ด ํธ์ง๋ชฉํ์ด๋ค. ๋ค์์ ์ํฐํฐ ํ์
์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ค:
Medicinal product
์์ฝํ์ ๊ทธ๋ฃนํํ๋ ๊ณ ์์ค์ ์ฉ์ด. ์, 398731002 | Product containing sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (medicinal product) |
Clinical Drug
์์ ์ค๋ฌด์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์์ฝํ์ ํํํ๋ ๊ฐ๋
. ์, 317335000 | Product containing precisely esomeprazole 20milligram/1 each conventional release oral tablet (clinical drug)|
Dose Form
์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์์ฝํ์ด ์ ๋ฌ๋ ์ง๋ฅผ ํํํ๋ ๊ฐ๋
. ์, 385219001 | Conventional release solution for injection (dose form) |.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
CDISC
Clinical Care Classification System
DOCLE
EN 13606
MEDCIN
MedDRA
Omaha System
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
SNOMED International website
SNOMED International's online browsers for SNOMED CT
CAP SNOMED Terminology Solutions โ the original creators of SNOMED
US National Library of Medicine SNOMED CT resources
NHS Digital SNOMED CT resources
Veterinary Extension of SNOMED CT
์ํ์ ๋ถ๋ฅ
ํด๋ถํ ์ฉ์ด | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNOMED%20CT | SNOMED CT | SNOMED CT or SNOMED Clinical Terms is a systematically organized computer-processable collection of medical terms providing codes, terms, synonyms and definitions used in clinical documentation and reporting. SNOMED CT is considered to be the most comprehensive, multilingual clinical healthcare terminology in the world. The primary purpose of SNOMED CT is to encode the meanings that are used in health information and to support the effective clinical recording of data with the aim of improving patient care. SNOMED CT provides the core general terminology for electronic health records. SNOMED CT comprehensive coverage includes: clinical findings, symptoms, diagnoses, procedures, body structures, organisms and other etiologies, substances, pharmaceuticals, devices and specimens.
SNOMED CT is maintained and distributed by SNOMED International, an international non-profit standards development organization, located in London, UK. SNOMED International is the trading name of the International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation (IHTSDO), established in 2007.
SNOMED CT provides for consistent information interchange and is fundamental to an interoperable electronic health record. It provides a consistent means to index, store, retrieve, and aggregate clinical data across specialties and sites of care. It also helps in organizing the content of electronic health records systems by reducing the variability in the way data are captured, encoded and used for clinical care of patients and research. SNOMED CT can be used to directly record clinical details of individuals in electronic patient records. It also provides the user with a number of linkages to clinical care pathways, shared care plans and other knowledge resources, in order to facilitate informed decision-making, and to support long-term patient care. The availability of free automatic coding tools and services, which can return a ranked list of SNOMED CT descriptors to encode any clinical report, could help healthcare professionals to navigate the terminology.
SNOMED CT is a terminology that can cross-map to other international standards and classifications. Specific language editions are available which augment the international edition and can contain language translations, as well as additional national terms. For example, SNOMED CT-AU, released in December 2009 in Australia, is based on the international version of SNOMED CT, but encompasses words and ideas that are clinically and technically unique to Australia.
History
SNOMED started in 1965 as a Systematized Nomenclature of Pathology (SNOP) and was further developed into a logic-based health care terminology.
SNOMED CT was created in 1999 by the merger, expansion and restructuring of two large-scale terminologies: SNOMED Reference Terminology (SNOMED RT), developed by the College of American Pathologists (CAP); and the Clinical Terms Version 3 (CTV3) (formerly known as the Read codes), developed by the National Health Service of the United Kingdom (NHS). The final product was released in January 2002. The International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation now considers SNOMED CT to be a brand name rather than an acronym. Previously SNOMED was an acronym of Systematized Nomenclature Of Medicine, but it lost that meaning when SNOMED was combined with CTV3 (Clinical Terms Version 3) into the merged product called SNOMED Clinical Terms, which was shortened to SNOMED CT.
The historical strength of SNOMED was its coverage of medical specialties. SNOMED RT, with over 120,000 concepts, was designed to serve as a common reference terminology for the aggregation and retrieval of pathology health care data recorded by multiple organizations and individuals. The strength of CTV3 was its terminologies for general practice. CTV3, with 200,000 interrelated concepts, was used for storing structured information about primary care encounters in individual, patient-based records. The January 2020 release of the SNOMED CT International Edition included more than 350,000 concepts.
In July 2003, the National Library of Medicine (NLM), on behalf of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, entered into an agreement with the College of American Pathologists to make SNOMED CT available to U.S. users at no cost through the National Library of Medicine's Unified Medical Language System UMLS Metathesaurus. The NLM negotiation team was led by Betsy Humphreys, and the contract provided NLM with a perpetual license for the core SNOMED CT (in Spanish and English) and its ongoing updates.
In April 2007, SNOMED CT intellectual property rights were transferred from the CAP to the International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation (IHTSDO) in order to promote international adoption and use of SNOMED CT. Now trading as SNOMED International, the organization is responsible for "ongoing maintenance, development, quality assurance, and distribution of SNOMED CT" internationally
and its Membership consists of a number of the world's leading e-health countries and territories, including: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brunei, Canada, Czech Republic, Chile, Denmark, Estonia, Hong Kong, Iceland, India, Ireland, Israel, Lithuania, Malaysia, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Singapore, Slovak Republic, Republic of Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States and Uruguay.
SNOMED CT is a multinational and multilingual terminology, which can manage different languages and dialects. SNOMED CT is currently available in American English, British English, Spanish, Danish and Swedish, with other translations underway or nearly completed in French and Dutch. SNOMED CT cross maps to other terminologies, such as: ICD-9-CM, ICD-10, ICD-O-3, ICD-10-AM, Laboratory LOINC and OPCS-4. It supports ANSI, DICOM, HL7, and ISO standards.
Structure
SNOMED CT consists of four primary core components:
Concept Codes โ numerical codes that identify clinical terms, primitive or defined, organized in hierarchies
Descriptions โ textual descriptions of Concept Codes
Relationships โ relationships between Concept Codes that have a related meaning
Reference Sets โ used to group Concepts or Descriptions into sets, including reference sets and cross-maps to other classifications and standards.
SNOMED CT "Concepts" are representational units that categorize all the things that characterize healthcare processes and need to be recorded therein. In 2011, SNOMED CT included more than 311,000 concepts, which are uniquely identified by a concept ID, e.g. the concept 22298006 refers to Myocardial infarction. All SNOMED CT concepts are organized into acyclic taxonomic (is-a) hierarchies; for example, Viral pneumonia IS-A Infectious pneumonia IS-A Pneumonia IS-A Lung disease. Concepts may have multiple parents, for example Infectious pneumonia is also a child of Infectious disease. The taxonomic structure allows data to be recorded and later accessed at different levels of aggregation.
SNOMED CT concepts are linked by approximately 1,360,000 links, called relationships.
Concepts are further described by various clinical terms or phrases, called Descriptions, which are divided into Fully Specified Names (FSNs), Preferred Terms (PTs), and Synonyms. Each Concept has exactly one FSN, which is unique across all of SNOMED CT. It has, in addition, exactly one PT, which has been decided by a group of clinicians to be the most common way of expressing the meaning of the concept. It may have zero to many Synonyms. Synonyms are additional terms and phrases used to refer to this concept. They do not have to be unique or unambiguous.
Semantic tag
SNOMED CT assigns each concept a semantic tag. It is present in parentheses in Fully Specified Name of each concept. There can be multiple semantic tags used within each SNOMED CT top level hierarchy. For example, top level hierarchy of Pharmaceutical/biologic Product uses semantic tags of: product, medicinal product, medicinal product form and clinical drug. Only one semantic tag can be used for each concept.
The formal model underlying SNOMED CT
SNOMED CT can be characterized as a multilingual thesaurus with an ontological foundation. Thesaurus-like features are conceptโterm relations such as the synonymous descriptions "Acute coryza", "Acute nasal catarrh", "Acute rhinitis", "Common cold" (as well as Spanish "resfrรญo comรบn" and "rinitis infecciosa") for the concept 82272006.
Under ontological scrutiny, SNOMED-CT is a class hierarchy (with extensive overlap of classes in contrast to typical statistical classifications like ICD).
This means that the SNOMED CT concept 82272006 defines the class of all the individual disease instances that match the criteria for "common cold" (e.g., one patient may have "head cold" noted in their record, and another may have "Acute coryza"; both can be found as instances of "common cold").
The superclass (Is-A) Relation relates classes in terms of inclusion of their members. That is, all individual "cold-processes" are also included in all superclasses of the class Common Cold, such as Viral upper respiratory tract infection (Figure).
SNOMED CT's relational statements are basically triplets of the form Concept1 โ Relationx โ Concept2, with Relationx being from a small number of relation types (called linkage concepts), e.g. finding site, due to, etc. The interpretation of these triplets is (implicitly) based on the semantics of a simple Description logic (DL). E.g., the triplet Common Cold โ causative agent โ Virus, corresponds to the first-order expression
forall x: instance-of (x, Common cold) -> exists y: instance-of (y, Virus) and causative-agent (y, x)
or the more intuitive DL expression
Common cold subClassOf causative-agent some Virus
In the Common cold example the concept description is "primitive", which means that necessary criteria are given that must be met for each instance, without being sufficient for classifying a disorder as an instance of Common Cold . In contrast, the example Viral upper respiratory tract infection depicts a fully described concept, which is represented in description logic as follows:
Viral upper respiratory tract infection equivalentTo
Upper respiratory infection and Viral respiratory infection and
Causative-agent some Virus and
Finding-site some Upper respiratory tract structure and
Pathological-process some Infectious process
This means that each and every individual disorder for which all definitional criteria are met can be classified as an instance of Viral upper respiratory tract infection.
Description logics
As of 2021, SNOMED CT content limits itself to a subset of the EL++ formalism, restricting itself to the following operators:
Top, bottom
Primitive roles and concepts with asserted parent(s) for each
Concept definition and conjunction but NOT disjunction or negation
Role hierarchy but not role composition
Domain and range constraints
Existential but not universal restriction
A restricted form of role inclusion axiom (xRy ^ ySz => xRz)
General Concept Inclusion axioms (A โ B).
For understanding the modelling, it is also important to look at the stated view of a concept versus the inferred view of the concept. In further considering the state view, SNOMED CT used in the past a modelling approach referred to as 'proximal parent' approach. After 2015, a superior approach called "proximal primitive parent" has been adopted.
Precoordination and postcoordination
SNOMED CT provides a compositional syntax that can be used to create expressions that represent clinical ideas which are not explicitly represented by SNOMED CT concepts. This mechanism exists because it is challenging to create and maintain all possible concepts upfront (as precoordinated concepts).
For example, there is no explicit concept for a "third degree burn of left index finger caused by hot water". However, using the compositional syntax it can be represented as
284196006 | burn of skin | :
116676008 | associated morphology | = 80247002 | third degree burn injury |
, 272741003 | laterality | = 7771000 | left |
, 246075003 | causative agent | = 47448006 | hot water |
, 363698007 | finding site | = 83738005 | index finger structure
Such expressions are said to have been 'postcoordinated'. Post-coordination avoids the need to create large numbers of defined Concepts within SNOMED CT. However, many systems only allow for precoordinated representations. Reliable analysis and comparison of post-coordinated expressions is possible using appropriate algorithms machinery to efficiently process the expression taking account of the underlying description logic.
Major Electronic Health Record Systems (EHRS) have repeatedly complained to IHTSDO and other standards organizations about the "complexity" of post-coordinated expressions.
For example, the postcoordinated expression above can be transformed using a set of standard rules to the following "normal form expression" which enables comparison with similar concepts.
64572001 | disease | :
246075003 | causative agent | = 47448006 | hot water |
, 363698007 | finding site | = ( 83738005 | index finger structure | :
272741003 | laterality | = 7771000 | left | )
, { 116676008 | associated morphology | = 80247002 | third degree burn injury |
, 363698007 | finding site | = 39937001 | skin structure | }
Postcoordination is an important desirable feature of a terminology. Prior 2020, International Classification of Diseases (ICD) did not allow post-coordination and SNOMED CT was the only terminology that supported postcoordination. Since 2020, a new version of ICD-11 now also supports postcoordination.
Veterinary content
The International Edition of SNOMED CT only includes human terms. In 2014, clearly veterinary concepts were moved into a SNOMED CT veterinary extension. This extension is managed by the Veterinary Terminology Services Lab at the Va-Md College of Veterinary Medicine at Virginia Tech.
Known deficiencies and mitigation strategies
Earlier SNOMED versions had faceted structure ordered by semantic axes, requiring that more complex situations required to be coded by a coordination of different codes. This had two major shortcomings. On the one hand, the necessity of post-coordination was perceived as a user-unfriendly obstacle, which has certainly contributed to the rather low adoption of early SNOMED versions. On the other hand, uniform coding was difficult to obtain. E.g.,Acute appendicitis could be post-coordinated in three different ways with no means to compute semantic equivalences.
SNOMED RT had addressed this problem by introducing description logic formula. With the addition of CTV3 a large number of concepts were redefined using formal expressions. However, the fusion with CTV3, as a historically grown terminology with many close-to user descriptions, introduced some problems which still affect SNOMED CT. In addition to a confusing taxonomic web of many hierarchical levels with massive multiple inheritance (e.g. there are 36 taxonomic ancestors for Acute appendicitis), many ambiguous, context-dependent concepts have found their way into SNOMED CT. Pre-coordination was sometimes pushed to extremes, so there are, for example, 350 different concepts for burns found on the head.
A further phenomenon which characterizes parts of SNOMED CT is the so-called epistemic intrusion.
In principle, the task of terminology (and even an ontology) should be limited to providing context-free term or class meanings. The contextualization of these representational units should be ideally the task of an information model.
Human language is misleading here, as we use syntactically similar expression to represent categorically distinct entities, e.g. Ectopic pregnancy vs. Suspected pregnancy. The first one refers to a real pregnancy, the second one to a piece of (uncertain) information. In SNOMED CT most (but not all) of these context-dependent concepts are concentrated in the subhierachy Situation with explicit context. A major reason for why such concepts cannot be dispensed with is that SNOMED CT takes on, in many cases, the functionality of information models, as the latter do not exist in a given implementation.
With the establishment of IHTSDO, SNOMED CT became more accessible to a wider audience. Criticism of the state of the terminology was sparked by numerous substantive weaknesses as well as on the lack of quality assurance measures. From the beginning IHTSDO was open regarding such (also academic) criticism. In the last few years considerable progress has been made regarding quality assurance and tooling.
The need for a more principled ontological foundation was gradually accepted, as well as a better understanding of description logic semantics. Redesign priorities were formulated regarding observables, disorders, findings, substances, organisms etc. Translation guidelines were elaborated as well as guidelines for content submission requests and a strategy for the inclusion of pre-coordinated content. There are still known deficiencies regarding the "ontological commitment" of SNOMED CT, e.g., the clarification of which kind of entity is an instance of a given SNOMED CT concept. The same term can be interpreted as a disorder or a patient with a disorder, for example Tumour might denote a process or a piece of tissue; Allergy may denote an allergic reaction or just an allergic disposition. A more recent strategy is the use of rigorously typed upper-level ontologies to disambiguate SNOMED CT content.
The increased take-up of SNOMED CT for research into applications in daily use across the world to support patient care is leading to a larger engaged community. This has led to an increase in the resource allocated to authoring SNOMED CT terms as well as to an increase in collaboration to take SNOMED CT into a robust industry used standard. This is leading to an increase in the number of software tools and development of materials that contribute to knowledge base to support implementation. A number of on-line communities that focus on particular aspects of SNOMED CT and its implementation are also developing.
In theory, description logic reasoning can be applied to any new candidate post-coordinated expressions in order to assess whether it is a parent or ancestor of, a child or other descendant of, or semantically equivalent to any existing concept from the existing pre-coordinated concepts. However, partly as the continuing fall-out from the merger with CTV3, SNOMED still contains undiscovered semantically duplicate primitive and defined concepts. Additionally, many concepts remain primitive whilst their semantics can also be legitimately defined in terms of other primitives and roles concurrently in the system. Because of these omissions and actual or possible redundancies of semantic content, real-world performance of algorithms to infer subsumption or semantic equivalence will be unpredictably imperfect.
SNOMED CT validation
Using consistent rules is important for the quality of SNOMED CT. To that end, in 2009, a prototype Machine Readable Concept Model (MRCM) was created by the SNOMED CT team. In a follow-up work, this model is being revised to utilize SNOMED CT expression constraints.
SNOMED CT and other terminologies
SNOMED CT and ICD
SNOMED CT is a clinical terminology designed to capture and represent patient data for clinical purposes. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) is an internationally used medical classification system; which is used to assign diagnostic and, in some national modifications, procedural codes in order to produce coded data for statistical analysis, epidemiology, reimbursement and resource allocation. Both systems use standardized definitions and form a common medical language used within electronic health record (EHR) systems. SNOMED CT enables information input into an EHR system during the course of patient care, while ICD facilitates information retrieval, or output, for secondary data purposes. In 2010s, the advantage of SNOMED CT over ICD was the multiple parent hierarchy of SNOMED CT. Since 2020 release of ICD 11, this advantage is less important because ICD-11 foundational level allows an ICD 11 concept to have multiple parents.
SNOMED CT and LOINC
LOINC is a terminology that contains laboratory tests. Since 2017, SNOMED International started creating terms for LOINC components and created a set of SNOMED CT expressions that capture the meaning of many LOINC terms.
SNOMED CT and MedDRA
There is overlap between MedDRA and SNOMED CT that is not beneficial for pharmaceutical industry. In 2021, two maps map between SNOMED CT and MedDRA were jointly published by both organizations (from SNOMED CT to MedDRA and from MedDRA to SNOMED CT).
Use
SNOMED CT is used in a number of different ways, some of which are:
It captures clinical information at the level of detail needed for the provision of healthcare
Through sharing data it can reduce the need to repeat health history at each new encounter with a healthcare professional
Information can be recorded by different people in different locations and combined into simple information views within the patient record
Use of a common terminology decreases the potential for differing interpretation of information
Electronic recording in a common way reduces errors and can help to ensure completeness in recording all relevant data
Standardised information makes analysis easier, supporting quality, cost effective practice, research and future clinical guideline development
A clinical terminology allows a health care provider to identify patients based on specified coded information, and more effectively manage screening, treatment and follow up
Use cases
More specifically, the following sample computer applications use SNOMED CT:
Electronic Health Record Systems
Computerized Provider Order Entry CPOE such as E-Prescribing or Laboratory Order Entry
Catalogues of clinical services; e.g., for Diagnostic Imaging procedures
Knowledge databases used in clinical decision support systems (CDSS)
Remote Intensive Care Unit Monitoring
Laboratory Reporting
Emergency Room Charting
Cancer Reporting
Genetic Databases
Access
SNOMED CT is maintained and distributed by SNOMED International, an international non-profit standards development organization, located in London, UK..
The use of SNOMED CT in production systems requires a license. There are two types of license:
Country/territory membership in SNOMED International (charged according to gross national product).
Affiliate license (dependent on the number of end users). LDCs (least developed countries) can use SNOMED CT without charges.
For scientific research in medical informatics, for demonstrations or evaluation purposes SNOMED CT sources can be freely downloaded and used. The original SNOMED CT sources in tabular form are accessible by registered users of the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) who have signed an agreement. Numerous online and offline browsers are available.
Those wishing to obtain a license for its use and to download SNOMED CT should contact their National Release Centre, links to which are provided on the IHTSDO website.
License free subsets
To facilitate adoption of SNOMED CT and use of SNOMED CT in other standards, there are license free subsets. For example, a set of 7 314 codes and descriptions is free for use by users of DICOM-compliant software (without restriction to IHTSDO member countries).
Global Patient Set (GPS) subset
GPS was released in Sep 2019 and contains 21 782 concepts.
Top level concepts
SNOMED CT concepts typically belong to a single hierarchy (with the exception of drug-device combined concepts). Some hierarchies, have a concept model defined (e.g., clinical findings). For other domains (e.g., Organism, Substance, Qualifier value), there is no concept model yet defined.
Procedure
Concept in this hierarchy represent procedures performed on a patient. There is a well established defined concept model for procedures. Procedure site (direct or indirect) specifies on what part of body the procedure is performed. A separate set of rules exist for evaluation procedures. Evaluation procedures are procedures where evidence is evaluated to support the determination of a value, inference or conclusion. Evaluation procedures have additional attributes, such as 'Has specimen','Property' or 'Measurement method'.
Event
As of 2016, the Event hierarchy does not have a concept model defined. In 2006, some concepts from the 'Clinical Finding' hierarchy were moved to the Event hierarchy. Those concepts retained some of their attributes. (e.g., causative agent)
Observable entities
SNOMED International is working on creating a concept model for observable entities.
Body Structure
Body parts represent one of the largest hierarchies within SNOMED CT. The modeling is based on Foundational Model of Anatomy but it differs from the model in some aspects (e.g., region is taken as 3D region and not a 2D region). Important attributes include: 'Laterality', several types of 'Part of' relationships, and 'Is a'.
Pharmaceutical / biologic product
Pharmaceutical and biologic products are modeled using constructs of active ingredient, presentation strength, and basis of strength. Since 2018, harmonization of SNOMED CT drug content with IDMP standard is an editorial goal. The following types of entities are present:
Medicinal product
A higher level term grouping drugs. For example, 398731002 | Product containing sulfamethoxazole and
trimethoprim (medicinal product) |
Clinical Drug
Concept that represents a concrete drug product as used in clinical practice. For example, 317335000 | Product containing precisely esomeprazole 20milligram/1 each conventional release oral tablet (clinical drug)|
Dose Form
Concept representing how the product is delivered. For example, 385219001 | Conventional release solution for injection (dose form) |.
Authoring conventions
A goal for SNOMED CT is consistency. Several mechanisms are employed to ensure this. Machine readable concept model is used to check for compliance with a set of rules. Rules for creating fully specified name for a concept define allowed and not allowed patterns. When defining a concept, a proximal primitive parent rule is used (in stated definition) to employ best description logic derived classification of concepts.
Separate conventions govern grouping of relationships. Ability to group related relationships is an important strength of SNOMED CT. Rules in Machine Readable Concept Model (MRCM) specify by domain which relationships are never grouped (e.g., 'Is a' or 'Laterality' attributes) and which relationships are always grouped (e.g., 'Finding site'). For correct subsumption inference, some relationships may be in a group but consist of a single relationship.
Another convention for SNOMED CT international edition is to avoid creating intermediate primitive concepts (unless medically necessary and impossible to define with existing concept model). An intermediate primitive (=not defined) concept is a non-defined concept that has children concepts and parent concepts. This convention is related to the use of description logic to facilitate terminology maintenance. Because primitive concepts can not be processed by the description logic classifier, the maintenance of such concepts relies solely on human editors. Adding new intermediate primitive concepts requires changes to all affected concepts and is demanding in terms of terminology maintenance.
See also
CDISC
Clinical Care Classification System
DOCLE
EN 13606
MEDCIN
MedDRA
Omaha System
ICD11
Foundational Model of Anatomy
Notes
References
External links
SNOMED International website
SNOMED International's online browsers for SNOMED CT
US National Library of Medicine SNOMED CT resources
NHS Digital SNOMED CT resources
Veterinary Extension of SNOMED CT
Medical classification
Diagnosis codes
Nursing classification
Standards for electronic health records
Anatomical terminology |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%20%EC%B9%A8%EB%A1%80%EA%B5%90%20%EC%8B%A0%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90 | ๋จ ์นจ๋ก๊ต ์ ํ๊ต | ๋จ์นจ๋ก์ ํ๊ต (The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, SBTS)๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋จ ์นจ๋ก๊ต ํ์ฝ (SBC)๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ 6 ๊ฐ ์ ํ๊ต ์ค ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค๋๋ ์ ํ๊ต์ด๋ค. ์ด ์ ํ๊ต๋ 1859๋
์ฌ์ฐ์ค ์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋น์์ ์ค๋ฆฝ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฒ์์๋ ํผ๋จผ ๋ํ๊ต ์บ ํผ์ค์ ์์๋ค. ๋จ๋ถ ์ ์ ์ค์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ซ์ ํ 1877๋
๋ฃจ์ด๋น ์๋ด์ ์๋ก ์ง์ด์ง ์บ ํผ์ค๋ก ์ฎ๊ธด ํ ํฌ๋ ์ผํธ ํ ์ธ๊ทผ์ ํ์ฌ ์์น๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒผ๋ค. 50๋
๋์ ์ธ๊ณ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ์ ํ๊ต๋ค ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ํ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ์ฌ 3300๋ช
์ ์ ํ์๋ค์ด ๋ฑ๋ก๋์ด ์๋ค.
์ ๋ช
ํ ์ฌ๋๋ค
๋๋ฌธ
Jason K. Allen, ์ค์๋ถ ์นจ๋ก ์ ํ ๋ํ์ ํ์ฅ 2012 โ ํ์ฌ
Charles C. Baldwin, 2004-2008๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ์ฐธ๋ชจ์ฅ
๋ ์ง๋ ๋ ๋น๋น, ์ฌํ ํ์
LaVerne Butler, 1969-1988๋
๋ฃจ์ด๋น์ ์๋ 9 ๋ฒ์งธ & O ์นจ๋ก ๊ตํ ๋ชฉ์ฌ; 1988๋
์์ 1997๋
๊น์ง ๋ฉ์ดํ๋ (Mayfield) ์ ์๋ ๋ฏธ๋ ์ปจํฐ๋จํ ๋ํ๊ต (University of Continent University) ํ์ฅ, 1970๋
๋์ 1980๋
๋ ๋จ๋ถ ์นจ๋ก๊ต ๋ํ์์ ๋ณด์์ ์ธ ๋ถํ์ ์ง๋์
Douglas Carver, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ก๊ตฐ ์ฐธ๋ชจ์ฅ 2007โ2011
ํฌ๋ฆฌ์ค ํด๋ผํฌ (Chris Clarke), ์ผํฐํค (Kentucky) ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์น๋ง ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ ์ ๊ต์ฌ
WA ๋ฌ๋ผ์ค, ํ
์ฌ์ค ๋ฌ๋ผ์ค ์ต์ด ์นจ๋ก ๊ตํ ๋ชฉ์ฌ; ์ ์; ๋จ ์นจ๋กํ ์ดํ ํ์ฅ (1969-1970).
Miguel A. De La Torre, ํ์คํจ๋๊ณ ์ข
๊ต ์ํ ์ ์; 1999๋
~ ํ์ฌ ์ฝ๋ก๋ผ๋ ์ฃผ ๋ด๋ฒ์ ์๋ ์ผ ๋ฆฌํ ์ ํ๊ต์ ์ฌํ ์ค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์.
๊ตญํ ์์ฌ๋น ์นจ๋ก๊ต ๋ชฉ์ฌ ์ธ Mark Dever ; ์ฅ๋ก ์ฃผ๋ ๊ตํ๋ก ์ ์ง์ง์ ์ธ ์ ๋ช
ํ ์ฐ์ฌ, ์ ์ ๋ฐ ์ ํ์
Amzi Dixon, ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋
ธ์ด์ฃผ ์์นด๊ณ ์ Moody Church ๋ชฉ์ฌ (1906โ1911); ๋ฐ ์๊ตญ ๋ฐ๋ ํ๋ฒ ๋ดํด (1911โ1919).
์๋จธ ํด๋ ๋ชฌํธ ํ๋ (1922-2018), ๋จ๋ถ ์นจ๋ก๊ต ๋ํ ํ๋ณด ๋ด๋น ๋ถ์ฌ์ฅ; ์นจ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ฐ ์นจ๋ก ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ ํธ์ง์; ์นจ๋ก๊ต ์ถํ๋ถ ์ด์ฌ.
์คํฐ๋ธ ํผํฑ (Steven Furtick), ๊ตํ ๊ตํ ๋ชฉ์ฌ; ์ ์๋ ค์ง ๋ชฉ์ฌ, ์ฐ์ฌ ๋ฐ ์ ์.
David P. Gushee, ๊ธฐ๋
๊ต ์ค๋ฆฌ ํ์, ์ญ์ฌ๊ฐ, ๊ณต๊ณต ์ง์์ธ ๋ฐ ํ๋ก ์ฝ์คํธ ํ์.
Paul R. House, ํ์, ์ ์ ๋ฐ ์ ํ๊ต ๊ต์.
๋ฒค ์บ ๋ฒจ ์กด์จ, ์ปฌ๋ผ๋น์ ์ ํ๊ต์ ๋ช
์ ๊ต์, ์ ์
Koinonia Farm (Habitat for Humanity)์ ์ฐฝ์์์ด์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ํ์ ์ธ Clarence Jordan ์ ๋จํ์ ๋ฏผ๊ถ ์๋์ ์ฉ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ์ ์ฝ์ Cotton Patch ๋ฒ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ์ญํ์ต๋๋ค.
RT Kendall, 1977-2002๋
์๊ตญ ๋ฐ๋ ์จ์คํธ ๋ฏผ์คํฐ ์๋ฐฐ๋น ๋ชฉ์ฌ.
๋ฐ์ด๋น๋ ๊ณ ๋ ๋ฆฌ์น (David Gordon Lyon), ํ๋ฒ๋ ์ ํ๊ต์ ํ๋ฆฌ์ค ํ์ฅ, ์
ํฑ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ ํ๋ ์ดํฐ
์ ์์ค ๋ฉ๋ฆฌํธ (James Merritt), 2000๋
๋ถํฐ 2002๋
๊น์ง ๋จ๋ถ ์นจ๋ก๊ต ์ดํ ํ์ฅ
Grady Nutt, ์ข
๊ต์ ์ ๋จธ ๋ก ์ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ; 1982๋
๊ณต์ต์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋งํ๋ค.
Luis G. Pedraja, ๋ผํด๊ณ ์ ํ์, ์ฒ ํ์, ์๊ฐ, ํ์ ๋ฐ ๊ต์ก์
Cicero Washington Pruitt, ์ค๊ตญ ๋ถ๋ถ ์ ๊ต์ฌ.
๋ธ๋ก ์จ ๋ ์ด (Bronson Ray), ๋จ ์นจ๋กํ ( Southern Baptist Convention )์ ์ธ๋ฌด์์ํ ์ฌ๋ฌด๊ตญ ์ฅ (1928โ1932).
์ธ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ธ ํํ์ ์ฐฝ์์ ์ธ ์๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฒจ ๋ผ์ผ๋ฆฌ
ํ
๋ค์ ํ
ํ ๋ํ๊ต์ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๋ฆฌ ๋ก๋ฒ์จ (Lee Roberson )์ ๋จ ์นจ๋ก๊ต ์น๊ต ์ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์๋ ์ง๋์์ด์ ํ
๋ค์์ฃผ ์ฐจํ ๋๊ฐ (Chattanooga)์ ์๋ Highland Park Baptist Church ๋ชฉ์ฌ
๊ทธ๋ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ์จ๋ฐ ์ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ (Gregory Alan Thornbury), ๋ด์์ ํน์ค ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ง ํ์ฅ (2013โ2018).
Jeff Struecker, ๋ชฉ์ฌ, ์๊ฐ ๋ฐ ์ ๋ฏธ ์ก๊ตฐ ๋ ์ธ์ ์ฑํ๋ฆฐ.
Ed Stetzer, ์ ์, ์ฐ์ฌ, ์ฐ๊ตฌ์, ๋ชฉ์ฌ, ๊ตํ ๊ฐ์ฒ์ ๋ฐ Christian missiologist .
Edwin O. Ware, Sr., ์ผํฐํค ์ถ์ , ๋ฃจ์ด์ง์ ๋์ฃผ ํ์ธ๋น ์ ์๋ ๋ฃจ์ด์ง์ ๋ ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง ํ์ฅ
์ ์์ค ์๋จธ๋ฆฌ ํ์ดํธ (James Emery White), ๋ชฉํ์, ์ ์, ์ ํ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ ๊ต์
Steve Willis, ๋ชฉ์ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฑด๊ฐ ์ด๋๊ฐ
๋ธ๋ผ์ด์ธํธ ๋ผ์ดํธ (Briant Wright), 2010๋
๋ถํฐ 2011๋
๊น์ง ๋จ๋ถ ์นจ๋ก๊ต ์ดํ ํ์ฅ.
๊ต์์ง
์๋ฒํธ ๋ชฐ๋ฌ(R. Albert Moher, Jr.): ํ ์ด์ฅ, ์กฐ์ง์ ํ ๊ต์์ด์ง๋ง ์์
์ด ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ๋๋ฌผ๋ค.
๋ง์ดํด ํค์ดํจ(Michael Haykin), ๊ตํ ์ญ์ฌ ๊ต์.
๊ธฐ๋
๊ต ๊ฐ์กฑ ์ฌ์ญ (2007 ~ ํ์ฌ)์ ์ฌ๊ณผ ํ์์ด์ C. Edwin Gheens ํ์ฅ ์ธ Timothy Paul Jones๋ ๊ตํ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์กฑ ์ฌ์ญ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ถ์ผ์์์ ์ผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์กฑ ํตํฉ ๊ตํ์ ๋ํ ๊ทธ์ ๋นํ์ ๋ํด ์ธ๊ธํ๋ค.
ํ ๋ง์ค ์๋ผ์ด๋(Thomas Schreiner): ์ ์ฝํ์์ด์ ๋ฐ์ธ์์ ์์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ๊ถ์์.
ํผํฐ ์ ํธ๋ฆฌ(Peter Gentry): ๊ตฌ์ฝํ์ ๋ฐ Semitic ์ธ์ด ํ์.
๋ธ๋ฃจ์ค ์จ์ด(Bruce Ware): ์ ํ์, ํธ๋ฆฌ๋ํฐ ๋ณต์์ฃผ์ ์ ํ๊ต์ ์ฑ์ ๋ฐ ์ฒด๊ณ ์ ํ๋ถ ์ ํ์ฅ, ๋ณต์์ฃผ์ ์ ํํ ํ์ฅ .
๊ทธ๋ ์๋ฆฌ์จ(Gregg Allison): ์กฐ์ง์ ํ ๊ต์.
ํ ๋ง์ค ๋คํ์ค(Thomas J. Nettles): ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ธ ์นจ๋ก๊ต ์ญ์ฌ์ ํ ํ์. ์ํด๊ต์์ด๊ธด ํ๋ ๊ฐํน ์์
์ด ์ด๋ฆฐ๋ค.
์ญ๋์ด์ฅ
1888 James Petigru Boyce (1859โ87 ๊ต์์ง ์ ๋ชฉ)
1888๋
~ 1895๋
John Albert Broadus
1895๋
~ 1899๋
William Heth Whitsitt
1899๋
~ 1928๋
Edgar Young Mullins
1929๋
~ 1942๋
John Richard Sampey
1942โ1950 ์๋ฆฌ์ค ์๋ด์ค ํ๋ฌ
1951โ1982 ๊ณต์ ํด ๋ธ๋ฌ ๋งฅ์ฝ
1982โ1993 Roy Lee Honeycutt (๋ก์ด ๋ฆฌ ํ๋ ์ปท)
1993๋
โ ํ์ฌ R. Albert Mohler, Jr.
์ฐธ์กฐ
๋ฃจ์ด๋น ์ฅ๋ก๊ต ์ ํ๊ต
๋ฃจ์ด๋น, ์ผํฐํค์ ์ข
๊ต
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
์ถ๊ฐ ์๋ฃ
๋งํฌ ์ ์์จ ์นจ๋ก๊ต ๋จ์ชฝ์์์ ์๋ฆฌ์ ์ค์ธ ์นด๋ฒ์ ๋
ผ์ (Mercer University Press; 2010) 235 ํ์ด์ง. ๋จ ์นจ๋ก๊ต ์ ํ๊ต์ ์ ๋ช
ํ ๊ต์ (1868 ~ 1954)์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ ๊ต๋จ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฃผ์ ๋
ผ์์ ๊ด์ฌํ๋ค.
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๋จ ์นจ๋ก๊ต ์ ํ๊ต
๋จ ์นจ๋ก๊ต ์ ํ๊ต ์ปฌ๋ ์
โ Furman University ํน๋ณ ์ปฌ๋ ์
SBTS
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ ํ๊ต
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์นจ๋ก๊ต
์ผํฐํค์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ๋
๊ต
๋ฃจ์ด๋น์ ๋ํ๊ต
์นจ๋ก๊ต ์ ํ๊ต
๋จ์นจ๋กํ
1859๋
๊ฐ๊ต | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20Baptist%20Theological%20Seminary | Southern Baptist Theological Seminary | The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary (SBTS) is a Baptist theological institute in Louisville, Kentucky. It is affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention. The seminary was founded in 1859 in Greenville, South Carolina, where it was at first housed on the campus of Furman University. The seminary has been an innovator in theological education, establishing one of the first Ph.D. programs in religion in the year 1892. After being closed during the Civil War, it moved in 1877 to a newly built campus in downtown Louisville and moved to its current location in 1926 in the Crescent Hill neighborhood. In 1953, Southern became one of the few seminaries to offer a full, accredited degree course in church music. For more than fifty years Southern has been one of the world's largest theological seminaries, with an FTE (full-time equivalent) enrollment of over 3,300 students in 2015.
History
19th Century to Early 20th Century (1835โ1950)
Basil Manly Sr. first issued a call for a new seminary for Baptists in the south in 1835. Over the next two decades, he was the driving force in a movement to establish the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary.
In 1856, South Carolina Baptists gathered together and met in Greenville, South Carolina with James P. Boyce to discuss the need to finance a seminary. In that meeting, Southern Baptists agreed to pledge $100,000 in the establishment of a theological school. In 1857, Boyce convinced members of the convention in Louisville, KY to approve a motion to establish The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. In the fall of 1859, Southern began its first academic year with 26 students. The seminary continued to grow until it temporarily closed from 1861 to 1865 due to American Civil War. After the war, the seminary had to recover at a different location. The Board of Trustees along with Boyce decided the new location would be the seminary's current location of Louisville, Kentucky.
In 1889, John A. Broadus became the seminary's second President. Attendance and enrollment continued to grow and the Master of Divinity (M.Div.) and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) began to be offered as graduate degrees starting in the early 1890s. After Broadus, William Whitsitt became the third President of Southern in 1895. After a difficult tenure along with controversy dealing with Landmarkism amongst Baptists during that period, Whitsitt was succeeded by E.Y. Mullins (Boyce's College main dormitory is named after him) as president. Under Mullins, the seminary reached an endowment of an estimated 1.8 million dollars. It was during the early 1900s when women were beginning to be admitted to the classes.
Modern History (1950sโpresent)
In 1951, Duke McCall became the President of Southern. Under McCall's leadership. the School of Religious Education was established to prepare students for Christian education. Three academic schools were organized: School of Religious Education, School of Theology, and the School of Music. A chair in evangelism was dedicated to the American evangelist Billy Graham in 1966. Southern began to offer the Doctor of Ministry (D.Min.) program in 1970. Enrollment under McCall reached an estimated 1,500 students. Boyce College (known as Boyce Bible College at the time) was established as an adult education program in 1974. McCall retired in 1981 and his legacy has drawn praise and controversy.
Roy Honeycutt succeeded McCall as the 8th President of Southern in 1981. Under his leadership, the seminary opened the Carver School of Church Social Work and reached an all-time peak in enrollment of students in 1986. Honeycutt also oversaw the leadership of the seminary during a tumultuous time within the Southern Baptist Convention, now known as the Southern Baptist Convention conservative resurgence. After the election of Adrian Rogers as the President of the Southern Baptist Convention, the school began to slowly return to its traditional theological positions such as the inerrancy of Scripture. Honeycutt retired in 1992.
The seminary Board of Trustee's then elected R. Albert Mohler as the 9th President of Southern in 1993. Under Mohler's leadership, every member of the faculty was required to sign the confession of the seminary known as the "Abstract of Principles" and the "Baptist Faith and Message". They were also required to believe that the Bible is without any error. Boyce Bible College, then an adult education program, was reorganized and established as an undergraduate college. In 2017, the seminary experienced the largest enrollment of students ever in the school's history with over 5,000 students enrolled.
For the year 2021โ2022, it had 4,448 students.
Campus
In the wake of the Civil War, the seminary suspended classes for several years. With the financial help of several wealthy Baptists, including John D. Rockefeller and a group of Kentucky business leaders who promised to underwrite the construction of a new campus, the seminary relocated to Fifth Street and Broadway in downtown Louisville, Kentucky, in 1877.
In 1926, during the administration of Southern president Edgar Y. Mullins, the seminary occupied "The Beeches", a suburban campus east of the city center designed by the Frederick Law Olmsted firm. The campus now contains 10 academic and residential buildings in Georgian architecture and three housing villages for married students.
Civil rights history
In 1951, President Duke Kimbrough McCall integrated the campus, in defiance of Kentucky state laws that established segregation at public facilities. At the height of the Civil Rights Movement, Southern would become the only SBC agency to host a visit by Baptist minister and civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. (1961). During King's address at SBTS, he mentioned he had been to the seminary's chapel several times in the past when accompanying his mother since King's mother was an organist for the Women's Auxiliary of the National Baptist Convention.
As a result, many donors withheld their gifts to Southern, and some demanded McCall's resignation for letting King speak in the seminary chapel.
In 2018, a report was released about its connections to slavery. Controversy regarding this subject was circulated and interracial ministers coalition requested The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary to financially support nearby black colleges as a result. Despite the request, The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary denied the request. As a response to the request, President R. Albert Mohler Jr. and board Chair F.Matthew Schmucker released the following statement:โWe agree with the policy of the Southern Baptist Convention in this regard, and we do not believe that financial reparations are the appropriate response,โ There are claims stating that the founders owned more than 50 slaves.
Administration and organizational structure
In 1938, Southern was among the first group of seminaries and divinity schools accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada. Thirty years later, in 1968, Southern was one of the first seminaries to be accredited by its regional accrediting body, Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.
Throughout its history, Southern has been an innovator in theological education, establishing one of the first Ph.D. programs in religion (1892), the first department of Christian missions (1902), the first curriculum in religious education (1925), and the first accredited, seminary-based social work program (1984).
In 1953, President McCall and the trustees reorganized the institution along the lines of a small university. The curriculum was distributed among three graduate-professional schoolsโTheology, headed by Dean Penrose St. Amant; Religious Education, led by Dean Gaines S. Dobbins; and Church Music, under Dean Forrest Heeren.
In 1984, Anne Davis became founding dean of the Carver School of Church Social Work, which launched the first seminary-based Master of Social Work program to be accredited by the Council on Social Work Education (1987). The school was disbanded in 1997 by a subsequent seminary administration. It decided that secular social work was inappropriate for a seminary, and replaced the program with a school for training evangelists, missionaries and church-growth specialists.
In 1968, Southern helped establish Kentuckiana Metroversity, a local consortium of two seminaries, two state universities, a community college and two private colleges. They offer a joint library catalog, cross-registration of any student in any member institution, and faculty and cultural exchanges. In 1970, Southern helped create the Theological Education Association of Mid-America (TEAM-A), one of the United States' first seminary "clusters," a consortium of five schools related to the Presbyterian, Wesleyan Methodist, Disciples of Christ, Roman Catholic and Baptist traditions. They provide inter-institutional team teaching, cross-registration among students, and a joint library catalog.
The seminary is governed by a board of trustees nominated and elected by the SBC. It receives almost one-third of its $31ย million annual budget from the SBC Cooperative Program, the unified financial support system that distributes gifts from the congregations to the agencies and institutions of the denomination. In fiscal year 2007โ08, Southern received $9.5ย million through the Cooperative Program. Its endowments and invested reserves totaled $78ย million.
Southern is currently organized into three schools:
The School of Theology
The Billy Graham School of Missions, Evangelism, and Ministry
Boyce College
Academics, philosophy and faculty
The seminary's mission statement is: "Under the Lordship of Jesus Christ, the mission of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary is to be totally committed to the Bible as the Word of God, to the Great Commission as our mandate, and to be a servant of the churches of the Southern Baptist Convention by training, educating, and preparing ministers of the gospel for more faithful service."
Southern was one of the first seminaries in the nation to offer the PhD degree, beginning in 1892. During the 1970s and 1980s, it had the largest accredited PhD program in religion in the United States. It was the first seminary in the nation to offer courses in religious education, beginning in 1903. This program ultimately expanded into a School of Religious Education in 1953.
In 1907, William Owen Carver founded the Women's Missionary Union Training School, which eventually became the Carver School of Missions and Social Work.
In 1910, Southern established the Norton Lectures, a series of lectures on "Science and Philosophy in their Relations to Religion." Speakers have included conservative scholars William A. Dembski, Marvin Olasky, Gregory Alan Thornbury, and Alvin Plantinga.
In 1953, Southern became one of the few seminaries to offer a full, accredited degree course in church music.
After endowing the Billy Graham Chair of Evangelism in 1965 (the first such professorship in any Baptist seminary), Southern expanded it in 1994 into the Billy Graham School of Missions, Evangelism and Church Growth. It is the first program in the SBC dedicated solely to training missionaries and evangelists.
In the 1980s, Southern became the first seminary or divinity school to establish a school of church social work offering an accredited, seminary-based M.S.W. degree.
In 1993, the seminary's president Albert Mohler came into office re-affirming the seminary's historic "Abstract of Principles", part of the original charter of Southern created in 1858. The charter stated that every Professor must agree to "teach in accordance with, and not contrary to, the Abstract of Principles hereinafter laid down" and that "a departure" from the principles in the Abstract of Principles would be grounds for resignation or removal by the Trustees.
Mohler, following these instructions, required that current professors affirm, without any spoken or unspoken reservations, the Abstract of Principles. Professors were also asked to affirm the Baptist Faith and Message (BF&M, the doctrinal statement of the SBC), since Southern is an agency of the SBC and the SBC mandated affirmation of the BF&M as a requirement for continued employment. An overwhelming majority of faculty affirmed the Abstract of Principles, but declined to affirm some of the doctrines stated in the BF&M which had recently been amended to bring it in line with more conservative positions held by the SBC. In the wake of the subsequent dismissal or resignation of a large percentage of the faculty, Southern has replaced them with new professors who agree to adhere to the BF&M in addition to the seminary's Abstract of Principles.
In 2005, Southern revised its pastoral care and counseling major. It ended the counseling program which it had been offering since the 1950s, under Wayne Oates and his colleagues. It replaced it with the "Nouthetic Counseling" or Bible-based counseling program, championed by Jay E. Adams since the 1970s. The dean of Southern Seminary's school of theology stated that the change was necessary because a successful integration of modern psychology and theology was not possible.
Notable associates
Alumni
Jason K. Allen, President of Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary 2012โPresent
Charles C. Baldwin, Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force 2004โ2008
Reginald Bibby, sociologist
LaVerne Butler, pastor of 9th & O Baptist Church in Louisville, 1969โ1988; president of Mid-Continent University in Mayfield, 1988โ1997, leader of conservative resurgence in Southern Baptist Convention in the 1970s and 1980s
Douglas Carver, Chief of Chaplains of the United States Army 2007โ2011
Chris Clarke, missionary to the equestrian community in Kentucky and neighboring states
Dondi E. Costin, Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force 2015โ2018, 6th President of Liberty University 2023โPresent
W.A. Criswell, pastor of the First Baptist Church of Dallas, Texas; author; and president of the Southern Baptist Convention (1969โ1970).
Miguel A. De La Torre, author on Hispanic religious life; social ethics professor at Iliff School of Theology in Denver, CO, 1999โpresent.
Mark Dever, pastor of Capitol Hill Baptist Church; well-known speaker, author, and theologian.
Amzi Dixon, pastor of Moody Church, Chicago, IL (1906โ1911); and Metropolitan Tabernacle, London, England (1911โ1919).
Wilmer Clemont Fields (1922โ2018), vice president for public relations for the Southern Baptist Convention; editor of Baptist Record and Baptist Program; director of the Baptist Press.
Steven Furtick, pastor of Elevation Church; well-known pastor, speaker, and author.
Jimmy Scroggins, Pastor of Family Church in West Palm Beach (multi campus neighborhood strategy church), creator of 3 Circles Evangelism Tool, former Dean of Boyce College.
David P. Gushee, Christian ethicist, historian, public intellectual, and Holocaust scholar.
Paul R. House, scholar, author, and seminary professor.
Ben Campbell Johnson, Professor Emeritus at Columbia Theological Seminary, author
Clarence Jordan, founder of Koinonia Farm (forerunner of Habitat for Humanity) and Greek scholar who translated the New Testament into a Cotton Patch version using the vernacular of the Civil Rights era in the South.
R.T. Kendall, pastor of Westminster Chapel, London, England, 1977โ2002.
Pleasant Daniel Gold, Baptist pastor and newspaper publisher
Matt Lockett, member of the Kentucky House of Representatives for the 39th District, 2021โPresent
David Gordon Lyon, Hollis Chair at Harvard Divinity School and founding curator of Semitic Museum
James Merritt, pastor, president of the Southern Baptist Convention from 2000 to 2002
Russell D. Moore, second president of the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission.
J. Frank Norris, fundamentalist Baptist pastor, trustee at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, established Arlington Baptist College.
Grady Nutt, religious humorist and national television personality; died in air crash, 1982.
Wayne Oates, an American psychologist and religious educator who coined the word 'workaholic'.
Luis G. Pedraja, Latino theologian, philosopher, author, scholar and educator
Cicero Washington Pruitt, missionary to Northern China.
Bronson Ray, Executive Secretary of the Foreign Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention (1928โ1932).
William Bell Riley, late founder of the World Christian Fundamentals Association
Lee Roberson, founder of Tennessee Temple University, influential leader in the Southwide Baptist Fellowship, and former pastor of Highland Park Baptist Church in Chattanooga, Tennessee
Gregory Alan Thornbury, president of The King's College in New York City (2013โ2018).
Jeff Struecker, pastor, author, and former US Army Ranger Chaplain.
Ed Stetzer, author, speaker, researcher, pastor, church planter, and Christian missiologist.
John D. W. Watts, Old Testament Scholar and Theologian, Old Testament Editor for the Word Biblical Commentary, Professor.
Edwin O. Ware Sr., Kentucky native who was first president of Louisiana College in Pineville, Louisiana
James Emery White, pastor, author, and Professor of Theology and Culture
Steve Willis, pastor and health activist
Norman Barton Wood, pastor, author, lecturer
Bryant Wright, pastor, president of the Southern Baptist Convention from 2010 to 2011.
Faculty
Peter Gentry, Old Testament scholar and Semitic linguist.
Michael Haykin, Professor of Church History.
Timothy Paul Jones, apologist and C. Edwin Gheens Chair of Christian Family Ministry (2007โpresent), noted for his response to Misquoting Jesus by Bart D. Ehrman and for his critique of family integrated church.
Thomas R. Schreiner, New Testament scholar.
Crawford Howell Toy (1869โ1879), Hebrew and Old Testament scholar. Dismissed for his views on biblical inspiration and evolution.
Bruce Ware, theologian, former Chairman of the Department of Biblical and Systematic Theology at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School and former president of the Evangelical Theological Society.
Presidents
See also
Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary
Religion in Louisville, Kentucky
References
Further reading
Mark R. Wilson. William Owen Carver's Controversies in the Baptist South (Mercer University Press; 2010) 235 pages. Biography of a prominent professor (1868โ1954) at The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary who was involved in several major controversies in the denomination.
Robert P. Jones, White Too Long โ The Legacy of White Supremacy in American Christianity (Simon & Schuster Paperbacks; 2020) 314 pages.
External links
Southern Baptist Theological Seminary Collection โ Furman University Special Collections
Universities and colleges established in 1859
1859 establishments in South Carolina
1877 establishments in Kentucky
Seminaries and theological colleges affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention
Baptist organizations established in the 19th century
Baptist Christianity in Kentucky
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Christianity in Louisville, Kentucky
Seminaries and theological colleges in Kentucky
Universities and colleges in Louisville, Kentucky |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%B9%98%EB%B3%BC%EB%93%9C%20%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%8D%94%20%ED%98%B8%EC%A7%80 | ์์น๋ณผ๋ ์๋ ์ฐ๋ ํธ์ง | ์์น๋ณผ๋ ์๋ ์ฐ๋ ํธ์ง(Archibald Alexander Hodge, 1823๋
7์ 18์ผ โ 1886๋
11์ 12์ผ)๋ 1823๋
7์ 18์ผ ์ ๋ช
ํ ์ ํ์ ์ฐฐ์ค ํธ์ง์ ์๋ค๋ก ํ์ด๋์ 1878๋
์์ 1886๋
๊น์ง ํ๋ฆฐ์คํด ์ ํ๊ต์์ ์กฐ์ง์ ํ์ ๊ฐ์ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์ฅ์ ํ์๋ค.
์ ๊ธฐ
๊ทธ๋ 1823๋
7์ 18์ผ ๋ด์ ์ง ํ๋ฆฐ์คํด์ ์ฌ๋ผ์ ์ฐฐ์ค ํซ์ง์ฌ์ด์์ ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ํ๋ฆฐ์คํด ์ ํ๊ต์ ์ฒซ ๊ต์ฅ, ์์น๋ณผ๋ ์๋ ์ฐ๋์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ฐฐ์ค๋ผ๊ณ ์ง์ด์ก๋ค.
ํซ์ง๋ 1841๋
๋ด์ ์ง ๋ํ (ํ๊ธฐ ํ๋ฆฐ์คํด ๋ํ๊ต)์ ์
ํํ ํ 1847๋
ํ๋ฆฐ์คํด ์ ํ๊ต์ ์
ํํ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ ์ธ๋์์ 3๋
๊ฐ (1847 โ 1850) ์ ๊ต์ฌ๋ก ๋ด์ฌํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฉ๋ฆด๋๋ ์ฃผ ๋ก์ด ์จ์คํธ ๋
ธํ
์ (1851 โ 1855) , ๋ฒ์ง๋์์ฃผ ํ๋ ๋ ๋ฆญ์ค ๋ฒ๊ทธ (1855 โ 1861) , ํ์ค๋ฒ ์ด๋์์ฃผ ์ํฌ์ค ๋ฐ๋ (1861 โ 1864)์์ ๋ชฉํ๋ฅผ ํ์๋ค. 1864๋
์ ๊ทธ๋ ํ์ค๋ฒ ์ด๋์์ฃผ ํผ์ธ ๋ฒ๊ทธ์ ์๋ ์๋ถ ์ ํ๊ต (์ดํ ํผ์ธ ๋ฒ๊ทธ ์ ํ๊ต )์ ์กฐ์ง์ ํ ๊ต์๋ก ์ด์ฒญ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ณณ์์ ๊ทธ๋ 1877๋
์ ์กฐ์ง์ ํ์๋ก ์ ๋ช
ํ ๊ทธ์ ์๋ฒ์ง ์ฐฐ์ค ํซ์ง๊ฐ ์๋ ํ๋ฆฐ์คํด ์ ํ๊ต์ ์กฐ๊ต์๋ก ์ด์ฒญ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 1878๋
์๋ ์กฐ์ง์ ํ๊ณผ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๊ต์์ง์ ๋งก์๋ค.
์ ํ
๊ทธ๋ ์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ข
๊ต๊ณผํ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ ์ํ์๋ค.
๊ฐํ๋ฌผ
The Rule of Faith and Practice
The Protestant rule of faith
The Rules of Interpreting Scripture
The Holy Scriptures - Canon and Inspiration (Part 1) (Part 2)
The Inspiration of the Bible
Commentary on the Westminster Confession of Faith
God - His Nature And Relation To The Universe
Assurance and Humility
A Short History of Creeds and Confessions
God's Covenants With Man--The Church
Baptism
The Mode of Baptism
Sanctification (revised by B.B. Warfield)
Free Will
Outlines of Theology
Justification (Part 1) (Part 2) (Part 3)
Predestination
Selected Essays by Archibald Alexander Hodge
A commentary on the Confession of Faith : with questions for theological students and Bible classes
(1869) https://archive.org/details/commentaryonconf00hodguoft (Robarts - University of Toronto)
(1869) https://archive.org/details/acommentaryonthe00hodguoft (Knox - University of Toronto)
(1869) https://archive.org/details/commentaryonconf00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
(1901 printing) https://archive.org/details/commentaryonconf1901hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
A commentary on the confession of faith [of the Assembly of divines] ed. by W.H. Goold (1870)
https://archive.org/details/acommentaryonco00hodggoog (Oxford University)
Comentario de la Confesion de fe de Westminster de la Iglesia Presbiteriana (1897)
https://archive.org/details/comentariodelaco00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
The atonement (1867)
(1867) https://archive.org/details/theatonement00hodguoft (Trinity College - University of Toronto)
(1867) https://archive.org/details/atonement00hodguoft (Robarts - University of Toronto)
(1867) https://archive.org/details/atonement00publgoog (New York Public Library)
(1867) https://archive.org/details/atonement00hodg (New York Public Library)
Outlines of theology
(1860) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo1860hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
(1861) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
(1863) https://archive.org/details/outlinestheolog03hodggoog (Harvard University)
(1863) (ed. by W.H. Goold) https://archive.org/details/outlinestheolog01hodggoog (Oxford University)
(1865) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo1865hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
(1866) https://archive.org/details/outlinestheolog02hodggoog (unknown library)
(1876) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheo00hodg (New York Public Library)
(1877) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo00hodguoft (Emmanuel - University of Toronto)
(1878) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo1878hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
(1879) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo1879hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
(1879) (ed. by W.H. Goold) https://archive.org/details/outlinestheolog00hodggoog (Oxford University)
There is also a companion to this book by William Passmore (1873)A compendium of evangelical theology given in the words of holy Scripture https://archive.org/details/acompendiumevan00unkngoog
The life of Charles Hodge ... professor in the Theological seminary, Princeton, N.J. (1880)
https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharleshodg00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharleshod00hodg0 (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharlesh00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharleshod00hodgrich (University of California Libraries)
https://archive.org/details/lifecharleshodg01hodggoog (University of California)
https://archive.org/details/lifecharleshodg02hodggoog (New York Public Library)
(1881) https://archive.org/details/lifecharleshodg00hodggoog (Oxford University)
Popular lectures on theological themes (1887)
https://archive.org/details/popularlectures00hodggoog
https://archive.org/details/popularlectures00publgoog
https://archive.org/details/popularlectures00hodguoft
https://archive.org/details/popularlectureso00hodg
Inspiration (1881) (Reprinted from the Presbyterian review, April, 1881) https://archive.org/details/inspiration00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
Westminster doctrine anent holy scripture : tractates by professors A. A. Hodge and Warfield (1891)
https://archive.org/details/westminsterdoct00howi (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
Manual of forms for baptism, admission to the communion, administration of the Lord's Supper, marriage and funerals : conformed to the doctrine and discipline of the Presbyterian Church (1877)
https://archive.org/details/manualofformsfor00hodg
https://archive.org/details/manualofforms00hodg
(1882 copyright, 1883 published) https://archive.org/details/manualofforms00hodguoft (Emmanuel - University of Toronto)
The system of theology contained in the Westminster shorter catechism opened and explained (1888) https://archive.org/details/systemoftheology00hodg
Questions on the text of the Systematic Theology of Dr. Charles Hodge : together with an exhibition of various schemes illustrating the principles of theological construction (by A. A. Hodge)(1885)
https://archive.org/details/questionsontexto00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
Address at the funeral of the Rev. Henry Augustus Boardman, D.D. (1881)
https://archive.org/details/addressatfuneral00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
Van Dyke, Joseph Smith (1886) Theism and evolution : an examination of modern speculative theories as related to theistic conceptions of the universe. With an introduction by Archibal Alexander Hodge
https://archive.org/details/theismandevolut00vanduoft (Trinity College - University of Toronto)
https://archive.org/details/theismevolutione00vand (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
๋
ผ๋ฌธ
๊ฐ์ฃผ
1886๋
์ฌ๋ง
1823๋
์ถ์
ํ๋ฆฐ์คํด ์ ํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
ํ๋ฆฐ์คํด ๋ํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฅ๋ก๊ต๋
์กฐ์ง์ ํ์
์นผ๋ฑ
ํ์ ๊ฐํํ ๊ธฐ๋
๊ต์ธ
์ฅ๋ก๊ต ๋ชฉ์ฌ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ณต์์ฃผ์์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald%20Alexander%20Hodge | Archibald Alexander Hodge | Archibald Alexander Hodge (July 18, 1823 โ November 12, 1886), an American Presbyterian leader, was the principal of Princeton Seminary between 1878 and 1886.
Biography
He was born on July 18, 1823, to Sarah and Charles Hodge in Princeton, New Jersey. He was named after Charles' mentor, the first principal of Princeton Seminary, Archibald Alexander.
Hodge attended the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University) in 1841 and then Princeton Theological Seminary in 1847.
He served as a missionary in India for three years (1847โ1850). He held pastorates at Lower West Nottingham, Maryland (1851โ1855), Fredericksburg, Virginia (1855โ1861), and Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania (1861โ1864). In 1864 he accepted a call to the chair of systematic theology in Western Theological Seminary (later Pittsburgh Theological Seminary) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. There he remained until in 1877 he was called to Princeton to be the associate of his father, Charles Hodge, in the distinguished chair of systematic theology. He took on the full responsibilities of the chair of systematic theology in 1878.
He died on November 12, 1886, in Princeton, New Jersey, from "a severe cold ... which settled in his kidneys".
Influence
At the time of his death, he was a trustee of the College of New Jersey and a leader in the Presbyterian Church. His interests extended beyond religion. He touched the religious world at many points. During the years immediately preceding his death he did not slacken his work, but continued his work of writing, preaching, lecturing, making addresses, coming into contact with men, influencing them, and by doing so widening the influence of Christianity. Among the most influential was an article titled Inspiration that began a series in the Presbyterian Review which established the discipline of biblical theology as a historical science. This article was coauthored with B. B. Warfield in 1880.
Characteristics
Hodge's distinguishing characteristic as a theologian was his power as a thinker. He had a mind of singular acuteness, and though never a professed student of metaphysics, he was essentially and by nature a metaphysician. His theology was that of the Reformed confessions. He had no peculiar views and no peculiar method of organizing theological dogmas; in this he may be identified with his father, who claimed at the end of his life that he had taught and written nothing new. Though he taught the same theology that his father had taught before him, he was independent as well as reverent. His first book and that by which he is best known was his Outlines of Theology (New York City, 1860; enlarged ed., 1878; reprinted 1996, ), which was translated into Welsh, modern Greek, and Hindustani. The Atonement (Philadelphia, 1867; reprinted 1989, ) is still one of the best treatises on the subject. This was followed by his commentary on the Westminster Confession of Faith (1869, ), a very useful book, full of clear thinking and compact statement. He contributed some important articles to encyclopedias โ Johnson's, McClintock and Strong's, and the Schaff-Herzog (the Schaff-Herzog encyclopedia furnished the kernel from which this article developed). He was one of the founders of the Presbyterian Review, to the pages of which he was a frequent contributor.
Sermons
In the pulpit, Hodge had few sermons, and he preached them frequently. They were never written nor deliberately planned. They grew from small beginnings and, as he went through the process of thinking them over as often as he preached them, they gradually became more elaborate.
Publications
The Rule of Faith and Practice
The Protestant rule of faith
The Rules of Interpreting Scripture
The Holy Scriptures - Canon and Inspiration (Part 1) (Part 2)
The Inspiration of the Bible
Commentary on the Westminster Confession of Faith
God - His Nature And Relation To The Universe
Assurance and Humility
A Short History of Creeds and Confessions
God's Covenants With Man--The Church
Baptism
The Mode of Baptism
Sanctification (revised by B.B. Warfield)
Free Will
Outlines of Theology
Justification (Part 1) (Part 2) (Part 3)
Predestination
Selected Essays by Archibald Alexander Hodge
A commentary on the Confession of Faith : with questions for theological students and Bible classes
(1869) https://archive.org/details/commentaryonconf00hodguoft (Robarts - University of Toronto)
(1869) https://archive.org/details/acommentaryonthe00hodguoft (Knox - University of Toronto)
(1869) https://archive.org/details/commentaryonconf00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
(1901 printing) https://archive.org/details/commentaryonconf1901hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
A commentary on the confession of faith [of the Assembly of divines] ed. by W.H. Goold (1870)
https://archive.org/details/acommentaryonco00hodggoog (Oxford University)
Comentario de la Confesion de fe de Westminster de la Iglesia Presbiteriana (1897)
https://archive.org/details/comentariodelaco00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
The atonement (1867)
(1867) https://archive.org/details/theatonement00hodguoft (Trinity College - University of Toronto)
(1867) https://archive.org/details/atonement00hodguoft (Robarts - University of Toronto)
(1867) https://archive.org/details/atonement00publgoog (New York Public Library)
(1867) https://archive.org/details/atonement00hodg (New York Public Library)
Outlines of theology
(1860) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo1860hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
(1861) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
(1863) https://archive.org/details/outlinestheolog03hodggoog (Harvard University)
(1863) (ed. by W.H. Goold) https://archive.org/details/outlinestheolog01hodggoog (Oxford University)
(1865) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo1865hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
(1866) https://archive.org/details/outlinestheolog02hodggoog (unknown library)
(1876) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheo00hodg (New York Public Library)
(1877) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo00hodguoft (Emmanuel - University of Toronto)
(1878) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo1878hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
(1879) https://archive.org/details/outlinesoftheolo1879hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
(1879) (ed. by W.H. Goold) https://archive.org/details/outlinestheolog00hodggoog (Oxford University)
There is also a companion to this book by William Passmore (1873)A compendium of evangelical theology given in the words of holy Scripture https://archive.org/details/acompendiumevan00unkngoog
The life of Charles Hodge ... professor in the Theological seminary, Princeton, N.J. (1880)
https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharleshodg00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharleshod00hodg0 (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharlesh00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharleshod00hodgrich (University of California Libraries)
https://archive.org/details/lifecharleshodg01hodggoog (University of California)
https://archive.org/details/lifecharleshodg02hodggoog (New York Public Library)
(1881) https://archive.org/details/lifecharleshodg00hodggoog (Oxford University)
Popular lectures on theological themes (1887)
https://archive.org/details/popularlectures00hodggoog
https://archive.org/details/popularlectures00publgoog
https://archive.org/details/popularlectures00hodguoft
https://archive.org/details/popularlectureso00hodg
Inspiration (1881) (Reprinted from the Presbyterian review, April, 1881) https://archive.org/details/inspiration00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
Westminster doctrine anent holy scripture : tractates by professors A. A. Hodge and Warfield (1891)
https://archive.org/details/westminsterdoct00howi (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
Manual of forms for baptism, admission to the communion, administration of the Lord's Supper, marriage and funerals : conformed to the doctrine and discipline of the Presbyterian Church (1877)
https://archive.org/details/manualofformsfor00hodg
https://archive.org/details/manualofforms00hodg
(1882 copyright, 1883 published) https://archive.org/details/manualofforms00hodguoft (Emmanuel - University of Toronto)
The system of theology contained in the Westminster shorter catechism opened and explained (1888) https://archive.org/details/systemoftheology00hodg
Questions on the text of the Systematic Theology of Dr. Charles Hodge : together with an exhibition of various schemes illustrating the principles of theological construction (by A. A. Hodge)(1885)
https://archive.org/details/questionsontexto00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
Address at the funeral of the Rev. Henry Augustus Boardman, D.D. (1881)
https://archive.org/details/addressatfuneral00hodg (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
Van Dyke, Joseph Smith (1886) Theism and evolution : an examination of modern speculative theories as related to theistic conceptions of the universe. With an introduction by d Alexander Hodge
https://archive.org/details/theismandevolut00vanduoft (Trinity College - University of Toronto)
https://archive.org/details/theismevolutione00vand (Princeton Theological Seminary Library)
Articles
References
External links
1823 births
1886 deaths
American Calvinist and Reformed theologians
American Presbyterians
American evangelicals
Princeton Theological Seminary faculty
People from Fredericksburg, Virginia
Presbyterian Church in the United States of America ministers
Christianity in Pittsburgh
Religious leaders from Pittsburgh
Contributors to the SchaffโHerzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
19th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Presidents of Calvinist and Reformed seminaries
Pittsburgh Theological Seminary faculty
Princeton University alumni
Princeton Theological Seminary alumni
19th-century American clergy |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0%20%EC%9E%A5%EB%8B%98%20%EC%B9%98%EB%A3%8C | ์๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฅ๋ ์น๋ฃ | ์ธ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณต๊ด๋ณต์์๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค๋์ ์๋ ์ ์ ์ผ์ด๋ ์๋ฆฌ๊ณ (๊ณต๋๋ฒ์ญ), ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ (๊ฐ์ ๊ต), ์๋ฆฌ์ฝ(๊ฐํจ๋ฆญ)์์์ ์ฅ๋ ์น๋ฃ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ์ธ๊ธํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ง๋ฅด์ฝ์ ๋ณต์์๋ ๊ทธ ์ฅ๋์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅดํฐ๋งค์ค(๊ณต๋๋ฒ์ญ, ๊ฐํจ๋ฆญ), ๋ฐ๋๋งค์ค(๊ฐ์ ๊ต) ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ์๊ณ , ๋งํ์ค์ ๋ณต์์์ ๋ฃจ๊ฐ์ ๋ณต์์๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ด์ผ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๊ฐ
์์์ ์ ์๋ค์ด ์๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ ๋ค๋ ธ๋ค๊ฐ ๊ธธ์ ๋ ๋ ๋ ๋ฐ๋ฅดํฐ๋งค์ค๋ ๋ง์ ์ฌ๋์ด ์ ์ ํ๋ผ๊ณ ๊พธ์ง์ ๋์๋ "๋ค์์ ์์ ์์์ฌ ๋๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์์!"๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฅด์ง๋๊ฒ์ ๋ฉ์ถ์ง ์์๋ค. ์์๋ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ผ ํ ๋ค ๋ฌด์์ ํ์ฌ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ํ๋์ง ๋ฌป๋๋ฐ, ๋ฐ๋ฅดํฐ๋งค์ค๋ ๋ณผ ์ ์๊ฒ ํด์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ตํ๋ค. ์์๋ ๊ทธ์ ๋ฏฟ์์ด ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ ๊ณง ๋ณด๊ฒ ๋์ด ์์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฅ ์ด๋ฅธ ๋ฒ์ ์ธ ๋ง๊ฐ๋ณต์ 10:46-52์์๋ ๋ฐ๋ฅดํฐ๋งค์ค(ํฐ๋งค์ค์ ์๋ค์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ป)๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋๋จผ ๊ฑฐ์ง๊ฐ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋๋ฐ, ์์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค๋์ ์น์ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์ด๋ค์ค์ ์ด์ฒ๋ผ ์ด๋ฆ์ด ์๋ ค์ง ์ฌ๋์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ ๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฅํ(Uryupin)์ ์ ํ์ ์ฌ๋ ๋ชฐ๋ ์ฝ(Oleg Molenko)๋ ์ด์ฒ๋ผ ์น์ ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ๋๋ค ์ค์ ์ด๋ฆ์ด ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ์๋ค์ ํ๋์ ๊ตํ์์ ์ค๋ซ๋์ ๋ด์ฌํ ์๋ค์ด๊ณ , ๋ฑ์ฅํ์ง ์๋ ์๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋ ์ง ์์ ์๋ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ์์๋ก, ์ํ๋ณต์ 5:2-15์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ๋ชป ์์ 38๋
๊ฐ ์ฅ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฌ๋ด๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ด ๋ฑ์ฅํ์ง ์๋๋ฐ, ์์๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์น ๋ค ๋ ์ฌํด์ง์ง ์๊ฒ ๋ค์๋ ์ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ฒํ์ง ๋ง๋ผ(5:14)๊ณ ํ๋๋ฐ, ์ดํ์ ์ฃ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ธ์ด์ง๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ทธ์๋ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ฅดํฐ๋งค์ค๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ณต์์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ง๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ทธ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ณธ๋ฌธ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ฅดํฐ๋งค์ค๋ ๋ํ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์๊ฒ "๋ค์์ ์์ ์์์ฌ ๋๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์์!"๋ผ ํ๋ ์์ ๊ธฐ๋์ ๊ฐ๋ฅด์นจ์ ์ค๋ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๋๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ทธ๋ ์์ ์์ผ๋ฅผ ์ป์๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ก ์๊ฐ์ ํ๋ณตํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋๋ฐฉ์ ๊ตํ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ด๋ค.
์ด ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ ์ ํ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก๋ ํด์ํ ์ ์๋ค. ์์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค๋๊ฐ ๋๊ตฌ์ธ์ง, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค๋์๊ฒ ๋ฏฟ์์ผ๋ก ๋ค๊ฐ๊ฐ์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค. ์๋ฆฌ ์ง๋ฌ ์์๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ๊ทธ ๋งน์ธ์ ๊ฒ์ท์ ๋ด๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋์์ค๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ์์ ๋ฌผ์ ๋ค์ ๋๊ณ ์์๊ป ๋์์์ผํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์งํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋งน์ธ์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ํํ์ธ "๋ค์์ ์์"์ ์ค์ง ๋ง๊ฐ๋ณต์์์๋ง ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ํํ์ธ๋ฐ, ์์๊ฐ ๋ฉ์์๋ผ๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ์ธ์ ํ๋ ํํ์ด๋ค.
๋งํ๋ณต์ 20:29-34์๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ด ๋์ค์ง ์์ ๋ ๋ช
์ ๋งน์ธ์ด ๋์ค๋๋ฐ, ๊ธธ ๊ฐ์ ์์์๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์์๊ฐ '๋ถ์ํ ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ ' ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋์ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒ ํด์ค๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ์ ์ด ๋ณด๋ค ์๋ถ๋ถ์ธ ๋งํ๋ณต์ 9:27-31์์๋ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ค. ์ด ์ํฉ์์ ์์๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์๊ฒ ๊ณ ์ณ์ง ๊ฒ์ด๋ ๋ฏฟ์์ด ์๋์ง ๋ฌผ์ ๋ค ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ๋ค๊ณ ๋๋ตํ์, ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋ฏฟ์๋๋ก ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ฉฐ ๋์ ๋ง์ ธ ๋ฐํ์ค๋ค. ์์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค๋๋ ์๋ฌด์๊ฒ๋ ์ด ์ผ์ ์๋ฆฌ์ง ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ๋, ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋๊ฐ ์ด ์ผ์ ํผ๋จ๋ฆฐ๋ค.
๋๊ฐ๋ณต์ 18:35-43์ ์ด ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฃจ๊ณ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ฌ๊ธฐ์๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ด ๋ฑ์ฅํ์ง ์๋ ๋งน์ธ์ ์์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค๋๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ ๋ ๋ง์ฃผ์น ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ, ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ก ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ ์ค์ ๋ง์ฃผ์น ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ด ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ ์ญ๊ฐ์ค์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ ์์ ๋์จ๋ค.
๋ค์์ ์์
๋ฒ๋
ผ K. ๋ก๋น์ค(Vernon K. Robbins)๋ ๋ฐ๋ฅดํฐ๋งค์ค์ ์น์ ๊ฐ ๋ง๊ฐ๋ณต์์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ๋ง์ง๋ง ์น์ ๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๊ณ , ์์๊ฐ ์๋ฃจ์ด๋ ์์ ํ ๋ค์์ ์์์ ํ๋์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ธ์์ ์ฃฝ์๊ณผ ์๋์ ๊ฒช๊ฒ ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ด์ ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅด์น ๋ด์ฉ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ด์ง๋๋ค. ์ด ๋งน์ธ์ ์น์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ์ ์์์ ์ ์๋ค์ด '๋งน์ธ'์ฒ๋ผ ์์์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค๋๋จ์ ์์ ํ ์ดํดํ์ง ๋ชปํ ์ฑ ์์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ๊ณ ํต๋ฐ์ ์ฃฝ์ด์ ๋ง๊ฐ๋ณต์ 15: 39์ ๋์ค๋ ๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ ์ด๋ฐฉ์ธ๋ค ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ํ๋๋์ ์๋ค๋ก ์ธ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋๋ ์ฅ์์ธ ์๋ฃจ์ด๋ ์ผ๋ก ๋ค์ด๊ฐ ๊ฒ์ ์ฐ๊ด์ง๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
ํด๋ผ ํ๋ ๋๋ฆญ์ผ(Paula Fredriksen)์ "๋ค์์ ์์"๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ํ์ ๊ฐ ์์์ ์ญ์๊ฐํ๊ณผ ๋ถํ ์ดํ์ ๋ถ์ฌ์ง ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฏฟ๋๋ฐ, ๋งํ์ ๋ง๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ธ๊ธํ ์ด ์น์ ์ฌ๊ฑด์์ "๋ค์์ ์์"์ด๋ผ ์ ํฌํ ๊ฒ์ "์์๊ฐ ์๋ฃจ์ด๋ ์ผ๋ก ๋ ๋๊ธฐ ์ง์ ์, ๊ทธ์ ๊ณ ๋์ ์๊ณ "ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. "๋ค์์ ์์"์ ๋ฉ์์์๊ฒ ๋ถ์ฌ์ง๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ด๋ฏ๋ก, ๋ง๊ฐ์ ์ํ๋ฉด ๋ฐ๋ฅดํฐ๋งค์ค์ ์ธ์นจ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค๋๋ฅผ ์์ธํ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋น๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ง๊ฐ๋ณต์ 8:27-30์ ๋ฒ ๋๋ก์ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑ ์ดํ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋ค.
๋ฐ๋ฅดํฐ๋งค์ค
๋ฐ๋ฅดํฐ๋งค์ค๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ (1) ์ด๊ฒ์ด ์ฑ์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ด๋ฆ์ด๊ณ , (2) ์
์ด์ ํฌ๋ผ์ด๊ฐ ์ด์ํ๊ฒ ํผํฉ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ฉฐ, (3) "ํฐ๋งค์ค์ ์๋ค"์ ๋ฒ์ญํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ ์์ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ ์ด๋ฆ์ด๋ค. ์ผ๋ถ ํ์๋ค์ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ ๋ค์ด ์ด ์ธ๋ฌผ์ ์ค์กด์ ๋ํ ๊ฐํ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ๋๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ์๋ค์ ์ด ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ํ๋ผํค์ ์ฐ์ฃผ๋ก ๊ณผ ์ ํ์ ๋ํ ์ ์์ธ ํฐ๋ง์ด์ค์ค๋ฅผ ๋น์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ํํํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณธ๋ค. ํ๋ผํค์ ์ด ์ ์์์ ์๊ฐ์ ์ง์์ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
๋ ์์๋ณด๊ธฐ
์ ์ฝ ์ ์์์ ์ถ
์์์ ๊ณต์์
์์์ ๋น์
๋ฒ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ์๊ฒฝ
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
Paula Fredriksen, From Jesus to Christ (2000),
Vernon K. Robbins, Jesus the Teacher: A Socio-Rhetorical Interpretation of Mark 2009,
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๋ฐ๋ฅดํฐ๋งค์ค์ ๋ํ ๋ ๋ง์ ์ฌ์ง๋ค
์ค๋ช
์์์ ๊ธฐ์
์ด์์ฐ์ ์น์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healing%20the%20blind%20near%20Jericho | Healing the blind near Jericho | Each of the three Synoptic Gospels tells of Jesus healing the blind near Jericho, as he passed through that town, shortly before his passion.
The Gospel of Mark tells of the curing of a man named Bartimaeus, healed by Jesus as he is leaving Jericho. The Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke include different versions of this story.
Narrative
The Gospel of Mark () tells of the curing of a blind beggar named Bartimaeus (literally "Son of Timaeus"). He is one of the few recipients of healing whose names evangelists let us know. As Jesus is leaving Jericho with his followers, Bartimaeus calls out: 'Son of David, have mercy on me!' and persists even though the crowd tries to silence him. Jesus has them bring the man to him and asks him what he wants; he asks to be able to see. Jesus tells him that his faith has cured him; he immediately receives his sight and follows Jesus.
Apart from telling a miracle story that shows the power of Jesus, the author of the Gospel uses this story to advance a clearly theological purpose. It shows a character who understands who Jesus is and the proper way to respond to him โ with faith. The beggar, on being called to Jesus, discards his cloak, symbolizing the leaving behind of possessions. And the use of the title 'Son of David' โ the only occasion on which this is used in the Gospel of Mark โ serves to identify Jesus as the Messiah. It was also a reference to Jesus' kingly authority, which the Jews would have seen as placing him at odds with Caesar. The emperor was the perceived proper referent of the call of kyrie eleison, as he would have been referred to as kyrios in Greek ('lord' in English).
The Gospel of Matthew has two unnamed blind men, sitting by the roadside; Jesus is 'moved by compassion' and touches their eyes. A version of the same story is told earlier in the narrative, when Jesus is preaching in Galilee. On this occasion, he asks the blind men if they believe he can cure them, and when they assure him that they do, he commends their faith and touches their eyes, restoring their sight. He warns them to tell nobody of this, but they go and spread the news throughout the district. (Matthew 9:27-31)
The Gospel of Luke handles the story in a different way; there is one unnamed blind man, and the author shifts the incident to take place as Jesus is approaching Jericho, so it can lead into the story of Zacchaeus.
Son of David
Vernon K. Robbins emphasizes that the healing of Bartimaeus is the last of Jesusโ healings in Mark, and links Jesus' earlier teaching about the suffering and death of the Son of Man with his Son of David activity in Jerusalem. The story blends the Markan emphasis on the disciples' 'blindness' โ their inability to understand the nature of Jesus' messiahship โ with the necessity of following Jesus into Jerusalem, where his suffering and death make him recognizable to Gentiles as Son of God (see Mark 15:39 where, at the crucifixion, the Roman centurion says "surely this man was son of God").
Paula Fredriksen, who believes that titles such as "Son of David" were applied to Jesus only after the crucifixion and resurrection, argued that Mark and Matthew placed that healing with the proclamation "Son of David!" just before "Jesus' departure for Jerusalem, the long-foreshadowed site of his sufferings." The title "Son of David" is a messianic name. Thus, Bartimaeus' exclamation was, according to Mark, the first public acknowledgement of the Christ, after St. Peter's private confession at Mark .
Bartimaeus
The naming of Bartimaeus is unusual in several respects: (a) the fact that a name is given at all, (b) the strange Semitic-Greek hybrid, with (c) an explicit translation "Son of Timaeus." Some scholars see this as confirmation of a reference to a historical person;<ref>Vincent Taylor. The Gospel according to St. Mark. 1966 St. Martin's Press Inc. p 448.</ref> however, other scholars see a special significance of the story in the figurative reference to Plato's Timaeus who delivers Plato's most important cosmological and theological treatise, involving sight as the foundation of knowledge.
Notes
See also
Life of Jesus in the New Testament
Ministry of Jesus
Parables of Jesus
The Blind Man of Bethsaida
References
Paula Fredriksen, From Jesus to Christ (2000),
Vernon K. Robbins, Jesus the Teacher: A Socio-Rhetorical Interpretation of Mark'' 2009,
Mythological blind people
Miracles of Jesus
Supernatural healing
Gospel of Mark
Gospel of Matthew
Gospel of Luke |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EB%8C%80%ED%98%95%20%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%AC%ED%8F%AC | ์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ | ์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ(่ถ
ๅคงๅๆพๅฐ็ ฒ)๋ ๋ถํ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฐํ ์ต์ ํ 600 mm ๋๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ๋ฅผ ๋งํ๋ค. ํ๊ตญ๊ตฐ ๋ถ๋ฅ์ฝ๋ 19-5 SRBM์ด๋ค. KN-25๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ๋ถ๋ฅธ๋ค. ์ฅ์ฌ์ ํฌ ์ค์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๊ธด 380 km์ด๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ
2019๋
8์ 24์ผ, ๋ถํ์ด ์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ๋ฐ์ฌํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๋ํ๋ค. ๊น์ ์์ด ์ง์ ์ฐธ๊ดํ๋ค. 400 mm ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ๋ฅผ ์ต์ด๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฐํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ธก๋๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ ์จ์ด์ค ๋ก์ผ WS-2D์ ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ์ด 425 mm์ด๋ค. ์ต์ 60 km ์ต๋ 480 km๊น์ง ๋ ์๊ฐ๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค.
24์ผ ์๋ฒฝ ํจ๊ฒฝ๋จ๋ ์ ๋ ์ผ๋์์ ๋ํด ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ฌ์ฒด 2๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ํฉ๋์ฐธ๋ชจ๋ณธ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ฐ์ฌ์ฒด์ ์ต๊ณ ๊ณ ๋๋ 97 km, ๋นํ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฝ 380์ฌ km๋ก ํ์ง๋๋ค.
๋ถํ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐํ ์ฌ์ง์์๋ ์ํตํ ๋ฐ์ฌ๊ด 4๊ฐ๊ฐ ํธ๋ญ์ ์ฅ์ฐฉ๋์ด ์์๋ค. ๋ก์ผ ํ๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์๋ ์นด๋๋๊ฐ ๋ฌ๋ ค ์์๋ค. ๋ฌด์ ๋๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ์ ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ด๋ผ๋ ์๋ฏธ์ด๋ค. ๋ค์ฐ์ฅ ๋ก์ผ์ด ์ ๋๊ฐ ๋๋ฉด์ ์ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 480 km ์ด๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋ฅ ๋จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํ๋ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์๋ฐ, ๋ค๋ง ํ๋์ค๋์ด ๋งค์ฐ ์ ์ ์๋ฏธ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ค.
ํด์ ์ ์์ ๋ถ์ฐ๊น์ง 360 km ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 480 km ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ๋ ์ ์ฃผ๋๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ ๋ ๋จํ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ ์ญ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ ์ ์๋ค.
ํ๋์ค๋ 90 kg ์ฒ๋ฌด๋ ๋จ ํ ๋ฐ๋ก ์์ธ ๊ฒฝ๋ณต๊ถ ์ ์ฒด ๋ฉด์ ์ 70% ์ด์์ ์ดํ ํํ ์ ์๋ค. ํ ๋ฐ์ ์ํ 900๋ฐ์ด ํ์ฌ๋์ด, ์ถ๊ตฌ์ฅ 3๊ฐ ๋ฉด์ ์ ์ดํ ํํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ WS-2D์ ํ๋์ค๋์ 250 kg์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค.
๋ธ๋ผ์ง์๋ 450 mm ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ ์์คํธ๋ก์ค II MLRS๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋งค์ฐ ์งง๋ค.
ํ๊ตญ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค์ ์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ๊ฐ ์ง๊ฒฝ 400 mm๋ฅผ ๋์ด์๋ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ๋ค๊ณ ๋ถ์ํ๋ค.
ํ์ํ
KN-25: ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ 600 mm, ์ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 400 km
์ ํ KN-25: ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ 600 mm, ์ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 500 km
2020๋
10์ ์ด๋ณ์์์ KN-25๋ 4ยท5ยท6์ฐ์ฅ ๋ฑ 3์ข
์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ๋๋ค.
๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ
ํฅํ INF ์กฐ์ฝ ํ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ธํด ์ค๊ตญ์ ์๋ฐํ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ๋ค์ด ํ๊ตญ์ ๋๋ ๋ฐฐ์น๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ฌ์คํ ๋๊ณ ์์ด์, ์ค๊ตญ๋ ๋ถํ์ ๋ํ ์ฒจ๋จ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ํ๋งค๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๊ณต์ ๋์ฑ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ํ ๊ฒ์ด ์์๋๋ค. INF ์กฐ์ฝ ํ๊ธฐ์ ์ฃผ์ํ ์ด์ ๊ฐ, ์ค๊ตญ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋ถํ๊ตฐ์ ๋
ธ๋๊ธ ์ค๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํ๋ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ์ ์์ฒญ๋๊ฒ ๋ฐฐ์นํ๊ณ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ฃผํ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ผ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ ๋ฏธ์๊ฐ์ INF ์กฐ์ฝ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋
ธ๋ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ ๋ฐฐ์น๋ฅผ ์ ํ ๋ชปํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ๋ถ๋ง์ด์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋์ ํฅํ ํ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋๊ท๋ชจ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ ๋ฐฐ์น๋ฅผ ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์๋๋ค.
ํ์ฌ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ๋ง์ด ์๋๋ผ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ก๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋์ ํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌผ๋ฅํ์ ์ผ๋์ผ๋ก, ์ต์ฒจ๋จ IT ์ฐ์
ํ์จ์ด, ๋ฌ๋ฌํ์ ๊ธฐ์ถํตํ ์ธ๊ฐ์ง ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ์ง ํต์ฌ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋งค์ฐ ํฐ ์ํ์ด ๋๊ณ ์์ด์, ์ด๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์๊ณผ ๋ง๋ฌผ๋ ค ๋๋ถ์ ์ฃผํ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ผ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ ์ ๋ ฅ์ ๋ํญ ๊ฐํํ๋ ค๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์๋๊ฐ ์์ฃผ ๋ณด๋๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ฌผ๋ฅํ์ ์ผ๋์ผ๋ก์ ๋ํด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์์ ๋กญ๊ณ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ธ๋ ํํ์ ์ ๋ต์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋์ํ๋ฉฐ ํ๊ตญ์ ์ฐธ์ฌ์ํค๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋๋ฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ต์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ฐธ์ฌํ์ผ๋, ํ๊ตญ ๋ฌธ์ฌ์ธ ์ ๋ถ๋ ์์ง๋ ๋ฐ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ฏธ์ค๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์๊ณผ ๊ตฐ๋น์ฆ๊ฐ๋๊ฒฐ์ ๋๋๋ ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ ์ฑ
์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ฌ์ผ๊ฐ ํฉ์น๋ ๊ฒฌํด์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ์์ผ๋ก ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋์ฑ ๋ถํ์ ์ต์ฒจ๋จ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ง์์ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ๋ฏธ์ผ์ ์ญ์ ๋ง๋์ํด ๋๊ท๋ชจ ๊ตฐ๋น์ฆ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
KN-25
2019๋
9์ 4์ผ, ๋ถํ์ด 2019๋
8์ 24์ผ ํจ๊ฒฝ๋จ๋ ์ ๋์์ ๋ํด๋ก ๋ฐ์ฌํ ํ โ์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌโ๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ ๋ฐ์ฌ์ฒด์ ์ฃผํ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ด KN-25๋ผ๋ ์ฝ๋๋ช
์ ๋ถ์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธ๋๋ค. ์ด ๋ฐ์ฌ์ฒด์ ์ง๊ฒฝ(ํ๋ ์ง๋ฆ)์ 600mm์ด๊ณ ์ฌ์ค์ ์ ํ ๋จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌํ๋๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ(SRBM)๋ก ํ๊ฐ๋๋ค. ์ฃผํ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ ์ด๋ฐ ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ ์ธ๋ํํ์์ฌ๋ น๋ถ์ ๋ฏธ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ์ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ๊ณ ํ๊ตญ๊ตฐ๊ณผ๋ ๊ณต์ ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ก๋ค. ๋ณต์์ ์ ๋ถ ์์ํต์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ฃผํ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ ์ด ๋ฐ์ฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ ๋ค ๋ถํ์ด 7์ 31์ผ๊ณผ 8์ 2์ผ์ ์ ์ ํ๋๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ์กฐ์ข
๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ข
์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋ด๋ ธ๋ค. ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด ๋ ํฌ๊ณ ํ์ฒด๋ ๋ ๊ธด ์๋ก์ด ๊ธฐ์ข
์ผ๋ก ํ๋จํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๋ถ์
๋ก์ผ์ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด 400 mm, 500 mm, 600 mm ๋ผ๋ ๋ค์ํ ๋ถ์์ด ์๋ค. ํ๊ตญ๊ตฐ ์์ํต์ โ๋ด๋ถ ์ฅ์ฐฉ์ ์ํ ์ฌ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ฉด ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌํ์ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ 400โผ500mm๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋คโ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
์ ์ข
์ฐ ํ๊ตญ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์๋ณดํฌ๋ผ(KODEF) ์ ์๋ถ์๊ด์ ์กฐ์ ์ผ๋ณด์ ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ์์ "๋ถํ์ด ์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ ๋ฐ์ฌ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ฐจ๋์ 122 mm ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ ๋ฐ์ฌ์ฐจ๋์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋คโ๋ฉฐ โ์ฐจ๋ ํญ 2.5 m ๋ฑ์ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ํ ๋ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด 500mm๊ฐ๋ ๋ ์๋ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณธ๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
์ ํ๋ฆฌ ๋ฃจ์ด์ค ์์ฅ์ "์์ง ์ต์ข
๋ถ์์ด ๋จ์์ง๋ง, ํ์ฌ๋ก์๋ (๋ถํ ์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ์) ํ๋ ์ง๋ฆ์ด 600 mm๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค"๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ๋ง์ปค์ค ์ด๋ฌ ๋ฐ์ฌ๋ "๋ก์ผ์ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ ํํ๋ก ๋ณผ ๋ ์ด๋์ ์ ค์ ๋๋ ํํ
-110 ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ๊ณผ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ด ์ ์ฌํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ์ ค์ ๋ก์ผ์ ์ง๊ฒฝ 610 mm, ๋ฌด์ ๋ ๋ก์ผ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๋ฃ์ ๊ฒ์ด ํํ
-110 ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ์ด๋ค.
์ด๋ ํํ
-110 ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ์ ์ต์ ๋ฒ์ ์ ํํ
-313์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 500 km, ์ง๊ฒฝ 610 mm (24์ธ์น)์ด๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์์ดํํด์ค ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ๋ ์ง๊ฒฝ 610 mm (24์ธ์น)์ด๋ค.
๋ก์ผ ๋ฐ์ฌ๊ด ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด 533 mm ์ด๋ฉด ํ ๋งํธํฌ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ์ ๋ฐ์ฌํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ฆ, ๊ณ ์ฒด์ฐ๋ฃ ๋ก์ผ์ด ์๋ ์ ํธ์์ง์ ์ํญ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ ๋ฐ์ฌ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค. ๋ธ๋ผ์ง์ ์์คํธ๋ก์ค II MLRS๊ฐ ์ง๊ฒฝ 450 mm ์ธ๋ฐ, ๊ณ ์ฒด์ฐ๋ฃ์ธ ์ผ๋ฐ ๋ค์ฐ์ฅ ๋ก์ผ ๋์ ์ํญ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ๋ ๋ฐ์ฌํ ์ ์๋ค. ํ ๋งํธํฌ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ์ ์ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 2500 km์ด๋ค. ๋ฌ์์ํ ํ ๋งํธํฌ์ธ Kh-55๋ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด 533 mm์ธ๋ฐ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ ํ ๋งํธํฌ ๋ณด๋ค ๋ ๊ธธ์ด์, ์ํญ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 5000 km์ด๋ค.
์ ํ๋๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ์กฐ์ข
๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ๋ ํ๊ตญ๊ตฐ ๋ถ๋ฅ์ฝ๋ 19-2 SRBM, 19-3 SRBM์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ํ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ๋ 19-5 SRBM๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅธ๋ค. ํ๊ตญ๊ตฐ์ 2019๋
๋ถํฐ ๋ถํ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ์ ๋ํด ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋
์์ ์ธ ๋ถ๋ฅ์ฝ๋๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฌํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค.
์ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ
๊ตฐ์ฌ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค์ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด 600mm๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ ์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ๊ฐ ์ต๋ 480km ๋จ์ด์ง ๋ชฉํ๋ฅผ ํ๊ฒฉํ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ถ์ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ฐ์๋ ์์ฐ์์ ์๋ฉด ๋ถ์ฐ๊น์ง ์ฌ์ ๊ถ์ ํฌํจ๋จ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
2022๋
12์ 31์ผ, ํฉ์ฐธ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฐฉ์์ฑ์ ๋ถ์์ ์ข
ํฉํ๋ฉด 31์ผ์ SRBM 3๋ฐ์ ์ต๋ ๊ณ ๋ 100km, ๋นํ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 350์ฌkm๋ฅผ ๋ ์์ KN-25์ผ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค.
2022๋
5์ 7์ผ, ์ ์น๊ธฐ ํ๊ตญ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์์ '๋ถํ ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ตฐ ์ฐฝ๊ฑด ์ฃผ๋
๊ธฐ๋
์ด๋ณ์ ํ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ํจ์' ๋ณด๊ณ ์์์ "๊ธฐ์กด KN-25์ ์ ํ KN-25 ๋ฐ์ฌ ์ฐจ๋ ๋ชจ๋ 4์ถ ์ฐจ๋ฅํ์ด์ง๋ง ์ ๋ฐฉ 2์ถ๊ณผ ํ๋ฐฉ 2์ถ ์ฌ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์ํญ ์์ด ๋ณด์ธ๋ค"๋ฉฐ "๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ธฐ์กด KN-25 ๋๋น ์ ์ฅ์ด ์ํญ ํ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค"๊ณ ๋ถ์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ "ํ๋๋ ์ ์ฅ๋งํผ ์ถ์ง์ ์ถ๊ฐ ํ์ฌ๋ก ๊ธฐ์กด์ KN-25(400~500ใ) ๋๋น ์ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ 500ใ ์ ํ๋ก ์ํญ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๋จ๋๋ฉฐ ํ๋ ์ค๋ ์ญ์ ์ํญ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๋ฐฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค"๋ฉฐ "๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ ์ฃผ๋๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ํ๋ฐ๋ ์ ์ญ์ด ์ ํ KN-25 ์ฌ์ ๊ถ์ ํฌํจ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ง๋๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
2023๋
1์ 1์ผ, ํฉ๋์ฐธ๋ชจ๋ณธ๋ถ๋ "๋ถํ์ด 2์ 50๋ถ๊ป ํ์ ์ฉ์ฑ ์ผ๋์์ ๋ํด์์ผ๋ก ๋จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํ๋๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ 1๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ฌํ๋ค"๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ๋ถํ ํ๋๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ์ 400km๋ฅผ ๋นํ ํ ๋ํด์์ ํ์ฐฉํ๋ค.
๋ฐ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ก
2020๋
3์ 2์ผ, ์ด๋ํ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ 2๋ฐ์ 20์ด ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ํด์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ฌํ๋ค. 6์ฐจ ๋ฐ์ฌ๋ก์, ๊ณ ๋ 35 km, ์ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 240 km์๋ค. ์ต๊ณ ๊ณ ๋ 30 km์ธ ํจํธ๋ฆฌ์ดํธ ๋ณด๋ค ๋๊ฒ ๋นํํ๋ฉฐ, ์ต์ ๊ณ ๋ 50 km์ธ ์ฌ๋ ๋ณด๋ค ๋ฎ๊ฒ ๋นํํ๋ค. ๊ตญ์ฐ ์ฒ๊ถ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ์ ์ต๊ณ ๊ณ ๋๊ฐ 15 km๋ผ๋ ๋ณด๋๋ ์๊ณ , 40 km๋ผ๋ ๋ณด๋๋ ์์ด์, ์๊ฒฉ ์ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋๋์ง๋ ๋ถ๋ช
ํ์ง๊ฐ ์๋ค. 240 km ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ํํ ์ฃผํ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง ์บ ํ ํํ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ฅผ ๊ฒจ๋ฅํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์๋์๋ค.
ํํ
-110
์ง๊ฒฝ 600 mm ์ด๋ํ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ์ ๋น์ทํ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ๋ก, ์ด๋์ ์ง๊ฒฝ 610 mm ํํ
-110 SRBM์ด ์๋ค. ๋ค์ํ ๋ฒ์ ์ด ์๋๋ฐ, ์ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 200-300 km, ํ๋์ค๋ 450-650 kg, ์๋ ๋งํ3-5, ์ด๋ํ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ์ ๊ฐ์ด ํ๋๋ถ์ ์นด๋๋ ๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฌ๋ ค์๋ค. 2018๋
์ด๋์ ํํ
๋ชจ๋น์ด๋ผ๋ ์
๊ทธ๋ ์ด๋ ํคํธ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ด ํคํธ๋ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ํํ
-110 ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ์ ์ฅ์ฐฉํ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ข
๋ง์ ๋๋ฅผ ์ํด ์ ์ธ์ ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ ์ ๋์ฅ์น๊ฐ ํ์ฌ๋์๋ค.
ํตํ๋
์ด๋์ด๋ ๋ถํ์ด ํ๋์ค๋ 500 kg์ธ SRBM์ ํต๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค๋ฉฐ ๊ณต๊ฐํ ์ ์ ์์ง๋ง, ํ๋์ค๋ 500 kg์ด๋ฉด 500 kt ์์ํญํ์ ํ์ฌํ ์ ์๋ค.
2022๋
12์ 31์ผ, ๊น์ ์ ๋ถํ ๊ตญ๋ฌด์์์ฅ์ 31์ผ๊ณผ 1์ผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ฌํ ์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ(600ใ)์ ๋ํด "๋จ์กฐ์ ์ ์ญ์ ์ฌ์ ๊ถ์ ๋๊ณ ์ ์ ํตํ์ฌ๊น์ง ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ"๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ์กฐ์ ๋
ธ๋๋น ์ค์์์ํ ์ 8๊ธฐ 6์ฐจ์ ์ํ์ ์ฐ์ค์์ ์ด๊ฐ์ด ๋งํ๋ค.
๋ฏธ๋ค๋ฒ๋ฆฌ ๊ตญ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ ํ๋ฆฌ ๋ฃจ์ด์ค ๋์์์ ๋นํ์ฐ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ ์์ฅ์ โ๋ถํ์ ๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ๋ ํตํ๋ ํ์ฌ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํด์ง ๊ฒโ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ ๋ง์ ๋ด๋จ๋ค. ๋ฃจ์ด์ค ์์ฅ์ โ๋ถํ์ ๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ์ผ๋ถ๋ ์ ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ท๊ณ , 600ใ ๋๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ(์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ)๋ ํตํ๋ ํ์ฌ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ๋ ๊ฒโ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ด๋ค๋ดค๋ค.
์ ๋ถ์ ํ ๋น๊ตญ์๋ โ๋ถํ์ด 2016๋
3์์ ๊ณต๊ฐํ๋ ํตํ๋ ๋ชจํ์ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ง๊ฒฝ(๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ) 600mm์ ๋๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋คโ๋ฉฐ โ600mm ์ด๋ํ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ์ ํตํ๋์ ํ์ฌํ๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ณด๋ค ๋ ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ์ด ์์์ ธ์ผ ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ 7์ฐจ ํต์คํ์ ํตํด ์ง๊ฒฝ 600mm๋ฏธ๋ง ํฌ๊ธฐ์ ํต๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๋ ค๊ณ ํ ๊ฒโ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ด๋ค๋ดค๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ถํ์ด ๊ทผ๋์ ํต์คํ ์ค๋น๋ฅผ ๋ง์น ํจ๊ฒฝ๋ถ๋ ๊ธธ์ฃผ๊ตฐ ํ๊ณ๋ฆฌ ํต์คํ์ฅ 3๋ฒ ๊ฐฑ๋์์ 7์ฐจ ํต์คํ์ ๊ฐํํ๋ค๋ฉด ์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ ๋ฑ์ ํ์ฌํ ์ ์๋ ์ํํ๋ ํต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ฉ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค๊ณ ์ด ๊ด๊ณ์๋ ๋ถ์ํ๋ค.
์ฐจ๋ํ ์์ฐ์ ์ฑ
์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์์์ฐ๊ตฌ์์์ 11์ผ '๋ถํ ๋๋จ/๋์ธ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ณํํ ๊ฒ์ธ๊ฐ? : ์ฝ๋ก๋-19 ๋ณ์๋ฅผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก'๋ ๊ธ์์ "'์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ๋ ์คยท์ฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํต์ ๋ ฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ ์๋ ์์ง๋ง ํ๋ฐ๋์ ๊ทธ ์ธ๊ทผ์ ๋ํ ํ์คํ ์ํ์ด๋ฉฐ ํต ํ์ฌ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค"๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
600ใ๊ธ ์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ์ ํตํ๋๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ด๋ ต์ง ์๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋์ ์๋ ๋ ๋ณด์ ํ ์ ์ ํต ์ค 155ใใ203ใ ๊ณก์ฌํฌ ํฌํ์ ๋ฌผ๋ก ํต์ง๋ขฐใํต๋ฐฐ๋ญ๋ ์์๋ค. 1950๋
๋์ 1960๋
๋์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ค์ํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ํตํญํ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๋ค. ๊ฐ์ฅ ์์ ๊ฒ์ W54 ํตํ๋๋ก์, ์ง๊ฒฝ 10.75 ์ธ์น (270 mm), ๊ธธ์ด 15.7 ์ธ์น (400 mm), ๋ฌด๊ฒ 23 kg (50 lbs)์ด๋ค. ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ ํ์ด๋จธ์ ์ํด ์ ํ๋๋ฉฐ, TNT 10 ํค์์ 1 KT ํญ๋ฐ๋ ฅ์ด๋ค. W54 ํตํ๋๋ ๋ฐ์ด๋น ํฌ๋ก์ผ ํต๋ํฌ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค.
ํ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ ๋งํธํฌ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ์ ํ์ฌ๋๋ W80 ํตํ๋๋ ์ง๊ฒฝ 30cm, ๋ฌด๊ฒ 130 kg, ํญ๋ฐ๋ ฅ 150 kt์ ์์ํญํ์ด๋ค. ๋ถํ์ ์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ์ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ 600 mm๋ ๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ํ ๋งํธํฌ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ์ ํ์ฌ๋๋ ์ง๊ฒฝ 300 mm W80 ํตํ๋๋ฅผ ์ฅ์ฐฉํ ์๋ ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๊ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํ๋นํ๋ค.
2022๋
5์ 5์ผ, ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ๋น๊ตญ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ๋ ๋ถํ์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฌด๊ฒ 400โผ500ใ๊ฐ๋์ 1~2kt(ํฌ๋กํคยท1kt์ TNT 1000t์ ํญ๋ฐ๋ ฅ)๊ธ ๊ฒฝ๋ ํตํ๋ ์ ์์ ์์ฑํ ์ ํฉ์ ํฌ์ฐฉํ๋ค. ๋น๊ตญ์ด ํ์
ํ ์ํ ํตํ๋์ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ 60ใ ๋ฏธ๋ง ์์ค์ผ๋ก ์ ํด์ก๋ค. ์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ ํ๋์ค๋์ด ๋๋ต 500 kg ์ ๋ ๋๋ฉฐ, ์ง๊ฒฝ์ 600 mm ๋ฏธ๋ง์ด๋ค.
2011๋
๋ถํฐ ํ๊ตญ์ ๋
์ ํต๋ฌด์ฅ์ ์ฃผ์ฅํ ์๊ท ๋ ฌ ์์ธ๋ ๊ต์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, 100 kt ์์ํญํ์๋ ํ๋ฃจํ ๋ 5 kg์ด ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๊ณ , ํต์คํ๋ ํ์์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์๊ท ๋ ฌ ๊ต์์ 100 kt ํตํ๋๊ฐ ์ง๊ฒฝ 600 mm ๋ฏธ๋ง์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์กด ํตํ๋๋ค์ ์ง๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ํญ๋ฐ๋ ฅ์ ์ดํด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ฝ๊ฒ ์ถ์ ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค.
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์๋ ์ง๊ฒฝ 600 mm ํตํญํ์ ๋ง์ด ์์ฐํ๋ค. B83 ํตํญํ์ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ ์์ง๋ง, ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ฐ 1ํค์ด๋ ๋์ด์, ์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ์๋ ํ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๋ค๋ฅธ ํตํญํ๋ค์ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฐ๋ณ๋ค.
W70 ํตํ๋. ์ง๊ฒฝ 460 mm, ํญ๋ฐ๋ ฅ 100 kt, ๋ฐ์ ํฌ ์ ๋ถ ๋น์ ์ฃผํ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ๋์ค ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ์ ํ์ฌ.
W85 ํตํ๋. ์ง๊ฒฝ 330 mm, ํญ๋ฐ๋ ฅ 80 kt, ํผ์ฑ II ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ.
W50 ํตํ๋. ์ง๊ฒฝ 390 mm, ํญ๋ฐ๋ ฅ 400 kt, MGM-31 ํผ์ฑ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ.
W80 ํตํ๋. ์ง๊ฒฝ 300 mm, ํญ๋ฐ๋ ฅ 150 kt, ํ ๋งํธํฌ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ
B83 ํตํญํ. ์ง๊ฒฝ 460 mm, ํญ๋ฐ๋ ฅ 1.2๋ฉ๊ฐํค, B-52, B-1, B-2, F-15E, F-16, F/A-18. ํ์ฌ ์ฌ์ฉ์ค
B61 ํตํญํ. ์ง๊ฒฝ 330 mm, ํญ๋ฐ๋ ฅ 340 kt, B-52, B-1, B-2, F-15E, F-16, F/A-18. ํ์ฌ ์ฌ์ฉ์ค
ํต๋ฌผ์ง ๋ณด์ ๋
2022๋
12์ 16์ผ, ์ ๋ถ์ถ์ฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ด์ธ ํ๊ตญ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ '2022 ํ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ถํ๊ตฐ์ฌํฌ๋ผ'์ ๊ฐ์ตํ๋ค. ์ด์๊ท ํ๊ตญ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์๋ณด์ ๋ต์ฐ๊ตฌ์ผํฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์์ ํ์ฌ๊น์ง ๋ถํ์ด ์์ฐํ ๊ณ ๋์ถ ์ฐ๋ผ๋์ ์ต๋ ์ฝ 2044 kg, ํ๋ฃจํ ๋์ ์ต๋ 78 kg์ผ๋ก ํ์ฌ ํต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ ๊ท๋ชจ๋ 88-89๋ฐ ์ ๋๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค๊ณ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค.
NRDC ํ ๋จธ์ค ์ฝํฌ๋ ๋ฐ์ฌ์ 1995๋
๋ณด๊ณ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๊ณ ๋์ถ์ฐ๋ผ๋ 4 kg, ํ๋ฃจํ ๋ 2 kg์ด๋ฉด 10 kt ํตํญํ์ ๋ง๋ค ์ ์๋ค. ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ ๋๋ก ๊ณ์ฐํ๋ฉด, ๊ณ ๋์ถ ์ฐ๋ผ๋ 2044 kg, ํ๋ฃจํ ๋ 78 kg์ด๋ฉด 10 kt ํตํญํ 550๋ฐ์ ๋ง๋ค ์ ์๋ค. ํญ๋ฐ๋ ฅ์ ๋์ด๋ฉด ํตํญํ ์๋์ ์ค์ด๋ ๋ค.
2011๋
๋ถํฐ ํ๊ตญ์ ๋
์ ํต๋ฌด์ฅ์ ์ฃผ์ฅํ ์๊ท ๋ ฌ ์์ธ๋ ๊ต์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, 100 kt ์์ํญํ์๋ ํ๋ฃจํ ๋ 5 kg์ด ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๊ณ์ฐํ๋ฉด, ๊ณ ๋์ถ ์ฐ๋ผ๋ 2044 kg, ํ๋ฃจํ ๋ 78 kg์ด๋ฉด 100 kt ์์ํญํ 220๋ฐ์ ๋ง๋ค ์ ์๋ค.
2016๋
๋ฌ์์ ๊ตญ์์ธ๋ก ์ RS-28 ์ฌ๋ฅด๋งํธ ํ ๋ฐ๋ก ํ๋์ค ์ ์ฒด(551,695kmยฒ) ํน์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ
์ฌ์ค์ฃผ(695,662kmยฒ) ์ ๋์ ์ง์ญ์ ์ดํ ํ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ํ๋์ค๋ 10ํค์ด๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ LGM-118 ํผ์คํคํผ ICBM์ 300 kt W87 ์์ํญํ 10๋ฐ์ ํ์ฌํ๊ณ , ํ๋์ค๋ 3.6ํค์ด๋ค. ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๋ฉด์ ์ 100,210kmยฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋จ์ํ ๊ณ์ฐํ๋ฉด, ํ๋์ค๋ 1.44ํค, 100 kt ํตํญํ 12๋ฐ์ด๋ฉด ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด ์ดํ ํ ๋๋ค. ๋ถํ์ ํต๋ฌผ์ง ๋ณด์ ๋์ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ดํ ํํ๋ ์๋์ ํจ์ฌ ๋์ด์ฐ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ, 2022๋
12์ 31์ผ, ๊น์ ์ ๊ตญ๋ฌด์์์ฅ์ ํตํ๋ ๋ณด์ ๋์ ๊ธฐํ๊ธ์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ๋ฐฉ์นจ์ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
์๊ฒฉ
์ฐ์๋ฐ์ฌ
์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ฌ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ ์ญ์ ํฅ์๋ผ์๋ค. ์ง๋ํด๋ถํฐ ์ด์ด์ง ์ํ๋ฐ์ฌ์์ ์ฐ๋ฐ ์ฌ๊ฒฉ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ 17๋ถ, 19๋ถ, 3๋ถ, 30์ด, 20์ด๋ก ๋จ์ถ๋๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฐ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅํด์ง๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋งํผ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ฃผํ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ ์๊ฒฉ์ด ์ด๋ ค์์ง๋ค.
ํ์ง์๊ฐ
์ฅ์๊ทผ ๊ต์๋ "ํ๊บผ๋ฒ์ ์ค์ค์ด ์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ฉด ์๋ฌด๋ฆฌ (์๊ฒฉ ์ฒด๊ณ) ์ฑ๋ฅ์ด ์ข์๋ ๋ฐฉ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ชปํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ ๋ฌธ์ "๋ผ๋ฉฐ "์ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 230ใ์ ๊ณ ๋ 30ใ๋ฉด 3๋ถ ๋ด์ ํ๊ตญ์ ๋จ์ด์ง๋ค. 3๋ถ ๋ด๋ก ๋จ์ด์ง๋ฉด ์๊ฒฉ์ด ์ฌ์ค์ ์ด๋ ต๋ค. ์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌํ์ด ๋ด๋ ค์ฌ ๋ ๋งํ 6~7์ด ๋๋๋ฐ ํจํธ๋ฆฌ์ดํธ-3์ด๋ ํ๋ํ์๊ฒฉ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ ์ฒ ๋งค๋ ์๋๊ฐ ๋งํ 4~4.5 ๋ฐ์ ์ ๋๋ค. ๋ชป ์ก๋๋ค"๊ณ ๋ถ์ํ๋ค.
์ฅ ๊ต์๋ ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฉด์ "์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฐ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐํ์ธ(ํ๋ํ์กฐ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๋ ์ด๋)์ด๋ ์ด์ง์คํจ ๋ ์ด๋๋ก ํ์งํ๋๋ฐ (๋ถํ ๋ฐ์ฌ์ฒด๊ฐ) ์ฌ๋ผ์์ 20์ด ์ด์ ํ๋ฌ์ผ ์ก์ ์ ์์ด. ์ด ๋์๋ฉด 40~50์ด๊ฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋ค"๋ฉฐ "๋นํ์๊ฐ์ด 3๋ถ์ธ๋ฐ ๋ฌด์จ ์๋ก ์ก์ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋. ์กฐ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ณด ์์ฑ์ด ์๋ค๋ฉด ์ก์ ์ ์๋ค"๊ณ ๋ง๋ถ์๋ค.
์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ๋ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด 60cm๋ก ์๊ณ , ๋์๋ค๋ฐ๋ก ์๋ฐฑ, ์์ฒ๋ฐ์ด ๋ ์์ค๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐฉ์ด๊ฐ ์ฌ์ค์ ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค. ๋นํ๊ณ ๋๊ฐ ์ฝ 35km์ฌ์ ์ฃผํ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ ํจํธ๋ฆฌ์ดํธ ์ต๊ณ ์๊ฒฉ ๊ณ ๋๋ณด๋จ ๋๊ฒ ๋ ๊ณ , ์ฌ๋์ ์ต์ ์๊ฒฉ๊ณ ๋๋ณด๋ค ๋ฎ๊ฒ ๋ ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ๊ณต๋ง์ ์ฌ๊ฐ์ง๋๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ๋ค ์ ์๋ค. ์ ์ข
์ฐ ํ๊ตญ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์๋ณดํฌ๋ผ ์ฌ๋ฌด๊ตญ์ฅ์ "๊ตฐ์ฌ๋ถ๊ณ์ ๊ณผ 40์ฌkm ๋จ์ด์ง ์๋๊ถ์ ๋์๋ค๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ๊ฐ ๋ ์์ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ํ์ค์ ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฒฉ์ด ์ด๋ ต์ต๋๋ค."๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
๋ ์ด๋ ๋ฐฉํฅ
ํจํธ๋ฆฌ์ดํธ ๋ ์ด๋๋ ์ ๋ฐฉ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ ์ ๋์ด ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์, ์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ๊ฐ ๊ณ ๊ณ ๋์์ ํจํธ๋ฆฌ์ดํธ ๋ ์ด๋ ํ๋ฐฉ๊น์ง ์ง๋์, ์ ํ๋นํ์ ํด์ ํจํธ๋ฆฌ์ดํธ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ ์ ์๋ค. ํ๋ฐฉ์ ์ฌ๋๊ฐ ์์ง๋ง, ์ฌ๋ ์๊ฒฉ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ์ ์๋์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ ํ์ ์ด๋ค. ํจํธ๋ฆฌ์ดํธ๊ฐ 360๋ ์ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ์งํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์์ด์, ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ต์ ํ ํจํธ๋ฆฌ์ดํธ ๋ ์ด๋๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ๋ค. ์ต์ ํ ๋ ์ด๋๋ 360๋ ํ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ฐฉ๊น์ง๋ ํ์ง๋ฅผ ํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ฉด์, ๊ตญ์ฐ ํจํธ๋ฆฌ์ดํธ์ธ ์ฒ๊ถ์ 360๋ ํ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ฐฉ๊น์ง ํ์ง๋ฅผ ํ๋ค.
๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ ์ค์ธ
2022๋
7์ 22์ผ, ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ ๋น๊ตญ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ๋ถ์ผ ์
๋ฌด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ ๊ด๋ จ, "(๋ถํ์ด) ์์ด ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ๋ฉด ๋ถํ ์ฅ์ฌ์ ํฌ์ธ ๋๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ, ์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ๋ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ๊ณผ ์ ์ฌํ ๊ถค๋๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์ ๋ ์์จ๋ค"๋ฉฐ "๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฉด ํจํธ๋ฆฌ์ดํธ๊ฐ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ๋ก ์ธ์ํ๊ณ ์๊ฒฉํ๋ค. ํจํธ๋ฆฌ์ดํธ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ๋ฅผ ์๊ฒฉํ๋ ์ผ์ด ๋ฒ์ด์ง๋ค"๊ณ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค. ์ด ๋น๊ตญ์๋ "๋ถํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ๋ ํ์ฝ์ด ๋ง์๋ฐ ํจํธ๋ฆฌ์ดํธ๋ ๋น์ธ๋ ์ค์ํ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ ๋ฐฉ์ด ์์ฐ์ด ๋ญ๋น๋๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ์ ์
2022๋
9์ 6์ผ, ๋ฌ์์๊ฐ ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋๊ตฐ์ ๊ณ ์๊ธฐ๋ํฌ๋ณ๋ก์ผ์์คํ
(HIMARSยทํ์ด๋ง์ค) ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ๋์ํด ๋ถํ์ ์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ 'KN-25' ๊ตฌ์
์ ์ถ์งํ๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์์ฌ์ฃผ๊ฐ์ง ๋ด์ค์ํฌ๊ฐ ๋ณด๋ํ๋ค.
๊ณ ์๊ธฐ๋ํฌ๋ณ๋ก์ผ์์คํ
(HIMARSยทํ์ด๋ง์ค): ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ 227 mm ๋ค์ฐ์ฅ ๋ก์ผ
์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ: ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ 600 mm ๋ค์ฐ์ฅ ๋ก์ผ
์ฒ๋ฌด
๋ถํ์ ๋ค์ฐ์ฅ๋ก์ผ์ธ 300ใ ์ ํ๋๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ์กฐ์ข
๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ 600ใ ์ด๋ํ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ(๊ดด๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ) ์ํ์ ๋๋นํด 2022๋
์ ๋ฐฉ 7๊ฐ ์ฌ๋จ์ ๊ตญ์ฐ ๋ค์ฐ์ฅ ๋ก์ผ K239 ์ฒ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ฐฐ์นํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ๋ถํ ํฌ๋ณ๋ถ๋๊ฐ ์ด์ํ๋ 300ใ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ์ ์ด๋ํ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ๋ ํด์ ์ ์ธ๊ทผ์ ์ ์ง๋ฐฐ์นํด ์๋๊ถ ๋ฐ ๊ณ๋ฃก๋ ๋ฑ ์ฃผ์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ง์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ํ์ ์ธ ํฌ๋ณ ์ ๋ ฅ์ด๋ค.
ํ๋ก๊ทธ
๋ถํ์ 1990๋
๋ ๊น์ง ํ๋ก๊ทธ์ ์ค์ปค๋๋ก ๋จํ์ ์ํํ๋ค. ํ๋ก๊ทธ-7์ ์์ ๋ํ ๋ฌด์ ๋ ๋ก์ผ์ด๊ณ , ์ค์ปค๋๋ ์ ๋ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ, 2022๋
๋ถํ์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ์ ๋งค์ฐ ๋น์ทํ, ์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ๋ก ๋จํ์ ์ํํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํ๋ก๊ทธ-7, ์ง๊ฒฝ 550 mm, ํ๋์ค๋ 550 kg, ์ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 70 km, ์๋ ๋งํ 3
์ด๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ, ์ง๊ฒฝ 600 mm, ํ๋์ค๋ 500 kg, ์ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 500 km, ์๋ ๋งํ 6
๋น๊ต
์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ง๊ฒฝ 600mm ๋จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํ๋ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
FROG-3, , ๋ฌด๊ฒ 2.2ํค, ๋ฌด์ ๋, ์ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 30 km, ์๋ จ ์ต์ด์ ์ ์ ์ ๋ํ
FROG-7, , ์ง๊ฒฝ 550 mm, ๊ธธ์ด 9 m, ๋ฌด๊ฒ 2.5ํค, ๋ฌด์ ๋, ์ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 70 km
์์ดํํด์ค ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ, , ์ง๊ฒฝ 610 mm, ๊ธธ์ด 4 m, ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋, ๋ฌด๊ฒ 1.5ํค, 2์ฐ์ฅ ๋ฐ์ฌ๋
KTSSM, , ์ง๊ฒฝ 610 mm, ๊ธธ์ด 4 m, ๋ฌด๊ฒ 1.5ํค, ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋, 2์ฐ์ฅ ๋ฐ์ฌ๋, ์์ดํํด์ค ๊ตญ์ฐํ, ์ฐจ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ ๋ํ
ํํ
-110, , ์ง๊ฒฝ 610 mm, ๊ธธ์ด 10 m, ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋, 2์ฐ์ฅ ๋ฐ์ฌ๋
์ ค์-2, , ์ง๊ฒฝ 610 mm, ๊ธธ์ด 10 m, ๋ฌด์ ๋, 2์ฐ์ฅ ๋ฐ์ฌ๋
์ด๋ํ๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ, , ์ง๊ฒฝ 600 mm, ๊ธธ์ด 10 m, ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋, 4์ฐ์ฅ ๋ฐ์ฌ๋
์์ดํํด์ค๋ ์ก๊ตฐ์ ์ ์ ๋ํ์ ์์ด์ฝ์์ด๋ค. ๋๋ต ์ง๊ฒฝ 600mm ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ๋ค์ ์ ์ ์ ๋ํ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅด๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ ์ (ํํ
-110 ๋ธ๋ก4)
๊ธธ์ด: 10 m (๋๋ต)
์ง๊ฒฝ: 610 mm
์ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ: 300 km (์ด๋), 380 km (๋ถํ)
ํ๋์ค๋: 650 kg
๋ฐ์ฌ๋: 4 x 4 ํธ๋ญ, 2์ฐ์ฅ (์ด๋), 4์ฐ์ฅ (๋ถํ)
์ต๋๊ณ ๋: 98 km (๋ถํ)
์ต๊ณ ์๋: ๋งํ 3
์ ํ๋: ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋
์ ๋๋ฐฉ์: INS, GPS
๋ ๋ณด๊ธฐ
์ ํ๋๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ์กฐ์ข
๋ฐฉ์ฌํฌ
KN-09
๊ฐ์ฃผ
๋ก์ผ
en:KN-25 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KN-25 | KN-25 | KN-25 is a designation given to a North Korean tactical ballistic missile.
Design
The KN-25 is officially described to be a "super-large calibre" multiple launch rocket system, but the larger size and greater range of the missile compared to traditional rocket artillery led the United States Forces Korea (USFK) to categorize it as an SRBM, and it flies on a controlled ballistic trajectory. Missiles are estimated to be 600ย mm in diameter, 8.2 meters long, and weigh 3,000ย kg. They have an unspecified guidance system and have six rotating rear fins with four moving forward fins, which likely provide the attitude control of the rocket. They are mounted on either a four-tube Tatra 813 8ร8 wheeled transporter-erector-launcher (TEL) or a tracked chassis with 10 road wheels on each side carry six tubes. It is a battlefield weapon, suitable for deployment at battalion-level to attack enemy rear-echelon targets out to 380ย km with a conventional blast-fragmentation warhead. In October 2022, the KN-25 was included in a statement among other missiles North Korea claimed were part of its capability to deliver tactical nuclear weapons. At a parade in February 2023, the KN-25 was included among other missiles which North Korean press collectively referred to these as "tactical nuclear weapons operation units."
The six rotating rear fins are an unusual feature for rocket artillery, a considerable innovation of North Korea. Their purpose is to provide stabilisation of the rocket while in flight, compared to other rocket artillery rounds, which are usually spin stabilised by rotating the entire body. This method of stabilisation creates a more favourable environment for the guidance systems, as the rest of the missile does not rotate. It is possible that the missile will be stabilised through rolling the missile when it enters the upper atmosphere, where the smaller control fins are unable to function optimally, and then stopping the spin as it re-enters into denser air.
The missile possibly derives from the OTR-21 Tochka/KN-02 Toksa, which has a similarly sized motor, at 62ย cm diameter. Connecting three such motor segments would result in a length similar to that of the KN-25 rocket. It has a 300ย kg heavy warhead and circular error probable accuracy of 80 to 90 meters. The KN-25 is likely an indigenous project, as media coverage of this missile emphasis its research, using words such as 'Juche projectiles' to describe it, unlike the KN-23.
30 TELs were presented as a gift to the plenary meeting of the Worker's Party of Korea on January 1, 2023, with Kim Jong-un attending and making a speech. The system was described as 'unprecedented', in both the munitions industry as having no equal and its presentation, being on the lawn of the party central committee. 30 6-tube tracked launchers plus at least nine 4-tube wheeled launchers publicly showcased to be in North Korea's possession would give them the ability to fire up to 216 projectiles, requiring many fewer launch vehicles than would be needed to fire a similar number of traditional ballistic missiles to saturate South Korean ballistic missile defenses.
Cruise missile launcher
On 13 September 2021, North Korea announced they had conducted successful flight tests of a land attack cruise missile (LACM) over the past two days. The mobile launcher appears to be the same vehicle used to carry KN-25 "oversized" rockets, both weapons likely being similar in diameter. The cruise missile could carry a conventional or nuclear warhead and is claimed to have a range from to . It was later revealed to be named the Hwasal-1/2.
Tests
See also
KN-02
KN-09
References
External links
KN-25. Military-Today
Tactical ballistic missiles
Ballistic missiles of North Korea
Tactical ballistic missiles of North Korea
Wheeled self-propelled rocket launchers
Multiple rocket launchers of North Korea |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS%2013 | IOS 13 | iOS 13์ ์ ํ์ด ๋ง๋ ์์ดํฐ ์ ์ฉ ์ํํธ์จ์ด๋ก iOS 12์ ํ์๋ฒ์ ์ด๋ค. iOS 13์ 2019๋
6์์ WWDC 2019์์ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์ ํด ๊ฐ์์ ์ถ์๋์๋ค. ์๋ก์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๋คํฌ๋ชจ๋, ์ ํ ์์ผ์ด๋ ๋ฑ์ด๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ
์๊ฐ ๋ฐ ์ถ์
iOS 13๊ณผ iPadOS 13์ 2019๋
6์ 3์ผ WWDC ๊ธฐ์กฐ์ฐ์ค์์ ์ํํธ์จ์ด ์์ง๋์ด๋ง ์์ ๋ถ์ฌ์ฅ์ธ Craig Federighi์ ์ํด ์๊ฐ๋์๋ค.
์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋ฒ ํ๋ ํค๋
ธํธ ์ดํ์ ๋ฑ๋ก๋ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด ์ด์ฉํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋ฒ ํ๋ 2019๋
6์ 18์ผ ๋ฑ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฐ์๋ค์๊ฒ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ๊ณต๊ฐ ๋ฒ ํ๋ 2019๋
6์ 24์ผ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋์๋ค. iOS 13์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ๋ฒ์ 13.0์ผ๋ก 2019๋
9์ 19์ผ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋์๋ค.
์
๋ฐ์ดํธ
๋ฒ์ฃผ:
๊ธฐ๋ฅ
์ ํ ์์ผ์ด๋
์ฑ์คํ ์ด์ ์ค๋ฝ์ค์ด๋ค. ์ ํ ์์ผ์ด๋๋ ๊ตฌ๋
ํ ๊ฒ์ ์๋น์ค์ด๋ฉฐ iOS 13์ด์์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด์ฉ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค.
๋คํฌ๋ชจ๋
๋คํฌ๋ชจ๋๋ ์ฑํ๋ฉด ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ฒ์์์ผ๋ก ๋ณํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋งํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ์๋ ๋คํฌ๋ชจ๋๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํํ์ ๋ ์ ํ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ฑ๋ง ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ฒ์์์ผ๋ก ๋ณํ๋๋ฐ ์ด์ ๋ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ์ฑ๋ค์ด ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ฒ์์์ผ๋ก ๋ณํ๋ค.
์ ํ๋ก ๋ก๊ทธ์ธ
"์ ํ๊ณผ ๋ก๊ทธ์ธ"์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ง ์๋ก์ด ์ฑ๊ธ ์ฌ์ธ์จ ์๋น์ค๋ iOS 13๊ณผ ํตํฉ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ ์ต์ํ์ ๊ฐ์ธ ์ ๋ณด๋ก ํ์ฌ ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ์ํ ๊ณ์ ์ ๋ง๋ค ์ ์๋ค. ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ ์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ ๊ณ์ ์ ๋ํด ์ผํ์ฉ ์ ์ ๋ฉ์ผ ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ์ฌ ๊ฐ์ธ ์ ๋ณด ๋ณดํธ ๋ฐ ์ต๋ช
์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ณ ๋จ์ผ ์ ์ ๋ฉ์ผ ์ฃผ์์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ ์ ์๋ ์ ๋ณด์ ์์ ์ค์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
ํ์ฌ ์์
๋ก๊ทธ์ธ์ ์ง์ํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ iOS ์ ํ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ด์
์ ์ ํ ๋ก๊ทธ์ธ์ ๊ตฌํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ์ํ๋ค. iOS ํด๋จผ ์ธํฐํ์ด์ค ์ง์นจ์๋ ์ ํ ๋ก๊ทธ์ธ์ ์์ฉ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ ์ธํฐํ์ด์ค์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ก๊ทธ์ธ ๊ณต๊ธ์๋ณด๋ค ์ฐ์ ํด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ช
์๋์ด ์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋ณด ๋ณดํธ
iOS 13์ ์์น ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณ๊ฒฝํ๋ค. ์ฑ์ด ์์น์ ๋ํ ์ก์ธ์ค๋ฅผ ์์ฒญํ๋ฉด ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ ์ฑ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ๋๋ง๋ค ์ก์ธ์ค ๊ถํ์ ๋ถ์ฌํ ์ง, ๋ถ์ฌํ์ง ์์์ง ๋๋ ํ ๋ฒ๋ง ํ์ฉํ ์ง๋ฅผ ์ ํํ๋ค. ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ ๋ฐฑ๊ทธ๋ผ์ด๋ ์์น ์ก์ธ์ค์ ์ฑ์ด Bluetooth ๋๋ Wi-Fi(๋น๋์ ์์น ์ถ์ ์๋ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ์ ์์)์ ๋ํ ์ก์ธ์ค๋ฅผ ์์ฒญํ ๋ ์ ์ฌํ ํ๋กฌํํธ๋ฅผ ์์ ํ๋ค.
2019๋
8์, 2020๋
4์๋ถํฐ, VoIP์ฉ ํธ์ํท API๊ฐ ์ธํฐ๋ท ์ ํ ์ฌ์ฉ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋์ด ๋ฐฑ๊ทธ๋ผ์ด๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์์ง์ ์ํด ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฑ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ "๋ฃจํํ"์ด ๋ซํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋์๋ค.
UI
์์คํ
์ ์ญ ๋คํฌ ๋ชจ๋๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฉด ์ ์ฒด iOS ๋ฐ iPadOS์ ๋ํด ๋ฐ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค. OS ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ธํฐํ์ด์ค, ๋ชจ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ ํ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ด์
๋ฐ ์ง์๋๋ ํ์ฌ ์ฑ. ์๋์ผ๋ก ์ผ๊ฑฐ๋ ํ๋ฃจ ์ค ์๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ ๋ชจ๋์ ์ด๋์ด ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์๋์ผ๋ก ์ ํํ๋๋ก ์ค์ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ณผ๋ฅจ ํ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ค๊ณ๋์ด ๋ ํฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ์ ์๋ ์ค๋ฒ๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณผ๋ฅจ ํค ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ์์ง์ผ๋ก ํ์๋ ์ฌ๋ฆผํ ๋ง๋ ๋๋ ๊ฐ๋ก ๋งจ ์์ ํ์๋ ๋ง๋๋ก ๊ต์ฒดํ๋ค. ๋ง๋๋ฅผ ์ง์ ์กฐ์ํ ์๋ ์๋ค.
์ ํ ๋ฎค์ง, ์ ํ ํ์บ์คํธ ๋ฐ ์ ํ ๋ถ์ค์ ์นด๋ UI ์์๋ ํ์ฌ ์ฑ์์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ ์ต์
์ผ๋ก ์์คํ
์ ์ฒด์ ๊ตฌํ๋์๋ค.
Siri
Siri๋ "Neural TTS"๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ํํธ์จ์ด ์์ฑ ์์ฑ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ ๋ฒ์ ๋ณด๋ค ๋ ์์ฐ์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฆด ์ ์๋๋ก ๋ง๋ค์ด์ก๋ค. Siri๋ ๋ํ ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์ด ๋์๊ณ ์๋ก์ด ์ฌ์ด๋ ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค. Siri ๋ฐ๋ก ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์ฑ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ค์น๋๋ค. Siri๋ ๋ํ ํํ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ค์ํ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ณ ์ธ์ํ๋ค. Siri๋ ์์ดํ์์ ์์ ๋๋ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ์๋์ผ๋ก ์ฝ๋ ๊ฒ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค.
ํค๋ณด๋
QuickType ๊ฐ์ ํค๋ณด๋๋ QuickPath ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ถ๊ณ ์์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ ์๊ฐ๋ฝ์ผ๋ก ํค๋ณด๋๋ฅผ ๋ฌธ์ง๋ฌ ๋จ์ด์ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ ์์ฑํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์ด์ ์๋ SwiftKey, Adaptxt, Gboard ๋๋ Swype๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ํ์ฌ ํค๋ณด๋ ์ ํ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ด์
์ ํตํด์๋ง ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์์๋ค. ์ด๋ชจํฐ์ฝ ์คํฐ์ปค๋ ์ด๋ชจํฐ์ฝ ํค๋ณด๋์ ํฌํจ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ฐ ์ด๋ชจํฐ์ฝ์ด ์์ ์ ์๋ ๊ณณ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด๋๋ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค.
ํ
์คํธ ํธ์ง
iOS 13์ ์๋ผ๋ด๊ธฐ, ๋ณต์ฌ, ๋ถ์ฌ๋ฃ๊ธฐ, ์คํ ์ทจ์ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์คํํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์๋ก์ด ์์คํ
์ฐจ์์ ์ ์ค์ฒ ์ธํฐํ์ด์ค๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ผ์ชฝ ๋๋ ์๋ฅผ ์ธ ์๊ฐ๋ฝ์ผ๋ก ๋ฌธ์ง๋ฅด๋ฉด ์คํ ์ทจ์๋๊ณ ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๋๋ ์๋๋ก ์ธ ์๊ฐ๋ฝ์ ๋ฌธ์ง๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ค์ ์คํ๋๋ค. ์๊ฐ๋ฝ ์ธ ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ผฌ์ง์ผ๋ฉด ๋ณต์ฌ๋๊ณ , ์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ ์๊ฐ๋ฝ์ ๊ผฌ์ง์ผ๋ฉด ์๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์ธ ์๊ฐ๋ฝ์ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๋ถ์ฌ์ง๋ค. ์๊ฐ๋ฝ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ ๋๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ค์ฏ ๊ฐ์ง ์ต์
์ด ๋ชจ๋ ํฌํจ๋ ๋ฐ๋ก ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฉ๋ด๊ฐ ๋ํ๋๋ค.
ํ๋์ ํ
์คํธ ์ปค์๋ ๊ธธ๊ฒ ๋๋ฌ ํ
์คํธ ํ๋ ์ฃผ์๋ก ์ด๋ํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋จ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ฒ ํญํ๋ฉด ํด๋น ๋จ์ด๊ฐ ์ ํ๋๊ณ , ์ธ ๋ฒ ํญํ๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ด ์ ํ๋๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌธ๋จ์ ๋ค ๋ฒ ํญํ๋ฉด ์ ํ๋๋ ๋ฑ ํ
์คํธ ์ ํ์ ์ํ ๋ง์ ์๋ก์ด ์ต์
๋ ์ถ๊ฐ๋์๋ค.
์ง์ ์ฅ์น
์์ดํฐ
์์ดํฐ 11
์์ดํฐ 11 ํ๋ก
์์ดํฐ 11 ํ๋ก ๋งฅ์ค
์์ดํฐ XS ๋งฅ์ค
์์ดํฐ XS
์์ดํฐ XR
์์ดํฐ X
์์ดํฐ 8 ํ๋ฌ์ค
์์ดํฐ 8
์์ดํฐ 7 ํ๋ฌ์ค
์์ดํฐ 7
์์ดํฐ 6s ํ๋ฌ์ค
์์ดํฐ 6s
์์ดํฐ SE (1์ธ๋)
์์ดํฐ SE (2์ธ๋)
์์ดํ ํฐ์น
์์ดํ ํฐ์น (7์ธ๋)
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๊ณต์ ์น์ฌ์ดํธ
13
2019๋
์ํํธ์จ์ด
๋ชจ๋ฐ์ผ ์ด์์ฒด์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS%2013 | IOS 13 | iOS 13 is the thirteenth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. for the iPhone, iPod Touch and HomePod. The successor to iOS 12, it was announced at the company's Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) on June 3, 2019, and released on September 19, 2019. It was succeeded by iOS 14, released on September 16, 2020.
As of iOS 13, the iPad lines run a separate operating system, derived from iOS, named iPadOS. Both iPadOS 13 and iOS 13 dropped support for devices with less than 2 GB of RAM.
Overview
iOS 13 and iPadOS 13 were introduced by Senior Vice President of Software Engineering Craig Federighi at the WWDC keynote address on June 3, 2019.
The first beta was made available to registered developers after the keynote. The second beta was released to registered developers on June 18, 2019, and the first public beta was released on June 24, 2019. The initial release of iOS 13 was version 13.0, which was released to the public on September 19, 2019.
System features
Privacy
iOS 13 changes the handling of location data. When an app requests access to location, the user chooses whether to grant access whenever they are using the app, never, or only once. The user will receive similar prompts for background location access, and when an app requests access to Bluetooth or Wi-Fi (which may also be used for non-consensual location tracking).
In August 2019, it was reported that beginning in April 2020, the PushKit API for VoIP would be restricted to internet telephone usage, closing a "loophole" that had been used by other apps for background data collection.
User interface
A system-wide dark mode allows users to enable a light-on-dark color scheme for the entire iOS and iPadOS user interface, all native applications, and supported third-party apps. It can be manually turned on or set to automatically switch between light and dark modes based on the time of day.
The volume indicator was redesigned, replacing the larger, centered overlay with a slimmer bar shown vertically near the volume keys in portrait orientation, or at the top in landscape. The bar can also be manipulated directly.
The card UI elements from Apple Music, Apple Podcasts, and Apple Books has been implemented system-wide, being an option for third-parties to use in their apps.
Siri
Siri uses a software-generated voice called "Neural TTS", intended to sound more natural than previous versions that use clips of human voices. Siri also became more functional and new sound control is available. The Siri Shortcuts app is installed by default. Siri also uses HomePod to learn and recognize voices of different people. It is also possible for Siri to automatically read incoming messages aloud on AirPods.
Keyboard
The QuickType virtual keyboard features QuickPath, allowing the user to swipe their finger across the keyboard to complete words and phrases. This functionality was previously exclusively available via third-party keyboard applications such as SwiftKey, Adaptxt, Gboard, or Swype. Emoji stickers have been included on the emoji keyboard and can be used wherever regular emoji can be.
Text editing
iOS 13 and iPadOS 13 add a new system-wide gesture interface for cut, copy, paste, undo, and redo. A three-finger swipe left or up will undo; three fingers right or down will redo. A single three-finger pinch will copy, a second three-finger pinch will cut, and a three-finger spread pastes. A three-finger single tap will bring up a shortcut menu with all five options.
The blue text cursor can be moved around text fields by pressing and holding to pick it up and move it. Many new options for text selection have also been added: double-tapping a word will select it, triple-tapping selects a sentence, and quadruple-tapping a paragraph selects it.
Sign in with Apple
A new single sign-on service known as "Sign in with Apple" is integrated with iOS 13, and allows users to create accounts for third-party services with a minimal amount of personal information. Users may optionally generate a disposable email address for each account, improving privacy and anonymity, and reducing the amount of information that can be associated with a single email address.
All iOS applications that support third-party social login are required to implement Sign in with Apple, The iOS human interface guidelines also state that Sign in with Apple should be given prominence above any other login provider in application interfaces.
Performance
iOS 13 contains several performance improvements. Face ID unlocks the iPhone X, XS / XS Max, and XR up to 30% faster than on iOS12. A new file format makes app downloads as much as 50% smaller, app updates as much as 60% smaller, and app launches up to twice as fast.
Battery lifespan extender
Similar to many laptops, iOS 13 has a feature to limit the battery charging percentage to 80%.
Keeping the battery percentage more centered instead of complete charges and discharges reduces strain onto the battery. This reduces the battery aging of the lithium-ion battery and extends its lifespan.
Haptics
iOS 13 introduced a new Core Haptics framework. Prior to iOS 13, apps could only provide the default haptic patterns. Core Haptics gives developers more fine-grained control over the iPhone's Taptic Engine, including synchronized audio, allowing apps to provide customized haptic and audio feedback. This feature is only available on iPhone 8 or newer. It is also not supported on the iPod Touch due to the lack of a haptic motor in those devices.
External storage
iOS 13 introduced the ability to connect to external USB drives. Although primarily designed for thumb drives and hard drives, a wide variety of USB disk devices will work, thanks to the iOS's support of the SCSI subclass of USB Mass Storage. Native SCSI disk devices will work as well, when used with a SCSI to USB adapter.
Exposure Notification API
On 20 May 2020, Apple released iOS 13.5, which includes the Exposure Notification API that provides access to the Apple / Google privacy-preserving contact tracing system that Apple have developed jointly with Google. This is provided to support digital contact tracing which came to light during the COVID-19 pandemic.
ARKit 3
ARKit 3 was released as a part of iOS 13 and brought new features, such as People occlusion, which allowed AR objects to be in front or behind people in a more realistic way. New features were restricted to devices with A12 processors and newer โ like iPhone XS, iPhone XR, and the 2018 iPad Pro. Other features of ARKit 3 were multiple face tracking and collaborative sessions.
ARKit 3.5
Released with the 2020 iPad Pro, ARKit 3.5 vastly improved positioning in virtual environments due to new anchors and use of data from a LiDAR scanner. It also improved its motion capture and people occlusion.
Other changes
The version of iOS for iPad devices was renamed iPadOS, reflecting the precedence for the OS to include additional features intended primarily for use on tablets.
iOS13 adds official support for the Sony DualShock 4 and the Microsoft Xbox One controller. iOS13 also adds support for wireless audio sharing for AirPods and certain Beats headphones.
A new multi-select gesture is available in supported applications such as Files and Mail. Multiple items, such as files or emails, can be quickly selected by dragging two fingers over the desired items.
App features
Music
Apple Music now supports real-time synced song lyrics that animate along with the music as theyโre being sung, rapped or spoken. The currently playing line is highlighted in white color. The feature also lets the user skip to a part of a song simply by tapping on the lyric.
Messages and Memoji
User profiles can be created and Memoji can be used as an iMessage profile picture. All iOS devices with an A9 processor or newer can create custom Memoji. Memoji and Animoji can be used as a sticker in iMessage and other apps; they are also available as regular emoji for use anywhere the emoji keyboard is available. There are a variety of new customization options for Memoji.
Maps
The Maps app features a redesigned maps UI, featuring more detailed maps, and Look Around, a street level imagery implementation similar to Google Street View.
Reminders
Redesigned and rebuilt from the ground up with new features such as the ability to suggest when a reminder should be delivered to the user, and the ability to tag contacts so that references to reminders can be surfaced elsewhere, such as in Messages.
Photos
The Photos app includes a redesigned UI and uses machine learning to auto-hide "clutter" images such as screenshots and documents.
Photos has a redesigned interface showing users photos they took in the past year, month, week and day. This brings all photos to one page and shows users photos based on what their device suggests for them.
Problems
There were a number of issues following the release of iOS 13, some relating to battery drain, call-dropping, and ringtones not functioning properly, resulting in frequent software updates and patches. Despite the frequency of bug fix releases, the updates have introduced new issues.
Other issues included incorrect artwork for user's playlists. Users reported the artwork is repeated for some playlists or uses a different picture.
Supported devices
iOS13 requires 2 GB of RAM. It drops support for all iPhones and iPod touches using an Apple A7 or A8 SoC and devices that shipped with 1 GB of RAM, which are the iPhone 5s, iPhone 6, iPhone 6 Plus and iPod Touch (6th generation).
To further differentiate features between iPhones and iPads, Apple rebranded the tablet-oriented platform with its own operating system, iPadOS.
iPhone
iPhone 6S & 6S Plus
iPhone SE (1st generation)
iPhone 7 & 7 Plus
iPhone 8 & 8 Plus
iPhone X
iPhone XS & XS Max
iPhone XR
iPhone 11
iPhone 11 Pro & 11 Pro Max
iPhone SE (2nd generation)
iPod Touch
iPod Touch (7th generation)
Release history
See Apple's main page for iOS 13 release notes, as well as their 2019 and 2020 security update contents.
See also
iPadOS 13
macOS Catalina
tvOS 13
watchOS 6
References
External links
Official website
13
2019 software
Products introduced in 2019
Mobile operating systems
Proprietary operating systems |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%B9%B4%EB%85%B8%20%EC%A1%B0%EC%97%90%EC%9D%B4 | ๋ค์นด๋
ธ ์กฐ์์ด | ํ์นด๋
ธ ์ด์์ด (้ซ้้ท่ฑ, ใใใฎ ใกใใใใ, 1804๋
6์ 12์ผ-1850๋
12์ 3์ผ) ์๋ ์๋ ํ๊ธฐ์ ์์ฌ, ๋ํ์์ด๋ค. ํต์นญ์ ๆฆไธ้, ํ๋ ์ ์ฆ๋ฃจ(่ญฒ), ํธ๋ ์ฆ์ด์ฝ(็็). ์น์๋ฒ์ง๋ ๅพ่คๅฎๆ
ถ, ์์๋ฒ์ง๋ ์๋ถ์ธ ้ซ้็ๆ์ด๋ค. ์๋ ๋ง๋ถ์ ์ด๊ตญ์ ํ๊ฒฉ๋ น์ ๋นํํ๊ณ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์ ์ฃผ์ฅํ์ผ๋ ํ์๋นํ์ฌ ์ฃฝ์๋ค. 1898๋
์ ์ 4์๊ฐ ์ถ์ฆ๋์๋ค.
์์
๋ฌด์ฐ๊ตญ ์ผ๋ค์ด๋ฒ ๋ฏธ์ฆ์ฌ์๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๅพ่คๅฎๆ
ถ์ ์
์งธ ์๋ค๋ก ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ์๋ถ๋ ์๋์์ ์ค๊ธฐํ ๊ฒํ์ฟ ์๊ฒ ๋ํ ์์ ์ ๋ฐฐ์ด ํฐ๋ผ ์ง์ ๋ํ์๊ฐ ๋ง์์ ์ด์์ด๋ ์ด๋ฆด๋๋ถํฐ ์๋ก์ด ํ๋ฌธ์ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ๋ง์๋ค. 1820๋
ๆ็ฐไผฏๅ
์ ๅ็ฐ้ทๆท์๊ฒ ๋ฐฐ์ ๊ณ ์ค์น์๊ฒ ์ธ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ค์น์ ์ด๋ฆ ํ๊ธ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ด์์ด(้ท่ฑ)๋ก ๋ฐ๊พธ์๋ค.
1820๋
์๋ฒ์ง์ ๋ฐ๋์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๋๊ฐ์ฌํค์๋ก ์ ํ๊ฐ์ ์ง๋ณผํธ์ ๋๋ฃจํํค์ฃผ์ฟ ้ณดๆปๅกพ์ ์
ํํด ์ํ, ๋ํ์ ๋ฐฐ์ ์๋(์ฐ๋๋จธ๋ฆฌ ํ์)๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. 1828๋
์ง๋ณผํธ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ไบๅฎฎๆฌไฝ๋ ้ซ่ฏๆ ๋ฑ์ ์ฃผ์ ์ ์๋ค์ด ์ฒดํฌ๋์์ง๋ง ์ด์์ด๋ ์๋ฆฌํ๊ฒ ๋๋ง์ณค๋ค. ์ดํ ๋ถ๊ณ ๊ตญ ํํ์์ ๅบ็ฌๆทก็ช์ ์ ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ค ์์๋ฒ์ง๊ฐ ์ฌ๋งํ์ฌ ๊ณ ํฅ์์๋ ๊ทํฅํ๋ผ ํ์์ง๋ง ์ด์์ด๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ์ฌ ์ง์์ ๋ค๋ฅผ ์์ง ์์๊ณ ๋์์ ๋ฌด์ฌ ์ ๋ถ๋ ์์๋ค.
1830๋
์๋๋ก ๋์์ ้บน็บ์ ๋ํ์์ ์ด์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ฆ์ ๋ฏธ์นด์๊ตญ ๋คํ๋ผ๋ฒ์ ์ํ๋๋ฒ ์นด์์ ์๊ฒ๋์ด ๋คํ๋ผ๋ฒ์ ๊ณ ์ฉ ๋ํ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ํผํ๊ณ ๋ผ์ค, ๊ฐ๋ฆด๋ ์ค ๊ฐ๋ฆด๋ ์ด, ์กด ๋กํฌ, ๋ณผํ ๋ฑ์ ์์ฝ, ๋ฒ์ญํ ํ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
1832๋
๊ธฐ์๋ฒ์ ์ ํ์ ้ ่คๅๅฉ๊ฐ ์ฑ
์์ง๋ ๋ดํฌ ๋๊ธฐ๊ทผ ๋์ฑ
์์ํ์ธ ๅฐๆญฏไผ์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ ์นด์, ่ค็ฐๆฑๆน ๋ฑ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ค์ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ๋ก ํ๋ํ๊ณ ์ด ์๊ธฐ์ ์ด์์ด๋ ๊ตฌํฉ์ด๋ฌผ๊ณ ใๆ่ไบ็ฉ่ใ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ค.
๋๋ฃจํํค์ฃผ์ฟ ์ ์ ์๋ฆฌ์์ ๋ค๋๋๋์ด ์ธ์ ๋ง์ ์
๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ด๋ฉด ๋ฒ๊ธ์ ๋ด๋ ๋์ด๋ฅผ ํ ์ ์ด ์๋ค. ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์ ๊น์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งํ๊ณ ๋ฒ๊ธ์ ๋ด๊ณค ํ์ง๋ง ์ด์์ด๋งํผ์ ์ค์ํ์ง ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ฐ๊ฒ ์๊ฐํ ๋๋ฃ ไผๆฑ็ๆด๊ฐ ์ด์์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ๋จ์์ ๊ฐ์๊ธฐ ๋ฐ์ด ๋จ์ด์ง ์ ์ด ์์๋๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋๋ ์ด์์ด๋ GEVAARLIJK!(์ํํด!)๋ผ๊ณ ์ธ์ณค๋ค๋ ์ผํ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ด์์ด๋ ์๊ธฐ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์๋งํ๋ ๋ฉด์ด ์์ด์ ์ฃผ๋ณ ๋๋ฃ๋ค์ ํํ๋ ์ฉ ์ข์ง ์์์ง๋ง, ๋น์ ๋ํ์๋ค ์ฌ์ด์์๋ ์ต๊ณ ์ ์ค๋ ฅ์์์ ์ธ์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์์๋ค.
1837๋
์ด๊ตญ์ ํ๊ฒฉ๋ น์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์์ ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์จ ํธ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. 1838๋
์ด๋ฅผ ์๊ฒ ๋ ์ด์์ด๋ ์ธ๋ชจ์๋ ์ง์ ๊ทธ๋งํ๋ผ๋ ์๊ฒฌ์ ๋ด์ ์นด์ ๋ฑ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋ง๋ถ๋ฅผ ๋นํํ๋ค. ์ด์์ด๋ ๊ทธ๋ฐ ์๊ฒฌ์ ๋ด์ ๋ฌด์ ๋
๊ฟ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐใๆๆๅคข็ฉ่ชใ๋ฅผ ์จ์ ์ฃผ๋ณ์ธ๋ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋๋ ค๋ณด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ด ์ฑ
์ ์ด์์ด๊ฐ ์๊ฐํ ๊ฒ๋ณด๋ค ํจ์ฌ ๋ค์ํ ํ์๋ค์ด ๋๋ ค๋ณด์๋ค.
1839๋
๋ง์ฌ์ ์ฅ์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ์ด์์ด๋ ๋ง๋ถ๋ฅผ ๋นํํ๋ค๋ ํ์๋ก ์ฒดํฌ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ข
์ ํ์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ไผ้ฆฌ็บ็ขๅฑๆท์ ์๊ฐ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ ์์์ ์๋ฃ์ ํ์ฐ๊ณ ์ด์
ํ ์๊ฐํ๊ฒฝ ๊ฐ์ ์ ํธ์ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ํ๋์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ ์ ์์๋ค๊ณผ ์น๋ถ์ ์๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ฐ๋๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ์ฅ์ค์ผ๊ธฐ์ธ ใใใใใใใฟใ๋ฅผ ๋จ๊ฒผ๋ค.
1844๋
๊ฐ์ฅ์ ํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํํ ํ์ฅํ๋ค. ์ด ํ์ฌ๋ ์ด์์ด๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ์์ ์ผํ๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ถ๊ฒจ ๋ฐฉํ์์ผฐ๋ค๋ ์ค์ด ์ ๋ ฅํ๋ค. ํ์ฅ์ ์ฌํ๋ด์ ๋์์ค๋ฉด ์ฌ๋ฉดํ์ง๋ง ์๋๋ฉด ์ฌํ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋ค๋ค์์ง๋ง ์ด์์ด๋ ๋ฌด์ํ๋ค. ํ์ฅํ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ ์๋ ค์ ธ์์ง ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋น์ ๊ทธ๋ ์ง๋ช
์๋ฐฐ์ ๋จ๊น์ง ๋๋ ์ํฉ์ด๋ผ ์ง์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ผ๊ตด์ ํ์ ์ธ์๊น์ง ๋ฐ๊พธ๋ฉด์ ๋๋ง์ณค๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๅคง้ๆจ๊น์ง ๊ฐ์ ้ซ้้ไป์๊ฒ ๋ชธ์ ๋งก๊ฒผ๋ค. ๋น์ ์จ์ด์๋ ์ง์ ์ง๊ธ ๋ฌธํ์ฌ๋ก ๊ณต๊ฐ๋์ด์๋ค. ์ดํ ์ ์ ์๋์ ์์ ้ดๆจๆฅๅฑฑ์ ๋์์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ์์ ์ ๋ฒ์ญํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ง๋ง ้ดๆจๆฅๅฑฑ๊ฐ ๊ธ์ฌํ๋ ๋ฐ๋์ ์ด์๊ตญ ์ฐ์์ง๋ง๋ฒ์ฃผ์ธ ๋คํ
๋ฌด๋ค๋๋ฆฌ์ ๋นํธ ์๋ ๊ณ์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ์์ ์ ๋ฒ์ญํ๋ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ ํฌ๊ฐํ๋
็ ฒๅฎถๅฟ
่ชญ 11 ๊ถ์ผ๋ก ๋จ์์๋ค. ๋น์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์์ ํฌ๋์ธ ไน
่ฏ็ ฒๅฐ๋ ์ต๊ณ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ง๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ์ํ์ ๊ณ์ํ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ ์๋๋ก ๋์์ ใๆฒขไธไผฏใ๋ผ๋ ๊ฐ๋ช
์ผ๋ก ๋ง์ ์์ฌ ๊ฐ์
์ ํ๋ค. ์์ฌ๋ก ์ง๋ด๋ฉด ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์์ฃผ ์ ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ฏ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ฒ๋ผ ์ง์ฐ์ ์ด์ฉํด ์ผ๊ตด ์ธ์์ ์ข
์ข
๋ฐ๊พธ์๋ค.
1850๋
์์ค์ผ๋ง ํ์ฟ ๋์ด์ ์จ์ด์๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฐ๊ณ ๋์ด ์ ๋ดํ์ ๊ด์๋ค์๊ฒ ์ฒดํฌ๋์๋ค. ์ฒดํฌ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ฌํ ๊ตฌํ๋ฅผ ๋นํด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋น์ฌ์ํ์๊ณ ์ด์ฉ์์์ด ๊ฐ๋ง๋ก ํธ์กํ๋ ๋์ค ์์ดํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฐ ๊ฐ์ด์๋ "ํ์นด๋
ธ ์ด์์ด๋ ๋ฐํํ ์ฌ๋ฌด๋ผ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์์ดํ๊ธฐ ํ๋ฌ์ฏค ์ ๆจช่ฐทๅฎ่์์ ๋ชจ์์ด ์์๋๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ ํ๋ฐค์ค์ ์ฐพ์์ ํจ๊ป ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ก ํ๋ค. ๋์๊ฐ ๋๊ฐ ๋์ ์ง๊ธ ์จ์ด์ง๋ด๋ ๋ชธ์ด๋ผ ๋ญ ํ๋ ๋๋ฆด ๊ฒ์ด ์๊ณ ๋จ์ง ์์ง๋ง์ ๋๋ฆด ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์์ ์ด ํ์ฌํ ์ค๊ท ์๋ผ์ด์ ใ่ปๆณไธๅฏฉใ์ ์ฃผ์๋ค."๊ณ ํ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
์ด์ํ
ํ ์ค์์ ๋ฏธ์ฆ์๋ ๊ณ ํ ์ ํ์ด, ์ฌ์ดํ ๋ง์ฝํ ์ ํจ๊ป ์ด์์ด๊ฐ ์กด๊ฒฝ๋ฐ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฑํ๊ต ๋๋ถํฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅด์น๊ณ ์๋ค. 2004๋
์ ์ด์์ด ํ์ 200์ฃผ๋
ํ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ค์ ์์๋ค.
๊ด๋ จ์
์ ์
์ ์ง ใ้ซ้้ท่ฑๅ
จ้ใ๏ผๅ
จ6ๅทป๏ผใใ็ฌฌไธๆธๆฟใ1978ๅนด - 1982ๅนด
้ ใซใๅปๆธ1ใใๅปๆธ2ใใๅ
ตๆธใใ้ๆธใใ็ ฒๅฎถๅฟ
่ชญใใ่ญๆใ
์นด์, ์ด์์ด ๋
ผ์ง ใ่ฏๅฑฑใป้ท่ฑ่ซ้ใใไฝ่คๆไปๆ ก่จใๅฒฉๆณขๆๅบซใ1978ๅนด
ใๆฅๆฌใฎๅ่25๏ผ้ซ้้ท่ฑใปใใใไฝ่คๆไป่ฒฌไปป็ทจ้ใไธญๅคฎๅ
ฌ่ซ็คพใ็พไปฃ่ช่จณใ
์ ๊ธฐ
้ถด่ฆไฟ่ผใใ่ฉไผ้ซ้้ท่ฑใใ่คๅๆธๅบใ2007ๅนดใๆง็ใๆน่จใ
ๅ
็ใ้ซ้้ท่ฑใใๆๆฅ้ธๆธใใฎใกใ้ถด่ฆไฟ่ผ้ ็ถ3ใใ็ญๆฉๆธๆฟใ2002ๅนดใซๅ้ฒ
ไฝ่คๆไปใใ้ซ้้ท่ฑใใๅฒฉๆณขๆฐๆธใ1997ๅนด
้ซ้้ท้ใใ้ซ้้ท่ฑไผใใๅฒฉๆณขๆธๅบใๅๅข่จ็1972ๅนดใๅ
็ใฏๆฆๅๅ
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
็ฐไธญๅผไนใใใ่ฎ็คพใฎ็ใใฎใในใฆใ๏ผๅๅทๅผๆ้คจใ2011ๅนด๏ผ
๊ฐ์ฃผ
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
๋ง์ฌ์ ์ฅ
๋ํ
์ธ์ด์์ ์ฐ์์ง๋ง์
๊ณ ํ ์ ํ์ด
์คํ์ด๋ด (๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผ)
ํ์ฅ
์์ดํ ์ฌ๋
1850๋
์ฌ๋ง
1804๋
์ถ์
์ฐ์์ง๋ง๋ฒ ์ฌ๋
์ผ๋ค์ด๋ฒ ์ฌ๋
์๋ ์๋์ ์์ฌ
19์ธ๊ธฐ ํ์
๋ํ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takano%20Ch%C5%8Dei | Takano Chลei | was a prominent scholar of Rangaku (western science) during the Bakumatsu period in Japan.
Life
Chลei was born as Gotล Kyลsai, the third son of Gotล Sลsuke, a middle-ranking samurai in Mizusawa Domain of Mutsu Province in what is now part of Iwate Prefecture. At an early age, however, he was adopted by his uncle Takano Gensai who had studied medicine under Sugita Genpaku and influenced Chลei to follow in the same profession. He first studied medicine in Edo in 1820 after winning money in a lottery that he used to pay his way. There he first studied under Sugita Hakugen, then Yoshida Chลshuku, who gave him the name Chลei. After the death of his teacher in 1824 he took over some of the teaching duties in the school.
A year later he left for Nagasaki to study under Philipp Franz von Siebold. There he paid for his education by writing papers about Japanese life and culture for von Siebold, gathering plants and translating books from Dutch to Japanese. One of his fellow students was Watanabe Kazan. After the school was shut down and von Siebold expelled from Japan in 1828, Chลei was forced to flee. He finally settled in Edo in 1830 where he wrote his Fundamentals of Western Medicine. There he was reunited with Watanabe Kazan, and both attended meetings of Shลshikai, a study group of intellectuals interested in foreign affairs.
In 1838 Chลei married and then published Yumemonogatari (The Tale of a Dream), a book critical of the Tokugawa shogunate's handling of the 1837 Morrison Incident. Since he was of samurai status he was dealt with harshly by the authorities and sent to the Kodenmachล prison where he spent five years of his life sentence in the commoners' section. While in prison he wrote a treatise on Western learning in Japan called Bansha Sลyaku Shลki ("A Short Record of a Meeting with Misfortune"). The book examines the history of Western knowledge entering Japan from the Sengoku Period to the 1830s. In 1844 he arranged to have a fire started in the prison and made his escape. He then spent the rest of his life in hiding using various aliases. At one point he is said to have poured acid on his face to disguise his appearance and elude arrest.
He returned to Edo in March 1850 and lived in hiding in Aoyama Hyakunin-cho (present-day Minami Aoyama). The area had a concentration of official residences of the Shลgun's foot soldiers and Chลei ran a medical practice under a false name. However, on the last day of October in the same year, an informant told police official where he was hiding, and the Edo Machi-bugyล sent a number of men to arrest him. The actual course of events is uncertain, but Chลei was severely beaten with jitte as he resisted arrest and was killed. Official reports stated that he drew a dagger and stabbed himself in the neck during the melee.
A stone monument, inscribed with "The hiding place of Doctor Chลei Takano", commemorates the location, and his grave at the temple of Zenko-ji in Kita-Aoyama has an inscription by Katsu Kaishลซ.
Takano Choei former residence
The house where Chลei lived until he left for Edo at the age of 17 in ลshลซ, Iwate has been preserved as a memorial museum. This Edo period samurai residence was designated a National Historic Site. on April 13, 1933. The house was extensively restored in 1876, but retains two rooms facing the front courtyard on the west side in the original condition in which they were used by Chลei. However, as the house is in private hands, the rooms are not normally open to the public.
Works
Fundamentals of Medicine, vol.1 in five books (1832)
Treatise on Two Things for the Relief of Famine (1836)
Treatise on Contagious Diseases, including Methods of Avoiding Epidemic Diseases, in two volumes (1836)
The Tale of a Dream (1838)
References
Biography
original Japanese version:
Others
Practical Pursuits: Takano Choei, Takahashi Keisaku, and Western Medicine in Nineteenth Century Japan, Ellen Gardner Nakamura; Harvard University Press, 2005
External links
Prominent People of Minato City
Choei Takano Memorial Hall
People of Edo-period Japan
Rangaku
1804 births
1850 deaths |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%95%BC%EC%99%80%20%EB%A7%88%EC%A7%80%EB%A7%89%20%EB%93%9C%EB%9E%98%EA%B3%A4 | ๋ผ์ผ์ ๋ง์ง๋ง ๋๋๊ณค | "๋ผ์ผ์ ๋ง์ง๋ง ๋๋๊ณค"()์ 2021๋
๊ฐ๋ดํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ก์
๋ชจํ ํํ์ง ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
์ํ์ด๋ค. ๋์ฆ๋ ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
์ํ์ผ๋ก ์ธ๋๋ค์์๊ณ ๋์ฆ๋ ํ๋ฆฐ์ธ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฃฌ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๋ ํ๊ณผ ์นด๋ฅผ๋ก์ค ๋กํ์ค ์์คํธ๋ผ๋ค๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋
์, ์๋ธ ๋ฆผ์ด ๊ฐ๋ณธ์ ๋งก์๋ค.
๊ธฐ์กด 2020๋
11์ 25์ผ์ ๋ถ๋ฏธ ๊ฐ๋ด ์์ ์ด์์ผ๋, ์ฝ๋ก๋19 ๋ฒ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๊ฐ๋ด์ด 2021๋
3์ 5์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋์๋ค. 2021๋
3์ 5์ผ, ๋ถ๋ฏธ์์๋ ๊ทน์ฅ๊ณผ ๋์ฆ๋+์์ ๋์ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋์๋ค.
์ค๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ
500๋
์ ์ฟ ๋ง๋๋ผ๋ ์
๋ น๋ค์ด ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ๊ดดํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ์ ๋ ๋ฒ์ํ ๋
์ด์๋ค. ์ํผ์ ํก์ํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ๋๋ก ๋ฐ๊พธ๋ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค.๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฟ ๋ง๋๋ผ์ ์ฉ์ ๋จ์ ๋ง๋ฒ์ ๋จ๊ฒจ์ง ๊ฒ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. ๋๋ฃจ๋ฃฌ์ ๋ค๋ฎ์ ๊ถค๋๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ๋ง์ด์๋ค.๋ฃจ๋ฃฌ์ ์ ์ธํ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋๋๊ณค ๋ณด์์ ํ์ ์ํ๊ณ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ๊ฐ์ ์์นํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ํ ๋ถ์กฑ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ ์ก๋ค. ํฝ, ํํธ, ํ
์ผ, ์คํ๋ฐ, ํ๋ก ๋ฑ์ด์๋ค. ํธ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ๊ฐ ๊ถค๋๋ฅผ ์์ตํ๊ณ ๊ทธ ์ดํ๋ก ๊ณ์ ์ง์ผ์ค๊ณ ์๋ค. 500๋
ํ, ์ฌ์ฅ ํธ๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ ๋ฒค์ ๋์ฅ์ ๋ธ ๋ผ์ผ๊ฐ ๊ถค๋๋ฅผ ์งํค๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ๋ จ์ ํด์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๊ทธ๋ ์ฌ์ ํ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ์ณ๋๊ณ ์ฟ ๋ง๋๋ผ๊ฐ ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฏฟ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ฒฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ผ์ผ๋ ์ก๊ณณ๋์ ์กฑ์ฅ ๋น๋ผ๋ ๋ธ๊ณผ ์น์ ํ ๊ด๊ณ๋ก ๋๋๊ณค์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋๋ง๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ผ์ผ์๊ฒ ์ฉ์ ๋ชฉ๊ฑธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๊ณ , ํ์ ํ ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ๊ถค๋์ ์์น๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ์คฌ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ผ์ผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ ํ๊ณ ๊ณง ์ก๊ณณ๋๋ ๋ณด์์ ํ์น๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๋๋จธ์ง ๋ถ์กฑ๋ค์ ์์์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ธ์์ด ๋ฒ์ด์ง๊ณ ๋ณด์์ ์ค์๋ก ๋ถ์๊ฒ ๋์ ๋ด์ธ๋์ด์๋ ๋๋ฃฌ์ด ๊นจ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ๋๋ฃจ์ด์ ๊ฐ์๊ธฐ ํ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ ํ์น๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ์กฑ์ด ๋ํ๋๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ๋ผ์ผ๋ ๋ฒค์๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ๋ ค๊ณ ํ์ง๋ง ๋๋ก ๋์ ๋์ง ๋ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ๋๋ง์น๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. 6๋
๋ค ๋ผ์ผ๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์ํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ฐ์ ๋์ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์์๋ค. ์ด ์ฉ์ ๊ถค๋๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ ์ ์ผํ ์๋ฌผ์ฒด์ธ ์ฉ ์์๋ฅผ ๊นจ์ ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ฌ๋ง์ ๋จ์์๋ ํ
์ผ ํธ๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณณ์ ๋์ฐฉํด์ ์์๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๊ถค๋๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ง ์๊ณ ๋์ด ๋ง์ ํ์ ๋ค์ด ํ ํ๋์ ํ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ, ํ์๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ์ธ์ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ ํ์ผ ์ฌ์์ ๋จ์ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๊ณ ์์์ ํจ๊ป ๋๋ฒ์งธ ์ํ์ ํ๋ณตํ๊ณ ์ธ๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ณ์ ํ๋ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ป์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋๋ง๋ฆฌ์ ๊ทธ๋
์ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ๋ง๋๊ฒ ๋์์ผ๋, ๊ทธ๋ค ๋์ ๋๋ฃฌ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ์์ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์
๊ฐ ๋ถ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ณดํธ์์ ํ์ถ์ ํ ์ ์์๋ค. ์น์ ํ ์ฒ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๋ผ์ผ๋ ์์๊ฐ ์ฉ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋
์ ํ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํดํ๊ณ ์์์๊ฒ ํผ๋์ ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋๋ณด์ง ์๋๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ์๋ฆฌ์ง ์๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋ฌผ์๋ก ์์ ์ ์ง์ ์ง์ ํ๋ก ํธ๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ ๋์ฐฉํ๋ค. ๋๋ฃจ์ด์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ค์ค๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ณดํธํ๊ธฐ ์ํด, ๋ผ์ผ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ผ๋ ค๊ณ ์๋ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ๊ถค๋์ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ ๋์ฐพ์ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ๋ค. ๋ ์ผ๋ ์ด ๋ง์์์ ์ด๋จธ๋๊ฐ ๋๋ฃจ๋ฃฌ์ผ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ์ ํ ์
์ํ ๋ฆฌํ ๋
ธ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ๋๋งน์ ๋งบ์ โ์๋น์คโ๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๊ฐ์ง โ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊พผโ์ ๋ง๋ฌ๋ค. ๋ ์ด์ผ๋ ์ถ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋๋๊ณ ๋์๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๊ณ ์ฉํด์ ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ ๋๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ค. ์์๋ ์ ๋ฌผ์ ์ฐพ์ผ๋ฌ ๋ง์๋ก ๊ฐ๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ์๊ฐํ๊ธฐ์ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด ์ธ์๋ณด๋ค ๋ซ๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ ์ง์ ํ ๋ถ์กฑ ๋ฆฌ๋์ ๋ฐ์ด๋ค์๋ค. ๋ ์ด์ผ๋ ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์กฐํด ์์๊ฐ ์๊ฐ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ ๋ด์ด ์พจ์ ์พจ์ค์ ํจ๊ป ์พจ์ค์ ํจ๊ป ์พจ์ค์ ํจ๊ป ๋ค์ ์พจ์ง๋ก ๋์๊ฐ๊ฒ ํ๋ค. ์ด ๋จ์ฒด๋ ๋ผ์ผ์ ์์์ ํจ๊ป ๋ง์๋ก ์ง์
์ํค๋ ค ํ๋ ์คํผ์ธ ํธ๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ ๋์ฐฉํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ 'ํต'์ด ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ํด ๋ฌด์์ ํด์ผํ ์ง ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋ ๋ฌด์์ด ์ ์ฌ'๋ก ์กํ๋ค. ์น๊ตฌ๋ค์ ์นจ์
ํด์ ํ๋ ค๋ฌ๊ณ , ๋จ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ์ ๋์ฐฉ์ ๋ํด ์๋ฆฐ๋ค. ํ ์จ๋ ๋จ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ต์ฐฉํ๋ ๋์ ์น๊ตฌ๋ค์๊ฒ ๋์ํ ๊ฒ์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค. ๋ผ์ผ๋ ๋จ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ์ฐ๊ณ ๊ฑฐ์ ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์์๋ ๋๋๊ณค์ ์์๊ณผ ๋จ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ, ํฐ๋ฆฌ์ ํฐ๋ฆฌ์ ํฌ๋๋ก ๋๋๋ ค์ก๋ค. ๋ ๋๊ธฐ ์ ๋จ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ๋ ์์์ ๋ชจ์ต์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋น๋ผ๋์ ๋ํด ๋งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ค์ ๋น๋ผ๋์ ๋์๊ฐ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋์ ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ฒ์ ๊ฐ์ ธ๊ฐ๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ ค์ํ๋ ์กฐ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ฉ์ ๋์ด๋ ค์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ค์ ๋ณดํธ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ, ๋ผ์ผ๋ ์์์ ๋ํ ๊ทธ๋
์ ํํฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์งํค๊ณ ์๋ ๊ถค๋๋ฅผ ์งํค๋ ๊ฒ์ ํตํ์ฌ ์์๊ฐ ๋น๋ฅผ ์ํํ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ป๋๋ก ํ๋ฝํ๋ค. ๋ผ์ผ๋ ํํธ๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ๋ค๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง์ง๋ง ์ํ์ ๋์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ๊ณ ์์ง๋ง ์์๋ ์ ๋ฌผ์ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋๋ ค๋ฌ๋ผ๊ณ ์์ฒญํ๋ค. ๋ผ์ผ๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ ํ๋ฉด ์์๋ ๊ฐ์ด ์์ ๋จ์ ๊ณณ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ ค๋ณด๋ด๊ณ ํ์ ๋ค์ ์ด๋ช
์ ๋๋ฌ๋ด์ฃ . ์์๋ ๊ถค๋๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ง ์์์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ๋
์ ํ์ ๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ ์ ๋ขฐํ๋ค. ๋ผ์ผ๋ ๋๋จธ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ค์ ํฉ๋ฅํ ์ ์๋๋ก ์ฉ์ ์์๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ์ข
์
์๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. ๋ผ์ผ์ ์์ค๋ ๋จ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋์ง๋ง ๊ถค๋์ ๋๋จธ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์๋ง์ ๋๋จธ์ง๋ ์๊ถ์ ๋ค๊ณ ์๋ค. ์์๋ ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉํดํ๋ ค ํ์ง๋ง, ๋ผ์ผ๋ ๋๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๊ณ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ๊ณ ์์์๊ฒ ํ์ด์ ๋ง๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ๋จ์ด์ง๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค. ๋จ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋๋ฃจ๋ฃฌ๊ณผ์ ํํธ๋ฆฌ๋ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํธํ๋ ๋ฌผ๋ก ๋ฌ์๋ฌ๊ณ , ์์๊ฐ ์์๋๋ค. ๋๋ฃจ๋ฃฌ ๊ตฐ๋จ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ผ์ผ๊ฐ ๋๋ฃจ๋ฃฌ ์์ ๋น๋์ ์ด๋ช
์ ์ฌํผํ๊ณ ์๋ ๋๋๋ฆฌ ์ ๋ํต๋ น๊ณผ ๋ง์ฃผ์น ๋๋ฅด์ ๋จ๋ฏธ์ ๋ง์ฃผ์น์. ์์ธก์ ํฌ์ ์ค ํต, ๋ถ, ๋
ธ์ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ผํฐ์ค๊ฐ ๋๋ฃจ๋ฃฌ์์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๊ตฌ์ถํ๋ค. ๋ผ์ผ๋ ๋จ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ ์ค๋น๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ์์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์์ ์ด ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฑธ ์์๊ณ , ๋ ์ด์ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ง ์๋๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๋ผ์ผ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ๋ค๊ณ ์น๊ตฌ๋ค์ ๋์ฐ๋ฌ ๊ฐ๋ค. ๋๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ, ๋๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ํธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ๊ถค๋๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํด์ ๋์์ ์ฃผ์ฃ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ํ์ ์๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ฉด์ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด์ ๋จ์ด์ง๊ณ ๋๋ฃฌ์ ๋๋ฌ์ธ์ฌ ์๋ค. ๋ผ์ผ๋ ๊ทธ ์น๊ตฌ๋ค์๊ฒ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋ชจ์์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ํ์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ๋
์ ์น๊ตฌ๋ค์ ๋๋ง๋ฆฌ์ ๋์์ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ๋ค. ๋ผ์ผ๋ ์์ ์ ๋ณด์์ ๋ด๋ ค๋๊ณ ๋๋ฃฌ์๊ฒ ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ๋๋ก ํ๋ค. ๋๋จธ์ง๋ ๋๋จธ์ง์ ํ๋์ฉ ๋๋จธ์ง๋ก ๋๋จธ์ง์ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋ค์ ํ๋์ฉ ๋ชจ์์ ๋๋ง๋ฆฌ์๊ฒ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋๋ฃฌ์๊ฒ ๋จนํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๊ณํ์ ์ฑ๊ณตํ๊ณ ๋๋ฃฌ์ ๋ชจ๋๊ฐ ๋ค์ ์ด์๋๋ฉด์ ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ค. ๋๋๊ณค๋ค์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ์๋ค์ ๋ฏฟ์๋ ๋ผ์ผ ์๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ฌํ๋ ์ถ์ ๋์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์ ๋ง์ด๋ค. ๋ผ์ผ๋ ๋ค์ ๋ฒค์์ ์ฌ๊ฒฐํฉํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ง์ผ๋ก ๋์์ค๋ฉด์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ค์ ์ค์์ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
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์ฝ๋ก๋19 ๋ฒ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ์ํ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raya%20and%20the%20Last%20Dragon | Raya and the Last Dragon | Raya and the Last Dragon ( ) is a 2021 American animated fantasy action-adventure film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It was directed by Don Hall and Carlos Lรณpez Estrada, co-directed by Paul Briggs and John Ripa, and produced by Osnat Shurer and Peter Del Vecho. The screenplay was primarily written by Qui Nguyen and Adele Lim with additional contributions from various writers, based on story ideas by Bradley Raymond and Helen Kalafatic. Raya and the Last Dragon stars the voices of Kelly Marie Tran, Awkwafina, Izaac Wang, and Gemma Chan, and follows the titular warrior princess, Raya, as she seeks out the fabled last dragon to save her father and the land of Kumandra from evil spirits called Druun.
Development began in October 2018, and in August 2019 the project was officially announced, with the title and voice cast being revealed. During production, Disney replaced several cast and crew members, including the initially announced lead actress Cassie Steele for Tran, to conform with changes in character and plot. The film is inspired by traditional Southeast Asian cultures. During design and animation, the team focused on its diverse environments and characters while maintaining authentic cultural representation. James Newton Howard composed the score.
Raya and the Last Dragon was released in theaters in the United States on March 5, 2021, simultaneously in theaters and through Disney+ with Premier Access. It was delayed twice from an original November 2020 release date due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The film became the third-most-streamed film of 2021, and, excluding its Disney+ Premier Access revenue, grossed $130.4million worldwide. Raya and the Last Dragon received generally positive reviews; critics praised the imagery and depth, but criticized the story and limited Southeast Asian representation. It was nominated for various accolades, including an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.
Plot
The Druun, mindless spirits that turn every living thing in their path to stone, ravage the prosperous land of Kumandra. Sisu, the last surviving dragon, concentrates her magic into a gem and blasts the Druun away, reviving Kumandra's people but not its dragons. A power struggle for the gem divides Kumandra's people into five separate chiefdoms called Fang, Heart, Spine, Talon, and Tail, corresponding to their placement along a gigantic dragon-shaped river.
Five hundred years later, Chief Benja of the Heart tribe retains possession of the gem and trains his young daughter, the warrior princess Raya, to protect it. Believing Kumandra can be reunited, Benja holds a feast for all five tribes. During the feast, Raya befriends Namaari, princess of the Fang tribe, who gives her a dragon pendant. Trusting Namaari, Raya shows her the gem's chamber, but Namaari betrays her as part of a plot to help Fang steal the gem. After being alerted to the attack, Benja and the other tribes arrive and start fighting over the gem, breaking it into five pieces in the scuffle. The gem's destruction creates a fissure which releases the Druun once more, quickly overtaking the Land of Heart. As the tribe leaders each steal a piece of the gem and flee, Benja notices that water repels the Druun and saves Raya's life by throwing her in the river before being turned to stone.
Six years later, Raya treks across Kumandra, searching for Sisu to have her create another gem and banish the Druun once more. She manages to summon her in Tail, where Sisu admits she did not create the gem but wielded it on behalf of her four siblings, who all contributed their magic to the gem. Raya and Sisu resolve to take back the four pieces of the gem, reassemble it, and use it to banish the Druun and restore those who were turned to stone.
Raya and Sisu travel across the realm, reclaiming pieces of the gem and making new friends: the young restaurateur Boun from Tail, the baby con artist Little Noi and her three ongis from Talon, and the warrior Tong from Spine, all of whom have lost loved ones to the Druun. Namaari pursues Raya, hoping to gain the gem shards for the Fang tribe. Each gem shard they acquire blesses Sisu with one of her siblings' magical powers. Raya, not fully trusting their new companions, insists Sisu remain disguised as a human, but she reveals herself to save Raya from Namaari at Spine. At Fang, Sisu persuades Raya to propose an alliance to Namaari rather than steal the final shard. As a gesture of trust, Raya returns the pendant Namaari gave her years ago. Namaari, torn between her responsibility to Fang and her wish to help defeat the Druun, threatens them with a crossbow. Sisu tries to calm Namaari, but Raya attacks with her whipsword after seeing Namaari's finger on the trigger, causing the crossbow to fire and kill Sisu; her death drains all the water away, allowing the Drunn to overrun the realm.
Furious by Namaariโs actions, Raya pursues her and finds her grieving the petrification of her mother, and they fight while Raya's companions use the gem pieces to evacuate the people of Fang. Raya prepares to kill Namaari, but stops when Namaari reminds Raya of her role in Sisuโs death due to her inability to trust others, and they go to aid the others. As the Druun gain on her group, Raya remembers how trust allowed Sisu to save the world. She urges the others to unite and reassemble the gem, showing her faith in Namaari by handing over her gem piece and allowing the Druun to turn her into stone. Boun, Tong, Noi, and the ongis follow suit, and Namaari reassembles the gem before being petrified as well. This unleashes a shockwave that spreads throughout Kumandra, vanquishing all the Druun and conjuring up a magical rainstorm which revives everyone. It also revives the dragons, who later revive Sisu. The group reunites with their loved ones; the tribes and dragons gather at Heart to unify as Kumandra once again.
Voice cast
Kelly Marie Tran as Raya, a fierce and virtuous warrior princess of Heart who has been training to become a Guardian of the Dragon Gem. To save her father from petrification and restore peace to Kumandra, she embarks on a search for the last dragon.
Awkwafina as Sisu, the last dragon in existence. She has a ludicrous and somewhat unstable personality, but she is also brave, kind, and wise.
Izaac Wang as Boun, a charismatic 10-year-old entrepreneur from Tail who lost his family to the Druun.
Gemma Chan as Namaari, the warrior princess of Fang and Raya's rival.
Jona Xiao as young Namaari.
Daniel Dae Kim as Chief Benja, Raya's father, the chief of Heart.
Benedict Wong as Tong, a formidable, towering, kind-hearted warrior from Spine who lost his family and fellow villagers to the Druun.
Sandra Oh as Virana, Namaari's mother and the chieftess of Fang.
Thalia Tran as Little Noi, a toddler con artist from Talon who lost her mother to the Druun. She was raised by the ongis, creatures that resemble monkeys with catfish whiskers.
Lucille Soong as Dang Hu, the chieftess of Talon.
Alan Tudyk as Tuk Tuk, Raya's best friend and trusty steed who is a mix of armadillo and pill bug. His name is a reference to the nickname of auto rickshaws in Thailand.
The film also featured the voice of Dichen Lachman as General Atitaya of Fang and a Spine warrior; Patti Harrison as the chief of Tail; Dumbfoundead as Chai, a flower guy; Sung Kang voices Dang Hai, the former chief of Talon; Sierra Katow voices both a Talon merchant and a Fang officer; Ross Butler voices the chief of Spine; Franรงois Chau voices Wahn; and Gordon Ip and Paul Yen voice Talon merchants.
Production
In October 2018, Deadline Hollywood reported Disney was developing a fantasy animated film produced by Osnat Shurer from a screenplay by Adele Lim, with additional directorial debuts by Paul Briggs and Dean Wellins. Most of them had previously been involved in other Disney films including Frozen (2013), Zootopia (2016) and Moana (2016). In August 2019, Disney announced the film during its D23 Expo Walt Disney Animation Studios' presentation, casting Cassie Steele as Raya and of Awkwafina as Sisu.
In August 2020, Disney announced the replacement of several cast and crew members. Don Hall and Carlos Lรณpez Estrada replaced Paul Briggs and Dean Wellins as directors, with Briggs and Wellins demoted to co-directors. Ripa later also replaced Wellins as a co-director, and Wellins was credited as a contributor writer in the credits. Qui Nguyen joined Lim as co-writer and Peter Del Vecho joined Shurer as producer. Kelly Marie Tran replaced Steele to conform to changes in characters and plot; Shurer said the cast must embody the same spirit as the character and that Tran was better suited for the role.
According to Hall, Disney recast the role because Raya was originally conceived as a "stoic loner", but the team began to infuse her with "levity" and "swagger" characteristics similar to those of Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) Star-Lord. Tran had unsuccessfully auditioned for the role of Raya. However, in January 2020, when Tran replaced Steele as Raya, she assumed that Disney had already rejected her before but was now hiring her to replace the lead actress. Disney hired each cast members separately and had them record their lines individually, keeping a secret from each of them until they accidentally discovered one another's involvement in the film before Disney revealed it to them. Despite the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the film industry, they worked and successfully completed the project from home. Overall, the budget was approximately $100million.
Development and design
Raya and the Last Dragon is inspired by traditional Southeast Asian cultures. The filmmakers consulted with Southeast Asia Story Trust experts to ensure an accurate cultural representation in the film. During production, the filmmakers emphasized the importance of avoiding stereotypical portrayals of Asian characters. To conduct background research, they traveled to Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia, where they were inspired by the local sense of acceptance, unity, and trust which they adopted as themes for the film. The artists explored various ways to express Kumandra's distinct characteristics and personalities, before consulting with the Trust and integrating cultural elements in their designs. Designing Kumandra's five fractured lands was challenging, and the team approached this by infusing them with unique climates and characteristics to reflect the diverse beliefs and culture of their people, with each land and its people representing a mandala icon revolving around Kumandra. This is inspired by the religious, cultural principles teaching that everything is centered around a common belief system or cosmology. During the worldbuilding of Kumandra, the designers focused on the expression of fantasy through using unfamiliar shapes, playing with scale and color, and placing objects in unexpected locations. Kumandra's Dragon River is inspired by the Mekong, and its dynamic colors in different lands are used to illustrate Raya's location in the film.
The filmmakers focused the core of the film on Raya and Sisu, and their conflicting characteristics of trust issues and over-trusting acted as the basis for the film's humor and emotion. They initially designed the characters separately, drawing various designs of Raya and Sisu. However, they felt that there was something lacking and incomplete in their designs, and they realized the importance of designing them together, helping them better understand how they complemented each other both visually and thematically.
Raya was conceived as a serious swordswoman focusing on her goal to find Sisu, and Sisu was conceived as a dragon trapped in her human form who refused to help Raya. However, as the writing progressed, Raya softened and Sisu become more helpful; the writers approached Raya as a character who act flawlessly and Sisu who does everything sideways. The designers ensured that Raya's observed quality would be culturally authentic, functional for her role as a swordswoman, and reflective of her emotional journey throughout the film. They designed her with feminine nose and strong, prominent cheekbones qualities. Her outfit is based on traditional sabai top and dhoti pants with cultural dragon references; her high-collar cape and large hat acted as protective layers that the filmmakers intended to remove as she emotionally evolves with the film. They aimed to make Raya exceptionally expressive and emotionally diverse, focusing on her playful and comedic aspects.
Sisu is inspired by the naga, mythical beings who can manifest as serpent or human and are usually associated with water. The designers were inspired by the naga's cultural influence and powerful presence in Southeast Asia that evokes a feeling that they "actually exist in an invisible world of which we are not a part", and they sought to explore this concept in the story where the dragons were revered and similarly reflected this effect. They explored many silhouettes and attitudes of Sisu, ranging from ethereal and magical to the ferocious and skeptical, and they consulted with the Trust to help maintain her fantastical and unique characteristics while also addressing cultural customs and beliefs. Specific design elements in her dragon form were intentionally retained in her human attire to create a cohesive and recognizable character design.
The poses of the dragon statues represent the designers' efforts to convey the same sense of grandeur, reverence, and awe-inspiring presence that dragons have in Southeast Asian culture. The dragons' footsteps radiate colorful, refracted ripples of light to emphasize cultural association with water. They designed the dragons with glowing characteristics and fluid grooms and textures, referencing various design elements such as scales and translucent fins. Water is a central element in the story; it is used to illustrate Raya's emotional growth, where colored bodies of water represent moments in which Raya feels close to those around her while high contrast, dark-colored ones represent her distrust and insecurity. The Druun were approached as embodiments of hopelessness and dread with a dynamic, cloudy form that is difficult to be perceived as one continuous form; their concepts include aquatic life, water boiling in reverse, dough folding in on itself, black holes, and parasitic behaviors.
Dragons are a central aspect in Heart's design; they appear in its sacred fortress and palace and serve as cultural symbols. The dragons' design were influenced by water, which were reflected in Heart's rounded-shape architecture designs that form pattern of ripples. The designers aimed to make Heart's pond a magical and sacred place because it represent an important character moment between Raya and her father, incorporating elements of flowers that only bloom at night. While researching these flowers, they were inspired by an art installation involving lamps that would grow stronger and dimmer based on a person's location to create the Kumandra flowers. Similarly, they light up when the Dragon Gem, symbol of hope, was near; this illustrated an important theme in the story.
Tail is inspired by fantasy plateaus and sand waterfalls and was intended as the "wild west" of Kumandra. Talon, the floating land that acted as a trading crossroad in the story, is inspired by Southeast Asia's cultural floating markets and night markets. The designers approached Talon's as a pier that had five different levels, envisioning the pier starting at the top level, and as the waterline lowered due to the drought, new platforms would be constructed underneath. Spine's design was influenced by its cultural connection with bamboo and focused on natural forms and textures, consisting of a black bamboo frame and a colossal woolly mammoth-like tusked roofline with large stone foundations from the surrounding rocky mountain. Spine's snowy, black bamboos becomes deep blue with maroon hints and lit color schemes create a striking visual contrast that greatly enhances its grand atmosphere. The designers employed a "lost-and-found approach to [the] edges", playing with shadows and lighting to create a sense of mystery and drama for Spine.
Fang's design aesthetic reflects its commitment to strict and stringent principles. They based their designs on brutalism and strong, monolithic, and rigid geometric shapes, reinforcing their rigid identifies. The designers explored stretching Fang buildings and incorporating repeated rooflines to evoke the ominous sensation of a large creature peering down. In the Fang Palace, tall, vertical banners and giant gold fang-like sculptures hang ominously from sky high ceilings. Their rectangular with sharp edges and cold, sterile feel designs were designed to contrast the floral motifs and round, organic shapes those of Heart.
Namaari is Raya's close friend before she betrayed her to steal the Dragon Gem for her people, the Fang, acting as one of the main antagonists and her rival. To express Namaari's strength and power, the designers focused on her facial expressions and physicality such as her aggressive nature and fierce stare. They adorned her with a hard-edge outfit with a predominantly off-white color palette to express her tough personality, reflecting Fang's geometric shapes of silhouette and patterning. Young Namaari's attire is designed to contrast her from young Raya, with stark white and gold elements representing Fang's harsh lifestyle as opposed to Raya's draped, soft, and blue designs with an overall serene feel.
Animation and cinematography
Kelsey Hurley, Gabriela Hernandez, and Shweta Viswanathan supervised an all-female technical leadership team that oversaw the flow of animation tools and other technical resources. Approximately 800 artists worked on the film from multiple departments, using various software applications such as Autodesk Maya, Houdini, and Nuke.
Raya and the Last Dragon employs partial traditional animation techniques, creating a unique style characterized by warmth, imperfection, and distinctiveness that distinguishes it from conventional CG animations. This approach incorporates a flattened look reminiscent of shadow puppets used in Chinese storytelling, imbuing the film with a human-touched quality and emotional resonance effects. The animation team used intricate lighting and atmospheric designs to create Kumandra's diverse environments. They skillfully draped the characters' garments by deftly folding long panels of cloth, minimizing reliance on seams to maintain the structure. This departure from the traditional standard pattern-based pipelines approach made the process exceptionally challenging. To handle the challenge of casting and choreographing a wide array of diverse characters, the team enhanced their crowd system to efficiently manage the increasing diversity within the film. They meticulously studied and modified their workflows and pipelines to support this approach, adapting their tools and processes to handle the complexities. These adaptations were achieved through art-directed, simulated, and procedural approaches, utilizing Disney's Houdini-based Skeleton Library system.
To depict the diverse tribes residing in different lands, an innovative modular approach was adopted, involving strategic element reuse and new techniques to introduce variation. A tracking system was implemented to validate assets and ensure their efficient use downstream. Collaborative efforts and an improved workflow between departments enabled the team to creatively and efficiently generate mass crowd assets. Various animation techniques, including anisotropic distances in physical and Boids simulations, as well as procedural fish/dragon animation layers and distance integral invariants for detecting dragon foot contacts, were employed to handle complex shots. These shots included beetles crawling atop one another and intricate fish/dragon choreography.
Creating Sisu in computer-generated imagery (CGI) was challenging; her unique, otherworldly form was exceptionally complex to rig, and her fluid shape needed to be done as both bipedal and quadrupedal. Talon's exceptionally complex and intricate elements, assets, models, and characters with the added necessity to move them around water make it the most complex environment to produce. Rendering Tail's minimalist landscape in CGI proved challenging due to the need for the camera to be extremely close to capture the desert floor. Added complexities arose from the manually modeling of cracks and the scattering of rocks and vegetation elements throughout the scene.
Cinematography focused on emphasizing Raya's characterization and her distrust of the world. They create contrasts from various camera and lighting styles to illustrate trust and distrust, applying them sequence-to-sequence and shot-to-shot based on her story arc. For example, the distrustful Raya was shot with a wide lens, deep focus, and a narrow color palette, while the trusting Sisu was shot with a long lens, shallow focus, and a broader color palette. To highlight the abrupt transition when Raya was thrown into the blue waters of the Dragon River in Heart to the scene six years later in Tail's harsh desert, the cinematographers employed light distortion techniques. These techniques were used to create a mirage effect, a shimmering illusion typical of hot environments, accentuating the dramatic shift in lighting, color, climate, and water in the film.
Music
James Newton Howard composed the score for Raya and the Last Dragon. Jhenรฉ Aiko wrote and performed a song entitled "Lead the Way" in the end credits. The score was released on February 26, 2021. Filipino singer KZ Tandingan was hired as the performer of "Gabay" (Guide), Disney's first-ever Filipino-language song, in March 2021. The track, the Filipino version of "Lead the Way", was released as part of the film's soundtrack for the Filipino dub of the film. Allie Benedicto, studio marketing head of Disney Philippines, said that the song "demonstrates [their] commitment to work with local creative talents".
Marketing and release
When Disney released the trailers on January 26, 2021, viewers expressed concerns about the limited Southeast Asian representation in the film's primarily East Asian-based cast and advocated for a more culturally accurate and diverse representation. Disney collaborated with various brands ranging from toys to merchandise such as McDonald's, LG, and Procter & Gamble to help market Raya and the Last Dragon. They also partnered with Southeast Asian brands like Omsum and Sanzo to pay tribute to the Southeast Asia cultures that inspired the film, and they supported and promoted many local, emerging advertisers there in their marketing efforts. When choosing promotional partners, they accounted for the film's target audience and the increasing number of people returning to theaters despite the COVID-19 pandemic.
The 107-minute Raya and the Last Dragon was initially scheduled for release on November 25, 2020, but was later pushed back to March 12, 2021, before moving up a week. These shifts were reportedly made in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Its eventual shift enabled the film to be simultaneously released in theaters and on Disney+ Premier Access, which was available for purchase until June 4, 2021, before making it free for all subscribers from that date. In theaters, Raya and the Last Dragon was accompanied by a short film, Us Again (2021).
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Raya and the Last Dragon for digital download on April 2, 2021, and on Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray, and DVD on May 18. The digital release also included Us Again. Bonus features bundled with its Blu-ray release include "An Introduction to Us Again", a behind-the-scenes look of the short Us Again; "Taste of Raya", a virtual Southeast Asian dining experience; "Raya: Bringing It Home", an inside look on how the animators worked at home; "Martial Artists", a lesson on the martial art forms and weapons used in the film; "We are Kumandra", the cultural influences of the film from the Southeast Asia Story Trust; outtakes from the film; facts and Easter eggs; Ripa's experience of working on the storyboard; and deleted scenes.
Thematic analysis
Raya and the Last Dragon deals with the theme of trust, forgiveness, and reconciliation. Raya learned not to trust anyone in the story's broken world, while her father and Sisu, the last dragon, believed that the broken world only exists because people do not trust one another. Their conflicted beliefs drive the story, and as each character is introduced, they each challenge the theme of trust.
Raya's severe trust issues stem from childhood betrayal when her friend, Namaari, deceived her for the Dragon Gem, leading her to overreact and distance herself from others. Her father's unwavering trust in others despite betrayal leads to a traumatic incident that intensifies her distrust. Throughout her journey, Raya encounters repeated betrayals, reinforcing her lack of faith in people. Consequently, she became constantly vigilant and overprotective toward Sisu. Sisu assists Raya by challenging her beliefs and encouraging her to trust again. She imparts a powerful lesson about the transformative impact of trust, showing how a simple act of faith can bridge immense gaps. Raya, initially scarred by betrayal, learns to overcome her past and bravely forgives, demonstrating the importance of trust and unity. By working together, Raya and her friends save their world, underscoring the importance of mutual trust and cooperation. When Namaari's actions lead them to a dire situation, Raya realizes her mistakes and chooses to trust Namaari, culminating in the revival of Kumandra from petrification.
The film conveys essential moral messages including friendship, responsibility, leadership, courage, trust, and unity. Sri Wulan compared her experience to how children learn to distrust their perceptions in social interactions when they are confronted by double messages in their family. She observed that her overly protective, vigilant, and isolating behavior, as well as her tendency to assume and anticipate recurring betrayals, are all key signs of trust issues studied in clinical research. Tawakkal, Monix, and Watani wrote that it addresses social issues like division and conflict arising from prejudice, hatred, greed, and the thirst for power, examining the importance of introspection and mutual understanding.
The film is interpreted as a reflection of evolving themes of feminism, gender equality, and diverse female empowerment in Disney animated films, breaking traditional stereotypes and challenging patriarchal dominance. Unlike previous Disney princess films which romanticized love and emphasized physical beauty, Raya and the Last Dragon portrays a strong female warrior protagonist as she struggles to reunite her country, highlighting women's mutual support without patriarchal influence. The film's feminist message is robust, depicting the main female character as rational, courageous, and independent, free from male dominance. Wardah and Kusuma wrote that it focused on trust in women as leaders, emphasized friendship over romance, and portrayed a strong female warrior image.
In animation and visual cultures, various elements such as characters, settings, lighting, and sound help convey cultural narration and messages. Characters shape the story and ensure events unfold cohesively, and characterizations are their traits and nature; both serve as mediums through which creators convey various meanings in the story. According to Citra Kemala Putri, Bahasa Rupa, the traditional visual language, remains relevant in the arts as an opportunity to move beyond the use of Western visual language. Films like Raya And The Last Dragon can transition from conventional to digital media by harnessing cultural principles and technological advancements. This transition preserves the original purpose of epic storytelling and imparts moral teachings while simultaneously rejuvenating and alleviating the saturation of the traditional arts. It can also produce captivating narratives, visually appealing presentations, and rich audio, as well as engage the senses, stimulating the imagination, and evoking emotional responses.
The fusion of martial arts, such as Pencak Silat from Indonesia and Arnis from the Philippines, is used to give Raya a unique fighting style based on various Southeast Asian cultures, but this approach may be criticized for potential misrepresentation due to the diverse philosophical aspects inherent to each martial art style. Shienny Megawati Sutanto wrote that the film could achieve a more authentic representation of Pencak Silat by delving into specific styles and their philosophical meanings, going beyond visual displays to create a more profound characterization of Raya's fighting style. Similarly, Raya's costumes although encompass the diversity of Southeast Asian cultures, led to a shallow representation, lacking the depth of meaning found in each garment and the respective cultures they represent. The film's portrayal of Southeast Asian visual cultures, including weapons, martial arts styles, and clothing worn by Raya, remained limited to surface-level signs and meanings. Despite using Southeast Asian visual cultures as a reference, the incorporation of various cultures into the characters resulted in a superficial appearance, undermining the diversity and richness of Southeast Asian cultures. She concluded that reinterpretation of cultural elements in films, if not done carefully, can result in a loss of meaning and turn the inspiration into an empty visual representation devoid of cultural significance, and although the film may seem inspired by various Southeast Asian cultural elements ostensibly, it fails to communicate the true diversity and uniqueness of Southeast Asian cultures.
In Nirwana's analysis, the film effectively portrays the identity of Nusantara Southeast Asian culture through selected scenes and the main character, Raya. She possesses qualities like bravery, honesty, loyalty, and an appreciation of cultural diversity which are highly regarded in Indonesian culture. The film conveys positive messages about cultural diversity and the significance of cooperation to achieve common goals which are essential values in the Indonesian society, incorporating essential aspects of daily life and spiritual activities that align with the values commonly practiced in Indonesia and throughout Southeast Asia. Multiculturalism is prominently portrayed in the film, symbolized through food and shared experiences. This is demonstrated through characters discussing ingredients from various villages, representing the diversity of Southeast Asian cuisines. The film promotes unity and togetherness, emphasizing the significance of multiculturalism. It also emphasizes the concept of unity among different tribes, with pluralism acting as a means to achieve a harmonious union. It showcases various cultural and multicultural elements to convey a message of unity and the richness of diversity within Southeast Asian cultures. The film also emphasizes the importance of maintaining a harmonious relationship with nature, highlighting that such balance leads to peace, prosperity, and unity. Kumandra was constructed as a metaphor for environmental harmony, illustrating it as an ideal and heavenly life where everything coexists in harmony. Chief Benja of Heart strives to restore this environmental harmony after the tribes are divided due to greed, hatred, and the Dragon Gems. Wulan, Nurhasanah, and Sahri wrote that it promotes unity ecocritically and showcases the need to preserve environmental sustainability.
Reception
Box office
Raya and the Last Dragon grossed $54.7million in the United States and Canada, and $75.7million in other territories for a worldwide total of $130.4million.
During its opening weekend in the US and Canada, Raya and the Last Dragon grossed $2.5million on its first day and went on to debut to $8.5million across 2,045 theaters, topping the box office. Theater chains Cinemark and Harkins in the US, and Cineplex in Canada, did not initially run the film after declining Disney's rental terms, which led to Raya and the Last Dragon failing to match the opening-weekend grosses of family-centered The Croods: A New Age (2020) and Tom & Jerry (2021). Raya and the Last Dragon performance, however, improved in the following weeks, matching and eventually surpassing Tom & Jerry's box office numbers. The film grossed $5.5million in its second weekend and $5.2million in its third, remaining atop the box office.
Worldwide, Raya and the Last Dragon debuted in 32 markets, grossing $26.2million in its opening weekend; the top countries were China ($8.6million) and Russia ($2.8million). The film earned $11.5million in its second weekend and $8million in its third from 29 markets.
Audience viewership
In its first three days in the week of March 1, Raya And The Last Dragon was watched for 355million minutes and placed fourth for the week among films. The film was released on Disney+ without any additional cost on June 4, 2021, worldwide; it was the second-most-viewed streaming title after Netflix's Lucifer. It was viewed for approximately 1.1billion minutes from May 31 to June 6, a significant increase for the film and any streaming title, which previously had 115million viewing minutes a week when it was only available as a premium title for $30.
According to the official list of the most watched streaming titles of 2021 released on January 21, 2022, by Deadline Hollywood and Nielsen Holdings, Raya and the Last Dragon was ranked the third-most-streamed film of 2021 with 8.34billion minutes watched, behind Luca (2021) and Moana with 10.5billion and 8.9billion minutes watched respectively. In January 2022, tech firm Akamai reported that the film was the ninth-most-pirated film of 2021.
Critical response
Raya and the Last Dragon has an approval rating of based on professional reviews on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of . The consensus reads; "Another gorgeously animated, skillfully voiced entry in the Disney canon, Raya and the Last Dragon continues the studio's increased representation while reaffirming that its classic formula is just as reliable as ever." Metacritic (which uses a weighted average) assigned Raya and the Last Dragon a score of 74 out of 100 based on 48 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported 92% of those gave it a positive score, with 78% said that they would recommend it.
Critics including Shirley Li of The Atlantic and Brandon Katz of Observer praised the imagery and themes. Allen Johnson of the San Francisco Chronicle, among others, said that the film expertly balances emotion, humor, and social politics against a backdrop of stunning visual beauty and captivating storyline. IndieWire noted its rich storytelling and emotional depth, complemented by humor and heartwarming moments. Rolling Stone and RogerEbert.com praised its masterful blend of imagery and cultural mythologies, creating a visually stunning and emotionally engaging narrative reminiscent of classic Disney animated repertoires. Similarly, Vanity Fair and Vulture said that it expertly conveys the emotional depth and themes of the story through visually stunning animations and compelling characters. In addition, praise was also directed to the strong cast choice. and diverse characters.
The story and limited Southeast Asian representation were criticized. Li criticized Raya's lack of depth, describing her as behaving more like a tourist than a genuine representation of the cultures depicted. She pointed out that unlike other successful fantasy films such as Black Panther (2018) and Moana, where cultural specificity is integral to the hero's journey, Raya struggles to seamlessly integrate its world into the narrative. In The New York Times, Beatrice Loayza expressed that the film falls short of the familiar Disney princess formula, questioning its cultural representation and corporate strategy. She stated that while the story is engaging, it feels somewhat trite in its message. In his Variety review, Peter Debruge criticized the dense and occasionally rushed story and world-building executions, which lacked an elegant and smooth narrative flow. Reviewers for The Irish Times and Vox cited its unwieldy central conceit and indistinct and insensitive cultural representation, respectively.
Accolades
Notes
References
Works cited
External links
Official screenplay
2020s American animated films
2020s children's animated films
2020s English-language films
2020s fantasy action films
2020s fantasy adventure films
2021 action films
2021 computer-animated films
2021 fantasy films
2021 films
American animated adventure films
American animated fantasy films
American animated feature films
American fantasy adventure films
Animated buddy films
Animated films about dragons
Animated films about magic
Anime-influenced Western animation
Disney Princess films
Films about shapeshifting
Films directed by Carlos Lรณpez Estrada
Films directed by Don Hall
Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic
Films produced by Peter Del Vecho
Films scored by James Newton Howard
Films set in a fictional country
Films with Disney+ Premier Access
IMAX films
Southeast Asia in fiction
Walt Disney Animation Studios films
Walt Disney Pictures animated films |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%88%20%ED%83%9C%EC%9A%B0%EA%B8%B0 | ๋ ํ์ฐ๊ธฐ | ๋ ํ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์ ํ๊ดดํ๋ ํ์์ด๋ค. ๋ฌธ์ ๊ทธ๋๋ก ์งํ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ถ์ด๋ ํ์๋ฅผ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ๋์ ํ์ฐ๋ ํ์๋ ์์ ์์ ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์์ํค์ง๋ง, ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํค์ง ์๋๋ค.
๋์ ํ์ฐ๋ ํ์๋ ์์ ์ ํจ๊ณผ, ํญ์์ ํํ, ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ ์ ํธ ํจ๊ณผ ๋ฑ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ฒ์ ์ด๋ก ์์๋ ์ด์ต์ ์ป๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ ํ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ ๋ต์ ํตํด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ์๋ค. ๋ช๋ช ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์๋ ๋ ํ์ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ฒ์ด๋ค.
๊ฑฐ์๊ฒฝ์ ํจ๊ณผ
๊ฑฐ์๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์, ๋์ ํ์ฐ๋ ํ์๋ ์ ํต๋๋ ํตํ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๊ณ ์์ํ ๋๊ตฌ๋ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๊ฒ ํ๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค. ์ด ํ์๋ ํตํ๋์ ์ถ์ํ๊ณ , ๋๊ตฌ๋ ํ ์ ์๋ ํตํ ์ ์ฑ
์ ํน์ ์ฌ๋ก์ด๋ค. ์ค์์ํ์ ๊ตญ์ฑ๋ ์ธํ๋ฅผ ํ์ ์ ํต๋๋ ๋์ ํ์ํ๋ค. ๋์ ํ์ฐ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ์ค์์ํ์ด ์ด๋ ํ ์์ฐ๊ณผ๋ ๊ตํํด์ค ํ์๊ฐ ์๊ณ , ์ค์์ํ(๋๋ ํํ ๋ฐ๊ถ ๊ธฐ๊ด)์ ๋์ ๋ฌด์์ผ๋ก ๋๋ ค์ฃผ๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค. ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ ์์ ๊ณ ์ฉ ํํ ์ํ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ๋ํ๋ ์ด์
(๋๋ ์ธํ๋ ์ด์
๋น์จ)์ด ๊ฐ์ํ์ฌ, ์ ํต ์ค์ธ ํํ์ ์ค์ง ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค,.
๋ถ์ ํ ๋์ด ๋ฌด์ํ ์ ์๋ ๋ด์ฌ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ์งํ๋ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ฉด, ์ฌํ๊ฐ ์์ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ถ๋ ์ํฅ์ด ์๊ณ , ์ด์๋จ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋์ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ์ฝ๊ฐ ์์นํ๋ค. ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ๋์ ์์ ๋น๋กํด์ ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ป๋๋ค.
๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ ์คํฐ๋ธ ๋์ฆ๋ฒ๊ทธ๋ ์ ์ ใ์๋ฝ์์์ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ใ์์ ๋์ ํ์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ฌ๋ฌด๋ถ์ ์๋ํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ณด๋ค ๋ ํ๋ฑํ ์์ ์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. 1920๋
์ ํ ๋ง์ค ๋์จ ์นด๋ฒ๋ ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ค์ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋์ (๊ณ ์ฉ๋ ๋
ธ๋๊ณผ ํจ๊ป) ๋ญ๋นํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ณด๋ค ์ฌํ์ ๋ ์ข๋ค๊ณ ์ผ๋ค.
๋ฐ๋ ์ฌ๋ก
์ค์์ํ์ ์ ํํ์ ๊ตํ๋ ๋ก์๋น ์ง ๋์ ๊ณผ ์งํ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฑฐํด ํ๊ธฐํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ํตํ ๊ณต๊ธ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น์ง ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ํตํ์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์ข๊ฒ ์ ์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ํ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ ์ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ก์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ ๊ธฐํ๋ค. ๊ฐ์ธ์ด ์ค์์ํ์ด ์๊ฑฐํ ๋์ ํ์ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ๋์ ํ์น ์ ์๋ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ํจ๊ณผ๋ ๋์ ํ์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๋ฐ๋๊ฐ ๋์ด ๋๋์ ์ฌํ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์์ ํฌ์์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ ํด์ง๋ค. ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ํ์ ํํ ์๊ฐ์ฅ์์ ๊ตฌ๊ถ์ด ๋๋ ๋ง์ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ 2001๋
์ ํซ ๋จธ๋์ 2008๋
์ ๋งค๋ ๋จธ๋ ๋ ํธ์ ์ํ์ ์๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ์๋ค.
๋๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ์๋ ค์ง ๋ฐ๋ ์ฌ๋ก๋ ์์กฐ์งํ ์ ์์ด๋ค. ์ ๋ฐ๋์ง ์์ ์์กฐ์งํ๋ ๊ธฐ์กด ํํ์ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ๋จ์ด๋จ๋ ค ์ฌํ์ ํด์
์ด ๋๋ค. ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์ ์ํ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ฒ์ด๊ณ , ์์ฌ๋น๊ตญ์ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋์์ธ ์ด์ ์ค ํ๋์ด๋ค. ์์กฐ๋น์ฉ์ ๋ถ์ํ๋ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ค์์ํ์ ํตํ์ ์ฑ
์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ์ฐ๋ฐฉ์ค๋น์ ๋๊ฐ ์ธ์ํ ๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ์ฑ๋ฅผ ๋งค์
ํ๋๋ฐ ์ด ์ฑ๊ถ์ ์์ต (๋์ค์๋ ์ด์)๊ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ๋ฌด๋ถ๋ก ๋์ด๊ฐ๋ค. ์์กฐ ์งํ๋ก ์ธํด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ๋ฌด๋ถ๊ฐ ์์ ์์ต ๋๋ ์ด์๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฉ์ธ์์๊ฒ ์ ๊ฐ๋๋ค.
๋ชฉ์
๋์ ํ์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณดํต ์์ ํ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ธ ํ๋์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์ ํ์ฐ๋ คํ๋ ๊ฐ์ธ์ด ์๋ค๋ฉด ์ด๋ ์ ์ ์งํ์ ์งํ์ผ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ฒ๋ฅ ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ ์ ๋ฌธ์์ ์๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ค์ค๋ก์ ์ฌ์ ์ ํ๊ดดํ์ง ์๋๋ก ๊ตฌ์ํ ์ ์๋ค.
๋์ ํ์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ธ์ง์ ์ํฅ์ ์ ์ฉํ ๋๊ธฐ์ ๋๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๋ ์ ์๋ค: ์ํฑ๋ฌผ๊ธฐ ์งํ์ด ์๋ ์ฌ๋์๊ฒ ํด๋น ์ต๊ด์ ํ ๋๋ง๋ค ๋์ ํ์ฐ๊ฒ ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ์๊ธฐ ์ง๋ฒ ํ๋ จ์ ๋์ฒดํ ๋งํผ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์ง๋ ์์์ง๋ง, ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ๋นํด์๋ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋์๋ค.
ํํธ, ๋์ ํ์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ ๋ถํฉ๋ฆฌํ์ง ์์ ์๋ ์๋ ์ํฉ๋ ์๋ค.
๊ณ ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ ์ฒ ํ์ ์๋ฆฌ์คํฐํฌ์ค๋ ํด์ ์ ๋ง๋์ ์ค์ค๋ก์ ๋์ ์ธ์ด ๋ฐ๋ค์ ๋น ๋จ๋ ธ๋ค. ํค์ผ๋ก๋ "๋ฐ๋ค์ ๋์ ๋์ง๋ ์ธ๋ชจ์๋ ํ๋์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์๋ฆฌ์คํฐํธ์ค๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฌ์๋์ ๋ณต์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ค."๋ผ๊ณ ๋
ผํํ๋ค.
์๊ตญ์ 2015๋
๊ฒฝ๋ถํฐ ๋ ํ๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ๊ธ์ฆํ๋ค. '๋ฏธ์คํ
๋ฆฌ์' ๋์ ๋ฐ ์ธํฐ๋ด์
๋ ํ์์ฆ์ ์ฌ์ธ์๋ 'Kinded Spirit' ๊ธฐ์ฌ์์ ์ธ๊ธ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋งค๋
๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋์ ์นตํ ๊ทน์ฅ์์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ๋์ ํ์ธ ์ ์๋ ๋งค์ค๋ฒ ํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ตํ๋ค.
์์ง์ฃผ์
๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์ ํ์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํญ์ ํ์๋ ์์ ํ์ ์ผ ์ ์๋ค. ๋์ ๋ฌด๊ฐ์นํจ์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค.
1984๋
์ ์ธ๋ฅด์ฃผ ๊ฐฑ์ค๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ์ค๊ณผ์ธ์ ํญ์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ
๋ ๋น์ ์์ 500 ํ๋์ค ํ๋ ์งํ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ ํ์ ๋ค.
1994๋
8์ 23์ผ K Foundation (๋น ๋๋ฌ๋ชฌ๋์ ์ง๋ฏธ ์ปคํฐ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ๋์ค)์ ์ค์ฝํ๋๋ ์ฃผ๋ผ ์ฌ์์ ์๊ตญ ๋ 100๋ง ํ์ด๋๋ฅผ ํ์ ๊ณ , ๋์ค๋ ์ฐ์์ ๋ํ ๋๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ค๋ช
ํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
1995๋
์ํ "๋ฐ๋ ํ๋ ์ง๋ํธ"์์ ์นด์ผ ์ฟ ํผ๊ฐ ์ฐ์ถํ ํ์ดํ ์ํ์ค๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ์ํ๊ถ์ ํ์ฐ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ์ดฌ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด์๋๋ฐ ์ดํ ๊ฐ์ ์ข
์ด ์คํ๊ณผ ์ดฌ์์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
18์ธ๊ธฐ ์ด, ๋ด์์ ๋ฒ์์ ์์ ๋ค์ด ๋ชจ์ ์์กฐ์งํ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถํ์์ ์ํํ๊ณ ๋ฌด๊ฐ์นํจ์ ๋ณด์๋ค.
์ ํต์ ์ธ ์ค๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ์ ์ฌ์์ ๊ธ ์ข
์ด๋ฅผ ํ์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฃฝ์ ์ฌ๋์ด ๋ด์ธ์์ ๋์ ์ฌ์ฉํด ์๋ฝํ๊ฒ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ํ๋ ์์์ด์๋ค.
2010๋
์ค์จ๋ด์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ฃผ์๊ตฌ์ ์ ๋น์ ๋๋ณ์ธ ๊ตฌ๋๋ฃฌ ์ฌ๋ง์ ๋จ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์๊ธ๋ถํ๋ฑ์ ๋ํ ์ฐ์ค์์ 10๋ง ํฌ๋ก๋ค๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ ํ์ ๋ค.
๊ฒ์ ์ด๋ก
๊ฒ์ ์ด๋ก ์์์ ๋ ํ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ ํ๋ ์ด์ด์ ์ ๋ต์ ์ํฅ์ ์ค ์ ์๋ค. ์ ํ์ ์ธ ์ฑ ๋๊ฒฐ ๋ชจํ์์ ๋์ ํ์ฐ๋ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ค์ ๋ก ๋์ ํ์ฐ์ง ์๊ณ ๋ ์ํ๋ ๊ท ํ์ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ ์๊ฒ ํ๋ค.
์ํ๊ฐ์น
๋ถํํํ๋ ๋๋๋ก ๋์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค ํ๊ดด๋์ด ์ํ์ผ๋ก ์ ํํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ์๋ค. ๋๋๋ก, ์ธํ๋ ์ด์
์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ก๋ฉด๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ๋ด์ฌ๊ฐ์น๋ณด๋ค ๋จ์ด์ง ๋ ์ผ์ด๋๋ค. 2007๋
์ธ๋์ ๋ฃจํผ ๋์ ์ ์ก๋ฉด๊ฐ๊ฐ ์คํ
์ธ๋ฆฌ์ค ๊ฐ ๊ฐ ์๋๋ก ๋จ์ด์ง์ ์์ฅ์์ ์ฌ๋ผ์ก๋ค. ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง ์ด์ ๋ก, 1965๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ฟผํฐ ์ฃผํ๋ฅผ ์ํ์์ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ-๋์ผ ํฉ๊ธ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊พธ์๋ค. ๋์ ์ ์ํ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ์ก๋ฉด๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ๋์ด์์ ์ด์ค์ ์ํด ๋
น์ด๋ ์ฌ๋์ด ๋ง์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ์ด๋ง๋ฅด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ์ธํ๋ ์ด์
์ด ์ต๊ณ ์กฐ์ผ ๋, ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์งํ๋ฅผ ๋๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ์๋ค.1969๋
์ค์์ค 5ํ๋ ๋์ ์์๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๊ณ , ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋์ ์ ์๊ดด๋ก ๋
น์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
ํํ๊ฒฝ์ ํ
๊ธ์ต ๋ฒ์ฃ
๋ถ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money%20burning | Money burning | Money burning or burning money is the purposeful act of destroying money. In the prototypical example, banknotes are destroyed by setting them on fire. Burning money decreases the wealth of the owner without directly enriching any particular party. It also reduces the money supply and (very slightly) slows down the inflation rate.
Money is usually burned to communicate a message, either for artistic effect, as a form of protest, or as a signal. In some games, a player can sometimes benefit from the ability to burn money (battle of the sexes). The burning of money is illegal in some jurisdictions.
Macroeconomic effect
For the purposes of macroeconomics, burning money is equivalent to removing the money from circulation, and locking it away forever; the salient feature is that no one may ever use the money again. Burning money shrinks the money supply, and is therefore a special case of contractionary monetary policy that can be implemented by anyone. In the usual case, the central bank withdraws money from circulation by selling government bonds or foreign currency. The difference with money burning is that the central bank does not have to exchange any assets of value for the money burnt. Money burning is thus equivalent to gifting the money back to the central bank (or other money issuing authority). If the economy is at full employment equilibrium, shrinking the money supply causes deflation (or decreases the rate of inflation), increasing the real value of the money left in circulation.
Assuming that the burned money is paper money with negligible intrinsic value, no real goods are destroyed, so the overall wealth of the world is unaffected. Instead, all surviving money slightly increases in value; everyone gains wealth in proportion to the amount of money they already hold. Economist Steven Landsburg proposes in The Armchair Economist that burning one's fortune (in paper money) is a form of philanthropy more egalitarian than deeding it to the United States Treasury. In 1920, Thomas Nixon Carver wrote that dumping money into the sea is better for society than spending it wastefully, as the latter wastes the labor that it hires.
Opposites
Central banks routinely collect and destroy worn-out coins and banknotes in exchange for new ones. This does not affect the money supply, and is done to maintain a healthy population of usable currency. The practice raises an interesting possibility. If an individual can steal the money before it is incinerated, the effect is the opposite of burning money; the thief is enriched at the expense of the rest of society. One such incident at the Bank of England inspired the 2001 TV movie Hot Money and the 2008 film Mad Money.
Another, more common near-opposite is the creation of counterfeit money. Undetected counterfeit decreases the value of existing moneyโone of the reasons why attempting to pass it is illegal in most jurisdictions and is aggressively investigated. Another way to analyze the cost of forgery is to consider the effects of a central bank's monetary policy. Taking the United States as an example, if the Federal Reserve decides that the monetary base should be a given amount, then every $100 bill forged is a bill the Fed cannot print and use to buy Treasury bonds. The interest earnings (after expenses) on those bonds is turned over to the US Treasury, so any lost interest must be made up by U.S. taxpayers, who therefore bear the cost of counterfeiting.
Rationales
Behaviorally speaking, burning money is usually seen as a purely negative act. The cognitive impact of burning money can even be a useful motivational tool: patients who suffer from nail biting may be trained to burn a dollar bill every time they engage in the habit. One study found this form of suppression training by self-punishment to be effective compared to control groups, although not as effective as substitution training.
On the other hand, there are some situations where burning money might not be so unreasonable. It is said that the ancient Greek philosopher Aristippus was once on a ship at sea when he was threatened by pirates; he took out his money, counted it, and dropped it into the sea, commenting, "Better for the money to perish because of Aristippus than vice versa." Cicero would later cite this episode as an example of a circumstance that must be considered in its full context: "...it is a useless act to throw money into the sea; but not with the design which Aristippus had when he did so."
Since around 2015 the UK has experienced a surge of interest in money burning. This has been noted in both the book The Mysterium and in a Kindred Spirit article that is reprinted in International Times. An annual Mass Burn Event - where people are invited to burn money - is held at the Cockpit Theatre in London every autumn.
Symbolism
Publicly burning money can be an act of protest or a kind of artistic statement. Often the point is to emphasize money's intrinsic worthlessness.
In 1984, Serge Gainsbourg burned a 500 French franc note on television to protest against heavy taxation.
On 23 August 1994, the K Foundation (an art duo consisting of Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty) burned one million pounds sterling in cash on the Scottish island of Jura. This money represented the bulk of the K Foundation's funds, earned by Drummond and Cauty as The KLF, one of the United Kingdom's most successful pop groups of the early 1990s. The duo have never fully explained their motivations for the burning.
In the 1995 film Dead Presidents, the title sequence directed by Kyle Cooper features close shots of burning U.S. bills; it took two days of shooting and experimenting with the paper to get the effect right.
In the early 18th century, New York City courts would publicly burn the counterfeit bills they gathered, to show that they were both dangerous and worthless.
In traditional Chinese and Vietnamese ancestor veneration, imitation money in the form of joss paper are ceremonially burned, with the aspiration that the dead may use the money to finance a more comfortable afterlife.
In 2010, the spokesperson for the Swedish Feminist Initiative, Gudrun Schyman, burned SEK 100,000 during a speech about the inequality in wages for men and women.
In 2018, a collective of artists called Distributed Gallery have created a machine named Chaos Machine which burns banknotes and turns them into cryptocurrencies while playing music.
Game theory
In game theory, a threat to burn money can affect the strategies of the players involved; a classic example is the situation described as 'battle of the sexes', where the ability to burn money allows the player to achieve the desired equilibrium without actually having to burn money.
For commodity value
Fiat money can sometimes be destroyed by converting it into commodity form, rather than completely forfeiting the value of the money. Sometimes, currency intended for use as fiat money becomes more valuable as a commodity, usually when inflation causes its face value to fall below its intrinsic value. For example, in India in 2007, Rupee coins disappeared from the market when their face value dropped below the value of the stainless steel from which they were made. Similarly, in 1965, the US government had to switch from silver to copper-nickel clad quarter coins because the silver value of the coins had exceeded their face value and were being melted down by individuals for profit. The same occurred to 5-franc coins of Switzerland, which up to the year 1969 were minted using a silver alloy. At the peak of hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic, people burned banknotes for warmth, as their face value had fallen below their value as fuel.
Legality
The legality of money burning varies with jurisdiction.
Australia
Section 16 of the Crimes (Currency) Act 1981 prohibits deliberate damage and destruction of Australian money without a relevant legal permit. The law covers both current Australian money and historical coins and notes. Breaking this law can lead to detention or a fine.
According to this law, even writing words on a banknote can be punished.
Brazil
In Brazil, whether it is illegal for a person to burn his or her own money is a controversial topic. It is not mentioned explicitly in Brazilian law. Joรฃo Sidney Figueiredo Filho, the head of the central bank, has affirmed that "when money is inside the Central Bank, then it is the property of the National Treasury. When it leaves, it is not." But the chief of police Jรฉferson Botelho Pereira has concluded that "whoever rips money is committing a crime against the property of the Union".
The production of paper money by the State Bank is under the exclusive authority of the Central Bank, and is issued by the Brazilian Union. By that reasoning, the paper on which the money is printed is the property of the State, and its intrinsic value belongs to the person. Articles 98 and 99 of the New Brazilian Civil Code give "money" its own definition. This is because a banknote cannot become a common good, if the owner himself decides to keep it in his possession indefinitely. This makes money different from other state assets such as rivers, seas, streets, roads and piazzas, which are all immobile.
Canada
The Currency Act states that "no person shall melt down, break up or use otherwise than as currency any coin that is legal tender in Canada."
Similarly, Section 456 of The Criminal Code of Canada says: "Every one who (a) defaces a current coin, or (b) utters a current coin that has been defaced, is guilty of an offence punishable on summary conviction."
However neither the Currency Act nor Criminal Code mention paper currency. It therefore remains legal to completely destroy paper currency.
Euro Zone
According to the European Commission's Recommendation dated 22 March 2010, "Member states must not prohibit or punish the complete destruction of small quantities of Euro coins or notes when this happens in private. However they must prohibit the unauthorised destruction of large amounts of Euro coins or notes." Also, "Member states must not encourage the mutilation of Euro notes or coins for artistic purposes, but they are required to tolerate it. Mutilated coins or notes should be considered unfit for circulation."
The European Union defines "falsifying or fraudulently altering money in any way" as a crime. Also, according to the EU ruling 1210/2010, "all money that is unfit for circulation must be delivered to the relevant national authority". EU countries must remove the currency from circulation and reimburse the holder", no matter what the country of issue.
The European Central Bank has established that "Member states may refuse to reimburse Euro money that has been deliberately rendered unfit for circulation, or where it has been caused by a process that would predictably have led to the money becoming unfit. The exception to this is money collected for charitable purposes, such as coins thrown into a fountain". The ECB legal department also states "the ECB will refuse to replace money that has been stamped for advertising purposes".
The European Union provides an obligation at the community level to retire "neutralized" notes from circulation, or those rendered unfit for security systems.
New Zealand
Section 28 of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act 1990 makes it an offence to wilfully deface, disfigure, or mutilate any bank note in New Zealand. The penalty is a fine of up to NZ$1,000.
Singapore
Singapore's Currency Act states that any person who mutilate, destroy, deface, or causes any change (to diminish value/utility of) currency note or coin is fined up to $2,000.
Taiwan
Intentionally damaging coins or notes, and rendering them unusable, is fined up to 5 times the nominal value of such coins or notes.
Turkey
In Turkey, defacement or destruction of banknotes can be punished with fines or with prison sentences.
United Kingdom
The Currency and Bank Notes Act 1928 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to banknotes. Among other things, it makes it a criminal offence to deface a banknote (but not to destroy one).
Under Section 10 of the Coinage Act 1971 "No person shall, except under the authority of a licence granted by the Treasury, melt down or break up any metal coin which is for the time being current in the United Kingdom or which, having been current there, has at any time after 16th May 1969 ceased to be so." As the process of creating elongated coins does not require them to be melted nor broken up, however, Section 10 does not apply and coin elongation is legal within the UK with penny press machines.
United States
In the United States, burning banknotes is prohibited under , which includes "any other thing" that renders a note "unfit to be reissued". In an amicus brief for Atwater v. City of Lago Vista, Solicitor General Seth Waxman writes that arresting an individual who removes the corner dollar values "may expose a counterfeiting operation". It is unclear if the statute has ever been applied in response to the complete destruction of a bill. Certainly people have publicly burned small amounts of money for political protests that were picked up by the media โ Living Things at South by Southwest, Larry Kudlow on The Call, both in 2009 โ without apparent consequence.
The question of legality has been compared to the much more politically charged issue of flag desecration. It can be argued that the desecration of the flag is comparable to the desecration of a photograph of Legal Tender (provided it was modified as to not violate counterfeiting laws). In 1989, in a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing on the Flag Protection Act, William Barr testified that any regulation protecting something purely for its symbolic value would be struck down as unconstitutional. The Senate report recommending passage of the Act argued that Barr's theory would render 18 U.S.C. ยง 333 unconstitutional as well. In a dissent in Smith v. Goguen, Justice Rehnquist counted 18 U.S.C. ยง 333 in a group of statutes in which the Government protects its interest in some private property which is "not a traditional property interest". On the other hand, the Government's interest in protecting circulating currency might not be purely symbolic; it costs the Bureau of Engraving and Printing approximately 5 cents to replace a note.
Legal Tender, a 1996 telerobotic art installment by Ken Goldberg, Eric Paulos, Judith Donath, and Mark Pauline, was an experiment to see if the law could instill a sense of physical risk in online interactions. After participants were advised that 18 U.S.C. ยง 333 threatened them with up to six months in jail, they were given the option of remotely defacing small portions of a pair of "purportedly authentic" $100 bills over the web. A crime may be occurring โ but "only if the bills are real, the web site is authentic, and the experiment actually performed." In fact, one bill was real and the other counterfeit. Almost all of the participants reported that they believed the experiment and the bills to be faked.
The destruction of money is also bound by the same laws that govern the destruction of other personal property. In particular, one cannot empower the executor of one's estate to burn one's money after one dies.
See also
Crop burning
K Foundation Burn a Million Quid
Fireproof banknote
References
Further reading
Monetary economics
Fire
Financial crimes |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%80%ED%83%80%EB%82%98%EB%B2%A0%20%EA%B0%80%EC%9E%94 | ์ํ๋๋ฒ ๊ฐ์ | ์ํ๋๋ฒ ์นด์(ๆธก่พบๅดๅฑฑ, ใใใชใน ใใใ, 1793๋
10์ 20์ผ ~ 1841๋
11์ 23์ผ)์ ์๋ ์๋ ํ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฌด์ฌ, ํ๊ฐ์ด๋ค. ๋คํ๋ผ๋ฒ์ ๋ฒ์ฌ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ๋ ๊ฐ๋ก๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ํต์นญ์ ๋
ธ๋ณด๋ฆฌ(็ป, ํน์ ๋
ธ๋ณด๋ฃจ) ํ๋ ์ฌ๋ค์ผ์ค(ๅฎ้). ํธ๋ ์นด์์ผ๋ก ่ฏๅฑฑ๋ผ ์ผ๋ค๊ฐ 35์ธ์ฏค๋ถํฐ ๅดๅฑฑ๋ผ๊ณ ์ผ๋ค ๊ทธ ์ธ์ ์ ๋ผ์ฟ ๋(ๅ
จๆฅฝๅ )์ด๋ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ๋(ๅฏ็ปๅ ) ๋ฑ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. ํ๋ ์ 4์์ ์ฆ์๋์๋ค.
์ด๋
๋คํ๋ผ๋ฒ์ฌ์ธ ์ํ๋๋ฒ ์ฌ๋ค๋ฏธ์น(ๆธก่พบๅฎ้)์ ์ด๋จธ๋ ์ฌ์นด์์ ์ฅ๋จ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ๊ณ ์ง๋ง์น ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ์๋ ๋คํ๋ผ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ ํ์์ ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ์ํ๋๋ฒ ์ง์ ํํ๋ผ๋ฒ์ ์๊ธ ์ฌ๋ฌด๋ผ์ด์ฌ์ ๋๋๋ก 100 ์์ ๋
น์ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ ์๋ฒ์ง ๋์์ 27์ ์ ๋๋ก ์ญ๊ฐ๋ ์ํ์๊ณ ์ดํ ๋ฒ์ ์ฌ์ ๋์ผ๋ก 12์์ด ์ฑ ์๋๋ ์ํฉ๊น์ง ๋์๋ค. ๊ฒ๋ค๊ฐ ์๋ฒ์ง์ ๋ณ์น๋ ๋ก ์ธํด ์ด๋ฆฐ์์ ์ ๊ทน๋์ ๋น๊ณค์ํ์์ ๋ณด๋๋ค. ์์ฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅด๋ ๊ฒ ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ๋์๋ค๋ ์ด๋๊ฐ ์ผํ๋ฌ ๋๊ฐ์ผ ํ๋ค. ์นด์์ด ์ฅ๋
๊ธฐ์ ์ด ํด์ญ์์์ง๊ณ ใ้ๅฝน้กๆธไน็จฟใ์ ์์ธํ ์ ์ด๋ ๋ฐ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ๋น๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ํฉ์์๋ ์ด์ฌํ ๊ณต๋ถํ๋ ์นด์์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ ๋ฉ์ด์ง ์ดํ ํ์๋ค์ ์์ ๊ต๊ณผ์์๊น์ง ์ค๋ฆด ์ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ค ์์ง ์๋
์ด๋ ์นด์์ ์์ ์๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ค๋ ฅ์ ํ์ฉํด ์๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ์ดํ ํ๋ ๋ถ์ตธ(่ฐทๆๆ)์๊ฒ ์
๋ฌธํ์ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ์ฌ๋ฅ์ ์ธ์ ๋ฐ์ 20๋ ์ค๋ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ํ๊ฐ๋ก ์ด๋ฆ์ ์๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์์ํ ๋ค์ ์ํ๊ณ ์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ ์ ์์๋ค. ํํธ ํ๋ฌธ์๋ ํ์จ ํํ๋ผ๋ฒ์ฌ์ธ ํ์นด๋ฏธ ์ธ์ด์ฝ(้ทน่ฆๆ็)์๊ฒ ์ ํ์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ณ 18 ์ธ์ ์ฐฝํํก์ ๋ค๋๋ฉฐ ์ฌํ ์์ฌ์ด(ไฝ่คไธๆ)์ ๋ง์ธ ์ํค ์ฝ๋(ๆพๅดๆ
ๅ )์๊ฒ ๋ฐฐ์ ๋ค. ๋ ์ฌํ ๋
ธ๋ถํ๋ก์๊ฒ ๋ํ์ ๋ฐฐ์ ๋ค.
๋ฒ์ ์ฌ๋ฌด๋ผ์ด๋ก์ ์นด์์ 8์ด๋ ๋ฒ์ฃผ ๋ฏธ์ผ์ผ ์ผ์คํ ๋ชจ(ไธๅฎ
ๅบทๅ)์ ์ ์์ธ ๊ฐ๋ฉํค์น(ไบๅ)์ ์์ข
์ผ๋ก ์๋ช
๋์๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ฉํค์น๊ฐ ์์ ํ ๋ค์๋ ๊ทธ ๋์ ๋ชจํ ํค์น(ํ๋ ์ ๋ฒ์ฃผ ๋ฏธ์ผ์ผ ์ผ์คํ
๋ฃจไธๅฎ
ๅบทๆ)๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์๊ฒ ๋์๊ณ ์ดํ ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ๋์๋ ๋๋ ๋ฑ ์ด๋ฆฐ์์ ๋ถํฐ ๋ฒ์ฃผ ์ง์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ์ง๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ๊ด๊ณ๋๋ฌธ์ ์นด์์ ๋ฒ์ฃผ ์ผ๊ฐ์ ์น๊ทผ๊ฐ์ ๋๊ผ์ ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ์ถฉ์ฑ์ฌ๋ ๊ฐํ๋ค. 16์ธ์ ์๋ ์์ฌ ๋ฒ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์[ๆฑๆธๅฑๆท]๋ก ์ ์ ์๋ช
๋ ์ดํ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ด์ง(็ดๆธๅฝนใปไฝฟ็ช ๋ฑ)์ ๋งก์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ์ผ์ ํ๋ค. 1823๋
๋คํ๋ผ ๋ฒ์ฌ์ธ ์๋ค(ๅ็ฐ)์ง์์ ํ์นด์ ๊ฒฐํผํ์๊ณ 1825๋
์ ์๋ฒ์ง์ ๋ณ์ฌ๋ก 32์ธ์ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ ์ด์ด 80์์ ๊ฐ๋ก์ ์ด์ด๋ฐ์๋ค. 1826๋
์ ๋ฒ์ ๊ต์ญ๊ฐ[ๅๆฌกๅฝน]๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
1827๋
๋ฒ์ฃผ ์ผ์คํ
๋ฃจ๊ฐ 28์ธ๋ก ๋ณ์ฌํ์ ๋ฒ์ ์๋๋ถ๋ ๋น๊ถํ ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ํด ๋น๊ต์ ์ ๋ณตํ ํ๋ฉ์ง๋ฒ์์ ์ง์ฐธ๊ธ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋ค. ์นด์์ ์ด์ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ฐํ์ฌ ๋งํค์[็ๆจๅฎๅ]๋ฑ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋ฐฐ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋์ ๋ฏธ์ผ์ผ ํ ๋
ธ๋
ธ๋ถ(ไธๅฎ
ๅไฟก)๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์ฃผ๋ก ์น๋ฆฝํ๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์นด์์ ์๋๋ ์คํจํ๊ณ ์ ๋ฒ์ฃผ๋ ๋ฏธ์ผ์ผ ์ผ์ค๋์ค(ไธๅฎ
ๅบท็ด)์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ๋์๋ค. ์นด์์ ์ํฌ์๊ธฐ์ ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ ๋น ์ ธ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ณด๋๋ค. ํํธ ๋ฒ ์๋๋ถ์ ํ๋ฉ์ง ๋ฒ์ ํฉ์ํ์ฌ ํ ๋ชจ๋
ธ๋ถ์ ์๋ค์ ์ผ์ค๋์ค์ ๋ธ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํผ์์ผฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ ํ๋ ๋ฒ์ฃผ๊ฐ ๋๋ ๋ฏธ์ผ์ผ ์ผ์ค์์(ไธๅฎ
ๅบทไฟ)์ด๋ค. ๋ ๋ฒ ์๋๋ถ๋ ์นด์์ชฝ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ๋๊ธฐ์ํด ํ ๋ชจ๋
ธ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ๊ฒฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ถ๋ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ค๊ฐ๋ชจ์ ์ ํ์ ๋ด์ด์ฃผ์ด ์ง๋ด๊ฒํ๋ค. ์นด์์ ํ ๋ชจ๋
ธ๋ถ์ ๊ณ ์ฉ์ธ์ด ๋์ด ๊ฐ๊น์ด ์ง๋๊ณ ํ๋ ์นด์์ด ๋ค์์ ๋ํ์๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์
ํ๋ คํ ๋ ํ ๋ชจ๋
ธ๋ถ๊ฐ ํ์พํ ๋น์ฉ์ ์ง๋ถํ๋ค. ํ ๋ชจ๋
ธ๋ถ๋ ์นด์์ ์ฌํ์ธ 1881๋
์ ์นด์์ ์ ๊ธฐใๅดๅฑฑๅ
็็ฅไผ่ฃใ๋ฅผ ๋จ๊ฒผ๋ค.
๊ฐ๋ก๊ฐ ๋๋ค
1832๋
5์ ์นด์์ ๋คํ๋ผ๋ฒ์ ๊ฐ๋ก(ํ ์์๋ฆฌ์ ๋ง์)๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. 20๋ ์ค๋ฐ๋ถํฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ป๊ณ ์๋ ์นด์์ ์ต๋ํ ๋ฒ ์ ์น์์ ๋จ์ด์ ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ถ์ดํ์ผ๋ ๊ทธ ํฌ๋ง๋๋ก ๋์ง๋ ์์๋ค. ์นด์์ ๋ฒ์ ๊ฐํ์ ํ๊ฒ ๋์ด ์ฐ์ํ ๋ฒ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฑ์ฉํ๊ณ ์ฌ๊ธฐ ํฅ์์ ์ํด ๆ ผ้ซๅถ๋ฅผ ๋์
ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ง๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ํ ๋ด๋ก์ ๊ฐํ์ ์๋ํด ๋ฒ ์ฌ์ ์ง์ถ์ ์ค์ฌ๋๊ฐ๋ค. ๋ํ์์ธ ๅคง่ตๆฐธๅธธ๋ฅผ ๋คํ๋ผ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋นํด ์์ฐํฅ์
์ ์๋ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋๋ฒ๊ฐ๋์ ์ํํ์๋๋ฐ ํนํ ๊ณ ๋๊ธฐ๋ฆ์ ์ด์ฉํ ๋ฒผ ํด์ถฉ ํด์น๋ฒ์ ๋์
ํ์ฌ ํฐ ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋๋ค. ๋น์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ฒ๋ค์์ ์๋ํ๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์ํ์๋ฌผ์ ์ฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์๋ํ์ฌ ์ฌํ์์๋ฅผ ๆธฅ็พ๋ฐ๋์์ ํค์๋ณด๋ ค ํ์ผ๋ ์ ๋์ง ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ธ์ ๊ฒ์์ป๋๋ฌด๋ ใณใฆใพ ๋ฑ์ ์ฌ๋ฐฐ ๋ฑ๋ ์๋ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฒ์ฌ์ ๋ถ์
์ผ๋ก ์งํ๊ตฌ์ด ์ธํ(ๅ็ผไบบๅฝข) ์ ์กฐ๋ ์ ํ๋ค.
1836๋
์ ์์๋ ๋ดํฌ ๋๊ธฐ๊ทผ์ ์ ์ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์๋๋น์ถ์ฐฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ธฐ๊ทผ๋์์์ธ ํํฉ์ฌ๋์ใๅถ่ๅฟๅพๆธใ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋ ๋ฑ ๋ฒ์ ๋ถ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ค์ก๊ณ ์ฒ ์ ํ๊ฒ ์ ์ฝ์ ์๋ํ๋ค. ๋ฐฑ์ฑ๋ค ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฒ๋ด์ ์์ฌ์๊ฐ ๋์ค์ง ์๊ฒ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ์ฌ ๋ง๋ถ๊ฐ ์ ์ผํ๊ฒ ์์ ๋ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฒ์ด ๋์๋ค. ๋ ์นด์์ ํด๋ฐฉ์ฑ
์ ํ๊ณ์ผ์ ๋ฒ์ ์ค์ผ๊ณ (ๅฉ้ท) ๋ฉด์ ํ์์ ํธ์ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ํํ๋ผ ๋ฒ์ ๋ง๋ถ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ํด์ ๋ฐฉ๋น ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ ๋๊ฒ ํ๊ฐ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ ์ฌ์ค ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ํ๊ณ์๊ณ ์นด์ ์์ ์ ๊ฐ๊ตญ๋ก ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์๊ตญ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ฐ๊ณ๋ ํด๋ฐฉ๋ก ์๋ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ค.
๋ ๊ธฐ์๋ฒ์ ์ ํ์ ้ ่คๅๅฉ๊ฐ ์ค๋ฆฝํ ์์นํ(ๅฐๆญฏไผ)์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ฌ ํ์นด๋
ธ ์ด์์ด ๋ฑ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ทผ ๋์ฑ
์ ๋
ผ์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ก ์ด์์ด๋ ๊ฐ์(้ฆฌ้ด่ฏ)์ ๋ฉ๋ฐ(ๆฉใฝใ)์ ๊ตฌํฉ์๋ฌผ๋ก ์ ์ํ ๊ตฌํฉ์ด๋ฌผ๊ณ ใๆ่ไบ็ฉ่ใ๋ฅผ ์ผ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋ ์นด์์ด ์ฝํ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋ฃ์๋ค. ์ดํ 1837๋
๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์จ ํธ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๋ํ ๋์์ ํด๋๊ฐ๋ฉฐ ํ๋ฌธํ๊ฐ ํ์ฑํ๋์๊ณ ๋ํ์์ธ ์ด์์ด๋ ๅฐ้ขไธ่ฑใๅนกๅด้ผ ๋ฑ์ด, ๋ง๋ถ์ ์ ํ์ธ ๅท่ทฏ่่ฌจใ็พฝๅ็ฐกๅ ใๆฑๅท่ฑ้พ ๋ฑ๋ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ฌ ํด๋ฐฉ๋ก ๋ฑ์ ๊น๊ฒ ํ ๋ก ํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ํนํ ์๊ฐ์๋ ์นด์์๊ฒ ๋ง์ ์กฐ์ธ์ ์ป์ด ๋ง๋ถ์ ํด๋ฐฉ์ฑ
์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ์นด์์ ๋๊ณ ๋ชจ์์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ ่ค็ฐๆฑๆน๋ ๋ํ์ ํฐ ์์ฃผใ่ญๅญฆใซใฆๅคงๆฝไธปใ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ ๋ค. ์นด์์ ์ค์ค๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ํ์๋ก ์๊ฐํ์ง ์๋๋ฐ๋ ๋น์ ๋ํ์๋ค์ ์ง๋์์ ๊ฐ์ ์กด์ฌ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋์๋ค.
ๅนกๅดใปๅท่ทฏใป็พฝๅใปๆฑๅท๋ ์์นํ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ง ์๊ณ ์นด์๊ณผ ๅท่ทฏใปๆฑๅท๊ฐ์ ์น๋ถ์ด ์๋ ๊ฒ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ง์ ๋ ์๋ค. ์นด์์ด๋ ์ด์์ด, ไธ่ฑ๋ ์์ผ๋ก ์๊ตญ์ฒ ํ๋ฅผ ์ํ๊ณ ์์์ง๋ง ์นด์์ ๋ง๋ถ์ ์๊ตญ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ฉด ์ํํ๋ค๋ ์๊ฐ์ ํด๋ฐฉ๋ก ์๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅํ๋ค. ๆฑๅท๋ ์นด์์ ํด๋ฐฉ๋ก ์๋ผ ์๊ฐํ์ฌ ์ ๊ทผํ์ผ๋ ์นด์์ ์ธ๋ ค ๆฑๅท์๊ฒ ํด๋ฐฉ๋ก ์ ์๋ชป์ ์ผ๊นจ์ฐ๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๊ฐ๊ตญ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ ์นด์๊ณผ ์๊ณ ํ ํด๋ฐฉ๋ก ์์๋ ๆฑๅท๋ ๋์์ด๋ชฝ ๊ด๊ณ์๋ค.
๋ง์ฌ์ ์ฅ
1838๋
๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์จ ํธ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ์๊ฒ ๋ ์นด์๊ณผ ์ด์์ด๋ ๋ง๋ถ์ ์ด๊ตญ์ ํ๊ฒฉ๋ น์ ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ๋๊ปด ์นด์์ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก ใๆ
ๆฉ่ซใ์ ์ผ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ด ์ฑ
์ ํด๋ฐฉ๋ก ์ ๋นํํจ๊ณผ ๋์์ ํด์๋ฐฉ์๊ฐ ์์ฑํจ์ ๊ฑฑ์ ํ๋ ๋ฑ ๋
ผ์ง์ ์ผ๊ด์ฑ์ด ์์ด ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์จ ํธ์ ๋ํด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ํ์๋ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์ ๋๋ก ๋ด๋ฆฌ์ง ๋ชปํ ์ฑ ๋ง๋ถ ๊ด๋ฃ๋ค์ ๋ํ ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ ๋นํ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ
์ ๋ง๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์ง๋ ๋ฑ ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ชจ๋ก ์ดํด๊ฐ ์ฝ์ง ์์ ์ฑ
์ด์๋ค. ๊ฐ๊ตญ์ ๋ฐ๋์ง๋ง ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก๋ ํด๋ฐฉ๋ก ์์๋ ์นด์์ ๋ง๋ถ์ ๋์ธ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ ๋๋ก ๋นํํ ์๊ฐ ์์๋ค. ๋ ํํ๋ผ๋ฒ์ ํ ์์๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋ ์
์ฅ์ด์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ์ด์์ด๊ฐ ์ต๋ช
์ผ๋ก ๋ฌด์ ๊ฟ์ด์ผ๊ธฐใๆๆๅคข็ฉ่ชใ๋ฅผ ์ด ๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ ๋ฐํํ ์๋ ์์๋ค. ์นด์์ ์ด ์ฑ
์ ์ด๊ณ ์ํ์์ ๋ฐฉ์นํ๋๋ฐ ์ด ์๊ณ ๊ฐ ์ดํ ๋ง์ฌ์ ์ฅ๋ ๊ฐํ์์์ค์ ๋ดํ์์ ๋ฐ๊ฐ๋์ด ๋จ์ฃ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ๋๊ณ ๋ง์๋ค.
ํ๋ ๋ง์ฌ์ ์ฅ์ ๋ง๋ถ์ ๋ณด์ํ ๋ฉ์ธ ์ผ์ธ ้ณฅๅฑ
่่ต๊ฐ ๋ํ์๋ค์ ์ซ์ดํ์ฌ ์ผ์ผํจ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ก์ผ๋ ์ด๊ฒ์ ๋ฉ์ด์ง ์๊ธฐ ่ค็ฐ่ๅ๊ฐ ์์ ๋ฏผ๊ถ ์ด๋์ ์ฐ์ํ๋ฉด์ ์ฃผ์ฅํ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋ ค์ง ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ้ณฅๅฑ
์ ๆฑๅท่ฑ้พ ๊ฐ์ ๋ถํ๊ฐ ์์ธ์ด์๊ณ 1839๋
5์ ้ณฅๅฑ
๋ ๆฑๅท์ ๋๋ฃ๋ค์๊ฒ ์ฃ๋ฅผ ์์ฐ๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๆฑๅท๋ ๋ก์ฅฌ ๋ฏธ์ฆ๋
ธ ๋ค๋ค์ฟ ๋๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋ณ์ผ ์์์ผ๋ ์นด์์ ๊ฐํ์์ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ด ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์
์ฅ์์ ๊ตญ์ ์ ๋ํด ๋ฌด์ํ๊ฒ ๋ ๋ ์ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์ด ํํ๋ผ๋ฒ์์ ์นฉ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ช
๋ น๋ฐ์๋ค.
์ด์์ ํต์ค์ ๋ํด์ฌ ์๋๋ง ์์ ๋ ้ณฅๅฑ
์ ๆฑๅท์ ๋๋ฆฝ์ ํ์คํ ์์์ง๋ง ์ฌ์ค ๊ทธ ๋์ ์๋ ์ ์นํ ์ฌ์ด์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ ์ดํ ้ณฅๅฑ
๊ฐ ์ค๊ฐํ๋ 1844๋
๊น์ง ๋์ฌ์ด์ ๊ต๋ฅ๊ฐ ๊ณ์๋์๋ค๋ ์ง์ ๋ ์๋ค. ้ณฅๅฑ
๋ ์๋๋ง ์์๋ ๋ง์ฌ์ ์ฅ 1๋
๋ ์ ๋ถํฐ ่ฑไบ่ไธ๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํด ์นด์์ ๋ํฅ์ ์ดํผ๊ณ ์์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๊ฐํด๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋ง์ฌ์ ์ฅ์ ๋ฌด์ ๊ฟ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๋ํ์ ๋ ์์ฃผ๋ผ๋ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ ์นด์์ ๋จ์ฃํ๊ณ ์๊ตญ ์ํ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋ํด ์ผ๋ฒ๋ฐฑ๊ณ๋ฅผ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ธฐํ๋ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณด๋ ์๊ฒฌ์ด ์๋ค.
1841๋
ํํ๋ผ์์ ๊ทผ์ ์ค์ด๋ ์นด์ ์ผ๊ฐ์ ์ํ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฑ์ ํ๋ ็ฆ็ฐๅ้ฆ์ด ์นด์์ ํํํ๋ฅผ ์ด์ด ๊ทธ ์์ต๊ธ์ผ๋ก ์ํ๋น๋ฅผ ๋์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๊ทธ๊ฒ๋ง์ ๋ง๋ถ์์ ๋ฌธ์ ์๋์๋ค๋ ์๋ฌธ์ด ์์ด ๋ฒ์ ํผํด๊ฐ ๋๋ค๋ ์๊ฐ์ ํ๋ ์นด์์ ๋ถ์ถฉ๋ถํจ๋ผ๋ ๊ธ์จ๋ฅผ ๋จ๊ธฐ๊ณ ํ ๋ณตํ๋ค.
์ ์๋ก๋ ์์์ฌ์ ์ ์ด๊ณ ใๅ็จฟ่ฅฟๆดไบๆ
ๆธใ, ์์์ฌ์ ์ ์ฌ๊ณ ใๅ็จฟ่ฅฟๆดไบๆ
ๆธใ, ์ธ๊ตญ์ฌ์ ์ใๅคๅฝไบๆ
ๆธใ, ใ้ด่ๆๅใใ้ด่ๅฐ่จใ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค.
๋ฐ ์นด์ํ์ ์๋ ฅ๋ ์๊ณ ๋ ๋ง๋ถ์ ์์ฌ๋ ์์ด ์๋ค ๆธก่พบๅฐๅด๊ฐ ์ํ๋๋ฒ ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์ ๋ค์์๋ ์นด์์ ๋ฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ธ ์ ์์๋ค. ์นด์์ ๋ฌ๋ ๋ฉ์ด์ง ์ ์ ์ง์ ์ธ 1868๋
4์ 7์ผ์ ํ๋ฝ๋์๋ค. ์ดํ ์ํ๋๋ฒ ๊ฐ๋ ๋๊ฐ ๋๊ฒผ๋ค. 1891๋
์นด์์ ์ 4์์ ์ถ์ฆ๋์๋ค. .
์นด์์ ์์
์นด์์ ์ด๋ฆด๋๋ถํฐ ์๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ํด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ๊ทธ๋ ค์๋ค. ์ฒ์์๋ ์ผ์ด์ธ ๅนณๅฑฑๆ้ก์๊ฒ ๋ฐฐ์ ๊ณ ์ดํ ็ฝๅท่ๅฑฑ์๊ฒ ๋ฐฐ์ ์ง๋ง ๋ช
ํํ์ง ์์ ์ด์ ๋ก ํ๋ฌธ๋์๋ค. ์ดํ ์๋ฒ์ง์ ์ฐ์ค๋ก ้ๅญ้้ต์ ์ ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ้ๅญ้้ต์๊ฒ ๋ฐฐ์ด ์ดํ ์นด์์ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ค๋ ฅ์ ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ๋ค. ์ฒ์์ ๋ฑ๋กฑ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ผ์ ๋์๊ณ ์ด๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฒ์ ์ตํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ป์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์ฌํ์ค ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋ ค ๋จ๊ธธ ์ ์์๋ค.
๋ ้ๅญ้้ต์ ์ค์น์ธ ํ๋ ๋ถ์ตธ(่ฐทๆๆ)์๊ฒ๋ ๋ฐฐ์ ๋ค. ํ๋ ๋ถ์ตธ(่ฐทๆๆ)์ ์นด์์ ์ฌ๋ฅ์ ๋ฐ๊ตดํ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์ธํ๊ฐ๋ผ๋ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ์นด์์ ๋ชจ๋ฒ์ด์๋ค. ์นด์์ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋จํ(ๅ็ป)์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋ฌ ํํ์ ํก์ํ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋ฌธ์ธํ ์ค์์๋ ์ฒญ๋๋ผ์ ์ด๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ฐํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๋ ์ด์ํ์์ ์์์ ์ ๊ตํ๊ฒ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ์ฌ์ค๊ฐ์ ํ๋ฅญํ๊ฒ ํํํด๋๋ค. ์์ํ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฒ์ ๋ถ๋ช
ํ์ง๋ง ๊ทธ๊ฒ๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ค๋ช
๋์ง ์๋ ์ ๋ก์์ด ๋
์์ ์ธ ํํ์ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋๋ค. ๋ํ์์ผ๋ก ใ้ทน่ฆๆณ็ณๅใใปใไฝ่คไธๆๅใใปใๅธๆฒณ็ฑณๅบตๅใ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค.
์นด์์ด ์ผ๋ง๋ ์ฌ์ค์ฑ์ ์ง์ฐฉํ๋์ง ์๋ ค์ฃผ๋ ์ผํ๊ฐ ์๋ค. 1835๋
์น๊ตฌ์ธ ํ๊ฐ ๆปๆฒข็ดๅถบ๊ฐ ์ฃฝ์ ์นด์์ ์ฅ๋ก์์ฅ์์ ์น๊ตฌ์ ์๋ฒ์ง ๊ต์ฟ ํ
์ด ๋ฐํจ์๊ฒ ์ด์ํ๋ฅผ ์๋ขฐ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๋น์ ์ด์ํ๋ ์ฌํ์ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง์ ์ค์ ์ผ๊ตด์ ๋ณด์ง๋ชปํ ์ฑ ๊ธฐ์ต์ ์์กดํ์ฌ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์นด์์ ๊ทธ๋ฐ ๊ดํ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ๊ณ ๊ด์ ์ด์ด ์น๊ตฌ์ ์ผ๊ตด์ ๋ค์ฌ๋ค๋ณด๊ณ ์ผ๊ตด์ ๋ง์ ธ๊ฐ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋ค ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋น์์ ๊ฐ์น๊ด์ด๋ ๊ด์ต์์ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ฒ์ด๋ ํ๋์ด์๋ค.
์๋ ์นด์์ ๊ฐ๋์ ์ด๊ฒจ๋ด๋ ค๋ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ๊ทธ๋ ธ์ผ๋ ์ฌ๋ฅ์ด ๋ง๊ฐํ์๊ณ ๋ ๋์ ์์ผ์ ์ธ๋งฅ์ ๊ฐ์ก๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ์์ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ๋ฐ์๋์๋ค. ๋ํ์์ผ๋ก ๋น์์ ํ์์ ๋ด์ ์ผ์๋ฐฑํ๋ใไธๆ็พๆ
ๅณใ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค.
๋ ๋ฌธ์ธ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ํ๊ธฐํ๋ฌธ์ธ ์ ๋ฝ๋น์ผ๋กใๅ
จๆฅฝๅ ๆฅ้ฒใ, ๋์ฝ๊ธฐํใๆฅๅ
็ด่กใ ๋ฑ์ด ๋จ์์๋ค. ๋ฌธ์ฅ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋ค์ด์๋ ์ฝํ ๋ฑ์ด ์ฌํ์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ฌ์ฌํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋น์์ ๋ฌธํ๋ ํ์์ ์ ์๋ ค์ฃผ๋ ์๋ฃ์ด๋ค.
์ ์๋ก๋ ์ธ ๋ฐํค ์น์(ๆคฟๆคฟๅฑฑ)ใป็ฆ็ฐๅ้ฆ ๋ฑ์ด ์๊ณ ๋ง๋ด๋์ ๅฆๅฑฑ์๊ฒ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๊ณต๋ถ๋ฅผ ์์ผ ํ๊ฐ๋ก ๋ง๋ค๋ คํ์ง๋ง ๊ทธ๋ 22์ธ๋ก ์์ ํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๋คํ๋ผ์ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด
ํ์ผ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด ( ํ๋ง ๋ง์ธ ์ )
1793๋
์ถ์
1841๋
์ฌ๋ง
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ (์๋ ์๋)
ํ ๋ณตํ ์ฌ๋
๋คํ๋ผ๋ฒ ์ฌ๋
์๋ ์๋์ ์ํ๊ฐ
์ด์ํ๊ฐ
19์ธ๊ธฐ ํ๊ฐ
์๋ ์๋์ ๋ฌธ์ธ
์๋ ์๋์ ํ๊ฐ
๋ํ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watanabe%20Kazan | Watanabe Kazan | was a Japanese painter, scholar and statesman member of the samurai class.
Biography
He was born Watanabe Sadayasu in Edo (now Tokyo) to a poor samurai family, and his artistic talent was developed from an early age. His family served the lord of the Tahara Domain, located in present-day Aichi prefecture. Watanabe himself served the lord of Tahara as a senior councilor, one of his achievements being said to be protecting the domain from even a single death from starvation during the Tenpล famine. He was heavily influenced by the artistic styles of the West, forming a unique style with elements of Japanese and European art.
Like many other Edo-period artists, Kazan painted realistic portraits of his subjects using the effects of shading which he learned from European paintings. On the one hand, he was a traditionalist Confucian, who believed in filial piety and loyalty to his daimyล, and on the other he was enthusiastic about Western ideas regarding science and politics. He wrote two private essays which were interpreted as being critical of the Shogunate's defense of Tokyo Bay and promoting Western ideas. Although these papers were discarded by Watanabe, they were found and he was tried and exiled to his home province of Tahara. One of the conditions of his exile was that he wouldn't sell his paintings, however Watanabe continued selling his paintings in secret due to financial hardships. This was eventually discovered leading to the suppression of his works and house arrest.
Due to the political turmoil involved in this, Watanabe committed ritual suicide (seppuku) as a way to amend for the embarrassment he caused his lord.
Works
References
Watanabe Kazan at Artcyclopedia.com
External links
1793 births
1841 deaths
Artists who died by suicide
Karล
Suicides by seppuku
Japanese portrait painters
1840s suicides
Artists from Tokyo Metropolis |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%8B%AC%20%EB%8B%AE%EC%9D%8C%20%EB%B3%80%ED%99%98 | ์ค์ฌ ๋ฎ์ ๋ณํ | ์ํ ๊ธฐํํ์์ ์ค์ฌ ๋ฎ์ ๋ณํ(ไธญๅฟ-่ฎๆ, )์ ์ฃผ์ด์ง ์ ์ ๋ํ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ๋ณด์กดํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ฐ์ ์ํค๋ ์ด ์ ๊ณผ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ ํ ๋น์จ๋ก ํ๋ ๋๋ ์ถ์์ํค๋ ํจ์์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ ํด๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ณต๊ฐ ์์์๋ง ์ ํจํ ์ ์์ด๋, ์์์ ์ํ ๊ณต๊ฐ ์์๊น์ง ํ์ฅ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ์ฃผ์ด์ง ์ํ ๊ณต๊ฐ ์์ ์ค์ฌ ๋ฎ์ ๋ณํ๊ณผ ํํ ์ด๋์ ํจ์์ ํฉ์ฑ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ๊ตฐ์ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ง์ ์ ์ด์ ํํํ๋ ์ง์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์์ํค๋ ์ ๋จ์ฌ ํจ์๋ค์ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์ ์
์ฒด ์์ ์ํ ๊ณต๊ฐ ์ ์ ๋ฐ 0์ด ์๋ ์์ ์ด ์ฃผ์ด์ก๋ค๊ณ ํ์. ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋น๋ก ํ๋ ์ ์ค์ฌ ๋ฎ์ ๋ณํ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
ํนํ, ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ด๋ ํญ๋ฑ ํจ์์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ด๋ ์ค์ฌ์ ์ ๋ํ ๋ฐ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ๋ค.
ํ๋ ๋ณํ
์ฒด ์์ ์ํ ๊ณต๊ฐ ์ ํจ์ ์ ๋ํ์ฌ, ๋ค์ ๋ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์๋ก ๋์น์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง์กฑ์ํค๋ ๋ฅผ ํ๋ ๋ณํ(ๆดๅคง่ฎๆ, )์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
๋ค์ ๋ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ๋ง์กฑ์ํจ๋ค.
๋ ์ํ ๋ณํ์ด๋ค.
์ ์ ํ ๋ณํ ์ฑ๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ฐ ์ ํ๊ตฐ ์ ์ค์ฌ ์ ์์์ด๋ค. (์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋ ์ ํํ ์ด๋๋ค๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ๋ฒกํฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ด๋ค.)
๋ ์ค์ฌ ๋ฎ์ ๋ณํ์ด๊ฑฐ๋ ํํ ์ด๋์ด๋ค. (์ฌ์ค, ํํ ์ด๋์ ๋ฌดํ์์ ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์ค์ฌ ๋ฎ์ ๋ณํ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐํ ์ ์๋ค.)
๋ง์ฝ ๊ฐ ์ค์ฌ ๋ฎ์ ๋ณํ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ค์ฌ์ ๋ผ๊ณ ํ๊ณ , ๋น๋ฅผ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ์. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ค๋ฉด ์์์ ์ ๋ํ์ฌ
์ด๋ค. ์ฆ, ๋ ๋ฅผ ์ ํ ๋ณํ ์ฑ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์ํ ๋ณํ์ด๋ค.
๋ง์ฝ ๊ฐ ํํ ์ด๋์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ํํ ์ด๋ ๋ฒกํฐ๋ฅผ ๋ผ๊ณ ํ์. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ค๋ฉด ์์์ ์ ๋ํ์ฌ,
์ด๋ค. ์ฆ, ๋ ํญ๋ฑ ํจ์ ์ ์ ํ ๋ณํ ์ฑ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์ํ ๋ณํ์ด๋ค.
๋ง์ฝ ๊ฐ ์ ์์ ์ ์ ํ ๋ณํ ์ฑ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์ํ ๋ณํ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์์์ ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ์. ๋ง์ฝ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์์์ ์ ๋ํ์ฌ
์ด๋ฏ๋ก, ๋ ๋ฅผ ํํ ์ด๋ ๋ฒกํฐ๋ก ํ๋ ํํ ์ด๋์ด๋ค. ๋ง์ฝ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ํ ๊ฒฐํฉ
๋ ์ ๊ณ ์ ์ ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์์์ ์ ๋ํ์ฌ,
์ด๋ฏ๋ก, ์ด๋ ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋น๋ก ํ๋ ์ค์ฌ ๋ฎ์ ๋ณํ์ด๋ค.
์ฑ์ง
๋์์ ์ฑ์ง
์ํ ๊ณต๊ฐ ์์ ํ๋ ๋ณํ๋ค์ ์ํ ๊ตฐ ์ ์ ๊ท ๋ถ๋ถ๊ตฐ ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋ค. ํนํ, ๋ชจ๋ ์ค์ฌ ๋ฎ์ ๋ณํ์ ์ ๋จ์ฌ ์ํ ๋ณํ์ด๋ค.
๊ธฐํํ์ ์ฑ์ง
์ฒด ์์ ์ํ ๊ณต๊ฐ ์ ํจ์ ๊ฐ ์ฃผ์ด์ก๊ณ , ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ์. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ค๋ฉด, ๋ค์ ๋ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์๋ก ๋์น์ด๋ค.
๋ ํ๋ ๋ณํ์ด๋ค.
๋ค์ ๋ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ๋ง์กฑ์ํจ๋ค.
๋ ์ ๋จ์ฌ ํจ์์ด๋ค.
์์์ ์ํ ์ง์ ์ ๋ํ์ฌ, ์ ์ ํํํ๋ ์ํ ์ง์ ์ด๋ค.
ํธ์์ ๋ผ๊ณ ํ์.
๋ง์ฝ ๊ฐ ํ๋ ๋ณํ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ฐ์ ๊ฐ ์ํ ๋ณํ์ด๋ฏ๋ก, ์์์ ์ํ ์ง์ ์ ๋ํ์ฌ, ์ญ์ ์ํ ์ง์ ์ด๋ค. ์ ์ ํ ๋ณํ ์ฑ๋ถ์ ๋ผ๊ณ ํ๊ณ , ์์์ ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ์. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ค๋ฉด
์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์, ์ ์ ํํํ๋ค.
๋ง์ฝ ๊ฐ ์์์ ์ํ ์ง์ ์ ์์ด ์ด์ ํํํ๋ ์ํ ์ง์ ์ธ ์ ๋จ์ฌ ํจ์๋ผ๋ฉด, ์์์ ์ํ ์ง์ ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ๊ณ , ์ด ๋ก ์์ฑ๋๋ค๊ณ ํ์. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ค๋ฉด ์ ์ ํํํ๋ ์ํ ์ง์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ก ์์ฑ๋๋ค. ๋ํ, ๋ค์์ ๋ง์กฑ์ํค๋ ์ ์ผํ ํ๋ ๋ณํ ๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค.
์์์ ์ ๋ํ์ฌ, ์ ๋ํ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ํ์ฌ, , ๋ก ์์ฑ๋ ์ํ ์ง์ ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ , ๋ก ์์ฑ๋ ์ํ ์ง์ ์ ํํํ๋ค. ์ ํ๋ ๋ณํ์ด๋ฏ๋ก, ๋ , ๋ก ์์ฑ๋ ์ํ ์ง์ ์ ๊ต์ ์ด๋ค. ์ฆ, ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ฏ๋ก ๊ณผ ํํํ๋ ์ด ์๋ ์ํ ์ง์ ๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฉด ์์์ ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ๋ผ๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ์ป๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ ํ๋ ๋ณํ์ด๋ค.
์ค์ฌ ๋ฎ์ ๋ณํ์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ ์ค์ฌ ๊ณผ ์๋ ์ ๋ฅผ ์๋ ์ง์ ์์ ์ ์ด๋ค. ์ ํด๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ค์ฌ ๋ฎ์ ๋ณํ์ ๋ํ ์๊ณผ ์ด์ ๋ํ ์์์ ์์ ์ค์๋ฅผ ๋น๋ก ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ค์ฌ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ๊ฐ์ ์ชฝ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์์ ์ค์๋ฅผ ๋น๋ก ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ค์ฌ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ๋ฐ๋์ชฝ์ด๋ค. ์ ํด๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ๋ฅผ ๋น๋ก ํ๋ ์ค์ฌ ๋ฎ์ ๋ณํ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ ์ ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ๋น์จ๋ก ํ๋ยท์ถ์์ํจ๋ค. ์ฆ, ์ด๋ ๋ฅผ ๋น๋ก ํ๋ ๋ฎ์ ๋ณํ์ด๋ค.
์
3์ฐจ์ ์ ํด๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ณต๊ฐ ์ ์์ ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ณ 2๋ฅผ ๋ฎ์๋น๋ก ํ๋ ์ค์ฌ ๋ฎ์ ๋ณํ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
์ํ๊ธฐํํ
ํจ์์ ์ฌ์
๋ณํ (ํจ์) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homothety | Homothety | In mathematics, a homothety (or homothecy, or homogeneous dilation) is a transformation of an affine space determined by a point S called its center and a nonzero number called its ratio, which sends point to a point by the rule
for a fixed number .
Using position vectors:
.
In case of (Origin):
,
which is a uniform scaling and shows the meaning of special choices for :
for one gets the identity mapping,
for one gets the reflection at the center,
For one gets the inverse mapping defined by .
In Euclidean geometry homotheties are the similarities that fix a point and either preserve (if ) or reverse (if ) the direction of all vectors. Together with the translations, all homotheties of an affine (or Euclidean) space form a group, the group of dilations or homothety-translations. These are precisely the affine transformations with the property that the image of every line g is a line parallel to g.
In projective geometry, a homothetic transformation is a similarity transformation (i.e., fixes a given elliptic involution) that leaves the line at infinity pointwise invariant.
In Euclidean geometry, a homothety of ratio multiplies distances between points by , areas by and volumes by . Here is the ratio of magnification or dilation factor or scale factor or similitude ratio. Such a transformation can be called an enlargement if the scale factor exceedsย 1. The above-mentioned fixed point S is called homothetic center or center of similarity or center of similitude.
The term, coined by French mathematician Michel Chasles, is derived from two Greek elements: the prefix homo- (), meaning "similar", and thesis (), meaning "position". It describes the relationship between two figures of the same shape and orientation. For example, two Russian dolls looking in the same direction can be considered homothetic.
Homotheties are used to scale the contents of computer screens; for example, smartphones, notebooks, and laptops.
Properties
The following properties hold in any dimension.
Mapping lines, line segments and angles
A homothety has the following properties:
A line is mapped onto a parallel line. Hence: angles remain unchanged.
The ratio of two line segments is preserved.
Both properties show:
A homothety is a similarity.
Derivation of the properties:
In order to make calculations easy it is assumed that the center is the origin: . A line with parametric representation is mapped onto the point set with equation , which is a line parallel to .
The distance of two points is and the distance between their images. Hence, the ratio (quotient) of two line segments remains unchanged .
In case of the calculation is analogous but a little extensive.
Consequences: A triangle is mapped on a similar one. The homothetic image of a circle is a circle. The image of an ellipse is a similar one. i.e. the ratio of the two axes is unchanged.
Graphical constructions
using the intercept theorem
If for a homothety with center the image of a point is given (see diagram) then the image of a second point , which lies not on line can be constructed graphically using the intercept theorem: is the common point th two lines and . The image of a point collinear with can be determined using .
using a pantograph
Before computers became ubiquitous, scalings of drawings were done by using a pantograph, a tool similar to a compass.
Construction and geometrical background:
Take 4 rods and assemble a mobile parallelogram with vertices such that the two rods meeting at are prolongued at the other end as shown in the diagram. Choose the ratio .
On the prolongued rods mark the two points such that and . This is the case if (Instead of the location of the center can be prescribed. In this case the ratio is .)
Attach the mobile rods rotatable at point .
Vary the location of point and mark at each time point .
Because of (see diagram) one gets from the intercept theorem that the points are collinear (lie on a line) and equation holds. That shows: the mapping is a homothety with center and ratio .
Composition
The composition of two homotheties with the same center is again a homothety with center . The homotheties with center form a group.
The composition of two homotheties with different centers and its ratios is
in case of a homothety with its center on line and ratio or
in case of a translation in direction . Especially, if (point reflections).
Derivation:
For the composition of the two homotheties with centers with
one gets by calculation for the image of point :
.
Hence, the composition is
in case of a translation in direction by vector .
in case of point
is a fixpoint (is not moved) and the composition
.
is a homothety with center and ratio . lies on line .
The composition of a homothety and a translation is a homothety.
Derivation:
The composition of the homothety
and the translation
is
which is a homothety with center and ratio .
In homogenous coordinates
The homothety
with center can be written as the composition of a homothety with center and a translation:
.
Hence can be represented in homogeneous coordinates
by the matrix:
A pure homothety linear transformation is also conformal because it is composed of translation and uniform scale.
See also
Scaling (geometry) a similar notion in vector spaces
Homothetic center, the center of a homothetic transformation taking one of a pair of shapes into the other
The Hadwiger conjecture on the number of strictly smaller homothetic copies of a convex body that may be needed to cover it
Homothetic function (economics), a function of the form f(U(y)) in which U is a homogeneous function and f is a monotonically increasing function.
Notes
References
H.S.M. Coxeter, "Introduction to geometry" , Wiley (1961), p.ย 94
External links
Homothety, interactive applet from Cut-the-Knot.
Transformation (function) |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%88%ED%8D%BC%20%EC%8B%9C%EB%A1%9C | ์ํผ ์๋ก | ใ์ํผ ์๋กใ()๋ 2019๋
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9์ 7์ผ๊น์ง ์๋ฒ ๋ง TV์ ๋น๋์ค ๋ฐ์ค์์ ์ฐฉ์ ๋๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์น ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
์ด์, TV ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
์ธ ์งฑ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ชป๋ง๋ ค์ ์คํ์คํ์์ด๋ค. ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
์ ์์ ์ ์์ด ๋ํ์์ ๋ด๋นํ์๋ค. ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์์๋ ใ์ํผ ํฐ๋ฅ์ดใ๋ผ๋ ์ ๋ชฉ์ผ๋ก 2020๋
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9์ 11์ผ๊น์ง ์นดํฐ๋คํธ์ํฌ ์ฝ๋ฆฌ์์์, 4์ 23์ผ๋ถํฐ 9์ 24์ผ๊น์ง ํฌ๋๋ฒ์ค์์ ๋ฐฉ์ํ๋ค.
์ค๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ
๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๊ธฐ์๋ ํ๋ฒํ ๊ฐ์์ง์ด์ง๋ง ์ฌ์ค์ ์ธ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ๋ ์ํผ ํ์ด๋ก๋ก ๋ณ์ ํ๋ ๊ฐ์์ง ์๋ก(ํฐ๋ฅ์ด). ์ ์ค์ ๋ผ๋ค๊ท๋ก ์๋ ค์ง ๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณธ์ ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์ธ๊ณ์ ๋ณต์ ํ๋ ค๋ ๊ฐ์์ง ํ
์นดํ์ ๋ง์๋ฉฐ ์ค๋๋ ์ธ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ถ๋ํ๋ค.
๋ฑ์ฅ์ธ๋ฌผ
์๋ก(, ํฐ๋ฅ์ด)
๋ณธ์์ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต. ํฌ๋ ์ฉ ์ ์งฑ์์๋ ๋
ธํ๋ผ ์ ๋
ธ์ค์ผ์ ์ง์์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋ ์ ์๊ฒฌ์ด์์ผ๋ ์ด ์ํ์์๋ ๊ณต์์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ผ๋ก ์น๊ฒฉ๋์ด ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ค. ์ด ์ํ์์๋ ์ ์งฑ๋ค์์ ์ฌ๋ ๋ณดํต ๊ฐ์์ง์์ง๋ง ํํฌ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ฌํ ๋ณ์ ์์ดํ
์ด ๊ฐ์ด์ ๋ง๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด์ ์ํผ ํ์ด๋ก์ ์๋ช
๋์ด์ ์ํผ ์๋ก(ํ๊ตญ์ด ๋๋นํ์์๋ ์ํผ ํฐ๋ฅ์ด)๊ฐ ๋๋ค. ๋ณดํต ๋์๋ ํฌ๋ ์ฉ ์ ์งฑ ๋์ฒ๋ผ ๋ชฉ์ ํ๋์ ๊ฐ ๋ชฉ์ค์ ํ๊ณ ์์ง๋ง ํํฌ๊ฐ ์ ์ก์ ๋ณด๋ด๊ณ ๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณธ์ ๋ํ ์ง์๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ฆด ๋๋ ๊ณง๋ฐ๋ก ์ค์ค๋ก ๋ชฉ์ค์ ํ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ด์ ๋ณ์ ์์ดํ
์ ๋ถ์ด๊ณ ๋ถ์ ๋งํ ๋ฅผ ํ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ํผ ํ์ด๋ก๋ก ๋ณ์ ํ๋ค. ๋ค๋ง ํ๋์ ๋ ์๋ค๋๋ ๋์ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ฐ๊ฑธ์์ ํตํด์ ์ด๋์ ํ๋ค. ํํฌ์ ๊ต์ ์ ํ ๋๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. ๋งค๋ฒ ๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณธ์ ์ฐพ์๋ด์ง๋ง ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ํ๋ช
๋์ด์ ํญ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ง๋ฆฐ๋ค.
์ฑ์ฐ๋ ๋ง์๋ฐ ๋ง๋ฆฌ(ๆฅ) / ์ ์ ๋ฏธ(้)
ํํฌ(๋น๋ณด)
์ํผ ํ์ด๋ก ์ฐ์ฃผ๋ณธ๋ถ ์์์ ํด๋จธ๋
ธ์ด๋ ์ฐ์ฃผ์ธ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ค์ ์๋ก์๊ฒ ์ํผ ํ์ด๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฌํ ์ฅ๋ณธ์ธ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ์๋๋ ๋๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ง์๊ฒ ์ํผ ํ์ด๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฌํ๋ ค๊ณ ํ์ผ๋ ๋
ธํ๋ผ ์ ๋
ธ์ค์ผ๊ฐ ๋๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ง ์ฃผ์ธ์ด ์์ ๋๋๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๊ณ ๋ค๊ฐ๊ฐ๋ ๋ฐ๋์ ๋๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ง์ด ์๋ ์๋ก์๊ฒ ๋ง์ถ๊ฒ ๋์ด์ ์๋ก๋ฅผ ์ํผ ํ์ด๋ก๋ก ์๋ช
ํ๋ค. ์๋ก์ ์ง์ ํตํด์ ๊ต์ ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณธ์ ๋ํ ์ง์๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ฆฐ๋ค.
์ฑ์ฐ๋ ์ ์นด๋(ๆฅ) / ๊นํ์ฌ(้)
ํ
์นดํ(๋์นดํธ)
์๋ก์ ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ๊ฒฉ์ธ ๋ฐ๋ช
๊ฒฌ์ผ๋ก ๋ถํ์ ๋ชธ์๊น์ X๊ฐ ๋ถ์ ๋
ธ๋ ๋ชจ์๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ญ์ ๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณธ์ ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์ธ๊ณ ์ต๊ณ ์ ์ง๋์๊ฐ ๋๋ ค๋ ์ผ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ง๋ง ์๋ก๊ฐ ๋ฐฉํดํ๊ฒ ๋์ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ฒ์ธ๋ค. ์๋๋ ๋ง์ ๋ชปํ๊ณ ์นดํธ์นดํธ๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋ ๋ณดํต ๊ฐ์์ง์์ง๋ง ์ฐ์ฐํ ๋ง๋๊ฒ ๋ ์ค์น ๊ฐ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ณดํธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ X๊ฐ ๋ถ์ ๋
ธ๋ ๋ชจ์๋ ์ค์น์ด ๊ฐ๋ฐํ ์ฅ์น๋ก ์ด ๋ชจ์๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ณ ๋ ํ๋ถํฐ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋ฉด์ ์ด๋ฏธ๋ ํจ๊ป ๋ถ์ธ๋ค.
์ฑ์ฐ๋ ์นด์ธ ์๋ฆฌ(ๆฅ) / ๊น์ง์จ(้)
์ค๋ผ(์ฌ๋ผ)
8ํ์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ๋ณ๋์ค๋ฝ๊ณ ์ํํ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ๊น๋ง๊ท. ์๋ก๋ ํ
์นดํ๊ฐ ๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณธ์ ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ฏ์ด ์์ ๋ ๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณธ์ ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฏํ๋ค.
์ฑ์ฐ๋ ์ฌํ ์ธ์ธ ์ง(ๆฅ) / ๊น์ ์(้)
์บ์บ(์บ์บ)
๋ถ์์ง์์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋ ์์บ๋ก ํธ๋ค ๋ชจ์ต์ ํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฐ์ํ๊ณ ๋์ฌํ ๋ชธ๋งค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ก์ง๋ง ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณธ์ ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ฑ์ฐ๋ ํค๋ ์ด๋ถํค(ๆฅ) / ๊น๋ํฌ(้)
๋๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ง
์๋ ์๋ก ์ด์ ์ ์ํผ ํ์ด๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฌ๋ฐ์์ ๋์์ ๊ฒฌ์ข
์ด์ง๋ง ๊ทธ ์ง์๋ฅผ ์๋ก์๊ฒ ๋๊ฒจ์ฃผ๋ฉด์ ์์คํธ๋ผ๋ก ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ค.
์ฑ์ฐ๋ ์ด์์ด ํ์นด์ ํค(ๆฅ) / ํ์นํจ(้)
๋
ธํ๋ผ ์ ๋
ธ์ค์ผ(์ ์งฑ๊ตฌ)
ํฌ๋ ์ฉ ์ ์งฑ์ ๋์ค๋ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด์ ์๋ก์ ์ฃผ์ธ. ์ด ์ํ์์๋ ์์คํธ๋ผ๋ก ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ฉฐ ์ฒ์์๋ ์ผ๊ตด์ด ๋์ค์ง ์๊ณ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๋ก๋ง ๋์์ง๋ง ๋์ค์๋ ์ผ๊ตด๋ ๋์จ๋ค.
์ฑ์ฐ๋ ์ฝ๋ฐ์ผ์ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฝ(ๆฅ) / ๋ฐ์๋จ(้)
๋
ธํ๋ผ ํ๋ง์๋ฆฌ(์ ์งฑ์)
ํฌ๋ ์ฉ ์ ์งฑ์ ๋์ค๋ ์ ์งฑ์ ์ฌ๋์. ์ด ์ํ์์๋ ์์คํธ๋ผ๋ก ๋์ค๋ฉฐ 22ํ์์ ๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณธ์ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ชจ์ต์ผ๋ก ๋์จ๋ค. ์ฌ๊ธฐ์์๋ ๊ฐ๋์๊ธฐ๋ผ ๋ง์ ๋ชปํ๋ค.
์ฑ์ฐ๋ ์ฝ์ค๋ก๊ธฐ ์ฌํ ๋ฏธ(ๆฅ) / ์ฌ๋ฏผ์ (้)
๋
ธํ๋ผ ํ๋ก์(์ ์์) / ๋
ธํ๋ผ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์(๋ด๋ฏธ์ )
ํฌ๋ ์ฉ ์ ์งฑ์ ๋์ค๋ ์ ์งฑ, ํ๋ง์๋ฆฌ์ ๋ถ๋ชจ. ์๋ก์ ์ฃผ์ธ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ฉฐ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์์๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์์คํธ๋ผ๋ก ๋์จ๋ค.
์ฑ์ฐ๋ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ํ ์์ ํค(ๆฅ) / ๊นํ์ง(้)(๋
ธํ๋ผ ํ๋ก์(์ ์์)), ๋๋ผํ์ ๋ฏธํค(ๆฅ) / ๊ฐํฌ์ (้)(๋
ธํ๋ผ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์(๋ด๋ฏธ์ ))
๋ด๋ ์ด์
์ด ์ํ์ ํด์ค์๋ก ์๋ก๊ฐ ์ํผ ํ์ด๋ก๋ก ๋ณ์ ํ ๋ชจ์ต์ ์ ๋ฌํด์ค๋ค.
์ฑ์ฐ๋ ์ค์ค์ธ ์นด ์ํค์ค(ๆฅ) / ๋ฐ์ฑํ(้)
๋ฑ์ฅ ์์ดํ
๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณธ
๋ณธ์์์ ๋์ค๋ ๊ฐ ๋ผ๋ค๊ท ๋ชจ์์ ์์ดํ
. ๊ฒ์ ๊ฐ ๋ผ๋ค๊ท๋ก ๋ณด์ด์ง๋ง ์ ์ค์ ๋ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ
์นดํ๊ฐ ์ธ๊ณ ์ต๊ณ ์ ์ง๋์๊ฐ ๋์ด์ ์ ๋ณตํ ์ผ์์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ฉฐ ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์์ด์ ์๋ก๊ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ๋ฉฐ ์ฐ์ฃผ ๋ณธ๋ถ๋ก ์ ์กํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ฐพ์ ๋๋ง๋ค ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ํ๋ช
๋๋ฉด ํญ๋ฐํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
ํ๊ตญ์ดํ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ ์ถ์ฐ
์ ์ ๋ฏธ: ํฐ๋ฅ์ด
๋ฐ์ฑํ: ํด์ค
๊นํ์ฌ: ๋น๋ณด
๊น์ง์จ: ๋์นดํธ
๊น์ ์: ์ฌ๋ผ
ํ์นํจ: ๋๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ง
๊น๋ํฌ: ์บ์บ
๊ทธ ๋ฐ: ๊น๋ค์ฌ, ์ ์, ๋ฐ์์ค, ๊ฐ์๋ด, ์ด์ํธ, ๊ฐ์ฑ์ฐ
์ ์์ง
์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
์ ์ : ์ ์์ด ๋ํ
ํ๊ตญ์ดํ
๊ธฐํ: ๊น์์ฑ
์ฑ
์ ํ๋ก๋์: ์์ข
์, ์ ๊ธธ์ฃผ
๊ธฐํ ์ ์ 3CP: ๋ฅ์ ํ, ์ ์ก์ด, ์ด๊ณํ, ์ด์ํ
์ฝํ
์ธ ํธ์ฑ ๊ธฐํ: ํ๋์, ์ด๋ฏผ์, ๊นํฌ์ , ์กฐ์๋ผ, ์กฐ์น์ฐ, ์ฐจ์ฃผํ, ๊ฐ์ํฌ, ๊นํ์, ํฉ์์ง, ๋ฅ์ ์ธ์์ , ๋ฅ์กฐ์
๊ณต์ฐ ์ ์ ์ฌ์
: ๋ฏผ์งํ, ๊น์๋, ์์ฌ์ง, ๊น์งํฌ, ๋ฐํ์ค
ํ๊ถ ์ฌ์
: ์ฑ์ํฌ, ์์ ๋ฏผ, ๊น๋ฏผ์ง, ๊ตฌํฌ์ค, ์ ์ฐฌ์, ์ ํ์ , ๊น์ค์ฃผ, ๊น๋ฏธํฌ
์ฌ์
๊ด๋ฆฌ: ๊นํธ์, ์ ์ง์, ์์ ๋, ๊ณตํํ, ๊น๋ฏผํฌ, ์ด์์ , ์ก์์, ์ตํฌ์ , ์ด์์ฐ, ์ด์ฑ์ค
๋ฒ์ญ: ์กฐํฌ๊ฒฝ
๋
น์&๋ฏน์ฑ: ๊น์ฌํ
์ฐ์ถ: ์กฐ์นํฌ
์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ง ์ ์: ํฌ๋๋ฒ์ค
์์
์๋ฉ(ํ๊ตญ์ดํ)
์ ๋ชฉ: ์ํผ ํฐ๋ฅ์ด
์์
๊ฐ๋
: ๊น์ ์
๋
ธ๋: ๋ฆฌ์ค์
๋ฐฉ์ ๋ชฉ๋ก
1ํ: ํฐ๋ฅ์ด๋ ์ํผ ํ์ด๋ก
2ํ: ์ด์ํ ๊ณผ์ ๊ณต์ฅ
3ํ: ๋ณด์์ ๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณธ
4ํ: ์์ ๋นผ์์๋ผ
5ํ: ์ฐ๋ชป ์์๋
6ํ: ์งฑ๊ตฌ์ ์์นจ ์ฒด์กฐ
7ํ: ํ๋ค๋ค๋ฆฌ ๋ฉ์๋
8ํ: ๋ถ์ง๋ฐํ ๊ฐ๋ฏธ๋ค
9ํ: ์ถ์ด๊ฑด ์ซ์ด
10ํ: ํ์ ์ ์ซ์๋ผ
11ํ: ํ์ ์ ์ซ์๋ผ
12ํ: ์ํผํ ํ์ด๋ก์ ํ์
13ํ: ๋ง๊ฐ ์ค๋ฉ ํต์กฐ๋ฆผ
14ํ: ์๋ฆ๋ค์ด ์บ์บ
15ํ: ๋ฐ๊ตด๋ฐ๊ตด ๋ณผ๋ง
16ํ: ์จ์ ์ฐ์ฐ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ
17ํ: ์ํํ ๊ณต์ฌ์ฅ
18ํ: ๋ณ, ๋ณ, ๋ณ
19ํ: ์ฅ์์๋ฐญ์์์ ๊ฒฐํฌ
20ํ: ์บ์บ์ ๊ทธ๋ค๋ฅผ ์ข์ํด
21ํ: ๋น์ด ๋์ ๋์๋
22ํ: ๋ฎ์ ์ ๋๋ ์กฐ์ฉํ
23ํ: ์ฐ์ฃผ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด ์ธํฐ์คํ
๋ผ
24ํ: ๋์นดํธ, ์ธ๊ณ์ ๋ํต๋ น์ ๊ฟ๊พธ๋ค
25ํ: ๊ฟ๋ฒ์ ๋ฌ์ฝคํ ์ํ
26ํ: ๋ฌด์~์ด ๋ฐ์ฌ์ ์ ํ
27ํ: ์์ง์ด๋ฉด ์ ๋ผ!
28ํ: ๋จธ์ฌ, ๋จธ์ฌ, ๋จธ์ฌ!
29ํ: ์ด๋ฅผ ์์คํ
30ํ: ์ฌ๋ก์กํ ๋๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ง
31ํ: ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ด ๋ฒ์ฏ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ
32ํ: ๋๊ตด ์์ ๋
ธ๋์๋
33ํ: ์ฐ๋ชป ์์ ์ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ์ง
34ํ: ํ์ด๋ก์ ํด์ผ
35ํ: ์ ๊ธ์์์ ๋๋ชจํ
36ํ: ์บ์บ์ ํ๋ฃจํ๋ฃจ
37ํ: ๋ฌ๋ฐค์ ์ ์
์์
38ํ: ๋ฐฐ์ง์ ๋น๋ฐ
39ํ: ๊ฐ๋ฏธ๋ค์ ์ํ
40ํ: ์ผ์์ผ์ ๊ณจํ
41ํ: ์ ๋ค์ ์๋ ๋ฐค
42ํ: ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ํ์ด๋ก
43ํ: ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋๋ง์น๊ณ , ๋ค์ซ์๋ผ
44ํ: ์ ๋นํ ๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณด๋ณธ
45ํ: ํํํํํ์ฝ
46ํ: ์๋ก๋ฌ๋ก ๋นจ๋๋ค
47ํ: ์ปค๋ค๋ ์๋ฐ
์ต์ข
ํ(48): ํ๋ฐค์ค์ ๋ฐฑํ์
๊ด๋ จ ๋ชฉ๋ก
์งฑ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ชป๋ง๋ ค
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
SUPER SHIRO ๊ณต์ ์ฌ์ดํธ
์งฑ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ชป๋ง๋ ค
2019๋
์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
2020๋
์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์น ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
์นดํฐ ๋คํธ์ํฌ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
ํฌ๋๋ฒ์ค์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Shiro | Super Shiro | is a Japanese anime television series produced by Science SARU. A spin-off of the popular Crayon Shin-chan franchise, the series focuses on the adventures of Shiro, a seemingly-normal family dog who, when the Earth is threatened, secretly transforms into a canine superhero to protect the planet from nefarious villains. The series, consisting of 48 five-minute episodes, aired in Japan on the TV Asahi-affiliated streaming platforms AbemaTV and Telasa from October 2019 to September 2020, and was subsequently aired on Cartoon Network in Australia, India, and throughout Southeast Asia.
Premise
Shiro, a seemingly ordinary dog, lives with the Nohara family and leads a seemingly ordinary life. With his human family often involved in various adventures, Shiro is frequently left to his own devices, and it is during these times when he is alone that the secret life of this extraordinary dog is revealed.
For Shiro is no regular hound - he is Super Shiro, a superhero dog tasked with protecting the Earth from nefarious evil-doers. Whenever he puts on his super hero badge, he transforms into an ultra-cool canine protector of justice (complete with a deep, ultra-cool superhero voice). His mission is to find and secure the "Bobobobobone," a legendary dog bone that, it is said, grants its owner the power to rule the world. But Shiro isn't alone in this quest: the scheming canine scientist Dekapoo is also after the bone and hopes to use its powers to make himself World President. Complicating matters is that neither Shiro nor Dekapoo knows what the legendary bone looks like. They only know it by reputation: that it is supposedly "glorious, elegant, and wild" (attributes which can be determined by smelling the bone). Shiro is aided in his search by Bibo, an alien ally stationed at Super Hero Space Headquarters, a space station distant from Earth. Whenever Shiro finds a bone he thinks might be the one, he must send it via a teleporter to Bibo... but if he's gotten it wrong and the bone isn't the right one, it will cause an explosion and Shiro will be sent back to square one on his quest. Before long, the search attracts other doggy attention, including from Can Can, a stylish lady hound who's just as eager to make the "Bobobobobone" hers. Can Shiro get the mysterious bone before it falls into the wrong paws?
Characters
The titular character of the series. When Shiro is in the form of a normal dog, he speaks/barks in his normal "doggie voice" (played by Mari Mashiba). However, when he transforms into his superhero self, he gains a deeper "hero voice" (played by Akio Otsuka). Shiro's "hero voice" serves as an internal monologue (his inner thoughts, as well as the narration of the story), but whenever he speaks out loud, he still has his normal "doggie voice." Director Masaaki Yuasa noted that his intention with Shiro's "hero voice" was to make him sound like as cool of a character as possible, since this is the voice that Shiro speaks with in his heart. Shiro's task is to find the "Bobobobobone" before any ill-meaning miscreants can use it to oppress or destroy the world. Yuasa described Shiro as "a hero who doesn't cooperate, unless he's asked to."
Super Shiro's nemesis. A mad genius scientist and inventor, he is always using his latest creations to try and defeat Shiro. Dekapoo is obsessed with finding the "Bobobobobone" so that he can rule the world.
Super Shiro's alien ally, Bibo helps direct Shiro's quest for the "Bobobobobone" and provides helpful advice. According to Yuasa, Bibo has "a coworker's detachment" from Shiro in that he is just someone she has to work with, though the natural kindness in her voice helps balance this out.
A stylish female dog who has lived a life of privilege: anything she wants, she "can" have. She sets her sights on acquiring the "Bobobobobone" to have even more friends, parties, and luxury. Yuasa identified her as a character he particularly likes.
A mysterious crow always looking to stir up mischief. Yuasa described him as a character with a particularly interesting appearance and manner of speaking.
Production
Production of Super Shiro arose out of director Masaaki Yuasa's longstanding affiliation with the Crayon Shin-chan series. Yuasa first became involved with the franchise in 1992 while early in his career as an animator, where he took on a variety of creative roles including key animation, storyboarding, set and background design, prop and vehicle design, and contribution of story concepts and ideas. Over the course of the next decade, he specialized in imagining, designing, and animating the inventive visual climaxes of the annual Crayon Shin-chan films. Crayon Shin-chan was not only an important early work in Yuasa's career, but also provided him with the first project he truly enjoyed and felt he had artistic freedom to express his own style; moreover, his creative success while working on the series inspired his desire to become a director. Even after becoming a director, Yuasa periodically returned to the Crayon Shin-chan franchise, directing Shin-men (2010-12), a group of special episodes embedded within the main Crayon Shin-chan television series, and contributing the production resources of his studio Science SARU to the production of two franchise films, Crayon Shin-chan: Intense Battle! Robo Dad Strikes Back (2014) and Crayon Shin-chan: My Moving Story! Cactus Large Attack! (2015). As such, Yuasa's involvement in the Super Shiro project represented a return to his origins as an animator and creator in the industry.
In addition to Yuasa, the Super Shiro series featured the contributions of other Crayon Shin-chan franchise veterans. Chief director and character designer Tomohisa Shimoyama, who made his series directorial debut with Super Shiro after a long career as an animator, had earlier provided animation on two of the Crayon Shin-chan films. Lead screenwriter Kimiko Ueno previously wrote three films in the franchise, and co-composer Akifumi Tada wrote music for four of the franchise's films.
Development
Yuasa set out to create a short-format, slapstick comedy series in the style of the American cartoon series Tom and Jerry (1940-present), where (unlike in Crayon Shin-chan), the camera and perspective of the narrative is from a "dog's-eye view" of the world. According to Yuasa, Tom and Jerry was an extremely influential inspiration for the series, not only in regards to the comedic approach, but also in terms of the storytelling. The idea to use a narrator (whom the characters would hear and react to) was inspired by Tom and Jerry, with the American sitcom Bewitched (1964-72) serving as an additional inspiration. With regard to the slapstick format, Shimoyama stated that the series afforded him, Yuasa, and the animators an unusual degree of freedom. Shimoyama and Yuasa described the depiction of movement, particularly fast movement, as the most important thing for determining whether the comedy aspects would succeed.
The music for the series was written early in the development process, which allowed the animation team to create sequences with specific musical cues in mind. This was another inspiration from Tom and Jerry, as the classic shorts were made in this way, with the music existing before the animation.
Casting
According to Shimoyama, Yuasa initially pitched the idea for Super Shiro as a dog superhero voiced by Akio ลtsuka. As such, ลtsuka was always envisioned in the lead role. For the role of Aura, Setsuji Satล was also envisioned from the beginning, as he had previously played a mysterious character in Yuasa's anime series The Tatami Galaxy (2010). Yuasa had been looking to work with him again, and Super Shiro provided an ideal opportunity. Anri Katsu, who played Dekapoo, was identified by Shimoyama as a master of ad-libbing moments which enhanced the visual slapstick; as a result, many of his line additions and alterations were incorporated into the episodes. Shimoyama ultimately decided to keep Dekapoo's scripted lines to a minimum, allowing Katsu to fill in the rest based on the suggestion of the storyboards and animated visuals. Katsu helped inspire the other actors with interpreting the visuals (which were often not finished at the time of dialogue recording) to have a better sense of how to play each scene.
Business Development
Super Shiro was a joint production between TV Asahi (the longtime broadcaster of Crayon Shin-chan) and Turner Asia Pacific, with Turner securing broadcast rights for the series across the Asia Pacific region (excluding China) in exchange for a significant financial investment. The collaboration represented the first regional deal between TV Asahi and Turner.
Music
The series theme song, "Super Shiro Gymnastics" (ในใผใใผใทใญไฝๆ), was performed by singer-songwriter Mewhan. The music video for the song was a hit on social media, receiving over 16 million views on TikTok. Mewhan subsequently performed the song in a live concert which was filmed and released on Blu-ray in May 2020.
Release
Super Shiro was originally released in Japan on October 14, 2019, on the streaming platforms AbemaTV and Telasa. The release continued with one episode per week and concluded on September 7, 2020. An international release on Cartoon Network throughout Southeast Asia and Australia continued in 2020, and the series premiered on Cartoon Network India on February 22, 2021.
Home Video Release
In Japan, the first half of the series was released on DVD on April 27, 2021. The DVD release of the second half, as well as a compilation Blu-ray set of the complete series, are scheduled for release on September 28, 2021.
Reception
The series was nominated in the category of Best 2D Animated Program at the 2020 Asian Television Awards.
Related Media
Crayon Shin-chan Special Crossover Episode
Following the conclusion of Super Shiro, Science SARU and main Crayon Shin-chan production studio Shin-Ei Animation collaborated on a special crossover episode of Crayon Shin-chan. The special, which aired in Japan on TV Asahi on October 10, 2020, consisted of three short mini-episodes which featured the Super Shiro characters interacting with the main series characters.
Manga Adaptation
A manga version of the series, written and illustrated by Kenta Aiba and published by Futabasha in Monthly Manga Town magazine, was released in conjunction with the anime. The first compiled volume of the manga was published in Japan on May 12, 2021.
Sanrio Character Crossover
In October 2020, character goods company Sanrio entered into a collaboration with the Super Shiro series, featuring Shiro and the Sanrio characters Cinnamoroll, Pompompurin, and Pochacco grouped together on assorted merchandise. Additionally, Sanrio's indoor theme park Sanrio Puroland hosted an online Halloween music festival on October 30, 2020, in which Shiro and series theme song artist Mewhan performed alongside the Sanrio characters.
Web Browser Game
In Japan, the content sharing website GIFMAGAZINE posted a Shiro Bobobobobone Catching Game on March 29, 2020, which could be played via a web browser.
References
External links
2019 anime television series debuts
2019 Japanese television series debuts
Japanese children's animated comedy television series
Science Saru |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%AC%EB%9F%AC%20%EC%9D%B8%20%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%EC%BF%A8 | ํฌ๋ฌ ์ธ ํ์ด์ค์ฟจ | ใํฌ๋ฌ ์ธ ํ์ด์ค์ฟจใ()์ 2015๋
๊ฐ๋ดํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฒฉ๋ณด ์ก์
์ฝ๋ฏธ๋ ์ํ์ด๋ค. ๊ฐ๋
์ ์นด์ผ ๋ด๋จผ์ด๊ณ , ํค์ผ๋ฆฌ ์คํ์ธํ ๋, ์ํผ ํฐ๋, ์๋ฎค์ผ L. ์ญ์จ, ์ ์์นด ์๋ฐ, ๋๋ธ ์บ๋จธ๋ฐ, ํ ๋จธ์ค ๋งจ์ด ์ถ์ฐํ๋ค. ์ ๋ฌธ ํฌ๋ฌ๋ก์ ๊ต์ก๋ ์๋
๊ฐ ํ๋ฒํ ๊ณ ๋ฑํ์์ ์ถ์ ๋๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ถ์ด ํ์ถํ ๋ค ์ ๋ถ์ ์์ด๊ณ ์ผ๋ฐ์ธ์ ์ถ์ ์ป๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด์ ๋ฒ์ด์ง๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ์ด๋ค.
์ค๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ
ํ๋ ์ค์ฝง ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ๋ ๊ณ ์ ์๋
๋ค์ ์ ๋ฌธ ์์ด ์์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ จ์ํค๋ ์ ๋ถ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ด๋ค. ์ฑ
์์์ธ ํ๋๋จผ์ด ํ๋ จ์๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ด์ธ์ฐ๋ ์ 1์ ์์น์ '์ ์ฐฉ์ ๊ฐ์ง์ง ๋ง ๊ฒ'์ด์ง๋ง, 83๋ฒ ํ๋ จ์๋ง์ ๊ทธ์ ์๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ค. 83๋ฒ์ ์๋ฌด ์ํ ์ค ๋ชฐ๋ 10๋ ์ก์ง์ ํ๋ฌผ๊ฐ ํ์ดํด ์ํ, ๋๋ผ๋ง๋ค์ ์ญ๋ ตํ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ฒํ 10๋ ์ํ์ ๋๊ฒฝ์ ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
83๋ฒ์ ๋
น์ค๋ผ๋ ์
๋ช
๋์ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๋ฐ๋งค๋ฒ์ ์ฒด์ฒธ์์ ์ํฌํ๋ ์๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. 83๋ฒ์ ํฌ๋ก๋ก ์์ฅํ ๋ค ๋ฅ์ํ๊ฒ ๋
น์ค๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ ๋ฐง์ค๋ก ๋ฌถ์ด ํ๋ ์ค์ฝง์ ๋นํ๊ธฐ์ ๋งค๋ฌ๊ณ ์๊ธฐ๋ ์ค์ ์ก๊ณ ๋ค๋ฐ๋ฅธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋
น์ค๋ ์ค์ ์๋ผ์ 83๋ฒ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ถ๋ฝ์ํจ๋ค. ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋ 83๋ฒ์ ์ด๋๋ฅผ ๋
ธ๋ ค ํ์ถํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๊ณ , ํ๋๋จผ์ ์ฐ๋ฝ์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ฌ ๋ฌด์ํ๋ค. ๋ถ์กํ ๋
น์ค๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ณ๋ฐ์ ํ๋๋จผ์ 83๋ฒ์ ํ๋ฐฉ๋ถ๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ๊ณ ๋ ๋๋ค.
83๋ฒ์ ์์ ์ด ๊ฟ๊พธ๋ ํ๋ฒํ 10๋์ ์ถ์ ์คํํ๋ค. '๋ฉ๊ฑด'์ด๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก, ์บ๋๋ค ๋ฆฌ์์ด๋์์ ์จ ๊ตํํ์์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ถ์ ์์ฅํด์ ๋ผ์จ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ์ง์์ ํ์คํ
์ด๋ฅผ ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๋จํธ๊ณผ ์ดํผํ ๋ผ์จ ์์ฃผ๋จธ๋๋ ๋ฉ๊ฑด์ ์น์ ํ๊ฒ ๋ํ๊ณ , ๋์๋ฅผ ์ข์ํ๋ ๋์งธ ํ์ปค๋ ๋ฉ๊ฑด์ ๋ฐ๊ฒผ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ฉ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ 10๋ ์ฌ๊ณ ์์ธ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ ๋ฉ๊ฑด์ ๋ฐฑ์์ํ๋ค. ๋ดํด ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต์ ํธ์
ํ ๋ฉ๊ฑด์ ์ฒ์์๋ ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ณด๋ ์ํ ์ ๋ชจ์ต๊ณผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ค์ ํ๊ต ์ํ์ ์ ์์ ๋ชปํ๊ณ ๋๋ฆผ๊ฐ์ด ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ณง ๋ก์ ๋ผ๋ ์์ฌ์์ด ๋จํ์๊ณผ ์นํด์ง๊ณ , ํ๊ต ๋ฐด๋์ ๊ธฐํ๋ฆฌ์คํธ๋ก ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ง์ ์บ์๋ผ๋ ๋จํ์์๊ฒ ๋งค๋ฃ๋๋ค.
ํํธ ๋ฉ๊ฑด์ ์บ์์ ํธ๊ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ ค๊ณ ํ๊ต ๋ง์ค์ฝํธ ์ธํ์ท์ ์
์๋ค๊ฐ, ์ฐ๊ธฐ์ธ ์ค์ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ ํ๊ต ํ์๋ค์ ๋๋ ค๋ํ๊ณ ๋ง๋ค. ๋ฉ๊ฑด์ ๋ถ๋๋ฌ์ ํ์ง๋ง, ๋ค์๋ ์์์ด ์ธํฐ๋ท์ ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ ํธ์์ ์ป์ผ๋ฉด์ ๋๋ฆผ๊ฐ ์ ์ธ์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ธํฐ๋ท์ ์๋ ค์ง ์ฌํ๋ก ๋ฉ๊ฑด์ ๊ณง ํ๋๋จผ๊ณผ ํ๋ ์ค์ฝง ์์๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ฉ์น๋๋ค. ํ๋๋จผ์ ๋ฉ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐฐ์ ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์คํดํ๊ณ ๋ฉ๊ฑด์๊ฒ ์๋ฐฑ์ ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ฌํ์ง๋ง, ๋ฉ๊ฑด์ ์ ๋ง๋ก ํ๋ฒํ ์ถ์ ์ด๋ ค๊ณ ๋๋ง์น ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค. ํ๋๋จผ์ ๋ฉ๊ฑด์ ํ์ด์ฃผ์ง๋ง, ๋์ค์ ๊ณค๊ฒฝ์ ์ฒํ๊ฒ ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋๋ ๋์์ฃผ์ง ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
๋ฉ๊ฑด์ ์บ์์ ์น๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์น๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ ํํํฐ์ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋๋ฌ ๊ฐ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ ๊ตฌ์น์ ์น๋ฐํด์ง๊ณ ๋ฉ๊ฑด๋ ์บ์์ ํธ๊ฐ์ ์ป๊ฒ ๋์ง๋ง, ๋๋๊ฒ๋ ํ๋ ์ค์ฝง ์์ ์ ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ์ด์๋ 84๋ฒ ์์์ด 'ํค๋'๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋์ ๋ฉ๊ฑด์ ๋ฐฉํดํ๋ค. ๋ฉ๊ฑด์ ํ๋๋จผ์ด ๋ณด๋๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ์ง๋ง ํค๋๋ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์จ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค. ํํฐ ํ์, ํ๋๋จผ์ด ์ค์ฟจ๋ฒ์ค ์ด์ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ณ์ฅํด์ ๋ํ๋ ๋
น์ค๊ฐ ํ์ถํด์ ๋ฉ๊ฑด์ ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค. ๋ฉ๊ฑด์ ์ดํ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ํ๊ต์ ๊ฐ๋ค๊ฐ ์ ์ฒด๋ถ๋ช
์ ์์ด์์ ์ด๊ฒฉ์ ๋นํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ด์ฉ ์ ์์ด ์๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์๊ฒ ๋ฐํ ๋ฉ๊ฑด์ ์ถ๊ฒฉ์ ๋์ ์์ด์์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋์ํจ๋ค. ์์ด์๋ ๊ณง๋ฐ๋ก ๋๋ง์ณค์ง๋ง, ๋ฉ๊ฑด์ ์ฐจ ์์ ํฅ์ ๋์๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ณ ์์ด์์ ์ ์ฒด๋ ํค๋์์ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ํ๋๋จผ์๊ฒ ์ฐ๋ฝํด์ ํค๋๊ฐ ๋
น์ค์ ๋ถํ๊ฐ ๋์์์ ์๊ฒ ๋ ๋ฉ๊ฑด์ ํค๋๊ฐ ํ์ปค๋ฐ ํํฐ๋ฅผ ๋
ธ๋ฆด ๊ฒ์ ์๊ฒฌํ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ํจ๊ป ์์ ์ ์ค๋นํ๋ค.
ํ์ปค๋ฐ ๋ ๋ฉ๊ฑด์ ์์ ์ ํํธ๋์ธ ์บ์๊ฐ ์์ ๊ณผ ๋ง์ง ์๋๋ค๊ณ ๋๋ผ๊ณ ๊ทธ์ ๊ฒฐ๋ณํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์์ ์ ์ข์ํ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ก์ ์๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ ๊ทธ์ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑ์ ๋ฃ์ง๋ง, ํค๋๊ฐ ๋ก์ ์ ํํธ๋๋ก์ ๋ํ๋ ๋ฉ๊ฑด์๊ฒ ์ธ์์ ๊ฑด๋ค. ๋์ ์ธ์์ ํํฐ์ฅ์ ๋์ด ํ๊ต ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ๊น์ง ์ด์ด์ง๋ค. ํค๋๊ฐ ๋
น์ค์ ์ฐํฉํ์ฌ ๋ฉ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๋ผ์จ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ์ฃฝ์ผ ๊ณํ์ ๋ฐํ๋ฉฐ ์นผ์ ์ง์ด๋ค์ง๋ง ์จ์ด์๋ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ๊ฐ ํค๋์ ํ๋ฒ
์ง๋ฅผ ์ ๊ผฌ์ฑ์ด๋ก ์ฐ๋ฅด๊ณ ๋ฉ๊ฑด์ด ํ๋ผ์ดํฌ์ผ๋ก ํค๋๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ ์ํจ๋ค. ๊ณง๋ฐ๋ก ์ง์ผ๋ก ์ฐพ์๊ฐ ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๋
น์ค์๊ฒ ๋ถ์กํ ์์ฃผ๋จธ๋์ ํ์ปค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๊ณ ๋
น์ค์ ์ธ์ฐ์ง๋ง ๊ณง ๋ถ์กํ๊ณ ๋ง๋ค. ๋
น์ค๋ ์์ ์ด ํ๋ ์ค์ฝง์ 1๋ฒ ์์์ด์์์ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ํ์ปค์ ๊ธฐ์ง๋ก ๋นํ์ ์ฐพ์ ๋ฉ๊ฑด์ ๋
น์ค๋ฅผ ๋๋ฐํ์ฌ ๊ฒฉํฌํ๋ค๊ฐ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ๋๋จผ์ด ํ๋ ์ค์ฝง ์์๋ค์ ์ด๋๊ณ ๋
น์ค๋ฅผ ๋ค์ ๋ถ์ก๋๋ค. ํ๋๋จผ์ ์ ์
์์๋ ํ์ํ๋ค๋ฉด์ ๋ฉ๊ฑด์ ์ถ์ ์๋๋ฌ ์ธ์ ํ๋ค. ๋ฉ๊ฑด์ ํ์ปค๋ฐ ํํฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํด, ํฌ๋ฆฌ์ฝฅํฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์ ํด์ ์ง์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ ๋ก์ ์ ์์ ๋ง์์ ๋ค. ๋์ ํค์คํ ๋ค ํํฐ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ๋ค. ํํธ, ๋๋ง์น ํค๋๋ ์ฌ์ ํ ๋ฉ๊ฑด์ ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ๋
น์ค์ ๋ถํ์๊ฒ ๋ฉ๊ฑด์ด ์
ํํ ๋ํ์ ์์๋ณด๊ฒ ์ํจ๋ค.
์ถ์ฐ
ํค์ผ๋ฆฌ ์คํ์ธํ ๋ - 83๋ฒ ์์ / ๋ฉ๊ฑด ์์
๋งค๋ค๋ฆฐ ์คํ - 83๋ฒ(8์ธ)
์ํผ ํฐ๋ - 84๋ฒ ์์ / ํค๋
์๋ฐ G. ์ฟ ํผ - 84๋ฒ(8์ธ)
์ ์์นด ์๋ฐ - ๋น
ํ ๋ฆฌ์ ๋
น์ค
์๋ฎค์ผ L. ์ญ์จ - ํ๋๋จผ
๋๋ธ ์บ๋จธ๋ฐ - ์๋ฆฌ์๋ฒ ์ค "๋ฆฌ์ฆ" ๋ผ์จ
ํ ๋จธ์ค ๋งจ - ๋ก์ ๋ง์ปค์ค
๋กญ ํด๋ธ - ๋ก์ ๋ค ์๋น
ํ ๋น ์๋ฐฐ์ค์ฒ - ์บ์ ํํด
๊ฒ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ผ ๋ฐฐ์ - ๋ฒ๋๋ / ๊ตฌ์น
์ ์ด๋ฏธ ํน - ๋์ดํธ
๋ ์ด์ฒ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค - ํ๋ ๋ผ์จ
์ ์ด์จ ๋๋ฌ์ปค - ํ์ปค ๋ผ์จ
์๋ ์ฐ๋๋ผ ํฌ๋ก์ฆ๋ - ์ ๋
์๋ง ํ์ - ๋๋
๋ ํฌ๊ธ๋ฌ - ๋๋ผ ์ ์
ํผ๋ค์ค ๋ฏธ์ฒผ - ์์ด์ค๋จผ ๊ต์ฅ
ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ ํผ ๋ค์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ฌ - ์๋ด๊ธฐ ํ๋ ๋
์คํฐ๋ธ ์ค - ํ๋๋ก
ํ ํผ ๊ทธ๋ ์ด์ค - ๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ค ์๋น (์ฌ์ง ์นด๋ฉ์ค ์ถ์ฐ)
๊ธฐํ
์ธํธ: ๋ฉ๋ฆฐ๋ค ์๋์ค
์์: ํ๋์ ์ ์ด๋ฏธ์จ ํ ์ฒ
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
2015๋
์ํ
์์ด ์ํ ์ํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ญ๋ ์ฝ๋ฏธ๋ ์ํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ก์
์ฝ๋ฏธ๋ ์ํ
๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ํ
์ ํ๋ํ์์ ์ดฌ์ํ ์ํ
A24 ์ํ
RKO ํฝ์ฒ์ค ์ํ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barely%20Lethal | Barely Lethal | Barely Lethal is a 2015 American action comedy film directed by Kyle Newman, written by John D'Arco, starring Hailee Steinfeld, Sophie Turner, Jessica Alba, Dove Cameron, and Samuel L. Jackson. Steinfeld stars as Agent 83, a teenage intelligence agent yearning for a normal adolescence who disappears and enrolls as an exchange student in a suburban American high school.
Barely Lethal received a digital release through DirecTV Cinema on April 30, 2015, and a limited release in theaters by A24 and through video-on-demand on May 29, 2015. The film received poor reviews from critics.
Plot
The young female orphans in the government-run Prescott Academy are trained to become field operatives. Their number one rule, taught by trainer Hardman, is "no attachments". Agent 83's top skills are rivalled by Agent 84. 83 is curious about the world, learning teen culture through magazines and watching Mean Girls and Beverly Hills, 90210.
Hardman assigns the orphans to capture Victoria Knox, an arms dealer. Undercover in Chechnya, 83 poses as one of those captured and brought before Knox. She latches herself and Knox onto Hardman's passing jet but 83 drops into a river as Knox is apprehended, causing Hardman to declare her missing. 83 adopts the name Megan and poses as a Canadian student and arrives in Newtown, Connecticut to live with her host family, the Larsons. Mrs. Larson and her son, Parker, welcome Megan, but Liz, her daughter, is cold and distant. Megan is mocked at school, leaving both her and Liz embarrassed. She soon makes friends with Roger, a classmate, and becomes attracted to Cash, a popular student, hacking the school's system to assign him as her biology lab partner. Cindy and Donna, two popular bullies, convince Megan to try out as the school mascot. When students from a rival school follow tradition and try to kidnap Newton High's mascot from a game, she fights them off, with a video of her actions going viral. It earns her some popularity, while annoying Liz.
Later, Megan is apprehended by a Prescott agent and brought to Hardman. He assumes she is working with their enemies, but she reveals she wanted to enjoy normal life outside the academy, leading to Hardman letting her go with a warning. Megan and Liz both attend a house party hosted by the school's class clown, Gooch. Megan hangs out with Cash, while Liz gets drunk and begins to bond with Gooch, as 84 arrives at the party, calling herself Heather. Megan assumes Hardman sent Heather to shadow her, but Heather denies this and tries to seduce Cash to irritate her. Megan eventually wins Cash's attention and gets asked by him to the homecoming dance.
The next morning, Hardman warns Megan that Knox has escaped from the academy. Liz drives Megan to school, but they are pursued by a masked assassin. Megan reveals her secret to Liz and crashes the two cars, but the assassin escapes. Megan recognizes the smell of perfume, identifying Heather. The two leave for the hospital, where Roger and Gooch visit the girls separately. At the homecoming dance, Megan becomes bored by Cash and leaves him before making amends with Roger. However, Heather reveals herself as Roger's date, provoking a fight between her and Megan. Heather reveals she joined Knox's operation in order to get a chance to kill Megan. Liz sneaks up on Heather and stabs her in the leg and the two escape.
Megan and Liz return home to find that Knox and her mercenaries have seized Mrs. Larson and Parker as hostages. Knox reveals that she was Prescott Agent 1, but she left and turned against them for robbing her of her life. Hardman comes in with reinforcements and subdues Knox and her mercenaries. Megan uses a Prescott helicopter to stop Roger, who is driving home. She tells Roger her true feelings for him and the two kiss before joining Liz and Gooch in the helicopter. In a mid-credits scene, Heather meets with a former henchman of Knox and orders him to find out where Megan is going to college.
Cast
Hailee Steinfeld as Megan Walsh/83
Madeleine Stack as Megan (age 8)
Sophie Turner as Heather/84
Eva Cooper as Heather (age 8)
Jessica Alba as Victoria Knox
Samuel L. Jackson as Hardman
Dove Cameron as Liz Larson
Thomas Mann as Roger Marcus
Rob Huebel as Mr. Marcus
Toby Sebastian as Cash Fenton
Gabriel Basso as Gooch
Jaime King as Analyst Knight
Rachael Harris as Mrs. Larson
Jason Drucker as Parker Larson
Alexandra Krosney as Cindy
Emma Holzer as Donna
Dan Fogler as Mr. Drumm
Finesse Mitchell as Principal Weissman
Christopher Nathan Miller as Fred the Freshman
Steve-O as Pedro
Production
Filming
Principal photography began in Atlanta, Georgia in November 2013 and ended in December.
Post-production
On July 7, 2014, it was announced that Mateo Messina would be scoring the music for the film. The film originally received an R rating by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), but the filmmakers appealed for PG-13 rating without having to cut or edit any scenes. The film is now rated PG-13 on appeal for 'sexual material, teen drinking, language, drug references and some action violence'.
The film debuts the original song "You Don't Know Me", performed by The Rumor Mill with Chetti, which plays over the opening title sequence.
Release
On February 25, 2015, the film was acquired by A24 and DirecTV before being released in theaters and on demand with a planned release in 2015 by A24. The film was released on DirecTV Cinema on April 30, 2015. The film was released in a limited release and through video on demand beginning on May 29, 2015. The film was released in the United Kingdom on August 28, 2015, in select cinemas and was released through video-on-demand and on DVD and Blu-ray on October 26, 2015, by Signature Entertainment.
Home media
The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 4, 2015, by Lionsgate Home Entertainment. Both contained an UltraViolet digital copy of the film. Special features included deleted scenes, a behind-the-scenes featurette titled "Back to School: On Set with Barely Lethal" and an audio commentary with director Kyle Newman and actors Dove Cameron and Thomas Mann.
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 26% based on 35 reviews, and an average rating of 4.3/10. The website's critical consensus states: "Just like its underserved protagonist, Barely Lethal is in disguise -- it wants you to think it's smarter than it is but it fails by falling prey to all the clichรฉs it mocks". On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average scored 44 out of 100, based on 10 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
Rebecca Keegan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a poor review, commenting that: "Barely Lethal is clearly confused about its intended audience, starting with the icky title, a pun on the porn label that selects and photographs models to emphasize their youth." Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a more positive review, calling it a "fun-enough teen action comedy." Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film a mixed review saying that: Barely Lethal has some laughs, and will probably serve nicely as a movie you can land on for a few minutes when it shows up on cable. But it slides into the rote generic-teen-comedy mode too soon to be anything more.'
Score
The original motion picture soundtrack for Barely Lethal was released on June 9, 2015, by Lakeshore Records. The album features the film's original music composed by Mateo Messina. The album does not contain "You Don't Know Me", performed by The Rumor Mill with Chetti, an original song for the film. The song does appear in the opening title sequence of the film.
See also
Kill Me Baby
References
External links
2015 films
2015 action comedy films
2010s English-language films
2010s high school films
2010s teen comedy films
American action comedy films
American high school films
American teen comedy films
Films directed by Kyle Newman
Films shot in Atlanta
RKO Pictures films
Teen action films
2010s American films |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%A7%80%EB%8D%B8%EB%A5%B8 | ์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ | ์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ()์ ์๋์์ ํ๋์ธ ์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ ์๋์์ผ๋ก ์ ์๋ ค์ง ์ค์์ค ์๋น์ธ ์ฃผ์ ์ง๋ฐฉ์์น์ฒด์ด์ ๊ตฌ์ด๋ค. 10์ธ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ๋์๋ค.
2018๋
12์ 31์ผ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก, ์ธ๊ตฌ์๋ 15,867๋ช
์ด๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ
์ด๊ธฐ์ฌ
์ค์ธ ์ด๊ธฐ ์ด์ ์๋ ์ด ์ง์ญ์ ์๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์ ์ฐฉ์ง๊ฐ ์์์ง๋ง, ์ ์ฌ์๋ ์ฌ๋ฅ๊พผ๋ค์ด ๋จ๊ธด ์ค์๊ธฐ๋ถํฐ ์ฒญ๋๊ธฐ ์๋๊น์ง์ ์๋ง์ ๊ณต์ํ์ด ํ์๋์๋ค.
์๋ โ์์โ๋ ํธํจ์ด๋ ๋ฅธ ๋ฐฑ์์ ๋ฒ ๋ค๋ํ ํ ์๋์ฌ์ธ ์ฑ ๋ง์ธ๋ผํธ(St. Meinrad)์ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์๋ค. ์ ์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋ง์ธ๋ผํธ๋ 835๋
๋ถํฐ 861๋
์ฌ๋งํ ๋๊น์ง ์ํธ์ฒผ์ฐ์ ๋นํ์์ ์ด์๋ค.
๋ค์ 80๋
๋์ ์ฑ ๋ง์ธ๋ผํธ์ ์๋์ง์๋ ๊ทธ์ ๋ชจ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ ค๋ ํ ๋ช
์ด์์ ์๋์๊ฐ ๋๊ธด ์ ์ด ์์๋ค. ์ด์ ์ ์คํธ๋ผ์ค๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ ์ด๋
์ด์๋ ์๋ฒํ๋ฅดํธ(Eberhard)๋ผ๋ ์๋์ ์ค ํ ๋ช
์ด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์ ์๋์๊ณผ ๊ตํ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ค ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์๋์์ฅ์ด ๋์๋ค. ์๋์ ๊ณต์ฌ๋ 934๋
์ ์์๋์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์๋ฒํ๋ฅดํธ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ธ ํ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ๊ตํ๋ ์ฑ๋ชจ ๋ง๋ฆฌ์์๊ฒ ํ๋ฉ๋์๋ค. ์๋์ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ ๋น์ ์ง์ญ์ ์ฌ๋ฅ๊พผ๋ค๊ณผ ์ฒ์ ์๋๋ค์ ๊ท์กฑ ์ถ์ ์ ์๋์์ฅ์ ๊ถ์ ์๋ ์์๋ค. ์๋์ ์ฃผ๋ณ์ ์ฒ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ฃผ๋ณ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ฐํธ๋ก์ดํธ(Waldleute, ์ฒ ์ฌ๋๋ค)๋ก ์๋ ค์ก๋ค. ์๋์์ ๋ฐํธ๋ก์ดํธ๋ค์ด ์ฃผ๋ณ ๋ง์์ ์ ์ฐฉํ์ฌ ๋์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง๋๋ก ์ฅ๋ คํ๋ค. ์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ์ ์ ์ฐฉ์ 1073๋
์ ์ฒ์ ์ธ๊ธ๋์๋ค.
๊ณ ์ฐ ๊ณ๊ณก์ ์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ๋ง์์์ ์ ์ ๋ ์ค์ํด์ก๋ค. 1250๋
๊น์ง ๋ง์์ ์ฃผ์ ์ฌ์
์ ์๋ฅผ ์ฌ์กํ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค. ๋ชฉ์ด์ง๊ฐ ์ธ๊ทผ ๊ณ ์ฐ ๊ณ๊ณก์ผ๋ก ํ์ฅ๋๋ฉด์ ์๋น์ธ ์ 2์ธ๊ธฐ ๋์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ด ์๊ฒผ๋ค.
๊ตฌ์ค์์ค ์ฐ๋ฐฉ
์ผ์ฐ์ด 1100๋
์ ์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ๊ณผ ์๋น์ธ ์ ๋ง์์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฏธํ
์ฐ(Mythen) ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ๋
์ ๋๊ณ ๋ถ์์ ๋ฒ์๋ค. ๋ค์ ์ธ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ํ ์ง๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ์ผ ๋ถ์์ ๋ง์ ๋ฒ์ ๋ถ์๊ณผ ์ค์ ์ ํฌ๋ก ์ด์ด์ก๋ค. 1173๋
์ ํฉ์ค๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์๋น์ธ ๋ง์์ ๋ํ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ป์์ ๋์ 1283๋
์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ์๋์์ ํฉ์ค๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ์น๊ฒฉ์์ผฐ์ ๋ , ์ด๋ ์ง์ญ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ ์ง์ญ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฉ์์์ผฐ๋ค. ํฉ์ค๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ ์๊ฐ๋ 1291๋
์๋น์ธ , ์ฐ๋ฆฌ, ์ดํฐ๋ฐ๋ด์ด ํฉ์ค๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ํญํ์ฌ ๋ฐ๋์ ์ผ์ผํฌ ๋๊น์ง ๋ช ๋
๋์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ ์ง์ ์ํฌ ์ ์์๋ค. 1314๋
์ ์๋น์ธ ๊ฐ ์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ๋ฉด์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ด ๋ค์ ๋ถํ์ฌ๋๋ค. ์ด ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๊ฑด๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป 1315๋
์ ํฉ์ค๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ์ ์นจ๊ณต๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฐ๋ฅดํ
์ ํฌ์์ ์ฐธํจ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง ์ผ๋ จ์ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ์ต๊ฒฉ์ ์ด๋ฐํ๋ค. 1350๋
์ด ๋์ด์์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ด ํด๊ฒฐ๋๊ณ ์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ๊ณผ ์๋น์ธ ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ๊ฐ ๊ณ ์ ๋์๋ค.
1394๋
์ ์๋์์ ์๋น์ธ ์ ๋ณดํธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๊ณ ๋๋ฒ๊ด์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ์๋น์ธ ์๊ฒ ๋์ด๊ฐ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ฎ์ ์ฌ๋ฒ๊ถ์ ์๋์์ ๋จ์์์๋ค. ์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ์ ๋ฅด๋ค์์ค ์๋์ ์์ฌ์ด์ ์ฐ๊ธ์ ์ฌ์ธ ํ๋ผ์ผ์์ค์ ๋ฐ์์ง์ด๋ฉฐ ์์ฐ์ ์ต์ด๋ก ๋ช
๋ช
ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค.
1399๋
์ ๋๋ผ์ด ํ์ผ๋ (Drei Teile, โ์ธ ๋ถ๋ถโ: ์๋์, ์ฃผ๋ณ ๋ง์์ ๋ฐํธ๋ก์ดํธ ๋ฐ ์๋น์ธ ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ๋ ์ํ)์ด ์ฒ์ ์ธ๊ธ๋์๋ค. ์ฒ์์ ๋๋ผ์ด ํ์ผ๋ ๋ ๋ฌด๋ฃ ๋ฐํธ๋ก์ดํธ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ง ํด๊ฒฐํ๋ค. 1564๋
์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ชจ๋์ ๋ํ ๊ตฌ์๋ ฅ ์๋ ๋ฒ๋ น์ ๊ณตํฌํ ์ ์์๋ค. 1657๋
์ ๋๋ผ์ด ํ์ผ๋ ๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ โ์ธ์
โ์ผ๋ก ๋ณ๊ฒฝํ๋ค. ์ธ ๋น์ฌ์์ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ํญ์ ์ํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ค. 1764๋
๋์๋์์ฅ์ ์์ธ์๊ฒ ์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ์์๋ง ๋ฌด์ญ์ ํ๋๋ก ์๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์๋ จ๋ ๋
ธ๋์๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ค๋ฅํธ ์ง์ญ์ ์ ์ฐฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ง์ผ๋ ค๋ ์๋ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ก๋ค. ์๋น์ธ ๋ ๋ฐํธ๋ก์ดํธ์ ๋ํญํ์ฌ ์๋์์ ์ง์ ํ๊ณ 1766๋
์ ๋ฐ๋์ ์ง์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์๋์์ ๋
๋ฆฝ์ฑ์ ๋ง์ด ์์๊ณ ๊ทธ ์ดํ๋ก๋ ํํธ๋๊ฐ ์๋ ์๋น์ธ ์ ์ ํ๋ก ๋ ๋ง์ด ์ทจ๊ธ๋์๋ค.
ํ๋์ฌ
1798๋
๋ํด๋ ์น์ด ์ค์์ค๋ฅผ ์นจ๊ณตํ๋ ๋์ ์๋์์ ์ฝ 3๋
๋์ ์ต์์ ๋ฐ์๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋
์ ์๋น์ธ ์์ ์ถ๊ฐ๋์๋ค. ์นจ๊ณต ํ ํฌ๋ฒ ํฐ์ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ด ๋ถ๊ดด๋ ํ 1803๋
์ค์ฌ๋ฒ์ ์ผํ์ผ๋ก ์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ์ ์๋น์ธ ์ฃผ์ ๋ฒ ์ง๋ฅดํฌ(๋๋ ์ง์ญ)๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. 1815๋
์ ์์๋ ๋ณต์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ์๋์์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ์ ์ฃผ์์ ์ปค์ง๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ๊ฐํ์ ๋ํ ์ด๋ง์ 3์, ํด์ค๋ํํธ์ ํํผ์ฝ์ 1832๋
์์ ์ฃผ์ ํ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๋น์ธ ์ฃผ ์ธ๋ถ๋ น(Canton of Schwyz, Outer Lands)์ผ๋ก ์ ์ธํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค. ์๋์์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ณด์ํ ํธ์ ์ฐ๊ณ , ์ด๋ก ์ธํด 1848๋
์ฐ๋ฐฉ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์๋ฆฝ๋ ๋๊น์ง ๊ทธ๋ค๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ณ ๋ง์ ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ธด์ฅ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค.
์ง๋ฆฌ
์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ์ ์ํ๊ฐ์ ๊ณ๊ณก์ ์์นํ๊ณ ์๋ค. Bennau, Egg, Willerzell, Euthal, Gross ๋ฐ Trachslau์ 6๊ฐ ์ง์ญ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋์ด ์๋ค. ๋น๋ฒ๋ธ๋ฃจํฌ ๋ง์์ ํฌ์ด์ง์ค๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ ์์ ์ด๊ณผ ๊ณต์ ๋๋ค.
์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ์ ์ด๋ฉด์ ์ 99.1kใก์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์ค ๊ฑฐ์ ์ ๋ฐ(47.1%)์ด ๋์
์ด๊ณ ์ฝ๊ฐ(44.5%)๋ง์ด ์ฐ๋ฆผ์ด๋ค. ๋๋จธ์ง ํ ์ง๋ ์ ์ฐฉ(5.5%)ํ๊ฑฐ๋, ๋ถ๋ชจ์ง(2.8% ๋ฏธ๋ง)์ด๋ค.
์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ์ ์ทจ๋ฆฌํ ํธ์์ ๋จ์ชฝ ๋์์ ์ฝ 7.5km, ์ธ๊ณตํธ์์ธ ์ง ํธ์์์ ์์ชฝ์ผ๋ก 2km ๋จ์ด์ ธ ์๋ ๊ณ ์(ํด๋ฐ ์ฝ 880m)์ ์๋ค. ์ด ๋์๋ ์ทจ๋ฆฌํ ๋ณด๋ค 470m ๋์ ๊ณ ๋์ ์์นํด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฒ ๋๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋์ด ์๋ค.
์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ์ ๋ํ ์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ๊ตฌ์ ์๋์ด์, ์ ์ผํ ์ง์์ฒด์ด๋ค.
๊ธฐํ
1961๋
๊ณผ 1990๋
์ฌ์ด์ ์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ์ ์ฐ๊ฐ ํ๊ท ๊ฐ์ฐ๋์ด 156.7์ผ์ด์๊ณ ํ๊ท ๊ฐ์๋์ 1,753mm์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ตํ ๋ฌ์ 6์๋ก ์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ์ ํ๊ท ๊ฐ์๋์ 206mm์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌ ๋์ ํ๊ท ๊ฐ์์ผ์ 15.3์ผ์ด์๋ค. ๊ฐ์๋์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ ๋ฌ์ 5์๋ก ํ๊ท 15.3์ผ์ด์์ง๋ง ๊ฐ์๋์ 158mm์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ค. ์ฐ์ค ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ฑด์กฐํ ๋ฌ์ 2์๋ก 15.3์ผ ๋์ ํ๊ท ๊ฐ์๋์ด 108mm์๋ค.
์ธ๊ตฌํต๊ณ
์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ์ ์ธ๊ตฌ(2020๋
12์ 31์ผ ๊ธฐ์ค)๋ 16,247๋ช
์ด๋ค. 2007๋
๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฒด ์ธ๊ตฌ์ 13.4%๊ฐ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด๋ค. ์ง๋ 10๋
๋์ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ 14.8%์ ๋น์จ๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค. 2000๋
๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ธ 92.3%๊ฐ ๋
์ผ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฉฐ ์ธ๋ฅด๋น์-ํฌ๋ก์ํฐ์์ด๊ฐ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ๋ง์ด ์ฌ์ฉ(1.9%)๋๊ณ . ์๋ฐ๋์์ด๊ฐ ์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ(1.4%)๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค.
2000๋
๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ์ธ๊ตฌ์ ์ฑ๋ณ ๋ถํฌ๋ ๋จ์ฑ 50.4%, ์ฌ์ฑ 49.6%์๋ค. 2008๋
ํ์ฌ ์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ์ ์ฐ๋ น ๋ถํฌ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค. 3,211๋ช
(์ธ๊ตฌ์ 25.4%)์ 0~19์ธ์ด๋ค. 3,628๋ช
(28.7%)์ 20~39์ธ, 3,964๋ช
(31.4%)์ 40~64์ธ์ด๋ค. ๊ณ ๋ น์ ๋ถํฌ๋ 1,009๋ช
(8.0%)์ด 65~65์ธ์ด๋ค. 70~79์ธ๋ 609๋ช
(4.8%), 80์ธ ์ด์์ 201๋ช
(์ธ๊ตฌ์ 1.59%)์ด๋ค. ์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ์๋ 100์ธ ์ด์ ๋
ธ์ธ์ด ํ ๋ช
์๋ค.
2000๋
ํ์ฌ 5,093๊ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค 1,649๊ฐ๊ตฌ(์ฝ 32.4%)๊ฐ 1์ธ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋ค. 347๋ช
(์ฝ 6.8%)์ 5์ธ ์ด์์ ๋๊ฐ์กฑ์ด๋ค.
2007๋
์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์๋ ์ ๋น์ 43.5%์ ๋ํ์จ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ SVP์๋ค. ๋ค์์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์๋ ์ธ ์ ๋น์ CVP (18.8%), FDP (17.7%), SPS (14.8%)์๋ค.
์ ์ฒด ์ค์์ค ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ต์ก ์์ค์ด ๋๋ค. ์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ์์๋ ์ธ๊ตฌ์ ์ฝ 66%(25-64์ธ ์ฌ์ด)๊ฐ ๋นํ์ ๊ณ ๋ฑ๊ต์ก ๋๋ ์ถ๊ฐ ๊ณ ๋ฑ๊ต์ก(๋ํ ๋๋ ์์ฉํ๋ฌธ๋ํ)์ ์๋ฃํ๋ค.
์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ์ ์ค์
๋ฅ ์ 1.29%์ด๋ค. 2005๋
๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก 1์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ 551๋ช
์ด ๊ณ ์ฉ๋์ด ์๊ณ , ์ด ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ ์ฝ 209๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์
์ด ์ฐธ์ฌํ๊ณ ์๋ค. 1,630๋ช
์ด 2์ฐจ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ ๊ณ ์ฉ๋์ด ์๊ณ , ์ด ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ 199๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ด ์๋ค. 3,017๋ช
์ด 3์ฐจ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ ๊ณ ์ฉ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋ถ๋ฌธ์๋ 486๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ด ์๋ค.
2000๋
์ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 9,834๋ช
(77.9%)์ด ๋ก๋ง ๊ฐํจ๋ฆญ ์ ์์ด๊ณ , 1,240๋ช
(9.8%)์ด ์ค์์ค ๊ฐํ ๊ตํ์ ์ํด ์๋ค. ๋๋จธ์ง ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ค ํฌ๋ฆฌ์ค์ฐฌ ๊ฐํจ๋ฆญ ๊ตํ ์ ์๋ 5๋ช
๋ฏธ๋ง, ์ ๊ตํ ์ ์๋ 288๋ช
(์ธ๊ตฌ์ ์ฝ 2.28%)์ด ์๋ค. 5๋ช
(์ฝ 0.04%)์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๋
๊ต ๊ตํ์ ์ํด ์๋ค. 332๋ช
(์ธ๊ตฌ์ ์ฝ 2.63%)์ด ์ด์ฌ๋๊ต๋์ด๋ค. ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ตํ์ ์ํด ์๋ 106๋ช
์ ๊ฐ์ธ(๋๋ ์ธ๊ตฌ์ ์ฝ 0.84%)์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ(์ธ๊ตฌ ์กฐ์ฌ์ ๋์ด๋์ง ์์), 486๋ช
(๋๋ ์ธ๊ตฌ์ ์ฝ 3.85%)์ด ์ด๋ค ๊ตํ์๋ ์ํ์ง ์๊ณ , ๋ถ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ์ ๋๋ ๋ฌด์ ๋ก ์์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 329๋ช
(์ธ๊ตฌ์ ์ฝ 2.61%)์ ์ง๋ฌธ์ ๋๋ตํ์ง ์์๋ค.
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ธ๊ตฌ
์ญ์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ค์ ํ์ ๋์ ์๋ค:
๊ด๊ด
์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ ๋ง์์ ์ค์์ค ์ค๋ถ์ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์๋ ๊ด๊ด์ง์ด๋ค. ๋ง์ ์์ ์์นํ ๋ฒ ๋ค๋ํ ํ ์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ ์๋์์ ์ ๋ฝ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค์ํ ๋ก๋ง ๊ฐํจ๋ฆญ ์๋ก์ง ์ค ํ๋๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋๋ฉฐ, โ์ค์์ค์์ ์ฑ๋ชจ ๋ง๋ฆฌ์์๊ฒ ํ์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค์ํ ์๋ก์งโ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฐ๋ค. ์๋์ ์ธ์๋ ์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ์ ์ผ๋
๋ด๋ด ์คํฌ์ธ ๋ก ์ธ๊ธฐ ์๋ ๊ณณ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๋ง์์๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ์ ์คํค ์ ํ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ 3๊ฐ์ ์คํค์ฅ์ด ์๋ค.
์ค์ธ ์ดํ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ ์ด์ค ์ฑํ(Graces Chapel)๊ณผ ๋ธ๋ ๋ง๋๋(Black Madonna) ๋์์ด ์๋ก์ ์ค์ฌ์ด ๋์๋ค. ์ด ๋์์ ํ๋์ค ์ฅ๋ผ ๋ง์ ํํ๋ฆฌ์์์๋ ๋ณต์ ํ์ ๋ณผ ์ ์์ ์ ๋๋ก ์ ๋ช
ํ๋ค. ๋งค๋
150,000~200,000๋ช
์ ์๋ก์๋ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ์ด์ค ์ฑํ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ๋ค.
์์ธ์๋ธ๋ฅธ์ ์๋ก์ง์ผ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ๊ฒจ์ธ ์คํฌ์ธ ์ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ์๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ํ ๊ด๊ด์ง์ด๋ค. ๋ง์์๋ Hoch-Ybrig ๋ฐ Brunni์ ์ธ๊ทผ ์ง์ญ์ ์์ฒด ์คํค ์ ํ๋, ์คํค ๋ฆฌํํธ, ์คํค ๊ฒฌ์ธ ์ฅ์น ๋ฐ ๊ฒจ์ธ ์คํฌ์ธ ์ผํฐ๊ฐ ์๋ค. Schwedentritt ํฌ๋ก์ค ์ปจํธ๋ฆฌ ์คํค ์ฝ์ค๋ ์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ ์๋์ ์์์ ์์๋๋ค.
์ธ๊ทผ ์ ์์ง์ธ ์ง ํธ์๋ ์ฌ๋ฆ์๋ ์์, ์ํ, ํญํด์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ฉฐ ๊ฒจ์ธ์๋ ์์ด์ค ์ค์ผ์ดํ
์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค. ์ง ํธ์๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ๊ณ ์๋ ๋์ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์์ฐํ๊ณ ์ทจ๋ฆฌํ ์๋ฅผ ์ง ํธ์์ ๋ฒ๋์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ณ๊ณก ์๋๋ก ๋ณดํธํ๋ค.
์์ฆ์ ์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ์ ์ฐพ๋ ์๋ก์๊ฐ ์ค์ด๋ค๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ด์ ๋ก ์ด์ ํธํ
์ค ์ผ๋ถ๋ ํ์ฌ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ซ์๋ค. ๋์์ ๋ง์์ ๋ง์ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ ์ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์น๋ก ์ธํด ๋น์ผ ๊ด๊ด๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ ์ผ์ผ์ผฐ๋ค. ์ง์ญ์ ๋์ ์ถ์ ์ง ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ค์์ค์ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ ์ ์๋ณด๋ค ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๊ตํต
์์ธ์ง๋ธ๋ฅธ์ญ์ ์ฅํ ์คํธ๋ฐ์์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ S13 ๋ฐ S40 ๋
ธ์ ์ ์ทจ๋ฆฌํ S-๋ฐ ํฐ๋ฏธ๋ ์ญ์ด๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
Einsiedeln - Place of Culture and Pilgrimage at visit-einsiedeln.ch
์ค์์ค์ ๋์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsiedeln | Einsiedeln | Einsiedeln () is a municipality and district in the canton of Schwyz in Switzerland known for its monastery, the Benedictine Einsiedeln Abbey, established in the 10th century.
History
Early history
There was no permanent settlement in the area prior to the early medieval period, but numerous artefacts left by prehistoric hunters, dated to the Mesolithic to Bronze Age were recovered.
The original "hermitage" is associated with St. Meinrad, a Benedictine monk family of the Counts of Hohenzollern. According to legend, Meinrad lived on the slopes of Mt. Etzel from 835 until his death in 861.
During the next eighty years Saint Meinrad's hermitage was never without one or more hermits emulating his example. One of the hermits, named Eberhard, previously Provost of Strasburg, erected a monastery and church there, of which he became first abbot. Work on the monastery is said to have begun in 934. Following a miraculous vision by Eberhard, the new church was dedicated to the Virgin Mary.
At the time of the foundation of the Abbey, the local hunters and small farmers of the forest, placed themselves under the authority of the noble-born Abbot. The surrounding population was known as Waldleute (forest people) because of the forests around the Abbey. The Abbey encouraged the Waldleute to settle in surrounding villages and begin farming. The settlement of EInsiedeln is first mentioned in 1073.
The alpine valleys were used to raise cattle, which became increasingly more important to the village. By 1250 the major business in the village was breeding and raising cattle. Expansion of grazing land into nearby alpine valleys led to a two century conflict with Schwyz.
Old Swiss Confederacy
As early as 1100, the villages of Einsiedeln and Schwyz were in conflict over land near the two Mythen mountains. Over the following century, conflicts over the land led to many court battles and actual battles. In 1173 when the Habsburgs gained rights over the village of Schwyz and in 1283 when they raised the Abbey to an independent principality under the Habsburgs, this raised a local conflict into a regional one. The Habsburgs were able to quiet the conflict for a few years, until 1291 when Schwyz, Uri and Unterwalden revolted against the Habsburgs. In 1314 the conflict flared up again with an attack by Schwyz into Einsiedeln. This attack triggered a series of border raids that, along with other events, in 1315 led to a Habsburg invasion and their crushing defeat at the Battle of Morgarten. It wasn't until 1350 that the conflict was resolved and the borders between Einsiedeln and Schwyz were fixed.
In 1394 the Abbey came under the protection of Schwyz and the rights of high justice went over to Schwyz. Low justice though remained with the Abbey.
Einsiedeln is the birthplace of Paracelsus, a Renaissance physician and alchemist who is credited with first naming zinc.
In 1399 the Drei Teile ("Three Parts": a council that included the Abbey, the Waldleute from the surrounding villages, and Schwyz) is first mentioned. Initially the Drei Teile only addressed any issues that affected the free Waldleute. In 1564 they were able to issue a binding ordinance for all three groups.
In 1657 the Drei Teile changed its name to the "Session".
The relationship between the three parties was not always smooth. In 1764, an attempt by the Abbot to require tradesmen to only practise their trade in Einsiedeln and preventing skilled workers from settling in among the Waldleute led to open conflict. Schwyz supported the Abbey against the Waldleute and in 1766 crushed the revolt. However, the Abbey lost much of its independence and thereafter was treated more as a subject of Schwyz instead of a partner.
Modern history
During Napoleon's invasion of Switzerland in 1798, the Abbey was suppressed for about three years and the land was added to the city of Schwyz. Following the collapse of the post-invasion Helvetic Republic, in 1803 as part of the Act of Mediation Einsiedeln became a Bezirk (or District) in the Canton of Schwyz. During the Restoration starting in 1815, the Abbey's power began to grow in the Canton. A desire for reform led the Districts of March, Kรผssnacht and Pfรคffikon to declare themselves Kanton Schwyz รคusseres Land (Canton of Schwyz, Outer Lands) with a liberal constitution in 1832. The Abbey stood on the side of the conservative faction in the Canton, which caused tense relations between them and the surrounding villages until the creation of the Federal State in 1848.
Geography
Einsiedeln is situated in the valley of the Alp river. It comprises six localities: Bennau, Egg, Willerzell, Euthal, Gross and Trachslau. The village of Biberbrugg is shared with the municipality of Feusisberg. Einsiedeln has a total area of , of which nearly half (47.1%) is agricultural and only slightly less (44.5%) is forested. The rest of the land is either settled (5.5%) or non-productive (less than 2.8%).
Einsiedeln is located approximately from the southern end of the Lake of Zurich, and west of the artificial Sihlsee lake. It is on a plateau (ca. above sea level). The town is located at an altitude of higher than Zurich, with which it has a railway connection.
Einsiedeln is also the capital and only municipality of the District of Einsiedeln.
Demographics
Einsiedeln has a population (as of ) of . , 13.4% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 14.8%. Most of the population () speaks German (92.3%), with Serbo-Croatian being second most common (1.9%) and Albanian being third (1.4%).
the gender distribution of the population was 50.4% male and 49.6% female. The age distribution, , in Einsiedeln is; 3,211 people or 25.4% of the population is between 0 and 19. 3,628 people or 28.7% are 20 to 39, and 3,964 people or 31.4% are 40 to 64. The senior population distribution is 1,009 people or 8.0% are 65 to 74. There are 609 people or 4.8% who are 70 to 79 and 201 people or 1.59% of the population who are over 80. There is one person in Einsiedeln who is over 100 years old.
there are 5,093 households, of which 1,649 households (or about 32.4%) contain only a single individual. 347 or about 6.8% are large households, with at least five members.
In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 43.5% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (18.8%), the FDP (17.7%) and the SPS (14.8%).
The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Einsiedeln about 66% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).
Einsiedeln has an unemployment rate of 1.29%. , there were 551 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 209 businesses involved in this sector. 1,630 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 199 businesses in this sector. 3,017 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 486 businesses in this sector.
From the , 9,834 or 77.9% are Roman Catholic, while 1,240 or 9.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there are less than 5 individuals who belong to the Christian Catholic faith, there are 288 individuals (or about 2.28% of the population) who belong to the Orthodox Church, and there are 5 individuals (or about 0.04% of the population) who belong to another Christian church. There are 332 (or about 2.63% of the population) who are Islamic. There are 106 individuals (or about 0.84% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), 486 (or about 3.85% of the population) belong to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 329 individuals (or about 2.61% of the population) did not answer the question.
Historic population
The historical population is given in the following table:
Transport
Einsiedeln railway station is a terminal station of the Zรผrich S-Bahn on the lines S13 and S40, provided by the Sรผdostbahn.
Climate
Between 1961 and 1990 Einsiedeln had an average of 156.7 days of rain per year and on average received of precipitation. The wettest month was June during which time Einsiedeln received an average of of precipitation. During this month there was precipitation for an average of 15.3 days. The month with the most days of precipitation was May, with an average of 15.3, but with only of precipitation. The driest month of the year was February with an average of of precipitation over 15.3 days.
Sports
Schanzen Einsiedeln is the national ski jumping venue of Switzerland.
Tourism
The village of Einsiedeln is a popular tourist destination in central Switzerland. The Benedictine Einsiedeln Abbey, located within the village, is considered one of the most important Roman Catholic pilgrimage sites in Europe and is called "the most important place of pilgrimage dedicated to the Virgin Mary in Switzerland". In addition to the Abbey, Einsiedeln is also a popular destination for sports year round. The village has 3 ski areas which include lifts as well as ski jumps.
Since the Middle Ages the Graces Chapel and a statue of the Black Madonna have been the centerpiece of the pilgrimage. The statue is so famous that a copy can also be seen in the French Jura town of Pontarlier. Between 150,000 and 200,000 pilgrims visit the Graces Chapel each year.
Besides being a site for pilgrimages, Einsiedeln is a tourist destination for those interested in winter sports. The village has its own ski jump, ski lifts, ski tows and winter sports centres, which are in the nearby area of Hoch-Ybrig and Brunni. The Schwedentritt cross-country skiing trail starts next to the Einsiedeln Abbey.
The nearby reservoir, Sihlsee, is used in summer for swimming, surfing and sailing, and in the winter for ice-skating. The dam, which retains the lake, produces electricity for the trains and protects the city of Zurich further down the valley from the flood of the Sihl.
These days, fewer pilgrims come to Einsiedeln. For that reason, some of the former hotels have now closed. At the same time, the village has experienced a boom with day tourists, owing to the clear air and mountain views. Because of the high quality of life locally, the population is growing faster than is normal in Switzerland.
Notable people
Paracelsus (1493 in Egg โ 1541), physician, alchemist and astrologer of the German Renaissance
Albrecht von Bonstetten (c.1443 โ c.1504), a Swiss humanist, entered Einsiedeln Abbey at a young age, made deacon of Einsiedeln in 1469
Johann Baptist Babel (1716โ1799), preeminent sculptor of Baroque era, settled in Einsiedeln in 1746
Joseph Charles Benziger (1762โ1841) founded the Catholic publishing house RCL Benziger
Gall Morel (1803 - Einsiedeln Abbey 1872), a poet, scholar, aesthete and educationist
Joseph A. Steinauer (1834โ1907), Swiss emigrant to America who, with his two brothers, founded Steinauer, Pawnee County, Nebraska
Aloysius Maria Benziger (1864โ1942), a Swiss Catholic bishop and pioneer missionary
Meinrad Lienert (1865โ1933), a Swiss writer, poet, journalist and editor
Artur Beul (1915โ2010), a Swiss songwriter
Lee Scratch Perry (1936โ2021), Jamaican record producer and musician
Eric Honegger (born 1946), a Swiss politician and businessman, lives in Einsiedeln
Milica Pavloviฤ (born 1991), Serbian pop-folk singer
Sport
Josef Wehrli (born 1954), a Swiss former professional racing cyclist
Marcel Fรคssler (born 1976), a Swiss professional racing driver.
Andreas Kรผttel (born 1979), a Swiss former Ski Jumper "World Champion 2009"
References
External links
Einsiedeln - Place of Culture and Pilgrimage at visit-einsiedeln.ch
Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of the canton of Schwyz
Districts of the canton of Schwyz |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9D%B4%EB%AF%B8%20%EB%A7%A4%ED%81%B4%EB%9E%98%EB%9F%B0 | ์ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋งคํด๋๋ฐ | ์ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋งคํด๋๋ฐ(, 1993๋
7์ 29์ผ ~ )์ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์์ด๋ค. ํฌ์ง์
์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์์ด๋ฉฐ ํ์ฌ A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ๋ฉ๋ฒ๋ฅธ ์ํฐ FC ์์์ด๋ค.
ํด๋ฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
์ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฉํด๋๋ฐ์ ์ง์ญ์ ์๋ ์ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ FC์์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒ์ ์์ํ๋ค. ๋งคํด๋ ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๊ตด๋ฆฌ SC์์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ๋ค. 2009๋
7์์๋ ์๊ธ๋๋์ ๋ธ๋๋ฒ ๋ก๋ฒ์ค FC์ ์
๋จํ
์คํธ๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ , ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ํต๊ณผํด ๋ธ๋๋ฒ์ ์ ์๋
ํ์์ ํ๋ํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋ธ๋๋ฒ์ 1๊ตฐํ์ผ๋ก๋ ์น๊ฒฉ๋์ง ๋ชปํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 2012-13์์ฆ ์ดํ ํ์์ ๋์ค๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
2013-14์์ฆ์ ์๋๊ณ ๋งคํด๋๋ฐ์ A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ํผ์ค ๊ธ๋ก๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณ์ฝํ๋ค. ๋งคํด๋ ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ์ ๋ค๋ ์ด๋ ์ ๋์ดํฐ๋์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ ๋ค. 2013๋
10์ 27์ผ ๋ฉ๋ฒ๋ฅธ ์ํฐ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ท๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. 2013-14์์ฆ์ ๋งคํด๋ ๋ฐ์ 18๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 2๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ๋งคํด๋ ๋ฐ์ 2014-15์์ฆ ๋ ๋์ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์์ผ๋ฉฐ 23๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 10๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
2015-16์์ฆ์ ์๋๊ณ ๋งคํด๋๋ฐ์ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ฒ ๋ก์ด์ ์
๋จํ๋ค. 2015๋
10์ 8์ผ ์จ์คํด ์๋๋ ์๋๋ฌ์ค์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ฒ ์์์ผ๋ก ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น๋ ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋งคํด๋๋ฐ์ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋ ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ์ดํ ์น์ฒญํ์ธ ํผ์ค ๊ธ๋ก๋ฆฌ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํต์ฐ 50๋ฒ์งธ ์ถ์ ์ ๋ฌ์ฑํ๋ค.
2017-18์์ฆ์ ์๋๊ณ ๋
์ผ์ SV ๋ค๋ฆ์ํํธ 98๋ก ์ด์ ํ๋ค. 2017๋
8์ 4์ผ 1. FC ์นด์ด์ ์ฌ๋ผ์ฐํ
๋ฅธ๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋
์ผ ๋ฌด๋ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น๋ ๋ค.
2018๋
1์ ๋ ๋ง์ ์ถ์ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ์ป๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ค์ฝํ๋๋ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด์ญ์ ํ์ด๋ฒ๋์ธ FC๋ก ์๋ ์ด์ ํ๋ค. 2018๋
1์ 24์ผ ๋๋ FC์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ค์ฝํ๋๋ ๋ฌด๋ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น๋ ๋ค. 2์ 3์ผ ๋ ์ธ์ ์ค FC์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ค์ฝํ๋๋ ๋ฌด๋ ๋ฐ๋ท๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. 2018-19์์ฆ์๋ ํ์ด๋ฒ๋์ธ์ ์๋๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํ์ ๋์๋ค.
2019๋
1์, ๋งคํด๋๋ฐ์ ํ์ด๋ฒ๋์ธ๊ณผ์ ์๋๋ฅผ ์ค๋จํ์ผ๋ฉฐ A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ๋ฉ๋ฒ๋ฅธ ์ํฐ๋ก ์ด์ ํ๋ค. 2019๋
2์ 9์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ ๋ค๋ ์ด๋ ์ ๋์ดํฐ๋์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋ฉ๋ฒ๋ฅธ ์
๋จ ์ดํ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น๋ ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋ฉ๋ฒ๋ฅธ ์
๋จ ์ดํ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ๋งคํด๋ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ ์์ฆ ๋์ 9๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํด 5๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ๋ฉ๋ฒ๋ฅธ์์์ 2๋ฒ์งธ ์์ฆ์ด์๋ 2019-20์์ฆ์๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ํ์์ ๋ํฉ 28๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถ์ 28๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ด์ ์ธ ํ์ฝ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์์ ์ 2๋ฒ์งธ A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ณจ๋ ๋ถ์ธ ๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
๋งคํด๋๋ฐ์ ์๋ฒ์ง์ ํํต ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ค์ฝํ๋๋ ๋ํํ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ ์๋ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ค์ ๋ก 2011๋
์ ์ค์ฝํ๋๋ U-19 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋์ด 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ์ดํ์๋ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ํํ์ ์ ํํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ U-20 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋์ด 2013๋
FIFA U-20 ์๋์ปต์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
2016๋
AFC U-23 ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์์ ์ ์ํ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ U-23 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์ฐจ์ถ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ์ฝฉ๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํดํธํธ๋ฆญ, ๋ฏธ์๋ง์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋ฉํฐ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ก ์ด ๋ํ ๋ณธ์ ๋ฉค๋ฒ๋ก ์ ๋ฐ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์กฐ๋ณ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ U-23 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋์ ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
2016๋
, ๋งคํด๋๋ฐ์ ์์ ์ด ์์ผ๋ก ์ค์ฝํ๋๋ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋์ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์์ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. 2016๋
5์ ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ๊ณผ์ ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์๋๊ณ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ํํ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋์๋ค.
2017๋
์๋ ๋ค๋ฆ์ํํธ์์์ ์ถ์ ์๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์ด์ ๋ก ๋ํํ๊ณผ ๋ฉ์ด์ก์ง๋ง, ์ค์ฝํ๋๋ ์ด์ ์ดํ ๋ํํ์ ๋์์์ผ๋ฉฐ 2018๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ํํ ์ต์ข
๋ช
๋จ์ ํฌํจ๋์๋ค.
2019๋
AFC ์์์์ปต์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ต์ข
๋ช
๋จ์ ํฌํจ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ํ ์กฐ๋ณ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2์ฐจ์ ์ธ ํ๋ ์คํ์ธ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ ๋ฐ๋ท๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
์์
๊ฐ์ธ
A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ Young Footballer of the year: 2015-16, 2016-17
PFA A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ ์ค๋ธ ๋ ์์ฆ: 2015-16
A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ณจ๋ ๋ถ์ธ : 2016-17, 2019-20
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
1993๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์
์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ค์ฝํ๋๋ ๋จ์ ์ฒญ์๋
์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋จ์ U-20 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋จ์ U-23 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
ํผ์ค ๊ธ๋ก๋ฆฌ FC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ฒ ๋ก์ด FC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
SV ๋ค๋ฆ์ํํธ 98์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
ํ์ด๋ฒ๋์ธ FC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ฉ๋ฒ๋ฅธ ์ํฐ FC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฉ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ค์ฝํฐ์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด์ญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
2. ๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋
์ผ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ค์ฝํ๋๋์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
2017๋
FIFA ์ปจํ๋๋ ์ด์
์ค์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2018๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2019๋
AFC ์์์์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2022๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
๋
์ผ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ธ
์ค์ฝํ๋๋์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ธ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie%20Maclaren | Jamie Maclaren | Jamie Maclaren (born 29 July 1993) is an Australian professional soccer player who plays as a striker for A-League club Melbourne City. He has also previously played for Darmstadt 98, Perth Glory, Brisbane Roar and Hibernian. Maclaren initially represented Scotland at youth level, but has since appeared for Australia at both youth and senior international level. He is a five time A-League Golden Boot winner as A-League top scorer in the 2016โ17 (19 goals), 2019โ20 (22 goals), 2020โ21 (25 goals) and 2021โ22 (15 goals) season, 2022โ23 and 24 goals). He is now the A-League all-time leading goalscorer overtaking Besart Berisha with 144.
Club career
Early years
Maclaren grew up in the north-western suburbs of Melbourne. He first joined the junior side of local team Sunbury United at the early age of four or five, then switched to the youth ranks of nearby Victorian Premier League (now National Premier Leagues Victoria) side Green Gully in 2003, where although he continued to play against older players, his team was very successful, at one point winning around 50 games in a row.
Blackburn Rovers
In July 2009, aged 15, he was invited to trial for Blackburn Rovers' under-16 squad. In his first trial match he scored two goals against Derby County's under-16 squad, followed by a hat-trick against Manchester United, which resulted in a contract offer from Rovers.
Maclaren benefited from the mentorship of fellow Australians Vince Grella and Brett Emerton at Blackburn, where he soon progressed to be a regular under-21 squad player and training with the senior team. However, after four years in England having not broken into the first team, he was released by Rovers at the end of the 2012โ13 season.
Perth Glory
Seeking first-team game time, Maclaren elected to return to Australia and signed a three-year contract with A-League club Perth Glory at the beginning of the 2013โ14 season. Maclaren made his Perth Glory debut, where he played 90 minutes, in a 3โ1 loss against Adelaide United. Maclaren then scored his first goal for Perth Glory weeks later, on 27 October 2013, in a 1โ0 win over Melbourne City and scored his second Perth Glory goal on 23 November 2013
The 2014โ15 season was his breakout year, scoring 10 goals in 23 appearances across all competitions, and earning the April nomination for the league's young player of the year award. He also made a number of appearances in the National Premier Leagues side scoring 11 goals in just five games. Maclaren scored his first senior club hat-trick, scoring all three of Glory's goals in a 3โ1 win against Melbourne City on 19 April 2015.
At the end of the 2014โ15 season, in the fallout from the Perth Glory salary cap scandal, Glory agreed to release all contracted players who wished to leave the club, with the sole exception of Maclaren. In response, he lodged a formal breach-of-contract notice against Perth Glory to the players' Union, Professional Footballers Australia. Maclaren was subsequently released by Glory on 29 June 2015.
Brisbane Roar
During the A-League off-season, on 5 July 2015, Brisbane Roar signed Maclaren to a two-year deal.
Maclaren made his debut with the Roar against the Western Sydney Wanderers on 8 October 2015. In the same game, he scored a brace for the Roar, with goals in the 9th and 34th minutes of the match. Later that season Maclaren reached his 50th senior A-League appearance, scoring a goal and assisting another against his former club, Perth Glory. He scored his second senior club hat-trick in a win against Melbourne Victory on 12 March 2016.
Maclaren finished the A-League regular season with 18 goals, second in the Golden Boot race to Melbourne City's Uruguayan striker Bruno Fornaroli, however his season tally was enough to become the all-time A-League record for an Australian player. Maclaren scored two more goals in the finals series to make his final club goal count 20 from 25 games. At the end of the 2015โ16 season, he was awarded as the Young Player of the Year by the FFA.
Maclaren scored 19 goals for the Roar in the 2016โ17 A-League regular season, tying with Besart Berisha for the Golden Boot.
Darmstadt 98
In May 2017, Maclaren joined German 2. Bundesliga club Darmstadt 98 signing a three-year deal. He made his debut in the second round of the season as a 63rd minute substitution in a 1โ1 draw away to FC Kaiserslautern on 4 August.
Loans to Hibernian
Maclaren was loaned to Scottish club Hibernian in January 2018, in the hope that more playing time would boost his chances of being selected by Australia for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. He made his Scottish Premiership debut in a 1โ0 win at Dundee on 24 January. Maclaren scored his first goal for Hibs on 3 February, converting a match-winning penalty against Rangers. He scored the second goal in a 2โ0 win for Hibs in an Edinburgh derby on 9 March, and helped to delay Celtic's title celebrations by scoring the first goal in a 2โ1 win for Hibs on 21 April. He ended his season in Scotland by scoring a hat-trick in a 5โ5 draw with Rangers.
After the loan spell ended, Maclaren said that he hoped Darmstadt would make him available for transfer. On 3 August, Maclaren returned to Hibernian on a season-long loan. This spell was less productive, as Maclaren only scored one goal and he struggled to hold down a regular place in the starting lineup. The Hibs terminated the loan on 31 January 2019.
Melbourne City
On 31 January 2019, Maclaren signed for A-League club Melbourne City FC on a marquee deal to see him at the club till May 2022. He scored in his first game for City with a backheel against Adelaide United on 9 February. He won the Golden Boot that season with 22 goals, three more than the nearest competitor, Adam Le Fondre.
On 6 March 2021, Maclaren scored and assisted two in Melbourne City's 6โ0 away win over city rivals Melbourne Victory. On the next meeting on 17 April 2021, he became the first player to score five goals in the A-League regular season history, and just the second of all time, as the hosts won 7โ0. He became Melbourne City's record goalscorer with 58 goals on 13 May 2021, when his team won 4โ1 against Adelaide United at home overtaking Bruno Fornaroli.
International career
His international career started when he was called up for Scotland under-19, who he was eligible to play for through his father Donald. Maclaren made two appearances for the team, playing against Denmark and Norway. Maclaren was then involved with the Australian under-20 squad, and scored a goal against the hosts Turkey in the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
Maclaren joined the Australian under-23 team ("Olyroos") for 2016 AFC U-23 Championship qualification Group F games held in Taiwan in March 2015, which doubled as Olympic qualification. He played in two of the Olyroos' three games, scoring a hat-trick against Hong Kong and another two goals against Myanmar, achieving the second highest tally for the qualification stage out of the entire AFC. Maclaren was named in the Australian squad for the 2016 AFC U-23 Championship, where he played every minute of Australia's campaign in three games against the UAE, Vietnam and Jordan, scoring against Vietnam.
In February 2016, Maclaren announced that and pledged to play for Australia rather than Scotland, but later expressed his pride at having been selected for the young Scots. In May 2016, Maclaren was called up to the Socceroos for the first time for a friendly match away to England, in which he started. After a solid start to the 2016โ17 A-League season, Maclaren was called up again to the Socceroos squad in November 2016 for Australia's 2018 World Cup Qualifying Third Round match against Thailand in Bangkok. He started the match, playing 57 minutes in the eventual 2โ2 draw before being substituted for Nathan Burns. He was again called up for the final two Round 3 matches in August and September 2017, coming on in the 71st minute of the crucial final match at home to Thailand, which the Socceroos won 2โ1.
Maclaren dropped out of the Australia squad later in 2017, due to his lack of playing time at Darmstadt. A major factor in him seeking a loan move in January 2018 was to try and earn selection for the 2018 World Cup squad. He was named in a 32-man provisional squad for the World Cup, but was cut from the 26-man squad to go to a pre-tournament camp in Turkey. Following an injury to Tomi Juric, Maclaren was added to the training squad. He played in a preparatory friendly match against Czech Republic, and was selected in the final 23-man squad.
Incoming Socceroo coach Graham Arnold selected Maclaren in the Australian squad for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup. He came on as a 64th minute substitute in the only pre-tournament friendly against Oman, and started all three matches in the group stage; a loss against Jordan, having a potential equaliser ruled offside, the second match against Palestine, scoring his first international goal in the 18th minute with a header from a Tom Rogic cross, and the last game, a win against Syria. Maclaren continued in the starting XI for the Socceroos in the first knockout stage match, against Uzbekistan, playing the first 75 minutes before being replaced by Apostolos Giannou in the eventual win on penalties. He was named to start alongside Giannou in a changed two-striker formation in the Quarter Final against hosts UAE.
Maclaren scored a hat-trick in a 5โ0 win against Nepal on 10 October 2019.
Personal life
Maclaren holds a British passport, and is half-Maltese through his mother. This partial Maltese heritage led to Malta approaching Maclaren to play for them, however, he turned down the request. His father Donald had a short career as a footballer with Dunfermline Athletic (after failing to break through at Heart of Midlothian) prior to emigrating to Australia, while his paternal uncle Ross MacLaren played in the English leagues with Shrewsbury Town, Derby County and Swindon Town.
Maclaren is an Aston Villa fan and Collingwood in the AFL
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Melbourne City
A-League Men Premiership: 2020โ21, 2021โ22, 2022โ23
Individual
A-League Young Footballer of the Year: 2015โ16, 2016โ17.
PFA A-League Team of the Season: 2015โ16, 2019โ20, 2020โ21, 2021โ22, 2022โ23
A-League Golden Boot: 2016โ17, 2019โ20, 2020โ21., 2021โ22
Harry Kewell Medal: 2016.
A-Leagues All Star: 2022
See also
List of sportspeople who competed for more than one nation
References
External links
1993 births
Living people
Australian men's soccer players
Australia men's international soccer players
Australian expatriate men's soccer players
Australian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Australian expatriate sportspeople in Scotland
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland
Scottish men's footballers
Scotland men's youth international footballers
Australian people of Scottish descent
Australian expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Soccer players from Melbourne
Men's association football forwards
Perth Glory FC players
Brisbane Roar FC players
SV Darmstadt 98 players
Hibernian F.C. players
Melbourne City FC players
A-League Men players
National Premier Leagues players
2017 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2. Bundesliga players
Australian people of Maltese descent
Scottish Professional Football League players
2018 FIFA World Cup players
2019 AFC Asian Cup players
Marquee players (A-League Men)
People from Sunbury, Victoria
2022 FIFA World Cup players |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%99%EB%A6%AC%20%EB%93%9C%20%EB%A4%BC%EB%B0%95 | ์๋ฆฌ ๋ ๋คผ๋ฐ | ์๋ฆฌ ๋ ๋คผ๋ฐ (Henri-Marie Joseph Sonier de Lubac SJ, ; Henri de Lubac, 1896๋
2์ 20์ผ โ 1991๋
9์ 4์ผ)์ ๊ฐํจ๋ฆญ ๊ตํ์ ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋ ํ๋์ค ์์ํ ์ฌ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ 20 ์ธ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์๋ ์ ํ์์ค ํ ๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์ ์ ๊ณผ ๊ต๋ฆฌํ์ ์ 2 ์ฐจ ๋ฐํฐ์นธ ๊ณต์ํ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ค์ํ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ค.
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
Publication of de Lubac's Oeuvres completes (50 vols; Paris: Cerf, 1998-), in progress.
Catholicisme: les aspects sociaux du dogme, (Paris, 1938: seven editions were published, the last in 1983), translated as Catholicism, trans. Sheppard, L. & Englund, E, (London: Longman Green, 1950), and later reissued as Catholicism: Christ and the Common Destiny of Man, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1988).
Corpus Mysticum: Essai sur L'Eucharistie et lโรglise au moyen รขge, (Paris, 1944), translated as Corpus Mysticum: The Eucharist and the Church in the Middle Ages, trans Gemma Simmonds with Richard Price and Christopher Stephens, (London, 2006).
, (Paris, 1944), translated as The Drama of Atheist Humanism, trans. Riley, M., Nash, A. & Sebanc, M., (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1995 โ translation of the 1983 edition including chapters omitted from the 1949 translation).
De la Connaissance de Dieu, (Paris, 1945). A greatly expanded version of this book later appeared under the title Sur les chemins de Dieu, (Paris, 1956); this later work was translated as The Discovery of God, trans Alexander Dru with Mark Sebanc and Cassian Fulsom, (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1996).
Surnaturel: รtudes historiques, (1946). A new French edition issued by (Paris: Desclรฉe de Brouwer, 1991) contains a complete translation into French of all Greek and Latin citations. There is not yet (2013) an English translation. However, Augustinianism and modern theology (1967) closely follows Part One of Surnaturel, and the conclusion is translated by David Coffey in Philosophy and Theology, 11:2, (1999), 368-80.
Histoire et esprit: l'intelligence de l'รcriture d'apres Origene, (Paris, 1950), translated as History and Spirit: The Understanding of Scripture According to Origen, trans. Anne Englund Nash with Juvenal Merriell, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2007).
Aspects du bouddhisme, (Paris, 1951), translated as Aspects of Buddhism, trans George Lamb, (London: Sheed and Ward, 1953).
Rencontre du bouddhisme et de l'occident, (Paris, 1952).
Mรฉditation sur l'รglise, (Paris, 1953), translated as The Splendor of the Church, trans Michael Mason, (London: Sheed & Ward, 1956), and later reissued by (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1986).
Aspects du bouddhisme, vol 2: Amida, (Paris: Seuil, 1955), translated as History of Pure Land Buddhism, trans. Amita Bhaka,Buddha Dhyana Dana Review, 12: 5-6 (2002); 13: 1, (2003).
Exรฉgรจse mรฉdiรฉvale, 4 vols, (Paris, 1959, 1961, 1964), translated as Medieval Exegesis, trans. Mark Sebanc (vol i), Edward M Macierowski (vols ii and iii), 4 vols, (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1998-).
Teilhard de Chardin: the man and his meaning, trans. Rene Hague, (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1965).
Augustisme et thรฉologie moderne, (Paris, 1965), translated as Augustinianism and Modern Theology, (London: G Chapman; New York: Herder & Herder, 1969), and reissued as (New York: Crossroad, 2000).
Le Mystere du surnaturel, (1965), translated as The Mystery of the Supernatural, trans. Rosemary Sheed, (London: G Chapman, 1967), new edition by (New York: Crossroad Publishing Company, 1998).
The religion of Teilhard de Chardin,trans. Rene Hague, (New York: Desclee Co.,1967).
Teilhard explained, trans. Anthony Buono, (New York: Paulist Press,1968).
The Eternal Feminine: a study on the poem by Teilhard de Chardin, trans. Renรฉ Hague, (New York: Harper & Row,1971).
Petite catรฉchese sur nature et grace, (Paris, 1980), translated as A Brief Catechesis on Nature and Grace, trans. Richard Arnauder, FSC, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press. 1984).
Trois jรฉsuites nous parlent: Yves de Montcheuil,1899-1944, Charles Nicolet,1897-1961, Jean Zupan, 1899-1968, (Paris, 1980), translated as Three Jesuits speak: Yves de Montcheuil,1899-1944, Charles Nicolet,1897-1961, Jean Zupan, 1899-1968. Presented by Henri de Lubac, trans. by K. D. Whitehead, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1987).
The Motherhood of the Church, trans. Sergia Englund, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1982).
Paradoxes of Faith. trans. Simon, P., Kreilkamp, S., & Beaumont, E., (San Francisco: Ignatius Press. 1987).
The Christian Faith: an essay on the structure of the Apostles' Creed, trans. Richard Arnandez, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1986).
At the Service of the Church: Henri de Lubac reflects on the circumstances that occasioned his writings, trans. Anne Englund Nash, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1993).
Theology in History, trans. Anne Englund Nash, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1996).
More Paradoxes. trans. A. Nash. (San Francisco: Ignatius Press. 2002 โ a translation of Autres Paradoxes.
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ํ๋์ค์ ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ
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์ฌ๋ง
1896๋
์ถ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri%20de%20Lubac | Henri de Lubac | Henri-Marie Joseph Sonier de Lubac (; 20 February 1896 โ 4 September 1991), better known as Henri de Lubac, was a French Jesuit priest and cardinal who is considered one of the most influential theologians of the 20th century. His writings and doctrinal research played a key role in shaping the Second Vatican Council.
Early life and ordination
Henri de Lubac was born in Cambrai to an ancient noble family of the Ardรจche. He was one of six children; his father was a banker and his mother a homemaker. The family returned in 1898 to the Lyon district, where Henri was schooled by Jesuits. A born aristocrat in manner and appearance, de Lubac studied law for a year before, aged 17, joining the Society of Jesus in Lyon on 9 October 1913. Owing to the political climate in France at the time as a result of the French anti-church laws of the early twentieth century, the Jesuit novitiate had temporarily relocated to St Leonards-on-Sea, East Sussex, where de Lubac studied before being drafted to the French army in 1914 due to the outbreak of the Great War. He received a head wound at Les รparges on All Saints Day, 1917, which would give him recurring episodes of dizziness and headaches for the rest of his life. Following demobilisation in 1919, de Lubac returned to the Jesuits and continued his philosophical studies, first at Hales Place in Canterbury and then, from 1920 to 1923, at the Maison Saint-Louis, the Jesuit philosophate located at that time in St. Helier, Jersey. It was here that he would encounter the thought of Maurice Blondel and Pierre Rousselot. The encounter with Blondel would prove especially important. In 1932, de Lubac would eventually write to Blondel and tell him of his encounter with L'Action in the early 1920s, and how Blondel's thought around the problem of integralism became one of the central instigators of de Lubac's search for a renewed understanding of the relationship between nature and grace. De Lubac taught at the Jesuit College at Mongrรฉ, in the Rhรดne, from 1923 to 1924, and then in 1924 returned to England and began his four years of theological studies at Ore Place in Hastings, East Sussex. In 1926, the Jesuit college was relocated back to Fourviรจre in Lyons, where de Lubac completed the remaining two years of his theological studies. He was ordained to the priesthood on 22 August 1927.
Professor and theologian
In 1929, de Lubac was appointed professor of fundamental theology at the Catholic University of Lyon (the required doctorate having been conferred by the Gregorian University in Rome at the behest of the Father General of the Society of Jesus, without de Lubac's setting foot there or ever submitting a dissertation). He would teach there from 1929 to 1961, though with two interruptions โ first during World War II, when he was forced underground because of his activities with the French Resistance, and then from 1950 to 1958, when the Society of Jesus, under pressure from Rome, removed him from his teaching responsibilities and the Fourviรจre Jesuit residence.
During the 1930s de Lubac spent his time teaching at the Catholic University and researching, as well as teaching (between 1935 and 1940) one course at the Jesuit seminary at Fourviรจre (where he also lived from 1934 onwards). His first book, the now-classic Catholicisme (English title of the current edition: Catholicism: Christ and Common Destiny of Man) was published in 1938, before the war. In 1940, he founded the series Sources Chrรฉtiennes ("Christian Sources"), co-edited with fellow Jesuit Jean Daniรฉlou, a collection of bilingual, critical editions of early Christian texts and of the Church Fathers that has reinvigorated both the study of patristics and the doctrine of Sacred Tradition.
During the Second World War, the first interruption to this pattern came: de Lubac joined a movement of "spiritual resistance," assisting in the publication of an underground journal of Nazi resistance called , or Christian Testimony. It was intended to show the incompatibility of Christian belief with the philosophy and activities of the Nazi regime, both in Germany and also under the cover of the Vichy government in southern France, which was theoretically independent of the Reich. De Lubac was often in hiding from the Germans and several of his co-workers on the journal were captured and executed. Even in hiding, he continued to study and write.
From 1944 onwards, with the end of the Nazi occupation of France, de Lubac came out of hiding and published a number of texts (many of them begun or completed before the war but not published in the early 1940s because of the shortage of paper) which became major interventions in twentieth-century Catholic theology. These included: Corpus Mysticum, which had been ready for publication in 1939, and appeared in February 1944; Le Drame de l'humanisme athรฉe, published in December 1944; De la connaissance de Dieu published in 1945; Surnaturel: รtudes historiques (a book which de Lubac had started at Hastings in his student days), published in 1946 in a print run of 700 copies, because of the ongoing paper shortage.
"The dark years"
In June 1950, as de Lubac himself said, "lightning struck Fourviรจre." De Lubac, who resided at Fourviรจre but actually did no teaching there, and four Fourviรจre professors were removed from their duties (in de Lubac's case these included his professorship at Lyon and his editorship of Recherches de science religieuse) and required to leave the Lyon province. All Jesuit provincials were directed to remove three of his books (Surnaturel, Corpus mysticum, and Connaissance de Dieu) and one article from their libraries and, as far as possible, from public distribution. The action came through the Jesuit Superior General, Jean-Baptiste Janssens, under pressure from the curial office, and was because of "pernicious errors on essential points of dogma." Two months later, Pope Pius XII issued the encyclical Humani generis, widely believed to have been directed at de Lubac and other theologians associated with the nouvelle thรฉologie, an intellectual movement characterized by renewed attention to the patristic sources of Catholicism, a willingness to address the ideas and concerns of contemporary men and women, a focus on pastoral work and respect for the competencies of the laity, and a sense of the Catholic Church as existing in history and affected by it.
What de Lubac called "the dark years" lasted nearly a decade. It was not until 1956 that he was allowed to return to Lyon and not until 1958 that the University got verbal approval from Rome for de Lubac to return to teaching the courses he previously taught.
Although everything de Lubac wrote during these years was subject to censorship in Rome, he never ceased to study, write, and publish. During these years he brought out a study of Origen's biblical exegesis (1950), three books on Buddhism (1951, 1952, 1955), Mรฉditations sur l'รglise (1953 โ a text which would have great influence on Lumen Gentium, the document produced at Vatican II on the nature of the church), and Sur les chemins de Dieu (1956).
Return to acceptance
His pioneering study Exรฉgรจse mรฉdiรฉvale (1959โ1965) revived interest in the spiritual exegesis of scripture and provided a major impetus to the development of covenantal theology.
Just before and during the conciliar years, with the blessing of his order, de Lubac also began to write and publish books and articles in defense of the writings of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, his older friend and fellow Jesuit, who had died in 1955. Teilhard's ideas had influenced several of the theologians of the nouvelle thรฉologie and had also met with extreme disfavour in Rome.
Second Vatican Council
In August 1960, Pope John XXIII appointed de Lubac as a consultant to the Preparatory Theological Commission for the upcoming Second Vatican Council. He was then made a peritus (theological expert) to the council itself, and later, by Pope Paul VI, a member of its Theological Commission (as well as of two secretariats). Although the precise nature of his contribution during the council is difficult to determine, his writings were certainly an influence on the conciliar and post-conciliar periods, particularly in the area of ecclesiology where one of his concerns was to understand the church as the community of the whole people of God rather than just the clergy. De Lubac's influence on Lumen gentium (Dogmatic Constitution on the Church) and Gaudium et spes (Constitution on the Church in the Modern World) is generally recognized.
Late years
In 1969 Pope Paul VI, an admirer of de Lubac's works, had proposed making him a cardinal but de Lubac demurred, believing that for him to become a bishop, as required of all cardinals, would be "an abuse of an apostolic office". Paul VI, having committed to creating a Jesuit cardinal, conferred the honor on de Lubac's junior colleague Jean Daniรฉlou instead.
In the years after Vatican II, de Lubac came to be known as a "conservative theologian", his views completely in line with the magisterium โ in contrast to his progressive reputation in the first part of his life. Contributing to this reputation, in 1972 de Lubac, alongside Joseph Ratzinger who later became Pope Benedict XVI, and Hans Urs von Balthasar, founded the journal Communio โ a journal which acquired a reputation as offering a more conservative theology than Concilium.
In 1983 Pope John Paul II offered to make de Lubac a cardinal, this time with a dispensation from being consecrated a bishop. De Lubac accepted and became the first non-bishop cardinal since the 1962 rule requiring cardinals to be bishops. In the consistory of 2 February 1983, Pope John Paul II raised de Lubac, at 87, to the College of Cardinals. He was created Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Domnica. On 24 May 1990, de Lubac became the oldest living cardinal. He died in Paris in 1991.
Possible canonization
On March 31, 2023, the French conference of Catholic bishops voted successfully to open the cause for canonization of Cardinal de Lubac, due to his influence on Catholic theology and philosophy, especially before, during, and after the Second Vatican Council. If the Vatican agrees, he will be given the title of "Servant of God".
Selected bibliography
Publication of de Lubac's Oeuvres completes (50 vols; Paris: Cerf, 1998).
Catholicisme: les aspects sociaux du dogme, (Paris, 1938: seven editions were published, the last in 1983), translated as Catholicism, trans. Sheppard, L. & Englund, E, (London: Longman Green, 1950), and later reissued as Catholicism: Christ and the Common Destiny of Man, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1988).
Corpus Mysticum: Essai sur L'Eucharistie et lโรglise au moyen รขge, (Paris, 1944), translated as Corpus Mysticum: The Eucharist and the Church in the Middle Ages, trans Gemma Simmonds with Richard Price and Christopher Stephens, (London, 2006).
Le drame de l'humanisme athรฉe, (Paris, 1944), translated as The Drama of Atheist Humanism, trans. Riley, M., Nash, A. & Sebanc, M., (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1995 โ translation of the 1983 edition including chapters omitted from the 1949 translation).
De la Connaissance de Dieu, (Paris, 1945). A greatly expanded version of this book later appeared under the title Sur les chemins de Dieu, (Paris, 1956); this later work was translated as The Discovery of God, trans Alexander Dru with Mark Sebanc and Cassian Fulsom, (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1996).
Surnaturel: รtudes historiques, (1946). A new French edition issued by (Paris: Desclรฉe de Brouwer, 1991) contains a complete translation into French of all Greek and Latin citations. There is not yet (2013) an English translation. However, Augustinianism and modern theology (1967) closely follows Part One of Surnaturel, and the conclusion is translated by David Coffey in Philosophy and Theology, 11:2, (1999), 368-80.
Histoire et esprit: l'intelligence de l'รcriture d'apres Origene, (Paris, 1950), translated as History and Spirit: The Understanding of Scripture According to Origen, trans. Anne Englund Nash with Juvenal Merriell, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2007).
Aspects du bouddhisme, (Paris, 1951), translated as Aspects of Buddhism, trans George Lamb, (London: Sheed and Ward, 1953).
Rencontre du bouddhisme et de l'occident, (Paris, 1952).
Mรฉditation sur l'รglise, (Paris, 1953), translated as The Splendor of the Church, trans Michael Mason, (London: Sheed & Ward, 1956), and later reissued by (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1986).
Aspects du bouddhisme, vol 2: Amida, (Paris: Seuil, 1955), translated as History of Pure Land Buddhism, trans. Amita Bhaka, Buddha Dhyana Dana Review, 12: 5-6 (2002); 13: 1, (2003).
Exรฉgรจse mรฉdiรฉvale, 4 vols, (Paris, 1959, 1961, 1964), translated as Medieval Exegesis, trans. Mark Sebanc (vol i), Edward M Macierowski (vols ii and iii), 4 vols, (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1998-).
Teilhard de Chardin: the man and his meaning, trans. Rene Hague, (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1965).
Augustisme et thรฉologie moderne, (Paris, 1965), translated as Augustinianism and Modern Theology, (London: G Chapman; New York: Herder & Herder, 1969), and reissued as (New York: Crossroad, 2000).
Le Mystere du surnaturel, (1965), translated as The Mystery of the Supernatural, trans. Rosemary Sheed, (London: G Chapman, 1967), new edition by (New York: Crossroad Publishing Company, 1998).
The religion of Teilhard de Chardin, trans. Rene Hague, (New York: Desclee Co., 1967).
Teilhard explained, trans. Anthony Buono, (New York: Paulist Press, 1968).
The Eternal Feminine: a study on the poem by Teilhard de Chardin, trans. Renรฉ Hague, (New York: Harper & Row, 1971).
Petite catรฉchese sur nature et grace, (Paris, 1980), translated as A Brief Catechesis on Nature and Grace, trans. Richard Arnauder, FSC, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press. 1984).
Trois jรฉsuites nous parlent: Yves de Montcheuil, 1899-1944, Charles Nicolet, 1897-1961, Jean Zupan, 1899-1968, (Paris, 1980), translated as Three Jesuits speak: Yves de Montcheuil, 1899-1944, Charles Nicolet, 1897-1961, Jean Zupan, 1899-1968. Presented by Henri de Lubac, trans. by K. D. Whitehead, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1987).
The Motherhood of the Church, trans. Sergia Englund, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1982).
Paradoxes of Faith. trans. Simon, P., Kreilkamp, S., & Beaumont, E., (San Francisco: Ignatius Press. 1987).
The Christian Faith: an essay on the structure of the Apostles' Creed, trans. Richard Arnandez, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1986).
At the Service of the Church: Henri de Lubac reflects on the circumstances that occasioned his writings, trans. Anne Englund Nash, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1993).
Theology in History, trans. Anne Englund Nash, (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1996).
More Paradoxes. trans. A. Nash. (San Francisco: Ignatius Press. 2002 โ a translation of Autres Paradoxes.
Vatican Council Notebooks, Vol. 1, trans. Andrew Stefanelli and Anne Englund Nash (San Francisco: Ignatius Press. 2015).
Vatican Council Notebooks, Vol. 2, trans. Anne Englund Nash (San Francisco: Ignatius Press. 2016).
Notes
References
Citations
Works cited
Further reading
External links
IgnatiusInsight.com biography of Henri de Lubac
1896 births
1991 deaths
20th-century French Catholic theologians
20th-century French Jesuits
Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II
20th-century French cardinals
French military personnel of World War I
French people of World War II
Jesuit cardinals
Jesuit theologians
Members of the Acadรฉmie des sciences morales et politiques
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
Patristic scholars
People from Cambrai
Fundamental theologians |
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์ง๊ทนํ ํ์ค์ ์ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋ค์ด ๋ง๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ ์ง๊ทนํ ํต์์ ์ธ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋์ ๋ด ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๊ณ , ๋ด๊ฐ ์๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ง ๊ฐ์ "์ ์พ ๋ฐ๋ ๊ฐ์กฑ ํต์๊ทน"
์ ์์ง
์ฐ์ถ : ์ค๋ฅํด (๊ฐ๋จ ์ค์บ๋ค, ๋์์จ ํฉ๊ธ๋ณต, ๋น์ ์ ์ ๋ฌผ, ์ธ ์๋งค ์ฐ์ถ)
๊ทน๋ณธ : ๊น๋ํ (์กฐ์์ง ํจ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ, ๊ตฟ๋ฐ์ด ๋ง๋, ๋ง์ด ์ํฌ๋ฆฟ ํธํ
์งํ)
๋ฑ์ฅ์ธ๋ฌผ
์ฃผ์ ์ธ๋ฌผ
์ฌ์ด์ : ๊ฐํด์ง(36์ธ) ์ญ - ๊ฒฐํผ 9๋
์ฐจ, ํ๋์ ์ถ์ํ ์ง์ โ ์์๋๊น์ค ์ฃผ์ธ โ ๋๊ตฌ๋ค ๊ฐ์ฌ๋์ฐ๋ฏธ โ ์๋ฆฌํ๋ก ์งํ์, ์ง์์ ์ ์ฒ โ ๋๊ตฌ์ ์๋ด
์๋์ : ์ค๋๊ตฌ(42์ธ) ์ญ - ์ ๋์ ์ ๋จํธ, ์คํ๊ต ๊ตญ์ด๊ต์ฌ โ ๋๋ผ๋ง ์๊ฐ(ํ๋ช
: ์ค๋์ค) โ ์์๋๊น์ค ์ข
์
์ โ ์คํ ๋๋ผ๋ง ์๊ฐ, ํด์ง์ ๋จํธ
์ํ์ค : ์ด์ง์(30์ธ) ์ญ - ํด์ง๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ๋จํธ, ๋ฒ๋์, ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ถ๋ฅ๋จ โ ์คํ๋งํฌ ์ง์ โ ํด์ง์ ๋งค๋์
ํ๊ฐ๋ฆผ : ์ ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ(24์ธ) ์ญ - ์คํ์ ์ด๋ณต์ฌ๋์, ์ง์์ ๋ถ๋ฅ๋
โ ์ง์๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํผ โ ์ง์๊ณผ ์ดํผ โ ์ธ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ฌํผ โ ์ธ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ดํผ
์ด์ฌ์ : ๋ฐฐ์ ๋(36์ธ) ์ญ - ๋๊ตฌ์ ์ ๋ถ์ธ์ด์ ์คํ์ ๋ด์ฐ๋
, ๋ฐฐ์ฐ โ ํ๋์ค์๋ฆฌ ์ํ โ ์๊ฐ์
์ต์ฐ์ : ์ ์คํ(42์ธ) ์ญ - ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๋ณต์ค๋น , ๋๊ตฌ์ ๋ํ๋๊ธฐ, ์ ๋์ ๋ด์ฐ๋จ, ์คํ๋งํฌ ์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ ๋ํ โ ๋ํ์ด์ฌ ํด์ ๋ฐ ์ข์ฒ โ ์ ์๊ณผ ์ดํผ โ ๋์ฌ์ฌ์๊ฒ ์์ ๋นํจ
ํด์ง ๊ฐ์กฑ
์ด๋ํฌ : ์ค์ฅ๋ถ(58์ธ) ์ญ - ํด์ง๊ณผ ์ฒ ์ง์ ์๋ง, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ ์๋ค์ ์ง ๊ฐ์ฌ๋์ฐ๋ฏธ
์ก์ธ๊ตญ : ๊ฐ์ฒ ์ง(30์ธ) ์ญ - ํด์ง์ ๋จ๋์, ๋๋ผ๋ง PD
์ ๋น : ์ด์ ๋ฆฌ(7์ธ) ์ญ - ํด์ง๊ณผ ์ง์์ ๋ธ
์ง์ ๊ฐ์กฑ
์์ฑ๋ฌด : ์ด๋ฐฑ์(63์ธ) ์ญ - ์ง์๊ณผ ์ง๋ด์ ์๋ฒ์ง, ๋ฐฑ์์๋น ๅ ์ฃผ์ธ
์์์ธ : ์ด์ง๋ด/์ด์ง์ฃผ(26์ธ) ์ญ (์์ญ : ์ฅํฌ์ค) - ์ง์์ ์ฌ๋์, ๋ฐฐ์ฐ ์ง๋ง์ โ ์นํจ์ง ์๋ฅด๋ฐ์ดํธ์ โ ์ฒ ์ง์ ์๋ด
์ฃผ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ์กฑ
๊น์ ํ : ํ์ ์(36์ธ) ์ญ - ์คํ์ ์๋ด, ํด์ง์ ์น๊ตฌ, ์คํ๋งํฌ ์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ ์ด์ฌ โ ์คํ์ ์ ์ฒ
์ดํ๊ฒฝ : ๋์ฐ๊ฒฝ(49์ธ) ์ญ - ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถ๋ฅ๋
๋ก, ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์ ์น๋ชจ์ด์ ์คํ์ ๊ณ๋ชจ.
๊ทธ ์ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ
์ฅ์ ์จ : ์ค๊ด์ฃผ(7์ธ) ์ญ - ๋๊ตฌ์ ์ ๋์ ์๋ค
ํ์ฐธ : ํ์๋ฃ(63์ธ) ์ญ - ๋ฐฑ์์ ๋๋ค ์น๊ตฌ, ์ฒ๊ถ์๋ฃ๊ธฐ ์ฌ์ฅ
์ด์ข
๊ตฌ : ํ๋์ฐ(63์ธ) ์ญ - ๋ฐฑ์์ ๋๋ค ์น๊ตฌ, ๋ถ๋์ฐ ์ฌ์ฅ
์์์ : ์๊ตฌ ์ญ - ์ง์์ ๋ํ ๋๊ธฐ์ด์ ์นํ ๋์, '์ฅ๋ชจ๋ ์นํจ' ์ข
์
์
๋ฐ์ฑ์ฐฌ : ๋๋ฐฐ ์ญ - ์ง์์ ๋ํ ๋๊ธฐ์ด์ ์นํ ๋์, '์ฅ๋ชจ๋ ์นํจ' ์ข
์
์
์ด์ฐฌํฌ : ๋ฌ๋จ ์ญ - ํด์ง์ ์๋น ์ข
์
์ โ ์ง๋ด์ด ์ผํ๋ '์ฅ๋ชจ๋ ์นํจ' ์ฌ์ฅ
์ด์ด์ : ์ค๋ก๋ผ ์ญ - ์ ์์ ์กฐ๋ ฅ์, ์คํ๋งํฌ ์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ ํ์ฅ โ ์ ์๋งค๋์ง๋จผํธ ๋ณธ๋ถ์ฅ (69ํ ~ )
์์งํ : ๋
ธ์ธ์ฑ ์ญ - ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ณผ์ธ ์ ์, ๊ฒ์ฌ์ฅ ์๋ค, ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊พผ ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฐ์ธ โ ๋จํธ โ ์ ๋จํธ
ํ์น๋ฒ : ํ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ ์ญ
์ ์ด๋ : ์ง ์ฃผ์ธ ์ญ - ์ง์์ด ์ด๋ ์ง ์ฃผ์ธ
์ฅ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ : ์ท๊ฐ๊ฒ ์ฃผ์ธ ์ญ
์ ์๋ฏธ : ์ ์
ํค๋ฐํธ ์ ๋ฐ ์ค๋์
์ฌ์ฌ์์ ์ญ
๋ณ๊ฑด์ฐ : ์ ์
ํค๋ฐํธ ์ ๋ฐ ์ค๋์
์ฌ์ฌ์์ ์ญ
ํ์์ : ํ์์ ์ญ - ์คํ๋งํฌ ํ๋ณด์ค์ฅ (69ํ ~ )
์ ํ์ฒ : ์ ํ์ฒ ์ญ - ์คํ๋งํฌ ๋ง์ผํ
์ค์ฅ (69ํ ~ )
์ค๋ค์ : ๊น ๋น์ / ์ค๋ค์ ์ญ - ์ง์์ ๊ฟ ์ ๋น์ (62ํ) / ์คํ๋งํฌ ์ ์์ค์ฅ (69ํ ~ )
์์ ์ : ์์ ์ ์ญ - ์คํ๋งํฌ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ค์ฅ (69ํ ~ )
๊ฐ๋ฌธ๊ฒฝ : ์ค๊ทผํ ์ญ - ๋๊ตฌ์ ์๋ฒ์ง (78ํ, 79ํ)
ํ๋ฏผ : ์ต์ฐฝ์ ์ญ - ๋๊ตฌ์ ์ด๋จธ๋ (78ํ, 79ํ)
์ด์ : ์๋ฃ์ ๋์ ์ญ - ์ดํผ๋
(116 ~ 123ํ)
๊น์ ์ : ์ ์์ ์๋ฒ์ง ์ญ (118ํ, 122ํ, 123ํ)
์ด์ฐฝ : ์ด๋ถ์ฅ ์ญ
ํน๋ณ ์ถ์ฐ
ํฉ๋ช
ํ : ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์ ์น๊ตฌ ์ญ (12ํ)
์ถ๊ท์ : ์๋น ์ฃผ์ธ ์ญ (51 ~ 54ํ)
์ฌ์งํธ : ํด์ง์ ์์ย ์ ๋ณธ๋ถ์ฅ ์ญ (68ํ)
๋ฌธ์์ฐ : ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ ๋์ ์๋ง ์ญ (111ํ)
์์ฒญ๋ฅ
์๋์ ํ๋์ ์ซ์๋ '์ต์ ์์ฒญ๋ฅ '์ด๊ณ , ๋นจ๊ฐ์ ์ซ์๋ '์ต๊ณ ์์ฒญ๋ฅ '์
๋๋ค. ์์ฒญ๋ฅ ์กฐ์ฌํ์ฌ์ ์ง์ญ๋ณ๋ก ์์ฒญ๋ฅ ์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์์ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
ํธ์ฑ ๋ณ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์ฐ์ฅ
2019๋
11์ 11์ผ ์์นจ 8์ 35๋ถ์ ์ฒซ๋ฐฉ์๋ ์์ ์ด์์ผ๋, ใ2019๋
FIFA U-17 ์๋์ปต 8๊ฐ์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ VS ๋ฉ์์ฝใ ์ค๊ณ๋ฐฉ์ก์ผ๋ก ์ธํ์ฌ 11์ 12์ผ ์์นจ 8์ 35๋ถ์ผ๋ก ์ฒซ๋ฐฉ์์ผ์ด ํธ์ฑ ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋์๋ค.
2019๋
11์ 26์ผ : ใํ-์์ธ์ ํน๋ณ์ ์ํ์ใ ํธ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๊ธฐ์กด ์๊ฐ์์ 20๋ถ ์๋น๊ฒจ์ง ์ค์ 8์ 15๋ถ์ผ๋ก ํธ์ฑ ๋ณ๊ฒฝ. (11ํ)
2020๋
3์ 31์ผ : ๋ง ์ข ๋ณด์ค๋์ ๋ฐฉ์ ๋ถ๋์ด 120๋ถ์์์ 4ํ ์ฐ์ฅ๋์ด 124๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ๋ณ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ์ ๋์๋ค.
์์ ๋ฐ ํ๋ณด
์ฐธ๊ณ ์ฌํญ
๋น์ด SBS ์ผ์ผ ๋๋ผ๋ง ใ์ฌ๋์ ๋ฐฉ์ธ๋ฐฉ์ธใ์ ํ์ ๋๋ผ๋ง๋ก ๋ฐฉ์๋ ์์ ์ด์์ผ๋, ์ ๋
์ผ์ผ ๋๋ผ๋ง ํ์ง๋ก ์ธํด ๋ฌด์ฐ๋ ๋ฐ ์๋ค.
์ฌ์ด์๊ณผ ์๋์์ ์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก SBS ์์นจ์ฐ์๊ทน์ ์ฃผ์ฐ์ ๋งก์๋ค.
์ฌ์ด์๊ณผ ์์ฑ๋ฌด๋ ํดํผ์์คํฐ์ฆ ์ดํ 1๋
๋ฐ ๋ง์ ๊ตฌ๋ถ ์ฌ์ด๋ก ํธํก์ ๋ง์ถ๋ค.
์๋์, ์์ฑ๋ฌด, ์ค๋ฅํด PD๋ ๊ฐ๋จ์ค์บ๋ค ์ดํ 6๊ฐ์ ๋ง์ ํธํก์ ๋ง์ถ๋ค.
์ํ์ค์ SBS ์ธก์ ๋ด๋ถ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ๋์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์ค๋ฅํด PD์ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ์๊ตฌ๋ก ์บ์คํ
๋์ด 3๋
๋ง์ ์๋ฐฉ๊ทน์ฅ ๋ณต๊ท๋ฅผ ํ ์ ์์๋ค.
๋น์ด ์ด์ฌ์๊ฐ ๋งก์ ๋ฐฐ์ ๋ ์ญ์๋ ํ์์ด ๋์ ๋์ผ๋ ์ต์ข
์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฐ๋์๋ค.
๊ฒฝ์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
MBC ์ผ์ผ๋๋ผ๋ง
ใ๋ชจ๋ ๋ค ์ฟต๋ฐ๋ฆฌใ (2019๋
7์ 16์ผ ~ 2019๋
11์ 29์ผ)
ใ๋์ ์ฌ๋ใ (2019๋
12์ 2์ผ ~ 2020๋
5์ 29์ผ)
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
<๋ง ์ข ๋ณด์ค๋์> ๊ณต์ ํํ์ด์ง
<๋ง ์ข ๋ณด์ค๋์> ์ ํ์ฐจ ๋ฌด๋ฃ๋ณด๊ธฐ
2019๋
๋๋ผ๋ง
2020๋
๋๋ผ๋ง
SBS ์์นจ์ฐ์๊ทน
๋ณต์๋ฅผ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ๋๋ผ๋ง
2020๋
๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
2010๋
๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
2019๋
์ ์์ํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
2020๋
์ ์ข
๋ฃํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Want%20a%20Taste%3F | Want a Taste? | Want A Taste? () is a South Korean television series starring Shim Yi-young, Seo Do-young and Seo Ha-joon. It aired daily on SBS TV from November 12, 2019 to May 1, 2020 at 8:35 a.m. (KST) time slot for 124 episodes.
Plot
Hae-Jin (Shim Yi-Young) is 36-years-old. She is married to Jin-Sang (Seo Ha-Jun), who is 6 years younger than her, and they have a daughter Yoo-Ri (Shin Bi). Hae-Jin runs a restaurant that she took over from her father-in-law. She supported her husband Jin-Sang while he studied to enter a university. Because of Hae-Jin, Jin-Sang is now attending a prestigious university, but he has an affair with Joo-Ri (Han Ga-Rim). She is the young daughter of a rich family. Hae-Jin becomes aware of her husband's affair, but she doesn't want a divorce. Meanwhile, Dae-Gu (Seo Do-Young) appears in front Hae-Jin. Dae-Gu is a drama series writer. He was once in demand for his screenwriting, but his popularity has waned. His marriage life is not doing well either.
Cast
Main
Shim Yi-young as Kang Hae-jin
Seo Do-young as Oh Dae-gu
Seo Ha-joon as Lee Jin-sang
Han Ga-rim as Jung Joo-ri
Lee Seul-ah as Bae Yoo-ram
Choi Woo-seok as Jung Joon-ho
Supporting
Lee Duk-hee as Oh Ok-bun
Song In-guk as Kang Cheol-jin
Shin Bi as Lee Yoo-ri
Lim Chae-mu as Lee Baek-soo
Ahn Ye-in as Lee Jin-bong
Kim Jung-hwa as Han Jeong-won
Lee Hyun-kyung as Do Yeon-gyeong
Others
Jang Seon-yul as Oh Gwang-ju
Heo Cham as Heo Eui-ruo
Lee Jong-gu as Han Dong-san
Seo Sang-won
Park Seong-chan
Lee Chan-hee
Lee Cho-won
Ahm Ji-hun
Hong Seung-bum
Jung Yi-rang
Ok Ju-ri
Eunmi Jeon
Byun Gun-woo
Hur Soo-jung
Jung Hyeon-cheol
Oda-eun
Yang Jeong-su
Kyung Kang-moon
Lee Sook
Kim Jung-soo
Special appearances
Hwang Myung-hwan
Chu Gwi-jeong
Shim Ji-ho
Yeon Do-yeon
Production
Want A Taste? was initially planned as an evening daily drama, airing Monday to Friday 7:20ย p.m., replacing Bubbly Lovely in June 2017. It was supposed to star Lee Tae-ran, Ryu Jin, Shim Ji-ho, Han Bo-reum, and Hwang Ji-hyun in the roles of Kang Hae-jin (Shim Yi-young), Oh Dae-gu (Seo Do-young), Lee Jin-sang (Seo Ha-joon), Jung Joo-ri (Han Ga-rim) and Bae Yoo-ram (Lee Seul-ah), respectively. However, due to the financial losses and the low ratings of You Are a Gift and Bubbly Lovely (average of 7.6% and 7.8%, respectively), SBS decided to cancel the timeslot. It was revived as a morning daily drama airing Monday to Friday 8:35ย a.m. more than two years later, with Kim Do-hyun still being the writer but with the cast being totally replaced.
Ratings
In this table, represent the lowest ratings and represent the highest ratings.
N/A denotes that the rating is not known.
Notes
References
External links
Seoul Broadcasting System television dramas
2019 South Korean television series debuts
Korean-language television shows
2020 South Korean television series endings
Television series by Celltrion Entertainment |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%EB%85%84%20%ED%83%9C%ED%92%8D | 2020๋
ํํ | ์ด ๋ฌธ์์์๋ 2020๋
์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ํํ๋ค์ ํ๋์ ๋ํด ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. 2020๋
์ ๋ฐ์ํ ํํ์ ์ด 23๊ฐ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๋ 1981๋
~ 2010๋
ํ๊ท ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์์ธ 25.6๊ฐ๋ณด๋ค ์ ์ ์์น์ด๋ค.
ํํ ์ด๋ฆ ๋ค์ (์ ๋ช
)์ด ๋ถ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ธ๋ช
๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฐํผํด๊ฐ ๊ทน์ฌํ๊ฑฐ๋, ๋๋ ํ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ธ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ดํด๋ก ์ ์ด๋ฆ๊ณผ ์ค๋ณต๋๊ฑฐ๋, ํ ์์ฐ์ฌํด๋ฅผ ์ฐ์์ํจ๋ค๋ ๋ค์ํ ์ด์ ๋ก ์ธํด ์์์ํํ์์ํ์์ ์ต์ข
์ฌ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ํํ ์ด๋ฆ 140๊ฐ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ ์ด์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ผ์ด ์๋ ํํ ์ด๋ฆ์
๋๋ค.๋ผ๋ ๋ป์ด๋ค.
ํต๊ณ
์๋ณ ํํ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์
ํ์๋ผ์ธ
SSHS
ํํ ์ด๋ฆ
ํน์ง
2020๋
์ ์ฒซ ํํ์ธ ํํ ๋ดํ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ ์๊ธฐ๋ 5์ 12์ผ๋ก, ๊ธฐ์ ๊ด์ธก ์ญ์ฌ์ 8๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ๋ฆ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด๋ค. ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ฆ๊ฒ ๋ฐ์ํ ํด๋ 1998๋
์ผ๋ก, ์ 1ํธ ํํ์ธ ๋์ฝ์ด 7์ 9์ผ์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค. 2๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ๋ฆ๊ฒ ๋ฐ์ํ ํด๋ 2016๋
์ผ๋ก, ์ 1ํธ ํํ์ธ ๋คํํ์ด 7์ 3์ผ์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค.
2020๋
5์ 15์ผ๋ถํฐ ํ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ์ ํํ ๊ฐ๋ ๋ถ๋ฅ์์ ์ด๊ฐ๋ ฅ ๋ฑ๊ธ์ด ์ ์ค๋์๋ค. ๋ํ ํํ์ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ๋ถ์ด ์์ด์ก๋ค.
๋ผ๋๋๋ก ์ธํด ๊ด์ธก ์ฌ์ ์ต์ด๋ก 7์์ ํํ์ด 1๊ฐ๋ ๋ฐ์ํ์ง ์์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง 8์๊ณผ 10์์ ๋ฌด๋ ค 7๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค.
10์์ ํํ์ด 7๊ฐ๋ ๋ฐ์ํ ๊ฒ์ ์ต๋ค ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด๋ฉฐ, 1984๋
, 1992๋
๊ณผ ํ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด๋ค.
์ 8ํธ ํํ ๋ฐ๋น๊ฐ ๋ถ์ 23.4๋๋ผ๋ ๋ถํ๊ท์ ์ ํด๋นํ๋ ๊ณ ์๋์์ ๋ฐ์ํ์ง๋ง ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 950hPa, 10๋ถ ํ๊ท ์ต๋ํ์ 44m/s์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ก์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ฌํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํํ ๋ฐ๋น๋ ํํ ๋ง๋ง (2019๋
)์ ๋ฐ์ด๋๋ ๋ถํ์ ์ญ๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ฐํ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฅํ์๋ค.
์ 8ํธ ํํ ๋ฐ๋น, ์ 12ํธ ํํ ๋ํ, ์ 13ํธ ํํ ๊ตฌ์ง๋ผ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ถ์ 20๋ ์ด์์ ๊ณ ์๋์์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ฌํ์๋ค๋ ๊ณตํต์ ์ด ์๋ค.
์ 14ํธ ํํ ์ฐฌํ์ 10์ ์ด(10์ 9์ผ)์ ํ๋ฐ๋ ๋ํด์์ ๊ฐ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ค์ 2014๋
์ 19ํธ ํํ ๋ดํ๊ณผ 2019๋
์ 19ํธ ํํ ํ๊ธฐ๋น์ค ๋ค์์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฆ๊ฒ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
2012๋
์ ํํ ๋ณผ๋ผ๋ฒค, ๋ด๋น, ์ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ด์ด ํํ ๋ฐ๋น, ๋ง์ด์ญ, ํ์ด์ ์ด 3์ฐ์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฐ๋์ ์๋ฅํ๋ ๋๋ฌธ ์ฌ๋ก๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
ํํ ๋ฆฐํ, ๋ญ์นด, ์ฌ์ฐ๋ธ, ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋ฒ , ๊ณ ๋ ๊ฐ 5์ฐ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ๋ ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ต์ด์ ์ฌ๋ก๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
์ 19ํธ ํํ ๊ณ ๋๊ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํฉ๋ํํ๊ฒฝ๋ณด์ผํฐ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก 1๋ถ ํ๊ท ํ์ 170kts(์ฝ 87ใง)์ ์ธ๋ ฅ๊น์ง ๋ฐ๋ฌํ๋ค. ์๋ณด ํด์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 1๋ถ ํ๊ท ํ์ 170kts ์ด์์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง ํํ์ด ํํ ๋ฏ๋ํฐ (2016๋
) ์ดํ๋ก 4๋
๋ง์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค.
2020๋
์ ํํ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์๋ ํ๋
๋ณด๋ค ์ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์ ๋ ๋ผ๋๋์ ์ธ๋์ ๋ค์ดํด ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 2020๋
์ ํํ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์๋ 2020๋
๋ถ๋์์ ํ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ธ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์๋ณด๋ค ์ ์๋ค.
ํ๋ํ ํํ
์ 1ํธ ํํ ๋ดํ(์ ๋ช
)
2020๋
์ 1ํธ ํํ ๋ดํ(VONGFONG)์ 5์ 12์ผ 21์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1002hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 18m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 280km(๋ถ๋์ชฝ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ)์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฆฌํ ์ธ๋ถ ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 570km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ๋ถ~์๋ถ์์งํ๋ฉฐ ๊ธ๋ฐ๋ฌํด์, 5์ 14์ผ 15์์ ํ๋ฆฌํ ์ธ๋ถ ๋ถ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 260km ๋ถ๊ทผ ์ก์(์ฌ๋ง๋ฅด์ฌ)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 960hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 44m/s์ ์ธ๋ ฅ '๋งค์ฐ ๊ฐ'์ ํํ์ผ๋ก ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ดํ์๊ณ , 5์ 14์ผ 15์์ ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ๊ทธ๋๋ก ๊ฐ์ง ์ํ๋ก ํ๋ฆฌํ ์ฌ๋ง๋ฅด์ฌ์ ์๋ฅํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ํ๋ฆฌํ์ ๊ดํตํ๋ฉฐ ์ก์ ๋ง์ฐฐ๋ก ์ฝํ๋์๊ณ , ๋จ์ค๊ตญํด์ ๋ฃจ์ ํดํ์ ์ง์ถํ ์ดํ๋ก๋ ๋ถ~๋ถ๋ถ์์งํ๋ฉฐ ๋์ ์ฐ์ง์์ด๋ก ์ธํด ๊ธ์ฝํ๋์ด์, ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 5์ 17์ผ 3์์ ํ๋ฆฌํ ๋ง๋๋ผ ๋ถ์ชฝ ์ฝ 601km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(๋ฃจ์ ํดํ)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1004hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค. ํ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 5์ 17์ผ 3์์ ํ๋ฆฌํ ๋ง๋๋ผ ๋ถ์ชฝ ์ฝ 570km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(๋ฃจ์ ํดํ)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1002hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค. ๋ดํ์ ๋ง์นด์ค์์ ์ ์ถํ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ฒ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ์ด ํํ์ด ํ๋ฆฌํ์ ๋ง๋ํ ํผํด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์ณ ์ ๋ช
๋์๋ค.
์ 2ํธ ํํ ๋๋ฆฌ
2020๋
์ 2ํธ ํํ ๋๋ฆฌ(NURI)๋ 6์ 12์ผ 21์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 998hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 18m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 220km์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฆฌํ ๋ง๋๋ผ ์๋ถ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 460km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ์~์๋ถ์์งํ๋ฉฐ 31ยฐC์ ๋ฌํ๋ ๋งค์ฐ ๋์ ์์จ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ฌํด์, 6์ 13์ผ 9์์ ์ค๊ตญ ํ์ฝฉ ๋จ๋จ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 460km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(๋จ์ค๊ตญํด)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 996hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 21m/s์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ดํ์๋ค. ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ ์ดํ ๋จ์ค๊ตญํด์์ ๊ณ์ ๋ถ์~์๋ถ์์งํ๋ฉด์ ์ค๊ตญ ๋๋ฅ์ ์ ๊ทผํ๋ฉฐ ๋์ ์ฐ์ง์์ด๋ก ์ธํด ์ฝํ๋์๊ณ , 6์ 14์ผ 9์์ ์คํ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ๊ด๋ฅ์ฑ ์์ฅ์์ ์๋ฅํ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 6์ 14์ผ 9์์ ์คํ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ํ์ฝฉ ๋จ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 226km ๋ถ๊ทผ ์ก์(์คํ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ๊ด๋ฅ์ฑ ์์ฅ์)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1002hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค. ํ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 6์ 14์ผ 9์์ ์คํ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ํ์ฝฉ ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 210km ๋ถ๊ทผ ์ก์(์คํ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ๊ด๋ฅ์ฑ ์์ฅ์)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1002hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค. ๋๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ง๋ ์ด์์์์ ์ ์ถํ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ์ฒญ์ ๋ฒผ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์๊ผฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
์ 3ํธ ํํ ์ค๋ผ์ฝ
2020๋
์ 3ํธ ํํ ์ค๋ผ์ฝ(SINLAKU)๋ 8์ 1์ผ 15์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 994 hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 18m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 1,100km(๋จ๋์ชฝ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ)์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ํ๋
ธ์ด ๋๋จ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 540km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ํตํน๋ง์์ ์๋ถ์~์์งํ๋ฉฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ฌํด์, 8์ 2์ผ 15์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ํ๋
ธ์ด ๋จ์ชฝ ์ฝ 160km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(ํตํน๋ง)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 985hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 21m/s์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ดํ ๋ค์ ๋ฐ๋ก ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ์๋ฅํ์๊ณ , ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ์๋ฅํ ๋ค์ ๊ธ์ฝํ๋์ด์ 8์ 2์ผ 21์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ํ๋
ธ์ด ๋จ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 190km ๋ถ๊ทผ ์ก์์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 994hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค. ์ค๋ผ์ฝ๋ ๋ฏธํฌ๋ก๋ค์์์์ ์ ์ถํ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ค ์์ ์ฌ์ ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
์ 4ํธ ํํ ํ๊ตฌํ
2020๋
์ 4ํธ ํํ ํ๊ตฌํ(HAGUPIT)์ 8์ 1์ผ 21์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1002hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 18m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 220km(๋ถ๋์ชฝ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ)์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ์ผ๋ณธ ์คํค๋์ ๋จ์ชฝ ์ฝ 590km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ๋ถ๋ถ์~๋ถ์์งํ๋ฉฐ ์๋นํ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ฌํด์, 8์ 4์ผ 3์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 975hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 36m/s์ ์ธ๋ ฅ '๊ฐ'์ ํํ์ธ ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ค๊ตญ ์ ์ฅ์ฑ ์์ ์ฐ์์ ์๋ฅํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ์ค๊ตญ ์๋ฅ ์ดํ ์ก์๋ง์ฐฐ๋ก ์ธํด ๊ธ์ฝํ๋ ๋ค ๋ถ~๋ถ๋์งํ๋ฉฐ ์ํด์์ ์ง์ถํ์๊ณ , 8์ 6์ผ 3์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1000hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 18m/s์ ๋น๊ต์ ์ฝํ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ถํ ์น์ง๋ฐ๋์ ์๋ฅํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ๋ถํ ์๋ฅ ๋ค ํ๋ฐ๋์์ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ถ๋์งํ๋ฉฐ ์จ๋์ ๊ธฐ์ํ๊ฐ ์งํ๋์ด์, 8์ 6์ผ 9์์ ๋ถํ ๊ฐ์๋ ํต์ฒ๊ตฐ ๋ถ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 12km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(๋ํด)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1000hPa์ ์จ๋์ ๊ธฐ์์ผ๋ก ๋ณ์ง๋์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ์ค๊ตญ์ ์๋ฅํ๋ฉด์ ์ฅ๋ง์ ์ ์ ํํ ํ๊ตฌํ์ ์์ฆ๊ธฐ ์ ์
์ด ๋ง์ด ๋์๊ณ , 8์ 6์ผ 9์์ ์จ๋์ ๊ธฐ์์ด ๋๋ฉด์ ์ฅ๋ง์ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ถ๊ฐ ๋์ด ๋ค์ ํ๋ฐ๋์ ๊ฐํ๊ณผ ํธ์ฐ๋ก ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ์๋ค. 2020๋
8์ 3์ผ ์ค์ 7์ 22๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์คํค๋์ํ ์ด์๊ฐํค์ฌ์์ ์๊ฐ์ต๋ํ์ 36.4m/s๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. 2020๋
์ 4ํธ ํํ ํ๊ตฌํ์ 2020๋
11์ 27์ผ์ ๋ฐํ๋ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ์ ์ฌํํด์์์ ๋ถํ ์น์ง๋ฐ๋ ์๋ฅ์ด ์ทจ์๋์ด์ ํ๋ฐ๋์ ์ํฅ์ด ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์์ ๋์๋ค. ํ๊ตฌํ์ ํ๋ฆฌํ์์ ์ ์ถํ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์ฐ์ง์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
์ 5ํธ ํํ ์ฅ๋ฏธ
2020๋
์ 5ํธ ํํ ์ฅ๋ฏธ(JANGMI)๋ 8์ 9์ผ 3์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1000hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 18m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 460km(๋จ๋์ชฝ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ)์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ์ผ๋ณธ ์คํค๋์ ๋จ๋จ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 600km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ๋ถ์งํ๋ฉฐ ์ฝ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ฌํด์, 8์ 9์ผ 21์์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์คํค๋์ ์๋ถ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 180km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(๋์ค๊ตญํด)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 996hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 23m/s์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ดํ์๋ค. ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ์ ์งํ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ~๋ถ๋ถ๋์งํ ๋ค ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 2020๋
8์ 10์ผ 16์๊ฒฝ ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ์์ ์กฐ๊ธ ์ฝํ๋ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 998hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 21m/s์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฝ์๋จ๋ ์ฐฝ์์ ์งํด๊ตฌ์ ์๋ฅํ์๋ค. ํ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 2020๋
8์ 10์ผ 14์ 50๋ถ๊ฒฝ ๊ฒฝ์๋จ๋ ๊ฑฐ์ ์์ ์๋ฅํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํด์ํ์๋ค. ํ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 2020๋
8์ 10์ผ 17์๊ฒฝ ์ธ์ฐ๊ด์ญ์ ์๋ถ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 10km ๋ถ๊ทผ ์ก์์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 998hPa์ ์จ๋์ ๊ธฐ์์ผ๋ก ๋ณ์ง๋์ด ์๋ฉธ๋์๋ค๊ณ ํด์ํ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ ํํ ์ฅ๋ฏธ๊ฐ ํ๋ฐ๋๋ฅผ ํต๊ณผํ ๋ค ๋ํด์์์ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์๋๋ก ๋ถ~๋ถ๋ถ๋์งํ๋ฉฐ ์จ๋์ ๊ธฐ์ํ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ํ๋์ด์, 8์ 11์ผ 9์์ ๋ฌ์์ ๋ธ๋ผ๋๋ณด์คํ ํฌ ๋จ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 332km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(๋ํด)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 996hPa์ ์จ๋์ ๊ธฐ์์ผ๋ก ๋ณ์ง๋์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ์ฅ๋ฏธ๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์์ ์ ์ถํ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ์ฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
์ 6ํธ ํํ ๋ฉ์นผ๋ผ
2020๋
์ 6ํธ ํํ ๋ฉ์นผ๋ผ(MEKKHALA)๋ 8์ 10์ผ 12์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 998hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 18m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 185km์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ์ค๊ตญ ์ฐํฐ์ฐ ๋จ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 473km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(๋จ์ค๊ตญํด)์์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ๋จ์ค๊ตญํด์์ ๋ถ์งํ๋ฉฐ ์ฝํ๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ฌํด์, 8์ 11์ผ 3์์ ์ค๊ตญ ์ฐํฐ์ฐ ๋๋จ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 170km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(๋จ์ค๊ตญํด)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 992 hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 25m/s์ ๊ฐํ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ดํ ๋ค์ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ค๊ตญ์ ์๋ฅํ์๊ณ , ์ค๊ตญ์ ์๋ฅํ ๋ค์ ๊ธ์ฝํ๋์ด์ ํ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 8์ 11์ผ 15์์ ์ค๊ตญ ํธ์ ์ฐ ์๋จ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 220km ๋ถ๊ทผ ์ก์์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1002hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ๋ค๊ณ ํด์ํ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 8์ 11์ผ 21์์ ์ค๊ตญ ํธ์ ์ฐ ๋ถ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 312km ๋ถ๊ทผ ์ก์(์ค๊ตญ ์ฅ์์ฑ ์ํ์)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1004hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค. ๋ฉ์นผ๋ผ๋ ํ๊ตญ์์ ์ ์ถํ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ์ฒ๋ฅ์ ์ฒ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
์ 7ํธ ํํ ํ๊ณ ์ค
2020๋
์ 7ํธ ํํ ํ๊ณ ์ค(HIGOS)๋ 8์ 18์ผ 9์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1000hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 18m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 220km(๋ถ๋์ชฝ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ)์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ์ค๊ตญ ์์ฅ ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 710km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(๋จ์ค๊ตญํด)์์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ์ฝํ๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ฌํ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ์์งํด์ ์ค๊ตญ ๊ด๋ฅ์ฑ ์๋ฅ ์ง์ ์ธ 8์ 19์ผ 6์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 992hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 28m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 185km(๋์ชฝ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ)์ ๊ฐํ ์ด๋ํญํ(STS)์ผ๋ก ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ดํ์๊ณ , ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก 8์ 19์ผ 9์์ ์ค๊ตญ ํ์ฝฉ ๋จ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 121km ๋ถ๊ทผ ์ก์(์ค๊ตญ ๊ด๋ฅ์ฑ ์ฅ๋จผ์)์ ์๋ฅํ์๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ ์๋ฅ ์ดํ ์๋ถ์์งํ๋ฉฐ ์ก์ ๋ง์ฐฐ๋ก ์ธํด ๊ธ์ฝํ๋์ด์, 8์ 20์ผ 3์์ ์ค๊ตญ ์์ฅ ๋ถ๋ถ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 270km ๋ถ๊ทผ ์ก์(์ค๊ตญ ๊ด์ ์ขก์กฑ ์์น๊ตฌ ๋ผ์ด๋น์)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1004hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค. ํ๊ณ ์ค๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ ์ถํ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ๋ฌดํ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
์ 8ํธ ํํ ๋ฐ๋น
2020๋
์ 8ํธ ํํ ๋ฐ๋น(BAVI)๋ 8์ 22์ผ 9์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1002hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 18m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 220km(๋จ๋์ชฝ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ)์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ง ํ์ด๋ฒ ์ด ๋จ๋จ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 200km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ๋ถํํ์ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์์ ํ์ฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์งํฅ๋ฅ๋ก ์ธํด ์ผ๋ณธ ์คํค๋์ ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ๋~๋๋ถ๋์งํ๋ฉด์ ์์ํ ๋ฐ๋ฌํ์๊ณ , ์งํฅ๋ฅ์ ์ํฅ์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋๋ฉฐ ๋์ค๊ตญํด์ ์ง์ถํ ๋ค 8์ 25์ผ๋ถํฐ ๋ถ๋ถ์~๋ถ์งํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฆ์ ํญ์ผ์ผ๋ก ๋์์ง ์์จ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๋งค์ฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ฌํด์, 8์ 26์ผ 9์์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์๊ทํฌ ์๋จ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 210 km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(๋์ค๊ตญํด)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 950 hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 44 m/s์ ์ธ๋ ฅ '๋งค์ฐ ๊ฐ'์ ํํ์ผ๋ก ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ดํ์๋ค. ๋์ค๊ตญํด์ ํฉํด์์ ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ์ ์งํ๋ค๊ฐ ๋ถ์ 35๋๋ฅผ ์ง๋๋ฉด์ ์์ํ ์ฝํ๋์ด๊ฐ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ ์๋๊ฐ ๋นจ๋ผ์ก๊ณ , ๋๊ฒฝ 124๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ๋ฉด์ ๊ณ์ ๋ถ์งํ๋ค๊ฐ ์์ํ ๋ถ๋ถ๋์ง์ ํ์๋ค. ํ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 8์ 27์ผ 5์ 30๋ถ์ ์กฐ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ํฉํด๋จ๋ ์น์ง๊ตฐ์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 965 hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 37 m/s์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฅํ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 8์ 27์ผ 6์์์ 7์ ์ฌ์ด์ ์กฐ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ํฉํด๋จ๋ ์น์ง๊ตฐ์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 965 hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 33 m/s(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค)์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฅํ์๋ค. ๋ถํ ํฉํด๋จ๋ ์น์ง๊ตฐ ์๋ฅ ๋ค ๋น ๋ฅธ ์๋๋ก ๋ถ์งํ๋ฉฐ ์จ๋์ ๊ธฐ์ํ๊ฐ ์งํ๋์ด์, 8์ 27์ผ 15์์ ์คํ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ์ ์์ ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 180km ๋ถ๊ทผ ์ก์์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 992 hPa์ ์จ๋์ ๊ธฐ์์ผ๋ก ๋ณ์ง๋์๋ค.(ํ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 990 hPa์ ์จ๋์ ๊ธฐ์์ผ๋ก ๋ณ์ง๋์๋ค.) ํํ ๋ฐ๋น๋ก ์ธํด 8์ 26์ผ 20์ 29๋ถ์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ ๋ผ๋จ๋ ์ ์๊ตฐ ํ์ฐ๋์์ ์๊ฐ์ต๋ํ์ 47.4 m/s๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํํ ๋ฐ๋น๋ ํํ ๋ง๋ง (2019๋
)์ ๋ฐ์ด๋๋ ๋ถํ์ ์ญ๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ฐํ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฅํ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋น๋ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์์ ์ ์ถํ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋น์ฐ๋งฅ์์ ๋ฐ์จ ์ด๋ฆ์ด๋ค.
์ 9ํธ ํํ ๋ง์ด์ญ
2020๋
์ 9ํธ ํํ ๋ง์ด์ญ(MAYSAK)์ 8์ 28์ผ 15์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 996 hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 18 m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 280 km(๋จ์์ชฝ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ)์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฆฌํ ๋ง๋๋ผ ๋๋ถ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 1,040 km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ์กฐ๊ธ ๋๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ฌํ๋ค๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ถ์์งํ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ณธ ์คํค๋์ ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์ ์ ๊ทผํ๋ฉฐ ๊ธ๋ฐ๋ฌํด์, 9์ 1์ผ 9์์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์คํค๋์ ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 200 km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(๋์ค๊ตญํด)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 935hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 49 m/s์ ์ธ๋ ฅ '๋งค์ฐ ๊ฐ'์ ํํ์ผ๋ก ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ดํ์๋ค. ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ ์ดํ ๋์ค๊ตญํด์์ 9์ 1์ผ 14~15์๋ถํฐ ๋ถ๋ถ๋์ง์ผ๋ก ์ ํฅ์ ์์ํ๋ฉฐ ๋ค์ ์ฝํ๋์์ผ๋ ์ ์ฃผ๋ ๋์ชฝ ํด์์ ์ง์ถํ๋ฉด์ ๋ถ~๋ถ๋ถ๋์งํ๋ฉฐ 2020๋
์ 8ํธ ํํ ๋ฐ๋น(BAVI)๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ง ์์ ํด์ญ์ ์ด์ฉ๋์ ํก์ํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ๊ฒ๋๋ง ์ฌ๋ฐ๋ฌํ ๋ค, ํ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก 9์ 3์ผ 2์ 20๋ถ ๋ถ์ฐ๊ด์ญ์ ๋จ์์ชฝ ํด์์ ์๋ฅํ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 9์ 3์ผ 2์์์ 3์ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 950hPa, 10๋ถ ํ๊ท ํ์ 44m/s์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฝ์๋จ๋ ๊นํด์์ ์๋ฅํ๋ค. ํ๋ฐ๋ ์๋ฅ ์ดํ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์๋๋ก ๋ถ๋ถ๋์งํ๋ฉฐ ์จ๋์ ๊ธฐ์ํ๊ฐ ์งํ๋์ด์, ํ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 9์ 3์ผ 12์์ ์กฐ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ํจ๊ฒฝ๋จ๋ ํจํฅ์ ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 130km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(๋ํด)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 970 hPa์ ์จ๋์ ๊ธฐ์์ผ๋ก ๋ณ์ง๋์๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 9์ 3์ผ 15์์ ์กฐ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ํจ๊ฒฝ๋จ๋ ํจํฅ์ ๋ถ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 252km ๋ถ๊ทผ ์ก์(์กฐ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ํจ๊ฒฝ๋ถ๋ ์ฐ์ฌ๊ตฐ)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 974 hPa์ ์จ๋์ ๊ธฐ์์ผ๋ก ๋ณ์ง๋์๋ค. ํํ ๋ง์ด์ญ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด 9์ 1์ผ 3์ 30๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์คํค๋์ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ฌ์์ ์๊ฐ์ต๋ํ์ 54.5 m/s๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. ํํ ๋ง์ด์ญ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด 9์ 2์ผ 18์ 18๋ถ์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ ์ฃผ๋ ์ ์ฃผ์ ํ๊ฒฝ๋ฉด ๊ณ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์์ ์๊ฐ์ต๋ํ์ 49.2 m/s๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. ํํ ๋ง์ด์ญ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์๋จ๋ ๊ฑฐ์ ์์์ 9์ 3์ผ 1์ 43๋ถ์ ํด๋ฉด๊ธฐ์์ด 957.0hPa๊น์ง ๋จ์ด์ก๋ค. ํํ ๋ง์ด์ญ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์๋ถ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์์์ 9์ 3์ผ 3์ 38๋ถ์ ํด๋ฉด๊ธฐ์์ด 959.1hPa๊น์ง ๋จ์ด์ก๋ค. ๋ง์ด์ญ์ ์บ๋ณด๋์์์ ์ ์ถํ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฌด์ ํ ์ข
๋ฅ๋ฅผ ๋ปํ๋ค.
์ 10ํธ ํํ ํ์ด์
2020๋
์ 10ํธ ํํ ํ์ด์ (HAISHEN)์ 9์ 1์ผ 21์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1000hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 21m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 220km์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ด ๋ถ์ชฝ ์ฝ 780 km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค. ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ์๋จ์~์๋ถ์์งํ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ค์ดํ ์ ๋ ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์ ์ ๊ทผํ๋ฉฐ ๊ธ๋ฐ๋ฌํด์, 9์ 4์ผ 21์์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์คํค๋์ ๋จ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 710 km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 910hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 54m/s์ ์ธ๋ ฅ '๋งน๋ ฌํ'์ ํํ์ผ๋ก ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ดํ์๋ค. ๋ถ์~๋ถ๋ถ์์งํ๋ฉด์ ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ 9์ 6์ผ 3์๊น์ง ์ ์งํ๋ฉฐ ์๋ง๋ฏธ ์ ๋๊น์ง ์ ๊ทผํ์๊ณ , ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ ์ดํ๋ก๋ ๋์ ์ฐ์ง์์ด๋ก ์ธํด ์์ํ ์ฝํ๋๋ฉฐ ๋ถ๋ถ์~๋ถ์งํ๋ฉฐ ๊ท์์ ์ฐ์๋ง์ฌ ์์ชฝ ํด์์ ์ง๋ ๋ค ํ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก 9์ 7์ผ 9์ ์ธ์ฐ๊ด์ญ์ ๋จ์ชฝ ํด์์ ์๋ฅํ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 9์ 7์ผ 9์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 955hPa, 10๋ถ ํ๊ท ํ์ 36m/s์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ธ์ฐ๊ด์ญ์ ์ธ์ฃผ๊ตฐ์ ์๋ฅํ๋ค. ํ๋ฐ๋ ์๋ฅ ์ดํ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์๋๋ก ๋ถ์งํ๋ฉฐ ์จ๋์ ๊ธฐ์ํ๊ฐ ์งํ๋์ด์, ํ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 9์ 7์ผ 21์์ ์กฐ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ํจ๊ฒฝ๋จ๋ ํจํฅ์ ๋๋ถ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 100km ๋ถ๊ทผ ์ก์์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 980hPa์ ์จ๋์ ๊ธฐ์์ผ๋ก ๋ณ์ง๋์๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 9์ 8์ผ 3์์ ์กฐ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ํจ๊ฒฝ๋จ๋ ํจํฅ์ ๋ถ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 252km ๋ถ๊ทผ ์ก์(์กฐ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ํจ๊ฒฝ๋ถ๋ ์ฐ์ฌ๊ตฐ)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 988hPa์ ์จ๋์ ๊ธฐ์์ผ๋ก ๋ณ์ง๋์๋ค. ํํ ํ์ด์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด 9์ 5์ผ 21์ 38๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์คํค๋์ ๋ฏธ๋๋ฏธ๋ค์ดํ ์ฌ์์ ์๊ฐ์ต๋ํ์ 51.6m/s๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. ํํ ํ์ด์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด 9์ 7์ผ 1์ 45๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋๊ฐ์ฌํคํ ๋๊ฐ์ฌํค์ ๋
ธ๋ชจ์ํค์์ ์๊ฐ์ต๋ํ์ 59.4m/s๊ฐ ๊ด์ธก๋์๋ค. ํํ ํ์ด์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋ถ์ฐ๊ด์ญ์์์ 9์ 7์ผ 8์ 16๋ถ์ ํด๋ฉด๊ธฐ์์ด 957.6hPa๊น์ง ๋จ์ด์ก๋ค. ํ์ด์ ์ ์ค๊ตญ์์ ์ ์ถํ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ค์ ์ ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
์ 11ํธ ํํ ๋
ธ์
2020๋
์ 11ํธ ํํ ๋
ธ์(NOUL)์ 9์ 16์ผ 3์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1000hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 18m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 110km์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฆฌํ ๋ง๋๋ผ ์๋จ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 320km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(๋จ์ค๊ตญํด)์์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ๋จ์ค๊ตญํด์์ ์~์๋ถ์์งํ๋ฉฐ ์๋นํ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ฌํด์, 9์ 17์ผ 15์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋ค๋ญ ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 510km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(๋จ์ค๊ตญํด)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 992hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 23m/s์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ดํ ๋ค 9์ 18์ผ 9์์์ 10์ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ์ ์งํ ์ํ๋ก ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ํธ์ดํฐ์ํ์์ฑ ํ์ ๋ถ๊ทผ ์ก์์ ์๋ฅํ์๊ณ , ์ก์๋ง์ฐฐ๋ก ์ธํด ๊ธ์ฝํ๋์ด์ ํ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 9์ 18์ผ 21์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋ค๋ญ ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 520km ๋ถ๊ทผ ์ก์์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 996hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 9์ 19์ผ 3์์ ํ๊ตญ ๋ฐฉ์ฝ ๋ถ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 366km ๋ถ๊ทผ ์ก์์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 998hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค. ๋
ธ์์ ๋ถํ์์ ์ ์ถํ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ๋
ธ์์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
์ 12ํธ ํํ ๋ํ
2020๋
์ 12ํธ ํํ ๋ํ(DOLPHIN)์ 9์ 21์ผ 12์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 998hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 21m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 240km(๋จ๋์ชฝ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ)์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ์ผ๋ณธ ์คํค๋์ ๋จ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 680km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ๋ถ๋ถ๋~๋ถ์งํ๋ฉด์ ์๋นํ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ฌํด์ 9์ 22์ผ 15์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 975hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 31m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 440km(๋ถ๋์ชฝ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ)์ ๊ฐํ ์ด๋ํญํ(STS)์ผ๋ก ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋ง ๋จ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 600km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ดํ์๋ค. ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ ๋น์์ ๋ถ๋์ง์ผ๋ก ์ ํฅ์ ๋ค์ ์์ํด์ ๋ถ๋์ง ๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ ์ฒดํ๋ฉฐ ์จ๋์ ๊ธฐ์ํ๊ฐ ์งํ๋์๊ณ , ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 9์ 24์ผ 15์์ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋์ฟ ๋จ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 361km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 992hPa์ ์จ๋์ ๊ธฐ์์ผ๋ก ๋ณ์ง๋์๋ค. ํ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 9์ 24์ผ 18์์ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋์ฟ ๋จ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 450km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 996hPa์ ์จ๋์ ๊ธฐ์์ผ๋ก ๋ณ์ง๋์๋ค. ๋ํ์ ํ์ฝฉ์์ ์ ์ถํ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฝฉ ๊ทผํด์ ์์ํ๋ ํฐ๋๊ณ ๋๋ฅผ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
์ 13ํธ ํํ ๊ตฌ์ง๋ผ
2020๋
์ 13ํธ ํํ ๊ตฌ์ง๋ผ(KUJIRA)๋ 9์ 27์ผ 9์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1002hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 18m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 460km(๋จ๋์ชฝ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ)์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ด ๋๋ถ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 1,730 km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค. ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ๋ถ๋ถ์~๋ถ์งํ์๊ณ , 9์ 28์ผ 21์์ ๋ถ์ 28.8๋์์ ๋ถ๋์ง์ผ๋ก ์ ํฅํ ๋ค์ ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ์จ๋์ ๊ธฐ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ์์ธต ๋ฐ์ฐ ์ด์ง์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๊ณ ์๋์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๊ธ๋ฐ๋ฌํด์ 9์ 29์ผ 9์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 980hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 31m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 520km(๋์ชฝ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ)์ ๊ฐํ ์ด๋ํญํ(STS)์ผ๋ก ์ผ๋ณธ ๋์ฟ ๋๋จ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 1,370km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ดํ์๋ค. ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ ์ดํ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ถ๋ถ๋~๋ถ๋์งํ๋ฉฐ ์จ๋์ ๊ธฐ์ํ๊ฐ ์งํ๋์๊ณ , 9์ 30์ผ 15์์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ฟํฌ๋ก ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 1,810km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 996hPa์ ์จ๋์ ๊ธฐ์์ผ๋ก ๋ณ์ง๋์๋ค. ๊ตฌ์ง๋ผ๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์์ ์ ์ถํ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ๋ณ์๋ฆฌ ์ค ๊ณ ๋์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
์ 14ํธ ํํ ์ฐฌํ
2020๋
์ 14ํธ ํํ ์ฐฌํ(CHAN-HOM)์ 10์ 5์ผ 9์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 998hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 18m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 280km(๋จ์ชฝ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ)์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ์ผ๋ณธ ์คํค๋์ ๋๋จ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 1,230km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ ์ฒด~์๋ถ์์งํ๋ฉฐ ๋งค์ฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ฌํด์, 10์ 8์ผ 21์์ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋ง ๋จ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 360 km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 965 hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 36 m/s์ ์ธ๋ ฅ '๊ฐ'์ ํํ์ผ๋ก ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ดํ์๋ค. ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ดํ๊ธฐ ์ง์ ์ธ 10์ 8์ผ 16์์ ๋ถ์ 28.8๋์์ ๋ถ๋์ง์ผ๋ก ์ ํฅํ ๋ค์ ๋ถ๋ถ๋~๋๋จ๋์งํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฎ์ ์์จ๊ณผ ๋ถ์์ชฝ์ ๊ฑด์กฐํ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ก ์ธํด ์ฝํ๋์ด์, ํ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 10์ 11์ผ 21์์ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋์ฟ ๋จ๋จ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 500 km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 998hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 10์ 12์ผ 9์์ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋์ฟ ๋จ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 665km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1004hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค. ์ฐฌํ์ ๋ผ์ค์ค์์ ์ ์ถํ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฌด์ ํ ์ข
๋ฅ์ด๋ค.
์ 15ํธ ํํ ๋ฆฐํ(์ ๋ช
)
2020๋
์ 15ํธ ํํ ๋ฆฐํ(LINFA)๋ 10์ 11์ผ 3์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1000hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 18m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 390km(๋ถ์์ชฝ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ)์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋ค๋ญ ๋๋จ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 350km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ๋จ์ค๊ตญํด์์ ์์งํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ฌํด์, 10์ 11์ผ 9์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋ค๋ญ ๋จ์ชฝ ์ฝ 220km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(๋จ์ค๊ตญํด)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 996 hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 21m/s์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ดํ ๋ค์ ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ์ ์งํ ์ํ๋ก 10์ 11์ผ 12์์์ 13์ ์ฌ์ด์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๊ฝ์์์ด ์ฑ ๊ฝ์์์ด์ ์๋ฅํ์๊ณ , ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ์๋ฅํ ๋ค์ ๊ธ์ฝํ๋์ด์ ํ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 10์ 11์ผ 21์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋ค๋ญ ๋จ๋จ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 140km ๋ถ๊ทผ ์ก์์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1002hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 10์ 12์ผ 3์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋ค๋ญ ๋จ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 174km ๋ถ๊ทผ ์ก์์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1002hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค. 2018๋
์ ํํ ์๋ค๊ณผ ๋ฑ๊ธ๊ณผ ์ฌ๋ง์ ์๊ฐ ๋น์ทํ๋ค. ๋ฆฐํ๋ ๋ง์นด์ค์์ ์ ์ถํ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ฝ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ์ด ํํ์ด 100๋ช
๋๋ ์ธ๋ช
ํผํด๋ฅผ ๋ด ์ ๋ช
๋์๋๋ฐ, 2018๋
์ ์ 22ํธ ํํ ๋ง์ฟณ ์ดํ 2๋
๋ง์ด๋ค.
์ 16ํธ ํํ ๋ญ์นด
2020๋
์ 16ํธ ํํ ๋ญ์นด(NANGKA)๋ 10์ 12์ผ 15์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 998hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 18m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 390km(๋ถ์ชฝ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ)์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ์ค๊ตญ ํ์ฝฉ ๋จ๋จ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 540km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ๋จ์ค๊ตญํด์์ ์~์๋ถ์์งํ๋ฉฐ ์ฝํ๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ฌํ ๋ค 10์ 13์ผ 21์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 992hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 23m/s์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ค๊ตญ ํ์ด๋์ฌ์ ์๋ฅํ์๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ ํ์ด๋์ฌ์ ๊ดํตํ ์ดํ ์๋ถ์์งํ๋ฉฐ ํตํน๋ง์ ์ง์ถํ์๊ณ , 10์ 14์ผ 3์์ ์ค๊ตญ ์์ฅ ๋จ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 237km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(ํตํน๋ง)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 990hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 23m/s์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ดํ ๋ค์ ์ฝํ๋๋ฉด์ 10์ 14์ผ 15์์์ 16์ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1000hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 18m/s์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ์๋ฅํ์๋ค. ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ์๋ฅํ ๋ค์ ์ก์๋ง์ฐฐ๋ก ์ธํด ๊ธ์ฝํ๋์ด์ 10์ 14์ผ 21์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ํ๋
ธ์ด ๋จ์ชฝ ์ฝ 120km ๋ถ๊ทผ ์ก์์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1002hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค.(ํ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1000hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค.) ๋ญ์นด๋ ๋ง๋ ์ด์์์์ ์ ์ถํ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋๊ณผ์ผ์ ํ ์ข
๋ฅ์ด๋ค.
์ 17ํธ ํํ ์ฌ์ฐ๋ธ
2020๋
์ 17ํธ ํํ ์ฌ์ฐ๋ธ(SAUDEL)์ 10์ 20์ผ 9์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1000hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 18m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 390km(๋ถ์์ชฝ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ)์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฆฌํ ๋ง๋๋ผ ๋๋ถ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 420km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ์์งํ๋ฉฐ ํ๋ฆฌํ ๋ฃจ์์ฌ์ ๊ดํตํ ๋ค ๋จ์ค๊ตญํด์ ์ง์ถํ ์ดํ ์~์๋ถ์์งํ๋ฉฐ ์ฝ๊ฐ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ฌํด์ 10์ 23์ผ 3์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋ค๋ญ ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 800km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 965hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 39m/s์ ์ธ๋ ฅ '๊ฐ'์ ํํ์ผ๋ก ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ดํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ ์ดํ ์~์๋ถ์์งํ๋ฉฐ ์ค๊ตญ ํ์ด๋์ฌ์ ๊ทผ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ํต๊ณผํ์๊ณ ํตํน๋ง์ ์ง์ถํ๋ฉด์ ๋๋ฅ์ฑ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์์ ์ํฅ๊ณผ ์์ธต ๋ฐ์ฐ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์
ํ๋ก ์ธํด ์ฝํ๋์ด์, 10์ 26์ผ 3์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋ค๋ญ ๋ถ๋ถ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 240km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(ํตํน๋ง)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1006hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค.(ํ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1002hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค.) ์ฌ์ฐ๋ธ์ ๋ฏธํฌ๋ก๋ค์์์์ ์ ์ถํ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ค ์ ์ถ์ฅ์ ํธ์๋ณ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
์ 18ํธ ํํ ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋ฒ (์ ๋ช
)
2020๋
์ 18ํธ ํํ ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋ฒ (MOLAVE)๋ 10์ 25์ผ 3์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1000hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 18m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 220km(๋ถ๋์ชฝ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ)์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฆฌํ ๋ง๋๋ผ ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 760km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ์์งํ๋ฉฐ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 980hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 33m/s(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค)์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฆฌํ์ ๊ดํตํ ๋ค ๋จ์ค๊ตญํด์ ์ง์ถํ ์ดํ ์์งํ๋ฉฐ ๊ธ๋ฐ๋ฌํด์ 10์ 27์ผ 15์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋ค๋ญ ๋๋จ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 610km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(๋จ์ค๊ตญํด)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 950hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 44m/s์ ์ธ๋ ฅ '๋งค์ฐ ๊ฐ'์ ํํ์ผ๋ก ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ดํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ ์ดํ ์๋ถ์์งํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ์ ๊ทผํ์๊ณ , 10์ 28์ผ 12์์์ 13์ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 965hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 39m/s(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค)์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๊ฝ์์์ด ์ฑ์ ์๋ฅํ์๋ค. ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ์๋ฅ ์ดํ ์ก์๋ง์ฐฐ๋ก ์ธํด ๊ธ์ฝํ๋์ด์ 10์ 29์ผ 9์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋ค๋ญ ๋จ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 362km ๋ถ๊ทผ ์ก์์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1004hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค.(ํ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 10์ 29์ผ 3์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋ค๋ญ ์๋จ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 310km ๋ถ๊ทผ ์ก์์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1000hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค.) ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋ฒ ๋ ํ๋ฆฌํ์์ ์ ์ถํ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ์์ฉ ๋๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ํํ์ด ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ๋ง๋ํ ํผํด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์ณ ์ ๋ช
๋์๋ค.
์ 19ํธ ํํ ๊ณ ๋(์ ๋ช
)
2020๋
์ 19ํธ ํํ ๊ณ ๋(GONI)๋ 10์ 29์ผ 3์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1008hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 18m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 110km์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ด ์๋ถ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 1,000km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค. ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ์~์๋จ์์งํ๋ฉฐ ๊ธ๋ฐ๋ฌํด์, 11์ 1์ผ 3์์ ํ๋ฆฌํ ๋ง๋๋ผ ๋๋จ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 450km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 905hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 62m/s์ '๋งน๋ ฌํ' ํํ์ผ๋ก ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ดํ์๋ค. ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก 11์ 1์ผ 6์์ ํ๋ฆฌํ ๋ฃจ์์ฌ ์นดํ๋์๋ค์ค์ฃผ Bato ์ง์ญ์ ์๋ฅํ์๋ค. ํ๋ฆฌํ ์๋ฅ ์ดํ ์ก์๋ง์ฐฐ๋ก ๊ธ์ฝํ๋ ์ํ๋ก ๋จ์ค๊ตญํด์ ์ง์ถํ์๋ค. ๋จ์ค๊ตญํด ์ง์ถ ์ดํ ์~์๋จ์์งํ๋ฉฐ ์ฝํ๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ฌํ์๋ค๊ฐ ๋๋ฅ์ฑ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์์ ์ํฅ๊ณผ ์์ธต ๋ฐ์ฐ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์
ํ๋ก ์ธํด ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ์๋ฅ ์ง์ ์ ๋ค์ ์ฝํ๋์ด์, ํ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 11์ 5์ผ 21์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋ค๋ญ ๋จ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 380km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(๋จ์ค๊ตญํด)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1002hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 11์ 6์ผ 3์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋ค๋ญ ๋จ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 377km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(๋จ์ค๊ตญํด)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1002hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํฉ๋ํํ๊ฒฝ๋ณด์ผํฐ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ํํ ๊ณ ๋๋ 2020๋
์ฒ์์ด์ ๋ง์ง๋ง์ ์นดํ
๊ณ ๋ฆฌ 5๋ฑ๊ธ ํํ์ด ๋์๋ค. ๊ณ ๋๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์์ ์ ์ถํ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ ๋๋ฅผ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ํํ์ด ํ๋ฆฌํ์ ๋ง๋ํ ํผํด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์ณ ์ ๋ช
๋์๋ค.
์ 20ํธ ํํ ์์ฌ๋
2020๋
์ 20ํธ ํํ ์์ฌ๋(ATSANI)๋ 10์ 29์ผ 21์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1000hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 18m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 280km์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ด ๋จ๋จ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 770km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ์๋ถ์~๊ฑฐ์ ์ ์ฒดํ๋ฉด์ ๊ต์ฅํ ๋๋๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ฌํด์ 11์ 4์ผ 21์์ ํ๋ฆฌํ ๋ง๋๋ผ ๋ถ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 1,010km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 994hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 25m/s์ ๊ฐํ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ดํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ ์ดํ ์๋ถ์~๋ถ๋ถ์์งํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฃจ์ ํดํ์ ํต๊ณผํ๋ฉด์ ๋๋ง์ ๊ทผ์ ํด์ ๊ธ์ฝํ๋์๊ณ , ํ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 11์ 7์ผ 15์์ ๋๋ง ํ์ด๋ฒ ์ด ๋จ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 360km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(๋จ์ค๊ตญํด)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1002hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 11์ 7์ผ 21์์ ๋๋ง ํ์ด๋ฒ ์ด ๋จ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 495km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(๋จ์ค๊ตญํด)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1012hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค. ์์ฌ๋๋ ํ๊ตญ์์ ์ ์ถํ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
์ 21ํธ ํํ ์ํ์ฐ
2020๋
์ 21ํธ ํํ ์ํ์ฐ(ETAU)๋ 11์ 9์ผ 3์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 998hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 18m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 280km(๋ถ์์ชฝ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ)์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฆฌํ ๋ง๋๋ผ ์๋จ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 600km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(๋จ์ค๊ตญํด)์์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ๋จ์ค๊ตญํด์์ ์์งํ๋ฉฐ ์ฝํ๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ฌํด์, 11์ 9์ผ 15์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ํธ์น๋ฏผ ๋๋ถ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 620km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(๋จ์ค๊ตญํด)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 992hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 23m/s์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ดํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ ์ดํ ์๋จ์~์์งํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ์ ๊ทผํ๋ฉฐ ์ฝํ๋์๊ณ , 11์ 10์ผ 15์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1000hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 18m/s์ ์ธ๋ ฅ(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค)์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋จ๋ถ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ์๋ฅํ์๋ค. ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ์๋ฅํ ์ดํ ์ก์๋ง์ฐฐ๋ก ๊ธ์ฝํ๋์ด์, ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 11์ 10์ผ 18์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ํธ์น๋ฏผ ๋จ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 353km ๋ถ๊ทผ ์ก์์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1004hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค. ํ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 11์ 10์ผ 21์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ํธ์น๋ฏผ ๋ถ๋ถ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 260km ๋ถ๊ทผ ์ก์์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1004hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค. ์ํ์ฐ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ ์ถํ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ํญํ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
์ 22ํธ ํํ ๋ฐค๊ผฌ(์ ๋ช
)
2020๋
์ 22ํธ ํํ ๋ฐค๊ผฌ(VAMCO)๋ 11์ 9์ผ 15์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1002hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 18m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 390km์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฆฌํ ๋ง๋๋ผ ๋๋จ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 1,060km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์์์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ์๋ถ์~์์งํ๋ฉฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ฌํด์ 11์ 2์ผ 3์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 970hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 36m/s(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค)์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฆฌํ ๋ฃจ์์ฌ์ ์๋ฅํ์๋ค. ํ๋ฆฌํ ์๋ฅ ์ดํ ์ก์๋ง์ฐฐ๋ก ์ธํด ๋ค์ ์ฝํ๋ ์ํ๋ก ๋จ์ค๊ตญํด์ ์ง์ถํ ์ดํ ์์งํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฎ์ ์ฐ์ง์์ด๋ก ์ธํด ๊ธ๋ฐ๋ฌํด์ 11์ 14์ผ 6์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋ค๋ญ ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 330km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(๋จ์ค๊ตญํด)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 950hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 44m/s์ ์ธ๋ ฅ '๊ฐ'์ ํํ์ผ๋ก ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ดํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ์ต์ฑ๊ธฐ ์ดํ ์๋ถ์์งํ๋ฉฐ ๋๋ฅ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ ์
๋๋ ๊ฑด์กฐํ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ก ์ธํด ์์ํ ์ฝํ๋๋ฉด์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ์ ๊ทผํ์๊ณ , 11์ 15์ผ 18์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1002hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 21m/s(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค)์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ์๋ฅํ์๋ค. ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ์๋ฅ ์ดํ ์ก์๋ง์ฐฐ๋ก ์ธํด ๊ธ์ฝํ๋์ด์ ํ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 11์ 15์ผ 21์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋ค๋ญ ๋ถ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 360km ๋ถ๊ทผ ์ก์์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1006hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ 11์ 16์ผ 0์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋ค๋ญ ๋ถ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 403km ๋ถ๊ทผ ์ก์(๋ผ์ค์ค)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1012hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค. ๋ฐค๊ผฌ๋ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์์ ์ ์ถํ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋จ๋ถ์ ์์นํ ๊ฐ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ํํ์ด ํ๋ฆฌํ, ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ๋ง๋ํ ํผํด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์ณ ์ ๋ช
๋์๋ค.
์ 23ํธ ํํ ํฌ๋ก๋ฐ
2020๋
์ 23ํธ ํํ ํฌ๋ก๋ฐ(KROVANH)์ 12์ 20์ผ 15์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1000hPa, ์ต๋ํ์ 18m/s, ๊ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 220km(๋ถ์์ชฝ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ)์ ์ด๋ํญํ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฆฌํ ๋ณด๋ผ์นด์ด ์๋จ์์ชฝ ์ฝ 830km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(๋จ์ค๊ตญํด)์์ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค.(์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ์ ๋ณด ์๋ณด์น ๊ธฐ์ค) ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ์ถ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ฌ ์์ด ์~๋จ๋จ์์งํ๋ฉฐ ์ฝํ๋์ด์ 12์ 21์ผ 9์์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ํธ์น๋ฏผ ๋๋จ๋์ชฝ ์ฝ 750km ๋ถ๊ทผ ํด์(๋จ์ค๊ตญํด)์์ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1004hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค.(ํ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ ์ค์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 1002hPa์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค.) ํฌ๋ก๋ฐ์ ์บ๋ณด๋์์์ ์ ์ถํ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฌด์ ํ ์ข
๋ฅ์ด๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
2020๋
๋ถ์ธ๋์ ์ฌ์ดํด๋ก
2020๋
๋ํํ์ ํ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ธ
2020๋
๋ถ๋์์ ํ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ธ
2020๋
๋ถ์ํํ์ ์ด๋์ ์๋ถ
2020~2021๋
๋จ์์ธ๋์ ์ฌ์ดํด๋ก
2020~2021๋
๋จํํ์ ์ฌ์ดํด๋ก
2020~2021๋
์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ทผํด ์ฌ์ดํด๋ก
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ๋ ์จ๋๋ฆฌ ํํ ์ ๋ณด
์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์์ฒญ ํํ ์ ๋ณด
2020๋
์์ฐ์ฌํด | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%20Pacific%20typhoon%20season | 2020 Pacific typhoon season | The 2020 Pacific typhoon season was the first with below-average tropical cyclone activity since 2017, with 23 named storms, 10 of which became typhoons and only 2 became super typhoons. This low activity was a consequence of La Niรฑa that persisted from the summer of the year. It had the fifth-latest start in the basin on record, slightly behind 1973, and was the first to start that late since 2016. The first half of the season was unusually inactive, with only four systems, two named storms and one typhoon at the end of July. Additionally, the JTWC recorded no tropical cyclone development in the month of July, the first such occurrence since reliable records began. The season's first named tropical cyclone, Vongfong, developed on May 8, while the season's last named tropical cyclone, Krovanh, dissipated on December 24. However, the season's last system was an unnamed tropical depression which dissipated on December 29.
The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean to the north of the equator between 100ยฐE and 180th meridian. Within the northwestern Pacific Ocean, there are two separate agencies that assign names to tropical cyclones which can often result in a cyclone having two names. The Japan Meteorological Agencyย (JMA) will name a tropical cyclone should it be judged to have 10-minute sustained wind speeds of at least anywhere in the basin, whilst the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administrationย (PAGASA) assigns names to tropical cyclones which move into or form as a tropical depression in their area of responsibility located between 135ยฐE and 115ยฐE and between 5ยฐNโ25ยฐN regardless of whether or not a tropical cyclone has already been given a name by the JMA. Tropical depressions that are monitored by the United States' Joint Typhoon Warning Centerย (JTWC) are given a number with a "W" suffix.
Seasonal forecasts
During the year several national meteorological services and scientific agencies forecast how many tropical cyclones, tropical storms, and typhoons will form during a season and/or how many tropical cyclones will affect a particular country. These agencies include the Tropical Storm Riskย (TSR) Consortium of University College London, PAGASA and Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau. The first forecast for the year was released by PAGASA on January 22 predicting the first half of 2020, within its monthly seasonal climate outlook. The PAGASA predicts that only 0โ4 tropical cyclones are expected to form or enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility between January and March, while 5โ8 tropical cyclones are expected to form between April and June. This was due to the fact that the El NiรฑoโSouthern Oscillation was seeing neutral conditions across the Pacific, and could persist until midyear. On May 21, the TSR issued their extended-range forecast for 2020, forecasting tropical activity below the average normal, with 26 tropical storms, 15 typhoons and 8 intense typhoons. These numbers were supported by the current values from the Indian Ocean Dipole, the Accumulated Cyclone Energy index and the sea-surface temperatures in the Niรฑo 3.75 region, leading to a stronger than normal trade windspeed throughout much of the Western Pacific.
On June 24, the PAGASA issued a climate forecast, predicting the number of tropical cyclones for the second half of the season. They predicted that 6โ10 tropical cyclones are expected to form between the months of July and September, while 4โ7 tropical cyclones are expected to form between the months of October and December. On July 9, TSR issued their forecast for the season, predicting a well-below average season with 26 named storms, 14 typhoons and only 7 intense typhoons. On August 6, TSR issued their third and final forecast for the season, lowering their numbers to 21 named storms, 13 typhoons and 5 intense typhoons. They mentioned that the 2020 season is expected to be one of the "least active typhoon seasons on record", with a predicted ACE index barely half of the normal and a 96% probability of being a below-average season.
Season summary
The first few months of 2020 were inactive, with no tropical systems developing until May. On May 8, the season saw its first tropical system with the development of Tropical Depression 01W (Ambo), making it the sixth-latest starting season on record, as well as the latest since 2016. 2 days later, the system strengthened to the first officially named tropical storm of the season, Vongfong. Tropical Storm Vongfong then rapidly intensified into a significant typhoon and struck the central part of the Philippines on May 14, first making its landfall in San Policarpo, Eastern Samar, crossing 4 more islands and then hitting mainland Luzon.
After Vongfong, another month of inactivity ensued, and on June 10, a new tropical depression formed off the coast of Samar, Philippines, and was named Butchoy by the PAGASA a day later. Butchoy made landfall in the Philippines as the JTWC issued a TCFA for it. Once it exited Philippine landmass, Butchoy was upgraded into a tropical depression by the JTWC and all warnings issued by PAGASA were lifted, and Butchoy further intensified into a tropical storm in the South China Sea and was named Nuri by the Japan Meteorological Agency. After Nuri dissipated over mainland China, the basin became quiet again for more than a month with only Tropical Depression Carina forming east of Luzon; this led to the first time that no tropical storms developed within the month of July since reliable records began. The activity in the West Pacific increased somewhat with the formation of Tropical Storm Sinlaku, and the formation and intensification of Hagupit for a typhoon, ending a fast of more than 2 months without any significant typhoon. Hagupit affected China as a mid-Category 1-equivalent storm and caused US$441ย million in damage. The storm then transitioned to an Extratropical cyclone and affected North Korea and Russia. A few days later, a new tropical depression formed, and then intensified into Tropical Storm Jangmi. Just southwest of Jangmi, a disorganized low-pressure area formed and would soon become Severe Tropical Storm Mekkhala, reaching China. A few days later, a new tropical depression formed in the South China Sea, and the PAGASA named the system as Helen. Shortly after, Helen intensified into a Severe Tropical Storm Higos, the 7th named storm on the 2020 typhoon season. Higos then went on to hit China. Soon after Higos dissipated, a new system formed in the east of the Philippines, and was named Igme. Igme then went on to become Tropical Storm Bavi and rapidly intensify in the coastal waters of Taiwan. In late August, Typhoon Maysak formed along with Typhoon Haishen, with both systems reaching Korean Peninsula and Japan, respectively.
September started with Maysak weakening on its way to Korea, while a new Haishen threatened the same areas that Maysak and previously Bavi affected. Typhoon Maysak made landfalls in South Korea and North Korea, while Typhoon Haishen intensified into the first super typhoon of the season. In mid-September, Tropical Storm Noul formed in the South China Sea, made landfall in Vietnam, and dissipated soon after. Later in the month, Tropical Storm Dolphin formed off the east coast of Japan and dissipated after a short life. Near the end of the month, Kujira formed and intensified into a severe tropical storm, before weakening and later becoming extratropical.
October was an extremely active month. The season started out with Typhoon Chan-hom, which lasted for 14 days before dissipating. On October 9, Tropical Storm Linfa formed, becoming the first of a train of tropical systems to affect Vietnam. Linfa killed more than 100 people and caused severe flooding in Vietnam and Cambodia. Nangka formed a few days after Linfa, though impacts were much less. A tropical depression, dubbed Ofel by the PAGASA went through the Philippines and then hit Vietnam, affecting the already flooded areas from Linfa.. After a short lull in systems, Typhoon Saudel formed on October 18, causing flooding in the Philippines. Afterwords, two very powerful typhoons formed after Saudel: Molave and Goni. The former killed 41 people throughout The Philippines, Vietnam, and Malaysia, while the latter became a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon. After Goni, Atsani formed and lashed Northern Luzon and Southern Taiwan as a tropical storm. As Atsani dissipated, another depression formed and affected Visayas as a depression, receiving the name Tonyo. The next day, it was upgraded to a tropical storm, earning the name Etau. Etau lasted from November 7 until November 11. On November 8, a depression formed in the Philippine Area of Responsibility and was given the name Ulysses. The next day, it was upgraded to a tropical storm, giving the name Vamco. Vamco strengthened into a Categoryย 2-equivalent typhoon as it brushed the Luzon landmass. It quickly exited the Philippine Area of Responsibility the next day as the PAGASA stated that it restrengthened as a typhoon. It rapidly strengthened and reached its peak intensity as a Category 4-equivalent typhoon. It weakened until it dissipated north of Laos. At last in the month of December, three systems formed with one named as Krovanh which formed at the South China Sea. Then the season concluded on December 29 with a weak depression close to the coast of Vietnam.
Systems
Typhoon Vongfong (Ambo)
A low-pressure area was first noted on May 9 by the JTWC near Micronesia and was given a medium chance of developing into a tropical cyclone. The following day, the JMA declared that it had developed into a tropical depression to the east of Mindanao, Philippines and was expected to slowly move west. The JTWC then issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) for the system just hours later while convection began to gradually obscure the center. Later that day, the PAGASA followed suit and upgraded the system to a tropical depression, assigning it the name Ambo, as it became the first tropical cyclone to enter their area of responsibility for 2020.
The system began to slowly drift westwards throughout the following days, and on the next day, the JTWC upgraded Ambo to a tropical depression, designating it as 01W. The storm gradually intensified throughout the day and began to turn north. At this time, the JMA upgraded 01W to a tropical storm and assigned it the first name of the year, Vongfong. Shortly after, the JTWC followed and upgraded the system to tropical storm intensity. Vongfong began to rapidly intensify due to favorable conditions by early May 13, With the JMA upgrading the system to a severe tropical storm and the JTWC upgrading the storm to a Category 1-equivalent typhoon with 1-minute sustained winds of as the structure quickly improved. The PAGASA and JMA would then upgrade the system to a typhoon later in the day, with the JTWC quickly upgrading the system to a Category 2-equivalent typhoon as the eye became clearer. A few hours later, Vongfong intensified to a Category 3-equivalent typhoon. Then, the storm later went an eyewall replacement cycle, quickly finishing the cycle while fluctuating in intensity. At 12:15ย pm PST on May 14, Vongfong made its first landfall in San Policarpo, Eastern Samar. Vongfong gradually weakened shortly after, crossing over the Ticao Pass as it moved further inland. By the succeeding day, PAGASA recorded five more landfalls: hitting the islands of Dalupiri Island, Capul Island, Ticao Island, Burias Island, and San Andres, Quezon in Luzon Island's Bondoc Peninsula. Ambo weakened into a Category 1-equivalent typhoon following the landfalls. The system further weakened on May 15, and was downgraded by both the JMA and PAGASA to a severe tropical storm, with the JTWC downgrading it to a tropical storm as well. Vongfong made its seventh landfall on Real, Quezon, further weakening and being downgraded by the JMA and the PAGASA into a tropical storm. The weakening trend continued, and by May 16, Vongfong emerged into the Luzon Strait as a low-end tropical storm. 6 hours later, the JTWC downgraded Vongfong to a tropical depression, and issued their final warning. Soon after, PAGASA and the JMA followed suit as well. The remnants of the storm fully dissipated by May 17, with PAGASA downgrading the storm's remains into a low-pressure area.
In preparation for the incoming typhoon, Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal (TCWS) #3 warnings were issued for Northern Samar and the northern portion of Eastern Samar. According to the NDRRMC, Typhoon Vongfong (Ambo) left โฑ1.57ย billion (US$31.1ย million) worth of damages in agriculture, and left 5 dead, as of Mayย 27. The international name Vongfong and Philippine name Ambo were retired from use by the Typhoon Committee and PAGASA, being replaced with Penha and Aghon respectively.
Tropical Storm Nuri (Butchoy)
On June 10, the JMA began monitoring on a weak tropical depression that had developed to the east of the Philippine island of Samar in Visayas. During the next day, the PAGASA began tracking the system, giving the local name Butchoy. The storm then made its first landfall in Polillo Island in Quezon at 5:30ย pm PHT, and making its second landfall in Infanta, Quezon shortly thereafter. Soon after, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert for the storm. Afterwards, the JTWC officially upgraded Butchoy to a tropical depression, and designated it as 02W. With a favorable environment with low vertical wind shear, moderate equatorial outflow and 30โ31ย ยฐC sea surface temperatures, Butchoy started to intensify in the South China Sea, becoming a tropical storm and receiving the name Nuri from the JMA later on the same day. Then, PAGASA issued their final warning on Nuri as it exited the Philippine Area of Responsibility. By the next day, Nuri intensified further and subsequently peaked in intensity, with the JMA analyzing the storm's peak winds of . Six hours later, the JTWC upgraded Nuri to a tropical storm. However, later in the same day, the JTWC downgraded Nuri into a tropical depression, citing that the storm has drifted into high vertical wind shear. The JMA followed suit, downgrading Nuri into a depression. The JTWC issued their final warning on Nuri as the storm subsequently made landfall in Yanjiang, China. The JMA followed suit six hours later, issuing their final warning on the system.
The PAGASA issued Tropical Cyclone Signal No. 1 for western Mindanao, southern Luzon, and Visayas on Juneย 11 as Butchoy neared the Philippines. The combination of the system and prevailing southwesterly winds brought showers and thunderstorms across the Philippines. Heavy rainfall in Albay led to the activation of disaster risk management officials and other emergency assets. The rains from the tropical depression prompted PAGASA to declare the start of the rainy season in the Philippines on June 12, 2020, which was also during the country's Independence Day. In Hong Kong, Nuri brought heavy rain. One person also drowned due to rough waters.
Tropical Depression Carina
After about one month of inactivity, on July 11, the JMA designated a low-pressure area near Luzon as a tropical depression. The next day, the JTWC designated the depression as an invest and was given a low chance of developing, and later upgraded to a medium chance. On the following day, the PAGASA upgraded the low-pressure system to a tropical depression and named it Carina.
Carina moved north-northwest over an environment favorable for further development, with low vertical wind shear, established equatorial outflow and 28โ29ย ยฐC sea surface temperatures. By 12:00 UTC on July 14, Carina rapidly weakened into a low-pressure area, due to an unfavorable environment with strong wind shear. PAGASA then issued their final advisory to Carina, and the remnants dissipated on July 15.
As the low-pressure system was named Carina, PAGASA immediately hoisted Signal #1, the lowest of their storm warning signals, to Batanes, Babuyan Islands and the northeastern portion of Cagayan. Heavy rainfall from Carina caused some damage on Ilocos Norte, Abra and Isabela.
Typhoon Hagupit (Dindo)
On July 31, JMA began monitoring a weak tropical depression that had developed in the Philippine Sea. Later, PAGASA named Dindo to the storm. By the next day, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center designated Dindo as 03W. With favorable conditions of low vertical wind shear, strong equatorial outflow and 31ย ยฐC sea surface temperatures, Dindo intensified into a tropical storm on midday of the same time, and the Japan Meteorological Agency named it as Hagupit. Hagupit then began intensifying in the Philippine Sea, and by August 2, Hagupit was upgraded into a typhoon by the JTWC. The JMA later upgraded Hagupit to a severe tropical storm late on August 2. As Hagupit exited the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), the PAGASA issued its final bulletin on the system. Hagupit was then upgraded into typhoon status by the JMA on August 3, and will later peak in intensity with a pressure of 975 hPa. At around 19:30 UTC, Hagupit made landfall in Wenzhou, China, with winds of 85ย mph and pressure of 975 mbar (hPa). After its landfall, Hagupit gradually weakened over China, and by early August 4, the JTWC downgraded the typhoon into a tropical storm. Around midday of the same day, JTWC downgraded Hagupit into a tropical depression and later issued their final advisories on the storm, but the JMA still monitored Hagupit as a tropical storm. The system later would undergo an extratropical transition, a process which got completed on August 6, and the JMA issued their final advisory on the extratropical Hagupit.
In advance of Hagupit, Chinese officials ordered the evacuation of areas vulnerable to flooding. Hagupit caused torrential rainfall over portions of China peaking at 13.11 inches (333ย mm) in the Jingshan district of Wenzhou. 15 people were reported dead across South Korea, 6 of them following a landslide in South Chungcheong Province, 11 people were reported missing, and 7 people were injured.
Tropical Storm Sinlaku
On July 29, a tropical disturbance formed and was situated a couple hundred miles east of Manila, Philippines. Struggling to consolidate, the disturbance crossed Luzon with little to no organization and began organizing in the South China Sea. Environmental conditions became conducive for development, and the JMA declared that a tropical depression had formed in the early hours of July 31. Then early on August 1, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Sinlaku. The storm failed to intensify much afterward, and during the following day, Sinlaku made landfall on northern Vietnam. Shortly thereafter, both agencies issued final advisories on the storm.
Sinlaku produced heavy rain across central and northern Vietnam, resulting in significant flooding. Two people died, one from a collapsed embankment and the other from flash flooding. Thousands of homes were inundated and crops suffered extensive damage. Damage in the nation was about nearly 5.4 billion ฤแปng (US$232,900). Flash floods across Thailand also killed two people.
The remnants of Sinlaku emerged in the Indian Ocean and intensified into a well marked low-pressure area between August 5โ8, recreating a lot of torrential rain in portions of India.
Tropical Storm Jangmi (Enteng)
On August 6, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration started to monitor a low-pressure area that developed well east of Virac, Catanduanes. On the next day, the Japan Meteorological Agency designated the low-pressure area as a weak tropical depression. Despite a broad and elongated low-level circulation center, it gradually organized, prompting the Joint Typhoon Warning Center to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the depression.
Early on next day, the PAGASA upgraded it to a depression, naming it Enteng. Later around the same day, the JTWC designated the depression as 05W. But, near end on the same day, the Japan Meteorological Agency upgraded the depression to a tropical storm, receiving the name Jangmi. As such, Jangmi became the fifth named tropical storm of the 2020 typhoon season. On August 9, Jangmi was upgraded into a tropical storm by the JTWC. Despite being at favorable conditions of low vertical shear and 29โ30ย ยฐC sea surface temperatures, an upper-level low present to the west of the system prohibited the broad Jangmi to organize further. Around the same time, the PAGASA dropped advisories on Jangmi as it quickly exited the Philippine Area of Responsibility. Moving northward at 23 knots, the JMA reported that Jangmi already peaked at 45 knots (50ย mph; 85ย km/h). Around 05:50 UTC on August 10, Jangmi made landfall on the southern tip of Geojedo, Gyeongsang Province in South Korea. The JTWC issued their final advisories on Jangmi around 15:00 UTC of the same day, and the JMA issued their final advisory early on the next day, August 11.
Jangmi dropped drenching rainfall through the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, with a peak amount of 2.2 inches (55.8ย mm) recorded on the island of Kumejima. In South Korea, Jangmi dropped up to 2.6 inches (66.04ย mm) of precipitation, in an area already hard hit by flooding in the months previous to Jangmi.
Tropical Depression 06W (Gener)
Due to the fact that the disturbance already had tropical-storm-force winds, it was immediately declared a tropical storm by the JTWC on August 9. The next day, the tropical depression reached its peak intensity of 35ย mph with an unusually high pressure of 1012 mbar. Soon afterwards 06W began to gradually weaken, and at 15:00 UTC on August 10, the JTWC downgraded 06W to a tropical depression.
After moving generally westward, the system began to move to the southwest and, at 20:00 UTC (4:00ย am, August 13 PST), it entered the Philippine's area of responsibility and was given the name Gener by PAGASA.
Severe Tropical Storm Mekkhala (Ferdie)
Another area of persistent convection formed within the proximity of the trough that would also spawn Tropical Storm Jangmi On August 7, west of Luzon. As Jangmi became the dominant system in the area, this low-pressure area remained disorganized. However, on the next day, as Jangmi moved away from the area, the system began to organize, and on August 9, the JTWC upgraded the storm to a Tropical Depression. Soon after, at 8:00ย pm. PST, the PAGASA followed and upgraded the storm and gave it the name Ferdie. At 07:30 CST on August 11 (23:30 UTC on August 10), Mekkhala made landfall at Zhangpu County in Fujian, China shortly after peak intensity.
Mekkhala forced a Signal No. 1 warning to be placed for the Ilocos region in the Philippines. Mekkhala brought monsoonal conditions to portions of Luzon, shortly after its formation. Although remain well offshore Taiwan, the storm still brought heavy rainfall to the island.
In China, local officials suspended ferry services and told ships to return to port, in preparation for Mekkhala. The China Meteorological Administration issued a Level III emergency response, while flood control workers were sent to areas which were hit by Mekkhala. Mekkhala dropped torrential rainfall over China with amounts of up to 7.874 inches (200ย mm) reported in some areas. Train services were halted and flights were canceled at local airports as Mekkhala moved onshore. In Zhangzhou, Fujian, damage from the storm reached 1.1ย billion yuan (US$159ย million).
Severe Tropical Storm Higos (Helen)
A new tropical depression formed from the Intertropical Convergence Zone east of Luzon on August 16. At 15:00 UTC, the PAGASA named the system Helen and began issuing severe weather bulletins for the tropical depression, but dropped the alerts as Helen left the Philippine area of responsibility after 4 hours. The Hong Kong Observatory and Macau Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau upgraded Higos into a marginal typhoon prior to landfall, with sustained hurricane-force winds in Macau indicating such an intensity. Higos made landfall over Zhuhai, Guangdong at peak intensity at around 06:00 CST on August 19 (22:00 UTC on August 18).
In preparation for Higos, the Hong Kong Observatory raised the number 9 tropical cyclone warning signal in Hong Kong to warn of the possibility of hurricane-force winds. Winds generally reached gale to storm force over the southern part of Hong Kong under the influence of Higos' small circulation. The Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau issued the number 10 signal, the highest signal, at 05:00ย am local time. Over 65,000 people evacuated and schools were closed across these areas. Although heavily populated areas of China were directly hit by Higos, damage was mostly limited to downed trees and power outages. Two campers who were unaware of the approaching storm had to be rescued from Tap Mun Island after arriving on August 14.
The storm also left 7 deaths and 45ย billion ฤแปng (US$2ย million) in damages in Vietnam.
Typhoon Bavi (Igme)
On August 19, the JTWC began monitoring a broad area of low pressure situated a couple hundred miles northeast of the Philippine archipelago. By the next day, the system rapidly organized, and the JTWC subsequently issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA). On August 21, the area of low pressure became Tropical Depression 09W. At 15:00 UTC, the PAGASA named the system Igme and issued a severe weather bulletin for it. By the next day, Igme intensified into a tropical storm, according to the JMA and was given the name Bavi, subsequently prompting the JTWC to follow suit and upgrade 09W from a tropical depression to a tropical storm. Favorable conditions allowed Bavi to rapidly intensify, and by 12:00 UTC on August 22, the system became a severe tropical storm. As the system left the Philippine Area of Responsibility, the PAGASA stopped issuing weather bulletins for the severe tropical storm. Bavi's period of rapid intensification was brief, and it began a slow intensification phase on August 23.
On August 24, Bavi slowly intensified, and it was later upgraded by the JMA into a typhoon. Later on that day, it became a Category 2-equivalent typhoon. By the next day, Bavi intensified even more to become a Category 3-equivalent typhoon. As Bavi moved closer to the Korean peninsula, one person died in Jeju island on August 25. At around 00:30 UTC on August 27, Bavi made landfall over North Pyongan Province, North Korea. After that, Typhoon Bavi transitioned into an extratropical storm in Manchuria, China.
Typhoon Maysak (Julian)
A low-pressure area east of the Philippines consolidated into a tropical depression on August 27, and simultaneously, a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert was issued for the system. Early on August 28, PAGASA upgraded it to a tropical depression with the local name Julian, shortly before the JMA upgraded it to a tropical storm and assigned the international name Maysak. Subsequently, the JTWC upgraded Maysak to a tropical storm too, and then the JMA upgraded it to a severe tropical storm despite its elongated low-level circulation center. and two hours later, PAGASA followed and also upgraded the system to typhoon status. Later on that day, it became a Category 2-equivalent typhoon. By the next day, Maysak intensified even more to become a Category 3-equivalent typhoon. Then later on afternoon, it was upgraded to a Category 4-equivalent typhoon. Soon, Maysak began to weaken bit-by-bit as it passed the East China Sea, 1-minute winds slowing back down to Category 3-equivalent speeds.
Typhoon Maysak then made landfall near Busan, South Korea at 02:20 KST on September 3 (17:20 UTC on September 2), with 10-minute maximum sustained winds at and the central pressure at . equivalent to a Category 2 typhoon. After that, it crossed the Sea of Japan and hitting North Korea into Jilin, Manchuria in China. Soon after, Typhoon Maysak degenerated into an extratropical low in northeast China.
On September 2, the Panamanian-registered animal transport ship Gulf Livestock 1 transmitted a Mayday and launched lifeboats, at least one of which was found. The ship was west of Japan's Amami ลshima Island. The Japan Coast Guard has said that the freighter was carrying a crew including 39 Filipinos, 2 Australians, and 2 New Zealanders when it disappeared. The cargo was 5,867 cattle, loaded in Napier, New Zealand, and bound for the port of Jingtang in Tangshan, China. Two fatalities occurred in South Korea where also 120,000 households lost power. In North Korea, Maysak dropped 15.157 inches (385ย mm) of precipitation in Wonsan.
Typhoon Haishen (Kristine)
By the next day, the disturbance had quickly organized, and the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) for the low-pressure area, and by the next day, it intensified into Tropical Depression 11W. Traversing generally southwestward, the depression quickly intensified into a tropical storm.
Upon entering the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), the Philippine Atmospheric, Geological and Atmospheric Services Administration (PAGASA) named the system Kristine. Early on September 4, the JTWC assessed that Haishen became a Category 4-equivalent super typhoon โ with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 135 kt (155ย mph; 250ย km/h), with a clear, symmetrical eye visible on satellite imagery. On September 5, as Haishen's latitude increased, the ocean heat content in the area decreased, which disrupted the system's core and caused its eye to appear ragged on satellite imagery, subsequently indicating weakening, and dropping below super typhoon status. Later that day, the system left the PAR and PAGASA issued its last bulletin on the typhoon.
As the system continued its northward track toward the Japanese archipelago, it continued to weaken and became a Category 3-equivalent typhoon, and not too long after it weakened to a Category 2-equivalent typhoon as it neared the Southern Ryukyu Islands of Japan. A mandatory evacuation order was issued for western Japan as millions of people evacuated accordingly. Haishen made landfall in Ulsan, South Korea at around 09:00 KST (00:00 UTC) on September 7,
Haishen caused two fatalities in Japan, while four others went missing after a mudslide occurred in Miyazaki Prefecture. Two more fatalities occurred in South Korea and widespread flooding occurred in neighboring North Korea.
Tropical Depression 12W
On September 10 at 00:00 UTC, the JMA began tracking a tropical depression. At 15:00 UTC that day, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the system. On September 11 at 18:00 UTC, the JTWC upgraded the disturbance to a tropical depression, designating it as 12W; it was downgraded back to a tropical disturbance six hours later. The JMA had stopped tracking the depression by September 13th.
Tropical Storm Noul (Leon)
On September 14 at 12:00 UTC, the JMA began tracking a tropical depression. On the morning of September 15, the JTWC issued a tropical cyclone formation alert for a tropical system forming in the Philippine Sea. The JTWC later upgraded it to a tropical depression at 15:00 UTC as they issued their first warning on the system as Tropical Depression 13W. Since the depression formed inside of the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), the PAGASA immediately issued a severe weather bulletin on the storm and named the system Leon. At 21:00 on September 16, the storm left the PAR and PAGASA issued its final warning on the system. At 03:00 UTC September 18, Noul made landfall between Quแบฃng Trแป and Thแปซa Thiรชn-Huแบฟ provinces. At 09:00 UTC, the JTWC issued its final warning on the system.
After being downgraded to a low-pressure area (LPA), Noul followed a westward path and emerged in the Indian Ocean.
A few days before the storm hit Vietnam, the Vietnamese government closed three airports and evacuated more than one million people in the affected areas. Noul damaged homes and knocked down trees and power lines in Hue, Vietnam. Heavy precipitation amounts peaking at 310ย mm (12.20 inches) fell in Da Nang. The storm caused 6 deaths and 705ย billion ฤแปng (US$30.4ย million) in damage.
Severe Tropical Storm Dolphin (Marce)
On September 20 at 06:00 UTC, as a tropical disturbance strengthened in the extreme northeast corner of the Philippine Area of Responsibility, PAGASA upgraded the system to a tropical depression, giving it the local name Marce. At the time, the JTWC only recognized the system as an area of convection and only issued a medium level of warning for the system. The JTWC upgraded the system to a tropical storm at 12:00 UTC. On September 21 at 03:00 UTC, the system left the Philippine Area of Responsibility. The system then intensified into a tropical storm south of Japan, and was given the international name Dolphin by the JMA. After the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, the JTWC issued its final warning on the system on September 24 at 03:00 UTC.
Severe Tropical Storm Kujira
The storm drifted north-northwestwards before recurving to the northeast while intensifying into a Category 1-equivalent typhoon early on September 29. Kujira weakened to a tropical storm 12 hours after it intensified into a typhoon due to very high wind shear and cool waters. At 21:00 UTC, the JTWC issued the last advisory for the system.
Typhoon Chan-hom
On Octoberย 2, the JTWC began to monitor a large area of thunderstorms in the open Pacific Ocean. The system gradually organized, and it was classified as a tropical depression on Octoberย 4. On the next day, the JMA upgraded the storm to a tropical storm and named it Chan-hom. On October 7, the system was upgraded by the JMA into a typhoon. The JMA issued their final warning on the system on Octoberย 12 at 00:45ย UTC. The JTWC later followed, issuing their final warning on the system at 09:00ย UTC. The JMA, however, still tracked Chan-hom as a tropical depression until it was last noted on October 16.
Tropical Storm Linfa
On October 9, the JTWC began tracking a tropical system east-southeast of Da Nang, Vietnam. On October 10, the system was declared as a tropical depression by the JTWC and the JMA. Later that day, the JMA upgraded the system into a tropical storm and named it Linfa. The system continued westward, making landfall on October 11 at 03:00 UTC in Vietnam. The JTWC issued their final warning on the system at 09:00 UTC that day. The JMA later followed, issuing their final warning on the system at 18:00 UTC.
Linfa brought historic amounts of rainfall to Central Vietnam, peaking at 90.16 inches (2,290ย mm) in A Lฦฐแปi (Huแบฟ), 59.842 inches (1,520ย mm) in Hฦฐแปng Linh (Quแบฃng Trแป). That made it the 12th wettest tropical cyclone in history. At least 370,000 people in Vietnam lost power after the storm. So far the storm and its flood have left 104 people dead and 38 remain missing in Vietnam and Cambodia. In Cambodia, severe flooding affected 16 provinces including Phnom Penh, killed at least 21 people, damaged over 25,000 homes over and over 180,000 hectares of farmland.
Tropical Storm Nangka (Nika)
On October 11, the JMA began tracking a tropical depression off the west coast of Luzon. The PAGASA declared the system as a tropical depression at 12:00 UTC, and since the storm formed inside of the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) the agency named the system Nika. On the same day at 21:00, the JTWC began issuing warnings on the system. On October 12, the system was declared a tropical storm by the JMA, and was named Nangka. At 09:00 UTC, the system left the PAR and the PAGASA issued its final bulletin on the system. At 19:20 CST (11:20 UTC) on October 13, Nangka made landfall over Qionghai, Hainan.
On October 13, the storm crossed the Gulf of Tonkin and made landfall in the Nam ฤแปnh, Ninh Bรฌnh, and Thanh Hรณa provinces in Northern Vietnam on October 14. On the same day, both the JMA and JTWC issued their final warnings for the system. The system dissipated on October 14, 2020.
After the passage of Nangka over Hainan Island, 2 people died and 4 are missing as a result of a capsized boat. In Northern Vietnam, the storm killed 2 people in Hรฒa Bรฌnh, another missing in Yรชn Bรกi. Over 585 houses were destroyed, while 135,731 others across central Vietnam were flooded.
Tropical Depression Ofel
A low-pressure area formed in the Philippine Sea, east of Leyte, on October 13. Soon, the PAGASA declared the newly formed system as a tropical depression and assigned it the name Ofel. The PAGASA immediately raised warning signals for the province of Sorsogon and for parts of the Samar province. On the same day at 18:30 UTC, Ofel made landfall over Can-avid, Eastern Samar. As the system entered the South China Sea in the early hours of October 15 UTC, the PAGASA lifted all tropical cyclone warning signals for Ofel. On the same day at 20:00 UTC, Ofel left the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) and PAGASA issued their final bulletin for the system. While Ofel was inside the PAR, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center issued tropical cyclone formation alerts for the system, however it was canceled as the system entered a less favorable environment on October 16. The storm dissipated at 03:00 UTC on that day.
Flooding was reported due to moderate to heavy rains. According to the Department of Agriculture Regional Office 5, total damages have topped to an estimated โฑ9.1ย million (US$187,000).
Typhoon Saudel (Pepito)
On October 16 UTC, the JTWC began tracking an area of convection approximately east-southeast of Palau. On October 18 at 21:00 UTC, the PAGASA upgraded the system into a tropical depression, and named the system Pepito. A few hours later, the JMA also recognized the system into a tropical depression, and subsequently issued their first warning on the system. As the system intensified as it approached Northern Luzon, the JMA upgraded the system into a tropical storm and named the system Saudel. The PAGASA also declared the system as a tropical storm, and began issuing Signal #2 tropical cyclone warnings in preparation for its landfall. Saudel made landfall over the San Ildefonso Peninsula in Casiguran, Aurora on October 20 at 13:00 UTC (21:00 PHT) and began crossing the Luzon Island, emerging over the South China Sea hours later. As the storm left the Philippine Area of Responsibility, the developing severe tropical storm was upgraded into a typhoon by the JMA, the JTWC, and by the PAGASA in their final bulletin for the system.
As of October 24, the NDRRMC reported total damages of about โฑ105.8ย million (US$2.18ย million).
Tropical Depression 20W
On October 19, both the JMA and the JTWC began tracking a tropical depression, with the JTWC designating it as 20W. 20W formed over marginally favorable conditions for development, before turning southwest after originally moving northeastward, encountering strong wind shear. On October 21, the JTWC assessed that 20W was no longer a tropical depression, also assessing that it had transitioned into an extratropical cyclone the next day. The JMA stopped tracking 20W on October 23.
Typhoon Molave (Quinta)
On October 23, the JMA began tracking a tropical depression approximately north of Palau. On the same day, PAGASA followed suit as the system formed inside of the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), east of Mindanao, and named the system Quinta. On October 24, the JTWC also recognized the system as a tropical depression. At 15:00 of the same day, the JTWC upgraded the system into a tropical storm, with the JMA and PAGASA doing the same a few hours apart from each other. Now a tropical storm, the system was named Molave by the JMA. On October 25, PAGASA upgraded the system into a severe tropical storm as it tracked closer to the Bicol Region. Later that day, the PAGASA then upgraded Molave into a typhoon as it headed for Albay and Camarines Sur, prompting the raising of Signal #3 tropical cyclone warnings for both and adjacent provinces. Moments later, the JMA also upgraded the system to a typhoon and the JTWC followed a few hours later. At 18:10 PHT (10:10 UTC), Molave made its first landfall on the San Miguel Island in Albay, with another in Malinao just 40 minutes later. Molave made a total of 5 landfalls in the Luzon area before entering the South China Sea on October 26. On October 27 at 00:00 UTC, Molave left the PAR, with PAGASA issuing their last bulletin for the system later at 15:00. After that, Typhoon Molave intensified even more and peaked as a Category 3-equivalent typhoon in the South China Sea.
, the NDRRMC reported that 27 people were killed, 40 people were injured and four went missing after the typhoon. Damage from infrastructure and agriculture counted to be โฑ1.56ย billion (US$32.2ย million) and โฑ2.66ย billion (US$54.9ย million) respectively, with a total damage of โฑ4.22ย billion (US$87.1ย million) nationwide. In Vietnam, Molave left 41 dead, 143 were injured and 42 people missing. Economic losses were estimated to be 12.92 trillion dong (US$558 million).
Typhoon Goni (Rolly)
After Typhoon Molave devastated the Philippines, the JMA announced the formation of a new tropical depression in the Pacific Ocean, west of the Mariana Islands, on October 27. By the next day, the JTWC had also followed and upgraded the system into a tropical depression. As the system continued tracking westward under favorable conditions in the Pacific Ocean, the JMA and JTWC upgraded the system into a tropical storm, with the JMA assigning the name Goni to the intensifying storm. Due to the warm waters surrounding the storm, the system underwent rapid intensification and became a typhoon. On October 29, at 9:30 UTC, Goni entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) and was named Rolly by the PAGASA. By 18:00 UTC, Goni had intensified into a Category 4-equivalent typhoon, with 1-minute sustained winds at , and eventually the first Category 5-equivalent typhoon of the season a few hours later. Warm sea surface temperatures, low vertical wind shear and high ocean heat content continually supported Goni as it edged closer to the Philippines, and it maintained its intensity into the next day. At 18:00 UTC October 31 (2:00 PST November 1), PAGASA upgraded Goni to a super typhoon on the agency's tropical cyclone intensity scale at which time the JMA and PAGASA both reported 10-minute sustained winds of and , respectively, marking the second time Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal #5 was raised by PAGASA since Typhoon Haima in 2016 and Typhoon Megi in 2010. Goni made its first two landfalls at peak intensity over Bato, Catanduanes (20:50 UTC) and Tiwi, Albay (23:20 UTC). After that, it weakened into a strong typhoon and made a third landfall in San Narciso, Quezon. Due to three landfalls and land interaction, Goni lost its immense strength and weakened into a minimal typhoon as it made a fourth landfall in San Juan, Batangas. Before exiting the PAR, Goni slightly intensified, but further development was hampered by unfavorable conditions. The capital, Manila, experienced some tropical storm-force winds from Goni.
, the NDRRMC has reported โฑ12.9ย billion (US$266ย million) of infrastructure damages, along with โฑ5ย billion (US$103ย million) of agricultural damage, with a combined total of โฑ17.9ย billion (US$369ย million), and at least 25 deaths, 399 injured and 6 missing. Goni is estimated to have caused at least โฑ48.058ย billion (US$1.04ย billion) in damages in the Philippines.
Severe Tropical Storm Atsani (Siony)
On October 28, the JTWC began tracking another tropical disturbance south-southwest of Chuuk in the Federated States of Micronesia. This disturbance would eventually strengthen into a new tropical depression in the early hours of October 29. Later that day, the JMA upgraded the system into a tropical storm. On November 1, at 00:00 UTC, Atsani entered the PAGASA's Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), with the PAGASA naming the system Siony. The storm tracked northwest through the Philippine Sea, passing through the Luzon Strait on November 4. The system left the PAR on November 7 at 21:00 UTC. Shortly afterwards, the system rapidly weakened and dissipated thereafter.
Atsani downed trees, caused landslides, and damaged street lights in parts of Taiwan. Rockfalls caused some roads to close in Taitung County. 3 minor injuries were reported within Taitung County in the townships of Haiduan and Jinfeng. The storm brought heavy rains to Batanes and the Babuyan Islands in the Philippines, causing โฑ4.9 million (US$101 thousand) in agricultural damage.
Tropical Storm Etau (Tonyo)
On November 7, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) began tracking a tropical depression east-southeast of Manila. At 12:00 UTC on the same day, the PAGASA declared the system as a tropical depression and assigned it the name Tonyo as it formed directly over Burias Island. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center recognized the system as a tropical depression at 15:00 UTC on November 8. Etau caused rains over Calabarzon, Mimaropa, and the Bicol Region before exiting the Philippine Area of Responsibility on November 9 at 21:00 UTC. It continued its way towards Vietnam, after crossing Philippines.
Etau killed two people in Quแบฃng Nam and Bรฌnh ฤแปnh and damaged 400 houses when it made landfall in central Vietnam on November 10. The storm produced over 250ย mm (10ย in) of rain in the provinces of Bรฌnh ฤแปnh, Khรกnh Hรฒa, and Phรบ Yรชn, with peak at 858ย mm in Lake Thแปงy Yรชn (Thแปซa Thiรชn Huแบฟ). The storm also caused gusty winds which uprooted trees and ripped roofs of buildings, many of which were still recovering from the adverse impacts of Typhoon Molave and the weakened Tropical Storm Goni. In addition, power outages locally affected the city of Tuy Hรฒa. Economic losses in Tuy An, Phรบ Yรชn were counted as 122 billion VND (US$5.26 million).
Typhoon Vamco (Ulysses)
On November 8, the JMA began tracking a new tropical depression north-northwest of Palau. At 12:00 UTC on the same day, the PAGASA declared the system as a tropical depression inside of the Philippine Area of Responsibility and named it Ulysses. The next day at 7:15 UTC, the system strengthened into a tropical storm, with the JMA giving it the name Vamco, with the Joint Typhoon Warning Center later issuing their first warning on the system as a tropical depression.
As the system tracked closer to southern Luzon, both the PAGASA and the JMA upgraded Vamco into a severe tropical storm. Vamco was then upgraded into typhoon status by the JMA on November 11, followed by the JTWC and the PAGASA shortly after, as the PAGASA raised Signal #3 tropical cyclone wind signals in preparation for the storm. At 14:30 UTC and 15:20 UTC, Vamco made its first two landfalls over the island towns of Patnanungan and Burdeos, respectively, both in Quezon Province. Later at 17:40 UTC, Vamco made its third landfall over General Nakar, Quezon, in the Luzon landmass. At 00:00 UTC, the system emerged over the western seaboard of Zambales and entered the South China Sea. The system left the PAR at 01:30 UTC as the PAGASA redeclared the system as a typhoon. Vamco rapidly re-strengthened in the South China Sea and peaked as a Category 4-equivalent typhoon briefly before weakening back into a Category 3-equivalent storm heading for Vietnam. The typhoon then weakened before making another landfall as a Category 1-equivalent typhoon in Vietnam.
As of January 13, 2021, the NDRRMC reported a total of 196 casualties (Including 101 validated deaths, 85 injuries and 10 missing) caused by the typhoon, along with () worth of agriculture damages and () worth of infrastructural damages. The Cagayan Valley experienced the highest total amount of damage. At least 5,184,824 individuals were affected by the typhoon's onslaught. The Armed Forces of the Philippines and Philippine National Police reportedly rescued 265,339 and 104,850 individuals, respectively. According to Aon, total economic losses caused by the typhoon were estimated to top ().
Tropical Storm Krovanh (Vicky)
On December 17 at 21:00 UTC, the PAGASA began issuing bulletins for a system east-southeast of Davao. The PAGASA had already recognized the system as a tropical depression and named it Vicky, however at the time, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) only recognized the system as a low-pressure area. The next day, the JMA followed suit and recognized the system as a tropical depression. At 14:00 PHT (6:00 UTC), the system made landfall in Baganga, Davao Oriental. 9 hours later, it emerged off the coast of Misamis Oriental and entered the Bohol Sea, later entering the Sulu Sea on the next day at 5:00 PHT (23:00 UTC). On December 19 at 23:00 PHT (15:00 UTC), Krovanh made its second landfall over central Palawan, emerging into the South China Sea shortly after. As the storm traversed the South China Sea, the system had strengthed into a tropical storm according to the JMA as it emerged into a region of relatively favorable atmospheric conditions, thus given the name Krovanh. On December 20 at 14:00 PHT (6:00 UTC), Krovanh left the Philippine Area of Responsibility, although storm signals were still raised for the Kalayaan Islands. The PAGASA then upgraded Krovanh into a tropical storm, and issued a Signal No. 2 warning for the Kalayaan Islands. The next day, December 21, Krovanh was downgraded into a tropical depression by both the JMA and by the PAGASA in their final advisories for the storm. The JTWC then issued their final warning on Krovanh the next day shortly after most of its central convection had dissipated due to increasingly hostile wind shear.
Large swaths of Visayas and Mindanao were placed under Signal No. 1 warnings due to Krovanh. Floods and landslides were triggered in Cebu, Agusan del Sur, Davao de Oro, and in Leyte, where two senior citizens were killed in a landslide. In Lapu-Lapu City, 300 residents were forced to evacuate after 76 houses near the shore were swept into sea. Around 6,702 individuals were affected by the storm in the Philippines, with 5,646 in evacuation centers. Damages have been estimated to total up to โฑ213.2 million (US$4.48 million). At least eight people were killed by the effects of Krovanh.
Other systems
Late on July 27, the JMA began to track a weak tropical depression in the open Western Pacific. Later on the following day, the system was unofficially classified as a subtropical depression by the JTWC, having been given a low chance of transitioning to a tropical cyclone. In a marginal environment with cyclonic easterly flow, moderate to strong wind shear and 28โ30ย ยฐC sea surface temperatures, the system was expected to recurve poleward and be absorbed by a larger extratropical low. The depression, however, dissipated on July 30.
The JMA began monitoring on another tropical depression to the south of Japan on September 27. The system moved in a general northeastward direction until it was last noted on 18:00 UTC on September 29.
On October 7, the Vietnam Center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting (VNCHF) monitored a tropical depression that had made landfall in the Khรกnh Hรฒa province. Enhanced by the seasonal northeast monsoon, the system caused many provinces nearby to experience heavy rainfall with average accumulations of 200โ300ย mm. In Sa Huแปณnh (Quแบฃng Ngรฃi), rainfalls peaked at 360ย mm. By October 11, heavy floods killed 9 people.
On December 5, a tropical depression formed to the south of Japan. The depression was short-lived, however, as it dissipated the next day after being embedded into a frontal zone.
On December 29, the JMA started to track a weak tropical depression to the east of Vietnam.
Storm names
Within the Northwest Pacific Ocean, both the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) assign names to tropical cyclones that develop in the Western Pacific, which can result in a tropical cyclone having two names. The Japan Meteorological Agency's RSMC Tokyoย โ Typhoon Center assigns international names to tropical cyclones on behalf of the World Meteorological Organization's Typhoon Committee, should they be judged to have 10-minute sustained windspeeds of . PAGASA assigns names to tropical cyclones which move into or form as a tropical depression in their area of responsibility located between 135ยฐE and 115ยฐE and between 5ยฐN and 25ยฐN even if the cyclone has had an international name assigned to it. The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired, by both PAGASA and the Typhoon Committee. Should the list of names for the Philippine region be exhausted then names will be taken from an auxiliary list of which the first ten are published each season. Unused names are marked in .
International names
During the season, 23 tropical storms developed in the Western Pacific and each one was named by the JMA, when the system was judged to have 10-minute sustained windspeeds of . The JMA selected the names from a list of 140 names, that had been developed by the 14 members nations and territories of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. During the season, the name Saudel was used for the first time after it replaced Soudelor, which was retired following the 2015 season.
Retirement
After the season, the Typhoon Committee announced that the names Vongfong, Linfa, Molave, Goni, and Vamco would be removed from the naming lists due to the damages and deaths it caused in their respective onslaughts, and they will never be used again for another typhoon name. In 2022, they were replaced by Penha, Peilou, Narra, Gaenari and Bang-Lang respectively. With five names retired, this season was tied with the 2006 and 2019 seasons for the highest number of retired storm names after a single typhoon season, a record it jointly held until it was surpassed by the 2022 season which had six retired names.
Philippines
During the season PAGASA used its own naming scheme for the 22 tropical cyclones, that either developed within or moved into their self-defined area of responsibility. The names were taken from a list of names, that had been last used during 2016 and are scheduled to be used again during 2024. The names Kristine, Leon and Nika were used for the first time after the names Karen, Lawin and Nina. Aside from those names, Pepito and Vicky were also used for the first time this year. The name Pepito replaced Pablo after 2012, while the name Vicky replaced Violeta after 2004 but not used in previous seasons.
Retirement
After the season, PAGASA announced that the names Ambo, Quinta, Rolly and Ulysses will be removed from its rotating naming lists due to the number of deaths and amount of damage they caused, and they will not be used again. On January 21, 2021, they will be replaced with Aghon, Querubin,
Romina and Upang for the 2024 season.
Season effects
This table summarizes all the systems that developed within or moved into the North Pacific Ocean, to the west of the International Date Line during 2020. The tables also provide an overview of a system's intensity, duration, land areas affected and any deaths or damages associated with the system.
|-
| Vongfong (Ambo) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Palau, Philippines, Taiwan || || ||
|-
| Nuri (Butchoy) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, South China || Unknown || ||
|-
| Carina || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Taiwan || Minimal || None||
|-
| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None ||
|-
| Hagupit (Dindo) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, East China, Korean Peninsula, Kamchatka Peninsula || || ||
|-
| Sinlaku || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || South China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar || || ||
|-
| Jangmi (Enteng) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| ||Philippines, Ryukyu Islands, Korean Peninsula|| || None ||
|-
| 06W (Gener) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Bonin Islands, Ryukyu Islands || None || None ||
|-
| Mekkhala (Ferdie) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Taiwan, East China || || None ||
|-
| Higos (Helen) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, South China, Northern Vietnam || || ||
|-
| Bavi (Igme) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Korean Peninsula, North China || || ||
|-
| Maysak (Julian) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Japan, Korean Peninsula, Northeast China || || ||
|-
| Haishen (Kristine) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Mariana Islands, Northeast China, Japan, Korean Peninsula || || ||
|-
| 12W || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japan || None || None ||
|-
| Noul (Leon)|| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnam || || ||
|-
| Dolphin (Marce) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None ||
|-
| Kujira || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None ||
|-
| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None ||
|-
| Chan-hom || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japan || None || None ||
|-
| Linfa || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar || || ||
|-
| Nangka (Nika) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, South China, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar || || ||
|-
| Ofel || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Vietnam, Laos || || ||
|-
| Saudel (Pepito) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, South China, Vietnam || || None ||
|-
| 20W || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None ||
|-
| Molave (Quinta) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Spratly Island, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia || || || Vietnam November 2020 Report
|-
| Goni (Rolly) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos || || ||
|-
| Atsani (Siony) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Mariana Islands, Philippines, Taiwan, South China || || None ||
|-
| Etau (Tonyo) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia || || ||
|-
| Vamco (Ulysses) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand || || ||
|-
| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None ||
|-
| Krovanh (Vicky) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand || || ||
|-
| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None ||
|-
See also
Weather of 2020
Tropical cyclones in 2020
Pacific typhoon season
List of wettest tropical cyclones
2020 Atlantic hurricane season
2020 Pacific hurricane season
2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 2019โ20, 2020โ21
Australian region cyclone seasons: 2019โ20, 2020โ21
South Pacific cyclone seasons: 2019โ20, 2020โ21
Notes
References
External links
Articles which contain graphical timelines
Pacific typhoon seasons
Tropical cyclones in 2020 |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%A9%EC%9E%AC%EB%A7%8C | ํฉ์ฌ๋ง | ํฉ์ฌ๋ง(้ปๅจ่ฌ, 1953๋
1์ 24์ผ ~ 2010๋
5์ 28์ผ)์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์์ด์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
์ด๋ฉฐ, ํฌ์ง์
์ ์ผ์ชฝ ํ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๋ํ๋์๋ค. ์ ์ ์์ ๋กฑ์ค๋ก์ธ์ ๋๋ช
์ฌ๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ํฅ์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ค๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฐจ๋ก ๋์ ์ ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ๋์ธ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ๋จ๋จํ ์๋น๋ ฅ์ ์ ๋ณด์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํฉํผ๊ธฐ ์ดํ๋ก๋ ํด๋ฝ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋งก์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ๋์ญ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์๋ค.
์ ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
ํด๋ฝ
๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ฑ๊ตฐ ์๋ฃก๋ฉด ์ค๋ชฉ์ฒ๋ฆฌ(ํ์ฌ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ ์์์ ์ค๋ชฉ์ฒ๋) ์ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์๋ถ์คํ๊ต, ์ค๋์คํ๊ต, ์ค๋๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณค์ผ๋ฉฐ, 1971๋
๊ณ ๋ ค๋ํ๊ต์ ์
ํํ์๋ค. ์ดํ 1974๋
์ ๊ตญ์ถ๊ตฌ์ ์๊ถ๋ํ์์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฐจ๋ก ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ํฌ์ธํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํด ํ์ ๋ํ ์ฐ์น์ ํฌ๊ฒ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ์๊ณ , ํ์ฝ์ ์ธ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ํ ๊ฐํฌ์์ ์์ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ค 1975๋
ํ๊ตญ์ ํ์ํ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ์ ์
๋จํ์๊ณ , 1976๋
ํ์ด ์์ธ์ํ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ๊ณผ ํฉ๋ณํด ์์ธ์ ํ์ํ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐํธ๋ ์ดํ ํ์ ์๋
๋ฉค๋ฒ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋น์ด์๋ 1975๋
์ก๊ตฐ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ์ ์
๋ํ ์์ ์ด์์ผ๋, ์์ ์ด ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋์ด 1976๋
๊ณต๊ตฐ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ์ ์
๋ํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
์ดํ 1978๋
์ธ๋ฏธํ๋ก ํ์ผ๋ก ์ฐฝ๋จ ์ค๋น ์ค์ด๋ ํ๋ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ์ผ๋ก์ ์ด์ ์ค์ด ๋์์ผ๋ ๋ฌด์ฐ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 1979๋
๊ตฐ์ค์
์ฌ์คํ์ ์ผ์์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์คํ์ ์ ์ถ์ ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ฐ์ ํด ์ด๋ฆฐ ๊ณ ์ฐ OB ์ฌ์คํ์ ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ํด ๊ณต๊ตฐ์์ ์ ๋ํด ์์ธ์ ํ์ํ์ผ๋ก ๋ณต๊ทํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ค 1980๋
์๋ก ์ฐฝ๋จ ์ค๋น์ค์ธ ํ ๋ ๋ฃจ์ผ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ์ ์
๋จํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํฉ์ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, 1979๋
9์ 23์ผ ํ ๋ ๋ฃจ์ผ์ ์ผ์์ผ๋ก ๋ธ๋ผ์ง์ ๋นํ ๋ฆฌ์ FC์์ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํด ํ์ 3-0 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ์กฐํ์๋ค. ์ดํ 1980๋
ํ ๋ ๋ฃจ์ผ์ ์์ธํธ๋ผํํธ ํ๋ํฌํธ๋ฅดํธ์์ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๋์ฐ๊ณ , ํจ๋ํฐํฅ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ์ป์์ผ๋ ์ค์ถํด ํ์ 0-2 ํจ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
๊ทธ ๋ค ๋ถ๋ฏธ ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋ก์ ์ด์ ์ค์ด ์ ๊ธฐ๋์์ผ๋ ์ค์ ์ด์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง์ง๋ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 1980๋
12์ 20์ผ ํ ๋ ๋ฃจ์ผ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ์ด ์ ์์ผ๋ก ์ฐฝ๋จํ์ ์๋
๋ฉค๋ฒ๋ก ํฉ๋ฅํ์๋ค. ์ดํ 1981๋
3์ 28์ผ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ FC์ ์ฐฝ๋จ ์ฒซ ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์์ ํ์ฝํ๋ฉฐ ํ์ 2-1 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, 1982๋
4์ 22์ผ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ ํ์ 1-2๋ก ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ค ํ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ด๋ ์ด์๋ฌด๊ฐ ํ์ ๋ฌด๋จ์ผ๋ก ์ดํํ์ ๊ทธ ๋ค๋ฅผ ์ด์ด์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์ด์ด๋ฐ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 6์ 6์ผ ์คํ๋ผ๋ฆฌ์ฐ FC์์ ๋ํต๋ น๋ฐฐ ๊ตญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํ๋ฐ ์ข
๋ฃ ์ง์ ๋กฑ์ค๋ก์ธ์ผ๋ก ์ค์์ฌ์ ๋์ ๊ณจ์ ์ด์์คํธํ๋ฉฐ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ฌด์น๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์๋ค. ๋ํ 4๊ฐ์์ ๋ค์ ํ ๋ฒ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ๊ณผ ๋ง๋ถ์์ผ๋ ๋๋ค์ 1-2๋ก ํจํด ๊ฒฐ์น ์ง์ถ์๋ ์คํจํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ํด 11์ 4์ผ ํ์ ํธ๋ ์ด๋๋ก ๋ณด์ง์ ๋ณ๊ฒฝํ์๋ค.
์ดํ 1983๋
์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ฐฝ์ค๋์ ํ ๋ ๋ฃจ์ผ๋ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์์ผ๋ ์ ์ ๋ถ์กฑ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ก ์ธํด ๋น์ ์ฝ์น์๋ ํฉ์ฌ๋ง์ด ํ๋ณด ์ ์๋ก ๋ฑ๋ก๋์๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํด 11์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ฌ์คํ์ ์์ ํ๋กํ ์ฝ์น๋ฅผ ๋งก์๋ค. 1984๋
์๋ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ํ์ ๋ถ์์๊ฐ ๋์ด๋จ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฝ์น ์ ๋ถ์์๋ ํ๋ณด ์ ์๋ก ๋ฑ๋ก๋์๊ณ , ์์ฆ ๋์ค 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถ์ฅ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์ธ์ ๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ
1971๋
์์์ ์ฒญ์๋
์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ U-20 ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์ผ์์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ์์ ํ์ ๋ง์ง๋ง ์น๋ถ์ฐจ๊ธฐ ํค์ปค๋ก ๋์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ํค๋ฉฐ ํ์ ์ค์ฐ์น์ ์ด๋์๋ค. ์ดํ 1972๋
์์์ ์ฒญ์๋
์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์ ๋ค์ ์ถ์ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ข์ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ํ์ 2ํ ์ฐ์ ์ค์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ์๋ค.
๊ทธ ๋ค 1972๋
AFC ์์์์ปต์๋ ์ ๋ฐ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 5์ 7์ผ ์ด๋ผํฌ์์ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์ ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ทํ์ผ๋, ํฉ์ฌ๋ง์ ์น๋ถ์ฐจ๊ธฐ์์ ์ค์ถํ์๊ณ ํ์ ์น๋ถ์ฐจ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 2-4๋ก ํจ๋ฐฐํ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๊ฒฐ์น๊น์ง ์ฃผ์ ์ ์๋ก ํ์ฝํด ํ์ ์ค์ฐ์น์ ์ผ์กฐํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ์ ํด ๋ฉ๋ฅด๋ฐ์นด ๊ตญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ์๋ ์ ๋ฐ๋์ด ํต์ฌ ์ ์๋ก ์ข์ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ํ์ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ณตํํ์๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ฐ์ ํด ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ 1ํ ํ์ผ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ๋ํต๋ น์ปต ์ํ ์์์์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ์๋ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ผ๋, ๋ ๋ํ์์ ๋ถ์งํ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์๊ณ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋ํ ์ข์ ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ด์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์์ ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋ค์ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ์ป์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํน์ค์ปต์๋ ์ถ์ ํด ๋ํํ์ ๋ถ์ง์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์ข์ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ํ์ฝ์ผ๋ก 1972๋
๋ํ์ถ๊ตฌํํ ์์์์์ ๋ฒ ์คํธ 11์ ์ ์ ๋์๋ค.
์ดํ 1973๋
6์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ ์์นด๋ฅดํ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ ๊ธฐ๋
๋ํ ๋น์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋์์ผ๋, ์ข์ง ๋ชปํ ํ์ฝ์ ๋ณด์๊ณ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋ํ ์ฐ์น์ ์คํจํ์๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ ํด 7์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์๋จ ๊ฐํธ์ผ๋ก ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ๋ฐ ๋ช
๋จ์์ ์ ์ธ๋์๊ณ , ํ๋์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
๊ทธ ๋ค 1974๋
์์์ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ๋ํต๋ น์ปต ์ํ ์์์์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ๋ฅผ ๋๋นํด ์์ง๋ ์๋น๊ตฐ ๋ช
๋จ์ ํฌํจ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์ฒด ํ๊ฐ์ ์์ ๊ฒฐ์น๊ณจ์ ๋์ ํ๋ ๋ฑ ์ข์ ํ์ฝ์ ์ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์ต์ข
๋ช
๋จ์ ํฉ๋ฅํด ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ๋ณต๊ทํ์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ํด ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฏธ๋ค์น์ค ์๋๋ฌ์ค AFC์์ ํ๊ฐ์ ์์ ์ฐจ๋ฒ๊ทผ์ ๋์ ๊ณจ์ ์ด์์คํธํ๋ ๋ฑ ์ข์ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์์ผ๋, ์ฟ ์จ์ดํธ์์ ์์์ ๊ฒ์ ์กฐ๋ณ ๋ผ์ด๋ 3์ฐจ์ ์ ์ถ์ ํด ๋ถ์งํ ํ์ฝ์ผ๋ก ํ์ ๋ํจ์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ด๋นํ๋ฉฐ ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ์ป์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ์ผ๋ง ๋ค ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ 3ํ ํ์ผ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์๋ ๊ณ ์ฐ์ ์ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ฐธํ์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ํด ๊ฐ์ต๋ ํน์ค์ปต์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์๊ณ , ๋ง๋ ์ด์์์์ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ์์ ์น๋ถ์ฐจ๊ธฐ ํค์ปค๋ก ๋์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ํค๊ณ ํ๊ตญ๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์์ ๋กฑ์ค๋ก์ธ์ผ๋ก ํ์ ๊ฒฐ์น๊ณจ์ ๊ด์ฌํด ํ์ 2์ฐ์ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ์๋ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋ฐ ์์ํ์์์ ํ์ฝ์ผ๋ก 1974๋
๋ํ์ถ๊ตฌํํ ์์์์์ ๋ฒ ์คํธ 11์ ์ฌ์ฐจ ์ ์ ๋์๋ค.
์ดํ 1975๋
์๋ 1976๋
AFC ์์์์ปต ์์ ์ ์ถ์ ํ ์๋น๊ตฐ ๋ช
๋จ์ ํฌํจ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๊ฒฐ์น๊ณจ์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ํค๋ ๋ฑ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ํ์ฝ์ ํผ์ณค๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ํด ์ด๋ฆฐ ํ
๋์ค ๋ณด๋ฃจ์์ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ์ 2์ฐจ ํ๊ฐ์ ์์ ํ์ ๋์ ๊ณจ์ ๊ด์ฌํ๋ ๋ฑ ์ธ์์ ์ธ ํ์ฝ์ ๋ณด์๊ณ , 3๋ฒ์ ๊ฑธ์น ํ๊ฐ์ ์ดํ ์ข์ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ํด ๋ฐ๋ํต๋ น์ปต ์ํ ์์์์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ, ๋ฉ๋ฅด๋ฐ์นด ๊ตญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ์ ์ฐ๋ฌ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ 2๊ฐ ๋ํ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฉ๋ฅด๋ฐ์นด ๊ตญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ ์ฐ์น ์ดํ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ํํ ์ ์๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ฒด์กํ์ฅ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฐ์ฅ์ ์์ฌ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๋ํ ํน์ค์ปต ๋ฐ 1976๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์์ ์๋ ์ถ์ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํน์ค์ปต์์ ์์ ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ฌ ํ์ ์ฐ์น์ ์ผ์กฐํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ํ์ฝ์ผ๋ก 1975๋
๋ํ์ถ๊ตฌํํ ์์์์์ ํต์ฐ 3ํ ๋ฒ ์คํธ 11์ ์ ์ ๋์๋ค.
๊ทธ ๋ค 1976๋
ํธ๋ง FC์์ ํ๊ฐ์ ์์ ์ธ์์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ด ๊ฐ์ต๋ ์ก๊ตฐ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ๊ณผ์ ํ๊ฐ์ ์์๋ ์ ์ ๊ณจ์ ๋์ ํ๋ฉฐ ์ข์ ํ์ฝ์ ํผ์ณค๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ฝ๋ผ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ฌ์ง๋ ํฐ ๋ถ์์ ์
์๊ณ , ์งํ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์คํ ํ์ด๋ฒ ์ด์์ 1976๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๋ถ์ฐธํ์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ํด ์์๋ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ FC์์ 2์ฐจ ํ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์งํ ๋ฉ๋ฅด๋ฐ์นด ๊ตญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ฐ๋ํต๋ น์ปต ์ํ ๊ตญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ์ ํ๋ํ ์์์ผ๋ก ํฌํจ๋์๊ณ , ์ธ๋์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ด์๋ฌด์ ์ ์ ๊ณจ์ ์ด์์คํธํ๋ ๋ฑ ๋ํ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ณตํํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ํด ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ 5ํ ํ์ผ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋์ ๊ฒฐ์น๊ณจ์ ๋์ ํ๋ฉฐ ํ์ ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํน์ค์ปต์๋ ์ถ์ ํด ์ฑ๊ฐํฌ๋ฅด์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํ์ ๊ฒฐ์น๊ณจ์ ๊ด์ฌํ๋ ๋ฑ ์ข์ ํ์ฝ์ ๋ณด์์ผ๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ๊ฒฐ์น ์ง์ถ์ ์คํจํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ํ์ฝ์ผ๋ก 1976๋
๋ํ์ถ๊ตฌํํ ์์์์์ ํต์ฐ 4ํ ๋ฒ ์คํธ 11์ ์ ์ ๋์๋ค.
์ดํ 1977๋
์๋ 1978๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต ์์ ๋ช
๋จ์ ํฌํจ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ค๋ผ์๊ณผ์ ํ & ์์ 1๋ผ์ด๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์์ ์ ์ธ ํ์ฝ์ ์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์ ํ & ์์ 1๋ผ์ด๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ด๋๊ณผ์ ์ต์ข
์์ ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ฑ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ผ๋, ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์์ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์๋๊ณ ํ๋ฒ
์ง ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ถ์ ํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ ํ๋ ํจํ๋ค. ๊ณง์ด์ด ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ฟ ์จ์ดํธ์์ ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ํ์ง ๋ชปํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ์์ด ์์น๋ ๋ค ์ด๋๊ณผ์ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ผ๋ ์๋น ์ํฉ์์ ์ค์ฌ ๋
ผ๋์ ํ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ํ์ ํจ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
๊ทธ ๋ค 1978๋
์๋ ๋ฉ๋ฅด๋ฐ์นด ๊ตญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํด ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ๋ํต๋ น์ปต ์ํ ๊ตญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ์๋ ์ถ์ ํ์ผ๋ ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ค๊ฒฐ์น ์ดํ๋ถํฐ๋ ์ถ์ ํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ๋ํ ์คํฌ๋ฅดํ
ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ๊ณผ์ ํ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋์ ํจ๋ํฐํฅ ์ ์ ๊ณจ์ ๋์ ํ๋ฉฐ ํ์ ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 1978๋
์์์ ๊ฒ์ ์ต์ข
๋ช
๋จ์ ํฌํจ๋์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์ฐ์น์ ์ด๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ํ์ฝ์ผ๋ก 1978๋
๋ํ์ถ๊ตฌํํ ์์์์์ ํต์ฐ 5ํ ๋ฒ ์คํธ 11์ ์ ์ ๋์๋ค.
์ดํ 1979๋
์ 7ํ ํ์ผ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ผ๋, ํ์ 1-2๋ก ํจํ๋ค. ์ผ๋ง ๋ค ๋ฐํ๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์๋น๋ช
๋จ์ ํฌํจ๋์์ผ๋, ์คํฌ๋ฅดํ
ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ๊ณผ์ ํ๊ฐ์ ์์ ์ธ์์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ Bํ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ํ์๋ค. ์ดํ์๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ Bํ์์ ํ๋ํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฉ๋ฅด๋ฐ์นด ๊ตญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์๊ณ , ๋ํํ์ ๊ณต๋ ์ฐ์น์ ์ผ์กฐํ์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ฉ์์ฝ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ ๋๋ฒ์์๋์ ๋์ฐ๊ณ , ์ฟ ์จ์ดํธ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๊น์ตํ์ ์ถ๊ฐ๊ณจ์ ์ด์์คํธํ๋ ๋ฑ์ ํ์ฝ์ ํผ์ณค์ผ๋ ํ์ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ง์ถ์ ์คํจํ์๋ค.
์ง๋์ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
1984๋
์ ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ ์ ์ํ์ ์ ๋ฆฌํ๊ณ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ ๋ ๋ฃจ์ผ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ์ ์ฝ์น๋ก ํ๋ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, 1988๋
ํ์ ๋ํต๋ น๋ฐฐ ์ ๊ตญ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ์๋ค. ์ดํ ํ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ด ๋์ด 1991๋
ํ์ ์ ๊ตญ์ฒด์ก๋ํ ๋ฐ ๊ตฐ-์ค์
์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ 2๊ด์์ ๋ฌ์ฑํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฐ-์ค์
์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ ์ง๋์ ๊ฐ๋
์์ ์์ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ค 1992๋
ํ์ ๊ตฐ-์ค์
์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ 2์ฐํจ๋ฅผ ์ด๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ค์ ํ ๋ฒ ์ง๋์ ๊ฐ๋
์์ ์์ํ์๋ค. ์ดํ 1993๋
ํ๊ตญ์ค์
์ถ๊ตฌ์ฐ๋งน์ ์ด์ฌ๋ก ์ ์๋์๊ณ , ๊ฐ์ ํด ํ์ ์ ๊ตญ์ค์
์ถ๊ตฌ์ฐ๋งน์ ์ถ๊ณ๋ํ ์ฐ์น์ ์๊ฒผ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง๋์ ๊ฐ๋
์์ ์์ํ์๋ค.
๊ทธ ๋ค 1993๋
์ ํํธ์๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋
์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋๊ฒจ์ฃผ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํฉ์ฌ๋ง ๋ณธ์ธ์ ์ด๊ฐ๋
์ด ๋์๋ค. ์ดํ 1998๋
์ธํ ์๊ธฐ๋ก ์ธํด ํ์ด ํด์ฒด๋์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ฌ์ผ๋ฉฐ, 2004๋
๋ถํฐ ํ๊ตญ ํ ์ฒด์ด ๋ญ๋น ํํ์ ํ์ฅ์ ๋งก์๋ค.
ํฌ๋ณ ๋ฐ ์ฌ๋ง
1986๋
๋ฉ์์ฝ์ ๋ค๋
์จ ์ดํ ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณํต ์งํ์ธ ์ฒ์์ผ์ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ์๋ ์ง๋์ ์ํ๊ณผ ๋ณํํ๋ฉฐ ์์ธํน๋ณ์ ์ ์ด๋์ ์ธ๋ธ๋์ค๋ณ์์์ ์ฌํ์ ๋งค์งํ์๋ค. 2000๋
๊ณ ๋ ค๋ํ๊ต ๊ณ ์ฐ์ฒด์กํ ์ฃผ์ต๋ก ์ด๋ฆฐ '2000 ๊ณ ๋ ์ฒด์ก์ธ์ ๋ '์์ ํฉ์ฌ๋ง์ ์ํด ๋ชจ๊ธ ์ด๋์ ๋ฒ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 2006๋
์ค๋์คํ๊ต ๋ฐ ์ค๋๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต ๊ฐ๊ต 100์ฃผ๋
์ ๋ง์ดํด ์ด๋๋ฌธํ์์ ํฉ์ฌ๋ง์๊ฒ '์์ง์ ์ค๋์ธ์'์ ์์ฌํ์๋ค. ๋ํ 2008๋
์๋ ์กฐ๋ํ, ๋ฐ๋ณ์ฒ ๋ฑ 1971๋
๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์
ํ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๋ค์ ๋ชจ์์ธ '71 ๋์ฌํ'์์ ํ๋น๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ ์ฑ๊ธ์ ์ ๋ฌํ์๋ค.
2010๋
7์ 28์ผ ์ฒ์์ ๊ฒฝ๋ง๋น๊ฐ ์
ํ๋์ด ์ธ์์ ๋ ๋ฌ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ํด๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ฑ์ ๋ณ์ ์ ์ ์์ ์์ฅ๋์๋ค.
๊ธฐํ
1976๋
3์ 27์ผ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์ 1976๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋ง 23์ธ 65์ผ์ ๋์ด๋ก A๋งค์น 50ํ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ์ฑํด ์ญ๋ 2์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค.
1983๋
3์ 30์ผ ์ฌ์ผ๊ตํฌ ์ถ์ ์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์์ ๊ฒฐํผ์์ ์ฌ๋ ธ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฐจ๋จ์ธ ํฉ๋๊ท ๋ํ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์์ด๋ค.
2003๋
๋ฒ ์คํธ์ผ๋ ๋ธ ์ฐฝ๊ฐ 33์ฃผ๋
์ ๊ธฐ๋
ํด ์ ์ ํ 'ํ๊ตญ์ถ๊ตฌ 100๋
์ ๋น๋ธ 55์ธ' ์ค '70๋
๋ ๋ฒ ์คํธ11'์ ํฌํจ๋์๋ค.
์ฐจ๋ฒ๊ทผ๊ณผ๋ ๊ณ ํฅ์ด ์ธ์ ํ๊ณ ์ฐ๋ น์ด ๋น์ทํ๋ฉฐ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋ํ๊ต, ์์ธ์ ํ์ํ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ, ๊ณต๊ตฐ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ, ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์์ ํ์ฅ๋ฐฅ์ ๋จน์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ธ์ฐ์ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฐจ๋ฒ๊ทผ์ด ์์ด์ค ๋ฒํท ์ฑ๋ฆฐ์ง๋ฅผ ์ํํ ๋น์ ๋น์ ํฉ์ฌ๋ง์ ๋ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก
ํด๋ฝ
1971๋
~ 1974๋
: ๊ณ ๋ ค๋ํ๊ต
1975๋
~ 1976๋
: ์์ธ์ ํ์ํ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ
1977๋
~ 1979๋
: ๊ณต๊ตฐ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ
1980๋
~ 1984๋
: ํ ๋ ๋ฃจ์ผ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ
1971๋
์์์ ์ฒญ์๋
์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ (U-20)
1972๋
์์์ ์ฒญ์๋
์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ (U-20)
1972๋
AFC ์์์์ปต ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
๋ฉ๋ฅด๋ฐ์นด ๊ตญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
์ 1ํ ํ์ผ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
๋ฐ๋ํต๋ น์ปต ์ํ ์์์์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
ํน์ค์ปต ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
1973๋
์์นด๋ฅดํ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ ๊ธฐ๋
๋ํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
1974๋
๋ฐ๋ํต๋ น์ปต ์ํ ์์์์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
1974๋
์์์ ๊ฒ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
ํน์ค์ปต ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
1975๋
1976๋
AFC ์์์์ปต ์์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
๋ฐ๋ํต๋ น์ปต ์ํ ์์์์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
์์นด๋ฅดํ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ ๊ธฐ๋
๋ํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
๋ฉ๋ฅด๋ฐ์นด ๊ตญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
์ 4ํ ํ์ผ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
ํน์ค์ปต ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
1976๋
1976๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
๋ฉ๋ฅด๋ฐ์นด ๊ตญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
๋ฐ๋ํต๋ น์ปต ์ํ ๊ตญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
์ 5ํ ํ์ผ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
ํน์ค์ปต ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
1977๋
1978๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต ์์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
์ 6ํ ํ์ผ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
1978๋
๋ฉ๋ฅด๋ฐ์นด ๊ตญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
๋ฐ๋ํต๋ น์ปต ์ํ ๊ตญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
1978๋
์์์ ๊ฒ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
1980๋
AFC ์์์์ปต ์์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
1979๋
์ 7ํ ํ์ผ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
๋ฉ๋ฅด๋ฐ์นด ๊ตญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ (Bํ)
์ ๋๋ฒ์์๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ (Bํ)
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ํต์ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ก: 98๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 2๊ณจ
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ก
๋์ ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฆฌ์คํธ๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ๋์ ์ ๋จผ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก
์์ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
ํด๋ฝ
๊ณ ๋ ค๋ํ๊ต
์ ๊ตญ์ถ๊ตฌ์ ์๊ถ๋ํ ์ฐ์น 2ํ: 1971๋
, 1974๋
์์ธ์ ํ์ํ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ
์ ๊ตญ์ค์
์ถ๊ตฌ์ฐ๋งน์ ์ฐ์น 1ํ: 1976๋
์ถ๊ณ
ํ ๋ ๋ฃจ์ผ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ
์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฐ์น 1ํ: 1983๋
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ
์์์ ์ฒญ์๋
์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์ค์ฐ์น 2ํ: 1971๋
, 1972๋
AFC ์์์์ปต ์ค์ฐ์น 1ํ: 1972๋
์์์ ๊ฒ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐ์น 1ํ: 1978๋
๋ฉ๋ฅด๋ฐ์นด ๊ตญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ ์ฐ์น 4ํ: 1972๋
, 1975๋
, 1978๋
, 1979๋
(Bํ)
๋ฐ๋ํต๋ น์ปต ์ํ ๊ตญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ ์ฐ์น 4ํ: 1974๋
, 1975๋
, 1976๋
, 1978๋
ํน์ค์ปต ์ฐ์น 2ํ: 1974๋
, 1975๋
๊ฐ๋
์ ๊ตญ์ถ๊ตฌ์ ์๊ถ๋ํ
์ค์ฐ์น 1ํ: 1991๋
๋ํต๋ น๋ฐฐ ์ ๊ตญ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ
์ฐ์น 1ํ: 1988๋
(์ฝ์น)
์ ๊ตญ์ค์
์ถ๊ตฌ์ฐ๋งน์
์ฐ์น 2ํ: 1990๋
์ถ๊ณ, 1993๋
์ถ๊ณ
์ค์ฐ์น 5ํ: 1986๋
์ถ๊ณ (์ฝ์น), 1987๋
์ถ๊ณ (์ฝ์น), 1991๋
์ถ๊ณ, 1992๋
์ถ๊ณ, 1993๋
์ถ๊ณ
์ ๊ตญ์ฒด์ก๋ํ
์ฐ์น 2ํ: 1991๋
, 1993๋
์ค์ฐ์น 1ํ: 1987๋
(์ฝ์น)
๊ตฐ-์ค์
์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ
์ฐ์น 2ํ: 1991๋
, 1992๋
๊ฐ์ธ
1974๋
์ ๊ตญ์ถ๊ตฌ์ ์๊ถ๋ํ ๊ฐํฌ์
1975๋
์ฒด์กํ์ฅ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฐ์ฅ
๋ํ์ถ๊ตฌํํ ์์์ ๋ฒ ์คํธ 11: 5ํ (1972๋
, 1974๋
, 1975๋
, 1976๋
, 1978๋
)
1991๋
๊ตฐ-์ค์
์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ ์ง๋์ ๊ฐ๋
์
1992๋
๊ตฐ-์ค์
์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ ์ง๋์ ๊ฐ๋
์
1993๋
์ ๊ตญ์ค์
์ถ๊ตฌ์ฐ๋งน์ ์ง๋์ ๊ฐ๋
์
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
Club & Country ํต๊ณ
1953๋
์ถ์
2010๋
์ฌ๋ง
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
ํ ๋ ๋ฃจ์ผ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
ํ ๋ ๋ฃจ์ผ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
1972๋
AFC ์์์์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
1974๋
์์์ ๊ฒ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
1978๋
์์์ ๊ฒ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์๋น์
๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๋ฏธ๋ํ๋
์์์ ์ถ์
์ค๋๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
๊ณ ๋ ค๋ํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ ๊ฒฝ ์งํ์ผ๋ก ์ฃฝ์ ์ฌ๋
ํ ์ฒด์ด ๋ญ๋น
20์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ฌ๋
21์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ฌ๋ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwang%20Jae-man | Hwang Jae-man | Hwang Jae-man (Korean: ๋ฐ์๋, 1 January 1953 โ 5 January 2010) was a South Korean former football player and manager, playing as a left-back and midfielder. He is known as a long throw-in during his playing days, and has scored on several occasions with mid-range shots based on powerful kicks. He also displayed solid defensive skills with strong man-to-man marks, and from his twilight years onwards, he captained the club and South Korea, demonstrating leadership.
Club career
He was born in Orokcheonri, Anyongmyeon, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi (modern-day , Suwon, Gyeonggi-do), and attended Suwonbuk Middle School, , and Joongdong High School, and entered Korea University in 1971. He then scored several attacking goals in the 1974 Korean National Football Championship, contributing significantly to the team's victory in the tournament, and was awarded the Honorable Mention of the tournament for his performance. He then joined the Korea Trust Bank Football Club in 1975, and became a first-year member of the team after the team merged with the Seoul Bank Football Club in 1976 and was reorganized as the . He was also originally scheduled to join the Army Football Club in 1975, but his schedule was changed, and he joined the in 1976.
Later in 1978, rumors of a move to Hyundai Football Club, which was preparing to be founded as a semi-professional team, were abandoned, and in 1979 he played in the All-Star Game as a member of the Military Unemployment All-Stars. He also played in the Goyeon OB All-Star Game in the same year, and was discharged from the Air Force that year and returned to Seoul Trust Bank. In 1980, he agreed to join the newly formed Hallelujah FC, and on September 9, 1979, he played in a charity match against Vitรณria in Brazil as part of Hallelujah, helping the club to a 3โ0 victory. Later, on the 20th, he played in a charity match between Hallelujah and Eintracht Frankfurt, where he was awarded a penalty kick but would miss, failing to prevent the team from losing 0โ2.
Rumors about Hwang playing overseas in the North American Soccer League would emerge but he would never make the transfer to any club there, instead continuing to play for Hallelujah, becoming an original member of the club when it was founded on December 12, 1980. He then made his official debut for the club on March 24, 1981, against Americano, contributing to the team's 2โ1 win, and on April 22 he played in a match against South Korea, which the team lost 1โ2. Lee Young-moo, took over as captain after he left the team without permission, and on June 26, he assisted Oh Seok-jae's equalizer with a long throw-in just before the end of the second half in a dramatic draw against Operรกrio. In the quarter-finals of the tournament, he once again faced against South Korea, but again failed to qualify for the finals after losing 1โ2, and on November 4 of that year, he changed his position as the team's manager.
After the K League's establishment in 1983, Hallelujah was selected to participate in the 1983 season but due to the shortage of players, Hwang would return to participate as a player and later coached the team during the All-Star Game in November of that year. At the age of 34, as the team's injuries increased, he was listed as a candidate player despite his coaching status and made a record of one appearance during the 1984 season.
International career
He participated in the 1971 AFC Youth Championship as a part of the South Korea U-20 team, and was the team's final penalty kicker in the semi-final against Japan, leading the team to a runner-up finish. He then played again in the 1972 AFC Youth Championship, where he played well and contributed to the team's two consecutive runners-up finishes.
He was also selected for the 1972 AFC Asian Cup, and made his official debut for the South Korea national football team on May 5 in a group match against Iraq, but Hwang missed the penalty shootout and the team lost 7โ2 on penalties. However, he played as a key player until the final, contributing to the team achieving the runner-up title, and was also selected for the 1972 Merdeka Tournament, where he played well as a key player and contributed to the team's victory. He also participated in the 21st Japan-Korea Regular Tournament and the 1972 President's Cup Football Tournament, but the team would perform poorly in both tournaments. However, he was given another opportunity in a friendly match against Australia and also played in the 1972 King's Cup, where he was well received despite the team's poor performance. For these performances, he would win his first title at the 1972 KFA Awards.
He was selected for South Korea at the 1973 Jakarta Anniversary Tournament, but his poor performance and the national team failed to win the title. Eventually, in July of that year, he was removed from the national team starting list due to a reshuffle of the South Korean squad, and he wouldn't play for the national team for a while.
He was then included in the standing army roster for the 1974 Asian Games and the Asian Football Cup, and returned to the national team after a good performance, including scoring the winning goal in an exhibition match. He was in good form in the same year, assisting Cha Bum-kun's equalizer in an exhibition match against Middlesex Wanderers, but was unable to get any further opportunities as he played a part in the team's defeat due to a poor performance in the third leg of the Asian Games group stage against Kuwait. He was absent from the 23rd Japan-Korea Regular Tournament held shortly afterwards due to his participation in the Koyeon Exhibition. He then participated in the 1973 King's Cup, and was involved in the team's winning goal with a long throw-in in the semi-final against Malaysia and a long throw-in in the final against Thailand, helping the team win their second consecutive title. For his performances for the national team and his affiliates, he won his second title at the 1974 KFA Awards.
In 1975, he was included in the standing army for the 1976 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers, and he scored the winning goal against South Vietnam. In the same year, he performed impressively, including being involved in the team's equalizer goal in the second exhibition match against Borussia Berlin, and was well received after three exhibition matches. In that year, he participated in the 1975 President's Cup Football Tournament and the in succession, leading the national team to two further tournament titles. After winning the Merdeka International Football Tournament, he was awarded the Order of Sport Merit along with other members of the national team. He also competed in the 1975 King's Cup and the 1976 Summer Olympics qualifiers, where he would make a major contribution to the team's title in the former. For this performance, he won his third title at the 1976 KFA Awards.
He then impressed in an exhibition match against Homa in 1976, and also performed well in an exhibition match against the that followed, scoring the opening goal. However, he suffered a serious injury in the game, breaking his nose bone, and was unable to participate in the 1976 Summer Olympics qualifying match against Chinese Taipei shortly afterwards. On March 6, 1976, during a qualifier match against Japan for the 1976 Summer Olympics, Hwang would play in his 65th international football match at the age of 23 years and 65 days, became the second youngest player to reach the feat. He played in the second exhibition match against Manchester City in the same year, and shortly thereafter took part in the . He was also listed as part of the South Korean squad for the 1976 President Park's Cup Football Tournament, and contributed to the tournament's victory by assisting Lee Young-moo's opening goal against India. He also played in the 29th Japan-Korea Regular Tournament and scored the winning goal to lead his team to victory. Hwang also played in the 1976 King's Cup, scoring the winning goal against Singapore, but the national team failed to qualify for the final. For his yearly performance, he would win his fourth title at the 1976 KFA Awards.
In 1977, he played in the 1978 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, and his performance was solid in the first round of home and away matches against Israel. He also played in the home and away first round home and final qualifying home matches against Iran, but was unable to play due to a thigh injury in the lead-up to the away match against Australia but the team would lose. He also missed the following home game against Kuwait due to injury, and after recovering from his injury, he played in an away game against Iran, but was unable to prevent his team from losing as he was embroiled in a controversy over a mistrial while he was playing defense.
In 1978, he participated in the 1978 Merdeka Tournament and helped the national team win the title, and also competed in the 1978 President Park's Cup Football Tournament, but was unable to play after the semi-finals due to injury. He also scored the opening goal from the penalty spot in an exhibition match against Sporting Cristal, and was included in the final roster for the 1978 Asian Games to lead the national team to victory. For this performance, he won his fifth title for the 1978 KFA Awards.
Later, in 1979, he participated in the 35th Japan-Korea Regular Tournament, but the team lost 1โ2. He was included in the preliminary list of the national team announced shortly afterwards, but failed to impress in another exhibition match against Sporting Cristal and was moved to South Korea B. He later played for the national B team, captaining the team during the , and helping the national team to a joint title. He also competed in the 1979 Summer Universiade, assisting Kim Ik-hyung's extra goal against Kuwait, but the team failed to qualify for the finals.
Managerial career
After his retirement from playing in 1984, he became the coach of Hallelujah and led the team to gain their first title in the 1988 Korean President's Cup National Football Tournament. He later became the team's head coach and in 1991, won the team's two national sports championships and the military-unemployed football tournament, and won the military-unemployed football Coach of the Year Award. In 1992, he led the team to two consecutive military-unemployed football championships, where he once again won the 1992 Coach of the Year award. In 1993, he was appointed to the board of directors of the , and in the same year, he led the team to the National Unemployed Football Federation Spring Tournament and won the Coach of the Year Award.
Later, in 1993, he handed over the directorship to Shin Hyun-ho, with Hwang Jae-man himself as the general manager. He later retired from managing in 1998 when the team disbanded due to the 1997 Asian financial crisis. From 2004 until his death, he had been president of the Korea Wheelchair Rugby Association.
Family and personal life
On March 30, 1983, he married his spouse from Japan. His second son, , is also a footballer.
After visiting Mexico in 1986, Hwang suffered from myelitis, a neurological disease, Upon initial return, Hwang would state that he still felt healthy but after a few days, started to feel symptoms of a severe cold, his body slowly reducing responsiveness and his toes going numb. He was later paralyzed from the lower body and spent rehabilitation at Severance Hospital in Sinchon-dong, Seoul, in parallel with his managerial career while in a wheelchair.
In 2000, a fundraising campaign for Hwang was held at the 2000 Ancient Athletes Day held by Korea University's Ko Woo Sports Association. In 2003, in commemoration of the 33rd anniversary of the founding of Best Eleven, he was included in the "Best 11 of the '70s" among the "55 players who shone through 100 years of Korean football". In 2006, in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the opening of the and the Joongdong High School, the General Alumni Association awarded Hwang Jae-man the Joongdong Award of Will. In 2008, the 1971 Dongsim Association, a group of football players who graduated from high school in 1971, including Cho Dong-hyun and Park Byung-chul, collected dues and donated the money.
Hwang passed away on July 7, 2010, due to worsening spinal nerve palsy, and his remains were interred in Seonyeong, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi.
Hwang and Cha Bum-kun had developed a friendship within their careers in Korea University, , , and South Korea by eating Korean pot rice together. When Cha performed the Ice Bucket Challenge in 2014, he thought about Hwang performing the challenge with him intribute to his passing.
Career Statistics
International goals
References
1953 births
2010 deaths
People from Hwaseong, Gyeonggi
Men's association football fullbacks
Men's association football midfielders
South Korean men's footballers
Hallelujah FC players
South Korean football managers
Hallelujah FC managers
1972 AFC Asian Cup players
Footballers from Gyeonggi Province
Korea University alumni
Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea
Medalists at the 1978 Asian Games
Asian Games medalists in football
Footballers at the 1978 Asian Games
Deaths from spinal cancer |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%8B%88%20%EB%8D%94%EA%B1%B4 | ํ ๋ ๋๊ฑด | ํ ๋ ๋๊ฑด(, 1991๋
7์ 25์ผ ~ )์ ์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์์ด๋ค. ํ์ฌ ์คํ์ธ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๋ผ ๋๋น์์จ ํ๋ฉ๋๋์ ์ํ๋ ํฐ์ฝ ๋ง๋๋ฆฌ๋ ํ๋ฉ๋๋
ธ์์ ์์ด ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์๋ก ํ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํด๋ฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
16์ธ ์์ ์ด๋ 2007๋
์ ์๋ฒํด์ ์
๋จํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฐ๋ทํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 2008๋
์๋ ์๋ฒํด์ FA ์ฌ์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ปต(ํ์ฌ์ FA ์๋ฏผ์ค ๋ด์
๋๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ปต) ์ฐ์น์ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ๋ค. 2009๋
์๋ ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํํ๊ฐ ์ ์ ํ ์ฌํด์ ์ฌ์ ์ฒญ์๋
์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์์์ ์์ํ๊ณ 2010๋
์๋ ์๋ฒํด์ FA ์ฌ์์ปต ์ฐ์น์ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ๋ค.
2013๋
11์์ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ๋ก ์ด์ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 2015-16 FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ์์ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ์ ์ฌ์ ์ฒซ UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ณธ์ ์ง์ถ์ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ๋ค. 2017๋
7์์๋ ์คํ์ธ์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๋ผ ๋๋น์์จ ํ๋ฉ๋๋ ์์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํด๋ฝ์ธ ๋ฐ๋ฅด์
๋ก๋๋ก ์ด์ ํ๊ณ 2019๋
์๋ ๋ฐ๋ฅด์
๋ก๋์ UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ค์ฐ์น์ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ๋ค. 2019๋
7์์๋ ์ํ๋ ํฐ์ฝ ํ๋ฉ๋๋
ธ๋ก ์ด์ ํ๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
15์ธ ์์ ์ด๋ 2007๋
3์์ ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ฌ์ U-17 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์์ ๊ต์ฒด ์ ์๋ก ๊ธฐ์ฉ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ 2008๋
๋ถํฐ 2012๋
๊น์ง ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ฌ์ U-19, U-20, U-23 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์๋ก ํ๋ํ๋ค. ์น ๋ ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2008๋
FIFA U-20 ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต, ๋
์ผ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2010๋
FIFA U-20 ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๊ณ ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋ฃจ์ค์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2009๋
UEFA U-19 ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์์๋ ์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
2012๋
9์ 19์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ํฌ๋ก์ํฐ์์์ UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2013 ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ฒ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์๋ก ๋ฐ๋ทํ๋ค. ์ค์จ๋ด์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2013์์๋ ๋ฌ์์์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ง๋ง ์๊ธ๋๋๋ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ์์ 1๋ฌด 2ํจ๋ก ํ๋ฝํ๋ค. 2013๋
9์ 26์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ํฐํค์์ 2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ ๋ฝ ์ง์ญ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์์ ์ ์ฒซ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ํดํธํธ๋ฆญ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 2014๋
4์ 5์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋ชฌํ
๋ค๊ทธ๋ก์์ 2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ ๋ฝ ์ง์ญ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ ํดํธํธ๋ฆญ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
์บ๋๋ค์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋ช
๋จ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ๋์ค์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๋ฉ์์ฝ์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ฝ๋กฌ๋น์์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด์์ 16๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ค. ์๊ธ๋๋๋ ํด๋น ๋ํ์์ 3์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋๋ฐ ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ๊ณต์ ์๋ฆฌ์์ ์ผ์งํด๊ถ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์๊ตญ ์์ค์ ํ์ ํ์ฌ์์ ํ ๋ ๋๊ฑด์ ์ด๋ํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
๋ค๋๋๋์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2017์์๋ ์ค์ฝํ๋๋์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 1๊ณจ, ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ๊ณผ์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์๊ธ๋๋๋ ํด๋น ๋ํ์์ 4๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ํ๋์ค์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์์๋ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์นด๋ฉ๋ฃฌ๊ณผ์ 16๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด์์ 8๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๊ณ ์๊ธ๋๋๋ ํด๋น ๋ํ์์ 4์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค.
์ฌ์ํ
ํ ๋ ๋๊ฑด์ 2010๋
์ ์๊ธ๋๋ ๋ ์คํฐ์
์ฃผ์ ์์นํ ๋ฌํ๋ฒ๋ฌ ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง๋ฅผ ์กธ์
ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ์์ ๋ฒ์ด์ง๋ ์ธ์ข
์ฐจ๋ณ์ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ ์๊ธ๋๋์ ์คํฌ์ธ ๋จ์ฒด์ธ ํฅ ์ ์์(Kick It Out), ์๊ธ๋๋์ ์์ ๋จ์ฒด์ธ ์ธ์ด๋น ๋ผ์ด๋ธ์ค(Saving Lives)์ ํ๋ณด ๋์ฌ๋ก ํ๋ํ๋ค. 2016๋
5์์๋ ์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๋ก๋ ์ต์ด๋ก ํธ์ํฐ ๊ณ์ ํ๋ก์ 100,000๋ช
์ ๋ํํ๋ค.
์์
ํด๋ฝ
์๋ฒํด
FA ์๋ฏผ์ค ๋ด์
๋๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ปต 1ํ ์ฐ์น (2007-08)
FA ์ฌ์์ปต 1ํ ์ฐ์น (2009-10)
๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ
FA ์ฌ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ปต 2ํ ์ฐ์น (2014, 2016)
FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1ํ ์ฐ์น (2016)
FA ์ฌ์์ปต 1ํ ์ฐ์น (2016-17)
๋ฐ๋ฅด์
๋ก๋
์ฝํ ๋ฐ ๋ผ ๋ ์ด๋ 1ํ ์ฐ์น (2018)
์ฝํ ์นดํ๋ฃจ๋ ํ๋ฉ๋๋ 1ํ ์ฐ์น (2018)
UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1ํ ์ค์ฐ์น (2018-19)
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
2009๋
UEFA U-19 ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์ฐ์น
2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต 3์
2019๋
์๋น๋ฅด๋ธ์ค์ปต ์ฐ์น
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
1991๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์๊ธ๋๋ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์์ด
์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์
UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2013 ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2017 ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ฆฌ๊ฐ F์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ WFC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
FC ๋ฐ๋ฅด์
๋ก๋ ํ๋ฉ๋์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ํ๋ ํฐ์ฝ ๋ง๋๋ฆฌ๋ ํ๋ฉ๋๋
ธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์คํ์ธ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni%20Duggan | Toni Duggan | Toni Duggan (born 25 July 1991) is an English footballer who plays as a winger or forward for Everton and the England national team. She has previously played in England for Everton and Manchester City, and in Spain for Barcelona and Atlรฉtico Madrid.
Club career
Everton: 2007โ2013
Duggan broke into the Everton side in the 2007โ08 season when the regular forwards suffered injuries. She scored the winning extraโtime goal against Watford Ladies to put Everton into that season's FA Women's Premier League Cup final.
Duggan was the named the FA Women's Young Player of the Year in 2009, the England Women's Under-23 Player of the Year in 2012 and the North West Female Player of the Year in 2013.
Duggan also played in Everton's 2010 FA Women's Cup final win over Arsenal. Her form in the second part of the 2011 FA WSL season led teammate Rachel Unitt to predict a callโup to the senior England squad.
Manchester City: 2014โ2017
After seven years at Everton, it was announced on 28 November 2013 that Duggan had signed with Manchester City. In August 2015, she became the first female player to receive the club's Goal of the Season award following an impressive goal against Chelsea in the Women's Super League. She was part of the team when Manchester City played in the Women's Champions League for the first time. In November 2016, Duggan scored a noted goal in City's Champions League match with Brรธndby.
Barcelona: 2017โ2019
Toni Duggan signed for FC Barcelona Femenรญ on 6 July 2017. She was part of the squad that finished runners up to Lyon in the 2019 UEFA Women's Champions League Final. On 5 July 2019, Duggan announced she was leaving Barcelona after two seasons in Spain in search of a "new challenge."
Atlรฉtico Madrid: 2019โ2021
On 31 July 2019, Duggan joined Atlรฉtico Madrid. On January 16 2021 she won her first trophy as an Atlรฉtico player appearing as a 2nd half substitute in their 3-0 win in the Supercopa de Espaรฑa Femenina final against Levante. After two seasons, Duggan left Atlรฉtico Madrid. She made 55 appearances in all competitions.
Everton: 2021โpresent
On 9 July 2021, Duggan returned to Everton, signing a two-year contract with the club.
International career
In March 2007, 15-yearโold Duggan came off the substitute's bench to score on her debut for England Under-17s. She has since represented England at Under-19, Under-20 and Under-23 levels. She played in the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup in both 2008 and 2010. On Duggan's 18th birthday, she scored one of the two goals in England's 2009 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship maiden final win, against Sweden in Belarus.
Duggan completed her first cap for Hope Powell's senior team in England's 3โ0 win over Croatia at Bescot Stadium on 19 September 2012. She scored her first international hat-trick in a match against Turkey on 26 September 2013. She scored another hat-trick in England's World Cup qualifying game against Montenegro in April 2014.
In 2015, Duggan was part of England's squad for the FIFA Women's World Cup in Canada. The team came third in the competition, securing the bronze medal, and were subsequently congratulated by Prince William at a reception held at Kensington Palace.
Duggan was allotted 179 when the FA announced their legacy numbers scheme to honour the 50th anniversary of Englandโs inaugural international.
Personal life
Like nearly all of today's professional women footballers, Duggan started playing with boys โ for an under-eight team known as the Jellytots. Duggan attended Notre Dame Catholic College and graduated from Loughborough College in 2010.
Duggan is an ambassador for Kick It Out, football's anti-discrimination organisation and the charity Saving Lives.
On 27 September 2022, Duggan announced that she was pregnant with her first child, and would miss the rest of the WSL season. In March 2023, she announced the birth of her daughter.
Career statistics
Club
.
International goals
As of match played 2 July 2019. England score listed first, score column indicates score after each Duggan goal.
Honours
Everton
FA Women's League Cup: 2007-08
FA Women's Cup: 2009โ10
Manchester City
FA Women's League Cup: 2014, 2016
FA WSL: 2016
Women's FA Cup: 2016โ17
Barcelona
Copa de la Reina: 2018
Copa Catalunya: 2018, 2017
UEFA Women's Champions League runner-up: 2018โ19
Atlรฉtico Madrid
Supercopa de Espaรฑa Femenina: 2020-21
England
FIFA Women's World Cup third place: 2015
SheBelieves Cup: 2019
References
External links
Profile at La Liga
Profile at The Football Association
Living people
English women's footballers
Everton F.C. (women) players
FA Women's National League players
Footballers from Liverpool
1991 births
Women's Super League players
England women's under-23 international footballers
England women's international footballers
Manchester City W.F.C. players
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players
English expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate women's footballers in Spain
Liga F players
FC Barcelona Femenรญ players
Women's association football forwards
Women's association football wingers
2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players
Atlรฉtico Madrid Femenino players
UEFA Women's Euro 2017 players
Alumni of Loughborough College |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%95%BC%ED%8C%8C | ๊ฐ์ผํ | ์์
๋ฒค ๊ฐ์ผํ(๊ณต๋๋ฒ์ญ), ๊ฐ์ผ๋ฐ(๊ฐ์ญ๊ฐ์ ), ์นด์ผํ(๊ฐํจ๋ฆญ) (; , 14 BC ~ 46 AD)๋ ์ ๋์ธ์ ๋์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ผ๋ก, ๋ณต์์์ ์ํ๋ฉด ์์๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋ชจ์๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ ์ฌ๋์ด๋ค. ์์์ ์ฐํค๋๋ฆฐ ์ฌํ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ช
ํ๋ค. ๊ฐ์ผํ์ ์์ ์ ๋ํ ์ผ์ฐจ ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ ์ ์ฝ์ฑ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์์ธํธ์ค์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด๋ค. ์์์ ๊ดํ ๋ด์ฉ ์ธ์๋ ๊ทธ์ ๋์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ง์ ๋ํด ์๋ ค์ ธ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ ์๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ์ ์ฆ์ธ
์์ธํธ์ค
1์ธ๊ธฐ ์ ๋์ธ ์ญ์ฌํ์ ์์ธํธ์ค๋ ๊ฐ์ผํ์ ๋ํ ์ฑ๊ฒฝ ์ธ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ๋น์ฑ์๋ ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์ ์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋์ ์ฌ์ฅ๋ค๊ณผ ๋๋ถ์ด ๊ฐ์ผํ๊ฐ ๋์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ๋ํด ์์ ํ๊ณ ์๊ณ , ๋์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ด ๋งก์ ์
๋ฌด์ ๋ํด์๋ ํต์ผ์ฑ์๊ฒ ์์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์์ธํธ์ค๋ ์ ๋ ๊ณ ๋์ฌ 18์ฅ 33-35์ชฝ์์ ๊ฐ์ผํ๊ฐ ํผ๋์ค๋ฌ์ด ์๊ธฐ์ ๋์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ด ๋์๋ค๊ณ ์์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ํ ์ ๋ ๊ณ ๋์ฌ 18์ฅ 95-97์ชฝ์์ ๋ฃจํค์ฐ์ค ๋นํ
๋ฆฌ์ฐ์ค๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ผํ์ ์ฅ์ธ์ธ ์๋์ค๋ฅผ ํด์ํ์๋ค๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์์ธํธ์ค๋ ๋ ์ค๋๋ ์ฌ๋ฃ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํ์ฌ, ๋์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ ๋งก์๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ฐ๋์์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์์ธํธ์ค์ ์ํ๋ฉด ๊ฐ์ผํ๋ ์๊ธฐ 18๋
์ ํฐํฐ์ฐ์ค ํ๋ผํฌ์ค์ ์ ์์๋ก์ ๋ก๋ง ์ด๋
์ ๋งก์๋ ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฆฌ์ฐ์ค ๊ทธ๋ผํฌ์ค์ ์ํด ๋์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์๋ช
๋์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ผํ๋ ์ธ์ค์ ์๋ค ์๋์ค(์๋๋์ค๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ๋ถ๋ฆผ)์ ์ฌ์์ด๋ค. ์๋์ค๊ฐ ํด์๋ ํ, ์ฌ์์ ์๋ค ์ด 5๋ช
์ด ๊ทธ ์ดํ์ ๋์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ง์ ๋งก์๋ค. ์ด๋ค์ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์ธ์ค์ ์๋ค ์๋๋์ค (๊ธฐ์ํ 6โ15)
์๋๋์ค์ ์๋ค ์๋ฅด์์ (16โ17)
๊ฐ์ผํ, ์ ํํ๋ ๊ฐ์ผํ์ ์๋ค ์์
(18โ36). ์๋์ค์ ๋ธ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํผํจ (์ํ๋ณต์ 18:13).
์๋๋์ค์ ์๋ค ์๋๋จ (36โ37, 44)
๋ฐ์คํ๋ฃจ์ค ๋ฒค ์๋๋์ค (37โ41)
๋งํฐ์์ค ๋ฒค ์๋๋์ค (43)
์๋๋์ค ๋ฒค ์๋๋์ค (63)
๊ฐ์ผํ์ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฉ๊ณจ๋น
๊ฐ์ผํ์ ์ ๊ณจํจ
1990๋
11์, ์๋ฃจ์ด๋ ๋ถ๊ทผ ์๋ถ ํจ์ ํ ์ฒ์์ ๊ธธ์ ๋ด๋ ์์
์๋ค์, ์ค์ ์ฌ๋์ ์ ํด๋ฅผ ๋ด๊ณ ์๋ ํ๋ คํ๊ฒ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋ ์ํ์ ์ ๊ณจํจ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๋ค. ์๋ฉด์๋ ์๋์ด๋ก "๊ฐ์ผํ์ ์๋ค ์์
"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋น๋ฌธ์ด ์๊ฒจ์ ธ ์๋๋ฐ, ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ด ์ ํด๋ ๊ฐ์ผํ์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ด ์ ๊ณจํจ์ด ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์์ ๋ ๋ถํฐ, ๋น๋ฌธ์ ์ฒ ์๋ ๊ฐ์ผํ์ ๋์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ง์๋ํ ๊ธฐ๋ก, (๋น๋ก ์ ๊ณจํจ์ ํ๋ คํ์ง๋ง) ๋ฌด๋ค์ด ๋งค์ฐ ํ๋ฒํ๋ค๋ ์ ๋ฑ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ง ์ด์ ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฌ ํ์๋ค์ ๋์ ์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ๊ณจํจ
2011๋
6์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด์ผ๋(Bar-Ilan) ๋ํ๊ณผ ํ
์๋น๋ธ ๋ํ์ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ์๋ค์ ์๋ผ(Elah) ๊ณ๊ณก์ ๋ฌด๋ค์์ ๋๊ตด๋นํ ์ ๊ณจํจ์ ๋ณต์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ์ด์ค๋ผ์ ๋ฌธํ์ฌ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๊ตญ์ ์ด ์ ๊ณจํจ์ด ์งํ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ณธ๋์ ์์น์์(in situ) ์ฐ๊ตฌํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ํ์ค์ ์์ฌ์์ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ์ด ์ ๊ณจํจ์๋ "๋ฒณ ์๋ฆฌ(Beth Imri) ์ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ง์์์ผ(Ma'aziah)์ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ธ ๊ฐ์ผํ์ ์๋ค ์ฌํธ์์์ ๋ธ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ์"์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ธ์ด ์๊ฒจ์ ธ์๋ค. ์ด์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํ์ฌ, ๊ฐ์ผํ๋ ๋ค์์์ด ์ธ์ด ์์ค์ธ ๋ง์์์ผ์์ ์ฑ์ง์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์๋ฃํ์์ ์ ์ถํ ์ ์๋ค.
์ ์ฝ์ฑ๊ฒฝ
์ํ๋ณต์: ๋ก๋ง์ธ๋ค๊ณผ์ ๊ด๊ณ
๊ฐ์ผํ์ ์ฅ์ธ ์๋์ค๋ ์๊ธฐ 6๋
๋ถํฐ 15๋
๊น์ง ๋์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ง์ ๋งก์๊ณ , ์ดํ์๋ ์ ๋์ ์ ๋ฌด์์ ๊ณ์ ์ค์ํ ์ ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋งก์๋ค. ์๋์ค์ ๊ฐ์ผํ๋ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ ๋์ง์ญ์ ๋ถ์ ํ ์ ๋์ธ ์๋ฆฌํธ๋ค๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ์ฌ๋๊ฐํ ์ฌ๋๋ค๊ณผ ๋ป์ ๊ฐ์ด ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค. ๊ฐ์ผํ์ ๋น๊ต์ ๊ธด 18๋
๊ฐ์ ์ง๊ถ์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ๋ก๋ง ๋น๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ข์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์ํ๋ค.
์ํ๋ณต์ 11์ฅ์์ ๋์ ์ฌ์ฅ ๊ฐ์ผํ๋ ๋์ฌ๋ก์ ๋ถํ์ ๋์ํ์ฌ ์ฐํค๋๋ฆฐ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์์งํ๋ค. ํด๋ก๋ ์์
๋๋ฃจ(Claude-Joseph Drioux)๋ ๋๊ฐ๋ณต์์ ์ด์ ์ฐ๊ด๋ ๊ตฌ์ ์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ๋๊ฐ๋ณต์ 16์ฅ 28-30์ ์๋ ์ฃฝ์ด์ ์ง์ฅ์ ๊ฐ ๋ถ์๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ง ๋์ฌ๋ก๋ฅผ ์๊ธฐ์ ์๋ฒ์ง์ ๋ค์ฏ ํ์ ์๊ฒ ๋ณด๋ด ์ฆ์ธํ๊ฒ ํด๋ฌ๋ผ๋ ๊ตฌ์ ์ด ๋์จ๋ค. ๋๋ฃจ๋ ์ด ๋น์ ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ผํ์ ์ฅ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์ ๋ค์ฏ ์ฒ๋จ์ ์ง์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๊ณ , ๊ฐ์ผํ๊ฐ ์์๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ ๋ชจ์ํ๊ฒ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ด๋์ด์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ผํ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋์ ์ฌ์ฅ๋ค๊ณผ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์์ธ์ ๋ชจ์ผ๊ณ , ์์์ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํผ์ง์ง ๋ชปํ๊ฒ ๋ฌด์์ ํด์ผํ ์ง ์๋
ผํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์์๋ฅผ "์ด๋๋ก ๋๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ๋์ด ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์ ๊ฒ์ด์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ก๋ง์ธ๋ค์ด ์์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋
๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ ๋นผ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ผ"๊ณ ๊ฑฑ์ ํ๋ค.
์ํ๋ณต์ 18์ฅ์์ ์์๋ ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ์๋ ์๋์ค์ ๊ฑฐ์ฒ๋ก ์กํ๊ฐ๋ค. ์๋์ค๋ ์์์๊ฒ ๊ทธ์ ์ ์๋ค๊ณผ ๊ตํ์ ๋ํด ๋ฌผ์ด๋ณธ ๋ค ๊ฐ์ผํ์๊ฒ ๋ณด๋ธ๋ค. ๊ฐ์ผํ๋ "ํ ์ฌ๋(์์)"์ด ๋ฐฑ์ฑ์ ์ํ์ฌ ์ฃฝ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ ์ตํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ ์ฌ๋์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ๋๋น์ ๊ฐ๋ฅด์นจ์ ์ธ์ฉํ์ฌ ํ ๋ง์ด๋ค(Gen. R. 94:9).
์ดํ์ ์์๋ ๋ก๋ง์ ์ ๋ ์ด๋
์ด์๋ ํฐํฐ์ฐ์ค ํ๋ผํฌ์ค๋ก ๋ณด๋ด์ง๋ค. ํ๋ผํฌ์ค๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ๋ค์ด ์์์ ์ฌํํ๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋๋ฐ, ์ ์ฌ์ฅ๋ค์ ์๊ธฐ๋ค์ด ์ฌ๋์ ์ฃฝ์ผ ๊ถํ์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ํ๋ผํฌ์ค๋ ์์์๊ฒ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ง๋ฌธ์ ๋์ง ํ, "๊ทธ์๊ฒ์ ์๋ฌด ์ฃ๋ ์ฐพ์ง ๋ชปํ์"๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ํ๋ผํฌ์ค๋ ๊ทธ ํ ์ ์์ ๊ด๋ก์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฃ์ธ์ ๋์์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ํ๋๋๊ณ ๋ฌป๋๋ฐ, ์ ์ฌ์ฅ๋ค์ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ฐ๋ฅผ ์์ ๋์ ๋์์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
๋งํ๋ณต์: ์์์ ์ฌํ
๋งํ๋ณต์ 26์ฅ 56-67์ ์์ ๊ฐ์ผํ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฐํค๋๋ฆฐ ์์๋ค์ด ํจ๊ป ์์๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ฌธํ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ด ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์์๋ฅผ ์น ๊ฑฐ์ง ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋๋ฐ, ์๋ฌด๊ฒ๋ ์ป์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ์์๋ ๊ฐ์ผํ๊ฐ ์์ ์์ ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค๋์ธ์ง ๋งํ๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ตฌํ๊ธฐ ์ ๊น์ง ์๋ฌด๋ง๋ ํ์ง ์๋๋ค. ์ด ์ง๋ฌธ์ ์์๋ "๋ค๊ฐ ๋งํ์๋๋๋ผ ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ด๊ฐ ๋ํฌ์๊ฒ ์ด๋ฅด๋
ธ๋ ์ด ํ์ ์ธ์๊ฐ ๊ถ๋ฅ์ ์ฐํธ์ ์์ ์๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ํ๋ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ์ ํ๊ณ ์ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํฌ๊ฐ ๋ณด๋ฆฌ๋ผ"๊ณ ๋ตํ๋ค (์ด ๋ต๋ณ์ ๋ง๊ฐ๋ณต์ 14์ฅ 62์ ์๋ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ค). ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ผํ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๊ทธ์๊ฒ ์ ์ฑ๋ชจ๋
์ ์ฃ๋ชฉ์ ์์ฐ๋ฉฐ ์ฌํ์ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ๋ค.
์ ์น์ ํจ์
๊ฐ์ผํ๋ ์๋์ค์ ์ฌ์๋ก ์ ์ฝ์๋์ ์ด๋ค ๋์ ์ฌ์ฅ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ค๋ ๊ทธ ์ง๋ถ์ ๋งก๋๋ค. ์ด ์๋์ ์ ๋ ์ง๋์๋ค์๊ฒ๋ ๋ก๋ง์ ์ง๋ฐฐ์ ๋ก๋ง๋ฅผ ์ด์ค๋ผ์๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ซ์๋ด๋ ค๋ ์ด์ฌ๋น ์ด๋์ ๋ํ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๊ฑฑ์ ์ด ์์๋ค. ๋ก๋ง์ธ๋ค์ ํ ๋ผ์นด๋ฅผ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ฉด์๊น์ง ์ฌํ์ ์งํํ์ง๋ ์์๊ณ , ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ ์ฑ๋ชจ๋
์ ์ฃ๋ชฉ์ ํ๋ผํฌ์ค์๊ฒ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋์ง๋ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก ๊ฐ์ผํ๋ ์์๊ฐ ๋จ์ํ ์ ์ฑ ๋ชจ๋
์ ์ ์ง๋ฅธ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ, ์ค์ค๋ก ๋ฉ์์๋ผ๊ณ ์ ์ธํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋ค์์ ์๊ตญ์ ๋ค์ ์ธ์ฐ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ ธ๊ฐ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ด๋ ํ์๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ก๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ก๋ง์ ์ฆ๊ฒฐ ์ฒํ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ก๋ค.
์ฌ๋ํ์ : ๋ฒ ๋๋ก์ ์ํ์ด ์กฐ์ฉํ ์์ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํจ
์ดํ์ ์ฌ๋ํ์ 4์ฅ์์๋, ๋ฒ ๋๋ก์ ์ฌ๋ ์ํ์ด ์ฅ์ ์ธ์ ๊ณ ์น ํ์ ์๋์ค์ ๊ฐ์ผํ ์์ผ๋ก ๋๋ ค๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๊ฐ์ผํ์ ์๋์ค๋ ์ด ์ฌ๋๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ฌด์จ ๊ถํ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ํํ๋๋๊ณ ๋ฌป๋๋ฐ, ๋ฒ ๋๋ก๋ ์ฑ๋ น์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋์ฐจ ๋์ฌ๋ ์์๊ฐ ์ด ํ์ ์์ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๊ฐ์ผํ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ์ ๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ๊ต์ก๋ฐ์ง ๋ชปํ ์ฌ๋์ธ๋ฐ๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๊ตฌ์์๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ํด ๊ต์ฅํ ๋ด๋ํ ์
๋ณํ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํด ๋๋๋ค. ๊ฐ์ผํ๋ ์ฐ์ ์ด ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋ณด๋ด์ฃผ๋๋ฐ, ์ ์ฌ์ฅ๋ค์ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ถ์ ํ๊ธฐ์๋ ์๋ฌธ์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋๋ฌด ๋ง์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์๊ฒ ํด์ก์ผ๋ ๋์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋ค์ ๋ถ๋ฌ ์์์ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ๋งํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅด์น์ง ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ์๋ ๋ฐ์ ํฉ์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ฒ ๋๋ก์ ์ํ์๊ฒ ์ด ๋ช
๋ น์ ์ ๋ฌํ์ ๋ ๋์ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ๋ฉฐ, "์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ํ๋๋์ ๋ง์๋ณด๋ค ๋น์ ๋ค์ ๋ง์ ๋ฃ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํ๋๋ ๋ณด์๊ธฐ์ ์ณ์ ์ผ์ด๊ฒ ๋์ง ํ๋ฒ ํ๋จํด ๋ณด์์ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ค์ ๊ฒ์ ๋งํ์ง ์์ ์๊ฐ ์์ต๋๋ค."๋ผ๊ณ ๋๋ตํ๋ค.
๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ค
ํฌ๋ ์บ์๋ฆฐ ๋ณธ๋(Helen Catharine Bond)์ ์ํ๋ฉด, ๋๋น ๋ฌธํ์ ๊ฐ์ผํ์ ๋ํ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ผ๋ถ ์ ํด์ ธ์ค๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
์ด์
๊ฐ์ผํ๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ด์์ ๋ค์์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ์ค ํ๋์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๋ค.
"์์๊ธด"์ ์๋์ด
"๋ฐ์"๋ "๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ๋ ๋ฐ์"(Kefa)๋ฅผ ๋ปํ๋ ์๋์ด
"๊ณจ์ง๊ธฐ"๋ "์ํนํ ๋
"์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ ์์นด๋์ด
๋ฌธํ๊ณผ ์์
๋ฌธํ
๋จํ
์ ์ ๊ณก ์ค ์ง์ฅํธ์์ ๊ฐ์ผํ๋ ์์ ์๋ค์ด ๊ฐํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ฒ์งธ ์์ ์ฌ์ฏ๋ฒ์งธ ๊ตฌ์ญ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์ฒ๋ฒ์ ์์ํ ์ญ์๊ฐํ์ ๋ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ธ๋ฐ, ์์ ์์ ๊ธธ์ ๊ฑท๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์์ํ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์ง๋๊ฐ๋ค.
์๋ฆฌ์ ๋ธ๋ ์ดํฌ์ ์์ค์์ ๊ฐ์ผํ๋ ๋ฐฐ์ ์๋ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์์ธ์ ๋๋ช
์ฌ๋ก ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ค.
๋ฏธํ์ผ ๋ถ๊ฐ์ฝํ์ ์์ค ๊ฑฐ์ฅ๊ณผ ๋ง๋ฅด๊ฐ๋ฆฌํ์์ ๊ฐ์ผํ๋ ํฐํฐ์ฐ์ค ํ๋ผํฌ์ค๊ฐ ์์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค๋์๊ฒ ์ฌํ์ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ฆฌ๋๋ก ์ข
์ฉํ๋ ์ญํ ๋ก ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ค.
์์
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ถ์ฒ
NETBible: Caiaphas
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
The Ossuary of Joseph Caiaphas
Images of the Ossuary of Caiaphas
๊ธฐ์์ 10๋
๋ ์ถ์
40๋
๋ ์ฌ๋ง
์์์ ์ญ์ฌ
์ ๋ ์์ฃผ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caiaphas | Caiaphas | Joseph ben Caiaphas (; c. 14 BC โ c. 46 AD), known simply as Caiaphas in the New Testament, was the Jewish high priest during the years of Jesus' ministry, according to Josephus. The Gospels of Matthew, Luke and John indicate he was an organizer of the plot to kill Jesus. He famously presided over the Sanhedrin trial of Jesus. The primary sources for Caiaphas' life are the New Testament, and the writings of Josephus. The latter records he was made high priest by the Roman procurator Valerius Gratus after Simon ben Camithus had been deposed.
Etymology
The Babylonian Talmud (Yevamot 15B) gives the family name as Kuppai, while the Jerusalem Talmud (Yevamot 1:6) mentions Nekifi. The Mishnah, Parah 3:5, refers to the family name as hakKof (perhaps "the Monkey", a play on his name for opposing the Pharisees).
The family name Caiaphas ืงึทืึธึผืคึธื has a few possible origins:
from ืงืึผืคึธึผื 'basket', 'tub', verbalized as ืงึดืึตึผืฃ , whence ืงึทืึธึผืฃ meaning 'basket maker', or a worker utilizing baskets such as to sell spices
ฮบฮตฯฮฌฮปฮฑฮนฮฟฯ: from ฮบฮตฯฮฑฮปฮฎ (kephalแธ, โheadโ) + -ฮนฮฟฯ (-ios, adjective suffix) - meaning: main, chief, principal, primary
"as comely" in Aramaic
a "dell", or a "depression" in Akkadian.
Accounts
New Testament
John: relations with Romans
Annas, father-in-law of Caiaphas (John 18:13), had been high-priest from AD 6 to 15, and continued to exercise a significant influence over Jewish affairs. Annas and Caiaphas may have sympathized with the Sadducees, a religious movement in Judaea that found most of its members among the wealthy Jewish elite. The comparatively long eighteen-year tenure of Caiaphas suggests he had a good working relationship with the Roman authorities.
In the Gospel of John (John 11), the high priests call a gathering of the Sanhedrin in reaction to the raising of Lazarus. In the parable related in the Gospel of Luke (Luke 16:28โ30), the likely reaction of the "five brothers" to the possibility of the return of the beggar Lazarus has given rise to the suggestion by Claude-Joseph Drioux and others that the "rich man" is itself an attack on Caiaphas, his father-in-law, and his five brothers-in-law.
Caiaphas considers, with "the Chief Priests and Pharisees", what to do about Jesus, whose influence was spreading. They worry that if they "let him go on like this, everyone will believe in him, and the Romans will come and destroy both our holy place and our nation."
In the Gospel of John (John 18), Jesus is brought before Annas, whose palace was closer. Annas questioned him regarding his disciples and teaching, and then sent him on to Caiaphas. Caiaphas makes a political calculation, suggesting that it would be better for "one man" (Jesus) to die than for "the whole nation" to be destroyed. Similar ideas can be found in rabbinical discussion in Talmud and Midrash. According to John 11:51-52 it states that "He did not say this of his own accord, but being high priest that year he prophesied that Jesus would die for the nation, and not for the nation only, but also to gather into one the children of God who are scattered abroad."
Afterward, Jesus is taken to Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea. Pilate tells the priests to judge Jesus themselves, to which they respond they lack authority to do so. Pilate questions Jesus, after which he states, "I find no basis for a charge against him." Pilate then offers the gathered crowd the choice of one prisoner to releaseโsaid to be a Passover traditionโand they choose a criminal named Barabbas instead of Jesus.
Matthew: trial of Jesus
In the Gospel of Matthew (Matthew 26:56โ67), Caiaphas and others of the Sanhedrin are depicted interrogating Jesus. They are looking for evidence with which to convict Jesus, but are unable to find any. Jesus remains silent throughout the proceedings until Caiaphas demands that Jesus say whether he is the Christ. Jesus replies "The words are your own: and you will see the Son of Man seated at the right hand of power, and coming on the clouds of heaven." (Mark 14:62) Caiaphas and the other men charge him with blasphemy and sentence him to corporal punishment for his crime.
Political implications
Caiaphas was the son-in-law of Annas by marriage to his daughter and ruled longer than any high priest in New Testament times. For Jewish leaders of the time, there were serious concerns about Roman rule and an insurgent Zealot movement to eject the Romans from Israel. The Romans would not perform executions for violations of Halakha, therefore a charge of blasphemy would not have mattered to Pilate. Caiaphas' position, therefore, was to establish that Jesus was guilty not only of blasphemy, but also of proclaiming himself to be the Messiah, which was understood as the return of the Davidic kingship.
Acts: Peter and John refuse to be silenced
Later, in Acts 4, Peter and John went before Annas and Caiaphas after having healed a crippled beggar. Caiaphas and Annas questioned the apostles' authority to perform such a miracle. When Peter, full of the Holy Spirit, answered that Jesus of Nazareth was the source of their power, Caiaphas and the other priests realized that the two men had no formal education yet spoke eloquently about the man they called their saviour. Caiaphas sent the apostles away, and agreed with the other priests that the word of the miracle had already been spread too much to attempt to refute, and instead the priests would need to warn the apostles not to spread the name of Jesus. However, when they gave Peter and John this command, the two refused, saying "Judge for yourselves whether it is right in God's sight to obey you rather than God. For we cannot help speaking about what we have seen and heard."
Josephus
The 1st-century Jewish historian Josephus is considered the most reliable extra-biblical literary source for Caiaphas. His works contain information on the dates for Caiaphas' tenure of the high priesthood, along with reports on other high priests, and also help to establish a coherent description of the responsibilities of the high-priestly office. Josephus (Antiquitates Judaicae 18.33โ35) relates that Caiaphas became a high priest during a turbulent period. He also states that the Legate of Syria Lucius Vitellius the Elder deposed Caiaphas (Antiquitates Judaicae 18.95โ97). Josephus' account is based on an older source, in which incumbents of the high priesthood were listed chronologically.
According to Josephus, Caiaphas was appointed in AD 18 by the Roman prefect Valerius Gratus who preceded Pontius Pilate.
According to John, Caiaphas was the son-in-law of the high priest Annas, who is widely identified with Ananus the son of Seth, mentioned by Josephus. Annas was deposed after the death of Augustus, but had five sons who served as high priest after him.
The terms of Annas, Caiaphas, and the five brothers are:
Ananus (or Annas) the son of Seth (6โ15)
Eleazar the son of Ananus (16โ17)
Caiaphas, properly called Joseph son of Caiaphas (18โ36/37), who had married the daughter of Annas ()
Jonathan the son of Ananus (spring 37)
Theophilus ben Ananus (37โ41)
Matthias ben Ananus (43)
Ananus ben Ananus (63)
Rabbinic literature
According to Helen Bond, there may be some references to Caiaphas in the rabbinic literature.
Archaeology
In November 1990, workers found an ornate limestone ossuary while paving a road in the Peace Forest south of the Abu Tor neighborhood of Jerusalem. This ossuary appeared authentic and contained human remains. An Aramaic inscription on the side was thought to read "Joseph son of Caiaphas" and on the basis of this the bones of an elderly man were considered to belong to the High Priest Caiaphas. Since the original discovery, this identification has been challenged by some scholars on various grounds, including the spelling of the inscription, the lack of any mention of Caiaphas' status as High Priest, the plainness of the tomb (although the ossuary itself is as ornate as might be expected from someone of his rank and family), and other reasons.
In June 2011, archaeologists from Bar-Ilan University and Tel Aviv University announced the recovery of a stolen ossuary, plundered from a tomb in the Valley of Elah. The Israel Antiquities Authority declared it authentic, and expressed regret that it could not be studied in situ. It is inscribed with the text: "Miriam, daughter of Yeshua, son of Caiaphas, Priest of Maโaziah from Beth โImri". Based on it, Caiaphas can be assigned to the priestly division of Maโaziah, instituted by king David.
Literature and arts
Literature
In the thirteenth-century French text Estoire del Saint Graal, Caiaphas is responsible for imprisoning Joseph of Arimathea. the Roman emperor Vespasian promises not to slay or burn him for information about Joseph. To punish him, he instead sets him adrift at sea.
In Inferno, Dante Alighieri places Caiaphas in the sixth realm of the eighth circle of Hell, where hypocrites are punished in the afterlife. His punishment is to be eternally crucified across the hypocrites' path, who eternally step on him.
Caiaphas is mentioned throughout the works of William Blake as a byword for a traitor or Pharisee.
Caiaphas and his ossuary are the subjects of Bob Hostetler's novel, The Bone Box (2008).
Caiaphas is mentioned in the 19th verse of The Ballad of Reading Gaol by Oscar Wilde:
He is also depicted having an argument with Pontius Pilate regarding the passing of the death sentence against Jesus in The Master and Margarita by Mikhail Bulgakov.
Arts
Christ before Caiaphas, c.1490, is one of only a handful of works attributed to Antonio della Corna, who was active primarily in his native Lombardy in northern Italy.
Film portrayals
Actors who have portrayed Caiaphas include Rudolph Schildkraut in Cecil B. DeMille's film King of Kings (1927), Guy Rolfe in Nicholas Ray's film King of Kings (1961), Rodolfo Wilcock in Pier Paolo Pasolini's film The Gospel According to St. Matthew (1964), Martin Landau in George Stevens' film The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965), Bob Bingham in Norman Jewison's film Jesus Christ Superstar (1973), Anthony Quinn in Franco Zeffirelli's television miniseries Jesus of Nazareth (1977), Christian Kohlund in Jesus (1999),
David Schofield in The Miracle Maker (2000), Mattia Sbragia in Mel Gibson's film The Passion of the Christ (2004), Bernard Hepton in Son of Man, Adrian Schiller in the TV miniseries The Bible (2013) and the film Son of God (2014), both by same production team, Rufus Sewell in Killing Jesus (2015) and Richard Coyle in A.D. The Bible Continues, an NBC miniseries by Mark Burnett and Roma Downey.
See also
List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources
Aristobulus III of Judea - High priest who was the last Hasmonean royal
Notes
Citations
Sources
NETBible: Caiaphas
External links
The Ossuary of Joseph Caiaphas
Images of the Ossuary of Caiaphas
10s BC births
40s deaths
1st-century High Priests of Israel
1st-century clergy
Jesus and history
Judea (Roman province)
People in the canonical gospels
Religious leaders from the Roman Empire
Characters in the Divine Comedy |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%81%93%EB%8A%94%EC%A0%90%20%EC%98%A4%EB%A6%84 | ๋๋์ ์ค๋ฆ | ๋๋์ ์ค๋ฆ์ ํผํฉ๋ฌผ ์ก์ฒด(์ฉ๋งค)์ ๋๋์ ์ด ์์ํ ์ฉ๋งค์ ๋๋์ ๋ณด๋ค ๋์์ง๋ ํ์์ ๋งํ๋ค. ์ด ํ์์ ์๊ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ฉ์ง์ด ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์์ํ ์ฉ๋งค์ ์ฒจ๊ฐ๋์์ ๋ ์ธ์ ๋ ์ง ๊ด์ฐฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค. ๋๋์ ์ ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ค์ฝํ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ธก์ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
์ค๋ช
์ฉ๋งค์ ์ฉ์ง์ด ๋
น์์ ๋ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๋๋์ ์ค๋ฆ์ ์ด๊ด์ฑ, ์ฆ ์ฉ์ง์ ๊ฐ์์๋ง ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ๊ทธ ์ธ ํน์ฑ์๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์ง ์๋ ์ฑ์ง์ด๋ค. ์ด ํ์์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ์ฉ์ง์ด๋ ์ฉ์ก์์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ ์ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด์ ์ฉ์ก์์๋ ๊ด์ฐฐํ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ค ์ฉ์ง-์ฉ๋งค ์ํธ์์ฉ์๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์ง ์๋๋ค. ๋๋์ ์ค๋ฆ์ ์ฉ์ง์ด ์ ํด์ง์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋, ๋น์ ํด์ง์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ์ด์ญํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋งํ์๋ฉด ๋๋์ ์ค๋ฆ์ ์ํธ๋กํผ์ ์ํ ํ์์ผ๋ก ์ฉ๋งค์ ์ฆ๊ธฐ์์ด๋ ํํ ํผํ
์
๋ก ์ค๋ช
ํ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ค๋ช
์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฉ์ง์ด ์ก์ฒด ์ํ๋ก ์กด์ฌํ๋ค๋ ๊ฐ์ ํ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก, (์ด๊ณ ์จ์ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ ์ ) ๊ธฐ์ฒด ํํ๋ก ์กด์ฌํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ๋ํด์๋ ์ค๋ช
ํ ์ ์๋ค.
์ฆ๊ธฐ์
์ฆ๊ธฐ์์ผ๋ก ๋งํ์๋ฉด ์ก์ฒด๋ ๊ทธ ์ฆ๊ธฐ์์ด ์ฃผ๋ณ ๊ธฐ์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์์ง ๋ ๋๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ์ฉ์ง์ด ๋
น์ ์๋ ์ฉ๋งค๋ ๊ทธ ์ฉํด๋ก ์ธํด ์ฆ๊ธฐ์์ด ๋ฎ์์ง๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๋นํ๋ฐ์ฑ ์ฉ์ง์ 0์ ์ฆ๊ธฐ์์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก, ์ฉ์ก์ ์ฆ๊ธฐ์์ ์ฉ๋งค์ ์ฆ๊ธฐ์๋ณด๋ค ๋ฎ์์ง๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์, ์ฆ๊ธฐ์๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ณ๋ถ ๊ธฐ์์ ์ผ์น์ํค๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ๋ ๋์ ์จ๋๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ฏ๋ก ๋๋์ ์ด ์์นํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
ํํ ํผํ
์
ํํ ํผํ
์
๋ก ๋งํ์๋ฉด ๋๋์ ์์๋ ์ก์ฒด ์ํ์ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์ํ๊ฐ ๋์ผํ ํํ ํผํ
์
(๋๋ ์ฆ๊ธฐ์)์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ฒ ๋๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ์ด ๋ ์ํ๊ฐ ์๋์ง์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์ผํ๋ค๋ ์๋ฏธ์ด๋ค. ํํ ํผํ
์
์ ์จ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ณํ๋ฉฐ, ๋ค๋ฅธ ์จ๋์์๋ ์ก์ฒด์ํ๋ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์ํ์ ํํ ํผํ
์
์ด ๋ฌ๋ผ ๋ ๋ฎ์ ํผํ
์
์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ ์ํ๋ก ๋๋ ค๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋นํ๋ฐ์ฑ ์ฉ์ง์ด ๋ํด์ง๋ฉด, ์ก์ฒด ์ํ์ธ ์ฉ๋งค์ ํํ ํผํ
์
์ด ์ฉํด์์ฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ฎ์์ง๊ฒ ๋๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์ํ์ ์ฉ๋งค์ ํํ ํผํ
์
์ ๋ณํ์ง ์๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ก์ฒด ์ํ์ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์ํ์ ํํ์ ์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ์จ๋๋ก ์ด๋ํ๊ฒ ๋๊ณ , ๋๋์ ์ค๋ฆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ํ์์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ด๋์ ๋ด๋ฆผ์ ๋๋์ ์ค๋ฆ๊ณผ ๋น์ทํ ํ์์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ด๋์ ์ด ๋ด๋ ค๊ฐ๋ ์ ๋๊ฐ ๋๋์ ์ด ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ๋ ์ ๋๋ณด๋ค ๋ ํฌ๋ค. ์ด ๋ ํ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํด, ์ฉ์ก์ด ์ก์ฒด ์ํ๋ก ์กด์ฌํ ์ ์๋ ์จ๋์ ๋ฒ์๊ฐ ๋ ๋์ด์ง๋ค.
๋ฎ์ ๋๋์์์ ๊ณ์ฐ์
๋นํ๋ฐ์ฑ ์ฉ์ง์ ๋๋์ ์ค๋ฆ์ ๋ผ์ธ์ ๋ฒ์น๊ณผ ํด๋ผ์ฐ์ง์ฐ์ค-ํด๋ผํ๋กฑ ๋ฐฉ์ ์์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌํ ์ ์๋ค. ์์ ์ ๊ฐํ๋ฉด, ๋ฌฝ์ ์ด์ ์ฉ์ก์์ ๋๋์ ์ค๋ฆ์ ์ฉ์ก์ ๋ชฐ๋ ๋๋์ ์ ๋น๋กํจ์ ์ ์ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ต์ข
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๋์จ๋ค.
ฮTb = Kb ยท bB
์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋๋์ ์ค๋ฆ ฮTb์ Tb (์ฉ์ก) - Tb (์ฉ๋งค).๋ก ์ ์๋์๋ค.
Kb์ ๋๋์ ์ค๋ฆ ์์๋ก, ์ฉ๋งค์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ค. ์ด ์์๋ Kb = RTb2M/ฮHv๋ก ๋ํ๋ผ ์ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ R์ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์์, Tb๋ ์์ํ ์ฉ๋งค์ ๋๋์ [์ ๋์จ๋], M์ ์ฉ๋งค 1๋ชฐ์ ์ง๋, ฮHv๋ ์ฉ๋งค 1๋ชฐ์ ๊ธฐํ์ํค๋๋ฐ ํ์ํ ๊ธฐํ์ด์ด๋ค.
bB๋ ์ฉ์ก์ ๋ชฐ๋ ๋๋๋ก, ๋๋์ ์ค๋ฆ์ด ์ด๊ด์ฑ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ฉ์ง์ ํด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ฐํธ ํธํ ๊ณ์ i๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ bB = b์ฉ์ง ยท i๋ก ๋ํ๋ผ ์ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ i๋ ์ฉ์ง ํ๋๋ฅผ ๋
น์์ ๋ ์ฉ๋งค ๋ด๋ถ์์ ์๊ธฐ๋ ์
์(์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด์จ)์ ํ๊ท ๊ฐฏ์๋ฅผ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ๋ช ๊ฐ์ง ๊ฐ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
๋ฌผ์ ๋
น์ ์คํ์ i = 1๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๋ค.
๋ฌผ์ ๋
น์ ์ผํ ๋ํธ๋ฅจ์ i = 1.9๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๋๋ฐ, NaCl์ด ๋ฌผ ์์์ Na+์ Clโ๋ก ๋๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก 2๋ก ๊ฐ๋จํ๊ฒ ์ด๋ค.
๋ฌผ์ ๋
น์ ์ผํ ์นผ์์ i = 2.3๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๋๋ฐ, CaCl2๊ฐ Ca2+์ 2๊ฐ์ Clโ๋ก ๋๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก 3์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋จํ๊ฒ ์ด๋ค.
์ ์๊ฐ ์๋ i๊ฐ์ ์ฉ์ก์์ ์ด์จ์์ด ํ์ฑ๋์ด ์ฉ์ก ๋ด์ ์ ํจ ์
์ ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ์ค์ด๋ค๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ฐํธํธํ ๊ณ์๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ ๋๋์ ์ค๋ฆ ์์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
ฮTb = Kb ยท bsolute ยท i
๋๋๊ฐ ๋์ ์ฉ์ก์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ฉ์ก์ ์ด์์ฉ์ก์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผํ ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ์ ์์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ํ๋ฐ์ฑ์ด ์๋ ์ฉ์ง์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ์ด ์์ ์ ๋ํ๋ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค์ํ๊ฒ ์ฌ์ฉํ ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์ฉ์ก์ ๋นํ๋ฐ์ฑ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ง์ด ๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ์ ์์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ํ๋ฐ์ฑ์ด ์๋ ์ฉ์ง์ด ์ฒจ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ๋๋์ ์ค๋ฆ์ ์ํํ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ผ๋ก๋ง ๊ฒฐ์ ํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ํผํฉ๋ฌผ์ ์์ํ ์ฉ๋งค๋ณด๋ค ๋ ๋ฎ์ ๋๋์ ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์๋ ์๋๋ฐ, ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ฎ์ ๋๋์ ์ ํผํฉ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ถ๋ณ ๋์ ํผํฉ๋ฌผ ์ํ์ ์์ ๋ ๊ด์ฐฐํ ์ ์๋ค.
๋๋์ ์ค๋ฆ ์์
์ผ๋ถ ๋๋์ ์ค๋ฆ ์์ Kb์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์ฉ๋ก
์์ ์์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ๋๋์ ์ค๋ฆ์ ํตํด ์ฉ์ง 1๋ชฐ๋น ํด๋ฆฌ๋๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋๋์ ์์น๋ฒ(, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ด๋ก "๋์ ๊ด์ฐฐ"์ ์๋ฏธ)์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๊ณผ์ดํ์ ๋๋ฌธ์ ฮTb๋ฅผ ์ ํํ ์ธก์ ํ๊ธฐ๋ ์ด๋ ต์ง๋ง ๋ฒ ํฌ๋ง ์จ๋๊ณ์ ๋ฐ๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ด๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ถ ๊ทน๋ณตํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ฒจ์ธํ์๋ฉด, ์ด๋์ ๋ด๋ฆผ์ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ ์ด๋์ ๋ด๋ฆผ ์์๋ ๋๋์ ์ค๋ฆ ์์๋ณด๋ค ๋ ํฐ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ธก์ ์ด ๋ ์ฝ๋ค.
๋๋์ ์ค๋ฆ๊ณผ ๊ด๊ณ๋ ๋์์ ์ค๋ค์ด ์๋๋ฐ, ํ์คํ๋ฅผ ์๋ฆฌํ ๋ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋๊ธฐ ์์ํ ํ์ ์๊ธ์ ๋ฃ์ด์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ํ์ ์ด๋ค. ์๊ธ์ ๋๋๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ 1๋ฆฌํฐ์ 10g์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐํ์ ๋ ๋ฌผ์ ์จ๋๊ฐ 0.17ย ยฐC๋ฐ์ ์ค๋ฅด์ง ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ์๊ธ๋ฌผ์ด ๋์ ์จ๋์์ ๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์กฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ์๊ฐ์ ์คํด๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
์ด๊ด์ฑ
์ด๋์ ๋ด๋ฆผ
๋ค๋ง์ ๊ท์น
๊ฐ์ฃผ
๋ฌผ์ง๋
ํํ์ ์ฑ์ง
๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํํ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling-point%20elevation | Boiling-point elevation | Boiling-point elevation describes the phenomenon that the boiling point of a liquid (a solvent) will be higher when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a higher boiling point than a pure solvent. This happens whenever a non-volatile solute, such as a salt, is added to a pure solvent, such as water. The boiling point can be measured accurately using an ebullioscope.
Explanation
The boiling point elevation is a colligative property, which means that it is dependent on the presence of dissolved particles and their number, but not their identity. It is an effect of the dilution of the solvent in the presence of a solute. It is a phenomenon that happens for all solutes in all solutions, even in ideal solutions, and does not depend on any specific soluteโsolvent interactions. The boiling point elevation happens both when the solute is an electrolyte, such as various salts, and a nonelectrolyte. In thermodynamic terms, the origin of the boiling point elevation is entropic and can be explained in terms of the vapor pressure or chemical potential of the solvent. In both cases, the explanation depends on the fact that many solutes are only present in the liquid phase and do not enter into the gas phase (except at extremely high temperatures).
Put in vapor pressure terms, a liquid boils at the temperature when its vapor pressure equals the surrounding pressure. For the solvent, the presence of the solute decreases its vapor pressure by dilution. A nonvolatile solute has a vapor pressure of zero, so the vapor pressure of the solution is less than the vapor pressure of the solvent. Thus, a higher temperature is needed for the vapor pressure to reach the surrounding pressure, and the boiling point is elevated.
Put in chemical potential terms, at the boiling point, the liquid phase and the gas (or vapor) phase have the same chemical potential (or vapor pressure) meaning that they are energetically equivalent. The chemical potential is dependent on the temperature, and at other temperatures either the liquid or the gas phase has a lower chemical potential and is more energetically favorable than the other phase. This means that when a nonvolatile solute is added, the chemical potential of the solvent in the liquid phase is decreased by dilution, but the chemical potential of the solvent in the gas phase is not affected. This means in turn that the equilibrium between the liquid and gas phase is established at another temperature for a solution than a pure liquid, i.e., the boiling point is elevated.
The phenomenon of freezing-point depression is analogous to boiling point elevation. However, the magnitude of the freezing point depression is larger than the boiling point elevation for the same solvent and the same concentration of a solute. Because of these two phenomena, the liquid range of a solvent is increased in the presence of a solute.
The equation for calculations at dilute concentration
The extent of boiling-point elevation can be calculated by applying ClausiusโClapeyron relation and Raoult's law together with the assumption of the non-volatility of the solute. The result is that in dilute ideal solutions, the extent of boiling-point elevation is directly proportional to the molal concentration (amount of substance per mass) of the solution according to the equation:
ฮTb = Kb ยท bc
where the boiling point elevation, is defined as Tb (solution) โ Tb (pure solvent).
Kb, the ebullioscopic constant, which is dependent on the properties of the solvent. It can be calculated as Kb = RTb2M/ฮHv, where R is the gas constant, and Tb is the boiling temperature of the pure solvent [in K], M is the molar mass of the solvent, and ฮHv is the heat of vaporization per mole of the solvent.
bc is the colligative molality, calculated by taking dissociation into account since the boiling point elevation is a colligative property, dependent on the number of particles in solution. This is most easily done by using the van 't Hoff factor i as bc = bsolute ยท i, where bsolute is the molality of the solution. The factor i accounts for the number of individual particles (typically ions) formed by a compound in solution. Examples:
i = 1 for sugar in water
i = 1.9 for sodium chloride in water, due to the near full dissociation of NaCl into Na+ and Clโ (often simplified as 2)
i = 2.3 for calcium chloride in water, due to nearly full dissociation of CaCl2 into Ca2+ and 2Clโ (often simplified as 3)
Non integer i factors result from ion pairs in solution, which lower the effective number of particles in the solution.
Equation after including the van 't Hoff factor
ฮTb = Kb ยท bsolute ยท i
At high concentrations, the above formula is less precise due to nonideality of the solution. If the solute is also volatile, one of the key assumptions used in deriving the formula is not true, since it derived for solutions of non-volatile solutes in a volatile solvent. In the case of volatile solutes it is more relevant to talk of a mixture of volatile compounds and the effect of the solute on the boiling point must be determined from the phase diagram of the mixture. In such cases, the mixture can sometimes have a boiling point that is lower than either of the pure components; a mixture with a minimum boiling point is a type of azeotrope.
Ebullioscopic constants
Values of the ebullioscopic constants Kb for selected solvents:
Uses
Together with the formula above, the boiling-point elevation can in principle be used to measure the degree of dissociation or the molar mass of the solute. This kind of measurement is called ebullioscopy (Latin-Greek "boiling-viewing"). However, since superheating is difficult to avoid, precise ฮTb measurements are difficult to carry out, which was partly overcome by the invention of the Beckmann thermometer. Furthermore, the cryoscopic constant that determines freezing-point depression is larger than the ebullioscopic constant, and since the freezing point is often easier to measure with precision, it is more common to use cryoscopy.
See also
Colligative properties
Freezing point depression
Dรผhring's rule
List of boiling and freezing information of solvents
References
Amount of substance
Chemical properties
Physical chemistry |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%9F%B0%20%EB%AC%B4%EC%9D%B4 | ์๋ฐ ๋ฌด์ด | ์๋ฐ ํ๋ญํฌ ๋ฌด์ด(, 1990๋
9์ 15์ผ ~ )๋ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ ์ํดํ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์์ด๋ค. ํฌ์ง์
์ ๋ฏธ๋ํ๋๋ก ํ์ฝํ๋ค.
ํด๋ฝํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
์๋ฐ ๋ฌด์ด๋ ๋ณผํด ์๋๋ฌ์ค FC ์ ์๋
ํ์์ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณผํด์์ ํ๋ก ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ์ํ์ ์์ํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ ๋์ค์ง ๋ชปํ ์ฑ ๋ฐ๋ท ์์ฆ์ธ 2009-10์ ๋ง์ณค์ผ๋ฉฐ ์์ฆ์ด ๋๋๊ณ ๋ณผํด๊ณผ์ ์ฌ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์คํจํ๋ค.
2010-11์์ฆ์ ์๋๊ณ ์ค์ฝํฐ์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ธ์ธํธ ๋ฏธ๋ FC์ ์
๋จํ๋ค. 2010๋
10์ 23์ผ ํํธ ์ค๋ธ ๋ฏธ๋ค๋ก๋์ธ FC์์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ ๋ค. 2011๋
1์ 18์ผ ํผํฐํค๋ FC์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ท๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. 2010-11์์ฆ 18๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. 2011-12์์ฆ์๋ ๋ฑ์ ํผ๋ก๊ณจ์ ์ ์
์ผ๋ฉด์ ํ๋์ ์ถ์ ์ ํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ 12์์ด ๋์ด์์ผ ๋์์ฌ ์ ์์๋ค.
2012-13์์ฆ์ ์๋๊ณ A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ ์ํ์ธ ์จ์คํด ์๋๋ ์๋๋ฌ์ค๋ก ์ด์ ํ๋ค. ๋ฌด์ด๋ ์ผํธ๋ด์ฝ์คํธ ๋งค๋ฆฌ๋์ค์์ ๊ฐ๋ง์ ์์ ํธ์ฃผ ๋ฌด๋ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ค. 2013๋
2์ 28์ผ ํผ์ค ๊ธ๋ก๋ฆฌ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ ํฐ๋จ๋ ธ๋ค.
2014-15์์ฆ์ ์๋๊ณ ๋ฉ๋ฒ๋ฅธ ์ํฐ๋ก ํ์ ์ฎ๊ฒผ๋ค. ์ด์ ์ดํ ๋ฌด์ด๋ ๋ ์ข์ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์์ผ๋ฉฐ 28๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 7๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ํ ์ต๋ค๋์ ์์ ์ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. 2015๋
9์ 29์ผ ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ ์ ๋์ดํฐ๋์์ ์ปต ๋ํ์์ ํดํธํธ๋ฆญ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
2016-17์์ฆ์ ์๋๊ณ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ์ ์
๋จํ๋ค. ์
๋จ 6์ผ ํ ๋ฌด์ด๋ EFL ์ฑํผ์ธ์ญ์ ํ๋์ฆํ๋ ํ์ด AFC๋ก ์๋๋์๋ค. 2016๋
8์ 6์ผ ๋ธ๋ ํธํผ๋ FC์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ด์ ํ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ํํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ ์ ๋์ดํฐ๋์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ฒซ ๋์ ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ค. ์ดํ ๋ฌด์ด๋ ์ข์ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์์ผ๋ฉฐ 2017-18์์ฆ ํ์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์น๊ฒฉ์ ์ผ์กฐํ๋ค. 2017-18์์ฆ์ ์๋๊ณ ํ๋์ฆํ๋ ํ์ด์ผ๋ก ์์ ์ด์ ํ๋ค. ์ ๋ฐ ๋ฌด์ด๋ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ ํฐ๋ฆฌ์ค์์ ๊ฐ๋ง์ ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ํ์ธ ๋ด์บ์ฌ ์ ๋์ดํฐ๋์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์๋ค. 2017๋
10์ 21์ผ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ ๋์ดํฐ๋์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ ์ ๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์ผ๋ฉฐ 2-1 ํ ์น๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ์กฐํ๋ค. 2017-18์์ฆ ์ต์ข
๊ธฐ๋ก์ 38๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 4๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. 2018-19์์ฆ์ด ๋ ์ดํ์๋ ํ๋์ฆํ๋์ ์ฃผ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฝํ๋ฉฐ 30๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 3๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ง๋ง ํ๋์ฆํ๋์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ ๋ง์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
2019-20์์ฆ์ ์๋๊ณ ๋ธ๋ผ์ดํด & ํธ๋ธ ์จ๋น์ธ FC๋ก ์๋ ์ด์ ํ๋ฉด์ 2019-20์์ฆ์์๋ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
2020์์ฆ ์ฌ๋ฆ ์ด์ ์์ฅ์ ์ค๊ตญ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ํ์ด ์๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ ํ๋ค.
2022์์ฆ ์ฌ๋ฆ ์ด์ ์์ฅ์ ์ค์ฝํฐ์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด์ญ์ ์
ํฑ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ ํ๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ
๋ฌด์ด๋ 2009๋
FIFA U-20 ์๋์ปต์ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ U-20 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ด ๋ํ์์ 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์กฐ๋ณ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 3์ฐจ์ ๋ธ๋ผ์ง์ ์์ ๋์ ์ ํ๋ค.
2012๋
12์ 7์ผ ๊ด ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ๊ณผ์ ๋์์์์ปต ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ค์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํ๋ฆฌํฅ์ผ๋ก ๋์ ์ ํ๋ค. 2013๋
EAFF ๋์์์์ปต ๋ฉค๋ฒ๋ก ํฉ๋ฅํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ค๊ตญ๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
2018๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋ช
๋จ์ ํฌํจ๋์๋ค.
์ธ์
๊ฐ์กฑ๊ณผ ๊ด๊ณ
์ด๋ฆฐ ์์ ์๋ ์ด๋จธ๋์ธ Sam์ด Mooy์ ์ผ์ ์ํ์์ ์ค์ํ ์ญํ ์ ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๋น์ ์ด์ ๋ฉดํ๊ฐ ์์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํธ๋ ์ด๋ ์ธ์
์ผ๋ก ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ ค๋ค์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ต๋๋ค. Sam์ Aaron์ "์กฐ์ฉํ ์ํผ"์ผ๋ก ๋ฌ์ฌํ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ ์กฐํ ์ํ์ ์ ํธํ๋ ์ฑํฅ์ด ์๋ฌผํ์ ์ธ ์๋ฒ์ง๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋์จ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐํ๋ค๊ณ ํฉ๋๋ค. 21์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ดํ Aaron์ ๊ทธ ๋น์ ์ค์ฝํ๋๋์์ ์๋ฏธ ์๋ ์ฑ์ธ์์ ํ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ํ์ฌ ์ง์ญ ํ์์ ๊ณผ๋ํ ์์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋ ๋์ , ๊ทธ์ 15์ธ ๋ ๋์ Alex๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ์ฌ ํจ๊ป ์ง๋ด๊ธฐ๋ก ํ์ต๋๋ค.
๊ฐ์ ์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์์, Aaron Mooy๋ 2011๋
๊ธ๋์ค๊ณ ์์ ์ฒ์ ๋ง๋ Nicola Mooy์ ๊ฒฐํผํ์ต๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ 2017๋
5์ ๊ธ๋์ค๊ณ ์์ ๊ฒฐํผ์์ ์ฌ๋ ธ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ ์ธ๋ธ๋ฆฌ ์คํ๋์์์ ํ๋์ฆํ๋ ํ์ด๊ณผ์ ํ๋ ์ด์คํ ๊ฒฐ์น ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์๋๊ณ ์์์ต๋๋ค. ์ด ๋ถ๋ถ์๋ ๋ ์์ด๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 2015๋
์ ํ์ด๋ ๋ธ์ธ Skylar Mooy์ 2018๋
์ ํ์ด๋ ์๋ค์ธ Maximilian Andrew Mooy๊ฐ ์์ต๋๋ค. ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ธ ํฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน์ผ๋ก ์ธํด Aaron์ด ์ํ์ด์ ์ ๋งํ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋งบ๊ฒ ๋์์ ๋ ์ค๊ตญ์์ ๊ฐ์กฑ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์์ ์ ์์๋ ๋์ ์ ๊ฒช์์ต๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ Aaron์ ์ด ๊ฒฝํ์ ๊ท์คํ ์ธ์์ ๊ตํ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ํ์์ ๋๋๋ฌ์ง ์ ์๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฆ๊ฒผ์ต๋๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, ๊ทธ๋ ์ํ์ด์์ ์์ ๋ก์์ง๊ณ 2022๋
์ค๋ฐ์ ์ผํฑ์ ํฉ๋ฅํ์ฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ฅ์์ ๊ณ์ํด์ ํฐ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ๊ฒ ๋์์ต๋๋ค. ๋ธ Skylar์ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ํด, Aaron Mooy๋ Celtic์์ ๋ค ๋ฒ์งธ ๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์ ํ "S" ๋ชจ์์ ์ ์ค์ฒ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ์ฌ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์์ง์ ์ผ๋ก ํํํ์ต๋๋ค.
Aaron Mooy๋ ์ํดํ ์ ํ๋ก ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์์ธ Brodie Mooy ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ต๋๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์ผ์ด์ธ Paul Cosgrove๋ ์ฟผ์ปค์ค ํ์ ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๊ด์ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์์ํธ๋ฆญ ์ง์ง์์ธ ๊ทธ์ ์์๋ฒ์ง์ธ Ian์ ํ์ ๋์ ์ผํฑ์ ์ง์งํ๊ณ ์์ต๋๋ค. Mooy๋ณด๋ค 6์ด ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋์ Alex๋ National Premier Leagues์์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ A-League์ ํ๋ ์๋ ์์ค์ ํด๋นํฉ๋๋ค. Aaron์ ๋์ Alex๋ฅผ ์์ ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ํฌ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒผ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋์ ํจ๊ป ๋ง์ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ณด๋์ต๋๋ค. ์ํ๊น๊ฒ๋ Alex๋ 2021๋
6์์ ์ฌ๋งํ๊ฒ ๋์์ต๋๋ค.
๋ฌธํ์ ์ฐ
ํ๋ก ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๋ก์์ ์ฌ์ ์ ํตํด, Aaron Mooy๋ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์น์ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ฐ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ํตํด ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ ํํ์ต๋๋ค. 16์ธ ๋, ๊ทธ๋ ์๊ตญ ๋ณผํด์์ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋จ์ด์ ธ ์์ ๋ ์ป์ ์ง์ง๋ฅผ ์์งํ๋ ์ํธ์ฒ์ฌ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ด๊นจ์ ์๊ฒผ์ต๋๋ค. ๋ค๋๋๋์ด๋ก "Leven, Lachen, Liefde"๋ผ๋ ๋จ์ด๋ค๋ ๊ทธ์ ํผ๋ถ์ ์๊ฒจ์ ธ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ง์นจ ์์น์ ๋ํ๋
๋๋ค. "Mooy"๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ Aaron์ ํ ์๋ฒ์ง๊ฐ ๋ค๋๋๋์์ ํธ์ฃผ๋ก ์ด๋ฏผํ์ฌ ํธ์ฃผํํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก, ์ด๋ ๊ทธ์๊ฒ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ๋ฟ๋ฆฌ์์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ ์๋ฏธํฉ๋๋ค.
Aaron Mooy์ ์ด๋จธ๋์ธ Sam์ ๊ทธ์ ๋ค๋๋๋ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ฐ๊ณผ์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๊ณ ์์ต๋๋ค. Aaron์ ๊ทธ์ ๋ค๋๋๋ ํ ์๋ฒ์ง๋ฅผ ์ง์ ๋ง๋๋ณธ ์ ์ ์์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ด๋จธ๋๊ฐ ๋ฌ์ฌํ ์ฌ๋์ ๊น์ด ์กด๊ฒฝํ๊ณ ์์ต๋๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ํ์ฑ๊ธฐ ๋์๋ Aaron Mooy์ ์ด๋จธ๋ Sam์ ๋จํธ์ธ Alan Todd๊ฐ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๋ก์์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์์ด์ ์ค์ํ ์ญํ ์ ํ์ต๋๋ค. ์ ๋ญ๋น ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฌํ์ด์๋ Alan์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์์ ๋ถํฐ Aaron์๊ฒ ์ผ๋ฐ๊ณผ ์ค๋ฅธ๋ฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๋ฒ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅด์ณ ์ฃผ์์ต๋๋ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ๋๋ถ์ Aaron์ ๋ ๋ฐ ์ค ์ด๋ ํ์ชฝ์ ์ ํธํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋ ์์์ก์ด ์ ์๊ฐ ๋์์ต๋๋ค.
์์
ํ
A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด์ญ: 2012-13
๊ฐ์ธ
๋ฉ๋ฒ๋ฅธ ์ํฐ ์ฌํด์ ์ ์: 2014-15, 2015-16
PFC A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ ์ค๋ธ ๋ ์์ฆ: 2014-15, 2015-16
PFC ์ฌํด์ ์ ์: 2015-16, 2016-17
PFC ํ ์ค๋ธ ๋ ์ด์ด: 2016-17
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
1990๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๋ฏธ๋ํ๋
์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ ํด์ธ ์ง์ถ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋จ์ U-20 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋จ์ U-23 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
๋ณผํด ์๋๋ฌ์ค FC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ธ์ธํธ ๋ฏธ๋ FC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์จ์คํด ์๋๋ ์๋๋ฌ์ค FC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ฉ๋ฒ๋ฅธ ์ํฐ FC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ FC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
ํ๋์ฆํ๋ ํ์ด AFC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ธ๋ผ์ดํด & ํธ๋ธ ์จ๋น์ธ FC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ํ์ด ํ์ด๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์
ํฑ FC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ค์ฝํฐ์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด์ญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
A๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฉ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ ํ๋ณผ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ค๊ตญ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ค์ฝํ๋๋์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ค๊ตญ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์๋๋ ์ถ์
2017๋
FIFA ์ปจํ๋๋ ์ด์
์ค์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2018๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2022๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
์๊ธ๋๋์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ธ
์ค์ฝํ๋๋์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ธ
์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ธ
์ค์ฝํฐ์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron%20Mooy | Aaron Mooy | Aaron Frank Mooy (; ; born 15 September 1990) is an Australian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He is considered to be one of the greatest Australian midfielders of all time and one of Huddersfield Town's greatest players in recent decades. Mooy was voted PFA Footballer of the Year a record three times, consecutively, and was nominated for the 2017 Asian Footballer of the Year award. He was named in the A-League Men Team of the Season twice, and was named in the PFA Team of the Year and EFL Team of the Season once. He was voted and named in Australia's Team of the Century.
Born in Sydney, Mooy made his professional debut with St Mirren in 2010 before returning to Australia with Western Sydney Wanderers, winning the A-League Premiers' title in their inaugural season. However, after inconsistent playing time, he left for Melbourne City and eventually joined Manchester City in 2016. Mooy was immediately loaned to Huddersfield, achieving promotion to the Premier League for the first time in the club's history. He signed a permanent deal the following season. After spending two more seasons and being relegated, Mooy was loaned out to Brighton in August 2020 and signed a permanent deal in January 2021. The same year, he then agreed a transfer deal to the Chinese Super League with Shanghai Port but was released due to the COVID outbreak. He joined Celtic in July 2022, being a key part in their 8th treble, winning the Scottish Premiership, Scottish League Cup and Scottish Cup before retiring in June 2023.
An Australian international, Mooy amassed a total of 57 caps and 7 goals during his time playing for Australia, mainly playing in the World Cup qualifying campaigns. He played in two World Cups, the 2018 World Cup and 2022 World Cup, with his final appearance against Argentina before retiring in June 2023.
Early life
Aaron Frank Mooy was born on 15 September 1990 in Sydney, Australia. At birth, he was given the name Aaron Kuhlman, but his surname was changed by his Dutch mother after she divorced his father during Mooy's early childhood. Mooy had minimal contact with his father, with their only meeting occurring when Mooy was a toddler, and briefly again at 14 during which his father signed forms for his Dutch passport. During this time, Mooy met his brother Alex at a shopping centre whilst accompanied by his Wanderers teammates.
During his upbringing, Mooy developed an interest in watching Premier League matches, particularly favouring Manchester United. David Beckham became his favourite player, and he would watch Beckham's games and practice free kicks, often pretending to be him. One day, Mooy expressed his enjoyment of playing with friends to his mother, who promptly registered him with the Carlingford Redbacks, a club that his German stepfather, Alan Todd, would soon join to coach his team.
Mooy's early football journey included stints with various clubs such as the Carlingford Redbacks, Granville Magpies, Blacktown City, and Northern Spirit. He enrolled at the New South Wales Institute of Sport (NSWIS) at Sydney Olympic Park and attended Westfields Sports High School. Mornings were dedicated to training, while afternoons were reserved for academic classes. Following the path of many aspiring footballers, Mooy left his home country at the age of 15 to pursue his ambitions.
Club career
Early career
Mooy started his career in Europe as a youth scholar at Bolton Wanderers after being spotted by Chris Sulley. He rejected a contract extension from Bolton in July 2010 in search of more first team football. Mooy joined Scottish Premier League club St Mirren on 23 October 2010, and made his league debut for the Saints on the same day in a 3โ0 loss to Hearts. On 18 January 2011, he scored his first goal for the club, in the fourth-round replay, in a 6โ1 win over Peterhead. Having made 18 appearances and scoring once in all competitions, he was offered a new contract in April 2011 before agreeing a two-year contract with the club in May.
The 2011โ12 season was marked by Mooy having suffered a stress fracture in his back. As months went by, his recovery started going well. Soon after, he went to a specialist to get over his injury. On 17 December 2011, Mooy made his return, coming as a substitute, in a 1โ1 draw against Motherwell and the next game, he scored his first league goal for the club against Rangers at St Mirren Park on Christmas Eve 2011. On 20 June 2012, Mooy was released from St Mirren, expected to return back in Australia, and join an A-League club in West Sydney. He departed the club, making a total of 30 appearances.
Western Sydney Wanderers
On 25 June 2012, Mooy signed with Western Sydney Wanderers, becoming one of the club's first signings for their inaugural season in the A-League. The official media launch took place at Parramatta Stadium, where he was introduced alongside two players, Tarek Elrich and Kwabena Appiah, ahead of the 2012โ13 A-League season. Following the launch, Mooy would be joined with Mark Bridge, Michael Beauchamp and Shannon Cole prior to the club's first training session on 2 July. Mooy made his unofficial debut at Cook Park, St Marys, in front of a crowd of 3,612, in the Wanderers' 5โ0 debut win against Nepean on 26 July.
On 6 October, Mooy made his competitive debut in the opening game of the season in a 0โ0 home draw against Central Coast Mariners. He played in the first Sydney Derby match on 20 October, where his side succumbed to a 1โ0 defeat after Alessandro Del Piero scored the winner for Sydney FC. On 23 February 2013, Mooy scored his first goal for the club, netting the winner in a 1โ0 win against Perth Glory, but was benched the next game by Tony Popovic before the Wanderers' won their 8th successive win in a row. Mooy would miss the final games against Brisbane Roar and Newcastle due to a knee injury, as the Wanderers lifted the Premiers' Plate in the last round at Hunter Stadium in front of 8,000 Wanderers fans.
He made his return in the Grand Final where his side lost 2โ0 to Central Coast Mariners. In January 2014, Mooy handed in a request for a transfer, effective immediately, to Western Sydney Wanderers after being unhappy with inconsistent game time during the season. In the following games, he scored in two consecutive matches, netting his 2nd and 3rd goals of the season against Perth Glory and Newcastle respectively. Leading into February, Mooy was in the finalised squad for the Wanderers in their first AFC Champions League campaign. He scored his first AFC Champions League goal in a 5โ0 group stage victory over Guizhou Renhe, securing his side qualification to the Round of 16. Two weeks later, Mooy was subbed on in his second consecutive Grand Final where he was booked in extra time before losing 2โ1 to Brisbane Roar in front of 51,153 attendees at Suncorp Stadium. On 21 May, Mooy was released by the club.
Melbourne City
2014โ15
On the day of his release, Mooy signed a two-year contract with Melbourne City. He made his league debut on 11 October 2014 against Sydney FC, sitting in midfield behind a forward line consisting of David Villa. The following matches, after registering two assists, Mooy was named as Melbourne City's inaugural Etihad Player of the month for October, and soon for November due his performance in City's first win of the season against Brisbane Roar. Mooy scored his first goal on 7 December, the only goal from a penalty in the home fixture against Brisbane. He was voted Man of the match for his performance. On 27 December, Mooy received his second Man of the match award, scoring a goal in City's 1โ1 draw against Perth Glory.
Continuing his form in February, Mooy scored the winning goal from 20 metres against his former club, Western Sydney Wanderers, to secure his side a 2โ1 win. His performances labelled him by John van 't Schip as his "most stable and most important player". By the end of the season, Mooy was named on three awards; collecting the Golden Boot (7 goals), Supportersโ Player of the Year and the Player of the Year in Melbourne City's award ceremony. In reflection to this, he contributed to 47% of City's total goals, led the A-League for balls into the penalty area, completed crosses, completed through balls and shot assists, while defensively he was second in the competition for effective tackles.
2015โ16
On 11 August 2015, Mooy re-signed with the club, a three-year deal as the club's marquee player ahead of the 2015โ16 season. He started his campaign, scoring the opening goal from a penalty, in a 5โ1 win over Wellington Phoenix in the FFA Cup. In the subsequent round, Mooy scored his first hat-trick, the first City player to do so in a cup match, in a 5โ0 victory against Heidelberg United at Olympic Village. In the first Melbourne Derby of the league season, Mooy assisted twice, giving Bruno Fornaroli his first league goal for the club, before losing 3โ2 to Melbourne Victory at Etihad Stadium. In the following month, Mooy would accumalte 13 goal contributions, including 6 goals and 7 assists, peaking interest from Saudi Arabian club Al Nassr whom City rejected a record $2 million dollar offer from.
Following pasts the New Year, Mooy missed the game against Sydney FC due to a rib fracture he received three weeks before. Mooy made his return on 9 January 2016, against his former side Western Sydney Wanderers, helping his side to a 3โ2 win and ending the Wanderers' 10 game unbeaten streak. On 26 February, Mooy scored his 10th goal of the season, from a deflected free kick, in a 2โ1 league defeat to Wellington at Westpac Stadium. Mooy would score his 11th on 18 March against Brisbane, followed by Harry Novillo who scored his 10th on 28 March, with City becoming the first A-League club to have three players with double-figures in goals; with Novillo (10), Mooy (11) and Fornaroli (21). City finished their league campaign, following a 4โ1 loss to Adelaide United in the A-League semi-final.
By the end of the season, Mooy finished with 11 goals and 21 assists in the league, setting a new record for the most assists in an A-League season and became the first player in A-Leagues history to reach double digits in both goals and assists in a single season. Mooy was placed second in the Johnny Warren Medal, losing to Perth Glory's Diego Castro.
Huddersfield Town
2016โ17: Acquisition from Man City and loan to Huddersfield
Mooy was signed by Manchester City on a three-year deal on 30 June 2016. His contract was understood to be around $4 million per year, making him one of the highest-paid Australian footballers. Six days after signing for Manchester City, Mooy was loaned to Championship side Huddersfield Town for the 2016โ17 season. He made his Huddersfield debut in their 2โ1 win over Brentford on 6 August, and scored his first goal for them on 10 September in a 1โ0 win over Leeds United in a West Yorkshire derby. On 28 November 2016, he scored the equaliser in an eventual 2โ1 loss at home to Wigan Athletic. Huddersfield Town fans voted Mooy as the best player of the season. Mooy was involved in the squad that won the play-off final, scoring one of Huddersfield's four penalties in the penalty shootout against Reading, which secured them Premier League status for the 2017โ18 season, the first time in the club's history.
2017โ2019: Permanent transfer and Premier league debut
On 15 June 2017, it was reported that Huddersfield had agreed a fee with Manchester City to sign Mooy on a permanent basis. The fee was reported to be an initial ยฃ8ย million, potentially rising to ยฃ10ย million depending on add-ons. City would also have a buy-back clause for Mooy. The transfer was finalised on 30 June. Mooy made his Premier League debut for Huddersfield in their first game of the 2017โ18 season, a 3โ0 win over Crystal Palace, Mooy himself involved in two of the goals. He scored his first Premier League goal one week later, the only goal of the game as Huddersfield defeated Newcastle United. On 21 October 2017, Mooy scored the opening goal as Huddersfield upset Manchester United 2โ1 in a Premier League clash at Kirklees Stadium. Following the match, a fan gifted Mooy ยฃ5 for his performance, which he later donated to the club's Town Foundationโa charitable organization dedicated to supporting children in the local community. On 17 December, Mooy added his 3rd and 4th goal of the season, including a brace in the 89th minute from the penalty spot, securing a 4โ1 win over Watford. He helped Huddersfield clinch survival on 9 May 2018, assisting Laurent Depoitre, to draw 1โ1 at Stamford Bridge against Chelsea.
After recovering from bad form in the early stages of the 2018โ19 season, Mooy scored two goals, his second being a free kick past Rui Patrรญcio, to secure a 2โ0 win against Wolverhampton Wanderers, sending his side above the relegation zone. In addition to this, Mooy ended his 29 game run without scoring a goal. However, during December, Mooy sustained a knee injury after a match against Arsenal which consigned him on the sidelined for two months. From there, Huddersfield recorded 6 losses and 1 draw in their next 7 games, returning to the bottom of the table and manager David Wagner departing soon afterwards. Mooy returned to fitness in late January 2019, but his side form began to falter resulting in relegation after a 3โ0 defeat to Crystal Palace before the end of March; equalling Derbyโs record for the earliest relegation from the division. Mooy would look to depart the club, having a reported asking price set on $25 million valuation before the transfer window closes on August 9.
Brighton & Hove Albion
On 8 August 2019, Mooy joined Brighton & Hove Albion on a one-year loan from Huddersfield Town, joining alongside international teammate Mathew Ryan. He made his debut for the club as a substitute on 17 August, in a 1โ1 home draw against West Ham United in the Premier League. On 19 October, Mooy was sent off for the first time in his club career after receiving two bookings in the 30th and 35th minute (for fouling Jack Grealish) in Brighton's eventual 2โ1 loss to Aston Villa. On 9 December, Mooy assisted the winning goal, a cross to Neal Maupay, to win the game 2โ1 against Arsenal at Emirates Stadium. In the same month, on 28 December, Mooy scored his first goal for The Albion in a 2โ0 victory over Bournemouth. His goal was nominated in Premier League Goal of the Month. On 24 January 2020, Brighton announced the permanent signing of Mooy, on a three-and-a-half-year contract, in a deal reported to be worth ยฃ5 million. He finished his first season for the south-coast team, making 32 appearances.
Shanghai Port
On 28 August 2020, it was announced that Mooy had signed for Chinese Super League team Shanghai SIPG (now known as Shanghai Port) after activating a ยฃ4 million release clause. Brighton head coach Graham Potter said upon his departure "I have really enjoyed working with him, and on behalf of everyone at the club I would like to thank him for his contribution and wish him well for the future".
On 15 September 2020, Mooy scored the winning goal on his debut, after coming on in the second half in a 2โ1 win against Wuhan. He would lead his side to second in the AFC Champions League group stage, before getting knocked out in the Round of 16 after a 2โ0 loss to Vissel Kobe. The next season, Mooy missed out on the 2021 AFC Champions League after Shanghai Port withdrawn due to lockdown rules in China. As the lockdowns extended, Mooy refused to return to China for pre-season despite multiple request from Shanghai, in fear of being caught in the pandemic. Shanghai soon negotiated an early release to Mooy in July 2022. His last competitive appearance for the club was on 9 January, after making 13 appearances and 5 goals during the campaign. In order to keep fit, Mooy returned to Glasgow, where his family were based, to train with a fitness coach who flew from Australia's training camp in Dubai.
Celtic
On 19 July 2022, Mooy signed a two-year deal with Celtic, reuniting with former manager, Ange Postecoglou. His contract was worth ยฃ1.2 million per year, having taken a salary cut from his ยฃ3 million per year contract in China.
Mooy made his debut for the club on 31 July, coming on as a late substitute in a 2โ0 home win over Aberdeen in the Scottish Premiership. He made his Champions League debut in a 3โ0 home loss to defending champions Real Madrid on 6 September, and later earning his first start for the club in a 2โ0 away loss against St Mirren on 18 September. On 28 December, Mooy scored his first goals for Celtic, leading his side by netting the opener and a brace in a 4โ0 victory against Hibernian at Easter Road. Mooy went on to provide 6 goals and 6 assists in all competitions by 5 February 2023, after adding a goal and an assist in a 4โ1 win over St Johnstone. On 26 February, Mooy started in Celtic's 2โ1 victory over Rangers in the League Cup final, contributing to the build-up of the second goal and securing his side's first trophy of the season.
Continuing on his form in the Scottish Cup, on 11 March, Mooy scored the opening goal within just over 100 seconds, to lead his side into an eventual 3โ0 quarter finals victory over Hearts. However, a week later, Celtic announced that Mooy will be out due to injury, after carrying "soreness" for a couple of weeks during their tight schedule. He made his return on 8 April, where his side won 3โ2 against Rangers. On 7 May, Mooy helped Celtic retained the Scottish Premiership title, achieving a double, after assisting Oh Hyeon-gyu brace to ensure a 2โ0 victory against Hearts at home. Consequently, it would be Mooy's final appearance for the club due to back problems in recent weeks leading to him being ruled out in the Scottish Cup final. Celtic went on to achieve a historic domestic treble, for a record 8th time, following a 3โ1 final win over Inverness. In the wake of Postecoglou's departure, Mooy announced his retirement from professional football on 30 June.
International career
2009โ2012: U20 World Cup and Olympic
As a dual Australian-Dutch national, Mooy is eligible to play for the national team of both countries. In recognition of his performances with the under-20 side, senior manager Pim Verbeek gave Mooy his first call-up for a friendly match against Republic of Ireland on 12 August 2009. He was an unused substitute on the day as Australia won 3โ0 at Thomond Park. Returning to the youths, Mooy represented Australia U20 side in the U-20 World Cup, being benched and playing one group match before starting on 3 October 2009, where he scored the opening goal for his side, a 40-yard free kick, against Brazil in the final group stage match. Australia lost 3โ1 at full time, finishing bottom of the group; the nation's worst-ever finish at the tournament.
In June 2011, Mooy was named in the Australia U23 squad under coach Aurelio Vidmar. Ahead of the Olympic Games qualifiers, Australia played two legs, between 19 and 23 June, against Yemen in which Mooy recorded 1 assist off the bench in a 7โ0 aggregate victory to qualify for the group stage. Australia would be knocked out after failing to score a goal throughout the whole group stage; finishing bottom of the group with 4 draws and 2 losses, thus missing the Olympics for the first time since 1984. Mooy declared his desire to represent Australia in December 2011.
2012โ2017: Senior debut and World Cup qualifiers
On 7 December 2012, Mooy made his senior debut for Australia at Hong Kong Stadium, scoring the opening goal in a 9โ0 victory against Guam in the second preliminary round of the East Asian Cup. Two days later, he scored his second goal for his nation in an 8โ0 win against Chinese Taipei, ensuring qualification to the final stage of the competition. From there Mooy didn't make another senior appearance until he started in the last group match on 28 July 2013, scoring the equaliser, in a 4โ3 loss to China. Ahead of the 2015 Asian Cup, Mooy was initially included in the 46-man provisional squad by manager Ange Postecoglou, who would finalise a trimmed 23-man squad before the tournament began. However, he was ultimately excluded from the final selection and instead participated in a 12-day camp at New York University in Abu Dhabi alongside the other 22 unselected players, playing scheduled friendlies from 11 to 18 January 2015.
Although he missed the opening match in June, Mooy was recalled under Postecoglou despite concerns of his fitness, for the World Cup qualifiers in September. In the following matches, he scored a brace in Australia's 5โ0 win over Bangladesh and was involved in their opening goal of a 3โ0 victory in their next match against Tajikistan. At the second round of the group stage, now placed as a starter, Mooy assisted once and forced an error from keeper Ruslan Amirov that led to an own goal in a 3โ0 win against Kyrgyzstan, before helping The Socceroos top the table after providing a hat-trick of assists for his side in a 4โ0 victory against Bangladesh on 17 November. In March 2016, Mooy went on to record 1 goal and 2 assists in the last two matches of the group against Tajikistan (7โ0), and Jordan (5โ1).
In the next stage of the competition, Mooy started in all group matches, continuing to be the key midfielder to provide his side chances. Australia won their first two games before drawing consecutively in the next three matches; Mooy assisted once during the first half of the group. Following the second round of the group, Mooy assisted the opening goal in a 1โ1 draw against Iraq. After a 2โ0 win over United Arab Emirates, he assisted the winning goal, a sharp pass to Tom Rogic in the 72nd minute, in a crucial 3โ2 win against Saudi Arabia to keep his nation in contention for World Cup qualification. Australia finished the campaign in third place, missing out on direct qualification and resorted to qualify through a play-off round. Mooy was involved in the winning goal at extra time, securing a 3โ2 aggregate win over Syria to progress to the final round against Honduras on 15 November 2017. After an initial 0โ0 draw, Australia won 3โ1 in the second leg to ensure qualification for the 2018 World Cup in Russia.
2018โ2021: World Cup and pandemic
On 16 June 2018, Mooy made his World Cup debut at Kazan Arena, starting in the opening match against France. He was involved in the lead-up to Australia's penalty goal, which resulted from a free kick being handled by French defender Samuel Umtiti. Mooy's presence in midfield was instrumental in limiting the opposition's scoring opportunities and creating key chances in the attacking front as his side lost 2โ1 at full-time. Unfortunately, due to their lack of attacking presence, Australia fell bottom of the group, only able to score their goals from the penalty spot following a 1โ1 draw against Denmark and a 2โ0 defeat to Peru.
Following the tournament, Mooy would miss the entirety of the Asian Cup campaign in January 2019 due to a torn medial collateral ligament in his right knee which was expected to keep him out for three months. Despite this, he was added into the final squad for the tournament under newly appointed manager Graham Arnold. Mooy made his international return on 10 September, scoring a brace in a 3โ0 win over Kuwait in Australia's first match of the 2022 World Cup qualifier. In the following matches, Mooy gathered three assists, helping his side triumph over Nepal and Chinese Taipei to continue their perfect start. However, after 18-months of no international football due to COVID-19, Mooy made his return with Australia in August 2021 after being added to the 27-man squad set to play in the remaining group matches and third round fixtures. He made his eventual return as a substitute on 2 September in a 3โ0 victory over China.
For the remaining matches, Mooy was delegated onto the bench, only to come on to keep possession for his side when in a winning lead. He made his first start, since returning from COVID, for Australia on 12 October in a 2โ0 loss to Japan at Saitama Stadium. After his side's loss, Mooy was recalled back to his club, Shanghai, to return into quarantine due to the Chinese Government's rules and regulations in the pandemic which interfered with his playing time at international level. As a result, he missed the crucial qualifier matches against Saudi Arabia and China.
2022โ2023: Last World Cup and retirement
After the end of his club's domestic season, Mooy was called-up to Australia in January 2022 for the forthcoming matches of the World Cup qualifier. On 1 February, he scored a goal, his first in three-and-a-half years, for Australia in a 2โ2 draw against Oman. Later that year, whilst ignoring his club's request to return, Mooy made his 50th appearance for Australia on 1 June in a friendly match against Jordan. A week forward, he started in the crucial match against the United Arab Emirates in the World Cup qualification fourth round after his nation finished third in the group stage of round three; Mooy was involved in the winning goal as his corner was deflected off towards Ajdin Hrustic, whose goal gave Australia the lead in the 84th minute and ensured a 2โ1 win at Ahmad bin Ali Stadium. In the play-off final against Peru, a match in which Australia was heavily favoured as the underdog, Mooy played the entire 120 minutes for his nation until the match led into a penalty shootout after 0โ0 draw at the end of extra time. He scored the second penalty in the shootout before Australia eventually won 5โ4 to secure World Cup qualification to Qatar.
At the 2022 FIFA World Cup, Mooy started in Australia's opening match against France where his side lost 4โ1 after being 1โ0 in front in the early stages of the match. However, a positive performance from Mooy in the subsequent match against Tunisia inspired his side to keep their 1โ0 lead until full time. The win was Australia's first since 2010 against Serbia and first clean sheet in more than 48 years at the world stage. In the final match against Denmark, Mooy continued his good form, playing a pivotal role in midfield to influence a 1โ0 win, qualifying to the Round of 16 for the first time since 2006. He started in the match against the eventual champions Argentina where Australia would lose 2โ1 at full time, ending their World Cup campaign in the process.
After the tournament, Mooy missed the "Welcome Home" matches in March 2023 against Ecuador due to back soreness, forcing him to continue recovery in Scotland. His continuous back problem eventually led him to miss the friendly match against Argentina on 15 June. On 30 June, Mooy announced his retirement from professional football โ in club and international football โ with immediate effect. He ended his international career with 57 caps and 7 goals for Australia.
Player profile
Style of play
Known as the "Pasty Pirlo" and "Aussie Iniesta," Mooy possesses a unique playing style that combines technical ability, vision, and tactical awareness. Mooy began his professional career at St Mirren, where he played as a deep-lying playmaker in a midfield role. He showcased his ability to find space for his teammates under pressure and his speed of thought, vision, and understanding of space. This led to his nickname, the "Pasty Pirlo," drawing comparisons to the retired Italian star Andrea Pirlo.
As Mooy moved to different clubs, including Western Sydney Wanderers, Melbourne City, Huddersfield Town, Brighton, Shanghai Port, and Celtic, his playing style evolved. He became a box-to-box midfielder, contributing both defensively and in attack. He displayed his versatility by playing in various positions, including the right centre midfield role in Shanghai's formations and as a quarterback-like player for Huddersfield, orchestrating the team's attacks.
In terms of attacking contributions, Mooy has showcased his goal-scoring ability and his accuracy in shots on target. He is also capable of making dangerous passes and has impressive vision and passing range. Defensively, Mooy's numbers are average, but he excels in positioning and intercepting passes. He is a clean passer of the ball and possesses excellent vision and calmness under pressure. While not known for his physicality, he compensates with his work rate off the ball, contributing to team efforts in pressing and breaking up opponents' play.
Mooy's playing style is characterized by his ball retention, composure, and ability to find space in crowded areas. He is a meticulous passer, rarely misplacing passes, and excels at dictating the pace and tempo of the game from a deeper position. His intelligence in movement and positioning allows him to control and manage matches effectively.
As Mooy joined Celtic under manager Ange Postecoglou, he fit well into the team's 4-3-3 system as one of the "free eights" in midfield. His networking abilities and precise passing make him a vital asset in advancing the team's play. Despite lacking pace, Mooy's ability to protect and carry the ball effectively compensates for this. While Mooy's injury record raises concerns due to his age, his versatility and impact on the field remain significant. His awareness, vision, and set-piece-taking abilities make him a valuable asset in creating scoring opportunities for his team.
Reception
Mooy has received widespread acclaim for his performances throughout his career, earning recognition as one of Australia's greatest-ever midfielders. His technical ability, defensive qualities, and unique playing style have garnered praise from players, coaches, and fans alike.
Huddersfield Town legend Andy Booth, who scored 137 goals for the club, went as far as suggesting that Mooy may be the best player in the club's 109-year history. Booth emphasized Mooy's phenomenal achievements and workload, highlighting his exceptional contributions to the team. David Wagner, former Huddersfield Town manager, praised Mooy for his technical ability and defensive qualities, highlighting the unusual playing style that made him stand out. Pep Guardiola, renowned as one of the top coaches in world football, praised Mooy during his loan spell at Huddersfield Town, describing his performances as "amazing." Even outside the world of football, Mooy gained recognition. Former adult film star Mia Khalifa, a notable West Ham fan, included Mooy in her top three favourite footballers alongside legends Zinedine Zidane and David Beckham.
Mooy's accolades extend beyond club recognition. He was voted and named in Australia's Team of the Century, solidifying his status as one of the country's greatest-ever midfielders. Former Socceroo goalkeeper Mark Bosnich hailed him as the best Australian midfielder playing anywhere in the world during his time at Melbourne City. In addition, former Socceroos boss Ange Postecoglou described Mooy as the best and most exciting player in the A-League.
Mooy's individual achievements are notable as well. He won the PFA Men's Footballer of the Year award three times consecutively from 2015 to 2018, becoming the first player to achieve this feat and the first to win the award in three consecutive seasons. His consistent performances and contributions to his teams did not go unnoticed. Mooy was recognized as the Melbourne City Player of the Year twice consecutively. In his debut season for Huddersfield Town, he was named the club's Player of the Year after leading them to their historic promotion to the top flight. In addition, he was nominated for 2017 Asian Footballer of the Year.
Mooy's impact on Huddersfield Town was further evident in the fans' affection for him. They dedicated a song to Mooy, adapted from the nursery rhyme "Polly Wolly Dolly," sung to the tune of Boney M's "Hooray! Hooray! It's a Holi-Holiday."
Personal life
Family and relationships
During his early years, his mother, Sam, played an important role in Mooy's daily routine, driving him to and from training sessions since he didn't have a driver's license at the time. Sam describes Aaron as a "quiet soul" who prefers a low-key lifestyle, a characteristic she considers comes from his biological father. When he turned 21 during his time in Scotland, Aaron opted for a meaningful celebration for his coming of age by requesting his 15-year-old brother, Alex, to join him rather than indulging in excessive drinking at a local pub.
In terms of relationships, Aaron Mooy is married to Nicola Mooy, whom he first met in Glasgow in 2011. They tied the knot in May 2017 in Glasgow, just before a play-off final match with Huddersfield Town at Wembley Stadium. The couple has two children: a daughter named Skylar Mooy, born in 2015, and a son named Maximilian Andrew Mooy, born in 2018. The family faced challenges during their time in China when Aaron signed a lucrative deal with Shanghai but couldn't have his family with him due to the global pandemic. Despite the difficulties, Aaron described the experience as a valuable life lesson and enjoyed playing alongside notable players in the team. Eventually, he negotiated his release from Shanghai and joined Celtic in mid-2022, where he continued to make significant contributions on the field. In honour of his daughter, Skylar, Aaron Mooy dedicated a celebration after scoring his fourth goal for Celtic, forming an "S" gesture, symbolizing her name.
Aaron Mooy has a cousin, Brodie Mooy, who is a retired professional footballer. His uncle, Paul Cosgrove, is a senior constable police officer at Quakers Hill and his father in law, Ian, is a lifelong Celtic supporter. His brother Alex, who is six years younger than Mooy, played football in the National Premier Leagues, which is one level below the A-League. Aaron considered him his biggest fan as the two spent a lot of time together. Tragically, Alex passed away in June 2021.
Heritage
Throughout his journey as a professional footballer, Aaron Mooy has chosen to honour his personal values and heritage through tattoos. At the age of 16, he had a guardian angel tattooed on his shoulder, symbolizing the support he sought while being away from his family during his early days in Bolton, England. The Dutch words "Leven, Lachen, Liefde" (Live, Love, Laugh) are also etched on his skin, representing his guiding principles. The name "Mooy," which Aaron's grandfather Australianized from "Mooij" after immigrating from Holland to Australia, holds significant meaning to him, representing his connection to his family's roots.
Aaron Mooy's mother, Sam, emphasizes the importance of their family history and Aaron's relationship with his Dutch heritage. Although Aaron never met his Dutch grandfather, he deeply admires the man his mother describes. During his formative years, Aaron Mooy's stepfather, Alan Todd, played a pivotal role in his development as a footballer. Alan, a former rugby league referee, provided guidance and taught Aaron to use both his left and right foot effectively from a young age. This foundation enabled Aaron to become an ambidextrous player, unable to be categorized as favouring one foot over the other.
Career statistics
Club
International
Australia score listed first, score column indicates score after each Mooy goal.
Honours
Western Sydney Wanderers
A-League Premiership: 2012โ13
Huddersfield Town
EFL Championship play-offs: 2017
Celtic
Scottish Premiership: 2022โ23
Scottish League Cup: 2022โ23
Scottish Cup: 2022โ23
Individual
Melbourne City Player of the Year: 2014โ15, 2015โ16
PFA A-League Team of the Season: 2014โ15, 2015โ16
Fox Sports Alex Tobin Medal: 2014โ15
PFA Footballer of the Year: 2015โ16, 2016โ17
EFL Team of the Season: 2016โ17
PFA Team of the Year: 2016โ17 Championship
Huddersfield Town Player of the Year: 2016โ17
Notes
References
External links
Profile at the Huddersfield Town A.F.C. website
Profile at the Football Federation Australia website
1990 births
Living people
Australian people of Dutch descent
Australian people of German descent
Soccer players from Sydney
Australian men's soccer players
Men's association football midfielders
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Celtic F.C. players
St Mirren F.C. players
Western Sydney Wanderers FC players
Melbourne City FC players
Manchester City F.C. players
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Shanghai Port F.C. players
Chinese Super League players
Scottish Premier League players
A-League Men players
Marquee players (A-League Men)
English Football League players
Premier League players
Scottish Professional Football League players
Australia men's youth international soccer players
Australia men's under-20 international soccer players
Australia men's international soccer players
2017 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2018 FIFA World Cup players
Australian expatriate men's soccer players
Australian expatriate sportspeople in China
Australian expatriate sportspeople in England
Australian expatriate sportspeople in Scotland
Expatriate men's footballers in China
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland
New South Wales Institute of Sport alumni
2022 FIFA World Cup players |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%EB%85%84%20%EC%95%84%EB%A7%88%EC%A1%B4%20%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%BC%20%EC%82%B0%EB%B6%88 | 2019๋
์๋ง์กด ์ฐ๋ฆผ ์ฐ๋ถ | 2019๋
์๋ง์กด ์ฐ๋ฆผ ์ฐ๋ถ์ 2019๋
์๋ง์กด ์ฐ๋ฆผ์์ ์ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ผ์ด๋ ์ฐ๋ถ์ด๋ค. 2019๋
8์ ํ๋ฃจ์์๋ ์ด 128ํ์ ์ฐ๋ถ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํด๋น ์ง์ญ์ ์ฐ๋ถ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ํผํด ๊ท๋ชจ๋ ์ฝ 4๋ง ์ ๊ณฑkm ๊ท๋ชจ๋ก ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๊ท์์ ๋ง๋จน๋ ๋ฉด์ ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ผ๋ฆผ์ด ์ฟ๋๋ฏธ๋ก ๋ณํ ์ํ์ด๋ค.
๊ฐ์
ํ์ ๋์
์ ํ๋ ค๋ค๊ฐ ํฌ๊ฒ ์ฐ๋ถ์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ง๊ตฌ์ ํํ๋ผ๊ณ ์๋ ค์ง ์๋ง์กด ์ ์ญ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์ผ๋ฆผ์ ์์ฃผ๋ก ๋ฐ์๋๊ณ ์๋ ์ฐ๋ถ์ด ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๋ค๊ณ 8์ 20์ผ ๋น์ ์๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์กํํ (์ดํ BBC)๊ฐ ๋ณด๋๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋์ ํด๋น ํ์ฌ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๋ณด๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ธ๋ผ์ง์ ์ธ๋ก ๋น๊ตญ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ํด๋น ํ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ต์ด ๋ฐ์ํ ์์ ์ ์ด๋ณด๋ค 16์ผ ์์ 2019๋
8์ 4์ผ์ ์ ํ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋๊ตฐ๋ค๋ ํ์ฌ ์ฌํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํ์ง ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์์
๋คํธ์ํฌ ์๋น์ค(SNS)๋ฅผ ํตํด '์ธ๋ก ์ ๋ฌด๊ด์ฌ ์์ 3์ฃผ ์งธ ํ๋ง๊ฐ ๊ณ์ ์ด์ด์ง๋ค.'๋ผ๊ณ ํ์์ฐํ๊ฒ ๋ ์ ๋๋ก ๋ถ์๊ฐ์ด ํธ์ํ๊ฒ ๋์ด ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ ํด์ก๋ค. ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ธ๋ผ์ง, ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น์, ํ๋ผ๊ณผ์ด ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ์ผ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ธ๋ ์๋ง์กด ์ฒ์์ ๋ฐ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ ํ์ฌ๋ ๋จ๋ํ์ ํ๊ณ ๋ธ๋ผ์ง์ ๋ด๋ฅ ์ง์ญ์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ์ง ์ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํผํด์ ๋ํด ์ง์ํ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ๊ตญ์ ์ฌํ์ G7 ๋ฑ์ ์ง์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ์ผ์ฌ์ฐฌ ํฌ๋ง์ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฌํ๋ ค๊ณ ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ธ๋ผ์ง์ ํ์ง ๋ํต๋ น์ธ ์์ด๋ฅด ๋ณด์ฐ์๋๋ฃจ ๋ํต๋ น์ ์
์ฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๊ฐ G7์ ์ฐ๋ถ ์ง์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ด๋น์น๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ํ์์ผ๋, ์ง์ํด์ผ ํ ์๊ฒฌ์ ์ ์ํ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ ์ํ๋ ๋ฌผ๋ก , ์
์ฅ์ด๋ ์๊ฒฌ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์๋ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋์ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ๋นํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฌ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ก๋ ์กฐ๋ ์ฅ๊ด์ ๋๋ฆฌ์ด G7 ์ ์ํ์์์ ์๋ง์กด ์ด๋์ฐ๋ฆผ ํ์ฌ์ ๊ด๋ จํ ๋
ผ์๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ํ ์๋ง๋์ ๋งํฌ๋กฑ ํ๋์ค ๋ํต๋ น์๊ฒ '์์ ์ ์ง๊ณผ ์๋ฏผ์ง๋ค'์ด๋ ์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ง๋ง์ ํผ๋ถ์ ์ ๋๋ก ๋๋ฌ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ก ์ธํด ํ์ฌ ํผํด ๋น์ฌ๊ตญ์ธ ๋ธ๋ผ์ง๊ณผ ์ง์ ์์ฌ๊ตญ์ธ ํ๋์ค ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ ์ธ๊ต ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋นํ๋ ์ ๋๋ก 2019๋
ํ์ผ ๋ฌด์ญ ๋ถ์์ ํ์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ธ๊ต ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ๋ก๋น๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ๊ฒ ๋๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋์ ์๋ค.
์ธ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์์ ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ก
๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น์
๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ์ฃผ๋ก ๋๋ถ ์ง์ญ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ ์ฐ๋ถ์ด ๋ฐ์, ์๋ฐฉ ๋น๊ตญ์์์ ์งํ์ ์ด๋ ค์์ ์ฃผ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์๋ง์กด ์ฐ๋ฆผ์ ์ฐ๋ถ ์ฌํ ํ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ด๊ฒ ๋์, ํ์ฌ ์ฌ๊ฑด ๋น์ผ๋ถ๋ก ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น์ ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ๋๋ถ ์ง์ญ์ธ ์ฐํํฌ๋ฃจ์ค์ฃผ์์ ์ผ์ด๋๊ณ ์๋ ์ฐ๋ถ๋ก ์ธํ ํผํด ๋ฉด์ ์ด 6,540ใข์ ๋ฌํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ๋ค๋ง ํด๋น ํผํด ๊ท๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ํ๋ ์คํ์ธ์ ์ด ๋ฉด์ ์ธ 6,020 ใข๋ณด๋ค ์ฝ๊ฐ ํฌ๊ณ ์์ธํน๋ณ์์ ๋ฉด์ ์ธ 605ใข์ 10๋ฐฐ ์ด์์ ๋ฌํ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น์ ์ ๋ถ ๋น๊ตญ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํด๋น ์ง์ญ์ ํน๋ณ์ฌ๋๊ตฌ์ญ์ผ๋ก ์ ํฌ, ๊ด๊ณ๋ถ์ฒ ์ฅ๊ด๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋น์ ๋ด๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ์กฑ์์ผ ์ฐ๋ถ ๋์์ ๋์๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋ค. ๋ค๋ง ์๋ฐฉ์ฉ ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ํ ํญ๊ณต์ฌ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ณด์ 747 ์ํผ ํฑ์ปค 1๋๋ฅผ ์์ฐจํ๋ ํํ๋ก ํฌ์
ํ์ฌ ํ์ฌ ํ์ฅ์ ํฌ์
ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ์ ์ฆ์ธ์ ํ ๋๋ก ํ๋ฉด ์ด๋ฒ ๋จ๋ฏธ ์ค๋ถ ์ง์ญ์ ํ์ฌ์ ์ฃผ๋ฒ์ด ๋น๊ฐ ์ ๊ฒ ๋ด๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฑด๊ธฐ์ฌ์, ํ์ ๋๋ ์ผ๋ฆผ ๋ฒ์ฑ ๋ฑ์ด ๋๋ ์ด ๋์ด๋๋ฉด์ ํ์ฌ๊ฐ ํฐ ํญ์ผ๋ก ์ผ์ด๋๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ง์ ํ์๋ค. ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ฌด๋ถ๋ณํ๊ฒ ๊ฐ๊ฐ๋์ด ์๋ ์ผ๋ฆผ๋ฒ์ฑ๊ฐ ์๋ง์กด ์ฐ๋ฆผ ์ฐ๋ถ์ ๋ถ์ถ๊ธฐ๋ ์์์ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
๋ฐ์ ์์ธ
์ฐ๋ถ์ ์์ธ์ด ๋ฐฉํ์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ์ฅ๋์ด ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ๊ท์ ๋ฅผ ํผํด ๋ถ์ ๋๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์์ง๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ชฉ์ง๋ก ์กฐ์ฑํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด์ ํด๋น๋๋ฉฐ, ๋จ์ ๋์ฅ์ ์ณ๋ค์ด ์ค๊ฒ ๋๋ ๋ฑ ํ ์ง๋ฅผ ๋นผ์๊ธฐ๋ ์ผ์ด ํํ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฆฌ๋งค๊น๋๋ค. ์์ ๋ฐฉ๋ชฉ์ง ๋ฑ์ด ํฐ ํ์ฌ ํผํด๋ฅผ ์
์ ํด๋น ๋์ฅ๋ง ํ์ฌ๋ ํด๋น ์กฐ์ง์ด ๋ป๋๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง์ง ๋ชปํ๊ฒ ๋์, ์์ฌ๊ณผ ๋ถ๋ง์ ํ๊ณ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ง๋ฅธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋์ฅ์ฃผ๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋์ด ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ค๊ฐ ์ต๊ทผ์๋ ์๋ง์กด ์ด๋ ์ฐ๋ฆผ ์ฐ๋ถ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ์๊ฐ ์ํ์ ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด์ 2019๋
10์์๋ 7,800์ฌ ๊ฑด์ผ๋ก ๋ฌํ๊ฒ ๋์ด ์์ด, ํ์ฌ ํผํด๋ฅผ ์ง์์ํค๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ํ์ฌ ์ฐ๋ถ ์งํ์ ๋์ฐธ์ํจ ๊ตฐ ์ฅ๋ณ์ ๋๊ฑฐ ํ๊ฒฌ๋์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ํ๊ฒฌ๋ ๋ค ์ฐ๋ถ ๋ฐ์๋์ด ๋์ ๋๊ฒ ๊ฐ์๋์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
๊ฒฝํฅ
์ด๋ฒ ์ฐ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํญ๊ณต์ฐ์ฃผ๊ตญ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฌ ์ฐ์ฃผ์์๋ ์๋ง์กด ์ด๋์ฐ๋ฆผ ์ฐ๋ถ ๋ฐ์์ด ์ฝ๊ฒ ๊ด์ธก๋์ด ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๊ด์ธก๋์ด ์๋ ์ฐ๋ถ ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ก๊ฐ ๋ธ๋ผ์ง ์ฐ์ฃผ๊ตญ์ ํตํด ์ฝ๊ฒ ๊ด์ธก๋์ด ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฌ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ฏธ์ค ๋ฌด์ญ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ ์ฌํ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์๋ง์กด ์ฐ๋ฆผ ์ฐ๋ถ์ ๋๋ฆฌ์ด ์ ๊ฟ์ ํฌ์์๋ฅผ ๋จ๊ฒ ํ์๋ ์ฌ์ค๋ก ๋๋ฌ๋๊ณ ์์ด, ์คํ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ด ๋ธ๋ผ์ง๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋์ถ์์ฐ๋ฌผ์ ๊ฐ์ ธ์จ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋์ค๊ฒ ๋๋ ๋ฑ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ํ์์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ์ฌ์์ ์ผ์ผ์ผฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ด๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด์, ์ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ ์ฝฉ ๋ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ฐ์
๊ณผ์ ์ฐ๊ด์ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ด๊ฒ ๋๋ค. AFP ํต์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ธ๋ผ์ง์ ๋ชฉ์ถ์
๊ด๋ จ ์ฐ์
๋ฐ ์ฝฉ ์ฌ๋ฐฐ์ ํ์ฅ์ด ์๋ง์กด ํฉํํ์ ์์ธ์ผ๋ก ์์ ๊ผฝํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์๋ง์กด์์ ๊ฐ๊ฐํ์๋ ์ด ๋ฉด์ ๋๋น 6.5%๊ฐ ๋์ง๋ก ์ด์ฉ๋์ด ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ง๊ณ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 2006๋
์ ์๋ก ์ผ๋ฆผ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐํ ๊ณณ์์ ์์ฐ๋ ์ฝฉ์ ๊ตฌ๋งค๋ฅผ ์ค๋จํ๋ ์กฐ์น๊ฐ ์ํ๋๋ฉด์ ํด๋น ๋์ง์์์ ์ฝฉ ์ฌ๋ฐฐ ๋ฉด์ ์ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ฒ ๋์ด ์๋ ๋น์จ์ ๊ฐ์๋ก ๊ฐ์๋์ด ์๊ณ , ๋๋ถ์ด ์๋ง์กด ์ด๋์ฐ๋ฆผ์ ์ด์ด ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ๋์ ๋ฉด์ ์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ ์ผ๋ฆผ์ธ ์ธ๋ผ๋ ์ฌ๋ฐ๋ ์ง์ญ์ด ์ฝฉ ์ฌ๋ฐฐ์ง๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋๋ ์ถ์ธ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๋ํ ์๋ง์กด ์ฐ๋ฆผ ์ฐ๋ถ์ ๊ดํ ํญ์ ์์๋ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ง์๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ํญ์ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ ์์๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์ด๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ์ด๋์ฐ๋ฆผ์ ๋ณดํธํ๊ณ ์ผ๋ฆผ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ๋ง์์ผ ํ์๋ ์ทจ์ง๊ฐ ํ์ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ ๋๋์ด ์๋ค. ๋์ฑ์ด ํด๋น ์์๊ฐ ๊ตฐ์ค๋ค์ด ๋ชจ์ฌ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด์ ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ถ ์๋ฏผ๋จ์ฒด์ ํ๊ฒฝ๋จ์ฒด๋ค์ ์๋ง์กด ์ฐ๋ถ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ธ๊ฒ ๋ฒ์ง๋ฉด์ ๊ธฐ์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ธ ๊ด์ฌ ๋ฐ ์ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ ํ๋ช
๋์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ์ดํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
์ฌํ ๋์ฑ
์๋ง์กด ์ฐ๋ฆผ ์ฐ๋ถ ๋์ฑ
์ ๋ด์ธ์์ผ ํ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฉด ๋๊ฒฝ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐํ๋ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธ์งํ๊ธฐ, ๋ชฝ๊ณจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ด์ ์ง๋๋ฅผ ๋๊ฒฝ์ง๋ก ์กฐ์ฑํ์ฌ ์ค๋จ๋ฏธ์ ์์ถ์ํค๋ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์๋ก์ด ์ ๋ต์ผ๋ก ์ง์ผ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ๋๋ก ํ์ฌ, ์ด์ค๋ผ์์ด๋ ์ด์งํธ, ์ฌ์ฐ๋์๋ผ๋น์์ฒ๋ผ ๋ฅผ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํด์ผ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ ํจ์จ์ ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ธ์๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ๋
์ผ, ์๊ตญ, ์ค์จ๋ด, ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์, ์คํ์ธ, ์ฑ๊ฐํฌ๋ฅด, ๋ง๋ ์ด์์, ํ์ฝฉ ๋ฑ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ ์ง๊ตญ์ด๋ ์ผ๋ถ ์ต์์ ๊ฐ๋๊ตญ์์๋ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ค์ฒ๋์ด ์๋ ๋์ ๋์
์ ํ์ฑํ์ํค์๋ ์์ง์์ด ํ์ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์๋ง์กด ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋๊ฒฝ์ง ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ธ์ง ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ธ๋๋ค์์์ ์ ์ฌํ๊ฒ ์๊ฒฉํ ๊ท์น์ ์ค์ฉํ ํ์์ฑ์ด ๋๋๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ ์ค๊ตญ ๋ฌด์ญ ์์ถ ์์กด๋๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ๋ธ๋ผ์ง ์์ฃผ์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ ๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์, ๊ฐ๋, ๋จ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ, ๋ชจ๋ก์ฝ, ์ํฐ์คํผ์, ์ผ๋, ํ์๋์, ์ด์งํธ ๋ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๋๋ ์ค๋, ์บ
์นด์ค, ์ ์๋ จ์ ์ํ ์ค์์์์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๋ฑ์ง๋ก ๋ถ์ฐ์์ผ์ ๋์ฑ
์ ๋ด๊ฑธ์ด์ผ ํ๋ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ ์ญ์ ํ์ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค๋ ๊ฐ์ค๋ ์ญ์ ์์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
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8์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%20Amazon%20rainforest%20wildfires | 2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires | The 2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires season saw a year-to-year surge in fires occurring in the Amazon rainforest and Amazon biome within Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Peru during that year's Amazonian tropical dry season. Fires normally occur around the dry season as slash-and-burn methods are used to clear the forest to make way for agriculture, livestock, logging, and mining, leading to deforestation of the Amazon rainforest. Such activity is generally illegal within these nations, but enforcement of environmental protection can be lax. The increased rates of fire counts in 2019 led to international concern about the fate of the Amazon rainforest, which is the world's largest terrestrial carbon dioxide sink and plays a significant role in mitigating global warming.
The increasing rates were first reported by Brazil's National Institute for Space Research (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, INPE) in June and July 2019 through satellite monitoring systems, but international attention was drawn to the situation by August 2019 when NASA corroborated INPE's findings, and smoke from the fires, visible from satellite imagery, darkened the city of Sรฃo Paulo despite being thousands of kilometers from the Amazon. , INPE reported more than 80,000 fires across all of Brazil, a 77% year-to-year increase for the same tracking period, with more than 40,000 in the Brazil's Legal Amazon (Amazรดnia Legal or BLA), which contains 60% of the Amazon. Similar year-to-year increases in fires were subsequently reported in Bolivia, Paraguay and Peru, with the 2019 fire counts within each nation of over 19,000, 11,000 and 6,700, respectively, . It is estimated that over of forest within the Amazon biome has been lost to fires in 2019. In addition to the impact on global climate, the fires created environmental concerns from the excess carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) within the fires' emissions, potential impacts on the biodiversity of the Amazon, and threats to indigenous tribes that live within the forest. Ecologists estimated that the dieback from the Amazon rainforest due to the fires could cost Brazil US$957 billion to US$3.5 trillion over a 30-year period.
The increased rate of fires in Brazil has raised the most concerns as international leaders, particularly French president Emmanuel Macron, and environmental non-government organizations (ENGOs) attributed these to Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro's pro-business policies that had weakened environmental protections and have encouraged deforestation of the Amazon after he took office in January 2019. Bolsonaro initially remained ambivalent and rejected international calls to take action, asserting that the criticism was sensationalist. Following increased pressure at the 45th G7 summit and a threat to reject the pending European UnionโMercosur free trade agreement, Bolsonaro dispatched over 44,000 Brazilian troops and allocated funds to fight the fires, and later signed a decree to prevent such fires for a sixty-day period.
Other Amazonian countries have been affected by the wildfires in higher or lesser degree. The number of hectares of Bolivian rainforest affected by the wildfires were roughly equal to those of Brazil, being the area of Bolivia only about one-eighth of Brazil's. Bolivian president Evo Morales was similarly blamed for past policies that encouraged deforestation, Morales has also taken proactive measures to fight the fires and seek aid from other countries. At the G7 summit, Macron negotiated with the other nations to allocate for emergency aid to the Amazonian countries affected by the fires.
Amazon forest and deforestation
There are of Amazon rainforest. Human-driven deforestation of the Amazon rainforest has been a major concern for decades as the rainforest's impact on the global climate has been measured. From a global climate perspective, the Amazon has been the world's largest carbon dioxide sink, and estimated to capture up to 25% of global carbon dioxide generation into plants and other biomass. Without this sink, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations would increase and contribute towards higher global temperatures, thus making the viability of the Amazon a global concern. Further, when the forest is lost through fire, additional carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere, and could potentially contribute significantly to the total carbon dioxide content. The flora also generates significant quantities of water vapor through transpiration which travel large distances to other parts of South America via atmospheric rivers and contribute to the precipitation in these areas. Due to ongoing global climate change, environmental scientists have raised concerns that the Amazon could reach a "tipping point" where it would irreversibly die out, the land becoming more savanna than forest, under certain climate change conditions which are exacerbated by anthropogenic activities.
Human-driven deforestation of the Amazon is used to clear land for agriculture, livestock, and mining, and for its lumber. Most forest is typically cleared using slash-and-burn processes; huge amounts of biomass are removed by first pulling down the trees in the Amazon using bulldozers and giant tractors during the wet season (November through June), followed by torching the tree trunks several months later in the dry season (July through October). Fires are most common in July through August. In some cases, workers performing the burn are unskilled, and may inadvertently allow these fires to spread. While most countries in the Amazon do have laws and environmental enforcement against deforestation, these are not well enforced, and much of the slash-and-burn activity is done illegally.
Deforestation leads to a large number of observed fires across the Amazon during the dry season, usually tracked by satellite data. While it is possible for naturally-occurring wildfires to occur in the Amazon, the chances are far less likely to occur, compared to those in California or in Australia. Even with global warming, spontaneous fires in the Amazon cannot come from warm weather alone, but warm weather is capable of exacerbating the fires once started as there will be drier biomass available for the fire to spread. Alberto Setzer of INPE estimated that 99% of the wildfires in the Amazon basin are a result of human actions, either on purpose or accidentally. Man-made fires in the Amazon also tend to elevate their smoke into the higher atmosphere due to the more intense burn of the dry biomass, compared with naturally occurring wildfires. Further evidence of the fires being caused by human activity is due to their clustering near roads and existing agricultural areas rather than remote parts of the forest.
On November 18, 2019, Brazilian authorities announced the official deforestation figures, based on the PRODES satellite monitoring system for the 2019 forest yearโfrom August 1, 2018, to July 31, 2019. The rate of deforestation was the "worst in more than a decade" with lost.
In August 2020 Brazil's National Institute for Space Research reported that satellite data shows that the number of fires in the Amazon increased by 28% to ~6,800 fires in July compared to the ~5,300 wildfires in July 2019. This indicated a, potentially worsened, repeat of 2019's accelerated destruction of one of the world's largest protectable buffers against global warming in 2020.
Broad types of fire in the Amazon
Amazon fires can be separated into three broad categories. First, deforestation-related fires are those used to prepare the area for agriculture after a primary forest being felled and the vegetation left to dry. Second, there are those agricultural burns, when fires are used to clear existing pastureland and/or by smallholders and traditional people in rotational agriculture. Finally, the previous fire types can escape beyond intended limits and invade standing forests. When a forest burns for the first time, fire intensity is usually low and flames are mostly restricted to the understory while repeated fire events have higher intensity. Forest fires are a threat to the Amazonian biodiversity and jeopardize the ability of forest trees to mitigate climate change by storing carbon. When studying Amazonian fires, it is important to consider the marked spatial differences in precipitation patterns across the Amazon Basin, which does not have a single dry season.
Fires in Brazil
Past deforestation and fires in Brazil
Brazil's role in deforestation of the Amazon rainforest has been a significant issue during the 1930s, as 60% of the Amazon is contained within Brazil, designated as the Brazil's Legal Amazon (Amazรดnia Legal, BLA). Since the 1970s, Brazil has consumed approximately 12 percent of the forest, representing roughly โan area larger than that of the US state of Texas. Most of the deforestation has been for natural resources for the logging industry and land clearing for agricultural and mining use. Forest removal to make way for cattle ranching was the leading cause of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon from the mid-1960s on. The Amazon region has become the largest cattle ranching territory in the world. According to the World Bank, some 80% of deforested land is used for cattle ranching. Seventy percent of formerly forested land in the Amazon, and 91% of land deforested since 1970, is used for livestock pasture. According to the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), "between 1990 and 2001 the percentage of Europe's processed meat imports that came from Brazil rose from 40 to 74 percent" and by 2003 "for the first time ever, the growth in Brazilian cattle production, 80 percent of which was in the Amazon[,] was largely export driven." The Brazilian states of Parรก, Mato Grosso, and Rondรดnia, located along the southern border of the Amazon rainforest, are in what is called the "deforestation arc".
Deforestation within Brazil is partially driven by growing demand for beef and soy exports, particularly to China and Hong Kong. In the first seven months of 2019, soy exports to China rose by 18% due to trading tensions between the United States and China. Brazil is one of the largest exporters of beef, accounting for more than 20% of global trade of the commodity. Brazil exported over 1.6 million tonnes of beef in 2018, the highest volume in recorded history. Brazil's cattle herd has increased by 56% over the last two decades. Ranchers wait until the dry season to slash-and-burn to give time for the cattle to graze. Soybean production has increased from 75.32 million metric tons in 2010/11 to 118.8 million metric tons in 2018/19. The Amazon accounts for 14 million of the 284 million acres of soy plantations in Brazil. While slash-and-burn can be controlled, unskilled farmers may end up causing wildfires. Wildfires have increased as the agricultural sector has pushed into the Amazon basin and spurred deforestation. In recent years, "land-grabbers" (grileiros) have been illegally cutting deep into the forest in "Brazil's indigenous territories and other protected forests throughout the Amazon".
Past data from INPE has shown the number of fires with the BLA from January to August in any year to be routinely higher than 60,000 fires from 2002 to 2007 and as high as 90,000 in 2003. Fire counts have generally been higher in years of drought (2007 and 2010), which are often coupled with El Niรฑo events.
Within international attention on the protection of the Amazon around the early 2000s, Brazil took a more proactive approach to deforestation of the Amazon rainforest. In 2004, the Brazilian government had established the Federal Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Amazon (PPCDAM), with the goal to reduce the rate of deforestation through land use regulation, environmental monitoring, and sustainable activities, promoted through partnerships at the federal and private level, and legal penalties for violations. Brazil also invested in more effective measures to fight fires, including fire-fighting airplanes in 2012. By 2014, USAID was teaching the indigenous people how to fight fires. As a result of enforcement of PPCDAM, the rate of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon dropped 83.5% of their 2004 rates by 2012. However, in 2014, Brazil fell into an economic crisis, and as part of that recovery, pushed heavily on its exports of beef and soy to help bolster its economy, which caused a reversal in the falling deforestation rates. The Brazilian government has been defunding scientific research since the economic crisis.
To support PPCDAM, the INPE began developing systems to monitor the Amazon rainforest. One early effort was the Amazon Deforestation Satellite Monitoring Project (PRODES), which is a highly detailed satellite imagery-based approach to calculate wildfires and deforestation losses on an annual basis. In 2015, INPE launched five complementary projects as part of the Terra Brasilis project to monitor deforestation closer to real-time. Among these include the Real-Time Deforestation Detection System (DETER) satellite alert system, allowing them to capture incidents of wildfires in 15-day cycles. The daily data is published on the regularly updated Brazilian Environmental Institute government website, and later corroborated with the annual and more accurate PRODES data.
By December 2017, INPE had completed a modernization process and had expanded its system to analyze and share data on forest fires. It launched its new TerraMA2Q platformโsoftware which adapts fire-monitoring data software including the "occurrence of irregular fires". Although the INPE was able to provide regional fire data since 1998, the modernization increased access. Agencies that monitor and fight fires include the Brazilian Federal Environment and Renewable Resources Agency (IBAMA), as well as state authorities. The INPE receives its images daily from 10 foreign satellites, including the Terra and Aqua satellitesโpart of the NASA's Earth Observation System (EOS). Combined, these systems are able to capture the number of fires on a daily basis, but this number does not directly measure the area of forest lost to these fires; instead, this is done with fortnightly imaging data to compare the current state of the forest with reference data to estimate acreage lost.
Jair Bolsonaro was elected as President of Brazil in October 2018 and took office in January 2019, after which he and his ministries changed governmental policies to weaken protection of the rainforest and make it favorable for farmers to continue practices of slash-and-burn clearing, thus accelerating the deforestation from previous years. Land-grabbers had used Bolsonaro's election to extend their activities into cutting in the land of the previously isolated Apurinรฃ people in Amazonas where the "world's largest standing tracts of unbroken rainforest" are found. Upon entering office, Bolsonaro cut from Brazil's environmental enforcement agency, making it difficult for the agency to regulate deforestation efforts. Bolsonaro and his ministers had also segmented the environmental agency, placing part of its control under the agricultural ministry, which is led by the country's farming lobby, weakened protections on natural reserves and territories belonging to indigenous people, and encouraged businesses to file counter-land claims against regions managed by sustainable forestry practices.
2019 Brazil dry season fires
INPE alerted the Brazilian government to larger-than-normal growth in the number of fires through June to August 2019. The first four months of the year were wetter-than-average, discouraging slash-and-burn efforts. However, with the start of the dry season in May 2019, the number of wildfires jumped greatly. Additionally, NOAA reported that, regionally, the temperatures in the JanuaryโJuly 2019 period were the second warmest year-to-date on record. INPE reported a year-to-year increase of 88% in wildfire occurrences in June 2019. There was further increase in the rate of deforestation in July 2019, with the INPE estimating that more than of land had been deforested in the month and would be on track to surpass the area of Greater London by the end of the month.
The month of August 2019 saw a large growth in the number of observed wildfires according to INPE. By August 11, Amazonas had declared a state of emergency. The state of Acre entered into an environmental alert on August 16. In early August, local farmers in the Amazonian state of Parรก placed an ad in the local newspaper calling for a queimada or "Day of Fire" on August 10, 2019, organizing large scale slash-and-burn operations knowing that there was little chance of interference from the government. Shortly after, there was an increase in the number of wildfires in the region.
INPE reported on August 20 that it had detected 39,194 fires in the Amazon rainforest since January. This represented a 77 percent increase in the number of fires from the same time period in 2018. However, the NASA-funded NGO Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) shows 2018 as an unusually low fire year compared to historic data from 2004 to 2005 which are years showing nearly double the number of counted fires. INPE had reported that at least 74,155 fires have been detected in all of Brazil, which represents an 84-percent increase from the same period in 2018. NASA originally reported in mid-August that MODIS satellites reported average numbers of fires in the region compared with data from the past 15 years; the numbers were above average for the year in the states of Amazonas and Rondรดnia, but below average for Mato Grosso and Parรก. NASA later clarified that the data set they had evaluated previous was through August 16, 2019. By August 26, 2019, NASA included more recent MODIS imagery to confirm that the number of fires were higher than in previous years.
By August 29, 80,000 fires had broken out in Brazil which represents a 77% rise on the same period in 2018, according to BBC. INPE reported that in the period from January 1 to August 29, across South America, and not exclusive to the Amazon rainforest, there were 84,957 fires in Brazil, 26,573 in Venezuela, 19,265 in Bolivia, 14,363 in Colombia, 14,969 in Argentina, 10,810 in Paraguay, 6,534 in Peru, 2,935 in Chile, 898 in Guyana, 407 in Uruguay, 328 in Ecuador, 162 in Suriname, and 11 in French Guiana.
First media reports
While INPE's data had been reported in international sources earlier, news of the wildfires were not a major news story until around August 20, 2019. On that day, the smoke plume from the fires in Rondรดnia and Amazonas caused the sky to darken at around 2 p.m. over Sรฃo Pauloโwhich is almost away from the Amazon basin on the eastern coast. NASA and US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) also published satellite imagery from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Terra satellite in alignment with INPE's own, that showed smoke plumes from the wildfires were visible from space. INPE and NASA data, along with photographs of the ongoing fires and impacts, caught international attention and became a rising topic on social media, with several world leaders, celebrities, and athletes expressing their concerns.
According to Vox, of all the concurrent wildfires elsewhere in the world, the wildfires in the Amazon rainforest in Brazil were the most "alarming".
Responses of the Brazilian government
In the months prior to August 2019, Bolsonaro mocked international and environmental groups that felt his pro-business actions enabled deforestation. At one point in August 2019, Bolsonaro jokingly calling himself "Captain Chainsaw" while asserting that INPE's data was inaccurate. After INPE announced an 88% increase of wildfires in July 2019, Bolsonaro claimed "the numbers were fake" and fired Ricardo Magnus Osรณrio Galvรฃo, the INPE director. Bolsonaro claimed Galvรฃo was using the data to lead an "anti-Brazil campaign". Bolsonaro had claimed that the fires had been deliberately started by environmental NGOs, although he provided no evidence to back up the accusation. NGOs such as WWF Brasil, Greenpeace, and the Brazilian Institute for Environmental Protection countered Bolsonaro's claims.
Bolsonaro, on August 22, argued that Brazil did not have the resources to fight the fires, as the "Amazon is bigger than Europe, how will you fight criminal fires in such an area?".
Historically, Brazil has been guarded about international intervention into the BLA, as the country sees the forest as a critical part of Brazil's economy. Bolsonaro and his government have continued to speak out against any international oversight of the situation. Bolsonaro considered French President Emmanuel Macron's comments to have a "sensationalist tone" and accusing him of interfering in what he considers is a local problem. Of Macron and German Chancellor Angela Merkel, Bolsonaro stated: "They still haven't realized that Brazil is under new direction. That there's now a president who is loyal to [the] Brazilian people, who says the Amazon is ours, who says bad Brazilians can't release lying numbers and campaign against Brazil."
Bolsonaro's foreign minister Ernesto Araรบjo has also condemned the international criticism of Bolsonaro's reaction to the wildfires, calling it "savage and unfair" treatment towards Bolsonaro and Brazil. Araรบjo stated that: "President Bolsonaro's government is rebuilding Brazil", and that foreign nations were using the "environmental crisis" as a weapon to stop this rebuilding. General Eduardo Villas Bรดas, former commander of the Brazilian Army, considered the criticism of world leaders, like Macron and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, to be directly challenging "Brazilian sovereignty", and may need to be met with military response.
With increased pressure from the international community, Bolsonaro appeared more willing to take proactive steps against the fires, saying by August 23, 2019, that his government would take a "zero tolerance" approach to environmental crimes. He engaged the Brazilian military to help fight the wildfires on August 24, which Joint Staff member Lt. Brig. Raul Botelho stated was to create a "positive perception" of the government's efforts. Among military support included 43,000 troops as well as four firefighting aircraft, and an allocated for fire-fighting operations. Initial efforts were principally located in the state of Rondรดnia, but the Defense Ministry stated they plan to offer support for all seven states affected by the fires. On August 28, Bolsonaro signed a decree banning the setting of fires in Brazil for a period of 60 days, making exceptions for those fires made purposely to maintain environmental forest health, to combat wildfires, and by the indigenous people of Brazil. However, as most fires are set illegally, it is unclear what impact this decree could have.
Rodrigo Maia, president of the Chamber of Deputies, announced that he would form a parliatary committee to monitor the problem. In addition, he said that the Chamber will hold a general commission in the following days to assess the situation and propose solutions to the government.
After a report from Globo Rural reveal that a WhatsApp group of 70 people was involved with the Day of Fire, Jair Bolsonaro determined the opening of investigations by Federal Police.
In a webcast issued November 28, 2019, President Jair Bolsonaro blamed actor and environmentalist Leonardo DiCaprio for the rainforest wildfires, alleging NGOs set the fires in return for donations. DiCaprio, Global Wildlife Conservation, and IUCN Species Survival Commission condemn Bolsonaro's accusations.
Brazil banned clearing land by setting fire to it on 29 August 2019.
More measures taken by the Brazilian government of Jair Bolsonaro to stop the fires include:
Accepting 4 planes from Chile to battle the fires.
Accepting 12 million dollars of aid from the United Kingdom government
Softening his position about aid from the G7.
Appealing for an international conference to preserve the Amazon with participation of all countries that have some part of the Amazon rainforest in their territory
Protests against Brazilian government policies
In regards to the displacement of the indigenous people, Amnesty International has highlighted the change in protection of lands belonging to the indigenous people, and have called on other nations to pressure Brazil to restore these rights, as they are also essential to protecting the rainforest. Ivaneide Bandeira Cardoso, founder of Kanindรฉ, a Porto Velho-based advocacy group for indigenous communities, said Bolsonaro is directly responsible for the escalation of forest fires throughout the Amazon this year. Cardoso said the wildfires are a "tragedy that affects all of humanity" since the Amazon plays an important role in the global ecosystem as a carbon sink to reduce the effects of climate change.
Thousands of Brazilian citizens held protests in several major cities from August 24, 2019, onward to challenge the government's reaction to the wildfires. Protesters around the world also held events at Brazilian embassies, including in London, Paris, Mexico City, and Geneva.
Impact on the indigenous peoples of Brazil
In addition to environmental harm, the slash-and-burn actions leading to the wildfires have threatened the approximately 306,000 indigenous people in Brazil who reside near or within the rainforest. Bolsonaro had spoken out against the need to respect the demarcation of lands for indigenous people established in the 1988 Constitution of Brazil. According to a CBC report on Brazil's wildfires, representatives of the indigenous people have stated that farmers, loggers, and miners, emboldened by the Brazilian government's policies, have forced these people out of their lands, sometimes through violent means, and equated their methods with genocide. Additionally, some indigenous groups that have traditionally used fire management practices for agricultural livelihoods are being criminalized. Some of these tribes have vowed to fight back against those engaged in deforestation to protect their lands. Kerexu Yxapyry, a leader from Santa Catarina's Kerexu tribe, describes this conflict as, "We know our struggle will be arduous. Maybe many of our leaders will be killed, but we are organized. And we are going to defend our rights."
For more on the impacts of displacement on populations,
International responses
International leaders and environmental NGOs have condemned President Bolsonaro for the extent of the wildfires within the Brazilian portion of the Amazon.
Several international governments and environmental groups raised concerns at Bolsonaro's stance on the rainforest and the lack of attempts by his government to slow the wildfires. Among the most vocal was Macron, given the proximity of French Guiana to Brazil. Macron called the Amazon wildfires an "international crisis", while claiming the rainforest produces "20% of the world's oxygen"โa statement disputed by academics. He said, "Our house is burning. Literally."
Discussion about the fires came into the final negotiations of the EUโMercosur Free Trade Agreement between the EU and Mercosur, a trade bloc of Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay. With the wildfires on-going, both Macron and Irish Prime Minister Leo Varadkar have stated they will refuse to ratify the trade deal unless Brazil commits to protecting the environment. However, they have both been accused of using the fires as a pretext to scuttle an agreement that they already opposed on protectionist grounds.
Finance minister of Finland Mika Lintilรค suggested the idea of an EU ban on Brazilian beef imports until the country takes steps to stop the deforestation.
The Secretary-General of the Rainforest Foundation Norway (RFN), รyvind Eggen, said that neither the "official deforestation figures" published by Brazilian authorities on November 18, 2019, nor the number of wildfires in Amazon in 2019, were normal. According to the RFN,"We are approaching a potential tipping point, where large parts of the forest will be so damaged that [the rainforest] collapses."
Preserving the Amazon: A Shared Moral Imperative
On September 10, 2019, the US House Foreign Affairs Committee held a hearing in Washington, DC entitled "Preserving the Amazon: A Shared Moral Imperative". In her testimony presented to the hearing, Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE) economist, Monica de Bolle likened the rainforest to a "carbon bomb", as the fires lit for deforestation "may release as much as 200 million tons of carbon into the atmosphere a year, which would spur climate change at a much faster rate, not to mention associated changes in rainfall patterns that may result from deforestation."
Fires in Bolivia
Background
In Bolivia, chaqueo is an annual seasonal agricultural practice and commonly relies on the controlled use of fire. It was first authorized in 2001 during the government of Hugo Banzer Suarez.
Bolivia has 7.7 percent of the Amazon rainforest within its borders. The Bolivian Amazon covers which comprise 37.7 percent of Bolivia's forests and 17.7 percent of Bolivia's land mass. Bolivia's forests cover a total of , including the Chiquitano dry forests which is part of the Amazon biome and a transition zone between the Amazon rainforest and the drier forests of the southern Chaco region.
By September 14, 2019, Boliviaโwhich is one-eighth the size of Brazilโlost nearly of "forest and savanna". The fires destroyed about the same area of rainforest than in Brazil.
Santa Cruz Department
By August 16, Bolivia's Santa Cruz had declared a departmental emergency because of the forest fires. From August 18 to August 23, approximately of the Chiquitano dry forests were destroyed, more than what was lost over a typical two-year period. By August 24, the fires had already affected of forestland in the Santa Cruz and were burning near Santa Cruz, Bolivia. By August 26, wildfires had reached over of Bolivia's savanna and tropical forests, according to the Bolivian Information Agency (BIA). Over a period of five days, from August 18 to August 22, of forest near Roborรฉ were burned.
On August 25, 4,000 state employees and volunteers were fighting the fires. By August 25, the Chiquitano regions has seen of tropical forest burned within both the Amazon and the dry forests, mostly within the Santa Cruz province; like the Brazil fires, such fires occur during the dry season, but the number of fires in 2019 were larger than in previous years. Throughout August, wildfires have been spreading across four states. [By August 26, fires in the Dionisio Foianini Triangleโthe Brazil-Bolivia-Paraguay triangle had reached savannah and tropical forest "near Bolivia's border with Paraguay and Brazil".
The Bolivian government intervened after it was clear that the fires had surpassed local and regional response capabilities. In the week of August 18, Morales dispatched soldiers and three helicopters to fight fires in an area about the size of Oregon. On August 22, Morales contracted the Colorado-based Boeing 747 Supertanker (also known as Global SuperTanker) to conduct firefighting missions over the Bolivian Amazon. The 747 Supertanker is the largest firefighting aircraft in the world, which can hold approximately 19,000 gallons of water per trip. Morales has stated that the governments of many countries including Spain, Chile, Perรบ, France, the EU, among others have reached out to him to provide help for fighting the fires.
The government had been trying to determine the cause of the fires, with the Bolivian land management authority attributing 87% of the fires present in areas without authorization. Multiple NGOs assert that deforestation rates in Bolivia increased 200 percent after the government quadrupled available land for deforestation to small farmers in 2015.
Political opponents of Morales alleged that the Supreme Decree 3973 , a mandate to further beef production in the Amazon region, is a major cause of the Bolivian fires. However, this Supreme Decree only extends the authorized but regulated use of fire already legal in Santa Cruz to the Beni Department, where forest fire issues are not a significant issue.
By September 9, total forests that had been affected by fires in Bolivia was estimated as , more than double from estimates two weeks prior, but far less extended than the forest fires that occurred in 2004 and 2010. While some local government officials and opposition leaders have pled with Morales to update the situation from national emergengy to national disaster, but minister of communication Manuel Canelas said that Bolivia "is not overwhelmed" by fires to make this declaration, and that national emergency is sufficient to receive any type of foreign cooperation.
Fires in Paraguay's Pantanal
By August 22, fire emergencies in Paraguay's Alto Paraguay district and the UNESCO protected Pantanal region were issued by its federal government. Paraguay President Mario Abdo Benรญtez was in close contact with Bolivia's Morales to coordinate response efforts. By August 17, as wind direction changed, flames from fires in Bolivia began to enter northern Paraguay's Three Giants natural reserve in the Paraguayan Pantanal natural region. By August 24, when the situation had stabilized, Paraguay had lost in the Pantanal. An Universidad Nacional de Asunciรณn representative lamented the disaster failed to attract as much media attention as the fires in the Amazon rainforest.
While most of the Pantanal regionsโโis within Brazil's borders in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, the natural region also extends into Mato Grosso and portions of Bolivia. It sprawls over an area estimated at between . Within the Pantanal natural region, which is located between Brazil and Bolivia, is the "world's largest tropical wetland area". According one of the engineers charged with monitoring satellite data showing the "evolution of the fires", the Pantanal is a "complex, fragile, and high-risk ecosystem because it's being transformed from a wetland to a productive system". The Pantana is bounded by the Humid Chaco to the south, the Arid Chaco dry forests to the southwest, Cerrado savannas lie to the north, east and southeast, and the Chiquitano dry forests, to the west and northwest, where thousands of hectares burned in Bolivia.
A national parks researcher said that outsiders only know the Amazon, which is a "shame because the Pantanal is a very important ecological place". The Paranรก River, which flows through Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, is the "second largest river system in South America".
Fires in Peru
Peru had nearly twice the growth in the number of fires in 2019 than Brazil, with most believed to be illegally set by ranchers, miners, and coca growers. Much of the fires are in the Madre de Dios which borders Brazil and Bolivia, though the fires there are not a result of those started in the other countries, according to the regional authority. However, they are still concerned about the impact of downwind emissions, particularly carbon monoxide, on residents of Madre de Dios. There were 128 forest fires reported in Peru in August 2019.
Environmental impacts of the fires
Emissions
By August 22, NASA's AIRS published maps of increased carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide resulting from Brazil's wildfires. On the same day, the European Union's Copernicus Climate Change Service reported a "discernible spike" in emissions of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide generated by the fires.
Areas downwind of the fires have become covered with smoke, which can potentially last upwards of months at a time if the fires are left to burn out. Hospitals in cities like Porto Velho had reported over three times the average number of cases of patients affected by smoke over the same year-to-year period in August 2019 than in other previous years. Besides hindering breathing, the smoke can exacerbates patients with asthma or bronchitis and have potential cancer risk, generally affecting the youth and elderly the most.
Biodiversity
According to the World Wildlife Fund, the jaguar, for example, is already "near threatened" and the loss of food supplies and habitat due to the fires make the situation more critical.
Scientists at the Natural History Museum in London described how while some forests have adapted to fire as "important part of a forest ecosystem's natural cycle", the Amazon rainforestโwhich is "made up of lowland, wetland forests"โis "not well-equipped to deal with fire". Other Amazon basin ecosystems, like the Cerrado region, with its "large savannah, and lots of plants there have thick, corky, fire-resistant stems", is "fire-adapted".
Mazeika Sullivan, associate professor at Ohio State University's School of Environment and Natural Resources, explained that the fires could have a massive toll on wildlife in the short term as many animals in the Amazon are not adapted for extraordinary fires. Sloths, lizards, anteaters, and frogs may unfortunately perish in larger numbers than others due to their small size and lack of mobility. Endemic species, like Milton's titi and Mura's saddleback tamarin, are believed to be beset by the fires. Aquatic species could also be affected due to the fires changing the water chemistry into a state unsuitable for life. Long-term effects could be more catastrophic. Parts of the Amazon rainforest's dense canopy were destroyed by the fires, therefore, exposing the lower levels of the ecosystem, which then alters the energy flow of the food chain. The fires affect water chemistry (such as decreasing the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water), temperature, and erosion rates, which in turn affects fish and mammals that depend on fish, such as the giant otter.
International actions
On August 22, the Bishops Conference for Latin America called the fires a "tragedy" and urged the UN, the international community, and governments of Amazonian countries, to "take serious measures to save the world's lungs". Colombian President Ivan Duque stated he wanted to lead a conservation pact with the other nations that share the Amazon rainforest with plans to present this to the UN General Assembly. Duque said, "We must understand the protection of our Mother Earth and our Amazon is a duty, a moral duty."
United Nations Secretary General Antรณnio Guterres stated on August 23, that: "In the midst of the global climate crisis, we cannot afford more damage to a major source of oxygen and biodiversity."
G7 Summit and emergency aid
Attention to the wildfires increased in the week prior to the G7 summit discussions on August 24โ26 in Biarritz, France, led by President Macron. Macron stated his intent to open discussions related to the wildfires in the Brazilian part of the Amazon and Bolsonaro's response to them. Merkel has also backed Macron's statements and planned to make the issue a part of the G7 discussions; via a spokesperson, Merkel stated: "The extent of the fires in the Amazon area is shocking and threatening, not only for Brazil and the other affected countries, but also for the whole world." Macron further stated that possible international statute to protect the rainforest may be needed "if a sovereign state took concrete actions that clearly went against the interest of the planet". Bolsonaro expressed concern to United States president Donald Trump, that with Brazil not part of the G7, the country would be unrepresented in any such debate. Trump offered to take the position of the Brazilian government to the meeting and said that the US government did not agree to discuss the issue without Brazil's presence. Trump himself was absent from the environmental portion of the summit held on August 26, 2019, that discussed the fires and climate change, though members of his advisory team were in attendance.
During the summit, Macron and Chilean president Sebastiรกn Piรฑera negotiated with the other nations to authorize in emergency funding to Amazonian countries to help fight the fires. The Trump administration did not approve of the measure as the funding set certain requirements on its use. When the final negotiations were completed, Bolsonaro stated that he would refuse those funds for Brazil, claiming that Macron's interests were about protecting France's agricultural business in French Guiana from Brazil's competition. Bolsonaro also criticised Macron by comparing the Amazon fires to the Notre-Dame de Paris fire earlier in 2019, suggesting Macron should take care of their internal fires before reaching out internationally. The governors of the states of Brazil most affected by the fires pressured Bolsonaro to accept the aid given. Bolsonaro later clarified that he would accept foreign aid for the fires, but only if Brazil has the authority to determine how it is used.
Amazon country summit
Brazil's Bolsonaro stated on August 28, 2019, that the countries sharing the Amazon rainforest, excluding Venezuela, will hold a summit in Colombia on September 6, 2019, to discuss the ongoing Amazon fire situation. Representatives from seven countries attended: Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana and Suriname. The countries signed a pact to coordinate monitoring of the Amazon forest and disaster response, and a better information network to coordinate their responses. The pact will also seek cooperative efforts to reduce the need for illegal deforestation in their countries.
2019 wildfires in the media
The media coverage had also broadly overshadowed the Amazon fires in Bolivia, Peru, and Paraguay by the fires and international impact of those in the BLA. The Amazon wildfires also occurred shortly after major wildfires reported in Greenland and Siberia after a globally hotter-than-average June and July, drawing away coverage of these natural disasters.
Some of these photographs shared on social media were from past fire events in the Amazon or from fires elsewhere. Agence France-Presse and El Comercio published guides to help people "fact-check" on misleading photos.
Celebrity responses to Amazon wildfires
American actor Leonardo DiCaprio said his environmental organization Earth Alliance is donating $5 million to local groups and indigenous communities to help protect the Amazon. In a webcast on November 28, 2019, President Jair Bolsonaro said DiCaprio's donations encourage NGOs to set the fires in return for donations, a charge DiCaprio, Global Wildlife Conservation, and IUCN Species Survival Commission vehemently denied.
Instagram has been a platform for many celebrities who have spoken out about the wildfires such as Cara Delevingne, who posted a picture of the wildfires with the caption "#PrayForAmazonia".
Other celebrities who made public contributions include actresses Vanessa Hudgens and Lana Condor, and Japanese musician Yoshiki.
On August 26, 2019, Europe's richest man, Bernard Arnault, declared that his LVMH group will donate $11 million to aid in the fight against the Amazon rainforest wildfires.
American restaurateur Eddie Huang said he is going vegan as a result of the 2019 Amazon fires. Khloรฉ Kardashian urged her 98 million Instagram followers to adopt a plant-based diet for the same reason. Leonardo DiCaprio told his Instagram followers to "eliminate or reduce consumption of beef" as "cattle ranching is one of the primary drivers of deforestation."
2021 single "Amazonia" by French metal band Gojira and its music video are a response the fires.
See also
2019 Alberta wildfires
2019 California wildfires
2019 Siberia wildfires
2019 United Kingdom wildfires
2019 Washington wildfires
2019 wildfire season
2019 Southeast Asian haze
2019โ20 Australian bushfire season
2020 Brazil rainforest wildfires
Deforestation in Brazil
Notes
References
External links
Current worldwide map of airborne particulates about one micrometer in diameter, including smoke
2019 disasters in Brazil
2019 controversies
2019 wildfires
2019 in the environment
August 2019 events in South America
Controversies in Brazil
Climate change in Brazil
2019 disasters in Bolivia
2019 disasters in Paraguay
2019 disasters in Peru
Natural disasters in Bolivia
Natural disasters in Paraguay
Natural disasters in Peru
Amazon rainforest
August 2019 events in Brazil
Fires in Peru
Fires in Brazil
Fires in Paraguay
Fires in Bolivia
Wildfires in South America
Natural disasters in Brazil
2010s fires in South America
2019 fires
Deforestation in Brazil |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%93%A8%EB%A6%B0%20%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC | ํจ๋ฆฐ ๋์ฌ | ํจ๋ฆฐ ๋์ฌ()๋ ๋ง์ ์๋ฌผ์ฒด์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ํจ๋ฆฐ์ ํฉ์ฑํ๊ณ ๋ถํดํ๋ ๋์ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
์ํฉ์ฑ
ํจ๋ฆฐ์ ์๋ฌผํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋๋ก ํฉ์ฑ๋๋ฉฐ, ํนํ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(์ฆ, ํต์ผ๊ธฐ, ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค, ์ธ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋จ)๋ก ํฉ์ฑ๋๋ค. ์๋ฐ๋
ธ์ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ(AMP)๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์๋
ธ์ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ(GMP)์ ๋ ๋ค ์ด๋
ธ์ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ(IMP)์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋
ธ์ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ์ ํจ๋ฆฐ ๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋ ์ํฉ์ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋ก์์ ์์ ํ ํจ๋ฆฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ํํฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋ค.
IMP์ ํฉ์ฑ
์ด๋
ธ์ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ(IMP)์ ๋ณต์กํ ๋์ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋ก(์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ์ฐธ์กฐ)๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค 5-์ธ์ฐ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ํฉ์ฑ๋๋ค. ํจ๋ฆฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๋ 5๊ฐ์ ํ์ ์์์ 4๊ฐ์ ์ง์ ์์์ ๊ธฐ์์ ์์คํ๋ฅดํธ์ฐ, CO2, ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ , ํผ์ฐ, ๊ธ๋ฃจํ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ถ์๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ ๋ํ๋ค. ๋ณด๋ค ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ํจ๋ฆฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๋ ์์๋ค์ ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ 2๊ฐ์ ํ์ ์์์ 1๊ฐ์ ์ง์ ์์, ๊ธ๋ฃจํ๋ฏผ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ 2๊ฐ์ ์ง์ ์์, ์์คํ๋ฅดํธ์ฐ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ 1๊ฐ์ ์ง์ ์์, ํผ์ฐ(10-ํผ์ผํ
ํธ๋ผํ์ด๋๋กํด์ฐ์ ํํ๋ก ๊ณต๊ธ๋จ)์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ 2๊ฐ์ ํ์ ์์, ํ์ฐ์์์ผ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ 1๊ฐ์ ํ์ ์์๊ฐ ์ ๋ํ์๋ค. ํผ์ผ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ ๋ํ๋ 2๊ฐ์ ํ์ ์์๋ ํจ๋ฆฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ์์คํ
์์ ๋ ์ง์ ์์ ์ฌ์ด์ ๋ค๋ฆฌ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ 2๋ฒ ํ์์ 8๋ฒ ํ์๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๋ค.
ํต์ฌ์ ์ธ ์กฐ์ ๋จ๊ณ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค-์ธ์ฐ ๋ค์ดํฌ์คํฌํค๋ค์ด์ค์ ์ํ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค 5-์ธ์ฐ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค ํผ๋ก์ธ์ฐ(PRPP)์ ์์ฑ ๋จ๊ณ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค-์ธ์ฐ ๋ค์ดํฌ์คํฌํค๋ค์ด์ค๋ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์ธ์ฐ์ ์ํด ํ์ฑํ๋๊ณ ํจ๋ฆฐ ๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋์ ์ํด ๋ถํ์ฑํ๋๋ค. ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค ํผ๋ก์ธ์ฐ์ ํจ๋ฆฐ ํฉ์ฑ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ํผ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋ ํฉ์ฑ ๋ฐ ํ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ก์์๋ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค.
์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ๊ฐ์
๋จ๊ณ(committed step)๋ ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค ํผ๋ก์ธ์ฐ(PRPP), ๊ธ๋ฃจํ๋ฏผ์ด ์๋ฏธ๋ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์คํธ๋์คํผ๋ ์ด์ค(๊ธ๋ฃจํ๋ฏผ-PRPP ์๋ฏธ๋ํธ๋์คํผ๋ ์ด์ค)์ ์ํด ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค์๋ฏผ, ๊ธ๋ฃจํ์ฐ, ํผ๋ก์ธ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์๋ฏธ๋ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์คํธ๋์คํผ๋ ์ด์ค๋ ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค ํผ๋ก์ธ์ฐ์ ์ํด ํ์ฑํ๋๊ณ , AMP, GMP, IMP์ ์ํด ์ ํด๋๋ค.
ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค ํผ๋ก์ธ์ฐ(PRPP) + L-๊ธ๋ฃจํ๋ฏผ + H2O โ ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค์๋ฏผ(PRA) + L-๊ธ๋ฃจํ์ฐ + PPi
๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋จ๊ณ์์ ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค์๋ฏผ, ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ , ATP๋ ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค์๋ฏผ-๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐํจ์(GAR ํฉ์ฑํจ์)์ ์ํด ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ง์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(GAR), ADP, Pi๋ก ์ ํ๋๋ค. pH 7.5, 37ย ยฐC์์ ๋ฐ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ 38์ด์ธ ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค์๋ฏผ(PRA)์ ํํ์ ๋ถ์์ ์ฑ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ค์ ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค์๋ฏผ์ด ์์ฒด ๋ด์์ ์๋ฏธ๋ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์คํธ๋์คํผ๋ ์ด์ค๋ก๋ถํฐ GAR ํฉ์ฑํจ์๋ก ๋ณด๋ด์ง๋ค๊ณ ์ ์ํ๋ค.
ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค์๋ฏผ(PRA) + ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ + ATP โ ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ง์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณดํํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(GAR) + ADP + Pi
์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋จ๊ณ์์ ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ง์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(GAR), 10-ํผ์ผํ
ํธ๋ผํ์ด๋๋กํด์ฐ์ ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ง์ด๋ ํผ์ผํธ๋์คํผ๋ ์ด์ค(GAR ํธ๋์คํผ์ผ๋ ์ด์ค)์ ์ํด ํผ์ผ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ง์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(FGAR), ํ
ํธ๋ผํ์ด๋๋กํด์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋๋ค.
๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ง์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(GAR) + 10-ํผ์ผํ
ํธ๋ผํ์ด๋๋กํด์ฐ(fTHF) โ ํผ์ผ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ง์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(fGAR) + ํ
ํธ๋ผํ์ด๋๋กํด์ฐ(THF)
๋ค ๋ฒ์งธ ๋จ๊ณ์์ ํผ์ผ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ง์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(fGAR), ๊ธ๋ฃจํ๋ฏผ, ATP๋ ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์คํผ์ผ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ฏธ๋ ์์ฑํจ์(fGAR ์๋ฏธ๋ํธ๋์คํผ๋ ์ด์ค)์ ์ํด ํผ์ผ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ฏธ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(fGAM), ๊ธ๋ฃจํ์ฐ, ADP, Pi๋ก ์ ํ๋๋ค.
ํผ์ผ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ง์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(fGAR) + L-๊ธ๋ฃจํ๋ฏผ + ATP โ ํผ์ผ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ฏธ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(fGAM) + L-๊ธ๋ฃจํ์ฐ + ADP + Pi
๋ค์ฏ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋จ๊ณ์์ ํผ์ผ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ฏธ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(fGAM), ATP๋ AIR ํฉ์ฑํจ์(fGAM ๊ณ ๋ฆฌํํจ์)์ ์ํด 5-์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋ค์กธ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(AIR), ADP, Pi๋ก ์ ํ๋๋ค.
ํผ์ผ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ฏธ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(fGAM) + ATP โ 5-์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋ค์กธ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(AIR) + ADP + Pi + H2O
์ฌ์ฏ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋จ๊ณ์์ 5-์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋ค์กธ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(AIR), CO2๋ ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋ค์กธ ์นด๋ณต์คํํจ์(AIR ์นด๋ณต์คํํจ์)์ ์ํด ์นด๋ณต์์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋ค์กธ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(CAIR)๋ก ์ ํ๋๋ค.
5-์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋ค์กธ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(AIR) + CO2 โ ์นด๋ณต์์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋ค์กธ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(CAIR) + 2H+
์ผ๊ณฑ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋จ๊ณ์์ ์นด๋ณต์์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋ค์กธ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(CAIR), ์์คํ๋ฅดํธ์ฐ, ATP๋ ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋ค์กธ์์๋
ธ์นด๋ณต์ฌ๋ง์ด๋ ์์ฑํจ์(SAICAR ํฉ์ฑํจ์)์ ์ํด N-์์๋-5-์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์ฌ๋ง์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(SAICAR), ADP, Pi๋ก ์ ํ๋๋ค.
์นด๋ณต์์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋ค์กธ(CAIR) + L-์์คํ๋ฅดํธ์ฐ + ATP โ N-์์๋-5-์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์ฌ๋ง์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(SAICAR) + ADP + Pi
์ฌ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋จ๊ณ์์ N-์์๋-5-์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์ฌ๋ง์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(SAICAR)๋ ์๋ฐ๋๋ก์์ ์ฐ ๋ถํดํจ์(SAICAR ๋ถํดํจ์)์ ์ํด 5-์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์ฌ๋ง์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(AICAR), ํธ๋ง๋ฅด์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋๋ค.
N-์์๋-5-์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์ฌ๋ง์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(SAICAR) โ 5-์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์ฌ๋ง์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(AICAR) + ํธ๋ง๋ฅด์ฐ
5-์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์ฌ๋ง์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(AICAR)์ ํธ๋ง๋ฅด์ฐ์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ก ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ค. 5-์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์ฌ๋ง์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋๋ ์ํ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋จ๊ณ์ ๋ฐ์๋ฌผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด์ ํธ๋ง๋ฅด์ฐ์ ์ํธ๋ฅด์ฐ ํ๋ก๋ก ๋ค์ด๊ฐ์ ๋ง์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ํธ๋ง๋ฅด์ฐ์ ๋ง์ฐ์ผ๋ก์ ์ ํ์ ํธ๋ง๋ ์ด์ค์ ์ํด ์ด๋งค๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ํธ๋ง๋ฅด์ฐ์ ํจ๋ฆฐ ํฉ์ฑ์ ์ํธ๋ฅด์ฐ ํ๋ก์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ํจ๋ค.
์ํ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋จ๊ณ์์ 5-์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์ฌ๋ง์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(AICAR), 10-ํผ์ผํ
ํธ๋ผํ์ด๋๋กํด์ฐ์ ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋ค์กธ์นด๋ณต์ฌ๋ง์ด๋ ํผ์ผํธ๋์คํผ๋ ์ด์ค(AICAR ํธ๋์คํผ์ผ๋ ์ด์ค)์ ์ํด N-ํผ์ผ์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์ฌ๋ง์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(FAICAR), ํ
ํธ๋ผํ์ด๋๋กํด์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋๋ค.
5-์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์ฌ๋ง์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(AICAR) + 10-ํผ์ผํ
ํธ๋ผํ์ด๋๋กํด์ฐ(fTHF) โ N-ํผ์ผ์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์ฌ๋ง์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(FAICAR) + ํ
ํธ๋ผํ์ด๋๋กํด์ฐ(THF)
๋ง์ง๋ง ๋จ๊ณ์์ N-ํผ์ผ์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์ฌ๋ง์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(FAICAR)๋ ์ด๋
ธ์ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ ์์ฑํจ์(IMP ์์ฑํจ์)์ ์ํด ์ด๋
ธ์ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ(IMP)์ H2O๋ก ์ ํ๋๋ค.
N-ํผ์ผ์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ด๋ฏธ๋ค์กธ-4-์นด๋ณต์ฌ๋ง์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋(FAICAR) โ ์ด๋
ธ์ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ(IMP) + H2O
์งํต์๋ฌผ์์ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ, ์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋ฐ ๋ค์ฏ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋จ๊ณ๋ GART ์ ์ ์์ ์ํด ์ํธํ๋๋ ์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ฑ ํจ๋ฆฐ ์ํฉ์ฑ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์๋ฐ๋
ธ์ -3์ ์ํด ์ด๋งค๋๋ค.
์ํ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋จ๊ณ์ ์ด ๋ฒ์งธ ๋จ๊ณ๋ ๋ ๋ค ATIC ์ ์ ์์ ์ํด ์ํธํ๋๋ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ฑ ํจ๋ฆฐ ์ํฉ์ฑ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง PURH๋ผ๋ ๋จ์ผ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง์ ์ํด ์ํ๋๋ค.
IMP๋ก๋ถํฐ GMP์ ์ํฉ์ฑ
์ด๋
ธ์ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ(IMP)์ IMP ํ์์ํจ์์ ์ํด ์ํ ์ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ(XMP)์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋๋ค.
์ด๋
ธ์ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ(IMP) + NAD+ โ ์ํ ์ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ(XMP) + NADH + H+
์ํ ์ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ(XMP)์ GMP ์์ฑํจ์(XMP-๊ธ๋ฃจํ๋ฏผ ์๋ฏธ๋ํธ๋์คํผ๋ ์ด์ค)์ ์ํด ๊ตฌ์๋
ธ์ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ(GMP)๋ก ์ ํ๋๋ค.
์ํ ์ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ(XMP) + ๊ธ๋ฃจํ๋ฏผ + ATP โ ๊ตฌ์๋
ธ์ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ(GMP) + ๊ธ๋ฃจํ์ฐ + AMP + PPi
IMP๋ก๋ถํฐ AMP์ ์ํฉ์ฑ
์ด๋
ธ์ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ(IMP)์ ์๋ฐ๋๋ก์์ ์ฐ ์์ฑํจ์(์๋ฐ๋๋ก์์ ์ฐ ํฉ์ฑํจ์)์ ์ํด ์๋ฐ๋๋ก์์ ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋๋ค.
์ด๋
ธ์ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ(IMP) + ์์คํ๋ฅดํธ์ฐ + GTP โ ์๋ฐ๋๋ก์์ ์ฐ + GDP + Pi
์๋ฐ๋๋ก์์ ์ฐ์ ์๋ฐ๋๋ก์์ ์ฐ ๋ถํดํจ์์ ์ํด ์๋ฐ๋
ธ์ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ(AMP)๊ณผ ํธ๋ง๋ฅด์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋๋ค.
๋ถํด
ํจ๋ฆฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ํจ์๋ค์ ์ํด์ ๋ถํด ๋์ฌ๋๋ค.
GMP์ ๋ถํด
๊ตฌ์๋
ธ์ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ(GMP)์ ๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋ ๊ฐ์๋ถํดํจ์์ ์ํด ๊ตฌ์๋
ธ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋๋ค.
๊ตฌ์๋
ธ์ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ(GMP) + H2O โ ๊ตฌ์๋
ธ์ + Pi
๊ตฌ์๋
ธ์ ์ ๋ดํด๋ ์ค์ฌ์ด๋ ๊ฐ์๋ถํดํจ์์ ์ํด ๊ตฌ์๋์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋๋ค.
๊ตฌ์๋
ธ์ + H2O โ ๊ตฌ์๋ + ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค
๊ตฌ์๋์ ๊ตฌ์๋ ํ์๋ฏธ๋
ธํจ์์ ์ํด ์ํด์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋๋ค.
๊ตฌ์๋ + H2O โ ์ํด + NH3
์ํด์ ์ํด ์ฐํํจ์์ ์ํด ์์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋๋ค.
์ํด + H2O + Osub>2</sub> โ ์์ฐ + H2O2
AMP์ ๋ถํด
์๋ฐ๋
ธ์ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ(AMP)์ ๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋ ๊ฐ์๋ถํดํจ์์ ์ํด ์๋ฐ๋
ธ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋๋ค.
์๋ฐ๋
ธ์ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ(AMP) + H2O โ ์๋ฐ๋
ธ์ + Pi
์๋ฐ๋
ธ์ ์ ์๋ฐ๋
ธ์ ํ์๋ฏธ๋
ธํจ์์ ์ํด ์ด๋
ธ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋๋ค.
์๋ฐ๋
ธ์ + H2O โ ์ด๋
ธ์ + NH3
์ด๋
ธ์ ์ ๋ดํด๋ ์ค์ฌ์ด๋ ๊ฐ์๋ถํดํจ์์ ์ํด ํ์ดํฌ์ํด์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋๋ค.
์ด๋
ธ์ + H2O โ ํ์ดํฌ์ํด + ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค
ํ์ดํฌ์ํด์ ์ํด ์ฐํํจ์์ ์ํด ์ํด์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋๋ค.
ํ์ดํฌ์ํด + H2O + O2 โ ์ํด + H2O2
์ํด์ ์ํด ์ฐํํจ์์ ์ํด ์์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋๋ค.
์ํด + H2O + O2 โ ์์ฐ + H2O2
ํจ๋ฆฐ ๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋ ์ํฉ์ฑ์ ์กฐ์
ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค ํผ๋ก์ธ์ฐ(PRPP)์ด ์๋ฏธ๋ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์คํธ๋์คํผ๋ ์ด์ค(๊ธ๋ฃจํ๋ฏผ-PRPP ์๋ฏธ๋ํธ๋์คํผ๋ ์ด์ค)์ ์ํด ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค์๋ฏผ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋๋ ๋จ๊ณ๋ ํจ๋ฆฐ ์ํฉ์ฑ์ ์กฐ์ ์ง์ ์ด๋ค. ์๋ฏธ๋ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์คํธ๋์คํผ๋ ์ด์ค๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์๋ฆฌ ์
์ฒด์ฑ ์กฐ์ ํจ์์ด๊ณ , IMP, GMP, AMP๋ ์ด ํจ์์ ์ ํด์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค ํผ๋ก์ธ์ฐ(PRPP)์ ํ์ฑ์ ์ด๋ค.
ํ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ก
์ธํฌ ๋ด ํต์ฐ์ ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ์์ฑ๋(๋๋ ์์์ผ๋ก ์ญ์ทจ๋) ํจ๋ฆฐ์ ํ์๋์ด ์๋ก์ด ๋ดํด๋ ์คํ์ด๋์์ ์ฌ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
์๋ฐ๋ ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์คํธ๋์คํผ๋ ์ด์ค(APRT)๋ ์๋ฐ๋์ ํ์ํ๋ค.
์๋ฐ๋ + ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ค ํผ๋ก์ธ์ฐ(PRPP) โ ์๋ฐ๋
ธ์ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ(AMP) + PPi
ํ์ดํฌ์ํด-๊ตฌ์๋ ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์คํธ๋์คํผ๋ ์ด์ค(HGPRT)๋ ๊ตฌ์๋๊ณผ ํ์ดํฌ์ํด์ ํ์ํ๋ค. ํ์ดํฌ์ํด-๊ตฌ์๋ ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์คํธ๋์คํผ๋ ์ด์ค์ ์ ์ ์ ๊ฒฐํ์ ๋ ์ฌ-๋ํ ์ฆํ๊ตฐ์ ์ผ์ผํจ๋ค.
๋์ฌ ์ด์
ํจ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ํผ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋์ ๋์ฌ์ ๊ด์ฌํ๋ ์ ์ ์์ ์ด์์ด ์๊ธฐ๋ฉด, ์ ์ ์งํ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ ํต์ ๊ฒช์ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ํจ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ํผ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋ ๋์ฌ ์ด์ ์งํ์ ์ฆ์์ผ๋ก๋ ํตํ, ๋นํ, ๊ฐ์ง, ๋ฐ๋ฌ ์ง์ฐ, ๋์ฒญ, ๊ฐ๋ฐ ๊ด๋
, ์ ์ฅ ์ด์ ๋๋ ์ ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ์, ๋ฉด์ญ๋ ฅ ์์ค ๋ฑ์ด ์์ ์ ์๋ค.
ํจ๋ฆฐ ๋์ฌ์ ์ด์์ DNA์ RNA์ ์ฝ์
๋ ์ ์๋ ์ ํดํ ๋ดํด๋ ์ค์ฌ์ด๋ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ฐ์ํ ์ ์๋ ์ ์ ์ ๋ณด์ ๊ท ํ์ ๊นจ๋จ๋ฆด ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ก ์ธํด ์ ์ ์ ์ฅ์ ์ ๋ณ์ด๋ฅผ ๋์ฑ ์ด๋ํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ์ง๋ณ๋ค์ ๋ฐ์์ํฌ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ง๋ณ๋ค ์ค ์ผ๋ถ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์๋ฐ๋
ธ์ ํ์๋ฏธ๋
ธํจ์์ ์์ค์ ์ํ ์ค์ฆ ๋ฉด์ญ๊ฒฐํ์ฆ.
ํ์ดํฌ์ํด-๊ตฌ์๋ ํฌ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์คํธ๋์คํผ๋ ์ด์ค์ ์์ค์ ์ํ ๊ณ ์์ฐํ์ฆ ๋ฐ ๋ ์ฌ-๋ํ ์ฆํ๊ตฐ.
IMP ํ์์ํจ์์ ๊ฐ์ ํจ์์ ํ์ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ์์ ๋ฐ์.
์ฝ๋ฌผ ์๋ฒ
ํจ๋ฆฐ ๋์ฌ์ ์กฐ์ ์ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์น๋ฃ์ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํจ๋ฆฐ ํฉ์ฑ ์ ํด์ ๋ ์ธํฌ, ํนํ ๋ฐฑํ๊ตฌ์ ์ฆ์์ ์ ํดํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ ํด์ ๋ก๋ ์ฅ๊ธฐ ์ด์, ๋ฅ๋จธํฐ์ค ๊ด์ ์ผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์๊ฐ๋ฉด์ญ์งํ, ํฌ๋ก ๋ณ ๋ฐ ๊ถค์์ฑ ๋์ฅ์ผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ผ์ฆ์ฑ ์ฅ์งํ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ๋ฉด์ญ์ต์ ์ ์ธ ์์ํฐ์คํ๋ฆฐ์ด ์๋ค.
๋ง์ด์ฝํ๋์ฐ์ ์ฅ๊ธฐ ์ด์์์ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ ๋ฐ์์ ๋ง๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ๋ฉด์ญ ์ต์ ์ ์ด๋ค. ๋ง์ด์ฝํ๋์ฐ์ ์ด๋
ธ์ํจ ์ผ์ธ์ฐ ํ์์ํจ์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋จํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ํจ๋ฆฐ ํฉ์ฑ์ ์ ํดํ๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ฉํ ํธ๋ ์ธ์ดํธ๋ ํด์ฐ์ ๋์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋จํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ํจ๋ฆฐ ํฉ์ฑ์ ์ ํดํ๋ค(๋ฉํ ํธ๋ ์ธ์ดํธ๋ ๋ค์ดํ์ด๋๋กํด์ฐ ํ์ํจ์์ ์ ํด์ ์ด๋ค).
์๋กํจ๋ฆฌ๋์ ์ํด ์ฐํํจ์๋ฅผ ์ ํดํด์ ์ฒด๋ด ์์ฐ์ ์์ค์ ๋ฎ์ถ๋ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์ด๋ค. ์๋กํจ๋ฆฌ๋์ ๊ณผ๋ํ ์์ฐ์ ์ํด ๊ด์ ์ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ด ํ์ฑ๋๋ ์ง๋ณ์ธ ํตํ์ ์น๋ฃ์ ์ ์ฉํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
ํผ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋ ๋์ฌ
ํจ๋ฆฐ
ํจ๋ฆฐ์ฑ ์ ํธ์ ๋ฌ
์ง๋ณ ์ํ ํญ๋ฅ๋งํฐ์ค์ (DMARD)
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
The Medical Biochemistry Page
Purine metabolism - Reference pathway
PUMPA: Purine Metabolic Patientsโ Association
ํจ๋ฆฐ
๋์ฌ๊ฒฝ๋ก | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine%20metabolism | Purine metabolism | Purine metabolism refers to the metabolic pathways to synthesize and break down purines that are present in many organisms.
Biosynthesis
Purines are biologically synthesized as nucleotides and in particular as ribotides, i.e. bases attached to ribose 5-phosphate. Both adenine and guanine are derived from the nucleotide inosine monophosphate (IMP), which is the first compound in the pathway to have a completely formed purine ring system.
IMP
Inosine monophosphate is synthesized on a pre-existing ribose-phosphate through a complex pathway (as shown in the figure on the right). The source of the carbon and nitrogen atoms of the purine ring, 5 and 4 respectively, come from multiple sources. The amino acid glycine contributes all its carbon (2) and nitrogen (1) atoms, with additional nitrogen atoms from glutamine (2) and aspartic acid (1), and additional carbon atoms from formyl groups (2), which are transferred from the coenzyme tetrahydrofolate as 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, and a carbon atom from bicarbonate (1). Formyl groups build carbon-2 and carbon-8 in the purine ring system, which are the ones acting as bridges between two nitrogen atoms.
A key regulatory step is the production of 5-phospho-ฮฑ-D-ribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) by ribose phosphate pyrophosphokinase, which is activated by inorganic phosphate and inactivated by purine ribonucleotides. It is not the committed step to purine synthesis because PRPP is also used in pyrimidine synthesis and salvage pathways.
The first committed step is the reaction of PRPP, glutamine and water to 5'-phosphoribosylamine (PRA), glutamate, and pyrophosphate - catalyzed by amidophosphoribosyltransferase, which is activated by PRPP and inhibited by AMP, GMP and IMP.
PRPP + L-Glutamine + H2O โ PRA + L-Glutamate + PPi
In the second step react PRA, glycine and ATP to create GAR, ADP, and pyrophosphate - catalyzed by phosphoribosylamineโglycine ligase (GAR synthetase). Due to the chemical lability of PRA, which has a half-life of 38 seconds at PH 7.5 and 37ย ยฐC, researchers have suggested that the compound is channeled from amidophosphoribosyltransferase to GAR synthetase in vivo.
PRA + Glycine + ATP โ GAR + ADP + Pi
The third is catalyzed by phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase.
GAR + fTHF โ fGAR + THF
The fourth is catalyzed by phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase.
fGAR + L-Glutamine + ATP โ fGAM + L-Glutamate + ADP + Pi
The fifth is catalyzed by AIR synthetase (FGAM cyclase).
fGAM + ATP โ AIR + ADP + Pi + H2O
The sixth is catalyzed by phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase.
AIR + CO2 โ CAIR + 2H+
The seventh is catalyzed by phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase.
CAIR + L-Aspartate + ATP โ SAICAR + ADP + Pi
The eight is catalyzed by adenylosuccinate lyase.
SAICAR โ AICAR + Fumarate
The products AICAR and fumarate move on to two different pathways. AICAR serves as the reactant for the ninth step, while fumarate is transported to the citric acid cycle which can then skip the carbon dioxide evolution steps to produce malate. The conversion of fumarate to malate is catalyzed by fumarase. In this way, fumarate connects purine synthesis to the citric acid cycle.
The ninth is catalyzed by phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase.
AICAR + fTHF โ FAICAR + THF
The last step is catalyzed by Inosine monophosphate synthase.
FAICAR โ IMP + H2O
In eukaryotes the second, third, and fifth step are catalyzed by trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-3, which is encoded by the GART gene.
Both ninth and tenth step are accomplished by a single protein named Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PURH, encoded by the ATIC gene.
GMP
IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH) converts IMP into XMP
GMP synthase converts XMP into GMP
GMP reductase converts GMP back into IMP
AMP
adenylosuccinate synthase converts IMP to adenylosuccinate
adenylosuccinate lyase converts adenylosuccinate into AMP
AMP deaminase converts AMP back into IMP
Degradation
Purines are metabolised by several enzymes:
Guanine
A nuclease frees the nucleotide
A nucleotidase creates guanosine
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase converts guanosine to guanine
Guanase converts guanine to xanthine
Xanthine oxidase (a form of xanthine oxidoreductase) catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid
Adenine
A nuclease frees the nucleotide
A nucleotidase creates adenosine, then adenosine deaminase creates inosine
Alternatively, AMP deaminase creates inosinic acid, then a nucleotidase creates inosine
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase acts upon inosine to create hypoxanthine
Xanthine oxidase catalyzes the biotransformation of hypoxanthine to xanthine
Xanthine oxidase acts upon xanthine to create uric acid
Regulations of purine nucleotide biosynthesis
The formation of 5'-phosphoribosylamine from glutamine and PRPP catalysed by PRPP amino transferase is the regulation point for purine synthesis. The enzyme is an allosteric enzyme, so it can be converted from IMP, GMP and AMP in high concentration binds the enzyme to exerts inhibition while PRPP is in large amount binds to the enzyme which causes activation. So IMP, GMP and AMP are inhibitors while PRPP is an activator. Between the formation of 5'-phosphoribosyl, aminoimidazole and IMP, there is no known regulation step.
Salvage
Purines from turnover of cellular nucleic acids (or from food) can also be salvaged and reused in new nucleotides.
The enzyme adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) salvages adenine.
The enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) salvages guanine and hypoxanthine. (Genetic deficiency of HGPRT causes LeschโNyhan syndrome.)
Disorders
When a defective gene causes gaps to appear in the metabolic recycling process for purines and pyrimidines, these chemicals are not metabolised properly, and adults or children can suffer from any one of twenty-eight hereditary disorders, possibly some more as yet unknown. Symptoms can include gout, anaemia, epilepsy, delayed development, deafness, compulsive self-biting, kidney failure or stones, or loss of immunity.
Purine metabolism can have imbalances that can arise from harmful nucleotide triphosphates incorporating into DNA and RNA which further lead to genetic disturbances and mutations, and as a result, give rise to several types of diseases. Some of the diseases are:
Severe immunodeficiency by loss of adenosine deaminase.
Hyperuricemia and LeschโNyhan syndrome by the loss of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase.
Different types of cancer by an increase in the activities of enzymes like IMP dehydrogenase.
Pharmacotherapy
Modulation of purine metabolism has pharmacotherapeutic value.
Purine synthesis inhibitors inhibit the proliferation of cells, especially leukocytes. These inhibitors include azathioprine, an immunosuppressant used in organ transplantation, autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Mycophenolate mofetil is an immunosuppressant drug used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation; it inhibits purine synthesis by blocking inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH).
Methotrexate also indirectly inhibits purine synthesis by blocking the metabolism of folic acid (it is an inhibitor of the dihydrofolate reductase).
Allopurinol is a drug that inhibits the enzyme xanthine oxidoreductase and, thus, lowers the level of uric acid in the body. This may be useful in the treatment of gout, which is a disease caused by excess uric acid, forming crystals in joints.
Prebiotic synthesis of purine ribonucleosides
In order to understand how life arose, knowledge is required of the chemical pathways that permit formation of the key building blocks of life under plausible prebiotic conditions. Nam et al. demonstrated the direct condensation of purine and pyrimidine nucleobases with ribose to give ribonucleosides in aqueous microdroplets, a key step leading to RNA formation. Also, a plausible prebiotic process for synthesizing purine ribonucleosides was presented by Becker et al.
Purine biosynthesis in the three domains of life
Organisms in all three domains of life, eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea, are able to carry out de novo biosynthesis of purines. This ability reflects the essentiality of purines for life. The biochemical pathway of synthesis is very similar in eukaryotes and bacterial species, but is more variable among archaeal species. A nearly complete, or complete, set of genes required for purine biosynthesis was determined to be present in 58 of the 65 archaeal species studied. However, also identified were seven archaeal species with entirely, or nearly entirely, absent purine encoding genes. Apparently the archaeal species unable to synthesize purines are able to acquire exogenous purines for growth., and are thus similar to purine mutants of eukaryotes, e.g. purine mutants of the Ascomycete fungus Neurospora crassa, that also require exogenous purines for growth.
See also
Purinergic signaling
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD)
References
External links
The Medical Biochemistry Page
Purine metabolism - Reference pathway
PUMPA: Purine Metabolic Patientsโ Association
Metabolic pathways
Biochemistry |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%85%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC%20%EB%AC%B4%EC%A7%80%EB%B6%80%EB%A5%B4%20%EB%9D%BC%ED%9D%90%EB%A7%8C | ์
ฐ์ดํฌ ๋ฌด์ง๋ถ๋ฅด ๋ผํ๋ง | ์
ฐ์ดํฌ ๋ฌด์ง๋ถ๋ฅด ๋ผํ๋ง(, 1920๋
3์ 17์ผ ~ 1975๋
8์ 15์ผ)์ ๋ฐฉ๊ธ๋ผ๋ฐ์์ ์ด๋ ๋ํต๋ น์ด์ ๊ฑด๊ตญ ์ง๋์๋ก์ ๋์ค์๋ ์ 2๋ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ก๋ ์ ์ ์ฌ์งํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ์ฌ ๊ทธ์ ์ฅ๋
์
ฐ์ดํฌ ํ์๋๊ฐ ๊ทธ์ ์ ๋น์ธ ๋ฐฉ๊ธ๋ผ๋ฐ์ ์์๋ฏธ ์ฐ๋งน์ ์ด๋๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ก ์ฌ์ง ์ค์ด๋ค.
ํ์ ์ ์น ์ง๋์๋ก์ ์ฑ์ฅํ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ์นด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ง์ ์ฐ์ฌ๋ก ๋ํํค์คํ์ ์ ์น์ ์์๋ฏธ ์ฐ๋งน์์์ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ ํค์ฐ๋ฉฐ ํฐ ์ง์ง๋ฅผ ์ป์๋ค. ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ์ง๋ฐฉ ์์น์ ์ํํค์คํ์ ์์ ๋ธ ์นธ ๋ํต๋ น์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์น๊ฐ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ง๋ง 1970๋
์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ์๋์ ์ธ ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ ํ์๋ ์์ ์ ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ํ์ฑ๋์ง ์์ 1971๋
3์ 26์ผ ํํค์คํ์ ๋ํต๋ น ์ผํ์ ์นธ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฆฌ ์คํผ์นด๋ฅด ์๋ฆฌ ๋ถํ ์๊ฒ ๋
๋ฆฝ ์ ์ธ์ ๋ฐํํ ๋ค ์ด์ ์ํํค์คํ ์ ๋ถ์ ์ํด ์ฒดํฌ๋์ด ๊ตฐ์ฌ ๋ฒ์์ ์ฌํ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋์์ผ๋ 9๊ฐ์๋ง์ ๋ฐฉ๊ธ๋ผ๋ฐ์ ๋
๋ฆฝ ์ ์์์ ์น๋ฆฌํด ์ด๋ ๋ํต๋ น์ผ๋ก ์ ์ถ๋์๋ค.
1975๋
8์ 15์ผ์ ์ผ์ด๋ ์ด์ฌ๋ ๊ทน๋จ์ฃผ์์ ํํค์คํ์ ์ญ์ํ๋ ์ผ๋ถ ๊ตฐ๋ถ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ์ฟ ๋ฐํ๋ก ์์ ์ ์ผ๊ฐ์กฑ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ํ์์ ์ดํด๋นํ๋ค.
ํ์ฌ ๋ชจ๋ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ๋ฐฉ๊ธ๋ผ๋ฐ์ ํ์นด์ ์งํ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด๋ค.
์ด๊ธฐ ์์
์๊ตญ๋ น ์ธ๋ ์ ๊ตญ์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ํธ๋ฅด์ฃผ์ ํ ์์ ๋ง์์์ ํ์ด๋ฌ์ผ๋ฉฐ 1929๋
๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์
ํ ํ 1931๋
๊ณต๋ฆฝํ๊ต์ 3๋ฑ๊ธ์ผ๋ก ์
ํํ์ผ๋ 1934๋
๋ ์์ ๋ก ์ธํด ๊ทธ๋ง๋์๊ณ ์ดํ ์์ ๋ก ์ธํ ๋๋ฆฐ ์๋ ฅ ํ๋ณต์ผ๋ก ์ผ์ฐ ๊ฒฐํผํ๋ค.
1940๋
์ ์ธ๋ ๋ฌด์ฌ๋ฆผ ํ์ ์ฐ๋งน์ ๊ฐ์
ํ๋ฉด์ ์ ์น์ ์ง์ถํ๊ณ ์บ์ปคํ ๋ํ์์ ๋ฒ๋ฅ ์ ๊ณต๋ถํ์ผ๋ 1943๋
์ ์ธ๋ ๋ฌด์ฌ๋ฆผ ์ฐ๋งน์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๋ฉด์ ์ค๋จ๋๋ค. 1946๋
์ด์ค๋ผ๋ฏธ์ ๋ํ์ ์ฐํฉ์ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ด์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์๋ช
๋์๊ณ 1947๋
ํ์๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋ํ๋ค.
๋๋ถ ๋ฒต๊ณจ๋ก ๋์์จ ๋ค ๋ค์นด ๋ํ์์ ๋ค์ ๋ฒ๋ฅ ์ ๊ณต๋ถํด ๋ํํค์คํ ๋ฌด์ฌ๋ฆผ ํ์ ์ฐ๋งน์ ์ค๋ฆฝํ๊ณ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ์ ์น ์ง๋์๊ฐ ๋์ด 2๋
๋์ ๋๋ ๋น๊ณค๊ณผ ์ค์
, ๊ฐ๋ํ ์ํ ๋ฑ์ ์ฌํ์ฃผ์์ ๋ํ ์นํ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 1949๋
1์ 26์ผ ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ์ฐ๋ฅด๋์ด๊ฐ ํํค์คํ์ ๊ณต์ ์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํํ์ ์์์ ๋์ฑ์ ๋ฒ์๋ค.
3์ 11์ผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ ์ฒดํฌ๋นํ๊ณ ๋ํ์์๋ ํดํ๋นํ๊ณ ์ฒดํฌ ๋
ธ๋์์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ๋ ค๋ค๊ฐ ๋ค์ ์ฒดํฌ๋๋ค.
์ด๊ธฐ ์ ์น ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
๋ฐฉ๊ธ๋ผ๋ฐ์ ์์๋ฏธ ์ฐ๋งน์ ์ ์ ์ธ ์์ธ๋ฏธ ์ฐ๋งน์ ์ค๋ฆฝํ๊ณ 1949๋
๋ํํค์คํ ๊ณต๋ ์ด๋ฌด ์์์ผ๋ก ์ ์ถ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ํํค์คํ์ ์ฌํ์ฃผ์ ์ฐํฉ ์ ๋น ๊ฑด์ค์ ์ํ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 1951๋
ํ์๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์์๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์๋ค๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ ์ฒดํฌ๋๋ค.
ํํค์คํ์ ๊ณต์ ์ธ์ด๊ฐ ์ฐ๋ฅด๋์ด์ธ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ ๋ฒต๊ณจ์ด ์ด๋์ด ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๊ณ ๋ผํ๋ง์ ํฌํจํ ๋ง์ ๋ฒต๊ณจ ์ง์ญ์ ์ ์น์ธ๋ค์ด ์ฒดํฌ๋์๋ค. 1953๋
์์๋ฏธ ์ฐ๋งน์ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ด์ฅ์ด ๋์๊ณ ๋๋ถ ๋ฒต๊ณจ์ ์
๋ฒ ์์์ผ๋ก ์ ์ถ๋์์ง๋ง ์ ๋ถ์ ํญ์๋ฅผ ํ ํ์๋ก ์ฒดํฌ๋์๋ค.
1955๋
~ 1958๋
ํํค์คํ์ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ ํ ์ํ ์์์ผ๋ก ์ ์ถ๋๊ณ 1956๋
์ฐ์
์ฅ๊ด์ด ๋์ด ์๊ฑฐ๋์ ๋
ธ๋, ๋ถ์ ๋ถํจ ํด์น๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ์ง๋ง ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 1957๋
์ฌ์ํ๋ค. ์ดํ 1958๋
์ํํค์คํ์ ๋ํต๋ น ์ํ์ผ ์นธ์ด ํ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ง์ํค๊ณ ๊ณ์๋ น์ ์ ํฌํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์ ๋ํํ๋ค๊ฐ ๋ ๋ค์ ์ฒดํฌ๋์ด 1961๋
๊น์ง ๊ฐ์ฅ์ ์๊ฐ๋์๋ค.
ํ์ ์ผํ ์นธ์ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ ํ์ ์ง๋์๋ค๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ์์ ๋ฒต๊ณจ ํ๋ช
ํ์ํ๋ ์งํ ์กฐ์ง์ ์กฐ์งํ๋ค๊ฐ 1962๋
์ฒดํฌ๋์๋ค.
๋ํํค์คํ์ ์ง๋์
1963๋
์์ธ๋ฏธ ์ฐ๋งน์ ๋ํํค์คํ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ์ ๋น๋ค ์ค ํ๋๊ฐ ๋์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ๋น๋ค๊ณผ ์ฐํฉํด ์ํ์ผ ์นธ์ ๋
์ฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ ์์์ ์งํ๋ค์ ์ฃผ๋ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฌํ ๋ถ์๊ธฐ๋ ์ํํค์คํ์ ๋ํ ๋ถ์ ๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ด์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ ธ 1966๋
๋ผํธ๋ฅด์์ ์ผํ ์นธ์ ๋ฐ๋ ์ ๋น๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ํ์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ ๋ํํค์คํ์ ๋ํ ์์น ์ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ง์ฒ, ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์์จ์ฑ์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ 6ํฌ์ธํธ ์ด๋์ ๋ฒ์๋ค.
1968๋
๊ตฐ๋์ ์ํด ์ฒดํฌ๋์ด ๊ตฐ์ฌ ๋ฒ์ ์์ ์น์ ๋ฐฉํด ํ์๋ก ์ฌํ์ ๋ฐ์๊ณ ๋ํํค์คํ๊ณผ ์ํํค์คํ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ ์ปค์ ธ ๊ฐ๋ค.
1970๋
์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋
๋ฆฝ
1970๋
๋ํํค์คํ์์ ์ฌ์ดํด๋ก ์ด ๋ฎ์ณ ์์ฒ ๋ช
์ด ์ฃฝ์์ผ๋ ์ค์ ์ ๋ถ๋ ๋์ฝํ๊ณ ๋ฏธ์ฝํ ๋๋น์ฑ
์ ๋ง๋ จํด ๋ํํค์คํ์ ๊ทน๋์ ๋ถ๋
ธ์ ๋ถ์์ ํ์ถ์์ผฐ๋ค.
1970๋
12์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ผ๋ถ ๋ถ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ฐ์ํ์ 1971๋
3์ 7์ผ ๋ค์นด์์ ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์ํ ๋ฌด์ฅ ์ ํญ ์์๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์๋ค. ์ด์ ์ํ์ผ ์นธ์ ๊ณ์๋ น์ ์ ํฌํ ๋ค ์์๋ฏธ ์ฐ๋งน์ ๊ธ์งํ๊ณ ๋ผํ๋ง์ ํฌํจํ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒต๊ณจ ์ง๋์๋ค์ ์ฒดํฌํ๋๋ก ๊ตฐ๋์ ๋ช
๋ นํ๋ค.
์ด์ ์ธ๋์์ ํ๋ จ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ํํค์คํ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์ ๊ตฐ๋์ ์ฃผ๋๋ก 1971๋
3์ 26์ผ ์์ ๋ํํค์คํ์ ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ ๋ผํ๋ง์ ์ฒดํฌ๋์ด ์ํํค์คํ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ก, ๊ตฐ์ฌ ์ฌํ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ฌ์ด ๋ํํค์คํ ์ ์ญ์์ ํญ๋๊ณผ ๋ฐ๋์ด ๋ฐ์ํด ๋ฐฉ๊ธ๋ผ๋ฐ์ ๋
๋ฆฝ ์ ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ์ง๊ณ ์ธ๋๊ตฐ๊น์ง ๊ฐ์
ํ์ฌ 1971๋
12์ ์ํํค์คํ ๊ตฐ๋๊ฐ ํญ๋ณตํ๊ณ ๋ค์นด์ ์์ ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ์๋ฆฝ๋์๋ค. 1972๋
1์ 8์ผ ์ํํค์คํ์ ์ด๋ฆฌ ์คํผ์นด๋ฅด ์๋ฆฌ ๋ถํ ๋ ๋ผํ๋ง์ ์๋ฐฉ์ ๋ฐํํด ์ธ๋ ์ ๋ถ์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฉ๊ธ๋ผ๋ฐ์๋ก ๊ท๊ตญํ๋ค.
๋ฐฉ๊ธ๋ผ๋ฐ์ ๋ํต๋ น
๋ผํ๋ง์ ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์๋ฆฝํ๊ณ ์ ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํ 200๋ง ~ 300๋ง ๋ช
์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํผํด์๋ค์ ์ํด ์ํ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ, ๊ธฐํ ์ฉํ๋ค์ ์ง๊ธํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 1970๋
์ ์ผ์ด๋ ์ฌ์ดํด๋ก ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋จ์ ์ด์ฌ๋ ๊ทน๋จ์ฃผ์์์ ํํค์คํ ์ด์ฉ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํญ๋์ ์ผ์ผ์ผ์ ๋ฐฉ๊ธ๋ผ๋ฐ์๋ฅผ ํํดํํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค.
์ด์ ๋ผํ๋ง์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ ๋ฝ, ๊ธฐํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ ์ฌํํ๋ฉฐ ๊ด๋ฒ์ํ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ , ์ธ๋์ ์ง์์ ์ฝ์ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ธ๋์ ์ด๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋๋ผ ๊ฐ๋์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ์ฐ์ ์ ๋งบ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ธ๋์ ์ฐํธ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ๋ค.
์ ํ๋ฒ์ ์์ฑํ๋ ๋์์ ์ฐ์
๊ณผ ์๋ฐฑ ๊ฐ์ ํ์ฌ, ๋ฒ๋ ค์ง ํ ์ง์ ์๋ณธ, 1000๋ง ๋ช
์ด์์ ๋๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์ํด ํ ์ง ๊ฐํ์ ์ค์ํ๊ณ ๊ทธ ๋์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ ํ๋ณต๋๊ธฐ ์์ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ๊ทผ์ ๊ทผ์ ๋์๋ค. 1973๋
ํ๋ฒ์ด ์ ํฌ๋์ด ๋ผํ๋ง์ ์ ๋น์ธ ์์๋ฏธ ์ฐ๋งน์ ์ด์ฌ๋ ๊ทน๋จ์ฃผ์์์ ์นํํค์คํ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ํผ๋์ ์ ์ง์ํฌ ์ ์์๋ค.
๋ค์ด์ด ์์, ์ํ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ, ๋ฌผ, ์ ๊ตญ์ ์ ๊ธฐ ๊ณต๊ธ, ๋์
, ๋์ด ์ธํ๋ผ์ ๋ณ์ฅ ์ฐ์
์ ์ด์ ์ ๋ง์ถ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐ 5๊ฐ๋
๊ณํ์ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ธ์์ฃผ์ ์ ์น๋ฅผ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ์ง๋ง ์ด์ฌ๋ ๊ทน๋จ์ฃผ์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ
๋ฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ผ์ผฐ๋ค.
1974๋
150๋ง ๋ช
์ ๋ฐฉ๊ธ๋ผ๋ฐ์์ธ๋ค์ ์ฃฝ์ธ ๋๊ธฐ๊ทผ์ด ๋ฎ์ณ ์ ๊ถ์ด ํผ๋ํด์ก๋ค.
ํ๋ฒ๊ฐ์
๋
๋ฆฝ ์ดํ์๋ ์ด์ฌ๋ ๊ทน๋จ์ฃผ์ ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํํค์คํ์ ์ฌ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ ์ผ๋น์ ํญ๋๊ณผ ๋ฐ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ
๋ฌ์ ์ฌ๋ณดํ์ฃผ๋ก ์ธํด ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ํผ๋์ ๋น ์ก๋ค.
์ด์ 1975๋
1์ 25์ผ ๋ ์ด์์ ํผ๋์ ๋ง๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ํต๋ น ์ค์ฌ์ ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ง์ค์ ์ ์
๊ฐํ ๊ฐํ์์ ์ํ์์ ๊ฐ๊ฒฐํ๋ค. ๋น์ ์ผ๋น์ ๋ชจ๋ ํํค์คํ์ ์ฌ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ๊ธ๋ผ๋ฐ์ ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ๋ถ์ ํ๋ ๋ฌด์ฅ ํ
๋ฌ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด์๋ค. ๋ํ ์์๋ฏธ ์ฐ๋งน์ ํ์ฌ๋ ๋จ์ํ ์ ๋น์ด๋ ๋น์์๋ ์ ์น์ ์ํฉ์ ์ํด ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์์์ ๋ฐฉ๊ธ๋ผ๋ฐ์ ๋
๋ฆฝ์ฃผ์์์ ์ฐ๋งน์ฒด์๋ฏ๋ก ์ผ๋น์ ๋ก ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค. ๋ํ ์ ํ๋ฒ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ์ฌ ๋ฐฉ๊ธ๋ผ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋
๋ฆฝ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด์ ํํค์คํ์ ์ด์ฉ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ธ ์ผ๊ถ์ ํ๋์ ๊ธ์งํ๋ค.
์ฌ๋ง
1975๋
8์ 15์ผ ํ๋ค์นด ๋ฌด์คํํ ์๋ฉ๋๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ์์๋ฏธ ์ฐ๋งน์ ๋๋ฃ์ ์ก๊ตฐ ์ฅ๊ต๋ค์ด ์ฟ ๋ฐํ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ผ์ผ ํฑํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋๊ณ ๋ํต๋ น๊ถ์ ์นจ์
ํด ๋ผํ๋ง๊ณผ ๊ทธ์ ์ผ๊ฐ์กฑ, ์กฐ์นด ์
ฐ์ดํฌํ์ฆ๋ฃฐ ์จ์ดํฌ ๋ง๋ ๋ฑ์ ๋ถ์ก์ ์ดํดํ์๋ค. ์ค์ง ๊ทธ์ ๋ธ ์
ฐ์ดํฌ ํ์๋์ ์
ฐ์ดํฌ ๋ ํ๋๋ง์ด ์๋
์ ์์ด์ ์ฐธ๋ณ์ ํผํ ์ ์์๋ค.
๋ผํ๋ง์ ์ฃฝ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฉ๊ธ๋ผ๋ฐ์๋ ์ค๋ ์ ์น์ ํผ๋์ ๋น ์ก๊ณ ํ๋ค์นด ๋ฌด์คํํ ์๋ฉ๋๊ฐ 5๋ ๋ํต๋ น์ด ๋๋ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ 11์ 3์ผ ๋ผํ๋ง์ ๋ฐ์์ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง๋๋ ์ธ์ด๋ ๋์ฆ๋ฃฐ ์ด์ฌ๋, ํ์ฃผ๋ ์ํ๋ง๋, ๋ฌดํจ๋ง๋ ๋ง์๋ฅด ์๋ฆฌ ๋ฑ ๋ํ ๋ถ๋ฒ์ ์ธ ๊ตฐ์ฌ์ฌํ์์ ์ฌํ์ ์ธ๋๋ฐ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ์ฒํ๋นํ๋ค. ๊ฒ๋ค๊ฐ ๋ผํ๋ง๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ ์ฐ์ ํ๊ดดํ์๊ณ ์ญ์ , ๋งค๊ตญ๋
ธ๋ผ๋ ์ค๋ช
์ ๋ค์ง์ด ์์ ๋ค.
๋ค์ ๋ง๋ช
ํ ์
ฐ์ดํฌ ํ์๋๊ฐ ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋๊ณ 1991๋
๋์์ ๋ผํ๋ง์ ๋ณต๊ถ๋์๋ค. ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์ ์ ๊ถ์ด ๋ณต๊ทํ์ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ฌ ๋ฐ๋ก์ก๊ธฐ์ ๋์์ ์ฟ ๋ฐํ ์ธ๋ ฅ๋ค์ ๋ํ ์ฒ๋ฒ์ด ์์๋์ด 1998๋
์
ฐ์ผํฌ ํ๋ฃจํฌ ๋ผํ๋ง ์ค๋ น์ ๋น๋กฏํ 14๋ช
์ ์ฅ๊ต๋ค์ด ์ฌํ์ ๋ฐ์ 3๋ช
์ ๋์ค์ ๋ฌด์ฃ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณ ๋ฐ์๊ณ 5๋ช
์ ๊ตฌ๊ธ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋๋ฒ์์ ์ต์ข
ํญ์ ๋ํ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ๋์ด ํ๋ฃจํฌ ๋ผํ๋ง ์ค๋ น์ ํฌํจํ ๋จ์ 6๋ช
์ 2010๋
1์ 28์ผ ์ฒํ๋์๋ค.
์ฌ๋ด
ํ๊ตญ์์ ์
ฐ์ดํฌ ๋ฌด์ง๋ถ๋ฅด ๋ผํ๋ง์ ํ์ ๊ณผ ์์์ ์ด ๋ฒ์ญ๋์ด ๋ฐ๊ฐ๋์๋ค.
์ฐธ๊ณ ์๋ฃ
William B.Milam, Pakistan and Bangladesh: Flirting with Failure(2009) ISBN 10:0231700660, Columbia University Press
Anthony Mascarenhas, Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood
Katherine Frank, Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi (2002)
M. Ahmed, Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (1983), University Press
Craig Baxter, Bangladesh: From a Nation to a State (1997), Westview Press
Craig Baxter et al., Governance and Politics in South Asia (1998), Westview Press
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
Picture Gallery of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
Bangladesh Liberation War. Mujibnagar. Government Documents 1971
Mujib on Banglapedia
Mujib on Reference/Encyclopedia
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman โ the father and the founder of Bangladesh
1920๋
์ถ์
1975๋
์ฌ๋ง
๋ฐฉ๊ธ๋ผ๋ฐ์์ ๋ํต๋ น
๋ฐฉ๊ธ๋ผ๋ฐ์์ ์ด๋ฆฌ
์บ์ปคํ ๋ํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
๋ฐฉ๊ธ๋ผ๋ฐ์ ๋
๋ฆฝ ์ ์
๋ฐฉ๊ธ๋ผ๋ฐ์์ ๋ฌด์ฌ๋ฆผ
๋ฐฉ๊ธ๋ผ๋ฐ์์ ์์ด๋ ์ ์น์ธ
์์ด๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์
์งํ์ ์ธ๋ฌผ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh%20Mujibur%20Rahman | Sheikh Mujibur Rahman | Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (17 March 1920ย โ 15 August 1975), popularly known by the honorific prefix Bangabandhu () was a Bangladeshi politician, revolutionary, statesman, activist and diarist. Mujib had held continuous positions as president or prime minister from April 1971 until his assassination in August 1975: as president from 1971 to 1972 and briefly from 1975 until his death, and as prime minister from 1972 to 1975. Mujib successfully led the Bangladeshi independence movement and restored the Bengali sovereignty after over two centuries following the Battle of Plassey in 1757, for which he is honoured as the 'Father of the Nation' in Bangladesh. In 2011, the fifteenth constitutional amendment in Bangladesh referred to Sheikh Mujib as the Father of the Nation who declared independence; these references were enshrined in the fifth, sixth, and seventh schedules of the constitution. His Bengali nationalist ideology, socio-political theories, and political doctrines are sometimes called Mujibism.
Mujib emerged as a student activist in the province of Bengal during the final years of the British Raj. He was a member of the All India Muslim League. In 1949, Mujib was part of a liberal, secular and leftwing faction which later became the Awami League. In the 1950s, Mujib was elected to Pakistan's parliament where he defended the rights of East Bengal; wore suits and bowties; and was described as urbane and charming. By the 1960s, Mujib was transformed into the nationalist leader of East Pakistan, with his trademark Mujib coat and forceful oratory. He became popular for opposing political, ethnic and institutional discrimination; leading the 6-point autonomy movement; and challenging the regime of Field Marshal Ayub Khan. In 1970, Mujib led the Awami League to win Pakistan's first general election. When the military junta refused to transfer power, he gave the 7th March speech and announced an independence movement. During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, Mujib declared Bangladesh's independence. Bengali nationalists declared Mujib as the head of the provisional Bangladeshi government while he was confined in a jail in West Pakistan. He returned to Bangladesh in January 1972 as a hero.
A populist of the 20th century, Sheikh Mujib was one of the most charismatic leaders of the Third World in the early 1970s. Mujib succeeded in normalizing diplomatic ties with most of the world, with a policy of friendship to all and malice to none. He signed a friendship treaty with India, joined the Commonwealth, NAM and the OIC, opposed apartheid and dispatched an army medical unit during the 1973 Arab-Israeli War. Mujib's legacies include the secularist Constitution of Bangladesh and the transformation of East Pakistan's state apparatus, bureaucracy, armed forces, and judiciary into an independent Bangladeshi state. He gave the first Bengali speech to the UN General Assembly in 1974. Mujib's five-year regime was also the only socialist period in Bangladesh's history. In 1975, Mujib installed a one party state which lasted for seven months until his assassination.
Mujib's legacy remains divisive among Bangladeshis due to his economic mismanagement, the Bangladesh famine of 1974, human rights violations, and authoritarianism. The Awami League has been accused of promoting a personality cult around Mujib. But most Bangladeshis credit Mujib for leading the country to independence in 1971. In a 2004 BBC opinion poll, Mujib was voted as the Greatest Bengali of all time and ranked first on the list followed by Asia's first Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore (2nd) and Bangladeshi national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam (3rd). Mujib's 7 March speech in 1971 is recognized by UNESCO for its historic value, and enshrined in the Memory of the World Register โ Asia and the Pacific. His diaries and travelogues were published many years after his death and have been translated into several languages.
Early life and activism
Mujib was born in 1920 into the Bengali Muslim aristocratic Sheikh family of the village of Tungipara in Gopalganj sub-division of Faridpur district in the province of Bengal in British India. His father Sheikh Lutfur Rahman was a sheristadar (law clerk) in the courthouse of Gopalganj; Mujib's mother Sheikh Sayera Khatun was a housewife. Mujib's father Sheikh Lutfur Rahman was a Taluqdar in Tungipara, owning landed property, around 100 Bighas of cultivable land. His clan's ancestors were Zamindars of Faridpur Mahakumar, however due to successive turns in the family fortune over generations had turned them middle class. The Sheikh clan of Tungipara were of Iraqi Arab descent, being descended from Sheikh Awwal Darwish of Baghdad, who had come to preach Islam in the Mughal era. His lineage is; Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, son of Sheikh Lutfar Rahman son of, Sheikh Abdul Hamid, son of Sheikh Mohammad Zakir, son of Sheikh Ekramullah, son of Sheikh Borhanuddin, son of Sheikh Jan Mahmud, son of Sheikh Zahiruddin, son of Sheikh Awwal Darwish. Mujib was the third child in a family of four daughters and two sons. His parents nicknamed him "Khoka".
In 1927, Mujib was enrolled in Gimadanga Primary School. In 1929, he entered the third grade of Gopalganj Public School. His parents transferred him to Madaripur Islamia High School after two years. Mujib withdrew from school in 1934 to undergo eye surgery. He returned to formal education after 4 years owing to the severity of the surgery and slow recovery. He began showing signs of political leadership around this time. At the Gopalganj Missionary School, Mujib's political passion was noticed by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, who was visiting the area along with A. K. Fazlul Huq. Mujib passed out from the Gopalganj Missionary School in 1942. Mujib moved to Calcutta for higher education. At the time, Calcutta was the capital of British Bengal and the largest city in undivided India. He studied liberal arts, including political science, at the erstwhile Islamia College of Calcutta and lived in Baker Hostel. Islamia College was one of the leading educational institutions for the Muslims of Bengal. He obtained his bachelor's degree from the college in 1947.
Muslim League politics (1943 - 1949)
During his time in Calcutta, Sheikh Mujib became involved in the politics of the Bengal Provincial Muslim League, the All India Muslim Students Federation, the Indian independence movement and the Pakistan movement. In 1943, he was elected as a councillor of the Muslim League. In 1944, he was elected as secretary of the Faridpur District Association, a Calcutta-based association of residents from Faridpur. In 1946, at the height of the Pakistan movement, Mujib was elected as General Secretary of the Islamia College Students Union in Calcutta. His political mentor Suhrawardy led the center-left faction of the Muslim League. Suhrawardy was responsible for creating 36 trade unions in Bengal, including unions for sailors, railway workers, jute and cotton mills workers, rickshaw pullers, cart drivers and other working class groups. Mujib assisted Suhrawardy in these efforts and also worked to ensure protection for Muslim families during the violent days in the run up to partition.
After the partition of India, Mujib was admitted into the Law Department of the University of Dhaka. The university was created in 1921 as a residential university modelled on Oxford and Cambridge where students would be affiliated with colleges; but its residential character was dramatically changed after partition and students became affiliated with departments. Mujib founded the Muslim Students League on 4 January 1948 as the student wing of the Muslim League in East Bengal. This organisation later transformed into the Bangladesh Chhatra League. During the visit of Governor General Muhammad Ali Jinnah to Dhaka, it was declared that Urdu will be the sole national language of Pakistan. This sparked the Bengali Language Movement. Mujib became embroiled in the language movement, as well as left-wing trade unionism among Bengali factions of the Muslim League. Bengali factions eventually split away and formed the Awami Muslim League in 1949. These opposition political activities were targeted by the government and police. Mujib was arrested many times. In 1949, Mujib was expelled from Dhaka University on charges of inciting employees against the university. After 61 years, in 2010, the university withdrew its famously politically motivated expulsion order.
Awami League (1949-1971)
Mujib emerged as a major opposition figure in Pakistani politics between 1948 and 1971. He represented the Bengali grassroots. He had an uncanny ability to remember people by their first name regardless of whether they were political leaders, workers, or ordinary citizens. Mujib suffered repeated bouts of police detention due to his ability to instigate opposition protests against the Pakistani government. His movements were tracked by spies of the Pakistani government. He was accused of being a secessionist and an agent of India. East Pakistan's Intelligence Branch compiled many secret reports on his movements and political activities. The secret documents have been declassified by the Bangladeshi government. The formerly classified reports have also been published.
Founding of the Awami League
The All Pakistan Awami Muslim League was founded on 23 June 1949 at the Rose Garden mansion on K. M. Das Lane in Old Dhaka. Sheikh Mujib was elected as one of its joint secretaries. The term "Muslim" was later dropped from the party's nomenclature. The Awami League sought to represent both Muslims and Pakistan's religious minorities, including Bengali Hindus and Pakistani Christians. Hence, it dropped "Muslim" from its name to appeal to the minority votebanks. Suhrawardy joined the party within a few years and became its main leader. He relied on Sheikh Mujib to organise his political activities in East Bengal. Mujib became Suhrawardy's political protรฉgรฉ. Prior to partition, Suhrawardy mooted the idea of an independent United Bengal. But in Pakistan, Suhrawardy reportedly preferred to preserve the unity of Pakistan in a federal framework; while Mujib supported autonomy and was open to the idea of East Bengali independence. Mujib reportedly remarked that "[t]he Bengalis had initially failed to appreciate a leader of Mr. Suhrawardy's stature. By the time they learned to value him, they had run out of time". At the federal level, the Awami League was led by Suhrawardy. At the provincial level, the League was led by Sheikh Mujib who was given a free rein over the party's activities by Suhrawardy. Mujib consolidated his control of the party. The Awami League veered away from the left-wing extremism of its founding president Maulana Bhashani. Under Suhrawardy and Mujib, the Awami League emerged as a centre-left party.
Language Movement
The Awami League strongly backed the Bengali Language Movement. Bengalis argued that the Bengali language deserved to be a federal language on par with Urdu because Bengalis formed the largest ethnic group in Pakistan. The movement appealed to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan to declare both Urdu and Bengali as national languages, in addition to English. During a conference in Fazlul Huq Muslim Hall, Sheikh Mujib was instrumental in establishing the All-Party State Language Action Committee. He was repeatedly arrested during the movement. When he was released from jail in 1948, he was greeted by a rally of the State Language Struggle Committee. Mujib announced a nationwide student strike on 17 March 1948.
In early January 1950, the Awami League held an anti-famine rally in Dhaka during the visit of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan. Mujib was arrested for instigating the protests. On 26 January 1952, Pakistan's then Bengali Prime Minister Khawaja Nazimuddin reiterated that Urdu will be the only state language. Despite his imprisonment, Mujib played a key role in organising protests by issuing instructions from jail to students and protestors. He played a key role in declaring 21 February 1952 as a strike day. Mujib went on hunger strike from 14 February 1952 in the prelude to the strike day. His own hunger strike lasted 13 days. On 26 February, he was released from jail amid the public outrage over police killings of protestors on 21 February, including Salam, Rafiq, Barkat, and Jabbar.
United Front
The League teamed up with other parties like the Krishak Praja Party of A. K. Fazlul Huq to form the United Front coalition. During the East Bengali legislative election, 1954, Mujib was elected to public office for the first time. He became a member of the East Bengal Legislative Assembly. This was the first election in East Bengal since the partition of India in 1947. The Awami League-led United Front secured a landslide victory of 223 seats in the 237 seats of the provincial assembly. Mujib himself won by a margin of 13,000 votes against his Muslim League rival Wahiduzzaman in Gopalganj. A. K. Fazlul Huq became Chief Minister and inducted Mujib into his cabinet. Mujib's initial portfolios were agriculture and forestry. After taking oath on 15 May 1954, Chief Minister Huq travelled with ministers to India and West Pakistan. The coalition government was dismissed on 30 May 1954. Mujib was arrested upon his return to Dhaka from Karachi. He was released on 23 December 1954. Governor's rule was imposed in East Bengal. The elected government was eventually restored in 1955.
On 5 June 1955, Mujib was elected to a newly reconstituted second Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. The Awami League organised a huge public meeting at Paltan Maidan in Dhaka on 17 June 1955 which outlined 21 points demanding autonomy for Pakistan's provinces. Mujib was a forceful orator at the assembly in Karachi. He opposed the government's plan to rename East Bengal as East Pakistan as part of the One Unit scheme. On 25 August 1955, he delivered the following speech.
Sir [President of the Constituent Assembly], you will see that they want to use the phrase 'East Pakistan' instead of 'East Bengal'. We have demanded many times that you should use Bengal instead of Pakistan. The word Bengal has a history and tradition of its own. You can change it only after the people have been consulted. If you want to change, we have to go back to Bengal and ask them whether they are ready to accept it. So far as the question of one unit is concerned it can be incorporated in the constitution. Why do you want it to be taken up right now? What about the state language, Bengali? We are prepared to consider one unit with all these things. So, I appeal to my friends on the other side to allow the people to give their verdict in any way, in the form of referendum or in the form of plebiscite.
Mujib was often a vocal defender of human rights. Speaking on freedom of assembly and freedom of speech, he told Pakistan's parliament the following on 29 November 1955:-
For whom are you going to frame the Constitution? Are you going to give freedom of speech, freedom of action to the people of Pakistan? When you do not have any other law under which you can arrest a person, you haul him under this so-called Public Safety Act. This is the blackest Act on the statute book of Pakistan. I do not know how long such an Act will continue. I want to warn you. Sir, that you must do justice to all people without fear or favour. If justice fails, equity fails, fair-play fails, then we will see how the matter is decided.
Mujib often called for increased recruitment and affirmative action in East Pakistan. Bengalis were under-represented in the civil and military services despite making up the largest ethnic group in the federation. Mujib felt that Bengalis were being relegated to provincial jobs instead of federal jobs because most Bengalis could not afford to travel outside the province in spite of holding master's degrees and bachelor's degrees. A similar situation also prevailed under British rule when Bengali degree holders were employed mostly in the Bengal Civil Service instead of the pan-Indian civil service. In parliament, Mujib spoke about parity between East and West Pakistan on 4 February 1956 and said the following.
It was stated that at the time of partition there was only one I.C.S. officer in East Bengal and there were no Engineers. I say that Bengal with 16 per cent literacy has only such a meagre representation in the service. Sir, this fact must be realised that it costs an individual Rs. 200 to come from East Bengal to this place. If you recruit in East Bengal and give a job you will find a large number of people from East Bengal coming forward. There are such a large number of M.As. and B. As....... (Interruptions)....... Sir, my time has been spoiled.
Mujib later became provincial minister of commerce and industries in the cabinet of Ataur Rahman Khan. These portfolios allowed Mujib to consolidate his popularity among the working class. The Awami League's demand for Bengali as a federal language was successfully implemented in the 1956 constitution, which declared Urdu, Bengali and English as national languages. East Bengal, however, was renamed East Pakistan. In 1957, Mujib visited the People's Republic of China. In 1958, he toured the United States as part of the State Department's International Visitor Leadership Program. Mujib resigned from the provincial cabinet to work full time for the Awami League as a party organiser.
Suhrawardy premiership
Between 1956 and 1957, Mujib's mentor Suhrawardy served as the 5th Prime Minister of Pakistan. Suhrawardy strengthened Pakistan's relations with the United States and China. Suhrawardy was a strong supporter of Pakistan's membership in SEATO and CENTO. Suhrawardy's pro-Western foreign policy caused Maulana Bhashani to break away from the Awami League to form the National Awami Party, though Mujib remained loyal to Suhrawardy.
Mujib joined the Alpha Insurance Company in 1960. He continued to work in the insurance industry for many years.
The 1958 Pakistani military coup ended Pakistan's first era of parliamentary democracy as Muhammad Ayub Khan, the commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army, overthrew the Bengali president Iskandar Ali Mirza and abolished the 1956 constitution. Many politicians were imprisoned and disqualified from holding public office, including Mujib's mentor Suhrawardy. A new constitution was introduced by Ayub Khan which curtailed universal suffrage and empowered electoral colleges to elect the country's parliament.
Six point movement
Following Suhrawardy's death in 1963, Mujib became General Secretary of the All Pakistan Awami League with Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan as its titular president. The 1962 constitution introduced a presidential republic. Mujib was one of the key leaders to rally opposition to president Ayub Khan who enacted a system of electoral colleges to elect the country's parliament and president under a system known as "Basic Democracy". Universal suffrage was curtailed as part of the Basic Democracy scheme.
Mujib supported opposition candidate Fatima Jinnah against Ayub Khan in the 1965 presidential election. Fatima Jinnah, the sister of Pakistan's founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah, drew huge crowds in East Pakistan during her presidential campaign which was supported by the Combined Opposition Party, including the Awami League. East Pakistan was the hotbed of opposition to the presidency of Ayub Khan. Mujib became popular for voicing the grievances of the Bengali population, including under-representation in the military and central bureaucracy. Despite generating most of Pakistan's export earnings and customs tax revenue, East Pakistan received a smaller budget allocation than West Pakistan.
The 1965 war between India and Pakistan ended in stalemate. The Tashkent Declaration was domestically seen as giving away Pakistan's gains to India. Ayub Khan's foreign minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto resigned from the government, formed the Pakistan Peoples Party, and exploited public discontent against the regime.
In 1965, Pakistan banned the works of Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore in state media. Censorship in state media spurred Bengali civil society groups like Chhayanaut to preserve Bengali culture. When Ayub Khan compared Bengalis to beasts, the poet Sufia Kamal retorted that "If the people are beasts then as the President of the Republic, you are the king of the beasts". The Daily Ittefaq led by Tofazzal Hossain voiced growing aspirations for democracy, autonomy, and nationalism. Economists in Dhaka University pointed to the massive reallocation of revenue to West Pakistan despite East Pakistan's role in generating most of Pakistan's export income. Rehman Sobhan paraphrased the two-nation theory into the two economies theory. He argued that East and West Pakistan had two fundamentally distinct economies within one country.
In 1966, Mujib put forward a 6-point plan at a national conference of opposition parties in Lahore. The city of Lahore was chosen because of its symbolism as the place where the Lahore Resolution was adopted by the Muslim League in 1940. The six points called for abolishing the Basic Democracy scheme, restoring universal suffrage, devolving federal power to the provinces of East and West Pakistan, separate fiscal, monetary and trade policies for East and West Pakistan, and increased security spending for East Pakistan.
The constitution should provide for a Federation of Pakistan in its true sense based on the Lahore Resolution and the parliamentary form of government with supremacy of a legislature directly elected on the basis of universal adult franchise.
The federal government should deal with only two subjects: defence and foreign affairs, and all other residuary subjects shall be vested in the federating states.
Two separate, but freely convertible currencies for two wings should be introduced; or if this is not feasible, there should be one currency for the whole country, but effective constitutional provisions should be introduced to stop the flight of capital from East to West Pakistan. Furthermore, a separate banking reserve should be established and a separate fiscal and monetary policy be adopted for East Pakistan.
The power of taxation and revenue collection shall be vested in the federating units and the federal center will have no such power. The Federation will be entitled to a share in the state taxes to meet its expenditures.
There should be two separate accounts for the foreign exchange earnings of the two wings; the foreign exchange requirements of the federal government should be met by the two wings equally or in a ratio to be fixed; indigenous products should move free of duty between the two wings, and the constitution should empower the units to establish trade links with foreign countries.
East Pakistan should have its own security force.
Mujib's points catalysed public support across East Pakistan, launching what historians have termed the six point movementย โ recognised as the turning point towards East and West Pakistan becoming two nations. Mujib insisted on a federal democracy and obtained broad support from the Bengali population. In 1966, Mujib was elected as President of the Awami League. Tajuddin Ahmad succeeded him as General Secretary.
Agartala Conspiracy Case
Mujib was arrested by the Pakistan Army and after two years in jail, an official sedition trial in a military court opened. During his imprisonment between 1967 and 1969, Mujib began to write his autobiography. In what is widely known as the Agartala Conspiracy Case, Mujib and 34 Bengali military officers were accused by the government of colluding with Indian government agents in a scheme to divide Pakistan and threaten its unity, order and national security. The plot was alleged to have been planned in the city of Agartala in the bordering Indian state of Tripura. The outcry and unrest over Mujib's arrest and the charge of sedition against him destabilised East Pakistan amidst large protests and strikes. Various Bengali political and student groups added demands to address the issues of students, workers and the poor, forming a larger "11-point plan". The government caved to the mounting pressure, dropped the charges on 22 February 1969 and unconditionally released Mujib the following day. He returned to East Pakistan as a public hero. He was given a mass reception on 23 February, at the Ramna Race Course and conferred with the popular honorary title of Bangabandhu by Tofail Ahmed. The term Bangabandhu means Friend of the Bengal in the Bengali language. Several of Bengal's historic leaders were given similar honorary titles, including Sher-e-Bangla (Lion of Bengal) for A. K. Fazlul Huq, Deshbandhu (Friend of the Nation) for Chittaranjan Das, and Netaji (The Leader) for Subhash Chandra Bose.
1969 uprising and Round Table Conference
In 1969, President Ayub Khan convened a Round Table Conference with opposition parties to find a way out of the prevailing political impasse. A few days after his release from prison, Mujib flew to Rawalpindi to attend the Round Table Conference. Mujib sought to bargain for East Pakistan's autonomy. Mujib was the most powerful opposition leader at the Round Table Conference. Ayub Khan shook hands with Mujib, whom Khan previously had imprisoned. Talking to British media, Mujib said "East Pakistan must get full regional autonomy. It must be self-sufficient in all respects. It must get its due share and legitimate share in the central administration. The West Pakistani people support [East Pakistani demands]. Only the vested interests want to divide the people of East and West Pakistan". When asked about the prospect of East Pakistan ruling West Pakistan if the Awami League gained power, Mujib replied that majority rule is important in a democracy but the people of East Pakistan had no intention to discriminate against West Pakistan, and that West Pakistani parties would continue to play an important role. Mujib toured West Pakistani cities by train after the Round Table Conference. West Pakistani crowds received him with chants of "Sheikh Saheb Zindabad!" (meaning Long Live the Sheikh!). He was received by huge crowds in Quetta, Baluchistan. He spoke to West Pakistani crowds in a heavily Bengali accent of Urdu, talking about chhey nukati (six points) and hum chhoy dofa mangta sab ke liye.
Mujib demanded that Pakistan accept his six-point plan for federal democracy. He wasn't satisfied by Ayub Khan's pledges. When he returned to Dhaka, he declared that East Pakistan should be known as Bangladesh. On 5 December 1969 Mujib made a declaration at a public meeting, held to observe the death anniversary of his mentor Suhrawardy, that henceforth East Pakistan would be called "Bangladesh":
There was a time when all efforts were made to erase the word "Bangla" from this land and its map. The existence of the word "Bangla" was found nowhere except in the term Bay of Bengal. I on behalf of Pakistan announce today that this land will be called "Bangladesh" instead of East Pakistan.
Mujib's fiery rhetoric ignited Bengali nationalism and pro-independence aspirations among the masses, students, professionals, and intellectuals of East Pakistan. Many observers believed that Bengali nationalism was a rejection of Pakistan's founding two-nation theory but Mujib never phrased his rhetoric in these terms. Mujib was able to galvanise support throughout East Pakistan, which was home to the majority of Pakistan's population. He became one of the most powerful political figures in the Indian subcontinent. Bengalis increasingly referred to him as Bangabandhu.
1970 election
In March 1969, Ayub Khan resigned and Yahya Khan became president. Prior to the scheduled general election for 1970, one of the most powerful cyclones on record devastated East Pakistan, leaving half a million people dead and millions displaced. President Yahya Khan, who was flying back from China after the cyclone, viewed the devastation from the air. The ruling military junta was slow to respond with relief efforts. Newspapers in East Pakistan accused the federal government of "gross neglect, callous inattention, and bitter indifference". Mujib remarked that "We have a large army but it is left to the British Marines to bury our dead". International aid had to pour in due to the slow response of the Pakistani military regime. Bengalis were outraged at what was widely considered to be the weak and ineffective response of the federal government to the disaster. Public opinion and political parties in East Pakistan blamed the ruling military junta for the lack of relief efforts. The dissatisfaction led to divisions between East Pakistanis and West Pakistanis within the civil services, police and Pakistani Armed Forces.
In the Pakistani general elections held on 7 December 1970, the Awami League won 167 out of 169 seats belonging to East Pakistan in the National Assembly of Pakistan, as well as a landslide in the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly. The Awami League emerged as the single largest party in the federal parliament of Pakistan. With 167 seats, it was past the halfway mark of 150 seats in the 300 member national assembly and had the right to form a government of its own. Sheikh Mujib was widely considered to be the Prime Minister-elect, including by President Yahya Khan. The Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) came in second with 86 seats. The new parliament was scheduled to hold its first sitting in Dhaka, Pakistan's legislative capital under the 1962 constitution. The political crisis emerged when PPP leader Zulfikar Ali Bhutto declared that his party would boycott parliament if Mujib formed the next government. Bhutto threatened to break the legs of any West Pakistani MP-elect who accepted Mujib's mandate. However, Khan Abdul Wali Khan of the Awami National Party from North West Frontier Province was open to accepting an Awami League government and travelled to Dhaka to meet with Mujib. Many in Pakistan's establishment were opposed to Mujib becoming Pakistan's prime minister. At the time neither Mujib nor the Awami League had explicitly advocated political independence for East Pakistan, but smaller nationalist groups were demanding independence for Bangladesh.
Both Bhutto and Yahya Khan travelled to Dhaka for negotiations with the Awami League. Mujib's delegation included the notable lawyer and constitutional expert Kamal Hossain. The Bengali negotiating position is extensively discussed in Kamal Hossain's autobiography Bangladesh: Quest for Freedom and Justice. The Pakistani government was represented by former chief justice Alvin Robert Cornelius. At the InterContinental Dhaka, Bengali chefs refused to cook food for Yahya Khan. Governor Sahabzada Yaqub Khan requested the Awami League to end the strike of the chefs at the InterContinental Hotel.
Bhutto feared civil war, and sent a secret message to Mujib and his inner circle to arrange a meeting with them. Mubashir Hassan met with Mujib and persuaded him to form a coalition government with Bhutto. They decided that Bhutto would serve as president, with Mujib as Prime Minister. These developments took place secretly and no Pakistan Armed Forces personnel were kept informed. Meanwhile, Bhutto increased the pressure on Yahya Khan to take a stand on dissolving the government.
Establishment of Bangladesh
Civil disobedience
The National Assembly was scheduled to meet in Dhaka on 3 March 1971. President Yahya Khan indefinitely postponed the assembly's first sitting, which triggered an uprising in East Pakistan. The cities of Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi, Rangpur, and Khulna were engulfed with protests. Amid signs of an impending crackdown, Mujib addressed the people of East Pakistan on 7 March 1971 at the Ramna Race Course Maidan. In his speech, Mujib laid out the political history of Pakistan since partition and told the crowd that "[w]e gave blood in 1952; we won a mandate in 1954; but we were still not allowed to take up the reigns of this country". While Mujib stopped short of declaring outright independence, he stated that the goal of the Awami League from then on would be eventual independence. He declared that the Awami League would collect taxes and form committees in every neighbourhood to organise resistance. He called on the people "to turn every house into a fortress". His most famous words from the speech were the following.
This time the struggle is for our liberation! This time the struggle is for our independence!(For more info, see: 7 March Speech of Bangabandhu)
Following the speech, 17 days of civil disobedience known as the non-cooperation movement took place across East Pakistan. The Awami League began to collect taxes while all monetary transfers to West Pakistan were suspended. East Pakistan came under the de facto control of the Awami League. On 23 March 1971, Bangladeshi flags were flown throughout East Pakistan on Pakistan's Republic Day as a show of resistance. The Awami League and the Pakistani military leadership continued negotiations over the transfer of power. However, West Pakistani troops were being flown into the eastern wing through PIA flights while arms were being unloaded from Pakistan Navy ships in Chittagong harbour. The Pakistani military was preparing for a crackdown.
Outbreak of war
Talks broke down on 25 March 1971 when Yahya Khan left Dhaka, declared martial law, banned the Awami League and ordered the Pakistan Army to arrest Mujib and other Bengali leaders and activists. The Pakistan Army launched Operation Searchlight. Mujib sent telegrams to Chittagong where M. A. Hannan from the Awami League and Major Ziaur Rahman from the East Bengal Regiment announced the Bangladeshi declaration of independence on Mujib's behalf. The text of Mujib's telegram sent at midnight on 26 March 1971 stated the following:
Shortly after having declared the independence of Bangladesh, Mujib was arrested without charges and flown to prison in West Pakistan after midnight. Mujib was moved to West Pakistan and kept under heavy guard in a jail near Faisalabad. Sheikh Mujib was later moved to Central Jail Mianwali where he remained in solitary confinement for the entirety of the war. Kamal Hossain was also arrested and flown to West Pakistan while many other League leaders escaped to India. Pakistani general Rahimuddin Khan was appointed to preside over Mujib's court-martial trial, the proceedings of which have never been made public. Mujib was sentenced to death but his execution was deferred on three occasions.
The Pakistan Army's operations in East Pakistan were widely labelled as genocide. The Pakistan Army carried out atrocities against Bengali civilians. With help from Jamaat militias like the Razakars, Al-Badr and Al-Shams, the army targeted Bengali intellectuals, professionals, politicians, students, and other ordinary civilians. Many Bengali women suffered rape. Due to the deteriorating situation, large numbers of Hindus fled across the border to the neighbouring Indian states of West Bengal, Assam and Tripura. Bengali army and police regiments soon revolted and League leaders formed the Provisional Government of Bangladesh. A major insurgency led by the Mukti Bahini arose across East Pakistan. Despite international pressure, the Pakistani government refused to release Mujib and negotiate with him. Mujib's family was kept under house arrest during this period. General Osmani was the key military commanding officer in the Mukti Bahini. Following Indian intervention in December, the Pakistan Army surrendered to the allied forces of Bangladesh and India.
Homecoming
Upon assuming the presidency after Yahya Khan's resignation, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto responded to international pressure and released Mujib on 8 January 1972. Kamal Hossain was also released. Bhutto and Aziz Ahmed secretly met Mujib and Kamal Hossain in Rawalpindi. Bhutto proposed a last minute attempt at mediation through the Shah of Iran, who was scheduled to arrive the next day. Mujib declined the offer after consulting with Kamal Hossain. Mujib requested a flight to London. Both Mujib and Hossain were then flown to London. En route to London, their plane made a stopover in Cyprus for refuelling. In London, Mujib was welcomed by British officials and a policeman remarked "Sir, we have been praying for you". Mujib was lodged at Claridge's Hotel and later met with British Prime Minister Edward Heath at 10 Downing Street. Heath and Mujib discussed Bangladesh's membership of the Commonwealth. Crowds of Bengalis converged on Claridge's Hotel to get a glimpse of Mujib.
Mujib held his first press conference in 9 months and addressed the international media at Claridge's Hotel. He made the following remarks at the press conference.
I am free to share the unbounded joy of freedom with my fellow countrymen. We have won our freedom in an epic liberation struggle.
Mujib was provided an RAF plane by the British government to take him back to newly independent Bangladesh. He was accompanied on the flight by members of the Provisional Government of Bangladesh, as well as an emissary of India's premier Indira Gandhi. The emissary was Indian Bengali diplomat Shashank Banerjee, who recounted Mujib smoking his trademark smoking pipe with Erinmore tobacco. During the flight, both men agreed that Bangladesh would adopt the Westminster style of parliamentary government. On Indira Gandhi's hopes for Bangladesh, Banerjee told Mujib that "on India's eastern flank, she wished to have a friendly power, a prosperous economy, and a secular democracy, with a parliamentary system of government". Regarding the presence of Indian troops in Bangladesh, Mujib requested Banerjee to convey to the Indian government that Indian troops should be withdrawn as early as possible. The RAF de Havilland Comet made a stopover in the Middle East en route to Dhaka.
The RAF plane then made a stopover in New Delhi. Mujib was received by Indian President V. V. Giri and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, as well as the entire Indian cabinet and chiefs of armed forces. Delhi was given a festive look as Mujib and Gandhi addressed a huge crowd where he publicly expressed his gratitude to Gandhi and the Indian public.
After a few hours in Delhi, the RAF plane flew Mujib to Dhaka in independent Bangladesh. Before the plane landed, it circled the city to view the million people who converged on Tejgaon Airport to greet Mujib. In Dhaka, Mujib's homecoming was described as "one of the most emotional outbursts in that emotional part of the world". Crowds overwhelmed the airport tarmac and breached the security cordon as cabinet ministers went inside the plane to bring Mujib out. Mujib was given a guard of honour by members of the nascent Bangladesh Army, Bangladesh Navy, and Bangladesh Air Force. Mujib was driven in an open truck through the dense crowds for a speech at the Ramna Race Course, where ten months earlier he had announced the liberation movement. Mujib's emotional speech to the million-strong crowd was caught on camera by Marilyn Silverstone and Rashid Talukdar; the photos of his homecoming day have become iconic in Bangladeshi political and popular culture.
Governing Bangladesh
Mujib briefly assumed the provisional presidency and later took office as the prime minister. In January 1972 Time magazine reported that "[i]n the aftermath of the Pakistani army's rampage last March, a special team of inspectors from the World Bank observed that some cities looked "like the morning after a nuclear attack". Since then, the destruction has only been magnified. An estimated 6,000,000 homes have been destroyed, and nearly 1,400,000 farm families have been left without tools or animals to work their lands. Transportation and communications systems are totally disrupted. Roads are damaged, bridges out and inland waterways blocked. The rape of the country continued right up until the Pakistani army surrendered a month ago. In the last days of the war, West Pakistani-owned businessesโwhich included nearly every commercial enterprise in the countryโremitted virtually all their funds to the West. Pakistan International Airlines left exactly 117 rupees ($16) in its account at the port city of Chittagong. The army also destroyed bank notes and coins, so that many areas now suffer from a severe shortage of ready cash. Private cars were picked up off the streets or confiscated from auto dealers and shipped to the West before the ports were closed.
The new government of Bangladesh quickly converted East Pakistan's state apparatus into the machinery of an independent Bangladeshi state. For example, a presidential decree transformed the High Court of East Pakistan into the Supreme Court of Bangladesh. The Awami League successfully reorganised the bureaucracy, framed a written constitution, and rehabilitated war victims and survivors. In January 1972, Mujib introduced a parliamentary republic through a presidential decree. The emerging state structure was influenced by the Westminster model in which the Prime Minister was the most powerful leader while the President acted on the government's advice. MPs elected during the 1970 general election became members of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh. The Constitution Drafting Committee led by Dr. Kamal Hossain produced a draft constitution which was adopted on 4 November 1972 and came into force on 16 December 1972. In comparison to the prolonged constitution-making process in Pakistan during the 1950s, the Awami League was credited for swiftly enacting the Constitution of Bangladesh within just one year of independence. However, the League is criticised for this swift enactment because the Constituent Assembly was largely made up of members from the League itself; the few opposition lawmakers included Manabendra Narayan Larma, who demanded the term "Bangladeshi" to describe the new country's citizens instead of "Bengali" since not all Bangladeshis were Bengalis. Critics argued that in reality "the Awami League sought to rule by Mujib's charisma and build a political process by dicta".
Mujib introduced a quota for backward regions to get access to public sector jobs. Bangladesh also faced a gun control problem because many of its guerrilla fighters from the Liberation War were roaming the country with guns. Mujib successfully called on former guerrillas to surrender their arms through public ceremonies which affirmed their status as freedom fighters during the Liberation War. The President's Relief and Welfare Fund was created to rehabilitate an estimated 10 million displaced Bangladeshis. Mujib established 11,000 new primary schools and nationalised 40,000 primary schools.
Withdrawal of Indian troops
One of Mujib's first priorities was the withdrawal of Indian troops from Bangladesh. Mujib requested the Indian government to ensure a swift withdrawal of Indian military forces from Bangladeshi territory. A timeline was drawn up for rapid withdrawal. The withdrawal took place within three months of the surrender of Pakistan to the allied forces of Bangladesh and India. A formal ceremony was held in Dhaka Stadium on 12 March 1972 in which Mujib inspected a guard of honour from the 1st Rajput Regiment. The withdrawal of Indian forces was completed by 15 March. Many countries established diplomatic relations with Bangladesh soon after the withdrawal of Indian troops. India's intervention and subsequent withdrawal has been cited as a successful case of humanitarian intervention in international law.
War criminals
In 1972, Mujib told David Frost that he was a strong man but he had tears in his eyes when he saw pictures of the 1971 Bangladesh genocide. He told Frost that "I am a very generous man. I always believe in forgive and forget but this is impossible on my part to forgive and forget. This was cold blooded murder in a planned way; genocide to kill my people. These people must be punished". Speaking about a potential war crimes trial, Mujib said "the world powers arranged the Nuremberg trials against the war criminals of fascist Germany. I think they should come forward and there should be another trial or inquiry under the United Nations". Mujib pledged to hold a trial for those accused in wartime atrocities. An estimated 11,000 local collaborators of the Pakistan Army were arrested. Their cases were heard by the Collaborators Tribunal. In 1973, the government introduced the International Crimes (Tribunal) Act to prosecute 195 Pakistani PoWs under Indian custody. In response, Pakistan filed a case against India at the International Court of Justice. The Delhi Agreement struck a compromise between India, Pakistan and Bangladesh after the three countries agreed to transfer PoWs to Pakistani custody. However, the foreign minister of Bangladesh stated that "the excesses and manifold crimes committed by those prisoners of war constituted, according to the relevant provisions of the UN General Assembly resolutions and international law, war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide, and that there was universal consensus that persons charged with such crimes as [the] 195 Pakistani prisoners of war should be held to account and subjected to the due process of law". In 1974, the Third International Criminal Law Conference was held at the Bangladesh Institute of Law and International Affairs; the meeting supported calls for the creation of an international penal court.
Economic policy
Mujib declared socialism as a national policy. His land reforms restricted land ownership to less than 25 bighas of land which effectively ended all traces of the zamindari system. Land owners with more than 25 bighas were subjected to taxes. Farmers had to sell their products at prices set by the government instead of the market. Mujib nationalised all banks, insurance companies, and 580 industrial plants. There was little foreign investment. The stock exchange remained closed. In 1974, the government sought to invite international oil companies to explore the Bay of Bengal for oil and natural gas. Shell sold five gas fields to the Bangladeshi government which set the stage for the creation of Petrobangla. The national airline Biman was set up with planes from British Caledonian, the Indian government and the World Council of Churches. In the industrial sector, the Bangladeshi government built the Ghorashal Fertilizer Factory. Work began on the Ashuganj Power Station. Operations in the Port of Chittagong were restored after the Soviet Navy conducted a clearing operation for naval mines.
Industrial activity was eventually restored to pre-1971 levels. Banking services rapidly expanded in rural areas. Mujib recruited CEOs from the private sector to run state-owned companies. The first Five Year Plan was adopted by the Planning Commission, which was headed by the Harvard-trained economist Nurul Islam. The Planning Commission sought to diversify Bangladesh's exports. In trade with India, the Planning Commission identified fertilizer, iron, cement and natural gas as potential export sectors in Bangladesh. The Planning Commission, with Mujib's approval, wanted to transform Bangladesh into a producer of value added products generated from imported Indian raw materials. In addition to state-owned firms, many private sector companies emerged, including the Bangladesh Export Import Company and Advanced Chemical Industries. These companies later became some of Bangladesh's biggest conglomerates.
The Mujib government faced serious challenges, which included the resettlement of millions of people displaced in 1971, organisation of food supply, health services and other necessities. The effects of the 1970 cyclone had not worn off, and the economy of Bangladesh had immensely deteriorated due to the conflict. In 1973, thousands of Bengalis arrived from Pakistan while many non-Bengali industrialists and capitalists emigrated; poorer non-Bengalis were stranded in refugee camps. Major efforts were launched to help an estimated 10ย million former refugees who returned from India. The economy began to recover eventually. The five-year plan released in 1973 focused state investments into agriculture and cottage industries. But a famine occurred in 1974 when the price of rice rose sharply. In that month there was widespread starvation in Rangpur district. Government mismanagement was blamed. Many of Mujib's disastrous socialist policies were eventually overturned by future governments. The five years of his regime marked the only intensely socialist period in Bangladesh's history. Successive governments de-emphasised socialism and promoted a market economy. By the 1990s, the Awami League returned to being a centre-left party in economics.
Legal reforms
The Constitution of Bangladesh became the first Bengali written constitution in modern history. The Awami League introduced a new bill of rights, which was more broad and expansive than the laws of East and West Pakistan. In addition to freedom of speech and freedom of religion, the new constitution emphasized property rights, the right to privacy, the prohibition of torture, safeguards during detention and trial, the prohibition of forced labor, and freedom of association. The Awami League repealed many controversial laws of the Pakistani period, including the Public Safety Act and Defense of Pakistan Rules. Women's rights received more attention than before. Discrimination on grounds of religion, ethnicity, gender, place of birth or disability was discouraged.
Secularism
While Pakistan adopted progressive reforms to Muslim family law as early as 1961, Bangladesh became the first constitutionally secular state in South Asia in 1972 when its newly adopted constitution included the word "secularism" for the first time in the region. Despite the constitution's proclamation of secularism as a state policy, Mujib banned "anti-Islamic" activities, including gambling, horse racing and alcohol. He established the Islamic Foundation to regulate religious affairs for Muslims, including the collection of zakat and setting dates for religious observances like Eid and Ramadan. Under Mujib, Bangladesh joined the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) in 1974. Bangladesh was not the only Muslim-majority secular republic in the OIC; others included Turkey and Nigeria. Secularism was later removed from the constitution by the military dictatorship in the late 1970s. Secularism was reinstated by the Supreme Court into the constitution in 2010.
Mujib said "secularism doesn't mean irreligiosity. Hindus will practice their religion; Muslims will practice their religion; Christians, Buddhists - everyone will practice their respective religions. No one will interfere in someone else's religion; the people of Bengal do not seek to interfere in matters of religion. Religion will not be used for political purposes. Religion will not be exploited in Bengal for political gain. If anyone does so, I believe the people of Bengal will retaliate against them".
Foreign policy
In the early 1970s, Sheikh Mujib emerged as one of the most charismatic leaders of the third world. His foreign policy maxim was "friendship to all, malice to none". Mujib's priorities were to secure aid for reconstruction and relief efforts; normalizing diplomatic relations with the world; and joining major international organizations.
Mujib's major foreign policy achievement was to secure normalisation and diplomatic relations with most countries of the world. Bangladesh joined the Commonwealth, the UN, the OIC, and the Non-Aligned Movement. His allies included Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of India and Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia.
Japan became a major aid provider to the new country. Mujib attended Commonwealth summits in Canada and Jamaica, where he held talks with Queen Elizabeth II, British Prime Minister Harold Wilson, Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and New Zealand Prime Minister Norman Kirk. The Soviet Union supplied several squadrons of MiG-21 planes for the Bangladesh Air Force. China initially blocked Bangladesh's entry to the UN in 1972, but withdrew its veto in 1974 which allowed Bangladesh to join the UN. The United States recognized the independence of Bangladesh on 4 April 1972 and pledged US$300 million in aid. Britain, Malaysia, Indonesia, West Germany, Denmark, Norway and Sweden were among the several countries which recognized Bangladesh in February 1972.
Africa
Mujib was a firm opponent of apartheid. In his first speech to the United Nations General Assembly in 1974, Mujib remarked that "In spite of the acceleration of the process of abolishing colonialism, it hasn't reached its ultimate goal. This is more strongly true of Africa, where the people of Rhodesia and Namibia are still engaged in the final struggle for national independence and absolute freedom. Although racism has been identified as a serious offence in this council, it's still destroying the conscience of the people". This was the first speech in the UN General Assembly to be spoken in Bengali.
Bangladesh joined the Non Aligned Movement (NAM) during the 4th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in Algiers. Mujib told Nigerian leader Yakubu Gowon that "if we had remained in Pakistan, it would be a strong country. Again, if India had not been divided in 1947, it would be an even stronger country. But, then, Mr. President, in life do we always get what we desire?". The comment was in response to Gowon questioning the need for the break up of Pakistan. Mujib met Zambian leader Kenneth Kaunda and Senegalese president Lรฉopold Sรฉdar Senghor. He developed a good rapport with President Anwar Sadat of Egypt, who gifted 30 tanks to the Bangladeshi military in return for Mujib's support to Egypt. Algerian president Houari Boumรฉdiรจne brought Mujib to the OIC Summit in Lahore on his plane.
Middle East
While addressing the UN General Assembly in 1974, Mujib said "injustice is still rampant in many parts of the world. Our Arab brothers are still fighting for the complete eviction of the invaders from their land. The equitable national rights of the Palestinian people have not yet been achieved". While Israel was one of the first countries to recognize Bangladesh, the Mujib government dispatched an army medical unit to support Arab countries during the Arab-Israeli War of 1973. This was Bangladesh's first dispatch of military aid overseas. Kuwait sent its foreign minister Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah to persuade Mujib to join the OIC Summit in Lahore in 1974.
South Asia
Mujib and Indira Gandhi signed the 25-year Indo-Bangladeshi Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace. India and Bangladesh developed extremely cordial relations based on shared political values, a common nonaligned worldview and cultural solidarity. In February 1972, Mujib visited the Indian city of Kolkata in West Bengal to thank the people of India for their support during the liberation war. Mujib was immensely popular in India. Many of India's leading film directors, singers, writers, actors and actresses came to meet with Mujib, including Satyajit Ray, Hemanta Mukherjee and Hema Malini. In Pakistan, a constitutional amendment was passed to establish diplomatic relations with Bangladesh. In the Delhi Agreement of 1974, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan pledged to work for regional stability and peace. The agreement paved the way for the return of interned Bengali officials and their families stranded in Pakistan, as well as the establishment of diplomatic relations between Bangladesh and Pakistan. However, Bangladesh had to concede on the issue of putting 195 Pakistani PoWs on trial for war crimes, after the three countries agreed by consensus to transfer the 195 PoWs to Pakistani custody.
Mujib and Gandhi also signed a Land Boundary Treaty concerning the India-Bangladesh enclaves. The treaty was challenged in court. The government attempted to ratify the treaty without consulting parliament. Chief Justice Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem ruled that parliament had to ratify the treaty in accordance with the constitution, otherwise the government's actions were illegal and unconstitutional. The Chief Justice dissented with the government's actions. The treaty was subsequently ratified by parliament. In his decision, Justice Sayem referred to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The land boundary treaty was finally implemented in 2015.
Left-wing insurgency
At the height of Mujib's power, left-wing insurgents from the Gonobahini fought against Mujib's government to establish a Marxist government. The government responded by forming an elite paramilitary force called Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini on 8ย February 1972. Many within the Bangladeshi military viewed the new paramilitary force with suspicion. The new paramilitary force was responsible for human rights abuses against the general populace, including extrajudicial killings, shootings by death squads, and rape. Members of the Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini were granted immunity from prosecution and other legal proceedings. The force swore an oath of loyalty to Mujib.
One-party state
Mujib's political philosophy dramatically changed in 1975. Elections were approaching in 1977 after the end of his five-year term. Mujib sensed growing dissatisfaction with his regime. He changed the constitution, declared himself president, and established a one party state. Ahrar Ahmed, commenting in The Daily Star, noted that "Drastic changes were introduced through the adoption of the 4th amendment on Jan[uary] 25, 1975, which radically shifted the initial focus of the constitution and turned it into a single-party, [p]residential system, which curtailed the powers of the [p]arliament and the [j]udiciary, as well as the space for free speech or public assembly". Censorship was imposed in the press. Civil society groups like the Committee for Civil Liberties and Legal Aid were suppressed. The Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (BAKSAL), meaning the "Bangladesh Farmers Workers Peoples League", became the only legal political party. Bureaucrats and military officers were ordered to join the single party. These actions profoundly impacted Mujib's legacy. Many Bangladeshis opposed to the Awami League cite his creation of BAKSAL as the ultimate hypocrisy. The one party state lasted for 7 months till Mujib's assassination on 15 August 1975.
Assassination
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was killed along with most of his family in his private home on 15 August 1975 during a military coup by renegade army officers. His wife, three sons, two daughters-in-law, and a host of other relatives, personal staff, and a brigadier general of the Bangladesh Army were killed as part of the coup. Mujib was shot on the staircase of his house. After the coup, four allies of Mujib who led the Provisional Government of Bangladesh in 1971 were arrested and eventually executed on 3 November 1975.
A martial law regime was established. Mujib's killers included fifteen junior army officers with ranks of colonels, majors, lieutenants and havildars. They were backed up by Awami League politician Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad, who usurped the presidency. On the day of the coup, the junior officers ordered their soldiers to take over the national radio and television stations. The army chief K. M. Shafiullah was caught unaware and failed to stop the coup. According to American investigative journalist Lawrence Lifschultz, the army's deputy chief Ziaur Rahman was approached by the coup plotters and expressed interest in the proposed coup plan, but refused to become the public face of the coup. Zia did not deny meeting with the coup plotters, according to Anthony Mascarenhas. Zia was legally obliged to prevent a mutiny against the country's legally appointed president but did not stop the impending mutiny despite having knowledge of it. Zia eventually emerged as the dictator of Bangladesh after the coup. The only survivors from Mujib's family were his daughters Sheikh Hasina and Sheikh Rehana, who were visiting Hasina's physicist husband in West Germany at the time. On 26 September 1975, the martial law regime introduced the Indemnity Ordinance, 1975, which gave legal immunity to all persons involved in the coup of 15 August 1975.
Mujib was warned about a possible coup by Indian intelligence. Mujib shrugged off these warnings by saying his own people would never hurt him. His assassins continued to enjoy immunity from prosecution for 26 years. The Indemnity Ordinance was repealed in 1996 after his daughter Sheikh Hasina was elected as Prime Minister. Hasina subsequently initiated a murder case in the courts of Bangladesh. Several of the fifteen assassins, including coup leader Syed Faruque Rahman, were arrested and put on trial. Others like Khandaker Abdur Rashid became fugitives. The fifteen were given the death penalty by a court in 1998. Five of the convicts were hanged in 2010. A sixth convict was hanged in 2020. Of the remaining fugitives, a few have died or are in hiding. In 2022, the Bangladeshi government reported that five fugitives are still on the run, including coup leader Rashid. One of the convicted assassins is living in Canada. One of the convicts is living in the United States. Bangladesh has requested Canada and the United States to deport the fugitives following the precedent set by the deportation of A.K.M. Mohiuddin Ahmed in 2007.
Family
Mujib was eighteen years old when he married eight years old Fazilatunnesa, who is widely known in Bangladesh as Begum Mujib. They are second cousins. Together they had two daughtersโSheikh Hasina and Sheikh Rehanaโand three sonsโSheikh Kamal, Sheikh Jamal, and Sheikh Rasel. Kamal was an organiser of the Mukti Bahini guerrilla struggle in 1971 and received a wartime commission in the Bangladesh Army during the Liberation War. Jamal was trained at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in Great Britain and later joined the Bangladesh Army as a Commissioned Officer. The Sheikh family was under house arrest during the Bangladesh Liberation War until 17ย December, Sheikh Kamal and Jamal found the means to escape and cross over to a liberated zone, where they joined the struggle to free the country. Almost the entire Sheikh family was assassinated on 15 August 1975 during a military coup d'รฉtat. Only Sheikh Hasina and Sheikh Rehana, who were visiting West Germany, survived. Mujib is the maternal grandfather of Tulip Siddiq, British MP for Hampstead and Kilburn since the 2015 UK general election. Sajeeb Wazed is his eldest grandson.
Legacy
In 2004, listeners of the BBC Bangla radio service ranked Mujib first among the 20 Greatest Bengalis, ahead of Asia's first Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore; Bangladesh's national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam; and other Bengali icons like Subhash Chandra Bose, Amartya Sen, Titumir, Begum Rokeya, Muhammad Yunus, and Ziaur Rahman. The survey was modelled on the BBC's 100 Greatest Britons poll. In 2011, the parliament of Bangladesh passed the 15th amendment to the country's constitution which referred to Mujib as the "Father of the Nation" in attached fifth, sixth, and seventh schedules covering his 7 March Speech, the declaration of independence on 26 March 1971, and the Proclamation of Independence issued by the Provisional Government on 10 April 1971.
In 2020, the government of Bangladesh celebrated Mujib Year to mark 100 years since the birth of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1920. The commemorations preceded Bangladesh's 50th anniversary of independence in 2021. Mujib continues to be a revered, popular, divisive, and controversial figure in Bangladesh. His party, the Awami League, has built a personality cult around his legacy. Opponents of the League are fierce critics of Mujib's populism and authoritarianism, including his creation of BAKSAL. League supporters and other Bangladeshis credit Mujib for successfully leading the country to independence in 1971. However, Mujib's socialist and economic policies after 1971 are largely frowned upon except among his most loyal supporters and family members. Many roads, institutions, military bases, bridges and other places in Bangladesh are named in his honour. Under the Awami League's rule, Mujib's picture is printed on the national currency Bangladeshi taka. Bangladeshis across the political divide often refer to him as Bangabandhu out of respect. A satellite is also named after him.
Mujib is remembered in India as an ally. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Road in New Delhi and an avenue in Kolkata in the Indian state of West Bengal are named in his honour. The Palestinian Authority named a street in Hebron in honour of Mujib. Bangabandhu Boulevard in Ankara, Turkey is named after Mujib. There is also a Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Street in Port Louis, Mauritius. Sheikh Mujib Way in Chicago in the United States is named after him.
Archer Blood described Mujib as charismatic. Gary J. Bass wrote that "Mujibโs very appearance suggested raw power," cabled Blood, "a power drawn from the masses and from his own strong personality." He was tall and sturdy, with rugged features and intense eyes. Blood found him serene and confident amid the turmoil, but eager for power. "On the rostrum he is a fiery orator who can mesmerize hundreds of thousands in a pouring rain," Blood wrote. "Mujib has something of a messianic complex which has been reinforced by the heady experience of mass adulation. He talks of 'my people, my land, my forests, my rivers.' It seems clear that he views himself as the personification of Bengali aspirations." According to Time magazine, "A man of vitality and vehemence, Mujib became the political Gandhi of the Bengalis, symbolizing their hopes and voicing their grievances. Not even Pakistan's founder, Mohammed Ali Jinnah, drew the million-strong throngs that Mujib has attracted in Dacca. Nor, for that matter, has any subcontinent politician since Gandhi's day spent so much time behind bars for his political beliefs".
An Egyptian journalist noted that "Sheikh Mujibur Rahman does not belong to Bangladesh alone. He is the harbinger of freedom for all Bengalis. His Bengali nationalism is the new emergence of Bengali civilization and culture. Mujib is the hero of the Bengalis, in the past and in the times that are". Fidel Castro remarked that "I have not seen the Himalayas. But I have seen Sheikh Mujib. In personality and in courage, this man is the Himalayas. I have thus had the experience of witnessing the Himalayas". Mujib cited Abraham Lincoln, Mao Zedong, Winston Churchill, John F. Kennedy, Sukarno and Kemal Ataturk, Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Suhrawardy, Subhas Chandra Bose, and A. K. Fazlul Huq as the individuals he admires during an interview with David Frost.
Portrayals
Song
"Shono Ekti Mujiburer Theke", a 1971 song about him, was inspiration for freedom fighters during liberation war of Bangladesh.
A song was written about him in 1990 and recorded in 1991 named "Jodi Raat Pohale Shona Jeto" became popular during election.
Books
Humayun Ahmed included Sheikh Mujib in two of his historical novels, 2004's Jochona O Jononir Golpo and 2012's Deyal.
Neamat Imam's novel The Black Coat depicts Mujib as a dictator.
In 2015, the Centre for Research and Information (CRI) department of Bangladesh Awami League published a four-part children's comic book named Mujib based on Sheikh Mujib's two autobiographies.
In March 2022, Muktidata Sheikh Mujib (Liberator Sheikh Mujib), a memoir of Mujibur Rahman, was published.
Films
In the 1974 Bangladeshi film Sangram, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was portrayed by himself.
In the 2014 Indian film Children of War, Prodip Ganguly portrayed of Sheikh Mujib.
In the 2018 documentary film Hasina: A Daughter's Tale, Sheikh Mujib's daughter Sheikh Hasina spoke about the assassination of her father.
On 30 March 2021, Tungiparar Miya Bhai, a biopic of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was released.
On 1 October 2021, Mujib Amar Pita, an animated film about Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was released.
On 31 December 2021, Chironjeeb Mujib, another biopic of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was released.
On 13 October 2023, Mujib: The Making of a Nation, a biopic of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman directed by Shyam Benegal was released.
Bibliography
Mujib is today celebrated as a political diarist. He kept a diary during his early political career in the 1940s and 1950s. This diary was translated into English by Fakrul Alam and published as The Unfinished Memoirs. The book was published in both India and Pakistan by Penguin Books and Oxford University Press respectively. The book has since been translated into French, Spanish, Korean, Arabic, and many other languages.
Mujib also started writing his autobiography while in prison between 1967 and 1969; this diary was published in Bengali as The Prison Diaries. Mujib wrote a travelogue of his visits to China during the 1950s. This travelogue was published as the book The New China as I Saw.
Awards
Footnotes
Notes
Citations
References
External links
1920 births
1975 deaths
Prime Ministers of Bangladesh
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Assassinated Bangladeshi politicians
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) ์ ์ฃผ(ๅฎๅท,์ ํ) ์ฌ๋ ํ์ฒญ(ๅ้)๊ณผ ๋ชจ์ํ์ฌ ์์ฑ(้ๅ) ๋ฑ์ง์์ ๋ฐ๋์ ์ผ์ผํค๊ณ ํ์ฃผ(ๅๅท) ์ด๋ถ์ ๋ค์ด ์(ๅ
)์ ํฌํญํ ๋ค ์์ฑ์ด๊ด๋ถ๊ฐ ์ค์น๋์ ์ด๊ด์, ํ์ฒญ์ ์ฒํธ์ ์๋ช
๋์ด ๋๋๋ก ์ธ์ตํ์๋ค. ๊ณต๋ฏผ์(ๆญๆ็) 5๋
(1356๋
)์ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋ ์์ ์ง๋ฐฐํ์ ๋ค๊ฒ ๋ ๋ถ๋ฐฉ์ ์ ๋
์ ์๋ณตํ๊ณ ์ ๋ฐ์ง๋ถ์ฌ(ๅฏ็ดๅฏไฝฟ) ์ ์ธ์ฐ(ๆณไป้จ)๋ฅผ ๋๋ถ๋ฉด๋ณ๋ง์ฌ(ๆฑๅ้ขๅ
ต้ฆฌไฝฟ)๋ก ์ผ๊ณ ๋ํธ๊ตฐ(ๅคง่ญท่ป) ๊ณต์ฒ๋ณด(่ฒขๅคฉ็ซ), ์ข
๋ถ๋ น(ๅฎ็ฐฟไปค) ๊น์๋ด(้ๅ
้ณณ)์ ๋ณ๋ง๋ถ์ฌ๋ก ์ผ์ ๊ฐ๋ฆ๋์กด๋ฌด์ฌ(ๆฑ้ต้ๅญๆซไฝฟ) ์ด์ธ์(ๆไปไปป)๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ถ์ ํ๊ฒ ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ 4๋ ์์ฑ์ด๊ด์ ๋งก๊ณ ์๋ ์กฐ์์์ ์กฐํ์ ์ฆ์์ผ๋ก ์กฐ์ธ๋ฒฝ์ ์ฌ์ด์ด์๋ค.
์ ์ธ์ฐ๊ฐ ์ด๋๋ ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ตฐ์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฒ ๋ น(้ตๅถบ)์ ์ง๋ ์์ฑ๊ณผ 200์ฌ ๋ฆฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ ๋ฑ์ฃผ(็ปๅท)์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ฌ ์ดํ ๋์์ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ฉฐ ์ ์งํ์ง ์์๋ค. ์์ฑ์ด๊ด(้ๅๆ ็ฎก) ์กฐ์์(่ถๅฐ็)์ ์กฐ๋์ ์กฐ์นด์๋๋ฐ, ๋ณ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฃ๊ณ ์ฒํธ(ๅๆถ) ํ๋๊ฒฝ(ๅ้ฝๅฟ)๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์กฐ๋์ ๊ตฌ๊ธํด ๋๊ณ ์์๋ค. ์กฐ๋์ ๋์ ์กฐ์ฒ์ฃผ(่ถๅคฉๆฑ)์ ๋น ์ ธ๋์ ์ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ(ไธๅฒๆฑ)์ ๊ฑด๋์ ์ฉ์ง์ผ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ, ์๋ค ์ธ๋ฒฝ ยท ์ธ๊ฒฝ(ไป็) ยท ์ธ๊ท(ไป็ช) ยท ์ธ์ฅ(ไปๆฒ)์ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ๋ฃป๋ฐค์ 2๋ฐฑ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ๋ ค ์ ์ธ์ฐ์ ์ง์์ ๊ฐ์ ์์ฑ์ด ๋จธ์ง์์ ํจ๋ฝ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์์ ์ ์๋ค ์ธ๋ฒฝ์ ๋ณด๋ด ์์ฑ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ํ์ ํ ๊ฒ์ ์ฃผ์ฅํ์๋ค. ์ด์ ์ ์ธ์ฐ๋ ๋์ํ์ฌ ์กฐ์ธ๋ฒฝ์ ์งํต์ฃผ์ฌ(็ฅ้ๅทไบ) ์ฅ์ฒํต(ๅผตๅคฉ็ฟฎ)๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋ณด๋ด์ด ์์ฑ ์ง์ญ์ ํ์ ํ๊ฒ ํ์๊ณ ๊ณง ์ด์์ถ์ ๋ณ์ฌ๋ค๋ ์ ์ธ์ฐ์ ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ตฐ์ ํฉ๋ฅํ์ฌ, ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ตฐ์ ์ง๊ตฐํด ์์ฑ์ ํจ๋ฝ์์ผฐ๋ค.
๋ฌด๊ณต์ ์๋ค
๊ณต๋ฏผ์ 10๋
(1361๋
) ํ๊ฑด์ ์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋ฅผ ์นจ๊ณตํ์์ ๋ ๋ณ์์ด(้ๅฎ็) ๋ฑ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ณต์ ์ธ์ ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณต๋ฏผ์ 21๋
(1372๋
) 2์ ํธ๋ฐ๋(่กๆ้ฝ) ยท ์ฅํด๋ง(ๅผตๆตท้ฆฌ) ๋ฑ์ด ์์ ์ด์ฑ(ๆณฅๅ) ยท ๊ฐ๊ณ(ๆฑ็) ๋ฑ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ์์ ๋ ํ์ฌ๋ก์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ๊ฐ์ฃผ(ๅฎถๅท)์์ ์ ์ ํ ๋ฒํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ 6์์ ์๊ตฌ๊ฐ ํจ์ฃผ(ๅธๅท)์ ๋ถ์ฒญ์ฃผ(ๅ้ๅท)๋ฅผ ๋
ธ๋ต์งํ์ ๋งํธ(่ฌๆถ)๋ก์จ ์ถ์ , ๋ณ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งค๋ณต์์ผ์ ์๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์น๊ณ 70๋ช
์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฒ ์๋ค. ์ด ๊ณต์ผ๋ก ๋ด์ต๋๋ถ(ๅฅ็ฟๅคงๅคซ)์ ์ ๋ฐฐํ์๋ค. ๊ณต๋ฏผ์ 12๋
(1363๋
) ๊น์ฉ์ ๋์ ํ ๋ฒํ๋๋ฐ ๊ณต์ ์ธ์ ๋ค.
์ฐ์ ์์
์ฐ์ ์๋
(1375๋
) 5์, ์์ ์ถฉํ์์ ์์๋ก ์ํ(ๅฎๅณฝ)์ ๋ฐฑ์ฑ ๋ฐฑ์ธ๋ฆฐ(็ฝๅฝฆ้บ)์ ์ง์ ์จ์ด ์๋ ์๊ธฐ(้ๅจ)์ ๋ชฉ์ธ๊ธธ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ฒดํฌํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ณต์ผ๋ก ์์ฅ์ด ๋ธ๋ฆฐ ๋ง์ ํ์ฌ๋ฐ์๋ค.) 8์์๋ ์ฌ์(็็) ํํ๋ถํ์ ๊ทธ ์ด๋จธ๋๊ฐ ๊ณ ๋ ค์์ ๋์ฃผํ ๊น์(้็พฉ)์ ์ง๋ด์ฌ(้ฒๅฅไฝฟ) ๊น์(้ๆน) ๋ฑ์ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋ก ์ค๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ ์ฃผ(ไฟกๅท)์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ ๋ค๋ ์์์ ๋ค์ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์กฐ์ ์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ณ ๋ ค ๋ถ๋ฐฉ์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์นํ ๋ ์กฐ์ธ๋ฒฝ์ ๋ฐ์ง๋ถ์ฌ(ๅฏ็ดๅฏไฝฟ)๋ก์จ ๋๋ถ๋ฉด์์(ๆฑๅ้ขๅ
ๅธฅ)๊ฐ ๋์ด ๋ถ์์ ๋ณ์์ด๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋ฐฉ๋นํ์๋ค.
์ฐ์ 3๋
(1377๋
) 6์์ ์์ 45์ฒ์ด ์ ์ฃผ(ไฟกๅท) ยท ์น์ง(็ฎๆดฅ) ยท ๋ฌธํ(ๆๅ) ๋ฑ์ ํ(็ธฃ)์ ์นจ๋ตํ์ ์์(ๅ
ๅธฅ)๋ก์ ๋์ธ ยท ์ฌ๋๋ถ(ๆฒๅพท็ฌฆ) ๋ฑ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ์์ผ๋, ์ด๊ธฐ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ ํด๊ฐํ์๋ค. ์๊ตฌ๋ ๋ํ ์ ์ฃผ ยท ๋ฌธํ ยท ์์
(ๅฎๅฒณ) ยท ๋ด์ฃผ(้ณณๅท)๋ฅผ ์นจ๋ตํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋์ธ๋ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์กฐ์ ์ ๋ณ๋ ฅ ์ฆ์์ ์์ฒญํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋๋ถ ยท ์๋ฐฑ์ต(ๆขไผฏ็) ยท ๋ฐ๋ณด๋ก(ๆดๆฎ่)์ ํจ๊ป ์ ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ์์ผ๋ ํจํ์๋ค.
์ฐ์ 4๋
(1378๋
) 3์, ์ฐฌ์ฑ์ฌ(่ดๆไบ) ๋ชฉ์ธ๊ธธ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ตฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์งํํ์ฌ ํํฌ(็ซ็ฎ)๋ฅผ ์๊ณ ์์ (ๆฐดๆฐ)์ ์ฐ์ตํ์๋ค.
์ฐ์ 5๋
(1379๋
) 6์ ์๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๊ณ๋ฆผ(้ๆ)์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ฐ๋ฆ๋(ๆฑ้ต้)๋ก ํฅํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์์์ด ์ ํด์ง๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ณ ๋ ค ์กฐ์ ์ ์กฐ์ธ๋ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ๋ฆ๋์์(ๆฑ้ต้ๅ
ๅธฅ)๋ก, ๋ฐ์๊ฒฝ(ๆดไฟฎๆฌ)์ ์๋๋์์ ๊ฒธ ๋ถ์ค(ๅฎๆฑ้ๅ
ๅธฅ ๅ
ผ ๅบๅฐน)์ผ๋ก ์๋ช
ํ์๋ค. ์ฐ์ 6๋
(1380๋
) 4์์๋ ์ผ์ฌ์ข์ฌ(ไธๅธๅทฆไฝฟ)๋ก์จ ๊ฐ๋ฆ๋์์์(ๆฑ้ต้ไธๅ
ๅธฅ)์ ์๋ช
๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฐ์ 8๋
(1382๋
) ๋ถ์์(ๅฏๅ
ๅธฅ) ๊ถํ๋ฃก(ๆฌ็้พ)๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์๊ตฌ์ ์ธ์์ 30์ฌ ๋ช
์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฒ ๋ ์ ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ค.
์ฐ์ 9๋
(1383๋
) 8์. ๋ฌธํ์ฐฌ์ฑ์ฌ(้ไธ่ดๆไบ)๋ก์ ๋๋ถ๋ฉด๋์ฒด์ฐฐ์ฌ(ๆฑๅ้ข้ฝ้ซๅฏไฝฟ)๊ฐ ๋์ด ๋ณ๋ฐฉ์ ๋ฐฉ์ดํ๋ ์๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋งก์๋ค. ์ฐ์ 11๋
(1385๋
) 4์ ๊ต์ฃผ๋(ไบคๅท้)๋ฅผ ๋
ธ๋ต์งํ๋ ์๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋์ฑ
์ผ๋ก 4๋๋์งํ์ฌ(ๅ้้ฝๆๆฎไฝฟ)๋ก ์๋ช
๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ 10์์ ๋ค์๊ธ ๊ต์ฃผ๋์์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
์ฐฝ์ ์์
์ฐ์์ด ๊ฐํ๋๋ก ์ซ๊ฒจ๋ ๋ค ์ฐ์์ ์๋ค ์ฐฝ์์ด ์ฆ์ํ์๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํด(1388๋
), 7์ ๊ธฐ๋ฌ์๋ ๋๋น(้ฝๅ )์์ ์ฐ์์ ์์ผ์ด๋ผ ํ์ฌ ์ผ์ฌ์ข์ฌ(ไธๅธๅทฆไฝฟ) ์กฐ์ธ๋ฒฝ ยท ๋์ง๋ฐ์ง(ๅ็ฅๅฏ็ด) ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ก(ๅ
ทๆ่)๋ฅผ ์ฐ์์ด ์๋ ๊ฐํ๋ก ๋ณด๋ด์ด ์ฐ์์๊ฒ ์๋ณต์ ๋ฐ์ณค๋ค. 9์์ ์ฐ์์ ๊ฐํ์์ ์ฌํฅ๊ตฐ(้ฉช่้ก)์ผ๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒจ์ก๋๋ฐ, ๊ฐํ์์ ์ก์ง๋ก ๋์จ ์ฐ์์ ์ผ์ฌ์ข์ฌ(ไธๅธๅทฆไฝฟ) ์กฐ์ธ๋ฒฝ, ์ฐฌ์ฑ์ฌ(่ดๆไบ) ์ง์ฉ๊ธฐ(ๆฑ ๆนงๅฅ), ๋์ง๋ฐ์ง(ๅ็ฅๅฏ็ด) ์ฐํ์(็ฆนๆดชๅฃฝ), ๋ฐ์ง๋ถ์ฌ(ๅฏ็ดๅฏไฝฟ) ์ ์ค(ๆณๆฟฌ) ๋ฑ์ด ํต์ง(้ๆดฅ)์์ ์ ๋ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ผ๋ง ๋ค์ ์ฐฝ์์ ์ฐ์๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์์จ๊ฐ ์๋ ์ ๋์ ํ์ค์ด๋ผ ํ์ฌ ํ์๋๊ณ ์ฃฝ์์ ๋นํ์๋ค.
๊ณต์์ ์์
๊ณต์์ ์๋
(1389๋
) 11์ 16์ผ ๊ฒฝ์ง์ ํ์๋๋ถ์ฌ(ๅคๆฟๅพทๅบไบ)๊ฐ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฌํด 4์ 9์ผ ์์ธ์ ํ๊ตฐ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ๋
นํยทํฌ์๋ ๋๋ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณ ์ธ์ด์๋ค.
์ฌํ
์กฐ์ ์ด ๊ฐ์ฐฝ๋ ๋ค์ธ ์กฐ์ ํ์กฐ 2๋
(1393๋
) 7์ 22์ผ ์์ถ, ํ๊ตฐ๊ณต์ ์ ๋ํ ์ฑ
๋ก์์ ๊ณ ๊ฒ๊ต์์ค ๋ณ์์ด, ํ์ผ์ฌ์ฌ ์์๋๊ณผ ์ง์ฉ๊ธฐ, ์์ฐ๊ตฐ ์ด์๊ณ, ๋ฌธํํ๋ฆฌ ์ ์ง, ์ถฉ์ฃผ์ ์ ์ฌ ์ต๊ณต์ฒ ๋ฑ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป 2๋ฑ ๊ณต์ ์ ์ ํด์ก๋ค.
์ํธ๋ ์๋ ฌ(่ฅ็)์ด๋ค.
๊ฐ์กฑ ๊ด๊ณ
์ฆ์กฐ : ์กฐํ(่ถๆ) - ์ด๋ ์์ฑ์ด๊ด(้ๅๆ ็ฎก) ๋ถ์ญ
์กฐ๋ถ : ์กฐ์๊ธฐ(่ถ่ฏ็ช, 1269๋
~ ?) - ์ 2๋ ์์ฑ์ด๊ด ๋ถ์ญ
๋ฐฑ๋ถ : ์กฐ๋ฆผ - ์ 3๋ ์์ฑ์ด๊ด ๋ถ์ญ
์ข
ํ์ : ์กฐ์์ - ์ 4๋ ์์ฑ์ด๊ด ๋ถ์ญ
๋ถ : ์กฐ๋(่ถๆพ, 1308๋
~ 1380๋
) - ๊ฒ๊ต๋ฐ์ง๋ถ์ฌ(ๆชขๆ กๅฏ็ดๅฏไฝฟ), ์ฉ์ฑ๊ตฐ(้พๅๅ)
๋ชจ : ์ฆ(่ด) ํ๋ฆฌ(่ฉ็) ์ดํ๋ณต(ๆๆดช็ฆ)์ ๋ธ
์กฐ์ธ๋ฒฝ
์ฒ : ๋ถ๋ช
์ฅ๋จ : ์กฐ์จ(่ถๆบซ, 1347๋
~ 1417๋
) - ์์ ๋ถ์ฐฌ์ฑ์ฌ(่ญฐๆฟๅบ่ดๆไบ), ํ์ฒ๋ถ์๊ตฐ(ๆผขๅทๅบ้ขๅ), ์์ ๊ณต(่ฏ็ฏๅ
ฌ)
ํ์ฒ : ์ ํํ์ฃผ(่ฒๅๅฎ
ไธป) - ํ์กฐ(ๆกๆ) ์ด์์ถ(ๆๅญๆฅ, 1315๋
~ 1361๋
)์ ์ฅ๋
์ฐจ๋จ : ์กฐ์ฐ(่ถๆถ, 1374๋
~ 1429๋
) - ์ฐ์์ (ๅณ่ญฐๆฟ), ํํ๋ถ์๊ตฐ(ๆผขๅนณๅบ้ขๅ), ์๊ฒฝ๊ณต(่ฏๆฌๅ
ฌ)
3๋จ : ์กฐํ(่ถๅ, 1377๋
~ 1444๋
) - ์ง๋๋
๋ถ์ฌ(็ฅๆฆๅฏงๅบไบ), ์์ ๊ณต(ๅฎ้ๅ
ฌ)
4๋จ : ์กฐ์ฌ(่ถๅธซ, ? ~ 1432๋
) : ์ฒจ์ง์ค์ถ์์ฌ(ๅ็ฅไธญๆจ้ขไบ)
5๋จ : ์กฐ๋ถ(่ถๅ
) - ๋์ง๋๋
๋ถ์ฌ(ๅ็ฅๆฆๅฏงๅบไบ)
์ฒซ์งธ ์ฌ์ : ํฉ๊ธธ์(้ปๅๆบ) - ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ (็นๅทฅ็ฃๆญฃ)
๋์งธ ์ฌ์ : ์๋งน์(ๆๅญ้ฝ, ? ~ 1388๋
) - ํธ๊ตฐ(่ญท่ป), ์๊ฒฌ๋ฏธ(ๆๅ
ๅณ, ? ~ 1388๋
)์ ์กฐ์นด
๋์ : ์กฐ์ธ๊ฒฝ(่ถไป็, ? ~ 1422๋
) - ๊ฒ๊ต๋ฌธํ์ฐฌ์ฑ์ฌ(ๆชขๆ ก้ไธ่ดๆไบ)
๋์ : ์กฐ์ธ๊ท(่ถไป็ช) - ๊ฒ๊ตํํ์ฑ๋ถ์ฌ(ๆชขๆ กๅคๆผขๅๅบไบ)
๋์ : ์กฐ์ธ์ฅ(่ถไปๆฒ, 1347๋
~ 1396๋
) - ์ค์ถ์๋ถ์ฌ(ไธญๆจ้ขๅฏไฝฟ), ํ์ฐ๊ตฐ(ๆผขๅฑฑๅ), ์ถฉ์ ๊ณต(ๅฟ ้ๅ
ฌ)
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์๋ชฐ๋
๋ฏธ์
๊ณ ๋ ค์ ๋ฌด์
ํ์ ์กฐ์จ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%20In-byeok | Jo In-byeok | Jo In-byeok (13301393), was a military official in the Late Goryeo dynasty who came from the Hanyang Jo clan. He was the husband of Princess Jeonghwa, who was the sister of the founder of the Joseon dynasty, Yi Seonggye, who granted him the title Internal Prince Yongwon when the dynasty was established.
Biography
Early life and family background
Jo Inbyeok was born into the Hanyang Jo clan in 1330 as a son of Jo-Don (์กฐ๋) and his wife, Lady Yi (๋ถ์ธ ์ด์จ), who was the daughter of Yi Hong-bok (์ดํ๋ณต) from the Ganseong Yi clan. He had three younger brothers: Jo Ingyeong (์กฐ์ธ๊ฒฝ), Jo Ingyu (์กฐ์ธ๊ท), and Jo Inok (์กฐ์ธ์ฅ).
His ancestors came from the Goryeo dynasty as an indigenous group who settled in Yongjin-hyeon (์ฉ์งํ, ้พๆดฅ็ธฃ). His great-grandfather, Jo Hwi (์กฐํ), conspired with the Takcheong (ํ์ฒญ, ๅ้) people from Jeongju and revolted in Ssangseong (์์ฑ, ้ๅ) in 1258 during King Gojong's reign. After they reached the north of Hwaju (ํ์ฃผ, ๅๅท) and surrendered to the Yuan dynasty, the position of Ssangseong General Government Office (์์ฑ์ด๊ด๋ถ) was established, to which the Takcheong peoples were hereditarily appointed from generation to generation.
Military career
In 1361 (10th year of King Gongmin's reign), Jo (along with Byeon An-yeol (๋ณ์์ด) and others) contributed when Hong Geon-jeok (ํ๊ฑด์ ) invaded Goryeo. In 1363, he also contributed to subjugate Gim Yong's Rebellion (๊น์ฉ์ ๋).
In 1372, Hobaldo (ํธ๋ฐ๋, ่กๆ้ฝ), Janghaema (์ฅํด๋ง, ๅผตๆตท้ฆฌ), and others came to attacked Yiseong (์ด์ฑ, ๆณฅๅ) and Ganggye (๊ฐ๊ณ, ๆฑ็), Jo went out as a judge and subjugated the enemy in Gaju (๊ฐ์ฃผ, ๅฎถๅท). Then, when the Japanese plundered Hamju (ํจ์ฃผ, ๅธๅท) and Bukcheongju (๋ถ์ฒญ์ฃผ, ๅ้ๅท), he marched out and ambushed the soldiers, defeating the Japanese and beheaded at least 70 people. From this achievement, he was worshiped as a (๋ด์ต๋๋ถ, ๅฅ็ฟๅคงๅคซ).
Reign of King Chang
After King U was expelled to Ganghwa Island, his son, Wang Chang, ascended the throne. Around 1388, it was believed that U's birthday was in Dodang (๋๋น, ้ฝๅ ), so Jo was sent alongside Gu Seong-ro (๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ก) to Ganghwa in order to present clothes for him.
When U was in Ganghwa, he was immediately moved to Yeoheung-gun (์ฌํฅ๊ตฐ, ้ฉช่้ก) led by Jo, Ji Yong-gi (์ง์ฉ๊ธฐ), U Hong-su (์ฐํ์), and Yu-Jun (์ ์ค). Not long after that, Chang was dethroned and killed alongside his father due to the words that he was not pure from Wang clan, but were came from Sin Don.
Reign of King Gongyang
In 1389 (1st year reign of King Gongyang), Jo was promoted into the position of (ํ์๋๋ถ์ฌ, ๅคๆฟๅพทๅบไบ) in Gyeongjin. However, when he was rewarded (๋
นํ) for his service to the country, he was believed to already be deceased.
Later life
After the new Joseon dynasty was established, Byeon An-yeol (๋ณ์์ด), Wang An-deok (์์๋), Ji Yong-gi (์ง์ฉ๊ธฐ), Yi Won-gye (์ด์๊ณ), Jeong Ji (์ ์ง), and Choe Gong-cheol (์ต๊ณต์ฒ ) all became the second rank of "Gongsin".
Family
Father: Jo-Don (์กฐ๋, ่ถๆพ; 1307โ1380)
Grandfather: Jo Yang-gi (์กฐ์๊ธฐ, ่ถ่ฏ็ช; b. 1260); son of Jo-Hwi (์กฐํ, ่ถๆ).
Mother: Lady, of the Ganseong Yi clan (๋ถ์ธ ๊ฐ์ฑ์ด์จ, 1309โ1379)
Grandfather: Yi Hong-bok (์ดํ๋ณต, ๆๆดช็ฆ)
Younger brothers:
Jo In-gyeong (์กฐ์ธ๊ฒฝ, ่ถไป็; d. 1422)
Jo In-gyu (์กฐ์ธ๊ท, ่ถไป็ช)
Jo In-ok (์กฐ์ธ์ฅ, ่ถไปๆฒ; 1347โ1396)
Wives and children:
Lady, of the Hadong Jeong clan (๋ถ์ธ ํ๋์ ์จ)
1st son: Jo-On, Internal Prince Hancheon (์กฐ์จ ํ์ฒ๋ถ์๊ตฐ, ่ถๆบซ ๆผขๅทๅบ้ขๅ; 1347โ1417)
Lady, of the Jeonju Yi clan (๋ถ์ธ ์ ์ฃผ์ด์จ)
2nd son: Jo-Yeon, Internal Prince Hanpyeong (์กฐ์ฐ ํํ๋ถ์๊ตฐ, ่ถๆถ ๆผขๅนณๅบ้ขๅ; 1374โ1429)
3rd son: Jo-Hu (์กฐํ, ่ถๅ; 1377โ1444)
4th son: Jo-Sa (์กฐ์ฌ, ่ถๅธซ; d. 1432)
5th son: Jo-Bu (์กฐ๋ถ, ่ถๅ
)
1st daughter: Lady Jo (๋ถ์ธ ์กฐ์จ) โ married Hwang Gil-won (ํฉ๊ธธ์, ้ปๅๆบ).
2nd daughter: Lady Jo (๋ถ์ธ ์กฐ์จ) โ married Im Maeng-yang (์๋งน์, ๆๅญ้ฝ; d. 1388), nephew of Im Gyeon-mi (์๊ฒฌ๋ฏธ, ๆๅ
ๅณ; d. 1388).
References
External links
Jo In-byeok on Encykorea .
Jo In-byeok on Doosan Encyclopedia .
14th-century Korean people
Year of birth unknown
Date of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Date of death unknown |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%9B%EB%82%A8%EC%9D%98%20%EA%B4%91%EC%9E%A5 | ๋ง๋จ์ ๊ด์ฅ | ใ๋ง๋จ์ ๊ด์ฅใ์ 2019๋
12์ 5์ผ๋ถํฐ 2021๋
9์ 9์ผ๊น์ง ๋ฐฉ์ก๋ ์๋ฆฌ ์ ๋ฌธ ์๋ฅ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ด๋ค.
๊ฐ์
ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ญ์ฌ
2019๋
9์ 13์ผ: ํ์ผ๋ฟ ์ฒซ๋ฐฉ์ก
2019๋
12์ 5์ผ ~ 2020๋
8์ 27์ผ : ๋งค์ฃผ ๋ชฉ์์ผ ์คํ 10์์ ์ ๊ท ํธ์ฑ๋์ด 1๋ถ, 2๋ถ, 3๋ถ๋ก ๋ถํ ๋ฐฉ์ก๋์๋ค.
2020๋
9์ 3์ผ ~ 2021๋
6์ 24์ผ : ๋ชฉ์์ผ ์คํ 8์ 55๋ถ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐ๋๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ์ฌ 1๋ถ, 2๋ถ, 3๋ถ ๋ถํ ๋ฐฉ์ก๋์๋ค.
2021๋
7์ 1์ผ ~ 2021๋
9์ 9์ผ : ์ง์ํยท์ข
ํธ์ ์ค๊ฐ๊ด๊ณ ํ์ฉ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ํตํฉ ํธ์ฑ ๋ฐฉ์ก๋์๋ค.
๊ธฐํ ์๋
์ง์ญ์ ํน์ฐํ์ด๋ ๋ก์ปฌํธ๋๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํด ๊ธฐ์กด์ ๋ง๋ณผ ์ ์์๋ ์ ๋ฉ๋ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฐ, ํด๊ฒ์, ์ฒ ๋์ญ, ๊ณตํญ ๋ฑ ์ ๋์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๋ง์ ๋ง๋จ์ ์ฅ์์์ ๊ตํต ์ด์ฉ๊ฐ๋ค์๊ฒ ์ ๋ณด์ด๋ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ด๋ค. ์ฃผ์ ์ฅ์๋ ๋์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ๋ง์ด ๋ชจ์ด๋ ๊ณ ์๋๋ก ํด๊ฒ์๋ฅผ 1์์๋ก ์ ํด์ ธ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์ต๊ทผ์๋ ์ฝ๋ก๋19์ ์ฌํ๋ก ์ด์ฉ๊ฐ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ง์ญ ๋๋ฏผ๋ค์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ์ํ๋ฅผ ์ด๊ณ ์๋ ์ํฉ์ด๋ค. ๋ ๋ค์ ํ์ฌ๋ ๋ง๋จ์ ๊ด์ฅ ๋ผ์ด๋ธ ์ผํ์ ํตํ ๋์ฐ๋ฌผ ํ๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ฝ์นญ ๋ฐ ํน์ง
์ค์ฌ์ ํ๋ฉด ๋ง๊ด์ฅ, ๋ง๋จ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ์ฐฌ์ฌ๋ ํฌํธ ์ฌ์ดํธ ๋ค์ด๋ฒ์ ์ ํต ์
์ฒด ์ด๋งํธ์ด๋ค.
์์ฒญ ๋ฑ๊ธ
๋ฐฉ์ก ์๊ฐ
์ญ๋ ์ถ์ฐ์
ํ์ผ๋ฟ ์ถ์ฐ์
์ต์ข
์ถ์ฐ์
์ด์ ์ถ์ฐ์
์ํผ์๋ ๋ชฉ๋ก
2019๋
2020๋
2020๋
๋ถํฐ ๋ง๋จ์ ๊ด์ฅ ๋ผ์ด๋ธ ์ผํ์ด ์์๋์๋ค. ๋ผ์ด๋ธ ์ผํ ๊ตฌ๋งค๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํด๋น ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํด๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ฐ๋๋ค.
2021๋
์ฐธ๊ณ ์ฌํญ
์๋ ์์์ผ ๋ฐค 10์์ ํธ์ฑ๋ ์์ ์ด์์ผ๋ ์ถ์ฐ์ง ์ค์ ํ ๋ช
์ธ ๋๋ณธ์ฝ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฐฑ์ข
์ ๋ํ๊ฐ ์์์ผ ์์๊ฐ๋ ใ๋ฐฑ์ข
์์ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ์๋นใ๊ณต๋ MC๋ก ์ถ์ฐ ์ค์ด์๋ ํฐ๋ผ ์ข์ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ์ผ๋ฟ ๋น์ ๊ณ ์ ๋ฉค๋ฒ์๋ ๋ฐ์ฌ๋ฒ ๋ฐฑ์งํฌ๊ฐ ์ ๊ท ํธ์ฑ์์ ๋น ์ง์ ์ ๊ท ํธ์ฑ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊นํฌ์ฒ ๊น๋์ค์ด ๊ณ ์ ๋ฉค๋ฒ๋ก ํฉ๋ฅํ๋ค.
๋ค๋ง, ๊นํฌ์ฒ ์ 2020๋
3์ 27์ผ๋ถํฐ KBS JOY์์ ๊ธ์์ผ ์ ๋
8์์ ํธ์ฑ ์ค์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ํด 4์ 5์ผ๋ถํฐ KBS 2TV์์ ๋ชฉ์์ผ ์ ๋
8์ 55๋ถ์ ํธ์ฑ๋ ใ์ด์ญ์ธ๊ธฐ ํ-ํธ์ญใ๋ฉ์ธ MC๋ฅผ ๋งก์ "์์ฒญ์๋ค์๊ฒ ํผ๋์ ์ค ์ ์๋ค"๋ ์ง์ ์ ์๊ณ ์ด ๊ณผ์ ์์ KBS 2TVํ ใ์ด์ญ์ธ๊ธฐ ํ-ํธ์ญใ์ด 14ํ(2020๋
6์ 11์ผ) ๋ง์ ๋ง์ ๋ด๋ ค์ผ ํ๋ค.
์ด์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ธ '์ํฌ๋ฆฟ ๋ถํฐํฌ' ์ข
์ ์ดํ์ SBS ์๋ชฉ๋๋ผ๋ง ํด๋ฐฉ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์, ํธ์ฑ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์ ๋ฉ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ธฐํยท์ ์๋์๋ค.
๋ฅ๊ฐ์์ง๋ค์ ์๊ฐ๋ ์์ ์ง, ์๋๊ทผ์ด ๋ง๊ด์ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ด ์ถ์ฐํ ๋ฐ ์๋ค.
9ํ, 31ํ, 38ํ ๋ฐฉ์ก๋ถ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, 15์ธ ์ด์ ์์ฒญ๊ฐ๋ก ๋ฐฉ์ก๋์๋ค.
๋ง๋จ์ ๊ด์ฅ์ 90ํ ๋ฐฉ์ก์ผ๋ก ์ต์ข
ํ๊ฐ ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์ฌ์ ๋ ์ฝ๋ก๋ ํ์ฐ์ธ๋ก ์ธํ์ฌ ๋ ์ด์ ์ดฌ์์ด ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋จ๋์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ด์ํ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ง๋จ์ ๊ด์ฅ ๋ผ์ด๋ธ์ผํ ์ญ์ ๊ณ์ ์ ์ง๊ฐ ๋ ์ง, ์ ๋ ์ง๋ ์ง์ผ๋ด์ผ ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
์์ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
2019๋
SBS ์ฐ์๋์
๊น๋์ค : SBS ์ฑ๋ฆฐ์ ์
๊นํฌ์ฒ : ์ฐ์์
๋ฐฑ์ข
์ : ๊ณต๋ก์
์์ธํ : SBS ๋ช
์์ฌ์์
2020๋
์ 47ํ ํ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์ก๋์
์๋ฅยท๋ฒ๋ผ์ด์ดํฐ๋ถ๋ฌธ ์ํ์
2020๋
SBS ์ฐ์๋์
๋ฐฉ์ก ์๊ฐ์ : ํฉ๋ณด๊ฒฝ
ํ๋ก๋์์ : ์์ธํ
๋ฆฌ์ผ๋ฆฌํฐ์ผ ๋ถ๋ฌธ ์ต์ฐ์์ : ๊นํฌ์ฒ
์ฐ์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
๊ด๋ จ ํญ๋ชฉ
๊ณ ์๋๋ก ํด๊ฒ์
ํน์ฐํ
์์
๋ง๋จ์ ๊ด์ฅ ๋ผ์ด๋ธ์ผํ
๋ฐฉ์ก ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
ํ์ํํ๋ (KBS ์์ฌ๊ต์๋ณธ๋ถ ์ ์)
ํ๊ตญ์ธ์ ๋ฐฅ์ (KBS 1TV)
์ ์์ถ์ ํธ์คํ ๋, ๋ฐฑ์ข
์ ํด๋ผ์ฐ (KBS 2TV)
์ต๊ณ ์ ์๋ฆฌ ๋น๊ฒฐ (EBS 1TV)
์ฐพ์๋ผ! ๋ง์๋ TV, ๋ฐฑํ๋: ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฉ์ถ์ง ๋ง!, ๋ณผ๋นจ๊ฐ ์ ์ ๋์, ๋ก์ปฌ ์ํ (MBC TV)
๊ฒฐ์ ๋ง๋๋ง, ๋ฐฑ์ข
์์ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ์๋น, ์์ํ๋ด - ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ก์ ํธ (SBS TV)
์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๋ ๋ง-์ํ ๋ (MBN)
์๊ฐ ํ์๋ง์ ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ๊ธฐํ (TV์กฐ์ )
์ผ์์ธ๋ผ, ๋ฐฑํจ์ปค, ์ค ์๋ ์๋น (tvN)
๋ง์๋ ๋
์๋ค (iHQ)
๋
ธ์คํ์ ์ฌํ์ ๋ง (MBC ํ์คFM)
๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ํธ์ฑ ๋ณ๊ฒฝ ์๋ด
2020๋
11์ 12์ผ : SBS ์คํฌ์ธ 2020๋
KBO ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ๋ ์ด์คํ 3์ฐจ์ kt ์์ฆ VS ๋์ฐ ๋ฒ ์ด์ค ์ค๊ณ๋ฐฉ์ก์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ.
12์ 31์ผ : 2020 SBS ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋์ ์์์ ์ค๊ณ๋ฐฉ์ก์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ.
2021๋
7์ 29์ผ : 2020 ๋์ฟ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ค๊ณ๋ฐฉ์ก์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
SBS์ ์๋ฅ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
2019๋
์ ์์ํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
2021๋
์ ์ข
๋ฃํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ํ์ผ๋ฟ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
2010๋
๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
2020๋
๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delicious%20Rendezvous | Delicious Rendezvous | Delicious Rendezvous () is a South Korean show. It aired on SBS TV on Thursdays at 21:00 (KST). The show ended on September 9, 2021, after 90 episodes.
Audience rating
Broadcast timeline
Format
Delicious Rendezvous is a program that develops new menus using low demand local specialties to help farmers. Originally, the concept was to sell these menus at meeting places with large floating populations, such as rest areas, airports, and railway stations, to make them popular dishes, but this part of the concept was removed after it was noticed that these places simplified the recipes and sold unsatisfactory version of the dishes to the public, leading to negative comments. It was originally scheduled to be aired for only 12 episodes, but continued on for the first half of 2020 due to favorable reviews.
Delicious Shopping Live โ The show's live home shopping broadcasts feature the cast selling a specific local specialty to viewers in order to help out local farmers, and they already have an impressive record of consistently selling out their product each week.
The King of Salesmen โ Baek Jong-won tries to sell a specific local specialty to companies for consumer consumption by developing various products such as home meal kits and new desserts. The products have been reported to have continuously sell out in stores.
Cast members
List of episodes
Series overview
2019
2020
2021
Ratings
Cancellation of broadcasting
Awards and nominations
References
2019 South Korean television series debuts
2010s South Korean television series
Korean-language television shows
South Korean cooking television series
South Korean variety television shows
South Korean reality television series
Seoul Broadcasting System original programming |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C19%ED%9A%8C%20%ED%86%B5%EC%9D%BC%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0 | ์ 19ํ ํต์ผ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๊ฑฐ | ์ 19ํ ํต์ผ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๊ฑฐ()๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ง๋ฐฉ์์น๋จ์ฒด์ ์ฅ๊ณผ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ํ ์์์ ์ ์ถํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 2019๋
4์ 7์ผ๊ณผ 4์ 21์ผ์ ๋๋์ด ์ค์๋ ํต์ผ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๊ฑฐ์ด๋ค.์๊ธฐ๋ 4๋
์ด๋ค.
๊ฐ์
๋๋๋ถํ์ ์์ฅ(์ง์ฌ), ๋๋๋ถํ ์ํ ์์ ๋ฐ ์ ๋ น์ง์ ๋์์ ์์ฅ(์์ฅ), ์ ๋ น์ง์ ๋์ ์ํ ์์์ ์ ์ถํ๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ 4์ 7์ผ์ ์ค์๋์๊ณ , ์์ ์ด ๋ฐ ๋์ฟ๋ ํน๋ณ๊ตฌ์ ์์ฅ(์์ฅ, ์ ์ฅ, ์ด์ฅ, ๊ตฌ์ฅ), ์์ ์ด ๋ฐ ๋์ฟ๋ ํน๋ณ๊ตฌ ์ํ ์์์ ์ ์ถํ๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ 4์ 21์ผ์ ์ค์๋์๋ค.
2018๋
12์, ์ค์์ ๋ณธํ์์์ ํต์ผ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ผ์ ์ ๊ดํ ์์ ํน๋ก๋ฒ์ด ํต๊ณผ๋์ด ๋น์ด 4์ 14์ผ, 4์ 28์ผ์ ๋๋์ด ์ค์๋ ์์ ์ด์๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ์ฉ ์๋น๊ฒผ๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ด์ ๋ ์ํคํํ ์ฒํฉ์ด 2019๋
4์ 30์ผ ํด์ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ผ๊ณผ ์ฒํฉ ํด์์ผ์ด ์ธ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ง๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค.
์ ์ฒด 988๊ฐ์ ์ง๋ฐฉ ์ ๊ฑฐ(์ ๊ตญ์ ์ง๋ฐฉ์์น๋จ์ฒด์ฅ๊ณผ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ ํฉ์น ์, ๋ณด๊ถ์ ๊ฑฐ ์ ์ธ) ์ค ํต์ผ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๊ฑฐ ๋ ์ค์๋๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋น์จ, ์ฆ ํต์ผ๋ฅ ์ 27.46%๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ฌ ์ฌ์ ์ต์ ์์ค์ด์๋ 2011๋
์ 17ํ ํต์ผ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๊ฑฐ ๋์ 27.40%๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ฐ ์๋์๋ค.
์ ๊ฑฐ ์ผ์
์ ๋ฐ์
3์ 21์ผ : ๋๋๋ถํ ์ง์ฌ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๊ณ ์
3์ 24์ผ : ์ ๋ น์ง์ ๋์ ์์ฅ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๊ณ ์
3์ 29์ผ : ๋๋๋ถํ ์ํ ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ ๋ น์ง์ ๋์ ์ํ ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๊ณ ์
4์ 7์ผ : ํฌํ์ผ
ํ๋ฐ์
4์ 14์ผ : ์ผ๋ฐ ์์ฅ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ์์ํ ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ, ๋์ฟ๋ ํน๋ณ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์ฅ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์ํ ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๊ณ ์
4์ 16์ผ : ์ ์ด์ฅ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ ์ด ์ํ ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๊ณ ์
4์ 21์ผ : ํฌํ์ผ
์ ๊ฑฐ ๋์
4์ 7์ผ
๋๋๋ถํ ์ง์ฌ ์ ๊ฑฐ
11๊ฐ ๋๋๋ถํ
ํ์นด์ด๋
๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ํ
ํ์ฟ ์ดํ
๋ฏธ์ํ
์ค์ฌ์นด๋ถ
๋๋ผํ
๋ํ ๋ฆฌํ
์๋ง๋คํ
๋์ฟ ์๋งํ
ํ์ฟ ์ค์นดํ
์ค์ดํํ
์ง์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋น๊ตํด ์ค์ฌ์นด๋ถ๊ฐ ํต์ผ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๊ฑฐ ๋์์ ์ถ๊ฐ๋์๋ค. ๋๋จธ์ง 10๊ฐ ๋๋๋ถํ์ด ๋ชจ๋ ์๊ธฐ ๋ง๋ฃ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋ฐ ๋นํด ์ค์ฌ์นด๋ถ๋ 2019๋
3์ 24์ผ ํ์ง ์ง์ฌ์ ์ฌ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฑฐ์ด๋ค.
๋๋๋ถํ ์ํ ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ
์ด์ํ
ํ, ๋ฏธ์ผ๊ธฐํ, ํ์ฟ ์๋งํ, ์ด๋ฐ๋ผํคํ, ๋์ฟ๋, ์คํค๋์ํ์ ์ ์ธํ 41๊ฐ ๋๋๋ถํ ์ํ์ 2,277๋ช
์ ์์์ ์ ์ถํ์๋ค.
41๊ฐ ๋๋๋ถํ ๋ชจ๋ ์๊ธฐ ๋ง๋ฃ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ด๋ค.
์ ๋ น์ง์ ๋์ ์์ฅ ์ ๊ฑฐ
6๊ฐ ์ ๋ น์ง์ ๋์
์ฟํฌ๋ก์
์ฌ๊ฐ๋ฏธํ๋ผ์
์์ฆ์ค์นด์
ํ๋ง๋ง์ฐ์
์ค์ฌ์นด์
ํ๋ก์๋ง์
์ง์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋น๊ตํด ์ค์ฌ์นด์๊ฐ ํต์ผ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๊ฑฐ ๋์์ ์ถ๊ฐ๋์๋ค. ๋๋จธ์ง 5๊ฐ ์ ๋ น์ง์ ๋์๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ ์๊ธฐ ๋ง๋ฃ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋ฐ ๋นํด ์ค์ฌ์นด์๋ 2019๋
3์ 21์ผ ํ์ง ์์ฅ์ ์ฌ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฑฐ์ด๋ค.
์ ๋ น์ง์ ๋์ ์ํ ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ
17๊ฐ ์ ๋ น์ง์ ๋์
์ฟํฌ๋ก์
์ฌ์ดํ๋ง์
์ง๋ฐ์
์์ฝํ๋ง์
๊ฐ์์ฌํค์
์ฌ๊ฐ๋ฏธํ๋ผ์
๋๊ฐํ์
์์ฆ์ค์นด์ (๋ณด๊ถ์ ๊ฑฐ)
ํ๋ง๋ง์ฐ์
๋๊ณ ์ผ์
๊ตํ ์
์ค์ฌ์นด์
์ฌ์นด์ด์
๊ณ ๋ฒ ์
์ค์นด์ผ๋ง์
ํ๋ก์๋ง์
ํ์ฟ ์ค์นด์
๊ตฌ๋ง๋ชจํ ์
4์ 21์ผ
์ผ๋ฐ ์
์ผ๋ฐ ์์ฅ ์ ๊ฑฐ : 89๊ฐ ์
์ผ๋ฐ ์์ํ ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๏ผ294๊ฐ ์ํ์ 6,724๋ช
์ ์์
๋์ฟ๋ ํน๋ณ๊ตฌ
๋์ฟ๋ ํน๋ณ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์ฅ ์ ๊ฑฐ๏ผ11๊ฐ ํน๋ณ๊ตฌ
์ฃผ์ค๊ตฌ
๋ถ์ฟ๊ตฌ
์ค๋ฏธ๋ค๊ตฌ
๊ณ ํ ๊ตฌ
์คํ๊ตฌ
์ธํ๊ฐ์ผ๊ตฌ
์๋ถ์ผ๊ตฌ
๋์๋ง๊ตฌ
๊ธฐํ๊ตฌ
์ดํ๋ฐ์๊ตฌ
์๋๊ฐ์๊ตฌ
๋์ฟ๋ ํน๋ณ๊ตฌ ์ํ ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๏ผ20๊ฐ ์ํ์ 785๋ช
์ ์์
์ ์ด
์ ์ด์ฅ ์ ๊ฑฐ๏ผ121๊ฐ ์ ์ด
์ ์ด ์ํ ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๏ผ375๊ฐ ์ํ
์ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
4์ 7์ผ
๋๋๋ถํ ์ง์ฌ ์ ๊ฑฐ
ํ์นด์ด๋
๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ํ
ํ์ฟ ์ดํ
๋ฏธ์ํ
์ค์ฌ์นด๋ถ
๋๋ผํ
๋ํ ๋ฆฌํ
์๋ง๋คํ
๋์ฟ ์๋งํ
ํ์ฟ ์ค์นดํ
์ค์ดํํ
๋๋๋ถํ ์ํ ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ
์
ํ๋ณด์๊ฐ ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ๋น ์นธ์ผ๋ก ํ์
์ค์ฌ์นด๋ถ์ ๊ธฐํ ์ ๋น์ ์ค์ฌ์นด ์ ์ ํ
์ ๋ น์ง์ ๋์ ์์ฅ ์ ๊ฑฐ
์ฟํฌ๋ก์
์ฌ๊ฐ๋ฏธํ๋ผ์
์์ฆ์ค์นด์
ํ๋ง๋ง์ฐ์
์ค์ฌ์นด์
ํ๋ก์๋ง์
์ ๋ น์ง์ ๋์ ์ํ ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ
์
ํ๋ณด์๊ฐ ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ๋น ์นธ์ผ๋ก ํ์
์ค์ฌ์นด์, ์ฌ์นด์ด์์ ๊ธฐํ ์ ๋น์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ผ๋ณธ
4์ 21์ผ
๋์ฟ๋ ํน๋ณ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์ฅ ์ ๊ฑฐ
์ฃผ์ค๊ตฌ
๋ถ์ฟ๊ตฌ
์ค๋ฏธ๋ค๊ตฌ
๊ณ ํ ๊ตฌ
์คํ๊ตฌ
์ธํ๊ฐ์ผ๊ตฌ
์๋ถ์ผ๊ตฌ
๋์๋ง๊ตฌ
๊ธฐํ๊ตฌ
์ดํ๋ฐ์๊ตฌ
์๋๊ฐ์๊ตฌ
์ผ๋ฐ ์, ๋์ฟ๋ ํน๋ณ๊ตฌ ์ํ ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ
์
ํ๋ณด์๊ฐ ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ๋น ์นธ์ผ๋ก ํ์
์ง๋ฐํ ๋๋ฆฌํ์์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ํ ์ฌ์นด์ด๋ฐ์์์๋ ๋ฒ์ ๋ํ์ ๋ชป ๋ฏธ์ณ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1๋ช
์ ๊ฒฐ์์ด ์๊น
์ค์ฌ์นด ์ ์ ํ๋ ๊ธฐํ ์ ๋น ์์ ์์ ํฌํจ
๊ฐ์ฃผ
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
2019๋
์ผ๋ณธ ๋ณด๊ถ์ ๊ฑฐ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
2019 ํต์ผ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๊ฑฐ - NHK
2019 ํต์ผ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๊ฑฐ - ์๋ฏธ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ ๋ฌธ
2019 ํต์ผ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๊ฑฐ - ์์ฌํ ์ ๋ฌธ
19
2019๋
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ
2019๋
4์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%20Japanese%20unified%20local%20elections | 2019 Japanese unified local elections | The first stage of the in Japan took place on April 7, 2019 with the second following on 21 April 2019.
Results
Governors
Prefectural assemblies
Mayors of designated cities
Designated city assemblies
See also
2015 Japanese unified local elections
2023 Japanese unified local elections
References
2019
2019 elections in Japan
April 2019 events in Japan |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%84%B8%ED%82%A4 | ์ด์ธํค | ์ฃผ์ํ์ฌ ์ด์ธํค (ไบ้ข่พฒๆฉ, ISEKI & CO., LTD.)๋ ํธ๋ํฐ, ์ด์๊ธฐ, ์ฝค๋ฐ์ธ ๋ฑ ๋๊ธฐ๊ณ, ๋์
์์ค, ๋์
ํ๋ํธ ๋ฑ์ ์์ฐ ๋ฐ ์ค๊ณํ๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ฃผ์ํ์ฌ์ด๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ Matsuyama์ Tokyo์ ๋ณธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ Iseki & Co., Ltd.๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์์ ์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ํฐ ๋์
๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ ์กฐ ํ์ฌ์ด๋ค. ์์ฌ ์ ํ์๋ ํธ๋ํฐ, ์ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ํ ๊ธฐ๊ณ, ๋ถํ ๋ฐ ์์ง ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค. ์ ํ์ ๋ธ๋๋๋ "์ด์ธํค (ใฐใปใญ)"์ด๋ค. ๋์ฟ ์ฆ๊ถ ๊ฑฐ๋์ ์ 1๋ถ ์์ฅ ๊ธฐ์
์ด๋ค.
์์ฝ
์ํ๋ฉ ํ ๋ง์ธ ์ผ๋ง์ ์ฐ๋งํค์ 700๋ฒ์ง๊ฐ ๋ฑ๊ธฐ์์ ๋ณธ์ ์์ฌ์ง๋ก๋์ด ์์ง๋ง, ์ค์ง์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณธ์ฌ๋ ๋์ฟ๋ ์๋ผ์นด์ ๊ตฌ ๋์ ๋ํฌ๋ฆฌ 5์ตธ๋ฉ 3 ๋ฒ 14 ํธ ๋ณธ์ฌ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ค์ ์๋ค.
๋์
๊ธฐ๊ณ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ํฐ ์ค์ ์ด ์๋ค. 1960๋
๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋ฒผ๋์ฌ ์ ์ ํฉํ ์ด์๊ธฐ, ์ฝค๋ฐ์ธ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์์ด ์์์ ๋, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ ๋ ์ฃผ์์๋ค. 1966๋
์ ํํ ์ฝค๋ฐ์ธ ๋ผ๋ ์ผ๋ณธ ํ์ ๊ฒฐํฉ 'HD50'์ ์ต์ด๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฐ, ์ถ์ํ๋ค. 1971๋
์ ๋ฐ๋งค๋ ใ์ฌ๋์ใ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ ๋งค์ฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ป์ ์ด์๊ธฐ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ ํ์๋ 1986๋
์๋ ์ด์๊ธฐ ๋กํ๋ฆฌ ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ (์ด์๊ธฐ์ ๋ํญ์ ์ธ ๊ณ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์คํ)์ ์ฑํํ๋ค "์ฌ๋์ ๋ฌ๋ธ๋ฆฌ ', 1999๋
์๋ ๊ฒฐํฉ ์ค ์ค์ฐ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฑ์ฉ ํ ใ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ๋น๋ฐ" ๋ 2004๋
์๋ ๋๋ก ์ฃผํ (์ด๋) ๋๋ ๊ฐ ์์
์์ ๋ณ์๊ธฐ์ ์ํํธ ์ฒด์ธ์ง๋ฅผ ํ์๋ก ํ ์น์ฉ์ฐจ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์์ด์ง ์คํผ๋ ์ด์
์ด ํน์ง์ ํธ๋ํฐ "์ง์์ค AT ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ"(์ํ ~ ์คํ ํธ๋ํฐ) ๋ฐ "T.Japan ( ํฐ ์ฌํฌ) TJ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ "(๋ํ ํธ๋ํฐ) ์
๊ณ ์ต์ด์ ์๋ ์ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ํ์ฌ ํ ใ์ฌ๋์ PZ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ '๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฐ, ์ถ์ํ์ฌ ํ์ ์ ์ด๊ณ ํ์ ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ๋ช
๋ฅผ ์ธ์์ ๋ด๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ต๊ทผ์๋ ๋ถํ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ ์ ์ ํ๋ฅผ ์ํด ์ผ๋ถ ๋ถํ์ ํ๊ตญ์ TYM (๋์๋ฌผ์ฐ)์ฌ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์กฐ๋ฌํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋์
๊ธฐ๊ณ์ ์์ฐ๋์ ์ฟ ๋ณดํ, ์๋ง (์๋ง ํ๋ฉ์ค)์ ์ด์ด ์ผ๋ณธ ์ 3 ์.
์ฐํ
1926๋
- ์ด์ธํค ์ฟ ๋์ฌ๋ถ๋ก ์ค๋ฆฝ์๊ฐ ์ํ๋ฉ ํ ๋ง์ธ ์ผ๋ง์์ "์ด์ธํค ๋๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์ํ"๋ฅผ ์ค๋ฆฝํ๋ค.
1936๋
- "์ฃผ์ํ์ฌ ์ด์ธํค"๋ฅผ ์ค๋ฆฝ. ์ ์๋ ์ ๋ฏธ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ ์ ์กฐ์ ํ๋งค๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ค.
1960๋
- ์ค์ฌ์นด ์ฆ๊ถ ๊ฑฐ๋์์ ์์ฅ.
1961๋
- ๋์ฟ ์ฆ๊ถ ๊ฑฐ๋์์ ์์ฅ. ์ํ ํธ๋ํฐ "TC10"์ ์ ์กฐ, ํ๋งค๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ค. ์คํ ๋ฐ์ด ์ฌ์
์๋ ์ง์ถ, ๋ชจํซ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ธ ํซ 50์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ํ๋งค ๊ฐ์ .
1962๋
- ํฌ๋ฅด์ ์ ํธ๋ํฐ์ ์์
์ ์์ ( 1966๋
๊น์ง) . ํซ 50์ ๊ฐ๋ ํ ์๋ก์ด ์ด์ธ ํค ํฐํ 50/55๋ก ํ๋งค ๊ฐ์ (1963๋
๊ฒฝ์๋ ํ๋งค ์ข
๋ฃ).
1964๋
- ํฌ๋ฅด์ ์ ํธ๋ํฐ "ํฌ๋ฅด์ 309 ํธ๋ํฐ"๋ฐ "ํฌ๋ฅด์ 329 ํธ๋ํฐ"๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ก ํ ๊ตญ์ฐ ํธ๋ํฐ "์ด์ธํค ํธ๋ํฐ TB ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ"๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฐ, ์ ์กฐ ยท ํ๋งค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค.
1967๋
- ์ด์๊ธฐ, ์ฝค๋ฐ์ธ์ ์์ฐ์ ์์ํ๋ค.
1969๋
- ๋์ฟ ์ง์ฌ "๋ณธ์ฌ ์ฌ๋ฌด์"๋ก ๊ฐ์นญ.
1979๋
- ์ด์ค์ฆ ์๋์ฐจ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ๋์ ค ์์ง ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์์ํ๋ค.
1983๋
- ๋์ ค ์์ง์ ๋ด ์ ํํ๊ณ ์ฐ๊ฐ 2 ๋ง๋ ์ฒด์ ๋ฅผ ํ๋ฆฝํ๋ค .
2003๋
- ์ค๊ตญ ๊ฐ์์ฑ์ ์ด์ธํค๋๊ธฐ(์์ฃผ) ์ ํ ๊ณต์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค๋ฆฝ.
2009๋
- ๋ฏธ์ฐ๋น์ ์ค๊ณต์
๊ณผ ๋์ ค ์์ง ์ฌ์
ํ๋ ฅ ํฉ์ .
2010๋
- ์ค์ฌ์นด ์ฆ๊ถ ๊ฑฐ๋์ ์์ฅ ํ์ง.
2018๋
- ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ํ์ ๋ฌด์ธ ์ด์ ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๋ก๋ด ํธ๋ํฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฐ, 12 ์์ ๋ชจ๋ํฐ ํ๋งค๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
์์ฐ ยท ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ฐ ํด์ธ ์ง์ฌ
์ฃผ์ ์ ์์ ๊ฑฐ์
(์ฃผ) ์ด์ธํค ๋ง์ธ ์ผ๋ง ์ ์์ ( ์ํ๋ฉ ํ ๋ง์ธ ์ผ๋ง์)
์ฃผ๋ก ํธ๋ํฐ๋ฅผ ์์ฐ.
(์ฃผ) ์ด์ธํค ๊ตฌ๋ง๋ชจํ ์ ์์ (๊ตฌ๋ง๋ชจํ ํ ๊ฐ๋ฏธ ๋ง ์ํค ๊ตฐ ๋ง ์ํค ์ )
์ฃผ๋ก ๋ถํ์ ์ ์กฐ.
(์ฃผ) ์ด์ธํค ๋๊ฐํ ์ ์์ ( ๋๊ฐํ ํ ์ฐ์กฐ์ )
์ฃผ๋ก ์ด์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์์ฐ.
(์ฃผ) ์ด์ธํค ์ฟ ๋์ ์ ์์ (์ํ๋ฉ ํ ๋ง์ธ ์ผ๋ง์)
์ฃผ๋ก ๊ฒฝ์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์์ฐ.
(์ฃผ) ์ด์ธํค ์๊ฒ๋
ธ๋ถ ์ ์์ (์ํ๋ฉ ํ ๋์จ์ )
์ฃผ๋ก ๋กํฐ๋ฆฌ, ๋ชจ์ด๋ฅผ ์์ฐ.
ํด์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ง์ฌ
P.T. ISEKI INDONESIA
์ธ๋๋ค์์ ํด์ธ ์ง์ฌ
ISEKI (THAILAND) CO.,LTD.
ํ๊ตญ ํด์ธ ์ง์ฌ
Premium Turf-Care Ltd.(ISEKI UK & IRELAND)
์๊ตญ ํด์ธ ์ง์ฌ
ISEKI France S.A.S.
ํ๋์ค ํด์ธ ์ง์ฌ
N.V. ISEKI EUROPE S.A.
๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์ ํด์ธ ์ง์ฌ
์ ์ ยท ํ๋ณด ํ๋
์ผ๋จ ํฌ๋ฅด์์ ์ ํด ํ ๊ฒ๋ ์๊ณ , 1980๋
๋ ์ด๋ฐ์ ํฌ๋ฅด์ 956 ๋ ์ด์ฑ ํ์ ์คํฐ์๊ฐ๋์ด, "์ด์ธํค ํฌ๋ฅด์ 956"๋ก ์ฐธ์ (์ดํ ์๋์ฐจ ๋ถํ ์์ฐ ์
์ฒด ์ธ ํธ๋ฌ์คํธ (TRUST) ๋ ์ด์ฑ ํ์ด ์ถ๋ฒํ๋ฉด 1987๋
์ ๋ฉ์ธ ์คํฐ์๊ฐ ์ผ๋ณธ ์์ ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ ๋๊น์ง ๊ณต์ ๋ฉ์ธ ์คํฐ์๋ก ํ๋. ) ํ ์ ๋ ์์๋ค.
๋ง์ค์ฝํธ
์ฌ๋์ (TVCM์์ ์ฑ์ฐ : ๋ฏธ์ ์ผ์ ( 1999๋
์ด์ ), ๋ฏธ์ฆํ๋ ์ ์ฝ ( 2000๋
์ดํ๋ถํฐ))
์ ๊ณต ์คํฐ์์๋ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
ํ
๋ ๋น์
์ ์คํธ ๋ด์ค NNN
์ ์ผ๋ณธ ํ๋ก ๋ ์ฌ๋ง ์ค๊ณ
ํ์์ผ ์์ด๋ ์คํ์
๋ชฉ์์ผ ์คํ์
ํ
๋ ๋น ์์ฌํ ์์์ผ 19์ ๋ฒ์ ์ฌ๊ทน โ ๋ฌ ์ฅ๋ฏธ! ์์๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ํ์์ผ 19์ ๋ฒ์์ ์ฌ๊ทน์ผ๋ก ์ด๋
FNN ์ด์์นด์ ํ
๋ ๋ด์ค (1982๋
๊ฒฝ)
HBC ๋ ์จ ๋
ธํธ (1980๋
๋ ์ ๋ฐ ๋ฌด๋ ต)
์งํก ๋ง 6 (1992๋
10์ - 90๋
๋ ํ๋ฐ ABS ๋ง)
๋ฏธ๋
ธ ๋ชฌํ์ ์์นจ ์ฆ๋ฐ! (2009๋
10์ - 2010๋
3์๊ฒฝ ๊ฒฉ์ผ)
์์นจ์ด๋ค! ์์
๋๋ค ์ฌํ ์๋ฌ๋ (2010๋
4์ - 12 ์)
ํ์ผ์์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ ์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ! ๋ชจ๋์ ๊ฐ์ ์ํ (2011๋
1์ - 3 ์)
ํจ๋ ํด์ฆ ์ดํ 25 (2010๋
4์ - 2011๋
6์ 2014๋
4์ - 2016๋
3์)
๋ผ๋์ค
์๋ฅด์ฝ ํผ์ค์ ์ฌ ๋์ ์ผ๋ณธ (2014๋
11์ -)
๊ด๊ณ ์บ๋ฆญํฐ
์ฌ์นด๊ฐ๋ฏธ ์ง๋ก (๊ฒฐํฉ "ํ๋ก (2 ๋์งธ)ใ& ใ์ฝํใ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ)
์ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ๋ค ์ฅฐ์ฝ (์ด์๊ธฐ "์ฌ๋์ (3 ๋์งธ, 4 ๋์งธ)ใ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ)
์นด ์ผ๋ง ์ ์กฐ (ํธ๋ํฐ "่ๅคช(์ด๋, 2 ๋) 'TS, TL ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ฑ ๋ฐ ใ์๊ฒฝ ๋'TX ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ)
์์คํค ์์ด๋ฏธ (ํธ๋ํฐ "์๊ฒฝ ๋ (์ด๋)"
๋์ด๋๋ง ์ผ์ง (ํธ๋ํฐ "่ๅคช(2 ๋์งธ)"TU, TL ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ ๋ฑ)
์ ๋ณด ์ธ ๋ฃจํ (๊ฒฐํฉ "ํ๋ก (3 ๋์งธ)ใ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ)
์์ด์ธํธ ๋ฐ๋ฐ (๊ฒฐํฉ "ํ๋ก (3 ๋์งธ)ใ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ)
๊ณ ๋ฐ์ผ์ ์์ผ์ฝ (์ด์๊ธฐ "์ฌ๋์ ๋์ด์๊ฐ๋ผ (5 ๋์งธ)ใ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ, ์ฝค๋ฐ์ธ"ํ๋ก ํฐ์ด (2 ๋์งธ) " ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ)
๊ธฐํ ์ค์ง ํจ์ผ (๊ฒฐํฉ "ํ๋ก ํฐ์ด (2 ๋์งธ)ใ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ ํธ๋ํฐ"๋๋ ๋งฅ์คใ ใ๋๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ใ ใ์์ (์ด๋) " ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ)
์ด์ผ๋ค ๋ง์ฌ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ (ํธ๋ํฐ "๋๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ 7ใ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ ์ธ)
๊ฐ์ฃผ
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋์
๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ ์กฐ์
์ฟ ๋ณดํ
์๋ง (์๋ง ํ๋ฉ์ค )
๋ฏธ์ฐ๋น์ ๋งํ๋๋ผ ๋๊ธฐ๊ณ
๊ธฐํ
ํฌ๋ฅด์ 956 (์ ์ฐธ์กฐ)
์ด์ค์ฆ ์๋์ฐจ
๋ฏธ์ฐ๋น์ ์ค๊ณต์
๊ฐ์์ฌํค ์ค๊ณต์
๋ชจํฐ ์ฌ์ดํด ๋ฐ ์์ง ์ปดํผ๋
๋ฏธ๋ง ํด๊ฒ์ - ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ์ ์ด์ธํค ์ฟ ๋์ฌ๋ถ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋
๊ด์ด ์์ค ๋ด์ ์๋ค.
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
์ฃผ์ํ์ฌ ์ด์ธํค
๋์ฟ ์ฆ๊ถ๊ฑฐ๋์ ์์ฅ ๊ธฐ์
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์์ง ์ ์กฐ์
์ฒด
์ผ๋ณธ์ ๊ตฐ์์ฐ์
์ฒด
๋๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ ์กฐ ๊ธฐ์
๋์ ค ์์ง ์ ์กฐ์
์ฒด
์๋ผ์นด์๊ตฌ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋ธ๋๋
ํธ๋ํฐ
1936๋
์ค๋ฆฝ๋ ๊ธฐ์
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iseki | Iseki | , based in Matsuyama and Tokyo, Japan, is the third largest Japanese agricultural machinery manufacturing company. Its products include tractors, combine harvesters, rice transplanters, riding mowers, zero-turn mowers, tillers, components, and diesel engines.
It was founded in 1926 as in Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan. It was incorporated in 1936 as Iseki & Co.
Iseki began building tractors in 1961. Early models of the Iseki tractor were built under Porsche-Diesel's technology and design transfer contract. Its tractors have been and are sold worldwide under various brands: AGCO, Bolens, Challenger, Massey Ferguson and White. Some models sold in Japan have been built by Landini of Italy and by Massey Ferguson in France.
Early TYM tractors were based on Iseki's designs and used Iseki's expertise.
Iseki also has joint ventures with other companies, among them Dongfeng Motor.
Iseki have changed the way grass clippings are collected on their garden tractors. Unlike most machines where the grass is forced up over the transmission and other elements, the Iseki tractor has a system where the transmission is passed to the wheels by a series of chains, much like a rice paddy tractor.
External links
Iseki global website
References
Agricultural machinery manufacturers of Japan
Tractor manufacturers of Japan
Engine manufacturers of Japan
Diesel engine manufacturers
Japanese brands
Manufacturing companies based in Tokyo
Companies based in Ehime Prefecture
Manufacturing companies established in 1926
Japanese companies established in 1926
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EC%88%A0%EA%B0%80%EC%9D%98%20%EB%98%A5 | ์์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฅ | ์์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฅ()์ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์ ํ๋๋ฏธ์ ์๊ฐ ํผ์๋ก ๋ง์ด๋์ 1961๋
์ํ์ด๋ค. ๋ง๋ฅด์
๋ค์น์ ๋ ๋๋ฉ์ด๋๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ํ์ผ๋ก, ๊นกํต ์์ ์๊ฐ ๋ณธ์ธ์ ๋๋ณ์ ๋ฃ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ดํ์ฌ ์ ์ํ์๋ค.
์์ธ
๊นกํต์ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ 4.8 x 6.5cm์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฐ์๋ ์ด 90์ฌ ๊ฐ์ด๋ค. ๊นกํต์ ๋ถ์ฐฉ๋ ๋ผ๋ฒจ์๋ ์๋์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ด์ฉ์ ๊ธ๊ท๊ฐ ๊ฐ ๊นกํต๋ง๋ค ์์ด, ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์ด, ํ๋์ค์ด, ๋
์ผ์ด๋ก ๋ฒ์ญ๋์ด ์ ํ ์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ํ์ ์ ์ํ ๋น์ ๋ง์ด๋๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์์ ์ ์ฐ๋ฌผ (์ฆ ์์ ํ) ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ํ๊ตฌํ๋ ์ํ์ ๋ง๋ค๋ ์์ ์ด์๋ค. ์ด ์๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ์ ์ธ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์๋ก๋ <์์ ๊ฐ์ ์จ> ()์ ๋ค ์ ์๋๋ฐ, ๋ง ๊ทธ๋๋ก ์์ ์ ์จ์ ํ์ ์์ ๋ถ์ด๋ฃ์ด ์ ์ํ ์ฐ์ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ์๋ค. ํํธ์ผ๋ก ์ด ์ํ์ ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ๋ ์ง์ ์ ์ธ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ ํต์กฐ๋ฆผ ๊ณต์ฅ์ ์ด์ํ ์๋ฒ์ง๊ฐ ์ํฐ์คํธ์๋ ์๋ค์ ๋๊ณ "๋ค ์ํ์ ๋ฅ์ด์ผ"๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ ์๋ค.
๋ง์ด๋ ์์ ์๋ ์ด ์ํ์ ํ๋งคํ ์ ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ ์์๋ค. ๋์ ์ ๊ทธ๋ ์น๊ตฌ๋ค์ด๋ ๊ต๋ฅํ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ ๊ฐ์๊ฒ ์ํ์ ๋ณด๋๋ค. 1961๋
12์ ๋ง์ด๋๋ ์น๊ตฌ ๋ฒค ๋ณดํฐ์์๊ฒ ๋ณด๋ธ ํธ์ง์์, "์จ ์์ ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ์๊ธฐ ์ง๋ฌธ์ ํ์์ผ๋ฉด ํด. ์๋๋ฉด ๋๊ฐ ์ ์ผ ๊ธด ์ ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋์ง ๋๊ฐ ์๊ธฐ ๋ฅ์ ๋ด์ ์บ์ ํ๋์ง ๊ฒจ๋ค๋ณด๋ ๋ํ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ ํด์ผ์ง. ์๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์ฑ์ ๋ํ๋ธ ์๋จ ์ค์์ ์ธ์ ๋ฐ๋ ๊ฑด ์ง๋ฌธ๋ฟ์ด์ผ. ์์ง๊ฐ๋ค์ด ์์ ๊ฐ์ ์๋ฐํ, ์ ๋ง ์ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฑธ ์ฌ๊ณ ์ถ๋ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ผ ๋ฅ์ด๋ ์ฌ๋ผ์ง. ๊ทธ๊ฒ ์ง์ง ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋ ๊ฒ ์๋๊ฒ ๋"๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์ ์ ์๋๋ฅผ ์์ํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๋ง์ด๋์ ๋๋ค๋ฅธ ์น๊ตฌ์๋ ์๋ฆฌ์ฝ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ด๋ค ์บ์ด ๋ดํฌํ๋ ์๋ฏธ๊ฐ "์์ ๊ณ์ ์๊ฐ, ์์ ๋นํ์ ๋ํ ๋ฐํญ์ ์กฐ๋กฑ ํ์"๋ผ ํํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๋ค.
<์์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฅ>์ ํด์ํ๋ ๋ฐ ์์ด ์ฐ๊ด๋๋ ์ฌ์์ผ๋ก๋ ์นด๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ฅดํฌ์ค์ ์ํ๋ฌผ์ ์ฃผ์, ๋ง๋ฅด์
๋ค์น์ ๋ ๋๋ฉ์ด๋ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ค ์ ์๋ค.
๊ฑฐ๋
๋ง์ด๋๋ ์ํ๊ฐ์ ๋ํด ์บ ์์ ๋ค์ด์๋ ๋๋ณ 30g๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฌด๊ฒ์ ๊ธ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ (1961๋
๋น์ ์ฝ 37๋ฌ๋ฌ)๋ก ์ฑ
์ ํ ๋ฐ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์์ ํ๋ฏ ์์ ์๋ ์์ฅ์ ๋ด๋์ ์ ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ ์์๋ค.
1963๋
๋ง์ด๋ ์ฌ๋ง ์ดํ ๋น๋ก์ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์, ํ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฑ์ง์ ๋ฏธ์ ์์ฅ ์ฌ์ด์์ ํ๋ฐํ ๊ฑฐ๋๋๊ธฐ ์์ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋๋ถํฐ ์์ ํ์ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ์ ์ ์์นํ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐ์ ์ฑ
์ ๊ฐ์์ ํจ์ฌ ๋ฒ์ด๋ 3000g ๋ฌด๊ฒ์ ๊ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ๊น์ง ์น์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
์ด 90๊ฐ์ ๊นกํต ์ค์์ ๋ง์ด๋์ ์ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ด ์์ฅํ 5๋ณธ์ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ ๋๋จธ์ง๋ ์ ์ธ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ง์ ํ๋๋ฏธ์ ์ปฌ๋ ์
์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์กด๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ค๊ฐ ์์ด๋์ค๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ถ์๋์ด ์์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ ๋ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ๋์ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ๊ฑฐ๋๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
2007๋
5์ 23์ผ ์๋๋น ๊ฒฝ๋งค์ ์ฌ๋ผ์จ ๊นกํต ํ๋๊ฐ 124,000์ ๋ก (ํํ ์ฝ 1์ต 6400๋ง ์)์ ๊ฑฐ๋๋์๊ณ , 2008๋
10์์๋ ์๋๋น ๊ฒฝ๋งค์ 83๋ฒ ๊นกํต์ด ๋ค์ ์ฌ๋ผ์ ์์ ์ฑ
์ ๊ฐ ์ฝ 5~7๋ง ํ์ด๋ (ํํ ์ฝ 7000๋ง~1์ต ์)๋ฅผ ๊นจ๊ณ 97,250ํ์ด๋ (ํํ ์ฝ 1์ต 4000๋ง ์)์ ๊ฑฐ๋๋์๋ค. 2016๋
8์ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋
ธ ์ํธ์ฅ์
์์ ๊ฒฝ๋งค๋ก ์ฌ๋ผ์จ ๊นกํต์ 275,000์ ๋ก (ํํ ์ฝ 3์ต 6400๋ง ์)๋ก ๋์ฐฐ๋์ด ๊ฑฐ๋๊ฐ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์๋ค.
๋ด์ฉ๋ฌผ
๋ง์ด๋์ ์น๊ตฌ์๋ ์์ ๊ฐ ์๊ณ ์คํฐ๋
ธ ๋ณด๋ ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋ ์บ ์์ ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ณ์ด ์๋๋ผ ํ๋ฐ์ฃฝ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ ์ ์ด ์๋ค. ์บ ์์ฒด๊ฐ ์ฒ ๋ก ๋์ด ์์ด ์์ค๋ ์ด๋ ์ค์บ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ง์ผ๋ก ๋ด์ฉ๋ฌผ์ ํ๋ณํ ์๋ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์บ์ ๊ฐ๋ดํ๋ค๋ฉด ์์ ํ์ผ๋ก์์ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋์ <์์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฅ> ์์ ๋ด๊ฒจ์๋ ์ค์ ๋ด์ฉ๋ฌผ์ ์ฌ์ ํ ์ ์ ์๋ ์ํ๋ก ๋จ์ ์๋ค.
1989๋
๋ง๋ฅด์ธ์ ๋ก์ ํ์์ค ๊ฐค๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์์ ์ด ์ํ์ ์ ์ํ ๋น์, ํ๋์ค์ ์์ ๊ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋๋ฅด ๋ฐ์ง์ด 'ํผ์๋ก ๋ง์ด๋์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์บ' (Boite ouverte de Piero Manzoni)์ด๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ ํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐํํ๊ณ ์ค์ ๋ก ์บ์ ๊ฐ๋ดํ์๋ค. ์บ ์์๋ ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ธ์ฌ์ง ์์ ์บ ํ๋๊ฐ ๋ ๋์๋๋ฐ, ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋๋ ๊ฐ๋ดํ์ง ์์๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ์๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์บ์ด ํญ๋ฐํ์ฌ ๊ทธ ๋ด์ฉ๋ฌผ์ด ๋
ธ์ถ๋์๋๋ฐ, ๋๊ฐ์ด ๋๋ค๋ฅธ ์บ์ด ๋ค์ด์์๋ค๋ ๋ฃจ๋จธ๊ฐ ์๋ค.
1994๋
์๋ ๋ด๋งํฌ์ ์์ ํ ์์ง๊ฐ ์ ํ๋
ธ๋ธ (John Hunov)๊ฐ ๋๋ฐ๋ฅด์ ํ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ด ์ธก์ ์ด ์ํ์ ๋ณด๊ด์ ์๋ขฐํ์๋๋ฐ, ๋ฏธ์ ๊ด ์ธก์์ ์ํ์ ๋ค์ ๋์ ์์จ์ ๋๋ฉด์ ๊ทธ ๋ด์ฉ๋ฌผ์ด ์๋ ์ผ์ด ๋ฒ์ด์ก๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ก ์ธํ ์์ก ๋ถ์์ด ์ธ๋ก ์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ด ์์๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ์ ๊ด ์ธก์ด ์์ง๊ฐ์๊ฒ 250,000ํฌ๋ก๋ค๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋ฉด์ ์ด ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๋ง๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋์๋ค.
๋ ๋ณด๊ธฐ
์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ๋ฏธ์
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ถ์ฒ: Neue Zรผrcher Zeitung, Nr. 89.76
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
"Merda d'Artista, or, You Call That Shit Art?"
Tate Collection catalogue entry
1961๋
์ํ
๊ฐ๋
๋ฏธ์
ํ๋ ๋ฏธ์
๋ฅ์ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ์ํ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist%27s%20Shit | Artist's Shit | Artist's Shit (Italian: ) is a 1961 anti-artwork by the Italian artist Piero Manzoni. The work consists of 90 tin cans, each reportedly filled with of faeces, and measuring , with a label in Italian, English, French, and German stating:
Inspiration and interpretations
At the time the piece was created, Manzoni was producing works that explored the relationship between art production and human production, Artist's Breath (), a series of balloons filled with his own breath, being an example.
In December 1961, Manzoni wrote in a letter to his friend Ben Vautier:
Another friend, Enrico Baj, has said that the cans were meant as "an act of defiant mockery of the art world, artists, and art criticism".
Artist's Shit has been interpreted in relation to Karl Marx's idea of commodity fetishism, and Marcel Duchamp's readymades.
In September 2021, YBA artist Gavin Turk made a piece called "Artist's Piss" where he canned his own urine and sold it for its weight in silver.
Value
A tin was sold for โฌ124,000 at Sotheby's on May 23, 2007. In October 2008, tin 83 was offered for sale at Sotheby's with an estimate of ยฃ50,000โ70,000. It sold for ยฃ97,250. On October 16, 2015, tin 54 was sold at Christies for ยฃ182,500. In August 2016, at an art auction in Milan, one of the tins sold for a new record of โฌ275,000, including auction fees. The tins were originally to be valued according to their equivalent weight in gold โ $37 each in 1961 โ with the price fluctuating according to the market.
Contents of the cans
One of Manzoni's friends, Agostino Bonalumi, claimed that the tins are full not of faeces but plaster. The cans are steel, and thus cannot be x-rayed or scanned to determine the contents, and opening a can would cause it to lose its value; thus, the true contents of Artist's Shit are unknown. Bernard Bazile exhibited a partially opened can of Artist's Shit in 1989, titling it Opened can of Piero Manzoni (). The can's contents were difficult to identify on sight, being variously described as "paper wrapping with unidentified contents", "an unidentifiable wrapped object" and "a can within a can". Bazile did not attempt to extract or open the inner object.
The piece received media coverage due to a lawsuit in the mid-1990s, when an art museum in Randers, Denmark was accused by art collector John Hunov of causing leakage of a can which had been on display at the museum in 1994. Allegedly, the museum had stored the can at irresponsibly high temperatures. The lawsuit ended with the museum paying a 250,000 Danish kroner settlement to the collector, approximately US$35,000.
See also
Shock art
Gavin Turk
References
Sources
Neue Zรผrcher Zeitung, Nr. 89.76
External links
"Merda d'Artista, or, You Call That Shit Art?"
Tate Collection catalogue entry
1961 works
Abstract art
Works about feces |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%ED%86%B0%EA%B0%80%EB%9D%BD%EB%8F%84%EB%A7%88%EB%B1%80%EB%B6%99%EC%9D%B4%EC%86%8D | ๋ํฐ๊ฐ๋ฝ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ | ๋ํฐ๊ฐ๋ฝ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์(Pachydactylus)์ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๊ณผ์ ์ผ์์ด๋ฉฐ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค. ํํ ํฑํ ๊ฒ์ฝ(thick-toed geckos)๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฐ๋ค.
๋ํฐ๊ฐ๋ฝ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์์ ๋์ ํ ๋ฐ๊ฐ๋ฝ ๋์ด ํน์ง์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ณดํต ๋ฐํ์ ๋๋์ด์์ง ์๋ค. ๋ชธ๋น๋์ ์๊ณ ์คํจ๋ํจํ๋ฉฐ ์๋ก ๊ฒน์น์ง ์๊ณ , ์ค๊ฐ์ค๊ฐ ํฌ๊ณ ์ฉ๊ณจ์ง(keeled) ๊ฒฐ์ ์ด ํฉ์ด์ ธ์๋ค.
๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ข
๋ค์ด ์ผํ์ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ ์ง๋๋ฌผ์ ์ญ์ทจํ๊ณ ๋ค์ํ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ์์์ง์์ ์ด์๊ฐ๋ค.
์ง๋ฆฌํ์ ๋ถํฌ๋ ๋จ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฅผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฉฐ ๋ช๋ช ์ข
์ ๋์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด์๊น์ง ์์ํ๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ๋ถํฌ์ ์ต๋ถ๋จ์ด ๋๋ค.
ํ์
๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ 57 ์ข
์ด ์ ํจํ๋ค๊ณ ์ธ์ ๋ฐ๋๋ค:
Pachydactylus acuminatus
Pachydactylus affinis โ Transvaal thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus amoenus
Pachydactylus angolensis - Angola large-scaled gecko, Angolan thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus atorquatus
Pachydactylus austeni โ Austen's thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus barnardi โ Barnard's thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus bicolor โ velvety thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus boehmei
Pachydactylus capensis โ Cape thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus caraculicus โ Angolan banded thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus carinatus
Pachydactylus etultra
Pachydactylus fasciatus โ banded thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus formosus โ Smith's thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus gaiasensis โ Brandberg thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus geitje โ ocellated thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus griffini
Pachydactylus haackei โ Haacke's thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus katanganus
Pachydactylus kladaroderma โ thin-skinned thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus kobosensis
Pachydactylus kochii
Pachydactylus labialis โ Calvinia thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus latirostris โ quartz gecko
Pachydactylus macrolepis โ large-scaled banded gecko
Pachydactylus maculatus โ spotted thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus maraisi
Pachydactylus mariquensis โ Marico thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus mclachlani
Pachydactylus monicae
Pachydactylus montanus
Pachydactylus namaquensis โ Namaqua thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus oculatus โ golden spotted thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus oreophilus โ Kaokoveld thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus oshaughnessyi
Pachydactylus otaviensis
Pachydactylus parascutatus
Pachydactylus punctatus โ speckled thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus purcelli
Pachydactylus rangei โ Namib sand gecko
Pachydactylus reconditus
Pachydactylus robertsi
Pachydactylus rugosus โ rough thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus sansteynae โ San Steyn's thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus scherzi โ Sherz's thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus scutatus โ large-scaled thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus serval โ western spotted thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus tigrinus โ tiger thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus tsodiloensis โ Tsodilo thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus vansoni โ Van Son's thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus vanzyli
Pachydactylus visseri
Pachydactylus wahlbergii
Pachydactylus waterbergensis
Pachydactylus weberi โ Weber's thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus werneri
์ฃผ์์ฌํญ: ์ฝ์
์ด๊ตฌ์ ์ด๋ช
๋ช
๋ช
์(:en:Binominal nomenclature)๋ ์๋ ํด๋น ์ข
์ ๋ํฐ๊ฐ๋ฝ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์(Pachydactylus)๊ณผ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ ํ์์ง๋ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
Bauer AM, Lamb T, Branch WR (2006). "A Revision of the Pachydactylus serval and P. weberi Groups (Reptilia: Gekkota: Gekkonidae) of Southern Africa, with the Description of Eight New Species". Proc. California Acad. Sci. 57 (23): 595-709.
Boulenger GA (1885). Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume I. Geckonidรฆ ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 436 pp. + Plates I-XXXi. (Genus Pachydactylus, p.ย 200).
Branch, Bill (2004). Field Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Third Revised edition, Second impression. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 399 pp. . (Genus Pachydactylus, pp.ย 249โ250).
Wiegmann AFA (1834). Herpetologia Mexicana, seu descriptio amphibiorum Novae Hispaniae, quae itineribus comitis Sack, Ferdinandi Deppe et Chr. Guil. Schiede in Museum Zoologicum Berolinense pervenerunt. Pars prima, saurorum species amplectens. Adiecto systematis saurorum prodromo, additisque multis in hunc amphibiorum ordinem observationibus. Berlin: C.G. Lรผderitz. vi + 54 pp. + Plates I-X. (Pachydactylus, new genus, p.ย 19). (in Latin).
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๊ณผ
์๋ ํธ ํ๋ฆฌ๋๋ฆฌํ ์์ฐ๊ตฌ์คํธ ์๊ทธ๋ง์ด ๋ช
๋ช
ํ ๋ถ๋ฅ๊ตฐ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachydactylus | Pachydactylus | Pachydactylus is a genus of insectivorous geckos, lizards in the family Gekkonidae. The genus is endemic to Africa, and member species are commonly known as thick-toed geckos. The genus also displays rich speciation, having 58 distinct species identified when compared to other closely related gecko genera like Rhoptropus, most of which have emerged since 35Ma. It has been suggested that the reason for this rich speciation not from adaptive radiation nor nonadaptive radiation, but that the genus represents a clade somewhere between the two drivers of speciation. P. bibronii geckos have been used by NASA as animal models for experimentation.
Description
The genus Pachydactylus is characterized by dilated toe tips, usually with undivided scansors. Body scales are small, granular and non-overlapping, with scattered, large keeled tubercles.
Coloration of Pachydactylus species varies, but is generally drab in color.
Presence of adhesive toe pads varies by species and habitat, with rock dwelling species of Pachydactylus retaining adhesive pads, but unambiguous independent loss of toe pads in sand dwelling and burrowing species like P. rangei.
Body size in Pachydactylus varies across the 58 species, ranging from 35 to 115mm Snout-Vent Length (SVL) with the ancestral condition of a larger body size with adhesive toe pads to suit a generalist habitat.
Behavior
All observed species of Pachydactylus are strictly nocturnal.
Habitat
Pachydactylus species live in a diverse range of habitats across Southern Africa. Habitat varies by species, with some species preferring generalist habitats, human dwellings, rock-dwellings, and sand dwellings. Habitat preference typically varies by body size and retention of toe pads, which varies across the genus. The body size of Pachydactylus geckos has been shown to correlate with their habitat range.
Diet
Lizards of the genus Pachydactylus feed mainly on arthropods, but have been observed eating small vertebrates.
Geographic range
The geographic range of the genus Pachydactylus is centered on Southern Africa, with some species reaching East Africa, the northernmost limit of their distribution. In South Africa's rugged Richtersveld region, Pachydactylus geckos comprised 13 of 18 all gecko species surveyed.
Species
There are 58 species that are recognized as being valid:
Pachydactylus acuminatus
Pachydactylus affinis โ Transvaal thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus amoenus
Pachydactylus angolensis - Angola large-scaled gecko, Angolan thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus atorquatus
Pachydactylus austeni โ Austen's thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus barnardi โ Barnard's thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus bicolor โ velvety thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus boehmei
Pachydactylus capensis โ Cape thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus caraculicus โ Angola banded thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus carinatus
Pachydactylus etultra
Pachydactylus fasciatus โ banded thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus formosus โ Smith's thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus gaiasensis โ Brandberg thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus geitje โ ocellated thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus griffini
Pachydactylus haackei โ Haacke's thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus katanganus
Pachydactylus kladaroderma โ thin-skinned thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus kobosensis
Pachydactylus kochii
Pachydactylus labialis โ Calvinia thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus latirostris โ quartz gecko
Pachydactylus macrolepis โ large-scaled banded gecko
Pachydactylus maculatus โ spotted thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus maiatoi โ Maiato's thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus maraisi
Pachydactylus mariquensis โ Marico thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus mclachlani
Pachydactylus monicae
Pachydactylus montanus
Pachydactylus namaquensis โ Namaqua thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus oculatus โ golden spotted thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus oreophilus โ Kaokoveld thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus oshaughnessyi
Pachydactylus otaviensis
Pachydactylus parascutatus
Pachydactylus punctatus โ speckled thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus purcelli
Pachydactylus rangei โ Namib sand gecko
Pachydactylus reconditus
Pachydactylus robertsi
Pachydactylus rugosus โ rough thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus sansteynae โ San Steyn's thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus scherzi โ Sherz's thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus scutatus โ large-scaled thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus serval โ western spotted thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus tigrinus โ tiger thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus tsodiloensis โ Tsodilo thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus vansoni โ Van Son's thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus vanzyli
Pachydactylus visseri
Pachydactylus wahlbergii
Pachydactylus waterbergensis
Pachydactylus weberi โ Weber's thick-toed gecko
Pachydactylus werneri
Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Pachydactylus.
References
Further reading
External links
Geckos of Africa
Lizard genera
Taxa named by Arend Friedrich August Wiegmann |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EB%AF%B8%EB%B8%8C%EB%AC%BC%EA%B0%88%ED%80%B4%EB%8F%84%EB%A7%88%EB%B1%80%EB%B6%99%EC%9D%B4 | ๋๋ฏธ๋ธ๋ฌผ๊ฐํด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด | ๋๋ฏธ๋ธ๋ฌผ๊ฐํด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด(Pachydactylus rangei )๋ ๋๋ฏธ๋ธ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ฝ(Namib sand gecko)๋ ๋๋ฏธ๋ธ ์นํ ๊ฒ์ฝ(Namib web-footed gecko)๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๊ณผ์ ์ผ์ข
์ด๋ค. ์๊ณจ๋ผ, ๋๋ฏธ๋น์, ๋จ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ๊ฑด์กฐํ ์ง์ญ์ ์์ํ๋ฉฐ, ์ค์จ๋ด์ ๋๋ฌผํ์ ๋ผ๋ฅด์ค ๊ฐ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ฐ๋ฅด์(:en:Lars Gabriel Andersson)์ด ๋
์ผ์ ์ง์งํ์ ํ์ธ ๋๊ฑฐ(:en:Paul Theodor Range) ๋ฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ ค ๋ช
๋ช
ํ์ฌ ์ต์ด๋ก ๊ธฐ์ ํ์๋ค.
ํํ
๋๋ฏธ๋ธ๋ฌผ๊ฐํด๋ 6 cm ์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํด 13 cm๊น์ง ์๋๋ค. ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฐ๋๋ค๋ ๋ชธํต๊ณผ ๊ฝค๋ ๋๋น๋๋ฉฐ, ๋ ๋ค ์๋ถ๋ถ์ด ๋ฉ์ํ๋ค. ๋์ ํฌ๊ณ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋๊ณต์ ์์ง์ผ๋ก ์ฐข์ด์ ธ์๋ค. ๋๋ฏธ๋ธ๋ฌผ๊ฐํด๋ ๊ต์ฅํ ์ฐฝ๋ฐฑํด์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ฐํฌ๋ช
ํ๋ค. ๋ชธ์ ์ฐ์ด์ ๋ฐํ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ค๋ฌด๋ฌ, ๋ฌด๋ฌ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์๊น ๋์ ๋๋ฏธ๋ธ์ฌ๋ง์ ๋ชจ๋ ์์์ ์์ฐ์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ ์์ฅํ ์ ์๋ค. ํผ๋ถ๋ ์๊ณ ๋ถ๋์ด ๋น๋๋ก ๋ฎ์ฌ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐํฌ๋ช
ํ๊ณ , ๋ด๋ถ์ ๋ช๋ช ์ฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ค์ฌ๋ค๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฐ๋์ง๋ง ๋ฐ์ ๋๊ณ , ๋ฐ๊ฐ๋ฝ์ ์์ ํ ๋ฌผ๊ฐํด๋ก ๋ค๋ฎ์ฌ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ ์ ๋์ ๊ตด์ ์ฝ๊ฒ ํ๊ณ ๋์จํ ๋ชจ๋ ์๋ฅผ ๋ฌ๋ฆด ์ ์๋ค. ์ผํ์ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฎ์๋ ์ค์ค๋ก ํ ๊ตด ์์์ ์ง๋ด๋ค๊ฐ ๋ฐค์ ๋์์ ๋ชจ๋ ์์์ ์ฌ๋ฅํ๋ค. ๋ฐ์๋ ๋นจํ๋ ๋์์ด์ ๊ธฐ์ด์ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ ์ ํ๋ค. ์์ปท์ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ์์ปท๋ณด๋ค ๋๊ป๋ค. ์์ปท์ ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒ๋ 10 g ๊น์ง, ์์ปท์ 6 g๊น์ง ๋๊ฐ๋ค. ๋จธ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฑ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ถํ๋น ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐํ์ ๋ ์ง์ ๋ฌด๋ฌ๊ฐ ์๊ฒจ์ ธ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํนํ ๊ฐ๊ฐํ ์๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์ด ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ๋ถ๋ถ์ ํฉ๋ฐฑ์์ด๋ค. ๋ ์ฌ์ด์๋ ๋ณดํต ํธ๋ฅธ์ ์ค๋ฌด๋ฌ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ์ด ์ข
์ ์์์ง๊ฐ ๊ฒน์น๋ ์ง๋๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด(:en:Ptenopus garrulus)์ ๋น์ทํ๊ฒ ์๊ฒผ๋ค.
๋ถํฌ์ ์์์ง
๋๋ฏธ๋ธ๋ฌผ๊ฐํด๋ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋จ๋ถ ๋๋ฏธ๋ธ์ฌ๋ง์ ํด์ ๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์ ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ฉฐ, ํด์์์ 130km๊น์ง ๋จ์ด์ง, ๊ณ ๋ 300m ๊น์ง์ ๋ด๋ฅ์ง๋ฐฉ์๊น์ง ์์ํ๋ค. ๋ชจ์์ง(:en:Type locality (biology))๋ ๋๋ฏธ๋น์์ ๋คผ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ธ ๋ค. ์์์ง๋ ๋ฐ์๊ฐ ๋ง๊ณ ์ ์๋ผ์ง ๋ชปํ ์ด๋ชฉ์ด ๋์๋, ์ฌ๊ตฌ์ ๊ฑด์กฐํ๊ณ ๋์จํ ๋ชจ๋ ์์ด๋ค. ๋๋ฏธ๋ธ๋ฌผ๊ฐํด๋ ๋ชจ๋์ฌ๋ง์ ์ ํธํ๋ฉฐ ๋๋ฏธ๋น์์ ํด์๊ฐ ํน์ ๋๋ง์ฝธ๋ํธ(Namaqualand) ์ต๊ทน๋จ์ ๋ฆฌํํฐ์ค๋ฒจํธ(Richtersveld)์์๋ง ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ค.
์์ฑ
์ผ์ํ๊ฒฝ์์๋ ๊ท๋๋ผ๋ฏธ, ๋ฉ๋๊ธฐ, ์์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋จน๋๋ค. ๋ฑ์ ๋ฒ๋ ์ ์ฌํ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์์์ ์ฐพ์ ์ ์๋ ์์ ๊ณค์ถฉ๋ ๋จน๋๋ค. ์ฌ์กํ๊ฒฝ์์๋ ๋ณดํต ๊ท๋๋ผ๋ฏธ์ ์ ๋ฒ๋ ๋ฅผ ๊ธ์ฌํ๋๋ฐ, ํ๋์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ถ๋ค๋ฉด ๊ท๋๋ผ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ ๊ฒ ์ข๋ค. ๋์ด ์ปค์ ๋ฐค์ ์ฌ๋ฅํ ๋ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค.
์ ์
๋๋ฏธ๋ธ๋ฌผ๊ฐํด๋ ๊ฐํนํ ์ฌ๋งํ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ด์๋จ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ค์ํ ํน์ฑ์ ์งํ์์ผฐ๋ค. ๋ฐ๊ฐ๋ฝ์๋ ๋ฌผ๊ฐํด๊ฐ ์์ด์ ๋ชจ๋ ์์ ๊ตด์ ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๊ฐ๋ฝ ๋ฐ์ ๋นจํ์ด ์์ด์ ๊ธฐ์ด์ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ ์ํ๋ค. "๋ฐ๊ฐ๋ฝ์ ๋นจํ์๋ ๋ฐํ(lamellae)์ด ์ด์ ์ง์ด ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ต๋ชจ(villosity)๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ์์ฒ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฏธ์ธํ ๊ฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋ค๋ฎ์ฌ์๋ค. ์ต๋ชจ๋ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฏธ์ธํ ๊ฑฐ์น ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ณ ์ ๋์ด์ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ด์ค๋ฅผ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ๋ค."
๋๋ฏธ๋ธ๋ฌผ๊ฐํด๋ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ํฌ์ฐฉํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ปค๋ค๋ ๋์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. "๋๋ฏธ๋ธ๋ฌผ๊ฐํด๋ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์ฒ๋ผ ๋๊บผํ์ด ์๊ณ , ๋์ ๋๋น๋(spectacle)์ด๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ํฌ๋ช
ํ ๋น๋๋ก ๋ฎ์ฌ์๋ค. ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ํฅ์์ ๋๋น๋ ์์ ๋จผ์ง๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๋ค."
์ํ
๋๋ฏธ๋ธ๋ฌผ๊ฐํด๋ ์ผํ์ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฎ์๋ ๊น์ด๊ฐ 1๋ฏธํฐ์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ ๊ตด ์์์ ๋ณด๋ธ๋ค. ๋ฐค์๋ ํฐ๊ฐ๋ฏธ, ๊ฐ๋ฏธ, ๋ฑ์ ๋ฒ๋ , ๋ฉ๋๊ธฐ, ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ ๋ฐ์์ ์ ์ง๋๋ฌผ์ ๋จน๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ธฐ์ด๋์จ๋ค. ๋ฌผ์ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ด๋ชฉ์ ๋งบํ ์ด์ฌ์ ํตํด ์ญ์ทจํ๋ฉฐ ํผ๋ถ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํก์ํ ์๋ ์๋ค. ๋๋, ๋ฝ๋ฝ, ๊น๊น ๋ฑ์ ๋ค์ํ ๋ฐ์ฑ์ ํตํด ์์ฌ์ํตํ๋ค.
๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ ๋ณดํต ํผ์ ์ด์๊ฐ๋ค. ๋ฐฉํด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ง์ ์ฐพ์ ๋๋ฉด ๋๋ ๊บฝ๊บฝ๋ ์ ์๋ค. 4,5์์ ๋ฒ์ํ๋ค. ์์ปท์ ์ง์ง๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ ๋ ์์ปท์ ๊ฝ ์์ผ์ฅ๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋นจ๋ก ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋ชธํต์ ๊ฐ์ผ๋ค. ์์ปท์ ํ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋จ๋จํ ํ์ํ์ ์์ ๋ณ์์ ์ถ์ถํ ๋ชจ๋ ์์ ๋ฌป๋๋ฐ, ์์ ๊ฐ๋์ ์จ๋ ์์์ ํฌ๋(:en:Egg incubation)๋ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค. 8์ฃผ ๋ค์๋ ๊ธธ์ด ๊ฐ๋์ ์ ์ฒด๊ฐ ๋ถํํ๋ฉฐ, 4์ผ ๋ค์๋ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค.
๋ณด์ ์ํ์ ์ํ
๋๋ฏธ๋ธ๋ฌผ๊ฐํด๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ธ๊ฐํ๋์ด๋ค. ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋๋ฏธ๋ธ๋ฌผ๊ฐ๊ท๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌ๋ฅํ๋ฉฐ, ์์์ง๋ฅผ ํ๊ดดํ๋ค. ์ ์๋๋ฌผ ์์ฅ์์๋ ์์๊ฐ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ค ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋๋ฏธ๋ธ๋ฌผ๊ฐํด๊ฐ ๊ต์ฅํ ๋น ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ์ฌ๋์ ์์ ์ข์ํ์ง ์์์๋ ํฌ๋ช
ํ ํ
๋ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฌ ์ ์์ฉ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ฅธ๋ค. ์ผ์์์๋ 5๋
๊น์ง ์ด ์ ์๋ค. ๋๋ฏธ๋ธ๋ฌผ๊ฐํด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฒ์ด ์ ์ ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ง๋ง, ์ด ๋
์๋ค์ ๋ณดํธ์ข
๋ชฉ๋ก์ ๋ค์ด์์ง ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ข
์ ์กด์ ์ฌ๋ถ๊ฐ ๋ถํฌ๋ช
ํ ์ํ๋ ์๋๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
Andersson LG. 1908. "A remarkable new Gecko from South-Africa and a new Stenocercus-species from South-America in the Natural Museum in Wiesbaden". Jahrbรผchern des Nassauischen Vereins fรผr Naturkunde in Wiesbaden 61: 299-306. (Palmatogecko rangei, new species, pp.ย 299โ300 + Plate III, figures 1a-1c).
Loveridge A. 1947. "Revision of the African Lizards of the Family Gekkonidae". Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 98: 1-469. (Palmatogecko rangei, pp.ย 36โ39).
๋ํฐ๊ฐ๋ฝ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์
๋ผ๋ฅด์ค ๊ฐ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ฐ๋ฅด์์ด ๋ช
๋ช
ํ ๋ถ๋ฅ๊ตฐ
1908๋
๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ ํ์ถฉ๋ฅ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachydactylus%20rangei | Pachydactylus rangei | Pachydactylus rangei, the Namib sand gecko or Namib web-footed gecko, is a species of small lizard in the family Gekkonidae. It inhabits the arid areas of Angola, Namibia, and South Africa, and was first described in 1908 by Swedish zoologist Lars Gabriel Andersson, who named it after its finder, German geologist Dr. Paul Range.
Description
Pachydactylus rangei grows to a length of about including a tail. The head is quite distinct from the slender body and both are flattened dorsally. The eyes are large, dark-coloured and protuberant and have vertical pupils. The web-footed gecko is very pale, nearly translucent. It has a salmon-colored undertone and some have light brown stripes or patterns. The coloring of their skin allows for very good camouflage among the sand of the Namib Desert. The skin is covered in fine, smooth scales and is translucent, and some of the internal organs can be seen through it. The legs are thin but the feet are broad, with fully webbed toes, enabling this gecko to burrow easily and to run on loose sand. The gecko developed the webbed feet as an adaptation to help them stay on top of the Namib Desert sand or bury underneath the sand. They have developed this adaptation due to being nocturnal and needing to spend the days in burrows which are self dug and then spend the night on top of the sand feeding. Their feet also have adhesive pads on the bottom to help them climb. The males have thicker tails than the females. The female's mass can reach around 10 grams and the male is about 6 grams. The head and dorsal surface are pinkish-brown with darker markings, particularly in two intermittent lateral lines, and the ventral surface is off-white. There is often a bluish band between the eyes. This species is rather similar in appearance to Ptenopus garrulus, another species of gecko found within its range.
Distribution and habitat
Pachydactylus rangei is endemic to the Namibia Desert where it is found near the coast and up to 130 kilometres (80 miles) inland at altitudes of up to 300 metres (1,000 feet). The Namibia Desert is located in the Southern part of Africa. The type locality is Lรผderitz in Namibia. Its habitat is among rocks and stunted vegetation and on the dry loose sand of sand dunes. The geckos prefer the sandy desert regions and are only found on the coastal part of Namibia and the Richtersveld in the extreme north of Namaqualand in the Cape.
Food
In the wild the geckos eat crickets, grasshoppers and small spiders. They also will eat beetles, and other small insects they can find among the sand. In captivity they will eat crickets and worms. It is suggested to feed them crickets in captivity to keep the geckos active. The gecko's large eyes allows it to see its prey while hunting at night.
Adaptations
The web-footed gecko has developed many adaptations for living in the harsh desert climate. It has webbed feet, which allow it to burrow in the sand or walk on top of the sand. It also has adhesive pads on the bottom of its feet which allow it to be an extremely good climber. "The adhesive pads on their toes have rows of plates called lamellae, which are covered with thousands of microscopic hook like projections called villosities. These villosities catch any minor surface irregularity in order to aid the gecko in climbing."
Another adaptation that the web-foot gecko has developed is its eyes. The gecko has oversize eyes which help it to detect prey. "The geckos like most other geckos do not have eyelids, instead their eyes are covered with a transparent scale, called a spectacle. They clean their eyes by periodic licking."
Biology
Pachydactylus rangei is nocturnal, spending the day in a burrow up to a metre (yard) deep. It emerges at night to feed on arthropods such as termites, ants, beetles, grasshoppers and spiders. Its main source of water is the drops of dew found on vegetation. It can also absorb moisture through its skin. They communicate using a wide range of vocalizations, including squeaks, clicks and even croaks.
Each individual normally lives a solitary life. It may emit certain squeaks and grunts when disturbed or when trying to find a mate. Reproduction takes place in April and May. During copulation, the male grasps the female tightly while gripping her neck with his teeth and bends his tail round under hers. The female lays one or two oval, hard-shelled eggs and buries them in moist sand where they need to incubate at a temperature of about . The young geckos hatch out after about eight weeks and are already long. They start eating after about four days.
Conservation status and threats
The main threats to the geckos are human activities. People hunt them for food and destroy their habitats. The gecko is considered important for human economics because it is used in the pet trade. Some people keep these geckos in glass terrariums as pets even though they move very fast and do not like to be held. The geckos mouths are also too small to be able to bite humans. They can live up to five years in the wild. Some laws have been passed to help the geckos, but they are not on any protected species lists, they are considered to be a non vulnerable population.
References
Further reading
Andersson LG (1908). "A remarkable new Gecko from South-Africa and a new Stenocercus-species from South-America in the Natural Museum in Wiesbaden". Jahrbรผchern des Nassauischen Vereins fรผr Naturkunde in Wiesbaden 61: 299-306. (Palmatogecko rangei, new species, pp.ย 299โ300 + Plate III, figures 1a-1c).
Loveridge A (1947). "Revision of the African Lizards of the Family Gekkonidae". Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 98: 1-469. (Palmatogecko rangei, pp.ย 36โ39).
Geckos of Africa
Reptiles of Angola
Reptiles of Namibia
Reptiles of South Africa
Taxa named by Lars Gabriel Andersson
Reptiles described in 1908
Articles containing video clips
Pachydactylus |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%86%A0%EB%A7%9D%EA%B2%8C%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1 | ์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ | ์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ()์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ด ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ํฐ ์ด์กฑ์ด๋ค. ํ์กดํ๋ ์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฉ์์ฝ์ ํ ์ฐฉ์ด์ด์ง๋ง, ์ค๋๋ ์๋ ์ฌ๋ฉธํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ดํ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ๋จ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ๋์นด๋ผ๊ณผ์ ์ฝ์คํ๋ฆฌ์นด๊น์ง ํผ์ ธ ์์๋ค. ์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ์ ์ฆ๋ช
๋ ์ด์กฑ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฆฌ ์ธ์ ๋ฐ์ผ๋, ์ต๊ทผ ์ด ์ง์๊ฐ ์์ฌ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด ํ์ ์๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ ๊ณณ์ ์ค์ํ์นด์ฃผ๋ก, ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ท๋ชจ๊ฐ ํฐ ๋ ์ดํ์ธ ์ฌํฌํ
์ดํ์ ๋ฏธ์ํ
์ดํ๋ฅผ ํตํ์ด 150๋ง ๋ช
์ ๋์ ํ์๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ๋ค. ๋ฉ์์ฝ ์ค๋ถ, ํนํ ๋ฉ์์ฝ์ฃผ, ์ด๋ฌ๊ณ ์ฃผ, ์ผ๋ ํ๋ก์ฃผ์์๋ ์คํ ํ๋ฉ์ดํ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ด ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋๋ฐ, ์คํ ๋ฏธ์ด์ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ์น์ฒ์ธ ๋ง์ฌ์์ด ํ์๊ฐ ์ด 50๋ง ๋ช
์ด ๋๋๋ค. ์ผ๋ถ ์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ์ฌ๋ฉธ์ด ์งํ ์ค์ด๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ์ฌ๋ฉธ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ฒํด ์๋๋ฐ, ์์ปจ๋ ์ด์์นดํ
์ด์ ๋งํ๋ผ์นญ์นด์ด๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 250๋ช
๋ฏธ๋ง์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ๊ณ ๋ น์ธ ํ์๋ค์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. ๋ฉ์์ฝ ๋ฐ๊นฅ์์ ์ฐ์ด๋ ๋ง๊ฒ์ดํ์ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ํ์ฌ ์ฌ๋ฉธํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ค ์น์ํ๋ฅ์ด๋ ์ต๊ทผ ๋ค์ด ์ฌ๋ฉธํ๋ค. ํ๋ผํ๋ฅ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ์๋ธํฐ์๋ฐ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น๋กฏํ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ์ฌ๋ฉธํ ์ง ์ค๋๋์ด 20์ธ๊ธฐ ์ด์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ํตํด์๋ง ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค.
์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ์ ๋ฉ์์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ค์ํ๊ณ ๋๋ฆฌ ํผ์ ธ ์๋ ์ด์กฑ์ด๋ค. ์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ์ ๋ด์ ๋ค์์ฑ์ ์ธ๋์ ๋ฝ์ด์กฑ์ ๋น๊ฒฌํ ๋ง ํ๋ฉฐ, ์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์กฐ์ด๋ ๊ธฐ์์ ์ฝ 2์ฒ ๋
์ ์ ์ฐ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ ์ด๋ ์ง๋ 4์ฒ ๋
๊ฐ ์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ด ๋ฉ์์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ด๋ค๊ณผ ๊ณต์กดํด ์๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๋ฉ์์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ธ์ด ์ง์ญ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ธ์ด๋์กฐ๋์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ก ๋ณผ ๋งํ ๊ณตํต์ ์ธ ํน์ง๋ค์ด ๋ฐ๋ฌํ๋ค๋ ๋ป์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ง์ ์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉ์์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์ด์กฑ๋ค๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ์ ๋ถ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด, ๋ฉ์์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ฐ ์ค์์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์์ ์ ์ผํ๊ฒ ์์ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ด ๋ชจ๋ ์ฑ์กฐ ์ธ์ด์ด๋ค. ๋ํ ์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉ์์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์ธ์ด๋ค๋ณด๋ค ํจ์ฌ ๋ถ์์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ์ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํน์ง์ผ๋ก๋ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์์ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ด VSOํ(๋์ฌ-์ฃผ์ด-๋ชฉ์ ์ด) ์ด์์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ผ๋ก ์ผ๋๋ค๋ ์ ์ด๋ค.
์ง๋ฆฌ์ ๋ถํฌ ๋ฐ ์ธ๊ตฌ
์๋ถ ์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ
์คํ ํ๋ฉ์ดํ
์คํ ํ๋ฉ์ดํ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ๋ฉ์์ฝ ์ค๋ถ์ ์๋ถ์์ ์ฐ์ด๊ณ , ์คํ ๋ฏธ์ด๊ตฐ๊ณผ ํ๋ฉ์ด๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก ๋๋๋ค. ์คํ ๋ฏธ์ด๊ตฐ์๋ ๋ฉ์์ฝ์ฃผ, ์ด๋ฌ๊ณ ์ฃผ, ํธ์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ผํฌ๋ฃจ์ค์ฃผ์์ ์ฝ 293,000๋ช
์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์คํ ๋ฏธ์ด์ ๋ฉ์์ฝ์ฃผ ์๋ถ์์ ์ฝ 35๋ง ๋ช
์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๋ง์ฌ์์ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ผ์นญ์นด์ด(์ฐํ๋์์ค์ฝ์คํํ ํธํ ๋ง์์์ ์ฝ 1000๋ช
์ด ์ฌ์ฉ)์ ํ๋ผ์์นด์ด(๋๋ ์คํผํ
์ฝ์ด, ์คํผ๋์์์ ์ฝ 400๋ช
์ด ์ฌ์ฉ)๊ฐ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ์ฌ๋ฉธ ์๊ธฐ์ ๋งํ๋ผ์นญ์นด์ด๊ตฐ(๋ฉ์์ฝ์ฃผ)์ด ์ํ๋ค. ํ๋ฉ์ด๊ตฐ์๋ ํ๋ง์ธ๋ฆฌํ์ค์ฃผ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ์์นํ ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ฐ์ ๋ถ๋ถ์์ ์ฝ 5500๋ช
์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๋ถ๋ถ ํ๋ฉ์ด, ์ฐํ๋ง๋ฆฌ์์์นดํ์ฝ ๋ง์์์ ์ฝ 4000๋ช
์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์ค๋ถ ํ๋ฉ์ด, ์ฌ๋ฉธํ ๋จ๋ถ ํ๋ฉ์ด๋ฅผ ์์ฐ๋ฅด๋ ํ๋ฉ์ด(์ฐ๋ฃจ์ด์คํฌํ ์์ฃผ)์, ๊ณผ๋ํ์ํ ์ฃผ์ ์ฐ๋ฃจ์ด์ค๋ธ๋ผํ์ค์ ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ๋ฏธ์์จ๋ฐ์น์น๋ฉ์นด์ค์์ ์ฝ 200๋ช
์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์น์น๋ฉ์นดํธ๋์ค์ด๊ฐ ์ํ๋ค.
์คํ ๋ฏธ์ด๋ ์ ํต์ ์ผ๋ก ๋จ์ผํ ์ธ์ด๋ก ๋ณด์ง๋ง, ๋ง์ ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ด ๋ชจ๋ ์๋ก ์ํต ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ค. ๊ตญ์ SIL์ ์์ค๋๋ก๊ทธ์์๋ ์คํ ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ณ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ํฌ๊ดํ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ์ทจ๊ธํ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ์ธ์ด์ ๊ฐ๋ณ์ ์ธ ISO ๋ถํธ๋ฅผ ํ ๋นํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ํ์ฌ ์คํ ๋ฏธ์ด์ ๋ฐฉ์ธ๋ค์ ๋ชจ๋ ํฉ์ณ ์ฝ 239,000๋ช
์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ค์์ 5~6%๊ฐ ๋จ์ผ์ธ์ด ํ์์ด๋ค. ์ต๊ทผ์ ์ด์ฃผ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๋ฉ์์ฝ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์์ ์๊ท๋ชจ ์คํ ๋ฏธ์ด ํ์ ์ง๋จ์ด ์๊ฒจ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์คํ ๋ฏธ์ด๋ ์ผ๋ถ ์ง์ญ์์๋ ์์ฑํ๊ฒ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๊ณ , ์ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋ค์ด ์์ฐ์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ ์๋ฅผ ํตํด ์คํ ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ต๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ดํํ
ก์ฝ(ํ๋ฝ์ค์นผ๋ผ์ฃผ), ์ฐํฐ์๊ณ ํธ๋ผํ ์์นด์ ์ฝ(๋ฉ์์ฝ์ฃผ), ํฌ๋ฃจ์ค๋ธํ๋ง๋ฅด(๊ณผ๋ํ์ํ ์ฃผ)์ ์ธ ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ ํ์ฌ ์ฌ๋ฉธ ์งํ ์ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค. ๋ช๋ช ๋์์์๋ ์คํ ๋ฏธ์ด ๋จ์ผ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๋น์จ์ด 13.1%(๋ฒ ๋ผํฌ๋ฃจ์ค์ฃผ ํ
ํ์นดํ
ํ)์์ 22.3%(์ด๋ฌ๊ณ ์ฃผ ์ฐ์์ฐ์ํ๋ผ์)์ ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๋จ์ผ์ธ์ด์ฌ์ฉ์ ๋ณดํต ๋จ์ฑ๋ณด๋ค ์ฌ์ฑ์๊ฒ์ ํ์ฐํ ๋๊ฒ ๋ํ๋๋ค.
์น๋ํ
์ดํ
์น๋ํ
์ดํ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ์ค์ํ์นด์ฃผ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ฒ ๋ผํฌ๋ฃจ์ค์ฃผ ๋จ๋ถ์ ํด์นดํ๋, ์ดํํ๋๋ฐํ์๋ ์ค, ํฌํํ
ํ ๋ฐ ์ด์ํ ๊ตฌ์์ ์ฝ 93,000๋ช
์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. ์์ค๋๋ก๊ทธ์์๋ 14๊ฐ ์ธ์ด์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ISO ๋ถํธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฌํ๋ค.
ํ๋ผํ๋ฅ๋ง๊ฒ์ดํ
ํ๋ผํ๋ฅ์ด๋ ๊ฒ๋ ๋ก์ฃผ์์ ์ฝ 75,000๋ช
์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. ๋ค ๊ฐ์ง ์ฃผ์ ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ์ง์ญ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์์นดํ
ํ, ์์๋ถ, ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋ ํ
ํ, ํ๋ผ์ฝ์ํ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅธ๋ค. ์ต๊ทผ์ ๋
ธ๋ ์ด์ฃผ๋ก ์ธํด ํ๋ผํ๋ฅ์ด ํ์ ๊ณต๋์ฒด๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ก์ค์ฃผ์ ์๊ฒจ๋ฌ๋ค. ๋์นด๋ผ๊ณผ์์ ์ฐ์์ผ๋ ํ์ฌ๋ ์ฌ๋ฉธํ ์๋ธํฐ์๋ฐ์ด์ ๋งค์ฐ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ๊ด๊ณ์ด๋ค.
๋ง๊ฒ์ดํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ๋ฉธํ๋ค. ์ด ์ดํ์๋ 20์ธ๊ธฐ ์ด๊น์ง ๋์นด๋ผ๊ณผ์ ์ฝ์คํ๋ฆฌ์นด์์ ์ฐ์๋ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์ ์ด๋กํ
๊ฐ์ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ฉ์์ฝ ์น์ํ์ค์ฃผ์ 1990๋
๋๊น์ง ๊ทน์์ ํ์๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ์ผ๋ ํ์ฌ๋ ์ฌ๋ฉธํ ์น์ํ๋ฅ์ด๊ฐ ์ํ๋ค.
๋๋ถ ์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ
ํฌํด๋ก์นด์ดํ
ํฌํด๋ก์นด์ดํ์๋ ํธ์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ ๋จ๋ถ ํ
์ฐ์์นธ ๋ฐ ํ
ํํ๋ฐ๋ก๋๋ฆฌ๊ฒ์ค ๊ทผ์ฒ์์ ์ฝ 3๋ง ๋ช
์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์ผ๊ณฑ ๊ฐ์ง ํฌํด๋ก์นด์ด๊ตฐ ์ธ์ด๋ค๊ณผ, ๊ทธ์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ๊ด๊ณ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ค์ํ์นด์ฃผ ๋ถ๋ถ์์ ์ฝ 7๋ฐฑ ๋ช
์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์ด์ด์ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ค์ํ์นด์ฃผ ๋ถ๋ถ์์ ์ฝ 12๋ง ๋ช
์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์ฌ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ง์ฌํ
์ด๊ตฐ ์ธ์ด๋ค๊ณผ ์ฐํ๋ง๋ฆฌ์์ดํ์นดํ๋์์ 8๋ช
๋ฏธ๋ง์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ (๊ฑฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฉธํ) ์ดํ์นดํ
์ด๊ฐ ์ํ๋ค. ํฌํด๋ก์นด์ดํ๋ ๋ฒ ๋ผํฌ๋ฃจ์ค์ฃผ์์ ์ฐ์ด๋ ํฌํด๋ฃจ์นด์ด์๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ๋ฐ, ํ์๋ ๋ฏธํค์์ผ์ด์กฑ์ ์ํ๋ฏ๋ก ๊ด๋ จ ์๋ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ด๋ค. ๋ง์ฌํ
์ด๊ตฐ์ ํํ๋ ๋ฐํ๋ฅผ ํ๋ฐํ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ช
ํ๋ค.
์ฌํฌํ
์ดํ
์ฌํฌํ
์ดํ์๋ ์ฌํฌํ
์ด๊ตฐ(์ด ํ์ ์ ์ฝ 785,000๋ช
) ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ๊ด๊ณ์ ์ฐจํฐ๋
ธ์ด๊ตฐ(์ฝ 23,000๋ช
)์ด ์ํ๋ค. ์ด ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ์ ํต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ค์ํ์นด์ฃผ ์ค๋ถ์ ๋จ๋ถ์์ ์ฐ์ฌ ์์ผ๋, ์ต๊ทผ์ ๋
ธ๋ ์ด์ฃผ๋ก ์ธํด ๋ฉ์์ฝ ์ ์ญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์๊น์ง ํผ์ ธ๋๊ฐ๋ค.
์ฌํฌํ
์ด๊ตฐ์ ์ธ์ด๋ค๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์ธ๋ค์ ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ํฌ๊ฒ ์์๋ผ๋
ธ๋ฅดํ
(๋ถ๋ถ) ์ฌํฌํ
, ํ๊ณก ์ฌํฌํ
, ์์๋ผ์๋ฅด(๋จ๋ถ) ์ฌํฌํ
, ์งํ ์ฌํฌํ
์ ๋ค ๊ตฌ์ญ์ผ๋ก ๋๋๋ค. ๋ถ๋ถ ์ฌํฌํ
์ด๋ ๋ถ๋ถ ์์๋ผ๋ง๋๋ ์ฐ๋งฅ์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ ์ค์ํ์นด์ฃผ์ ์ฐ์
์ง์ญ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ฉฐ, ๋จ๋ถ ์ฌํฌํ
์ด๋ ๋จ๋ถ ์์๋ผ๋ง๋๋ ์ฐ๋งฅ ์ง์ญ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค. ํ๊ณก ์ฌํฌํ
์ด๋ ์ค์ํ์นด ํ๊ณก์์ ์ฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์งํ ์ฌํฌํ
์ด๋ ํ
์ฐ์ํ
ํ ์งํ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค. ์์ค๋๋ก๊ทธ์์๋ 57๊ฐ์ ์ฌํฌํ
์ด๊ตฐ ์ธ์ด๋ค๊ณผ 6๊ฐ์ ์ฐจํฐ๋
ธ์ด๊ตฐ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ๊ฐ๋ณ์ ์ธ ISO ๋ถํธ๋ฅผ ํ ๋นํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ฏธ์ํ
์ดํ
๋ฏธ์ํ
์ดํ์๋ ์ฝ 511,000๋ช
์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฉฐ ๋งค์ฐ ๋ค์ํ๊ณ ์๋ก ์ํต ๊ฐ๋ฅํ์ง ์์ ๋ฏธ์ํ
์ด๋ค๊ณผ, 24,500์ฌ ๋ช
์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ํธ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ด๊ตฐ(๋๋ ํธ๋ฆฌํค์ด๊ตฐ), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฝ 15,000๋ช
์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ํด์นดํ
์ด๊ฐ ์ํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ์ํ
์ดํ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ์ ํต์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ผ๋ฏธ์คํ
์นด๋ผ๋ ์ง์ญ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ง์ญ์ ์ค์ํ์นด์ฃผ, ํธ์๋ธ๋ผ์ฃผ ๋ฐ ๊ฒ๋ ๋ก์ฃผ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์๋ค. ์ด ์ง์ญ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ด์ฃผ๊ฐ ์ผ์ด๋๋ฉด์ ๋ฏธ์ํ
์ดํ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ๋ฉ์์ฝ์ ์ฃผ์ ๋์ฌ ์ง์ญ, ํนํ ๋ฉ์์ฝ์ฃผ์ ๋ฉ์์ฝ์ํฐ์, ๋ฐํ์นผ๋ฆฌํฌ๋ฅด๋์์ฃผ ์ฐํธํด๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ก์ค์ฃผ ๋ฐ ์๋
ธ๋ผ์ฃผ ์ผ๋ถ ์ง์ญ ๋ฑ ํน์ ๋์
์ง์ญ, ์ฌ์ง์ด๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์๊น์ง ๋ป์ด๋๊ฐ๋ค. ๋ฏธ์ํ
์ด๋ ์๋ก ์ํต์ด ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ ์๋ง์ ์ง์ญ ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ ๋ณตํฉ์ฒด์ด๋ค. ๋ฏธ์ํ
์ด๋ ๋๋ก ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋, ๋ฐฉ์ธ๊ถ์ด ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ์์ญ๊ณผ ์ผ์นํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฉ์ธ๋ค ๊ฐ์ ์๋ฐํ ์ญ์ฌ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ ๋ฐํ์ง์ง ์๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฏธ์ํ
์ด์ ๋ฐฉ์ธ ์๋ ๋ฌผ๋ก ๋ฌด์์ ๋ถ๋ฅ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ์ผ๋๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ฉฐ, ์ ๋ถ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์๋ ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ฐจ๊ฐ ์ ํ ์๋ค๊ณ ๊ณต์ธํ ๋ฐ ์๋ค. ๊ตญ์ SIL์์๋ ์ํธ ์ํต ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๊ดํ ์กฐ์ฌ์ ํ์ง์ ๋ฌธ๋งน ํด์น ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ํตํด 50๊ฐ์ง ์ด์์ ๋ฏธ์ํ
์ด๊ตฐ ์ธ์ด๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ๊ณ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ISO ๋ถํธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฌํ๋ค.
๋ค ๊ฐ์ง ์๋ฌด์ค๊ณ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒ๋ ๋ก์ฃผ์ ์ค์ํ์นด์ฃผ์ ์ฝ์คํ์น์นด ์ง์ญ์์ ์ฝ 44,000๋ช
์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. ๋ฉ์์ฝ ์ ๋ถ์์ ๊ณต์ธํ๋ ๋ค ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ถ ์๋ฌด์ค๊ณ ์ด(ํต์นญ ๊ฒ๋ ๋ก ๋๋ ์ผ์น์คํ๋ผ์ฐ์์นด(์ฃผ์ํ ๋ง์ ์ด๋ฆ) ์๋ฌด์ค๊ณ ์ด), ๋จ๋ถ ์๋ฌด์ค๊ณ ์ด(๋ถ๋ถ ์๋ฌด์ค๊ณ ์ด์ ํ์ ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ก์์), ๊ณ ์ง ๋๋ถ ์๋ฌด์ค๊ณ ์ด(ํต์นญ ์ค์ํ์นด ๋๋ ์ฐํ๋๋ก์๋ฌด์ค๊ณ ์ค ์๋ฌด์ค๊ณ ์ด), ์ ์ง ๋๋ถ ์๋ฌด์ค๊ณ ์ด(ํต์นญ ์ดํ๋ผํ ์๋ฌด์ค๊ณ ์ด)์ด๋ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ์ธ๋ค์ ์๋ก ๋งค์ฐ ์ ์ฌํ๋, ์๋ถ(๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋จ๋ถ) ๋ฐฉ์ธ๋ค๊ณผ ๋๋ถ(๊ณ ์ง ๋ฐ ์ ์ง ๋๋ถ) ๋ฐฉ์ธ๋ค ์ฌ์ด์๋ ์๋นํ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์๊ณ , ์ด๋ 1970๋
๋์ ๋
น์๋ ํ
์คํธ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ์คํ์์ ๋ฐํ์ก๋ค.
์์ด๋ก
์์ด๋ก ์ ๊ณตํต์
๋ชจ๋ ์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ์ฑ์กฐ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ถ ์ธ์ด๋ค์๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ํํ ์ฑ์กฐ๋ง ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ์ต๋ 5๊ฐ์ ํํ ์ฑ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ง์ ์ธ์ด์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ตด๊ณก ์ฑ์กฐ๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ง์ ์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ค์์๋ ๋ชจ์์ ๋น์ํ๊ฐ ์์์ ์ด๋ค. ๋ ๋ง์ ์ธ์ด์ ์์, ํนํ ํ์ด์์ด ์๊ณ , ์์ ํ์ด์์ด ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ๋ณดํต ์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์กฐ์ด์ ๊ฐ ๋ณํด ์๊ธด ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ
์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์กฐ์ด์์๋ CV (ํน์ ) ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๊ฐ์์ ๋ง์ด ํ์ฉ๋์๋ค. ์์ ์ ์ด์ฑ ์์๊ตฐ์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ ํ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋๊ฐ ์น์ฐฐ์-CV, CyV, CwV, ๋น์-CV, ChV, ๋๋ ๋ง์ด ํ์ฉ๋์๋ค. ์ค๋๋ ์ ๋ง์ ์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ค์์๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ์์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ ์ฝ์ด ๋จ์ ์์ง๋ง, ์คํ ํ๋ฉ์ดํ๋ฅผ ๋น๋กฏํ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ด๋ค์์๋ ์ด๋ง ์์๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ๊ธด ์ด์ฑ ์์๊ตฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ํ์ฉํ๋ค. ์์ปจ๋ '๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ง๋ค'์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ถ๋ถ ํ๋ฉ์ด ๋จ์ด๋ ์ด์ฑ๊ณผ ์ข
์ฑ ์๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์์์ด ์ธ ๊ฐ์ฉ ์จ๋ค.
์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์กฐ์ด์ ์์ด ์ฒด๊ณ
์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์กฐ์ด์ ๋ํด ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์์๋ค์ด ์ฌ๊ตฌ๋๋ค.
Rensch๋ ๋ํ ์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์กฐ์ด์ ๋ค ๊ฐ์ง ์ฑ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๊ตฌํ๋ค. ์ดํ Terrence Kaufman์ด ์์ ํ ์ฌ๊ตฌ์๋ ์์ */ts/, *//, *//, *//, *//, *//, *// ๋ฐ *//์, ์ด์ค๋ชจ์ */ia/, */ai/, */ea/ ๋ฐ */au/๊ฐ ์ถ๊ฐ๋์๋ค.
์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์กฐ์ด์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ ํ์ ์ธ ์์ด ์ฒด๊ณ๋ก๋ถํฐ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ณํํด ์๋ค. ๋ง์ ์ธ์ด์ ๋ชจ์๊ณผ ์์์ด ํ๋ถํ๋ค. ๋ ๋ง์ ์ธ์ด์ ๋ง์ฐฐ์์ด ๋ค์ํ๊ฒ ์กด์ฌํ๊ณ , ์ผ๋ถ ์ดํ(ํนํ ์ฌํฌํ
๊ณผ ์น๋ํ
)์์๋ ํ์ด์๊ณผ ๋ง์ฐฐ์์ ์ ๋ฌด์ฑ ๋๋ฆฝ์ด ์๋ค. ์คํ ํ๋ฉ์ดํ์ ์ ์ฑ์ ๊ณ์ด์ ๋ง์ฐฐ์๊ณผ ํ์ด์ ๋ชจ๋๋ฅผ ๋ณ์ด์์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋๋ค. ์คํ ๋ฏธ์ด๊ตฐ์๋ ๋ค์ํ ์ ์ค, ์ค์ค, ํ์ค ๋ชจ์๋ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ์ํ
์ดํ์ ๋ํ ์ด๋ค ๋ถ์์์๋ ์ ์ฑ ์ ๋น์ํ ํ์ด์ ๋ฐ ํ์ฐฐ์์ ์์ ํ๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ์์ ์ฐ์๋ก๋ ๋ณผ ์ ์๊ฒ ์ผ๋ ํด๋น ์ธ์ด๋ค์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ ์ฐ์๋ ๋ํ๋์ง ์๋๋ค.
๋ค์์ ์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ์ ํ์ ์ดํ๋ค์ ๊ตฌ๋ถํ๋ ๋จ์ํ ์์ด ๋ณํ๋ค ์ค ์ผ๋ถ์ด๋ค.
> : ์ฐจํฐ๋
ธ์ด
> : ์น์ํ๋ฅ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด, ์คํ ํ๋ฉ์ดํ, ์งํ ์ฌํฌํ
์ด
> : ๋ฏธ์ํ
์ดํ
> : ์ฐจํฐ๋
ธ์ด
> (๋ชจ์ ์): ์คํ ํ๋ฉ์ดํ
> (๋ชจ์ ์): ์คํ ํ๋ฉ์ดํ ๋ฐ ์๋ฌด์ค๊ณ ์ด
์ฑ์กฐ ์ฒด๊ณ
์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ํญ๋์ ์ฑ์กฐ ์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋๋ฐ, ์ผ๋ถ ์ธ์ด๋ ์ต๋ 10๊ฐ์ง ์ฑ์กฐ ๋๋ฆฝ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ถ์๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง๋ฟ์ด๋ค. ๋ช๋ช ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ์์ ์๋์ ์ธ ๋๋ฎ์ด๋ง์ ๊ตฌ๋ณํ๋ ํํ ์ฑ์กฐ ์ฒด๊ณ์ด๋ค. ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ด๋ค์๋ ์๋์ด๊ฐ ๋ณํํ๋ ๊ตด๊ณก ์ฑ์กฐ ์ฒด๊ณ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ธ์ด๊ฐ ํํ ์ฑ์กฐ์ ๊ตด๊ณก ์ฑ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ด๋ค์์ ์ข
์ข
์ฑ์กฐ๊ฐ ์ต๊ทผ์์ผ ํ๋ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์๋ฉธํ๋ ์ค์ธ ๋ถ์์ ํ์์ธ ๋ฐ ๋ฐํด, ์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ์ ์ฑ์กฐ๋ ์ธ์ด๊ตฌ์กฐ ์์ ๊น์ด ์ค๋ฉฐ๋ค์ด ์๋ค. ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด์์ ์ฑ์กฐ๋ ์ด๊ทผ์ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณํ๊ณ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ์ ๋ฒ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด๋ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฐ์ธ๋ค. ์นํค์ํ๋ ๋ง์ฌํ
์ด์๋ ๋ค ๊ฐ์ง ์ฑ์กฐ๊ฐ ์๊ณ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ต์๋๋ฆฝ์์ด ๋ํ๋๋ค. cha1 '๋ด๊ฐ ๋งํ๋ค', cha2 '์ด๋ ค์ด', cha3 '๊ทธ์ ์', cha4 '๊ทธ๊ฐ ๋งํ๋ค'.
ํํ ์ฑ์กฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ ์ธ์ด๋ ์ฐ์ค๋ผ ์น๋ํ
์ด๋ก, ๊ตด๊ณก ์ฑ์กฐ๋ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ค์ฏ ๊ฐ์ ์๋์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณํ๋ค. ์น์นด์ํํ๋ผ์ ํธ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ด๋ ๋น์ทํ ์ฒด๊ณ์ด๋ค.
์ฝํ๋ผ ํธ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ด๋ ํผํฉ ์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋๋ฐ, ํํ ์ฑ์กฐ๋ ์ธ ๊ฐ๋ฟ์ด์ง๋ง ๊ตด๊ณก ์ฑ์กฐ์์๋ ๋ค์ฏ ๊ฐ์ง ์๋์ด๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค.
๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ง์ ์ฒด๊ณ์์๋ ํํ ์ฑ์กฐ ์ธ ๊ฐ๋ง ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ฉฐ, ์์๋ก๋ ํ๋ผํ๋ฅ์ด์ ํ
ํ๋ฉ๋ฃจ์นด ์ฌํฌํ
์ด๊ฐ ์๋ค.
์คํ ํ๋ฉ์ดํ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ํํ ์ฑ์กฐ์ ํ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ตด๊ณก ์ฑ์กฐ๋ง ์๋ ์๊ท๋ชจ ์ฒด๊ณ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ํํ๋ฉฐ, ์์๋ก๋ ํ๋ฉ์ด์ ์คํ ๋ฏธ์ด๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๋งํ๋ผ์นญ์นด์ด๋ ์น์น๋ฉ์นด ํธ๋์ค์ด ๋ฑ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ด๋ค์๋ ๊ตด๊ณก ์ฑ์กฐ ์์ด ํํ ์ฑ์กฐ๋ง ์กด์ฌํ๋ค.
์ผ๋ถ ์ธ์ด๋ค์์๋ ๊ฐ์ธ๊ฐ ์ฑ์กฐ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ๋๋ฐ, ์์ปจ๋ ํ๋ฉ์ด์์๋ ๊ฐ์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์์ ์๋ง ์ฑ์กฐ ๋๋ฆฝ์ด ๋ํ๋๋ค. ์ฐจํฐ๋
ธ์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์์ ์ค ๋ง์ง๋ง ๊ฒ์๋ง ๊ท์น์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ธ๊ฐ ์ค๋ฉฐ, ์ฑ์กฐ ์ญ์ ๋ง์ง๋ง ์์ ์์๋ง ๊ตฌ๋ณ๋๋ค. ๋ง์ฌ์์ด์์๋ ๋ฐ๋๋ก ๋ง์ง๋ง ์์ ์ ์ ์ธํ ๋ชจ๋ ์์ ์์ ์ฑ์กฐ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ๋ณ๋๋ค. ํ๋ผํ๋ฅ์ด์์๋ ๋จ์ด์ ์ฑ์กฐ ๊ตด๊ณก์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ์ธ ์์น๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ ๋๋ค. ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ธ์ด์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ ์ด๋ ๋จ์ด์ ์ฑ์กฐ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์ ์์ ์ด๋ ๋จ์ด์ ์ฑ์กฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋๋ ์ฑ์กฐ ์ ๋ณ์ด ์ผ์ด๋๋ค. ์น๋ํ
์ด์๋ ์ ๋ณ ๊ท์น์ด ์์ผ๋ ๋ฏธ์ํ
์ด์ ์ฌํฌํ
์ด์๋ ๋ณต์กํ ์ ๋ณ ๊ท์น์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ง์ฌํ
์ด์ ์ผ๋ถ ๋ฐฉ์ธ์๋ ๋ณต์กํ ์ ๋ณ ๊ท์น์ด ์๊ณ (์: ์๋ฐํ
ํ์ด) ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์ธ์๋ ์๋ค(์: ์์ฐํ๋ผ ๋ง์ฌํ
์ด). ์ผ๋ถ ์ธ์ด(ํนํ ๋ฏธ์ํ
์ดํ)์๋ ์ธต๊ณ ์ฒด๊ณ๋ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ผ๋ถ ์ฑ์กฐ๊ฐ "์ค๋ฅด๋ง(upstep)" ๋๋ "๋ด๋ฆฌ๋ง(downstep)"์ด์ด์ ์ด์ด์ง๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์์ ๋ค์ ์ฑ์กฐ ์๋์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ด๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋งํ๋ค.
ํํ๋ ๋ฐํ
์ฌ๋ฌ ์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ค์๋ ํํ๋ ๋ฐํ ์ฒด๊ณ๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํด์, ๋จ์ด์ ์ด๊ตฌ์ ์ฑ์กฐ ์ฐ์๋ฅผ ํํ๋์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ ๊ฒ๋ง์ผ๋ก ๋จผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊น์ง ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฌํ ์ ์๋ค. ์น๋ํ
, ๋ง์ฌํ
, ์ฌํฌํ
์ดํ์ ํํ๋ค.
๊ฐ๊ด
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ฐธ์กฐ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
Comparative Swadesh vocabulary lists for Oto-Manguean languages (from Wiktionary)
Feist, Timothy & Enrique L. Palancar. (2015). Oto-Manguean Inflectional Class Database . University of Surrey. doi:10.15126/SMG.28/1
SIL on the Oto-Manguean Stock
ย , by Rosemary Beam de Azcona
์ด์กฑ
๋ฉ์์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์ธ์ด
์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oto-Manguean%20languages | Oto-Manguean languages | The Oto-Manguean or Otomanguean languages are a large family comprising several subfamilies of indigenous languages of the Americas. All of the Oto-Manguean languages that are now spoken are indigenous to Mexico, but the Manguean branch of the family, which is now extinct, was spoken as far south as Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Oto-Manguean is widely viewed as a proven language family. However, this status has been recently challenged.
The highest number of speakers of Oto-Manguean languages today are found in the state of Oaxaca where the two largest branches, the Zapotecan and Mixtecan languages, are spoken by almost 1.5 million people combined. In central Mexico, particularly in the states of Mexico, Hidalgo and Querรฉtaro, the languages of the Oto-Pamean branch are spoken: the Otomi and the closely related Mazahua have over 500,000 speakers combined. Some Oto-Manguean languages are moribund or highly endangered; for example, Ixcatec and Matlatzinca each have fewer than 250 speakers, most of whom are elderly. Other languages particularly of the Manguean branch which was spoken outside of Mexico have become extinct; these include the Chiapanec language, which was declared extinct after 1990. Others such as Subtiaba, which was most closely related to Me'phaa (Tlapanec), have been extinct longer and are only known from early 20th century descriptions.
The Oto-Manguean language family is the most diverse and most geographically widespread language family represented in Mesoamerica. The internal diversity is comparable with that of Indo-European, and the Proto-Oto-Manguean language is estimated to have been spoken some time before 2000 BCE. This means that at least for the past 4000 years Oto-Manguean languages have coexisted with the other languages of Mesoamerica and have developed many traits in common with these, to such an extent that they are seen as part of a sprachbund called the Mesoamerican Linguistic Area. However Oto-Manguean also stands out from the other language families of Mesoamerica in several features. It is the only language family in North America, Mesoamerica and Central America whose members are all tonal languages. It also stands out by having a much more analytic structure than other Mesoamerican languages. Another typical trait of Oto-Manguean is that its members almost all show VSO (verbโsubjectโobject) in basic order of clausal constituents.
Overview
History of classification
Internal classification and reconstruction
A genetic relationship between Zapotecan and Mixtecan was first proposed by Manuel Orozco y Berra in 1864; he also included Cuicatec, Chocho and Amuzgo in his grouping. In 1865, Pimentel added Mazatec, Popoloca, Chatino and Chinantec โ he also posed a separate group of Pame, Otomi and Mazahua, the beginning of the Oto-Pamean subbranch. Daniel Brinton's classification of 1891 added Matlatzinca and Chichimeca Jonaz to Pimentel's Oto-Pamean group (which wasn't known by that name then), and he reclassified some languages of the previously included languages of the Oaxacan group. In 1920, Walther Lehmann included the ChiapanecโMangue languages and correctly established the major subgroupings of the Oaxacan group. And in 1926, Schmidt coined the name OtomiโMangue for a group consisting of the Oto-Pamean languages and ChiapanecโMangue. The Oto-Pamean group and the Main Oaxacan group were not joined into one family until Sapir's classification in 1929, where it was included in the Hokan family.
From the 1950s on reconstructive work began to be done on individual Oto-Manguean language groups. Proto-Oto-Pamean was reconstructed by Doris Bartholomew, Proto-Zapotecan by Morris Swadesh, Proto-ChiapanecโMangue by Fernรกndez de Miranda and Weitlaner. The classification by Campbell 1997 was the first to present a unified view of the Oto-Manguean languages. In 1981, William Merrifield published a reconstruction of the kinship terminologies of each of the Oto-Manguean branches and of Proto-Oto-Manguean. Unpublished reconstructions of Proto-Oto-Manguean grammar have also been made by Terrence Kaufman.
In spite of the lack of a full published reconstruction of proto-Oto-Manguean, the language family has now been widely accepted by specialists, including Lyle Campbell, Terrence Kaufman, and William Poser. Campbell and Poser writing in 2008 concluded that ""Tlapanec-Subtiaba proved not to belong to 'Hokan' as postulated by Sapir (1925a), but to be a branch of Otomanguean ..."" Nonetheless, a few studies have retained the inclusion in Hokan, particularly Joseph Greenberg's widely rejected 1987 classification, as well as its derivative works by Merritt Ruhlen. Writing in 1988, Leonardo Manrique still listed Tlapanec-Mangue as an isolated family.
The status of the Amuzgo language as either a part of the Mixtecan group or as forming its own branch from the proto-Oto-Manguean node has been discussed by Longacre, who argued for the latter, but the currently most accepted classification by Campbell (1997) follows Terrence Kaufman in considering Amuzgo to be a branch of Mixtecan. Swadesh (1960) and Rensch included the Huave language as a separate branch within Oto-Manguean, but this inclusion has proved untenable as most of the cognates were loan-words from Zapotec. Huave is now considered an isolate.
Longacre (1968) considered Oto-Manguean to be among the most extensively studied language families of the world, with a level of reconstruction rivaling the Indo-European family in completeness, but Kaufman and Justeson (2009) reject this, lamenting the rudimentary reconstruction of Proto-Oto-Manguean lexicon (only c. 350 items have been reconstructed) and grammar. They call for a redoubling of the effort to document and reconstruct several important branches that have received little attention: principally Mixtecan, Popolocan and Oto-Pamean.
Brown (2015) evaluates evidence assembled in support of Oto-Manguean. He points out that vocabulary reconstructed for Proto-Oto-Manguean is not supported by regular sound correspondences. While scholars, including Swadesh, Rensch, and Kaufman, have all reconstructed POM words, none have done so with the benefit of detailed sound correspondences and, consequently Brown argues that their reconstructions as well as Oto-Manguean itself are called into question. Nevertheless, Brown (2015) suggests that Oto-Manguean as Sprachbund (language diffusion area) is a reasonable alternative hypothesis to the proposal of Oto-Manguean as a language family.
Inclusion in macro-family hypotheses
Some early classifications such as that by Brinton, considered that Oto-Manguean languages might be related to Chinese, because like Chinese the languages were tonal and mostly monosyllabic. This idea was quickly abandoned as it was discovered that tonal languages are common, and advances in the historical study of Chinese were made (including the discovery that Old Chinese was non-tonal). Edward Sapir included SubtiabaโTlapanec in his Hokan phylum, but didn't classify the other Oto-Manguean languages in his famous 1929 classification. In his 1960 classification, Joseph Greenberg considered Oto-Manguean so aberrant from other Native American languages that it was the only accepted family (aside from the Purรฉpecha isolate) which he made a primary branch of his Amerind family. However, in his 1987 revision he linked it with Aztec-Tanoan in a "Central Amerind" branch, apart from Tlapanec which, although it had by then been unequivocally linked to Oto-Manguean, he continued to classify as Hokan. No hypotheses including Oto-Manguean in any higher-level unit have been able to withstand scrutiny.
Prehistory
The Oto-Manguean family has existed in southern Mexico at least since 2000 BCE and probably several thousand years before, some estimates using the controversial method of glottochronology suggest an approximate splitting date of Proto-Otomanguean at c. 4400 BCE. This makes the Oto-Manguean family the language family of the Americas with the deepest time depth, as well as the oldest language family with evidence of tonal contrast in the proto-language.
The Oto-Manguean urheimat has been thought to be in the Tehuacรกn valley in connection with one of the earliest neolithic cultures of Mesoamerica, and although it is now in doubt whether Tehuacรกn was the original home of the Proto-Otomanguean people, it is agreed that the Tehuacรกn culture (5000 BCEโ2300 BCE) were likely Oto-Mangue speakers.
The long history of the Oto-Manguean family has resulted in considerable linguistic diversity between the branches of the family. Terrence Kaufman compares the diversity between the main branches of Oto-Manguean with that between the main branches of Indo-European. Kaufman also proposes that Oto-Manguean languages are an important candidate for being the source of many of the traits that have diffused into the other languages in the Mesoamerican linguistic area.
Oto-Mangue speakers have been among the earliest to form highly complex cultures of Mesoamerica: the archeological site of Monte Albรกn with remains dated as early as 1000 BCE is believed to have been in continuous use by Zapotecs. The undeciphered Zapotec script is one of the earliest forms of Mesoamerican writing.
Other Mesoamerican cultural centers which may have been wholly or partly Oto-Manguean include the late classical sites of Xochicalco, which may have been built by Matlatzincas, and Cholula, which may have been inhabited by Manguean peoples. And some propose an Oto-Pamean presence in Teotihuacรกn. The Zapotecs are among the candidates to have invented the first writing system of Mesoamerica โ and in the Post-Classic period the Mixtecs were prolific artesans and codex painters. During the postclassic the Oto-Manguean cultures of Central Mexico became marginalized by the intruding Nahuas and some, like the ChiapanecโMangue speakers went south into Guerrero, Chiapas and Central America, while others such as the Otomi saw themselves relocated from their ancient homes in the Valley of Mexico to the less fertile highlands on the rim of the valleys.
Geography and demographics
Western branch
Oto-Pamean
The languages of the Oto-Pamean branch are spoken in central and western Mexico. The group includes the Otomian languages: Otomi spoken primarily in the states of Mexico, Hidalgo, Puebla and Veracruz (c. 293,000 speakers) and Mazahua spoken in the western part of the State of Mexico (c. 350,000 speakers), and the endangered Matlatzincan languages including Matlatzinca (c. 1000 speakers in the town of San Francisco Oxtotilpa) and Tlahuica (also called Ocuilteco) (c. 400 speakers in the municipio of Ocuilan) both spoken in the State of Mexico; And the Pamean group composed of the two living Pame languages of San Luรญs Potosรญ, Northern Pame being spoken in communities from the north of Rรญo Verde on the border with Tamaulipas (c. 5500 speakers), and Central Pame spoken in the town of Santa Marรญa Acapulco (c. 4000 speakers), the extinct Southern Pame language, and the Chichimeca Jonaz language spoken in Misiรณn de Chichimecas near San Luis de la Paz in the state of Guanajuato (c. 200 speakers).
Otomi is traditionally described as a single language, although its many dialects are not all mutually intelligible. The language classification of the SIL International's Ethnologue considers Otomi to be a cover term for nine separate Otomi languages and assigns a different ISO code to each of these nine varieties. Currently, Otomi varieties are spoken collectively by c. 239,000 speakers โ some 5 to 6 percent of whom are monolingual. Because of recent migratory patterns, small populations of Otomi speakers can be found in new locations throughout Mexico and in the United States. The Otomi languages are vigorous in some areas, with children acquiring the language through natural transmission (e.g. in the Mezquital Valley of Hidalgo and in the Highlands). However, three varieties are now considered moribund: those of Ixtenco (Tlaxcala state), Santiago Tilapa and Acazulco (Mexico state), and Cruz del Palmar (Guanajuato state). In some municipalities the level of monolingualism in Otomi is as high as 22.3% (Huehuetla, Hidalgo) or 13.1% (Texcatepec, Veracruz). Monolingualism is normally significantly higher among women than among men.
Chinantecan
The Chinantecan languages are spoken by c. 93,000 people in Northern Oaxaca and Southern Veracruz in the districts of Cuicatlรกn, Ixtlรกn de Juรกrez, Tuxtepec and Choapan. The Ethnologue recognizes 14 separate varieties with separate ISO codes.
TlapanecโMangue
The Tlapanec language is spoken by c. 75,000 people in Guerrero. There are four principal varieties named after the communities where they are spoken: Acatepec, Azoyรบ, Malinaltepec and Tlacoapa. Recent labor migrations have introduced Tlapanec speaking communities to the state of Morelos. It was closely related to the Subtiaba language which was spoken in Nicaragua but which is now extinct.
The Manguean languages are all extinct. They included the Mangue and Chorotega languages that were spoken in Nicaragua and Costa Rica at the beginning of the 20th century, and the Chiapanec language which was spoken in Chiapas, Mexico by a handful of speakers in the 1990s, but is now extinct.
Eastern branch
Popolocan
The Popolocan language group includes the seven different varieties of Popoloca which are spoken in southern Puebla state near Tehuacรกn and Tepexi de Rodrรญguez (c. 30,000 speakers), and the closely related Chocho language (c. 700 speakers) spoken in Northern Oaxaca state, and the 8 different Mazatecan languages spoken in northern Oaxaca (c. 120,000 speakers), and the nearly extinct Ixcatec language spoken in Santa Marรญa Ixcatlรกn (< 8 speakers). The Popolocan languages should not be confused with the languages called Popoluca spoken in the state of Veracruz, which belong to the unrelated MixeโZoquean language family. The Mazatecan languages are known for their prolific use of whistled speech.
Zapotecan
The Zapotecan subgroup is formed by the Zapotec languages (c. 785,000 speakers of all varieties) and the related Chatino languages (c. 23,000 speakers). They are all traditionally spoken in central and southern Oaxaca, but have been spread throughout Mexico and even into the United States through recent labor related migrations.
Zapotec languages and dialects fall into four broad geographic divisions: Zapoteco de la Sierra Norte (Northern Zapotec), Valley Zapotec, Zapoteco de la Sierra Sur (Southern Zapotec), and Isthmus Zapotec. Northern Zapotec languages are spoken in the mountainous region of Oaxaca, in the Northern Sierra Madre mountain ranges; Southern Zapotec languages and are spoken in the mountainous region of Oaxaca, in the Southern Sierra Madre mountain ranges; Valley Zapotec languages are spoken in the Valley of Oaxaca, and Isthmus Zapotec languages are spoken in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The Ethnologue recognizes 57 varieties of Zapotec and 6 varieties of Chatino by distinct ISO codes.
MixtecanโAmuzgoan
The Mixtecan branch includes the many different, mutually unintelligible varieties of Mixtec spoken by about 511,000 people as well as the Trique (or Triqui) languages, spoken by about 24,500 people and Cuicatec, spoken by about 15,000 people. The Mixtecan languages are traditionally spoken in the region known as La Mixteca, which is shared by the states of Oaxaca, Puebla and Guerrero. Because of migration from this region the Mixtecan languages have expanded to Mexico's main urban areas, particularly the State of Mรฉxico and the Federal District, to certain agricultural areas such as the San Quintรญn valley in Baja California and parts of Morelos and Sonora, and even into the United States. The Mixtec language is a complex set of regional varieties, many of which are not mutually intelligible. The varieties of Mixtec are sometimes grouped by geographic area, using designations such as those of the Mixteca Alta, the Mixteca Baja, and the Mixteca de la Costa. However, the dialects do not actually follow the geographic areas, and the precise historical relationships between the different varieties have not been worked out. The number of varieties of Mixtec depends in part on what the criteria are for grouping them, of course; at one extreme, government agencies once recognized no dialectal diversity. Mutual intelligibility surveys and local literacy programs have led SIL International to identify more than 50 varieties which have been assigned distinct ISO codes.
Four Amuzgo varieties are spoken in the Costa Chica region of the states of Guerrero and Oaxaca by about 44,000 speakers. The four varieties recognized by the Mexican government are: Northern Amuzgo (amuzgo del norte, commonly known as Guerrero or (from its major town) Xochistlahuaca Amuzgo), Southern Amuzgo (amuzgo del sur, heretofore classified as a subdialect of Northern Amuzgo); Upper Eastern Amuzgo (amuzgo alto del este, commonly known as Oaxaca Amuzgo or San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo); Lower Eastern Amuzgo (amuzgo bajo del este, commonly known as Ipalapa Amuzgo). These varieties are very similar, but there is a significant difference between western varieties (Northern and Southern) and eastern varieties (Upper Eastern and Lower Eastern), as revealed by recorded text testing done in the 1970s.
Phonology
Common phonological traits
All Oto-Manguean languages have tone: some have only two level tones while others have up to five level tones. Many languages in addition have a number of contour tones. Many Oto-Manguean languages have phonemic vowel nasalization. Many Oto-Manguean languages lack labial consonants, particularly stops and those that do have labial stops normally have these as a reflex of Proto-Oto-Manguean .
Tone systems
The Oto-Manguean languages have a wide range of tonal systems, some with as many as 10 tone contrasts and others with only two. Some languages have a register system only distinguishing tones by the relative pitch. Others have a contour system that also distinguishes tones with gliding pitch. Most, however, are combinations of the register and contour systems. Tone as a distinguishing feature is entrenched in the structure of the Oto-Manguean languages and in no way a peripheral phenomenon as it is in some languages that are known to have acquired tone recently or which are in a process of losing it. In most Oto-Manguean languages tone serves to distinguish both between the meanings of roots and to indicate different grammatical categories. In Chiquihuitlan Mazatec which has four tones the following minimal pairs occur: cha1 "I talk", cha2 "difficult", cha3 "his hand" cha4 "he talks".
The language with the most level tones is Usila Chinantec which has five level tones and no contour tones; Trique of Chicahuaxtla has a similar system.
In Copala Trique, which has a mixed system, only three level tones but five tonal registers are distinguished within the contour tones.
Many other systems have only three tone levels, such as Tlapanec and Texmelucan Zapotec.
Particularly common in the Oto-Pamean branch are small tonal systems with only two level tones and one contour, such as Pame and Otomi. Some others like Matlatzinca and Chichimeca Jonaz only have the level tones and no contour.
In some languages, stress influences tone. For example, in Pame, only stressed syllables have a tonal contrast. In Mazahua, the opposite occurs, and all syllables except the final stressed one distinguish tone. In Tlapanec, stress is determined by the tonal contour of the words. Most languages have systems of tone sandhi where the tones of a word or syllable are influenced by other tones in other syllables or words. Chinantec has no Sandhi rules, but Mixtec and Zapotec have elaborate systems. For Mazatec, some dialects have elaborate Sandhi systems (e.g. Soyaltepec) and others do not (e.g. Huautla Mazatec). Some languages (particularly Mixtecan) also have tone terracing where some tones "upstep" or "downstep", causing a rise or drop in pitch level for the entire tonal register in subsequent syllables.
Whistled speech
Several Oto-Manguean languages have systems of whistled speech, where by whistling the tonal combinations of words and phrases, information can be transmitted over distances without using words. Whistled speech is particularly common in Chinantec, Mazatec and Zapotecan languages.
Proto-language
Syllable structure
Proto-Oto-Manguean allowed only open syllables of the structure CV (or ). Syllable initial consonant clusters are very limited, usually only sibilant-CV, CyV, CwV, nasal-CV, ChV, or are allowed. Many modern Oto-Manguean languages keep these restrictions in syllable structure but others, most notably the Oto-Pamean languages, now allow both final clusters and long syllable initial clusters. This example with three initial and three final consonants is from Northern Pame: "their houses".
Phonemes
The following phonemes are reconstructed for Proto-Oto-Manguean.
Rensch also reconstructs four tones for Proto-Oto-Manguean. A later revised reconstruction by Terrence Kaufman adds the proto-phonemes */ts/, *//, *//, *//, *//, *//, *// and *//, and the vowel combinations */ia/, */ai/, */ea/, and */au/.
The Oto-Manguean languages have changed quite a lot from the very spartan phoneme inventory of Proto-Oto-Manguean. Many languages have rich inventories of both vowels and consonants. Many have a full series of fricatives, and some branches (particularly Zapotecan and Chinantecan) distinguish voicing in both stops and fricatives. The voiced series of the Oto-Pamean languages have both fricative and stop allophones. Otomian also have full series of front, central and back vowels. Some analyses of Mixtecan include a series of voiced prenasalised stops and affricates; these can also be analysed as consonant sequences but it would be the only consonant clusters known in the languages.
These are some of the most simple sound changes that have served to divide the Oto-Manguean family into subbranches:
to in Chatino
to in ChiapanecโMangue, Oto-Pame, and Isthmus Zapotec
to in Mixtecan
to in Chatino
to before vowels in Oto-Pame
to before vowels in Oto-Pame and Amuzgo
Lexicon
The following lexical reconstructions of Proto-Oto-Manguean are from Kaufman (1983). The reconstructions are tentative, and are hence marked using two asterisks (**).
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Proto-Oto-Manguean
|-
| to sit || **hku
|-
| to dawn || **(n)xษ(n)
|-
| fire; fever || **xi
|-
| three || **hษ(n)
|-
| to choose || **xสทษ
|-
| to blow; to whistle || **xสทi
|-
| ripe || **hwe
|-
| to die || **(h)wษ
|-
| flattened; squashed || **(ส)ma(h)
|-
| root || **mA
|-
| cloud; dew; rain || **nwa
|-
| to weave || **(n)wa
|-
| to hit || **(n)pah
|-
| bark || **kสทa
|-
| deer || **kสทa
|-
| rabbit || **kVwa
|-
| cocoa beans; edible pod || **kVwa
|-
| cure; medicine; herb || **lya
|-
| road || **lyษ
|-
| flower || **lih
|-
| salt || **re(n)
|-
| sugar cane || **ro
|-
| eight || **(h)Nye
|-
| two || **(n)yU
|-
| hand || **(n)ya
|-
| teeth || **ส(Y)nu
|-
| and || **ส(Y)ne
|-
| bad || **cษ
|-
| grindstone || **ci
|-
| Indian || **sa(n)
|-
| up || **sษ
|-
| word || **สษn
|-
| turkey hen || **สO
|-
| opening || **สA
|-
| to bury || **สA
|-
| to shake || **(n)pi
|-
| little || **ci
|-
| slowly || **(h,n)wi
|-
| two || **wi
|-
| hard; stone; metal || **kษจ
|-
| to defecate || **tษจ
|-
| butterfly || **seh
|-
| short || **สte
|-
| elbow || **me
|-
| early evening; dark || **nษ
|-
| eye || **(n)tษ
|-
| I || **na
|-
| nopal || **nสta
|-
| to work || **สta
|-
| leaf || **kษ
|-
| this || **lษ
|-
| dog || **lyษ
|-
| net || **nษ
|-
| fingernail || **-ku
|-
| cornfield || **nu
|-
| water jug || **su
|-
| to close || **ko
|-
| milk || **co
|-
| just, only || **to
|-
| Indian || **Hwi(n)
|-
| to die || **tษจ(n)
|-
| seed || **kyen
|-
| corndough || **l/c-ษxen
|-
| corncob || **re(n)
|-
| deep || **xษn
|-
| ear of corn || **yษn
|-
| blood || **yษn(h)
|-
| hail || **can
|-
| nine || **Xa(n)
|-
| night, dusk; dream, sleep || **yan
|-
| honeybee || **yษn
|-
| thorn || **yษn
|-
| black || **tun
|-
| oven || **tun
|-
| mother || **co(n)
|-
| yellow || **nรฆ
|-
| sing; pray; music || **sรฆ
|-
| to do || **cรฆ
|-
| to dance || **tรฆ
|-
| cactus || **lawรฆ
|-
| market || **สwรฆ
|-
| to bathe || **sรฆ
|-
| corn || **sรฆ(n)ส
|-
| skin, bark || **tuwa
|-
| animal || **kiyษ
|-
| foot || **c/l-a(h)ku
|-
| sharp || **cษชสyษ
|-
| ear || **l/y-ษkษ(n)
|-
| blood; meat || **ryi(+)ne
|-
| ixtle || **siya
|-
| guts; heart || **(n)seสษ(n)
|-
| white || **tyuwa
|-
| mouth || **c/l-oสwษ
|-
| mountain; cliff || **xeyA
|-
| coyote || **(n)aสyu
|-
| squash || **lษken
|-
| cotton || **syi lyษ
|-
| cotton cloth || **lyษ tyE
|-
| wide; far; long || **si (n)tU
|-
| infant; small || **weส ne
|-
| nose || **syi (n)yษจn
|-
| house; fence; church || **(n)ku สwa
|}
Notes
References
External links
Comparative Swadesh vocabulary lists for Oto-Manguean languages (from Wiktionary)
Feist, Timothy & Enrique L. Palancar. (2015). Oto-Manguean Inflectional Case Database. https://oto-manguean.surrey.ac.uk/University of Surrey. doi:10.15126/SMG.28/1
SIL on the Oto-Manguean Stock
ย , by Rosemary Beam de Azcona
Feist, Timothy, Matthew Baerman, Greville G. Corbett & Erich Round. 2019. Surrey Lexical Splits Visualisations (Chichimec). University of Surrey. Chichimec verb paradigm visualisations . https://lexicalsplits.surrey.ac.uk/chichimec.html
Language families |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%EB%85%84%20%ED%95%98%EA%B3%84%20%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%BC%ED%94%BD%20%EC%95%BC%EA%B5%AC | 2020๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ผ๊ตฌ | ์ 32ํ ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ผ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ ์ผ๋ณธ ์์ฝํ๋ง์์ ์๋ ์์ฝํ๋ง ์คํ๋์๊ณผ ํ์ฟ ์๋ง์์ ์๋ ํ์ฟ ์๋ง ํ์ ์์ฆ๋ง ๊ตฌ์ฅ์์ ์ด๋ ธ๋ค. ์ฒ์์๋ 2020๋
์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์งํ๋ ์์ ์ด์์ผ๋ ์ฝ๋ก๋19 ๋ฒ์ ํ์ผ๋ก 1๋
์ฐ๊ธฐ๋์ด 2021๋
7์ 28์ผ๋ถํฐ 8์ 7์ผ๊น์ง ์งํํ์๋ค. 1๋
ํ์๋ ์ฝ๋ก๋19 ๋ฒ์ ํ์ด ์ง์ํ์ฌ์ ์์ฆ๋ง ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ฅ์์ ์งํํ๋ 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ ์ ๋ถ ๋ฌด๊ด์ค์ผ๋ก ์งํ๋๋๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ๋์๊ณ ์ดํ ์์ฆ๋ง ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ฅ๋ ๋ฌด๊ด์ค์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋์ด ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ฌด๊ด์ค์ผ๋ก ์งํ๋์๋ค. 5์ ์ ์น์ผ๋ก ์ผ๋ณธ ์ผ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ด ๊ธ๋ฉ๋ฌ์ ํ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ฉ๋ฌ๊ณผ ๋๋ฉ๋ฌ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋๋ฏธ๋์นด ๋ํํ์ด ํ๋ํ๋ค.
๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ
์ผ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ 2008๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ดํ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ ์์ข
๋ชฉ์์ ์ ์ธ๋์์๋ค. ๋จ์๋ง ์งํํ๋ ์ผ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๋จ๋
ํ๋ฑ์ ์ค์์ํ๋ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ ์ ์ ๋ง์ง ์๋๋ค๋ ๋นํ์ ๊ฐ์ ํ์ฌ ์ ์์ข
๋ชฉ ์ฌ์ง์
์ ์ํด ๊ตญ์ ์ผ๊ตฌ ์ฐ๋งน(IBAF)๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ ์ํํธ๋ณผ ์ฐ๋งน(ISF)์ ์ธ๊ณ ์ผ๊ตฌ ์ํํธ๋ณผ ์ฐ๋งน(WSBC)์ผ๋ก ํตํฉํ์๋ค. ์ผ๊ตฌ ์ํํธ๋ณผ ์ฐ๋งน์ ์ผ๊ตฌ์ ์ํํธ๋ณผ์ ๋จ์ผ์ข
๋ชฉ์ผ๋ก ํตํฉํ์ฌ ์ผ๊ตฌใ์ํํธ๋ณผ(์ธ๋ถ์ข
๋ชฉ ๋จ์ ์ผ๊ตฌ, ์ฌ์ ์ํํธ๋ณผ)์ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ ์์ข
๋ชฉ์ ์ง์ํ๋ค. ์ด์ ์ถ๊ฐ๋ก ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์๊ฐ์ด ๊ธธ๋ค๋ ์ง์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด 7์ด๋ ์ ๋๋ ๊ฒํ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. 2012๋
12์ 20์ผ์๋ ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ์์ํ(IOC)๊ฐ ์ค์์ค ๋ก์์์ ์ค์ํ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ ์์ํ์ ๋๊ฐ ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ ์์ข
๋ชฉ ์ฑํ์ ์ํ ํ๋ ์ ํ
์ด์
์ ์ํํ์๋ค. ํ๋ ์ ํ
์ด์
๋์ค์ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์ ์ถ์ ์ผ๊ตฌ์ ์ ์๋ ์ฐ๋๋ก ๋ง์์คํธ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๊ฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง 2013๋
9์ 9์ผ ์ 125์ฐจ ์ดํ์์ ์ ์์ข
๋ชฉ ๊ด๋ จ ํฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ ์ฌ๋ง์ 49ํ, ์ผ๊ตฌใ์ํํธ๋ณผ์ด 24ํ๋ฅผ ์ป์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ ์์ข
๋ชฉ ์ฌ์ง์
์ ์คํจํ์๋ค.
2014๋
12์ 8์ผ ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ์์ํ(IOC) ์ 127์ฐจ ์์์ดํ์์ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ด์ ๋ค 2020 ์๊ฑด์ ์ฌ์ํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ผ๊ตฌ ๋ณต๊ท ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๊ฒผ๋ค. ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ด์ ๋ค 2020 ๋ด์ฉ ์ค ๊ฐ์ต ๋์์ ์ข
๋ชฉ ์ ํ๊ถ์ ๋ถ์ฌํ๋ค๋ ๋ด์ฉ์ด ํฌํจ๋์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๊ฐ์ต๊ตญ์ธ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ผ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์คํฌ์ธ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ณต๊ท ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์ปค์ก๋ค. 2020๋
๋์ฟ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ์กฐ์ง์์ํ๊ฐ 2015๋
9์ 28์ผ ์ผ๊ตฌใ์ํํธ๋ณผ์ ๊ฐ๋ผํ
, ์ค์ผ์ดํธ๋ณด๋ฉ, ์คํฌ์ธ ํด๋ผ์ด๋ฐ, ์ํ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ ์์ข
๋ชฉ ํ๋ณด๋ก ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ์์ํ(IOC) ์ถ์ฒํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋ค. ์ผ๊ตฌ ์ ์์ข
๋ชฉ ์ฑํ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จํด ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ด์์ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ธ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ ์์์ง๋ง 2016๋
8์ 4์ผ ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ์์ํ(IOC)๊ฐ ๋์ฟ์กฐ์ง์์ํ๊ฐ ์ ์ถํ 5๊ฐ ์ข
๋ชฉ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์น์ธํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋ฉด์ 12๋
๋ง์ ์ ์์ข
๋ชฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ณต๊ทํ๋ค.
์์ ๋ฐ ์ฐธ๊ฐ๊ตญ
์ ๋ฝใ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์์
2019๋
์ ๋ฝ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์์ 5๊ฐ๊ตญ๊ณผ 2019๋
์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ผ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์ฐ์น ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ธ ๋จ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ด ์ ๋ฝ/์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์์ ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ด ๋ํ์์ ์ฐ์นํ ์ด์ค๋ผ์์ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ง์ถ๊ถ์ ํ๋ํ๊ณ 2์๋ฅผ ํ ๋ค๋๋๋๋ ๋๋ฅ ๊ฐ ์ต์ข
์์ ์ง์ถ๊ถ์ ํ๋ํ๋ค.
2019๋
WBSC ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด 12
ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด 12 ๋ํ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ WSBC ์ธ๊ณ๋ญํน ์์ 12๊ฐ๊ตญ์ด ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๋ ๊ตญ์ ๋ํ์ด๋ค. ์ด ๋ํ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๊ตญ์ธ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ ์ธํ ์์์/์ค์ธ์๋์ ์ต์์ ํ๊ณผ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ต์์ ํ์๊ฒ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ง์ถ๊ถ์ ์ค๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์ฐ์นํ์๊ณ ์ค์ฐ์น์ ํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊ณผ 3์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ ๋ฉ์์ฝ๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ง์ถ๊ถ์ ํ๋ํ๋ค.
์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์์
2019๋
WBSC ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด 12์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์์ง๋ง, ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ง์ถ๊ถ์ ํ๋ํ์ง ๋ชปํ 6๊ฐ๊ตญ๊ณผ 2019๋
ํฌ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นธ ๊ฒ์์์ ์์ 2๊ฐ๊ตญ์ด ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ฐ์นํ๋ฉฐ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ง์ถ๊ถ์ ํ๋ํ์๊ณ 2์ ๋๋ฏธ๋์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ๊ณผ 3์ ๋ฒ ๋ค์์๋ผ๊ฐ ๋๋ฅ ๊ฐ ์ต์ข
์์ ์ ์ง์ถํ์๋ค.
๋๋ฅ ๊ฐ ์ต์ข
์์
2019๋
์์์ ์ผ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ฌ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ถ์ ๊ถ์ ํ๋ํ ๋๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ ์์ 2๊ฐ๊ตญ(์ค๊ตญ, ์คํ ํ์ด๋ฒ ์ด)๊ณผ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์์ ํต๊ณผ๊ตญ(๋๋ฏธ๋์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ, ๋ฒ ๋ค์์๋ผ), ์ ๋ฝใ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์์ ํต๊ณผ๊ตญ(๋ค๋๋๋), ์ค์ธ์๋์ ๋ํ(์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์) ์ด 6๊ฐ๊ตญ์ด ๋๋ฅ๊ฐ ์ต์ข
์์ ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ค๊ตญ์ด 2021๋
5์ 24์ผ ์ต์ข
์์ ์ ๋ถ์ฐธํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ์๋ค. ์ดํ ์คํ ํ์ด๋ฒ ์ด๋ ์คํ ์ง์
๋ด๊ตฌ ๋์ฐ๋งน์ด ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ๋ถ์ฐธ ์ ์ธ์ ํ๊ณ , ์๋ง์ถ์ด ์ ์๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๋ ค ํ์ผ๋ ํ๋ จ ์ฅ์๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ง ๋ชปํด ๋ถ์ฐธ ์ ์ธ์ ํ๋ค. ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก 6์ 9์ผ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์๊ฐ ์ ์๋ค์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ๊ณผ ์์ ์ ์ํด ๋ถ์ฐธํ๋ฉฐ ์ด 3๊ฐ๊ตญ์ด ์ต์ข
์์ ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ค. ๋๋ฏธ๋์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ด ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์์ ๋ฒ ๋ค์์๋ผ๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก 8-5๋ก ์น๋ฆฌํ๋ฉฐ ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ง์ถ๊ถ์ ํ๋ํ๋ค.
๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ฅ
๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ ๋์ฟ๋ ์ธ๊ทผ ์์ฝํ๋ง์์ ์๋ ์์ฝํ๋ง ์คํ๋์์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์งํ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ฟ ์๋ง์์ ์๋ ํ์ฟ ์๋ง ํ์ ์์ฆ๋ง ๊ตฌ์ฅ์์ ์ด๋ ธ๋ค. ๊ฐ์ต ๋์์ธ ๋์ฟ๋์ ์๋ ๋์ฟ๋์์๋ ์งํํ์ง ์์๋๋ฐ ์ด์ ๋ํด ๋ฌด๋ก์ด ๋ง์ฌ์ผ๋ ๋์ฟ๋ ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ์์
์์ค์ด ๋ฐ์งํด ์๊ณ ๊ฒฝ๋น๊ฐ ๋ง์ด ๋ค๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ์ํ๋ค. ๋์ฟ๋์ ์๋ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๊ตฌ์ฅ์ธ ๋ฉ์ด์ง ์ง๊ตฌ ์ผ๊ตฌ์ฅ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๊ฐ๊ตญ ๊ด๊ณ์์ ๋ด๋น์ ๋๊ธฐ ์ฅ์, ์์ฌ ์ฐฝ๊ณ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฉ๋์๋ค. ํ์ฟ ์๋ง ์ด์ฆ๋ง ์ผ๊ตฌ์ฅ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ํ์ฟ ์๋งํ์ ๋ถํฅ์ ์ํด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์งํํ์์ง๋ง, ํ์ฟ ์๋ง ์ 1 ์์๋ ฅ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ฌ๊ณ ์ง์ ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ 70km ๋จ์ด์ ธ ์๋ค๋ ์ ๊ณผ ์ผ๊ตฌ์ฅ ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ๋ฅ ์ค์ผํ ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์น๋ ์ ์์ ๋
ผ๋์ด ๋์๋ค.
๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ผ์
์ ์ ๋ช
๋จ
์ด 6๊ฐ๊ตญ์์ 144๋ช
์ ์ ์๊ฐ ์ถ์ ํ๋ค. ๋ฉ์ด์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ(MLB)์ฌ๋ฌด๊ตญ์ด 40์ธ ๋ช
๋จ์ ํฌํจ๋ ์ ์์ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ฐธ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ํ๊ฐํ์ง ์์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ, ๋ง์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ ์๋ค๊ณผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ ์ ์ ๋ฐ FA, ์๋ง์ถ์ด ์ ์๋ง ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ KBO ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ณธ ํ๋ก ์ผ๊ตฌ(NPB)๋ ์ ์๋ค์ ์ถ์ ์ ์ํด ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ค๋จํ์๋ค.
๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์
์กฐ๋ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ
์กฐ ํธ์ฑ์ 2021๋
6์ WBSC ๋ญํน์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ํธ์ฑํ๋ค.
A์กฐ-์ผ๋ณธ(1์), ๋ฉ์์ฝ(5์), ๋๋ฏธ๋์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ(7์)
B์กฐ-๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ(3์), ๋ฏธ๊ตญ(4์), ์ด์ค๋ผ์(24์)
๊ฒฐ์ ํ ๋๋จผํธ
๋ณํ๋ ๋๋ธ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋ค์ด์
๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก 1๋ผ์ด๋-2๋ผ์ด๋-ํจ์๋ถํ์ -์ค๊ฒฐ์น-๋๋ฉ๋ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์ผ๋ก ์งํํ๋ค.
์กฐ๋ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1์ ํ์ 2๋ผ์ด๋์ ์งํํ๋ฉฐ ๋๋จธ์ง 4ํ์ 1๋ผ์ด๋๋ถํฐ ์งํํ๋ค.
์น๋ถ์น๊ธฐ
9ํ๊น์ง ๋์ ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, 10ํ๋ถํฐ ์ฃผ์ 1, 2๋ฃจ๊ฐ ์๋ ์ํ์์ ์์ํ๋ค.
์ฝ๋ ๊ฒ์ (Mercy Rule)
5ํ๊น์ง ์ ํ์ ์ ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ 15์ ์ด์, 7ํ๊น์ง ์ ํ์ ์ ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ 10์ ์ด์์ด๋ฉด ์ฝ๋ ๊ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ข
๋ฃํ๋ค.
์ฝ๋ก๋19 ๋ฒ์ ํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํน๋ณ ๊ท์
์ฐธ๊ฐํ ์ค์์ ํ์ง์๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ ์, ํ์ง์๊ฐ ๋์จ ํ์ ์ ์ธํ ๋๋จธ์ง ํ๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์ฑ๊ธ ๋ผ์ด๋ ๋ก๋น ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋ก ์น๋ฅธ๋ค.
1-2์ ํ์ด ๊ฒฐ์น์ , 3-4์ ํ์ด ๋๋ฉ๋ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์ ์ง์ถํ๋ค.
๊ฒฐ์น ์ง์ถ ํ์์ ํ์ง์๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ ์, ์ฐจ์์ ํ์ด ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์ ์ง์ถํ๊ณ , ๋๋ฉ๋ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์ง์ถํ ํ์์ ํ์ง์๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ ์, ์๋ํ์ด ๋๋ฉ๋ฌ์ ๋ฐ๋๋ค.
๊ธฐํ ๊ท์
๋น๋์ค ํ๋
์ ์ ๊ท ์ด๋์ ์ฌ์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ ํ์ ๊ทธ๋๋ก ์ ์ง๋๋ฉด ๋ ์ด์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค.
์น๋ถ์น๊ธฐ ๋์
์์๋ ์ถ๊ฐ๋ก ๋น๋์ค ํ๋
์ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
8ํ ์ดํ, ์ฌํ ์ฌ๋์ผ๋ก๋ ๋น๋์ค ํ๋
์ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
ํฌ์์ ํฌ๊ตฌ ์ ํ ์๊ฐ์ 20์ด๋ก ์ ํ๋ค.
๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ฝ
A์กฐ
์ผ๋ณธ, ๋๋ฏธ๋์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ, ๋ฉ์์ฝ๊ฐ A์กฐ์์ ์กฐ๋ณ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์งํํ๋ค. A์กฐ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋๋ฏธ๋์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ์ ๋ฐํฌ์์ธ ์ผ๋ง๋ชจํ ์์๋
ธ๋ถ์ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ ํผ ๋ฉ๋ฅด์ธ๋ฐ์ค ๋ชจ๋ ํ๋ฆฌํฐ์คํํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ง๋ชจํ ๊ฐ ๋ด๋ ค๊ฐ๊ณ ๋์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋ถํํฌ์๋ค์ด ์ค์ ์ ํ์ฉํ๋ฉฐ 3-1๋ก ๋๋ฏธ๋์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ด ์์๊ฐ๊ณ ์์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋ง๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ํฌ์๋ก ๋์จ ํ์ด๋ก ์ด์ผ์์ค๊ฐ ๊ณ์ํด์ ์ค์ ํ๋ฉฐ 3-3 ๋์ ์ด ๋์๊ณ 1์ฌ ๋ง๋ฃจ ์ํฉ์์ ๊ฐํ๋นํ๋ค. ๋ค์์ผ๋ก ๋์จ ์ ๋ง๋ฅดํฐ๋ค์ค๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก ์ฌ์นด๋ชจํ ํ์ผํ ๊ฐ ๋๋ด๊ธฐ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์น๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ๋ํ ์ฒซ ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์ ํจ๋ฐฐํ ๋๋ฏธ๋์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ์ดํ ๋ค์ธ 7์ 30์ผ ๋ฉ์์ฝ์ ์กฐ๋ณ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ๋ค. ๋๋ฏธ๋์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ์ ๋ฐ ์ํฌ ์ฐ์ฒด์ค๋ 5์ด๋ ๋ฌด์ค์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๊ณ 5ํ์ ๋ฉํค ์นด๋ธ๋ ๋ผ์ ์ ์ํ๋ก 1๋0 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ์๋ค. ๋ง์ง๋ง ์กฐ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ง๋ค ๋ฐ์ฐํ ์ ์ฌ์นด๋ชจํ ํ์ผํ ์ ํ๋ฐ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก 7์ ์ ๋ฝ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฉ์์ฝ๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก ์น๋ฆฌํ์๊ณ ์กฐ๋ณ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1์๋ฅผ ๋ฌ์ฑํ์๋ค. ๋ฉ์์ฝ๋ 8ํ์ 2์ ํ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ์ถ๊ฒฉํ์์ผ๋ ์ญ์ ์ ์คํจํ๋ฉฐ ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ค. ์กฐ๋ณ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1์๋ฅผ ๋ฌ์ฑํ ์ผ๋ณธ์ 2๋ผ์ด๋ ์ง์ถ์๊ฒฉ์ ์ป์๋ค.
B์กฐ
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ, ์ด์ค๋ผ์, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด B์กฐ์์ ์กฐ๋ณ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์งํํ๋ค. 7์ 29์ผ ์ด์ค๋ผ์๊ณผ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๋ํ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ด์ค๋ผ์์ด ์ด์ ํจ์ฌ๋ฌ์ ๋ผ์ด์ธ ๋ผ๋ฐ์จ์ด์ 2์ ํ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก 4-2๋ก ์์๊ฐ๊ณ ์์๋ค. 7ํ์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด 3์ ์ ๋ด๋ฉฐ ์ญ์ ์ ํ์ง๋ง, ๋ผ๋ฐ์จ์ด๊ฐ 9ํ ์ค์นํ์ ์๋๋ก 1์ ํ๋ฐ์ ์น๋ฉฐ 5-5 ๋์ ์ด ๋์๋ค. ์ฐ์ฅ 10ํ ๋ง 2์ฌ ๋ง๋ฃจ ์ํฉ์์ ์ ๋ ๋ฏธ ๋ธ๋ ์ด์น๊ฐ ๋์ง ๊ณต์ด ์์์ง์ ๋ชธ์ ๋ง์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ต์ข
์ค์ฝ์ด 5-6์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด ์น๋ฆฌํ๋ค. ๋ค์๋ ์ด์ค๋ผ์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋๊ฒฐํ์ฌ 8-1๋ก ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ฉฐ ์กฐ๋ณ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2ํจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ ๋ฐํฌ์ ์กฐ ๋ผ์ด์ธ์ 6์ด๋ 1์ค์ ํฌ๊ตฌ์ ํ์ผ๋ฌ ์ค์คํด์ ํ๋ฐ, ์๋ ์๋ฐ๋ ์ฆ์ ๋ฉํฐํํธ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ ์ ์์๋ค. ์ด์ค๋ผ์์ 4ํ ๋๋ ๋ฐ๋ ์์๊ฐ 1์ ํ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์์ผ๋ ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ์ง๋ ๋ชปํ๋ค. 7์ 31์ผ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ง์ง๋ง ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 1ํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด ๋ฌด์ฌ 1, 3๋ฃจ ์ํฉ์ ๊นํ์์ ๋
๋ณผ๋ก ๋จผ์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋์ผ๋ 4ํ ๋ง ํธ๋ฆฌ์คํด ์นด์ฌ์ค๊ฐ ๊ณ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก 2์ ํ๋ฐ์ ์น๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ญ์ ํ๋ค. ์ดํ 5ํ ๋ ์จ๋ฐ์ 1์ ํ๋ฐ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋ ์ ์ ์ถ๊ฐํ๋ฉฐ ์ ์ ์ฐจ๋ 4-1๋ก ๋ฒ์ด์ก๋ค. 9ํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด 1์ ์ ๋์ผ๋ ์ญ์ ์ ์คํจํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์น๋ฆฌํ๋ค. 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ ์น๋ฆฌํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์กฐ๋ณ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1์๋ฅผ ๋ฌ์ฑํ๋ฉฐ 2๋ผ์ด๋ ์ง์ถ์๊ฒฉ์ ์ป์๋ค.
1ใ2๋ผ์ด๋
8์ 1์ผ 12์์ 19์์ 1๋ผ์ด๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์งํํ์๋ค. ์ค์ ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ด์ค๋ผ์๊ณผ ๋ฉ์์ฝ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ ์ด์ค๋ผ์์ด 12-5๋ก ์น๋ฆฌํ๋ฉฐ 2๋ผ์ด๋์ ์ง์ถํ๊ณ ๋ฉ์์ฝ๋ 6์๋ก ๋ํ๋ฅผ ๋ง๊ฐํ๋ค. ๋ฉ์์ฝ๋ 3ํ 4์ , 6ํ 1์ ์ ๋ด๋ฉฐ 6-5๋ก ์ถ๊ฒฉํ์ผ๋ ๋๋ด ์ญ์ ์๋ ์คํจํ๋ค. ์คํ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ ๋๋ฏธ๋์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ด 9ํ๊น์ง 3-1๋ก ์์๊ฐ๊ณ ์์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง 9ํ ๋ง ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด ์ถ๊ฒฉํ๋ฉฐ ๋์ ์ ๋ง๋ค์๊ณ ๊นํ์๊ฐ ๋๋ด๊ธฐ ์ํ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค๋ฉฐ 3-4๋ก ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด ์ญ์ ์น์ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฉด์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด 2๋ผ์ด๋์ ์ง์ถํ๋ค. 8์ 2์ผ 12์์ 2๋ผ์ด๋ ์ด์ค๋ผ์๊ณผ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด 5ํ 7๋์ ์ ํ๋ ๋ฑ 11์ ๋ด๋ฉฐ 11-1, 7ํ ์ฝ๋๊ฒ์ ์น์ ํ๋ค. ์ด์ค๋ผ์์ 5ํ ์ด ๋ง๋ฃจ์์ ๋๋ ๋ฐ๋ ์์์ ๋ณผ๋ท์ผ๋ก 1์ ์ ๋์ ํ๋ฉฐ ์ถ๊ฒฉํ์์ผ๋ ์ญ์ ์๋ ์คํจํ๋ค. ์ดํ 19์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ 5-6์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์์๊ฐ๊ณ ์์์ผ๋ 9ํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ง๋ฌด๋ฆฌํฌ์ ์ค์ฝง ๋งฅ๊ณ ํ๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ๋์ ํ๋ฉฐ ๋์ ์ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค. ์ดํ ์ด๋ณธ์ 10ํ ๋ง ์น๋ถ์น๊ธฐ ์ํฉ์์ ๋ฒํธ ํ ๋์จ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ค์ฟ ์ผ์ ๋๋ด๊ธฐ ์ํ๋ก 6-7๋ก ์น๋ฆฌํ์๋ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์น๋ฆฌํ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ค์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์น๋ฆฌํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ค๊ฒฐ์น 1์ ์ง์ถํ๋ค. ํจ์๋ถํ์ ์์๋ ๋๋ฏธ๋์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ด ์ด์ค๋ผ์์ ์๋๋ก ์น๋ฆฌํ๋ฉฐ ๋ค์ ํจ์๋ถํ์ ์ ์ง์ถํ๊ณ ์ด์ค๋ผ์์ 5์๋ก ๋ํ๋ฅผ ๋ง๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ดํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋๋ฏธ๋์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ์ ์์๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์น๋ฆฌํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น 2์, ๋๋ฏธ๋์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ๋๋ฉ๋ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์ ์ง์ถํ๋ค.
์ค๊ฒฐ์น์
2๋ผ์ด๋์์ ์น๋ฆฌํ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด 8์ 4์ผ 19์์ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น 1์ ์งํํ์๋ค. ์ค๊ฒฐ์น 1์์ ์น๋ฆฌํ ํ์ ๊ฒฐ์น์ผ๋ก ์งํํ๋ฉฐ ํจ๋ฐฐํ ํ์ ํจ์๋ถํ์ ์์ ์ฌ๋ผ์จ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น 2๋ฅผ ์งํํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ํ๋ฃจ ์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ KT ์์ฆ ์์ ๊ณ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ค๋ฆญ์ค ๋ฒํ๋ก์ค ์์ ์ผ๋ง๋ค ๋ฐ์ฐํ ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฐํฌ์๋ก ์๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์ด 3ํ ๋ง 1์ฌ 2, 3๋ฃจ ์ํฉ์์ ์ฌ์นด๋ชจํ ํ์ผํ ์ ํฌ์ํ๋ผ์ด๋ก ๋จผ์ ๋์ ํ๋ค. ์ดํ 5ํ์๋ ์์๋ค ๋ง์ฌํ์นด์ ์ ์ํ๋ก 0-2๋ก ๋ฌ์๋ฌ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด 6ํ ์ด ๋ฐํด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ฐฑํธ์ ์ํ๋ก ๋์ ํ๋ค. ์ดํ ๊นํ์์ ์ค์ ์ํ๋ก 2-2 ๋์ ์ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค. 8ํ ๋ง ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๊ณ ์ฐ์์ผ๋ก ํฌ์๊ต์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ๋ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ํ์์ธ ์์ฌ๋ฌด๋ผ ํ๋ฐํ ๋ ์ผ์ง์ ๋นํ์ง๋ง ์ผ๋๊ธฐํ ์ ํค๊ฐ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์น๋ฉฐ 1์ฌ 1๋ฃจ ์ํฉ์ด ๋ง๋ค์ด์ก๋ค. ์ดํ ๊ณค๋ ๊ฒ์ค์ผ๊ฐ ๋ณ์ดํ์ฑ ๋
๋ณผ์ ์น๋ฉฐ ์ด๋์ด ์ข
๋ฃ๋ ์ ์์์ง๋ง, ๊ณ ์ฐ์์ด ๋ฒ ์ด์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ง ์๋ ์ค์๋ฅผ ํ๋ฉฐ 2์ฌ 1๋ฃจ ์ํฉ์ด ๋์๋ค. ์ดํ ๊ณ ์ฐ์์ ํ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ํญํฌ, ๊ณ ์์ฌ๊ตฌ, ๋ณผ๋ท์ผ๋ก 2์ฌ ๋ง๋ฃจ ์ํฉ์ ๋ง๋ค์๊ณ ์ผ๋ง๋ค ํ
์คํ ๊ฐ ์น์ธ์ด 2๋ฃจํ๋ฅผ ์น๋ฉฐ ๋ค์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด 5-2๋ก ๋ฌ์๋ฌ๋ค. 9ํ ์ด ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋ง๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ผ์ ๋ฃ์ง๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก ์ค์งํ์ด ๋ณผ๋ท์ผ๋ก ์ถ๋ฃจํ์ง๋ง, ์ถ๊ฒฉ์๋ ์คํจํ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์ ์ง์ถํ๋ค.
์ค๊ฒฐ์น 1์์ ํจํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊ณผ ํจ์๋ถํ์ ์์ ์น๋ฆฌํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด 8์ 5์ผ 19:00์ ์กฐ๋ณ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ดํ ์ฌ๋๊ฒฐ์ ๊ฐ์ก๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์กฐ ๋ผ์ด์ธ์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ด์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ ๋ฐํฌ์๋ก ๋์๋ค. ์ด์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ 2ํ ๋ง ์ญ ๋กํจ์ฆ์ 1ํ์ ์ ์ํ์ 4ํ ๋ง ์ ์ด๋ฏธ ์จ์คํธ๋ธ๋ฃฉ์ ํ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก 0-2 ์์๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. 5ํ์ ๋ฐํด๋ฏผ์ด ์ ์ํ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ 1์ ์ฐจ ์ถ๊ฒฉํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ 4โ
์ด๋ ๋์ง ์กฐ ๋ผ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ ๋ผ์ด๋ ๋ผ์ด์ธ์ผ๋ก ๊ต์ฒดํ๋ค. ๊ฐ๋ฐฑํธ๊ฐ 2๋ฃจ ๋
๋ณผ๋ก ๋ณ์ดํ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค๋ฉฐ ๋ ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ง๋๋ ๋ฐ ์คํจํ๋ค. ์ด์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ด๋ ค๊ฐ๊ณ ๋์จ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํฌ์๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ 6ํ 5๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฌ์๋ฌ๋ค. 7ํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด ์ค์งํ์ ์ ์ํ๋ก 1๋์ ํ์ผ๋ ์น๋ฆฌ์๋ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ฉฐ 7-2๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์น๋ฆฌํ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์ ์ง์ถํ๋ค. ํจ๋ฐฐํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๋๋ฏธ๋์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ๊ณผ์ ๋๋ฉ๋ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์ ์งํํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
๋๋ฉ๋ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ ์
๋๋ฏธ๋์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ 1๋ผ์ด๋์์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์๋๋ก ๋์๋ ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฐ๋ฐ์ค๋ฅผ, ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๊น๋ฏผ์ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ ๋ฐํฌ์๋ก ์๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๊น๋ฏผ์ฐ๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก ํ๋ฆฌ์ค ๋ก๋๋ฆฌ๊ฒ์ค์ ํ์ ํ๋์์ค์ฝ๊ฐ ํ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ ๋ฑ 1ํ์ ๋๋ฏธ๋์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ด 4๋์ ์ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊น๋ฏผ์ฐ๋ ์์ ์นด์ดํธ ํ๋๋ง์ ์ก์ ์ฑ ๊ต์ฒด๋์๋ค. 2ํ ๋ง ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด 1๋์ ํ๋ฉฐ ์ถ๊ฒฉํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๊ณ ์ดํ 4ํ ๋ง ๊นํ์๊ฐ 1์ ํ๋ฐ์ ์น๋ฉฐ 4-2๋ก ์ขํ์ก๋ค. 5ํ ์ด ๋๋ฏธ๋์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ด 1๋์ ํ๋ฉฐ 5-2๊ฐ ๋์์ผ๋ 5ํ ๋ง ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด ์์์ง๋ฅผ ์์์ผ๋ก ๊นํ์ฑ, ๋ฐํด๋ฏผ์ 3์ฐ์ ์ํ์ ์๋ ํฌ์์ ํญํฌ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋์ ๊น์ง ๋ง๋ค์๋ค. ์ดํ ๊ฐ๋ฐฑํธ๊ฐ ์ค์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์น๋ฉฐ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด 6-5๋ก ์ญ์ ํ๋ค. 8ํ์ ๋์จ ์ค์นํ์ด ํค์ด์ ๊ตฌ์ค๋ง์ ์ฐ์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์์์ผ๋ก 1์ฌ ๋ง๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค. ์ค์นํ์ ํญํฌ๋ก 6-6 ๋์ ์ด ๋์๊ณ ์ดํ ํ์ ํ๋์์ค์ฝ์ 2ํ์ 2๋ฃจํ๋ก ๋๋ฏธ๋์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ด ๋ค์ ์ญ์ ํ๋ค. ์ดํ ์ํ ๋ฏธ์์์ค์ 2์ ํ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ค์นํ์ 5์ค์ ์ ํ ์ฑ ๋ง์ด๋์์ ๋ด๋ ค์๋ค. ๋๋ฏธ๋์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ 9ํ์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์๋๋ก 1์ ๋ ๋ด์ฃผ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฌ์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฉ๋ฌ์ ํ๋ํ์๊ณ , ์ง๋ ๋ํ์ ์ฐ์น ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ธ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ 4์๋ก ๋ํ๋ฅผ ๋ง๊ฐํ์๋ค.
๊ฒฐ์น์
๊ฒฐ์น์ ์์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ํ ๋ง์ฌํ ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ ๋ง๋ฅดํฐ๋ค์ค๊ฐ ์ ๋ฐํฌ์๋ก ๋์๋ค. 3ํ ๋ฌด๋ผ์นด๋ฏธ ๋ฌด๋คํ์นด๊ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ ๋ฐํฌ์ ๋ ๋ง๋ฅดํฐ๋ค์ค๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก ํ๋ฐ์ ์น๋ฉฐ 1-0์ผ๋ก ์์๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ 5ํ ์ด 2์ฌ 1, 2๋ฃจ์ 7ํ ์ด 2์ฌ 3๋ฃจ ๋ฑ ๊ธฐํ๊ฐ ์์์ผ๋ ์๋ ์๋ฐ๋ ์ค๊ฐ ๋ ํ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋
๋ณผ์ ์น๋ฉฐ ๋์ ์ ์คํจํ๋ค. 7ํ๊น์ง ์ด์ด์ค๋ 1-0 ์น๋ถ๋ 8ํ์ ๊นจ์ก๋ค. 8ํ 1์ฌ 2๋ฃจ์์ ์์๋ค ๋ง์ฌํ์นด๊ฐ ์ค์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ๋๋ ธ๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ค๊ฒฌ์ ์ญ ๋กํ์ค์ ์ก๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํฌ์ ๋งํฌ ์ฝ๋ก์ฆ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ค๋ก ๋น ๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์ 3๋ฃจ์ ์๋ ์ผ๋ง๋ค ๋ฐ์ฐํ ๊ฐ ํ์ ๋ค์ด์ค๋ฉฐ 2-0์ผ๋ก ์ ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ ๋ฒ์ด์ก๋ค. ๋ง๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ํฌ์์ธ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ผ์ ๋ฃ์ง๊ฐ 1์ด๋ ๋์ ๋ฌด์ค์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ง์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด 5์ ์ ์น์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ผ๊ตฌ ์ข
๋ชฉ์์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ฒซ ๊ธ๋ฉ๋ฌ์ ํ๋ํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ 2000๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ดํ 21๋
๋ง์ ๊ธ๋ฉ๋ฌ์ ๋์ ํ์ผ๋ ์คํจํ๋ฉฐ ์๋ฉ๋ฌ์ ํ๋ํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ํํ ์์ ์๋ ์๋ฐ๋ ์ฆ๋ 2014๋
๋๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ์์ ์ผํธํธ๋ ์๋ฉ๋ฌ์ ์ด์ด ์ด๋ฒ ๋ํ์์ ์๋ฉ๋ฌ์ ํ๋ํ๋ฉฐ ๋ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ์์ ๋์์ ๋ฉ๋ฌ์ ํ๋ํ 6๋ฒ์งธ ์ ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
์กฐ๋ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ
๋
น์()์ผ๋ก ํ์๋ ํ์ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ ๋๋จผํธ 2๋ผ์ด๋์ ์งํํ ํ์ด๋ค.
ํฉ์()์ผ๋ก ํ์๋ ํ์ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ ๋๋จผํธ 1๋ผ์ด๋์ ์ง์ถํ ํ์ด๋ค.
A์กฐ
B์กฐ
๊ฒฐ์ ํ ๋๋จผํธ
๋๋ธ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋ค์ด์
๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์งํ๋๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ํฌํจํ์ฌ 10๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น๋ฅธ๋ค.
๋์งํ
1๋ผ์ด๋
2๋ผ์ด๋
ํจ์๋ถํ์
์ค๊ฒฐ์น์
๋๋ฉ๋ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ ์
๊ฒฐ์น์
์ฐ์น
์ต์ข
์์
๋ฉ๋ฌ
์ฌ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝํ
์ธ๊ณ ์ผ๊ตฌ ์ํํธ๋ณผ ์ฐ๋งน(WSBC)๋ ๋ํ ์ข
๋ฃ ํ ๊ฐ ํฌ์ง์
๋ณ ์ต๊ณ ์ ์ ์๋ค๊ณผ ๋ํ MVP๋ฅผ ์ ์ ํ์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ผ๊ตฌ
2020๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ํํธ๋ณผ
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ณด๊ณ ์
์ผ๊ตฌ
์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ผ๊ตฌ
2021๋
์ผ๊ตฌ
์ผ๋ณธ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ ์ผ๊ตฌ ๋ํ
ํ์ฟ ์๋ง์์ ์ญ์ฌ
ํ์ฟ ์๋ง์์ ์คํฌ์ธ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball%20at%20the%202020%20Summer%20Olympics | Baseball at the 2020 Summer Olympics | Baseball was featured at the 2020 Summer Olympics, in Tokyo, for the first time since the 2008 Summer Olympics. Six national teams competed in the tournament: Israel, Japan (host), Mexico, South Korea, the United States, and the Dominican Republic.
Baseball/softball was one of five sports that were added to the programme of the 2020 Summer Olympics only. It will not return in 2024. The tournament was originally scheduled to be held in 2020, but on 24 March 2020, the Olympics were postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, the games were played behind closed doors.
Medalists
Qualification
Six national teams qualified for the Olympic baseball tournament. Japan automatically qualified, as the host nation. Israel qualified by winning the September 2019 Europe/Africa continental tournament.
Two teams qualified through the 2019 WBSC Premier12 tournament in November 2019. South Korea qualified as the best-placed team from the Asia/Oceania region (other than Japan, which already qualified as host), while Mexico qualified as the best-placed team from the Americas.
The United States qualified by winning the Americas Qualifying Event that was originally scheduled to take place in March 2020, but was postponed to May/June 2021 because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The final spot was awarded to the Dominican Republic which won a world Final Qualifying Tournament in late June 2021.
Competition schedule
Team squads
Competition format
The small number of teams in the tournament resulted in an unusual competition format being adopted that featured 16 games. There was an opening group round-robin round, and a modified double-elimination bracket.
For the group round, there were two pools of three teams each. Each team played the other two teams in its pool once. A total of six games were played in the group round.
In the knockout round, the first three games featured teams that each finished in the same position in their respective pools (A1 vs B1, A2 vs B2, A3 vs B3). The loser of the A3 vs. B3 game was eliminated (with only one loss in the elimination round, plus one or two in the group stage). After this, play continued in double-elimination format until there is one team left in each of the winners and losers brackets. Those two teams played in the gold medal game (a single game; the losers bracket representative does not need to beat the winners bracket representative twice). The last two teams eliminated from the losers bracket played in the bronze medal game. In total, 10 games are played in the knockout round:
A3 vs B3 (loser eliminated)
A2 vs B2
Winner of #1 vs Winner of #2
A1 vs B1
Loser of #2 vs Loser of #3 (loser eliminated)
Loser of #4 vs Winner of #5 (loser to bronze medal game)
Winner of #3 vs Winner of #4 (winner to gold medal game)
Loser of #7 vs Winner of #6 (winner to gold medal game, loser to bronze medal game)
Bronze medal game: Loser of #6 vs Loser of #8
Gold medal game: Winner of #7 vs. Winner of #8
Thus, the best two teams from group play face each other in the quarterfinals, with a possible rematch later in the tournament (including the gold medal game, if the winner also wins its next game and the loser wins its next two).
Group stage
The schedule was announced on 28 June 2021. Note that "Qualification" column represents positional seeding in the knockout stage, effective at the conclusion of the group stage.
All times are local (UTC+9).
Group A
Group B
Knockout stage
Bracket
Round 1
Round 2
Round 1 repechage
Round 2 repechage
Semifinals
Bronze medal game
Gold medal game
Final standings
All-Olympic team
Selected by the World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC).
See also
Softball at the 2020 Summer Olympics
References
External links
Results book
2020
2020 Summer Olympics events
2020 Summer Olympics
Olympics
Olympics
Olympics |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%A9%EC%A0%9C%EB%93%A4%EC%9D%98%20%ED%8F%AC%EB%A3%B8 | ํฉ์ ๋ค์ ํฌ๋ฃธ | ํฉ์ ๋ค์ ํฌ๋ฃธ()๋ ๋ก๋ง์ ์ธ์์ก๋ ํฉ์ ๋ค์ ์ํ ๊ธฐ๋
๋น์ ์ธ ํฌ๋ฃธ์ด๋ค. ๊ธฐ์์ 46๋
์์ ๊ธฐ์ํ 113๋
๊น์ง, ์ด 150๋
์ ์ธ์ ๋์ ์ง์ด์ก๋ค. ํฉ์ ๋ค์ ํฌ๋ฃธ์ ๋ก๋ง ๊ณตํ์ ๊ณผ ๋ก๋ง ์ ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ์ฅ๋ถ์๋ค. ํฉ์ ๋ค์ ํฌ๋ฃธ์ ํฌ๋ฃธ ๋ก๋ง๋์ ์ผ๋ถ๊ฐ ์๋๋ฉฐ, ๋
์์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์ญ์ด์๋ค. ์จ๋ฆฌ์ฐ์ค ์นด์ด์ฌ๋ฅด๊ฐ ์ด ๊ณณ์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ์ธ์ ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ ์ด ๊ณณ์ ๋ก๋ง ์ข
๊ต, ์ ์น, ํ์ ์ ์ค์ฌ์ง์๋ค.
20์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ค์ด ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์ ํ์์ฆ ๋
์ฌ์์๋ ๋ฒ ๋ํ ๋ฌด์๋ฆฌ๋๊ฐ ๊ณ ๋ ๋ก๋ง ์ ๊ตญ์ ์๊ด์ ์ฌํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ด ๊ณณ์ ์ผ๋ถ ๋ณต์ํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋ฌด์๋ฆฌ๋๋ ๋ณต์ ์ฌ์
๊ณผ ๋์์ ํฌ๋ฃธ ์ ์ ํ๋ณตํ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ๋๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ซ์ด๋ฒ๋ ธ๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ์คํ๋ ค ์ ์ ์ ๋๋์ฑ ํ๊ดด์ํค๋ ํ๋์ ํ๊ณ ๋ง์๋ค. ๋ฌด์๋ฆฌ๋๊ฐ ์ ์ ํ๋ณตํ์ ๋๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ซ์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฐ ์ด์ ๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ค์์ ์ฝ๋ก์ธ์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณ ๋ ์ ์ ๋ค์ ํ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ณผ ์ ์๊ฒ ํ๊ณ ์ถ์ด์์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ด ๋๋ก์์ ๋์ค๋ ๋งค์ฐ๊ณผ ์์์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ ์ ๋ค์ด ์ฌ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ํ๊ดด๋๊ณ ์๊ณ , ์ด๋๋ฌธ์ ์๋ฏผ ๋จ์ฒด๋ค์ด ์ด ๋๋ก๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐํ์๋ ์์ ๋์ผ๋ ์คํ๋์ง๋ ๋ชปํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์นด์ด์ฌ๋ฅด์ ํฌ๋ฃธ
๊ณ ๋ ๋ก๋ง์ ์ ์น๊ฐ ์จ๋ฆฌ์ฐ์ค ์นด์ด์ฌ๋ฅด๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ถ์ธ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ํฌ๋ฃธ์ ๋ก๋ง ํ๋ณตํ์ ์ง๊ณ ์ถ์ดํ๋ค. ์ด ํฌ๋ฃธ์ ๊ธฐ์์ 46๋
์ ์๊ณต๋์์ผ๋, ์ฝ๊ฐ ๋ฏธ์์ฑ๋ ์ ๋ค์ด ์กด์ฌํ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๊ทธ์ ํ๊ณ์์ธ ์์ฐ๊ตฌ์คํฌ์ค์ ์ํด ์ต์ข
์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ฑ๋์๋ค.
์นด์ด์ฌ๋ฅด์ ํฌ๋ฃธ์ ํฌ๋ฃธ ๋ก๋ง๋์ ํ์ฅ๋ ๊ฐ๋
์ผ๋ก ์ง์ด์ก๋ค. ํฌ๋ฃธ ๋ก๋ง๋์์ ์ด๋ ธ๋ ๊ณต๊ณต ํ์ฌ๋ค ์ค ์ผ๋ถ๊ฐ ์ด ๊ณณ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ ๋์๋ค. ์ด ๊ณณ์ ์นด์ด์ฌ๋ฅด์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ช
์๋ฅผ ์นญ์กํ๋ ์ญํ ๋ ํ๋ค. ์นด์ด์ฌ๋ฅด๋ ๊ทธ์ ํฌ๋ฃธ ์์ ๋ฒ ๋์ค์ ์ ์ ์ ์ง์๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ์นด์ด์ฌ๋ฅด์ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ด ๋ฒ ๋์ค์ ์ํธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋๋ค๊ณ ์๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ถ์ดํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด์๋ค.
์์ฐ๊ตฌ์คํฌ์ค์ ํฌ๋ฃธ
๊ธฐ์ํ 42๋
์ ์์ฐ๊ตฌ์คํฌ์ค๊ฐ ์ํ ๋์ฐ์ค์ ์ฐํฉํ์ฌ ๋ธ๋ฃจํฌ์ค์ ๊ทธ ์ธ๋ ฅ๋ค์ ์์ ํ ์์ ๋ฒ๋ฆฐ ํ, ์์ฐ๊ตฌ์คํฌ์ค๋ ๋ณต์์ ์ ์ธ ๋ง๋ฅด์ค์ ์ ์ ์ ๋ก๋ง ์๋ด์ ์ง๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ๊ณตํฌํ๋ค. ์ด ์ ์ ์ ์ฝ 40๋
๋์ ์ง์ด์ก๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ํ 2๋
์ ์์ฐ๊ตฌ์คํฌ์ค์ ํฌ๋ฃธ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์๊ณต๋์๋ค.
์์ฐ๊ตฌ์คํฌ์ค์ ํฌ๋ฃธ์ ์นด์ด์ฌ๋ฅด์ ํฌ๋ฃธ ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์ ์์นํด ์๋ค. ์ด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ๋งค์ฐ ๋์ ๋ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ธ์ ธ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ๋น์์ ์๋ฏผ์ฉ ๊ตฌ์ญ์ด์๋ ์๋ถ๋ผ์ ์ต๋ํ ์ฐจ๋จํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐ๋๋ค. ์ด ์์กฐ ๋ฒฝ์ ๋ก๋ง์์ ๋น๋ฒํ๋ ํ์ฌ๋ก๋ถํฐ๋ ํฌ๋ฃธ์ ์์ ํ๊ฒ ์ง์ผ์ฃผ์๋ค.
๋ฒ ์คํ์์๋์ค์ ํฌ๋ฃธ
75๋
์ ๋ฒ ์คํ์์๋์ค ํฉ์ ์ ์น์ธ ํ์ ๋๋ค๋ฅธ ํฌ๋ฃธ์ด ์์ฑ๋์๋ค. ์ด ํฌ๋ฃธ์ ์นด์ด์ฌ๋ฅด์ ํฌ๋ฃธ๊ณผ ์์ฐ๊ตฌ์คํฌ์ค์ ํฌ๋ฃธ์์ ์ด๋ ์ ๋ ๋จ์ด์ง ์์น์ ๊ฑด์ถ๋์๋ค. ์ด ํฌ๋ฃธ์ ๊ณต๊ณต ์์ค์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ๋ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์์๊ณ , ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ์ฑ์ง ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ง์ ํ ์๋ฏธ์ ํฌ๋ฃธ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅ๋์ง ๋ชปํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ์ํฉ ๋๋ฌธ์, ์ด ํฌ๋ฃธ์ ์ข
์ข
'ํํ์ ์ ์ '์ผ๋ก ์์ฃผ ๋ถ๋ ธ๋ค.
ํฌ๋ฃธ์ ๋ชจ์ ๋ํ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํฌ๋ฃธ๋ค์ ๋นํด ์ฝ๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค. ๋ฒ ์คํ์์๋์ค ํฌ๋ฃธ์๋ ํญ ํ์ด๋์จ ๋ฐ์ํ์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ถ์ฌ์ ธ ์์๋๋ฐ, ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ๋ค์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ฐ์น๊ณ ์์๋ค. ํฌ๋ฃธ์ ์ค์ฌ๋ถ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํฌ๋ฃธ๋ค๊ณผ๋ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ ์์ด ๊พธ๋ฉฐ์ ธ ์์๋ค. ์ด ์ ์์๋ ์กฐ๊ฐ์, ์ฐ๋ชป ๋ฑ์ด ์์ด ๋ง์น ์ผ์ธ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด ๊ฐ์ ๋๋์ ์ฃผ์๋ค.
์ด ํฌ๋ฃธ์ ์๋ฃจ์ด๋ ์์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ง๋ค์ด์ก๋ค. ํฌ๋ฃธ ๋ด๋ถ์ ๋ฐฉ์๋ ๋๋ฆฌ์์ผ๋ก ๊น์ ๋ก๋ง ์ ๊ตญ์ ์ง๋๊ฐ ์ ์๋์ด ์์๋๋ฐ, ์ด ๋ฒฝ์ ํ์ฌ ๋ฏ๊ฒจ๋๊ฐ ๋ก๋ง์ ํ ์ฑ๋น์ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด ์ฑ๋น์ ๊ฐ๋ฉด ์์ง๊น์ง๋ ์ง๋๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ๋๋ฆฌ์ ํ์ผ์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค.
์ด ๊ณณ์๋ ์๋ฃจ์ด๋ ์ฑ์ ์ ์๋ ๋ฉ๋
ธ๋ผ๊ฐ ์์น๋์ด ์์๋ค๋ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์๋ค.
๋ค๋ฅด๋ฐ์ ํฌ๋ฃธ
๋๋ฏธํฐ์๋์ค ํฉ์ ๋ ๋น์ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋์ด ์๋ ๋ฒ ์คํ์์๋์ค ํฌ๋ฃธ๊ณผ ์นด์ด์ฌ๋ฅด, ์์ฐ๊ตฌ์คํฌ์ค์ ํฌ๋ฃธ์ ํ๋๋ก ๋ฌถ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ณํํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ์ฌ ๊ทธ๋ ํฉ์ ๋ค์ ํฌ๋ฃธ ์ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์์ฐ๋ฅด๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ํฌ๋ฃธ์ ์๋ก ์ง๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ๋ค๋ง ํฌ๋ฃธ ์ ์ฒด์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ด ์ด๋์ ๋ ํ์ ๋์ด ์์๊ณ , ์ด ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ทธ๋ ์ด๊ธฐ ์ค๊ณ์์ ์ถ์ํ์ฌ ์งํํ ์๋ฐ์ ์์๋ค.
๋๋ฏธํฐ์๋์ค ํฉ์ ์ฌํ ์ฌ์๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ์ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ฐ ํฉ์ ๊ฐ ํฌ๋ฃธ์ ์๊ณตํ๊ณ , ์ด ํฌ๋ฃธ์ ๊ทธ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ถ์๋ค.
ํธ๋ผ์ผ๋์ค์ ํฌ๋ฃธ
ํธ๋ผ์ผ๋์ค ํฉ์ ๊ฐ ๋คํค์๋ฅผ ์ ๋ณตํ๋ฉฐ ๋ก๋ง ์ ๊ตญ์ ์๋ก์์ ๊ทธ์ ๊ณต์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์๋ก์ด ํฌ๋ฃธ์ ์ถ๊ฐํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํฉ์ํ๋ค. ์ด ํฌ๋ฃธ์ ์ง๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ธ๋์ ๋ง์ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊น์๋ด๊ณ ๋ค์ ์์์ฌ๋ ค์ผ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํธ๋ผ์ผ๋์ค ์์ฃผ์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋ค๋ก ๋๋ฌ์ธ์ฌ ์์๋ค. ์ด ํฌ๋ฃธ์ ํฉ์ ๋ค์ ํฌ๋ฃธ์ ์ถ๊ฐ๋ ๋ง์ง๋ง์ด์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํ๋ คํ๊ณ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ํฌ๋ฃธ์ด์๋ค.
์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์ ํํ
์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial%20fora | Imperial fora | The Imperial Fora (Fori Imperiali in Italian) are a series of monumental fora (public squares), constructed in Rome over a period of one and a half centuries, between 46 BC and 113 AD. The fora were the center of the Roman Republic and of the Roman Empire.
The Imperial Fora, while not part of the Roman Forum, are located relatively close to each other. Julius Caesar was the first to build in this section of Rome and rearranged both the Forum and the Comitium, another forum type space designated for politics, to do so. These fora were the centres of politics, religion and economy in the ancient Roman Empire.
During the early 20th century, Mussolini restored the Imperial Fora as part of his campaign to evoke and emulate the past glories of Ancient Rome, but he also built the Via dei Fori Imperiali across the middle of the site. The modern street and its heavy traffic has proved a source of damage to the buildings because of vibration and pollution. There have been a number of proposals to remove the road, but none have taken effect.
Forum of Caesar
Julius Caesar decided to construct a large forum bearing his name. This forum was inaugurated in 46 BC, although it was probably incomplete at this time and was finished later by Augustus.
The Forum of Caesar was constructed as an extension to the Roman Forum. The Forum was used as a replacement venue to the Roman Forum for public affairs as well as government; it was also designed as a celebration of Caesar's power. Caesar had placed, on the front of his forum, a temple devoted to Venus Genetrix, since Caesar's family (gens Julia) claimed to descend by Venus through Aeneas. A statue of Caesar himself riding Bucephalus, the celebrated horse of Alexander the Great, was placed in front of the temple, to symbolise absolute power. This centralised vision corresponded to the ideological function, following the propaganda of the Hellenistic sanctuaries; also the choice of the Forum site carried a meaning: the future dictator didn't want to be far from the central power, represented in the Curia, seat of the Senate. In fact, not long before Caesar's death, the Senate agreed to reconstruct the Curia on the site.
Forum of Augustus
In the battle of Philippi in 42 BC, in which Augustus and Mark Antony worked together and avenged Caesar's death, defeating the forces of Brutus and Cassius, Augustus vowed to build the Temple of Mars Ultor ("Mars the Avenger"). The incomplete forum was inaugurated, after 40 years of construction, in 2 BC, adding the second monumental square, the Forum of Augustus.
This new complex lies at right angles to the Forum of Caesar. The temple consists of a very tall wall, and this still distinguishes itself from the popular neighbourhood of Suburra. This high wall served as a firebreak, protecting the Forum area from the frequent conflagrations from which Rome suffered. The rectangular square has long deep porticos with a surface that widens into large semicircular exedras.
Recently one more slightly smaller exedra was found south on the wall bordering the Forum of Trajan, meaning that for the sake of symmetry there must have been other exedra demolished to make room for the forum of Nerva, rising the number to four and not two exedras. This completely changed the layout for the south part of the Forum of Augustus, meaning that it is much more similar to the Forum of Trajan and a new theory for this southern part of the forum suggests that in fact there was a basilica between the two new exedras (like in the Forum of Trajan). This supports the numerous ancient authors that tell us the forum was used as a court of law.
The entire decoration of the Forum was tightly connected to the ideology of Augustus. According to myth, Rome herself was born from the god Mars through Romulus. This forum was occupied by many plebeians as well as senators.
Temple of Peace
In 75 AD, the Temple of Peace, also known as the Forum of Vespasian, was built under Emperor Vespasian. Separated from the Forum of Augustus and the Forum of Caesar by the Argiletum, which connected the Roman Forum to the Subura, the temple faced the Velian Hill (in the direction of the Colosseum). The fact that this structure is not mentioned as having a civil function has prevented it from being classified as a true Forum. Therefore, the structure was simply identified as the Temple of Peace (Templum Pacis) until the late Empire.
The shape of the square was also different: the temple was constructed as a large apsidal hall that opened up like an exedra at the bottom of the portico. A row of columns distinguished the portico from the temple. The central area was not paved like other fora and served as a garden, with pools and pedestals for statues, so that it was similar to an open-air museum.
The monument was built to celebrate the conquest of Jerusalem. One of the chambers opened at the end of the porticos housed the Forma Urbis Romae, a marble map of ancient Rome, made in the Severan period (3rd century) by drawing on the marble slab that covered the wall. The wall is now part of the faรงade of the church of Santi Cosma e Damiano, where the holes used to mount the slabs of the map can still be seen. The Temple of Peace is also said to have housed the Menorah from Herod's Temple.
Forum of Nerva, or the Transitional Forum
Domitian decided to unify the previous complex and the free remaining irregular area, between the Temple of Peace and the Fora of Caesar and Augustus, and build another monumental forum which connected all of the other fora.
The limited space, partially occupied by one of the exedrae of the Forum of Augustus and by the via dell'Argileto, obliged Domitian to build the lateral porticos as simply decorations of the bounding walls of the forum. The temple, dedicated to Minerva as protector of the emperor, was built leaning on the exedra of the Forum of Augustus, so that the remaining space became a large monumental entrance (Porticus Absidatus) for all the fora.
Because of the death of Domitian, the forum was inaugurated by his successor, Nerva, who gave his own name to it. The Forum of Nerva is also known as Transitional Forum, because it worked as an access way, just like via dell'Argileto had done.
Forum of Trajan
It is probable that Domitian's projects were more ambitious than the building of the small Forum of Nerva and probably under his reign they started to remove the small saddle that united the Capitoline Hill to the Quirinal Hill, thus blocking the Fora towards Campus Martius, near to modern Piazza Venezia.
The project was resumed by Trajan with the construction of Trajan's Forum between 112 and 113. The occasion was the conquest of Dacia, whose spoils paid for this celebration of the military conquests of Rome.
The preparation of the Forum required a lot of work. It was necessary to remove the hilly saddle, and to support the cut of Quirinal Hill through the building of Trajan's market. The Forum square was closed by the Basilica Ulpia, with Trajan's Column at its back. In front of the basilica, a monumental faรงade was the background of a large, equestrian sculpture of the Emperor. The last Forum was also the biggest and greatest.
Museum
In 2007, a museum dedicated to the Imperial Fora was opened in the Trajan's Market, which once constituted the northern edge of the Forum of Trajan. The new museum, named "Museo dei Fori Imperiali" (English: Museum of Imperial Fora) by the means of sculptures, videos, architectural pieces, and scale models depicts the history of the four fora and the Temple of Peace.
References
External links
James Grout: Imperial Fora, part of the Encyclopรฆdia Romana
Satellite image of the area of the Fora
Rome, The Imperial Fora (2007 onwards) in: the "Fori Imperiali," of the: Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali,' Roma (2007) [text only available in Italian.
Ruins in Italy
Archaeological parks
Archaeological museums in Italy |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%93%B0%EB%B9%84%EC%8B%9C%20%EB%8D%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4 | ๋ฏธ์ฐ๋น์ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด | ๋ฏธ์ฐ๋น์ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์๋์ฐจ ์ ์กฐ์ฌ ๋ฏธ์ฐ๋น์ ์๋์ฐจ๊ณต์
์์ ์์ฐ ๋ฐ ํ๋งคํ๋ ์๋์ฐจ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ด๋ค. ๋ณธ ํญ๋ชฉ์์๋ RV ์ฌ์์ธ ์คํ ์๊ฑด๊ณผ ์์ฉ์ฐจ ์ฌ์์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ ํ๋ค.
1์ธ๋
1968๋
ํธ๋ญ์ด ์ฒ์ ์ถ์๋์๊ณ , ๋ฐด ๋ฐ ์ฝ์น๋ ์ด๋ฌํด์ธ 1969๋
์ ์ถ์๋์๋ค. 1971๋
ํธ๋ญ์ ์ ์ฌ๋์ 750kg์ผ๋ก ๋๋ ค ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด 75 ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ๊ฐ ๋์๊ณ , ์์ง์ด ๊ฐค๋ FTO์๋ ์ฅ์ฐฉ๋ 1.4L ์์ง์ผ๋ก ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋์๋ค. 1974๋
์๋ ๋ง์ด๋์ฒด์ธ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น๋ฉด์ 4๋ฑ์ ์ ์กฐ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋์๊ณ , ๋ด์์ฉ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ผ๊ฐ์ฐฝ์ด ์ฌ๋ผ์ก๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋์์ 1.2L ์์ง์ ์น๊ณ ๋ง์ด๋์ฒด์ธ์ง ์ด์ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ ๋ฉด๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ ์ฉํ ์ผ๊ฐ ์ฌ์์ธ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด 1200์ด ๋ฐ๋งค๋์๋ค. 1975๋
์ ์ฝ์น ์ฌ์์ด ๋จ์ข
๋์๊ณ , 1976๋
์๋ ํธ๋ญ์ 1.4L ์ฌ์์ ํ ๋ฒ ์ด์ค๋ฅผ 150mm ๋์ธ
1ํค ์ฌ์์ด ์ถ๊ฐ๋์๋ค. 1977๋
์์์ ๋ณ๊ฒฝํ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ด ๋ฒํผ๋ฅผ ์ข์ฐ ์ผ์ฒด์์ผ๋ก ๋ณ๊ฒฝํ๊ณ ๋ฒํธํ ์์น๋ฅผ ๋ท๋ฌธ ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์๋๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒผ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํด์ธ ์ฌ์๋ ์ผ๊ฐ์ฐฝ์ด ์ญ์ ๋์๋ค. 1979๋
2์ธ๋ ์ฐจ์ข
์ ์ถ์๋ก ๋จ์ข
๋์๋ค.
2์ธ๋
1979๋
์ถ์๋์๊ณ , ๋น์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ ์ํ์ฐจ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๋ง๊ฒ ์ ํญ์ด ์ปค์ก๋ค. ๋ฐด ์ฌ์์ ๋ฐด ์์ด๋, ์นํฉ์ฐจ ์ฌ์์ ์คํ ์๊ฑด์ด๋ผ๋ ์๋ธ๋ค์์ด ๋ถ์๋ค. 1982๋
๋ง์ด๋์ฒด์ธ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณค๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฅ๊ตฌ๋ ์ฌ์์ด ์ต์ด๋ก ์ ์ฉ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์กด์ M ๋ก๊ณ ๊ฐ MMC ๋ก๊ณ ๋ก ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋์๋ค. 1983๋
์ ๋ฐด๊ณผ ํธ๋ญ๋ ์คํ ์๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ 2๋ฑ์ ํค๋๋จํ๋ฅผ ์ ์ฉํ์๊ณ , 1984๋
์๋ ๋ฐด์ 4๋ฅ๊ตฌ๋ ์ฌ์์ 2.3L ๋์ ค์์ง์ ์ ์ฉํ์๋ค. 1986๋
๋ฐด ๋ฐ ์นํฉ์ฐจ ์ฌ์์ 3์ธ๋๋ก ํ์ฒด์ธ์ง ๋์๊ณ , ํธ๋ญ์ 1988๋
์ฌ๋ฅ๊ตฌ๋์ ์ถ๊ฐํ๊ณ 1994๋
๊น์ง ์์ฐ๋์๋ค. ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์์๋ ํ๋์๋์ฐจ๊ฐ ํฌํฐ์ 2์ธ๋ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ก 1986๋
๋ถํฐ 1996๋
๊น์ง ๋ผ์ด์ผ์ค ์์ฐํ์๊ณ , ์ธ๋๋ค์์์ ํ๋ฆฌํ์์๋ ๋ฏธ์ฐ๋น์ L300์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ช
์นญ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฌ๊น์ง๋ ์์ฐ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
3์ธ๋
1986๋
์ถ์ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ ์ธ๋์ ๋์์ธ์ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ญํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ ํ "์ํํธ ํ๋ธ" ์คํ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋์๋ค. ํ ๋ฒ ์ด์ค๋ ํ์ค ์ฌ์๊ณผ ๋กฑ ์ฌ์์ด ์ ๊ณต๋๊ณ , ์ง๋ถ ํํ๋ ์์ด๋ก ๋ฃจํ์ ํ์ด ๋ฃจํ๊ฐ ์ ๊ณต๋๋ค. ๋ํ ์คํ ์๊ฑด์์๋ ํ๋ฅ๊ตฌ๋์ ํํด ์ ๋ฃจํ์ธ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ ๋ผ์ดํธ ๋ฃจํ๋ฅผ ์ ํํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ชจ๋
ธ์ฝํฌ ์ฐจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋์
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์์ ์ฌ์์ ํ์ฌํ์ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ RV ์์ฅ์์ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ป์๋ค. ํด์ธ ์์ฅ์์๋ L300์ด๋ ๋ช
์นญ์ผ๋ก ํ๋งค๋์๊ณ , ๋ถ๋ฏธ ์์ฅ์์๋ ๋ฐด ๋ฐ ์๊ฑด์ด๋ ๋ช
์นญ์ผ๋ก 1990๋
๊น์ง ํ๋งค๋์๋ค. 1988๋
๋ถํฐ๋ ์ ๋ฉด๋ถ์ ๋ฏธ์ฐ๋น์์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ค์ด์๋ชฌ๋ ๋ก๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋ถ์ฐฉ๋์๊ณ 4๋ฅ๊ตฌ๋ ์ฌ์์๋ ์๋๋ณ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ถ๊ฐ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ด๋ฌํด์ธ 1989๋
์๋ ๊ฐ์๋ฆฐ 2.4L ์์ง์ด ๋์
๋์๊ณ , 4๋ฅ๊ตฌ๋ ์ฌ์์๋ ํ์ด ๋ฃจํ์ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ ๋ผ์ดํ ๋ฃจํ๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ฐํ์๋ค. 1990๋
๋ง์ด๋์ฒด์ธ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ถ๋๋ฝ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฌ์๊ณ , ์คํ ์๊ฑด์ ๋
ธ๋๋ฐฉ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ถ ์ค๋์ค๋ฅผ ํ์ฌํ ๊ณ ๊ธ ์ฌ์์ธ ์ํผ ์์๋์ ํน๋ณ ์ฌ์์ธ ์ค๋ชจ๋์ค๊ฐ ์ถ๊ฐ๋์๋ค. 1994๋
์๋ ์คํ ์๊ฑด์ ํ์ ์ฐจ์ข
์ธ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ์คํ์ด์ค ๊ธฐ์ด์ ์ถ์๋ก ์ผ๊ฐ ์ฌ์๋ง ๋จ์๋ค. ํธ๋ญ์ ์ฒซ ์ถ์๋ก๋ถํฐ 8๋
๋ง์ ๋ฐ๋งค๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐด ๋ฐ ์นํฉ ์ฌ์๊ณผ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ ๊ธฐํ์ ์ ๋ฉด ๋์์ธ์ ์ ์ฉํ์๋ค. 1997๋
์์ด๋ฐฑ์ ์ถ๊ฐํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 1999๋
๋จ์ข
๋์๋ค. ์ฌ๊ณ ์ฐจ๋์ 2004๋
๊น์ง ํ๋งค๋์๊ณ , ํด์ธ ์์ถ์ฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ 2013๋
๊น์ง ์์ฐ๋์๋ค. ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํ๋์๋์ฐจ์์๋ ์๊ฑด/๋ฐด ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๊ทธ๋ ์ด์ค๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ ํ์ 1986๋
๋ถํฐ 2004๋
๊น์ง ๋ผ์ด์ผ์ค ์์ฐํ์๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด์๋ ์๋ ์ ์ฅ์ 5๋ฏธํฐ ์ด์๊น์ง ๋๋ฆฐ ์ด์ฅ์ถ ๋ฒ์ ์ธ ํฌ์ด ์ฌ์๋ ์์๋ค. ํธ๋ญ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๋
์์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ํด ํฌํฐ ์ 3์ธ๋ ๋ชจ๋ธ(๋ด ํฌํฐ)๋ก 1996๋
๋ถํฐ 2004๋
๊น์ง ์์ฐ๋์๋๋ฐ ์ํผ์บก์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ฌ์์ด๋ค. ๋๋ธ์บก๋ ์กด์ฌํ๋๋ฐ, ์ํผ์บก, ๋๋ธ์บก ๋ฑ์ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ํธ๋ญ์ ์๋ ์ฌ์์ด๋ค. ๋๋ง์ ๋ฏธ์ฐ๋น์์ ์ํ์ฌ์ธ CMC์์๋ 2013๋
๊ณผ 2019๋
์ ํ์ด์ค๋ฆฌํํธ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น๋ฉด์ ํ์ฌ๊น์ง ์์ฐ ์ค์ด๋ค.
4์ธ๋
1999๋
์ถ์๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ง์ฐ๋ค ๋ด๊ณ ๋ฅผ OEM ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ๋ค์ฌ์๋ค. 3์ธ๋๊น์ง ์์๋ RV ์ฌ์์ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ์คํ์ด์ค ๊ธฐ์ด์๊ฒ ์์ ํ ๋๊ฒจ์ฃผ๊ณ ์์ฉ์ฐจ๋ก ํ๋ฐ๊ฟํ์๋ค. 2010๋
๋ง์ด๋์ฒด์ธ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น๋ฉด์ ๊ฐ์๋ฆฐ ์์ง์ ๋ง์ฐ๋ค L8 ์์ง์ผ๋ก ๋ณ๊ฒฝํ๊ณ ์ถ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ฐ๋น๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํ์๋ค. ์กฐ์์ ์์ด๋ฐฑ๊ณผ ์ ๋ ์ฌ์ด๋๋ฏธ๋ฌ๋ฅผ ํ์ค ์ ์ฉํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํธ๋ญ ํ๋ฌผ์นธ์ ๋์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋์ ค ์์ง์ด ๋จ์ข
๋์๋ค. 2011๋
์ ๋ฐด์ ๋์ฐ NV200 ๋ฐ๋คํธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ก ๋์ฒด๋์์ผ๋ ํธ๋ญ์ ์ด ์ธ๋๋ฅผ ๋์ผ๋ก ๋จ์ข
๋์๋ค.
5์ธ๋
2011๋
๋์ฐ๊ณผ์ ํ๋ ฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋์ฐ NV200 ๋ฐ๋คํธ์ OEM ๋ฒ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์นํฉ์ฐจ ๋ฒ์ ์ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด D:3๋ผ๋ ๋ช
์นญ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋งค๋์๋ค. 2012๋
NV200๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ง์ด๋์ฒด์ธ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณค๋ค. 2019๋
4์ ๋จ์ข
๋์๊ณ , ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ฐด 50๋
์ญ์ฌ์ ๋ง์ ๋ด๋ ธ๋ค.
๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ์นด๊ณ
1์ธ๋
1994๋
๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ์คํ์ด์ค ๊ธฐ์ด์ ๋์์ ์ถ์๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 3์ธ๋ ๋ฐด ๋ฐ ํธ๋ญ๊ณผ ๋ณํ ์์ฐ ๋ฐ ํ๋งค๋์๋ค. ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ์คํ์ด์ค ๊ธฐ์ด์๋ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ 2.0L ๊ฐ์๋ฆฐ ์์ง๊ณผ 2.5L ๋์ ค ์์ง์ด ์ ๊ณต๋์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ด ์์คํ์
์ด ๋ฆฌํ ์์คํ์
์ด๋ค. 1997๋
ํ์ด์ค๋ฆฌํํธ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณค๊ณ , ์ผ๋ณธ์์๋ 1999๋
๋จ์ข
๋์์ผ๋ ์์ถ์ 2005๋
๊น์ง ๊ณ์๋์๋ค.
2์ธ๋
1999๋
๋ง์ฐ๋ค ๋ด๊ณ ๋ธ๋ก๋์ OEM ๊ณต๊ธ ๋ฒ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์๋์๊ณ , 2010๋
๊น์ง ํ๋งค๋์๋ค.
๋ฏธ๋๋ฐด
2011๋
๋ถํฐ ๋ฏธ์ฐ๋น์์์ ๋ด์ ์์ฅ์ฉ ๋ฏธ๋๋ฐด์ ๋ช
์นญ์ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ก ํตํฉํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์นจ์ ์ ์ฉํ์๊ณ , ์ดํ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด D:5 ์ธ์๋ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด D:2์ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด D:3๊ฐ ์ถ์๋์๋ค.
๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด ์คํ์ด์ค ๊ธฐ์ด
๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด D:5
๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด D:2
๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด D:3
๊ด๋ จํญ๋ชฉ
๋ฏธ์ฐ๋น์์๋์ฐจ๊ณต์
๋ฏธ์ฐ๋น์ ํ์ ๋ก
๋ฏธ์ฐ๋น์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ค
ํ๋ ๊ทธ๋ ์ด์ค
ํ๋ ํฌํฐ
๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด
๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด
๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด
๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด
๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด
๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด
๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด
๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด
๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด
๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด
๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด
๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด
๋ธ๋ฆฌ์นด | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi%20Delica | Mitsubishi Delica | The is a range of vans and pickup trucks designed and built by the Japanese automaker Mitsubishi Motors since 1968. It was originally based on a cabover van and pickup truck introduced the previous year, also called the Delica, its name a contraction of the English language phrase Delivery car. This pickup truck, and a commercial van derived from it has received many names in export markets, being sold as the L300 (later L400) in Europe, Jamaica (discontinued after the third generation) and New Zealand, Express and Starwagon in Australia, and plain Mitsubishi Van and Wagon in the United States. The passenger car versions were known as Delica Star Wagon from 1979 until the 1994 introduction of the Delica Space Gear, which became simply Space Gear in Europe at least. The most recent version (not available as a commercial vehicle) is called the Delica D:5. With the exception of the first, versions of all generations are still being sold in various international markets.
In Japan, the Delica Cargo and Delica D:3 nameplates were used on rebadged Mazda Bongo Brawny (between 1999 and 2010) and Nissan NV200 (between 2011 and 2019) respectively. Since 2011, the Delica D:2 nameplate has been applied to the rebadged Suzuki Solio. Starting 2023, the Delica Mini nameplate is also used as a kei car model based on the eK X Space.
First generation (1968)
The production of the Delica light commercial cab-over pickup began in July 1968. It received the chassis code T100, in line with the recently (January 1968) introduced "T90" Canter. Using a KE44 1,088ย cc engine producing , its maximum payload was and had a top end speed of . A year later, in line with consumer needs, a cargo van and a passenger van were added to the line-up. The passenger van, discontinued in 1976, was called the 'Delica Coach' and could seat nine people in three rows of seats. The engine was upgraded to in 1969.
In March 1971, a slightly facelifted version, called the Delica 75, arrived. This (the T120) received a small grille rather than the naked metal front of the earliest Delicas, and a new 1.4-litre Neptune (4G41) engine rated at was added to the line-up. The smaller 1.1-litre engine may have remained available in a version of the truck but if so, it soon vanished entirely.
After a fall 1974 facelift, the Delica received a new nose with much plastic cladding and double headlights, now mounted beneath the swage line. It was now known only as the "Delica 1400", as this was the only engine with which it was available (mention of a Delica 1200 is most likely apocryphal, perhaps an issue of confusion arising from the "120" chassis code). A longer wheelbase (T121) one-ton truck was added in 1976.
In export markets, this car was usually called simply the Colt T100/T120. It became a massive success in Indonesia, where "Colt" became synonymous with minibus. Mitsubishi dominated the market and the T120 remained in production until 1982. The nametag was revived in February 1991 with a rebadged version of the Suzuki Carry Futura. Record, a Greek manufacturer of agricultural vehicles, plagiarized the Delica T120 design (even using the same windshield) for their fibreglass-bodied "GS2000" truck.
Second generation (1979)
The Delica series was replaced in June 1979 by an all new design, bringing overall width up to the maximum dictated by Japanese regulations for "compact" vehicles. Suspended at the front by an independent wishbone construction and a leaf spring at the rear, the Delica also features sliding side doors and one-piece gas strut tailgate. The line-up was expanded to include ten model variations encompassing a wide variety of passenger (eight seats in a three/two/three configuration), cargo and recreational applications. A four-wheel drive option was made available in 1982, a first in the Japanese van market. Engines were all four-cylinders well known from MMC's passenger cars and included the 1,439ย cc, Saturn (4G33) and 1.6-litre Saturn (4G32) engines. A 1.8-litre Sirius (4G62) version producing appeared in May 1980, and a 2.0-litre Sirius (4G63B) petrol version became optional in 4WD versions from November 1983. A 2.3-litre Astron (4D55) diesel appeared in October 1982 and was replaced by the larger 2.5-litre Astron (4D56) in 1986.
The four-wheel drive version of the Delica was first introduced to the Japanese market in October 1982. This versatile vehicle utilized a modified version of the Mitsubishi Pajero's chassis, albeit usually with smaller engines (originally only the 1.8-litre petrol). After the introduction of the third generation Delica, the truck (separate cab) version of the second generation continued to be built until 1994. Japanese consumers were liable for higher amounts of annual road tax due to the larger engines installed in higher trim level packages.
Markets
Australia
Chrysler Australia introduced the SA series Delica to the Australian market on 14 April 1980 under the name "Chrysler L300 Express" after debuting at the Adelaide Motor Show in 12 April. After acquiring control of the Chrysler Australia operations in the same month, Mitsubishi Motors renamed the firm Mitsubishi Motors Australia in October 1980. This resulted in the rebranding of the L300 Express as a Mitsubishi. Fitted with a 1.6-litre engine and four-speed manual, both van (three-seater commercial) and wagon (eight-seater) variants were offered, with the commercial (van) version available with or without side rear windows. The utility (pickup) version was not sold in Australia, as the L200 Express covered that segment of the market. In November 1981 the SB series was introduced, now fitted with radial ply tires on larger diameter wheels, thus increasing the payload capacity from . The following month, Mitsubishi introduced the high-roofed luxury "Deluxe" trim, fitted with electric sunroof and cloth upholstery. The next update to the SB series arrived in October 1982, resulting in the "Deluxe" trim being renamed "Starwagon" and gaining a larger 1.8-litre engineโoffered with a five-speed overdrive manual or optional three-speed automatic. The "Star Wagon" (this was written either as one or as two words) moniker was also used on examples assembled by Todd Motors in New Zealand, albeit with the 1.6-litre engine. Mitsubishi extended the availability of the 1.8-litre engine to the lower-specification variants, albeit in automatic guise only. The 1.8 was also available in the long wheelbase, high roof, panel van version.
From May 1983, the L300 Express received rectangular headlights in chrome surrounds as part of the SC iteration. The SC also featured newly designed black resin bumpers and adjustments to the front suspension spring rate to improve ride and handling. The four-wheel drive version, badged "4WD", came in October 1983 as a 1.8-litre model with floor-mounted five-speed manual only, therefore becoming a seven-passenger model by losing the front-row center seat. After another facelift in October 1984, the car became the SD series, introducing better equipment and black headlight surrounds along with a black trim piece between the headlights on "Starwagon" and "4WD" trims. The SD revision also upgraded the "4WD" to a 2.0-litre engine, with the 1.8-litre standard issue in a new long-wheelbase commercial (van) model. A final minor update, the SE series appeared in 1986.
Asia
Philippines
This generation has been produced in the Philippines since 1987 as the "Mitsubishi L300 Versa Van" (discontinued in April 2012) as well as the Cab/Chassis variant where local coach builders assemble rear bodies for passenger and cargo hauling purposes. Variations such as the FB (family business), PET (personal and equipment transport), WT (water tight aluminum van) and DS (drop side) have been made to cater to those needs. In 2010, an extended rear body variant for the FB variant called the Exceed was added. In 2014, local truck body manufacturer Centro Manufacturing launched a minibus version of the L300 called the XV Mikrobus. It is built on the FB Exceed platform and is meant to be used as a public utility vehicle, a school bus, or an ambulance. It is also meant to revive the Versa Van and to be an alternative to the FB variant. In 2017, Mitsubishi Motors Philippines announced that the L300's diesel engine will be updated to comply with the Euro 4 standardization project of the DENR and the LTFRB. In April 2019, Mitsubishi Motors Philippines announced that the L300 would be fitted with the 4N14 CRDi engine complied with a Euro-4 Emission standards. From 1987 to 2009, the design of the front fascia has changed very little (although there were minor changes to the interior). The L300 received a facelift in 2010 and was sold until 2017. Mitsubishi updated the styling of the L300 for the 2019 model year, now featuring a new horizontal chrome grille similar to the "Dynamic Shield" design language found on other Mitsubishi models like the Mitsubishi Xpander and Mitsubishi Montero Sport to distinguish it from older L300s.
In 2020, the local production of the L300 reached 200,000 units. Exports began in April 2022 for Southeast Asian markets, particularly in Indonesia.
Indonesia
This generation is marketed in Indonesia as the Colt L300. The production started in November 1981 with a 1.4-litre 4G33 petrol engine. Minor facelift occurred in 1984, the round shape headlights were replaced with square unit. The engine was also replaced with a more powerful 1.6-litre 4G32 petrol engine and also a 2.3-litre 4D55 diesel engine option. The second facelift occurred in 1987, it received garnish grille with big "MITSUBISHI" badge. The short lived 2.3-litre diesel engine was replaced in 1988 with the larger 2.5-litre 4D56 unit. Due to lack of demand, the petrol engine was discontinued around October 1995. The third facelift occurred in 2007 with new grille model and power steering.
Since 2010, Isuzu Indonesia sold this second generation Delica as the Isuzu Bison with an Isuzu Panther-sourced 4JA1L 2.5-litre diesel engine with . The Bison costs higher than a corresponding L300 due to an agreement between the two countries. The production of the L300 was moved from the former PT Krama Yudha Ratu Motor (KRM) plant in Pulo Gadung, East Jakarta to the new Mitsubishi Motors Cikarang plant in Bekasi, West Java beginning in April 2018. In April 2018, the Isuzu Bison was discontinued due to lack of demand and later replaced by Isuzu's fully developed Traga.
Local production of the Colt L300 has been stopped temporarily since April 2022 due to the implementation of the Euro 4 emission standards. In the meantime, the vehicle is imported from the Philippines as the newer 4N14 engine from the Philippine-spec L300 met the standards and received its fourth facelift on 28 June 2022.
South Korea
In South Korea, Hyundai built the second generation Delica as the "Hyundai Porter", replacing an earlier model with the same name. South Korean production of this Porter continued alongside the third generation Delica, which was marketed by Hyundai as the "Grace". This Porter was replaced by an indigenously developed third generation Porter in March 1996.
India
From 1997 to 2000, the car was sold by Mahindra & Mahindra in India as the "Mahindra Voyager", but priced too high it was taken out of production after only a little over two years. The Voyager did meet with some success as an ambulance and as a cargo van, but this association only further prevented prospective private purchasers. Unique to the Mahindra Voyager is the fitment of PSA's 2.5-litre XD3P diesel engine, producing DIN at 4000ย rpm.
Third generation (1986)
In June 1986, the Delica underwent its third full model change. More aerodynamic than previous versions, its monocoque body and extensive safety features proved very popular in Japan's fast-growing recreational vehicle market segment. The more rounded design was referred to as "soft cube" styling by Mitsubishi. Passenger versions continued to be sold as Delica Star Wagon, which became just plain "Starwagon" in Australia. The commercial version is called the "Express" in Australia. Two wheelbases have been offered. In 1990, the Australian market received the naturally aspirated diesel engine as an option; this was the first Delica so equipped in that market.
Although the subsequent L400 Delica and Delica Space Gear were introduced in 1994, production of the Delica vans and wagons continued for the Japanese market until 1998. The lineup was actually expanded, as a truck version was introduced in May 1994, finally replacing the long running second generation truck. The Delica truck was available in a short or a long wheelbase, with the LWB version receiving the twin rectangular headlights as previously used on the Delica Star Wagon. The L300/Delica van versions also remained in production for export markets. These export markets received a facelift in 1999, released in September of that year in Australia. In Japan the commercial Delica range was replaced by a badge-engineered Mazda Bongo under an OEM deal which began in November 1999.
In May 2013, Mitsubishi discontinued the commercial version of the third generation Delica in Australiaโbadged as the Mitsubishi Expressโdue to its inferior safety. The Express was the last new car to be sold in Australia with a one-star ANCAP rating. The Express had changed little since it received a minor model change in 2003.
A large range of engines were available, from a 1.4-litre up to a 2.4-litre petrol, and also a 2.5-litre diesel and turbodiesel, plus a 2.6-litre naturally aspirated diesel. Rear- or four-wheel drive, several bodystyles and two different wheelbases made for a particularly extensive line-up. The four-wheel drive chassis was based on that of the contemporary Mitsubishi Pajero, although parts are seldom interchangeable. Late general export market versions received a carburetted 16-valve version of the 2.0-litre 4G63 four-cylinder, with at 6,000 rpm.
Markets
Asia
Cargo versions are built by the China Motor Corporation in Taiwan. This generation Delica was also built under license by Hyundai of South Korea, where it was called the "Hyundai Grace" or "Hyundai H-100" in some Eurasian markets. Launched in December 1986, this version originally received the twin headlights as used in the US market versions, but after a front-end facelift the new more aerodynamic version received thinner and more rounded headlights. This version was called the "New Grace". Both the 2.4-litre petrol and 2.5-litre turbo-diesel inline-four engines were available, both Mitsubishi designs. Hyundai terminology resulted in the 4D56 diesel engine being renamed D4BX / D4BA. It takes two more minor changes at each 1996 and 2002, production ended in end of 2003. In 1996, the Delica was also rebadged under the Soueast brand, which occurred through 2013. In the Philippines, this generation of the Delica was called the "L300 Exceed" to differentiate itself to the ageing second generation L300 Versa Van which was still being sold there at that time, and was introduced starting from 1997. Although prior to that, Hyundai has already been selling it's pre-facelift rebadged sibling, the Hyundai Grace since the start of the 1990s.
North America
From 1987 until 1990, Mitsubishi sold this model in small numbers in the United States as the "Wagon" for passenger versions and "Van" for windowless cargo versions. The US versions all received a version of the 2.4-litre 4G64 engine. For model years 1990 and 1991 an LS version of the Wagon was added. Taiwanese-produced CMC Delica vans are sold in Mexico as the Dodge 1000 as of July 2007. The Mitsubishi Expo LRV replaced the Van/Wagon in 1992.
Once the fifteen-year minimum age threshold was reached, enthusiasts began importing Japanese domestic market Delicas to Canada. The 4WD turbo diesel van is also a common choice for Canadian postal workers who require a right-hand drive vehicle. The United States has a 25-year threshold for importing cars, and recently Japanese domestic market Delicas have begun to gain a following there as well.
Since 2007, the Cargo versions built by the China Motor Corporation in Taiwan are being exported to Mexico wearing Dodge badges.
From 2021, the Maine Bureau of Motor Vehicles (BMV) began actively de-registering Delicas imported into the United States that were previously registered in Maine under the 25-year federal import rule, by classifying it as an off-road all-terrain vehicle.
Europe
Introduced for 1987, the British market received the L300 with either the 1.6- petrol or 2.5-litre diesel engine. Both wheelbases were available. In continental Europe the car was also sold as the L300, with engine options depending on local taxation and market conditions.
Fourth generation (1994)
1994โ1997
Released on 12 May 1994, the newest Delica received considerably more aerodynamic bodywork. No truck model was available of this generation, and passenger models were now called Delica Space Gear in the Japanese domestic market. Body specifications of the Space Gear in Japan ranged from XR, XG, Exceed, Super Exceed and Royal Exceed, and both long and short-wheelbase versions were available.
The fourth generation Delica shares its engine and transmission with the Mitsubishi Pajero, but unlike the Pajero of its time it is of monocoque construction and lacks a separate chassis. The Delica 4WD still offers ample off-road capabilities, with four-wheel drive, high and low ratio gears and differential locking. It has engine variations from 2.5-litre through to a 2.8-litre intercooled turbo-diesel. 2.4-litre and 3.0-litre V6 petrol engines with 12 or 24 valves are also offered. Apart from the 2.8-litre diesel model all are available as two- or four-wheel drive version.
In many export markets, the cargo versions of the fourth generation were called the Mitsubishi L400 while the passenger versions were called Mitsubishi Space Gear โ without using the Delica nameplate at all.
In South Korea, Hyundai used the Mitsubishi Delica as the base vehicle for the Hyundai Starex (A1) manufactured between 1997 and 2007.
In Australia, this generation, known as the WA series was available in both cargo (Mitsubishi Express) and passenger (Mitsubishi Starwagon) versions. The Starwagon was available between September 1994 and 2003. The Express launched at the same time, but continued on until 2005. To differentiate the semi-bonneted WA Express from the cheaper, previous generation SJ series that sold alongside it, the WA models were disambiguated with the "Walk-Thru" designation.
The Australian Starwagons were made available in four levels of specification: GL, GLX, GLS and 4WD. Mitsubishi fitted the GL with a 2.0-litre carburetored inline-four, with the GLX gaining a fuel-injected 2.4-litre inline-four, and the GLS a 3.0-litre V6. Both four-cyliner engines were fitted standard with a five-speed manual transmission with optional four-speed column-shift automatic. The 3.0-litre GLS offered a four-speed floor-mounted automatic as its sole transmission option. The facelift model, released in 1996 saw the range rationalised with only the base GL and mid-range GLX models retained.
1997โ2007
In 1997, the Delica was upgraded with a facelift model. The upgrade is mostly cosmetic with changes to the lighting clusters and front body panel, with the integration of a moulded bumper in place of the original three section bullbar. The engine was upgraded with an electronic control type distribution type jet pump and an electronic sidestep was made standard on the higher specification versions.
A final facelift was released in Japan in August 2002.
2003โ2008 Taiwanese facelift
In Taiwan, the third generation Delica continued to be produced and sold while the fourth generation Delica was simply named the Mitsubishi Space Gear, and was positioned above the third generation model. Initial versions of the Space Gear produced and sold in Taiwan was identical to the Series 2 Japanese facelift. However, in 2005 a final facelift was conducted exclusively in Taiwan with minor changes done to the grilles, front and rear bumpers, and front and rear light units.
China
The Dongfeng Fengxing Lingzhi is a range of MPVs produced by Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor under the Dongfeng Fengxing sub-brand. At launch, the Fengxing Lingzhi was essentially a rebadged third generation Mitsubishi Delica or the Mitsubishi Delica Space Gear. The Delica platform was acquired from Taiwan's China Motor Corporation, a partner of Mitsubishi Motors. Therefore, the initial facelifts from Dongfeng Liuzhou were identical to the Taiwanese China Motor Corporation built Mitsubishi Space Gear. After the China Motor Corporation built Mitsubishi Space Gears were discontinued in Taiwan, Dongfeng Liuzhou continued the production in China and conducted their own facelifts and development of the model.
Three trim levels were developed after the facelift by Dongfeng Liuzhou was conducted, including the Lingzhi M5, M3, and V3, which targets different groups of consumers and were priced differently. The M5 is the premium version, featuring a restyled front DRG and restyled tail lamps with prices ranging from 77,900 yuan to 98,900 yuan. The M3 being the basic passenger version sharing the same front DRG design and same tail lamps with the V3 but with clear DLO with prices ranging from 55,900 yuan to 71,900 yuan. The V3 is the utility cargo version with a sealed cargo area and being the most affordable of the three trim levels with prices ranging from 55,900 yuan to 66,900 yuan. Each trim is available with a long wheelbase version called the Lingzhi M5L, M3L, and V3L respectively all sharing the same tail lamp design.
Fifth generation (2007)
On the day of 30 October 2006, had the brand claimed the 2007 Delica would be internally designated D:5, the brand had announced 31 January 2007 that the Delica would make its official launch in the Japanese market. Bodily configured as a 5-door monobox minivan, petrol Delica models had arrived in 2007, while diesel models had started production in late 2012 as 2013 models. Available in front- or all-wheel drive configurations, all-wheel drive models which use the Mitsubishi's AWC system, the Delica is available in both seven- or eight-seating layouts.
The basis of the D:5 is the Mitsubishi GS platform which it shares with the Xpander as well as the second and third generation of the Outlander. Unveiled on 21 November 2018 was the Delica D:5's facelift for the 2019 model year. It made its debut to the public at the 2019 Tokyo Auto Salon and was released in Japan on 15 February 2019.
Development and launch
On 30 October 2006, Mitsubishi Motors announced that the next generation of its monobox (one-box) minivan would be called the Delica D:5, based on the Concept D-5 prototype first exhibited at the 39th Tokyo Motor Show in 2005. It is an eight-seater, that features Mitsubishi's AWC four-wheel drive system and an INVECS-III continuously variable transmission, coupled to a 4B12 2.4ย L MIVEC inline-four engine. Based on a new global GS platform, the new Delica features Mitsubishi's next-generation RISE safety body. A 2.0-litre version of this engine is also available. It was released in Japan on 31 January 2007.
Available for January 2013 is the clean diesel variant of the D:5, which comes with Mitsubishi's brand new 2.2ย L 4-cylinder turbo-diesel engine (4N14) that produces 148ย PS of power and 360ย Nm of torque. Mitsubishi claims that this new 4N14 diesel engine is reliable at low revs and smooth acceleration until high revs. With reduced pressure and temperature in the cylinder, it achieves a low compression ratio of 14.9. The Mitsubishi Delica D:5 with Clean Diesel engine has a fuel consumption of 13.6ย km/L based on JC08 Mode cycle.
The Delica D:5 was officially sold in Indonesia between 2014 and 2019, where it was imported from Japan. It was launched on 18 September 2014 at the 22nd Indonesia International Motor Show, marketed as the "Delica". It is only available in FWD petrol engine variant based on 2.0 G Power Package 2WD trim with seven-seater seating configuration. The variant called Royal was added later and it was based on G-Premium package with same engine. It was also introduced in Thailand in March 2015 as the "Delica Space Wagon".
Body and exterior
The exterior features a large bar grille which connects the headlights, as well as the rear which incorporates a tailgate garnish, which runs the full-width of the rear side. The D:5 features front and rear bumpers that include skid plate styling and use a functional sectional design that facilitates repair work for a small amount of damage. Retaining its basic dimensions from the previous model, the D:5's overall height has decreased by about , while its interior height has increased also by about . It also has higher ground clearance. Fourteen distinct body colours are available; seven monotone colours, while seven two-tone colours are available. Sized as a large MPV / minivan, the Delica is placed in the M-segment in British size classification. The Delica's estimated drag coefficient is
0.42 Cd, which is relatively high in comparison to its competitors such as the Toyota Alphard AH30 at only 0.33.
The Delica also features the "rib-bone frame" design uses closed-section joins to link the pillars, roof bows and underfloor cross-members in rings positioned at the pillars and the tailgate opening, which improves body rigidity and durability as well as to help prevent crashworthiness. The vehicle uses more rust-resistant steel on the floor structure than the Delica Space Gear, which was a fourth generation model. The D:5 also utilizes body corrosion resistance, which has been improved significantly due to extensive use of underfloor sealing and with the application of more undercoat. Fender panels, which are made of plastic resin are used on the D:5, and are able to bend and recover shape easily. This switch of material reduces weight by .
Power sliding rear doors and an electric tailgate are now standard. An available exterior feature is a "Triple Panorama Sunroof", which offers a trio of sunroofs, where two tilt and one power slides.
Equipment
Standard equipment includes Xenon HID headlights, 3x SRS airbags for the passenger, driver, the and driver's knee, anti-lock braking system (ABS), electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD), Active Stability Control, which is a Mitsubishi's variant of electronic stability control, dual-way air conditioning, headlining that removes the smell of odors, UV-cut glass, interior illumination with adjustable LED lamp system, and start-stop system for the turbo diesel. Available features are either single or dual power sliding side doors, parking cameras, power folding side step, Rockford Fosgate Premium sound system with an 860W amplifier, 12 speakers with Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound, airbags for all three rows of seats, luxury driver seats, smart key, cruise control, and a steering wheel with optionally mounted phone and buttons.
Standard on G-Premium and G-Navi package, is a 30-gigabyte hard disk drive on-board navigation system as well as 7-inch liquid-crystal display. A 9-inch wide display with a built-in DVD/CD player and infrared headphones are mounted on the rear cabin ceiling as a optional luxury on the G-Premium and G-Navi models.
All models except the M trim are equipped with 225/55R18 tires on light and stiff 7-spoke alloy road wheels. The M trim features 215/70R16 tires on steel wheels with full wheel covers. The Delica D:5 features the MacPherson strut suspension at the front, while at the rear is a multi-link suspension setup.
2019 facelift
The 2019 facelift Delica D:5 was unveiled in Japan on 21 November 2018 with "Dynamic Shield" design language, having a 10.1-inch infotainment system and e-Assist.
Other models using the name
Mitsubishi Delica Truck/Van/Cargo (rebadged Mazda Bongo Truck/Van/Brawny)
Between November 1999 and October 2011 (the Delica Cargo was discontinued in August 2010), Mitsubishi Motors retailed a badge engineered version of the Mazda Bongo as the Delica Truck/Van (short wheelbase) and the Delica Cargo (extended wheelbase) in Japan, replacing the cargo versions of the fourth generation Delica in that market.
Mitsubishi Delica D:3/Delica Van (rebadged Nissan NV200)
In October 2011, Mitsubishi Motors replaced the Mazda Bongo-based models with a badge engineered version of the Nissan NV200, sold as the Delica D:3 (wagon models) and Delica Van (van models). The Delica D:3 and Delica Van were discontinued in April 2019.
Mitsubishi Delica D:2 (rebadged Suzuki Solio)
To complement the larger Delica D:5 minivan, a smaller Delica D:2 mini MPV appeared in March 2011. Equipped with a four-cylinder Suzuki K12B engine and a continuously variable transmission (CVT), it is a rebadged Suzuki Solio provided under an original equipment manufacturer deal.
Mitsubishi Delica Mini (B34A/B35A/B37A/B38A)
The Delica Mini is a kei variation of the Delica series. Replacing the eK X Space while still being based on it, it went on sale in May 2023. It will be offered in G, G Premium, T and T Premium grade levels.
Production
(Sources: Facts & Figures 2000, Facts & Figures 2005, Facts & Figures 2008, Facts & Figures 2010 Mitsubishi Motors website)
Indonesia (Colt L300)
References
External links
Delica
Vehicles introduced in 1968
1970s cars
1980s cars
1990s cars
2000s cars
2010s cars
2020s cars
Cab over vehicles
Minivans
Vans
Minibuses
Pickup trucks
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles |
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ํ ๊ทธ๋ ํ๊ตญ ์์ค ๋๋ฏ์ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง์์ ๋นํ ๊ฐ์ฌ๋ก ์ผํ๋ค.
1956๋
์ ์ด๋ค ์น๊ตฌ๋ค์ ๊ทธ์ ์ฌ์ง์ ๊ธฐ์ ๋๊นจ์ฐ ๊นจ์ฐ์๋ผ์ฏ (เธเธดเนเธเนเธเนเธง เนเธเนเธงเธเธฃเธฐเนเธชเธฃเธดเธ) ์๊ฒ ๋ณด์ฌ ์ฃผ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ค๋ ํน๊น์ป (เธชเธธเธฃเธฑเธเธเน เธเธธเธเธเธฐเนเธงเธช) ์๊ฒ ์ํ ์ก์ง ํธ์ง์ ์๊ฐํ๋ค. ๋ฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ์ฐจ์ ๊ทธ์ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ํ "ํธ๋์ด ๋ณธ๋ฅ" (เธเธฒเธเธดเนเธชเธทเธญ)์์ ํ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ์ฐ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๊ทธ๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ํผ์ณ ํํด์์ ๋ฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ์ฐจ๋ก ๋ฐ๊พธ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ "๊ฐฑ์คํฐ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ" (เธเนเธฒเธงเธเธฑเธเนเธฅเธ)์ ์ถ์ฐํ ํ ์ํ๊ฐ ํฌ๋ค์ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๋์๋ค. ์๊ฐ ์
๋์ป (เนเธจเธ เธเธธเธชเธดเธ) "๋ถ์ ๋
์๋ฆฌ" (เธญเธดเธเธเธฃเธตเนเธเธ) ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์์ค ๋กฌ ๋ฆฟํฐ๋๋ผ์ด (เนเธฃเธก เธคเธเธเธดเนเธเธฃ) ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ 1959๋
์๋ด ์ง๋ฃจ์๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํผํ๋ค. 1961๋
์ ์๋ค ์ณํ๋ ๋๋ ๋๊ฐ ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ดํผ์ผ๋ก ํ์๋ค.
๋ช
์ฑ์ ๋์ด
1961๋
๋ฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ์ฐจ์ "ํ์ฒ์์ ์ฌ๋ ์ผ๊ธฐ" (เธเธฑเธเธเธถเธเธฃเธฑเธเธเธญเธเธเธดเธกเธเนเธเธงเธต) ์ ์ถ์ฐ ํซ์ฐจ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ค์๋ (เนเธเธเธฃเธฒ เนเธเธฒเธงเธฃเธฒเธฉเธเธฃเน) ์ ๊ทธ์ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ํ ์ด๊ฒ์ ํ๊ตญ ์ํ์ฌ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ๋ช
ํ ์์
-์ฌ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ํํธ๋์ญ์ ์์์ด์๋ค. ๋ฐ๊ณผ ํซ์ฐจ๋ผ ๋์ค๋ ์ฝ 165 ํธ์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ํจ๊ป ๋ง๋ค์๋ค.
์ด ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ๋ช
ํ ์ํ ์ค ํ๋๋ 1970๋
๋ "์๊ณจ์ ๋ง๋ฒ์ ์ฌ๋" (เธกเธเธเนเธฃเธฑเธเธฅเธนเธเธเธธเนเธ - ๋ชฌ๋ฝ๋ฃฉํ) ํ๊ตญ์ ์๊ณจ ์ํ์ ๋ฎค์ง์ปฌํ๋ ๋ก๋งจํฑ ์ฝ๋ฏธ๋์ด๋ค.
๋ฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ์ฐจ๋ ์์ฃผ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์๊ณ ํญ์ ์์ง์๋ค. ํ๋ฃจ์ 2~3 ์๊ฐ ์ ๋๋ง ์๊ณ ์ค์ ์์ ์๊ณ .
๊ทธ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ๋ช
ํ ์ํ ์ค ํ๋ ์ธ "๋ฐฉ์ฝ ์์ " (เนเธเธเธฃเธเธฑเธเนเธเธเธฃ) ๋ฐฉ์ฝ๊ณผ ํ์ฝฉ์์ ์ด์ ๋ง์ ์
๋น์ผ๋ก ๋ฅด์ฐจ ๋๋ฅด๋ซ์ ๊ป์ฐจ ํ๋ฆฌ์์ํฐ์ ํ์ฝฉ์ ์ ๋ช
์ฌ๋ฐฐ์ฐ ์ธ ๋ ์ง๋ ํ์ดํ๋ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง์ด๋ค.
"๋ชฌ๋ฝ๋ฃฉํ" (์๊ณจ์ ๋ง๋ฒ์ ์ฌ๋) ๋ฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ์ฐจ์ ๋ง์ง๋ง ์ํ ์ค ํ๋์๋ค. 1970๋
์ 6๊ฐ์ ๋์ ๋ฐฉ์ฝ ์ํ๊ด์์ 6๋ฐฑ๋ง ๋ฐํธ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ ๋ฒ ์คํธ์
๋ฌ ์ฌ์ด๋ ํธ๋ ์จ๋ฒ๊ณผ "ํฉ๊ธ ๋
์๋ฆฌ" (เธญเธดเธเธเธฃเธตเธเธญเธ)๋ฅผ ์ดฌ์ํ๋ ๋์ ๋ฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ์ฐจ ์ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์ฃฝ์
๊ทธ์ ๋ง์ง๋ง ์ํ
"ํฉ๊ธ ๋
์๋ฆฌ" (เธญเธดเธเธเธฃเธตเธเธญเธ)๋ ๋ฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ์ฐจ์ด ์ง์ ์ ์ํ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์บ๋ฆญํฐ์ ๊ทํ ๋ง์คํฌ ๋ฒ์ฃ์ "์ธ์จ๋" (๋ถ์ ๋
์๋ฆฌ - เธญเธดเธเธเธฃเธตเนเธเธ) ์์ฝ ํ์ ๋กฌ ๋ฆฟํฐ๋๋ผ์ด์ ๋น๋ฐ ๋ณ๊ฒฝ ์์
์ดฌ์ ๋ง์ง๋ง ๋ ์ ๋๋ณธ์ ๋ฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ์ฐจ์ด ์
๋น์ ์ ๋ณตํ๊ณ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์ฝฅํฐ์์ ์ผ๋ชฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ ์๊ฐ๋๋ก ์๊ตฌํ๋ค. ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ๊ฐ ๊ตด๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ์ฐจ์ ๋นํ๊ธฐ์์ ๋งค๋ฌ๋ฆฐ ๋ฐง์ค ์ฌ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์์ผ ์ฅ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฐ์ด ๋ด๋ ธ๋ค. ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ฎ์ ๋ ์ ๋๋ฌํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ง ๊ด๋ฆฌ ์ด๊ฒ์ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์ฝฅํฐ ์กฐ์ข
์ฌ๊ฐ ์ ์ ๋ ๋ ์ ๋ฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ์ฐจ๋ ๋ฐง์ค ์ฌ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋์ณ ๋
์ ๋จ์ด์ก๋ค. ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ํ๋ฆ์ ์กํ ์ค์ ๋ก ์ต์ข
๊ทน์ฅ ๊ฐ๋ด์ ๋จ์ ์์๋ค. DVD ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ํ์์๋ ์น๋ช
์ ์ธ ์ถ๋ฝ์ด ์ ๊ฑฐ๋์๋ค. ๋ฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ์ฐจ๋ ๋จ์ํ ๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ ์๊ฐ๊ณ ๋ณ์ ๋ํ ์ฐฌ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์น๋ ํ๋ฉด์์ ํ
์คํธ๋ก ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ค.
ํ๊ตญ ์ํ ์ฐ์
์์ 1970๋
์ ์ด๋ ค์ด ํด๋ก ๋ง๋ค์๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฃฝ์์ด์๋ค. ๋ช ๋ฌ ์ ํ์ด์ค๋์ ์ ๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ๋ ํ์คํ์ง (เธฃเธฑเธเธเน เนเธเธชเธเธฑเธเธขเธต) ๊ฐ ๋ฌด๋์ง๋ฉด์ ์ ๋ถ ๊ด๋ฃ๋ค์ด ๊ตญ๋ด ์ํ ์ฐ์
์ ์ง์ํ ๊ฒ์ ์ด๊ตฌํ๋ ์ฐ์ค์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๊ทธ๋ ๋ช ์๊ฐ ํ์ ์ฃฝ์๋ค.
๋ฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ์ฐจ์ ์ฃฝ์์ ๋น๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ก ํต์น๋์๋ค. ์์ ์ ์ํด ์ต์ข
์ฅ๋ฉด์๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ์ฐจ์ด ์ฌ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ก๊ณ ๋ฎ์ ๊ณ ๋์์ ๋ ์์จ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ ๋ค์ ์คํดํธ ๋๋ธ์ ๋ ๋์ ๊ณ ๋์์ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ท์ ์ํํ์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๋ถ๋ถ ์ํ
1966๋
- เนเธเธเธฃเธเธฑเธเนเธเธเธฃ (๋ฐฉ์ฝ ์์ - Operation Bangkok)
1967๋
- Top screet (๊ธฐ๋ฐ)
1970๋
- เธกเธเธเนเธฃเธฑเธเธฅเธนเธเธเธธเนเธ (์๊ณจ์ ๋ง๋ฒ์ ์ฌ๋ / ๋ชฌ๋ฝ๋ฃฉํ)
1970๋
- เธญเธดเธเธเธฃเธตเธเธญเธ (ํฉ๊ธ ๋
์๋ฆฌ / ์ธ์จํต)
๊ฐ์ฃผ
1934๋
์ถ์
1970๋
์ฌ๋ง
ํซ์ฐจ๋ถ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ ์ถ์
ํ๊ตญ์ ๋จ์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ
์ถ๋ฝํ์ฌ ์ฃฝ์ ์ฌ๋ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitr%20Chaibancha | Mitr Chaibancha | Mitr Chaibancha (Thai เธกเธดเธเธฃ เธเธฑเธขเธเธฑเธเธเธฒ (pronunciation), 28 January 1934 in Phetchaburi, Thailand - 8 October 1970) was a Thai film actor who acted 266 films from 1956 to 1970.
He died on 8 October 1970 at Dongtan Beach, Jomtien, South Pattaya, after falling from a helicopter during the filming of a stunt for the final scene of Insee thong (Golden Eagle).
At the height of his career in the 1960s, Mitr, along with Petchara Chaowarat, made a string of hit films that packed cinemas. Of the 75 to 100 films produced each year by the Thai film industry during this period, Mitr starred in nearly half of them.
Early life
Mitr was born into poverty, named Bunting ("abandoned by destiny"), which was the name given to him by a monk. His parents separated when he was an infant. His father was a non-commissioned police officer. His mother came to Bangkok for work as a greengrocer and a better financial position. At age 8, Mitr moved to Bangkok's Nang Loeng neighborhood to live with a newly married mother, where he took the surname Phumhem. This was the surname of his stepfather. He was then enrolled in a Thai boxing school. He became the lightweight boxing champion for his school in 1949 and 1951, and went on to win three lightweight division titles. After finishing secondary school, he studied at Pranakhon College. He was then accepted into the Royal Thai Air Force aviation school, where he was trained as a pilot. After graduation, he worked as a flight instructor at Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base.
In 1956 some friends showed his photograph to journalist Kingkaew Kaewprasert, who introduced him to Surat Pukkawet, the editor of a movie magazine. Before long Mitra starred in his first film, Chart Sua (Tiger Instinct). It was then he decided to change his name from Pichet Pumhem to Mitr Chaibancha. He caught the attention of movie fans after starring in Chao Nakleng (Gangster Lord), using the character name Rom Ritthikrai from author Sake Dusit's Insee Daeng (Red Eagle) series of novels.
He married his wife, Jaruwan, in 1959. In 1961 a son, Yuthana, or Ton, was born. However, the marriage ended in a divorce.
Height of fame
In 1961 Mitr starred in Banthuk Rak Pimchawee (Love Diary of Pimchawee), his first film with Petchara Chaowarat. This was the beginning of the most celebrated hero-heroine partnerships in Thai cinematic history. The Mitr-Petchara duo made about 165 films together.
One of the pair's most famous films was 1970's Monrak luk thung (, or Magical Love of the Countryside), a musical romantic comedy rhapsodizing Thai rural life.
Mitr was an extremely busy actor and was always on the move, going from set to set and sleeping as little as a two or three hours per night.
Another of his best-known movies, Pet Tad Pet (Operation Bangkok), was shot in both Bangkok and Hong Kong, and featured Kecha Plianvitheee and Luecha Naruenart as the villains, as well as Hong Kong's then top actress, Regina Piping.
Monrak luk thung was one of Mitr's last films. It played in Bangkok cinemas for a solid six months in 1970 and took in 6 million baht, its popularity spurred by the best-selling soundtrack album and Mitr's accidental death while filming Insee Thong.
His last film
Insee Thong was the first film that Mitr produced himself, and it featured the return of his popular character, the masked crime-fighter, Insee Daeng (Red Eagle), the secret alter ego of alcoholic detective Rom Rittikrai.
On the last day of shooting, the script called for Mitr, having vanquished the villains, to fly off into the sunset in a helicopter. As the camera rolled, Mitr leapt from the ground to grab a rope ladder hanging from the aircraft, only managing to reach the lowest rung. Unaware of this, the helicopter pilot flew higher and higher, and Mitr finally lost his grip and fell to the ground. The accident was all caught on film and was actually left in the final theatrical release. The fatal fall has since been removed from DVD versions of the film, with Mitr simply flying off into the distance and some onscreen text paying tribute to the star.
It was another death that would make 1970 a difficult year for the Thai film industry, as months earlier pioneering director Rattana Pestonji collapsed while giving a speech urging government officials to support the domestic film industry. He died several hours later.
Mitrโs death was ruled as a tragic accident. For safety, there should have been two shots for the final scene. The first would have been of Mitr grabbing the ladder and flying off at low altitude. Then, a stunt double would have performed a second shot at a higher altitude.
Funeral and memorial shrine
On the day of his funeral, the streets leading to the Buddhist temple were packed, with tens of thousands trying to attend his cremation rites. On the DVD of Insee Thong, release in 2005 in Thailand, one of the special features is footage of the cremation ceremony. Mitr's body is held up so the throngs of onlookers could catch a last glimpse of the dead star. He was survived by his former wife and one son.
A memorial shrine to Mitr is situated on a small street in Jomtien, off Jomtien Road in front of the Amphoe Bang Lamung Revenue Department, behind Jomtien Palm Beach Hotel. The shrine is open from 6:00ย a.m. to 6:00ย p.m. daily. Inside the spirit house is a statue of Mitr holding a pistol in his right hand, reminiscent of his numerous roles as an action movie star. The walls are lined with photographs and other memorabilia. Fortune seekers visit the shrine, shake Kau Cim sticks and then check for the corresponding fortune on tablets hung on the shrine. If wishes have been granted, fortune seekers return and purchase a small offering to leave at the shrine.
Partial filmography
Operation Bangkok (Pet Tad Pet) (1966)
Top Secret (1967)
Monrak luk thung (Magical Love of the Countryside) (1970)
Insee thong (Golden Eagle) (1970)
The Tiger and the Dragon (1971)
References
Tupchai, Suchada (2005) Adoring fans remember famous Thai film star Mitr Chiabancha, Pattaya Mail. Retrieved 23 December 2005.
Rithdee, Kong (2005) Fallen idols, Bangkok Post. Retrieved 23 December 2005.
Fleshman, Erich (2005) A Brief History of Thai Cinema, Notes from Hollywood. Retrieved 23 December 2005.
Saenkhum, Tanita (2003) Remembering Mitr, The Nation. Retrieved 23 December 2005.
The Cremation of Mitr Chaibancha, special features, Insee thong DVD, 2005.
External links
Mitr Chaibancha at the Thai Film Database
Review of Insee thong at Rotten Tomatoes
1934 births
1970 deaths
Mitr Chaibancha
Mitr Chaibancha
Mitr Chaibancha
Mitr Chaibancha
Accidental deaths from falls
Mitr Chaibancha
Mitr Chaibancha
Filmed deaths of entertainers
Mitr Chaibancha |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%9D%BC%20%EB%A0%98%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88 | ํด๋ผ๋ผ ๋ ๋ฆฌํ | ํด๋ผ๋ผ ๋ ๋ฆฌํ ์
ฐ์ด๋ธ์จ(: 1886๋
3์ 28์ผ-1982๋
7์ 12์ผ)๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋
ธ๋์ด๋๊ฐ๋ค. ๊ตญ์ ์๋
๋ณต๋
ธ๋์์กฐํฉ ์์์ผ๋ก 1909๋
๋ด์์ ์๋ณต๊ณต์ฅ ์ฌ์ฑ๋
ธ๋์๋ค์ ๋๊ท๋ชจ ํ์
์ธ 2๋ง์ธ ๋ด๊ธฐ์ ์ฃผ๋์์๋ค. ๋
ธ์กฐ ํ๋์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ทจ์
๋ธ๋๋ฆฌ์คํธ์ ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณต์ฐ๋น์ ์
๋นํด์ ์๋น์ ์ด๋์ ๋ฒ์๋ค.
1886๋
3์ 28์ผ ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ๊ณ ๋ก๋ํฌ์ ์ ๋์ธ ๊ฐ์ ์์ ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ์ด๋์์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฌํ๋ ์ ๋์ธ์ด์์ ์ฑ์ฅํ ๋ ๋ฆฌํ๋ ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ๋ฐ๋์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๋ฌ์์์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถํ๊ณ , ์ฑ
๊ฐ์ ๋ฒ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฏ๋ฐ๋์ง์ ํ๋ค. ํ ์ด์์๊ฒ ํ๋ช
์์ ์ ์๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ๋ค ๋ ๋ฆฌํ๋ ์ด๋ ฌํ ์ฌํ์ฃผ์์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ํค์๋จํ ํฌ๊ทธ๋กฌ ๋ฐ์ ์ดํ ์ผ๊ฐ์กฑ์ด ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋ค(1903๋
).
๋ ๋ฆฌํ๋ ๋ด์์ ์๋ฅํ์๋ง์ ์๋ณต๊ณต์ฅ์ ์ผ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ๋ค. ์๋ณต๊ณต์ฅ์ ๋
ธ๋ํ๊ฒฝ์ ํ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊บพ์ผ๋ฉด์ ๋ ๋๋น ์ ธ ์์๋๋ฐ, ์ฌ๋ดํ์ด ๋ฐ๋ช
๋์ ๊ณ ์ฉ์ฃผ๋ค์ด ๋
ธ๋์๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ ๋ฐฐ์ ์์ฐ๋์ ์ฌ๋ฆด ๊ฒ์ ์๊ตฌํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋์ ๋
ธ๋์๋ค์ ์ข
์ข
์๋น๋ก ์๊ธฐ ์ฌ๋ดํ์ ๋ง๋ จํด์ ๋ค๊ณ ๋ค๋๋ฉฐ ์ผ์ ํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ ๋ฆฌํ๋ ๊ธด ๋
ธ๋์๊ฐ, ๋ฎ์ ์๊ธ, ์น์ง ๊ธฐํ ๋ถ์ฌ, ์ญ์ฅ๋ค์ ๋ชจ์์ ๋์ฐ ๋ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ฐํ์ฌ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋๋ฃ ๋
ธ๋์๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋ค๊ณ ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ๋ ๋ฆฌํ๋ ๊ตญ์ ์๋
๋ณต๋
ธ๋์์กฐํฉ(ILGWU)์ ๊ฐ๋งนํ์๊ณ , ILGWU 25๋ฒ ์งํ ์งํ์์์ผ๋ก ์ ์ถ๋์๋ค.
๋ ๋ฆฌํ๋ ๊ณง ๋๋ฃ ๋
ธ๋์๋ค ์ฌ์ด์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ ๋ ธ๊ณ , ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฐจ๋ก ์ฌ์ฑ๋ณต ์
์ฒด ํ์
์ ์ฃผ๋ํ๋ ๋์์ ๋จ์ ๋
ธ๋์๋ค ์ผ์์ธ ๋
ธ์กฐ ์ง๋๋ถ์ ๋์ ํ์ฌ ์ฌ์ฑ ์๋ณต๋
ธ๋์๋ค์ ์กฐ์งํํ๋๋ก ํ๋ค. ๋๋ดํ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ ์ ํ ๋งค๋ ฅ(ํนํ ๋
ธ๋๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๋ฆ๋ค์ด ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ช
ํ๋ค), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ฐ์ ์ด๊ณ ์ฉ๊ฐํ ํ์ฑ(1909๋
๊ธฐ์
์ฃผ๋ค์๊ฒ ๊ณ ์ฉ๋ ๊นกํจ๋ค์ด ์์๋๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํด์ค์ ๋ชธ์ผ๋ก ๋ง์ผ๋ฉด์ ๊ฐ๋น๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ฌ์ง๊ณ ๋ ์ดํํ์ง ์๊ณ ๋์ค๋ก ๋์๊ฐ๋ค)์ด ๋ชจ๋ ๊ทธ์ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์๋ค.
1909๋
11์ 22์ผ ์ฟ ํผ ์ ๋์ธ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋์ค์งํ์์ ์๋ฆฌ์์ ํธ๋ผ์ด์ต๊ธ ์
์ธ ์จ์ด์คํธ์ฌ์ ๋ ์ด์์จ์ฌ์ ์๋ณต๋
ธ๋์๋ค์ ํ์
์ ์ง์ง๋ฅผ ํธ์ํ๋ฉด์ ๋
ธ๋๊ณ ๋ฐ๊นฅ์๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์๋ ธ๋ค. ์ด ๋ ๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋
ธ๋๊ณ์ ์ฌํ์ฃผ์ ์ด๋์ ์ฃผ์ ์ธ์ฌ๋ค์ด ์ฐ๋์ ์ค๋น์ ํ์์ฑ์ ๊ดํ ๋ณดํธ์ ์ธ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋์ด๋์๋๋ฐ, ๋ฐ์ธ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ์์ฒญํ ๋ ๋ฆฌํ๊ฐ ๋จ์ ์๋ก ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ์ ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ๋งํ๋ค.
๊ตฐ์ค์ ์ด๊ด์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ํ๊ณ , ํฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ดํ์
์ด ํต๊ณผ๋์๋ค. ์ดํ ์ดํ๊ฐ ๋ด์์ ์ฌ์ฑ๋ณต ๊ณต์ฅ๋
ธ๋์ 32,000 ๋ช
์ค 20,000 ์ฌ๋ช
์ด ํ์
์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ด ์์ 2๋ง์ธ ๋ด๊ธฐ๋ค. ๋ ๋ฆฌํ๋ ์์ฅ์์ ๋
ธ๋์๋ค์ ๋์ด๋ด๊ณ ๋ชฉ์ด ์ด ๋๊น์ง ์งํ๋ฅผ ์ฐํธํ๋ค. 1910๋
2์ 10์ผ๊น์ง ํ์
์ด ๊ณ์๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํธ๋ผ์ด์ต๊ธ ์
ํธ์จ์ด์คํธ๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ ๋ชจ๋ ์
์ฒด๊ฐ ๋
ธ์กฐ์ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋งบ์๋ค. ํธ๋ผ์ด์ต๊ธ ์
ํธ์จ์ด์คํธ๋ "๋
ธ๋์ฐฉ์ทจ์ฅ"์ ๋๋ช
์ฌ๋ก ๋ถ๋ช
์๋ฅผ ์ป์๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ฌํด์ธ 1911๋
3์ 25์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ต์
์ ์ฐ์ฌ์ธ ํธ๋ผ์ด์ต๊ธ ์
์ธ ์จ์ด์คํธ ๊ณต์ฅ ํ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ๊ณต์ฅ์ด ์ ์ํ๋ค. ๋
ธ๋์๋ค์ ๊ณต์ฅ ์์์ ํ์ฃฝ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ถ๊ธธ์ ํผํ๋ ค๊ณ ํฌ์ ํด์ ์ถ๋ฝ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ฌ๋ง์๋ค์ ์์ ์ ์๋น๊ตฐ ํ๋ จ์ฅ์ ์ ๋ฆฌ๋์๋ค. ๋ ๋ฆฌํ๋ ์ค์ข
๋ ์ฌ์ฌ์ด์ ์ฐพ์ ์์ฒด ์ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ํค๋ฉ๋ค๊ฐ, ์ฌ์ด์ ์ฐพ์ง ๋ชปํ์ ๋ฏธ์น ๋ฏ์ด ๋ชธ์ ๋จ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ธ์๋ค.
๊ทน๋ ฌํ ๋
ธ์กฐ ์ด๋์ผ๋ก ์ทจ์
๋ธ๋๋ฆฌ์คํธ์ ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ ๋ ๋ฆฌํ๋, ILGWU์ ๋ณด์์ ์ง๋๋ถ์ ์๊ฒฌ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ถ ์ด๋์ ๋์ ํฌ์ ํ๋ค. ๋๋ฃ ์ด๋๊ฐ ๋ก์ฆ ์๋์ด๋๋ง, ํด๋ฆฐ ๋ด๋จผ ๋ฑ๊ณผ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ๋ ๋ฆฌํ๋ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ถ์ ์์
์ฅ ์ํ ์๋ฉด์์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์ถ์ ํฅ์์ํค๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ์์ ์ธ ์๋จ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒผ๋ค.
์
์๋ค์ ํ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ฌ์ฅ๋ค๋ ํ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ญ์ฅ๋ค๋ ํ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์์ฐฐ๊ด๋ค๋ ํ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๊ณต์์ด๋ง ํ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ฒญ๊ฒฐํ๊ณ ์์ ํ ๊ณณ์์ ์ผํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๊ณต์์ด๊ฐ ์๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋งํด ๋ณด์์, ๊ด๋ฃ๋ค์ ๊ทธ ๋ง์ ๋ค์ด์ค ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๊ณต์์ด๊ฐ ์ง๋์น๊ฒ ๊ธด ๋
ธ๋์ ์๋ฌ๋ฆฐ๋ค๊ณ ํธ์ํด ๋ณด์์, ์ญ์ ๋ค์ด์ค ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค โฆโฆ ์ฌ๋ฒ๋์ ์
๋ฒ๋ถ์ ์์ ์๋ ๋จ์๋ค์ด ์ฌ์ฅ๋ค๊ณผ ์ญ์ฅ๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ณต์์ด๋ค๊น์ง๋ ๋๋ณํด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๊ธฐ ์ ๊น์ง๋, ๊ณต์์ด์๊ฒ๋ ์ ์๊ฐ ์ฃผ์ด์ง์ง ์๋๋ค. ๊ณต์ ํ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ป์ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด ์ง๊ธ ๋
ธ๋์ ์ฌ์ฑ๋ค์ด ๋๋ ํ๋ฅผ ํ์ฌํด์ผ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํด์ผ ํ๋ ์ด์ ๋ค.
ํ์ง๋ง ๋ ๋ฆฌํ๋ ๋ด๋จผ, ์๋์ด๋๋ง์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ถ ์ด๋์ ์ฃผ๋ํ๋ ์ค์์ธต ์ฌ์ฑ๋ค๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ ์น์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ขํ ์ ์๋ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์์๋ค. ๋ฉ๋ฆฌ ๋ฆฌํฐ ๋น์ด๋๋ 1911๋
๋ ๋ฆฌํ๋ฅผ ์ด๋๋ณธ๋ถ์ ์ฑ์ฉํด ๋๊ณ 1๋
๋ ์ ๋์ด ์๋ผ ๋ฒ๋ ธ๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ด์ ๋ ์ ํ ์๋ ค์ ธ ์์ง ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ๋ ๋ฆฌํ๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ถ์ด๋์ ๊ณ์ํ์ฌ, ์ค์์ธต ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ถ ์กฐ์ง๋ค์ ๋ํญํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋
ธ๋๊ณ๊ธ ์กฐ์ง์ผ๋ก์จ ์๋
ธ๋์์ ๊ฑฐ๊ถ๋๋งน์ ๊ฒฐ์ฑํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋๋งน์ด ๋
ธ๋๊ณ๊ธ ์ฌ์ฑ๋ง ๋งน์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์๋ค์์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํ๋์ ๋น๋
ธ๋๊ณ๊ธ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ํ์์ ํฌ๊ฒ ์์กด์ ์ด์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋งน์ ์ง์ง์๋ค์ ๋ฐ๋๊ณผ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ์๋
ธ๋์์ ๊ฑฐ๊ถ๋๋งน์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌํ๋น ์ฌ์ฑ์์ํ๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ์ฒ์์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ๋์์ผ๋ก์ ๋์ฒดํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ถํํ์ ๊ฐ๋งนํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ ์๋
ธ๋์์ ๊ฑฐ๊ถ๋๋งน์ ํ์ง๋ถ์ง๋์์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ๋ ๋ฆฌํ, ์๋์ด๋๋ง ๋ฑ์ ์ฟ ํผ ์ ๋์ธ์์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์งํ์ ์ฐ์ค์ ๊ฐ์ตํ๋ค. ๋ ๋ฆฌํ๋ ์ฌ์ฑ๋
ธ๋์กฐํฉ๋๋งน(WTUL)์ ๋ง๋ค์ด ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ถ ์ด๋์ ๊ณ์ํ๋ค. ํํธ ์๋์ด๋๋ง์ WTUL์ ํํดํ๊ณ ILGWU๋ก ๋์๊ฐ๋ค๊ฐ ๋ช๋
๋ค WTUL๋ก ๋๋์์๋ค. ๋ด๋จผ ๋ฑ์ ์ฌํ๋น์ ์
๋นํด ์ด๋ํ๋ค. ์ฌํ๋น ์ง๋๋ถ ๋ค์๋ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ถ ์ด๋๋ณด๋ค ๊ณ๊ธํฌ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋ ์๊ธํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋จํ์ง๋ง ์ผ๋จ ๋น๋ก ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ถ์ ์ง์งํ๋ค.
1913๋
, ๋ ๋ฆฌํ๋ ์กฐ ์
ฐ์ด๋ธ์จ(Joe Shavelson)๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํผํ๊ณ , ์ด๋น ์ฐฐ์ค ๋ฒจ์จ, ๋ง์ฌ ์
ฐ์ด๋ธ์จ ์คํผ, ๋ฆฌํ ์
ฐ์ด๋ธ์จ ๋ง๊ตด์ค๋ฅผ ๋ณ์๋ค. ๋
ธ๋๊ณ๊ธ๋ง ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ๋ ๋๋ค์ธ ์ด์คํธ๋ด์์ ๋ ๋ ๋ธ๋ผ์ดํด๋น์น๋ก ์ด์ฃผํ ๋ค๋ก๋ ์ผํฐ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ์ง ์์๊ณ , ๋๋๋ก ๋ถ์
๋ง ํ๋ฉด์ ์ดํ 30๋
์ ์ด์๋ค. ๋์ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ๋ถ์ํ๋ฉด์ ๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ๋ถ๋ค์ ์กฐ์งํํ๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ๋ถ ์กฐ์งํ ๋ถ์ผ๋ ๋ ๋ฆฌํ ์ด์ ์๋ ์ ๋ก๋ค์ด ์์๋ค. ์์ปจ๋ 1900๋
๋ ๋ด์์์ ์ฝ์
์ก๋ฅ์
์๋ค์ด ํญ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ์ ์ ๋๊ณ ์ฃผ๋ถ๋ค์ด ๋ถ๋งค๋๋งน์ ํ ์ ์ด ์์๊ณ , ๋ธ๋ฃจํด๋ฆฐ์์๋ ์ธ์
์์กฐํฉ์ด ๋ง๋ค์ด์ ธ ์ง์ธํ์
์ ํ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ง์ฐ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณต์ฐ๋น์ ๋ฅ๋นํ ๋ ๋ฆฌํ๋ ๊ณต์ฐ๋น์ด ์๋น์ ์กฐ์งํ๋ฅผ ๋งค์ฐ ๊ฐ๊ณผํ๊ณ ์์์ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ผ์ดํธ ๊ธฐํ๋ก(๋ฒค์ ๋ฏผ ๊ธฐํ๋ก์ ๋ชจ์น)๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ๋ถ์กฐํฉ ์กฐ์งํ๋ฅผ ์๋ํ๋ค. ์ด ์กฐํฉ์์๋ ์๋น์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋ฌธ์ , ๊ต์ก๋ฌธ์ ๋ ๋ค๋ฃฐ ์์ ์ด์๋ค. ๋ํ 1926๋
์ ๊ฒฉ๋ดํ ํ์
๋ ๋์ ๊ฑท์ด ๋ด์ ์ง์ฃผ ํผ์ธ์ต์ ํ์
๋
ธ๋์๋ค์๊ฒ ์ฑ๊ธ์ ๋ณด๋ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
1929๋
, ๊ณต์ฐ๋น์ ์ฌ์ฑ์์ํ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง์ ๋ ๋ฆฌํ๋ ๋
ธ๋๊ณ๊ธ์ฃผ๋ถํต์ผํ์ํ(UCWCW)๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์กฑ์์ผฐ๊ณ , ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ด์์์๋ง ๊ฑฐ์ 50๊ฐ์ ๋ฌํ๋ ์งํ๊ฐ ์๊ฒผ์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ๋ผ๋ธํผ์, ์์ ํ, ์์นด๊ณ , ๋ก์ค์ค์ ค๋ ์ค, ์ํ๋์์ค์ฝ, ๋ํธ๋ก์ดํธ์๋ ๊ฐ๋งน์กฐ์ง์ด ์๊ฒจ๋ฌ๋ค. ๊ณต์ฐ๋น ๋น์๋ค ์ค์์ ํ์์ด ๋ชจ์ง๋๊ธด ํ์ง๋ง, UCWCW ์์ฒด๋ ๊ณต์ฐ๋น๊ณผ ๋์ผ์๋์ง ์์๊ณ , UCWCW์ ๋น๊ณต์ฐ๋น ํ์๋ค์๊ฒ ์
๋น์ ๊ฐ์ํ์ง๋ ์์๋ค. UCWCW๋ 1935๋
๋์ ์ก๋ฅ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ ์ ํญํ์ฌ ์ ์ก์
์ฒด์ ๋ํ ๋๊ท๋ชจ ๋ถ๋งค๋๋งน์ ์งํํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ๋ ์์๋๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ๋ ๋ฑ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์์์ ์ ๋ก ๋ด์์์์๋ง 4,000 ๊ฐ์ ์ด์์ ์ ์ก์ ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ซ๊ฒ ํ๋ค. ์ด ํ์
์ด ์ ๊ตญ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ง๋ฉด์ UCWCW๋ ์ ๋๊ณ์ ํ์ธ๊ณ(์ฃผ๋ก ๋ด์์ ๋ง์๋) ๋ฐ์์๋ ์ง์ง๋ฅผ ์ป์ด์ฌ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
์ด๋ฌํด UCWCW๋ ์ธ๋ฏผ์ ์ ๋
ธ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ง๋ณด์ฌ์ฑํ์ํ๋จ(PWC)์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์นญํ๋ค. 1938๋
๊ณต์ฐ๋น์ PWC์ ๋ํ ์ง์์ ์ค๋จํ๊ณ ์ฌ์ฑ๋ง์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์ฑ
์๋ค๋ ์ ๊ฐํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ๋ ๋ฆฌํ๋ PWC์์ ๊ณ์ ํ๋ํ๋ฉด์, PWC๊ฐ 1940๋
๋์ ๊ตญ์ ๋
ธ๋์๊ฒฐ์ฌ๋จ(IWO)์ ๊ฐ๋งนํ์ ๋ ์งํ์ฅ์ ์ญํ ์ ๋งก์๋ค. PWC๋ 1948๋
๊ณผ 1951๋
์๋ ๋์ ๋ฌผ๊ฐ์ ํญ์ํ์ฌ ๋์ฑ ๋๋ฆฌ ๋ถ๋งค๋๋งน์ ์งํํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง 1950๋
๋ ์ด์ ๊ณต์ฐ๋น์ด ์ฅ์
ํ ์กฐ์ง์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋๋ฉด์ PWC๋ ๋ถ๊ดดํ๊ณ IWO๋ 1952๋
๋ด์์ฃผ ๊ณต๊ถ๋ ฅ์ ์ํด ํด์ฐ๋์๋ค.
๋ ๋ฆฌํ๋ ์ ๋ง ๋ผ์๋ฃจ์ค ์ ๋๊ณ์ฌ์ฑ๊ตฌ๋ฝ๋ถ์ฐ๋งน์ ์์๋์ด ์ ์นํ๋์ ๊ณ์ํ๋ค. ๋ ๋ ๋ชจ๊ฒ ๋ฐ์ด๋น๋๋ฅผ ์ํ ๊ธฐ๊ธ์ ๋ง๋ จํ๊ณ , ํต๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ์ ์ฐํฉ์์ ์ง๋จ์ดํด ํ์ฝ์ ๋น์คํ๋ผ๋ ์ด๋์ ๋ฒ์๋ค. ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ์ ์์๋ ๋ฐ๋ํ๊ณ , ํ์ธ์ฌ์ฑ๋ฏผ๊ถ๋จ์ฒด ์์ ๋์ค ํฌ ํธ๋ฃจ์ค์ ์ฐ๋ํ๋ค.
๋ ๋ฆฌํ๋ ์ค์
์ํ์ํ ํ๋์๋ ์ด์ฑ์ ์ด์๊ณ , ์ธ์
์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์นํธํ๋ ์ ๋ง ๋ผ์๋ฃจ์ค ํ์ํ ์ค๋ฆฝ์๋ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ ๋ง ๋ผ์๋ฃจ์ค ํ์ํ๋ 1031๋
๋ธ๋ผ์ดํด๋น์น์์ ๋ฐฉ์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ชป ๋ด๋ ์ด๋ค์ ์ซ์๋ด๋ ค ํ์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชป ํ๋๋ก ์ฐ๋์ง์ง์๋ค์ ๋ชจ์ ์์๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ , ๋น๊ตญ์์ ๋นผ์์๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ค์ ๋๋ ค์ฃผ๋ ํ๋์ ํ๋ค.
๋ ๋ฆฌํ๋ ๋๊น์ง ๊ณต์ฐ๋น์ ํ๊ณ ํ ๋น์์ผ๋ก ๋จ์๊ณ , ๋ก์ ๋ฒ๊ทธ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ฌ๋ฒ์ด์ธ์ ๋งน๋ ฌํ ๋น๋ํ๋ค. 1951๋
๋ ๋ฆฌํ๊ฐ ์๋ จ์ ์ฌํ์ ๊ฐ๋ค์ค์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ฌ๊ถ์ ์ ์ง์์ผฐ๋ค. ๋ ๋ฆฌํ๋ 1954๋
์๋ณต์
์ฒด ๊ด๋ จ ์ผ์ฒด์์ ์ํดํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฐ๊ธ์ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ์ํด ILGWU์ ์ง๊ฒจ์ด ์ธ์์ ๋ฒ์ฌ์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋จํธ์ด ์ฃฝ์ ๋ค์ธ 1960๋
๋์ ์์ด๋ค๊ณผ ์ฌ์, ๋ฉฐ๋๋ฆฌ๋ค์ด ์ฌ๋ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์๋ก ์ด์ฌ๊ฐ๋ค. ๋ง๋
์ ๋ก์ค์ค์ ค๋ ์ค์ ์ ๋๊ณ ๋
ธ์ธ์ ์ ๋๋๋ค๋ฉด์๋ ๋
ธ์ธ์ ์ง์๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญํต์ผ๋์ฅ๋
ธ๋์์ ๋ถ๋งค๋๋งน์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ผ๊ณ ๊ถ์ ํ๊ณ ๋ค๋
๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋
ธ๋ ์ด๋๊ฐ
์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ
์ ๋๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ
1886๋
์ถ์
1982๋
์ฌ๋ง
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณต์ฐ๋น ๋น์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara%20Lemlich | Clara Lemlich | Clara Lemlich Shavelson (March 28, 1886 โ July 12, 1982) was a leader of the Uprising of 20,000, the massive strike of shirtwaist workers in New York's garment industry in 1909, where she spoke in Yiddish and called for action. Later blacklisted from the industry for her labor union work, she became a member of the Communist Party USA and a consumer activist. In her last years as a nursing home resident she helped to organize the staff.
Early years
Lemlich was born March 28, 1886, in the former Russian, now Ukrainian town of Gorodok, to a Jewish family. Raised in a predominantly Yiddish-speaking village, young Lemlich learned to read Russian over her parents' objections, sewing buttonholes and writing letters for illiterate neighbors to raise money for her books. After a neighbor introduced her to revolutionary literature, Lemlich became a committed socialist. She immigrated to the United States with her family in 1903, following a pogrom in Kishinev.
Lemlich was able to find a job in the garment industry upon her arrival in New York. Conditions there had become even worse since the turn of the century, as the new industrial sewing machine allowed employers to demand twice as much production from their employees, who often had to supply their own machines and carry them to and from work. Lemlich, along with many of her co-workers, rebelled against the long hours, low pay, lack of opportunities for advancement, and humiliating treatment from supervisors. Lemlich became involved in the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) and was elected to the executive board of Local 25 of the ILGWU.
Lemlich quickly made a name for herself among her fellow workers, leading several strikes of shirtwaist makers and challenging the mostly male leadership of the union to organize women garment workers. She combined boldness with a good deal of charm (she was known for her fine singing voice) and personal bravery (she returned to the picket line in 1909 after having several ribs broken when gangsters hired by the employers attacked the picketers).
Lemlich came to the attention of the outside world at the mass meeting held at Cooper Union on November 22, 1909 to rally support for the striking shirtwaist workers at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company and Leiserson Company. For two hours the leading figures of the American labor movement and socialist leaders of the Lower East Side spoke in general terms about the need for solidarity and preparedness. Desiring a call to action, not just words, Lemlich demanded the opportunity to speak. Lifted onto the platform, she said:
The crowd responded enthusiastically and, after taking a modified version of the ancient Jewish oath of fidelity to Israel โ "If I turn traitor to the cause I now pledge, may this hand wither from the arm I now raise" โ voted for a general strike. Approximately 20,000 out of the 32,000 workers in the shirtwaist trade walked out in the next two days; this would become known as the Uprising of the 20,000. Lemlich took a leading role in bringing workers out, speaking at rallies until she lost her voice. The strike lasted until February 10, 1910, producing union contracts at almost every shop, but not at Triangle Shirtwaist.
Triangle Shirtwaist became a synonym for "sweatshop" during the following year. On March 25, 1911, nearly 150 garment workers died as a result of a fire that consumed the factory. Workers were either burned to death or died jumping to escape the flames. Lemlich searched through the armory where the dead had been taken to search for a missing cousin; a newspaper reporter described her as convulsed by hysterical laughter and tears when she did not find her.
Suffrage
Blacklisted from the industry and at odds with the conservative leadership of the ILGWU, Lemlich devoted herself to the campaign for women's suffrage. Like her colleagues Rose Schneiderman and Pauline Newman, Lemlich portrayed women's suffrage as necessary for the improvement of working women's lives, both inside and outside the workplace.
The manufacturer has a vote; the bosses have votes; the foremen have votes, the inspectors have votes. The working girl has no vote. When she asks to have a building in which she must work made clean and safe, the officials do not have to listen. When she asks not to work such long hours, they do not have to listen. . . . [U]ntil the men in the Legislature at Albany represent her as well as the bosses and the foremen, she will not get justice; she will not get fair conditions. That is why the working woman now says that she must have the vote.
Lemlich, like Newman and Schneiderman, also had strong personal and political differences with the upper and middle class women who led the suffrage movement. Mary Beard fired Lemlich, for reasons that are not entirely clear, less than a year after hiring her to campaign for suffrage in 1911.
Lemlich continued her suffrage activities, founding the Wage Earnerโs Suffrage League, a working class alternative to middle class suffrage organizations, along with Schneiderman, Leonora O'Reilly, and two other women garment workers. Yet while the League admitted only working class women to membership, it was dependent on non-working class women for support and, in deference to its supporters' wishes, affiliated with the National American Woman Suffrage Association โ the organization to which it saw itself as an alternative โ rather than with the Socialist Party Women's Committee.
The Wage Earnerโs Suffrage League passed out of existence, however, after organizing a successful rally at Cooper Union at which Lemlich, Schneiderman, and others spoke. Lemlich continued her suffrage activities for the Women's Trade Union League, while Schneiderman, who quit the WTUL at that time, went to work for the ILGWU before returning to the WTUL several years later. Other activists, such as Pauline Newman, worked under the aegis of the Socialist Party, which supported suffrage even though many in the leadership considered it a distraction from the more urgent business of class struggle.
Consumer advocacy
Lemlich married Joe Shavelson in 1913. The couple had three children: Irving Charles Velson, Martha Shavelson Schaffer, and Rita Shavelson Margules. Moving to the solidly working-class neighborhood of East New York, then later to Brighton Beach, she did not return to work, other than on an occasional part-time basis, for the next thirty years. Instead she devoted herself to raising a family and organizing housewives.
Others had organized in this area before Lemlich: Jewish housewives in New York had boycotted kosher butchers to protest high prices in the first decade of the twentieth century and the Brooklyn Tenants Union led rent strikes and fought evictions. After joining the Communist Party, which largely disdained the notion of consumer organizing, Lemlich and Kate Gitlow, mother of Benjamin Gitlow, attempted to organize a union of housewives that would address not only consumers' issues, but housing and education as well. The United Council of Working Class Housewives also raised money and organized relief for strikers in Passaic, New Jersey during the bitter 1926 strike.
In 1929, after the Communist Party created a Women's Commission, Lemlich launched the United Council of Working-Class Women (UCWW), which eventually had nearly fifty branches in New York City, as well as affiliates in Philadelphia, Seattle, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Detroit. The organization recruited among CP members, but did not identify the Council with the CP or press non-Party members of the Council to join the party as well.
The United Council of UCWW led a widespread boycott of butcher shops to protest high meat prices in 1935, using the militant tactics of flying squadrons of picketers that shut down more than 4,000 butcher shops in New York City. The strike became nationwide and the UCWW won support outside the Jewish and African-American communities to which it had been limited in New York.
The UCWW renamed itself the Progressive Women's Councils the following years as part of the Popular Front politics of the day. The Party withdrew support for the councils and discontinued publications aimed at women, however, in 1938. Lemlich continued to be active in the PWC, however, and was a local leader in it after it affiliated with the International Worker's Order in the 1940s. The Councils organized even broader boycotts to protest high prices in 1948 and 1951, before accusations of Communist Party dominance destroyed it in the early 1950s. The IWO was ordered dissolved by the state of New York in 1952.
Lemlich continued her activities as part of the Emma Lazarus Federation of Jewish Women's Clubs, which raised funds for Red Mogen David, protested nuclear weapons, campaigned for ratification of the United Nations' Convention on Genocide, opposed the War in Vietnam, and forged alliances with Sojourners for Truth, an African-American women's civil rights organization.
Lemlich was also active in Unemployed Councils activities and in founding the Emma Lazarus Council, which supported tenant rights. The Emma Lazarus Council declared in 1931 that no one would be evicted in Brighton Beach for inability to pay rent, then backed that up by rallying supporters to prevent evictions and returning tenants' furniture to their apartments in those cases in which authorities attempted to effect eviction.
Lemlich remained an unwavering member of the Communist Party, denouncing the trial and execution of the Rosenbergs. Her passport was revoked after a trip to the Soviet Union in 1951. She retired from garment work in 1954, then fought a long battle with the ILGWU to obtain a pension. In 1960, she married Abe Goldman, an old labor movement acquaintance. After Goldman's death in 1967, she moved to California to be near her children and in-laws. At age 81, she entered the Jewish Home for the Aged in Los Angeles. As a resident, she persuaded the management to join in the United Farm Workers boycotts of grapes and lettuce and helped the orderlies there to organize a labor union.
References
Further reading
Orleck, Annalise. Common Sense and a Little Fire: Women and Working-Class Politics in the United States, 1900-1965, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1995
Shavelson, Clara Lemlich. "Remembering the Waistmakers General Strike," 1909, Ed. by Morris U. Schappes, Jewish Currents (November 1982).
Crowder, Melanie. "Audacity", Philomel, January 2015
Markel, Michelle. Brave Girl, New York: Balzer + Bray 2013
External links
Life in the sweatshops
Video: Clara Lemlich, A Strike Leader's Diary
"Remembering the Waistmakers General Strike, 1909"
1886 births
1982 deaths
People from Khmelnytskyi Oblast
People from Kamenets-Podolsky Uyezd
Ukrainian Jews
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
American communists
American suffragists
UNITE HERE
American trade unionists
International Ladies Garment Workers Union leaders
Women's Trade Union League people
Jewish American trade unionists
Jewish suffragists
Jewish communists
Jewish American activists
Yiddish-speaking people |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%EB%85%84%20AFC%EC%BB%B5 | 2020๋
AFC์ปต | 2020๋
AFC์ปต์ 2020๋
์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 17๋ฒ์งธ AFC์ปต์ด๋ค. 2020๋
์ ์์์์์ ์ผ์ด๋ ์ฝ๋ก๋19 ๋ฒ์ ํ์ ์ฌํ๋ก ์ธํ์ฌ ๋ํ ์งํ ๋์ค์ ์ค๋จ๋์๋ค. ์์์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐ๋งน(AFC)์ ๋ํ ์ฌ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฐจ๋ก ์๋ํ์ผ๋ 2020๋
9์ 10์ผ์ ํด๋น ๋ํ๋ฅผ ์ทจ์ํ๊ณ ๋ฌดํจ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ๋ค๊ณ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ค.
์ผ์
2020๋
AFC์ปต ๋ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ผ์ ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค. (W: ์์์์, C: ์ค์์์์, S: ๋จ์์์, A: ๋๋จ์์์, E: ๋์์์) ์์์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐ๋งน์ 2020๋
2์ 11์ผ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ๊ณต์ ์ฑ๋ช
์ ํตํด ์ฝ๋ก๋19 ์ ํ์ ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ฌ ๋์์์ ์์ ๋ผ์ด๋, ํ๋ ์ด์คํ, ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
์์ ๋ผ์ด๋: 2์ 5์ผ, 2์ 12์ผ (์ค์์์์, ๋จ์์์, ๋์์์ ์ง์ญ) โ 4์ 7์ผ, 4์ 14์ผ
ํ๋ ์ด์คํ: 2์ 19์ผ, 2์ 26์ผ (์ค์์์์, ๋จ์์์, ๋์์์ ์ง์ญ) โ 4์ 21์ผ, 2์ 28์ผ (์ค์์์์, ๋จ์์์, ๋์์์ ์ง์ญ)
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 1์ฐจ์ : 3์ 11์ผ โ 5์ 6์ผ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 2์ฐจ์ : 4์ 15์ผ โ 5์ 13์ผ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 3์ฐจ์ : 4์ 29์ผ โ 5์ 20์ผ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 4์ฐจ์ : 5์ 13์ผ โ 5์ 6์ผ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 5์ฐจ์ : 5์ 27์ผ โ 6์ 17์ผ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 6์ฐจ์ : 6์ 17์ผ โ 6์ 24์ผ
์์์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐ๋งน(AFC)์ 2020๋
3์ 12์ผ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ๊ณต์ ์ฑ๋ช
์ ํตํด ์์ง ์งํ๋์ง ์์ ์์์์ ์ง์ญ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ ์์ง ํ์ ๋์ง ์์ ์๋ก์ด ์ผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋๋ฉฐ ์๋ 5์ 25์ผ๋ถํฐ 5์ 26์ผ๊น์ง, 6์ 15์ผ๋ถํฐ 6์ 16์ผ๊น์ง ์ด๋ฆด ์์ ์ด๋ ์์์์ ์ง์ญ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ์ 8์ 24์ผ๋ถํฐ 8์ 25์ผ๊น์ง, 9์ 14์ผ๋ถํฐ 9์ 15์ผ๊น์ง๋ก ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
์์์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐ๋งน(AFC)์ 2020๋
3์ 18์ผ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ๊ณต์ ์ฑ๋ช
์ ํตํด ์ถํ ๊ณต์ง๊ฐ ์์ ๋๊น์ง ๋ชจ๋ AFC์ปต ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์์์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐ๋งน(AFC)์ 2020๋
4์ 14์ผ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ๊ณต์ ์ฑ๋ช
์ ํตํด ์ฝ๋ก๋19 ๋ฒ์ ํ์ ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ฌ ์ผ์ ์ค๋จ์ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ 2020๋
6์ ๋ง๋ก ์ฐ๊ธฐํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
์์์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐ๋งน(AFC)์ 2020๋
7์ 9์ผ์ ๋จ์ AFC์ปต ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์๋ก์ด ์ผ์ ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ฐํํ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ฅ์๋ ์ถํ ๊ณต์งํ ์์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ AFC์ปต์ 2020๋
9์ 23์ผ์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ์ฌ 12์ 12์ผ์ ์ข
๋ฃ๋ ์์ ์ด์๋ค. ๋ํ ์์ง ์งํ๋์ง ์์ ๋๋จ์์์ ์ง์ญ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ ํน์ ๋์์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ ์์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
์์์์ ์ง์ญ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 2์ฐจ์ : 10์ 23์ผ (C์กฐ 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ)
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 3์ฐจ์ : 10์ 26์ผ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 4์ฐจ์ : 10์ 29์ผ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 5์ฐจ์ : 11์ 1์ผ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 6์ฐจ์ : 11์ 4์ผ
์ค์์์์ ์ง์ญ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 1์ฐจ์ : 10์ 20์ผ (1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ)
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 2์ฐจ์ : 10์ 23์ผ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 3์ฐจ์ : 10์ 26์ผ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 4์ฐจ์ : 10์ 29์ผ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 5์ฐจ์ : 11์ 1์ผ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 6์ฐจ์ : 11์ 4์ผ
๋จ์์์ ์ง์ญ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 2์ฐจ์ : 10์ 23์ผ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 3์ฐจ์ : 10์ 26์ผ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 4์ฐจ์ : 10์ 29์ผ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 5์ฐจ์ : 11์ 1์ผ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 6์ฐจ์ : 11์ 4์ผ
๋๋จ์์์ ์ง์ญ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 4์ฐจ์ : 9์ 23์ผ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 5์ฐจ์ : 9์ 26์ผ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 6์ฐจ์ : 9์ 29์ผ
๋์์์ ์ง์ญ
ํ๋ ์ด์คํ: 10์ 16์ผ (๋จํ ์น๋ถ)
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 1์ฐจ์ : 10์ 20์ผ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 2์ฐจ์ : 10์ 23์ผ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 3์ฐจ์ : 10์ 26์ผ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 4์ฐจ์ : 10์ 29์ผ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 5์ฐจ์ : 11์ 1์ผ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 6์ฐจ์ : 11์ 4์ผ
์ง์ญ๋ณ 4๊ฐ์ : 10์ 20์ผ ~ 10์ 21์ผ (๋๋จ์์์ ์ง์ญ), 10์ 23์ผ ~ 10์ 24์ผ (์์์์ ์ง์ญ)
์ง์ญ๋ณ ๊ฒฐ์น์ : 11์ 4์ผ (๋๋จ์์์ ์ง์ญ), 12์ 1์ผ (์์์์ ์ง์ญ)
์ง์ญ๊ฐ 4๊ฐ์ : 11์ 24์ผ ~ 11์ 25์ผ (์ค์์์์, ๋จ์์์, ๋๋จ์์์, ๋์์์ ์ง์ญ)
์ง์ญ๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ์น์ : 12์ 2์ผ (์ค์์์์, ๋จ์์์, ๋๋จ์์์, ๋์์์ ์ง์ญ)
๊ฒฐ์น์ : 12์ 12์ผ (์์์์ ์ง์ญ)
์์์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐ๋งน(AFC)์ 2020๋
7์ 30์ผ์ ๋๋จ์์์ ์ง์ญ F์กฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, G์กฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ํธ์ฐ๋ฏผ์, ๊ปํ์์ ์ด๋ฆด ์์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋จ์์์ ์ง์ญ E์กฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ชฐ๋๋ธ์์ ์ด๋ฆด ์์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ์์์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐ๋งน(AFC)์ 2020๋
8์ 5์ผ์ ์์์์ ์ง์ญ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ A์กฐ, B์กฐ, C์กฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ ์ธ, ์ฟ ์จ์ดํธ, ์๋ฅด๋จ์์ ์ด๋ฆด ์์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์์์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐ๋งน(AFC)์ 2020๋
9์ 10์ผ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ๊ณต์ ์ฑ๋ช
์ ํตํด ์ฝ๋ก๋19 ๋ฒ์ ํ์ ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ฌ AFC์ปต์ ์ทจ์ํ๊ณ ๋ฌดํจ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ๋ค๊ณ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ค.
์ฝ๋ก๋19 ๋ฒ์ ํ ์ด์ ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ์๋ ์ผ์ ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์ฐธ๊ฐ ํด๋ฝ
๋คํธ๋ ์ถ์ฒจ ์ดํ์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ์์ ๊ธฐ๊ถํ๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํท์น๊ฐ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ์์ ๋คํธ๋ฅผ ๋์ ํ์ฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ์์ ์ด์์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ์ด์ ํ์ ์ปดํผ๋์ ์ธ๋๋ฐํ ๋ฅด ์ํฐ๊ฐ ํ๋ ์ด์คํ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ์์ ์ด์๋ค.
์์ ๋ผ์ด๋
์์ 1๋ผ์ด๋
|-
!colspan=5|๋จ์์์
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์์ 2๋ผ์ด๋
|-
!colspan=5|์ค์์์์
|-
!colspan=5|๋จ์์์
|}
์ํ ์ ์ฝ๋ก๋19 ์ ํ์ ์ฌํ๋ก ์ธํ์ฌ 2020๋
2์ 5์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆด ์์ ์ด๋ ๋คํ์น ์ฝ์น์ฝ๋ฅด์ํ์์ ์์ 2๋ผ์ด๋ 1์ฐจ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ฐธ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ ํ๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ํ ์ ์์์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐ๋งน(AFC)์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ค๊ฒฉ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋คํ์น ์ฝ์น์ฝ๋ฅด์ํ๊ฐ ๋ถ์ ์น์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์ด์คํ์ ์ง์ถํ๋ค.
ํ๋ ์ด์คํ
|+์๋ถ์์์
|+์ค์์์์
|+๋จ์์์
|+๋๋จ์์์
|+๋์์์
์กฐ๋ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ
์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ์ ํ ์ค ์ด์จ์ด ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์งํ๋ ์์ ์ด์๋ค. ๊ฒฐ์ ํ ๋๋จผํธ์ ์ง์ถํ ํ๋ค์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ ์งํ๋ ์์ ์ด์์ผ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ทจ์๋์๋ค.
์์์์ ์ง์ญ(A์กฐ, B์กฐ, C์กฐ)๊ณผ ๋๋จ์์์ ์ง์ญ(F์กฐ, G์กฐ, H์กฐ). ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ์์ ๊ฐ ์กฐ 1์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ 3๊ฐ ํ๊ณผ ๊ฐ ์กฐ 2์ ํ ์ค์์ ์ฑ์ ์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์ 1๊ฐ ํ์ ์ง์ญ๋ณ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ์์ ์ด์๋ค.
๋๋จ์์์ ์ง์ญ(F์กฐ, G์กฐ, H์กฐ) ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์น๋ฆฌ ํ, ์ค์์์์ ์ง์ญ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ (D์กฐ) 1์ ํ, ๋จ์์์ ์ง์ญ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ (E์กฐ) 1์ ํ, ๋์์์ ์ง์ญ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ (I์กฐ) 1์ ํ์ ์ง์ญ๊ฐ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ์์ ์ด์๋ค.
A์กฐ
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B์กฐ
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C์กฐ
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D์กฐ
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E์กฐ
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F์กฐ
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G์กฐ
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H์กฐ
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I์กฐ
|
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๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
2020๋
AFC ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๊ณต์ ํํ์ด์ง
AFC์ปต ์์ฆ
AFC์ปต
์ฝ๋ก๋19 ๋ฒ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์๋ ์คํฌ์ธ ํ์ฌ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%20AFC%20Cup | 2020 AFC Cup | The 2020 AFC Cup was an abandoned season of the AFC Cup which would have been the 17th edition of the competition, Asia's secondary club football tournament organized by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC).
The competition was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic after group stage matches on 11 March 2020, and was originally to restart on 23 September 2020. However, the season was eventually cancelled by the AFC on 10 September 2020.
Al-Ahed of Lebanon were the defending champions.
Association team allocation
The 46 AFC member associations (excluding the associate member Northern Mariana Islands) were ranked based on their national team's and clubs' performance over the last four years in AFC competitions, with the allocation of slots for the 2019 and 2020 editions of the AFC club competitions determined by the 2017 AFC rankings (Entry Manual Article 2.3):
The associations were split into five zones:
West Asia Zone consisted of the associations from the West Asian Football Federation (WAFF).
Central Asia Zone consisted of the associations from Central Asian Football Association (CAFA).
South Asia Zone consisted of the associations from the South Asian Football Federation (SAFF).
ASEAN Zone consisted of the associations from the ASEAN Football Federation (AFF).
East Asia Zone consisted of the associations from the East Asian Football Federation (EAFF).
All associations which did not receive direct slots in the AFC Champions League group stage were eligible to enter the AFC Cup.
In each zone, the number of groups in the group stage was determined based on the number of entries, with the number of slots filled through play-offs same as the number of groups:
In the West Asia Zone and the ASEAN Zone, there were three groups in the group stage, including a total of 9 direct slots, with the 3 remaining slots filled through play-offs.
In the Central Asia Zone, the South Asia Zone, and the East Asia Zone, there was one group in the group stage, including a total of 3 direct slots, with the 1 remaining slot filled through play-offs.
The top associations participating in the AFC Cup in each zone as per the AFC rankings received at least one direct slot in the group stage (including losers of the AFC Champions League qualifying play-offs), while the remaining associations get only play-off slots:
For the West Asia Zone and the ASEAN zone:
The associations ranked 1st to 3rd each received two direct slots.
The associations ranked 4th to 6th each received one direct slot and one play-off slot.
The associations ranked 7th or below each received one play-off slot.
For the Central Asia Zone, the South Asia Zone, and the East Asia zone:
The associations ranked 1st to 3rd each received one direct slot and one play-off slot.
The associations ranked 4th or below each received one play-off slot.
The maximum number of slots for each association was one-third of the total number of eligible teams in the top division.
If any association did not use its direct slots, they would be redistributed to the highest eligible association, with each association limited to a maximum of two direct slots.
If any association did not use its play-off slots, they are annulled and not redistributed to any other association.
If the number of teams in the play-offs in any zone was fewer than twice the number of group stage slots filled through play-offs, the play-off teams of the highest eligible associations would be given byes to the group stage.
Association ranking
For the 2020 AFC Cup, the associations were allocated slots according to their association ranking as at 15 December 2017. This took into account their performance in the AFC Champions League and the AFC Cup, as well as their national team's FIFA World Rankings, during the period between 2014 and 2017.
Notes
Teams
The following 48 teams from 28 associations entered the competition. Teams from Brunei and Timor-Leste entered the AFC Cup for the first time.
Notes
Schedule
The schedule of the competition is as follows. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, only some of the group stage matches on matchdays 1โ3 in February and March were played as scheduled, and all matches in the East Asia Zone, on matchdays 2โ6 in the Central Asia Zone and the South Asia Zone, and on matchdays 4โ6 in the West Asia Zone and the ASEAN Zone, were postponed until further notice. The West Asia Zonal semi-finals were also initially moved to 24โ25 August and 14โ15 September.
The AFC announced the calendar of the remaining matches on 9 July 2020, with all group stage matches played at centralised venues, and all knockout ties played as a single match. The AFC announced the cancellation of the remainder of the competition on 10 September 2020, due to logistics in coordinating the five zones.
Notes:
W: West Asia Zone
C: Central Asia Zone
S: South Asia Zone
A: ASEAN Zone
E: East Asia Zone
Italics: planned new dates after restart, before the cancellation of the tournament
The original schedule of the competition, as planned before the pandemic, was as follows.
Qualifying play-offs
Preliminary round 1
Preliminary round 2
Play-off round
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Group E
Group F
Group G
Group H
Group I
Top scorers
See also
2020 AFC Champions League
References
External links
, the-AFC.com
AFC Cup 2020, stats.the-AFC.com
2
2020
Association football events curtailed and voided due to the COVID-19 pandemic |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%82%AC%EC%9E%A5%20%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C | ์ ์ฌ์ฅ ๋ฌธ์ | ์ ์ฌ์ฅ ๋ฌธ์ (Priestly source, P ๋ฌธ์)๋ ํ ๋ผ์ ์ถ์ฒ๋ก ๋๋ฆฌ ์ธ์๋๋ ๋ฌธ์ ์ค ํ๋์ด๋ค. ์คํ์ผ์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ ์ ํ์ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ํ ๋ผ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ถ์ฒ๋ค๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋น์ ์ฌ์ฅ ๋ฌธ์๋ค๊ณผ์ ๋ช
ํํ ์ฐจ์ด์ ๋ค์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์์ ํน์ง ์ค ๋ช๊ฐ์ง๋ฅผ ๋งํ์๋ฉด, ์ฑ๊ฒฝ์ ์๋์ด์ฐ์์ ์ฌํธ์๊ฐ ๋ช
๋ นํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ํฌ์์ ์ ๋ํ ์ธ๊ธ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์๋ก ๊ณผ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ง์ด ๊ต์ฅํ ๊ณ ๊ฒฐํ๊ฒ ๊ธฐ์ ๋์๊ณ , ๋ชจ์ธ๊ฐ ์ฌํธ์์๊ฒ ์ง์ ๋ฃ๊ธฐ ์ ๋ถํฐ ์ ์ค๋ค์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ช
์นญ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์ ์ด๋ค. ์ ์ฌ์ฅ ๋ฌธ์๋ ์ ๊ฒฐ๋ฒ, ์ ์ฌ, ๊ฐ๊ณ์กฐ์ฌ ๋ฑ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ ์ฑ
๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ ์ ๋๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ ์ฑ
๋ฌด๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ํ์ฅ๋์ด ์๋ก ์๊ฒ ํน๋ณํ ์ฃผ์ด์ง ์ญํ ์ ๋ํด ์ค๋ช
ํ๊ณ ์๋๋ฐ, ๋ ์์ธ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ๋ค ์ค ์๋ก ์ ํ์๋ง์ด ์ง์ฑ์์ ์ถ์
ํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฐ๋ก ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด ์ ์ฌ์ฅ ๋ฌธ์๋ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ฌ๋ผ์ง ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ด๋, ์ฑ์๋นํํ์๋ค์ ํ๋๋์ ์ญ๋ฆฌ๋ก ์ธํด ์ผ๋ถ๊ฐ ๋ณด์กด๋์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค.
๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ
๋ฐ๋น๋ก ์ ์๊ธฐ์ ๊ทธ ํ์ ์ ๋๋ฏผ์กฑ์ ๋ํด ์๋ ค์ง ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ผ๋, ํ์ฌ์ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ ๋ฆฌํ๋ฉด ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์๊ตญ์์ ์ ์ด์ค๋ผ์์ ์ฌ๋ฌด์์ ์ํด ์๋ช
๋ ๋์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ธ ์ฌ๋
์ ํ์๋ค์ด ๋ด๋นํ๋ ์ฑ์ ์ ํฌ์์ ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ์ด์๋์๋ค. ๋ ์์ธ๋ค์ ํฌ์์ ์ฌ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ์ง ๋ชปํ์๊ณ , ๋์ ์์ํ ์ก๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ด๋นํ๋ค.
์๋ฃจ์ด๋ ์์ ์ฌ๋
์ ํ์๋ค์ด ์ ์ผํ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์์ ๋, ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋์์์๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ๋ค์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ์ด๋ค ์ค ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ํ์ ์ธ ์์๊ฐ ์๋ฃจ์ด๋ ๋ถ์ชฝ์ ์๋ ๋์์ธ ๋ฒง์์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด ๋ฒง์์ ๊ธ์ก์์ง ์ญ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์์ 721๋
์ ์์๋ฅด์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฉธ๋งํ๊ธฐ ์ ๊น์ง ์ด์ค๋ผ์ ์๊ตญ์ ํ์์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ณ์ ์ด์ด๊ฐ๋ค. ์๋ก ๊ณผ ๋ฒง์์ ์ฝ๊ฐ์ ์ฐ๊ด์ด ์๋ค.
๊ธฐ์์ 587๋
์ ๋ฐ๋น๋ก ์ธ๋ค์ ์๋ฃจ์ด๋ ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ์ฌ ์ฌ๋
์ ํ์๋ค ์ค ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ก์๊ฐ๋ฉด์ ๋ ์์ธ๋ค์ ๋จ๊ฒจ๋์๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ๊น๋ญ์ ๋ ์์ธ๋ค์ด ๋๋ฌด ๊ฐ๋ํ๊ณ ์ฌํ์์ ์์ธ๋์ด์์ด์ ๋ฐ๋น๋ก ์ธ๋ค์ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋์ง ๋ชปํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ํ๋์ ํ์๋ค์ ๋ฒง์ ์ฑ์ ์ด ๋จ์ ๋ค ์๊ตญ์ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์ข
๊ต์ํ์ ํฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์๋ก ์ ์ํฅ ์๋์ ๋์ฌ์๋ ์ฌ๋
์ ํ์์ด ์๋ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ๋ค์ด "์ฌ๋
์ ์๋ค๋ค"์ด๋ผ๋ ํธ์นญ์ ๋ฐํด "์๋ก ์ ์๋ค๋ค"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ค์ค๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค.
์ฌ๋
์ ํ์๋ค์ด ๋์์ค๋ฉฐ ์๋ฃจ์ด๋ ์ฑ์ ์ ๋ณต์ํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ ๊ธฐ์์ 538๋
๋ถํฐ, ์ฌ๋
์ ํ์๋ค๊ณผ ๋ ์์ธ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ๋ค ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ์ด ์ถฉ๋์์ ์ฌ๋
์ ํ์๋ค์ด ์น๋ฆฌํ์์ผ๋ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ฅผ ๋์ด๋ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ์๋ก ์ ํ์์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ช
์นญ์ ๊ฐ์ ธ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
์ฌ๋
์ ํ์๋ค์ ๋ํ ๋ ์์ธ๋ค์ด ์์ ์ ์ฌํ์ ์์น์ ๋ํด ๋ถ๋ง์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์์ ์ธ์งํ๊ฒ ๋๊ณ , ์ ์ฌ์ฅ ๋ฌธ์์ ๊ณ ๋ผ์ ๋ฐ๋๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์น์ ๊ธฐ๋กํจ์ผ๋ก์ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ ์ง๋ถ์ ๋ํ ๋์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฃฉํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ ์ฉ์๋ฐ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ์์ ๋ถ๋ช
ํ ํ์๋ค.
์ ์ฌ์ฅ ๋ฌธ์
๋ชจ์ธ์ค๊ฒฝ, ํน์ ํ ๋ผ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฐฝ์ธ๊ธฐ, ์ถ์ ๊ตฝ๊ธฐ, ๋ ์๊ธฐ, ๋ฏผ์๊ธฐ, ์ ๋ช
๊ธฐ๋ ์ด์ค๋ผ์์ธ์ ์ ์ฌ ์๋๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ธ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์กฑ์ฅ์คํ, ์ด์งํธ๋ก๋ถํฐ์ ์ถ์ ๊ตฝ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ด์ผ์์ ํ๋๋์ ์ธ๋ํ์ฌ๊น์ง ๋ค๋ฃจ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ด ์ฑ
๋ค์๋ ๋๋๋ก ์๋ก ์์ถฉ๋๊ณ , ๋ฐ๋ณต๋๊ณ , ๋ค๋ฅธ ์คํ์ผ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌด์๋ณด๋ค๋ ํ๋๋์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ถ๋ถ๋ค์ด ๋ง์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ๋ํ ์๋ง ๋ค์๋ฉด, ์ฐฝ์ธ๊ธฐ 1์ฅ๊ณผ 2์ฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ณต๋์ด ๋์ค๋ ์ฐฝ์ธ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ, ์ฐฝ์ธ๊ธฐ 4์ฅ๊ณผ 5์ฅ์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๊ณ๋ณด์ ์
์ ๊ณ๋ณด์ ์๋นํ ์ ์ฌ์ฑ, ์ฐฝ์ธ๊ธฐ 10์ฅ๊ณผ 11์ฅ์ ๋๋ฒ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ์
์ ๊ณ๋ณด, ์ฐฝ์ธ๊ธฐ 15์ฅ๊ณผ 16์ฅ์ ๋๋ฒ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ์๋ธ๋ผํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ์ฝ, ์ฐฝ์ธ๊ธฐ 18์ฅ๊ณผ 25์ฅ์ ๋ ๋ฒ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ๋ฒง์์์ ์ผ๊ณฑ์๊ฒ ๋ํ๋์ฌ, ์ถ์ ๊ตฝ๊ธฐ 3์ฅ๊ณผ 6์ฅ์์ ๋ชจ์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ฒ ๋ถ๋ฅด์ฌ, ์ถ์ ๊ตฝ๊ธฐ 31์ฅ๊ณผ 34์ฅ์์ ๋ํ์ ๋ ๋ฒ ๋ด๋ ค์ฃผ์ฌ, ์ถ์ ๊ตฝ๊ธฐ 25-31์ฅ๊ณผ ์ถ์ ๊ตฝ๊ธฐ 35-40์ฅ์์ ์ฑ๋ง์ ๋ํด ๋๋ฒ ์ฆ์ธํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋ค. ์ด์๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ณต, ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์คํ์ผ, ํ๋๋์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ฌด์์ํ๊ฒ ๋ํ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ด๋ค ๊ท์น์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ๋ํ๋๋๋ฐ, ์ด ๊ท์น์ ๋ํด ์ฑ์๋นํํ์๋ค์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ค ๊ฐ์ ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์๊ฐ ํ ๋ผ์ ์ถ์ฒ๋ก ์กด์ฌํ์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋ด๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
19์ธ๊ธฐ์ ํ์๋ค์ ์ด ์ถ์ฒ๋ค์ด ๋งค์ฐ ์กฐ์ฌ์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ ์์ ๋์ด์จ ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์๋ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณด์๋๋ฐ, 20์ธ๊ธฐ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ํ์๋ค ์ญ์ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋์ํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง 1973๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฑ์ํ์์ธ ํ๋ญํฌ ๋ฌด์ด ํฌ๋ก์ค(Frank Moore Cross)๊ฐ ์ด ์ฑ
ใ๊ฐ๋์ ์ ์ค๊ณผ ํ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ฌCanaanite Myth and Hebrew Epicใ์ ์ํ๋ฉด, P ๋ฌธ์๋ ์ฒ์-์ค๊ฐ-๋์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ฉฐ ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์ผ๋ก ์กด์ฌํ๋ ๋ฌธ์๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ, ์ฌํธ์ ๋ฌธ์์ ์๋กํ ๋ฌธ์๋ฅผ ํธ์ง ๋ฐ ํ์ฅ์ํจ ํํ์ ๋ฌธ์์ผ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ํฌ๋ก์ค์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์์์ผ๋ก ๋ฌธ์์ค์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋์๋๋ฐ, ํ์ค ํ์ธ๋ฆฌํ ์๋ฏธํธ(Hans Heinrich Schmid)๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ฑ
ใ์ฌํธ์ ๋ฌธ์๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ ๊ฒThe So-called Jahwistใ(1976)์์ ์ฌํธ์ ๋ฌธ์์ ์ฐ๋์ ์๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ํ๊ณ , ๋ง๋ฅดํด ๋ก์ฆ(Martin Rose)๋ 1981๋
์ฌํธ์ ๋ฌธ์๊ฐ ์ฌํธ์์๊ธฐ์ ํ๋กค๋ก๊ทธ๋ก ์ ์๋์๋ค๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ํผ์ณค์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์กด ๋ฐ ์ํฐ์ค(John Van Seters)๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ฑ
ใ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ ํต์์์ ์๋ธ๋ผํจAbraham in History and Traditionใ์์ ์๋ธ๋ผํจ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๊ธฐ์์ 6์ธ๊ธฐ, ์ฆ ์ฌํธ์ ๋ฌธ์์์ ์ฒ์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊น์ง๋ง ํด๋ ํ๊ตญ๊ตํ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด๊ธฐ์๋ ์๋นํ ์ด๋ ต๊ณ ๊ณผ๊ฒฉํ ๋ด์ฉ์ด์ง๋ง, ๋ฃจ๋ํ ๋ ๋ํ ํ์ ์ฑ
ใ๋ชจ์ธ์ค๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ฌ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ The Problem of the Process of Transmission in the Pentateuchใ(1989)์ ์ฌํธ์ ๋ฌธ์์ ์๋กํ ๋ฌธ์๊ฐ ๋ฌธ์์ ํํ๊ฐ ์๋ ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ค์ด๋ ์์ ํํธ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ์กด์ฌํ์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค.
๋ฌธ์์ค์ ๋์ฒดํ ๋งํ ๊ฐ์ค์ด ์์ง ๋ํ๋์ง๋ ์์์ง๋ง, ๋ชจ์ธ์ค๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ธฐ์์ 5์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ ํ๋ฅด์์ ์ ๊ตญ์ ์ง๋ฐฐํ์ ์๋ ์ ๋ค์๊ตญ์์ ํ์ฑ๋์๋ค๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ด 1980๋
๋ ์ค๋ฐ๋ถํฐ ์ ์๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ ๋ค์๊ตญ์ ๋ฐ๋น๋ก ์ ์ ์ดํ์ ํ๋ฅด์์ ์์ฃผ ์ํ๋์ ์ํ์๋๋ฐ, ์ํ๋ ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ 2์ฑ์ ์ ์ฌ๊ฑดํ์ฌ ์์ฃผ์ ํต์น๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ก ์ผ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ค์์ ๋ถ์ ์ธ๊ธ์ ๋ฉ๋ถํ์๋ค. ํ๋ฅด์์ ์ค์์ ๋ถ๋ ์ ๊ตญ์ ๊ฐ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ์์น๊ถ์ ๋ถ์ฌํ๊ณ ์ ํ๊ณ , ์์น๊ถ์ ๋ถ์ฌ๋ฐ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๋ฒ๊ท๋ฅผ ์๋ฆฝํ์ฌ ์ ๊ตญ์ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์์ผ ํ๋ค. ์ ๊ตญ์ ์ด๋ฌํ ์
์ฅ์ ์ํ๋์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ ๋์ธ ๊ณต๋์ฒด๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ํฉ์์ ์ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋ด๋๋ก ํ์๋ค. ์ด ์ ๋์ธ ๊ณต๋์ฒด๋ค ์ค์์๋ ์ง์ฃผ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์ฑ์ ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ๋ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ๋๋ฐ, ์ด ํน๊ถ๋ค์ ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ ํต์ ํตํด ํฉ๋ฒ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ฌ๋ฐ์ ๊ฒ๋ค์ด์๋ค. ์ง์ฃผ๋ค์ ๊ธฐ์์ 6์ธ๊ธฐ ์ด์ ์ ์ธ์์ง ์ ์ ๋ช
๊ธฐ ์ ํต์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํ๊ณ ์์๊ณ , ์ ์ฌ์ฅ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ ์ด ์ง์ฃผ๋ค์ ์ ํต์ ์์ ํ๊ณ ๋ณด์ํ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ์์ฑ๋ ์ฐฝ์ธ๊ธฐ 1-11์ฅ์์๋ ์ธ๊ณ์ ๊ธฐ์์, 12-50์ฅ์์๋ ์ด์ค๋ผ์ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์, ๋ชจ์ธ์ค๊ฒฝ์์๋ ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ๋ฒ๊ท์ ํ๋๋๊ณผ์ ๊ด๊ณ์ ๋ํด ์์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ง์ ํ์๋ค์ ์๋ก ์ ์์๋ค์ด ์ค์ค๋ก๋ฅผ ์ํ๋กญ๊ฒ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด P ๋ฌธ์์ ๊ท์น๋ค์ด ์ฐ์ฌ์ก์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ถ์ธกํ๋ค.
ํน์ง, ์ฐ๋, ๋ฒ์
๊ฐ๊ด
์ ์ฌ์ฅ ๋ฌธ์๋ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ ๋ฌธ์๋ ์ ๊ฒฐ๋ฒ, ์ ์ฌ, ๊ฐ๊ณ์กฐ์ฌ ๋ฑ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ ์ฑ
๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ ์ ๋๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ ์ฑ
๋ฌด๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ํ์ฅ๋์ด ์๋ก ์๊ฒ ํน๋ณํ ์ฃผ์ด์ง ์ญํ ์ ๋ํด ์ค๋ช
ํ๊ณ ์๋๋ฐ, ๋ ์์ธ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ๋ค ์ค ์๋ก ์ ํ์๋ง์ด ์ง์ฑ์์ ์ถ์
ํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฐ๋ก ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
P ๋ฌธ์์ ํ๋๋์ ์ฅ์ํ๊ณ ์ด์์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ค์ง ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ํ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค๋ง์ผ๋ก ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ ์กด์ฌ๋ก ๋ฌ์ฌ๋๋ค. ํ๋๋์ ์ฌ๋ฌ๋จ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์์ ์ ๋๋ฌ๋ด๋๋ฐ, ์ฒซ๋ฒ์งธ๋ ์๋กํ(ํ๋๋์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ป)์ผ๋ก, ๊ทธ๋ค์์ ์๋ธ๋ผํจ์๊ฒ ์ ์ค๋ค์ด(์ ๋ฅํ ํ๋๋์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ป)๋ก, ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ๋ชจ์ธ์๊ฒ ์ฌํธ์๋ผ๋ ๊ณ ์ ํ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ค. P ๋ฌธ์๋ ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ๋๋๊ณผ ๋
ธ์ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ธ์ฝ, ์๋ธ๋ผํจ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ธ์ฝ, ๋ชจ์ธ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ธ์ฝ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ์ ๋ค ์๋๋ก ๋๋๋ค. ์ด์ค๋ผ์ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ ํ๋๋์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ ํ๋ฐ์ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ผ๋ก ์ธ์ฝ์ ํตํด ๋ค์ค๋ฆผ์ ๋ฐ๋๋ค๋ ์ฌ์์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, P ๋ฌธ์์ ํ๋๋ ์ญ์ ์ด์ค๋ผ์ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์๊ฒ ์ด๋ฐฉ์ธ๋ค๊ณผ์ ํผ์ธ์ ๊ธ์งํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ํํต์ ์ ์งํ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ช
๋ นํ๋ค. P ๋ฌธ์๋ ์ ์ฌ๋ก์ ๋
๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ ์ ๊ฒฐํ๊ฒ ํ๋ "๊ฑฐ๋ฃฉํจ"์ ๋ํด ์ค์ํ๊ฒ ์์ ํ๊ณ ์๋๋ฐ, ํนํ ์ด์ค๋ผ์๋ก ํ์ฌ๊ธ "์ ์ฌ์ฅ ๋๋ผ๊ฐ ๋๋ฉฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ฃฉํ ๋ฐฑ์ฑ(์ถ 19:6)"๊ฐ ๋๋๋ก ์ ๋ก์ ๊ท์น๋ค์ ์ ์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ฐ๋น๋ก ์ ์๊ธฐ์ ๊ทธ ํ์ ์ข์ ๋ฌธ์์ ์์๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ก๋๋ฐ, ๋๊ฒ ์ก์ ๊ธฐ์์ 571-486๋
๊ฒฝ์ ์ต์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋จ๊ณ๊ฐ ์ธ์์ก๋ค๋ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋ด๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ด ์๊ธฐ์๋ ์ ๋ก๋ฅผ ์ ์คํ ์ค์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฑ์ ์ ์งํ๋ ๋ช ์๋๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ค ํ๋์๊ณ , ์ด์ค๋ผ์์ด ํ๋๋์ ์ญ๋ฆฌ ์๋์ ๋์ฌ์๋ค๋ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ๋ค์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ๊ณ ์์ ๋ ์ธ๊ณ๊ด์ด ์ธ์์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋น๋ก ์ด์ค๋ผ์์ด ํ๋๋์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ฒ์ด๋ ์๋ฃจ์ด๋ ์ด ํ๊ดด๋๊ณ ๋ฐ๋น๋ก ์ ์ํด ์กํ๊ฐ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋๋ผ๋ ํฌ์๊ณผ ์ ์ฌ๋ก ์์ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๋ฏฟ์์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ ์ ์์๋ค.
๋ชจ์ธ์ค๊ฒฝ
P ๋ฌธ์๋ ์ฐฝ์ธ๊ธฐ 1์ฅ์ ์ฒ์ง์ฐฝ์กฐ, ์๋ด์ ๊ณ๋ณด, ๋
ธ์์ ๋ฐฉ์ฃผ, ๋
ธ์์ ๊ณ๋ณด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ธ๋ผํจ์ ์กฐ์๋ ์
์ ๊ณ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ด๊ณ ์์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค. ์ฐฝ์ธ๊ธฐ์ ๋๋จธ์ง ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ์ฌํธ์ ๋ฌธ์์์ ์จ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ธก๋๋, ์ฐฝ์ธ๊ธฐ 17์ฅ์ ์๋ธ๋ผํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ์ฝ ๋ฐ ์๋ธ๋ผํจ, ์ด์ญ, ์ผ๊ณฑ์ ๋ํ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ ์ผ๋ถ๋ P ๋ฌธ์์์ ์จ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
์ถ์ ๊ตฝ๊ธฐ ์ญ์ ์ฌํธ์ ๋ฌธ์์ P ๋ฌธ์๋ก ๋๋๋๋ฐ, ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฏธ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ์ฌํธ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์น์ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ๋ค์ด ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฒจ๊ฐํด ๋ฃ์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ดํด๋๋ค. 1์ฅ๋ถํฐ 24์ฅ์ ํ๋๋์ด ์๋์ด์์ ๋ํ๋์๊ธฐ๊น์ง, 32์ฅ๋ถํฐ 34์ฅ์ ๊ธ์ก์์ง ์ฌ๊ฑด๊น์ง์ ๋ด์ฉ์ด ์ฌํธ์ ๋ฌธ์๊ฐ ์ ๋ณด์กด๋์ด์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋, ํ์ฑํ ์ํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ์ฌ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฝ์์ ๋ํด ์ด์ค๋ผ์์ด ์์ข
ํ๋ ๋๋ชฉ๊ณผ ์ด์งํธ์์์ ์ง์์ ์ฐํ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ํ ๋๋ชฉ์ P ๋ฌธ์์์ ์จ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋๋ค. 25์ฅ์์ 31์ฅ๊น์ง, 35์ฅ์์ 40์ฅ๊น์ง ์์ ๋ ์ฅ๋ง์ ๋ํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ P ๋ฌธ์์์ ์จ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
๋ ์๊ธฐ 1์ฅ๋ถํฐ 16์ฅ๊น์ง๋ ์ธ์์ ์ธ์์ ์ธ ๋ถ๋ถ๊ณผ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฃฉํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋๊ตฌ๋ ์ง ๋ถ์ ํ ์ผ์ ์ด๋ํ ์๋ค์ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ฉ์ด์ ธ์ผ ํ๊ณ , ์ฑ์ ์ ๋ค์ ์ ๊ฒฐํด์ง๋๊น์ง ์ป๊น๊ณผ, ํฌ์๊ณผ, ์๊ฐ์ ํ๋ฆ์ ํตํด ํ๋ณต๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ ์๊ธฐ 17์ฅ๋ถํฐ 26์ฅ๊น์ง๋ ์ฑ๊ฒฐ๋ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋๋ฐ, ์ด์ค๋ผ์์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ฃฉํ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ด ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ์ฅํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ํ์๋ค์ ์ด๊ฒ์ด ๋ ํฐ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ ๋ฌธ์๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ฆฌํด ์ฎ์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ์ธ์ค๊ฒฝ์์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฃฉํจ์ ๋ํด ์ด์ ์ ์ฌํ๊ฒ ์์ ํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ถ์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ฏผ์๊ธฐ์์๋ 1-10:28, 15-20, 25-31, 33-36์ P ๋ฌธ์์ ๋ด์ฉ์ด ๋ค์ด๊ฐ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ด๋๋ฐ, ๋ ๋ฒ์ ์ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฌ, ๋ ์์ธ์ ๋์์ ๋ํ ๊ตฌ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ ์์ธ๊ณผ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ ์ง์์ ๋ํ ์์ , ์ ํ๊ณผ ์ฝ์์ ๋
์ ๋ํ ๋ณดํธ ๋ฑ์ด ๋ฐ๋ก ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ฏผ์๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ ๋ถ์ ํ๊ฒ์ ์ ํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ด ํ์ํ๋ฏ ์ด์ค๋ผ์ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ด ์ ์ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ง์ด ์ค์ํ๋ค๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ๊ณผ, ์ด์ค๋ผ์์ ๋ํ ์ธ์ฝ์ ๋ํ ๊ทธ์ ๋ฏธ์์ฌ์ด ์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ง์ ๋ํ ์กฐํญ๋ค์์๋ ๋๊ฐ์ด ์ ์ฉ๋๋ค๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ด๋ค.
๋ฏผ์๊ธฐ์ ๋ค์ด์๋ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ ๋ฌธ์๋ ์๋ ๋ชจ์ธ์ ์ฃฝ์๊ณผ ์ฌํธ์์์ ๊ณ์น์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฐ๋ง์ง์ด์ง ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ด๋๋ฐ, ํ์ ์ ๋ช
๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ถ๊ฐ๋๋ฉด์ ์ด ๋ด์ฉ์ด ์ ๋ช
๊ธฐ๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
์ฐ๋
๋ง์ ํ์๋ค์ด P ๋ฌธ์๊ฐ ๋ชจ์ธ์ค๊ฒฝ์ ์ถ์ฒ์ค์ J์ D ๋ฌธ์ ์ดํ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ฆ๊ฒ ์ธ์์ง ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๊ณ ์์ง๋ง, P ๋ฌธ์์ ์ฐ๋๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธ ๋ ์๋น๊ฒจ์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ด ๋ค์์ ์ ๋์ธ ํ์๋ค์ ์ํด 1970๋
๋๋ถํฐ ์ ๊ธฐ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์๋น ํ๋ฅด๋น์ธ (Avi hurvitz)์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ P ๋ฌธ์์ ์ธ์ด๊ฐ ์์ ํค์์์ ์ ๋ช
๊ธฐ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ์ธ์ด๋ณด๋ค ๋ ์ด๋ฅธ ์๊ธฐ์ ํ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ์ด ๋๋ณด๋ค ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์๋น๊ฒจ์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ํ์๋ค์ P ๋ฌธ์์ ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ฆ์ถฐ์ง ์ด์ ๊ฐ "์ ์ฌ์ฅ"๊ณผ "์ ๋ก"๋ผ๋ ๋จ์ด๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์์ํ ๋ฏฟ์์์ ๋ฉ์ด์ง ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๊ต์ ํธ๊ฒฌ์ด ์ฑ์ํ๊ณ์ ํฌ๊ฒ ์์ฉํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์์ง ๋๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ฌ์ง์ง๋ ์๊ณ ์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
์ ๋ช
๊ธฐ ๋ฌธ์
์๋กํ ๋ฌธ์
ํ ๋ผ
๋ฌธ์์ค
Holiness code
์ฌํธ์ ๋ฌธ์
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
The Priestly source isolated, at wikiversity
The narrative of the priestly source isolated, at wikiversity
๋ฌธ์์ค | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priestly%20source | Priestly source | The Priestly source (or simply P) is perhaps the most widely recognized of the sources underlying the Torah. It is both stylistically and theologically distinct from other material in the Torah, and includes a set of claims that are contradicted by non-Priestly passages and therefore uniquely characteristic: no sacrifice before the institution is ordained by Yahweh (God) at Sinai, the exalted status of Aaron and the priesthood, and the use of the divine title El Shaddai before God reveals his name to Moses, to name a few. In general, the Priestly work is concerned with priestly matters โ ritual law, the origins of shrines and rituals, and genealogies โ all expressed in a formal, repetitive style. It stresses the rules and rituals of worship, and the crucial role of priests, expanding considerably on the role given to Aaron (all Levites are priests, but according to P only the descendants of Aaron were to be allowed to officiate in the inner sanctuary).
Background
The history of exilic and post-exilic Judah is little known, but a summary of current theories can be made as follows:
Religion in monarchic Judah centred around ritual sacrifice in the Temple. There, worship was in the hands of priests known as Zadokites (meaning that they traced their descent from an ancestor called Zadok, who, according to the Hebrew Bible, was the high priest appointed by Samuel.) There was also a lower order of religious officials called Levites, who were not permitted to perform sacrifices and were restricted to menial functions.
While the Zadokites were the only priests in Jerusalem, there were other priests at other centres. One of the most important of these was a temple at Bethel, north of Jerusalem. Bethel, the centre of the "golden calf" cult, was one of the main religious centres of the northern kingdom of Israel and had royal support until Israel was destroyed by the Assyrians in 721 BCE. Aaron was in some way associated with Bethel.
In 587 BCE the Babylonians conquered Jerusalem and took most of the Zadokite priesthood into exile, leaving behind the Levites, who were too poor and marginalised to represent a threat to their interests. The temple at Bethel now assumed a major role in the religious life of the inhabitants of Judah, and the non-Zadokite priests, under the influence of the Aaronite priests of Bethel, began calling themselves "sons of Aaron" to distinguish themselves from the "sons of Zadok".
When the Zadokite priests returned from exile after c. 538 BCE and began re-establishing the temple in Jerusalem they came into conflict with the Levite priests. The Zadokites won the conflict but adopted the Aaronite name, whether as part of a compromise or in order to out-flank their opponents by co-opting their ancestor.
The Zadokites simultaneously found themselves in conflict with the Levites, who objected to their subordinate position. The priests also won this battle, writing into the Priestly document stories such as the rebellion of Korah, which paints the challenge to priestly prerogative as unholy and unforgivable.
The Priestly work
The Pentateuch or Torah (the Greek and Hebrew terms, respectively, for the Bible's books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy) describe the prehistory of the Israelites from the creation of the world, through the earliest biblical patriarchs and their wanderings, to the Exodus from Egypt and the encounter with God in the wilderness. The books contain many inconsistencies, repetitions, different narrative styles, and different names for God. John Van Seters notes that "Turning to the Tetrateuch, we observe a feature that I have highlighted by the use of italics, in which parallel blocks of material have been set side by side. Thus, there are two accounts of creation, two genealogies of Seth, two genealogies of Shem, two covenants between Abraham and his god, two revelations to Jacob at Bethel, two calls of Moses to rescue his people, two sets of laws given at Sinai, two Tents of Meeting/Tabernacles set up at Sinai." The repetitions, styles and names are not random, but follow identifiable patterns, and the study of these patterns led scholars to the conclusion that four separate sources lie behind them.
The 19th century scholars saw these sources as independent documents which had been carefully edited together, and for most of the 20th century this was the accepted consensus. But in 1973 the American biblical scholar Frank Moore Cross published an influential work called Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic, in which he argued that P was not an independent document (i.e., a written text telling a coherent story with a beginning, middle and end), but an editorial expansion of another of the four sources, the combined Jahwist/Elohist (called JE). Cross's study was the beginning of a series of attacks on the documentary hypothesis, continued notably by the work of Hans Heinrich Schmid (The So-called Jahwist, 1976, questioning the date of the Jahwistic source), Martin Rose (1981, proposing that the Jahwist was composed as a prologue to the history which begins in Joshua), and Van Seters (Abraham in History and Tradition, proposing a 6th-century BCE date for the story of Abraham, and therefore for the Jahwist). Even more radical was Rolf Rendtorff (The Problem of the Process of Transmission in the Pentateuch, 1989), who argued that neither the Jahwist nor the Elohist had ever existed as sources but instead represented collections of independent fragmentary stories, poems, etc.
No new consensus has emerged to replace the documentary hypothesis, but since roughly the mid-1980s an influential theory has emerged which relates the emergence of the Pentateuch to the situation in Judah in the 5th century BCE under Persian imperial rule. The central institution in the post-Exilic Persian province of Yehud (the Persian name for the former kingdom of Judah) was the reconstructed Second Temple, which functioned both as the administrative centre for the province and as the means through which Yehud paid taxes to the central government. The central government was willing to grant autonomy to local communities throughout the empire, but it was first necessary for the would-be autonomous community to present the local laws for imperial authorisation. This provided a powerful incentive for the various groups that constituted the Jewish community in Yehud to come to an agreement. The major groups were the landed families who controlled the main sources of wealth, and the priestly families who controlled the Temple. Each group had its own history of origins that legitimated its prerogatives. The tradition of the landowners was based on the old Deuteronomistic tradition, which had existed since at least the 6th century BCE and had its roots even earlier; that of the priestly families was composed to "correct" and "complete" the landowners' composition. In the final document Genesis 1โ11 lays the foundations, Genesis 12โ50 defines the people of Israel, and the books of Moses define the community's laws and relationship to its God.
Since the second half of the 20th century, views on the relative age of P and the Holiness Code (H) have undergone major revision. Scholars including , Israel Knohl, and Christophe Nihan have argued for the younger age of H compared to P. Together with Jacob Milgrom, Knohl also identifies passages related to H elsewhere in the Pentateuch. Authors such as Bill T. Arnold and Paavo N. Tucker have argued that most of the narrative sections traditionally ascribed to P should be connected with H instead.
Many scholars attribute the laws in the P source to the desire to glorify the Aaronide priestly caste responsible for their composition.
Characteristics, date and scope
Characteristics
The Priestly work is concerned with priestly mattersย โ ritual law, the origins of shrines and rituals, and genealogiesย โ all expressed in a formal, repetitive style. It stresses the rules and rituals of worship, and the crucial role of priests, expanding considerably on the role given to Aaron (all Levites are priests, but according to P only the descendants of Aaron were to be allowed to officiate in the inner sanctuary).
P's God is majestic, and transcendent, and all things happen because of his power and will. He reveals himself in stages, first as Elohim (a Hebrew word meaning simply "god", taken from the earlier Canaanite word meaning "the gods"), then to Abraham as El Shaddai (usually translated as "God Almighty"), and finally to Moses by his unique name, Yahweh. P divides history into four epochs from Creation to Moses by means of covenants between God and Noah, Abraham and Moses. The Israelites are God's chosen people, his relationship with them is governed by the covenants, and P's God is concerned that Israel should preserve its identity by avoiding intermarriage with non-Israelites. P is deeply concerned with "holiness", meaning the ritual purity of the people and the land: Israel is to be "a priestly kingdom and a holy nation" (Exodus 19:6), and P's elaborate rules and rituals are aimed at creating and preserving holiness.
Good cases have been made for both exilic and post-exilic composition, leading to the conclusion that it has at least two layers, spanning a broad time period of 571โ486 BCE. This was a period when the careful observance of ritual was one of the few means available which could preserve the identity of the people, and the narrative of the priestly authors created an essentially stable and secure world in which Israel's history was under God's control, so that even when Israel alienated itself from God, leading to the destruction of Jerusalem and the exile in Babylon, atonement could still be made through sacrifice and ritual.
Date
Julius Wellhausen, the 19th century German scholar who formulated the documentary hypothesis, fixed the chronological order of its sources as the Yahwist and Elohist, followed by the Deuteronomist, and last the Priestly. There is currently no general agreement on the absolute dates of any of these sources, but a growing number of scholars place both the Yahwist (the narrative strand) and the Priestly material (a mix of narrative and legal material) in the late Neo-Babylonian or Persian periods.
Scope
While most scholars agree on the identification of Priestly texts in Genesis through Exodus, opinions are divided concerning the original ending of the separate P document. Suggested endings have been located in the Book of Joshua, in Deuteronomy 34, Leviticus 16 or 9:24, in Exodus 40, or in Exodus 29:46.
P is responsible for the first of the two creation stories in Genesis (Genesis 1), for Adam's genealogy, part of the Flood story, the Table of Nations, and the genealogy of Shem (i.e., Abraham's ancestry). Most of the remainder of Genesis is from the Yahwist, but P provides the covenant with Abraham (chapter 17) and a few other stories concerning Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.
The book of Exodus is also divided between the Yahwist and P, and the usual understanding is that the Priestly writer(s) were adding to an already-existing Yahwist narrative. Chapters 1โ24 (from bondage in Egypt to God's appearances at Sinai) and chapters 32โ34 (the golden calf incident) are from the Yahwist and P's additions are relatively minor, noting Israel's obedience to the command to be fruitful and the orderly nature of Israel even in Egypt. P was responsible for chapters 25โ31 and 35โ40, the instructions for making the Tabernacle and the story of its fabrication.
Leviticus 1โ16 sees the world as divided between the profane (i.e., not holy) masses and the holy priests. Anyone who incurs impurity must be separated from the priests and the Temple until purity is restored through washing, sacrifice, and the passage of time. According to Nihan, the purification ritual of Leviticus 16 formed the conclusion of the original Priestly document; in this and similar views, all P-like texts after this point are post-Priestly additions.
Leviticus 17โ26 is called the Holiness code, from its repeated insistence that Israel should be a holy people; scholars accept it as a discrete collection within the larger Priestly source, and have traced similar holiness writings elsewhere in the Pentateuch.
In Numbers the Priestly source contributes chapters 1โ10:28, 15โ20, 25โ31, and 33โ36, including, among other things, two censuses, rulings on the position of Levites and priests (including the provision of special cities for the Levites), and the scope and protection of the Promised Land. The Priestly themes in Numbers include the significance of the priesthood for the well-being of Israel (the ritual of the priests is needed to take away impurity), and God's provision of the priesthood as the means by which he expresses his faithfulness to the covenant with Israel.
The Priestly source in Numbers originally ended with an account of the death of Moses and succession of Joshua ("Then Moses went up from the plains of Moab to Mount Nebo..."), but when Deuteronomy was added to the Pentateuch this was transferred to the end of Deuteronomy.
See also
Deuteronomist
Documentary hypothesis
Elohist
Holiness code
Jahwist
Torah
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
The Priestly source isolated, at wikiversity
The narrative of the priestly source isolated, at wikiversity
Documentary hypothesis |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%9D%B4%EA%B8%80 | ์์ด๊ธ | ์์ด๊ธ(, ํ๋์ค์ด๋ก ๋
์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ฏธ)์ ์ค์์ค ๋ณด์ฃผ์ ์์นํ ์ญ์ฌ์ ๋์์ด๋ค. ์์ด๊ธ์ ๊ณต์ ์ธ์ด๋ ํ๋์ค์ด์ด๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ
์์ ์ด์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ผ์ฐ ์ ์ฐฉํ๋ค. ์ฒญ๋๊ธฐ ์๋์ ๋งค์ฅ๊ณผ ๋์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์๋ค. ๋ก๋ง ์๋์ ์์ด๊ธ๋ ๊ทธ๋ ์ดํธ ์ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋๋ฅด ๊ณ ๊ฐ์์ ๋น๋น์ค์ฟ ์ค(๋ธ๋ฒ )๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋ก๋ง ์๋์ธ ์๋ฒคํฐ์ฟฐ(์๋ฐฉ์)์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ ๊ธธ์ ๋์ ์์๋ค. ๋ก๋ง์ธ๋ค์ ์์ด๊ธ์ ๋ํด ๋ง์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์๋ค: Ala (๋ ๊ฐ), Alena (์์ ๋ ๊ฐ), Aquilegia ๋ฐ Aquilas (๋
์๋ฆฌ)
์์ ์ด์ ๋ํ ์ต์ด์ ์ค์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ 1150๋
์ Alium์ด๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ์ธ๊ธ๋์๋ค.
1153๋
์ ์ธ๊ธ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ Aleo์ด๋ค. ์ ์ฑ๋ก๋ง์ ๊ตญ์ ํฉ์ ํ์ธ๋ฆฌํ 4์ธ๋ 1076๋
์ฌ๋ณด์ด ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ ์์ด๊ธ ์ํ ๋ฅผ ์๋ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ดํธ ์ฑ ๋ฒ๋๋ ์๋์๊ณผ ์๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์๋์๋ ์์ด๊ธ์ ์์ ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์๊ณ , ํ์๋ ์๋์์ ์ค๋ฆฝํ์ฌ ๋ฅด ํด๋ก์ํธ๋ก(Le Cloรฎtre)๋ผ๋ ๋ง์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
1231๋
์์ด๊ธ์ ์ฌ๋ณด์ด์ ํ ๋ง์ค 1์ธ์ ์ํด ์์ฅ ๋ง์๋ก ์ง์ ๋์๊ณ , 1314๋
์๋ ์ฌ๋ณด์ด์ ์๋ง๋ฐ์ฐ์ค 5์ธ์ ์ํด ์์ ๋์๋ก ์น๊ฒฉ๋์๋ค.
์ดํ๋ฆฌ์๋ก ๊ฐ๋ ๊ธธ๋ชฉ์ ์์นํ์ฌ ์ค์ํ ์์
์ค์ฌ์ง๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๋ ์ฅ(Leysin, 1702๋
๊น์ง) ๋ฐ Corbeyrier ๋ฐ Yvorne(1831๋
๊น์ง)์ ๊ณต๋ ๊ต๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์์๋ค. SI๋ 14์ธ๊ธฐ๋ถํฐ ๋ฐ๋ ์ฃผ์ ์
๋ธ๋์ปค(Sembrancher)์ ์กฐ์ฝ์ ๋งบ์ด ์ ์์ด๋ ์์ฐ์ฌํด๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ ๊ณต๋์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ํธ ์ง์ํ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ฝ์ํ๋ค.
1475๋
๋ฒ ๋ฅธ๊ณผ ๋๋งน์ ๋งบ์ ์๋จ(Saanen)๊ณผ ํ์ด๋์์ค(Pays-d'Enhaut) ์ฐ์
์ง์ญ ์ด ์์ด๊ธ ์ฑ์ ํ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํด ๋ถํ์ ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ ๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์๋์ 3๋ถ์ 1์ ๋ฒ ๋ฅธ์ ์ง๋ถํ์ง ์์๋ ๋๋ ๋๊ฐ๋ก ์์ด๊ธ ๋ง์๊ณผ Ollon, Bex ๋ฐ Les Ormonts๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ์ฃผ๋ณ ์ง์ญ์ ๋ฒ ๋ฅธ์๊ฒ ์๋ํ๋ค. 1476๋
์ ์ฒด๊ฒฐ๋ ใํ๋ฆฌ๋ถ๋ฅด ์กฐ์ฝใ์์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ์์ด๊ธ ์ง์ญ์ ๋ํ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ป์์ผ๋, 1483๋
์ ๋ฒ ๋ฅธ์๊ฒ ์๋ํ๋ค. ์์ด๊ธ ์์ง๋ Villeneuve๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ ํ์ฌ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ง์ญ์ ํฌํจํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ค์์ค์์ ํ๋์ค์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์ง์ญ ์ค ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ ๋ฅธ์ ์ง๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
1528๋
์ ๊ธฐ์ค ํ๋ ์ด ์์ด๊ธ์์ ์ข
๊ต ๊ฐํ์ ์ฒ์ ์ ํํ๋ค.
1798๋
๋ถํฐ 1803๋
๊น์ง ์์ด๊ธ๋ ํฌ๋ฒ ํฐ์ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ๋ ๋ง์ฃผ์ ์ํด ์์๋๋ฐ, ๋ํด๋ ์น์ ์ค์ฌ๋ก ๋ณด์ฃผ๋ก ๋ณํ๋์๋ค.
J. van Wijk Roelandszoon์ 1821๋
์ง๋ฆฌ ์ ์๋ 600์ฑ์ ์ง๊ณผ 2,500๋ช
์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ๋ง์ ์ด๋ฆ์ด Aelen์ด๋ฉฐ 15,000์ผํธ๋ฅผ ์ฐ์ถํ๋ ์๊ธ ๊ด์ฐ์ด ์๋ค. Aelen ์ง๊ตฌ๋ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ 8km, ๋๋น๊ฐ 10km์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด์ธ๊ตฌ๋ 7,500๋ช
์ด๋ค.
19์ธ๊ธฐ์ ๋ณด์ฃผ๋ ์ค์์ค์์ ํํดํ๋ ค๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฃผ์ ๋ฐ๋์์๋ค. ์ด ๊ฐํจ๋ฆญ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์ ์ด๋(์กด๋๋ถํธ)์ 1847๋
์ ์๋ฆฌ ๋คํธ๋ฅด ์ฅ๊ตฐ ํํ์ 99,000๋ช
์ ์ค์์ค ์ฐ๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์ด 79,000๋ช
์ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์์์ ๋ํญํ์ฌ ์กด๋๋ถํธ ์ ์์ ๊ฐ์
ํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค. 86๋ช
์ ๋ชฉ์จ์ ์์๊ฐ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง์๋ค. 1848๋
์ค์์ค ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ํ๋ฒ์ ์กด๋๋ถํธ ์ ์์ ๋ํ ๋์์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ค์ด์ก๋ค.
์ง๋ฆฌ
์์ด๊ธ์ ๋ชฝํธ๋ขฐ์์ ๋จ๋์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ์ฝ 13km ๋จ์ด์ง ๊ณ ๋ 415m์ ์๋ค. ์ค์์ค ์ํ์ค ๊ธฐ์ญ์ ๋ก ๊ณ๊ณก ๋์ชฝ ๊ฐ์ฅ์๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ค.
์์ด๊ธ์ ๋ฉด์ ์ 2009๋
๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก 16.41kใก์ด๋ค. ์ด ๋ฉด์ ์ค 5.59kใก (34.1%)๊ฐ ๋์
๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด 6.13kใก (37.4%)๋ ์ฐ๋ฆผ์ด๋ค. ๋๋จธ์ง ํ ์ง ์ค 4.2kใก (25.6%)๊ฐ ์ ์ฐฉ(๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋๋ ๋๋ก), 0.45kใก(2.7%)๊ฐ ๊ฐ ๋๋ ํธ์์ด๊ณ 0.1kใก (0.6%)๋ ๋ถ๋ชจ์ง์ด๋ค.
๊ฑด์ถ๋ฉด์ ์ค ๊ณต์
์ฉ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ์ ์ฒด ๋ฉด์ ์ 5.2%, ์ฃผํ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด 6.6%, ๊ตํต ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ค์ด 9.0%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค. ์ ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์์์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ค ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํ ํน๋ณ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ์ง์ญ์ ๋ฉด์ ์ 1.5%๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๊ณ ๊ณต์, ๋
น์ง๋ ๋ฐ ์คํฌ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ฅ์ 3.4%๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆผ์ ์ ์ธํ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฐ๋ฆผ๋ฉด์ ์ ์ธ์ฐฝํ ์ฐ๋ฆผ์ผ๋ก ๋ฎ์ฌ ์๋ค. ๋๊ฒฝ์ง ์ค 21.5%๋ ์๋ฌผ ์ฌ๋ฐฐ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ฉฐ 2.4%๋ ๋ชฉ์ด์ง์ด๋ฉฐ, 10.2%๋ ๊ณผ์์์ด๋ ํฌ๋๋๋ฌด ์๋ฌผ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค. ์์ ์ด์ ๋ฌผ ์ค 0.6%๋ ํธ์์, 2.1%๋ ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์๋ด์ ์๋ค.
์์ด๊ธ์๋ ๋ฅด ํด๋ก์ํธ๋ก(Le Cloรฎtre), Vers Pousaz ๋ฐ Fontanney์ ๋ง์์ด ํฌํจ๋๋ค. ์ฃผ๋ณ ์ง์์ฒด๋ ๋ณด์ฃผ์ Yvorne, Leysin, Ormont-Dessous, Ollon, ๋ฐ๋ ์ฃผ์ Vouvry์ Collombey-Muraz์ด๋ค.
๊ธฐํ
์พจํ ๊ธฐํ ๊ตฌ๋ถ์์ ์์ด๊ธ์ ํด์์ฑ ๊ธฐํ(์พจํ: Cfb)์ด๋ค. ์์ด๊ธ์ ์ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์๋์ ํ๊ท 118์ผ์ด๋ฉฐ ํ๊ท ๊ฐ์๋์ 1,012mm์ด๋ค. ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ตํ ๋ฌ์ ์์ด๊ธ์ ํ๊ท ๊ฐ์๋์ด 110mm์ธ 7์์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ฌ ๋์ ๊ฐ์๋์ 10.7์ผ์ด๋ค. ๊ฐ์๋์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ ๋ฌ์ 5์๋ก ํ๊ท 11.8์ผ์ด์ง๋ง ๊ฐ์๋์ 90mm์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ค. ์ฐ์ค ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ฑด์กฐํ ๋ฌ์ 2์๋ก 7.8์ผ ๋์ ํ๊ท ๊ฐ์๋์ด 64mm์ด๋ค.
์ธ๊ตฌํต๊ณ
2020๋
12์ ๊ธฐ์ค, ์์ด๊ธ์ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ 10,462๋ช
์ด๋ค. 2008๋
๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ์ธ๊ตฌ์ 37.0%๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด๋ค. 1999๋
๋ถํฐ 2009๋
๊น์ง ์ง๋ 10๋
๋์ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ 15.4%์ ๋น์จ๋ก ๋ณํํ๋ค. ์ด์ฃผ๋ก ์ธํด 14.7%์ ๋น์จ๋ก, ์ถ์ ๋ฐ ์ฌ๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ธํด 1.5%์ ๋น์จ๋ก ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋์๋ค.
2000๋
๊ธฐ์ค, ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ธ 6,362๋ช
(80.0%)์ด ํ๋์ค์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฉฐ, ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ด๊ฐ 278๋ช
(3.5%)์ผ๋ก ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ๋ง์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ณ , ์๋ฐ๋์์ด๊ฐ 275๋ช
(3.5%)์ผ๋ก ์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ์ด๋ค. ๋
์ผ์ด๋ฅผ ํ ์ค ์๋ ์ฌ๋์ 235๋ช
, ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์ด๋ฅผ ํ ์ค ์๋ ์ฌ๋์ 264๋ช
, ๋ก๋ง์์ด๋ฅผ ํ ์ค ์๋ ์ฌ๋์ 5๋ช
์ด๋ค.
์ง์์ฒด์ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ค 2,236๋ช
(์ฝ 28.1%)๊ฐ 2000๋
์ ์์ด๊ธ์์ ํ์ด๋ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์ ์ด์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ์์ ํ์ด๋ 1,782๋ช
(22.4%)๊ฐ ์์๊ณ , 1,188๋ช
(14.9%)๊ฐ ์ค์์ค ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์์ ํ์ด๋ฌ๊ณ , 2,402๋ช
(30.2%)๋ ์ค์์ค ์ด์ธ์ ์ง์ญ์์ ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค.
2008๋
์๋ ์ค์์ค ์๋ฏผ์ด 56๋ช
, ๋น์ค์์ค๊ณ ์๋ฏผ์ด 41๋ช
์ด์๊ณ , ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ์ค์์ค ์๋ฏผ์ด 54๋ช
, ๋น์ค์์ค๊ณ ์๋ฏผ์ด 7๋ช
์ด์๋ค. ์ด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ํ๋ฉด, ์ค์์ค ์๋ฏผ์ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ 2๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ , ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ 34๋ช
์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ค์์ค์์ ์ด๋ฏผ์ ์จ ์ค์์ค ๋จ์ฑ์ 7๋ช
์ด์๋ค. ๋์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋๋ผ์์ ์ค์์ค๋ก ์ด์ฃผํ 93๋ช
์ ๋น์ค์์ค๊ณ ๋จ์ฑ๊ณผ 88๋ช
์ ๋น์ค์์ค๊ณ ์ฌ์ฑ์ด ์์๋ค. 2008๋
์ ์ฒด ์ค์์ค ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ณํ(์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋๋ ์ด๋์ ํฌํจํ ๋ชจ๋ ์ถ์ฒ์์)๋ 124๋ช
์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ , ๋น์ค์์ค๊ณ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ 118๋ช
์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ด๋ 2.9%์ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ์จ์ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค.
2009๋
ํ์ฌ ์์ด๊ธ์ ์ฐ๋ น ๋ถํฌ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค. 933๋ช
(์ธ๊ตฌ์ 10.7%)์ด 0~9์ธ์ด๊ณ 1,137๋ช
(13.0%)์ด 10~19์ธ์ด๋ค. ์ฑ์ธ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ค 1,255๋ช
(์ธ๊ตฌ์ 14.3%)์ด 20~29์ธ์ด๋ค. 1,068๋ช
๋๋ 12.2%๋ 30์ธ์์ 39์ธ ์ฌ์ด, 1,307๋ช
๋๋ 14.9%๋ 40์ธ์์ 49์ธ ์ฌ์ด, 1,134๋ช
๋๋ 13.0%๋ 50์ธ์์ 59์ธ ์ฌ์ด์ด๋ค. ๊ณ ๋ น์ ๋ถํฌ๋ 940๋ช
๋๋ ์ธ๊ตฌ์ 10.7%๊ฐ 6์ธ ์ฌ์ด์ด๋ค. 69์ธ๋ 547๋ช
(6.3%), 70~79์ธ๋ 352๋ช
(4.0%), 80~89์ธ๋ 4.0%, 90์ธ ์ด์์ 77๋ช
(0.9%)์ด๋ค.
2000๋
๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ์์ ์ด์ ๋ฏธํผ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธํผ์ธ ์ฌ๋์ 3,227๋ช
์ด๋ค. ๊ธฐํผ์๋ 3,809๋ช
, ๊ณผ๋ถ ๋๋ ํ์๋น๋ 502๋ช
, ์ดํผํ ์ฌ๋์ 417๋ช
์ด์๋ค.
2000๋
๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ์์ ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ธ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ 3,342์ธ๋๋ก ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋น ํ๊ท 2.3๋ช
์ด๋ค. 1์ธ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ 1,158๊ฐ๊ตฌ, 5์ธ ์ด์ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ 251๊ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ค. ์ด ์ง๋ฌธ์ ์๋ตํ ์ด 3,400๊ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค 1์ธ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ 34.1%๋ก ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ๋๊ฑฐํ๋ ์ฑ์ธ์ด 19๋ช
์ด์๋ค. ๋๋จธ์ง ๊ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค ์๋
๊ฐ ์๋ ๋ถ๋ถ๋ 869์, ์๋
๊ฐ ์๋ ๋ถ๋ถ๋ 1,055์์ด๋ค. ์๋
๊ฐ ์๋ ํธ๋ถ๋ชจ๋ 202๋ช
์ด์๋ค. ํ์ฐ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์๋ ์ฌ๋์ด 39๊ฐ๊ตฌ, ์์ค์ด๋ ๊ธฐํ ์ง๋จ์ฃผํ์ด 58๊ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ค.
2000๋
์๋ ์ด 1,172์ธ๋์ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ฉ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ค 567ํธ(์ ์ฒด์ 48.4%)๊ฐ ๋จ๋
์ฃผํ์ผ๋ก ์กด์ฌํ์๋ค. ๋ค๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ 294์ฑ(25.1%), ์ฃผ๋ก ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ฉ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ๋ค๋ชฉ์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ 214์ฑ(18.3%), ๊ธฐํ ์ฉ๋(์์
ยท๊ณต์
)๋ 97์ฑ(8.3%)๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ๋จ๋
์ฃผํ ์ค 130์ฑ๋ 1919๋
์ด์ ์ ์ง์ด์ก๊ณ 47์ฑ๋ 1990๋
์์ 2000๋
์ฌ์ด์ ์ง์ด์ก๋ค. ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ ๋ค๊ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผํ(111์ฑ)์ด 1919๋
์ด์ ์ ์ง์ด์ก๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋ค์์ผ๋ก ๋ง์ ๋ค๊ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผํ(52์ฑ)์ด 1981๋
๊ณผ 1990๋
์ฌ์ด์ ์ง์ด์ก๋ค.
2000๋
์ ์์น์ ์๋ 4,178๊ฐ์ ์ํํธ๊ฐ ์์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์ํํธ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ 3๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์ด์๊ณ , ๊ทธ์ค 1,502๊ฐ๊ฐ ์์๋ค. 1์ธ์ค ์ํํธ๋ 324์ฑ, 5์ค ์ด์ ์ํํธ๋ 585์ฑ์๋ค. ์ด ์ค ์๊ฐ์ฃผํ์ ์ด 3,286์ธ๋(์ ์ฒด์ 78.7%), ๋น์๊ธฐํ์ 565์ธ๋(13.5%), ๊ณต์ค์ 327์ธ๋(7.8%)์๋ค. 2009๋
๊ธฐ์ค ์ ๊ท์ฃผํ ๊ฑด์ค๋ฅ ์ ์ธ๊ตฌ 1,000๋ช
๋น 20.4์ธ๋์ด๋ค. 2010๋
์์ ์ด ๊ณต์ค๋ฅ ์ 1.42%์๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ค์ ์ฐจํธ์ ๋์ ์๋ค.
์ข
๊ต
2000๋
์ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 2,857๋ช
(35.9%)์ด ์ค์์ค ๊ฐํ ๊ตํ์ ์ํ๊ณ , 2,853๋ช
(35.9%)์ด ๋ก๋ง ๊ฐํจ๋ฆญ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋๋จธ์ง ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ค ์ ๊ตํ ๊ต์ธ์ 96๋ช
(์ธ๊ตฌ์ ์ฝ 1.21%), ํฌ๋ฆฌ์ค์ฐฌ ๊ฐํจ๋ฆญ ๊ตํ ๊ต์ธ์ 5๋ช
(์ธ๊ตฌ์ ์ฝ 0.06%)์ด ์์๋ค. ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๋
๊ต ๊ตํ์ ์ํ ๊ฐ์ธ์ 211๋ช
(์ฝ 2.65%)์ด ์์๋ค. ์ ๋์ธ 2๋ช
๊ณผ ๋ฌด์ฌ๋ฆผ 720๋ช
(์ธ๊ตฌ์ ์ฝ 9.05%), ๋ถ๊ต 18๋ช
, ํ๋๊ต 36๋ช
, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ข
๊ต์ ์ํ 27๋ช
์ด ์์๋ค. 657๋ช
(์ธ๊ตฌ์ ์ฝ 8.26%)์ ๊ตํ์ ์ํ์ง ์์๊ณ , ๋ถ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ์ ๋๋ ๋ฌด์ ๋ก ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 473๋ช
(์ธ๊ตฌ์ ์ฝ 5.95%)์ด ์ง๋ฌธ์ ๋๋ตํ์ง ์์๋ค.
๊ฒฝ์
2010๋
ํ์ฌ ์์ด๊ธ์ ์ค์
๋ฅ ์ 8%์ด๋ค. 2008๋
๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก 1์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ 257๋ช
์ด ๊ณ ์ฉ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ ์ฝ 52๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์
์ด ์ฐธ์ฌํ๊ณ ์๋ค. 1,236๋ช
์ด 2์ฐจ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ ๊ณ ์ฉ๋์๊ณ , ์ด ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ 99๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ด ์์๋ค. 3,191๋ช
์ด 3์ฐจ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ ๊ณ ์ฉ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๋ถ๋ฌธ์๋ 377๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ด ์๋ค. ์์ ์ด ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ 3,618๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ผ์ ์ ๋ ๊ณ ์ฉ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์ค ์ฌ์ฑ์ด ์ ์ฒด ๋
ธ๋๋ ฅ์ 43.4%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ์๋ค.
2008๋
์ ์ ๊ท์ง์ ํด๋นํ๋ ์ด ์ผ์๋ฆฌ ์๋ 3,944๊ฐ์๋ค. 1์ฐจ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ ์ผ์๋ฆฌ ์๋ 165๊ฐ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์ค 160๊ฐ๋ ๋์
์, 5๊ฐ๋ ์์
๋๋ ๋ชฉ์ฌ ์์ฐ์ ์ข
์ฌํ๋ค. 2์ฐจ ์ฐ์
์ ์ผ์๋ฆฌ ์๋ 1,189๊ฐ๋ก ๊ทธ ์ค ์ ์กฐ์
์ด 700๊ฐ(58.9%), ๊ฑด์ค์
์ด 397๊ฐ(33.4%)์๋ค. 3์ฐจ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ ์ผ์๋ฆฌ๋ 2,590๊ฐ์๋ค. 3์ฐจ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์์ 752๊ฐ(29.0%)๋ ๋์๋งค ๋๋ ์๋์ฐจ ์๋ฆฌ์
, 136๊ฐ(5.3%)๋ ์ํ์ ์ด๋ ๋ฐ ๋ณด๊ด, 165๊ฐ(6.4%)๋ ํธํ
๋๋ ๋ ์คํ ๋, 12๊ฐ(0.5%)๋ ์ ๋ณด ์ฐ์
์ ์ข
์ฌํ๋ค. 99๊ฐ(3.8%)๊ฐ ๋ณดํ ๋๋ ๊ธ์ต ์ฐ์
, 206๊ฐ(8.0%)๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ๋๋ ๊ณผํ์, 251๊ฐ(9.7%)๊ฐ ๊ต์ก, 473๊ฐ(18.3%)๊ฐ ์๋ฃ ๋ถ์ผ์๋ค.
2000๋
๊ธฐ์ค ์์น๋จ์ฒด๋ก ํต๊ทผํ๋ ๊ทผ๋ก์๋ 2,540๋ช
, ์ถํด๊ทผ์๋ 1,821๋ช
์ด์๋ค. ์ง์์ฒด๋ ๊ทผ๋ก์๋ฅผ ์์์
ํ๋ฉฐ, ๋ ๋ ๋๋ง๋ค ์ฝ 1.4๋ช
์ ๊ทผ๋ก์๊ฐ ์ง์์ฒด์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ค. ์์ด๊ธ์ ๋ค์ด์ค๋ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ์ฝ 2.8%๊ฐ ์ค์์ค ์ธ๋ถ์์ ์๋ค. ๊ทผ๋ก ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ค 20.8%๊ฐ ๋์ค๊ตํต์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์ถํด๊ทผํ๊ณ 50.9%๊ฐ ์๊ฐ์ฉ์ ์ด์ฉํ์๋ค.
UCI(Union Cycliste Internationale)๋ ์์ด๊ธ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋นํ๊ฐ์ ๋ํ ๋ง์ ๋ช
์ํผ์ ์์ก์ ์ธ๊ทผ์ ๋ธ๋ฒ Est Vaudois ์ง๋ฐฉ ๋ฒ์์์ ์งํ๋์๋ค.
๊ต์ก
์์ด๊ธ์์๋ ์ธ๊ตฌ์ ์ฝ 2,529๋ช
(31.8%)์ด ๋นํ์ ๊ณ ๋ฑ๊ต์ก์ ์ด์ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, 664๋ช
(8.3%)์ด ์ถ๊ฐ ๊ณ ๋ฑ๊ต์ก(๋ํ ๋๋ ์์ฉํ๋ฌธ๋ํ)์ ๋ง์ณค๋ค. ๊ณ ๋ฑ๊ต์ก์ ๋ง์น 664๋ช
์ค 52.6%๊ฐ ์ค์์ค ๋จ์ฑ, 27.0%๊ฐ ์ค์์ค ์ฌ์ฑ, 11.0%๊ฐ ๋น์ค์์ค๊ณ ๋จ์ฑ, 9.5%๊ฐ ๋น์ค์์ค๊ณ ์ฌ์ฑ์ด์๋ค.
2009/2010 ํ๋
๋์ ์์ด๊ธ ํ๊ตฐ์๋ ์ด 1,091๋ช
์ ํ์์ด ์์๋ค. ๋ณด์ฃผ ์ฃผ๋ฆฝํ๊ต ์์คํ
์์๋ ์ ์น ๊ตฌ์ญ์์ 2๋
๊ฐ์ ์๋ฌด๊ฐ ์๋ ์ ์์์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. ํ๋
๋ ๋์ ํด๋น ํ๊ตฐ์ ์ด 205๋ช
์ ์ด๋ฆฐ์ด์๊ฒ ์ ์์ ๋ณด์ก์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. 96๋ช
(46.8%)์ ์๋์ด ์ ์น์์์ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. 4๋
๋์ ์ง์๋ ์ด๋ฑํ๊ต ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์๋ 568๋ช
์ ํ์์ด ์์๋ค. ์๋ฌด ์ค๋ฑํ๊ต ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ 6๋
๋์ ์ง์๋๋ฉฐ ํด๋น ํ๊ต์ ํ์์ 478๋ช
์ด์๋ค. ํ์ค์ฟจ๋ง์ ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ๊ต์ ๋ค๋๋ ํ์๋ 45๋ช
์ด์๋ค.
2000๋
๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ์์ด๊ธ์๋ ํ ์์น๋จ์ฒด์์ ์จ ํ์์ด 339๋ช
, ์์ธ ํ๊ต์ ๋ค๋๋ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด 386๋ช
์ด๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ์ค์๋ฌธํ์ฌ
์์ด๊ธ์ฑ๊ณผ ๋๋ผ๋น๋ด ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด, ์๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค์ ์ค์์ค ๊ฐํ ๊ตํ ๋ฐ ๋ ๋ผ ๋๋ฏ ํ์ฐ์ค๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ค์ํ ์ค์์ค ๋ฌธํ์ ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ฑ์ฌ๋์ด ์๋ค. ์์ด๊ธ์ ์ ์ฒด ๋์์ ์ฑ์ ์ค์์ค ์ ์ฐ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ก ๋์ด๋๋ค.
๊ตํต
์์ด๊ธ์ ์ค์์ค ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ฒ ๋ ๊ณ ์ ์ฌํ๋ก ์ ์์ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์(๋๋ชจ๋์๋ผ) ๋ถ์ชฝ ๋ก์๊ณผ ์ ๋ค๋ฐ ์ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ๋ ์ ๋ฅ์ฅ์ด๋ค. ์ค์์ค ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ฒ ๋์ ์์ด๊ธ์ญ์์ 3๊ฐ์ ํ๊ถค ์ฒ ๋์ธ ASD, AL ๋ฐ AOMC์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ ์ ์๋ค. ์์ด๊ธ- ์คํ(Sepey) -๋์๋ธ๋ฅด๋ ์ฒ ๋(ASD) ๋
ธ์ ์ ๋์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฉฐ ์์ด๊ธ์์ ๋์๋ธ๋ฅด๋ ์คํค ๋ฆฌ์กฐํธ๊น์ง ์ด์ด์ง๋ค. ์์ด๊ธ-๋ ์ฅ ์ฒ ๋(AL) ๋
ธ์ ์ ๋์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๊ณ ์์ด๊ธ์์ ์คํค ๋ฆฌ์กฐํธ์ ๋ ์ฅ์ ์ฅ์ํ ์ ๋ง๊น์ง ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ๋ค. ์์ด๊ธ-์ฌ๋กฑ-๋ชฝํ
-์นํ๋ฆฌ ์ฒ ๋(AOMC) ๋
ธ์ ์ ์์ด๊ธ์์ ์์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ณ๊ณก์ ๊ฐ๋ก์ง๋ฌ ๋ฌ๋ฆฐ ๋ค์ ์นํ๋ฆฌ์ ์คํค ๋ฆฌ์กฐํธ๊น์ง ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ๋ค. ์ด ์ฒ ๋์ ๋ฒก์ค-๋น๋ผ์ฆ-๋ธ๋ ํ
์ด(Bretaye) ์ฒ ๋(BVB) ์์ด๊ธ ๋ฐ๋ก ๋จ์ชฝ์ ๋ง์์ธ ๋ฒก์ค์์ ๋์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ TPC(Transport Public du Chablais)๊ฐ ์ด์ํ๋ค. โ100๋
์ด์ ๋์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ธฐ๋์ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ TPC์ ์ฒ ๋๋ ๊ฐํจ๋ฆญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ต์ ๋
์ธ ์ค์์ค์ ๋ณด์ฃผ์ ๋ฐ๋ ์ฃผ ์ง์ญ์ ํ์ผ์ ์ฐ, ๋ง์๊ณผ ์๊ณจ์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ๋ค.โ TPC์ โ๋ชจํ โ๋ ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ํผ๋์ ๊ฒช์๋ ์ค๋ธ๋ ๋ก ์๋ ค์ง ์ผ๋ฐ ์ง์ญ์ ์ข
๊ต์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค. 1846~1847๋
์ ๋ฐ๋ ์ฃผ๋ ์กด๋๋ถํธ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ ์๋ ์นดํจ๋ฆญ์ฃผ ์ฐํฉ์ ๊ฐ์
ํ ์๋๋ก ์ค์์ค์์ ๋ถ๋ฆฌํ๋ ค๊ณ ์๋ํ์ง๋ง, ์ค์์ค ์ฐ๋ฐฉ๊ตฐ์ ์ํด ์ค๋จ๋์๋ค. ASD, AL, BVB ์ฒ ๋๋ ๋ณด์ฃผ ๋ด์์ ์ด์๋๋ค. AOMC๋ ๋ก ๊ฐ์ ๊ฑด๋ ์ ์นํ๋ฆฌ(Champery)์ ๋๋ฌํ ๋ ๋ณด์ฃผ์ ๋ฐ๋ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ดํํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
Official Website of the Commune of Aigle
Webcam on the Rue de la Gare
Les TPC: Transports Publics du Chablais: Website includes color maps
์ค์์ค์ ๋์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigle | Aigle | Aigle (French for "eagle", ; ) is a historic town and a municipality and the capital of the district of Aigle in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
The official language of Aigle is Swiss French.
Geography
Aigle lies at an elevation of about south-southeast of Montreux. It is on the east edge of the Rhรดne valley, at the foot of the Swiss Alps.
Aigle has an area, , of . Of this area, or 34.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 37.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 25.6% is settled (buildings or roads), or 2.7% is either rivers or lakes and or 0.6% is unproductive land.
Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 5.2% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 6.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 9.0%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.5% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 3.4%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 21.5% is used for growing crops and 2.4% is pastures, while 10.2% is used for orchards or vine crops. Of the water in the municipality, 0.6% is in lakes and 2.1% is in rivers and streams.
Aigle includes the villages of Le Cloรฎtre, Vers Pousaz, and Fontanney. The surrounding municipalities are Yvorne, Leysin, Ormont-Dessous, and Ollon in the canton of Vaud, and Vouvry and Collombey-Muraz in the canton of Valais.
History
The municipality was settled very early. Burials and ceramics from the Bronze Age have been discovered. During Roman times, Aigle lay on the road from the Great Saint Bernard pass via Viviscus (Vevey) to Aventicum (Avenches), the Roman capital. The Romans had a number of names for Aigle: Ala (Wing), Alena (Little Wing), Aquilegia and Aquilas (Eagles).
The first medieval mention of the municipality occurs in 1150 under the name of Alium.
A mention in 1153 gives the name as Aleo. Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV gave the territory of Aigle in 1076 to the house of Savoy. The Abbeys of Great Saint Bernard and Saint-Maurice also had holdings in Aigle, and the latter established a priory, from which the village of Le Cloรฎtre takes its name.
In 1231, Aigle was made a market town by Thomas I of Savoy, and in 1314 it was raised to a free town by Amadeus V of Savoy.
It became an important commercial center because of its location on the road to Italy.
It had a common parish with Leysin (until 1702) and with Corbeyrier and Yvorne (until 1831). SInce the 14th century, it had a treaty with Sembrancher in Valais, that committed the two communities for mutual aid in case of war or natural disaster.
In 1475, the mountain regions of Saanen and Pays-d'Enhaut, who were allied with Bern, attacked and burned the tower of Aigle Castle. They then gave Aigle town and the surrounding district, including Ollon, Bex, and Les Ormonts, to Bern in exchange for not having to pay one-third of their income to Bern. In the treaty of Fribourg from 1476, Fribourg received rights over the Aigle district, which they gave up to Bern in 1483. Bern rebuilt Aigle Castle in 1489 and made it the seat of the bailiwick of Aigle. The Aigle bailiwick included all of the present district except Villeneuve. It was thus the first of the French-speaking parts of Switzerland to become subject to Bern.
In 1528, the Reformation was first preached in Aigle by Guillaume Farel.
From 1798 to 1803, Aigle belonged to the canton of Lรฉman in the Helvetic Republic, which was transformed into the canton of Vaud with the mediation of Napoleon.
The Geographical dictionary of 1821 by J. van Wijk Roelandszoon names the village Aelen, comprises 600 houses and 2.500 inhabitants, with a Salt mine that yields 15,000 cents. The district Aelen is long and in width, 7500 total inhabitants.
In the 19th century, the canton of Vaud was an outspoken opponent of an attempt by a number of cantons to secede from Switzerland. This Catholic separatist movement (Sonderbund) led to intervention in 1847 by 99,000 Swiss Federal troops under General Henri Dufour against 79,000 separatists in what is called the Sonderbund war. Separation was prevented at the cost of 86 lives. The 1848 Swiss Federal Constitution was created in response of the Sonderbund war.
The Chablais and the Chablais Alps
Chablais was a former province of the Duchy of Savoy. Its historic capital was Thonon-les-Bains. The modern Chablais "region" is three territories: the Chablais Savoyard, the Chablais Valaisan, and the Chablais Vaudois. The Chablais Savoyard is within the department of Haute-Savoie in France, the Chablais Valaisan is in the Swiss canton of Valais, and the Chablais Vaudois is in the Swiss canton of Vaud. The Chablais Alps is the mountain range situated between France and Switzerland.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per fess Sable and Or, two displayed eagles 1-1 counterchanged.
Demographics
Aigle has a population () of . , 37.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999-2009) the population has changed at a rate of 15.4%. It has changed at a rate of 14.7% due to migration and at a rate of 1.5% due to births and deaths.
Most of the population () speaks French (6,362 or 80.0%), with Portuguese being second most common (278 or 3.5%) and Albanian being third (275 or 3.5%). There are 235 people who speak German, 264 people who speak Italian and 5 people who speak Romansh.
Of the population in the municipality 2,236 or about 28.1% were born in Aigle and lived there in 2000. There were 1,782 or 22.4% who were born in the same canton, while 1,188 or 14.9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 2,402 or 30.2% were born outside of Switzerland.
In there were 56 live births to Swiss citizens and 41 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 54 deaths of Swiss citizens and 7 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 2 while the foreign population increased by 34. There were 7 Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 93 non-Swiss men and 88 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 124 and the non-Swiss population increased by 118 people. This represents a population growth rate of 2.9%.
The age distribution, , in Aigle is; 933 children or 10.7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 1,137 teenagers or 13.0% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 1,255 people or 14.3% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 1,068 people or 12.2% are between 30 and 39, 1,307 people or 14.9% are between 40 and 49, and 1,134 people or 13.0% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 940 people or 10.7% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 547 people or 6.3% are between 70 and 79, there are 352 people or 4.0% who are 80 and 89, and there are 77 people or 0.9% who are 90 and older.
, there were 3,227 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 3,809 married individuals, 502 widows or widowers and 417 individuals who are divorced.
, there were 3,342 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. There were 1,158 households that consist of only one person and 251 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 3,400 households that answered this question, 34.1% were households made up of just one person and there were 19 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 869 married couples without children, 1,055 married couples with children. There were 202 single parents with a child or children. There were 39 households that were made up of unrelated people and 58 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.
there were 567 single family homes (or 48.4% of the total) out of a total of 1,172 inhabited buildings. There were 294 multi-family buildings (25.1%), along with 214 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (18.3%) and 97 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (8.3%). Of the single family homes 130 were built before 1919, while 47 were built between 1990 and 2000. The most multi-family homes (111) were built before 1919 and the next most (52) were built between 1981 and 1990.
there were 4,178 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 1,502. There were 324 single room apartments and 585 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 3,286 apartments (78.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 565 apartments (13.5%) were seasonally occupied and 327 apartments (7.8%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 20.4 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 1.42%.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Heritage sites of national significance
Aigle Castle and Museum De La Vigne, the Swiss Reformed Church of Saint-Maurice and the De la Dรฎme House are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire town and castle of Aigle are listed as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.
Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the FDP which received 24.34% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (23.39%), the SP (20.74%) and the Green Party (9.87%). In the federal election, a total of 1,794 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 42.0%.
Economy
, Aigle had an unemployment rate of 8%. , there were 257 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 52 businesses involved in this sector. 1,236 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 99 businesses in this sector. 3,191 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 377 businesses in this sector. There were 3,618 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.4% of the workforce.
the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 3,944. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 165, of which 160 were in agriculture and 5 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 1,189 of which 700 or (58.9%) were in manufacturing and 397 (33.4%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 2,590. In the tertiary sector; 752 or 29.0% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 136 or 5.3% were in the movement and storage of goods, 165 or 6.4% were in a hotel or restaurant, 12 or 0.5% were in the information industry, 99 or 3.8% were the insurance or financial industry, 206 or 8.0% were technical professionals or scientists, 251 or 9.7% were in education and 473 or 18.3% were in health care.
, there were 2,540 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,821 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.4 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 2.8% of the workforce coming into Aigle are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 20.8% used public transportation to get to work, and 50.9% used a private car.
The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) is based in Aigle and many of its defamation lawsuits against critics have been heard in the nearby Est Vaudois district court of Vevey.
Religion
From the , 2,857 or 35.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 2,853 or 35.9% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 96 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.21% of the population), there were 5 individuals (or about 0.06% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 211 individuals (or about 2.65% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were two individuals who were Jewish, and 720 (or about 9.05% of the population) who were Muslim. There were 18 individuals who were Buddhist, 36 individuals who were Hindu and 27 individuals who belonged to another church. 657 (or about 8.26% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 473 individuals (or about 5.95% of the population) did not answer the question.
Education
In Aigle about 2,529 (31.8%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 664 (8.3%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 664 who completed tertiary schooling, 52.6% were Swiss men, 27.0% were Swiss women, 11.0% were non-Swiss men and 9.5% were non-Swiss women.
In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 1,091 students in the Aigle school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the district provided pre-school care for a total of 205 children. There were 96 (46.8%) children who received subsidized pre-school care. There were 568 students in the primary school program, which last four years. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 478 students in those schools. There were also 45 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.
, there were 339 students in Aigle who came from another municipality, while 386 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
Notable people
Caroline Olivier nรฉe Ruchet (1803 in Aigle โ 1879) Swiss poet
Charles Krafft (1863 in Aigle โ 1921) Swiss surgeon who performed the first appendectomy
Gustave Doret (1866 in Aigle โ 1943) a Swiss composer and conductor
Charles รmile Egli (1877 in Aigle โ 1937) a Swiss-born illustrator and painter
Michel Mayor (born 1942 in Lausanne, but grew up in Aigle) Swiss astrophysicist and winner of the Nobel prize
Sรฉbastien Buemi (born 1988 in Aigle) a Swiss professional racing driver
Siem de Jong (born 1989 in Aigle) a Dutch professional footballer
Luuk de Jong (born 1990 in Aigle) a Dutch professional footballer
Ridge Mobulu (born 1991 in Aigle) a Congolese footballer
Benjamin Kololli (born 1992 in Aigle) a Kosovar professional footballer
Fanny Smith (born 1992 in Aigle) a Swiss freestyle skier, competed at the 2010, 2014 and 2018 Winter Olympics, when she won bronze
Mersim Asllani (born 1999 in Aigle) a Swiss football player of Kosovan descent
Gino Mรคder (born 1997 in Aigle) a Swiss professional cyclist
Twin towns โ sister cities
Aigle is twinned with:
Transportation and the Transports Publics du Chablais
Aigle is a stop on the Swiss Federal Railway's (SBB CFF FFS) high speed Simplon line between Italy (Domodossola) north to Lausanne and Geneva. At the Aigle SBB CFF FFS station, connections can be made to three narrow gauge railways, the ASD, AL, and AOMC. The Aigle-Sepey-Diablerets railway's (ASD) route goes east and rises from Aigle to the ski resort of Diablerets. The Aigle-Leysin railway's (AL) route goes east and rises from Aigle to the ski resort and grand vista of Leysin. The Aigle-Ollon-Monthey-Champerey railway's (AOMC) route runs west from Aigle across the Rhone and valley, then climbs to the ski resort of Champery. These railways, plus the BexโVillarsโBretaye railway (BVB) which runs east from Bex, a village just south of Aigle, are operated by Transports Publics du Chablais with the motto: "Depuis plus de cent ans et contre toute attente, des lignes des TPC reunissent plaine et montagne, Vaud et Valais, ville et campagne, terres catholiques et protestantes." Translated roughly: "For over 100 years and contrary to all expectations, the railways of TPC have joined plain and mountain, town and country, of the Vaud and Valais districts of Switzerland, land of both Catholics and Protestants." The TPC "motto" refers to the religious composition and history of the general region known historically as the Chablais which has known turmoil. In 1846โ7, the Valais canton tried to secede from Switzerland with the intention of joining a proposed Catholic confederation of cantons called the Sonderbund, but this was put down by Swiss Federal troops. The ASD, the AL, and the BVB railways operate within the canton of Vaud. The AOMC operates in the Vaud and into the Canton of Valais when it crosses the Rhone to reach Monthey and Champery.
New construction rebuilt Aigle's Place de la Gare in partnership with municipal and canton administration and Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS). The project provided new train platforms at the SBB CFF FFS station to accommodate the trains of the AL, ASD and AOMC. Also added was AOMC track alongside SBB CFF FFS track to a new TPC office and workshop at En Chรขlex. With approximately 3 million passengers using its facilities each year, Aigle is the second most important station in canton Vaud after Lausanne. (Source: Le Bleu Matin, 8.10.2007). There are plans, awaiting approval, for the extension of the Aigle-Leysin line beyond Leysin deep into the Berneuse whereby passengers will be able to travel, without transfers, to a site that provides magnificent views of the Alps, the Jura, and Lake Geneva. This project is an investment which will benefit the entire region and offer a boost to tourism, the region's No. 1 industry. Landslides have required periodic emergency work to stabilise above and below the trackside adjacent soil and rock, much of which is covered in coniferous forest. This has included the erection of 150 meters of mesh barrier to prevent falling rock reaching the tracks and to offer protection to railway workers.
Climate
Under the Kรถppen climate classification, Aigle has an oceanic climate (Kรถppen:Cfb). Aigle has an average of 118 days of precipitation per year and on average receives of precipitation. The wettest month is July during which time Aigle receives an average of of precipitation. During this month there are 10.7 days with precipitation. The month with the most days of precipitation is May, with an average of 11.8, but with only of precipitation. The driest month of the year is February with an average of of precipitation over 7.8 days.
References
External links
Official Website of the Commune of Aigle
Webcam on the Rue de la Gare
Les TPC: Transports Publics du Chablais: Website includes color maps
Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of the canton of Vaud
Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Vaud
Articles which contain graphical timelines |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9E%91%EC%A0%84%EC%84%A4%EC%9D%98%20%EB%93%B1%EC%9E%A5%EC%9D%B8%EB%AC%BC%20%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D | ์๋์ ์ค์ ๋ฑ์ฅ์ธ๋ฌผ ๋ชฉ๋ก | ๋ค์์ SNK์ ๊ฒฉํฌ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ ใ์๋์ ์คใ์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด๋ค. ์ด ์ธ๋ฌผ๋ค ์ค ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ํฌ๋ก์ค์ค๋ฒ ๊ฒฉํฌ ๊ฒ์ ใ๋ ํน ์ค๋ธ ํ์ดํฐ์ฆใ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ์๋ ์ฐฌ์กฐ์ถ์ฐํ๋ค.
๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ
ใ์๋์ ์คใ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ ์ ์์ ๋์์ผ๋ง ํ์นด์๋ ใ์คํธ๋ฆฌํธ ํ์ดํฐใ 1ํธ๊ณผ ๋น๊ตํ์ ๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ์ ๋ ํฐ ์ค์ ์ ๋๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
ใ์๋์ ์คใ
๊ธฐ์ค ํ์๋
๊ธฐ์ค ํ์๋(, )๋ ์ฌ์ฐ์คํ์ด์ ๊ตฐ๋ฆผํ๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ก, ใ์๋์ ์คใ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์ต์ข
๋ณด์ค ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ฒ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค. ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ ์์์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ 10๋
์ ์ค๋์ ํ
๋ฆฌ ๋ณด๊ฐ๋์ ์๋ฒ์ง์ธ ์ ํ ๋ณด๊ฐ๋๋ฅผ ์ดํดํด ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋ณต์์ ๋ฐ๋จ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. ใ์๋์ ์คใ์์๋ ๊ฒฉํฌ ๋ํ '๋ ํน ์ค๋ธ ํ์ดํฐ์ฆ'๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ตํ๋๋ฐ, ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ ์ค์น ํ
ํธ๋ฃจ ์๋์ ์๋ จํ ๋ณด๊ฐ๋ ํ์ ๊ฐ ์ฐ์น์ ํ์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋์ ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค์์ผ๋, ์ดํ ํจ๋ฐฐํ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ค ํ์ ์ฅ์์์ ์ถ๋ฝํ๋ฉด์ ์ฌ๋งํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ดํ ใ์๋์ ์ค 2ใ์ ์๋ฉ์์ ์ด์๋ ์ํ๋ก ๋ฑ์ฅํ ํ, ใ์๋์ ์ค 3ใ์์ ์ ๋นํ ํ์ด ๊น๋ ์ง์ ๋น์ ์๋ฅผ ์์ ๋ฃ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ
๋ฆฌ์ ๋ง๋ถ๋ช์น๋ค.
ใ๋ฆฌ์ผ ๋ฐ์ ์๋์ ์คใ์์ ๋ค์ ๋ํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ตํ๊ณ ์ต์ข
๋ณด์ค๋ก์ ํ
๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ์๊ฒ ๋๋ค์ ์ง ๊ธฐ์ค๊ฐ ํ
๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ ๋ฆฐ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ค ํ์ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ ์๊ฐ ์ถ๋ฝํ๋๋ฐ, ์ด ๋ ํ
๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์์ ๋ถ์ก์ผ๋ คํ๋ ๊ธฐ์ค๋ ๊ตฌ์ถ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ๊ณ ๋ฟ๋ฆฌ์ณ ๊ทธ๋๋ก ๋จ์ด์ง๋ฉด์ ์ต์ข
์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋งํ๋ค. ๋ค์์ ใ๊ฐ๋ก์ฐ: ๋งํฌ ์ค๋ธ ๋ ์ธ๋ธ์คใ์์ ๊ทธ์ ์๋ค ๋ฝ ํ์๋๊ฐ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ค.
ใ์๋์ ์คใ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์๊ฐ์ ์ ์์ธ ใ์ฉํธ์ ๊ถใ์์ ๋ฃ ์ฌ์นด์ํค์ ํ ํ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ด ์๋ค. ์ค์ ๋ง ๋น๋ฆฐ ํํ์ธ๊ณ์ธ ใ๋ ํน ์ค๋ธ ํ์ดํฐ์ฆใ์์ ๊ณ์ ์์กดํ ์ํ๋ก ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ค.
๋ ํน
๋ ํน(, )์ ๋ธ๋ ์ดํฌ ๋์ค์ ๋ฌด์ ์ ๊ฒฐํฉํ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ํ๋ ๋ฌด๋๊ฐ๋ก, ใ์๋์ ์คใ์์ ์ผ์ธ์ฉ ๋ชจ๋์ ์๋ ์ค ํ๋๋ก ์ฒ์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ค. ์ดํ ใ์๋์ ์ค ์คํ์
ใ, ใ๋ฆฌ์ผ ๋ฐ์ ์๋์ ์คใ ๋ฑ์ ํ๋ ์ด์ด ์บ๋ฆญํฐ๋ก ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋น์ท๋ค.
๊ทธ ์ธ์ ใ๋ ํน ์ค๋ธ ํ์ดํฐ์ฆใ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ์๋ ใ๋ ํน ์ค๋ธ ํ์ดํฐ์ฆ XIใ์ ํ๋ ์ด์ด ์บ๋ฆญํฐ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ทํ ๋ฐ ์๋ค.
๋ผ์ด๋ด / ๋น
๋ฒ ์ด
๋ฆฌ์ฒ๋ ๋ง์ด์ด
๋ง์ดํด ๋งฅ์ค
๋น๋ฆฌ ์นธ
์ค๋ ๋ณด๊ฐ๋
์ค๋ ๋ณด๊ฐ๋๋ ํ
๋ฆฌ ๋ณด๊ฐ๋์ ์ํ์ ์ด๋ค. ์๋ผ๋์ด ๋ง์ด์๋ ์ ์ธ ๊ด๊ณ๋ก ์๋ผ๋์ด๋ฅ ์ฒด์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค.
ใ๋ ํน ์ค๋ธ ํ์ดํฐ์ฆใ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ์์๋ ์ฒซ ์ํ ใKOF '94ใ๋ถํฐ ์๋์ ์ค ํ์ ์ผ์์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ฐํ๋ค.
์กฐ ํ๊ฐ์
์กฐ ํ๊ฐ์๋ ๋ณด๊ฐ๋ ํ์ ์ ๋๋ฃ๋ก ๋ฌด์ํ์ด ๋ฌด์ ๊ฐ์ด๋ค.
ใ๋ ํน ์ค๋ธ ํ์ดํฐ์ฆใ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ์์๋ ์ฒซ ์ํ ใKOF '94ใ๋ถํฐ ์๋์ ์ค ํ์ ์ผ์์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ฐํ๋ค.
ํ
๋ฆฌ ๋ณด๊ฐ๋
ํ
๋ฆฌ ๋ณด๊ฐ๋(, )๋ ใ์๋์ ์คใ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด๋ค. ํ์ด๊ธฐ 'ํ์ ์จ์ด๋ธ'์ ์ดํ์ด๊ธฐ 'ํ์ ๊ฒ์ด์ '๊ฐ ์ฃผํน๊ธฐ์ด๋ค.
์์ ๊ณผ ์ค๋์ ์๋ฒ์ง์ธ ์ ํ ๋ณด๊ฐ๋๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ค ํ์๋์๊ฒ ์ฃฝ์ ํ, ๋ณต์๋ฅผ ๋งน์ธํ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ ์ ๋ฐฐ์ ๋ฌด๋๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋๋ค. ์ด๊ธฐ ๊ฒ์๋ค์์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๊ณ์ ๋ถ๋ชํ๋ค๊ฐ ใ๋ฆฌ์ผ ๋ฐ์ ์๋์ ์คใ์์ ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฉํ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ก ๋น๋ฉ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ฒจ๋๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ๋ ค ํ์ผ๋, ๊ตฌ์ถ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ ๊ธฐ์ค๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋๋ก ์ถ๋ฝํ๋ฉด์ ๊ทธ์ ์ฃฝ์์ ๋ชฉ๋ํ๋ค. ์ดํ ใ๊ฐ๋ก์ฐ: ๋งํฌ ์ค๋ธ ๋ ์ธ๋ธ์คใ์์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์๋ค ๋ฝ ํ์๋์ ๊ฐ์ด ์ง๋ธ๋ค.
ใ๋ ํน ์ค๋ธ ํ์ดํฐ์ฆใ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ์์๋ ์ฒซ ์ํ ใKOF '94ใ๋ถํฐ ๋ณธํธ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ์์๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฐ๊ทผํ๋ค.
ํ
ํธ๋ฃจ
ํ ์์ด
ใ์๋์ ์ค 2ใ ๋ฐ ใ์๋์ ์ค ์คํ์
ใ
๊น๊ฐํ
๋ก๋ ์ค ๋ธ๋ฌ๋
๋ณผํ๊ฐ ํฌ๋ผ์ฐ์ ์ ์น์๋์ธ ์ผํฌ์ฌ์ ์ผ์์ผ๋ก, ์ ์ง ํฌ์ฐ์ฌ๋ต๊ฒ ใ์๋์ ์ค 2ใ์์๋ ํฌ์ฐ์ฅ ์คํ
์ด์ง๊ฐ์์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ฉฐ ๋งํ ์์ ์ค๋ฒจ์ ์จ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ฃ ์ฌ์นด์ํค
๋ณผํ๊ฐ ํฌ๋ผ์ฐ์
์ก์
ํธํฌ
๋ณผํ๊ฐ ํฌ๋ผ์ฐ์ ์ ์น์๋์ธ ์ผํฌ์ฌ์ ์ผ์์ด๋ค. ํ์กดํ๋ ๋ณต์ ์กฐ์งํฌ๋จผ์ ๋ชจํฐ๋ธ๋ก ์ ์๋๋ค.
์๋ผ๋์ด ๋ง์ด
์ผ๋ง๋ค ์ฃผ๋ฒ ์ด
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SNK ๋ฑ์ฅ์ธ๋ฌผ ๋ชฉ๋ก | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters%20of%20the%20Fatal%20Fury%20series | Characters of the Fatal Fury series | The following is a list of video game characters featured in the Fatal Fury fighting game series developed by SNK. The series consists of the original Fatal Fury, Fatal Fury 2, Fatal Fury Special, Fatal Fury 3, Real Bout Fatal Fury, Real Bout Fatal Fury Special, Real Bout Fatal Fury 2, Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition, and Garou: Mark of the Wolves.
Creation and design
Series' creator Takashi Nishiyama stated that giving the characters depth was of great importance when making the series. He noted that the first Fatal Fury featured a more polished plot and more fleshed out characters than that of his previous work, the original Street Fighter, which led to the game gaining a strong fanbase. To help market the games, certain character details were revealed in magazine promotions rather than the games themselves.
Character appearances
The table below summarizes every single fighter in the series. A green cell indicates that the character is playable, while a red cell indicates that the character is not playable or does not appear.
Notes
Introduced in Fatal Fury
Andy Bogard
Andy Bogard (ใขใณใใฃใผใปใใฌใผใ, Andฤซ Bogฤdo) is Terry Bogard's younger brother. Andy practices the Shiranui-ryลซ ("Shiranui style" in Japanese) Ninjutsu and a form of empty-handed ninja combat called Koppล-ken, which he trained in after witnessing his foster father's murder, in order to gain revenge on Geese Howard. Mai is the girl he grew up with who is madly in love with him and self-proclaimed him her fiancรฉ and the granddaughter of Hanzo Shiranui, the man he learned Ninjitsu from. It was after his foster father Jeff's death that Tung Fu Rue took responsibility for raising him and Terry. Andy went to Japan to train under Hanzo and grew up alongside Mai, while Terry stayed in Southtown. During Andy's time in Japan, he met the Muay Thai fighter Joe Higashi and challenged him to a match. When Andy won, he invited Joe to return to America with him to enter the King of Fighters tournament, held by Geese.
Late in the tournament, Andy tried to kill off Geese by himself. Geese's power proved to be too much for Andy as he almost fell to his death. Terry saved Andy, who then acknowledged Terry as the superior fighter. After Terry beat Geese at the end of their first King of Fighters Tournament, a new tournament was held, this time hosted by Krauser. Andy, while present in the tournament, did not accomplish much story-wise.
Ever since Geese's death, the fall of the First Southtown and the birth of Second Southtown, Andy has been busy training his young apprentice Hokutomaru in the ways of the Shiranui-style ninjitsu and Koppo-ken. Instead of fighting in the KOF: Maximum Mayhem tournament himself, Andy sends Hokutomaru in his place to see what his apprentice has learned. In Hokutomaru's ending, Andy writes him a note saying that he was proud of how strong Hokutomaru has gotten. Then he ended the note by saying he is no longer his teacher but his rival and that they will cross paths again.
When the new King of Fighters '94 tournament was announced, Andy joined Terry and Joe in the new 3-on-3 matches. Since then, Andy has always agreed to follow his brother Terry whenever he decided to enter the new version of the King of Fighters tournament. The Fatal Fury Team maintained his original formation (Terry, Andy and Joe) from King of Fighters '94 to '98. With new rules in KOF '99 allowing teams of four members, Mai Shiranui (in KOF '99) and, later, Blue Mary (KOF 2000) joined the team. After the beginning of the Ash Crimson Saga (KOF 2003, XI) Andy left the Fatal Fury team to take care of Shiranui disciple Hokutomaru, who fell sick and Mai went after him. Andy made his return to The King of Fighters XII but does not participate in a defined team. The King of Fighters XIII sees Andy rejoining the Fatal Fury team as his brother's interest in the tournament has compelled him to reunite the original Fatal Fury team from the 1994 event. In his anime incarnations, though sometimes perplexed by her actions, Andy is more open to showing his affection towards Mai.
Billy Kane
is introduced in Fatal Fury as the righthand man of Geese Howard, a crime lord in the fictitious American city of Southtown. Geese holds The King of Fighters tournament every year with Billy as his champion. Billy was the undefeated champion of the tournament, until he is defeated by Terry Bogard, who moved on to later defeat Geese. He also appears in Fatal Fury Special as a playable character for the first time. After Geese recovers, Billy appears in Real Bout Fatal Fury to assist him in the conquer of Southtown. However, Geese is ultimately killed by Terry, causing Billy to leave Southtown. He later appears in the two following games from the series Real Bout Fatal Fury Special and Real Bout Fatal Fury 2: The Newcomers which do not contain a storyline. In the PlayStation version from Real Bout Fatal Fury Special, Billy is brainwashed by his half-brother White in order to aid him in the conquer from Southtown. He then appears as a sub-boss character in the arcade mode, but once he is defeated, he returns to normal. A 3D fighting game version of the series, Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition was produced as well, which retells the plot of the first game.
In The King of Fighters series, Billy was meant to appear in the first game from the series as a member of an England Team, composed of him, Mai Shiranui, and Big Bear, but due to several problems with the capacity of the game, and the desire from the Art of Fighting staff to add Yuri Sakazaki, Billy was removed from the game. When the new King of Fighters tournament began in The King of Fighters '95 under the control of a man named Rugal Bernstein, Billy is ordered by Geese to go in his boss' place because Geese was still healing. He joins with a ninja named Eiji Kisaragi and a mysterious man named Iori Yagami. Billy's team does not win, and at the end of the tournament Iori beats up Billy and Eiji. In The King of Fighters '97 Geese sends Billy to investigate the mysterious Orochi power in Iori. Geese hires a sadistic outlaw named Ryuji Yamazaki and tricks a good freelance agent named Blue Mary to help as well. After the tournament ends, Yamazaki demands his pay from Geese by attacking him and Billy. The same team is shown in The King of Fighters '98, The King of Fighters 2002 and Neowave but none of those contain a storyline. He also appears as an assistant character (known as "Striker") in The King of Fighters '99: Evolution and The King of Fighters 2000. In the former he is available for any character, while in the latter he is a striker for Andy Bogard.
In The King of Fighters 2003, Geese orders the team of Billy Kane, Ryuji Yamazaki, and Gato to infiltrate the tournament in another attempt to take over Southtown. During the spin-off game The King of Fighters Kyo Billy appears as boss character along Geese to fight against the Bogard brothers and the protagonist Kyo Kusanagi. In KOF: Maximum Impact 2, it is revealed Billy has moved to the countryside of the UK with his young sister, Lilly Kane, and has decided to return to Southtown once again, willing to show the Meira twins: Alba and Soiree the town should be embarked by no one.
Billy also appeared in the console version of The King of Fighters XIII, released in November 2011. He is also present in the otome game King of Fighters for Girls.
Billy Kane appears in the TV anime film Fatal Fury: Legend of the Hungry Wolf, where he is voiced by Daiki Nakamura in the original Japanese version and Paul Dobson in the English dubbed version. Like in the original Fatal Fury video game, Billy Kane is one of Geese Howard's underlings alongside Raiden, Ripper and Hopper. He enters the King of Fighters tournament alongside Raiden on Geese's behalf and later mortally wounds Tung Fu Rue while the Bogards and Joe are escaping from Geese's men. In the final battle of the film, he ends up fighting against Andy Bogard and ends up being defeated by him. He appears again in the sequel Fatal Fury 2: The New Battle, where he makes an unvoiced appearance in the beginning of the film, in which he is confronted by Laurence Blood at the Pao-Pao Cafe and is defeated off-screen. Billy makes an extended cameo appearance in the third film, Fatal Fury: The Motion Picture, this time voiced by Tomohiro Nishimura in the original Japanese version and once again by Paul Dobson in English. He encounters his old adversary Andy in a night club, but the two are confronted by Laocorn's henchman Hauer before they get a chance to fight again.
In the second episode of the anime spin-off mini-series The King of Fighters: Another Day, Rock Howard, Geese's son, stops Billy from killing Lien Neville who was carrying out a hit on him. Billy tries to convince Rock to help him, because as he carries Geese's heritage, Lien would try to take him out too. Instead, Rock decides to save Lien's life and fights Billy, who almost manages to kill him as well for shaming Geese's legacy, but is blown away by a beam fired over Geese Tower. He also stars in manhua from the video games which retells his actions from the games. Additionally, in the manga The King of Fighters: Kyo authored by Masato Natsumoto, Billy starts investigating Kyo Kusanagi in order to make him talk about the ancient demon Orochi.
In Gamest's 1997 Heroes Collection, Billy was voted as the staff's fourth favorite character. In the character popularity poll on Neo Geo Freak's website, he was voted as the seventeenth favorite character with a total of 757 votes. For the special endings in The King of Fighters '97, three video games journals, Gamest, Famitsu and Neo Geo Freak, had to create a team composed of three characters from the game so that they would be featured in an image after passing the arcade mode. The special team created by the Neo Geo Freak's staff was a team of fire wielders: Billy, Kyo Kusanagi, and Mai Shiranui. The special ending only appears in Japanese versions of the game.
Duck King
Duck King (ใใใฏใปใญใณใฐ, Dakku Kingu) appears in the original Fatal Fury as one of the first four opponents in the single-player mode. Possessing incredible talent when it comes to brawling and street dancing, Duck King once challenged Terry Bogard to a street fight and lost. He trained himself in order to surpass Terry. Duck uses a unique fighting style which includes rhythmical dance-like movements and attacks. His primary special move is a flying cannonball technique.
In Fatal Fury 2, Duck was one of the characters from the original game who is defeated by Krauser in one of the games cut scenes, although he would appear as a playable character in Fatal Fury Special. He would retain his cannonball technique, now dubbed the Head Spin Attack, along with new special moves such as the Dancing Dive, Break Storm, and the Beat Rush. He also has a new hidden special move called the Break Spiral. From Special and onward, Duck would be accompanied by his pet chick "P-chan". He makes another quick cameo in Bob Wilson's ending Fatal Fury 3 before returning as a playable character in Real Bout Fatal Fury and its sequels, Real Bout Special and Real Bout 2. He also appears as an exclusive character in the PlayStation version of Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition.
Although Duck King has made numerous cameo appearances thorough The King of Fighters series, including as an alternate Striker (a character who helps the player in battle) in The King of Fighters 2000, he did not appear as a playable character until The King of Fighters XI, where he appears as a member of the new Fatal Fury Team along with Terry and Kim Kaphwan.
Geese Howard
Hwa Jai
is the first of three opponents the player faces in the original Fatal Fury before the final match against Geese Howard. A former Muay Thai champion once nicknamed , he once fought against Joe Higashi in the past and lost, causing him to lose his title. Seeking to defeat Joe, he became a more reckless and dangerous fighter. After being banned from competing in the Muay Thai circuit, his brutal talent was noted by Geese Howard, who hired him to serve as one of his bodyguards and a participant in the King of Fighters tournament. His special technique, the Dragon Kick, was developed to compete with Joe's Tiger Kick. He also gains additional strength by drinking a sort of Super Drink, which thrown at him by one of Geese's men when he is in danger.
In Fatal Fury 2, Hwa Jai is one of the characters from the original game who gets defeated by an unknown challenger (Wolfgang Krauser). He is apparently hospitalized and visited by Joe Higashi, as seen in Joe's ending in the game and in Fatal Fury Special. He makes further cameos in the subsequent Fatal Fury games (Fatal Fury 3, Real Bout, Real Bout Special and Real Bout 2) as Joe's training partner and trainer. Despite having been absent since his original appearance as an opponent character in Fatal Fury, Hwa Jai has been confirmed to return in The King of Fighters XIII and marks the first time the character has been playable. Kim, following his "reform" of his previous teammates (Chang Koehan and Choi Bounge), seeks out Hwa Jai and Raiden as he believes they still work under Geese Howard. It is not the case as Geese had returned to America long ago but Raiden manages to talk Hwa Jai into joining the team to bolster their reputations as fighters. Hwa Jai accepts, partially due to wanting to fight Joe once again.
Joe Higashi
first appears in Fatal Fury: King of Fighters as one of the three playable characters along with Andy and Terry Bogard. The plot features Joe allying with the Bogard brothers to enter the King of Fighters tournament and then defeat the host Geese Howard, who killed the Bogard brothers' father. In the tournament, Joe also beats his Muay Thai rival Hwa Jai, and they both become friends. In Fatal Fury 2, Joe learns that Hwa Jai was beaten by the new King of Fighters host Wolfgang Krauser and enters the tournament to avenge him. Fatal Fury 3: Road to the Final Victory and Real Bout Fatal Fury end the fight between Joe and the Bogard and Geese, who dies falling from the Geese Tower. The two following games, Real Bout Fatal Fury Special and Real Bout Fatal Fury 2: The Newcomers also feature Joe as a playable character but none of them contain a storyline. Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition retells the events from the first game, but with characters who would appear later.
In The King of Fighters series, Joe is a regular member from the Fatal Fury Team (also composed of Terry and Andy), and each game features them entering into an annual tournament to search for competition. Andy's girlfriend Mai Shiranui, joins them in The King of Fighters '99 since the tournament now requires four members per team. By The King of Fighters 2000 and The King of Fighters 2001, Mai leaves and the new fourth member is Blue Mary. The King of Fighters 2002 and The King of Fighters 2003 return the tournament to use teams of three members, but in the latter pro-wrestler Tizoc replaces Andy, who is busy taking care of his sick student. By The King of Fighters XI, Joe leaves the competition as he enters into a new Muay Thai tournament. However, he returns in The King of Fighters XII, which neither features official teams or plot. The sequel casts Joe back into the classic Fatal Fury team that includes Terry and Andy, the reason being Terry's desire to reunite the original team to participate in the upcoming tournament. In the spin-off The King of Fighters Kyo, the player (who uses Kyo Kusanagi) can challenge Joe to a fight in a game, and also make him join to his team for the upcoming King of Fighters tournament. Joe also takes a minor role in The King of Fighters EX as an assistant character (dubbed "Striker") for the Fatal Fury Team, now composed with the Bogard brothers and Mai. Additionally, he stars in The King of Fighters Neowave with the original Fatal Fury Team. He was also added to the crossover game Capcom vs. SNK Pro, an updated version of Capcom vs. SNK: Millennium Fight 2000 for the PlayStation and Sega Dreamcast, and in the sequel Capcom vs. SNK 2. He is also present the otome game King of Fighters for Girls. Joe appears in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate as a background character at King of Fighters Stadium.
Joe Higashi appears in each of the three animated films from Fatal Fury. Jason Gray-Stanford provides the voice of Joe in the English versions. Masaaki Satake provides the voice of Joe in the Japanese version of the first film and Nobuyuki Hiyama in the two following. In the Fatal Fury: Legend of the Hungry Wolf from 1993, Joe enters the King of Fighters tournament along with the Bogard brothers which cause Geese Howard to attack them. Upon learning that Andy and Terry's teacher, Tung Fu Rue, was seriously injured by Geese's right-hand man, Billy Kane, Andy and Joe set to fight Geese. None of them are able to defeat Geese, but are saved by Terry who later defeats Geese. In the 1993 film Fatal Fury 2: The New Battle, Joe becomes ashamed after learning that Terry became depressed after being defeated by Wolfgang Krauser and tries to avenge him. However, he ends up being heavily wounded by Krauser. In Fatal Fury: The Motion Picture from 1994 Joe joins Terry, Andy and Mai into helping a girl named Sulia into stopping her brother Laocorn Gaudeamus, who is the main antagonist from the film.
Michael Max
is a black boxer who appears in the original Fatal Fury as one of the first four CPU-controlled opponents whom the player faces. Prior to the events of the game, Michael was a young boxing prodigy who was once considered a strong contender for the title of Worldwide Heavyweight Champion. However, he left the boxing circuit to seek real combat and participate in the King of Fighters tournament, feeling that professional boxing was a mere sport protected by rules. He is also the friend and student of boxing of Axel Hawk. His only other appearances in the series includes in the cut-scenes of Fatal Fury 2, where he is one of the fighters defeated by Wolfgang Krauser, and in Axel Hawks ending in Fatal Fury Special, where he is depicted as Axel's trainer. In one of his victory poses, it is revealed that he is Catholic. Michael Max is the only character from the original Fatal Fury that has never appeared in The King of Fighters series until he makes a cameo at one of The King of Fighters XV trailer.
Raiden / Big Bear
first appears in the original Fatal Fury as the second of the final four computer-controlled opponents in the single-player mode. He was once a popular face wrestler until he was betrayed by his tag partner during a match (a character later revealed to be Big Bombarder from the SNK wrestling game 3 Count Bout). This incident transformed him completely and he became a notorious heel wrestler. Not satisfied with venting his frustration in the ring, he enters the King of Fighters tournament as a masked fighter, acting as one of Geese's guardians. His primary special move in the game is the Vapor Breath. This character was modeled after real life pro wrestler Big Van Vader.
He returns as a regular playable character in Fatal Fury 2 and Fatal Fury Special, where he renounces his Raiden persona and now fights as an unmasked face wrestler under the identity of . He trains at his native land of Australia, where his deadly strength increased on several levels. He also develops a friendly rivalry with Terry, as seen in his endings in both games. His special moves in Fatal Fury 2 includes the Giant Bomb, a rushing tackle, and the Super Drop Kick. He also has a hidden special move called the Fire Breath, an improved version of his Vapor Breath. In Special, he gains a new special move called the Bear Bomber.
Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition, being a retelling of the original Fatal Fury tournament, depicts Raiden under his masked heel persona once again. Outside the Fatal Fury series, Raiden also appeared in the Capcom-produced crossover game Capcom vs. SNK: Millennium Fight 2000, and its sequels, Capcom vs. SNK Pro and Capcom vs. SNK 2, being one of the few Fatal Fury characters who did not appear in The King of Fighters as a playable character (at the time) in those games. Raiden also appears in The King of Fighters XII and the sequel. In KOF XII none of the characters are assigned into teams but for KOF XIII they are. Raiden's teammates in KOF XIII are Kim Kaphwan and Hwa Jai. Kim is mistaken in thinking Raiden and Hwa Jai are still in the employ of Geese Howard, wanting to "reform" both men. Raiden convinces Hwa Jai to act as if they are so they are able to enter the tournament to build reputation for themselves. The Fatal Fury characters refer him as "Bear", his face persona, which he denies.
Richard Meyer
appears in the original Fatal Fury as one of the first four computer-controlled opponents in the single-player mode. A capoeira mestre originally from Brazil, Richard makes his daily living in South Town as the manager of the restaurant Pao Pao Cafe. He competes in the King of Fighters tournament in order to make his capoiera style known to the world. In this game, his character specializes in numerous kick techniques. Richard Meyer was the first fighting game character to use Capoeira.
Richard makes cameo appearances in subsequent Fatal Fury games as a friendly acquaintance of the Bogard brothers and Joe. He appears in Fatal Fury 2 in the cut scene shown immediately after the first battle against the CPU, tending to a crowd of spectators at Pao Pao Cafe witnessing the player's fight on television. He appears again near the end of the game, where he is defeated in battle by Wolfgang Krauser, as well in Terry Bogard's ending, serving him and his date their meal.
In Fatal Fury 3, Richard opens a new Pao Pao Cafe restaurant, which is maintained by his capoeira apprentice Bob Wilson. In Fatal Fury 3, as well as in Real Bout series, Richard appears to cheer and encourage Bob before each of his matches. He makes cameos in The King of Fighters XI, trying to tell Kim to leave the cafe and in King of Fighters XIII witnessing several female fighters destroy his bar.
Richard appears as a hidden character in the PlayStation 2 game KOF: Maximum Impact 2 (released in North America as The King of Fighters 2006), participating as a fighter for the first time since the original Fatal Fury.
Terry Bogard
Tung Fu Rue
is one of the first four opponents the players face in the original Fatal Fury (when either Andy or Terry defeats him in Fatal Fury Special, each Bogard brother addresses him as "Master Tan"). He is an elderly martial arts master from China who developed his own fighting style based on Bajiquan known as the . In the past, he trained Terry and Andy's adoptive father, Jeff Bogard, and his nemesis Geese Howard (as well as Cheng Sinzan). He raised the Bogard brothers after Jeff was killed by Geese and participates in the King of Fighters tournament in the first game with the objective to defeat Geese. He can transform his body into steel and draw out great power using a deadly secret technique known only to himself. In the game, he appears as meek elderly man, but after taking a bit of damage, he transforms into a musclebound warrior, whose special moves including a flying whirlwind punch and a spinning whirlwind kick in which he shoots fireballs at both directions.
In Fatal Fury 2, Tung was one of the characters defeated by Wolfgang Krauser in one of the game's cut-scene. He would appear as a playable character in Fatal Fury Special, the upgraded version of Fatal Fury 2. Unlike the original game, Tung only transforms into a musclebound version of himself while performing certain special moves. Tung reappears in Real Bout Special and Real Bout 2. In Real Bout Special, there are two versions of him in the game. In regular version of him has improved versions of his previous special moves, as well as new moves, while the alternate version of him (EX Tung Fu Rue) has all of his moves from Fatal Fury Special and one Hidden Ability. In Real Bout 2, Tung has special moves from both versions of his character in the previous game.
Tung also appears in the SNK crossover game NeoGeo Battle Coliseum. This version of the character was used as an additional character in the PlayStation 2 port of The King of Fighters XI, until he canonically participates in The King of Fighters XIV. He is also one of the 20 background characters that appears in the King of Fighters Stadium Stage in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate.
In The King of Fighters timeline, Tung played a vital role in XIV. According to a profile of one of his disciples, and the protagonist central character of that arc, Shun'ei, Tung found Shun'ei after his biological parents abandoned him for having an eerie powers, related to the main antagonist of that arc. Sensing good in the young eerie powered boy, Tung decided to raise Shun'ei as his disciple to be trained by himself against the villains who had a connection to Shun'ei's eerie power, such as the villain who is connected to Shun'ei's left-half power, an avatar of fiery rage and soul containing entity known as Verse. Additionally, he has met Kyo Kusanagi's father, Saisyu Kusanagi, and a fellow elderly Chinese martial arts master, Chin Gentsai, sometime before.
Introduced in Fatal Fury 2 and Fatal Fury Special
Axel Hawk
first appears in Fatal Fury 2 as the second of the final four opponents in the single-player mode. A former heavyweight boxing champion, he was said to be the strongest of all time until his retirement. According to his backstory, he began spending most of his days at home after his retirement, playing with his R/C car and being supported by his elderly mother, his father having died at some point. One day, he received an anonymous letter inviting him to the King of Fighters tournament and began training for his comeback. He was originally a non-playable character in the Neo Geo version of Fatal Fury 2, although he is playable in the SNES and Genesis versions of the game. He became a regular playable character in Fatal Fury Special. He is also the teacher of boxing and the best friend of Michael Max. He makes a cameo at the end of The King of Fighters 2003 cheering on the Fatal Fury Team.
Cheng Sinzan
is introduced as one of the new playable characters in Fatal Fury 2. A rotund fighter, he practices taiji. Despite his immense strength, he hates training and becomes tired very easily. He enters the King of Fighters tournament seeking to gain international recognition and open his own training hall. He is characterized as one of the richest men in Hong Kong, who resides in a high class neighborhood and is married to a former Miss Hong Kong. Despite his social status, he seeks to find ways to make himself even richer. His Special Moves in Fatal Fury 2, as well as in Fatal Fury Special, includes the , the , and the , while his Super Special Move is the .
He makes a non-playable appearance in Fatal Fury 3, helping Hon-Fu chase after Ryuji Yamazaki and doesn't return as a playable character until Real Bout Special and Real Bout 2. In the backstory of Real Bout Special, it is revealed that Cheng was once a disciple of Tung Fu Rue trained in Hakkyoku Seiken along with Jeff Bogard and Geese Howard, but was expelled due to his greediness. He would also make money by having people bet against him in street fights and then lose on purpose.
Jubei Yamada
is one of the five playable characters introduced in Fatal Fury 2. An elderly judo master who was once known as "Yamada, the Demon" during his youth. Jubei Yamada is the best friend and rival of Hanzo Shiranui (the grandfather of Mai Shiranui). Having lost his charm from his younger days, Jubei fights in the new King of Fighters tournament in order to re-establish his popularity with girls around the world. Despite this, he refuses to change his womanizing lecherous ways. Although Jubei does not return as a playable character in later games, he makes several cameo appearances, including in Mai Shiranui's ending in Real Bout Fatal Fury, where he is shown to have an infatuation with her.
Kim Kaphwan
Kim Kap-Hwan (, Kimu Kaffan, sometimes written as (Kim Kap-hwan), usually written as Kim Kaphwan) first appears in Fatal Fury 2 as a playable character. He travels to Southtown to fight Wolfgang Krauser, who was looking for some decent challenges in the King of Fighters fighting tournament. On the way, he encounters the former King of Fighters champion Terry Bogard. They soon become good friends, and ever since, Kim always agrees to help Terry in all that he can, though a definite rivalry is maintained. He also appears in all the Real Bout games from the series. He is also present in Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition, a 3D game which retells the story from the first Fatal Fury game but with characters from the sequels including Kim. He makes a cameo appearance in Garou: Mark of the Wolves in one of his son's (Dong Hwan) win poses.
In The King of Fighters, Kim is considered as both a sport and national hero in his native Korea. This status is what enabled him to convince the authorities to give him custody over Chang Koehan and Choi Bounge to rehabilitate them out of their criminal ways. Although both men resent Kim for his actions, they later grow up to grudgingly respect him. Due to the increase of required members in The King of Fighters '99, Kim's rival, Jhun Hoon, joins the Korea Team. However, in The King of Fighters 2001, Jhun has an accident and he is replaced by Kim's student, May Lee. By The King of Fighters 2003, the requirements of members return to three and this time the members of the Korea Team are Kim, Jhun and Chang. In The King of Fighters XI, Kim appears as a member of the Fatal Fury Team along with Terry Bogard and Duck King as the team needed one more member. In The King of Fighters XII, Kim is a playable character, but like each of them, he does not have a team. As The King of Fighters XIII has returned to assigning the characters into official teams, Kim is cast as the leader of his team, composing of himself, Raiden and Hwa Jai (both from Fatal Fury: King of Fighters). He is teamed with the men because, after "rehabilitating" Chang and Choi, he seeks out Raiden and Hwa Jai believing they are still working for Geese (they are not but they pretend that they still do so they can compete in The King of Fighters tournament). The games from the series which do not contain plot, The King of Fighters '98 and The King of Fighters 2002, also feature Kim along with Choi and Chang in the Korea Team. In the console version of The King of Fighters Neowave, Kim appears as a hidden character without an official team.
In the spin-off game, The King of Fighters Kyo, Kim is not playable but he can be aided by the lead character Kyo Kusanagi in order to train Chang and Choi. In the two games for the Game Boy Advance titled EX: Neo Blood and EX2, the Korea Team is featured in its original form. Kim does not appear in KOF: Maximum Impact as he was replaced with his pupil Chae Lim. However, he is a hidden character in KOF: Maximum Impact 2 and also makes a cameo in Chae Lim's ending. He also appears in the crossovers Neo Geo Battle Coliseum and the SNK vs. Capcom series as a playable character. In Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, he appears both as a background character in the King of Fighters Stadium stage and as a spirit.
Kim also appears in two of the three animated films from Fatal Fury in which he takes supporting roles. He is voiced by Daiki Nakamura in the Japanese versions and by David Kaye in the English dub. In Fatal Fury 2: The New Battle, Kim challenges Terry to fight after learning that he defeated the former crime lord from Southtown Geese Howard to test his own strength. Although he is defeated, he and Terry become good friends. In the sequel, Fatal Fury: The Motion Picture, he also appears reuniting with Terry and his friends along with his family searching to have a rematch with Terry. However, during the meeting Cheng Sinzan (from Fatal Fury 2), enhanced by cyber-armor attacks all the people and Kim is seriously injured. Despite his wounds, Kim manages to defeat Cheng, but spends most of the time of the film recovering. He also stars in manhua from the video games which retell his actions from the games.
Laurence Blood
first appears in Fatal Fury 2 as the third of the four boss characters the player faces at the end of the single-player mode. He is a former Spanish matador who uses a self-styled martial art based on his deadly bullfighting methods (his fighting style is very similar to the fencing, the French martial art of the Savate). He serves as the right-hand man and servant of Wolfgang Krauser and participates in the tournament under his request. He is a computer-only character in the Neo Geo version of Fatal Fury 2 and became playable in Fatal Fury Special. Blood would return as a playable character in Real Bout Special and Real Bout 2. He is notable for being one of five bullfighter characters in fighting games (the other three being Vega of Street Fighter, Miguel of Human Killing Machine, Miguel Caballero Rojo of Tekken, and Kilian of Samurai Shodown). He is also the only boss character from Real Bout Fatal Fury Special and Real Bout Fatal Fury 2 that hasn't appeared in the King of Fighters tournaments.
Mai Shiranui
Ryo Sakazaki
Wolfgang Krauser
Wolfgang Krauser von Stroheim made his appearance in Fatal Fury 2, where he serves as the final opponent in the tournament. Known as the only man in the world feared by Geese Howard (whom in Fatal Fury Special is revealed to be his elder half-brother from the same father, Rudolph Krauser von Stroheim or Rudolph Von Zanac), Krauser is a German nobleman who is publicly known as the current Earl of Stroheim, a prestigious family in Europe, but within the underworld he is a ruthless warlord known as the Emperor of Darkness. After Geese's supposed death in the original Fatal Fury, Krauser sponsors a new King of Fighters tournament with his three chosen warriors Laurence Blood, Axel Hawk and Billy Kane (a former underling of Geese himself) in order to lure the men who defeated Geese (Terry Bogard, Andy Bogard, and Joe Higashi).
Although Krauser takes his own life following the events of Fatal Fury 2 and Special according to the background story in the subsequent games, Krauser appeared in the special installments of the series, Real Bout Fatal Fury Special and Real Bout Fatal Fury 2.
Outside the Fatal Fury series, Krauser appears as a member of the Boss Team in The King of Fighters '96 with his half-brother Geese and Geese's former partner-in-crime Mr. Big. The Boss Team made another appearance in the remake of The King of Fighters '98 titled The King of Fighters '98 Ultimate Match. Additionally, Krauser also appears as a "Striker" character in the console versions of The King of Fighters 2000.
Krauser serves as the main antagonist in the anime special Fatal Fury 2: The New Battle. According to character designer Masami ลbari (who also worked on Voltage Fighter Gowcaizer), Krauser was redesigned to be ten years younger than his video game counterpart and given a clean-shaved appearance. In this special, Krauser challenges his half-brother's nemesis Terry Bogard to battle and wins. After Terry regains his courage, he challenges Krauser again and wins the rematch, causing Krauser to commit suicide due to his loss.
Introduced in Fatal Fury 3
Blue Mary
, better known as , is a special agent investigating activity in the city of Southtown, and a recurring love interest of Terry Bogard. She makes her first appearance in Fatal Fury 3: Road to the Final Victory, investigating the Secret Scrolls of the Jin Brothers, items able to give immortality to their users. Real Bout Fatal Fury shows Mary allying with Terry Bogard and his friends to fight the crime lord from Southtown, Geese Howard. The two following games, Real Bout Fatal Fury Special and Real Bout Fatal Fury 2: The Newcomers, also feature Blue Mary as a playable character but neither of them presents a storyline. Real Bout Fatal Fury Special also features an "EX" version from Mary with her movesets from Fatal Fury 3. The PlayStation version of Real Bout Fatal Fury Special also contains a music video clip featuring the song "Blue Mary's Blues" by Harumi Ikoma, Mary's voice actress.
Following her Fatal Fury inception, Blue Mary becomes a regular character with frequently changing team membership in The King of Fighters series, beginning as a member of the '97 Special Team in The King of Fighters '97 along with Billy Kane and Ryuji Yamazaki. A mysterious benefactor (Geese Howard) requests her services to enter the King of Fighters tournament, along with Billy and Yamazaki, who starts to become insane due to the power from the demon Orochi. However, after discovering that Geese was her client, Mary leaves the team. The team is also featured in The King of Fighters '98, The King of Fighters 2002, and The King of Fighters Neowave, which do not contain a storyline. In The King of Fighters '99, she joins up with King, Li Xiangfei, and Kasumi Todoh as the new Women Fighters Team, but leaves and becomes the fourth member of the Fatal Fury Team (composed by Terry, Andy Bogard and Joe Higashi) in The King of Fighters 2000 and The King of Fighters 2001. She would join forces with King again as member of the Women Fighters Team in The King of Fighters 2003, this time with Mai Shiranui as their third member. In The King of Fighters XI, she joins Vanessa and Ramรณn as a member of the Agents Team in order investigate the host from The King of Fighters tournaments, an organization named Those from the Past. Blue Mary appears in The King of Fighters XIV as a playable character via downloadable content. She also appears in the 3D game KOF: Maximum Impact Regulation A, which does not feature official teams. In the spin-off game The King of Fighters: Kyo, Blue Mary appears investigating the actions from Geese along with Kyo Kusanagi and King. In Nintendo's Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, she appears as a background character.
Blue Mary also makes an appearance in the Memories of Stray Wolves twenty-minute featurette that serves as a retrospective of the Fatal Fury series, with Terry narrating the events of the games ten years after Real Bout Fatal Fury. She also stars in manhua based on the games retelling her actions in the series.
Bob Wilson
is a character introduced in Fatal Fury 3 and appears as a playable character throughout the Real Bout sub-series. He is the bartender of Pao Pao Cafe 2 and was trained in capoeira by Richard Meyer. He specializes in spinning kicks and combination attacks. All of his special moves reference animals in some way, as his Fatal Fury 3 Special Moves are the Wild Wolf, the Bison's Horn, the Lynx's Fang, the Rolling Turtle, and the Hornet Attack. His Super Special Move is the Dangerous Wolf. In Real Bout, he gains the Monkey Dance special move and two Hidden Abilities, the Mad Spin Wolf and the Wolf's Fang. Real Bout Special brings in the Sidewinder, Hunting Frog and Hawk Talon Special Moves, and Real Bout 2 discards Bob's previous Hidden Abilities for a new one called Dancing Bison.
Franco Bash
makes his first appearance in Fatal Fury 3 as one of the five new playable characters introduced in the game and also appears thorough the Real Bout sub-series. He is a retired Super Heavyweight-class kickboxing champion who works as a mechanic in South Town Airport to support his wife Emilia, and their son Junior. In Fatal Fury 3 his son is kidnapped by Yamazaki, who blackmails him into helping him obtain the Secret Scrolls of the Jin. He rescues his son in his ending in Fatal Fury 3 and trains to make his comeback in the Real Bout series. He makes a cameo at the end of KOF 2003 cheering on the Fatal Fury Team.
Hon-Fu
is introduced in Fatal Fury 3 as one of the new playable characters featured in the game and appears all the games in the Real Bout sub-series. He is a police officer from Hong Kong who specializes in using a nunchaku. His objective throughout Fatal Fury 3 and the Real Bout series is to arrest the escaped convict Ryuji Yamazaki and is aided by Cheng in Fatal Fury 3. He is a close friend of Kim Kaphwan according to his backstory in Fatal Fury 3, as the two have nearly identical desperation attacks, although Hon-Fu was given a new one for Real Bout Fatal Fury 2.
Jin Chonrei
Jin Chonrei (็งฆ ๅด้ท, Japanese: Jin Chonrei, Pinyin: Qรญn Chรณnglรฉi, also romanized as Qin Chong-Lei) appears in Fatal Fury 3 as the third and final boss character featured in the game and appears as a regular playable character thorough the Real Bout series. Like his younger brother Chonshu, Chonrei is possessed by the spirit of Jin Kuryu (็งฆ ็ฉบ้พ), the elder son of Jin ลryลซ and ancestor of Chonrei and Chonshu. In Fatal Fury 3, they head to South Town to seek the Secret Scrolls of the Jin in order to unleash their true power. The scrolls are eventually taken by Geese Howard and in the next game of the series, Real Bout Fatal Fury, the Jin brothers participate in the King of Fighters tournament to recover them. However, the scrolls are destroyed by Chonrei in the Jin Brothers' endings. In Real Bout Fatal Fury 2, Chonrei becomes an apprentice of Tung Fu Rue, as seen in their corresponding ending (although Kim's ending in the game depicts Chonrei training as Kim's disciple along with his brother). Outside the Fatal Fury series, Jin Chonshu and Jin Chonrei have appeared in Neo Geo Battle Coliseum.
In Gamest's 1997 Heroes Collection, Chonrei was voted as the staff's thirty-ninth favorite character. He shared the spot with four other characters, including Fatal Fury character, Joe Higashi, and Street Fighter character, Zangief.
Jin Chonshu
Jin Chonshu (็งฆ ๅด็ง, , Pinyin: Qรญn Chรณngxiรน) first appears as the second boss character in Fatal Fury 3 and appears thorough the Real Bout series as a regular playable character. He is the younger half of the Jin brothers seeking the Three Secret Scrolls of the Jin. While he appears like a regular teenage boy, he is actually possessed by the spirit of Jin Kairyu (็งฆใๆตท้พ), who was the younger son of Jin ลryลซ (็งฆ ็้พ), the ancient warlord who wrote the Secret Scrolls of the Jin two thousand years prior to the events of Fatal Fury 3. In Fatal Fury 3, they head to South Town to seek the Secret Scrolls of the Jin in order to unleash their true power. The scrolls are eventually taken by Geese Howard and in the original Real Bout Fatal Fury the Jin brothers participate in the King of Fighters tournament to recover them. However, the scrolls are destroyed by Chonrei in the Jin Brothers' endings. In Real Bout 2, Chonshu then becomes a disciple of Kim Kaphwan, as seen in their corresponding endings. Outside the Fatal Fury series, Jin Chonshu and Jin Chonrei have appeared in Neo Geo Battle Coliseum.
Ryuji Yamazaki
is first introduced as the sub-boss character of Fatal Fury 3: Road to the Final Victory, where he is a criminal known as "Dark Broker". In the game, Yamazaki is hired by the Jin brothers into recovering their Sacred Scrolls, which are able to give immortality to its user. In the following titles from the series, Yamazaki does not work for anybody, normally committing crimes just to entertain himself, despite to this, however, he had secretly still want to take that scrolls from Geese. In Garou: Mark of the Wolves, he was believed to be the perpetrator of beating all of Marco Rodriguez's best students in his Kyokugenryu karate gym, as depicted in Marco's ending. Yamazaki's introduction in The King of Fighters series was made as a result of three popularity polls developed by three video games journals in which players voted which character they wanted to see in The King of Fighters '97, the upcoming game from the series at that time. Yamazaki has also appeared in the crossover games Capcom vs. SNK: Millennium Fight 2000 and Capcom vs. SNK 2 as a playable character. Video games publications have commented on Yamazaki's character, with some praising his introduction in Fatal Fury 3 and development in titles from The King of Fighters. Other reviewers criticized how hard defeating him is in the Fatal Fury games and how strong he is in Capcom vs. SNK: Millennium Fight 2000 in comparison to other popular characters.
Yamazakiโs origin in The King of Fighters series eventually revealed that he was a former member of Hakkeshu, the followers of Orochi. Having had lost his father-figure yakuza boss that made him a psychopath, it saves Yamazaki from Orochiโs Riot of the Blood mind control.
Sokaku Mochizuki
is introduced in Fatal Fury 3 as one of the five new characters featured in the game and appears in all of the games in the Real Bout series. Mochizuki is a Buddhist monk who practices the , a fighting style created to hunt down Shura after its founder lost to the Shiranui style. He is said to have the strongest psychokinetic power in the history of the art's style. In Fatal Fury 3 and the original Real Bout, his objective is to seek the Scrolls of the Jin and destroy them, because he believes that it would be a source of a Shura. His Real Bout 2 ending shows him trapping a demon larger than a house within a single paper talisman.
Introduced in Dominated Mind
Alfred
is the protagonist of the main story mode in Real Bout Garou Densetsu Special: Dominated Mind, a Japan-only PlayStation game based on the original Real Bout Fatal Fury Special. Prior to his debut, he appears in Real Bout Fatal Fury 2: The Newcomers as a secret final boss. When he was young, his friend John (the elderly co-pilot who accompanies Alfred) took him on a trip on his biplane. When John flew to Russian airspace, MiG missiles were sent after him, but he managed to outfly them without getting struck. John became a hero in Alfred's mind, as the man who won against the MiGs, and Alfred was charmed by flying since then. Alfred seeks to defeat White, who took over the hometown where his deceased father is interred. Alfred goes to Southtown to seek Terry Bogard's aid and help him defeat White.
Alfred appears in later games, such as the Dreamcast version of The King of Fighters '99 (as secret striker), in SNK vs. Capcom: Card Fighters Clash series (as a trading card) and in KOF: Maximum Impact 2 and KOF 2002: Unlimited Match (as a cameo in one of the stages).
White
is the antagonist of Real Bout Garou Densetsu Special, where he serves as Alfred's rival. A demented psycho and all-around disturbed fellow, White finds pleasure in making people suffer and follow his every wish. He uses his mind-controlling abilities to make people his personal toys, manipulating them to his desire. White enjoys playing around with those foolish enough to challenge him, using the great amount of power that he possesses. He appears to be based on the main character, Alexander DeLarge from Anthony Burgess' A Clockwork Orange novel.
Introduced in Real Bout Fatal Fury 2
Lao
is a character who first appears in the opening sequence of Real Bout 2, being defeated by Rick Strowd. He makes his only playable appearance in the versus mode of Fatal Fury: First Contact. In Garou: Mark of the Wolves, he becomes a member of B. Jenet's Lillien Knights crew.
Li Xiangfei
Li Xiangfei (Chinese: ๆ ้ฆ็ท; Pinyin: Lว Xiฤngfฤi; Japanese: ๆ ้ฆ็ท Rii Shanfei) makes her first appearance in Real Bout 2. She is a 17-year-old Chinese-American girl who works part-time as waitress in her Uncle Pai's restaurant in the Chinatown district of South Town and has trained in various Chinese martial arts since an early age. She also appears in Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition as a hidden guest character.
Li Xiangfei would later make her debut in The King of Fighters series in The King of Fighters '99, forming part of the Woman Fighters Team along with King, Blue Mary, and Kasumi Todoh. She was absent in The King of Fighters 2000, but would return in The King of Fighters 2001, taking Kasumi Todoh's place from the previous game.
Rick Strowd
is one of the two new characters introduced in Real Bout 2. He is a casino show boxer known as the "White Wolf of the Ring", who is the son of a Native American father and a white mother. He seeks the opportunity to fight in a championship match as well as fight Terry Bogard. Rick's Special Moves are the Shooting Star, the Divine Blast, the Hellion, and the Blazing Sun Burst. He also has a special dodging maneuver called Full Moon Fever. His Super Special is the Gaia's Breath, and his Hidden Ability is the Machine-Gun Wolf. Rick is seen to have a girlfriend, a blonde woman wearing a red dress, name unknown, with whom he rides off into sunset on horseback in his ending. Fans have speculated a probable connection between him and fellow boxer, Vanessa, from SNK's King of Fighters series, as she later began using Rick's Hellion, and had the Gaia's Breath as a DM in The King of Fighters 2002.
Introduced in Wild Ambition
Toji Sakata
is one of two characters who appears exclusively in Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition. He is the legendary practitioner of the fighting style . He was once the best friend and the rival of , Blue Mary's grandfather and the man who trained Geese Howard in jujutsu. Believing that he was destined to challenge Tatsumi in a death match, this encounter never occurred since Tatsumi was eventually killed by his former student, Geese Howard. He enters the King of Fighters tournament to defeat the man who killed his rival.
Tsugumi Sendo
is one of the two new characters exclusive to Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition. She's a high school girl from Osaka who was taught wrestling by her father, since an early age. However, she is secretly ashamed of this, especially after she was told by a boy she had a crush on that women wrestlers are "unfeminine", after hearing this she wanted to drop out of her wrestling training. After butting heads with her overbearing father, Kantetsu will allow her to drop out, but only under the condition that she brings a decisive victory in the King of Fighters tournament. Despite her original hatred for wrestling, she has come to enjoy fighting as she began to win matches. Some of Tsugumi's move names reference her hometown, like "Tsลซtenkaku Driver", "Naniwa Lariat", and "Okonomiyaki-Ire".
Introduced in Mark of the Wolves
B. Jenet
(real name Jenet Behrn) is a character from both Garou: Mark of the Wolves and the King of Fighters series. Jenet is the leader of a group of pirates known as the Lillien Knights. Jenet entered the tournament hosted by Kain R. Heinlein to rob him of anything valuable he might be keeping in his mansion. In her ending, she passes out amidst the destruction of Kain's mansion after defeating him. Her crew saves her from being trapped under the rubble, but fails to secure any of the treasure they had been looking for.
In The King of Fighters Maximum Impact 2, her parents are revealed to be incredibly wealthy; she formed the Lillien Knights when she became bored of her tedious lifestyle. Before the start of the tournament, she attends a party in her otherwise occupied parents' place. While there, the son of the host attempts (and fails quite miserably) to impress her with his paltry skills in Savate. Although Jenet is rather repulsed by his arrogance and embarrassing lack of skill, she learns from him that the King of Fighters tournament is being held once again. After her Lillien Knights knock the man unconscious and rob his father, Jenet decides to join the tournament in hopes of winning the prize money. She is voiced by Rei Saitล in Japanese, and by Gina Rose in the English version of KOF: MI2.
Jenet is very comfortable around men, and her win quotes and prefight and postfight animations express that she doesn't seem very serious about fighting. In The King of Fighters XI, she was in the tournament for monetary gain strictly, and she enters with Tizoc and Gato to form the Fatal Fury/Mark of the Wolves team.
Her fighting style, the LK (Lillien Knights) arts, is similar to savate, a French form of kickboxing. Her moves are mostly made up of attacks by swooping her dress (in moves such as specials "The Hind" and "Crazy Ivan" and Super Special Move "Aurora") and she is able to control the wind (being reflected in her projectile attack "Buffrass" and her Super Special Move "Too Many Torpedoes"). She also, as a Super Special Leader Move in KOF XI, takes off her left shoe and beats her opponent with it. The move is called "An Oi Madamoiselle".
Her appearance consists of a purple dress with a skull and crossbones, red fingerless gloves, a red belt with gold lining, and blonde hair, along with stiletto heels as used in "An Oi Madamoiselle".
Freeman
, real name unknown, is a mysterious English serial killer that fights using slashing movements with his hands as if they were claws. Little is known about him, except that he killed the partner of Kevin Rian. Many of Freeman's special techniques are references to heavy metal bands, such as Nightmare, Morbid Angel, Overkill, and Vision of Disorder.
Gato
is a character from Garou: Mark of the Wolves and the King of Fighters series. A ruthless and serious martial artist, Gato has no concerns outside of besting anyone unfortunate enough to cross his path. In his Mark of the Wolves ending, a stranger saves Kain R. Heinlein from the crumbling mansion. Gato appears to know the stranger, but he is blinded before he can act. As the mansion falls, the stranger taunts Gato, telling him to start training in order to defeat him. Gato appears to have a vision of his past and his father, and angrily swears vengeance - this insinuates that the stranger is connected to Gato's past (the stranger's outfit appears to resemble Gato's), but nothing has been officially confirmed. Gato also appears in the ending of Hotaru Futaba, who claims that he's her older brother and slaps him when he denies even knowing her. He then leaves her there, and Hotaru silently prays for Gato to come back to her and their father.
Gato first appears in the King of Fighters series in King of Fighters 2003 as part of the Outlaw Team, along with Ryuji Yamazaki and Billy Kane. Gato is summoned to Geese Howard's office and forced to cooperate in order to prevent his sister from being harmed. Gato does not like his teammates at all as revealed by the ending, in which Gato ditches the other two immediately and tells them off, leaving Yamazaki and Billy to fight. In KOF XI he is partnered with B. Jenet and Tizoc to form a Garou Team. He also immediately leaves them, though on somewhat friendlier terms (he declines their invitation to celebrate) reinforcing Hotaru's description of his true nature.
Grant
, real name , is a master of the dark style known as Ankoku Karate. He is Kain R. Heinlein's closest friend and personal bodyguard, and appears as the sub-boss of Garou: Mark of the Wolves.
Hokutomaru
is a ninja who trained under Andy Bogard. He is extremely fast and crafty, with many moves that are among the fastest in Garou, making him a nearly unpredictable opponent to deal with. His stage is a traffic accident that he caused, as he was unfamiliar with urban ways due to his age and training. Hokutomaru carries a sword on his back, but he seldom draws it except during two special moves.
Hotaru Futaba
is a character who was introduced in Garou: Mark of the Wolves and also makes an appearance in Neo Geo Battle Coliseum and in the PS2 version of The King of Fighters XI. Hotaru is the daughter of a family of martial artists, but is not very fond of violence. She never wants to hurt others, which is the probable reason why her father taught her the lighter side of Chinese kenpo; the Juu-kei style, which suits her easygoing personality. There are two things that Hotaru appreciates the most after her mother's suicide: her sable, Itokatsu, and her older brother, Gato. Gato was a man who was tormented to become an accomplished martial artist, and was pushed too far by their father. Still, Hotaru knows who the real Gato is, and she is sure that he is not such a bad person at heart.
Gato's disappearance led Hotaru to a hostile city located in the United States: Second South Town, where fighting rules all, crime rules the society, and strength dictates who lives and dies. In this harsh place, Hotaru set out to find clues about her brother. She then heard news of a fighting tournament of epic proportions that would soon occur in Second South Town - "King of Fighters: Maximum Mayhem". Hotaru had a feeling that her brother would enter the tournament, as he was always looking for strong opponents to fight. Following her premonitions, Hotaru entered the tournament as well.
Kain R. Heinlein
is the mysterious host of Southtown's "King of Fighters: Maximum Mayhem" tournament. He is Rock Howard's maternal uncle, being the younger brother of Rock's deceased mother Marie Heinlein. He appears as the final boss of Garou: Mark of the Wolves, and is set to return in the upcoming Fatal Fury: City of the Wolves.
Kevin Rian
is a high-spirited police officer of Second Southtown. He is also a friend to both Terry and Rock. He fights using Sambo, similar to his distant relative Blue Mary, although much of his fighting style revolves more around direct strikes than grappling. He is cheered on during fights by his friend's son Marky. In Garou, he seeks revenge for the death of his partner, who was murdered by Freeman.
Kim Dong-Hwan
, sometimes written as (Kim Dong-hwan), was taught Taekwondo by his father, Kim Kaphwan, using techniques infused with lightning, and has a friendly rivalry with his younger brother Kim Jae-Hoon. He is more of a show-off and slacker than his brother, relying more on aerial attacks and juggles (i.e. attacks that strike the opponent into the air uncontrollably). He believes he is a "genius" in the story, and doesn't need to study diligently in order to master Taekwondo, but his father and brother see it differently.
Kim Jae-Hoon
, sometimes written as (Kim Jae-hoon), was taught Taekwondo by his father, Kim Kaphwan, using techniques infused with fire, and is a brother of Dong Hwan's. Jae-Hoon admires his father, so he fights more like him than Dong-Hwan does, with a combination of high and low attacks with plenty of power behind them. Like his father, he has a strong sense of justice and chivalry, but unlike his brother, he establishes his strength through constant practice.
Marco Rodriguez
is a Brazilian Kyokugen-style karate expert, who trained under Ryo Sakazaki. He leads a somewhat austere life in a wooded area on the outskirts of town, and fights using powerful, deliberate attacks. Just like Ryo, he has several famous moves from Art of Fighting with some of his own derivatives.
Marco was renamed Khushnood Butt in the U.S. release of Garou: Mark of the Wolves, possibly to avoid confusion with mixed martial artist Ricco Rodriguez; the character's name would be reverted to Marco in future localizations beginning in The King of Fighters XV (2022).
Rock Howard
is the son of Geese Howard and Marie Heinlein, and adopted son of Terry Bogard. He makes his first appearance in Fatal Fury 3: Road to the Final Victory, in which it is revealed how he becomes friends with Terry. After Geese falls to his death by refusing Terry's help, Terry adopts Rock, whom he takes care of like his son. Rock becomes a playable character in Garou: Mark of the Wolves, having both lived with Terry and studied martial arts under him for ten years. During this time, a new King of Fighters tournament arose under the name "Maximum Mayhem", which Rock and Terry both decide to compete in. By the end of the tournament, Rock finds his final opponent is Kain R. Heinlein, who reveals himself to be both the host and Rock's uncle. Kain, aware that Geese Howard's will held presumably valuable secrets but unable to discover them without assistance, wins Rock's aid in working through the document by offering information regarding Rock's mother Marieโwhom Kain claimed was still alive. Terry accepts Rock's decision to become Kain's new partner, with Rock promising to return.
Despite making several cameos in games from The King of Fighters series, Rock was only playable in the spin-off games KOF: Maximum Impact and Maximum Impact 2 for several years. Both games feature Rock entering into King of Fighters tournaments developed in Southtown prior to the events of Mark of the Wolves. Rock makes his first playable appearance in a mainline King of Fighters title in The King of Fighters XIV, being added to the game via post-launch downloadable content. However his canonical first participation on the team-based tournament is in The King of Fighters XV, where he is a new leader of the DLC Team Garou. Rock also appears as a playable character in the crossover video games NeoGeo Battle Coliseum and Capcom vs. SNK 2.
Rock also appears in the 2006 original net animation The King of Fighters: Another Day. In the second episode Rock finds Lien Neville fighting Billy Kane, Geese's former right-hand man, in the Geese Tower. As Lien is about to be killed, Rock saves her, which enrages Billy as he cannot believe that he is Geese's son. As Billy attacks Rock, Lien shoots a laser that takes Billy out of the tower. Memories of Stray Wolves, a twenty-minute featurette serves as a retrospective of the Fatal Fury series, with Terry narrating the events of the games to Rock. The first seven volumes from the manhua The King of Fighters 2003 by Wing Yen features a short chapter from Garou: Mark of the Wolves based on Rock's training with Terry. In the last of the chapters, Rock fights Grant, who is revealed to be a childhood friend who always protected him. Despite feeling sad for fighting his friend, Rock defeats Grant in order to meet the host of the Maximum Mayhem tournament, his uncle, Kain.
A young Rock appears in the 2017 webseries, The King of Fighters: Destiny. In episode eleven, Rock meets Terry at a coffee shop. He is caught by a worker attempting to steal food, so he pretends that Terry is his father to escape trouble. After learning that the boy has no one to raise him, Terry promises to adopt Rock as his son after he defeats Geese. Terry's display of kindness towards Rock also convinces Angelina to stop herself from poisoning him.
Rock is featured in The King of Fighters All Star, and makes a cameo in the King of Fighters Stadium stage in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate.
Tizoc / King of Dinosaurs
Tizoc, otherwise known as or the Griffon in the Japanese version, is a character from both the Fatal Fury and King of Fighters series. He started out in the Fatal Fury game Garou: Mark of the Wolves and is described as being a well-renowned and popular professional wrestler. By the time of Garou: Mark of The Wolves, Tizoc already sees himself as a washed up has-been and enters the tournament in order to gain his passion into going back into the ring. When the events of King of Fighters 2003 occur, Tizoc is an up-and-coming superstar in the professional wrestling circuit and joins the Fatal Fury team after being invited by Terry Bogard himself after his brother Andy becomes unavailable since he is teaching a young boy in Shiranui style ninjutsu in Japan (the boy would later grow up to be known as Hokutomaru in Garou).
In The King of Fighters XIV, there is a new character known as , who shares the same voice actor, a similar fighting style, build, color schemes and feather decor as Tizoc, now teamed with the former NESTS agent Angel and Ramon on Team Mexico. During the tournament, several opponents, such as Tizoc's former teammate Terry, easily address King of Dinosaurs as Tizoc despite the new fighter's denials, while other characters, who may or may not identify King of Dinosaurs as Tizoc, merely deem him foolish. Despite Eisuke Ogura's pre-release claims that King Of Dinosaurs is not Tizoc, the Team Mexico ending reveals that King of Dinosaurs is in fact Tizoc who suffered a humiliating defeat by Nelson. To seek revenge, Tizoc adopted a new "heel" persona, King of Dinosaurs, relying on his teammates รngel and Ramรณn to help cover his former identity. In The King of Fighters XV, King of Dinosaurs/Tizoc and Ramรณn would be teamed up with the former KOF XIV tournament hosts Antonov to form the new wrestling team named Team G.A.W. (Galaxy Anton Wrestling).
Reception
The characters from Fatal Fury have received major positive reaction with GamesRadar calling Terry Bogard as "one of SNK's most memorable characters", as 86th "most memorable, influential, and badass" protagonist in games. IGN praised the increase of the series' cast but heavily criticized the final boss Geese Howard for his high difficulty. Avi Krebs from GamingExcellence.com commented that Billy Kane is one of the hardest boss characters from the first Fatal Fury, but he remains "pale" in comparison to Geese. Kotaku's Patricia Hernandez wrote "one of Fatal Fury 2'''s biggest contributions to the medium was that it was the first game to introduce a character with breasts that moved on their own. Known as Mai Shiranui, that character is famed for having very, uh, lively breasts. Though Fatal Fury may not be a huge franchise nowadays, its legacy is very much alive: many top fighting games include a similar jiggle effect". While acknowledging that Fatal Fury fans might be disappointed by the reduced roster of fighters in Fatal Fury 3, GamePro praised the new third fighting plane and ranking system, and concluded that "instead of simply adding more fighters, FF3 does more with fewer fighters (hidden moves and so on) and a unique method of gameplay". They remarked that Bob and Franco are "uninteresting" new characters but praising and the modifications to Mai Shiranui's Swan Dive attack. The cast of Garou was praised for their animations which was compared with the ones from Marvel vs. Capcom 2''.
THEM Anime Reviews criticized the characterization of the main characters in the three films citing them as "one-dimensional" and also the villains. On the other hand, Anime News Network's Bamboo Dong enjoyed the portrayal of the characters in the films, particularly praising Terry's character development as "most adaptations of this nature barely let their characters show any weaknesses at all, much less an extended period of insecurity and despair, so it was pretty compelling seeing Terry's journey through his dark period". In another review, Dong praised the selection of the main characters. Chris Beveridge from Mania Beyond Entertainment also praised the development of the characters such as the interactions between the couple of Andy Bogard and Mai Shiranui as well as the grief of Terry over the loss of his girlfriend.
References
Fatal Fury
Fatal Fury |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%20%EC%95%84%EC%BB%A4%EB%A7%8C | ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง | ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง(, , )์ ์ง๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๋ฑ์ฅ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด์ ์ฃผ์ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋ค.
์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ์ ์์ด 2์์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ์ฌ ์ง๊ธ์ ๋ณ์ฅ์ด๋ค. 820๋
๋ ์ฟ ์
ธ ์์ปค๋ง์ ์๋ค๋ก ์ ์๋์ ์งํ๋์์์ ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค.
์ผ๋ ์์ปค๋ง์ ์ํด ์์ก๋์๊ณ 844๋
์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ์ ์
๋จํ์๋ค. ํํธ๋ผ ๋, ์ค๋ฅด์ค ๋ณด์๋, ๊ตฐํฐ ์์ธ , ์๋ ์ง๊ณผ ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ ๋ฑ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ ์ ์๋ค๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ ํน์์์ ๋ฐ (๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ)์ ๋ณ์ฌ์ฅ์ด๊ณ ์ 57ํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒฝ ์ธ๋ถ ์กฐ์ฌ์์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ์์๋ ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ์ ํจ๊ป ์ ์ดํ๊ฒ ์์กดํ์๋ค. ์ดํ ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ, ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ ์ด์ค, ์ฌ์ค ๋ธ๋ผ์ฐ์ค, ์ฝ๋ ์คํ๋ง๊ฑฐ, ์ฅ ํค๋ฅด์ํ์ธ, ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ ์๋ ๋ฅดํ , ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ ์์ปค๋ง์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ๆฐ(์ ) ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ์ ์กฐ์งํ์๋ค. 850๋
, ์๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค์ ๋ช
๋ น์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์์ ์ ๋ค์๋ ๋ฐ์์ ์ฟ ๋ฐํ์์ ์ค์ ์ญํ ์ ํ์๋ค. 850๋
์ ์๋ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ต์ข
ํํ ์์ ์ ์๊ฐ์๋๊ตฌ ์ ํฌ์์ ์ง์น๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ํ ๋ฒํ๋ฉด์ ํํํ ๊ณต์ ์ธ์ ๊ณ ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ ์ด์ค ์ฌ์์๊ฒ ํ์ฅ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์๊ฐ๋ ๋ชจ๋๊ฐ ์ง์น ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๋ฌด์์ํด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์๊ฒ๋ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ข์ ๊ณ ๊น๋ฉ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํํํ๋ค. 854๋
์๋ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ ์ต๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ์งํฌ ์๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ ์ญํ ์ ๋งก์๋ค. ์์ 125ํ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฌ์ผ์์ผ๋ก ํ์ง์ ํจ๊ป ์ด์๋จ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ค์ ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋์์๋ค.
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ์์ค ์ธ๋ฅ ์ต๊ฐ์ ๋ณ์ฌ(Humanity's strongest)๋ก ํ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋๋ค. ์
์ฒด๊ธฐ๋์ฅ์น ๊ธฐ๋ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ, ์ ์ฒด์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ, ๋์ธ์ ํฌ ๋ฑ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ์ฌ๋ค์ ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฅ๊ฐํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ํ์ฌ๊น์ง ๊ณต์์ ์ผ๋ก 89๊ตฌ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ํ ๋ฒํ์ผ๋ ์ค์ ํ ๋ฒํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์๋ ์ฝ 200๊ตฌ ์ด์์ผ๋ก ์
์ ์์ด ๋ง๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์ง๊ธ์ ๋ณ์ฌ์ฅ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒฝ ์ ์ธ๋ฅ ์ฌํ์์ ๊ต์ฅํ ๋์ ์ง์์ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ง๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ๋ด์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ง์ ๋ฑ์ฅ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋ค.
๊ณต์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์น
์ ๋ณด
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ํค 160cm์ ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒ 65kg์ธ ๊ฑด์ฅํ ์ฑ์ธ ๋จ์ฑ์ด๋ค. 854๋
๊ธฐ์ค ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํค๊ฐ ์์ ๋ณ์ฌ์ด๋ค. ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ฐ 65kg์ผ๋ก ํค์ ๋๋นํด ์๋นํ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์ด๋ฐ ์ด๋ ์์ปค๋ง ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ ํน์ฑ์ธ ๊ณจ๋ฐ๋ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ฟ ๋ฐํ ๋น์์ ๋ถ์์ ์
์ด ์ฌ์ค ๋ธ๋ผ์ฐ์ค์๊ฒ ์น๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์์ ๋, ์์๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์๋๋ฐ ์๋นํ ๊ทผ์ก์ง์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ์๋
์ ์์ง๊น์ง ๋ฐํ์ง์ง ์์๋ค. ์ด์ฌ์ผ๋ง ํ์ง๋ฉ์ ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ 850๋
๋น์ 30๋ ์ค๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ค์ ๋์๋ค. ์ง๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ํฌ๋ค์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ 35์ธ๋ผ๊ณ ์ถ์ ํ๋ ํ์ ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ค. 854๋
ํ์ฌ ๊ทธ๋ 30๋ ํ๋ฐ์์ 40๋ ์ด๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์ผ๊ตด์ ๋์ด์ ๋ง์ง์์ ๋์์ด๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ์์ผ์ 12์ 25์ผ์ด๋ค.
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๊ฒฐ๋ฒฝ์ฆ์ ์๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ฒญ์๊ฐ ์ ๋์ด์๋ ์ํ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋๋ก ํ์คํ๋ฉฐ ์ธ์ ๋ ์ฒญ์๋ฅผ ์ต์ฐ์ ์์๋ก ์๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ธ์ ์ธ <ํํ ์๋ ์ ํ>์์ ๊ทธ๋ ์ฒญ์๊ฐ ๋๋์ด์๋ ์์๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ์๊ด์๊ฒ ๋ฐํญํ์๋ค. ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ํธ์
๋ ์ดํ ๋ณธ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ฎ๊ธธ ๋๋ ์ฒญ์๋ถํฐ ํ๊ณ ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ์งํ์๋ ์ฒญ์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ์๋ฆฌํ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํด ๋ฐ์๋ค์๊ฒ ์ง์ฆ์ ๋๋ค. ์ธ์ ์์๋ ์ฒญ์๋ฅผ ์ค์์ ํ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์, ๊ทธ์ ๊ฒฐ๋ฒฝ์ฆ์ ํ๋๋ ์๋นํ ์ค๋๋ ๋ฒ๋ฆ์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์งํ๋์์ ์ด๋ฉด์ ์์์ ์ด์ง ๋ชปํ๋ฉด ๋ณ์ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฑ์ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ง์ด ๋ด์ ๊ทธ๋ฐ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค. ํ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ต์ฅํ ์ข์ํ๋ค. ์ธ์ ๋ ํ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์
์ ๋ฌ๊ณ ๋ค๋๊ณ ์์ฌ๋ ํ์ฐจ๋ก ๋์ ํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋๋ค๊ณผ๋ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ฐป์์ ์์ก์ด๊ฐ ์๋ ์๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ก๋๋ค. ์๊ฐ๋ ์์ ์ ์์ก์ด๋ฅผ ์ก์๋ค๊ฐ ๊นจ๋จ๋ ค ๊ฒจ์ฐ ๊ตฌํ ํ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ชป๋ง์๊ฒ ๋์ด์ ๊ทธ๋ฐ ๋ฒ๋ฆ์ด ์๊ฒผ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ํด๋ก์ฆ์
์ธํฐ๋ทฐ์์ ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋ชจ๋ ๊ตฌ์ถ๋๋ฉด ๋ฒฝ ์๋์์ ์ฐป์ง์ ํ๊ณ ์ถ๋ค๊ณ ํ์๋ค. ์๊ฐ ๋ธ๋ก๊ทธ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ฐ์ ๋ ์ ํธํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ณดํต 2์๊ฐ์์ 3์๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ ์์ง ์๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒ๋ ๊ตฐ๋ณต์ ๋ฒ์ง ์์ ์ฑ ์์์ ์์์ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ทธ๋ ๋ง์ฑ์ ์๋ฉด ๋ถ์กฑ ์ํ์ด๋ค. ๋ฒฝ์ธ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋๊ฐ์ง ์์ ๋์๋ ์
๋ฌด ๋ณด๊ณ ๊ฐ ์ฐ๋๋ฏธ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ง๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ ์๊ฐ์ด ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ค. ๋ก๋ ๋ ์ด์ค์ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ ์ดํ์ ๊ทธ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ ๊ฒ์ด ์ฐ๋๋ฏธ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถํ์ ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ทธ์ ์์ ํค๋ ๊ทธ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ํธ๋ผ์ฐ๋ง์ธ๋ฐ ์๊ฐ์์ ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋ ๋ ํค๊ฐ ์๋ผ๊ณ ์ถ๋ค๋ ๊ฟ์ ์์ฃผ ๊พผ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ ๋ด์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํค๊ฐ ํฐ ๋ฏธ์ผ ์์นด๋ฆฌ์์ค์๋ ํค ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ 36cm๋ ๋๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์ ์ผ์ด์ธ ์ผ๋ ์์ปค๋ง๊ณผ๋ ๋ฌด๋ ค 38cm๋ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ ํค๊ฐ ์์ ๊ฒ์ ์ด๋ฆด ์ ์ ์์์ค์กฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ํ ๋ด์์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ํค๊ฐ ์์ ๊ฒ์ ์์ฃผ ๊ฐ์กฐ๋๋ฉฐ, 3๊ธฐ์์๋ ์ผ๋ ์์ปค๋ง์ด ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋
๋ธ๋ณด ์์์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋์จ๋ค.
์ฌ์์ ๋ํด์ ๋ณ ๊ด์ฌ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์
์ ์ฎ๊ธฐ๋ฉด ์์ ์๋ ์ฌ์๊ฐ ์์๋๋ฐ ์ง๊ธ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ์ฌ์๊ฐ ๋ถ์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ๋ ์๋๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ ๋ด์ ์น๊ตฌ๋ ๋ณ๋ก ์๊ณ ๊ทธ๋๋ง ์๋ ์น๊ตฌ๋ ํ์ง ์กฐ์๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ๋งํ์๋ค. ์งํ๋์์ ์์ ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ถ์ด๋ค๋๋ ์น๊ตฌ ์ฌ์ด์๋๋ฐ, ์ 23ํ ๋ฒฝ์ธ์กฐ์ฌ ๋ ํ๋ ์ฒ์น,์ด์๋ฒจ ๋งค๊ทธ๋๋ฆฌ์๊ฐ ์ฌ๋งํ๊ณ ์ดํ๋ก ๊ทธ ๋๋งํผ ์นํ๊ฒ ์ง๋๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ธ ๊ธฐํ์ข
์ ์์ธํ๊ฒ ์์ค ๋ค ๊ฐ์ฑํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๋ถํ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋งํ ๋ถํ๋ค์ ํํธ๋ผ ๋, ์ค๋ฅด์ค ๋ณด์๋, ๊ตฐํฐ ์์ธ ์ ์๋ ์ง, ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ์ ์ฌ์ค ๋ธ๋ผ์ฐ์ค, ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ์ด๊ณ ํ์ฌ๊น์ง ์ด์์๋ ๋ถํ๋ ์ฅ ํค๋ฅด์ํ์ธ, ์ฝ๋ ์คํ๋ง๊ฑฐ, ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ ์๋ฅผ๋ ๋ฅดํธ, ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ ์์ปค๋ง ๋ฟ์ด๋ค.
์ด๋ฆ
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ์ด๋ฆ์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์์์์ธ ์ด์ฌ์ผ๋ง ํ์ง๋ฉ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ํ ๋คํ๋ฉํฐ๋ฆฌ์์ ์ธ์ ๊น๊ฒ ๋์ฌ๊ฒจ๋ณธ ๋จ์์์ด์ ์ด๋ฆ์์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ ๋๋ ์ฑ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ๋ ์๊ธฐ์ ๋ ์(Levi)์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ๋๋ค.(๋
์ผ์์ผ๋ก ์ฝ์ผ๋ฉด ๋ ํผ ์์ปค๋ง์ด๋ค) ์ฑ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ด ๋ง์ ๋
์ผ๊ณ ์ ๋์ธ๋ค์ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ๋ง์ด ์ฐ์ด๋ ์ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋
์ผ ๋ณธํ ์์๋ ๋ ํผ๋ผ๊ณ ์ฝ๋๋ค. ์์ปค๋ง ์ญ์ ๋
์ผ๊ณ ์ฑ์จ๋ก, ์๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ธ๋ผ์ด์ฒ๋ผ ๋ง์ด ์ฐ์ด๋ ์ฑ์จ๋ ์๋์ง๋ง ๊ฝค ๋ง์ด ์ฐ์ด๋ ์ฑ์จ์ด๋ค. Ackermann์ ๋๋ถ ํน์ ๋คํ ๋
ธ๋์๋ฅผ ๋ปํ๋ ๋จ์ด์ด๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ธ๋ฌผ๋ก๋ <๊ดดํ
์์ ๋ํ>๋ก ์ ๋ช
ํ ์ํ ํํฐ ์์ปค๋ง(Johann Peter Eckermann, ์์ปค๋ง์ด ๋ณํ), ๋
์ผ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ์ฌํ์ฃผ์ ์ ์น์ธ์ด์๋ ์ํค ์์ปค๋ง, ํคํ๋ก์ค ์ํ๊ณผ ๋์ด์ฒด ๋ฐฉํฌ์ CEO์ธ ์์ ํ ์์ปค๋ง๊ณผ ๋
์ผ์ ์ํ์ ๋นํฌ๋ฆ ์์ปค๋ง์ด ์๋ค. ์๋ฌธ ๊ณต์ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ 'Levi Ackerman'์ผ๋ก Ackermann์ด ๋ณํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง ๋ณธ์ธ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ชจํฐ๋ธ๊ฐ ๋ ๋ ์ ์ผ๊ฐ๋ ๊ตฌ์ฝ์ฑ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ ์๊ธฐ์์ ๋ชจ์ธ์ ๋ช
๋ น์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฐ์์ญ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ ๋ํฌ 3000๋ช
์ ์ดํดํ๊ณ ์ด ๊ณต๋ก๋ก ์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ ์๋ฆฌ์ ์ค๋ฅด๋๋ฐ, ๋ณธ๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ด์๋ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋ค์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ๋๋ฅํด ์ธ๋ฅ์ ์์
์ด ๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๋ชจ์ต์ด ์ด๋ ์ ๋ ์ผ์นํ๋ค. ๋ถ์ฐํ๋ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์์ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ 35์ธ๊ฐ ๋๊ธฐ๊น์ง ๋ณธ์ธ ์ฑ์ ๋ชฐ๋์ง๋ง ์ผ๋ ์์ปค๋ง์ด ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ ์ง์ ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ์ฑ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ ค์ค ํ๋ค์์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ๋์๋ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ ์์ปค๋ง๊ณผ๋ ์น์ฒ ๊ด๊ณ์ด๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ธ ์์ปค๋ง ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ ์ํ ๋ด์์ ๊ต์ฅํ ์ค์ํ ์ญํ ์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค.
์ฑ๊ฒฉ
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ๊ฐ์น๊ด์ ํ์ค์ฃผ์์ ํํ ์๋ ์ ํ์ด๋ค. ๋ ๊ฐ์น๊ด์ด ํ๋ฆฝ๋ ๊ฒ์ 844๋
์ฒซ์ถ์ ์์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์นํ๊ฒ ์งํด์๋ ์น๊ตฌ 2๋ช
์ด ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์ํด์ ์ดํด๋ ์ดํ, ์๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ชจ์๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด์์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ถ๋
ธ๋ฅผ ์ด๊ธฐ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ ์๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ค ํ์๋ค.
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ๋ณดํต์ ์ฌ๋์ด ์ ๊ทผํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ด ์คํ์ผ์ ๋์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ฒ๋ค๊ฐ ๋ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌ์ง ์๊ธฐ์ ์๊ฐ์๋๊ตฌ ์ ํฌ์์ ์งํฌ ์๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ๋์ง ์ํฉ์์ "** **๋ค์!" ๋ผ๊ณ ์์ค์ ํ์๋ค. ๋จ์๊ฒ ์ ๋ง์์ ์ด์ง๋ฅผ ์๋ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ์๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค, ํ์ง ์กฐ์๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ๋ฉด ์น๊ตฌ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ ์๋ ์ฌ๋๋ ์๊ณ ๋ง๋ ๊ฑฐ์น ๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ก์จ ์กด์คํ๋ ๋์์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์กด์คํ๋ ๋์ ๋ฟ์ด๋ค. ์ฌ์์์์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ํ๋ณ๋จ์๊ฒ ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋นํ ํ์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ๋น๋ํ๊ณ ์์ธ๋ค์ ๋ผ์ง๋ผ๊ณ ์กฐ๋กฑํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ข
์ข
ํ๋ณ๋จ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ฌ์ ๋๋ฌ๋ธ๋ค. ์งํ๋์์์ ํ๋ณ๋จ๊ณผ ์์ฃผ ์ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๊ณ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ์ ๋ํ ์ง์์ ๋ฐฉํด ๋๋ฌธ์ ํ๋ณ๋จ์๊ฒ๋ ๊ทน๋์ ๋ถ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ถํ์๊ฒ๋ ๋จ๋ค๋ณด๋ค๋ ๋ํ์ง๋ง ํ๋ ์ ๋๊ฐ ์ฌํ๋ค. ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์์์์ ํญํํ์๊ณ (๋งํํ ๊ธฐ์ค) ์ฌ์์ด ๋๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ๋ ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ ์ด์ค์ ๋ฉฑ์ด์ ์ก๊ณ ํ๋ฐํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์์ ์ ์๊ดํํ
๋ ์ข
์ข
๋ฌด๋กํ ํ๋๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๋ํธ ํฝ์์ค ์ฃผ๋๋ณ๋จ ๋จ๋ถ์ฌ๋ น๊ด, ๋์ผ ๋ํฌ ํ๋ณ๋จ ๋จ์ฅ, ํ์ง ์กฐ์ ์ 4๋ถ๋์ฅ, ์๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ ๋จ์ฅ์๊ฒ๋ ์จ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ง์ ํด๋๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์น๊ตฌ์ด์ ์๊ด์ธ ํ์ง ์กฐ์๋ ํด๋ก์ฆ์
์ธํฐ๋ทฐ์์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ๋๋ฌด ํ๋๊ณผ ๋ง์ด ๊ฑฐ์น ์ด ๊ฐ๊น์ด ํ๊ธฐ ํ๋ ์ฌ๋์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๊ฐํ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ๋ถํ๋ค์ ๋ํ๋ ํ๋๋ ์๋นํ ๊ด์ฐฎ๋ค. ํํธ๋ผ ๋์ด ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ ํ๋๋ก ๋ด์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถํ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋
ํ๋ ์ผ์ ์์๋ ๋ฏ ํ๋ฉฐ, ์คํ๋ ค ๋ถํ๋ค์ ์์ ์ ์๋นํ ์๊ฐํด์คฌ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ถํ๋ค๋ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ขฐํ๋ ๋ชจ์์ด๋ค. ์ดํ ํํธ๋ผ ๋์ ํฌํจํ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ ์ ์์ด ์ฌ๋งํ์ ์๋นํ ๋ถ๋
ธํ ํ์ ์ ์ง์๊ณ , ํํธ๋ผ ๋์ ์๋ฒ์ง๊ฐ ๊ทธ์๊ฒ ๋ง์ ๊ฑธ์์ ๋ ๊ฒจ์ฐ ์ด๋์ด ํ์ ์ ์ง์๋ค. ์์ ์ฟ ๋ฐํ ๋์๋ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ ์๋ ๋ฅดํ ๋ฅผ ์นญ์ฐฌํ๋ฉฐ ๋ง์ฝ ๋๊ฐ ์์๋๋ผ๋ฉด ์ฅ ํค๋ฅด์ํ์ธ์ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ์์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์๋ก๋ฅผ ํด์คฌ๋ค. ์๊ฐ์๋๊ตฌ ์ ํฌ์์ ์ด๋ํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ธํํ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ์ ๋ชฉ์จ์ ๊ฑฑ์ ํ๋ค. 854๋
์งํฌ ์๊ฑฐ์์ ์ ํฌ์์ ๋ถํ๋ค์ด ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋ผ ๋น์ฐธํ ํ์ ์ ์ง๋๋ค. ํ์ง ์กฐ์๋ ๊ทธ๋๋ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ์ง๋ด๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฐ ๋ถํ์๊ฒ ์๋นํ ๋ฐ๋ปํ ์ฌ๋์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๊ฒ ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฆ์ธํ๋ค. ๋ ์ ๋๋ฌ๋์ง๋ ์์ผ๋ ๊ทธ๋ ์๋นํ ๋๋์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ธ๋ฌผ๋ก, ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์ ์ฒด๊ฐ ์ธ๊ฐ์ด์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋๋ฌ๋์ ์์์ ์ง์ ์๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค์ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ฃ์ฑ
๊ฐ์ ๋๋ผ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ฌ์คฌ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ "๊ทธ๋ผ ๋ด๊ฐ ์ฌํ๊ป ์ฌ๋ ์๋ผ๋ค์ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ ๋ ์๋ค๋
๋ค๋ ๊ฑด๊ฐ.."๋ผ๊ณ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐํ๋ค.
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ์์๋ฅผ ์ ์งํค์ง ์๋ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋ค. ์งํ๋์์ ๊นกํจ ์ถ์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ด์ฉ ์ ์๋ ์ ์ด๋ค. ์๊ด์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ง๋ง ๋์์ ์น๊ตฌ์ธ ์๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค๋ ํ์ง ์กฐ์๋ ๊ทธ๋ ๋ค ์น๋๋ผ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ๋จ์ ๋จ์ฅ์ธ ๋์ผ ๋ํฌ๋ ๋ํธ ํฝ์์ค, ๋ค๋ฆฌ์ฐ์ค ์ํด๋ ์๊ฒ๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์งํค์ง ์๋๋ค. ์ํด๋ ์์ ๋ํ ๋์๋ ์์ ๋ฑ์ ์ง๊ณ ๋ํํ ์ ๋์ด๋ค.
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ ๋ด์์ ํ์ง ์กฐ์ ๋ค์์ผ๋ก ์ค์ ๊ฒฝํ์ด ๋ง์ ๋ณ์ฌ์ธ ๋งํผ ์ ์ ๋ ฅ์ด ๋งค์ฐ ๊ฐ์ธํ๋ค. ๋๋ฃ๋ ์น๊ตฌ๋ค๋ ํ์ง ์กฐ์๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฃฝ์๋๋ฐ๋ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋ํด ๋ฑํ ํธ๋ผ์ฐ๋ง๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง ์๋๋ค. ๋ฌ์ฌ๋์ง๋ ์์ง๋ง ๊ฝค ์ค๋ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ์๊ณ ์ง๋ด์๋ ๋ฏธ์ผ ์์นด๋ฆฌ์์ค๊ฐ ์ ์ฌํ์์๋ ํฐ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์ง ์์ ๋ฏ ํ๋ค. ๊ตฌ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ ์ฌ๋ง์ด๋ ์๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค ํน์ ์ฌ์ค ๋ธ๋ผ์ฐ์ค์ ์ฃฝ์์ ๋ํด์๋ ํ์ ์ธ์๋ ๋ณ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ์์ด๋ณด์ธ๋ค. 4๋
๋์ ๋ถํ๋ก ๋๋ ์ฌ์ค ๋ธ๋ผ์ฐ์ค๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋น ๋ธ๋ผ์ด์ ์ด์ ๋ง์ ์ฃฝ์ด ํ์ง ์กฐ์๋ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ฐ์๋๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ง์ด ๋์ํ์ง ์์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์๋ ํ์ ์ด ์์ด ๋ฌ์ฌ๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์์ธํ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ฐ์ธ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ช๋ฒ์ด๋ ์ธ์ ํ ์คํธ๋ ์ค ์ฅ์ ์ ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ์ ์๋ ์ผ์ธ๋ฐ๋ ๋ณ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ์์ ๋ณด์ด์ง ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ทธ๋งํผ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ธํ ์ ์ ๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ก๋ค๋ ๋ป์ผ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๋ฅ๋ ฅ
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ์ธ๋ฅ ์ต๊ฐ์ ๋ณ์ฌ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ๊ฐ์น๋ ์ผ๊ฐ ์ฌ๋จ ํน์ ๋ณ๋จ ์ ์ฒด์ ๋ง๋จน๋๋ค๊ณ ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฏฟ์ ์ ์์ ์ ๋๋ก ์
์ฒด๊ธฐ๋์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฃจ๋ ์ค๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฅ์ํ๋ค. ์
์ฒด๊ธฐ๋์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ์๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ฒ๋ผ ๋ค๋ฃจ๊ณ ๋ค๋๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ๋ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ ๋ณ์ฌ๊ฐ ์คํจํ ์ฌ์ฑํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ์ ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋ค. ์
์ฒด๊ธฐ๋์ด ๋๋ฌด ๋นจ๋ผ์ ๊ฒฝ์งํํ๊ธฐ๋ ์ ์ ๊ทผ์ก์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฒ ์ด๋ฒ๋ ค ์ฌ์ฑํ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ถ๊ฐ ์์ค๊น์ง ๋ง๋ค์๋ค.
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ด ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ๊ฐํด์ง ์ ์์๋๊ฒ์ ์์ปค๋ง ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ ํน์ฑ์ธ ๊ฐ์ฑ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ธ์ ์์์ ๋ฌ์ฌ๋ก๋ ๊ฐ์ฑ ์ ์๋ ์๋นํ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ์๊ณ ์
์ฒด ๊ธฐ๋ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ฌ๋งํ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ ์๋ฆฌํธ๋ค์ ๋ฅ๊ฐํ๋ ์์ค์ด์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ฑ ์ ์ ํ๋ ์ฒ์น์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ํ ๋ฒ์ ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ธ 1๊ตฌ์ ์ ๋งํ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ 3๋ช
์ด ๋ฌ๋ผ๋ถ์ด์ผ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ฐ์ฑ ์ ์๋ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๊ฐํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ ์๋ค. ์งํ๋์์์ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ ์ต๊ฐ์ด์๋ ๋ฏธ์ผ ์์นด๋ฆฌ์์ค์ 1๋1๋ก ๋ง๋ถ์ด ์ ์ ์ ํผ์น ์ ๋๋ก ๊ฐํ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ด ์ด๋ฆด ์ ์ผ๋ ์์ปค๋ง์๊ฒ์ ์นผ ์ก๋ ๋ฒ ๋ฑ์ ๊ต์ก์ ๋ฐ์๊ณ , ๊ฐ๋์ง์ ํ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ณ๋จ์๊ฒ ์์ฃผ ์ซ๊ฒผ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ์ค๋ ฅ์ด ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค. ์ฒซ ์ถ์ ์ดํ์ ๊ฐ์ฑ ์ดํ์๋ ์๋ฅด๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์์ฒญ๋ ์ค๋ ฅ์ ๋ณด์๋ค.
์ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ค ์ชฝ์ด ์ด์ต์ด ๋๋์ง ํ๋จํ๋ ํ๋ ๋ฐ์ด๋๋ค. ์ฌ์ฑํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์์ ํ ๊ตฌ์ถํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํจ์ ํ์
ํ๊ณ ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ์ ์ฌํํ๋ง์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ํฌ์ ์ํ๊ณ ๊ทธ์ ๋ถ์๊น์ง ๊ฐ์ํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ ์์ปค๋ง์ ์ฌ์ฑํ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์์ ๊ตฌํด๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ ์ ์ ์์ ์ ์ทจํ ๋ ์ต๋ํ ๋ถํ์ ๋ชฉ์จ์ ๊ตฌํ๋ ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ์์ ์ ๊ตฌ์ํ๋ค.
์ ํฌ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ
์์ค์์ ์ต๊ฐ์๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋งํผ ์ ํฌ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ด๋ง๋ฌด์ํ๋ค. ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ์ ์
๋จํ๊ธฐ ์ ๋ถํฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ์ 1์ธ์์๋ ๋ฏธ์ผ ์์นด๋ฆฌ์์ค์ ์ ์ ์ ํ ์ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฒซ ๋ฒฝ์ธ์กฐ์ฌ ๋์ ์ ๋ณ์ด์๋ ํ๋ ์ฒ์น์ ๋จ ๋์ด์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ํ ๋ฒํ๋ค. ๊ฑฐ์ธ 1๊ตฌ์ ์ต๊ฐํ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ 3๋ช
์ด ๋ค๋ฌ๋ถ์ด์ผ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์์์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ๋ ์ต๊ฐํ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ์ ๋ฐ์ด๋์๋ค. ํ๋ ์ฒ์น์ ์ด์๋ฒจ์ ์ฃฝ์ธ 4์กฑ๋ณดํ ๊ธฐํ์ข
์ ์ฃฝ์ผ ๋ ์์ปค๋ง๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ธ ๊ฐ์ฑ์ ํ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ๋๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๋ ๊ณต์ค์์ ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ก ํ์ ํด ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ํ ๋ฒํ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์นผ์ ์ญ์๋ก ์ฅ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํ์ ๋ ฅ์ด ํ์ธต ๋ ๋์์ง๋ค. ํน๋ณํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ(๋ถ๋
ธ, ์ํ๊ฑฐ์ธ๊ณผ์ ์ ํฌ)๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๋ชฉ๋๋ฏธ๋ง์ ๋๋ ค๋ด๋ ํ์์ผ๋ก ์ธ์ฐ๋๋ฐ, ํน๋ณํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ(๋ถ๋
ธ, ์ํ๊ฑฐ์ธ๊ณผ์ ์ ํฌ)์๋ ๋, ํ, ๋ค๋ฆฌ ๋ฑ์ ๋ฒ ๋ ๋ฑ์ ํ๋์ ํ๋ฉฐ ์ ํฌ์ ์ํ๋ค.
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ํค๊ฐ 160cm์ด๊ณ ๊ทผ์ก๋ฐ๋๊ฐ ๋์ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ ํญ์ ์ ๊ฒ ๋ฐ์ ์
์ฒด๊ธฐ๋์ ์ ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ฆฌํ๋ค. ๋ ๊ทธ๋ ์ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ์๋นํ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ฃผ๋ณ์ ์๋ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ ์ ํฌ์ ํ์ฉํ๋ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ด ์ ์ ์์ ์ฟ ๋ฐํ ๋ ์ ๋๋ฌ๋๋๋ฐ ์ผ๋ ์์ปค๋ง๊ณผ์ ์ ํฌ์์ ํ ์ ์ง์ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ์ ๋ณ์ ๋น์น ์ผ๋์ ๋ชจ์ต์ผ๋ก๋ง ์์น๋ฅผ ํ์
ํด, ์ด์ ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋ก ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ช
์ค์์ผ ๋ถ์์ ์
ํ๋ค. ์์๋ฅผ ๋์ ธ ์์ผ๋ฅผ ๋๋ฆฐ ๋ค ์ ์ง์์ ๋น ์ ธ๋์ ์
์ฒด๊ธฐ๋์ฅ์น์ ์ต์ปค๋ก ๋ณ์ฌ ํ ๋ช
์ ์ดํดํ ๋ค ๊ทธ ์์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํจ ์ผ์ ๋์งํ ๋ค ์นผ์ ์ฌ์ฉํด 2๋ช
์ ํ๊บผ๋ฒ์ ์ดํดํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ผ๋ ์์ปค๋ง์ "๊ท์ฌ์ด ๋ฉด์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ์ฐพ์ ์๊ฐ ์๊ตฌ๋ง." ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ์ธ๋ฅ ์ต๊ฐ์ ๋ณ์ฌ์ธ๋งํผ ๊ทธ์ ๊ฐ์น๋ ์ผ๊ฐ ์ฌ๋จ ํน์ ๋ณ๋จ ์ ์ฒด์ ๋ง๋จน๋๋ค๊ณ ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค. 844๋
๋ถํฐ 854๋
๊น์ง 10๋
๋์ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ์์ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ๋ฉด์ ํ ๋ฒํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ์๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ ๋ณ์ฌ๋ค์ด ํ ๋ฒํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ์ ๋ณด๋ค ๋ง๊ณ , ์ง๊ธ๊น์ง ์ํ์์ ๊ณต์์ ์ผ๋ก ํ ๋ฒํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ์๋ง 89๊ตฌ์ด๋ค. ์๊ฐ์๋๊ตฌ ์ ํฌ์์๋ ์ง์น๊ณผ ๋ง์๋ ๊ฒ ํ๋ค ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ํ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง์์ง๋ง, ์ง์น๊ฑฐ์ธ ์์ ์ผ๋ ฌ๋ก ์์๋ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋ค์ ๋ชจ์กฐ๋ฆฌ ํ ๋ฒํ๊ณ ์ง์น๊ฑฐ์ธ์ 3๋ถ ๋ง์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ง ๊ทธ๋๋ก ๋๋์งํ์๋ค. ์ง์น๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๊ฒฝ์งํ๋ฅผ ์๋ํ์์์๋ ์
์ฒด๊ธฐ๋ ์๋๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์งํ ์๋๋ณด๋ค ๋นจ๋ผ์ ์ฒ์ฐธํ ํจํ๊ณ , ์ง์น๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๊ณ์น์์ธ ์งํฌ ์๊ฑฐ๋ ํ์ฌ ์์ ์ธ 854๋
๊น์ง ์์ปค๋ง ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ธ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์๋ ๋ค์๋ ๋ง๋๊ณ ์ถ์ง ์๋ค๋ฉฐ ๊ณตํฌ์ฌ์ ๋๋ฌ๋๋ค. 854๋
, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ์ํด ํฌํ๋ ์งํฌ ์๊ฑฐ๋ ์๊ฐ์ ํ์ ์ด์ฉํด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณค๊ฒฝ์ ์ฒํ๊ฒ ํ์์ผ๋ ๋ฌด์ฉ์ง๋ฌผ๋ก ๋นํ๊ณ ๋์ฐฝ์ ๋ง์ ๋ชธ์ด ๋๋๊ฐ๋ ์ฑ ๋ด์ฅ๊น์ง ์์ ธ๋์จ ์ํ๋ก ์์ก๋์๋ค. ๋๊ฑฐ์ธ ์ ํฌ ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ๋์ธ์ ํฌ ์ญ์ ์ธ๋ฅ ์ต๊ฐ์ผ๋ก, ๋ฐ์์ ์ฟ ๋ฐํ ๋๋ ์ต์ํ 12๋ช
์ ์ค๋ฌด์ฅํ ์ค์ํ๋ณ๋จ ๋ณ์ฌ๋ค์ ์ดํดํ๋ค. ๋ ์ด์ค ๊ฐ๋ฌธ ์์ง์ ๋ฒฝ์ ์์ ๊ฑฐ์ฒ์์์ ํ์ฝ ์ญ์ ํ๋ฅญํด ์ค์ํ๋ณ๋จ ํ๋๋์ฅ ์ผ๋ ์์ปค๋ง์๊ฒ ์น๋ช
์์ ์
ํ๋ค. ์๊ฐ์๋๊ตฌ ์ ํฌ์์๋ ๋ผ์ด๋ ๋ธ๋ผ์ด์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฒ ์ด๋ด์ ์ฆ์ฌ ์ผ๋ณด์ง์ ๊น์ง ๋ง๋ค์๋ค. ๋งํํ์์์ ๋ฌ์ฌ๋ก ๋ผ์ด๋ ๋ธ๋ผ์ด์ ์ด ์ฌ๊ฑด์ผ๋ก ์ธํด 4๋
๋์ ์
๋ชฝ์์๊น์ง ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ๋ณ์ฅ์ ๋ณผ ์ ๋๋ก ์ฌ๊ฐํ PTSD์ ์๋ฌ๋ ธ๋ค. ์ ๋์์๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ์๋ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๊ฐ ๋์จ๋ค.
์์
์งํ๋์
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ 815๋
(์ถ์ ) 12์ 25์ผ ๋งค์ถ๋ถ ์ฟ ์
ธ ์์ปค๋ง์ ์๋ค๋ก ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ์ถ์์ง๋ ์ ์๋ ์งํ๋์์ ๋งค์๊ตด๋ก, ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ํผํด ์ง์ ๋์์๋ค๊ฐ ๊ณํ์ด ํ๊ธฐ๋์ด ๋ฒ๋ ค์ง ๋ฌด๋ฒ์ง๋์๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ์ด๋จธ๋๋ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ๋งค์ฐ ์ด๋ฆด ์ ์ ๋์๊ฐ์
จ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ฟ ์
ธ๊ณผ ๋ฉด์์ด ์์๋ ์นผ์ก์ด ์ผ๋ ์์ปค๋ง์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฅผ ์์กํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ผ๋์๊ฒ์ ์นผ ํ๋๋ฅด๋ ๋ฒ ๋ฑ ์งํ๋์์์ ์ด์๋จ๋ ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋ฉฐ ์ก์ฒด์ ํ๋ จ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ผ๋์๊ฒ ์ธ์ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ด์ฌํ ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ์์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ด๋ ์ ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ตํ์ ์ผ๋๋ ์ค์ค๋ก ๋ถ๋ชจ๊ฐ ๋ ์ ์๋ค ์๊ฐํ์ฌ ๊ทธ์ ๊ณ์ ๋ ๋ฌ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ์ด๋ ๋ฐฐ์ด ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ด์ฉํด ์งํ๋์์์ ์ด๋ฆ์ด ๋๋ฆฌ ์๋ ค์ง ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ๋๋ฃ์ด์ ์น๊ตฌ์ธ ํ๋ ์ฒ์น, ์ด์๋ฒจ ๋งค๊ทธ๋๋ฆฌ์์ ํจ๊ป ํ๋ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋
ํ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฐ์ด ์
์ฒด๊ธฐ๋์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํด ๊ฐ๋์ง์ ๋ฒ์๋ค. ์ด๋ก ์ธํด ํ๋ณ๋จ๊ณผ ์์ฃผ ๊ต์ ์ ๋ฒ์๊ณ ์
์ฒด๊ธฐ๋๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํฌ๊ฒ ํฅ์๋์๋ค. ์ด์๋ฒจ ๋งค๊ทธ๋๋ฆฌ์์ ๋์ฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ๋ณ๋จ๊ณผ ๊ต์ฅํ ์์ฃผ ๋ง๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ์
์ฒด๊ธฐ๋ ์ค๋ ฅ์ ํ๋ณ๋จ์ ์๋ฑํ ๋ฅ๊ฐํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค. 844๋
, ์๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค์ ๋ฏธ์ผ ์์นด๋ฆฌ์์ค๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ ์ง์๋๊ฐ ์งํ๋์๋ก ํฌ์
๋์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ์ ๋ฑ์ฉ์์ผฐ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ๊ท์กฑ์ธ ๋์ฝ๋ผ์ค ๋ก๋ณดํ ์์์ ์ ์์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์ด ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํด ์๋ฅด๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ ํด์ฒด์ ๋ช
๋ชฉ์ด ๋ ๋ฌธ์๋ฅผ ์
์ํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ๊ทธ์ ์น๊ตฌ๋ค์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ์ฌ ๋ฌธ๊ฑด์ ์ฐพ์ผ๋ ค ํ์์ผ๋ ์ฐพ์ ์ ์์๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์์ค์ ์ฒซ ์ถ์ ์ ๋๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง๊ณผ ํ๋ ์ฒ์น, ์ด์๋ฒจ ๋งค๊ทธ๋๋ฆฌ์๋ ํ๋ผ์ฝ ๋ฌ๋ ์ ๋ถ๋์ ์์๋์ด ์ฒซ ์ถ์ ์ ๋๊ฐ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ์ ์ธํ ํ๋ผ์ฝ ๋ฌ๋ ๋ถ๋๊ฐ ์ ๋ฉธํ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ถ๋
ธํด ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋ค์ ํ ๋ฒํ๋ค. ์ด ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณธ ์๋ฅด๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค๋ ๋์ ์ ํ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ํํ ์๋ ์ ํ์ ํ๋ผ๋ ์กฐ์ธ์ ํ์๊ณ , ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ์ด์ ์ค๋๋์ด ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ์ ๊ณต์์ ์ผ๋ก ์
๋จํ์๋ค. ์๋ฅด๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค์ ์กฐ์ธ์ด์๋ ํํ ์๋ ์ ํ์ ๊ทธ์ ์ข์ฐ๋ช
์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
1๊ธฐ
4ํ ํด์ฐ์์ ๋ฐค - 13ํ ์์ด์ ์๊ตฌ
ํ๋ จ๋ณ๋จ ํด์ฐ์ ๋ค์๋ , ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ์ ์ 56ํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒฝ ์ธ๋ถ์กฐ์ฌ์ ๋์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝํ๋ฌ ์จ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ๋ณ์ฅ์ ๋ํ ์๋ฌธ์ ๋งํ๋ฉด์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์ธ๊ธ๋๋ค. ์๋ฌธ์ ์ํ๋ฉด ์ธ๋ฅ ์ต๊ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ์ค๋ ฅ์ ์ผ๊ฐ ์ฌ๋จ์ ๋ง๋จน๋ ์์ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ด๋ฐ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด๊ณ "์นซ, ์๋๋ฝ๊ตฐ"์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ํ๋ช
์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ ํผ์ฃ๋ง์ ํ๋ค. ํ์ง ์กฐ์๋ ์ด ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋ฅ ์ต๊ฐ์ด๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฆด์ง๋ผ๋ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ์ง๋ด๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ทธ์ ๊ฒฐ๋ฒฝ์ฆ์ ์๊ฒ๋๋ฉด ์ ๋ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ํ์ง ์์ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋๋ด์ ํ๋ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒฝ ์ธ๋ถ์กฐ์ฌ์์ ์ด๋ฆ์ด ์๋ ค์ง์ง ์์ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ ๋จ์ ํ ๋ช
์ด ๊ฑฐ์ธ์๊ฒ ๋ฌผ๋ ค์์, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ ์ถ๊ฐ๋ก 2๋ง๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋๋ฅํ๋ค. ๊ฑฐ์ธ์๊ฒ ๋ฌผ๋ ค ์ฃฝ์ด๊ฐ๋ ๋จ์์ ์์ ์ก์์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๊ตฌ์ถํ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์๋กํ๋ค. ์๊ด ์๋ฅด๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค๊ฐ ์ด์ ํธ๋ก์คํธ๊ตฌ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ช
๋ นํ์, ๊ฒจ์ฐ ์ด๋งํผ ์๋๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ผ ๋ด ๋ถํ๋ค์ ๋ชฉ์จ์ ๊ฐ์ฃฝ์์ธ๊ฑฐ๋๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ฐํ๋ค. ์๋ฅด๋น์ด ์๊ฐ์๋๊ตฌ ์ต๊ฒฉ ๋์ฒ๋ผ ๋ญ๊ฐ ์๊ธด ๋ชจ์์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ์ ์ด์ง ๋๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
ํธ๋ก์คํธ๊ตฌ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ๊ฐ ํ๋ฆฐ ์๋ ์๊ฑฐ์ ๊ทธ์ ๋๋ฃ๋ค์ด ๋ชฐ๋ ค์ค๋ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์๊ฒ ๋จนํ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ฒํ์ ๋ชธ์ 360๋๋ก ํ์ ์ํค๋ฉฐ 2๋ง๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ค์ ์ฃฝ์ธ๋ค. ์ด ์ฅ๋ฉด์ ์ง๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ 1๊ธฐ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ธ์๊น์ ์ฅ๋ฉด์ผ๋ก ๊ผฝํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
14ํ ์์ง ๋์ ๋ณผ ์ ์์ด
์ฌ์์ ์งํ์ ๋ฌถ์ฌ์๋ ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์๊ด ์๋ฅด๋น๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋ฉดํํ๋ฌ ๊ฐ๋ค. ์๋ฐ์ ์์ ์ ํน๋ณ์์ ๋ฐ (๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ)์ ํธ์
์ํค๊ฒ ํด๋ฌ๋ผ๊ณ ์๋ฅด๋น์๊ฒ ๋ถํํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฉด์ ์๋ฐ์ ์ ๋ขฐํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ฌ์ฐจํ ๋ ๋์ํ ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋งก๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์๋ฐ์๊ฒ ๋งํ๋ค. ์๋ฐ์ด ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋ค์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋๋ ค ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ ์ถ๋ค๊ณ ํ์ ๋์์ง ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๋ค์๋ ์๋ฅด๋น๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ์ ๋ํ ์ฌ์์์ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ ์ธก ๋ณ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ค. ํ ์์ธ์ด ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ์๋ง๋ฆฌ์ ํํ ์์ ์ ํ์๊ฐ์ ๋๋ฌ๋ด๋ฉฐ ์ด์ ์ผ๋ง๋ก ์ ๋ก์ ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ง๋์ด ๋ง์์ผํ๋ค๊ณ ํ์, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์์ธ์๊ฒ ๋ผ์ง์๋ผ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์์ ํ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์ ํ๋ฌป๋ ๋์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ ค์ค ๋ณด์ฅ์ด๋ผ๋ ์๋๋ฉฐ ์ผ์นจ์ ๋๋๋ค. ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ํญ์ฃผํด์ ํ๋ณ๋จ์ ๋น๋ํด, ํ๋ณ๋จ์ด ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ดํ๋ ค๊ณ ํ์ ์๋ ์ ๊ตฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฐ๋ก ๊ฑท์ด ์ฐฌ๋ค. ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ํญํ์ ๋นํ์ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ ์์ปค๋ง์ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ผ ๋ฏ์ด ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ณธ๋ค. ํ๋ณ๋จ ๋จ์ฅ ๋์ผ ๋ํฌ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฌ๋ค๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ธํํ๋ฉด ์ด์ฉ๊ฑฐ๋๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ฆฌ์, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ด์ฐจํผ ์ด ๋์ ํด๋ถํ ๊ฑด๋ฐ ๋ญ ์๊ด์ด๋๋ฉฐ ์๋ฐ์ ์์ ์ด ์ฑ
์์ง ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์
์ฆํ๋ค. ๋ค๋ฆฌ์ฐ์ค ์ํด๋ ๋ ์ด ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ์๊ฒ ๋๊ธด๋ค. ํ์ง ์กฐ์๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ๋๋ฌด ์ธ๊ฒ ๋๋ ธ๋ค๋ฉฐ ์ด๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ฌ์ก๋ค๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์๊ฒ,์๋ฐ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ํ์์ ํ๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ๊ธฐ๋ถ ๋์๋ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์ง ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ์๋ฐ์๊ฒ ์์ ์ด ๋ฐ๋๊ณ ๋ฌผ์ด๋ดค๊ณ , ์๋ฐ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์๊ฒ ์์ ์ ๊ตฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ด์ฉ ์ ์๋ ์ฐ์ถ์ด์๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ๋ ์ด๋ ์ฌ๊ฑด ์ดํ๋ก ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์๊ฒ ์ธ์ ๋ ๊ณต์ํ๊ฒ ๋ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
15ํ ํน๋ณ์์ ๋ฐ
์๋ก์ ๊น์ํ ์๋ ๊ตฌ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ ๋ณธ๋ถ๋ก ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ์ ๋ณธ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ฎ๊ธด๋ค. ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์๋ฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฒ์์ ์๋ ๊ณ ์ฑ์ด ์ ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋จํ๋๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ๋ถํ ์ค๋ฃจ์ค ๋ณด์๋๊ฐ ์๋ ์๊ฒ ๊ฒ์ ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ํ๋ด๋ฅผ ๋ด์ ์ธ์งข์ ํ์ ์ ์ง๋๋ค. ์๋ ์ง๊ณผ ๊ตฐํฐ ์์ธ ๊ฐ ์ค๋ซ๋์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์ง ์์ ๊ต์ฅํ ๋๋ฝ๋ค๊ณ ํ์, ๋์ฑ ์ธ์งข์ ํ์ ์ ์ง์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋น์ฅ ์ฒญ์๋ฅผ ์์ํ์๊ณ ํ๋ค.(์ด ์ฅ๋ฉด์ OVA 4ํ์์๋ ํจ๋ฌ๋๋์๋ค) ์๋ ์ด ์์ ์ ๋ฐฉ์ ์ด๋์๋๊ณ ํ์, ์งํ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ตํ๋ค. ์๋ฐ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ธํํด๋ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ง์ ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์งํ๋ก ์ ํํ๋ค๊ณ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค. ์๋ฐ์ด ์ฒญ์๋ฅผ ๋ค ๋๋๋ค๊ณ ํ์, ์์ธต์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ ์๋ฐ์ด ์ฒญ์ํ ๋ฐฉ์ ๊ฒ์ฌํ๋ค. ํํธ๋ผ ๋์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ธ๋ฅ ์ต๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ์์ด๋ ํค๊ฐ ์๊ณ ๊ฒฐ๋ฒฝ์ฆ์ด ์ฌํด์ ์์
์ผ๋ก ์๋ณด์ด์ง ์๋๊ณ ์๋ฐ์๊ฒ ๋ฌป๋๋ค. ์๋ฐ์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์์ธ๋ก ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ์๋ถ์ ์ง์์ ๊ณ ๋ถ๊ณ ๋ถํ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋๋ด๊ณ ๋์์ค์ ํํธ๋ผ๋ ๊ธ์ํ ์ฒญ์๋ฅผ ํ๋ ์ฒํ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ ํ ์ฒญ์๊ฐ ๋์ด์์ง ์์๋ค๋ฉฐ ์ฒ์๋ถํฐ ๋ค ๋ค์ํ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ช
๋ นํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฐค, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ๋ถํ๋ค๊ณผ ์์ ์ ๋ํด ์์๋ฅผ ํ๋ค๊ฐ ์๋ฅด๋น์ ๋ด๊ฐ ์๊ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ณด๋ค ํจ์ฌ ๋ฉ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ค๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ํ๊ฐํ๋ค. ํ์ง ์กฐ์๊ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ค์ด์ ์๋ฐ์ ์คํ์ ์์ฒญํ๋ฉฐ ์๋ ์๊ฒ ๋ด์ผ ๋ฌด์จ ์ผ์ด๋ผ๋ ์๋๊ณ ๋ฌป๋๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์๋ ์ด ๋ด์ผ ํ๋จ ์ฒญ์ํ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ ํ์ ํ์ง๋ ์๋ ์ ์คํ์ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ์ ๋ถํํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ํ์ง๊ฐ ์๋ฐ์๊ฒ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ์คํ์ ๋ํด ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ ค ํ์ ์ฐป์์ ๋๊ณ ๊ทธ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋ ๋๋ค.
16ํ ์ง๊ธ ๋ฌด์์ ํด์ผ ํ๋๊ฐ
๊ตฐํฐ ์์ธ , ์๋ ์ง๊ณผ ๋ด์๋ฅผ ๋๋๋ ์๋ฐ์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์๊ฒ ํ๋ฐ ๋ฆ๊ฒ ๊ฒฝ๋กํ์ ๋ง ๋๋ง๋ ์ด์ ๋ฆ์ง ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ ์ง์ ํ๋ค.์๋ฐ์๊ฒ ๋ค๊ฐ ์์ ๋ก์ด๊ฑด ๋ค ๋ด ๊ฐ์ ํ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ์ค์ ์๊ธฐ์์ผ์ค๋ค.
18ํ ๊ฑฐ๋์์ ์ฒ
์ฌ์ฑํ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๊ธฐ์ต์ผ๋ก ๊ณตํฉ์ํ์ ๋น ์ง ์๋ฐ, ํํธ๋ผ, ์ค๋ฃจ์ค, ๊ตฐํฐ, ์๋์ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ์๋นํ ์นจ์ฐฉํ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค. ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด ๊ณตํฌ๊ฐ์ ์ง๋ ค ์ด์ ์
์ฒด๊ธฐ๋์ ์ด์ฉํ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์ง์๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ ค๋ฌ๋ผ๊ณ ํ์ ๋ฌต๋ฌต๋ฌด๋ต์ด๋ค๊ฐ, ์ ์ ๊ท๋ฅผ ๋ง์ผ๋ผ๋ ๋ช
๋ น์ ๋ด๋ฆฐ๋ค. ๋ค์ด์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ ํธํ์ ํ๋ฐ ์ด์ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ ์ง์ ์ํจ๋ค. ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ์์ ๋ถ์ ๋ชปํ๊ณ ๊ฑฐ์ธํํ๋ คํ์ ํํธ๋ผ๊ฐ ๋ช
๋ น ๋ถ๋ณต์ข
์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ง์์ ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ํ๊ณ ์ถ์ผ๋ฉด ํ๋ผ๋ฉด์ ๋๋ ํ๋ฆฌ์ง ์์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์๋ฐ์ ์ด๋ค ๊น์ ๊ฐ์ฅ์ ๊ฐ๋ฌ๋๋ ์์ ์์ง๋ฅผ ๋ง์ ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ํ๊ณผ ์๊ด ์์ด ์ง์ง ๊ดด๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ ์๋ฐ์ ํ์ ์ฅ๋ฉด์ผ๋ก ๋์ด๊ฐ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์๋ฐ์ด ํญ์ฃผํ ๋ ๊ตฌํ ์ ์๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๊ณ ์ํ๋ค. ๋ค์ด์ด ์๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ ์คํ์ด ์คํ๋์์ผ๋ ์๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ๋ฅผ ํ ์ ์์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ ์ฝ๊ฐ ์ค๋งํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ ์๋ ์ด ํฐ์คํผ์ ๋จ์ดํธ๋ ค ์ฃผ์ฐ๋ ค ํ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ํ์ด ์ํ ๋์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฐ๋ค. ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด ๋ชจ๋ ๋๋ผ ์๋ ์ ๋๋ ค ์ก์ผ๋ ค ํ์ง๋ง, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ๋ฐ์๋ค์๊ฒ ์ผ๋จ ๋ฌผ๋ฌ์์ผ๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์์ ์ ๊ฐ๋๋ก๋ผ๋ฉด ์๋ ์ ์ธ๋ฅ์ ์
์๊ฐ ์์ผ๋๊น ์์ฌํด๋ ๋๋ค๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ ์ค๋ํ๋ค. ํ์ง ์กฐ์๊ฐ ํฅ๋ถํด์ ์๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธํํ ํ์ ์ก๊ณ ๋จ๊ฑฐ์ํ์ ์ด์ด์๋ ํ์ ์ ์ง๋๋ค. ์๋ ์ ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฐค ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์๊ฒ ์์ ์ด ์ ์ฉ๋ฐ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ๋ํด ํ ๋กํ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ๊ทธ๋ฐ ์ ๋ค์ด๋ ๊ณจ๋๋ค๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ์ ๋ค์ด์ค๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฐ ๋ง์ธ๋๋ ์์ด์ผํ๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ์๊ฒ ๋งํ๋ค. ํ์์ด ๋๋๊ณ ์๋ ์ด ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ์, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ฌ์ฑํ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ์ซ์์จ๋ค๋ฉฐ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ผ๊ณ ์๋ฆฌ์น๋ค. ์๋ ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์๊ฒ ๊ทธ๋๋ก ๋์๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์๋์๊ฒ ์งํ๊ถ์ ๋งก๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ฌ์ฑํ๊ฑฐ์ธ ํฌํ์์ ์ ๋์ฐธํ๋ค.
19ํ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฏ๋ค
์ฌ์ฑํ๊ฑฐ์ธ ํฌํ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฑํ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๊ผผ์ง๋ ๋ชปํ๋ ์ํฉ์ ๋์ด๊ฒ ๋์ "์์ ์๋ ๋ณธ์ฒด๊ฐ ์ค์ค์ด๋ ์ง๋ฆฌ์ง ๋ง์์ผ ํ ํ
๋ฐ"๋ผ๊ณ ๊ฑฑ์ ์๋ ๊ฑฑ์ ์ ํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ์ผ ์์นด๋ฆฌ์์ค์ ํจ๊ป ์ฌ์ฑํ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๋ชฉ๋๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ ๋ ค๊ณ ํ์ง๋ง ๊ฒฝ์งํ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์คํจํ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ฌ์ฑํ๊ฑฐ์ธ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์๋ก ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ์ ๋ณ์ฌ๋ค์ ์ฃฝ์ผ ๋๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ ๋๋ณธ๋ฐ ๋๋ ์ง๊ธ ์ฆ๊ฒ๋ค, ์๋ฐ ์๋ ค๋ ์ฌ์ํ ํ
๋๊น ์์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ํฌ๋ก ๋ ๋ ค๋ฒ๋ ค์ผ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฉฐ ์ฌ์ฑํ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๊ฒ์ค๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ ๋งค์ฐ ๋ถ๋
ธํ ํ์ ์ ์ง๋๋ค. ์ฌ์ฑํ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ์ธ์นจ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ ์ตํ ์ง์ ์ ์ง๋ฅด๋ ๋จ๋ง๋ง์ธ๊ฐ ์ฐฉ๊ฐํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ์ผ๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋ค์ด ๋ชฐ๋ ค์ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฐ์งํ์ ๋ฏธ์ผ, ํ์ง์ ํจ๊ป ๋ชฐ๋ ค์ค๋ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋ค์ ๋ง์ ์ฌ์ฑํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๋ณธ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ํ๋ ค ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ์ง๋ง ์๊ฐ ๋๋ฌด ๋ง์์ ์คํจํ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์๋ฅด๋น์๊ฒ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ์ด ๋๋ฌด ๋ฉ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ์ง ์์์ผ๋ฉด ์ข๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ์ ํธ์ถํ๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์๋ฅด๋น์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ค์ ์นผ๋ ์ ๋ณด์ถฉํด๋๋ผ๊ณ ์ถฉ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ๊ตณ์ด ์๊ทธ๋๋ ๋๋ค๊ณ ํ์ ์๋ฅด๋น์ ๋ช
๋ น์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ค์ ์นผ๋ ์ ๋ง์ผ์ ์ํด ๋ณด์ถฉํด์ค๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์๋ฅด๋น ๋์ ํ๋จ์ ๋ฏฟ๋๋ค๋ฉฐ ์ ๋ขฐํ๋ค๊ณ ์ถฉ์ฑ์ฌ์ ๋๋ฌ๋ธ๋ค.
21ํ ์ฒ ํด
๋ชจ๋ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด ์ฌ์ฑํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋งํ ์ฅ๋ฉด์ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ชน์ ๋ถ๋
ธํ ํ์ ์ ์ง๋๋ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ ์์ปค๋ง์ด ์๋ ์ ๋์ฐพ์ผ๋ ค๊ณ ์ฌ์ฑํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์ซ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋จ ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์๋ ์ด ์ด์์๋๊ณ ๋ฌป์, ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ ์ด์์๋ค๊ณ ๋ตํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์๊ฒ ๋์ด ์๋ ๋ง ์ ์ง์ผฐ์ด๋ ์ด๋ฐ ์ํฉ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ง๋ ์์๋ค๊ณ ํ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์๋ ์ ๋ค ์์คํ ์น๊ตฌ๋๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์๋ ์ด ์ด์์๋ค๋ ๋ฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ ์ ๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ ์ฌ์ฑํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์๊ฒ ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ๋๋ผ๊ณ ํ๊ณ , ์นจ์ฐฉํ๊ฒ ์ฌ์ฑํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๊ณผ ์ ํฌ ํ์ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ถ๋ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฑํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์ฃฝ์ฌ์ผํ๋ค๊ณ ํ์ง๋ง ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ๋ณธ์ธ ํ๋จ์ผ๋ก๋ ๊ฒฝ์งํ๊ฐ ์์ด์ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์ด๊ณ ์๋ ์ ๊ตฌํ๋ ๋ฐ์๋ง ์ง์คํ์๊ณ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์๊ฒ ๋งํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๊ฐ ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ๋๋ ๋์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ 360๋๋ก ๋ชธ์ ํ์ ํด ์ฌ์ฑํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๊ทผ์ก์ ๋ฒ ์ด๋ด์ ์์ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ์ํจ๋ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฑํ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ๋ ค๊ณ ํ์ง๋ง ์ฌ์ฑํ์ด ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ์, ์ฌ์ฑํ์๊ฒ์ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํด๋ธ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ฐ๋ชฉ๋ผ๊ฐ ์ด์ง ๋ถ๋ฌ์ ธ์ ์ดํ ์ ํฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์ ์ง์ฅ์ ๋ฐ๋๋ค. ์ฌ์ฑํ์ด ๊ฒฝ์งํํ ํ๋ ์์ฃผ๊ณ ํฑ๊ทผ์ก์ ๋ฒ ์ด๋ด์ ์ฌ์ฑํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์นจ์ด ๋ฌป์ ์๋ ์ ๊ตฌํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์๊ฒ ์๋ ์ ๋๋ฝ์ง๋ง ์ด์์์ผ๋ ๋๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์๊ฒ ๋ค ์์คํ ์น๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์ถ์ผ๋ฉด ์๋ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ง ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ผ๊ณ ์ถฉ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ฌ์ฑํ์ด ์๋ ์ ๋นผ์๊ณ ์ธ์์ ์ง์ ์ฝ๊ฐ ์์ํดํ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
22ํ ํจ์๋ค
๊ธฐ์ ํ ์๋ ์๊ฑฐ์ ๋ถํ๋ค์ ์์ฒด๋ค์ ์์ตํ๊ณ ๊ทํ์ ์ํด ์ค๋น๋ฅผ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ์ ์์ฒด์์ ๊ตฐ๋ณต์ ์์ฅ์ ๋ผ์ด์ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋์ ๊ฐ์งํ๋ค. ์์ฒด๊ฐ ๋๋ฌด ๋ง์ ์์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ ๋ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ด๋ํ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ค. ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ๋์ ๋ณ์ฌ์ธ ๋ํฐ๊ฐ ๋๋ฃ์ ์์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ ๊ฐ ์ ์๋ค๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ๋ณ์ฅ์๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ฐํ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ด์ฉ ์ ์๋ ์ ํ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฐ ์๋ผ๋ ์ด์์ผํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ฐํ๋ค. ๋ํฐ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์๊ฒ ์ธ์ ๋ ์๋๋ฉฐ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ฐํญํ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์๊น ์ ์ ๋ผ์ด๋ธ ์์ฅ์ ๋ํฐ์๊ฒ ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ์์ ์ ์ฃฝ์ ๋๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ๊ธฐ์ตํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ฉฐ ๋ง์ฐจ์ ์ฌ๋ผํ๋ค. ๋ํฐ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ๋ง์ ์๊ธํ๋ฉด์๋ ์น๊ตฌ์ ์์ฒด๋ฅผ ์
๊ณ ํ๋ ฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ๋ค. ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋ค์ด ์ถ๊ฒฉํด์ค๊ณ ๋ํฐ๊น์ง ๊ฑฐ์ธ์๊ฒ ์ก์๋จนํ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฒ๋ ค ์ต๋ํ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋ค์๊ฒ์ ๋๋ง์น์๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ ์์์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ๋ถํ์ ์์ฒด๋ค๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฒ๋ ค์ง๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ์ค ํํธ๋ผ์ ์์ ์ด ๋ฒ๋ ค์ง๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๊ธธ๊ฒ ์กํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ฐธ๋ดํ ํ์ ์ ์ง๋๋ค. ๋ฒฝ ์์ผ๋ก ๊ทํํ๊ณ ์ฌ์ฑํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๊ณผ์ ์ ํฌ์์ ์ฌ๋งํ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ค์ ๋ชจ์ต์ด ๋น์ถฐ์ง๋ค. ํํธ๋ผ์ ์๋ฒ์ง๊ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฅผ ์์๋ณด๊ณ ๋ค๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ํํธ๋ผ์ ํธ์ง๋ฅผ ์ฝ์ด์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ํํธ๋ผ๋ ์ ์๋๊ณ ์๋ถ๋ฅผ ๋ฌป์, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์๊น ์ ๋ณด๋ค๋ ๋์ฑ ์ฐธํนํ ํ์ ์ ์ง์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ง ์์ด ํํธ๋ผ์ ์๋ฒ์ง๋ฅผ ์ง๋์น๋ค. (์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
์ค๋ฆฌ์ง๋ ์ฌ)
23ํ ๋ฏธ์
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ์ ๋ณธ๋ถ๋ก ์ผ์ ๊ตฌ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ ๋ณธ๋ถ์์ ์๋ ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์๋ฅด๋น ์ผํ์ ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ฆฐ๋ค. ํ๋ณ์ด ๋ง์ค ๋์ค๊ธฐ ์ ์ ์ด์ ์๋ฅด๋น์ด ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ข๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฉฐ ๋ฅ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ ๋์์ ์ ์ฐ๋๊ฑฐ๋๋ฉฐ ๋ถํํ๋ค. ์๋ ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉด์ ์ค๋๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ง์ด ๋ง๋ค๊ณ ํ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ด ์๋ฏผํด์ง๊ฑด์ง ์๋ ๋ ๋ง์ด ๋ง๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ์ ์์ ๋ถ์ธ๋ค. ๋ถ๋ฌ์ง ๋ฐ๋ชฉ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ฝ๊ฐ ์ํํ์ ์๋ ์ด ์ฃ์กํ๋ค๋ฉฐ ์ฌ๊ณผํ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์๋ ์๊ฒ ๋๊ตฌ๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋๊น ๋ฏธ์ํด ํ ํ์๋ ์๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ์๊ฒ ๋งํ๋ค. ์๋ฅด๋น๊ณผ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ, ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ค์ด์ค๊ณ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ๋ช๊ฐ์ง ์ถ๋ก ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฑํ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์๋ ๋ ์จํํธ๋ก ํน์ ํ์, ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ ์๋๋ฉฐ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์๊ฒ ๋ฌป๋๋ค. ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ์ง๋ง ์๋ฅด๋น์ด ์ด์ ๋์กฐํ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ด๋ ์ ๋ ์ ๋ขฐํ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์๋ฅด๋น๊ณผ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ๊ธฐํํ ์ฌ์ฑํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ํฌํ ์์ ์ ๋ํด์๋ ์ฝ๊ฐ ํ์์ ์ธ ์
์ฅ์ ๋๋ฌ๋ด๋ ๊ทธ๋ผ์์๋ ๋๋ด ์๊ธํ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ฌ์ฑํ๊ฑฐ์ธ๊ณผ์ ์ ํฌ์์ ์
์ ๋ฐ๋ชฉ ๋ถ์ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ ํฌ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋์ผ ๋ํฌ๊ฐ ์๋ฅด๋น์๊ฒ ์ด์ ๊ฒจ๋๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ด ์์ ์ ๊ณ ์ํ ๋๋ฅผ ์ด์ดํด๋ ์๊ด ์๊ฒ ์ง๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์๋ฅด๋น์ ๋ชฐ์๋ถ์ด์ ๋์ผ์๊ฒ ๋ค ๋๊ฐ ๋ค ์์ผ์ฒ๋ผ ์ญ์ญ ๋ซ๋ฆฐ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฉฐ ์์ ํ๋ค. ์๋ฅด๋น์ด ๊ฐ์ฃฝ์์ ์ซ์๊ฑฐ๋๊น ์ ํฌ์ ๋์์ง ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ ํ์, "์ซ์ด.๊ฐ์ฃฝ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ๋,์ํค๋ ๊ฒ๋."๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ฉฐ ์๋ฅด๋น์ ๋ง์ ์๊ธํ๋ค.
25ํ ๋ฒฝ
์๋ ์ด ํญ์ฃผํด ์ ๋ ๋ ์จํํธ์ ๋ณธ์ฒด๊น์ง ์น์ด ๋จน์ผ๋ ค ํ์ ์ผ๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ๋ณต์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์์
๊ณ ์
์ฒด๊ธฐ๋ํ์ฌ ์๋ ์ ๋ชฉ๋๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ ์ด๋ด ์๋ ์ ๊บผ๋ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋์ค์๋ง์ ์์์ ์์ ์๋ ์ ํฅํด "์ค์ํ ์ฆ์ธ์ ๋จน์ง ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ , ๋ฐ๋ณด ์์."์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ ๋ง๋ํ๋ค. ์๋ ์ ๊บผ๋ธ ๋ค์๋ ๋ฐ๋ชฉ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋๊ฑฐ๋ฆฐ๋ค. ๋ค๋ง, ์ด ์ฅ๋ฉด์ ์ด๋๊น์ง๋ ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
์ค๋ฆฌ์ง๋๋ก๋ง ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ฉฐ ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
์ ๋ํ ์ฐฝ์๊ถ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์๋ผํค ํ
์ธ ๋ก ๊ฐ๋
์ด ์ถ๊ฐํ ์ฅ๋ฉด์ด๋ค. ๊ทผ๋ฐ ์ํ ๋ค๋ฆฌ ๋ถ์ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํ๋ฐฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ฌผ๋ฌ๋ ๊ตฐ๋ณต๊น์ง ๋ฒ์ด์ผ ํ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ์ํ์ ์ ๋ง๊ฒ ๊ตฐ๋ณต์ ์
๊ณ ์
์ฒด๊ธฐ๋์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฃฐ ์ ์๋ ๊ฐ์ฐ์ฑ ์๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋๊ณ ๋นํํ๋ ์์ฒญ์๋ค์ด ๋๋ฃจ ์์๋ค. ๊ตณ์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ํ์ง๋ ์๋ฒจ, ๋ํ, ์ผ์ด์ง ๋ฑ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ ํ
๋ ๋ณ์ฌ๋ค์ด ๋์ ๋์๋ ๊ด์ฐฎ์์ ์ฅ๋ฉด์ธ๋ฐ, Season 1๊ธฐ 25ํ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋
์ด ์ง์ "ํ๋ คํ ํผ๋ ๋ ๋ก ๋ง๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง๊ณ ์ถ๋ค."๊ณ ๊ณต์ธํ ์ ๋๋ก ๋๋ง๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ค์ํ ์ํผ์๋๋ผ ๊ฐ์ฐ์ฑ์ ๋ํ ์ง์งํ ์๊ฐ๋ ์์ด '์ธ๋ฅ ์ต๊ฐ์ ๋ณ์ฌ'์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌด ๋์ ์ฃผ๋ค ๋ณด๋ ์๊ธด ๊ฐ์ฐ์ฑ ์ค๋ฅ์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
๋ฐ์์ ์ฟ ๋ฐํ
ํ์ง ์กฐ์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์ ์ฒด๊ฐ ์ธ๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ์
๋์, ๊ทธ๋์ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ฃฝ์ฌ์๋ค๋ฉฐ ํฐ ์ฃ์ฑ
๊ฐ์ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์๋ฅด๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค๊ฐ ์์ ์ ์ณ์๊ณ ์๋น ์ก๋๋ฉฐ ํฉ๋นํ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฅด๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ณธ๋ค. ๊ตฌ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ ๋ฐ์์ด ์๋ ์๊ฑฐ์ ๋ณธ์ธ์ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ ์ ์ฌํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ ์์ปค๋ง, ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ ์๋ฅผ๋ ๋ฅดํธ, ์ฅ ํค๋ฅด์ํ์ธ, ์ฝ๋ ์ํ๋ง๊ฑฐ, ์ฌ์ค ๋ธ๋ผ์ฐ์ค, ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ ์ด์ค๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ์ ์กฐ์งํ์๋ค. ์๋ ์๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ค ์๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ์๊ฑฐ์ ์นํ๋ ๋จ๋ถ 104๊ธฐ ํ๋ จ๋ณ๋ค๋ก ๋ฐ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ์๋ค.
ํ์ง ์กฐ์์ ์ํด ํ๋ ฅํ๋ ์๊ต(Wallๆ)์ ๋ ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ ์ดํด๋นํ์ ์ํฑ์ด ๋ช๊ฐ ๋ฝํ์์๋์ง ๋ฌป๋๋ค. ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฝํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ตํ์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฆฌ์์ ์ค๋ก๋ง ์์๋๋ ๋๋ฆ์ ์ ๋
์ ์์๋ค๋ฉฐ ์ฌํ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ด ํ์ง ์กฐ์์ ๋ถํ์ธ ๋ํ๊ฐ ์๋ฅด๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค์ ์ฟ ๋ฐํ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ ํ์, ์ฟ ๋ฐํ์ ๊ฐ๋ดํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๊ณ ์ฆ์ ๊ทธ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋น์ด๋ค. ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ ์ด์ค๋ฅผ ์ฌ์์ผ๋ก ์ถ๋ํ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๊ณ ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ์ ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์๋ฅผ ํ๋ฐํด ๊ฐ์ ๋ก ์น์ธ์ ๋ฐ์๋ธ๋ค. ์ค์ํ๋ณ๋จ์ ๋ฉ์น๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋ คํด ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ ์๋ฅผ๋ ๋ฅดํธ์ ์ฅ ํค๋ฅด์ํ์ธ์ ์์ ์ ์ง์๋ก ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ ์ด์ค์ ์๋ ์๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋ณ์ฅํ๊ฒ ํ๊ณ ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์์ ์๋ ์ ํ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ์จ๊ฒจ๋๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ์ด ์ด๋ํ ๋ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค๊ณผ ์๋น๊ฐ ๋ถ์๊ณ ๊ทธ ์์ค์ ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์์ ์๋ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณ์ฅํ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์ฅ์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ค ์ํ์ ํ์์ธ๋ค์ ์ํด ๋ฉ์น๋๋ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ ํ์ฝ์ผ๋ก ๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ค ์ํ ํจ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ ๋ฆฌ๋์, ๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ค ์ํ ํ์ฅ์ธ ๋๋ชจ ๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ค์ ํ๋ ฅํด ์ฟ ๋ฐํ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ผํค๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ผ๋ ์์ปค๋ง์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ณ์ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ง์ง๋ก ์๋ ๊ณผ ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์๋ ๋ฉ์น๋นํ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์์ ์ด๊ตฌ์ฐจ๋ก ์์ฅํ ์ค์ํ๋ณ๋จ์ ๋ง์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ซ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ถ๊ฒฉ์ ์ ๋ฒ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ ์์ปค๋ง๊ณผ ๊ฒฉ์ ๋์ ์ ์ง์ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ ๋ณ์ ๋น์น ์ผ๋์ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด๊ณ ์์น๋ฅผ ํ์
ํด ์ด์ ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋ก ์ด์ ์ผ๋ ์์ปค๋ง์ ๋ถ์์
ํ๊ณ ์ค์ํ๋ณ๋จ ๋จ์๋ค์ ์ธ์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฐ ๋ค ๊ทธ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ฌ๋ค.
์ค์ํ๋ณ๋จ์ ์ ค ์ค๋ค์ค๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฌธํด ๋ ์ด์ค ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ด ์ง์ง ์์ ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ง์ ์ ๋ฐ์๋๋ค. ๋ถํ๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ค์ํ๋ณ๋จ ๋ณธ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ต๊ฒฉํด ์ค์ํ๋ณ๋จ์ ๊ถค๋ฉธ์์ผฐ๊ณ ์๋ฅด๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค์ ๋ํธ ํฝ์์ค, ๋ค๋ฆฌ์ค ์ํด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๊ธฐํํ ์ฟ ๋ฐํ๊ฐ ์ฑ๊ณตํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์์ ์ ๋ชธ์ด ๋์๋ค. ์๋ ์๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ ์ด์ค ๊ฐ๋ฌธ ์์ง์ ๋ฒฝ์ ์์ ๊ฑฐ์ฒ๋ก ์ฐพ์๊ฐ ์ผ๋ ๋ถ๋์ 2์ฐจ ์ ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์๋ค. ์๋น์์ ๋จ์๋ค์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋งํ์ผ๋, ํธ๋ผ์ฐํ
์นดํ์ ์์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์์ ์๋ ์ ์ ๊ทผ์ ์คํจํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ ์ด์ค๊ฐ ๋ก๋ ๋ ์ด์ค์ ๋ช
๋ น์ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ๊ณ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ํฌ๊ธฐํด ๋ก๋ ๋ ์ด์ค๊ฐ ๋์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋์๊ณ , ์๋ฐ๊ณผ ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์๋ฅผ ์์ ํ๊ฒ ๊ตฌ์ถํด ๋๋ค. ์ท์ ๊ฐ์์
์ง ์์ ์ฑ ์ ์๋์ ์ค๋ฅด๋ธ๋๊ตฌ์์ ๋ํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋ ๋ก๋ ๋ ์ด์ค๋ฅผ ์๋ํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์๋ฅด๋น์ ์์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ค. ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์์ ๋๊ด์ ์ดํ ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์์๊ฒ ๋ง์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณ ๋ง๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
์๋ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ต์ข
ํํ์์
์๋ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ต์ข
ํํ์์ ์ ์์์ ๊ทธ๋ ํ์ฅ์งํ๋ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ ์์ด 2์์ธ ํ์ง ์กฐ์์๊ฒ ๋งก๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ด ๋ฒฝ ์์์ ๊ฐ๋งํ ์์ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ ์๋ฅด๋น์๊ฒ ๋งํ๋ค. ์๋ฅด๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค๊ฐ ๊ผญ ์ธ๊ณ์ ๋น๋ฐ์ด ๋ฐํ์ง๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ด์ผ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ํ์ ์๋ฅด๋น์ ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ง๋ฌ์๋ผ๋ ๋ง๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ํ์ง๋ง ๋๋ด ์ด์ ์๊ธํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ์ง์ฆ์ด ๋ฌ๋์ง ์ธ์ฐ๋ ์๋ ์๊ฑฐ์ ์ฅ ํค๋ฅด์ํ์ธ์ ํํ์ด๋ก ํญํํ์๋ค.๋ฐ์ ๋์์๋ ์ฐ์ฐํ ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ, ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ ์์ปค๋ง, ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ ์๋ฅผ๋ ๋ฅดํธ์ ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฃ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
์๋ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ต์ข
ํํ์์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ์ด ํ์๋ฐ์ ์ ์ด ์๋ค๋ฉฐ ์์ธ๋ผ๋ ๋ฐ์์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ์์นจ์ด ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๊ฐ์๋๊ตฌ๋ก ์ง์
ํ์ ์นผ์ ๋นผ๋ค๊ณ ์
์ฒด๊ธฐ๋์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํด ๋ฒฝ ์๋ก ๋ ์๊ฐ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ ๋ฒฝ ์์์ ๊ฐ์ท ๋ฐ ์ด๋ํ์ ์๋ํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ์์ผ๋, ๊ทธ์ ์ค๋ ฅ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์๋ฅด๋น ๋จ์ฅ์ ํน๋ณ์ง์๋ก ๋ฒฝ ์ธ๋ถ์์ ์ง์น๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์๋ํ๋ ์ญํ ์ ๋งก์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ์ ํ์ฅ์งํ๋ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ ์๋ฅผ๋ ๋ฅดํธ๊ฐ ๋งก๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ์ง์น๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์ํด ์๊ฒจ๋ ์ํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋ค์ ํด๋ผ์ฐ์ค ๋ฑ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ ๋ฒ ํ
๋๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ ๋ฆฌํ์๋ค. ์ง์น๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ํฌ์์ ๊ฐ๊น์ค๋ก ํผํ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ์์์ ์ ํฌ์ ์ํ๋ ๋ฒ ํ
๋๋ค์ด ๋ชจ๋ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์กฐ๊ฐ์ด ๋์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ ๋ณ๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์์ด๊ณ ๋ฒฝ ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ํผํ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ช
๋ นํ๋ค. ์๋ฅด๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ ๋ณ๋ค์ ์ ์ธํ๋ฉด ๋ฒฝ ์ธ๋ถ์์ ์ด์๋จ์ ์๊ฐ ์์ด์ก๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํฐ ํธ๋์บก์ ์
๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํจํธ ํ๋ฒ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํ์ง๋ฐ ์ ์ฒด๊ฐ ๋ ์๊ฐ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ์ ํ์ง ์กฐ์๋ ๊ด์ฐฎ์๊ฑฐ๋๊ณ ๊ฑฑ์ ํ์๋ค. ์๋ ์ด ์ด๋ํ์ ๋ฐ๊ธธ์ง์ ๋ ์๊ฐ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ํฌ์ํ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฉฐ ๋์ ์๋ฐ, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ๋ง ๋๋ง๊ฐ๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์๋ฅด๋น์ด ์ด ์ํฉ์ ํ๊ณํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ํ์ ์ ๊ทธ X๊ฐ์ ๋ฉด์์ด๋ ํ๊ณ ์ ๋งํ ๊ฒ์ด๋๋ฉฐ ์ง์ฆ์ ๋๋ค.
์๋ฅด๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค๊ฐ ์ธ์ด ์์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์๋ฅด๋น์ ์ฌ๋ง์ด ๊ฑฐ์ ํ์คํ์๊ณ , ์๋ฅด๋น์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ๊ทธ ์ํฉ์ ์ฝ๊ฒ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด์ง ๋ชปํ์๋ค. ์๋ฅด๋น์ด ์ด๋๋ก ์ ์ฃฝ๊ณ ์งํ์ค์ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์ถ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ๋ง์์ ์ก๊ณ ์๋ฅด๋น์๊ฒ ๊ฟ์ ํฌ๊ธฐํ๊ณ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ฌ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถํํ๋ค. ์๋ฅด๋น์ ์ด์ ์์ผ๋ฉด์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์๊ฒ ๊ณ ๋ง๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ์๋ฅด๋น๊ณผ ์ ๋ณ๋ค์ด ๋ฐฉํฅํ์ ์๋ฉฐ ์ง์น๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์์ผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฐ์ํฌ ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์คํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋ค์ ํ ๋ฒํ๋ฉฐ ์ง์น๊ฑฐ์ธ์๊ฒ ๋ค๊ฐ๊ฐ๊ณ , ์ง์น๊ฑฐ์ธ๊ณผ 1๋ 1 ๊ฒฉํฌ์์ ์ง์น๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์์ ํ ์์ดํ๋ฉฐ ์น๋ฆฌํ์๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ง์น๊ฑฐ์ธ ๋ณธ์ฒด์ธ ์งํฌ ์๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์๋ฌด์๊ฒ๋ ๋จน์ด๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฉฐ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฃผ์ ํ๋ค๊ฐ, ์ฐจ๋ ฅ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ์งํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋๋ง์น์ ์ข์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ํ ๋ฒ์ ๊ณ์ํ๋ค.
์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ
์งํฌ ์๊ฑฐ์ ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ์ ๋ํ๋ฅผ ๋์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ์งํฌ๋ฅผ ์ซ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์๋ฐ์ ์
์ฒด๊ธฐ๋์ฅ์น์ ๊ทธ์ ์
์ฒด๊ธฐ๋์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊พธ์๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์๋ฐ์ด ์
์ฒด๊ธฐ๋์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊พธ๋ ค๊ณ ํ ๋ ๋ค์์ ์ด๋ํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์์ ํ ํ๋ฒ๋ฆฐ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ ์๋ฅผ๋ ๋ฅดํธ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์นจ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ์จ์ ์ฌ์ ์๋ฐ์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ด์์๋ค๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์๊ฒ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ ์ฃผ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋๊ฒจ์ฃผ๋ผ๊ณ ํ์๋ค. ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธํํด ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํจํธ๋ฅผ ๋จนํ๊ฒ ํด ์ด๋ํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๊ณ์น์๋ก ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ ์ํจ์ด์๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ์๋ฅด๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค์ ์๊ฐ์ ์ ๊น ์ฃผ์ ํ์์ง๋ง ์ด๋ด ์๋ฐ์๊ฒ ์ฃผ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋๊ฒจ์ฃผ๋ ค ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ฐฐ๋์ ์ ๋ณ๋ค ์ค ์ ์ผํ๊ฒ ์์กดํ ํ๋ก ํฌ๋ฅด์คํฐ๊ฐ ์ค์์ ์
์ ๋น์ฌ ์ํ์ ์๋ฅด๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค๋ฅผ ์
๊ณ ๋ํ๋์ ์๋ฅด๋น์๊ฒ ์ฃผ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋์ผํ๋ค๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ์ฌ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ๋ค. ์๋ ์ด ๋ถ๋
ธํ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋๊ฒจ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ๋๋ฉฐ ๋ฐํญํ์ ์๋ฅด๋น์ด ์ด์์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ํฌ๋ง ๋๋ฌธ์ด์๋ค๊ณ ์ผ๊ฐํ๋ฉฐ, ์๋ฐ์ด ๊ทธ๋๋ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋จ์ง ์์ ์ฃผ๋จน์ผ๋ก ๋ด๋ฆฌ์ณ ๋จ์ดํธ๋ ธ๋ค. ์ด ๋ชจ์ต์ ์ง์ผ๋ณด๋ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ ์์ปค๋ง์๊ฒ ์ ์ง๋นํ๊ณ ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ ์๊ทน์ํค์ ์ฃผ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋นผ์๊ธธ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ฒํ์์ง๋ง ํ์ง ์กฐ์๊ฐ ๋ํ๋ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ฆฐ ๋๋ถ์ ์ ์ธ๋ฅผ ์ญ์ ์์ผฐ๋ค. ์๋ฐ์ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ์์์ผ๋ฉด ์ง๊ธ ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊น์ง ์ค์ง๋ ๋ชปํ์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ ๋งํ์ง๋ง ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ํ์ค์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ค์ด์จ์ง 4๋ฌ ๋ฐ์ ์๋ ์ ๋ณ๊ณผ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ ๋จ์ฅ ์ค ์ธ๋ฅ์๊ฒ ๋ ์ด๋์ด ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ์ ๋จ์ฅ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์๋ฅด๋น์๊ฒ ์ฃผ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ์๋ค. ํ๋ก์ ํ์ง์ ์ค๋์ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ ์๊ธํ๊ณ ์๋ฐ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋ก ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์๊ฒ์ ๋จ์ด์ ธ ๋๊ฐ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์๋ฅด๋น์ด ๊ฑฐ์ ์์์ด ์๋ ์ํ์์ "์ ์๋ ...์ ์๋ค๋ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ...ํ๊ฑด๊ฐ์"(์ ์๋ ๋ฒฝ ๋ฐ์ ์ธ๋ฅ๊ฐ ์๋ค๋ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ํ์ธํ๊ฑด๊ฐ์)๋ผ๋ ๋ฌด์์ ์์ ํ์์ ํ์, ๊ทธ์๊ฒ ์์ด์ ํ์ค ์ธ๊ณ๋ ์ง์ฅ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ง ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ๊ทธ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์นํ ์น๊ตฌ์ด์ ์๊ด์ด์๋ ์๋ฅด๋น์ ํธํ ์ฌ๊ฒ ํด์ฃผ๊ณ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ์์ผ, ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํจํธ๋ฅผ ๋จนํ๊ฒ ํด ์ด๋ํ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๊ณ์น์ํจ๋ค.
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ 4์๊ฐ ๋์ ์ฌ๊ณ ํ์ง ์กฐ์, ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ ์์ปค๋ง, ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ์ ํจ๊ป ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ์๊ฑฐ์ ์งํ์ค๋ก ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ค. ์งํ์ค ๋ฌธ์ด ์ด๋ฆฌ์ง ์์ ๋ฐ์ฐจ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐ์ด๋ด๊ณ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ ๋ค์ง๋ ์ค ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ ์์ปค๋ง์ด ์ด์ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ์, ์๋ ์์ ์๋ ์ฑ
์ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ด ์ธ์์ ์ง์ค์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ ์ฑ
์ ์ ํ์ ธ์์๋ ์ธ๋ฅ๊ฐ ๋ฉธ๋งํ์ง ์์๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ๊ณตํํ ๊ฒ์ธ์ง ๋ง ๊ฒ์ธ์ง์ ๋ํด์๋ ๊ณตํํด์ผํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ ์ธก์ ์ฐ๋ค.
์๋ฅด๋น์ ์์ฒด๋ 1๋
ํ ์๊ฐ์๋๊ตฌ๋ก์ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ ํ์ฉ๋์์ ๋ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ๋ฐฑ๊ณจ์ด ๋ ์์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ์ ๋ฌป์๋ค.
๋ ๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ ํฌ
์๋ฅด๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค๊ฐ ์ฌ๋งํ๊ณ ํ์ง ์กฐ์๊ฐ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ์ ๋จ์ฅ์ด ๋จ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ์์ด์ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ ๋ด 2์๋ก ์์นํ๋ค. 851๋
์ ๋ง๋ ์ ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์๋์ ์ธก์ ์ฒซ ๋๋ฉด์์ ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ์ ์ํด ์ ๋ถ ํฌ๋ก๊ฐ ๋๋ฒ๋ฆฐ ๋ง๋ ๊ตฐ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋ค์ ์๋ฅ์ ์ ์งํ์๊ณ , ์๋ ๋์ ํ์ํ์๋ค. ํ์ง ์กฐ์์๊ฒ ์๋ณด์ผ ์ ์์ผ๋ ๊ฒ๋ด์ง ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ ์กฐ์ธํ์๋ค. 854๋
์์ ์์๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋๋ฃ์ ๋ถํ๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์๊ฐ์๋๊ตฌ์ ์์
๋ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , 4๋
์ด ์ง๋ฌ์์๋ ์ฌ์ ํ ์ธ๋ฅ ์ต๊ฐ์ ๋ณ์ฌ๋ค์ด ์ ํฌ๋ ฅ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์คฌ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ด๋ฏธ 30๋ ํ๋ฐ์์ 40๋ ์ด๋ฐ์ด ๋์์์๋ ์ธ๋ฅ 2์์ธ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ ์์ปค๋ง๋ณด๋ค ํจ์ฌ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ ์งํ์๋ค.
๋ ๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ ํฌ์์ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ์ด ์ ํฌ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง๋ ๋ ๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ ํฌ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ์๋ค. ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ์ฌ์ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ๊ตฌํ ์ฅ๋น๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒ์ ๋งํ ๋ฅผ ๋๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์ต์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์ธ ๋์ฐฝ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ ํต์ ํํ์ ์
์ฒด๊ธฐ๋์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ง์ด ์ฌ์ฉํด ๊ทธ์ชฝ์ด ํธํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ถ์ ๋๋ค. ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ํฑ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์ต๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ๋จนํ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ฒํ์ ์
์ฒด๊ธฐ๋์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํด ํฑ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๊ทผ์ก์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํด ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ์ํค๊ณ ๋ง๋ ๊ตฐ์ ์๋๋ก ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ค. ๋จ ์ด ์ ํฌ์์ ์ธ๊ฐ ์ธก์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ณด๋ค ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ ์ ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ ๊ฐ์กฐ๋์๋ค. ๋นํ์ ์ ์ฌ๋ผํ์๋ง์ ์๋ ์๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํญํํ๊ณ ์๊ด์ ๋ช
๋ น์ ๋ถ์ดํํ ์ฃ๋ก ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๊ณ ๋ ์๋ฐ์๊ฒ ํฌ๊ฒ ์ค๋งํ ๋ฏ ์งํ๋์์์ ๋ง์ด ๋ด ์๋ ํํ์ ์ธ๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋นํํ์๋ค. ์งํฌ ์๊ฑฐ์๊ฒ๋ ๊ต์ฅํ ์ ๊ฐ์ฌ์ ๋ด๋น์ณค๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ๊ทธ์ ์ค๋ ฅ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์งํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ๋ง์ ์ ์๋ ์ฌ๋์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋์ด ์งํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์งํฌ ์๊ฑฐ์์ ๋ํ์์ ์งํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ ์ฐฐ๋์ ์งํฌ๊ฐ ์ธ์นจ์ ์ฌ์ฉํด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ๋ถํ๋ค์ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ค์๋ค. ์ ์ ๋ง์ค์ด๋ค๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋ ๋ถํ 30๋ง๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์์๊ฐ์ ์ฐ์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์งํฌ ์๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋์ฐฝ์ผ๋ก ๋ ๋ ค๋ฒ๋ ธ๋ค. ๋ชธ์ด ๋๋๊ฐ๋ ์งํฌ ์๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ ํ์ ์์กํ์์ผ๋ ์งํฌ๊ฐ ์ํญํ์ฌ ํฐ ๋ถ์์ ์
์๋ค.
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ์งํฌ ์๊ฑฐ์ ์ํญ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐ๋ฝ 2๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์์๊ณ ๋ด์ฅ๊ณผ ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๋์ ํฐ ์์ฒ๋ฅผ ์
์ด ์ต์
์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ณ์ฌ ๋
ธ๋ฆ์ ๋ชปํ ์๋ ์๋ ์ํฉ์ด๋ค. ์ด ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณธ ํ์ง ์กฐ์๋ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ฃฝ์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ์ผ๋, ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์
๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ฌผ์ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ด์ ์ด์์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ฌ์ง๋ค. ๋ชฉ์จ์ ๋ถ์งํ์์ผ๋ ์ค์์ ์
์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ก 2์ฐจ ์๊ฐ์๋๊ตฌ ์ ํฌ์๋ ์ฐธ์ฌํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
123ํ์ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํ์์์ ์ค๋๋ง์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ค. ์ฒ์ ๋ณด๋ ๊ฒ๋ค์ ํฅ๋ถํ๋ 104๊ธฐ์ ๋์ ๋๋ ์ง๋ง ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ญ๋ผ ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์์ ์ ๊ผฌ๋ง ์ทจ๊ธ ํ๋ ๊ด๋์๊ฒ ๋ถ๋
ธ์ ์์ ์ ๋ณด๋ด๋ ๋ฑ์ ํ๋์ ํ๋ค๊ฐ ์ฌ์ค์ ์ฃผ๋จธ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋๋ฆฐ ์๋งค์น๊ธฐ ์์ด๋ฅผ ์ก์๋ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ฃผ๋ณ์ธ๋ค์ด ๊ทธ ์์ด๋ฅผ ํด์ฝ์ง ํ๋ ค ํ์ ์ฌ์ค๋ฅผ ์์ด์ ๋๋์ธ ๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ ๋งํ๋ฉฐ ๋์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋น ์ ธ๋๊ฐ๋ค. ์ดํ ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฐค ํผ๋๋ฏผ๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป 104๊ธฐ๋ค์ ์ฐพ๊ณ ๋ ์ด์ฒ๊ตฌ๋ ์๋ ํ์ ์ ์ง๋๋ค.
125ํ์์ ์ฌ๋ฑ์ฅ, ์ผ๋จ์ ์์กด์ด ํ์ธ๋์๋ค. ๋ชฉ ์๋๋ก๋ ๋ชจํฌ๋ก ๋๋ฌ์ธ์ธ ์ฑ ์๋ ์์ ๋จ์ด์ง์ง ์๊ฒ ๋ฐง์ค๋ก ๊ณ ์ ๋์ด ํ์ธ์ด ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ ์ผ๊ตด์ ์ผ์ชฝ ๋์ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ ๋ ๋ถ๋๋ก ๋๋ฌ์ธ์ฌ ์๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ์ ๋ง๋ก ์ฌ๋งํ๋ค๋ฉด ๊ตณ์ด ๋ถ๋๋ฅผ ์จ๊ฐ๋ฉฐ ์น๋ฃํ ํ์๋ ์์์ ๊ฒ์ด๊ณ , ํ์ง๊ฐ ๋งํ๊ธธ ๋ฐ ์์ฒด๋ผ๊ณ ํ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์ ์์ง ์ฌ๋งํ๊ฒ์ ์๋์ง๋ง ํผ์์ํ์ด๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋๋๋๋ ์คํ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค.
126ํ์์ ์์กฐ์ ํ์ ์ํด ๊นจ์ด๋ ๋ฏํ๋ค. ํญ๋ฐ๋ก ์ธํด ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๊ฒ์ง์ ์ค์ง๊ฐ ๋ ์๊ฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋๊บผํ์ ์์ฒ๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๋์ ์ค๋ช
ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์ดํ ํ์ง์ ํจ๊ป ํ
์ค ๋ง๊ฐํธ์ ํผํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐํ๋ฉด์ ์์ ์ ์งํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋ ํ๋ ฅํ ๊ฒ์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค. ํ
์ค ๋ง๊ฐํธ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ์ํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋งํผ์ ํ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์์์ ์์๋ณด๋๋ ์ผ๋จ์ ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋์ง, ํผํฌ์๊ฒ ์ง์ํด์ ์ธ๋ฏผ์ฌํ์ ํตํด ์ฒํ๋นํ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ฒํ ์๋ ๋์ ์ค๋์์ฝํฐ์ ์ฅ ํค๋ฅด์ํ์ธ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋ฉ์น๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ฅํด์ ๋ฐ๋ ค์ค๋๋ฐ ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋ค.
127ํ์์ ํ๋ผ๋ ์ธก๊ณผ ๋ง๋ ์ธก์ด ์ ๋
์์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ ๋ ์์์ ์๊ณ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ค๊ฐ ์ฅ์ด ๋ผ์ด๋๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํํ๋ ์๋์ด ๋ฒ์ด์ง์ ์ ์์ ๊นฌ๋ค.
128ํ์์ ์๊ฑฐํ์ ์ค๋์ ์คํจํด์ ์ ํฌ๊ฐ ๋ฒ์ด์ง์ ๊ทธ ๊ด๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ณธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ ๋์๊ฒ์ "์ฌ๋์๊ฒ์ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ๋นผ์์ ์ ์์ด. ๊ทธ๋ ์ง? ๋ณ์ฅ."์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ง์ ๋ฃ๊ณ ์์ธํ ํ์ ์ ์ง๋๋ค.
130ํ์์ ์๋ฐ์ ํ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฑ์ฅ. ์๋ฐ์ด ์์ ์ ์์คํ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ํ์ํ ๋ ํฌํจ๋์ด์๋ค.
132ํ์์ ์๋ ๋๊ฐ ์ผ์ด๋ ๊ฑธ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์๊ฒ ์๋ ค์ค๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ฐ์ ๋ค์ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ ์ฅ์๋ฅผ ๋ฃ๊ณ ์ฅ๋น๋ฅผ ์ฐฉ์ฉํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ์ง๊ฐ ํผํฌ์๊ฒ ์ฐจ์ด์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ํฅํ ์ง์ฌ๋์ ์ฌ์ ํ๋ค๊ณ ํ ๋ง๋ํ๋ค.๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ์ง๊ฐ ์ฃฝ์ ๋๋ฃ๋ค์ ๋ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์, ๊ทธ ๋
์ ๊ฐ์ ์๋ฆฌ ํ์ง ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ์ ๋ฌ๋ผ๋ถ์ด ๋ฒํ
จ์จ ํ๋ก์ด ๋นํ์ ์ ์ฐ๋ฃ ํฑํฌ์ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ ๋ธ๋ฐ๋ค ์ค์๊ฐ์์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋ค๊น์ง ๊ฐ๊น์ด ์ ๊ทผํด์ค๋ ์ํฉ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋์ ํ์ง๊ฐ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ๋ค์ ๋จ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์๋ช
ํ๊ณ ์ค์ค๋ก๋ฅผ ํฌ์ํ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ํ์ ...์ผ. ๋งํ ์๊ฒฝ.์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋ ค ํ์ง๋ง, ํ์ง๊ฐ ๋ณด๋ด๋ฌ๋ผ๊ณ ํ์ ์ ์ ๋ง์ค์ด๋๋,'์ฌ์ฅ์ ๋ฐ์ณ๋ผ'
๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ์๋ฅผ ํํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฒ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ด๋ํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋ค์ ์ฐ๋ฌํธ๋ฆฌ๋ ํ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๋๋๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ์ง๊ฐ ์ ์ฌํ์ ์กฐ์ฉํ ์๋ณ ์ธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋จ๊ธด๋ค.
135ํ์์ ์์กฐ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅด๊ฐ ์ํํ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ์ํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋ค์ ์๋๋ก ๋ถ์ ํ๋ ๊ฐํ์ ํ๋ ๋ฑ ์ํ๊ฐ ๋์ ์ํฉ์์ ์ฝ๋๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ๋ค๊ฐ ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๋ฌด๋ฆ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์๊ฒ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ค์์ ์
๋๋ฐ, ๋ฌ์ฌ๋ก ๋ณด์ ์ต์ํ ๊ณจ์ ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์ดํ ์์กฐ์์ ํํ๋ฅผ ํ ํฑ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋ ํ์ฝ์ ๋ฑ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ผํ๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ตฌ์ถ๋๋ค.
136ํ์์ ์ ํฌ๋ถ๋ฅ ์ํ๊ฐ ๋์ ๋ถํ๋ค์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์๋ฐ์ ๋ชฉ๋๋ฏธ ํ๊ดด, ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ๊ตฌ์ถ์ ํ๋ฌ๊ฐ๊ณ ํ์ฝ ๊ทธ๋ผ์ด์ค์ ํฑ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ์์์ ๊ฐ๋น์ ํจ๊ป ๋จ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ง์น ๋ด๋น ์ผ์ง๋ต๊ฒ ์งํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ง๋ง, ์ด๋ด ๊ผด๋ก๋ ์ง๋ง ๋ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ, ์๋ฅด๋น์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ช
๋ น์ ํ์คํ๊ฒ ์ํํ์ง๋ง ๋ง์ง๋ง ๋ช
๋ น์ธ ์ง์น์ฒ์น๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์ง ๋ชปํด ์์ฑ
ํ๋ค. ์ด์ฉ๋ฉด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ์๋ฅด๋น์ ์ญํ ์ ์๊ฐ์๋๊ตฌ ํํ์์ ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ, ์๋ฐ, ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ๋ฐ๋ค๋ก ๋ฐ๋ ค๋ค์ฃผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ง์ง๋ง์ด์์์ง๋ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋ค๋ฉฐ, ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ ํ์ ํํํ์ง๋ ์๋๋ค๊ณ ๋
๋ฐฑํ๋ค.
137ํ์์ ์๋ฐ์ ๋ผ์ ๋ํ๋์ ์์งํ๋ ์งํฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฒ ์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฐ๋ค. ๋ง์นจ๋ด ์๋ฅด๋น์ ๋ง์ง๋ง ์ฝ์๊ณผ ์๋ฅด๋น, ๋ฏธ์ผ, ๋๋๋ฐ, ๊ฒ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ ์ฃฝ์ ์ ๋ณ๋ค์ ์์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
138ํ์์๋ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๊ฐ ์๋ฐ์ ์ฃฝ์ผ ์ ์๋๋ก ๋์๋ค.
139ํ์์๋ ์๋ฐ์ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ ๋ ๋ค ํ์์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ ๋๋ฃ๋ค์๊ฒ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ํ๋ค.๋ช๋
๋ค ๊ฐ๋น,ํ์ฝ์ ํจ๊ป ํ ์ฒด์ด๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ๋ํ๋๋ค.
๋์ธ๊ด๊ณ
์๋ฅด๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค์๋ฅด๋น๊ณผ๋ ์์ปค๋ง ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์์์ ์ฃผ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ ํ ์ฌ์ด, ๊ตฐ์ฌ์์์ ์๊ด๊ณผ ๋ถํ ์ฌ์ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๊ฐ์ ์์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์นํ ์น๊ตฌ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ํ๋ค. ์๋ฅด๋น์ด ์์ ์ ์ง๋ ๋จ์ฅ์ ์ญํ ์ ์ ์ ํ๋ค๋ฉด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ฐธ๋ชจ์ ์ญํ ์ ์ํํ๊ณ ์๋ค. (์ด๋ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์์์ ๊ด๊ณ์์๋ ๋๋ฌ๋๋ค) ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ์ ์
๋จํ๊ฒ ๋ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์๋ฅด๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค์ ์ดํด์์ผ๋, ๊ทธ์ ๋ง์ ํตํด ํฐ ๊นจ๋ฌ์์ ์ป๊ณ ์์ปค๋ง ๊ฐ๋ฌธ ํน์ ์ ํ์ธ ๊ฐ์ฑ์ ํตํด ๊ทธ์ ์น๊ตฌ ์ฌ์ด๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋จ์๊ฒ ์ ๋๋ฌ๋ด์ง ์๋ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ทธ์ ์๋ฅด๋น์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ ํฌ๊ฒ ์ง์ํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ฐ๋, ๋๋ช
์ ์๋ก๋ฅผ ์์งํ๋ ์๊ด๊ณผ ๋ถํ ๊ด๊ณ๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ํ์์ ์ข
์ข
์์๋๋ค. ์๊ฐ์ ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์๋ฅด๋น์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ์ฐฉํ ์ฌ๋์ธ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฐ ์ผ์ ๋์ฌ๋ค์ฌ ๋ฏธ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ ์๋์ ์ฌ์ฑํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ํ ๋ฒ ์์ ๋ ์๋ฅด๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฃฝ์ ๋นํ๊ธฐ ์ซ์ผ๋ฉด ๋์์ง ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ ํด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ์ ์ ์ ๋์์ง ์๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๋ค. ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ์๋ฅด๋น์ ๋ฌธ๋ณ์ ์์ ์ค๋ฅธํ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ ์ํ๊น๋ค๊ณ ์๋กํด์คฌ๊ณ , ์๊ฐ์๋๊ตฌ ํํ ์์ ๋์๋ ๋๋ง๊ฐ๋ ์งํฌ์๊ฒ ์๋ฅด๋น๊ณผ ๋งน์ธ๋ฅผ ํ์๋ค๋ฉฐ ๋ง์ฐ์์คํ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ๋ก๋ ๋ ์ด์ค๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ธํํ์ ๋๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ง์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ ธ๊ณ ์๊ฐ์๋๊ตฌ ์ ํฌ์์๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ๋ฒํ ์ธ๋ถ ์กฐ์ฌ์์๋ ํญ์ ๊ทธ์ ์ง์๋ฅผ ์ดํํ์๋ค. ์๋ฅด๋น์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์๊ฒ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ ์ฃผ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ธธ ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์์ ์๊ฒ ๋ถํ์ด ์๋ ๋ช
๋ น์ ํ๋ผ๊ณ ํ์๋ค. ์๋ ๊ณผ ์๋ฅด๋น/์๋ฅด๋ฏผ ์ค ๋๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฆด์ง ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ธ๋ฅ์ ๋ฏธ๋๋ฅผ ์ํด ์๋ฅด๋น์ ์ ํํ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ํ์์ง๋ง ์ผ๋ ์์ปค๋ง์ ์ ์ธ์ ์๊ฐํด ์๋ฅด๋น์ด ๋๋ฌด ํ๊ฒน๊ฒ ์ธ์ ์์ ์๊ณ ์ด๋ง ์๋ฅด๋น์ ํธํ ์ฌ๊ฒ ํด๋์๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ๊ฒ ํ์๋ค.
ํ์ง ์กฐ์๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง๊ณผ ํ์ง ์กฐ์๋ ์๋ก ๋๋ฃ ์ฌ์ด์์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ์ฌ์๋ ์๊ด๊ณผ ๋ถํ ์ฌ์ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ์น๊ตฌ ์ฌ์ด์ด๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ํ์ง๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ ์ข
์ข
๋ฉฑ์ด๋ ์ก๊ณ ํญํ๋ ํ๊ณ ๋น์ด๋จน์ ๋งํ ์๊ฒฝ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์๋ ํ์ง๋ง ํ์ง์ ์ด์ ๊ทธ ์์ฒด์ ๋ํด์๋ ์๋นํ ๊ณ ํ๊ฐํ๋ค. ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ๋ง์ ํ์ง ์กฐ์๋ฅผ ์ํด ์ฌ๋ฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๋ คํด์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋๋ฐ ๋ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ ์คํ์ ์์ํ ํ๋ฝํ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋ค. ์๊ฐ์๋๊ตฌ ์ ํฌ ๋ ์ด๋ํ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ํญ๋ฐ๋ก ์ 4๋ถ๋๊ฐ ํต์งธ๋ก ๋ ์๊ฐ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ์ ํ์ง๊ฐ ๊ด์ฐฎ์ ๊ฒ์ธ์ง ์๋ฅด๋น์๊ฒ ๋ฌป๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๋ค. ํ์ง ์กฐ์๊ฐ ์๋ฅด๋น์ ํ์์ผ๋ก ์ 14๋ ๋จ์ฅ์ ์๋ช
๋์ ํ์ง์๊ฒ ์ ํผ๋ถ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ค์งํ๋๋ฐ ์๋ฌด๋๋ ์ง๊ธ์ ์๊ด์ด๋ค๋ณด๋ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์กด์คํ๋ค๋ ์ฐจ์์์ ๊ทธ๋ง๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ๋๋ฃ๋ค์ด ๋ชจ๋ ์ฃฝ์ ์ด์ ํ์ง ์กฐ์๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์๊ฒ ์์ด์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค๋ซ๋์ ํจ๊ปํ ์ ์ฐ์ด๋ค. ํ์ง ์กฐ์๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ด ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋ ๋ง์์จ๊ฐ ์๋นํ ์ฐฉํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๊ฐํ์๋ค. 115ํ์์ ํ์ง ์กฐ์๊ฐ ๋ถ์๋นํ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ์
๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ฌผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ด๋ค์ด์ ๊ตฌํด์ฃผ์๋ค.
์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ์๋ ์๊ด๊ณผ ๋ถํ์ฌ์ด์ด๋ค. ์ฒซ ๋๋ฉด์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ์๋ฐ์ ํญํํ๋ฉด์ ์ด๋ค์ก์ง๋ง ๊ทธ๋ํ ์๋ฐ์ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ์ ์
๋จ์ํค๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ดํ์๋ ์๋ก๊ฐ ์๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ๋ ๊ด๊ณ๋ก ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ค. ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฌ์์์์ ์ป์ด๋ง์ ๋ค ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์๊ฒ ์ผ์ข
์ ๊ณตํฌ์ฌ์ด ์๊ฒจ ๊ทธ์๊ฒ ์ธ์ ๋ ๊ณต์ํ๊ฒ ๊ตด์๊ณ ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ฒ์๋ฆฌํ์ง ์์๋ค.
๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ ์์ปค๋ง์ฒ์์๋ ๋ง ์๋ฃ๋ ์น์นํ ๋
์์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐํ์ง๋ง, ์์ ์ด ์์ปค๋ง ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฌ์ค์ด ๋ฐํ์ง๋ฉด์ ๋จผ ์น์ฒ์ด ๋์๋ค. ์์ปค๋ง ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ ๋ง์ง๋ง ํ์์ผ๋ก์ ๋์ ์์ค ๋ด์์ ์ต๊ฐ์ ๋ณ์ฌ๋ค๋ก ์ธ์ ๋์ด ๊ฐ์ด ์ธ์ฐ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ด ๋ง์ด ๋์จ๋ค. ์์ฆ๋ง๋นํ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ ์ง๊ณ ํ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐํ์ก์ ๋ ์ ๊น ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์๋ค.
์ผ๋ ์์ปค๋ง์ด๋ฆด ๋ ์์ ์ ์์กํด์ค ์ฌ๋์ผ๋ก ์ด๋จธ๋์ธ ์ฟ ์
ธ ์์ปค๋ง์ ์ค๋น ์ด๋ค.
์งํฌ ์๊ฑฐ์ฒซ๋๋ฉด๋ถํฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ์งํฌ์๊ฒ ํ ๋ง์ด ์์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ํ๋ ๋ง์ด์์ ๋งํผ ์ ๋๊ด๊ณ์ด๋ค. ์งํฌ ์๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ์ง์น๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ์ ์น๊ตฌ์ธ ๋ฏธ์ผ ์์นด๋ฆฌ์์ค์ ์๋ฅด๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ๊ฒ ํ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํ ์ํ์ด ํฌ๋ค. 854๋
์ ์ฌ๋๋ฉด์์ ์งํฌ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์๊ฒ ์์ ์ด ๋ฐ์ง ์๋๊ณ ๋งํ๊ณ , ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์๋ ์๊ธฐ๋ ์ ์ผ ์ซ์ดํ๋ ๊ฑธ ์ฒ์ฒํ ์น๋ ์คํ์ผ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ์คฌ๋ค. ์งํฌ๋ ์๊ฐ์๋๊ตฌ ์ ํฌ ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์๊ฒ ์์ ํ ์ฐธํจ๋นํ๊ณ ๋ชธ์ด ์ฐ๋ ค๋๊ฐ๋ ์
๋ชฝ๊ณผ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ผ์ ๊ฒช์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ๋ชน์ ๋๋ ค์ํ๋ฉฐ ๋ง๋๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ซ์ดํ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ์งํฌ ์๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์์ผ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ณ๋ช
์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ธํ์ ๋ถ์ ํ๋ค. ์งํฌ ์๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฒ์์ก์ผ๋ก ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ๋๋ฃ๋ค์ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ์์ผ ๊ถ์ง๋ฅผ ํํํ๋ ค ํ์์ผ๋ ๋๋ค์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์๊ฒ ํจ๋ฐฐํด ์์ก๋๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ํ์ฌ ์งํฌ์ ์ํญ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ์์ฌ๊ฐ ์ํํ ๋ปํ์ง๋ง, ํ์ง์ ์ํด ์ด์๋ค. ์๋ฐ์ ์ตํ๊ฒฐ์ ์์ ์งํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์๋ค.
๋นํ
์ง๋์น๊ฒ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์ฒ์ฐ ๋ฐฉ์
ํฌ๋ค๊ณผ ์ ์์ง์ ์์ฐ๋ฅด๋ ๋์ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์์ง๋ง, ๋๋ก๋ ๋ถ์ ์ ํ ์ํฉ์์์กฐ์ฐจ ๋น์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํญ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ ์ฒด์ แ์ ์ ์ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์๋ฌด๋ ์ง๋ ์๊ฒ ์ ์ง๋ฅด๊ณ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์ ๋นํํ๋ ์ด๋ก๊ณ ๊ฑด๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ ์ฑํฅ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํน์ ์บ๋ฆญํฐ์ ํฌ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ํฐ๋ค์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ํ์ ์ธ ์์๋ฅผ ๋ค์๋ฉด ์์ ์ฟ ๋ฐํ ํธ์์ ๊ฐ๋งํ ์ฒด๋
ํ๊ณ ์์๋ ๋ถํ์ธ ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ ์ด์ค์๊ฒ ๋์ก์ด๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ์์ด ๋๋ผ๋ ๋ถ์ ์ ํ ๊ฐ์๋ฅผ ํ๋๋ฅธ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์๋ค.
์ ์ด์ ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ ์ด์ค์๊ฒ ๊ตณ์ด ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ฐ์ง ์์๋ ๋ ์ํฉ์ด์๋ค. ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ์ ์ธ ์ค๋์ ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ํ์ค์ ์ฐธ๋ดํ์ง๋ง ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๊ทน๋ณตํ๋ ์ฑ
์์ ๋ ์๋ ๊ฑด ๊ฐ์์ ๋ชซ์ด๋ผ๋ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ปํ๋ฉด์๋ ์ง์คํ ๊ฒฉ๋ ค๋ฅผ ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์์๊ฒ ๋์์ด ๋ ์ ์์๋๋ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ์ด์ฝ ์ ์ ๋ํ ๋์ ๋ค๋ฆ ์๋ ๋ํนํ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ํ๋๋ ๋ค. ํญ๋ ฅ์ด ํ์ ์๋ ์ํฉ์์์กฐ์ฐจ ํญ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ํด๊ฒฐํ๋ ค ๋๋ ํ๋ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ณธ์ธ์ ์ธ๊ฐ์ฑ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์ ๊ธฐ๋๊ณ ๋น๋๊ณผ ๋
ผ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ฌ๋์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ๋๋ก ์ดํดํ๊ณ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ก ์ค๋ํ๋ ค๋ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ๋ ์์ด ์์ํ๊ฒ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ด๋ถ์ฌ์ ํ์ธ์ ์ผ๊นจ์ด๋ค๋, ์๋ฐ ๊ฒํฅ๊ธฐ ์์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์์ด๋ผ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์๋ ๋ฐฉ๋๋ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง์๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ํ๋ณด์ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์ ๋
ผํ๋ ๋ฐ์ ์์ด์ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ ๋ถ์ ํ ์ ์๋ ํ์ญ์ฌ์ด๋ค. ๋คํ์ธ ๊ฑด ์์์์๋ ์ด์ฌ์ผ๋ง๊ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ๋งํ๊ณผ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ๋ํด ์ด ์ฅ๋ฉด๋งํผ ์ค๋๋ฅผ ์น์ง ์๊ณ ๋ฏธํ๋ ํ์ง ์๋๋ค๋ ์ ์ด๋ค. ํ์๋ถํฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ๋ช
๋ น์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ตฐ๋ง ์์ด ๊ณ ๋ถ๊ณ ๋ถ ๋ฐ๋๋ ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ์ ๋ถํ๋ค๊ณผ ํ๋ ๊ฒ ๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ค๋ง์ ๋ค ๊ฐ์ด ์ด๊ตฌ๋์ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น๋ํ๋ค.
์ ๊ทธ๋๋ ์ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด์ ์ด๋ณํ๊ณ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์์ ์ ์ฐธํนํจ์ผ๋ก ๋ง์๊ณ ์์ด ์ฌํ๋ ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์๊ฐ ํฌ๋ง์ ๊ฐ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฐํ๊ธฐ๋์ปค๋
์คํ๋ ค ์์ ๊ฐ์ ์๊ณ ๋๋์ฑ ์นจ์ธํด์ง๋ ์ญํจ๊ณผ๋ง ์ฌ์ด ์ฃผ์๋ค. ๋ฉ์น ์ดํ๋ก๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์๊ฒ ๋นํ ํญ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ด์ ๋ณด๋ค ๋์ฑ ๊น์ด์ง ๋ง์์ ์์ฒ๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ฌผ์ง ์์ ๋ด๋ด ๋ก๋ ๋ ์ด์ค์๊ฒ ์กฐ์ข
๋นํ๋ ์ ์ธ์๋ค. ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์๊ฐ ์ค์ค๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ค๋์๋ณด๊ณ ๊ฑด์คํ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์ฅํ ์ ์๋ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ จํด ์ค ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๊ทธ์ ๋ณธ์ง์ ๋๊ตฌ๋ณด๋ค ์ ์ดํด ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐํด ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ฒ๋ผ ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ๋ณ๋ณํ๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ด ํผ๊ณ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฉ๋ คํ๋ ์ํผ์ ์น๊ตฌ ์ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด, ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ์ผ ๋๋ณด๋ค ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์์ผ ๋๊ฐ ๋ ๋ ์์ ๋ต๊ณ ํ๋ฒํ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ๊ฟฐ๋ซ๊ณ ๊ทธ ๊นจ๋ฌ์์ ๊ธฐ๋ปํ๋ฉฐ ์ ํด ์ฃผ์๋ ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ, ์ด๋ฆด ๋๋ถํฐ ๋ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋์๋ ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์๋ฅผ ํ์ก์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ํ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ปํ๊ฒ ๋์์ฃผ์๋ ์ด๋ณต ์ธ๋ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ค ๋ ์ด์ค์๋ค. ํนํ ์ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด์ ์๋ฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์๋ฅผ ์ง์ฌ์ผ๋ก ๋ง์ฃผ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์ดํดํ๋ ค ํ๊ณ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ฉฐ ๋ค๊ฐ๊ฐ๊ธฐ์ ์๋ก๊ฐ ์๋ก์๊ฒ ๋๋ฑํ๊ณ ์์ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๋ฐ๊ณ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ์ํธ์์ฉ ์์ ์ฑ์ฅํ ์ ์์๋ค.
์์์ ๋์กํ ๋ถ๋์ ์ต๋ํ ์ถ์์ํค๊ณ ์๋ธ ํ๋กฏ๋ค์ ์ฌ๋ฐฐ์ดํ ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
3๊ธฐ Part 1์์๋ ์์ ์ด ์ฅ๋ฉด์ ์์๋ ์ผ์ด ๋์๋ค. ์์ ์ฟ ๋ฐํ ํธ์ด ์์๋๊ธฐ ์ ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ๋ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ชจ๋ ์ผ์ด ์ข
๋ฃ๋๊ณ ๋์์ผ ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์์๊ฒ ํ๋ฉด์ ์์ ์ญํ ์ ์ํํด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์ ์ธ์ ๋ณด๋๋ค. ์ด ์์ ์ ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์๋ ๋๋๊ณ ํ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ๋ ์์๊ณผ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ก๋ ๋ ์ด์ค์ ์ธ๋ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ค ๋ ์ด์ค๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๊ฒช๊ณ ์ ์ ์ ์ธ ์ฑ์ฅ์ ์ด๋ฃจ์๊ธฐ์ ์ฝ๋์ ์ฅ์ ๋ง๋ฅ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๋ณ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ ๋ฐ์ ์์ด ์๋ฝํ๋ค. ์์์์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋นํ ๋ฐ์๋ ํญ๋ ฅ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ์ฑ์ฅ์ด ๋๋ง์ณ์ ธ์ผ ํ ์์ ์ธ ๋ฉ์ธ ํ๋กฏ์ ๋งจ ๋ง์ง๋ง์ ๋ฐฐ์น์์ผฐ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์๋ฌด๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ ์์ด ๋ฌด๋ํ๊ณ ์์ฐ์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ ๊ฐ๋ก ์งํ๋ ์ ์์๋ค.
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ์ข
์ข
์ํฐ๋ค์๊ฒ ๋นํ๋ฐ๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋ค. ์ง๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋
ผ๋์ด ๋๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋ค ์ค ํ๋์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ์ค์์๋ ์๋ ์๊ฑฐ์ ํจ๊ป ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ด ๋นํ ๋ฐ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์ค๋ ฅ์ ๋ํด์ ๋นํํ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์์ผ๋ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ํด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ํด์ ๋นํํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ๋ง๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์์ ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์ํด์ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋๋ฐ ๋ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์์์์์ ์๋ ์๊ฑฐ์ ๋ํ ํญํ์ด ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ฌ์์ ํญํ์ ์๋ ์ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ ค์ค๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ํ ์ผ์ด๊ณ ์๋ ๋ ์ดํดํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์ ์ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํด์ผํ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ๋ง๋ก์จ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค๋ ํ์ ์จ์ ํด๊ฒฐํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ ์ ํธํ๊ณ ์ด๊ฒ์ ์ต์ ์ ํด๊ฒฐ์ฑ
์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์๊ฐ ์ด์ฌ์ผ๋ง ํ์ง๋ฉ๊ฐ ์
์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋ก ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ด๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ์ถ์ ์ฑ๋ถ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ด์ํ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ค. ์ผ์ด์ธ ์ผ๋๊ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋ฅด์น ์ฒ์ธ์ ๋ฑ์ด ์ ๋ถ ํญ๋ ฅ์ด์๋ ์ ๋ ์์ฉํ๋ค.
๊ทธ๊ฐ ๋ฌด์ฑ
์ํ๋ค๋ฉด์ ๋นํํ๋ ํฌ๋ค๋ ์๋ค. ์๋ฐ์๊ฒ ๋๋ ์ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๊ณ ์ ํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ผ๋ ๋ํ์์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ํ๋ง ์๊ณ ํ๋จ์ ํ์ง ์๋ ๋ฌด์ฑ
์ํ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ 2ch ๋ฑ์์ ์ด๋ฐ ํํ๋ ๋นํ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ดํ๋ก๋ ๊ทธ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ธ ์ ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ ์๊ณ , ๋ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ๊ทธ์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ์ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ ํ๋ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋๋ ๋ฐ๋ฐ๋ ์์๋ค. ์๋ ์ ํ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ฃผ์์์ ์๊ฐ์๋ถํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ณด๋ค๋ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์ ํํด์ผํ๋ค๋ ์๊ฐ์ด์๋๋ฏ ํ๋ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๊ถ์ ๋น์ฌ์์๊ฒ ๋ถ์ฌํ๋ ํธ์ด๋ฏ๋ก ๋ช
๋ น์ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ ์ฌ๋์๊ฒ๋ ๋นํ๋ฐ์ ์ ์์ง๋ง ํ๋ ธ๋ค๊ณ ๋ ํ ์ ์๋ ์ผ์ด๋ค.
์ธ๋ถ ์ค์
์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ ๋ด์ ๊ณต์ ์ง์ฑ
์ ๋ณ์ฌ์ฅ(ๅ
ตๅฃซ้ท)์ด๋ค. ๋๋ฃ๋ค๊ณผ ๋ถํ๋ค์ ํ์์ฌ์๋ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ "๋ณ์ฅ" ํน์ "๋ณ์ฅ๋"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅธ๋ค. ๊ทผ๋ฐ ์ง๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์์ด๋ก ๋ฒ์ญํ๋๋ผ ๋ฎ์ ์ง๊ธ์ธ ์๋ น์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ์ญ๋์ด์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ์๋ น์ด๋ผ๋ ์๋ชป๋ ์ธ์์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ ํผ์ก์๋ค.
๊ทธ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ํ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ด๋ก "์ ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ง, ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ค."๋ผ๋ ๋ป์ ๋ดํฌํ๋ค.
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ด์ฌ์ผ๋ง ํ์ง๋ฉ๊ฐ ๋ณธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋คํ๋ฉํฐ๋ฆฌ <์ง์์ค ์บ ํ(Jesus Camp)>์ ๋จ์์์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์์ ๋ฐ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ๋์ด๋ ๋จํ๋ณธ ์์ญ๊ถ์ ๋๋๋ค๋๋ก ํ์ฌ(2020๋
)๊น์ง ๋ฐํ์ง์ง ์๋ ๋ฏธ์ง์ ์์๊ป๋ผ์ด๋ค. ์ด์ฌ์ผ๋ง ํ์ง๋ฉ๋ ๋๋ผ์ธ ์ ๋๋ก ๋์ด๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค๋ ์ ๋งคํ ์ธ๊ธ๋ง ๋จ๊ฒผ์ง๋ง, ์ ํํ ๋ต๋ณ์ ์ฃผ์ง ์๋ ๋์ 30๋ ์ด์์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ๋ง ํ์คํ๊ฒ ๋ชป ๋ฐ์๋ค. 2016๋
2์, ์ง๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ํ
๋ง ํํฌ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ธฐ๋
ํ์ฌ์์ ๋ ๋ค์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ๋์ด์ ๊ดํ ์ง๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐ์์ ๋์๋ 30๋ ํ๋ฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋๋ตํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ์ฑ์ฐ์ธ ์ด๋
ธ์ฐ์ ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋์ ๋ง์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ด์ฌ์ผ๋ง ์ ์๋์ด ๋๋ฌด ๊ธด์ฅํ์
์ ์ค์๋ก ์๋ชป ๋ต๋ณํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํด๋ช
ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ค์ ๋ก๋ 30๋ ์ด๋ฐ (์ฝ 30 ~ 34์ธ)์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ ์ ํ๋ค. ์ด ์ ๋ณด๋ <์ง๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ: ANSWERS> ๊ฐ์ด๋๋ถ์์ ํ์คํ๊ฒ ๊ณต์ํ๋์๋ค.
์ฐจ(่ถ, Tea)๋ฅผ ๋งค์ฐ ์ข์ํ๋ค. ํธ๋ก์คํธ ๊ตฌ์์ ํ๋ํ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ค ์ํ์ ํ์ฅ(์ค๋๋ ๋ก ๋ฐ์ง๋ฉด ์ค์ธ ์๋์ ๊ธฐ์
์ด๋ ์ฌ๋ฒ ํ์ฅ ์ ๋์ด๋ค.) ๋๋ชจ ๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ค์ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฅผ ๋งบ๋๋ฐ ์์ผ๋ก ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ค ์ํ๊ฐ ํ๋งคํ๋ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด๋ค์ ๊ตฌ์
ํ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ ๋์ค ์ํ ํ๋ชฉ์ ์ฐจ๋ ์ถ๊ฐํ๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํด ๋์๋ค. ์ด์ฌ์ผ๋ง ํ์ง๋ฉ์ ๋ง์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ฐป์ง์ ์ด์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํ๋์ ๊ฟ์ด์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
๊ตฌ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ์์ด์ ์๋ผ๋ ๋ถํ์๋ ์ฌ๋ฃจ์ค ๋ณด์๋๊ฐ ํญ์ ์์ ์ ๋ชจ์ต์ ํ๋ด๋ด๋ฉฐ ์ฐ๊ธฐํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๊ณ ์์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๊ตณ์ด ๋ด์ํ์ง๋ ์์๋ค.
์๋ฅด๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง, ํ์ง ์กฐ์์ ์บ๋ฆญํฐ ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์์ํฌ ๋์๋ ๋๋ค์ด์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ ์์ผ์ ํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ์ฃผ๋์ ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ ์ฌํ ์ ๋๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก๋, ์ ์ ์ฝ๊ฒ ์ทจํ์ง ์๋๋ค.
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ์์ฒญ๋ ๊ฒฐ๋ฒฝ์ฆ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ์์ธ์ ์์์ด ๋๋ฝ๊ณ ์ธ๊ท ๋ค์ด ๋๋ฌดํ๋ ์งํ๋์์์ ์ํํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ฑ๋ณ์ ๋
ธ์ถ๋ ์ํ์ฑ์ด ๋ค๋ถํ ์ฌ์ฐฝ๊ฐ์์ ํ์ด๋ ์ผ์ด์ธ ์ผ๋๊ฐ ๊ตฌํ๋ฌ ์์ค ๋๊น์ง ๊ตถ์ฃผ๋ฆผ์ผ๋ก ์์ฌ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์ ๋์ฐํ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ณด๋๊ธฐ์ ๊น๋ํ ์์์ ๊ฐ์ถ ์ฅ์์์ ์ด๊ณ ์ถ์ดํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์์์ด ๋จผ์ง ์ก์ ๋ฐ ์์ด ์๋ฒฝํ๊ฒ ๊นจ๋ํ ์ฅ์์ ๋ํ ์ง์ฐฉ์ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค.
์๋ฉด ์๊ฐ์ ํ๊ท 2 ~ 3์๊ฐ ๋์ ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฆฐ ์์ ๋ถํฐ ์จ๊ฐ ์ด์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋, ๋งค์ถ, ๋ฌด๋ฒ, ๋ฐฐ์ ์ด ์์๋ฆฌ์ ๋ค๋๋ ์งํ๋์์์ ์ํํ๋ฉด์ ์ป์ ์ต๊ด์ธ ๋ฏํ๋ค. ์งํ๋์์ฒ๋ผ ์ง์ด ๋์ ํ์
๋ฒ, ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ค์ด ์ฐ๊ธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํญํ๋ฉด ์ด์ธ, ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด 24์๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฐ์ฌ์ธ ๋์ฐํ ๋ฌด๋ฒ์ง๋์์ ์์ฌํ๊ณ ์ ์์ ์ธ ์๋ฉด์ ์ทจํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ธ์ ์ด๋์๋ ๋ํ๋์ง ์์ ์ ์๊ฒ ์ ๋ณ์ ๋
ธ์ถ์ํฌ ์ ์๋ ๋ฉ์ฒญํ ์ง์ด๋ค. ์๋ฉด ์ต๊ด์ด ๋น์ ์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋์ง๊ธฐ๊ฒ ์ด์๋จ๊ณ 24์๊ฐ ๋ ๋๋ฐ๋ก ๋ถํค๊ณ ๊ฒฝ๊ณํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ฐจ์์ผ๋ก ์ด์ฉ ์ ์์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
์์ ๊ฐ์ด ์์ฒญ๋๊ฒ ๋น์ ์์ ์ธ ์๋ฉด ์ต๊ด๊ณผ ๋๋ถ์ด ์ง๋
ํ ๋ถ๋ฉด์ฆ๋ ์๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด์ฌ์ผ๋ง ํ์ง๋ฉ๋ ๋ง์ผ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง๋์ ๋จ ํ ๋ง๋๋ผ๋ ๋ญ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถํํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ค๋ฉด, "์ด์์ด๋ฉด ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์๋ฌ ๊ฐ."๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๊ณ ์ถ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ทจ์นจ ์ ์๋ ์ท์ ์ ๊ฐ์์
์ง ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์นจ๋๋ณด๋ค๋ ์์ ์์ ๋์์ ์ทจ์นจ์ ํ๋ค.
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ํค์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ง์ดํธ ์๋ด์ ์์คํธ๋ก ๋ณด์ด, ์ฟ ๋ก์ฌ์ ์ํค๋ผ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ํ 7์ธ์ ์ฌ๋ฌด๋ผ์ด์ ๋ฑ์ฅ์ธ๋ฌผ ์นด์ฆ์ค์์ ์ ๋ํ์๋ค. ์์น๋ฉ(Watchmen)์ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ธ ๋ก๋ฅด์คํ(Rorschach)์์ ์ ๋ํ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ๋ก๋ฅด์คํ ๋ ๋ค ํค๊ฐ 160๋์ด๊ณ ๊ณ ์ํ ๋ ์ด์ค๋ณต์ ์ฐฉ์ฉํ๊ณ ๋ค๋๋ ์ต๊ฐ๊ธ์ ์ ํฌ๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ถ ๋ํนํ๊ณ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์ฑํฅ์ ํ์ด๋ก๋ผ๋ ์ , ๋ฒ์ฃ๊ฐ ํฝ๋ฐฐํ ๋ฌด๋ฒ์ง๋์์ ๋งค์ถ๋ถ์ ์ฌ์์๋ก ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค๋ ๋ฒ์์น ์์ ์ถ์์ ๊ฐ์ก๋ค. ๋จ, ์ด๋ ์ ๋ ๋ชจํฐ๋ธ๋ง ๋ฐ์ค๊ณ ์๊ฐ์ ์ป์ ๊ฒ๋ฟ์ด์ง ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐจ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๋์๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ๋น์์์ ์ธ ์งํ๋์์์ ์ด์์จ ๊ฒฝํ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋๋ฌ์ด ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์์ค๊น์ง ๋ด๋ฑ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ง์ํ์ํ ์ ๋๋ก ๊ณ ์ํจ์ ์ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์์ฒญ๋ ๊ฒฐ๋ฒฝ์ฆ์ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ฉด ๋ก๋ฅด์คํ๋ ๋ชธ๋จ์ฅ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฑด ์ ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ฐ๋ฉฐ ์ธ์ ๋ ๋๋ฝ๊ณ ๋์กํ ๋ณต์ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋์๋ค๋๋ค.
์ด์ฌ์ผ๋ง ํ์ง๋ฉ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ์ฌ์ฑ ์ทจํฅ์ ๋ํด์ ์ง๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐ์๋ ์ ์ด ์๋ค. "์ด๋ค ํ์
์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์ข์ํ๋๊ณ ์? ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ํค๊ฐ ์๊ณ ๋ณดํต ํค ์์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค ํค๊ฐ ํฐ ์ฌ๋์ ์ ํธํ๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด ์์ผ๋๊น... ํค ํฐ ์ฌ๋์ ์ข์ํ ๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋ค๋ ์๊ฐ์ด ๋ค์ด์."๋ผ๊ณ ๋๋ตํ๋ค. ์บ๋ฆญํฐ ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ์์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ด๋ค ๋ถ๋ฅ์ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ ์ข์ํ๋๋๋ ํฌ์ ์ง๋ฌธ์ ๋ณธ์ธ์ ์ฒญ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ถฉ์กฑ์์ผ ์ฃผ๋ ์ฌ๋์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ต๋ณํ๋ค.
์ฌ์ฐฝ๊ฐ์์ ์ฑ์ ๋งค๋งคํ๋ฉด์ ์๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ด์ด๊ฐ์๋ ์ฟ ํฌ ์์ปค๋ง๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ด์๊ฐ๋๋ผ ๋ณธ์ธ์ ๋งค์ถ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ด๋์๋ ์์ ๋ฒํ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์ง์
์ฏค์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ฉด์ ์ผ์ด์ธ ์ผ๋ ์์ปค๋ง์ ๋์์ธ ์ฟ ์
ธ์ด ์ฌ์ฐฝ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋น์ ์กํ ๋น์ฐธํ ์ถ์ ์ด๋ค ์ฃฝ์ ๊ฒ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ฟ ํฌ์๊ฒ ์์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณ์ง ์๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ๋งน์ธํ๊ธฐ๊น์ง ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ทธ ๋งน์ธ๋ฅผ ์งํค๋ฏ ๋ ๋ฒ ๋ค์ ์ฌ์ฐฝ๊ฐ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ์ง๋ ์์๋ค. ๋งค์ถ๋ถ์๋ ์ฟ ์
ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ํผํด์๋ฅผ ์ค๋น ์ธ ์์ ์ด ๋ง๋ค์ด์๋ ์ ๋๋ค๋ ์๊ฐ๋ ํ ๋ชซํ์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ์น์๋ฒ์ง๋ ์งํ๋์ ์ฌ์ฐฝ๊ฐ์์ '์ฌ๋ญํผ์'๋ผ๋ ๋งค์ถ๋ถ๋ก ํ๋ํ์๋ ์ฟ ์
ธ ์์ปค๋ง์ด ์ฌ๋ก๋น๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ณ ๋ฐ์์ค ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ด์๋ ๊ฒ๋ง ๋นผ๊ณ ๋ ๋ฐํ์ง ๊ฒ์ด ์๋ค. ์ด์ฌ์ผ๋ง ํ์ง๋ฉ๋ ์์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ์๋ฒ์ง์ ๋ํ ์ธ์ ์ ์๋ก ์ธ ๊ณํ์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 'ํค ์์ ๋จ์'์ผ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ง ์ ๋ฆฌํ๋ค. ์ ์ด์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ๋ณธ์ธ์ ์์ ์ ์น์๋ฒ์ง๊ฐ ๋๊ตฐ์ง๋ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๋์ง ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฟ ์
ธ๋ ์์ ์ ๋ฉ๋๋ก ์์ ์ํจ ๋จ์ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ณด๋ค๋ ํ๋๋ฟ์ธ ํ์ก์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์๊ฒ ๋ชจ๋ ์ ์ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋์ฐํ ๊ฐ๋ ์์์๋ ๋งํ๊ธฐ์ ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅด์น๋ ๋ฑ ํ ์ ์๋ ์ต์ ์ ๊ต์ก์ ํ๋ค. ์น์๋ฒ์ง ๋๋ ์ฟ ํฌ์ ๋จ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ๋ ์ฃผ๊ณ ์ฑ์ ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋งค์ถ๋ถ์ธ ์ฟ ํฌ๊ณผ ์ ๊น ํ๋ฒ๋ง ์พ๋ฝ์ฑ ์ฑ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋งบ์์ ๋ฟ์ธ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ด์์ผ๋ก ์ฟ ํฌ์๊ฒ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ด์ ๋ ์๋ค. ๋
์๋ค์ด ์๋ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋ ํฌ๊ฒ ์ค์ํ ๊ฒ๋ ์๋๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ์ง์งํ๊ฒ '์๋ฒ์ง'๋ก ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ ํ์ ์๋ฒ์ง์ธ์ง ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ธ์๋ ์๋๋ ๋ค๋ฆ ์๋๋ผ ๋๊ตฌ๋ณด๋ค ์ฌ๋ํ๋ ์น์ด๋จธ๋ ์ฟ ์
์ ํ๋๋ฟ์ธ ํ์ก, ์ค๋น ์ด์ ๊ธฐ์์ ๋ณ์ผ๋ก ์ฃฝ์ ์ฟ ์
ธ์ ์์ง๋ฅผ ์ด์ด ์์ ์ ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ํ๋ จ์ํค๊ณ ์ก์๊น์ง ๋๋งก์ ์ฌ์ค์ '์๋ฒ์ง'์ ์ญํ ์ ์ดํํ ์ผ์ด ์ผ๋ ์์ปค๋ง์ด์๋ค.
ํ์กํ์ Aํ์ด๋ค.
์ด๋ฐ์๋ ๋ฏธ์ฉ์ค์ ๊ฐ์ง ์์๋ ํผ์์ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฌ๊ณ ๊น์ ์ ์๋ค. ์ฃผ๋ก ํด๋ฆฌํผ๋ก ์ด์ฉํด์ ์์ ๋ง์ ๋
์์ ์ธ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์คํ์ผ์ ๊ณ ์ํ๋ ๋ฏํ๋ค.
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์๋ฐ์ด ์ฒญ์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋์ ๋์ฒญ์๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ฉด ์๋ ์ด ๋๋ฌ์์ง ๋ฐฉ์ฒญ์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ํด ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ ๋งค๋ฒ ๊ธฐ๋ํ๋ ๋ฏํ์ง๋ง ์๋ฐ์ ์ ๊ทธ๋๋ ๋ฌด์์ํ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ๋น์๋ฅผ ๋ง์ถ์ด ์ฃผ๋๋ผ๊ณ ํ์์์๋ ์ ์ํ๋ ์ฒญ์๋ฅผ ์ธ ๋ฐฐ๋ ์ฌ๋ ค ์ด์ฌํ ํ ๊ฒ์ธ์ง๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋ ์ด์์ผ๋ก ๊ณ ์ญ์ ์น๋ฅธ๋ค.
๊ธฐํ
์ฃผ์ ๊ฐ
๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ๊ณต์์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์ ๊ฐ(Theme)๋ ์์ผ๋ ์ฌ์ค์์ ์ฃผ์ ๊ฐ๋ ๋ช๊ณก์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ค.
(์ ํญํ๋ ์์
๋ค) - ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ์ฃผ์ ๊ฐ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ด ์ธ๊ธ๋๋ ๋
ธ๋์ด๋ค. ์นด๋ฏธ์ผ ํ๋ก์๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์ง์ ๋ถ๋ฅธ <๋ฌ์ ๋ท๋ฉด>๊ณผ ๋ฉ๋ก๋๊ฐ ๋์ผํ๋ค.
(์์ ์ ๋ ๊ฐ / 1๊ธฐ 2์ฟจ ์คํ๋) - 1๊ธฐ 1์ฟจ ์คํ๋์ด ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ, 3๊ธฐ 2์ฟจ ์คํ๋์ด ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ ์๋ฅผ๋ ๋ฅดํธ์ ์ฃผ์ ๊ฐ๋ผ๋ฉด 1๊ธฐ 2์ฟจ์ ์คํ๋์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ์ฃผ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ฐํ๋ค. ํน์ดํ๊ฒ๋ ๊ฐ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ๋
์ผ์ด๋ก ์ด๋ค์ ธ์๋ค.
(๋ฐ๊ฒฉํ๋ ์ธ๋ฅ) - ๋ฉ๋ก๋๋ Eren the Cordinate์ ๋์ผํ๋ฉฐ, ํ๋ฐ๋ถ ๋ฉ๋ก๋๋ <The reluctant heroes>์ ๋์ผํ๋ค. ์ง๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ฒ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ OST์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ ๋ช
ํ๋ค.
K2 - K๋ Ackermann์ K์์ ๋ฐ์จ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. 3๊ธฐ 1์ฟจ ์ ํํธ์์ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ฉฐ, ํนํ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ๊ณผ ์ค์ํ๋ณ๋จ์ ์ ํฌ ์ฌ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์ด ์๋นํ ํธํ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์ผ์ด์ด์ ๋์ ๊ด๊ณ์ ์๋ ์ผ๋ ์์ปค๋ง์ ํ
๋ง๊ณก์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
ThanksAT - ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ์๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ ๋์ค๋ ๊ณก์ผ๋ก, ๋ณดํต Levi's choice๋ Armin's theme ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ ์๋ ค์ ธ์๋ค. ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ์ด๋ํ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๊ณ์นํ ๋๋ ๋์ค๋ ๊ณก์ด๋ฏ๋ก ๋์์ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ ์๋ฅผ๋ ๋ฅดํธ์ ํ
๋ง๊ณก์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ ๋
ธ๋์ด๋ค.
์ด ๊ณก ์ธ์๋ ๋ค์ํ ๊ณก๋ค์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ ํ
๋ง๋ก ์ฐ์ธ๋ค.
์ธ๊ธฐ
์
์ฒด์ ์ด๊ณ ๋ค์ํ๊ฒ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ํ์ฑํ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง ๋๋ถ์ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ธ ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ, ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ ์์ปค๋ง, ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ ์๋ฅผ๋ ๋ฅดํธ๋ง์ ๋ฅ๊ฐํ๋ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ ์ต๊ณ ์ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์บ๋ฆญํฐ์ด๋ค. ๋ช
์ค์๋ถํ๊ฒ ์ 1, ์ 2 ์ธ๊ธฐํฌํ์์ ์ฐ์์ผ๋ก 1์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค. ์ 3 ์ธ๊ธฐํฌํ์์๋ ์๊ด์ด์ ์ฃผ๊ตฐ์ธ ์๋ฅด๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค์๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ ค์ 2์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ์ง๋ง ๊ทธ์ ๋ค์ง์ง ์๋ ์๋์ ์ธ ๋ช
์ฑ๊ณผ ํฌ๋ค, ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ฅผ ๋ํํ๋ ๋
๋ณด์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ, ์๋ฅด๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค, ํ์ง ์กฐ์์ ํจ๊ป ์ง๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ํธ๋๊ฐ ๋์ ์บ๋ฆญํฐ์ด๋ค. 1,2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ธฐํฌํ๋๋ 1์๋ฅผ ํ์๊ณ ์จ๋ผ์ธ, 3์ฐจ ์ธ๊ธฐํฌํ๋๋ 3์๊ถ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฒ์ด๋์ง ์์๋ค. ์ง๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๋ฑ์ฅ์ธ๋ฌผ๋ค ์ค์์ ์ธ๊ธฐํฌํ ์์ TOP 3์ ๋์น ์ ์ด ์๋ ์ ์ผํ ์บ๋ฆญํฐ์ด๋ค. ๋๋ฌธ์ ํฌ๋ค์์๋ ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ข์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๋จ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. 3์ฐจ ํฌํ ๋์๋ ๊ต์ฅํ ํฐ ํ ์ฐจ์ด๋ก ์๋ฅด๋น ์ค๋ฏธ์ค์๊ฒ ํจํ์๋๋ฐ ์ด๋ ์๊ฐ์๋๊ตฌ ์ ํฌ์์ ์๋ฅด๋น์ ์ฐ์ค์ ์ํฅ์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ฌ์ง๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ ๊ต์ฅํ ๋์์ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ง๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๋ฉ์ธ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ ์์ ์ ๋์ด๋ค. 1์ฐจ ํฌํ ๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์์ธ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ง์ ๊ฑฐ์น๋ฐ ์ค๋ ฅ์ด ์ข๊ณ ๋ ๋ถํ๋ฅผ ์๋ผ๋ ๋ฉด๋ชจ๊ฐ ๊ผฝํ๋ค. ํํธ, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ํน์ ์ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๊ทน์ฑ ํฌ๋ค์ ๊ทธ์ ๋ํ ๋นํ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ด์ด์ง๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
๊ฐ๊ณต์ ๊ตฐ์ธ
์ง๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๋ฑ์ฅ์ธ๋ฌผ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi%20Ackerman | Levi Ackerman | is a fictional character from Hajime Isayama's manga series Attack on Titan. Levi is a soldier working for the , also known as , a squad of four elite soldiers with impressive combat records hand-picked by him. The squad takes the protagonist Eren Yeager under their wing as both his bodyguards and potential executors if he goes berserk. Though Levi is a supporting character, his backstory is explored when dealing with his former mentor Kenny during the main series as well as in the spin-off manga Attack on Titan: No Regrets.
Levi was based on Watchmen character Rorschach, among other influences. In the anime adaptation of the series, Levi is voiced by Hiroshi Kamiya in Japanese and Matthew Mercer in English. His portrayal in No Regrets did not display major differences in characterization despite acting as his backstory.
Critical response to Levi's character was generally positive for his supporting role with the main cast and most notably, his relationship with Kenny. Levi's popularity led him to win several awards and polls. His role in the prequel No Regrets also attracted generally positive reception for expanding his backstory.
Creation
Levi was modeled by manga author Hajime Isayama after the Watchmen character Rorschach and is named after a child Isayama noticed in the documentary Jesus Camp. Isayama has noted that he gave Levi a similar stature to Rorschach and gave him an obsession with cleanliness to contrast him with Rorschach's uncleanliness. Isayama stated that Mikasa, Levi, and Kenny are all part of the same Ackerman bloodline. However, their reasons for protecting their respective counterparts do not have anything to do with the bloodline itselfโ"it is just their nature." Before Hikaru Suruga began the manga Attack on Titan: No Regrets, her editor-in-chief suggested that she visit the Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel so she could better visualize the Underground where Levi and the others live at the beginning of the story. While drawing Levi, Suruga attempted to make him appear younger than he does in Attack on Titan. She noted that his lack of emotiveness made it difficult to choose which expressions to give him while drawing.
Casting
Levi is voiced by Hiroshi Kamiya and by Matthew Mercer in the English dub. Kamiya describes his character as "stoic and cool", a germaphobe and "humanityโs strongest soldier", making his character popular even before anime's debut. When he was given Levi's role, the actor expressed pressure. Despite the character's popularity, nobody in the staff knew about his backstory making him hard to approach. After consulting Director Tetsuro Araki and composer Masafumi Mima, Kamiya learnt that Levi was not as superhuman as he imagined him to be; As a result, Kamiya studied the action scenes and expression Levi makes in the series in order to properly display his emotions. By the anime's third season, Kamiya liked the fact that Levi's mentor Kenny was introduced in the narrative as the connection these two share made Levi easier to understand more. Kamiya befriended Kenny's actor Yamaji Kazuhiro in order to explain their misrelationship as they are meant to fight. As a result, Kamiya believes that Levi became a more popular character thanks to the story of the third season.
Matthew Mercer was a fan of Attack on Titan before the being cast for doing the English dub of the series. He came to regard Levi as his favorite character, especially due to his moral ambiguity; According to Mercer, while Levi is known as the strongest fighter in mankind's fight against the Titans, he is often forced to take dark decisions in order to survive. Mercer stated it was "an absolute joy to perform this extremely complicated, dark, intense, and still kind of heroic character".
Appearances
In Attack on Titan
Levi is known as humanity's most powerful soldier and head of an elite squad in the Survey Corps. Hange remarks that he is a bit of a "clean freak". Captain Kenny Ackerman later notes that the capture of Eren and Historia has to do with Levi, whom he refers to as "Levi Ackerman". Kenny is later revealed to be Levi's maternal uncle, who raised him after his mother Kuchel's death. Later, Levi is injured by an explosion engineered by Zeke Yeager (brother of Eren Jaeger). He was in a near-death state until Hange Zoe found him and escaped with his body later to make an alliance with Commander Theo Magath and Pieck Finger in order to take down Eren Jaeger. Eventually, Levi recovers and joins the others in battle, managing to kill Zeke, fulfilling his promise to Erwin in killing the Beast Titan.
In Attack on Titan: No Regrets
Levi was part of a band of thieves alongside his partner Furlan Church, who would use maneuver gear to commit various heists to help each other out. One day, they meet a girl named Isabel Magnolia, who was chased after by guards for trying to get an injured bird back to the surface, and decide to take her in as one of their group. After a while has passed, a mysterious man from the surface uses a hostage to ensure Levi, Furlan, and Isabel take on a job that would be rewarded with citizenship on the surface. When the three take on the job, they outrun the military police but are arrested by the Survey Corps, led by Erwin, who offers to clear Levi and the others of their crimes in exchange for joining the Survey Corps.
Levi, Furlan, and Isabel begin their lives in the Survey Corps under the watch of Flagen, who is less than pleased about being joined by criminals, all while recalling the mysterious man's request to kill Erwin and steal one of his documents. Unable to find the document in Erwin's office, the group come up with a plan to ambush Erwin during an expedition, which Levi initially plans to do by himself but is inevitably convinced by Furlan and Isabel to let them come with him. On the day of the expedition, the Survey Corps encounter a group of Titans, which Levi's group manage to help eliminate only to be scolded by Erwin for wasting gas. Later, Levi decides to make use of a heavy rainfall to get close to Erwin, but when he returns, he discovers Titans had ambushed and killed the rest of his squad, including Furlan and Isabel. This causes Levi to unleash erratic emotions on the last titan remaining. After learning that Erwin was carrying a fake document the entire time and his mission was meaningless, Levi, taught not to have regrets, decides to continue following Erwin as a Survey Corps member.
Other appearances
Jin Haganeya's visual novel Burning Bright in the Forests of the Night has Eren and Levi as the leading characters. He also appears in the mobile game Granblue Fantasy. He also features as an in-game outfit in the Battle Royale game, Fortnite. Levi's costume also showed up as limited time purchasable skins for Jake Park in Dead by Daylight and Daniel Yatsu in Call of Duty: Vanguard.
Reception
Popularity
In the 3rd Newtype Anime Awards, Levi was voted fifth best male character and Hiroshi Kamiya took 2nd place in best voice actor. In the Animedia Character Awards he was third in Most Valuable Player. In the 36th Anime Grand Prix he was Best Male Character In the 3rd BTVA Anime Dub Awards Matthew Mercer was nominated for Levi. In the 7th Newtype Anime Awards he was fifth in Best Male Character.
In the 4th Crunchyroll Anime Awards, his fight against the Beast Titan was nominated. Multiple types of merchandising have been developed with the fandom enjoying the facial expressions given to his figurines.
Critical response
During a review of the first season, Complex.com saw Levi as "hope" within the Attack on Titan anime as he easily kills Titans on his own after seeing an episode where the protagonist Eren is eaten by them in horror. Complex called Levi to Daryl Dixon. However, when Eren is revealed to be a Titan who easily beats up other enemy Titans, he found that Levi's spotlight was overshadowed by Eren's screentime. Levi's encounter with Kenny was also the subject of praise for the fight choreography and expanding more on Levi's backstory. Anime News Network also praised Mercer's voice acting for making Levi's character appeal to the audience. The tragic nature of Levi and Kenny's relationship was praised for how it was handled as well as the end of their fights in the series' third season. Following the ending of season 3, Den of Geek looked forward to Levi's actions in the final story arc as whether or not he can kill Eren as a result of change of the status quo. Comic Book Resources enjoyed Levi's fight scenes, dedicating an article to his ten best battles in the series with his battle against Zeke taking top place.
Reviewing the first volume of No Regrets for The Fandom Post, Kate OโNeil noted Levi's status as a fan-favorite character, she wrote: "I often wonder at how much of the backstory in these spinoffs was the result of the original author's notes or the spinoff writer responding to the desires of the fanbase." while also addressing the story he shares with Erwin. Anime News Network found the OVA adaptation worth watching if the viewers are fans of Levi. While revisiting the episodes, the website noted that Levi's backstory and his relationship with other characters help in establishing his characterization from the main series. While noting that Levi shared little changes between the OVAs and the main series, UK Anime Network felt the spin-off is interesting at developing his relationship with Erwin and the motivation of living in a better style after being hidden underground. He still noted that Levi was one of the best protagonists in the entire franchise, surpassing Eren, Mikasa and Armin. On the other hand, another writer found Levi's backstory confusing as he found no need to see his OVAs to understand more of the series' lore or character relationships.
References
Specific
Primary sources
Attack on Titan manga volumes by Hajime Isayama. Original Japanese version published by Kodansha. English version by Kodansha USA.
External links
Attack on Titan
Comics characters introduced in 2010
Fictional acrobats
Fictional child soldiers
Fictional monster hunters
Fictional characters missing an eye
Fictional swordfighters in anime and manga
Male characters in anime and manga |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0%EC%85%94%20%EC%97%B0%EB%8C%80 | ๊ธ๋ก์คํฐ์
์ฐ๋ | ๊ธ๋ก์คํฐ์
์ฐ๋()๋ 1881๋
๋ถํฐ 1994๋
๊น์ง ํ๋ํ ์๊ตญ ์ก๊ตฐ์ ๋ณด๋ณ์ฐ๋๋ก, ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ธ๋ก์คํฐ์ค(Glosters)๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฐ๋ค.
์ 1์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์ ๊ณผ ์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์ , ํ๊ตญ ์ ์ ๋ฑ์ ์ฐธ์ ํ์๋ค.
ํนํ ์์ง๊ฐ ์ ํฌ์์ 1๋๋๊ฐ ์๋์ ์ธ ์ญ๊ฒฝ ์์์ 3๋ฐ 4์ผ ๋์ ๋ฒํ
จ๋ด์ด, ํ๊ตญ ์ ์ ๋น์ ์์ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ 29๋ณด๋ณ์ฌ๋จ ์์์ผ๋ก์ ๋ช
์ฑ์ ์ป์๋ค. ๋น์ ์ฃผํ ์ ์๊ตฐ ์ฌ๋ น๊ด์ด "ํ๋ ์ ์์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ๋ถ๋ ์ฉ๊ฐ์ฑ์ ๋ณธ๋ณด๊ธฐ"๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฌ์ฌํ ์ด ๋๋๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ์๊ตฐ์ด ํฌ์๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ง์๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ณต๋ก๋ก ๋ํต๋ น ๋ถ๋ ํ์ฐฝ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ๊ทธ๋ค์ "์๊ด์ค๋ฌ์ด ๊ธ๋ก์คํฐ(The Glorious Glosters)"๋ผ๋ ๋ณ๋ช
์ ์ป๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
๋ํ ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ถ๋์์ด ๋น
ํ ๋ฆฌ์ ์ญ์ ํ์ฅ(VC)์ ์์ฌ ๋ฐ์๋ค. 20์ธ๊ธฐ ํ๋ฐ์ ์ฐ๋๋ ๋จ์ผ ์ ๊ท ๋๋๋ก ์ถ์๋์ด ๋
์ผ, ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด, ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธํด, ์ค๋ฏธ, ์ค๋ ๋ฐ ๋ถ์์ผ๋๋๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ์ ์ธ๊ณ ์๋ฐฉ์ ์๋ฃํ๋ค. 1994๋
์ฐฝ์ค 300์ฃผ๋
์ ๊ธฐ๋
ํ ์งํ, ๊ทธ ์ด๋ค ์ฐ๋๋ณด๋ค ๋ ๋ง์ ์ ํฌ ๋ช
์๋ฅผ ์ง๋ ์ฐ๋๋ ์๋ ๋ฒ๋ฌ ๊ณต์์ ์๋ฆฝ ์ฐ๋์ ๋ณํฉ๋์ด ์๋ฆฝ ๊ธ๋ก์คํฐ์
, ๋ฒํฌ์
, ์ํธ์
์ฐ๋๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๋ค. ์๋ก์ด ์ฐ๋๋ ๋ฐฑ๋ฐฐ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ์๊ณ , 2007๋
์ ๋ณํฉ๋์์ ๋ ๊ทธ ์ ํต์ ํ๊ณ์์ธ The Rifles์๊ฒ ๋๊ฒผ๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ
๊ธ๋ก์คํฐ์
์ฐ๋๋ 1694๋
์ ์ฐฝ์ค๋ ๊น์จ(Gibson) ๋๋ น์ ๋ณด๋ณ ์ฐ๋์ ๊ธฐ์์ ๋๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ดํ 28์ฐ๋(North Gloucestershire)๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. 28์ฐ๋์ 61(South Gloucestershire) ๋ณด๋ณ ์ฐ๋์ ํฉ๋ณ์ผ๋ก ๊ธ๋ก์คํฐ์
์ฐ๋๊ฐ ํ์ฑ๋์๋ค. ์๋ ์ฐ๋๋ฆฌ์ ํด์ ์์ 2์ด๋ก ์ฐ์ด์ด ์ธ์ด 28์ฐ๋์์ ์ ๋ํ ์ ํต์ธ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์ฅ์์ ๋ท๋ฉด๊ณผ ์๋ฉด์ ํ์ฅ์ ๋ฌ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์๊ตญ๊ตฐ ๊ณ ์ ์ ํน์ง์ ๊ณ์นํ๋ค. ๊ธ๋ก์คํฐ์
์ฐ๋๋ 2๊ฐ์ ์ ๊ท ๋๋, 2๊ฐ์ ๋ฏผ๋ณ๋ ๋ฐ 2๊ฐ์ ์์ ๋๋๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ 2์ฐจ ๋ณด์ด ์ ์์ ์ฒซ ์ถ์ ํ์๋ค .
์ 1์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์ ์ด์ ์ ์ฐ๋์ 4๊ฐ ๋ณด์กฐ๋๋๋ 3๊ฐ์ ์ํ ๊ตฐ ๋๋์ 1๊ฐ์ ํน์์๋น ๋๋๋ก ์ ํ๋์๊ณ , ์ ์ ์ค์ ์ฐ๋ ์ฐฝ์ค์ 18๊ฐ ๋๋๊ฐ ์ถ๊ฐ๋์๋ค. ์ฐ๋์ 16๊ฐ ๋๋๋ ํ๋์ค์ ํ๋๋๋ฅด, ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์, ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํด๋ฆฌ, ์ด์งํธ, ๋ฉ์ํฌํ๋ฏธ์, ํ๋ฅด์์, ์ด๋ก๋์นด์์ ํ์ฝํ์ฌ ์ด 8,100๋ช
์ ๋ณ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์๊ณ 72๊ฐ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ํฌ ์์(Battle Honour)๋ฅผ ์ป์๋ค. 4๊ฐ์ ๋น
ํ ๋ฆฌ์ ํ์ฅ์ด ์ฐ๋์ ๋ณต๋ฌดํ ๊ตฐ์ธ์๊ฒ ์์ฌ๋์๋ค. ์ ์ ๋๋๋ ์ ์์ด ๋๋๊ณ ์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์ ์ง์ ์ ํด์ฐ๋์๋ค. ์ํ ๋๋ ์ค 2๊ฐ๋ ์ฉ๋๊ฐ ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋์๊ณ ์ฐ๋์ ์ด๋ค ์ ํด๋ ์ค๋จ๋์๋ค. ์ ์ ์ง์ ์ ๋๋จธ์ง ์ํ ๋๋๋ ํฉ๋ณ๋์๊ณ , ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ฐ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป 5๊ฐ ๋๋๊ฐ ์ถ๊ฐ๋ก ๋์์ง๋ง, ์ด๋ค ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ ์์ด ์งํ๋๋ฉด์ ํด์ฐ๋๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฉ๋๊ฐ ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋์๋ค. 4๊ฐ ๋๋๋ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ์ฐ๋์์ ํ์ฝํ์๋ค. ์ 2๋๋์ ์ 5๋๋๋ ๋ชจ๋ ํ๋์ค ๊ณต๋ฐฉ์ ์์ ์ธ์ ๊ณ , ๋ญ์ผ๋ฅดํฌ ์ ํฌ์์ ๊ฑฐ์ ์์ ํ ์์ค๋ ํ, ์ฌํธ์ฑ๋ ์ 2๋๋๋ D-Day์ ๊ณจ๋ ํด๋ณ์ ์๋ฅํ์ฌ ์ฐํฉ๊ตฐ์ ํธ์์ ์ธ์ ๋ค. ์ 1๋๋๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ๋ฒ๋ง๋ฅผ ์ ๋ณตํ๋ ๋์ ๋๊ตฐ์์ ํด๊ฐํ๋ ๋ฐ ๊ด์ฌํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ 10๋๋๋ ๋ฒ๋ง ์ ์ญ 1944๋
~1945๋
๋์ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ์ ํจ๋ฐฐ์ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ด์ฌํ์๋ค.
์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์ ์ดํ ์ ๋์ ๋ด๋๋๋ ํด์ฐ๋๊ณ ์ 1๋๋์ ์ 2๋๋๋ ํตํฉ๋์ด ์ฐ๋๋ ์ ๊ท 1๊ฐ ๋๋์ ์ํ ๊ตฐ 1๊ฐ ๋๋๋ก ๋จ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
6.25 ์ ์
1949๋
์๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ๋์์จ ํ, ์ ์์ค ์นธ ์ค๋ น์ด ์งํํ๋ ์ 1๋๋๋ ์ 29๋
๋ฆฝ๋ณด๋ณ์ฌ๋จ์ ๋ฐฐ์๋์๊ณ , ํ๊ตญ ์ ์์ด ๋ฐ๋ฐํ 1950๋
11์ 3์ผ , ํ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ๋จ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ํ์ฝํ์๋ค. 12์ ์ด, ์ 29์ฌ๋จ์ ์ ์(UN)์ด ์ฒญ์ฒ๊ฐ ์ ํฌ์์ ํจ๋ฐฐํ ํ ์ดํํดํ๋ ๋์ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋งก์๋ค. ย 2์ 16์ผ, ์ ์๊ตฐ์ด ๋ฐ๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฐ์ํ ํ, Glosters - 45 ์ผ์ ์ฐ๋์ 25ํ์ด๋ ํฌ์ ์ง์์ ๋ฐ์ ํ๊ฐ ๋จ์ชฝ์ ์๋ 327๊ณ ์ง๋ฅผ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ์ฌ 10๋ช
์ด ์ฌ๋งํ๊ณ 29๋ช
์ด ๋ถ์๋นํ๋ค.
์ค๋ง๋ฆฌ ์ ํฌ
4์ ์ด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ 3๋ณด๋ณ์ฌ๋จ์ ์งํํ์ RA 45์ผ์ ์ฐ๋์ ์ง์์ ๋ฐ์ ์ 29๋ณด๋ณ์ฌ๋จ์ ์์ง๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์บ์์ค ๋ผ์ธ์์ 9๋ง์ผ(14km) ๋จ์ด์ง ์ ์ ์ ํฉ์ด์ง ์ง์ง๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค. 1๋๋ ์ ํฌ๊ตฌ์ฑ์ 657๋ช
์ 170๋ช
์ ์ค๋ฐ๊ฒฉํฌ๋(RA)์ ์ง์์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์์ ์ฝ 2,000์ผ๋(1,800m) ๋จ์ด์ง ์์น์์ ์ฌ๋จ์ ์ผ์ชฝ ์ธก๋ฉด์ ๊ฐ๋๊ฒ ๋ฐฐ์น๋์ด ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ์ฌ์ธ์ ์งํค๊ณ ์์๋ค. A์ค๋๋ ์ฌ์ธ์ด ๋ด๋ ค๋ค๋ณด์ด๋ Castle Hill(148๋ฒ ์ธ๋)์, D์ค๋๋ ๋จ๋์ชฝ์ผ๋ก 1,500์ผ๋(1,400m) ๋จ์ด์ง 182๋ฒ ๊ณ ์ง์, B์ค๋๋ D์ค๋์ ๋์ชฝ 144๋ฒ ๊ณ ์ง์ ์์๋ค. C์ค๋๋ ์๋ง๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ ๋๋๋ณธ๋ถ(HQ)์ ์ง์์ค๋๊ฐ ๋ด๋ ค๋ค๋ณด์ด๋ 314๊ณ ์ง ๊ทผ์ฒ ์๋น๊ตฐ์ ์์๋ค. ๋๋์ 2์ธ์์ธ Digby Grist ์๋ น์ ์์ธ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ 5Y ๋ฃจํธ์์ ํ๋ฐฉ ์ฌ๋ น๋ถ("F ์ ๋")์ ํจ๊ป ์ฝ 8ํฌ๋ก๋ฏธํฐ(5๋ง์ผ) ๋ค์ ์์๋ค. ํ๊ตญ ์ 1 ๋ณด๋ณ ์ฌ๋จ์ 12์ฐ๋ ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ๊ณผ ์ผ์ชฝ์ 1๋๋์ ๋
ธ์ฌ๋ฒ๋๋ 1๋๋ ์ฌ์ด์ 2๋ง์ผ(3km)์ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ด ์์๋ค.1๋ง์ผ(2ํฌ๋ก๋ฏธํฐ) ๋จ์ด์ ธ ์์๋ค.
4์ 22์ผ ๋ฐค์ด ๋์ ์ค๊ตญ๊ตฐ์ ๋ฏธ 3์ฌ๋จ, 29์ฌ๋จ, ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ 1์ฌ๋จ์ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ถ๊ณ ๊ณต์ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค. ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋ฉด ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ 24 ๋ฐ 25 ์ฌ๋จ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ๊ณ ์์ธ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ ๊ธธ์ ์ด์ด๋ ์ ์์๋ค. 29์ฌ๋จ์ 4๊ฐ ๋๋์ ๋ง์ ์ค๊ตญ๊ตฐ์ 187, 188, 189์ฌ๋จ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ 63๊ตฐ์ ์ง๊ฒฐ์์ผฐ๋ค. 27๊ฐ ๋ณด๋ณ ๋๋์ ์ฝ 27,000๋ช
์ ๋ณ๋ ฅ์ด ์์๋ค.
์ฒซ๋ ๋ฐค - A์ค๋์ D์ค๋์ F์ ๋์ ๋ํ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ
22:00, ๊ฐ๋์ ์์นํ C์ค๋์ 17๋ช
์์ฐฐ๋๊ฐ ์ 45์ผ์ ์ฐ๋์ ๋ํฌ ์ง์์ ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ์ธ์ ๊ฑด๋๋ ค๋ ์ค๊ณต๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ธ ์ฐจ๋ก ๊ต์ ์ ๋ฒ์๋ค. ํ์ฝ์ด ๋ฐ๋ฅ๋๊ธฐ ์์ํ ์์ฐฐ๋๋ ์์ค ์์ด ์ฒ ์ํ๊ณ , ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ๋ ๋ถ๋๋ ๋ง์นจ๋ด ๋ฐ๋ํธ ์ํ์ ์ ๋ นํ๋ค. ย ๋ฐค ๋์ Glosters์ ์ ๋ฐฉ ์ค๋๊ฐ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ๋ฐ์๊ณ 07:30์ 6:1๋ก ์ด์ธ์ธ A ์ค๋๊ฐ ์บ์ฌ ํ์์ ์ซ๊ฒจ๋ฌ๋ค. ํํ ์๋๋ ์คํจํ๊ณ , ์ค๋๋ ๋ณ๋ ฅ์ด ์ ๋ฐ๋ ๋์ง ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋ ์ฅ๊ต๊ฐ ์ฌ๋งํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ถ์๋นํ ์ํ๋ก 235๊ณ ์ง๋ก ํํดํ๋ค. ์ฒ ์ ๊ณผ์ ์์ D์ค๋์ ์์น๋ฅผ ๋
ธ์ถ์์ผฐ๊ณ ํ๋ฃป๋ฐค ์ฌ์ด์ ์๋ ์ค ํ๋๊ฐ ์ฌํ๊ฒ ํผ์๋์๋ค. ์ธ์ฐ๋ค, ๊ทธ๊ฒ๋ ์ธ๋์ผ๋ก ๋ฌผ๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ค. B์ค๋๋ ๋ฐค์ ์๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ง ์์์ง๋ง ์ผ์ชฝ D์ค๋์ ์ฒ ์์ ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์ผ์ชฝ Fusiliers์ ์ฒ ์๋ก ์ค๋๊ฐ ๋๋ฌ๋ฌ๊ณ , C์ค๋์์ ๋์ชฝ์ผ๋ก 800์ผ๋(730m) ๋จ์ด์ง 314๊ณ ์ง๋ก ํํดํ๋ค. ์คํ์, Grit ์๋ น์ ์ ํฌ๊ฐ ํ์ฐฝ์ธ ๋์ ๋๋ ๋ณธ๋ถ์ ํจ๊ป ์์๊ณ , ๋ณด๊ธํ์ ๋ง๋ จํ ํ F ์ ๋ ์ง์ง์ ๋ํ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์์์ด ์ ํด์ก๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒฝ๋ก 5Y๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ๊ณ ๋งค๋ณต์ ํต๊ณผํ์ฌ ์ค๊ตญ๊ตฐ ๊ฒฝ๋น ์๋ ๋๋ก์ ์ค์ง์ด ์๋ ํ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์ F ์ ๋๋ฅผ ์ง๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฌ๋จ ๋ณธ๋ถ์ ๋๋ฌํ๋ค. F ์ ๋ ์์น์ ์์ค์ ๋๋๊ฐ ์ด์ ์ฐจ๋จ๋์์์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋ฐค - 314๊ณ ์ง ๊ณต๊ฒฉ
4์ 23์ผ 23:00์ ์ค๊ตญ๊ตฐ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ์ฌ 314๊ณ ์ง ์ฃผ๋ณ์ Glosters B ๋ฐ C ์ค๋์ 189์ฌ๋จ์ด ๊ต์ ์ ์์ํ๋ค. ๋ฐค์๋๋ก Edgar Harding ์๋ น์ด ์ด๋๋ B ์ค๋์ ๋ณ์ฌ๋ค์ ์ค๊ตญ๊ตฐ์ 18:1๋ก ์๋ํ์๋ค. ์ฌ์ฏ ๋ฒ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฒฌ๋๋๊ณ , ๋ง์ง๋ง์ ์ํด ์์ ์ ์์น์์ ํฌ๋ณ์ ๋ถ๋ ๋ค. ํ์ฝ์ด ๋ถ์กฑํ๊ณ ๋ง์ ์ฌ์์๊ฐ ์๊ธด ์ค๋๋ 08:10์ 7์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ํด ์์น์์ ๋ฐ๋ ค๋ฌ๊ณ 20๋ช
์ ์์กด์๋ง์ด ๋๋ ๋ณธ๋ถ, ์ง์ ๋ฐ C ์ค๋๊ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ฒ ์ํ 235๊ณ ์ง์ ๋๋ฌํ ์ ์์๋ค. ย Glosters์ ์์น๊ฐ ์บ์์ค ๋ผ์ธ์ ์์ ์ฑ์ ์ฌ์ ํ ์ค์ํ ์ํฉ์์ Carne์ 4์ 24์ผ 07:00์ 3์ฌ๋จ ์ฌ๋ น๊ด Soule ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ทธ์ ์
์ฅ์ ๊ฒฌ์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋ช
๋ น์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ 8 ํ์ฌ๋ฅด ์ ์ฐจ์ ํ๋ฆฌํ ์ 10๋๋ ์ ํฌํ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ธ๋ก์คํฐ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ ํ๋ฐฉ ์ ๋ ๋ถ๋๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ์ฆ์๊ตฐ์ด 5Y ๋ฃจํธ๋ก ๋ณด๋ด์ง๋ค๋ ์กฐ์ธ์ ๋ค์๋ค. ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ๊ธ๋ก์คํฐ์ ์์น์์ 2,000์ผ๋(1,800m) ์ด๋ด์ ๋๋ฌํ ํ 15:00๊ฒฝ ๋งค๋ณต์ ์ ์ง๋์ด ๊ธ๋ก์คํฐ๋ 235๋ฒ ์ธ๋์์ ํ๋ก ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐค์ ๋ณด๋ด๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋ฐค - 235๊ณ ์ง์์์ ๋ง์ง๋ง ๊ฒฐ์
4์ 24์ผ ์คํ, C Troop 170th Mortar Battery์ ํจ๊ป ํ์ฌ ๋ณด๋ณ์ผ๋ก ํจ๊ป ์ธ์ฐ๊ณ ์๋ Glosters๋ 400-450๋ช
์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ ํฌ ์ ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์๋์๋ค. ํ์ฝ์ด ๋ถ์กฑํ์ง๋ง ์ 45์ผ์ ์ฐ๋๊ฐ ์ฌ์ ํ ์ง์์ ์ ๊ณตํ ์ ์์๋ค. ์ ๋ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ์ถ์ ์น๋ ์ฐ๋(3๊ฐ ๋๋)์์ ์ฌ๋จ(3๊ฐ ์ฐ๋)๊น์ง ๋ค์ํ๋ค. Glosters๋ 4์ 24์ผ์์ 25์ผ ๋ฐค๊น์ง ์ธ์ ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋์ ๋ด์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ค๊ตญ๊ตฐ์ ์ํด ์ ์ ์ ๋ น๋์ด ์ธ๋์์ Glosters์ ์ ์ฒด ์์น๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ค. ์ดํ ๋ถ๊ด Anthony Farrar-Hockley ๋์๊ฐ ์ด๋๋ ๋ฐ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ์ธ๋์ ํํ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ค๊ตญ์ ํ ์๊ฐ ๋์ 7๋ฒ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์๋ํ๋ฉฐ ํํ์ ์๋ํ์ง๋ง ๋ชจ๋ ์คํจํ์๋ค. ์ธ๋์ ๋ํ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ํด๊ฐ ์ง ํ ๊ณต์ต์ผ๋ก ๋ง์นจ๋ด ์๊ฐ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์์นจ, ์ค๊ตญ๊ตฐ์ด ์ ์ ๋ค ๋ช ๋ง์ผ์ ์นจํฌํ๋ฉด์ ์ ์๊ตฐ์ ์ผ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์ฒ ์ํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. 235๊ณ ์ง์์ Glosters๋ ํ์ฝ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ ์์๊ณ ๊ตฌํธ์ ํฌ๋ง๋ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ ์ค์ธ 45 ์ผ์ ์ฐ๋์ ํจ๊ป ํฌ๋ณ ์ง์๋ ์์๋ค. Carne์ 06:05์ ๋ํ๋ฅผ ์๋ํ ์ ์๋ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ ์ฝ 100๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ฐ๋๋ ๋ถ์์๋ค์ ๋จ๊ฒจ๋ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์์๋ค. ์์กด์๋ค์ ์๊ท๋ชจ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ผ๋ก ๋๋์๊ณ ์๊ตฐ ์ ์ ์ ๋๋ฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฃผ๋ณ์ ์ค๊ตญ์ธ์ ํผํ๋ ค๊ณ ์๋ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, 63๋ช
๋ง์ด ์ด์๋จ์๋ค.
์ ํฌ ํ
Glosters์ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์บ์์ค ๋ผ์ธ์ ์๋ 29์ฌ๋จ ์ ์ ์ ํฐ ํ์ ๋ง์๋ฒ๋ ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์กด์ฌ๋ ๋ํ ์ค๊ตญ๊ตฐ์ด ์ง๊ฒฉํ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ฐฉ์ ์ํํ๊ณ ํฌ๋ณ๊ณผ ๋
ธ์ ์ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋จ์ชฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ง์๋ค. ๋ฏธ 8๊ตฐ ์ฌ๋ น๊ด์ธ ์ ์์ค ๋ฐด ํ๋ฆฌํธ(James Van Fleet) ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์ฃผํ ์ ์๊ตฐ ์ด์ฌ๋ น๊ด์ธ ๋ฆฌ์ง์จ์ด(Ridgeway) ์ฅ๊ตฐ์๊ฒ ๋ณด๋ธ ์ํ์์ "ํ๋ ์ ์์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ๋ถ๋ ์ฉ๊ฐ์ฑ์ ๋ชจ๋ฒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ "622๋ช
์ ์ฅ๊ต์ ๋ณ์ฌ์ ์์ค์ด ๊ทธ ์์ ๋ช ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ๋ค"๊ณ ํํํ๋ค. ย ์ 29์ฌ๋จ์ฅ ํ ๋ง์ค ๋ธ๋ก๋ ์ค์ฅ์ The Glorious Glosters ๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ถ์ฌ ๋น์์ ํค๋๋ผ์ธ์ ์ฅ์ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 235๊ณ ์ง๋ 1957๋
๊ธ๋ก์คํฐ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ ์ ํฌ ๊ธฐ๋
๋น๊ฐ ์ธ์์ง๋ฉฐ ๊ธ๋ก์คํฐ ํ๋ก ์๋ ค์ง๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
์ 29์ฌ๋จ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋๋๋ค๋ ๊ฐ์ ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์์ค์ ์์์ง๋ง ํ์ฌ์ ์ธ ์ ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์ฌ ์ด 1,091๋ช
์ ์ฌ์์๋ฅผ ๋๋ค. Glosters'์ 622๋ช
์ ์ฌ์์ ์ค 56๋ช
์ด ์ฌ๋งํ๊ณ 522๋ช
์ด ํฌ๋ก๋ก ์กํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ค ์ผ๋ถ๋ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋
์ผ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ํฌ๋ก ์์ฉ์๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ๋๋ธ ์ด๋ค์ด์๋ค. ย 327๊ณ ์ง์์์ ์ด๊ธฐ ์ ํฌ์์ ํฌ๋ก๊ฐ ๋์๊ณ ์ด๋ฏธ DSO๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ Carne์ ๋น
ํ ๋ฆฌ์ ์ญ์ ํ์ฅ(VC)์ ์ํ ์ญ์์ฅ(American Distinguished Service Cross)์ ์์ฌ๋ฐ์๋ค . ์ฝ์ ๊ณต์ ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๋ณ ์์ ํ๋ฆฝ ์ปคํฐ์ค ์ค์๋ ์บ์ฌ ํ ํํ์ ์๋ํ๋ ๋์์ ํ์ ์ ๋ํด ์ฌํ ๋น
ํ ๋ฆฌ์ ์ญ์ ํ์ฅ(VC)๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ค. Harding๊ณผ Farrar-Hockley์๊ฒ ๋ ๊ฐ์ DSO์์ด ์์ฌ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ 6๋ช
์ MC, 2๊ฐ์ DCM ๋ฐ 10๊ฐ์ MM๋ ์์ฌ๋์๋ค. ์จ์คํธ ์ํฌ์
์ฐ๋์์ ๋ฐฐ์๋ ํ
๋ ์ค ์ํฐ์ค ์ค์๋ ํฌ๋ก ์ํ ์ค ๊ทธ์ ํ๋์ผ๋ก ์ฌํ ์กฐ์ง ์ญ์ํ์ฅ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ์ฐ๋ ์์ฒด๋ C Troop 170th Heavy Mortar Battery์ ํจ๊ป ๋ํต๋ น ๋ถ๋ ํ์ฐฝ์ ์์ ํ๋ค.
4์ 26์ผ ๋๋์ ๋ณ๋ ฅ์ 119๋ช
์ผ๋ก ๋๋ถ๋ถ ๊ตฌํธ ํ๋์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ์ง๋ง ์ ํฌ์๋ ์ฐธ์ฌํ์ง ์์ ํ๋ฐฉ ์ ๋ ๋ถ๋์๋ค. ์ด ์ซ์๋ ํด๊ฐ์์ ๋์์จ ์ฌ๋๋ค๊ณผ 235๊ณ ์ง์์ ํ์ถ์ ์ฑ๊ณตํ ์์์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ๋ค์ ํฉ๋ฅํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋์ค์ 217๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค. ย 29์ฌ๋จ์ 5์์ ๋ค์ ์ ๋ ฅ์ ๊ณต๊ธ๋ฐ์๊ณ , ์ฐ๋๋ 9์์ ์์ง์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณต๊ทํ๋ค. 11์์ ์๋ํ๊ณ 12์ 20์ผ ์ฌ์ฐ์ํํด์์ ์์ฒญ๋ ํ์์ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณต๊ทํ๋ค. ํฌ๋ก๋ค์ 1953๋
์๋ฐฉ๋ ํ ๋ค์ ํฐ ํํธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ํ๊ตญ ์ ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํด Glosters ์ค 113๋ช
์ด ์ฌ๋งํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ค 36๋ช
์ด ํฌ๋ก๋ก ์กํ ์์๋ค. 2021๋
11์ 11์ผ, ๋ฌด๋ช
์ ์ฐ๋์ 3๋ช
์ ์ ํด๊ฐ ๋ถ์ฐ ์ ์ ๋ฌ์ง์ ์์ฅ๋์๋ค.
์ดํ์ ์ญ์ฌ
ํ๊ตญ ์ ์์ด ๊ณ์๋๋ ๋์ ์ฐ๋๋ ์๊ตญ์์ ๋ ๋ง์ ์๋ก ์
๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ค. 1952๋
2์ 15์ผ ์กฐ์ง 6์ธ์ ์ฅ๋ก ํ๋ ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐฐ์น ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ 4์ 26์ผ ๊ธ๋ก์คํฐ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์์์์ ์ ๋ด์ ์ฐ๋ค. ๋ ์ ๊ท ๋๋๋ ์ด์ ์ฐ๋์ ๋๋์ ๊ทธ๋๋ก ์ ์งํ๋ค. 1953๋
6์ 2์ผ, 1๋๋์ 5๋๋ ๋ชจ๋ 400๋ช
์ ๋ณ์ฌ๊ฐ ์๋ฆฌ์๋ฒ ์ค 2์ธ ์ฌ์์ ๋๊ด์ ํ๋ ฌ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ฐ๋๋ 1955๋
๊ณผ 1994๋
์ฌ์ด์ ์ผ๋, ์๋ด, ๋ฐ๋ ์ธ, ํคํ๋ก์ค, ๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์ฆ, ์ง๋ธ๋กคํฐ ๋ฐ ์ค์์ง๋๋, ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์
์ค, ๋ฒ ์ถ์๋ ๋๋ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ํจ๋๋์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์๋ฏผ์ง ๋ฑ ๋ ๋ง์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ ์๋ฌด๋ก ๋ณต๊ทํ๋ค. ๋ํ ๋
์ผ์์ ๋ถ๋์์ ์กฐ์ฝ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ํ ์๊ตญ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ์ฌ ๋ผ์ธ์ ์๊ตญ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป 3๋ฒ์ ์ถ์ ์ ํ๊ณ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์ ์๋ ์๊ตญ ์๋น๋์ 2๋ฒ์ ์ถ์ ์ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, 1968๋
๊ณผ 1991๋
์ฌ์ด The Troubles ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ๋ถ์์ผ๋๋์์ 7๋ฒ์ ์ถ์ ์ ์๋ฃํ๋ค. ์ด๋ 5๋ช
์ ๋ถ๋์์ ์์๋ค.
1967๋
3์ 1๋๋๋ ๊ธ๋ก์คํฐ์
์ฐ๋์ ์ ์ผํ ๋ถ๋๊ฐ ๋์๊ณ , TA์ ์ฌํธ์ฑ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 5๋๋๋ ์ํด ์๋น๊ตฐ ์จ์์ค์ ์ฉ๋ณ ์ค๋๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ์ฐ๋๋ 1970๋
๋ก์ด ํํ์
์ฐ๋์์ ํฉ๋ณ์ ๊ฐ๊น์ค๋ก ํผํ๊ณ , 1994๋
3์ ์ด์ 100์ฃผ๋
์ด์ ๊น์จ์ ๋ณด๋ณ ์ฐ๋๊ฐ ์ฐฝ์ค๋ ์ง 300๋
์ด ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ทธ ๋น์ ์๋ จ์ ํด์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ถ๋ ๊ตฐ๋๋ฅผ ์ฌํธ์ฑํ๊ณ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ธ๋ก์คํฐ์
์ฐ๋๋ ์๋ ๋ฒ๋ฌ ๊ณต์์ ์๋ฆฝ ์ฐ๋์ ํฉ๋ณ ๋์ด ์๋ฆฝ ๊ธ๋ก์คํฐ์
, ๋ฒํฌ์
๋ฐ ์ํธ์
์ฐ๋๋ก ๋ณ๊ฒฝ ๋์๋ค. ์๋ก์ด ์ฐ๋๋ ์ฌ์ ํ ๋ฐฑ๋ฐฐ์ง ์ ํต์ ์ ์งํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 2007๋
์ ์ฐจ๋ก๋ก ํฉ๋ณ๋์์ ๋ ์ ๋ณต์ ๋ฐฑ๋ฐฐ์ง๋ฅผ ์ฐฉ์ฉํ๋ ํ๊ณ ์ฐ๋์ธ The Rifles์ ๊ทธ ์ ํต์ ๊ณ์นํ์๋ค. ๊ธ๋ก์คํฐ์
์ฐ๋๋ 1994๋
3์ 26์ผ ๊ธ๋ก์คํฐ์์ ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ํ์งํ์๊ณ , ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ค ์ฐ๋๋ณด๋ค ๋ ๋ง์ ์ ํฌ ๋ช
์๋ฅผ ์ง๋ ์ด ๋ถ๋๋ Gloucestershire ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ๊ทธ ์ญ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ ์๋์๋ค.
1881๋
์ค๋ฆฝ
1994๋
ํ์ง
์ 1์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์ ์ ์ฐธ์ ํ ์๊ตญ์ ์ฐ๋
์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์ ์ ์ฐธ์ ํ ์๊ตญ์ ์ฐ๋
ํ๊ตญ ์ ์์ ์ฐธ์ ํ ์๊ตญ์ ์ฐ๋ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire%20Regiment | Gloucestershire Regiment | The Gloucestershire Regiment, commonly referred to as the Glosters, was a line infantry regiment of the British Army from 1881 until 1994. It traced its origins to Colonel Gibson's Regiment of Foot, which was raised in 1694 and later became the 28th (North Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot. The regiment was formed by the merger of the 28th Regiment with the 61st (South Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot. It inherited the unique distinction in the British Army of wearing a badge on the back of its headdress as well as the front, a tradition that originated with the 28th Regiment after it fought in two ranks back to back at the Battle of Alexandria in 1801. At its formation the regiment comprised two regular, two militia and two volunteer battalions, and saw its first action during the Second Boer War.
Before the First World War, the regiment's four auxiliary battalions were converted to three Territorial Force battalions and a Special Reserve battalion, and a further 18 battalions were added to the regiment's establishment during the war. Sixteen battalions of the regiment saw active service in France and Flanders, Italy, Gallipoli, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia and Salonika, losing a total of 8,100 men killed and winning 72 different battle honours. Four awards of the Victoria Cross (VC) were made to soldiers serving with the regiment. The wartime battalions were disbanded as the war ended, and just before the Second World War, two of the territorial battalions were re-purposed and ceased to have any affiliation with the regiment. On the eve of the war, the remaining territorial battalion was duplicated, and another five battalions were raised on the outbreak of war, though most of these were disbanded or re-purposed as the war progressed. Four battalions saw active service under the regiment's colours during the war. The 2nd and 5th Battalions both fought in the Battle of France and, after being lost almost in its entirety during the Battle of Dunkirk, the re-formed 2nd Battalion landed at Gold Beach on D-Day and fought in the Allied campaign in North-West Europe. The 1st Battalion was involved in the retreat from Rangoon during the Japanese conquest of Burma, and the 10th Battalion saw active service in the defeat of Japanese forces during the Burma Campaign 1944โ45.
After the Second World War, the hostilities-only battalions were disbanded and the 1st and 2nd Battalions were amalgamated, leaving the regiment with one regular and one Territorial Army battalion. It achieved fame during the Korean War when the 1st Battalion held out for three nights against overwhelming odds during the Battle of the Imjin River. The stand, described by the commander of the United Nations forces in Korea at the time as "the most outstanding example of unit bravery in modern war", prevented the encirclement of other United Nations forces, for which the regiment was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation and earned the nickname The Glorious Glosters. Two men serving with the regiment were awarded the VC for their actions in the battle. In the latter half of the 20th century, the regiment was reduced to a single regular battalion and completed tours of duty around the world, including Germany, Africa, the Caribbean, Central America and the Middle East, as well as in Northern Ireland during The Troubles. Shortly after celebrating its tercentenary in 1994, the regiment, which carried more battle honours on its colours than any other regiment of the line, was merged with the Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment to form the Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment. The new regiment inherited the back badge, and when it too was merged in 2007, it passed the tradition on to its successor, The Rifles.
Origins
The Gloucestershire Regiment traced its roots to Colonel Gibson's Regiment of Foot, raised in 1694 in Portsmouth, which first saw action in 1705 during the War of the Spanish Succession. Having been commanded by, and therefore named after, a succession of colonels, the regiment was renamed in 1742 as the 28th Regiment of Foot and fought under this name during the War of the Austrian Succession. Another predecessor, the 61st Regiment of Foot, was formed in 1758 when the British Army was expanded during the Seven Years' War. The 61st Regiment gained its first battle honour a year later during the invasion of Guadeloupe, the same year that General Wolfe placed himself at the head of the 28th Regiment on the Plains of Abraham in the capture of Quebec.
In 1782, the British Army began linking foot regiments with counties for the purposes of recruitment. For the first time the county of Gloucestershire was associated with both the 28th and 61st Regiments, which were renamed as the 28th (North Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot and the 61st (South Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot. Both regiments began to recruit from the county, and it was in Gloucester in December 1782 that the 61st Regiment was presented with new colours to replace those lost during the Franco-Spanish invasion of Minorca earlier that year.
In March 1801, the 28th Regiment formed part of the British expeditionary force that landed at Aboukir Bay in Egypt to oppose Napoleon's Army of the East. On 21ย March, during the Battle of Alexandria, French cavalry broke through the British lines, formed up behind the regiment, and began to charge. With the men still heavily engaged to their front, the order was given for the rear rank to turn about, and standing thus in two ranks back to back, the regiment held the line. To commemorate this action, the regiment began wearing a badge on the back as well as the front of the headdress, a unique distinction in the British Army that was officially sanctioned in 1830. The 61st Regiment also deployed to Egypt and, although arriving too late to play an active part, was, like the 28th Regiment, awarded the battle honour "Egypt" and the right to display the Sphinx on its colours.
During the 19th century, relatively uneventful postings at home and abroad were punctuated with periods of active service. The 28th and 61st Regiments both fought in Spain and Portugal during the Peninsular War. The 28th Regiment also participated in the final defeat of Napoleon; it was commended by the Duke of Wellington for gallantry in the Battle of Quatre Bras and saw action again in the Battle of Waterloo. In the mid-19th century, both regiments were deployed to India, and the 61st Regiment saw active service during the Second Anglo-Sikh War and the Indian Mutiny, adding "Chillianwallah", "Goojerat", "Punjaub" and "Delhi 1857" to the list of battle honours that the Gloucestershire Regiment would soon inherit. The 28th Regiment, whose time in India was shorter and less eventful, was meanwhile deployed to the Crimea and added "Alma", "Inkerman" and "Sevastopol" to its legacy.
Another thread that would be woven into the story of the Gloucestershire Regiment is that of the civilian administered auxiliary forces which supported the army in times of need. In the mid-18th century, county militias were raised for home defence and as a pool of reserves for the regular army. By 1760, Gloucestershire had raised two battalions of militia, and these were organised in 1763 as the South Gloucestershire Militia based at Gloucester and the North Gloucestershire Militia at Cirencester. In 1859, county-based volunteer rifle corps were raised, leading to the formation of the 1st (City of Bristol) Gloucestershire Rifle Volunteers and the 2nd Gloucestershire Rifle Volunteers.
Formation
In 1872, the Cardwell Reforms began the process of organising the British Army along county lines based on two-battalion line infantry regiments, a process that was completed by the Childers Reforms nine years later. As a result, the 28th and 61st Regiments were amalgamated in 1881 to form the Gloucestershire Regiment, headquartered at Horfield Barracks in Bristol. The reforms also added the county's auxiliary forces to the regiment's establishment, and at its formation it thus comprised two regular, two militia and two volunteer battalions:
1st Battalionย โ formerly the 28th (North Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot
2nd Battalionย โ formerly the 61st (South Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot
3rd (Militia) Battalionย โ formerly the Royal South Gloucestershire Militia
4th (Militia) Battalionย โ formerly the Royal North Gloucestershire Militia
1st (City of Bristol) Volunteer Battalionย โ formerly the 1st (City of Bristol) Gloucestershire Rifle Volunteers
2nd Volunteer Battalionย โ formerly the 2nd Gloucestershire Rifle Volunteers
The Gloucestershire Regiment inherited from the 28th Regiment the privilege of wearing the back badge. It was a privilege that the 2nd Battalion did not want, but it was made palatable to the former 61st Regiment by replacing the number 28 with the Sphinx, a battle honour awarded to both predecessor regiments. Although both battalions were forced to give up their individual facing colours on their uniformsย โ yellow for the 28th Regiment and buff for the 61st Regimentย โ when the government imposed a standard white across all English and Welsh regiments, the Gloucestershire Regiment never accepted this change for their regimental colours. Both battalions retained their former colours until 1929, when a compromise primrose yellow was finally chosen and a new regimental colour subsequently presented.
The two battalions continued to refer to themselves by their former regimental numbers until they were merged in 1948, when the Gloucestershire Regiment became a single-battalion regiment. The 1st Battalion celebrated the bicentenary of the regiment at Malta in 1894 and the anniversary of the Battle of Alexandria annually. The 2nd Battalion, on the other hand, held games followed by a dinner and a ball on the anniversary of the 61st Regiment's victory at Chillianwallah on 13 January 1849 when overseas, or on the anniversary of that regiment's victory at Salamanca on 22 July 1812 when at home.
The new regiment acquired its march, The Kinnegad Slashers, and its official nickname, Slashers, from the 28th Regiment. The name arose from an incident in 1764, when members of the regiment allegedly slashed off part of the ear of a Montreal magistrate who had been harassing soldiers stationed in the city after the Seven Years' War. The regiment was also sometimes referred to as The Old Braggs, from Colonel Philip Bragg, who commanded the 28th Regiment when it was still named after its colonels. Two other nicknames associated with the new regiment were inherited from the 61st Regiment; The Flowers of Toulouse, from the scarlet uniforms of that regiment's many dead in the Battle of Toulouse, and The Silver-Tailed Dandies, from the silver decorations on the longer-than-normal coat tails of the 61st Regiment's uniform.
Second Boer War
The Gloucestershire Regiment began life quietly. The two battalions alternated between postings at home and overseas, mostly in India, but their first action came in 1899 during the Second Boer War. Deployed to Ladysmith, the 1st Battalion was part of a column sent out on 24ย October to cover the withdrawal of a brigade after the Battle of Talana Hill. When the column came under fire near Rietfontein, the battalion was detached and ordered forward, but the order was ambiguous and the battalion advanced too far. The troops were caught in the open for several hours before they were able to extricate themselves at the cost of five men killed, including the battalion commander, and 58 wounded.
Five days later, some 450 men of the 1st Battalion were part of a small force tasked with seizing Nicholson's Nek, a pass some north of Ladysmith, during the Battle of Ladysmith. The troops moved out on the night of 29ย October with the intention to be in position before the main battle started, but they left too late to reach their objective before daybreak. As they took up an alternative position on the nearby Tchrengula Hill the pack-mules bolted, taking most of the heavy weaponry and ammunition with them. The Boers discovered the incursion at dawn and surrounded the position, and although the British held out for several hours they were forced to surrender at 12:30. The battalion lost 38 killed and 115 wounded, and the survivors were held as prisoners of war (POWs) in Pretoria.
While the remainder of the 1st Battalion helped in the defence of Ladysmith (the city was eventually relieved on 1ย March), the 2nd Battalion deployed to South Africa, arriving in January 1900. The battalion fought in the Battle of Paardeberg, a nine-day battle which ended on 27ย February with the capture of the Boer general Piet Cronjรฉ and his force of some 4,000 men. On 15ย March, the battalion entered the Boer city of Bloemfontein, where it remained on garrison duties until 1904. The 1st Battalion, re-united when its POWs were liberated after the capture of Pretoria on 5ย July, was posted in August 1900 to Ceylon, where it remained until 1903 guarding Boer prisoners of war.
Some of the regiment's auxiliary battalions, which in 1900 were increased in number by the formation of the 3rd Volunteer Battalion, also played a role in the war. On 16ย March 1900, a company of 124 officers and men from the 1st and 2nd Volunteer Battalions landed at Cape Town. They served for a year alongside the 2nd Battalion and were replaced by a second volunteer company in April 1901. The 4th (Militia) Battalion, meanwhile, guarded Boer prisoners held on St. Helena. By the war's end the regiment had lost 2 officers and 94 other ranks killed, 13 officers and 201 men wounded, and suffered 250 deaths from sickness. The regiment added 4 new battle honours to its colours: "Defence of Ladysmith"; "Relief of Kimberley"; "Paardeberg"; and "South Africa, 1899โ1902"; the last of which was also awarded to the 1st and 2nd Volunteer Battalions.
First World War
Following the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907ย โ part of the Haldane Reforms which restructured the British Army and converted the militia and volunteer battalions into the Special Reserve and the Territorial Forceย โ the 4th (Militia) Battalion was disbanded, and at the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 the Gloucestershire Regiment comprised:
1st Battalionย โ assigned to the 3rd Brigade in the 1st Division
2nd Battalionย โ deployed to Tianjin, China
3rd (Special Reserve) Battalionย โ formerly 3rd (Militia) Battalion
4th (City of Bristol) Battalion, Territorial Forceย โ formerly 1st (City of Bristol) Volunteer Battalion
5th Battalion, Territorial Forceย โ formerly 2nd Volunteer Battalion
6th Battalion, Territorial Forceย โ formerly 3rd Volunteer Battalion
During the war the regiment raised an additional 18 battalions, and in total 16 battalions of the Gloucestershire Regiment saw active service in France and Flanders, Italy, Gallipoli, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia and Salonika.
Regular Army
The 1st Battalion was deployed to France in August 1914 and saw action on the Western Front. It suffered its first casualties at Landrecies on 26ย August 1914 during the retreat from Mons, and sustained further losses in September during the First Battle of the Aisne. The battalion entered the First Battle of Ypres on 19ย October 1914 with 26 officers and 970 other ranks, played a pivotal role in the defence of Langemarck, was called upon several times to counter-attack against enemy breakthroughs and, by the time of its relief four weeks later, had been reduced to 2 officers and 100 other ranks. In December 1914, it fought in the Defence of Festubert, and the next month in the Defence of Givenchy. Later in 1915, the battalion saw action in the Battle of Aubers Ridge and the Battle of Loos, and it was active during the Somme offensive in 1916 during the Battles of Bazentin and Poziรจres, and in an attack on High Wood.
Early in 1917, the 1st Division moved south of the Somme, and the 1st Battalion participated in the advance to the Hindenburg Line. In July, the division was allocated to Operation Hush, a planned seaborne invasion that was later cancelled, and the only significant action the 1st Battalion saw in 1917 was in November, on the last day of the Second Battle of Passchendaele. On 18ย April 1918, during the Battle of Bรฉthune, an engagement in the Battle of the Lys, the battalion earned high praise and 33 awards for gallantry when it repulsed an attack by four enemy regiments that had turned the Glosters' flank and, in echoes of the Battle of Alexandria, forced them to fight back to back. The battalion saw action again in September and October on the Hindenburg Line in the Battles of รpehy and St Quentin Canal. The 1st Battalion saw its last action of the war on 4ย November 1918 in the Battle of the Sambre, where it helped capture Catillon and the crossing over the Sambre canal, some from the scene of its first casualties over four years previously.
The 2nd Battalion returned from Tianjin in November 1914 and landed in France the next month as part of the 81st Brigade in the 27th Division. Its first significant action came in May 1915 during the Second Battle of Ypresย โ the only German offensive on the Western Front that yearย โ in which the battalion held its ground, though at the cost of 505 casualties. At the end of 1915, the 27th Division was transferred to XVI Corps of the British Salonika Army on the Macedonian front, and the 2nd Battalion occupied positions west of Lake Beshik (modern day Lake Volvi, Greece). In July 1916, XVI Corps took over the line of the River Struma, and for the next two years the battalion was involved in operations along the Struma valley, from November 1916 as part of the 82nd Brigade. It was a relatively quiet sector, and although the battalion was involved in attacks across the Struma in September, October and December 1916ย โ the last costing the battalion 114 casualtiesย โ and conducted a number of raids in 1917, sickness was more of a threat than enemy action. In July 1918, the 27th Division was transferred to XII Corps south-west of Dojran, and the capture of the Roche Noire salient on 1ย September, at a cost of 89 casualties, was the last action of the 2nd Battalion in the war.
Territorial Force
Each of the Territorial Force battalions volunteered for service overseas and raised a second battalion, the six battalions being numbered 1/4th, 2/4th, 1/5th, 2/5th, 1/6th, and 2/6th. The original territorial battalions also raised a third battalion each in 1915 as home-based reserves, though in 1916 these were merged to form the 4th (City of Bristol) Reserve Battalion. Another home-based territorial battalion, the 17th, was raised in 1917.
First-line territorials
The first-line territorials proceeded to France in March 1915 as part of the 48th (South Midland) Division; the 1/4th and 1/6th Battalions in the 144th Brigade, and the 1/5th Battalion in the 145th Brigade. Their first significant experience of battle came during the Somme offensive; on 16ย July, during the Battle of Bazentin, the 1/4th Battalion fought north of Ovillers, and the 1/5th and 1/6th Battalions went into action in the same area on 20 and 21ย July respectively. They returned to the area during the Battle of Poziรจres and fought a number of actions between 13 and 27ย August. In February 1917, the 48th Division moved to positions opposite Pรฉronne, and the territorials saw action in March and April during the general advance that followed the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line. The division moved again in July, to Ypres, where the territorials fought in engagements of the Battle of Passchendaele; the 1/5th Battalion in the Battle of Langemarck and the Battle of Broodseinde, and the 1/4th and 1/6th Battalions in the action of 22 August 1917 and the Battle of Poelcappelle. Total losses to the three battalions at Passchendaele numbered 1,186 men.
In December 1917, the 48th Division transferred to Italy, where the battalions were weakened by an outbreak of influenza. In June 1918, the 1/5th and 1/6th Battalions were in action during the Second Battle of the Piave River, and the 1/4th and 1/6th Battalions fought their last actions of the war in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto at the beginning of November. Meanwhile, the 1/5th Battalion was transferred in September 1918 to the 75th Brigade of the 25th Division and returned to France. In October, it fought in the capture of the Beaurevoir Line during the Battle of St Quentin Canal, and in the Battle of the Selle. During the latter, the battalion was held up for nearly four hours until Private Francis George Miles went forward alone and knocked out two enemy machine-gun positions, for which action he was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC). The final action of the 1/5th Battalion came in November, during the Battle of the Sambre.
Second-line territorials
The second-line territorials were raised in September 1914 and remained in the UK until they moved to France in May 1916 as part of 61st (2nd South Midland) Division; the 2/4th and 2/6th Battalions in 183rd Brigade, and the 2/5th Battalion in the 184th Brigade. The three battalions completed tours in the front line around Neuve Chapelle, but for the 2/4th and 2/6th Battalions the first significant action was on 19ย July 1916 in a costly and unsuccessful attack in the Battle of Fromelles which cost the two battalions a total of 332 casualties. In March and April 1917, the three battalions saw action in the advance to the Hindenburg Line south of the Somme. The 61st Division moved to Ypres in July, and all three battalions fought near Gheluvelt in the Battle of Passchendaele the following month, when the 2/4th Battalion suffered particularly badly with over 200 casualties. In early December, during the Battle of Cambrai, a heavy German counter-attack forced both the 2/4th and 2/6th Battalions out of their positions in the front line at La Vacquerie, south-west of Cambrai, reducing the 2/4th Battalion to two companies and inflicting casualties of 16 officers and 308 other ranks on the 2/6th Battalion.
In February 1918, the 2/4th and 2/6th Battalions were disbanded and their men distributed to the 2/5th Battalion and the 24th Entrenching Battalion. At the end of March, 10 days of fighting, retreating and digging-in near St. Quentin reduced the 2/5th Battalion to 150 men during Operation Michael, the opening phase of the German spring offensive. The 61st Division was transferred north to help reinforce First Army in April, and the 2/5th Battalion fought a number of actions south-west of Merville during the Battle of the Lys. In August, the battalion attempted to force a bridgehead across a stream in Nieppe Forest, west of Merville, and fought on 1ย September during the advance to the River Lys. The battalion was in battle again on 30ย September at Fleurbaix, south-west of Armentiรจres, and saw its last action of the war on 1 and 2ย November during the Battle of Valenciennes.
New Army
As volunteers answered Lord Kitchener's call to arms, ten New Army battalions, the 7th to the 16th, were added to the regiment's establishment between 1914 and 1916. Three of them, the 11th, 15th and 16th, were home-based reserve battalions which later transferred to the Training Reserve.
7th Battalion
The 7th Battalion was formed in Bristol in August 1914. It sailed to the island of Lemnos in June 1915 as part of the 39th Brigade in the 13th (Western) Division and went into the line at Gallipoli the next month. The battalion fought its first action on 8ย August in the Battle of Chunuk Bair, during which it suffered over 820 casualties, including all of its officers, warrant officers and senior non-commissioned officers. It was brought back up to strength and moved to Egypt in January 1916. In March, the 13th Division was transferred to Mesopotamia, but on landing at Basra the battalion was put out of action by an outbreak of relapsing fever. It rejoined the division in the middle of April and fought in the unsuccessful attempt to lift the siege of Kut. The battalion saw action in December 1916 and February 1917 during the subsequent advance on and capture of Kut, and fought its last battle on 29ย March 1917 during the Samarra offensive. It spent the next 15 months mostly on defensive and garrison duties and was disbanded in September 1919.
8th Battalion
The 8th Battalion was raised in Bristol in September 1914. It arrived in France in July 1915 as part of the 57th Brigade in the 19th (Western) Division and saw its first action the next year during the Battle of Albert, in which it helped capture La Boisselle. The division's 58th Brigade had captured the western half of the village on 2ย July, and the 8th Battalion North Staffordshire Regiment and 10th Battalion Worcestershire Regiment, both of the 57th Brigade, assisted in the capture of the rest of the village the next day. A German counter-attack regained the eastern half of the village, and the 8th Glosters suffered 302 casualties when it fought alongside the 10th Battalion Royal Warwickshire Regiment to help retake it. During the battle, the Glosters' commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Adrian Carton de Wiart, assumed command of all four 57th Brigade battalions when the other three commanding officers became casualties, and for his actions in averting a serious reverse he was awarded the VC. Later the same month, during the Battle of Poziรจres, the battalion made two unsuccessful attacks against the German line east of the village which together cost it 374 casualties, among whom were Carton de Wiart and his successor, Major Lord A.G. Thynne, both wounded. On 18ย November, the last day of the Somme offensive, the battalion suffered 295 casualties when it captured Grandcourt during the Battle of the Ancre.
In 1917, the 8th Battalion saw action in June during the Battle of Messines, fought two minor actions in July near Oosttaverne, south of Ypres, and was involved in the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge in August. The battalion was next in action on the evening of 21ย March 1918, the first day of the German Spring Offensive, when the Germans captured Doignies. Unable to recapture the village, the battalion blocked any further enemy progress until the morning of 23ย March, when German forces broke through on the left and threatened to outflank it. Company A fought to the last man covering the battalion's withdrawal, for which action the company commander, Captain Manley Angell James, was awarded the VC. By the time the 19th Division withdrew to Doullens on 28ย March the battalion had suffered 323 casualties. In April, the battalion fought in three engagements of the Battle of the Lys: the Battles of Messines, Bailleul and First Kemmel. The following month, the 19th Division's parent unit, IX Corps, was transferred to the French Sixth Army. The division was supposed to rest and re-organise in a quiet sector, but on 27ย May the Germans launched a major attack, ensnaring the 8th Battalion in the Third Battle of the Aisne. The battalion saw its last action in October, during the Battle of the Selle, and was disbanded in May 1919.
9th Battalion
The 9th Battalion was formed in Bristol in September 1914 and reached France in September 1915 as part of the 78th Brigade in the 26th Division. The division was transferred to XII Corps of the British Salonika Army in November 1915, and the battalion held the line around Tumba, north of Salonika, until July 1916, when the division relieved the French south of Lake Dojran. The battalion participated in two attacks against the Bulgarian lines, on 25ย April and 8ย May 1917, during the Battle of Dojran. In July 1918, the battalion was transferred to the 198th Brigade of the 66th Division in France, becoming the divisional pioneers, and was disbanded in November 1919.
10th Battalion
The 10th Battalion was raised in September 1914 in Bristol, but was recruited mainly by volunteers from Cheltenham. It crossed to France in August 1915 and replaced one of the Guards battalions in the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division. It saw its first action on 25ย September during the Battle of Loos when, as one of the brigade's assault battalions, it succeeded in carrying the German front line at the cost of all but 60 of its men. On 23ย July 1916, during the Battle of Poziรจres, the battalion attacked the German line east of the village, and was involved in two further attacks in the same area in August, all without success. The battalion's last action of the war came on 9ย September, in a failed attack on High Wood which cost it 122 casualties. In 1917, the 1st Division was allocated to Operation Hush, and when that was cancelled the 10th battalion moved to the Ypres area. It was disbanded in February 1918 and its men distributed among the regiment's 1st and 8th Battalions and the 13th Entrenching Battalion.
12th Battalion (Bristol's Own)
The 12th Battalion was raised in Bristol in August 1914 by the Citizen's Recruiting Committee. It was taken over by the War Office in June 1915 and left for France in November as part of the 95th Brigade in the 5th Division. The battalion went into action in 1916 during the Somme offensive: on 29ย July at Longueval during the Battle of Delville Wood; between 3 and 5ย September during the Battle of Guillemont, in which it suffered some 300 casualties; and on 25ย September during the Battle of Morval. On 8ย May 1917, during the Battle of Arras, the battalion was practically annihilated with the loss of 296 men at Fresnoy, and it did not see action again until 4ย October in the Battle of Broodseinde. In December, the 5th Division was transferred to Italy, where it went into the line along the River Piave, but the battalion saw little action beyond patrolling. The division returned to France in April 1918, occupying positions in the line near Nieppe Forest, and the battalion saw action on 25ย April and 28ย June, both times successfully advancing the front line. Its last action came during the Second Battle of Bapaume, where it suffered some 100 casualties on 21ย August but succeeded in capturing Irles on 23ย August. On 6ย October, the battalion was disbanded and its men distributed among the other units of the 5th Division.
13th Battalion (Forest of Dean)
The 13th Battalion was raised in December 1914 at Malvern by Sir Henry Webb and recruited from the miners of the Forest of Dean, South Wales and the Durham coalfields. In July 1915, it was taken over by the War Office and went to France in March 1916 as divisional pioneers to the 39th Division. The battalion saw its first significant action on 30ย June 1916, during the Battle of the Boar's Head, when it dug communication trenches behind the assaulting troops. On several occasions during the battle the pioneers had to stop digging to defend themselves, and the battalion suffered 71 casualties. It saw action again towards the end of 1916 during operations on the Ancre, including the Battle of the Ancre Heights and the Battle of the Ancre. In March 1918, the battalion suffered particularly badly in the opening week of the Spring Offensive, during which it was required to take positions in the line as infantry, and by the time the division was withdrawn on 31ย March the battalion had sustained 326 casualties. In April, the survivors were allocated to composite infantry battalions and saw their last action on 26ย April during the Second Battle of Kemmel, part of the Battle of the Lys, after which the battalion was reduced to a training cadre.
14th Battalion (West of England)
The 14th Battalion was a bantam unit of volunteers from Bristol and Birmingham who had previously been rejected for service because of their short height. It was raised in April 1915 by the Citizen's Recruiting Committee, adopted by the War Office in June 1915, and departed for France in January 1916 as part of the 105th Brigade in the 35th Division. The battalion went into the line in March, where the men's first task was to raise the height of the firing step, and its first significant action came on 8ย June, when it conducted a large raid south-east of Neuve Chapelle. In July, following the capture of Trรดnes Wood by the 18th Division during the Battle of Bazentin, the battalion moved into the line at the northern end of the wood where, on 19ย July, it suffered 107 casualties to enemy artillery. On 21ย August 1917, while in the line near รpehy, the Germans attacked one of the battalion's bombing posts. Although his bombing party were driven back, Second-Lieutenant Hardy Falconer Parsons remained and prevented the enemy from entering the trenches, for which act he was posthumously awarded the VC. The battalion fought in the action of 22ย October 1917 during the Battle of Passchendaele, and saw its last action on 4ย February 1918, when it successfully attacked a fortified farm in the Ypres sector. Seven days later the battalion was disbanded and its men transferred to the 13th Battalion.
18th Battalion
The 18th battalion was raised in 1918 from a cadre of the 5th Battalion Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, and decamped to France in August 1918 as part of the 49th Brigade in the 16th Division. It went into action on 11ย September, when it successfully assaulted the Railway Triangle west of Auchy, and saw its last action on 18ย September, when a German attack drove A Company from its forward posts. The battalion was disbanded in June 1919.
Fifth Gloucester Gazette
The Fifth Gloucester Gazette was a trench journal published from the front lines by the men of the 1/5th Battalion. The first issue appeared on 12ย April 1915 and foreshadowed more famous trench journals such as The Wipers Times. It ran for 25 issues, the last of which appeared in January 1919. After the war it was republished as a compilation titled The Fifth Gloucester Gazette a chronicle, serious and humorous, of the Battalion while serving with the British Expeditionary Force. The gazette featured jokes, poetry, short stories, news and satirical adverts. In October 1916 The Times Literary Supplement hailed it as "the oldest and most literary of the British trench journals".
The gazette was regarded so highly due in part to the efforts of famous war poet and founding contributor F. W. Harvey, who published 77 poems in it while serving with the 1/5th. Five of Harvey's poems were included in the 1917 anthology of war poetry, The Muse in Arms, alongside poems by Siegfried Sassoon, Robert Graves and Rupert Brooke. The anthology also featured the poetry of Lieutenant Cyril Winterbothamย โ who served in the 1/5th Battalion and edited the gazette until he was killed in action on 27ย August 1916ย โ and Harvey's pre-war friend Ivor Gurney, who served in the 2/5th Battalion.
War's end
All second-line territorial and New Army battalions had been disbanded and the regiment returned to its pre-war establishment by the end of 1919. Close to 40,000 men are believed to have fought with the regiment in the war, of which 8,100 lost their lives, and the regiment was awarded 72 different battle honours. The regular battalions lost 1,400 men killed, 1,044 of them from the 1st Battalion, and were awarded 39 battle honours. The territorial battalions lost 2,542 men killed and received 60 battle honours, and the New Army battalions suffered 3,954 deaths and won 84 battle honours. Home-based reserve battalions and the regimental depot accounted for 204 deaths. Four awards of the VC were made to men serving with the regiment during the war, along with 47 Distinguished Service Orders (DSO), 188 Distinguished Conduct Medals (DCM), 265 Military Crosses (MC) and 747 Military Medals (MM). A fifth VC was awarded to an officer of the regiment attached to another unit.
Inter-war years
After the end of the First World War, the regiment resumed alternate postings home and abroad. The 1st Battalion completed tours of duty in Ireland, where it captured the Irish republican Seรกn Moylan, and Germany, which counted as a home posting, and returned to the UK in 1923. Meanwhile, the 2nd Battalion was posted to India, with a five-month interlude in Shanghai at short notice from February 1927 when warring Chinese factions threatened the Shanghai International Settlement. In 1928, the 2nd Battalion returned to the UK and the 1st Battalion was posted overseas, serving three years in Egypt, a year in Singapore and six years in India before ending up in Burma in 1938. Prompted by concerns of an Italian invasion following the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, the 2nd Battalion was sent at short notice to Egypt in January 1936, returning to the UK in January 1937. The following year, the 5th Battalion became the regiment's sole territorial unit when the 4th Battalion was converted to the 66th (Gloucesters) Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery (RA), and the 6th Battalion converted to the 44th Battalion, Royal Tank Regiment. On the eve of the Second World War, the Territorial Army (TA), as the Territorial Force had been renamed, was doubled in size, and the 7th Battalion was created in August 1939 as the second-line duplicate of the 5th Battalion.
Second World War
On the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, the Gloucestershire Regiment comprised:
1st Battalionย โ stationed around Rangoon in Burma
2nd Battalionย โ assigned to the 8th Infantry Brigade in the 3rd Division
5th Battalion (TA)ย โ assigned to the 144th Infantry Brigade in the 48th Division
7th Battalion (TA)ย โ assigned to the 183rd Infantry Brigade in the 61st Division
Battle of France
The 2nd Battalion deployed to France on 2ย October 1939 and was transferred to the 145th Brigade in the 48th Division in March 1940. This brought it alongside the 5th Battalion in the division's 144th Brigade, which had arrived in France on 15ย January 1940. In May 1940, during the Battle of France, the German breakthrough at Sedan precipitated a retreat to Dunkirk. The 5th Battalion marched in 83 hours with little food or sleep before eventually picking up transport at Tournai where, on 19ย May, the 2nd Battalion lost 194 men killed or missing in a matter of minutes to an airstrike. The regiment gained some respite on 20ย May, when the two battalions held positions along the River Escaut (Scheldt) for two days before the British Expeditionary Force resumed its retreat. On 25ย May, the 2nd Battalion, having by now suffered 219 casualties, became part of Somer Force. This mixed group of units under the command of Brigadier Nigel Somerset, until recently the 2nd Battalion commanding officer, fortified Cassel on the outer perimeter around Dunkirk. The Germans probed the town the next day and began assaulting it on 27ย May. Somer Force held out for two days, eventually attempting to withdraw under orders on the evening of 29ย May, but few made it to Dunkirk. The 2nd Battalion suffered 678 casualties at Cassel, 484 of them POWs. Meanwhile, the 5th Battalion was given a similar task at the villages of Arneke and Ledringhem, some north-west of Cassel. The battalion took up positions on 26ย May, and the first attacks came the next day. By 28ย May, the battalion had concentrated at Ledringhem, where it was surrounded, and it withdrew under orders in the early hours of 29ย May. The survivors reached Bray Dunes before dawn the next day and were subsequently taken off the beach by little ships. The stand at Ledringham had cost the battalion 87 killed, and when it reassembled in the UK it was 400 strong.
Retreat from Rangoon
In March 1942, the 1st Battalion provided the rearguard for the British retreat from Rangoon during the Japanese conquest of Burma. It saw its first significant action of the war on 7 and 8ย March at the Taukkyan Roadblock, and for the rest of the month operated independently to cover the retreat, fighting battles at Letpadan on 17ย March and Paungde on 27ย March. In a subsequent battle near Padigong, from Paungde, D Company became isolated for 17 hours and had to fight its way back to the battalion at Shwedaung. In the meantime, the battalion became part of the 63rd Indian Infantry Brigade in the 17th Infantry Division, which had to fight its way to and through Shwedaung when Japanese forces infiltrated between the rearguard and the main column. By the end of March, the 1st Battalion had been reduced to 140 all ranks, its commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Bagot, among the wounded.
In mid-April, the under-strength battalion became so dispersed while protecting demolition parties at oil installations around Yenangyaung and Chauk that when Bagot returned from hospital he was informed the battalion had ceased to exist. He was nevertheless able to gather the remnants, now numbering 7 officers and 170 other ranks, at Shwebo on 27ย April, and the battalion was subsequently reinforced by a draft of 3 officers and 120 other ranks. When the Japanese threatened Monywa, Bagot took command of all the troops in the area, which included the 1st Battalion, to form Bagot Force. This mixed group of units fought a delaying action at Budalin, north of Monywa, on 4ย May before withdrawing to Ye-u. The battalion continued to act as rearguard, crossing the River Chindwin at Kalewa on 9ย May and into India at Tamu at the end of the month. At the same time, the Japanese halted operations in Burma. Since the start of the retreat from Rangoon on 7ย March the battalion had lost 8 officers and 156 other ranks killed in action or died of sickness, and many more wounded. The battalion was rested and brought back up to strength in India, where it spent the remainder of the war, and saw no further action.
Home front
On its return to the UK, the 5th Battalion was brought back up to strength and manned coastal defences in Cornwall. It converted to a reconnaissance role in June 1941, becoming the 43rd (Wessex) Reconnaissance Regiment on 14 October 1941 and ceasing to have any affiliation with the Gloucestershire Regiment. Its duplicate, the 7th Battalion, was posted to Northern Ireland, but saw no action and became a training unit in 1944. With so many of its men languishing in POW camps, the 2nd Battalion was rebuilt and served in home defence at various locations around the UK, finally ending up in 1943 on the Isle of Wight before being assigned to a more active role.
As the UK braced itself for Operation Sea Lion, the German plan to invade, a number of home defence battalions were raised under the regiment's colours. The 8th Battalion was formed from the National Defence Companies and consisted of men too old, too young or unfit for active service, and the younger contingent from this battalion later formed the 70th Battalion. The 9th and 10th Battalions were also raised, the former serving in Northern Ireland, the latter in south Wales and then Lincolnshire. The 11th Battalion was created in October 1940 from a re-designation of the 50th (Holding) Battalion, and 32,000 men in 19 battalions of the Home Guard wore the badges of the regiment. As the threat of invasion receded, most of these home defence battalions were disbanded, the 8th and 70th in 1942, the 9th in 1943, and the Home Guard in 1945. In February 1942, the 11th Battalion ceased to have any affiliation with the regiment when it was converted into 118th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery. The 10th Battalion was converted to armour in 1942 and became the 159th Regiment in the Royal Armoured Corps, though it retained the Glosters' cap badges. It was sent to India in October where, in March 1943, it converted back to infantry and reverted to the regiment's 10th Battalion.
Normandy landings and North-West Europe
In 1944, the 2nd Battalion was transferred to the 56th Independent Infantry Brigade, and at 11:00 on 6ย June, during the Normandy landings, the brigade landed without incident in the second wave at Gold Beach. The battalion saw action in the Battle of Normandy: at Tilly-sur-Seulles on 11ย June during Operation Perch; along the Saint-Germain d'Ectot ridge on 30ย July during Operation Bluecoat; and at Thury-Harcourt on 12ย August in the prelude to Operation Tractable. In mid-August, having variously served under the commands of the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division, the 7th Armoured Division and the 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division, the 56th Brigade came under command of the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division, with which it remained for the rest of the war. During the advance to the River Seine, the 2nd Battalion suffered 53 casualties capturing รpaignes on 25ย August, and crossed the river at Rouen on 2ย September. It spearheaded the assault on Le Havre eight days later, and it was the first British unit to enter the city's fort, on 12ย September, capturing 1,500 prisoners and much beer for the loss during the battle of 40 men killed and wounded.
From Le Havre, the 2nd Battalion advanced into Belgium, seeing action in the bridgehead across the Turnhout-Antwerp Canal, and the Netherlands, where it fought at Stampersgat. The battalion reached Nijmegen in late November, where it spent over four relatively quiet months interrupted only by a four-day battle at Zetten in January 1945. The battalion's last significant action of the war came on 12ย April, when it assaulted across the River Ijssel at Arnhem, after which the rest of the 56th Brigade passed through to capture the town itself. Following the German surrender on 8ย May, the 2nd Battalion entered Germany near Osnabrรผck. It provided a detachment for the British guard at the Nuremberg trials, and in August it was transferred to the 5th Guards Brigade stationed in Berlin. Between the Normandy landings on 6ย June 1944 and VE Day on 8ย May 1945 the battalion suffered 718 casualties. Among them was the battalion commander, Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Butterworth, died of wounds received during the attack at Stampersgat and succeeded by Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Bray.
Burma Campaign 1944โ45
On reverting to the infantry role, the 10th Battalion was assigned to the 72nd Brigade in the 36th Infantry Division. The division was destined for Burma, and thus the battalion "having been trained as infantry, tank troops, and combined-operations troops, went straight into jungle warfare, for which we had had no training". The Glosters arrived on the Arakan Peninsula (modern day Rakhine) in February 1944, were part of the relief effort in the Battle of the Admin Box, and fought in dispersed, company-scale actions in the capture of the Mayu tunnels and Hambone Hill. The division went into reserve in May and was airlifted to Myitkyina in July, transferring to the Northern Combat Area Command (NCAC) under the American General Joseph Stilwell. It pushed south along the Mandalay railway and captured Taungni on 9ย August, during which period the 10th Battalion lost more men to sickness than enemy action. Brought back up to strength in September, the battalion was engaged in four days of fierce fighting at Pinwe in November, losing all the officers in both A and C Companies, and all but one in B Company, before being relieved on 26ย November.
The 36th Division continued its advance south in January 1945, and the 10th Battalion saw action in a series of short battles around Mabein that month. The battalion saw its last action of the war supporting the 26th Indian Brigade attack at Myitson on the River Shweli, during which D Company was cut off for five days before the rest of the battalion was able to link up with it on 16ย February. Of the 250 or so men in the battalion before the battle, 119 were killed or wounded by the time the Japanese withdrew on 17ย February. Although the men had fought well, there were bitter recriminations over the conduct of the battle between the commander of the 26th Brigade, Brigadier M. B. Jennings, and the 10th Battalion's commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Butler, which resulted in Butler being sacked. After reaching Mandalay, the battalion returned to India in May, and was disbanded at Poona in December 1945.
Post-war
The regiment accrued 20 different battle honours and lost 870 men killed in the nine battalions that had served under its colours during the Second World War. Only the two regular battalions remained with the regiment at the war's end, though the territorial 5th Battalion was returned to the colours on 1ย March 1947 and assigned to the 129th Infantry Brigade of the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division. That same year, the 1st Battalion was reduced to a cadre and returned from India to the UK, and the 2nd Battalion was posted to Jamaica and detached companies to Bermuda and British Honduras (modern day Belize). It was in Jamaica that, in accordance with the restructuring of the British Army, the regiment's two battalions swapped colours and amalgamated to form the single-battalion Gloucestershire Regiment (28th/61st) on 21ย September 1948.
Korean War
After its return to the UK in 1949, the 1st Battalion, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel James Carne, was assigned to the 29th Independent Infantry Brigade Group, and on 3ย November 1950, following the outbreak of the Korean War, the battalion arrived with the brigade in Korea. At the beginning of December, the 29th Brigade provided the rearguard during the general retreat that followed the United Nations (UN) defeat at the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River. On 16ย February, after UN forces launched a counter-offensive, the Glostersย โ with support from the 25-pounders of the 45th Field Regiment RA, the mortars of the 170th Heavy Mortar Battery and direct fire from 17 Centurion tanks of the 8th King's Royal Irish Hussarsย โ successfully assaulted Hill 327, south of the River Han, for the loss of 10 killed and 29 wounded.
Battle of the Imjin River
Early in April, the 29th Brigade, supported by the 45th Field Regiment RA and under command of the United States (US) 3rd Infantry Division, took up scattered positions on a front in Line Kansas along the Imjin river. The 657 men of the 1st Battalion's fighting component, supported by C Troop 170th Heavy Mortar Battery RA, were thinly spread on the brigade's left flank in positions set back some from the river, guarding a ford near the village of Choksong. Company A held Castle Hill (Hill 148) overlooking the ford, D Company was at Hill 182, to the south-east, and B Company was at Hill 144, to the east of D Company. Company C was in reserve near Hill 314, overlooking battalion headquarters (HQ) and Support Company at Solma-Ri. The battalion's second-in-command, Major Digby Grist, was with rear headquarters ("F echelon") some behind, on route Five Yankee (5Y) to Seoul. There was a gap between the Glosters and the 1st Battalion Royal Northumberland Fusiliers on their right, and on their left the 12th Regiment of the South Korean (ROK) 1st Infantry Division was away.
After nightfall on 22ย April, the Chinese launched the Spring Offensive, the first phase of which was designed to eliminate the US 3rd Division, the 29th Brigade and the ROK 1st Division. Success would allow them to attack the US 24th and 25th Divisions in the flank and leave the way open to Seoul. Against the four battalions of the 29th Brigade the Chinese had amassed the 63rd Army, comprising the 187th, 188th and 189th Divisions; some 27,000 men in 27 infantry battalions.
First nightย โ attacks on A and D Companies and the F echelon
At 22:00, a 17-man patrol from C Company in position on the river bank, supported by the guns of the 45th Field Regiment, engaged the leading Chinese troops three times as they attempted to cross the ford. The patrol withdrew without loss when it began to run out of ammunition, and the assaulting troops finally gained the opposite bank. During the night, the Glosters' forward companies were attacked, and by 07:30, A Company, outnumbered six to one, had been forced from Castle Hill. An attempt to retake it failed, and the company, now at less than half strength and with all officers killed or wounded, fell back to Hill 235. The withdrawal left D Company's position exposed and, with one of its platoons badly mauled in the overnight fighting, it too retired to the hill. Company B had not been pressed during the night, but the withdrawal of D Company on its left and the Fusiliers on its right left the company exposed, and it fell back to Hill 314, east of C Company. In the afternoon, Major Grist was with the battalion HQ during a lull in the fighting, having come up with supplies, when news came through of an attack on the F echelon position. He drove back along route 5Y, through an ambush and past a group of F echelon troops lining the road under Chinese guard, eventually reaching the brigade HQ. The loss of the F echelon position meant that the battalion was now cut off.
Second nightย โ attacks on Hill 314
At 23:00 on 23ย April, the Chinese resumed their attack, throwing the fresh 189th Division against the Glosters' B and C Companies around Hill 314. Through the night the men of B Company, led by Major Edgar Harding and outnumbered 18:1, endured six assaults, calling in artillery on their own position to break up the last of them. Low on ammunition and having taken many casualties, the company was forced from its position by the seventh assault at 08:10, and just 20 survivors made it to Hill 235, to which the battalion HQ, Support and C Companies had already withdrawn. With the Glosters' position still vital to the integrity of Line Kansas, Carne received orders at 07:00 on 24ย April from the 3rd Division commander, General Soule, to stand his ground. He was advised that reinforcements, comprising tanks of the 8th Hussars and Philippine 10th Battalion Combat Team and the troops of the Glosters' own rear echelon, were being sent up route 5Y. The armour got to within of the Glosters' position before being halted in an ambush around 15:00, condemning the Glosters to another night alone on Hill 235.
Third nightย โ last stand on Hill 235
By the afternoon of 24ย April, the Glosters, with C Troop 170th Mortar Battery now fighting alongside as infantry, had been reduced to an effective fighting force of 400โ450 men. They were low on ammunition, though in their favour the 45th Field Regiment were still able to provide support. Estimates of the opposing force range from a regiment (three battalions) to a division (three regiments). The Glosters fought through the night of 24โ25ย April, during which the peak was briefly occupied by the Chinese, thus threatening the Glosters' whole position on the hill. It was recaptured in a counter-attack led by the adjutant, Captain Anthony Farrar-Hockley, and the Chinese launched seven attacks in one hour in an attempt to take it again, all without success. Their assault on the hill was finally broken up after sunrise by airstrikes. That morning, with Chinese forces infiltrating miles behind the lines, UN forces began to withdraw to Line Delta. On Hill 235, the Glosters had very little ammunition, no hope of relief and, with the 45th Field Regiment on the move, no artillery support. Carne received permission to attempt a breakout at 06:05. He had no choice but to leave the wounded, estimated at some 100. The survivors split into small groups and attempted to evade the Chinese surrounding them to reach friendly lines. Just 63 men made it.
After the battle
The Glosters' stand had plugged a large gap in the 29th Brigade's front on Line Kansas which would otherwise have left the flanks of the ROK 1st and US 3rd Divisions vulnerable. Their presence also threatened the rear of the Chinese forces as they advanced and denied them the use of routes south for their artillery and mule trains. General James Van Fleet, commander of the US Eighth Army, described the stand as "the most outstanding example of unit bravery in modern war", and in a letter to General Ridgeway, commander-in-chief of UN forces in Korea, he wrote that "the loss of 622 officers and men saved many times that number". The 29th Brigade commander, Brigadier Thomas Brodie, christened the regiment The Glorious Glosters, a sobriquet that was repeated in the headlines of the day, and Hill 235 became known as Gloster Hill, at the foot of which the Gloucester Valley Battle Monument was built in 1957.
The other battalions of the 29th Brigade had also been engaged in desperate fighting, though without the same scale of losses, and in total the brigade suffered 1,091 casualties. Of the Glosters' 622 casualties, 56 were killed and 522 were taken prisoner, some of whom had already endured the POW camps of Germany and Japan. Carne, himself taken POW and already a recipient of the DSO for his leadership during the earlier battle at Hill 327, was awarded the VC and the American Distinguished Service Cross. Lieutenant Philip Curtis, attached from the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, was posthumously awarded the VC for his actions during the attempt to retake Castle Hill. Two awards of the DSO were made, to Harding and Farrar-Hockley, and six MCs, two DCMs and ten MMs were also awarded. Lieutenant Terence Waters, attached from the West Yorkshire Regiment, was posthumously awarded the George Cross for his conduct during captivity. The regiment itself, along with C Troop 170th Heavy Mortar Battery, was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation.
The battalion's strength on 26ย April was 119 men, mostly rear echelon troops who had been part of the relief effort but not otherwise involved in the battle. This figure rose to 217 later in the day as men returned from leave and those few who had managed to escape from Hill 235 rejoined. The 29th Brigade was brought back up to strength in May, and the regiment returned to the line along the Imjin in September. It was relieved in November and returned to a tumultuous welcome at Southampton on 20ย December. The POWs were also welcomed back to great fanfare following their release in 1953. The Korean War accounted for 113 fatalities among the Glosters, 36 of them in captivity. On 11 November 2021, the remains of three unknown members of the regiment were reburied at the United Nations cemetery in Busan.
Later history
While the Korean War continued, the regiment was engaged in more ceremonial affairs at home. It lined the route of King George VI's funeral procession on 15ย February 1952, and it was presented with its first colours at a ceremony in Gloucester on 26ย April, the two regular battalions having retained those of their predecessor regiments up to that point. On 2ย June 1953, 400 men from both the 1st and 5th Battalions took part in the procession at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. Between 1955 and 1994, the regiment returned to more martial duties, for the most part patrolling the shrinking British Empire with tours of duty in Kenya, Aden, Bahrain, Cyprus, Belize, Gibraltar and the African colonies of Swaziland, Mauritius, Bechuanaland and Basutoland. The regiment also participated in the British contribution to NATO in Germany, serving three tours with the British Army of the Rhine and two with the British garrison in Berlin, and between 1968 and 1991 it completed seven tours in Northern Ireland during The Troubles, in which it lost five men killed.
In March 1967, the 1st Battalion became the sole unit of the Gloucestershire Regiment when, as a result of a reorganisation of the TA, the 5th Battalion became A Company of the Wessex Volunteers in the Territorial Army Volunteer Reserve. The regiment narrowly avoided amalgamation with the Royal Hampshire Regiment in 1970, and it celebrated its tercentenary in early March 1994; 300 years since the raising of Gibson's Regiment of Foot. But by that time, the dissolution of the Soviet Union had prompted the government to restructure the armed forces. As a result, the Gloucestershire Regiment was amalgamated with the Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment to form the Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment. The new regiment maintained the back badge tradition, and when it was in turn amalgamated in 2007, it passed the tradition on to its successor regiment, The Rifles, who wear the back badge with their ceremonial uniform. The Glosters paraded for the last time on 26ย March 1994 in Gloucester. The colours, carrying more battle honours than any other regiment of the line, were then marched to the Soldiers of Gloucestershire Museum, and the regiment followed the 28th and 61st Regiments of Foot into history.
Battle honours
Victoria Crosses
The following were awarded the Victoria Cross, Britain's highest award for bravery, while serving with the Gloucestershire Regiment:
Adrian Carton de Wiartย โ attached to the 8th Battalion from the 4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards. Awarded for actions during the First World War;
Manley Angell Jamesย โ 8th Battalion. Awarded for actions during the First World War;
Francis George Milesย โ 1/5th Battalion. Awarded for actions during the First World War;
Hardy Falconer Parsonsย โ 14th Battalion. Awarded posthumously for actions during the First World War;
James Power Carneย โ 1st Battalion. Awarded for actions during the Korean War;
Philip Curtisย โ attached to the 1st Battalion from the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry. Awarded posthumously for actions during the Korean War.
Daniel Burges, a temporary Lieutenant-Colonel in the Gloucestershire Regiment, was awarded the VC during the First World War while commanding the 7th Battalion South Wales Borderers.
Colonels of the Regiment
The following served in the ceremonial position of Colonel of the Regiment:
1881 Major-General Julius E. Goodwyn CB (Last colonel of the 28th Regiment of Foot)
1881 Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas M. Steel KCB (Last colonel of the 61st Regiment of Foot)
1883 General John William Sidney Smith CB
1897 Lieutenant-General Sir John Patrick Redmond CB
1902 Lieutenant-General William Roberts CB
1912 Major-General Sir Francis Howard KCB KCMG
1913 Major-General Alexander L. Emerson
1918 General Sir John Stephen Cowans
1921 Lieutenant-General Right Honourable Sir Frederick Shaw KCB
1931 Brigadier-General Alexander W. Pagan DSO
1947 Lieutenant-General Sir H. Edward de R. Wetherall KBE CB DSO MC
1954 Major-General Charles E. A. Firth CB CBE DSO
1964 Brigadier Philip C. S. Heidenstam CBE
1971 Brigadier Anthony P. A. Arengo-Jones OBE
1978 General Sir Anthony Farrar-Hockley KCB DSO MBE MC M.Litt
1984 Lieutenant-General Sir John Waters KCB CBE
1991โ1994 Major-General Robin Digby Grist OBE (to RGBW)
Footnotes
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
The Official Website of the Gloucestershire Regimental Association
The Regimental Museumย โ The Soldiers of Gloucestershire
Tweeting the Fifth Gloster Gazette
Military units and formations established in 1881
Military units and formations of the United Kingdom in the Korean War
Regiments of the British Army in World War II
Regiments of the British Army in World War I
Military units and formations in Gloucestershire
Military units and formations in Bristol
Military units and formations disestablished in 1994
Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment
1881 establishments in the United Kingdom
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Britain
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์ด๋ค. ํ์์๋ ์๋ฐ์ด ์ค ๋นจ๊ฐ์ ๋ชฉ๋๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ฐ์ ํ์ , ๋ถ์ ์ฒ๋ผ ์ ์ง์ค์งํ๋ฉฐ ๋๋ฅด๊ณ ์๊ธฐ์ ๋์ด ๋ ์จ ๊ฐ์ ํน๋ณํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ๋ฉด ๋ ๋ชฉ๋๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐฉ์ฉํ ๋ชจ์ต์ผ๋ก ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ฉฐ ๊ณต์ ํ์ง์์๋ ์ด ๋ชจ์ต์ผ๋ก ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ค. ์ด๊ตญ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ด ์ด์์๋ ๋์๊ณ ๋ฏธ์๋
๋ก ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ฒฌ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ชจ๊ณ ํํต์ธ ์์ฆ๋ง๋นํ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ง์ด ๋ฐ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ด์ ์ด ๋น์น ๋ฏ ์ ๋น์น ๋ฏ ํ๋ฆฟํ๊ณ ์ฐจ๊ฐ์ด ๋๋ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ฑ์ด๋ค. ํ์์์ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ ๋ฏธ๋ชจ์ ๋์ฒ ํ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ด์ฐ๋ฌ์ ธ ๋ ์นด๋กญ๊ณ ์ ๋น๋ก์ด ์์ฐ๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ๊ธฐ์ง๋ง, ์ ํฌ ์ํฉ์ ์ง๋ ํฌ์ง ๋์น๋ ํ์ ์ ์ ์ ๋จ์จ์ ์๋ํ ๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ ์์์ ์ธ ์นด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ง๋ฅผ ๋ฟ๋๋ค. ์ฅ ํค๋ฅด์ํ์ธ์ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒ์ ๋ณธ ์๊ฐ๋ถํฐ ๊ป๋ป ์ฃฝ์ ์ ๋๋ก ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ข์ํ์ง๋ง, ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ ๋ณธ์ธ์ ์๋ฐํํ
๋ง ์ผํธ๋จ์ฌ ํ์ ํ๊ณ ์ฅ์๊ฒ ์ผ์ ๋ฌด๊ด์ฌํ๋ค. ํค์ด ์คํ์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์์ ์์ ์ฑ์ธ์ ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊น์ง ๋ค์ํ๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋๋ค. 9~10์ด๊น์ง๋ง ํ๋๋ผ๋ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ์ด ์ง์ ํ์ผ๋ก ์ด๊นจ ์๋๊น์ง ๋ป์ด์ ธ ๋ด๋ ค์ค๋ ์ฅ๋ฐ์ด์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ 12์ธ์ ๋ง ํ๋ จ๋ณ๋จ์ ์
๋จํ์ ๋๋ "์ฅ๋ฐ์ ๋
๋์๋ค๊ฐ ์
์ฒด๊ธฐ๋ํ๋ จ์ ํ๋ค ๋ถ์์ด๋ผ๋ ๋นํ๋ฉด ์ด๋กํ๋? ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ผ๋ฌ๋ผ."๋ผ๊ณ ์ถฉ๊ณ ํ ์๋ฐ์ ์กฐ์ธ์ ๋์ํ์ฌ ๋ฏธ์ฉ์ค์์ ๋ณด๋ธ์ปท์ ์จ์ด๋ธ ๋จ๋ฐ๋ก ์๋๋ค. ๋ช๋
์ด ํ๋ ์ ๋๋ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ด๋ ์ ๋ ๊ธธ์ด์ ธ์ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋์ผ๋ก ๋ฌถ์ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์์ง๋ง, ๋ชจ์ข
์ ์ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ ์ผ์ด๋ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ค์ ์๋ผ์ ธ ๊ท๊ฐ ์๋๊น์ง๋ง ๋ด๋ ค์จ ๋จ๋ฐ๋ก ๋ฐ๋์๋ค. ์๋ฐ์ด 4๋
ํ ์ด์ํ์ด์ด ๋๋ฉด์ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฌ์ด์ง์ง ์์ ์ฅ๋ฐ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๋์กฐ์ ์ด๋ค.
์์
์ด๋ฆด ์ ์๋ ์ฒ์ ์ค๋๋ง์ง์์ ๋ถ๋ชจ๋๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์ด๊ณ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ด๋ ๋ , ๋์์ธ์ ๋
ธ๋ฆฐ ์ผ๋น์ ์ต๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ชจ๋์ ์๊ณ ๋ฉ์น๋นํ๋ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฒ์ด์ง๋ค. ๋ฉ์น๋ฒ๋ค์ ๋ฐฉํด๊ฐ ๋๋ ์๋ฒ์ง๋ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ ์ํ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ์๋ ๋์์ธ์ธ ์ด๋จธ๋๋ ์ํฌํ๋ ค ํ์ผ๋, ์์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐํ ์ ํญ์ ๋นํฉํ์ฌ ์ฃฝ์ฌ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋์๊ณ ํผํ์ธ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ผ๋ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ๋ค.
์ด๋ ์ง๋ฃ ์ค๊ธฐ๋ก ๋์ด ์์๋ ์์ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ์๊ฑฐ์ ๊ทธ์ ์๋ค ์๋ฐ ์๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ค๋ฆ๊ฒ ์ด ํ์ฅ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์๋ฒ์ง๊ฐ ํ๋ณ์ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ฌ ๋์๋ก ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ด ์๋ฐ์ "๊ผผ์ง ๋ง๊ณ ์ฌ๊ธฐ ์์ด"๋ผ๋ ์๋ฒ์ง์ ๋ง์ ์ด๊ธฐ๊ณ ํ๋ก ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ค์ซ๋๋ค. ์ดํ ์๋ฐ์ ๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ฉ์น๋ฒ์ด ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ด๋ ์ค๋๋ง์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๊ณ , ์์ ์ด ์ด๋ฆฐ์์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํ ๋ฉ์น๋ฒ ๋์ ์ดํดํ๋ค.
๊ทธ ์ฌ๊ฑด ์ดํ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๊ฐ ๊ฐ ๊ณณ์ด ์๋ค๋ฉฐ ๋๋ดํ๊ณ ์์ ์๋ฐ์ด ์์ ์ด ๋๋ฅด๊ณ ์๋ ๋ชฉ๋๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์๊ฒ ๋๋ฌ์ฃผ๊ฒ ๋๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ๋ค๋ก ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ ์ด ๋ชฉ๋๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐค์ด๋ ๋ฎ์ด๋ ์ ๋๋ ๊นจ์ด ์์ ๋๋ ๋๋ฅด๊ณ ๋ค๋๋ค.
์๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ ๋ง๋ฆฌ์ ์๊ฐ์๋๊ตฌ์์ ์ด๊ณ ์์์ผ๋, ๊ฐ์๊ธฐ ๋ํ๋ ์ด๋ํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์ํด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒฝ์ ๋ฌธ์ด ํ๊ดด๋๋ฉด์ ์๋ ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋ํผํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์๋ฐ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์์ด๋จธ๋ ์นด๋ฅผ๋ผ ์๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ๋ ค๋ค๊ฐ ํ๋ค์ค์๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ถ๋์๋ค. ์ดํ ์ ๋ก์ ์์ชฝ์์ ์ง๋ด๋ค๊ฐ ์๋ฐ, ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ํ๋ จ๋ณ๋จ์ ์
๋จํ๋ค. ์๋ ๋ฑ๊น์ง ๋ฟ๋ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ๋ ์๋ฐ์ด "๋๋ฌด ๊ธธ๋ฉด ์
์ฒด๊ธฐ๋์ฅ์น ํ๋ จ ๋ ์ํํ ๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ผ๋๊น ์๋ฅด๋ผ."๊ณ ์ถฉ๊ณ ํ ์ดํ๋ก ๊ณ์ ๋จ๋ฐ์ด๋ค.
ํ๋ จ๋ณ ์์ ์ ์๋ฐ์ด ๊ธฐ์ดํ๋ จ์ ํต๊ณผํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ ์ ์ ๊ธ๊ธํ์, "์ ์ฑ์ ๋ง์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฅ ๊ฐ์ฒ์๊ฐ ๋๋ ๊ฒ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋?"๋ ์์ง์ ๋ง์ ํ์๊ณ , ์ด์ ํ๊ฐ ๋ ์๋ฐ์ด ์์ ์ ๋
ธ๋ ค๋ณด์ ์ผ๊ตด์ ๋ถํ๋ฉฐ "๋ ๋ ํผ์ ๊ฐ๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ ์๋์ผ. ๋ค๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฒ์ง๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฉด ๋๋ ๋ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ผ."๋ผ๋ ๋ง์ ํ๋ค. ์ฐฉ์กํ ๋ง์์ ๋
ธ๋ ค๋ณธ ๊ฒ์ด์์ง๋ง, ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ "๋๋ ํค์ด์ง๊ณ ์ถ์ง ์๋ค"๋ ๋ป์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์๋ค์ธ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ฒ์๊ฐ ๋๋ผ๋ ๋ง์ ๋ฃ์๋ง์ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ฒ๋ ค์ ๊ฐ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ๋ง์ ๋ฃ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์๋์๋ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ์๋ฐ์ ์ด๋ฑ๊ฐ๋ง ์๊ทนํด ๋ฒ๋ ธ๋ค. ์ดํ ์ง๋ก์ ๋ํ ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ ๋๋ "์๋ฐ, ๋ค๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ ๋ณ๋จ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ๊ฑฐ์ผ"๋ผ๊ณ ํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
์๋ฐ์ด ์ฅ๋น๊ต์ฒด ํ ๊ธฐ์ดํ๋ จ์ ํต๊ณผํ๊ณ "๋๋ ํ ์ ์๋ค!", "์ด๋ ๋!"๋ ๋ป์ ๋ด์ ์์ ์ ์ณ๋ค๋ณด์, ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ ๋ฑ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ "์ด๋ ๋?"๋ผ๊ณ ๋๋น์ผ๋ก ๋งํ๋ ๊ฒ ๊ฐ์๋ผ๊ณ ํ ๋ ํผ์ "์๋์ผ, ์ด๊ฑธ๋ก ๋๋ ํค์ด์ง์ง ์์๋ ๋๋ค๊ณ ์์ฌํ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฑฐ์ผ."๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์์ฌํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐ์์ ๋๊ธฐ์๋ค์ ์์์ ํฉ๋นํ ํ์ ์ ์ง์๋ค.
846๋
์ ํฉ๋ฌด์ง ํ๊ตฐํ๋ จ์์ ์ 2๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ด๋น์ ๋งก์ ํ๋ จํ๋ค.์ ๋ ๋ ์จํํธ์ ํจ๊ป ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ ๋ ์ฆ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ๋ค.
ํ๋ จ๋ณ ์กธ์
์งํ ์ด๋ํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ์ณ๋ค์ด์์ ๋๋ ๋ช
๋ น์ด๊ณ ๋ญ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ํ๊ณ ์๋ฐ์ ์งํค๊ณ ์ ์๋ฐ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ฐ๋ ค๋ค๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ง ์ข ํ๊ณ ์๊ด์ ๋ช
๋ น์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ผ๋ ์๋ฐ์ ์ผ์นจ์ ๋ฃ๊ณ ์นจ์ธํดํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
์ด์ ๋ํธ๋ฆฌํ์ ํํ์์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋ค์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ๋ค๊ฐ ๋ฌธ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ ๊ธฐํ์ข
์ ์ฒ์นํ ํ, ํผ๋์ด ๋ฆ์ด์ง๋ ์ด์ ๊ฐ ๋๋ชจ ๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ค๊ฐ ์๋จ ๋ง์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ๊ฒ ์ฑ๋ฌธ์ ํต๊ณผ์ํค๋ ค๋ค๊ฐ ๊ธธ์ ๋ง๊ณ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์์ ์๊ณ , ๋ฐ ํ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ซ์๋ด ๋ฒ๋ฆฐ๋ค. ํ๋ฐํ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ค์๊ฒ "์์ฒด๊ฐ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋งํ์ง?"๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ฌธํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ ์ฌ์์์ด์๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ก ๋ตํ๋ค.
์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋ํผ๊ฐ ์๋ฃ๋์ ์๋ฐ์ ์ํฉ์ ์์๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ ์ ๋ฐฉ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ค๊ฐ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ๋ง๋๊ฒ ๋๋ฉฐ, ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์๊ฒ ์๋ฐ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ธ์๊ฒ ์ก์๋จนํ๋ค๋ ์์์ ๋ฃ๊ฒ ๋๋๋ฐ, ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์๊ฒ ์ด ์์์ ์ ํด์ผ ํ ๋ ํน์๋ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ฉ๋ถ์ ์ฐ๋ คํ์ง๋ง, ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก๋ ์นจ์ฐฉํ๊ฒ ์ฌ์ค์ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด๊ณ ์ง์ ํ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ง์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋
์ด๊ณ ๋ ํ๋ก ์ ๋ด์ ์์ ๋ณด๊ธ๋ฐ์ ๊ตฌํ๋ฌ ๊ฐ๋ค. ๋๋จํ ์ ์ ๋ ฅ์ด์ง๋ง ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๊ฒ๋ณด๊ธฐ์ผ ๋ฟ, ์ค์์ ์ฌํ๊ฒ ๋์ํ๊ณ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ์ค๊ฐ ๋ค ๋จ์ด์ ธ ์ถ๋ฝํ ์ดํ์๋ ์ถ์ ํฌ๊ธฐํ ์ ๋์ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ฃฝ์ผ๋ฉด ์๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ตํ๋ ๊ฒ์กฐ์ฐจ ํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฌธ๋ ๊นจ๋ซ๊ณ ์ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋๋ฌผ์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๋ง์ ์ธ์ฐ๋ ค ํ๋ค.
์๋ฐ์ ์ํ์ ํ์ธํ๊ณ ๋์ ๋์ ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์์ค๊ณ ์๋ฐ์ ๋์ด์์ ์ฑ ๋ชฉ์ ๋์ ํํ ์ธ์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฐ๋ค.
์ดํ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ์์ ๋์์จ ํ ์ํ ์์๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋์ด ์ฃผ๋๋ณ๋จ์๊ฒ ํฌ์๋์์ ๋๋ ์ค์ง ๊ทธ๋ง์ ์งํค๊ณ ์, ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์๋ฐ์ ํฌ์ํ๊ณ ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ๋ด๋ ๋ณ๋ ฅ ๋ชจ๋๋ฅผ ํ๋ก ์๋ํ๋ฉฐ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ฟ๋๋ค. ์ด ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ์๋ฐ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ธํ๋ฅผ ์ ์ดํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ ์์ ๋ ๋นํฉํ๋ฉฐ ์ฒ ์ํ๋ ค๋ ์ฃผ๋๋ณ๋จ์ ์ ์๋ค์ ์๋๋ก๋ ๋ํ๋๋๋ฐ, ์งํ๊ถ์ ๋งก์ ์ด์ ๋ํธ๋ฆฌํ ๋ฐ์ฅ์ด ํ๋ช
ํ ํ๋จ์ผ๋ก ์ ์งํ ํ, ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์๊ฒ ์์ ๋กญ๊ฒ ์์ง์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ํธ์ด ์ฐ์ธ์ ์งํค๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ค๋ ฅ์ ๋ฐํํ๊ธฐ ์ข์ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋ ์ง์๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ๊ตด์ด ๋นจ๊ฐ์ง๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ ์ ํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๊ฐ ์ค์ ๋ก ์๋ฐ์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์๊ฐํ๋์ง ๋๋ฌ๋๋ ์ฅ๋ฉด์ด๋ค.
ํธ๋ก์คํธ๊ตฌ ํํ ์์ ๋ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ํ์ ์ ์ดํ์ง ๋ชปํ ์๋ฐ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฐ๋์ ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์ผ๊ตด์ ์์ฒ๋ฅผ ์
์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ดํ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์ผ๊ตด์๋ ๊ทธ ์์ฒ๋ก ์ธํ ํํฐ๊ฐ ๋จ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
์ฌ๋ฌธ์์์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ๋ณ์ฅ์ด ์๋ฐ์ ๋๋ฆฐ ์ ์ด ์์ด ๊ทธ์ ๋ํ ๊ฐ์ ์ด ์ฌํ ์ ์ข์ ๋ฏํ๋ค. ๋์ค์ ์๋ฐ์ ๋ง๋์ ๊ทธ์ ๋ชธ์ํ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฑ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ๋งค์ฐ ์ด๋์ด ์ผ๊ตด๋ก "๊ทธ ๊ผฌ๋ง๋ ๋๋ฌด ๊ฑด๋ฐฉ์ก์ด... ์ธ์ ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋์ ๋ง๋
ํ ์๋ถ์ ๋ณด๋ณต์..."์ด๋ผ๋ ๋์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ฆฐ๋ค. ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
์์๋ ์ด ๋ง์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ๋ฃ๊ณ ์์๋ค๋ ์ค์ ์ด ์ถ๊ฐ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋์ 22ํ ์ด๋ฐ๋ถ์์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ ์ผ๊ตด์ ์ ๋๋ก ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ ์๋ฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์์ผ ๊นจ๋ซ๋ ์ฅ๋ฉด์ด ๋์จ๋ค.
์ดํ ๊ฐ์๊ธฐ ๋ํ๋ ์ฌ์ฑํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์๊ฒ ์๋ ์ด ์กํ์ ๋, "์๋ฐ๋ง ๊ตฌ์ถํ๊ณ ๋๋ง๊ฐ๋ผ!"๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ๋ช
๋ น์ ๋ฌด์ํ๊ณ ์๋ฐ์ ๋ณต์๋ฅผ ์ํด ์ฌ์ฑํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ค๋ค๊ฐ ์คํ๋ ค ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ๋ฐ์ด ๋ถ๋ฌ์ง๊ฒ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ฃ์ฑ
๊ฐ์ ๋๋ผ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
๊ทธ ์ธ์๋ ์ฌ์ฑํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์ ๋ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ง์ค์ด๋ ์๋ฐ์ ๋ฌด์ญ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ทธ์น๋ฉด์ "์ค๋ง ํน๋ณํ ๊ฐ์ ์ด ์๋ ๊ฑด ์๋๊ฒ ์ง?"๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฌป๋๋ค. ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
24ํ์์๋ ์๊ณ ๋๋ก ์ปฌ๋ฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ง๋ถ์ฌ ์์ค ๋ถ์๊ธฐ์ ๋ถ๋ถ ํ๋๊น์ง ๋ํด์ ธ ํจ์ฌ ๋ ์๋์ ์ธ ํฌ์ค๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์ํ๋ค. ๋๊ณต๋ง ํ๋๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ซ์ ๊ด๊ธฐ๋ง์ ๋๊ปด์ง๋ค.
์์ 33ํ์ ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
25ํ์์๋ ์ตํ์ ์ตํ์๋ ๋ฒฝ์ ํ๊ณ ๋๋ง์น๋ ์ ๋์ ์๊ฐ๋ฝ์ ์๋ผ๋ด์ด ์ง์์ผ๋ก ๋จ์ด๋จ๋ฆผ์ผ๋ก์จ ํฌํ์ ์ผ์กฐํ๋ค. ์์์์๋ ๊ฑฐ์ธํํ ์๋ฐ์ด ์ง์ง๋๊ฐ ๋์ด ๋์ฝ์ ๋์์ ์ฃผ์์ง๋ง ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
์์๋ ์๋ฐ์ด ํ์ผ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋์ด ๋ฒ๋ ธ๊ธฐ์ ๊ทธ๋ฌ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ฅ ํผ์ ๋ฒฝ์ ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ ๋ฒ ์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋์๋ค. ์๋ฐ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ธํ์์ ๋์์จ ํ ์งํ์ค์์ ํผ๊ณค์ ์ง์ณ ์ ๋ค์ด ์์ ๋๋ ํ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฑฐ์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ฐ ์์ ๊ผญ ๋ถ์ด ์๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค. ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
์์๋ ์๋ฐ์ด ํ์ผ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋์ด ๋ ๋ฐ์์ ๋์ ์ฌ์ ์ ํ ๋กํ๋ฉฐ '์ด๋๋ก ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ์ข๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ค'๊ณ ๋งํ์ ๊น์ง ๋๋ผ ์๋ฐ์ ์์ ๊ผญ ๋ถ์ก๊ณ '๋์์์ ๋คํ์ด์ผ'๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ค์ด ๋๊ฐ ๋ค์๋ ์ด๋์ ์๋ฐ ๊ณ์ ๋ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ๊ฐ์๋ค.
์๋ฐ์ ํ์ ์ค, ์ ๋์ ๋์ธ๊ฒฉํฌ์ ํ๋ จ์ ํ๋ค ์ ๋๊ฐ ๊ด์ ๊ธฐ๋ก ์๋ฐ์ ๊น์๋ญ๊ฐ๊ณ "์ข ๋ ํ์ตํ์๊ณ . ์ฌ์์์ด์ ๋ํํ๋ ๋ฒ์.", "๊ทธ๋, ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ๋ ๋ ์๊ณ ์ถ์ด?" ๊ฐ์ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ์, ๋ผ์ด๋๋ฅผ ์ง์ด๋์ ธ ๋ ์ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์ด๋๊ณ ์ธ์์ ๊ฑด ์ผ๋ ์๋ค. ์๋ฐ์ด ๊ณ์ ์ ๋์๊ฒ ๋นํ๊ณ ์์ด์ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ ๋ณต์์๋์ง, ์๋๋ฉด ์ ๋๊ฐ ์๋ฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ์ด ์์ด์ ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋์ง, ํน์ ๋ ๋ค์ธ์ง๋ ์ ์ ์๋ค. ํ๋ จ์์์์ ์ํ์ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ ๋๊ฐ ์๋ฐ์ ์ด๋์ ๋ ์์ํ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ์ข
์ข
๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณํ์ ์๋ ์๋ค.
์ดํ ์ฐํธ๊ฐ๋ฅดํธ ๊ณ ์ฑ์ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋ ๋ผ์ด๋, ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํจํธ, ์ฝ๋, ์ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด, ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ๋ค.
๋ผ์ด๋๋ ์์ ๋ค์ ๋น๋ฐ์ ๋ฐํ๊ณ '๊ฑฐ์ธ ์ธก์ ์๋ ์ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ๋ ์๋๋ฉด ๋ณ์ฌ๋ก ๋จ์ ๊ฒ์ธ๊ฐ' ์ฌ์ด์์ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ๋ค๊ฐ ์๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ๋ ค ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ผ์ด๋๋ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํจํธ๋ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ๋ฅผ ํ๊ธฐ๋ ์ ์ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์๊ฒ ๋ฒ ์ด๊ณ ๋ง๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ ๋์ ์ฃฝ์ผ ์์ ์ด์์ง๋ง, 3๋
๋์ ๋๊ณ ๋๋ฝํ ๊ธฐ์ต์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ๋ง์ค์์ผ๋ก ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ๋ฐ ์คํจํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ์์ ๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋์น์ด ๋ณด๊ณ "๋ค์์ ์๋ค"๊ณ ๊ฒฐ์ฌ์ ๊ตณํ๋ค.
์ดํ์๋ ๊ฑฐ์ธํํ ์๋ฐ๊ณผ์ ํฉ๋ ์์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ท ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์ฝ๋๋ก ๋ชฐ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ง๋ง, ์ด๋ํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ 60m๊ธ ๋ฐ๋ ํ๋ ์ค๋ก ์ธํด ์๋ฐ์ ๋นผ์๊ธด๋ค. ํ๋์ ์์์ ์์๋ค๊ฐ ๊นจ์ด๋ ํ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ํตํด ์ ๋ง์ ์ธ ์ํฉ์ ์ธ์ํ๊ณค "๋จ์ง ์๋ฐ์ ๊ณ์ ์๊ณ ์ถ์์ ๋ฟ"์ธ ์๋ง์ ๋งํ๋ฉฐ ์ฌํผํ๋, ํ๋ค์ค์ ๊ฒฉ๋ ค๋ก ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋ค์๊ธ ์์ง๋ฅผ ๋ค์ก๋๋ค.
์์ 48ํ์์๋ ์ด์ ์ ๋ผ์ด๋์ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํจํธ๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ธํํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ์ฃฝ์ผ ์ ์์์ผ๋, ํ์๊ฐ์ ๋ง์ค์์ผ๋ก ๋์ณ๋ฒ๋ ธ๋ ์ผ์ ๋ํ์ดํ์ง ์๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ๊ธฐ์ธ๋ก ๋น์ฅํ ํ์ ์ ์ง์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ผ์ด๋ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฌ๋ ค๋ ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ์ฌ ์ฐ์ ์ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด์ ๋์ ๋ฒ ์ด ์ฝํ์ํค๊ณ , ๊ณง๋ฐ๋ก ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํจํธ์๊ฒ ๋ฌถ์ฌ ์๋ ์๋ฐ์ ๊ตฌํ๋ ค ํ์ผ๋, ๋ผ์ด๋์ ๊ฐ๋๋ก ์ ์ง๋นํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ์๋ฐ์ ๋ค์ ๋ฌถ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํจํธ๋ฅผ ๋
ธ๋ ค๋ณด๊ณ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํจํธ๋ ์๊ฒํ ํ์ ์ ์ง๋๋ค. ์์์์๋ ๋น๊ต์ ๊ฐ๋ณ๊ฒ ๋ฌ์ฌ๋๊ณ ๋์ด๊ฐ์ง๋ง, ์ ๋ํ์์๋ ์ ๋์ ๊ดํด์ ์๋ฐ์ ์ถ๊ถํ ๋์ฒ๋ผ ์์ฒญ๋๊ฒ ์ฌ๋ฉํ๊ฒ ์ฐ์ถ์ด ๊ฐํ๋์๋ค.
๊ฑฐ์ธํํ ์ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด๊ฐ ๊ณ์ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํดํ์ ์ฝํ๋ ์ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด๋ถํฐ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ค๊ณ ๊ฒฐ์ฌํ๊ณ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ๋ คํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ์์ ๋์์ ์ ์งํ๋ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ์๊ฒ ์ฌ์ ํ ์๋ ์ ์ต์ฐ์ ์ํ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
์ด๋ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๊ฐ "(์๋ฐ์ ๊ตฌํ๋ ๊ฑธ) ๋ฐฉํดํ๋ค๋ฉด ๋๋ ๋ฒ ๊ฒ ๋ค"๋ ๋์์ค์ ๋ฐ์ธ์ธ "ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ, ๋๋ ์ด๋ ์ชฝ์ด์ผ? ๋๋ ๋ฐฉํดํ๋ ค๋ ๊ฑฐ์ผ?"๋ผ๋ ๋ง์ ํ๋ค. ์ผ๊ฒฌ ๊ฐ์ ์ด ๊ฒฉํด์ง ๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ ๋ณด์ผ์ง๋ ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋, ์ฌ์ค ๋ํ๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฆฝํ๋ ๊ฒ ์์ฒด๊ฐ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๊ฐ ์๋นํ ์ด์ฑ์ ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ด๊ณ , ๋ฌด์๋ณด๋ค ๋ฐฉํดํ๋ค๋ฉด ๋น์ฅ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ํ๋จ์ ๊ฐ๊ด์ ์ผ๋ก ์ณ๋ค. ์คํ๋ ค ์ธ๋ฅ์ ์
์ฅ์์๋ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ์ ํ๋์ด ๋ฐฐ์ ์ด๋ ๋ค๋ฆ ์๋ ์ผ์ด๊ณ , ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ ์ญ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธ์งํ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ฏ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ
๋งํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๊ทธ์ ์ดํดํด์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ง์ ๋ฐ๋๋ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ ๋ค์์ ๋ง๋๋ฉด ๋ฐ๋์ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ๋ง์๋จน์ ๋์์ธ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํจํธ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ทธ์ ํ์ด ๋งบํ ์ ๊ท๋ฅผ ๋ฃ๊ณ ์ , ๋จ์ง ์๋ฐ์ ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ง ํ๋ ๋ฑ ์ด์ฑ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
49ํ์์๋ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ, ์๋ฅด๋น๊ณผ์ ํ๊ณต์ผ๋ก ์๋ฐ์ ๊ตฌํด๋๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋์ค์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์๊ฒ ๋ถ์กํ์ ๋ ํ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ถ์์ ์
์ ๋ฏํ๋ค. ์๋ฐ์ ๊ตฌํ ํ ๋ง์ ํ๊ณ ํํดํ์ง๋ง, ๋ผ์ด๋๊ฐ ๋ด๋์ง ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์ํด ์๋ฐ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋๋งํ๊ณ ๋ง์๋ค. ์งํ์ ์นด๋ฅผ๋ผ ์๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ก์๋จน์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๊ณผ 5๋
๋ง์ ๋ค์ ๋๋ฉดํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
50ํ์์๋ ํ๋ค์ค๊ฐ ๋์์์ ์ฃฝ๊ณ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ๋ ์ ํญํ๋ ค๊ณ ํ์ง๋ง ํ๋ฆฌ์ ํ์ ์ฃผ์ง ๋ชปํด์ ๊ทธ์ ์ฃผ์ ์๋ ์ํ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
์ฌ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ชฐ๋ ค๋๋ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋ค๊ณผ ์์ ํ ๊ถ์ง์ ๋ชฐ๋ฆฐ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ์ ์ํฉ์ ๋ณด๊ณ , ์ด์ ์ ๋ง ๋์ด๋ผ๋ ์๊ฐ์ด ๋ค์๋์ง ์๋ฐ์๊ฒ ์
์ ๋ง์ถ๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ด๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑ์ ์๋ฐ์ ๊ทธ๋ด ๊ฑฐ, ์ผ๋ง๋ ์ง ๋๋ฌ ์ค๊ฒ. ์์ผ๋ก๋ ์ญ ์ผ๋ง๋ ์ง.๋ผ๋ ๋์ฌ์ ํจ๊ป ์์ ์ด ์ง๋ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ธ ์์กฐ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ ์ขํ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ดํ์๋ ์๋ฐ์ ๋ฑ์ ์
ํ ์ด์๋จ์ ํ ๋๋จธ์ง ๋๋ฃ ๋ณ์ฌ๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ทํํ๋ค.
51ํ์์ ์ ๋ก์ ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒฝ ์์ ๋์ฐฉํ ํ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ถ์์ด ์๋๋ผ ๋๊ณจ ๊ณจ์ ์ ์
์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐํ์ก๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ํ ๋ชธ์ด ์ค์ ๋ค๋ ์ด์ ๋ก ์๋ฐ์ ๋ง๋ฅ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ , ์ฅ์ํจ๊ธฐ์ ๋ณต๊ทผ์ด๋๋ ํ๊ณ ์์๊ณ , ๋ค๋ฅธ 104๊ธฐ ์์๊ถ์ ์๋ ๋๊ธฐ๋ค๊ณผ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก '์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ'์ ํธ์
๋ ์ํ๋ค. 52ํ์์ ์ฅ, ์ฌ์ค์ ํจ๊ป ๋์ฌ์์ด ๋ชจ์ต๋ง ๋ณด์๋ค.
53ํ์์๋ ์๋ฐ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ญ๋ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ ์คํ ์ค ํญ์ฃผํด ์๊ธฐ์ ๋น ์ง์ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋์ํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๊ณ , ์๋ฐ์ด ๋ฌด์ฌํ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ ๋ค ํ์ง์๊ฒ ์ ๋์ ์ธ ์์ ์ ๋ณด๋ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. 53ํ์์ ๊ฒฝ์งํ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ์ง์ ๋ํ ์คํ์ผ๋ก ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๋ชธ๊ณผ ๋ํ๋๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋ ์๋ฐ์ ๋ชจ์ต์ ํฅ๋ถ์ ํด ํก์ค์์คํ๋ ํ์ง์๊ฒ ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ฑฐ๋ ์ ์ ์ ์์ ์๋ฐ์ ๋ํ ๊ฑฑ์ ์ ํ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์๊ณ , ๋ง๋ฏธ์๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ๋ฑ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์๋ฐ๊ณผ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ๋ก ์์ฅํ ์ฅ๊ณผ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ๋ฉ์น๋ฒ๋ค์ ์ถ์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ค์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ๋ถ์์ด ์ด๋ ๋๊ณ ๋ฌป๋๋ฐ, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ ์๋ฌด๋๋ ์์น๋์ง ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. 54ํ์์๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ํจ๊ป ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์์ผ๋ก ์ ์
ํด ๋ฉ์น๋ฒ๋ค๊ณผ ๋ฉ์น๋ฒ๋ค์ ๋ณด์ค์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ค ์ํ์ ๋ณด์ค '๋๋ชจ ๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ค'๋ฅผ ์ํฌํ๋๋ฐ ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํธ๋ก์คํธ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ์ด์ ๋ ํผ๋๋ฏผ๋ค์ ๋ํผ์ํค๋ ๋์ ๋๋ชจ ๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ค์ ์ผ๊ตด์ ์๊ณ ์์๊ธฐ์, ์๋๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ปผํ๋ ๊ทธ์ ๊ฑฐ์ง๋ง์ ๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ค ์ํ์ ๋ณด์ค์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฆ์ธํ๋ค. ์ดํ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ๋๋ชจ ๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ค์๊ฒ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ์๊ฒ ํ๋ ฅํ ๊ฒ์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ฉด์ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ์ ํจ๊ป ์๋ฐ์ ๋๊ธฐ์ฃผ๋ ค๋ ์ฒํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํด ๋ฐ์ง๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
55ํ์์๋ ์์ฃผ ์งง์ง๋ง ์ํฉํธ ์๋ ๋์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ ธ๋ค. ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ์์ ํ๋๋ฅผ ์ํ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ณ๋ต์ ์์๊ฐ์ ์ง๋ด์, ๊ฒฝ์
ํ ๋๋ฃ๋ค์ด ์ผ์ด๋ถ์ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ์ฅ๊ณผ ์๋ฐ์ ์ด์ด ๋ง๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ก "๋ ๋๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฐ ์ ๋ก ํค์ด ์ ์๋ค."๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ 56ํ์์ ๋ฐํ์ง ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ์ฑ์ด ์์ปค๋ง์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ํํธ ๊ฐ์ ํ์์ ์๋ ๊ณผ ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์๋ฅผ ์ง์ง๋ก ๋ฉ์นํ ์ค์ํ๋ณ๋จ ์์ ๋์ธ์ ์๋ถ๋ ๋์ฅ๋ ์์ปค๋ง์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด์ชฝ๋ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ ๋ฌด์จ ๊ด๊ณ์ผ์ง ์ ์ ์๋ ์ํฉ์ด๋ค.
57ํ์์๋ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ์์ ๋ํ ์๋ฐฐ๋ น์ด ๋จ์ด์ง ์ํฉ์์๋ ์๋ฐ์ ๊ตฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ฐ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ค์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ฅ์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ๋ช
๋ น์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ์ผ์ ๋ชปํ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ํ๊ณ ์ฌ์ค์ ์ฝ๋๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ์ด์ ํ๋์ ๋ฐ๊ฐ์ ๋๋ฌ๋ธ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฌด๋ค๋คํ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก '๊ทธ ๊ผฌ๋งน์ด๊ฐ ๋ฌด์จ ์๊ฐ์ธ์ง๋ ๋๋ ์ดํดํ ์ ์์ง๋ง ํด์ผ ํ๋ค๋ฉด ํ๊ฒ ๋ค'๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
58ํ์์ ์์ ์ ์ํํ๋ค๊ฐ ์ผ์ด ๊ผฌ์ด์, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ์ง์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ง๋ง์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ํธํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ค ํ ํ๋ณ์ด ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ฐจ์ ์ง๋ง์ฐจ์ ๋จ์ด๋จ๋ ธ์ผ๋, ์ฅ์ด ๋ฏธ์ฒ ๊ทธ ํ๋ณ์ ์ฃฝ์ด์ง ๋ชปํด์ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์นผ์ ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฌ๋ ค๋ ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๊ทธ ํ๋ณ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ์ฃฝ์๊ณ , 59ํ์์ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ์ด ์ผ๋ก ํ์ ์ฆ์ ์๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์์์ ์๋กํด์ฃผ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ ์ด๋ฌ์๋๋, ์ ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ค์ถ๋ ๋ฐ์ธ์ ๋ค์์์๋ ๋ญ๋ผ ํ์ง ์๊ณ ์ดํดํด์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
60ํ์์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ํ๋ณ ๋ฆฌ๋๋ฅผ ์ทจ์กฐํ๋ ๋์ค ์ผ๋์ ํ๋ค์์ธ '์ผ๋ ์์ปค๋ง'์ด ๋์ค์ ๋๋ผ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค. ์ด ์ฅ๋ฉด์ ๋ณผ ๋ ์ผ๋์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์กฐ๋ง๊ฐ ๋๋ฌ๋ ์ง๋ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋ค.
63ํ์์๋ ์๋ฒ์ง์ ์ผ์กฑ์ธ '์์ปค๋ง ๊ฐ๋ฌธ'์ "๋์์์ ๋ฐํด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๊ธฐ์ ์ฐ ์์ผ๋ก ์ซ๊ฒจ๋ ์ด์์ง๋ง ์ ์์ปค๋ง ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ด ๋ฐํด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฒ์ธ์ง๋ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋ค"๊ณ ์๋ฒ์ง์๊ฒ ๋ค์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
65ํ์์ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ ์ถ์์ ๊ดํ์ฌ ์ด๋ ์ ๋ ๋ฐํ์ก๋ค. ์ผ๋๊ฐ ์ ์ ์์ , ์์ ์ ํ ์๋ฒ์ง์ ํ ๋ํ ์ค์์ "๋ถ๊ฐ ์ชฝ์ด ์๊ฐ์๋๊ตฌ๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒผ๋๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์๋ ์ฅ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํดํ๋ ๋๋ค์ด ๋ํ๋ ์ฌ์ ํ ๋จน๊ณ ์ด๊ธฐ ํ๋ค๋ค"๋ ๋ง์ ์ผ๋๊ฐ ํ ์๋ฒ์ง์๊ฒ ๋งํด์ฃผ์๋๋ฐ, ์๋ง ์๊ฐ์๋๊ตฌ๋ก ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง๋ฅผ ์ฎ๊ธด ๋ถ๊ฐ ์ชฝ ์์ปค๋ง ์ผ์กฑ ์ฌ๋ ์ค์ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ ์๋ฒ์ง๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋ค. ์ฆ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ, ์ผ๋๋ ๊ฐ์ ํผ๊ฐ ํ๋ฅด๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ดํ 67ํ์์ '๊ฐํ์ ๋ ์๊ฐ๋ ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ๊ณ , 68ํ์์ ๊ธฐ์ ํ ์๋ ์ ๊นจ์ ๋ค. ์ดํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ผ๋ก ๋ณํ ๋ก๋ ๋ ์ด์ค๋ฅผ ๋ค์ซ์ผ๋ฉด์ ์งํ์ค์ ์ด์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ก ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ ์ด์ค์ ํํต์ ์์งํ์ง ์๊ณ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒฝ ๋ด์ ์ธ๋ฅ์ ๊ธฐ์ต์ ๋ณด์กด์ํฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด ์์ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋ ๋ง์ ํ๋ค. ์ดํ 68ํ์์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ๋ก๋ ๋ ์ด์ค๋ฅผ ํ ๋ฒํ ์์ ์ ์ค๋นํ๋ค. ์ดํ 70ํ์์ ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์์ ๋ชฉ์ฅ ์ผ์ ๋์ฐ๋ฉด์๋ ๋ฌด์์ด ํ์ ์ ์ง์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋๋ฌด๋ ๊ฐ๊น์์ง ์๋ ๊ณผ ํ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์์์ ์ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ์ ํ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ผ์ ํ์ํ๋ฉฐ ์ฌ๋ํด์ง ์๋ ์ ๊ฑฑ์ ํ๋ค.
72ํ์์ ์๋ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ด์ ๋์ฐพ๊ณ ์ฅ๊ณผ ์ธ์ฐ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ์์ ์ฒ๋ผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ก ๋ฏ์ด๋ง๋ฆฌ์ง ์๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ง์ผ๋ณด๊ณ , ์ธ๋ฅ ์ต๊ฐ์ ๋ณ์ฌํํ
๋ช
์น๋ฅผ ๋ง์ ์๋ ์ ๋น์คํ๊ณ ์ฒด๊ตฌ๋ ์์ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ๋ถ์ถํด ์ฎ๊ธฐ๋๋ก ๋ด๋ฒ๋ ค ๋๋ ๋ฑ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ๋นํด ์๋ฐ์ ๋ํ ์ง์ฐฉ์ด ๋ง์ด ์ ์ ๋ ๋ฏํ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋์ "๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฅผ ์งํฌํ์ง๋ง, ์ด์ ๋ ์๋๋ค"๋ผ๋ ์๋ฐ์ ์์งํ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑ์ ๋ณด์ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ ๋ํ์๋ฐ์ ์ด๋ฑ๊ฐ ์ญ์ ์ํ๋ ๋ฏ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ํํธ ์๋ฐ๊ณผ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ๋ฐ๊นฅ์ธ๊ณ์ ๋ํ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋๋๋ฉฐ ์๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๋ ๋๋ง ์๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์ ์๋ฐ๊ณผ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ์์ง ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์๊ฒ๋ ๋ฐ๊นฅ์ธ๊ณ์ ๋ํ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ ค์ฃผ์ง ์์ ๋ชจ์์ด๋ค.
73ํ์์๋ ์๋ฐ์ ์ํ๊ฐ ์ข์ง ์์ ๊ฒ์ ๋์น์ฑ๊ณ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ผ๋, ๊ทธ๋ณด๋ค ์กฐ๊ธ ๋ฆ๊ฒ ๋ง์ ๊ฑด ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ์ํด์ ๊ทธ๋๋ก ์นํ๊ณ ์์ ์ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋๋๋ ์๋ ๊ณผ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ๋ํ๋ฅผ ๋ค์์ ์ง์ผ๋ณธ๋ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๊ฐ ๋์ ์ฌ์ด์ ๋ผ์ด๋ค ์ ์๋ ๋ฏ ํ ๋ฌ์ฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ณต๊ณผ ์์ธ๊ฐ์ด ๋ฌป์ด๋๋ 72ํ์ ๋์ฌ๊ฐ ์ด์ฐ๋ฌ์ ธ ๋
์๋ค์ ์์ต์ ์์๋ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๋ค.
74ํ์์๋ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๋ชธ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋์จ ์๋ ์ ํ์ํ์ฌ ๋ฒฝ ์๋ก ๋์์ค๊ณ ๋ฌต๋ฌตํ ๋งํ ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์ด ๋๋ฌ ์ค๋ค. ์ดํ ๊ณ์ํด์ ์๋ ์ ๊ณ์ ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, ๋ผ์ด๋์๊ฒ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ์ดํด๋นํ๊ธฐ ์ง์ ์ ๋ต์ด๊ณ ๋ญ๊ณ ์๊ณ ๋ฐ์ณ๋๊ฐ๋ ค ํ๋ ์๋ ์ ์ ์งํ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ๋ผ์ด๋๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ์๋ ๋ณด๋ค ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํ์
ํ ๋ฏํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ท๊ฑฐ์ธ์ผ๋ก ๋ณํ ๋ผ์ด๋๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋ ์๋ ์ด ์ง์น๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๋ค๋ฅผ ์น๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐฉ์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์๋ ์ ์ซ์, ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ ์๋ ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ๋๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ๋
ธ๋ฆฐ๋ค. ์๋ ์ด ๊ด์ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ผ์ด๋๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ์๋ถ์ด์ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ ํ์ง์ ๊ฐ์ด ๊ฐ์ท๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๋์ ๋์ฐฝ์ผ๋ก ๊ณต๊ฒฉํด ์์ผ๋ฅผ ๋นผ์๋๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋๋จธ์ง ๋ณ๋ ฅ๋ค์ด ๋์ฐฝ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ท๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๊ฐ์ท์ ๋ถ์๊ณ ๋ผ์ด๋์ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ๊ดดํ์์๋ ๋ผ์ด๋๋ ์ฃฝ์ง ์์๋ค. ๋๋ฆฌ์ด ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํจํธ๊ฐ ๋ผ์ด๋์ ๋ถ๋ฆ์ ์๋ตํ์ฌ ์ ์ฅ์ ๊ฐ์
ํ๋ค. ์ดํ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํจํธ์์ ์ตํ ๊ต์ญ์์ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํจํธ๊ฐ ์นผ์ ๋ค๊ณ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์๊ฒ ์ ๊ทผํ์, ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํจํธ์ ๋ค๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํจํธ์ ์นผ์ ์์ ์ ์นผ๋ก ์ณ๋ด๊ณ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์นผ๋ก ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํจํธ์ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํจํธ๋ ๊ท๋ฅผ ๋ฒ ์ด๋ฉด์๋ ๋ชธ์ ์์ฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํผํจ๊ณผ ๋์์ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ ์ผ๊ตด์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ ๋ฆฐ๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ํ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ๋ง์์ง๋ง ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ ๊ทธ ํ์ ํ๊ฒจ๋๊ฐ๊ณ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํจํธ๊ฐ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฌ๋ ค๋ค์ ์นผ์ ๋์ ธ ์ ์งํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ค์ ๋์งํ๊ณ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํจํธ๋ ๋ฌ์๋๋ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํจํธ๊ฐ "์ด์ ์ ๊ทธ์๋ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค"๊ณ ๋๋๋ค.
๋ฒ ๋ฅดํจํธ๊ฐ ์ด๋ํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ผ๋ก ๋ณํ๋ ์์ค์ ์๊ธด ํํญํ์์ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๊ฐ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ๋ณดํธํ๋ค.
80ํ์์๋ ์ด๋ํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ซ๊ณ ๋์ฐฝ์ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ ค ํ์ผ๋ ์คํจํ๊ณ ๋์ฐฝ์ ํํธ์ ๋ง์ ๊ฒฝ์์ ์
์๋ค. ์ดํ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์๊ฒ ๋ฐ๊ฒฉ์ ํ๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ฌป์ง๋ง ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ์ ๋ป ๋ต์ ์ฃผ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
81ํ์์ ๋ถํํ ๊ฐ์ท ๊ฑฐ์ธ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ง์ฐ์์คํด ์๋ค๊ฐ, ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ์ด๋ํ์ "์๋ฐ๊ณผ ์์ ์ด ์ก์ ์ ์๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ฉฐ "๊ฐ์ท๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๋งก์ ๋ฌ๋ผ"๋ ๋ถํ์ ๋ฐ๋๋ค. ๊ธฐ์ด์ ์ฐจ๋ฆฐ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ์์ ๋๋ก ๋๋จธ์ง ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ๋ฐ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ฐ์ท ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์ ์ธํ๋ ค ๊ฐ๋ค.
๊ทธ ํ 82ํ, ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ ๊ฐ์ท ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ์ฃฝ์ผ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์๋ค๋ ํ๋จ์ ๋ด๋ฆฐ๋ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ ๊ฐ์ท ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์ค๊ธ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋์ฐฝ์ ์ฐ๋ฌ ๋ฃ์ด ๊ฐ์ท ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์์ง์ด์ง ๋ชปํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ฐ์ท ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์์ ์ ๋๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฌ๋ ค๋ ์ฅ, ๋์ฐฝ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ท ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ํฑ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํด์ผ ํ๋ ์ฌ์ค๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ท๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋ถ์ ์ง๋ถ์ ํํธ์ ๋ง์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์๊ณผ ์ค์์ ์
๊ณ ํ๊ฒจ๋๊ฐ๋ค. ๋์ฐฝ์ ์ ์ค์ํจ ๊ฑด ์ฝ๋ ๋ฐ์ ์๋ ์ํฉ. ํฑ์ด ์ด๋ฆฌ์ง ์์์์๋ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๊ฐ ๋์ฐฝ์ ์ด์ฉํ๋ ค๋ ์ฐฐ๋, ๋ค์ ๋ํ๋ ํ์ง๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ท ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ํฑ์ ๋ถ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ก ๊ทธ ์งํ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ ๊ฐ์ท๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๋ชฉ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ ๋์ฐฝ์ ์ฐ๋ฌ ๋ฃ์ด ๋ผ์ด๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ฒจ ๋์ค๊ฒ ๋ง๋ ๋ค.
์ด์ด์ง๋ 83ํ์์๋ ์ ์๋นํ ๋ผ์ด๋๋ฅผ ํ์ง๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ฌธํ๋ ์์ค์ ์ฅ์ ์น๋ฃํด์ฃผ๊ณ ์๋ค. ํ์ง์ ๋ช
๋ น์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ์๋ฐ์ ์ํฉ์ ๋ณด๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ง๋ง ์ด๋ํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ์ ์์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๋น์ฌ์ํ์ธ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ๊ณ ๋ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ฐ๋๋ค. ์ดํ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ํ๋๋ฟ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ธํ ์ฃผ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ ๋์ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ๋น์ฌ์ํ์ธ ์๋ฅด๋น์๊ฒ ๋์ ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ์ ํํ์ ์ฌ์์น ์์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์นผ์ ๋นผ์ด๋ ์ฑ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ๋ค๊ฐ๊ฐ๋ฉฐ 83ํ ์ข
๋ฃ.
84ํ์์๋ ์ ์๊ฐ์ ์ธ์ ๋์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ์ฃผ๋จน์ผ๋ก ์๋ ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ ํธ์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฌ์ ์นผ์ ๋ ์ฑ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ค์์ ๋ฎ์น๋ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ฌ๋ ค๋ค ๊ฒ์ ์์ํ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ ๊ณง๋ฐ๋ก ๋ค๋ก ๋์์ฐ์์๋ ์์ธ๋ก ์ฝ๊ฒ ์ ์๋นํ๋ค. ์ง์น๊ฑฐ์ธ๊ณผ์ ๋ํฌ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ํ์ด ๋ค ๋น ์ง ํ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์ฃผ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๊ฐ ํ๊ฒจ๋ฃจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ๋ ์ค ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๊ฐ "์๋ฅด๋น์ ํ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ธ๋ฅ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ ์ ์๋ค" ๊ณ ๋งํ์ ์๋ฐ์ด "์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ์์ด๋ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ, ์ธ๋ฅ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ๋ ๊ฑด ๋๋ ๋จ์ฅ๋ ์๋ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ" ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ํ์ฝ์ ๋ด์ธ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ง์ ๋ค์ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ ์ฃผ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ชฐ์๋ถ์๊ณ , ์ด๋ "๋ด๊ฐ ์ด์๋ ์ด์ ๋ ์
๋ง๋ฅผ ๋์ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ฒ" ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ํ๋ก์ด ๋ฌ๋ ค๋ค์ ์นผ์ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ๋๋ ค ์นผ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ฆฌ์น๋ ค๋ ํ์ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ถ์์ผ๋, ๋ค์์ ์ด๊นจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ธ๊ณ ๋งค๋ฌ๋ฆฐ ํ์ง์๊ฒ ์ ์ง๋นํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ ๋์๋ง์ ์ฃผ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋ด๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ฅด๊ณ ์ธ๋ฉด์ ๋ฐ๋ฒ๋ฅ์น๋ค๊ฐ "์๋ฅด๋น์ ์ด๋ ค์ผ ํ๋ค"๋ ํ์ง์ ๋ง์ "์๋ฅด๋ฏผ๋ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ํ ์ ์๋ค!"๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋
์ ๊ตฌ์์ ๋ฟ๋ฆฌ์น๊ณ ์ ์๋ชฉ์ ๋ถ๋ค์์ง๋ง, ํ์ง๊ฐ "๋ ์ญ์ ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ถ์ ์ฌ๋์ด ๋ง๋ค"๋ฉฐ ๋ฌ๋์ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ๊ณผ์ ์ถ์ต์ ํ์ํ๋ฉฐ ํ์ ์๊ณ ๋์ด์ง๋ค. ์ดํ ๋ณธ ๋ชจ์ต์ผ๋ก ๋์์จ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ์๊ณ ๋๋ฌผ์ ํ๋ฆฐ๋ค.
85ํ์์ ์๋ฐ, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด, ํ์ง์ ํจ๊ป ์๋ ์ ์ง์ ์งํ์ค์์ ์๋ฐ์ ์น์๋ฒ์ง์ด์ ์์ ์ ์์๋ฒ์ง ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ์๊ฑฐ์ ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํด ๋ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์ธ๋ฅ๋ ๋ฉธ๋งํ์ง ์์๋ค๋ ๋ด์ฉ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ๊ณ ์ ๋ก์ ๋ก ๊ทํํ๋ค.
88ํ์์ ๋ฐํ์ง ์ฌ์ค๋ก ์๋นํ ์์ตํ๊ฒ ๋์๋๋ฐ, ์ํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ํ์ ๋ด๊ฒ ๋ '์ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด์ ๋ฐฑ์ฑ' ๊ณ์ด์ ์๋์์ธ์ 13๋
ํ์ ์ฃฝ๊ฒ ๋๋๋ฐ, ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์๋ฐ์ 8๋
, ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ 13๋
๋ค์ ์ฌ๋งํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๊ฐ์ฅ ์นํ ์น๊ตฌ ๋์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์ ์๋ช
์ ๋คํด ์ฃฝ๊ฒ๋๋ ์
. ์๋ฐ๊ณผ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ๋ํ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ด๊ฒ์ ์์๋์ง ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋๋จํ ๊ณ ํต์ค๋ฌ์ํ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์๋ค.
89ํ์์ ๊ตฌ๊ธ์ด ํ๋ ธ๋๋ฐ ์์ ์ฌ์ค์ ์ ์ ์ ์ ์คํธ๋ ์ค ๋๋ฌธ์ธ์ง ์๋นํ ์ด์ทํ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์๋ค.
์ ๋ง๋ฆฌ์ ํํ 1๋
์ด ์ง๋๊ณ ๋์ ๋๋์ด ๋ฐ๋ค์ ๋๋ฌํ๋ค. ์ญ์ ๋ฐ๋ค๋ ์ฒ์์ธ ๋ฏ ์ ๋์ ๋ฌผ์ฅ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์น๋ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋นํฉํดํ๋ ์์ธ์ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์๋ค.
๋ฐ๋ค์ ๋๋ฌํ ์์ ์์ 3๋
์ด ๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ 19์ธ.
101ํ์์ ์ ํด์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์๊ฒ ๋์ฐฝ์ ๋ ๋ ค ์ฐ๋ฌ๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ค.์ ๋ณด๋ค ๋ ์งง์ ์์ปท์ด ๋์ด ์ค์ฑ์ ์ธ ๋๋์ด ๊ฐํด์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ์ ํ ๋ชฉ๋๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. 3๋
ํ์ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ณ๋จ ๊ตฐ๋ณต์ ์ ๋ณด๋ค ์ ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋์ด ์ท์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋๊ฑฐ์ธ๊ณผ ๋์ธ์ฉ ์
์ฒด๊ธฐ๋์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ค ์ฐจ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์์ ์ ์ ํ์ ํ๋์ฉ ์ฅ์ฐฉํ๋ ๋์ฐฝ๋ ํ์ชฝ ํ์ 4๊ฐ์ฉ ์ฅ์ฐฉํ๋๋ก ๊ฐ๋๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์ด ๋ง๋ ์ธก ๋ณ์ฌ์๊ฒ ์ด์ ์๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋์ฐฝ๊ณผ ๋๋ถ์ด ์ด๊น์ง ๋ฐ์ฌํ ์ ์๋ ๋ฏ. ๊ฑฐ์ธ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ ๋ ๋ค ์๋ํ ์ ์๋ ๊ธฐ๋์ฅ์น์ด๋ค. ๋์ฐฝ์ผ๋ก ์ ํด์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์ผ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ ๋ ค๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฅ๋ฉด์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์ด์ฉํ ์ธ๋ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์๋ํ ์ธ๋ฅ์ ๋๊ฑฐ์ธ ์ ๋ ฅ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ์คํ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ ๋ฑ์ฅ์ ์๋ ์ด ์์ค์ ๋คํ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์๋ํ๊ณ , ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ ์๋ ์๊ฒ ๋ถํ์ด๋ ๋์์ค๋ผ๋ ๋ง์ ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ, ์ ์ง ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ํฉ์ด ๋ง์ถ์ด์ง ๊ฒ์ด ์๋, ์๋ ์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ค๊ณผ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋จ๋
์์ ์ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ํต๋ณด ๋ฐ ๊ฐํํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์๋ ์ ๋์์ฃผ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ฏํ ๋ถ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ๊ธฐ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
102ํ์์ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๋ฑ์ฅ์ด ์์๋๊ณ , ์๊ณผ ๋๋ถ์ด ํ์ด์ ๋ํด์๋ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ธ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ์คฌ๋ค. ๊ฑฐ์ธํ๋ฅผ ํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์ธ๊ณผ ์์ด๋ค์ ์ฃฝ์ธ ์๋ ์๊ฒ ์ด์ ๊ฑท์ก์ ์ ์๋ค๋ฉฐ ๋์์ค๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ์ดํ ์ฐ๋ฌ์ง์ง ์์ ์ ํด์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ํผ์ ์๋ํ์ฌ ์๋ ์ด ๋ณธ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฒ์ด์ค๋ค.
103ํ์์๋ ์ ํด์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๋ณธ์ฒด๊ฐ ์๋ ์์ ๋ง์ ๋์ฐฝ์ ๋จน์ด์ง๋ง ๋จนํ์ง ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ๊ณ ํ์ ํฑ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๊ณผ ์ธ์ฐ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
104ํ์์ ํฑ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์ ๋ํ ๋ค ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ์์ผ ์๋ ์ด ํฑ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์ด์ฉํด ์ ํด๋ฅผ ๋จน์ ์ ์๋๋ก ๋๋๋ค. ์ดํ ๋ผ์ด๋์ ๊ฐ์ท์ด ๊นจ์ด๋์ ์๋ ์ ๊ตฌ์ถํ ๋ค ๋นํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์ฃผํ๋ค.
105ํ์์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ๋ณ์ฅ์ด ๋นํ์ ์ ์ฌ๋ผ์จ ์๋ ์ ๋ฐ๋ก ์์ ์ฒ๋ผ ์ฐจ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด๊ณ ์๊ฐ ์์ฐํ์ง๋ง ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ํ์ ์ ์ฐฌ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ก๋ง๋๋ค. ์์ ๊ณผ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ ๋ง์ง๋ชปํด ์๊ธํ๋ ๋ฏํ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ผ๊ตด์ ๋จ๊ตฐ๋ค. ์๋ง ์๋ ์ ํญ์ ๋ฏฟ์ด์ฃผ๋ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ง๋ง ์ด๋ฒ๋ง์ ์๋ ์ ์์ ์ด ๋ฌด๋ชจํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ผ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ๋ค. ์งํฌ์ ์๋ ์ด ์๊ฐ๋์ด์๋ ๋ฐฉ์ ์์ด์ ์ฌ์ค๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋น์๊ฒ ์ฌ์ด๋นํ๋ ๊ฑธ ๋ชฐ๋๋ค๊ฐ ์ฅ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ฌ์ค๊ฐ ์ด์ ๋ง์ ๋ชฉ์จ์ด ์ํํ๋ค๋ ๊ฑธ ๋ฃ์ ์ผ๊ตด์ด ๊ตณ์ด์ง ์ฑ๋ก ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ฒฉ๋ฉ๊ณ ๋ก ํฅํ์ง๋ง ๋๋ด ์ฌ์ค๋ ๋ถ๊ท์ ๊ฐ์ด ๋์ด๋ฒ๋ ธ๊ณ ์ฃฝ์ ์ฌ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๋๋ฌผ์ ํ๋ฆฐ๋ค.
107ํ์์ ์ธ๋ถ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ธ 'ํ์ฆ๊ตญ'๊ณผ ์ฐํธ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋งบ๊ฒ ๋ ํ๋ผ๋ ์ฌ ๊ด๊ณ์ ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ด์์ ํ์ฆ๊ตญ ๋์ฌ์ธ ์์ฆ๋ง๋นํ ํค์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ๊ฒ ์ธ์๋ฃจ๊ฐ ์์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ ํํ์ ํ์์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค. ๊ทธ ํ์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธ์์ด ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ ํ์ ์๊ฒจ์ ธ ์์๊ณ ์ด๊ฒ์ ํ์ฆ๊ตญ ์ง๋์ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ธ ์ผ๊ตฐ๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ฆ, ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ ํ์ฆ๊ตญ ์ง๋ฐฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ ๋ง์ง๋ง ํ์์ธ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
108ํ์์๋ 104๊ธฐ ๋๋ฃ๋ค๊ณผ ์๋ ์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ํ ์ง ํ ๋ก ํ๋ค. ๋ ์ผ ๊ฑด์ค์ ํ๋ ํ์ ์ฅ๋ฉด์์๋ ํผ์ ์ฒ ๊ทผ๋ค์ ์ฎ๊ธฐ๊ณ ๋จ๋ค๋ณด๋ค ๋ฐฐ๋ก ๋ง์ ๊ฐ๋ชฉ์ ์๋ฌด ํ์ ์์ด ์ฎ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค์ผ๋ก์จ ํ์ด ํ์ธ๊ณผ๋ ์ฐจ์์ด ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค๋ ์ ์ ๊นจ์๊ฐ์ด ์ดํํ๋ค.
109ํ์์ ์์ ์ ํธ๋ก์คํธ๊ตฌ ๊ณต๋ฐฉ์ ๋น์ ๊ตฌํด์ค ์ฌ์ ์์ด ๋ฃจ์ด์ ๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ด๋ จ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ๋ก ํด์คํฐ์ ํจ๊ป ๋์คํ ์ฃ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ์ ๊ฐํ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ํ๋ฅผ ๋๋์ง๋ง ๋์ค์ ๋ํต์ ๊ฒช๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
112ํ์์ ๊ทธ ๋ํต์ ์์ธ์ด ๋ฐ๋ก ์์ปค๋ง ์ผ์กฑ์ ์ค์ค๋ก ์ฃผ๊ตฐ์ ๋ช
๋ น์ ๋ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ๋๋ก ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง ์ผ์กฑ์ธ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋ณธ๋ฅ์ ์ ํญํ๋ฉด์ ์๊ธฐ๋ ๋ํต์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ฆ ์๋ ์ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ ค๋ ๊ฑด ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ ์์ง๊ฐ ์๋์๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด์ ๊ด๋ จํด์ ์๋ ์ด ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๊ฐ ์ซ์๋ค๋ ๋ฐ์ธ์ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ๋ฌ๋ ค๋ค์ ๋๋ฌผ๋ง ํ๋ฆฌ๋ ์์ค์๋ ์์ปค๋ง ์ผ์กฑ์ ๋ณธ๋ฅ์ด ๋ฐ๋ํด ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ์ ์ํ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
๋ค๋ง, ์งํฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ํ๋ค. 130ํ์์ ์๋ ๊ณผ ์งํฌ์ ๋ํ ์ค ์๋ ์ด ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ ๋ํต๊ณผ ์์ ์ ๋ํ ์ง๋
์ ๋ํด ์งํฌ์๊ฒ ๋ฌผ์ด๋ณด๋๋ฐ ์งํฌ๋ ์์ปค๋ง ์ผ์กฑ์ด ๋ณธ๋ฅ์ ๋์ ๋จ๋ ๊ฐ์ฑ์ ์๊ฐ์ ์์ด๋ ๊ทธ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค, ์งํฌ๋ ์ด์ ๋ํด ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๊ฐ ์๋ ์ ์ํด์๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๋นํ์ด ์ฃฝ์ผ ์ ์์ ์ ๋๋ก ๊ทธ์ ์๋ ์ ์ข์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์๋ ค์คฌ๋ค, ์ฆ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ ์๋ ์ ํฅํ ๋ง์์ ๋ณธ๋ฅ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ ๋ณธ์ธ์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ. ๊ทธ ํ ์๋ฐ์ด ์์ ์ ์๋ช
์ด 4๋
๋ฐ์ ๋จ์ง์์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ธ๊ธํ ์ ๊ณผ ์๋ ์ด ๋
๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์คํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์์ ์ ์ฃฝ์์ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๊ฐ ์ฌํผํ์ง ์๋๋ก ์์ ์ด ์์ด๋ ์ด์๊ฐ ์ ์๋๋ก ์ผ๋ถ๋ฌ "๋๊ฐ ์ซ๋ค"๋ผ๋ ๋ง๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ฑฐ์ง๋ง์ ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค.
123ํ์์ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ์ํ๋ค. ๋ง๋ ์ ์ ์
ํ์ฌ ์ฒ์๋ณด๋ ๊ฒ๋ค์ ์ ๊ธฐํดํ๊ณ ์์ด์คํฌ๋ฆผ์ ์ฌ์ ์๋ ์๊ฒ ๊ถํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ ์ ๋
ํผ๋๋ฏผ ์บ ํ ์์ ์๋ ์๋ ์ ๋ง๋๊ณ ์๋ ์ ๋ฌผ์์ ์ผ๊ตด์ ๋ถํ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ตํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํผ๋๋ฏผ์ ๋์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ค์ซ์์จ 104๊ธฐ ๋๋ฃ๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ ์ ๋ง์๊ณ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ค์ฒ๋ผ ๋ป์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฐ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ๊ธฐ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์๋ ์ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด์ ๋ฐฑ์ฑ ๋ณดํธ๋จ์ฒด๋ ์ฌ์ ์๋ฅด๋์์ธ์ ์ ๋ํ๊ณ ์์๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ ๋ถํฐ ์๋ ์ ์์ ๋ค์ ๊ณ์ ๋ ๋๋ฒ๋ ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฉด์ ๊ทธ๋ ์์ ์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋๋ต์ ํ๋๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง์ง ์์์๊น ํ๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ฉฐ ์์ ์ ํ์ฌ๋ก ๋์์ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์๊ฒ ์๋ ์ ์์ ๋ค์ ๋ฐฐ์ ํ์ง ์์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฃ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ทธ ์งํ ์๋ ์ ์ขํ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋
์ธ๋ฆผ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๋ฃ๋๋ค.
124ํ์์๋ ์๋ ๋๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ๋ ค๋ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์ฃฝ์ธ๋ค. ์ดํ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ์ฌ๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ฑฐ์ธ๋ค์ ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋ชฐ์ ๋ชฐ์ด์ํจ๋ค.
125ํ, ํผ๋์ค๋ฌ์ํ๋ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์๊ฒ ์ง์๋ฅผ ์์ฒญํ์ง๋ง "์์ ๋์, ์กฐ๊ธ์ฏค์ ์ค์ค๋ก ์๊ฐํด"๋ผ๋ ํ์์ ๋ฃ๋๋ค. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์ ์๋ ์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ํ ๊บผ๋๊ณ ๋ฌป๋๋ฐ ์ด์กฐํจ์ด ํญ๋ฐํ ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ด ๋ง๊ตฌ์ก์ด๋ก ์๋ฆฌ์น๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ "๋ฏธ์..."์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฌ๊ณผํ๋ค. ์ดํ ์๊ณผ ํ๋ก์ด ์๋ ์์ธต๋ถ๋ก ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ํ์ง์ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌป๋๋ค.
132ํ, ๋นํ์ ์ ๋์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ผํ๋ค๊ณผ ์ง์ ์ฎ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์ ํ ์
์ฒด๊ธฐ๋์ฅ์น๋ ์ต์ํ์ง ์์ผ๋ ๋ผ์ด๋์ ๊ฐ์ด ์ฃผ๋ณ์ ๋๋ฉฐ ์ฐ์ตํ๋ผ ํ์ง๋ง ์ ๋๋ ๋นํ์ ์ ํ ์๊ฐ์ด ์์๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ ํ๋ค. ์ดํ๋ก ์ ๋์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฃ๊ณ ๋ง์ ์ง์ ์ฎ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ์์ ์ ์๋ ์๊ฒ ๊ฐ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ํ๋๋ฐ ์ด๋ ์ ๋๊ฐ ์ธ๋ฅ๋ฅผ ์ํด ์๋ ์ ์ฃฝ์ผ ๊ฑฐ๋๊ณ ํ์ ์์ ์ ๋ฉ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ ์๋ ์ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฌ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ ๋๊ฐ ๋จธํ๋ฌ๋ ๋ ์ด์ ์ ํ๋๊ณ ๋ฌป์ ๋จธํ๋ฌ๋ ์์ง๋ง ์ง๊ธ์ ์ ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋นํ์ ์ ํ ์ค๋น๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ๋ ๋๋ ค ํ ๋ ๊ฒจ์ฐ ์ด์๋จ์ ํ๋ก์ด ๋นํ์ ์ ์ด์ ๋ง๊ตฌ ์ด ๋์ ๊ทธ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ต์ปค๋ฅผ ๊ฝ์๋ฃ์ด ํ๋ก์ ์ฃฝ์ธ๋ค. ๋นํ์ ์ ๊ณ ์น๋ ๋์ ๋
์ธ๋ฆผ์ด ๋นํ์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด๊น์ง ์ค์ ์ด์ฐํ ์ค์ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ ์๋ค ํ์ง๊ฐ ์๊ฐ์ ๋๋ ๋์ ๋นํ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ด ํ์นํด ๋ ์๊ฐ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ด๋ํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ์ ํ๋ฒ๋ ค ๋จ์ด์ง ํ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๋์ ์ง๋ ๊ฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฌํผํ๋ค.
134ํ์์๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ผํ๋ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์์กฐ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ์์์ ์ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค.
135ํ์์๋ ๋ผ์ด๋, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์กฐ ์ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด๊ฐ ์ํํ ์ญ๋ ์ํ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์๊ฒ ๋๋ฃ๋ค์ด ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒ ๋ณด์ด์ ๋นํฉํ๊ณ ๋ถ์ํดํ๋ ๋์ด ํด๋ก์ฆ์
๋๋ฉฐ ๋๋ ๊ฐํ๋ค๋ฉฐ ๋ค ๋ค๋น๋ผ๊ณ ์ธ์น๋ค. ๊ทธ ์๊ฐ, ์ ๋์ ๊ฐ๋น, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํฑ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋ํ๋ ์ผํ์ ๊ตฌํด์ค๋ค. '๋๋ ๊ฐํด'๋ผ๋ ๋์ฌ๋ ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ค์น ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ํฉ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก 1๋ถ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฅผ ์ฐ์์ํค๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค๋ ์๊ฒฌ์ด ์๋ค.
138ํ์์๋ ์ฅ,์ฝ๋,๊ฐ๋น๊ฐ ๋ฌด์ง์ฑ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ด ๋๋ ๊ฑธ ๋ณธ๋ค. ์๋ฅด๋ฏผ, ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ ๋์์ ๋ฐ์ ์๋ฐ์ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ ํค์คํ๋ค.
139ํ, ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋๋ ํ, 3๋
์ด ์ง๋ ์์ ์ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ์ด ๋ค์ ์๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ ์๋ฐ์ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ ๊ฐ ์๋ฐ์ด ๋ฎ์ ์๋ ๋๋ฌด ์๋ ๋ฌป์ด์ฃผ๊ณ ๊ทธ ๊ณณ์์ ์๋ฐ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ํ๋ฉฐ ์ํ์ด ๋๋๋ค.
์ฑ๊ฒฉ
๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ง์๊ฐ ์ ๊ณ ํ์ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ๋๋ฌธ ์ฐจ๊ฐ๊ณ ๋์ ์นจ์ฐฉํ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ค. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์ ๋ํด ์ค์ค๋ก์ ํ์ธ์๊ฒ ์๊ฒฉํ ์ฒ ๋์ฒ ๋ฏธํจ์ ์ง๋
์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ํ์ ์ฌ์ง๊ฐ ์๋ ์ ์ฅ์ ์ ์๊ฒ๋ ์ฃผ์ ์์ด ์นผ์ ํ๋๋ฅด๋ ๊ฐ์ธํ๊ณ ๋ ๋ฆํ ๋์ฅ๋ถ.
ํ์ง๋ง ์์ธ์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ์งํฌ์ฌ์ด ๋๋ค.
๋ค๋ฅธ์ฌ๋์๊ฒ ์ฐจ๊ฐ์ง๋ง ์ ๋
์๋ ์๊ฑฐ์ ๋ช๋ช ๋๋ฃ๋ค์๊ฒ๋ง ์น์ ํ ๋ํด์ฃผ๋ํธ.
์ฃผ์ ๊ณก
็พใใๆฎ้
ทใชไธ็ (์๋ฆ๋ต๊ณ ๋ ์ํนํ ์ธ๊ณ/์ฐ์ธ ์ฟ ์์ฟ ์๊ณ ์ฟ ๋์ธ์นด์ด) (CV: ํ์นด์ฌ ์์ฝ(ๆฅ็ฌ ้ฝๅญ)
์ง๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
Season 1 1์ฟ ๋ฅด์ ์๋ฉ์ ๋๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฅ์ํ๋ ์๋ฉ๊ณก. ํ๋ฆฌ๋ค ๋ผ์ด์ค์ ์ฑ์ฐ ํ์นด์ฌ ์์ฝ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ ์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ์นด์ฌ ์์ฝ์ ์๋์ ์ด๊ณ ์ฐ๋ ์ฐฌ ๊ฐ์ฐฝ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ด์ฐ๋ฌ์ ธ ํ ์๋ ์ ๋ง ์์ผ๋ก ๋จ์ด์ก์ง๋ง '์ํนํ๊ณ ๋ ์๋ฆ๋ค์ด ์ธ๊ณ'๋ฅผ ์ด์ ๋๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ๋ค์ง๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์๋ฅผ ์ฒญ๊ฐํํ ๊ณก์ด๋ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ๋จํธ ์ธ์ ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
<Lost Girls Part.2: Lost in the Cruel World>์ ์๋ฉ์ ์ฅ์ํ๋ค.
Army=>go
์ง๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
1๊ธฐ์ ๊ณก์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์๋
ธ ํ๋ก์ ํค๊ฐ ์๊ณกํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ ์์ปค๋ง์ด <์๋
๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ณธ ์ธ๊ณ> ์ํผ์๋์์ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ์ํ๋ ์ํผ์๋ ์ค์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ํ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฅ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ฑํ๋ ์๊ฐ์ ์ ํํํ๋ค. ์๋ฏธ๊ณ ๋ '๊ตฐ๋์ ์ถ๋'์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์ฑ์ ์์์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฐฑ์ธ๋ถ์ ๋ณ์ฌ ๋ชซ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฌํ ํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์๋ ์ ์ด์ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ํธ๋๋ช
์ด๋ค.
้ฒๆvn-pf20140524ๅทจไบบ
๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๊ฐ ์๋ ์ ๋ฉ์นํด ๊ฐ ์๋ ๋ ์จํ๋ฅดํธ๋ฅผ ํ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ์ซ์๊ฐ๋ ์ฅ๋ฉด์์ ์ฌ์๋ ์ฌ์ด๋ํธ๋์ด๋ค. ๊ตฌ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ๋ฐ์ ์ ๋ฐฐ๋ค์ด ๋ชจ๋ ์ ๋ฉธํ๊ณ ๊ฑฐ์ธํํ ์๋ ์กฐ์ฐจ ํจ๋ฐฐํ๊ณ ๋จน์ด๋ก ๋๋ ค๊ฐ๋ ์ ์์ ๊ณก์ด ์ฌ์๋ผ์ ์ ๋ง๊ฐ์ด ๊ทน์ ๋ฌํ๋ค.
No Matter Where You Are(Vocal: ์ด์์นด์ ์ ์ด(็ณๅท็ฑ่กฃ/Yui Ishikawa))
๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ ์์ปค๋ง์ ๋ด๋น ์ฑ์ฐ ์ด์์นด์ ์ ์ด๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ ์บ๋ฆญํฐ ์ก์ด์ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง ์ก์ด๋ค. ์ฌ์๋
ธ ํ๋ก์ ํค๊ฐ ์๊ณกํ mpi์ ์์ด ๋ณด์ปฌ ๋
ธ๋์ด์ ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
1๊ธฐ์ ํ
๋ง๊ณก ์ค ํ๋์๋ 'Call your name'์ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ ์ฌ์ ๊ณผ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ด ๋ง๊ฒ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด๋ก ๊ฐ์ฌํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์์นด์ ์ ์ด์ ๋ง๊ณ ์ฒญ๋ํ๋ฉด์๋ ์๋ฆ๋ต๊ฒ ์ธ๋ ค ํผ์ง๋ ๋ฏํ ๋ฏธ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋ง์น ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๊ฐ ์ ๋ง๋ก ๋
ธ๋ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์์๋ด ์๋ ์ ํฅํ ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์๊ณผ ์ ์ , ์งํค๊ณ ํ ์ ์ ํ ๋ง์์ด ๋ ์ ๋ฟ๊ฒ ๋๊ปด์ง๋ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ์ ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ์ด์ ๋๋ฆฝํ๋ ์ญํ ๋ก์ ๋น์ค์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ ์ ๋ ๋ ์จํํธ๋ Gemie๊ฐ ์ง์ ๋ถ๋ฅธ <Call your name>๋ ์ ๋์ ํ
๋ง๊ณก์ด ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ผ๋ก ๋์ค๋ ๋จํธ ์ธ์ <OVA: Lost Girls: Good Bye, Wall Sina>์ ์๋ฉ๊ณก์ผ๋ก ์ผ์
๋์๋ค.
13ใฎๅฌ (13์ ๊ฒจ์ธ/์ฅฌ์ฐ๋
ธํ์ )
์ง๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
์ ์คํ๋๊ณก๋ค์ ์๊ณกํด ์จ <Linked Horizon>์ ๋ํ์ด์ ๋ฆฌ๋๋ณด์ปฌ Revo๊ฐ ์๊ณกํ๊ณ ์ด์์นด์ ์ ์ด๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ฅธ ๊ณก์ด๋ค. <๊ฐ๋ง๊ณผ ์์ฒด์ ๊ธธ>๊ณผ ๋๋ถ์ด <์ง์ค๋ก์ ์ง๊ฒฉ(็ๅฎใธใฎ้ฒๆ)>์ ์๋ก๋์๋ค. ๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ๊ฐ ์๋ฐ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๋ ์ด๋ณ์ ๋๊ณ ๋๋ผ๋ ์ฌํ๊ณผ ๊ณ ํต, ๊ณ ๋๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ๋ด๋ ๊ณก์ผ๋ก, ์ญ์ผ๋
์ ๊ฒจ์ธ์์ 13์ ์๋ฐ์ ์๋ช
์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค.
๋๋ฌ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๋ฏธ์นด์ฌ ์์ปค๋ง ์๋ฌธ ํฌ๋ค ์ํค
๊ฐ๊ณต์ ๊ตฐ์ธ
์ง๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๋ฑ์ฅ์ธ๋ฌผ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikasa%20Ackerman | Mikasa Ackerman | is a fictional character from Hajime Isayama's manga series Attack on Titan. Mikasa is introduced as a young villager living with the protagonist, the young Eren Yeager, and his family which took her following the deaths of her parents in an attempted kidnapping. When giant creatures known as Titans invade the area and eat Eren's mother, Mikasa and Eren become members of the Military and joins the Survey Corpsโan elite group of soldiers who fight Titans outside the walls and also study the physiology of Titans in order to know what they are fighting. Nevertheless, Mikasa's main reason for fighting is due to her love towards Eren. She has also appeared in video games and the anime adaptation.
Isayama based Mikasa on a real person he met before he became a manga artist keeping the original idea of her being Asian in order to stand out within the Western look a like cast. Her relationship with Eren was one originally conceived to also stand out across other love relationships due to Mikasa was not written to side with Eren as it would weaken her character while Eren instead does not find her as a love interest. Mikasa is voiced by Yui Ishikawa in Japanese and Trina Nishimura in English with the two voice actress being surprised by the popularity of their works and charming sides of Mikasa despite being often stoic.
Critical response to Mikasa's characterization was positive for standing out as a skilled female warrior in a male-oriented series and has won several awards as the manga and anime were released. Though she was praised for her calm personality which contrasts Eren's active talks, critics were also surprised by the charming side she shows towards Eren in the narrative. Both voice actress were also praised by the media.
Creation and design
After he first moved to Tokyo, Hajime Isayama was working part time and one of his clients became the model of Mikasa. She covered her face with a muffler late at night, and the near mangaka thought this look of hers was endearing. When she came to the store, Isayama came up with the first sketch of the heroine. He was sure that the customer who became Mikasa's model was Asian, contrasting the Western-like characters often seen in the manga, most notably Eren. Only Mikasa's race as someone of Asian descent has been noted. He intended to show the Mikasa's lineage as an important plot point. Isayama stated that Mikasa, Levi, and Kenny are all part of the same Ackerman bloodline. However, their reasons for protecting their respective counterparts do not have anything to do with the bloodline itselfโ"it is just their nature."
There are some parts of Mikasa that are "unrefined", yet on the other hand, she has a brave personality. Isayama believes he was influenced by Casca from Berserk when writing Mikasa. Isayama noted it is generic that a heroine is usually a woman who motivates a man. However, he does not really like that way of thinking as it would poorly affect Mikasa's and the reason due to how she becomes a strong woman in the story. In reality, there are differences between the skeletal structure and muscle count of men and women which cause the difference in their potential strengths. However, if that fact is just reflected in the manga normally, it would not be interesting anymore for Isayama. For the protagonist Eren Yeager, rather than a lover, Mikasa's presence is more like a mother to him and rather than form a relationship with her, Isayama claims that he instead searches for a way to become independent.
Isayama further compared the trio of Eren, Mikasa and Armin to high school students who grow across childhood until graduating. He viewed the scene of the trio seeing the sea as an alternate ending to the manga. By the manga's 22nd volume, Isayama drew an image of Eren looking at the sea, something that motivated him during his childhood. Isayama said Mikasa and Armin had developed a habitual mindset of revolving around him and wishing to help Eren. According to the author, at first their mindset was favoritism, comparing Eren's relationships with Mikasa and Armin to that of helping one's relatives or siblings who are encountering hardship, even if onlookers question it. Her name is noted to come from the Mikasa, a famous pre-dreadnought battleship of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Mikasa's surname is derived from the Yiddish cognate of German name "Ackermann" ("Ackerman" in Yiddish) meaning "one who works the fields."
Casting
Mikasa is voiced by Yui Ishikawa in Japanese, and by Trina Nishimura in the English dub. Ishikawa said that Mikasa cares mainly about Eren, and keeps a distance from the rest of the world. She says that "While she might seem like a character with so few emotional levels, there are actually many feelings that swirl around her heart." She did not read the original work of until being told about the audition for the anime. Upon reading the Attack on Titan manga, Ishikawa was attracted by the mystery and development of the character. Ishikawa wanted the role for the series and was surprised by the popularity she obtained across the years. When Mikasa confesses her feelings to Eren in the anime's second season, the actress noted that Eren did not share such response to her, the two still had the chance to become a couple in the future.
Trina Nishimura learned of the series thanks to her brother who showed her the first episode of the anime and she became charmed by it. Nishimura expressed pressure when auditioning for the role and was surprised by the large popularity it had. She often listened to recordings of Ishikawa's work to get experience about the portrayal of Mikasa. While recording the series, she avoided reading the manga because it could ruin her work. Like Ishikawa, Nishimura enjoyed Mikasa's love confession for being able to provide comfort to Eren in the middle of a dark scene. Meanwhile, Nishimura often talked with voice actor director Mike McFarland in regards to her work as she had poor views on her own work.
With the coming of the final story arc in the anime adaptation, Nishimura was committed to the new developments of her character especially in her reintroduction. She befriended Eren's English actor Bryce Papenbrook. During recordings of the final season, Nishimura commented that while Mikasa is not known properly for emoting, she noted that she became sad more often which she saw as a major improvement over her early characterization. She commented Mikasa to be put on a dilemma in regards to her devotion to the Military or Eren as a result of major developments in the story but did not want to expand on that. The amount of violence coming from the series led to Nishimura's fear of Mikasa being killed every time she had to do recording of the series.
In the live-action film, she is portrayed by Kiko Mizuhara. Mizuhara referred to Mikasa as an inspiring character due to her strength as well as caring due to the love she shows towards Eren.
Appearances
In Attack on Titan
Mikasa is Eren's childhood friend who was taken in by his family after seeing her parents brutally murdered by human traffickers. Though not explicitly stated to be adopted by the Jaegers within the series, it is shown that she at least felt a strong sense of gratitude toward them as caretakers, as well as Eren, who had saved her life and given her an iconic scarf. Before living with the Yeager family, Mikasa had appeared to be a cheerful, outgoing, and gentle child but her parents' tragic deaths had an overwhelming influence on her, causing her to lose her innocence and realize the world's cruelty. This caused her personality to become quieter and more withdrawn, maintaining a stoic expression except when it comes to Eren and her friends. As Eren's committed caretaker, she feels compelled to follow and protect him at all costs, even joining him in the Survey Corps. Graduating from the Training Corps at the top of her class, she is regarded by officers as an unprecedented genius and prodigy, easily worth a hundred soldiers in battle.
As later revealed, this is due to Mikasa's father being a descendant of the Ackerman clan, an Eldian bloodline that was genetically modified to create super soldiers equal to a Titan in strength, originally designed to protect Eldia's king. When under duress, these genetically inherited abilities may allow a descendant access to their ancestors' battle experience. Mikasa's Ackerman instincts were first awakened in the aftermath of her parents' deaths when Eren urged her to 'fight' back against her kidnappers. Though technically half-blooded, she is also the last known person of Asian descent residing in the Walls. A wrist tattoo of the Azumabito crest inherited from her mother indicates that she is descended from the prominent , a cadet Shogun branch from the Oriental nation of , whose ancestors migrated from their native land to Paradis as honored ambassadors. While investigating the Marleyan Volunteers alongside the Survey Corps, Eren reveals to Mikasa that he has always hated her for being enslaved to her Ackerman blood that "forces" her to protect him. In turn, she becomes despondent and removes her scarf from her neck. While still caring for Eren, Mikasa decides to join the alliance to stop Eren's planned genocide on the world. In the climax against Eren's forces, Mikasa loses consciousness and has a dream of an alternate scenario where she and Eren escaped from the military and are living together. Mikasa recovers to kill the real Eren and kisses him farewell. In the aftermath, Eren confesses to Armin that he actually loves Mikasa and cared for his allies but did not want to drag them into his massacre. Mikasa buries Eren underneath a tree on a hill near Shiganshina District. The tree grows over time to resemble the one where the organism that granted Ymir her Titan power lived. An unspecified amount of time after Mikasa's death from old age, a modernized Shiganshina is reduced to rubble in a war.
Other appearances
Mikasa features in multiple video games associated with the Attack on Titan series, including: Attack on Titan, Attack on Titan 2, Valkyrie Connect, Granblue Fantasy, Disgaea RPG, The Alchemist Code, Humanity in Chains, Star Ocean: Anamnesis, and many others. Mikasa also features as an in-game cosmetic in the massive battle royale game, Fortnite.
Reception
Popularity
Mikasa has become a popular character. She was awarded "Female Character" in the Newtype 2013 awards. In the Newtype Anime Awards 2016โ2017, Mikasa took fourth in the favorite female character category. In the Anime Awards Selecta Visiรณn, she took the award of "Best Female Lead Character". Yui Ishikawa won the "Best Supporting Actress" for her work as Mikasa Ackerman in the 8th Seiyu Awards. In the 36th Anime Grand Prix she was second in "Best Female Character". In the 3rd BTVA Anime Dub Awards, Mikasa's actress Trina Nishimura also won for her English dub.
Critical response
The characterization of Mikasa was praised by Anime News Network for standing out as skilled heroine and mentioned that her emotional moments involve her devotion towards Eren. Furthermore, the writer believes the spin-offs show how different Mikasa's personality would had she met Eren on different situations which makes her original persona more appealing. Blu-ray.com saw that the origins of Mikasa and Eren is especially violent, most notably when the protagonists become soldiers. Her characterization in the episode "Warrior" was acclaimed by Manga.Tokyo for how violent against the traitors from the groups.
THEM Anime Reviews found Mikasa more appealing than Eren due to her calmer personality and notable skills which stand out so much in the story that she finds the series to be feminist and laments how little screentime Mikasa has in favor of the protagonist. Elliot Gray of Japanator found Mikasa and Armin more appealing than Eren. Similarly, Anna Neatrour from Manga Bookshelf found her as a nice contrast to Eren's rude persona. Mikasa's love confession towards Eren was acclaimed by both IGN and Anime News Network due to the portrayal of both actors and how the directing turns a tragic scene into a comforting one.
For the final arc, Den of Geek and IGN enjoyed the confrontation Eren has with Mikasa and Armin for the first time much to their surprise as they have always been kind with each other. IGN viewed his role as more ambiguous when he talks to Mikasa in a flashback about their bonds. The Fandom Post commented despite his aggressive comments, Eren's new characterization might include lies as some generate a major impact on Mikasa's feelings for her. In universe, the song "Under the Tree" is also themed to be "Mikasa's song, in contrast to SiM's previous single "The Rumbling", which focused primarily on Eren. The song's cover art also depicts Mikasa who has taken off a red scarf that Eren gave her when they were children, symbolizing a rift taking place between the two characters in the show. Mikasa's killing and last kiss towards Eren in the finale was praised for how the character for its tragic appeal though the relationship they shared seemed to have a different point of view considering Isayama's original comments about the idea of Mikasa and Eren being a couple as the author claimed that the latter did not see former as such love interest.
References
Specific
Primary sources
Attack on Titan manga volumes by Hajime Isayama. Original Japanese version published by Kodansha. English version by Kodansha USA.
External links
Attack on Titan
Comics characters introduced in 2009
Female characters in anime and manga
Female soldier and warrior characters in anime and manga
Fictional acrobats
Fictional characters based on real people
Fictional female child soldiers
Fictional monster hunters
Fictional characters with post-traumatic stress disorder
Fictional swordfighters in anime and manga |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98%20%EB%B0%A9%EC%86%A1%EC%82%AC | ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๋ฐฉ์ก์ฌ | ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์๋ ๋ค์์ ์ ๊ตญ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ๋คํธ์ํฌ๋ค์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค์์ 3๋ ๋ฐฉ์ก๊ตญ์ KBS, MBC, SBS์ด๋ค. ์ฃผ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ์คํ๋์ค๋ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ์ฌ์๋์ ์์๋์ ์๋ค. ํ๊ตญ์ 1956๋
5์ 12์ผ ์์
์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด์๋๋ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ๋ฐฉ์ก๊ตญ์ธ ๋ํ๋ฐฉ์ก์ด ๊ฐ๊ตญํ์๋ค.
ํ
๋ ๋น์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ฅ๋ฅด๋ ์ฐ์๊ทน ๋๋ผ๋ง, ์ฌ๊ทน, ์๋ฅ, ๊ฒ์, ๋ด์ค ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ, ๋คํ๋ฉํฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ๋ค. ์ด ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์ก์ฌ๋ ์ต๊ทผ ๋ช ๋
๊ฐ ์ ์ ๋ ์ฌ์น์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ฌ๊ทน์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ์ผ๋ถ ํ๊ตญ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ KBS ์๋์ ๊ฐ์ ์ฑ๋ ๊ฐ์ด ์ธ๊ตญ์ ์์ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ค๋ฌธํ ์ฑ๋์์ ์ด์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค. ํ๊ตญ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ๋๋ผ๋ง๋ ๋์์์, ๋จ์์์, ๋๋จ์์์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์์ ๋๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋์๊ณ , ๋์ค์ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์คํ๋์๋๋ฐ, ์์ฑ๋ ์๋ง๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ๋น๋์ค ํ
์ดํ๋ DVD๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ด๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด์, ์จ๋ผ์ธ ์๋ง ์น์ฌ์ดํธ๋ ์๋ง์ ํฌํด๋ฝ์ ์ํด ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ ์ธ๊ณ ์ฒญ์ค์๊ฒ ์ผํ ์ฑ๋์ ์ต๊ทผ ๋ช ๋
์ฌ์ด์๋ ๊ฝค ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋์๋ค.
ํ๊ตญ์๋ ํฐ๋ธ๋ก๋, C&M, CMB, CJ ํฌ๋ก๋น์ ๋ฑ ์ผ์ด๋ธ ์ฌ์
์ด ๋ง๊ณ , ์ธํฐ๋ท ๋ฉํฐ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ฐฉ์ก์ฌ์
๋ฒ์ด ์
๋ฒํํ ์ดํ์, IPTV ์ ๋ ์
์ฒด์ธ KT๋ฅผ ์์์ผ๋ก, ํ๋ฐ ์
์ฒด์ธ SK๋ธ๋ก๋๋ฐด๋, LG์ ํ๋ฌ์ค๊ฐ IPTV ์์ฉ ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ํ์๋ค. ์ผ์ด๋ธ TV๋ณด๋ค ๊ฐ์
์ ์๊ฐ ํฌํ ์ํ์ ์ด๋ฅด๊ณ ์๋ IPTV(์ธํฐ๋ท ๋ฉํฐ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ฐฉ์ก) ์๋น์ค์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ์ ๊ตญ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฝ 1400๋ง ๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ฐ๋๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ
1950๋
๋ ์ด๋ถํฐ RCA์ ์ํด ํ
๋ ๋น์ ์ด ์๊ฐ๋์ด ์ค๊ณ ํ๋ฐฑ TV๋ฅผ ๋ง์ผํ
๊ณํ์ผ๋ก ํ๋งคํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ผ๋ถ TV๋ ์ด ์๊ธฐ์ ํ๊ณจ๊ณต์์, ๋ค๋ฅธ TV๋ ์์ธ์ญ๊ณผ ๊ดํ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ค์น๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ํ๊ตญ์ด KORCAD (RCA Distribution Company)์ ์ผ๋ถ์ธ ๋ํ๋ฐฉ์ก์ด๋ผ๋ ์์ฒด ํ
๋ ๋น์ ๋ฐฉ์ก๊ตญ์ ์์ํ ๊ฒ์ 1956๋
๊น์ง์๋ค. 1956๋
ํ๊ตญ ์ต์ด์ TV ๋๋ผ๋ง ์ฒ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌธ (The Gates of Heaven), 15๋ถ์ ๋์ง ์์์ง๋ง ์ต์ฐฝ๋ด ๊ธฐํ, ๊ฐ๋
์ 2 ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ ๋์ ๊ณ์ํด์ ๋๋ณธ์ ์์ ํ๊ณ ์ธํธ๋ฅผ ์ค๋นํ๋ฉฐ ํน์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ธ์คํด์ค๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋๋ค.
1960๋
๋ ์ด์๋ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ๋ฐฉ์ก์ ๊ฒฝ์ด์ ์ธ ์ฑ์ฅ์ ๋ณด์๋ค. 1961๋
10์ 1์ผ ์ต์ด์ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ๋ฐฉ์ก๊ตญ์ธ KBS๊ฐ ์ค๋ฆฝ๋์ด ๋ฌธํ๊ณต๋ณด๋ถ(ํ ๋ฌธํ์ฒด์ก๊ด๊ด๋ถ) ์ฐํ์ ์ด์๋๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค.
KBS์ ๋ค๋ฅผ ์ด์ด 1964๋
์ ์ถ๋ฒํ ๋์๋ฐฉ์ก์ 1980๋
ํ๋ฐ๊ธฐ์ KBS์ ์ธ์ ํฉ๋ณ๋ ๋๊น์ง ์ด์๋์๋ค. ๋์๋ฐฉ์ก(์์ธ๋ณธ์ฌ ๋ฐ ๋ถ์ฐ์ง๊ตญ)์ ํ๊ตญ ์ต์ด์ ๋ฏผ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ๋คํธ์ํฌ์๋ค.
๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์์
ํ
๋ ๋น์ ์์คํ
์ธ MBC TV๋ 1969๋
์ ์ฒซ ์ ๋ณด์๋ค. MBC ๋ด์ค NOW์ ๋ฑ์ฅ์ ํ๊ตญ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ์ฐ์
์ ํฐ ๋ฐ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ธ์๊ณ 1969๋
์ดํ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ์ฐ์
์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์ก์ฌ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ ๊ฒฝ์์ผ๋ก ํน์ง์ง์ด์ก๋ค.
1970๋
๋๋ ํ๊ตญ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์์คํ
์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ถ์ ๊ฐ์
์ผ๋ก ๋๋๋ฌ์ก๋ค. 1972๋
๋ฐ์ ํฌ ์ ๋ถ๋ ๊ณ์๋ น์ ํตํด ์ธ๋ก ์ ๊ฒ์ด์ ๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ ๋ถ๋ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ง์ ํฅ์์ํจ๋ค๋ ๊ตฌ์ค๋ก ๋ฐฉ์ก๋ฒ์ ๊ฐ์ ํ์๋ค. ๋ฒ ๊ฐ์ ํ, ์ ๋ถ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ๊ณผ ๋ผ๋์ค ๋ฐฉ์ก๊ตญ์ ์ ์ก ์ ํ์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋๋ฐ์ ์ฌ๊ฒํ ํ๋๋ก ํ๋ ๋ฑ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ฝํ
์ธ ์ ๋ํ ํต์ ๋ฅผ ํ๋ํ์๋ค. ๋น๋ก ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ก ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๊ดํ์ ๋ํ ๋์ค์ ๋น๋์ด ์ปค์ง์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ ์กฐ์น๊ฐ ์ทจํด์ง ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ์ง๋ง, ๋ง์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ๋ฐฉ์ก์ ๋ํ ๋
์ ๊ถ์ ํ๋ฆฝํ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋น๋ํ๋ค.
1980๋
๋๋ ํ๊ตญ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ์ฐ์
์ ํฉ๊ธ๊ธฐ์๋ค. ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฉด์์ ์ฑ์ฅ์ ๊ฒฝ์ด์ ์ด์๋ค. ์ฃผ 56ํ์์ 1989๋
88.5์๊ฐ์ผ๋ก, ํ
๋ ๋น์ ๋ฐฉ์ก๊ตญ์ ์๋ 1979๋
12ํ์์ 1989๋
78ํ๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ , ํ
๋ ๋น์ ๋ฐฉ์ก๊ตญ์ ์๋ 1979๋
400๋ง๋์์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ 600๋ง๋๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค. ์์ถ์ฉ ์ปฌ๋ฌํ
๋ ๋น์ ์ ์์ฐํ์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์ปฌ๋ฌํ
๋ ๋น์ ์ 1980๋
ํ๋ฐ๊น์ง ๊ตญ๋ด์ ๊ณต์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์
๋์ง ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ปฌ๋ฌ ๋ฐฉ์ก์ ๋คํธ์ํฌ๋ค ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ฌ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ ธ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง, ํ๊ตญ TV ์ฐ์
๋๊ฐ 10๋
๋์ ํฐ ํ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ์ ๋ํ ์ ๊ถ ๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ ๋ฌธ, ๋ฐฉ์ก, ์ถํ๋ฌผ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ก ํ์ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋จ์ผ ์กฐ์ง์ผ๋ก ํตํํฉํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ค ํ๋๋ KBS 1TV์๊ฒ ์์ฌ๋ ๋์๋ฐฉ์ก์ด๋ค. ๋์๋ฐฉ์ก์ ๊ทธ ํ KBS 2TV๋ก ๋์ฒด๋์๋ค. 1987๋
ํ๊ตญ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ ๊ฐํ ์ดํ, ๋ฐฉ์ก์ฌ๋ค์ด ์ ์น์ ์ํฅ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ์ํค๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ช ๊ฐ์ง ๊ท์ ๊ฐ ๋ถ๊ณผ๋์๋ค. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด ๊ตญํ๋ MBC์ KBS์ ์ ์น์ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ฐจ๋จํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฐฉ์ก๋ฌธํ์ฌ๋จ์ ์ค๋ฆฝํ๋ค.
1990๋
๋ ์ด, ์ผ์ด๋ธ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ์ ๋์
์ผ๋ก, ์ ๋ถ๋ ์คํ์ ์ธ ๋ค์ฑ๋๊ณผ ๋ค๋ชฉ์ ์ผ์ด๋ธ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ค. ๋ ํ๊ตญ์ 1995๋
์ฒซ ๋ฐฉ์กํต์ ์์ฑ์ธ ๋ฌด๊ถํ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ ์๊ณต 3๋ง6000km๊น์ง ๋ฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ํตํฉ ๊ด๋์ญํต์ ๋ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋๋ ์ฆ์ B-ISDN์ ํํ๋ฅผ ๋ ๊ฒ ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์์๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฒ 10๋
์ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ณด๋ค ๋ฐฉ์ก๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋์ฑ ์ค์ํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค ํ๊ตญ ๋ฐฉ์ก์ฐ์
์ ์ปค๋ค๋ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ณํ์ ์๋์ด๋ค. 10๋
์์ ํ๊ตญ ๋ฐฉ์ก ์ฐ์
์ DBS, ์์ฑ, ์ธํฐ๋ํฐ๋ธ ์ผ์ด๋ธ ์์คํ
๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์๋ก์ด ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋ก ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ํ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํ๊ตญ์ด ์ ๋ณด ์ฌํ์ ์์ ํ ์ฐธ์ฌํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
2009๋
7์ 22์ผ, ๋จ๊ฑฐ์ด ์ ์น์ ๋
ผ์ ๋์, ๋ฐฉ์ก๋ฒ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ด ํ๊ตญ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์์ฅ์ ๊ท์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ๊ตญ ๊ตญํ ์ํ๋ฅผ ํต๊ณผํ๋ค. 2010๋
12์ 31์ผ, 4๊ฐ์ ์ข
ํฉ ์ผ์ด๋ธ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ๋ฐฉ์ก๊ตญ์ด ํ๊ฐ๋์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ฐ์
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์คํฌ์ธ ์ค๊ณ๊ถ
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ ๋ชฉ๋ก
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ๋ฐฉ์ก์ฌ ๋ชฉ๋ก
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๋ผ๋์ค ๋ฐฉ์ก์ฌ ๋ชฉ๋ก
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ข
ํฉํธ์ฑ์ฑ๋
๊ฐ์ฃผ
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television%20in%20South%20Korea | Television in South Korea | In South Korea, there are a number of national television networks, the three largest of which are KBS, MBC, and SBS. Most of the major television studios are located on Yeouido and Sangam-dong, Seoul. South Korea became the fourth adopter in Asia when television broadcasting began on 12 May 1956 with the opening of HLKZ-TV, a commercially operated television station. HLKZ-TV was established by the RCA Distribution Company (KORCAD) in Seoul with 186โ192ย MHz, 100-watt output, and 525 scanning lines.
Important genres of television shows include serial dramas, historical dramas, variety shows, game shows, news programs, and documentaries. All three networks have produced increasingly lavish historical dramas in recent years. Some South Korean television programs are available on satellite and multicultural channels in foreign countries. South Korean television dramas have been widely popular in other East Asian, South Asian and Southeast Asian countries, and became popularized internationally at a later stage, with whole sets of videotapes or DVDs of series available with completed subtitles in different languages, online subtitle websites are also created by numerous fan clubs to cater to a global audience. Shopping channels have become quite popular in recent years as well, and the models sometimes put on entertaining acts during product pitches.
Most cable operators in South Korea were consolidated into 3 major telecommunication companies, KT, SK Telecom, and LG Uplus. They also operates Internet Protocol television services. There are approximately 14 million cable TV subscribers nationwide. The cable operator provides TPS to its subscribers. (with the exception of Arirang which is free).
History
Since the beginning of the 1950s, television was introduced to Korea by RCA to sell second-hand black & white TV sets as a marketing scheme. Some TV sets were strategically set up at Pagoda Park, others at the Seoul Station and Gwanghwamun during this time. However it was not until 1956 when South Korea began its own television broadcasting station, the HLKZ-TV, part of the KORCAD (RCA Distribution Company). The first ever Korean television drama, ์ฒ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌธ (The Gates of Heaven) debuted the same year, planning director Choi Chang-Bong spent two and a half months continuously fixing the script, preparing sets and even the first instance of special effects, all for a drama that lasted no longer than fifteen minutes.
The early 1960s saw a phenomenal growth in television broadcasting. On 1 October 1961 the first full-scale television station, HLKA-TV (now known as KBS 1TV), was established and began operation under the Ministry of Culture and Public Information.
Following KBS was Tongyang Broadcasting Corporation's TBC-TV which was launched in 1964, and ran until merged in 1980. It was the first private television network in South Korea.
The second commercial television system, MBC-TV, made its debut in 1969. The advent of MBC-TV brought significant development to the television industry in Korea and after 1969 the television industry was characterized by furious competition among the three networks.
The 1970s were highlighted by government intervention into the media system in Korea. In 1972, President Park Chung Hee government imposed censorship upon media through the Martial Law Decree. The government revised the Broadcasting Law under the pretext of improving the quality of television programming. After the revision of the law, the government expanded its control of media content by requiring all television and radio stations to review programming before and after transmission. Although the government argued that its action was taken as a result of growing public criticism of broadcasting media practices, many accused the government of wanting to establish a monopoly over television broadcasting.
The 1980s were the golden years for South Korea's television industry. Growth was phenomenal in every dimension: the number of programming hours per week rose from 56 in 1979 to nearly 88.5 in 1989; the number of television stations increased from 12 in 1979 to 78 by 1989; and the number of television sets grew from four million in 1979 to nearly six million in the same period. Despite producing color televisions for export, color television was not officially introduced in the country until late 1980. Color broadcasting, however, occasioned a renewal of strong competition among the networks. However, the South Korean TV industry was also suffered huge blows in this decade. During Chun Doo-hwan's regime, several newspapers, broadcasters and publications were forcibly closed, or were merged into a single organization. One of which is TBC-TV which was awarded to KBS. TBC-TV was then replaced by KBS 2TV. After the country's 1987 democratic reforms, several regulations were imposed to insulate broadcasters from political influence. For example, the National Assembly established the Foundation for Broadcast Culture to insulate MBC from political influence and KBS.
At the beginning of the 1990s, with the introduction of cable television, the government initiated an experimental multi-channel and multi-purpose cable television service. In addition, South Korea launched its first broadcasting/communication satellite, Mugungwha 1, to 36,000ย km above the equator in 1995. The development of an integrated broadband network is expected to take the form of B-ISDN immediately after the turn of the century. This decade is a period of great technological change in the South Korean broadcasting industry, which will make broadcasting media even more important than in the past. In this decade the South Korean broadcasting industry will maximize the service with new technological developments such as DBS, satellites, and interactive cable systems, all of which will allow South Korea to participate fully in the information society.
On 22 July 2009, after heated political debates, amendment of the Media law passed the South Korean national assembly to deregulate the media market of South Korea. On 31 December 2010, four general Cable Television networks were licensed.
All analog broadcastings officially full-time completely turn off on New Year's Eve (31 December) 2012 at 03:59:59 KST (UTC+9) for all nationwide (including Seoul Capital Area such as Seoul, Gyeonggi Province and Incheon) so all analog broadcastings officially full-time completely turn off on same time. On New Year's Eve (31 December) 2012 at 04:00:00 KST (UTC+9), the digital terrestrial television of the South Korea fully turned, shifted and switched to all full ultra high definition for all nationwide (including Seoul Capital Area such as Seoul, Gyeonggi Province and Incheon).
National networks
In South Korea, there are four nationwide free-to-air terrestrial television networks, three general networks and one educational network as follows:
List of television channels
All of them are free-to-air channels. Furthermore, all of them are the official digital terrestrial television and ATSC providers of the nation (since 2005, approved by the Korean Government).
Public broadcasting channels
Commercial broadcasting channels
In South Korea, many commercial television networks have been created after the deregulation taken in 1961 till 1990.
SBS is responsible in distributing its programming content nationally, but is not responsible for producing local content aired by their affiliates.
MBC Networks Channel
Local broadcasting companies affiliated with MBC Networks originally started as affiliated broadcasting stations in the same way as SBS Networks.
After Policy for Merger and Abolition of the Press, Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation is took over 50% of the shares in local broadcasting stations, and all local broadcasting stations became subsidiaries of Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation.
Due to this background, MBC Networks is currently operating simultaneously with the characteristics of public broadcasting and commercial broadcasting.
SBS Networks Channel
SBS, which was originally established as an independent broadcasting station, was established in 1995 by PSB (Currently, KNN), CJB, TBC, and TJB, and SBS Networks was created around SBS.
Currently, 9 broadcasting stations are affiliated.
Independent station
After 1990, independent broadcasting stations excluding SBS include iTV Kyung-in Broadcasting (formerly iTV Incheon Broadcasting), which opened in 1997 and closed in 2004, and OBS Gyeongin TV, which opened in 2007.
The viewing area of the two broadcasting stations was the same in Seoul Capital Area, and among them, iTV Kyung-in Broadcasting was broadcast to other regions through Pay television and served as a Superstation.
Cable TV networks/channels
Most viewed channels
See also
Outline of South Korea
List of South Korean television series
Television in North Korea
References |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%80%EC%8B%9C%EC%A7%80 | ํ๋ก๋์์ง | ํ๋ก๋์์ง()๋ ํ๋ก๋์
(production)๊ณผ ์ ์์ง(usage) ๋จ์ด์ ํผ์ฑ์ด์ด์, ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ํ์ ์๋ ์ค ๋ธ๋ฃฌ์ค(Axel Bruns)๊ฐ ๋ง๋ ์ฉ์ด๋ก์ ๊ทธ๋ Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life and Beyond: From Production to Produsage๋ผ๋ ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ํตํด ์ด ์ฉ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธํ์๋ค. ํ๋ก๋์์ง๋ ๋ค์ํ ์จ๋ผ์ธ ํ๊ฒฝ, ์คํ ์์ค ์ํํธ์จ์ด, ๋ธ๋ก๊ทธ์คํผ์ด์์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋, ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ ์ฃผ๋ํ๋ ์ฝํ
์ธ ์์ฑ์ ์ผ์ข
์ด๋ค. ์ด ๊ฐ๋
์ ์๋์ ์ธ ์๋น์ ๋ฅ๋์ ์ธ ์์ฐ ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํธํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ ๋ค. ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋๋ ์ฌ๋๊ณผ ์๋นํ๋ ์ฌ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๊ตฌ๋ณ์ด ํฌ๋ฏธํด์ง๋ฉด์ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ ์์ ์ ์ญํ ์ ์ธ์งํ๋์ง์ ์ฌ๋ถ์ ๊ด๊ณ์์ด ์์ฐ์์ ์ญํ ์ ๋งก๋๋ค.ํ๋ก๋์(produser)๋ผ๋ ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฉ์ด๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ํ๋ก๋์์ง ํ๋์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
ํ๋ก๋์์ง์ ํน์ฑ
Bruns์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ํ๋ก๋์์ง์๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ค ๊ฐ์ง ์ ์ ํน์ง์ด ์๋ค.
๊ณต๊ฐ์ฐธ์ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๋ํ๊ฐ
์์ ์ฑ๊ณผ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ํตํ ์ ๋์ ์ด์งํ
์๋ฃ๋์ง ์์ ๋ค์ธต์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ ์ง์์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ
๊ณต๋์์ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ณ๋ณด์
์ด ํ ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ํ ์๋ก ์ํค๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์ ํ ๋ก ๋ฌธ์๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์์์๋ ์ด์ ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ ์์ฑํ ์์
์ ํ์ง์ ํ๊ฐํ ๋ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ํ ๋ก ์ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
๊ณต๊ฐ ์ฐธ์ฌ
ํ๋ก๋์์ง์ ์ค์ํ ํน์ง์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ผ๋ก์ ์ผํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ ํ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๊ฐ์ ํ์
์ด๋ค. ์ฝํ
์ธ ์ ์์ฑ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ํ ๋ช
์ ์ ์๊ฐ ์๋ ๋ค์์ ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ์ฉ์์ ์ํด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ค.์ ํ ์ฌ์ฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ๋
ผ์๋ฅผ ์ ๋ํ๋๋ก ์ค๊ณ๋์ด ์ ํฉํ ํด์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. ์ด ํ ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ํ ์๋ก ์ํคํผ๋์ ํ ํฌ ํ์ด์ง๊ฐ ์๋ค.์ด ํ์ด์ง์์๋ ์ด์ ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ ์์ฑํ ์์
์ ํ์ง์ ํ๊ฐํ ๋ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ํ ๋ก ์ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
ํ๋ก๋์์ง ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ ์๋ฐ์ ์ด๋ค. ๊ณ์ธต ๊ณต๋์ฒด์๋ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ ๋ถ์
์ด ์๋๋ผ ์คํ๋ ค ์์ฃผ์ ์ด๊ณ ์๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์์
์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ๊ณต๋์ฒด๋ ์ฐธ์ฌ์๊ฐ ์์ฑํ ๊ธฐ๊ณ (์์ด๋์ด, ๋
ผํ ๋ฐ ํธ์ง)์ ์ ์ฉ์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ์ฑ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค. ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ฐ๋๊ณ ๋ฐ์ ๋๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด ์๋ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ ๊ด๋ จ๋๊ณ ์ฌ์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ธฐ์ฌ์ธ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ๊ด๋ จ์ฑ์ด ์๊ณ ์ฌ์ฉ ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ ๋ฌด์๋๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด ์๋ค. ์ ์ฉํ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๊ธ์ ์ค์ง์ฑ์ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฅผ ์ ์์ง๋ง, ๋ชจ๋ ํ๋ก์ ํธ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ํ์ง์ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ง์์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์น ์๋ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ๋ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์๋ ๋๋ฃ๋ค ์ฌ์ด์์ ๋ฆฌ๋๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
Bruns๋ ๋ํ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ํ๋ก๋์์ง ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ ํ ์์ด ์ ๊ทผํ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ์ฐธ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ๋ฌด์ ํ์ด๋ฉด ๋ ๋ง์ ์ฌ๋์ด ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋๋ฅผ ํ๊ฐ, ๋นํ, ๋ถ์ํ ์ ์์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ง์ด ๋์์ง๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ์๋ฏธ์์ ํฌ๊ด์ฑ์ ํฌ๊ฒ ๊ณ ๋ฌด๋๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด ๋ฐฐํ์ฑ์ ํฌ๊ฒ ์์ถ๋๋ค. Bruns๋ ๋ํ ์ง์ญ์ฌํ๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ์ง๋ค๊ณผ ์ํธ์์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ ์ตํ๋ค๋ ์ ์ ์ ๊ธฐํ๋ค. ์๋ํ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ๋ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ ์๋ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ ์ง์์ ๋ฒ์๋ฅผ ๋ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์, ํ๋ก๋์์ง ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์กฐ์ง ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ ํ์
, ์ฐธ์ฌ, ํฌ๊ด์ฑ์ ๊ธฐ์ดํ๋ค.
์ ๋์ ์ด์งํ, ์์์ ์ฑ๊ณผ์ฃผ์
ํ๋ก๋์์ง์ ํน์ง์ ๋ถํฉํ๋ ๋ค์์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์๋ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ํ๋ก๋์์ง ์ฌ์ดํธ์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ถ์ด๋ค.ํ๋ก๋์์ง ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์์ค๊ณผ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ์ด์ฉํ ์ ์์ด์ผ ํ๋ค. Axel Bruns๋ ๋ถ๊ท ํํ ์์ค์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๊ฐ ์์ ์ ์์ง๋ง, ํ๋ก๋์๋ค์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ํ ์์ด ๋๋ฑํ ์ ๊ทผ ๊ถํ์ ๋ถ์ฌ ๋ฐ์์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์ง์ ํ๋ค.๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ฑ์ ๊ท ํ์ด ํ๋ก๋์ค ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ์์ ์๊ตฌ๋๋ค. ์๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ์ํ ๊ฐ๋
์ผ๋ก ์์น ์๋ ํต์ ๊ฐ ์๊ธธ ์ ์๊ณ ์ ๋์ ์ธ ์์ ๋ ์์ง๋ ฅ์ ๋ฐฉํดํ ์ ์๋ค.์ด๋ฌํ ๊ท ํ์ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์ํด, ํ๋ก๋์์ง ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ๋ ๊ธฐ์ฌ์ ์ง์ ๊ธฐ์ดํ์ฌ ์ง๋์๋ฅผ ์ ์ถํ๋ค.๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ผ๋ถ ์๋ก์ด ์ฌ์ดํธ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ์ ์งํ์๋ ์์๋ก ๋๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ด๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ํ ์ ์๋ค.
ํ๋ก๋์์ง ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ์ ๋ฆฌ๋์ญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ ๋ธ๋ฐ์ค์ ํํ๋๋ก "์ผ๊ด์ ์ธ ์ ๋์ฑ"์ด๋ค.์ง๋์๋ค์ด ํ๊ฐํด์ง๋ฉด ๊ถ๋ ฅ์ ํด๋ณดํ๋ค. ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ด ์ง๋์๋ค์ ์ง์ญ์ฌํ์ ๊ด๋ จ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ๋๋ก ์ฅ๋ ค๋ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ, ์ผ๊ด์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋๋๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋์ญ์ ๋ณ๋๊ณผ ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฐฐ๋ ํ๋ก๋์๋ค์ ์ ์ฐํ๊ณ ์ ๋์ ์ธ ๋คํธ์ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋ธ๋ค. ์ก์
๋ธ๋ฐ์ค๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ ๋์ฑ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋จ๊ณ์์ ๊ณต๋์ฒด ์ ์ฒด์ ์น์ธ์ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋ค๋ ๊ฐ์ธ์ด๋ ์๊ท๋ชจ ์ง๋จ์ด ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ์๋ก ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋๋ก ํ์ฉํ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ ํ์ค ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๋ฆฌ๋๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊ณผํ๊ณ ์ฝํ
์ธ ์ ์์์ ์ต์ข
๊ฒฐ์ ๊ถ์ ๊ฐ๋ ํํฅ์ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๋ค. ๋์ , ์น์ฌ์ดํธ๋ค์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์๋ค์๊ฒ ํฌ๋ช
์ฑ์ด ๋ถ์ฌ๋๋ ์ฌ ์ก์ธ์ค ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ ํํ๋ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๋ฆฌ๋์ญ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์์ ๋ํ ์งํ์ ํต์ ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๋ฉฐ, ํ๋ก๋์๊ฐ ์ ํฉํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋จ๋๋ ๋๋ก ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋๋ก ํ์ฉํ๋ค.ํ๋ก๋์ค ์ฌ์ดํธ ๋ด์ ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ๋ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๊ณตํต ๊ด์ฌ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ํ์ฑ๋๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ด์์ ๋ฆฌ๋์ญ์ด ์์นํ๋ค.์ง์์ ์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋์ญ ๋ถ์ฌ๋ ์ง์ญ์ฌํ๊ฐ ๊ทธ ์ง์ญ์ด ํฅํ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ ์ง์ญ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ค.
๋ค์ธต์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ธ๋ถ์ฑ
Axel Bruns๋ ์ ์์๊ฐ ์ง์์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ธ์ ์ฐ๊ณ , ๋ค์ ์ฐ๊ณ , ์
๋ฐ์ดํธํ๊ณ , ์ฝํ
์ธ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ ์ํ๋ ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ์ ๊ด์ ์ ์ ์ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์์ฐ๊ณผ ์๋น์์ฃผ์์ ๋ํ ์ ํต์ ์ธ ์์ด๋์ด์ ๋์ ํ๋ค. ํ๋ก๋์์ ์ํด ์์ฐ๋๋ ์ฝํ
์ธ ์ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ดํ๋ ๋งค์ฒด๋ ์ง์์ ์ธ ์์ ์ํ์ ์๋ค. Bruns๋ ํ๋ก๋์ค์ ์ด ๊ตฌ์ฑ ์์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํน์ง์ง๋๋ค. ๊ตญ์ฐํ์ ์๊ฐ์ด ์ง๋จ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ง์ ์ฌ๋ก๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ฐ์ฌ์ง๊ณ ๋ค์ ์ฐ์ฌ์ง๋ ํ์ง๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋ณํ์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅํ๋ค. ํ๋ก๋์๋ค์ด ํ์
ํ๊ณ , ๊ตฌ์ถํ๋ฉฐ, ์ํธ์์ฉ์ ๊ตํํ๋ฉด, ์ํฐํฉํธ๋ ์ ๋ณด์ ์์ฒ์ด ๋ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์๊ฒฌ, ์์ด๋์ด, ์์ ์ฌํญ์ด ๋ค๋ฃจ์ด์ง๊ณ , ํ ๋ก ๋๊ณ , ์ฌํจ์
๋๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ํนํ ์ํคํผ๋์์ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ๋์์ธ์ ์ง์ ํ๋๋ฐ, ์ํคํผ๋์๋ ์ํคํผ๋์์ ๋ณธ์ฑ์ ์์ด์ ์ ์ฒด๋ก ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ธ ์ ๋ฌผ์ ํ ์๋ผ๊ณ ํ ์ ์๋ค. Bruns๊ฐ ์ ์ํ ์ํฐํฉํธ๋ ํ๋ก๋์๊ฐ ๋ง๋ ์ฝํ
์ธ ์ ์์ฒ์ด๋ค. Bruns๋ ์ํคํผ๋์๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ณผ๋ํ๊ฒ ์ฐ์ด๊ณ ๋ค์ธตํ๋์ด ์๋ ํ๋ก๋์ ์ฃผ๋์ ์ง์ ํ์ฅ์ ์ง์์ ์ธ ๋ฐ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค.๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ ์ํฐํฉํธ์ ์ก์ธ์คํ ์ ์๊ณ ์๋ ๋งํฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ฐํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ. ์ฃผ๋ก ํ๋ฌ๋์ธ์ด์ง ์ฌ์ดํธ๋ ํ๋ก๋์๋ค์ด ์ฌ๋ฃ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฑด์ถ ๋๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ฏ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ ๋ค์ํ ๋จ๊ณ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ฌ๋ฃ์ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ์ ํ ์ ์๋ค. ์คํ์์ค ๋ฉํฐ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๊ด๋ฆฌ ์์คํ
์ ์ด์ฉํ ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ ์์
์ฌ์ดํธ์ธ ํ๋ก๋์์ง ์ฌ์ดํธ ccMixter๊ฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ง๋ ํธ๋ ์์ ๋์ฒด์ ์์
๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์ค๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค ์ ์๋๋ก ํ ์๊ฐ ์๋ค.
์ ์์ด ๊ตญ์ฐ์ ์ด ๋๋ ค๋ฉด ์ฝํ
์ธ ์ ๋ชฉํ๊ฐ ์ธ๋ถํ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค. Bruns๋ ์ธ๋ฐํจ์ด ํ๋ก๋์๋ค์๊ฒ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ง์๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์์ค๋ ์ ๋ฌผ์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ํ ์์ค์ ๋ํ ๋ค์ํ ๊ด์ ๊ณผ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๊ณ ์ ์ํด์ผ๋ก์จ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์น ์๊ณ ์ ํํ๋ฉฐ ์ดํดํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ์ข
์ข
์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ์์ค์ ๊ณตํต๋ ๋ชฉํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ํ๋ก๋์ค๊ฐ ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ ์ํด ๊ฐ๋ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ฐ๋ ์ ์๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์๋ค๋ก ๋ถํ ๋ ์ ์๋๋ก ์ด์งํ๋ ์ถ์ฒ์ ํน์ง์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ ์ง์ค๋ ์์ ์์ฐ์๊ฐ ์๋ ๋ค์ํ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์์ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ณผ ์ง์์ ์ถ์ ํ ์ ์๊ฒ ํ๋ค.
๊ณต์ ์ฌ์ฐ, ๊ฐ๋ณํฌ์๊ธ
Axel Bruns๋ ํ๋ก๋์ค ๋ด์์ ๊ณต๋ ์ฌ์ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ณ ๋ณด์ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ฐ๊ด์ฑ์ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ํ๋ก๋์ค ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ ๊ฐ๋ณ ํ๋ก๋์๋ค์ ๊ณต์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ ์ ์๋ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ํด ๋๊ธฐ ๋ถ์ฌ๋๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ณต์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ํ๋ก๋์๋ค ์ฌ์ด์์ ๋๊ธฐ๋ถ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถํ๋ ํ๋ก๋์์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๋ํ๋๋ฉฐ, ์์
์ค์ธ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ๋์๊ฒ ์ ๊ทผ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ๋ค. ๋ค์ํ ๊ณต๋์ฒด๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๊ณ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํดํ๋ ์ฅ์ ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ ์์ด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ฝ์ ์๋ฐํ๋ ์ต์ํ์ ์ฅ์ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ํ๋ก๋์๊ฐ ํธ์งํ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ ์ ์๋ ํ๋ถํ๊ณ ์ ๊ทผ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฝํ
์ธ ๊ฐ ์์ด์ผ ํ๋ค. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด, Bruns๋ ๊ฐ์ธ์ด ํ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์
๋ฌด์ ์ข
์ฌํ ๋, ์ง์ ์ฌ์ฐ๊ถ์ ์งํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ๋๋ฃ๋ค์ ์์
์ ํธ์งํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์์
ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐฉํดํ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ง์์ฌ์ฐ๊ถ์ด ํจ์จ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ฅํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๋์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ง์์ฌ์ฐ๊ถ ๋ถ๊ณผ๋ฐฉ์์ด ํ์ํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์, ๊ทธ๋ ํ๋ก๋์๋ค์ด ํฌ๋ฆฌ์์ดํฐ๋ธ ์ปค๋จผ์ฆ ๋ผ์ด์ ์ค๋ฅผ ํตํด์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ ์์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ธํ ํ์๊ฐ ์์ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋, ๊ณต์ ๋๋ ์ ๋ณด์ ๋ด์ฉ์ ์ด์ฉํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ๋ก๋์ง ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ด๋ถ ๋๋ ์ธ๋ถ์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ด๋ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ์๋ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํผํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ์์ ์์
ํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ ์ฝ๊ฒ ์ ๊ทผํ ์ ์์ด์ผ ํ๋ฉฐ, ์ฝํ
์ธ ํธ์ง ๋๋ ์์ ์ ์ ์ฌํ ์กฐ๊ฑด์์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์์ด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ํ, ์ฐธ์ฌ์๊ฐ ๊ณต์ ์ฝํ
์ธ ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌํญ์ ํด๋น๋ ๋๋ง๋ค ๋ณด์๋๊ณ ์ธ์ ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
๋น๋ก ๊ทธ ๋ด์ฉ์ด ๊ณตํต์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ณต์ ๋์ง๋ง, ํ๋ก๋์๋ค์ ์ฌ์ ํ ์์
์ค์ธ ํ๋ก์ ํธ์ ๋ํ ๊ทธ๋ค ์์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ก ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ธ ์ฅ์ ์ ์ป๋๋ค. ๋ํ, ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฐ๋ณ์ ์ธ ๋ณด์์ ์ง์ญ์ฌํ๊ฐ ์ถ์ง ํ๋ก์ ํธ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๋๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฌํ๋ ์์ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ธ ์ฅ์ ์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ง๊ณผ ์ง์ญ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ๋์ด์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ง์ ๋ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์กด์คํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ํ๋ก๋์ค์ ๊ด์ฌํ๋ ์ฃผ๋ ๋ณด์์ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ด๋๋ณด๋ค๋ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ง์๋ค.
ํ๋ก๋์์ง ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ค๋ณต ๊ฐ๋
ํ๋ก๋์์ง์ Henry Jenkins์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ตํฉ์ ํด๋น ๊ฐ๋
Axel Bruns์ ํ๋ก๋์์ง ์์ด๋์ด๋ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ์ฐธ์ฌ, ๊ณต๋ ์ฌ์ฐ, ๊ทน๋ช
ํ ์ ๋ฌผ, ์ธ๋ถ์ฑ, ์ ๋์ ์ด์ง์ฃผ์์ ํ์ตํฐ์ฆ์ ๋ค ๊ฐ์ง ํน์ง์ ๋ํ ์ค๋ช
์ ํตํด ์ด ๋์งํธ ์๋์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์์ฌ์ํตํ๊ณ ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฌ์ฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ํ๋ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ํน์ฑ์ ๊ทธ ์์ฒด๋ก ๋ธ๋ฃฌ์ค๊ฐ ํ๋ก๋์ ์ฃผ๋์ ์ฝํ
์ธ ์ ์์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํด ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์์ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๋ธ๋ฃฌ์ค์ ์ฌ์์ ํน์ฑ์ด ๋
ํนํ์ง๋ง, ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ์๋ค์ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฌ์๊ณผ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์ค๋ณต๋๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด ์ค ํ๋๊ฐ ๋จ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ ๋ํ์ ์ปค๋ฎค๋์ผ์ด์
, ์ํ ์์ , ์ ๋๋ฆฌ์ฆ ๊ต์์ธ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ํ์ ํจ๋ฆฌ ์ ํจ์ค๋ค. ์ค๋ซ๋์ 9๊ถ์ด ๋๋ ์ฑ
์ ์ด ๊ต์ก์ ๊ฒธ ์๊ฐ์๋ ํจ๋ฆฌ ์ ํจ์ค๋ ๋น์ ๊ด๋ํ๋ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ตํฉ์ ์ฉ์ด์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ฑํํ๊ณ ๊ทธ์ ์ฑ
์ ํตํด ์ ์๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ตํฉ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋งค์ฒด์ ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐ๊ณผ ์๊ฐ์ ํตํด ํ์ฅ, ํ์
, ๋ณํ, ๊ฐ์ํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ ํจ์ค๋ ๋ฏธ๋์ด์ ์ตํฉ์ด ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋๋์์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ํตํด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ฐ์ํ๋์ง๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ง๋ง, ์์ฐ์์ ์ํด ๋ฐํ๋๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ธ์ด ์ฝํ
์ธ ์ ๋ํด ๊ฐ์ง๋ ๋ฐ์์ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ตํฉ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด๋ค. ์ ํจ์ค๋ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๊ฐ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์๋ฏธ์ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ์ถ์ ํ๊ณ ์ค๋๋ ์ ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ํธ์์ฉ์ ํ๋ซํผ์ด ๋์งํธ ์ปค๋ฎค๋์ผ์ด์
๊ณผ ์ง๋จ์ ์ธํ
๋ฆฌ์ ์ค๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋์์์ด ์ฌ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๊ณ ์ฌ์์
๋๋ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์ฐธ์ฌ์ํค๋์ง ๊ฐ๋
ํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ตํฉ์ ์ ํจ์ค ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ตํฉ์ ๋จ์ํ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ฝํ
์ธ ์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฐฐ์น์ ํ์
์ผ๋ก ์์ฝํ ์ ์๋ ๋ธ๋ฃฌ์ค์ ํ๋ก๋์ง ๊ฐ๋
๊ณผ ๊ฒน์น๋๋ฐ, ๋น์ทํ๊ฒ ํ๋ก๋์ง ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด๋ฅผ ํตํ ์์ด๋์ด, ๋ฌธํ, ์๊ฒฌ์ ํ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ ์๋ ์ ์๋ค. USC์์ ํํด์ง ์ฐ์ค์์, ์ ํจ์ค๋ 5๊ฐ์ง ์ฃผ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ํด ๋งํ๋ค; ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ ์ฐธ์ฌ์ ์ด๊ณ , ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์ค ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ณ , ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ ํ์ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ณ , ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒํ๊ณ , ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
Henry Jenkins๋ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๊ฐ ์ฐธ์ฌ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ํ๋ซํผ์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ด ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ ๋ด์์ ์ํธ์์ฉํ๊ณ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋๋ก ์ฅ๋ คํ๋ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ ๋ฏธ๋์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ฐ์ธ์ด ํ ์ผ์ ๋ถ์ฌ๋ฐ๋ ํํ์ ์ฅ๋ฒฝ์ด ๋ฎ๊ณ , ์์ ์ ์ฐฝ์๋ฌผ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์๊ณผ ๊ณต์ ํ๋ ๋ฐ ๊ฐํ ์ง์ง๋ฅผ ๋๋ผ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค๋ ๊ฒ ๊ทธ์ ์ค๋ช
์ด๋ค. ํ๋ฟ๋ฆฌ ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ฐ์ฅ ์์ฃผ ํ์ฉ๋๋ ์คํ ๋ฆฌํ
๋ง์ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ด ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋๊ณ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ ค๋ ๋๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ถ์ฌ๋๋ค๋ ๊ฒ ๊ทธ์ ์ค๋ช
์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ฌธํ ๋ด์๋ ์ฐธ์ฌ๊ฐ ์๋ก์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ ์ ์ ํ๊ฒ ์ฐธ์ฌํ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ๋ถ์กฑํ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ ๋ณด๋ค ๋ฐ์ ๋ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ด ๋ฉํ ๋งํ๋ ๋น๊ณต์ ๋ฉํ ๋ง ์ ๋๊ฐ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ์ ํจ์ค๋ ์ํคํผ๋์์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฉฐ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ฃผ๋์ ํ ๋ก , ์์ , ๋ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์์ด์
๋ฑ์ ํ์ฉํ๊ณ ์ฅ๋ คํ๋ค๊ณ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค. ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก, ๋ธ๋ฐ์ค์ ๊ณต๊ฐ ์ฐธ์ฌ ์์ด๋์ด๋ ์ ์์์ ์ฐธ์ฌ๊ฐ ์๋ฐ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ ํ ๋ก ์ ์ฅ๋ คํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ณ ์๋ ํ๋ซํผ์ ํตํด ์ด์ง๋๋ค๋ ์ ์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์, ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ ๋ณต์์ ํ๋ก๋์์ ์ํด ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ํ ์ ์์๋ค์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ ์๊ฒฌ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ ์ค์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ์ ํจ๊ณผ ๋ธ๋ฐ์ค์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ด๋ฏธ๋์ด ์๋ ์์ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ ๋ ์ด์ ํ ์ ์์๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค๊ณ ๋๋จธ์ง๊ฐ ์๋นํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์๋ค์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ์ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฅ๋ คํ๋ ์คํ์๋ ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ ๋ด์์ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฌ์ฉ์์ ์ํด ๋์์์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง๋๊ณ ์ฌ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌํจ์
๋๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์ํ๋ค.
๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ตํฉ์ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํน์ง์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์ค ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ฝํ
์ธ ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ด๋ค. Jenkins๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์ค ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ด ์์ ์ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ์
๋ ฅํ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ผ์ด๋ํ๋ ์ฅ๋์ค๋ฌ์์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ๋ค; ๊ทธ๋ ์ด ๋์งํธ ์๋์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ๋ ์ ๊ทผํ๊ธฐ ์ฝ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค ๋๋ฌธ์, ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ด ๋ค์ํ ๋งค์ฒด์ ํ๋ซํผ์์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ์ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋ณํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ ๋ณต์กํด์ก๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์ค ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ ์ฌ์ฉ์์ ์ ์์๊ฐ ์ฝํ
์ธ ์ ๋ํ ์์ ๊ถ์ ๊ฐ์ ธ์์ ๋ค์ํ ์ด์ ๋ก ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์คํ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์คํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ ์๋ ์๊ณ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ธ ์์ผ ์๋ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฝํ
์ธ ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์ค๋ ๋งค์ฌ์
์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด๋ฅผ ๋งค์ฐ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์๋๋ก ์ ํํ ์ ์์ด ์ฝํ
์ธ ์ ์น์์ฑ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์์์ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ก ์ด์งํ๋ค. ์ ํจ์ค๋ ์ผ๋ จ์ ํ์ถ ์คํ๋ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์ค์ ์๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์ค์์๋ ์ ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ ์ํด ์ผ๋ จ์ ํ๋ซํผ์ ํตํด ์์๋๋ฅผ ์ดํฌํ๋ ์ฝํผ ํํผ ์ฌ์ง์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ์ดํฌํ๋ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ํ ์ฌ์ง์ ๋ถ๊ณผ ๋ฉฐ์น ์๋๊ณ , ํ์ถ ์คํ๋ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ ๋งค์์
200๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ก๋ค. ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก, ๋ธ๋ฃฌ์ค๋ ํ๋ก๋์ค์ ํน์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ฌ์คํ ์ ๋ฌผ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒ์ ์์ฒ์ ๋ํ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ๋์์์ด ๋ค์ ์ฐ์ฌ์ง๊ณ ๋ค์ ์ฐ์ฌ์ง๋ ๋ด์ฉ์ผ๋ก ์ ์๋ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. Jenkins์ Bruns๋ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๊ฐ ์๋ก์ด ๋ฏธ๋์ด ํต์ ๊ณผ ์๋น์ ํ์์ ์ธ ํน์ง์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋
ํํ๋ค. ์ด ๊ฐ๋
์ ๊ฐ์ธ๋ค์ด ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ํก์ํ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ์ดํฌํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ฆฌํจ๋ํ์ฌ ์์ด๋์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ํ๋ณดํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋จ์ํ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ํด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๊ฒ๋ค๊ฐ ์ ํจ์ค๋ ๋ด์ฉ์ด ์ ํ๋ ์ ์๋ค๋ ์๊ฐ์ ์์ธํ ๊ธฐ์ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ฝํ
์ธ ์ ํ์ฐ์ฑ์ ์ ํต์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๊ฐ ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ด๋ํ๋ฉด์ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ์ป๋๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฐ์ด๋ด ์์์ ์๋ก ๋ค์ด ์ด ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ ํ๊ณ ํ์ฐํ๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ธ์ด ์ ์ฌ์ ์ธ ์์
์ ์ด์ต์ ์ํด๋ , ์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ๋ฅผ ์ํด๋ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ๋์ด๋ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๊ณ ์์์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ทธ๋ ์ํ์ ํ๋ฟ๋ฆฌ ์ก์ข
์์คํ
์ด๋ฉฐ, ์๋์์ ์๋ก ๊ฐ์ธ๋ค์ด ์์ ์ ์ ํ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ด์ฉ์ ์ ๋ฌํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ํ์ฑ๋๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ ํ์ ํ์ฐ์ฑ์ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ ์ ํ์ ์ ํตํ๋ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ธ ๋ฒ์ธ์ ์ ํต์ ์ธ ์ ํต ํํ์ ๋๋น๋๋ค. ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ๋ธ๋ฐ์ค์ ๊ณต๊ฐ ์ฐธ์ฌ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๊ฐ์ธ๋ค์ด ๋ ๋ง์ด ์ผํ๊ณ ํ๋ ฅํ ์๋ก ๋ ๋์ ํ์ง์ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ์์ฐํ๋ค๋ ์๊ฐ์ ์ ๊ตํ๊ฒ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ฒ๋ค๊ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ํ ๊ฐ์ธ์ด ํ ์ํ์ ๋
์ ์ ์์ ๊ถ์ ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒ๋ณด๋ค ํ์
์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ค. ์ ์คํจ์ค์ ๋ธ๋ฃฌ์ค์ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ ๋ค ํ ์ํ์ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ด์ฉ์ ์ ํํ๋ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ๋ ฅํ๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ธ๋ค์ ์ค์ํ๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ๋น๊ต๋๋ค. ์์คํจ์ค์ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ตํฉ ๊ฐ์น ์ด๋ก ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ธ์ด ํจ๊ป ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ์ฌ ๋ฌธํ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ ํํ๋๋ก ์๊ตฌํ๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ๋ธ๋ฃฌ์ค์ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ํ์ ๋นํ, ๋ถ์, ์ฌ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํจ๊ป ์ผํ๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๊ณต๋ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ ์ค์ํ๋ค.
Jenkins๋ ๋ํ ๊ทธ์ ์ด๋ก ์์ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๊ฐ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ ์๋ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ๊ฐ์ธ์ด ๋คํธ์ํฌ ๋ด์ ์ฌ๋๋ค๊ณผ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ฝํ
์ธ ํ์ฐ์ ๋๋ ๋งํผ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ ์๋๋ถํฐ ์๊ฒจ๋ ๋ฌธํ๊ถ ๋ฐ์์ ๊ณต์ ๋ ์ ์๋ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
์ด ์ถํํ ์ฌ๋ก๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ์ฌ ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ์ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ ํ๋ ๋ฐ ์์ด์ ํ์ฐ์ฑ์ ํ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค. ์๋๋ฉ๋ ์๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์์ ์๊ฒจ๋ฌ์ง๋ง, ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
ํฌ๋ค์ด ์จ๋ผ์ธ์ผ๋ก ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ ํตํ๊ณ ๋น๊ณต์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
์ผ๋ค์ ์์ด๋ก ๋ฒ์ญํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ฉด์, ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ด๊ฐ๋ค์๊ฒ ํผ์ก๊ณ ๋ ๋ง์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋ค์ด ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
ํฌ ์ธต์ ์ผ๋ถ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
ํฌ ์ธต์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์์ ์ ๋๋ฉ์ ๋์คํ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ์๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์์ฅ์ ์๋ก์ด ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ์๊ฐํ์๋ค. ๋ธ๋ฃฌ์ค์ ๊ณต๊ฐ ์ฐธ์ฌ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋นํด ์ ํจ์ค๋ ์ฝํ
์ธ ์ ํ์ฐ์ฑ์ด ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ๊ด์ ์์ ์๋ก์ด ์ฒญ์ค์ ๋ถ๋ฌ์ฌ ์ ์์ด ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ ์ ํ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ด์ฌํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ง๋ถ์ธ๋ค.
๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก, ์ ํจ์ค๋ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋
๋ฆฝ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํน์ง์ง๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๊ธฐ์
๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋์ค ์ ์์๋ค์ด ์ธ๋ ์ํ ์ ์์๋ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จํ์ฌ ๋
๋ฆฝ ์ ์์๋ค๋ณด๋ค ์ ๋ฆฌํ ์ ์์ง๋ง, ๋
๋ฆฝ ์ ์์๋ค์ ์ฌ์ ํ ๋์ค์๊ฒ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋
ธ์ถ์ํฌ ์ ์๋ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด, ๊ทธ๋ ํฅ ์คํํฐ๋ฅผ ๋
๋ฆฝ ํ๋ก๋์๋ค์ ์ํ ์๊ธ ์ถ์ฒ์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ปจํ
์ธ ์ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์๋ก์ ํ์ฉํ๋ค. ๋
๋ฆฝ ์ ์์๋ค์ ๊ธฐ์
์ด๋ ์์
๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ ์์ฅ๋ค๋ ๋์ด๋ค์ด๋ ค๊ณ ์ ์ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ด๊ฐ๋ค์๊ฒ ์ดํํ ํ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ก๋์ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ์ ๋์ ์ธ ์์ค์ ๋ฆฌ๋์ญ์ด ์๋ค๋ ๋ธ๋ฃฌ์ค์ ์ ๋์ ์ด์งํ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋นํด ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ํ๋ก๋์๋ค์ ์ฌ์ ํ ์ํ๋ ๊ด๊ฐ๋ค์๊ฒ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฌํ ์ ์๋ ์์๊ณผ ๋คํธ์ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ ํ๊ณ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋๊ธฐ์
์ ๋ํด ์ ๋์ ์ธ ์์ค์ ๋ฆฌ๋์ญ์ ์ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
ํญ์ค์ฝํธ ๋ฐ ์๋ฆฌ์์ค์ ํ์
ํ์ต ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ์ ๊ณตํต๋ถ๋ถ
Don Tapscott์ Anthony D. Williams๋ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ "๊ณ ๋ฑ๊ต์ก์ ์ํ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ๋คํธ์ํฌ"๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก "ํ์ต์ ํ๋ ฅ์ , ์ฌํ์ ๋ชจ๋ธ"์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ค. ํ์ฌ ๊ต์๋ชจํ์ ๊ต์๋ค์ด ํ์๋ค์๊ฒ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ ํํด ์ํ์์ ํก์, ์๊ธฐ, ํ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํฌํจํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ํญ์ค์ฝง๊ณผ ์๋ฆฌ์์ค๋ ํ์๋ค์ด ๊ณต๋์ผ๋ก ๋ฌด์์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ณ ์๋์ง ํ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ํ ๋ก ํ ๋ ์ง์ ํ ํ์ต์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ ธ์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์ด๊ตฌํ๋ค. ํ๋ฒ๋ ๊ต์ก๋ํ์์ ๋ฆฌ์ฒ๋ J. ๋ผ์ดํธ๊ฐ ์ํํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๊ณ ๋ฑ ๊ต์ก์์ ํ์๋ค์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์คํฐ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ์กฐ์งํ๊ณ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๋ฌ๋ ค ์๋ค. ์คํฐ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ํ์ฑํ ํ์๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ํ์ฑํ์ง ์์ ํ์๋ค๋ณด๋ค ๋ ๋ง์ ์ค๋น์ ์ฐธ์ฌ๊ฐ ์์๊ณ ๋ ๋ง์ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ธ๋ฐ์ค์ ๊ณต๊ฐ ์ฐธ์ฌ ์ ์์ ๋ฎ์๋ค.
1999๋
, ๋งค์ฌ์ถ์ธ์ธ ๊ณต๊ณผ๋ํ๊ต๋ ํ์๋ค์ ์ํด ์ธํฐ๋ท์ ์๋ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก OpenCourseWare๋ฅผ ํตํฉํ๋ค. 2002๋
์ ์์๋ ํ๋ก์ ํธ๋ 5๋
๋ง์ MIT๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ ๋
ธํธ์ ์ํ์ ์ ์ฒด ์ปค๋ฆฌํ๋ผ์ ์จ๋ผ์ธ์ ๊ฒ์ฌํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋ค. ์ด ์ ๋ณด๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ ์จ ํ์๊ณผ ๊ต์ฌ๊ฐ "์์ ๋กญ๊ฒ ์ฌ์ฉ, ๋ณต์ฌ, ๋ฐฐํฌ, ๋ฒ์ญ ๋ฐ ์์ "๋ ์ ์๋๋ก ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง๋ค. ๊ต์๋ค์ ์์ ๊ธฐ๊ด๊ณผ ์๊ด์์ด OpenCourseWare์ ๋๋ฑํ๊ฒ ์ ๊ทผํ ์ ์๋ค. ํญ์ค์ฝํธ์ ์๋ฆฌ์์ค๋ ํ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ด ์ํ๋ ๊ต์ก ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ต์๋ค๊ณผ ๊ณต์ ํ ์ ์์ด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ ๋ค์ ๊ต์๋ค์ ํ์ต ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ต์ ํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ์๊ณผ ๊ต์ ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ์ ์กฐ์ธ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ปค๋ฆฌํ๋ผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ๋ด๋ฆฐ๋ค. ํญ์ค์ฝํธ์ ์๋ฆฌ์์ค๋ ์ด๊ฒ์ด ๋์ ๊ต์ก๋น์ฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ ๋ง์ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถํ๋ค๊ณ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ๋๊ตฌ๋ ์ฝ๊ฒ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋๋ก ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง ์ ํ ์๋ ์ ๋ณด, ๊ณ์ธต์ ์ ์ด ์๋ ํ์๊ณผ ๊ต์ ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ์ํธ์์ฉ์ ํ๋ก๋์ฌ์ง์ ์ ๋์ ์ด์ง์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค. ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์
๋ฐ์ดํธ๋๋ ํ์ ๊ณผ์ ๋ ๊ตญ๋ด ์ ๋ฌผ์ ์ฐ์์ํจ๋ค.
๋ํ ํญ์ค์ฝง๊ณผ ์๋ฆฌ์์ค๋ OpenCourseWare๋ฅผ ํตํด ์์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ ํ๋ ๋ํ๊ณผ ๊ต์๋ค์ด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๊ต์ฌ๋ค์ด ๊ฐ๋ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์๋ค์ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ์ง ์๊ณ ๋ณด๋ค ๋ค์์ ์ด๊ณ ์ฐธ์ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๋๋ฐ ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ์ฌํ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ๋์ง์ ๋ํด ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค. OpenCourseWare๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ๋์๊ฒ ์์ ๋กญ๊ฒ ์ ๊ทผํ ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ด ๊ณต์ฉ ๋๋ฉ์ธ์์ ๊ณต์ ๋๋ ์ ๋ณด๋ ๊ณต์ฉ ์ฌ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ ํ๋ก๋์ง(produsage)์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ํน์ฑ๋ค๊ณผ ์ผ์นํ๋ค. ๋ํ๊ณผ ๊ต์ฌ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ต์ฌ๋ค๊ณผ ํ์๋ค์ ์ด์ต์ ์ํด ๊ต๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ณต๋์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค์ด๋ค.
ํ๋ก๋์์ง์ ์
Bruns์ ์
Bruns๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ฑ
๋ธ๋ก๊ทธ, ์ํค๋ฐฑ๊ณผ, Second Life, Beyond Life์์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ค. ํ๋ก๋์
์์ ํ๋ก๋์์ง ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํ ์์
์ ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊น์ง:
ccMixter, produsers๊ฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ง๋ ์์
๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ ์
๋ก๋ํ ํธ๋์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์คํ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ์ดํฌํ ์ ์๋ ์ฝ๋ผ๋ณด๋ ์ด์
์์
์ํํธ์จ์ด์ธ ccMixter. ์
๋ก๋๋๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์์
์ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์์ดํฐ๋ธ ์ปค๋จผ์ฆ ๋ผ์ด์ผ์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋๋ฏ๋ก ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ ์ ํ ์์ด ๋ชจ๋ ์์
์ ์ก์ธ์คํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ธ๋ฐ์ค๋ ccMixter๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋์ ํธ๋์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์คํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ค๋ฆฌ์ง๋ ์์
์
๋ก๋์ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ด ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋๋ก ์ฅ๋ คํ๋ ์ฝํ
์ธ ์ ์์ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ฌ์ฌํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์ค๋ ์ด ํธ๋๋ค์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ฌ์คํ ์ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋์ด, ๋์์์ด ๋ค์ ์ฐ๊ณ ํธ์งํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
Citizen journalism. Axel Bruns๋ ์๋ฏผ ์ ๋๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ด ๋ด์ค ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ํ ํ๊ฐ, ํ๋ณด, ๋์์์ ์ฐธ์ฌ์๋ก์ ์ผํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์๊ฒ ์์กดํ๋ ํ๋ก๋์ง์ ํ ์๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์๋ฏผ ์ ๋๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ด ์๋ฏผ ์ ๋๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์กฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ธฐ์ ๊ณผ ์ธํฐ๋ท์ ํ์ฉํ๋ ์ฐธ์ฌ์๋ค์ ์๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ฌ์์ ๋์จ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ์๋ฏผ ์ ๋๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์ธ๋๋ฏธ๋์ด, ์ฌ๋์๋ท, ์ค๋ง์ด๋ด์ค, ํํํดํฌ์คํธ์ ๊ฐ์ ์น์ฌ์ดํธ์์ ์ผ์ด๋ ์ ์๋ค. Bruns๋ ํธ์ํฐ์ ๊ฐ์ ์์
๋คํธ์ํน ์ฌ์ดํธ์ ์ค์์ฑ๋ ํ๋ํ์ฌ ์๋ฏผ ์ ๋๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ์ ์๋ ํ๋ซํผ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ค. ํํํด ํฌ์คํธ์ ํธ์ํฐ์ ๊ฐ์ ์น์ฌ์ดํธ์ ๋ํ ๋
ผํ์ ์ด๋ฏธ ์กด์ฌํ๊ณ ์ถํ๋ ๋ด์ค ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ค์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ธ๋ฃฌ์ค๋ ์ด๋ฏธ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ์๋ฃ๋ค์ ์์งํ๊ณ ๊ฒฐํฉํ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ค์ ํด์๊ณผ ๋ถ์์ ์ํ ์๋ก์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ง์ ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋ฌธ๋งฅํ์ํจ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ ๋
ผํ์ด ๊ทธ ํจ์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์กฐํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ทจํฉํ๊ณ ๋ด์ค ํ๋ ์ด์
์ ํ ํํ๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ธ๋ฐ์ค๋ ํธ์ํฐ์ ํด์ํ๊ทธ ์์คํ
์ ์๋ฏผ ์ ๋๋ฆฌ์ฆ๊ณผ ํ๋ฌ๋์ค์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ด ์ฐธ์ฌํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ์ด๊ณ ์ ๊ทผ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ์ฌ๋ก๋ก ํ์ฉํ๋ค. ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๊ฒ์๋ฌผ์ ํด์ํ๊ทธ๋ก ํ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํธ์ํฐ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค๊ณผ ๋ ํฐ ๋ํ๋ฅผ ํ ์ ์๊ณ ์๋ฏผ ์ ๋๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ฐธ์ฌ์๋ค์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ ๋๋ฆด ์ ์๋ค. ๋ด์ค ํ๋ ์ด์
์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ถ์ฐ๋๊ณ ๊ณต์ ๋๋ค; ํธ์ํฐ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ปดํ์ผํ๊ณ , ํ์
ํ๊ณ , ํ๋ ์ด์
ํ๋๋ฐ ํ๋ ฅํ๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํธ์ํฐ๋ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ด ํ์
์ ์ด๊ณ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ผ๋ก ๋ด์ค ์คํ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ ํ๊ณ , ๋ณด๊ณ ํ๊ณ , ํ ๋ก ํ ์ ์๋ ์จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ด๋ค.
Clickworkers๋ ๋์ฌ์ ์๊ท๋ชจ ์คํ ํ๋ก์ ํธ๋ก, ๊ณต๊ณต ์์ ๋ด์ฌ์๋ค์ ๊ณผํ์ ์ธ ์์
์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. ํ์ฑ์ ๋ถํ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ณํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ค์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ด์ฑ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ์ฐธ์ฌํ์๋ค. ์ด ๊ณผํ ์ทจ๋ฏธํ์๋ค์ ํ์ฑ์ ๋ถํ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ํํ๊ฒ ์๋ณํ๋ค. NASA์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์๋ค ์ฌ์ด์ ๋ถ์ด์ด ์์ง๋ง, ๋ธ๋ฐ์ค๋ ํ์ ๋ค์ด๋ด๋ฏน์ค๊ฐ ํ๋ก๋์์ฆ ๋ชจ๋ธ์์ ๋ฌด์๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ํธ ์ด์ต์ด ์์ ๋ ์์ฉ๋๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ธ์ ํ๋ค.
Fan fiction Sugar Quill๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ํฌํฝ์
์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ๋ ํ
์คํธ๋ก ํ๋ฌ๋์ง ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ํฌ์ ์ํด ์ฐ์ฌ์ง ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ค์ด ํ๊ตฌ์ ์ฐ์ฃผ์ ๋งค๋๋ฝ๊ฒ ํตํฉ๋ ์ ์๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ์ฑ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ํ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ๋ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ํฌ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ค ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ์ง๋จ์ ์ผ๋ก ํฌํฝ์
ํ ํธ์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ํ๊ฐ๋ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์น๋ ์ํ์ ์ง๋จ์ ์์ ์์์ ์กฐ์ฅํ๋ค. ์๋ฌด๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ์ ์ง์ ๋ํด ๋ ์ด์ ๋ฐ์ธ๊ถ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ์ด๊ฒ์ ์ ์๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ ์ด๋จ์ ์ธ ํ๋ฌ๋์ค ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค.
Flickr๋ ์ฌ์ง ํธ์ง ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ง ๊ณต์ ์ฌ์ดํธ๋ก, ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ด ๊ณต๋ ๊ด์ฌ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ๋ "ํ"์ ์ผ๋ถ๊ฐ ๋ ์ ์๊ฒ ํด์ค๋ค. ๋ธ๋ฐ์ค๋ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ด '๋งค์ฌ์
'์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ์ฌ์ง์ ๋๊ธ์ ๋ฌ๊ณ ์ฝ๋๋ฅผ ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ํธ์์ฉ์ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋งค์์
์ ๊ณต๋์ ์ฌ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ ์ง์์ ์ผ๋ก ํธ์งํ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ํ๋ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ฃผ๋ ์ฐฝ์ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๋ค.
Open source software๋ ์ ์๊ถ ์์ ์๊ฐ ์์ค ์ฝ๋๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐํ์ฌ ๋๊ตฌ๋ ๋ณ๊ฒฝ, ํธ์ง ๋๋ ๊ฐํํ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ์ฉํ๋ ์ปดํจํฐ ์ํํธ์จ์ด๋ค. ์ํํธ์จ์ด๋ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์์ค ์ฝ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ฒฐํจ์ ์๋ฆฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ๋ก๋์๊ฐ ํ๋ ฅํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ง์์ ์ธ ์งํ์ ์ํ์ ์๋ค. ๊ณต๊ฐ ์ฐธ์ฌ์ ๊ณต๋ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์คํ์์ค ์ํํธ์จ์ด์ ํ์ง์ ํ์ํ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ณด๋ค ํจ์ฌ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์๋๋ก ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ค.
Wikipedia. Axel Bruns๋ ์ํคํผ๋์๋ฅผ ์๋ก ๋ค์ด ํ๋ก๋์์ ํน์ง์ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ํคํผ๋์๋ ์จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ณต๋ ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์ฌ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ ๋ขฐํ ์ ์๋ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ์๋ง ์์กดํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ ํต์ ์ธ ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์ฌ์ ๊ณผ๋ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ ํต์ ์ธ ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ์ฌ์ ๋ค์ ๋์ค๋ค์ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ ํ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ์์
์ ์ฐธ์ฌ, ๋ถ์, ๋นํํ ์ ์๋ ๋ค์ํ ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์๋ค์ด ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ํคํผ๋์๋ ๋๊ตฌ๋ ์์ ์ ์น์ฌ์ดํธ์์ ํ์ด์ง๋ฅผ ํธ์งํ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ์ฉํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ณต๊ฐ ์ฐธ์ฌ์ ํ๋ก๋๋ฐ์ง ํน์ฑ์ ์ค์ํ๋ค. ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ์์ธํ๊ฒ ์ค๋ช
ํ๊ณ ์ถ์ ์๋ก์ด ํ์ด์ง๋ฅผ ์์ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ธฐ์กด ํ์ด์ง๋ฅผ ํธ์งํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ ์ด์ ์ ํ ํ์ด์ง์ ํ์
ํ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋์ ์ํ์ ์ฝ๊ณ ํน์ ์ฃผ์ ์ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ฐ์ฌ์ง ๋ด์ฉ์ ๋นํํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋น๋ํ ์ ์๋ค. Bruns๋ ๋ํ ์ํคํผ๋์๊ฐ ์ ๋์ ์ธ ์ด์ฑ์ ์๋ค์ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์์ฉํ๋ค๊ณ ์ง์ ํ๋ค. ์ํคํผ๋์ ํ์ด์ง์๋ ๋จ๋
๋ฆฌ๋๊ฐ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ ์๋ก์ ๋ด์ฉ์ ์์ ๋กญ๊ฒ ํ๊ฐํ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ํ ํ์ด์ง์ ๋ ๋ง์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ฐธ์ฌ์จ์ด ๋ฎ์ ์ฌ๋๋ค๊ณผ ๋์กฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ง์ญ์ฌํ์์ ๊ฐ์์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ ์์ง๋ง ์ง๋๋ถ๋ ํญ์ ์ ๋์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ง๋ถ์๋ค.
ํ๋์ ์ธ ์
๋ค์์ Bruns๊ฐ ๊ทธ์ ์ฑ
์์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ์ง ์๋ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์๊ณ ํํ ์ผ์ ์ฌ๋ก๋ค์ด๋ค.
Instagram: ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ๋ฐ์ ํ๊ณ ๋ ๋ณต์กํ ์ฑ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋จ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ, ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ ๋ ๋ง์ ์ ๋ณด์ ๋ ๋ง์ ๊ณต์ ๋ฐ ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ ํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ํ๋ ์ฝํ
์ธ ์ ํ ์๊ฐ ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ ๋ด์ ์กด์ฌํ๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ํ๋ก๋์๋ค์ด ๋์ค์ด๋ ์ ํ๋ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์๊ฒ ๊ณต์ ๋๋ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฒ์ํ ์ ์๊ฒ ํด์ฃผ๋ ์ฌ์ง๊ณผ ๋น๋์ค ๊ณต์ ์ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ ์ฅ/์คํฌ๋ฆฐ์ท, ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ์ดํฌ ๋ฐ ์ฌ๊ฒ์ํ ์ ์๊ฒ ํด์ค๋ค. ์ฑ ๋ด์์ ์ด๊ฒ์ ์๋ ์ด์ ์ ๊ฒ์๋ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง/์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
์ ํจ๋ฌ๋ ์์ ๋ณธ์ธ "memes"๋ก ํ์๋๋ค. ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ค๋งํธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ ์์ด ์ ํ๋๊ณ , ๊ณต๊ฐ ์ฐธ์ฌ๊ฐ ๊ถ์ฅ๋๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ก์ด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฒ์ํ ์์์ ๋๋ผ๊ณ , ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ ์
๋ก๋ํ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ํก์ํ๊ณ ์ฌ์์ฑํ ์ ์๋ ํ๋ฌ๋์ง ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์กฐ์ฑํ๊ณ ํ๋ณดํ๋ค.
Internet memes : ํ์ด์ค๋ถ, Reddit, 4chan, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์
๋ฏธ๋์ด ์น์ฌ์ดํธ์์ ๋์คํ๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ธํฐ๋ท ๋ฐ์ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ํ์ ๋ฐ์์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค. ์ธํฐ๋ท ๋ฐ(Internet meme)์ ์ธํฐ๋ท์ ํตํด ๋ฌธํ์ ์์ด๋์ด, ๊ธฐํธ ๋ฐ ํ๋ ํจํด์ ๋ฌ์ฌํ๋ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง, ๋น๋์ค ๋๋ ํด์ํ๊ทธ๋ค. ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ข
์ข
๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์ด์ ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ฌ์ง์ด๋ ๋์์์ ๋ค์ ์์
ํ์ฌ ๋ฐ์ ๋ง๋ ๋ค(์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋จธ๋ฌ์คํ ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ๋ค). ์์
๋ฏธ๋์ด ํ๋ซํผ์ ์ฐธ์ฌ์๋ค์ ์ข
์ข
์ด๋ฌํ ์ธํฐ๋ท ๋ฐ์ ๋ํ ์ฝ๋ฉํธ๋ฅผ ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ณต์ ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ค์ ํธ์งํ๋ค.
Photoshop contest : subreddit /r/PhotoshopBattles์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ํฌํ ์ต ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ํ๋ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์๋ ํ๋ก๋์ ์ฌ๋ก๋ค. ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ๊ฐ ํธ์งํ๋๋ก ๊ถ์ฅ๋๋ ์ฌ์ง์ ์
๋ก๋ํ๋ค. Flickr์ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก, ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง์ ๋์ผํ ์ก์ธ์ค ๊ถํ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ฉฐ, ์ฝ๋ฉํธ๊ฐ ๋จ์ ์๋ ์ค๋ ๋์ ๋ค์ ์
๋ก๋ํ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฆฌ๋ํธ๋ ๊ณ์ ์คํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ฐธ๊ณ ํญ๋ชฉ
Commons based peer-production
Mass_collaboration
Prosumer
The_Wisdom_of_Crowds
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์น 2.0
์ธํฐ๋ท ๋ฌธํ
ํ๋ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produsage | Produsage | Produsage is a portmanteau of the words production and usage, coined by German-Australian media scholar Axel Bruns and popularized in his book Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life and Beyond: From Production to Produsage. Produsage is the type of user-led content creation that takes place in a variety of online environments, open source software, and the blogosphere. The concept blurs the boundaries between passive consumption and active production. The distinction between producers and consumers or users of content has faded, as users play the role of producers whether they are aware of this role or not. The hybrid term produser refers to an individual who is engaged in the activity of produsage. This concept is similar and related to commons-based peer production, a term coined by Yochai Benkler.
Characteristics
According to Bruns, produsage has four defining features: 1) Open participation and communal evaluation; 2) Fluid heterarchy through ad hoc meritocracies; 3) Palimpsestic unfinished artifacts in a continuing process; and 4) Common property and individual rewards. An example of this discussion feature is the Wikipedia Talk page, which facilitates an open discussion between users in evaluating the quality of work created by previous users.
Open participation
A key characteristic of produsage is a collaboration between produsers to create content rather than working as individuals. The creation of content is frequently done by a number of different users rather than one single author. The produsage model provides tools that are designed and adapted to encourage open discussion. An example of this discussion feature is the Wikipedia Talk page, which facilitates an open discussion between users in evaluating the quality of work created by previous users.
Participation in a produsage model is also voluntary. Unlike a hierarchical community, there is no predetermined division of labor, but rather self-selected and voluntary tasks. The community considers the usefulness and relevancy of the contributionsโideas, comments, and editsโmade by participants. The contributions that tend to be further evaluated and developed are the relevant and usable ones, while the irrelevant and unusable ones tend to be ignored. Even though the substantiality of useful contributions may vary drastically, they all positively contribute to the overall quality of the project. The participants who consistently make worthy contributions will be viewed as leaders amongst their peers.
Bruns also states that there is usually unrestricted access to most produsage models. An unlimited number of participants, allows more people to assess, critique, and analyze the existing contributions, increasing the quality of the outcome. In this sense, inclusivity is highly encouraged while exclusivity is highly discouraged. Bruns also brings forth the point that it is beneficial for the community to interact with other organizations, as it broadens the range of knowledge in which they can use to formulate a more impactful message. Therefore, the overall organizational structure of a produsage model is based on collaboration, participation, and inclusivity.
Fluid heterarchy, ad hoc meritocracy
Large numbers of participants, who comply with the features of produsage, are a part of successful produsage sites. Produsage models need to be available to participants of all skill levels and abilities. Axel Bruns notes that while there may be disproportionate levels of contributions, produsers have to feel unrestricted and granted equal access to make contributions. A balance of structure and openness is required in produsage communities. Oversight by small groups can create unwanted control and absolute freedom disrupts cohesion. In order to achieve this balance, produsage communities elect leaders based on the quality of contributions made. In the case for some newer sites, however, moderators of communities may arise at random or the earliest member.
The leadership structure in produsage communities are, as Bruns puts it, in "constant flux." Power recedes if leaders become idle. As such, leaders are not only encouraged to make relevant contributions to the community, but are also expected to do so with consistency. The fluctuation and redistribution of leadership creates a flexible, fluid network of produsers. Axel Bruns states that the fluidity of structure allows for individuals or tiny groups to emerge as decision makers, rather than having the whole community's approval at every stage. Standard models of structures consist of a top down model where leaders overlook, and have the final say in content creation. Produsage sites, instead, opt for an all-access model where participants are granted transparency. Leadership in this model removes command and control over participants; allowing produsers to make contributions as they see fit. Communities within produsage sites form through common interest of individuals, resulting in leadership rising from within these groups. The constant granting of leadership produces a community driven site where the community decides the direction the site is heading.
Palimpsestic artifacts and granularity
Axel Bruns challenges conventional ideas of production and consumerism by offering a perspective of the community in which producers are continually contributing by writing, rewriting, updating and suggesting ways to improve content. Content that is produced by produsers and the medium which holds the content is in a constant state of ongoing modification. Bruns characterizes this constituent factor of produsage as palimpsestic. Palimpsestic classifies objects as having the quality of being written and rewritten through many instances over time and showing evidence of that change. The exchange of interactions as produsers collaborate, establishes and builds the artifact, which becomes both a source of information as well as an environment where opinions, ideas and revisions are addressed, discussed and refashioned. He specifically points out that the framework and design of Wikipedia, which stands as an example of a holistic palimpsestic artifact in its nature. Artifact, as defined by Bruns, is a source of produser-created content. Bruns describes Wikipedia as being a continual developing process of produser-led expansion of knowledge, which is repeatedly over-written and multi-layered. Since virtually all users can contribute to an existing content on Wikipedia, there is always motivation to further improve upon it, by way of tools such as the Talk Page where users can interact and collaborate to push an article to a refined and more polished product. He identifies this characteristics as a stigmergic collaboration, where any user can have access to the artifact and add on their contribution to the original mark. Most often, produsage sites offer the architectural tools which enable produsers to record the history of the development of materials, thus users are able to trace back the evaluation of materials through its various stages. An example is the produsage site ccMixter, a community music site using open source multimedia management system to allow users to create music remixes on top of and in replacement of the original track.
In order for a production to be palimpsestic, the goal for its content must be granular. Bruns argues that granularity offers produsers a way to connect and contribute to a source or artifact in a way which is relevant to their background and knowledge. By anchoring multiplicity of viewpoints and interest to one source, content becomes more valuable, accurate and comprehensible, which is often a common goal of sources which provide information. He states it is characteristic of sources which promote produsage to be divisible into different components, each of which can be individually and independently produced by different users. This allows for the accumulation of skills and knowledge from a diverse background, rather than from a concentrated number of producers.
Common property, individual rewards
Axel Bruns describes the connection between common property and individual rewards within produsage. He states that participation in produsage is motivated by the ability of individual produsers to contribute to a shared purpose. This shared purpose is represented in the ability of produsage to create motivation among produsers and that the content being worked upon remains accessible and open to everyone. In order for a diverse community to contribute and engage in produsage, there must be few obstacles that would impede their contributions. There must be plentiful and accessible existing content available for produsers to edit and contribute to, along with minimal obstacles that involve technical and legal restrictions. For example, Bruns states that when individuals engage in collaborative work, enforcing intellectual property rights may hinder them from editing or working on their peers' work. As a result, an alternative method for imposing intellectual property rights is needed in order for produsage to function efficiently. Therefore, he argues that produsers may need to declare existing content as common community property, such as through a Creative Commons license.
However, any attempt from individuals or groups within or outside of the produsage group to capitalize on the content of information shared must be avoided. Any content that is worked upon by a community must remain easily accessible and that edits or modifications to the content must be available under similar conditions. In addition, any contributions made by participants to the shared content must be rewarded and recognized whenever appropriate.
Although the content is shared communally, produsers still gain personal merit from their own contributions to the project being worked upon. In addition, these individual rewards are a source for further motivation for participation by the community in produsage projects. Such personal merit honors the individual by adding to their network of relationships and those beyond the community. Therefore, the main reward in engaging in produsage is personal status, rather than financial gain.
According to Bruns, one of the major motivations in engaging in produsage is to create a lasting work, through other scholars have argued that in some cases, particularly related to collaborative media creation, a moe important motivation may be related to the performance and experiencing a joint outcome by the creators and audience.
Overlapping concepts and other theories
Corresponding concepts and Henry Jenkins' media convergence
Axel Bruns' idea of produsage aims to describe how people in this digital age are communicating, through the explanation of four different characteristics; open participation, common property, palimpsest artifact and granularity as well as fluid heterarchy and holoptism. Each characteristic in itself pose a different aspect of what Bruns identifies as produser-led creation of content. Although Bruns' ideas are unique in characteristic, they tend to overlap with existing ideas and theories from other scholars, one of these being media scholar Henry Jenkins, a professor of communication, cinematic arts and journalism at University of Southern California. Henry Jenkins, a long time educator and writer of over nine books, adopted the term and concept of media convergence which was in currency at the time and offered a definition through his book. Media convergence can be described as a process by which media of all mediums are expanded, collaborated, transformed and adapted through space and time. Jenkins describes how the convergence of media occurs through a process in the individuals brain, but what is published by producers and the reactions in which individuals have toward content is the result of this convergence. Jenkins aims to conceptualize how content accumulates meaning and value and how the plethora of platforms of interaction accessible today encourages users to participate in a culture of content which is constantly being reshaped and reworked through digital communication and collective intelligence. Jenkins concept of media convergence overlaps with Bruns' idea of produsage where media convergence can be simply summarized as the logical placement and collaboration of media content, similarly produsage can be defined as the spread of idea, culture and opinions though media. In a speech given at USC, Jenkins speaks about five main concepts; content is participatory, content is remixable, content is spreadable, content is global and content may be independent.
Henry Jenkins states content is participatory, which means platforms of media provide content which encourages users to interact and participate within its community. He explains that participation require low barriers of for expression where individuals are given things to do through media and often feel a strong support for sharing their creations with other members. He explains that users are motivated to connect and engage in storytelling which are most often appropriated through grassroots communities. He contends that within participatory culture, there is a system of informal mentorship in which those users who are more advanced mentor those that are either new in participating or rather those that lack the skill set to adequately participate. Jenkins gives the example of Wikipedia and explains that it allows and encourages user-led discussion, modification and recreation. Similarly, Bruns' idea of open participation emphasizes that participation of producers is voluntary and is facilitated through platforms which designed to encourage open discussion therefore, content is created by multiple produsers. He also states that producers believe that their contributions as well as the opinions of other users are important. Both Jenkin's and Bruns' concepts exemplifies that within the new media age, content is no longer created by one producer and consumed by the rest, but rather content is constantly remodeled, recreated and refashioned by multiple users within an open-ended community that encourages contribution and participation by its members.
Another characteristic of media convergence is the concept of remixable content. Jenkins defines remixable content as the playfulness in which users input and ground their content around; he states that due to the fact that technology is more accessible in this digital age, it becomes less complicated for users to transform content in the way they would like on a variety of different mediums and platforms. Remixable content is a result of users and producers taking ownership of content and reshaping and remixing it for a variety of reasons which may either be for enjoyment or cultural instances. These remixes or mashups of content allow media to be spread over space and time at extremely fast rates which propels the familiarity of the content from user to user. Jenkins uses the example of the series of pepper spray cop remixes in which a picture of a cop pepper spraying a group of protesters was remade through a series of platforms by users all across the nation. Just a few days prior to the first circulating picture, 200 mashups of the pepper spray cop were created. Similarly, Bruns' states that a characteristic of produsage is a palimpsest artifact, which can be defined as content which is written and rewritten over again constantly with the goal of improving upon the source. Both Jenkins and Bruns conceptualize that user contribution is an essential characteristics of new media communication and consumption, in which individuals absorb content and remake or refashion it to either clarify an idea, promote a message or simply for enjoyment.
In addition, Jenkins elaborates on the idea that content is spreadable. He states that the spreadability of content is a logic of circulation and that content gains value as it travels through culture. He utilized viral videos as an example to show that individuals who share and spread this content are contributing to increasing its value, whether for potential commercial interests or for entertainment. As a result, he states that circulation is a grassroots hybrid system and shaped by the individuals from the bottom up who pass along the content by their own choice. This type of spreadability contrasts the traditional type of distribution from corporations who are the main entity distributing content or products. Similarly, Bruns' concept of open participation elaborates on the idea that the more individuals working and collaborating produces higher quality content. In addition, it emphasis collaboration rather than one individual taking sole ownership of a piece of work. Jenskins' and Bruns' theories compare in that they both value multiple individuals collaborating to improve upon a piece of work or contribute to spreading its content. Jenskins' theory of media convergence values that it requires multiple individuals to work together to spread content throughout culture, while Bruns' theory values the collaborative effort of individuals working together to critique, analyze and reconstruct a piece of work.
Jenkins also discuses in his theory that content may be global. As individuals help spread content by sharing it with people within their networks, the content has the opportunity to be shared outside of the original culture it originated from. He utilizes the example of the emergence of anime in the United States to show the power of spreadability in sharing content to different communities and cultures. Anime originally emerged in Japan, however, as anime fans began circulating the content online and informally translated anime shows into English, it spread to audiences in the United States and more Americans became a part of the anime fan base. As a result, the anime fan base in Japan contributed to the popularization of Anime in a global context and introduced new content to the American marketplace. In comparison to Bruns' concept of open participation, Jenkins adds on that the spreadability of content may bring new audiences from a global standpoint, thus increasing the number of individuals who are able to participate and engage with the content or product.
Lastly, Jenkins characterizes content as independent. He states that while mass producers like corporations may have an advantage over independent producers in regards to visibility, such as indie film makers, independent producers still have opportunities to get their content exposed to the public. For example, he utilizes kick starters as an example of a funding source for independent producers and the creation of their content. Independent producers have the power to appeal to audiences that the heads of corporations or commercial structures are also trying to attract. As a result, in comparison to Bruns' concept of fluid heterarchy, which states that there is a fluid level of leadership in a produser group, independent producers showcase a fluid level of leadership against large corporations because they still have resources and networks to get their content across to their desired audiences.
Overlap with Tapscott and Williams's theory of collaborative learning
Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams promote "collaborative and social models of learning" as methods for developing a successful "Global Network for Higher Learning." Currently, the teaching model involves professors disseminating information to students to absorb, memorize, and recall on tests; however, Tapscott and Williams urge that true learning occurs when students collaboratively explore and discuss what they are learning about. According to a study done by Richard J. Light at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, the success of students in higher levels of education is dependent on their ability to organize and participate in study groups. Students who formed study groups were more prepared and involved in their coursework and retained more information than those who did not form groups. This resembles Bruns's definition of open participation.
In 1999, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology integrated OpenCourseWare as a way of harnessing information on the internet for students. A project that began in 2002, in 5 years, MIT managed to publish its entire curriculum of lecture notes and exams online. This information is made available for students and teachers, even from other institutions, to be "freely used, copied, distributed, translated and modified". Professors have equal access to OpenCourseWare regardless of the institution they belong to. Tapscott and Williams propose that student users should be able to share their desired education structure with professors. Professors then make curriculum structure decisions based on the advice of the community of students and professors to optimize learning outcomes. Tapscott and Williams suggest that this creates more value for the high cost of education. Unrestricted information made readily available for anyone to use, community interaction between students and professors without hierarchical lines, demonstrates produsage's fluid heterarchy. The degree's regularly updated coursework is also reminiscent of palimpsestic artifacts.
In addition, Tapscott and Williams explain how universities and professors sharing their course materials through OpenCourseWare would allow teachers to globally participate in forming more well-rounded and engaging courses, instead of forming them individually. Since OpenCourseWare freely allows access to everyone, the information shared on this public domain is considered common property. This aligns with the common property characteristic of produsage. The universities and teachers are produsers who are contributing to a shared purpose โ improving coursework for the benefit of other teachers and students.
Examples
Bruns' examples
Bruns highlights the following examples in his book Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life, and Beyond: From Production to Produsage and other works:
ccMixter, ccMixter, a collaborative music software which enables produsers to upload original music as well as remix and remake tracks uploaded by other users. All music which is upload is governed under the Creative Commons license, which therefore allows every user to access all music without limitations. Bruns describes ccMixter as a source of content that encourages users to participate in both uploading original music as well as remixing other's tracks, and that these tracks which are remixed become a palimpsest artifact, constantly rewritten and edited.
Citizen journalism. Axel Bruns states that citizen journalism is an example of produsage, in which it relies on its users to work as participants in evaluating, publicizing and responding to news stories. He argues that citizen journalism draws from voluntary contributions from its participants who utilize technology and the Internet to coordinate the process of citizen journalism. Citizen journalism may take place in websites such as Indymedia, Slashdot, OhmyNews, and The Huffington Post. Bruns also expands on the importance of social networking sites, such as Twitter, serving as platforms for citizen journalism to take place. Commentary on websites like The Huffington Post and Twitter respond to already existing and published news stories. However, Bruns states that it collects and combines these already existing materials and contextualizes them by pointing out new ways for their interpretation and analysis. As a result, he claims that comments com rrr pile information by highlighting its implications and are a form of news curation. In addition, Bruns utilizes we all go we go to go Twitter's hashtag system as an example of providing an open and accessible space for individuals to participate in citizen journalism and produsage. When users tag their posts with hashtags, they are enabling for a larger conversation to take place with other Twitter users and further extend the potential number of participants engaging in citizen journalism. The process of news curation is decentralized and shared; Twitter users collaborate on compiling, collaborating and curating information. As a result, Twitter is an online space that allows its users to share, report, and discuss news stories in a collaborative and open group.
Clickworkers is a small NASA experimental project that uses public volunteers for scientific tasks. Enthusiasts with different levels of skill were engaged to identify craters on Mars. These science hobbyists accurately identified Mars craters with professional precision. While there is a division between NASA and the engaged participants, Bruns acknowledges that power dynamics are not disregarded in produsage models but are accepted when there is mutual benefit.
Fan fiction communities such as Sugar Quill represent produsage models in text. The collaborative efforts of the community to examine the relevancy and possibility of seamless integration of these fan-written stories into the fictional universe they are fans of, and in some cases collectively write a piece of fan fiction. The communal evaluation of the community fosters a collective sense of ownership of a piece of work that goes through regular revisions. As no one person has more say over the quality of the story, this displays the heterarchical model of produsage in place.
Flickr is a photo-editing and photo-sharing site which also enables users to be a part of communities or "pools" which are made of other users with common interests. Bruns explains that users engage in interaction by commenting on and coediting photographs, which they call "mashups." These mash-ups are considered common property and are composed of user-led creative content which is continually edited and reedited by users through open participation.
Open source software is a computer software in which the copyright holder allows the source code to be openly available for anyone to alter, edit, or enhance it. The software is in a state of continuous evolution as produsers collaborate to improve the existing source code and/or repair any defects. Through open participation and communal evaluation, the quality of the open-source software advances at a much more rapid rate than that of a closed model.
Wikipedia. Axel Bruns utilizes Wikipedia as an example to illustrate the characteristics of produsage. He states that Wikipedia is a collaborative online encyclopedia and differs from traditional encyclopedias because they only rely on the contributions of credible experts. As a result, traditional encyclopedias exclude participation from the public and lack a diverse group of contributors to engage, analyze and critique the work of the group. However, Wikipedia values the produsage characteristics of open participation by allowing anyone to edit a page on their website. Users are able to start new pages they wish to elaborate on or edit an existing page. In addition, users can read the work of others who have collaborated on a page before and critique or build upon what has already been written on a specific topic. Bruns also points out that Wikipedia embraces the produsage principle of fluid heterarchies. There is no sole leader on a Wikipedia page, thus users are allowed to freely evaluate each other's content. He adds that those who contribute more to a page may have visibility in the community in contrast to those who have lower rates of participation, however, the leadership is always in flux.
Modern examples
The following are popular, common day examples of produsage that Bruns does not highlight in his book:
Instagram: As technology advances and more complex apps are developed, user have access to more information and more ways of sharing and contributing to a community. One example of this modern content exist within Instagram, which is a photo and video sharing app that enables produsers to both post images which is then shared to either the public or selected users, as well as save/screenshot, remake and repost other users content. An example of this within the app is signified by what is called "memes," which are parody revisions of previously posted images/animations. Instagram creates and promotes a produsage environment, where access is only limited to having a smart device, open participation is encouraged, users feel motivated to post interesting images as well as absorb and recreate content uploaded by other users.
Internet memes like those popularized on Facebook, Reddit, 4chan, and other social media websites demonstrate another occurrence of produsage. An internet meme is an image, video, or hashtag that portrays a cultural idea, symbol, and/or behavior pattern via the internet. People often create memes by reworking existing photos or videos that others have previously posted (generally done to create humorous content). Participants of social media platforms often comment on, share, or re-edit these internet memes.
Photoshop contest like the ones held in the subreddit /r/PhotoshopBattles is a popular instance of produsage. Users upload photos which the community is encouraged to edit. Similar to Flickr, all users have equal access to the image which they can then upload back onto the thread where comments are left, and re-edits will continue to take place.
See also
References
Web 2.0
Internet culture
Collaboration |
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์ค๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ
ํผ๋ ์์ด์ง ์์์ง๋ง ๋จ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํด ์ง์ ํ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ผ๋ก ๋จ๋จํ ์ฌ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฐ๋ ์ฌ์ฐ ๋ง์ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ค์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋๋ผ๋ง
๊ธฐํ ์๋
์ธ์์ ํ๋๋ฟ์ธ ์น์๋ค์ ์ธ์์ ๋ ๋๊ณ ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ญ์น ์๋ถ์์๋ค๋ง ๋์ค๋๋ ๊ผฐ๋๋ค. ์ด ์ง์ ๋ค์ด์ค๊ธฐ๋ง ํ๋ค ํ๋ฉด ๋๊ตฌ๋ ์์์ผ๋ก ํ์ด์ฃผ๋ ํต ํฐ ์์ด๋จธ๋ ๊ผฐ๋๊ณผ ๋ฐ๋ ์ ๋ ์๋ ์ ๋ณ๋ ์์ง์ด์ด์ ๋๊ฐ ํผ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ฉฐ๋๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ์ฌ์์ด ์ฐ๋ค.
๋น๋ก ๋จ๋ค๊ณผ ๋ค๋ฅด์ง๋ง ๋จ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ๋ฉฐ ์ง์ ํ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ผ๋ก ๋จ๋จํ ์ฌ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฐ๋ ์ฌ์ฐ ๋ง์ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ค์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ์๋ก๊ฐ ๋๋ ํ๋ง ๋ก๋งจ์ค๊ฐ ์ง๊ธ๋ถํฐ ์์๋๋ค. ๋ํ ์๋ช
๋๋์ผ๋ก ๊ผฐ๋๋ค์ ์๋ก์ด ์ธ์ฐ์ ๋งบ๊ฒ ๋ ์ฒญ๋
๋ด์ฒ๋์ ํตํด ๋ฒ ํ, ์ํ ๋ฑ ์ํ์ ธ ๊ฐ๋ ์ถ์ ์์คํ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ๋์๊ฒจ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค.
๋ฐฉ์ก ์๊ฐ
๋ฑ์ฅ์ธ๋ฌผ
(โ ) ํ์๋ ๋๋ผ๋ง ์์์ ์ต์ข
์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋งํ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋ค.
์ฃผ์ ์ธ๋ฌผ
์ต์ค์ : ๊ฐ์ฌ์ ์ญ - ๊ผฐ๋์ ๋ฉฐ๋๋ฆฌ, ๋ณด๋์ ์ด๋จธ๋, ์ ์
์ฃผ๋ถ โ ํ๋์๋ฃ ์ฃผ๋ถ์ธํด โ ๋์ธํ๋ ฅํ(TFํ) ์ง์ โ ๋ณํธ์ฌ์ค ์ฌ๋ฌด์ฅ ์ฒ๋์ ์๋ด
์ค์ ํ : ๋ด์ฒ๋ ์ญ - ๋ณด์ก์ ์ถ์ ๊ตญ์ ์ ๋ด ๋ณํธ์ฌ, ํ๋์๋ฃ ๋์ธํ๋ ฅํ์ฅ, ์ฌ์์ ์ฐ์ธ โ ๋จํธ
์ฌ์งํธ : ๊น์งํ (์์ญ : ๋
ธ์๋ฏผ) ์ญ - ์ฒ๋๊ณผ ์ ํ์ ๋ณด์ก์ ๋๊ธฐ, ํ๋์๋ฃ ๊ฒฝ์๊ธฐํ๋ณธ๋ถ์ฅ, ๋์ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ๊ฒ ํ ์ฅ๋ณธ์ธ ์์ง์ ๋จํธ
์ ์ ๋ฏผ : ํฉ์์ง (์์ญ : ์ด๋์ค) ์ญ - ํ๋์๋ฃ ๋ฌด๋จ๋
๋
์ธ๋๋ธ, ํ ์ํฐ์คํธ, ์งํ์ ์๋ด
๊ผฐ๋๋ค ๊ฐ์กฑ
์ํฌ๊ฒฝ : ์๊ผฐ๋ ์ญ - ์ฌ์์ ์์ด๋จธ๋, ์ฃฝ์ ๋๋ง์ ์๋ด, ๋์ฐ์ ์น์ด๋จธ๋์ด์ ์ผ๋จ, ์ง์, ์ด๋จ์ ์๋ถ์ด๋จธ๋, ์ฌ๋จ๋งค ์๋๋ถ ์ฌ์ฅ, ์์์ง ๋
์ฃผ์ธ
์กฐํฌ๋ด : ๋จ์ผ๋จ ์ญ - ๊ผฐ๋์ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์๋ถ์๋ค(์ ์ฒ ์์), ๋ฐฑ์๊ฑด๋ฌ โ ๋ฐฐ๋ฌ๋ํ์
์ฒด ๋ผ์ด๋ โ ํ๋์๋ฃ ๊ฒฝ๋น์ โ ์ฒญ์์
์ฒด ์ง์
์ ์์ : ๋จ์ง์ ์ญ - ๊ผฐ๋์ ์๋ถ๋ธ(์ ์ฒ ์์), ๋์ฐ์ ์๋ถ๋๋, ์ ๊ฒฌ์นดํ ์ฌ์ฅ
๋ฅ๋ด : ์ฅ์๋ฌธ ์ญ - ์ง์์ ๋จํธ, ์ค์
์ โ ์ ์
์ฃผ๋ถ โ ์ฒญ์์
์ฒด ์ง์
๋์ธ์ฐ : ๋จ์ด๋จ (๋ณธ๋ช
: ๊นํ) ์ญ - ๊ผฐ๋์ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์๋ถ์๋ค(์
๋ฅ์ด, ๋๋ง ์น๊ตฌ์ ์๋ค), ๋ฐฐ๋ฌ๋ํ์
์ฒด ๋ผ์ด๋
์์ง๊ท : ๋จ๋์ฐ ์ญ (โ ) - ๋๋ง๊ณผ ๊ผฐ๋์ ์น์๋ค, ์ฌ์์ ์ ๋จํธ, ๋ช
๋ฌธ์ผ๋ณด ๊ธฐ์, ์งํ์ ์ํด ๊ตํต์ฌ๊ณ ๋ก ์ฌ๋ง (1ํ ~ 5ํ, 120ํ ํน๋ณ ์ถ์ฐ)
์ด์๋ผ : ๋จ๋ณด๋ ์ญ - ๋์ฐ์ ์ฌ์์ ๋ธ
๊น์งํ : ์ฅ์์ฌ ์ญ - ์ง์๊ณผ ์๋ฌธ์ ์๋ค
์ฌ์๋ค ๊ฐ์กฑ
๊น๊ท์ฒ : ๊ฐ๊ท์ฒ ์ญ - ์ฌ์๊ณผ ์ฌ์ฃผ์ ์๋ฒ์ง, ๊ฐ์ธํ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ โ ๋๋ฆฌ์ด์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ
๊น์ด๊ฒฝ : ๊ฐ์ฌ์ฃผ ์ญ - ์ฌ์์ ๋์, ๊ท์ฒ ์ ์ฐจ๋
, ๋ฐฐ๋ฌ๋ํ์
์ฒด ๋ผ์ด๋, ํ๊ตํญ๋ ฅ ๊ฐํด์, ์ด๋จ์ ์ฐ์ธ
์์ง๋ค ๊ฐ์กฑ
์ ์ฐ์ฌ๋ : ํฉ๋ณ๋ ์ญ - ์์ง์ ์๋ฒ์ง, ํ๋์๋ฃ ์ฌ์ฅ, ์งํ์ ์์ผ ๋์ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ๊ฒ ํ ์ฅ๋ณธ์ธ
๊ฒฝ์ : ๊ตฌ์ค๊ฒฝ (๋ณธ๋ช
: ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ์) ์ญ - ์์ง์ ์ด๋จธ๋, ํ๋์๋ฃ ๊ณต์ต์ฌ๋จ ์ฌ์ฅ
๋ฏธ์ : ๊น์ํ ์ญ - ์งํ๊ณผ ์์ง์ ์๋ค
์ฒ๋๋ค ๊ฐ์กฑ
์ด์ ์ง : ๋ด์ ํ / ์จ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ญ - ์ฒ๋์ ์ฌ๋์, ์์งํฉ ์คํ๋์ค ์ด์์คํดํธ โ ๋ง์นด์ค ์ ํ์, ํ๊ตํญ๋ ฅ ํผํด์
ํ๋์๋ฃย ๋์ธํ๋ ฅํ
์ด๋ค๋ : ์์งํฌ ์ญ - ํ๋์๋ฃ ๋์ธํ๋ ฅํ ๊ณผ์ฅ โ ํ๋์๋ฃ TFํ ์ง์
๊น์ค๋ณต : ๋ฐฐ์ฑํธ ์ญ - ํ๋์๋ฃ ๋์ธํ๋ ฅํ ๋๋ฆฌ โ ํ๋์๋ฃ TFํ ์ง์, ์งํฌ์ ์ฐ์ธ
๊ทธ ์ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ
๋ฐ์ ์ธ : ๋ฏธ์ ํ๋ก ๊ฐ ์ต์ค์ง ์ญ (24ํ, 50ํ)
ํ์งํฌ : ์ง ํฐ ์งฑ ์ญ - ์์ง๋ค ์ง ๅ ๊ฐ์ฌ ๋์ฐ๋ฏธ โ ๊ผฐ๋์ ์๋น ์ง์, ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ์ถ์ , ์ผ๋จ์ ์๋ด
๊น์ค๋ : ์ต๋ง์ญ ์ญ - ๊ท์ฒ ์ ํ์๊ธฐ์ฌ ๋๋ฃ, ์ดํผ๋จ
๊น๋ฏธ๋ผ : ์ค์ ์ (๋ณธ๋ช
: ์ค๋ง์) ์ญ - ๊ท์ฒ ์ ์ธ๋
์ด์ ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊พผ, ์งํ์ ์๋ชจ, ์์ง๋ค ์ง ๅ ๊ฐ์ฌ ๋์ฐ๋ฏธ
๊นํ์ : ์ดํธ๋ฆ ์ญ - ์๋
๊ฐ์ฅ, ์ฒ๋์ ๊ตญ์ ๋ณํธ์ฌ ์์ ์๋ขฐ์ธ, ์์ฐ๋ฌผ ์์ฅ ์ง์
์ด์ค : ๋ด๊ตฌ / ํฉ์ ๋ ์ญย - ์ค๊ฒฝ์ ์ธ์๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฒฌ, ์์ฌ๊ฐ ํค์ฐ๋ ๊ฐ์์ง
์ต์ค์ฐ : ์ฏ์ ์ญ - ์ง ํฐ ์งฑ๊ณผ ์ผ๋จ์ ์๋ค, ์ฌ์ฅ๋ณ ํฌ๋ณ ์ค
๋ฏผ๋์ : ํ ๊ธฐ์ ์ญ - ์ฒ๋๊ณผ ์นํ ์ฑ์ฃผ์ผ๋ณด ๊ธฐ์ (2๋
์ ๋ช
๋ฌธ์ผ๋ณด ์์ ๊ธฐ์)
์ต์ ์ผ : ๊น ๋น์ ์ญ - ์งํ์ ๋น์
์์ํธ : ๋ฐํธ์ ์ญ - ํ๊ฐ ์๋ฃ ํ์ฌ '๋์ํ๊ฐ' ์ฌ์ฅ, ํ๋์๋ฃ ์์ฐ์ง ๋น๋ฆฌ ์ต์ด ์ ๋ณด์
์ฅ๋ฌธ์ : ์ค์ฅ ์ญ - ์ด๋จ๊ณผ ์ฌ์ฃผ๊ฐ ์ผํ๋ ๋ฐฐ๋ฌ๋ํ์
์ฒด '๊ฐ๋ค' ์ค์ฅ
์ฅ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ : ๋ฏธํ์ ์ญ - ํ๋์๋ฃ ํ๊ฒฝ๋ฏธํ์
์์์ : ํธ๋ฆ์ ํ ๋จธ๋ ์ญ
์ ์๊ธ : ๋์ฃผ๋ ์ญ - ๊ผฐ๋์ ์๋น ์ ์ง์, ์์ฃผ๋ณด๋ฌ ์ธ๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ๋ ๋จ
์ด๋ํฌ : ์๋ น ๋์๊ธฐ ๊ณต๋ฐฉ ์ค์น ์ญ - ์ ํ๊ฐ ๋ค๋๋ ๊ณต๋ฐฉ ์ค์น, ์๊ฐ์์ ์ถํํ๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ
์ ๊ธ : ์์ง๋ค ์ง ๅ ๊ฐ์ฌ ๋์ฐ๋ฏธ ์ญ
์ ํ์ค : ํธ์์ ์ฌ์ฅ ์ญ
๋ณ์ฐ์ข
: ๋
ธ์ค๊ธฐ ์ญ
์ธ์ฑํธ : ์ทจ๊ฐ ์ญ
์ ์๋ฏธ : ์งฑ์ด ๋ฌต์ผ๋ ค๋ ๋ชจํ
์ฌ์ฅ ์ญ
์ฑํ๋ฏธ : ์ฌ์์ด ์ผํ๋ ๋ชจํ
์ฌ์ฅ ์ญ
์์ ์ฅ : ์ค๊ฒฝ์ ๋ชจ์ ํ์ ์ญ (92ํ)
ํ์ ํ : ์นดํ ์ฌ์ฅ ์ญ - ๅ ํ๋์๋ฃ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ์ฅ
๊น๋์ผ : ์ ์ฑ ์ญ - ์นดํย ์๋ฅด๋ฐ์ดํธ์
๊นํํฅ : ์ฌ๋ฌด์ฅ ์ญ - ์ฒ๋์ ์กฐ๋ ฅ์
๋ฐ์ฑ๊ท : ํ๋์ ํต ์ฌ์ฅ ์ญ - ํ์ฐ์ ํ๋ก์ ํธ ํ๋ ฅ์ฒด ์ฌ์ฅ
์ฒ์๊ธฐ : ๊น์ํ ์ญ - ์ฌ์์ ์ํํ ๋ํญ ์ด์ ์, ์ฒ๋ ์ด์ธ๋ฏธ์๋ฒ
์ต๋จ์ฑ : ์ฐจํ์ง ์ญ - ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ
๊น๊ดํ : ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์ญ
์ค๊ทํ : ์นด์ผํฐ ์ฌ์ฅ ์ญ - ์งํ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์๋ฆฌํ ์นด์ผํฐ ์ฌ์ฅ
์ค๋ณต์ฑ : ์ ์ฐ์ํ ์ง์ ์ฅ ์ญ
์ค์น์ฐฌ : ๋์์๋ฃ ์ง์ ์ญ
๊น๋๊ท : ์ฒ๋์ ๋ด๋น ์ฃผ์น์ ์ญ
์์ ์ฐ : ๊น๊ต๋น ์ญ - ์ฒ๋์ ์๋ขฐ์ธ, ๊ณ ๋ฑํ์
ํธ๋ฅดํค : ์ ํ์ ๋จ์์น๊ตฌ ์ญ - ์คํ์ธ์ธ (๋ง์ง๋งํ)
์ฌ๋ฆฌ์จ : ๋ถ๋ ๊ณ ๋ฑํ์ ์ญ (๋ง์ง๋งํ)
์์ฒญ๋ฅ
๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ ์ฌ์ ๋ฐ ์ฐ์ฅ
2019๋
11์ 19์ผ : ใ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด ๋ฌป๋๋ค 2019 ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ณผ์ ๋ํใ ํธ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ.
2020๋
4์ 15์ผ : ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ 21๋ ๊ตญํ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ใ๋ด ์ถ์ ๋ฐ๊พธ๋ ์ ํ 2020 ์ด์ ใ ๊ฐํ๋ฐฉ์ก์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ.
๊ฝ๊ธธ๋ง ๊ฑธ์ด์ ๋ฐฉ์ ๋ถ๋์ด 120๋ถ์์์ 3ํ ์ฐ์ฅ๋์ด 123๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ๋ณ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ์ ๋์๋ค.
์์ ๋ฐ ํ๋ณด
์ฐธ๊ณ ์ฌํญ
1ํ๋ถํฐ 122ํ๊น์ง๋ 15์ธ ์ด์ ์์ฒญ๋ฑ๊ธ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฉ์๋์์ผ๋, ๋ง์ง๋งํ์ธ 123ํ๋ 12์ธ ์ด์ ์์ฒญ๋ฑ๊ธ์ผ๋ก ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋์ด ๋ฐฉ์๋์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
2019๋
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ๋๋ผ๋ง ๋ชฉ๋ก
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ๋๋ผ๋ง ๋ชฉ๋ก
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๊ฝ๊ธธ๋ง ๊ฑธ์ด์ ๊ณต์ ํํ์ด์ง
2019๋
๋๋ผ๋ง
2020๋
๋๋ผ๋ง
ํ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์ก๊ณต์ฌ 1TV ์ผ์ผ์ฐ์๊ทน
๊ฐ์กฑ ๋๋ผ๋ง
2010๋
๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
2020๋
๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
2019๋
์ ์์ํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
2020๋
์ ์ข
๋ฃํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
๋์นํ ์๋๋ฆฌ์ค ์ํ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unasked%20Family | Unasked Family | Unasked Family () is a South Korean television series starring Choi Yoon-so, Seol Jung-hwan, Shim Ji-ho, and . The series aired on KBS1 from October 28, 2019 to April 17, 2020.
Synopsis
The story of series depicts the life changing story of Kang Yeo-Won (Choi Yoon-so) and Bong Cheon-dong (Seol Jung-hwan). When Kang Yeo-Won was a university student, she dreamed of becoming a reporter. An unexpected pregnancy caused her to change that dream. She is now a housewife, and she is busy taking care of her troublemaker in-laws, raising her child and managing her family's finances. Her husband gets into an accident and her life changes. Bong Cheon-dong grew up in an orphanage with his younger sister. He had a heart disease, but he was able to get an operation due to Hwang Byung-rae (Seon Woo Jae-duk). He is now a grown man. Bong Cheon-dong passes his bar exam, but he works for Hwang Byung-rae, President of Hana Beverage.
Cast
Main
Choi Yoon-so as Kang Ye-won, Connib's daughter-in-law. Rewarding mom.
Seol Jung-hwan as Bong Cheon-dong, Lawyer. Head of External Cooperation Team, Hana Beverage.
Shim Ji-ho as Kim Ji-hoon, Cheondong's nursery school motivation Head of Hana Beverage Management Planning Division.
Noh Young-min as young Kim Ji-hoon
as Hwang Soo-ji, only daughter of Byeong-rae and Yun-gyeong. Pop artist.
Lee Na-yoon as young Hwang Soo-ji
Supporting
Yang Hee-kyung as Wang Connib, Yeowon's mother-in-law. Dong-woo and Il-nam, Ji-young, and Lee-nam's mother.
Jo Hee-bong as Nam Il-nam
Jeong So-young as Nam Ji-young, Connib's stepdaughter and wife of Sangmoon. The owner of a dog cafe.
Ryu Dam as Jang Sang-moon
Na In-woo as Nam Yi-nam
Im Ji-kyu as Nam Dong-woo
Lee A-ra as Nam Bo-ram
Kim Ji-hoon as Jang Young-jae
Kim Kyu-chul as Kang Kyu-cheol
Kim Yi-kyung as Kang Yeo-joo
Sunwoo Jae-duk as Hwang Byung-rae
Kim Kyung-sook as Gu Yun-kyeong
Lee Yu-jin as Bong Seon-hwa
Lee Da-ni as Yang Jin-hee
Kim O-bok as Bae Sung-ho
Hong Ji-hee as Trแบงn Thแป Trang
Kim Joong-don as Choi Man-sub
Kim Mi-ra as Yoon Jung-sook
Kim Tae-won as Lee Poo-reum
Kim Tae-hyang as office manager
Park Jung-eon as Reporter Choi Yoon-Jin (Ep. 24, 50โ51)
Viewership
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Korean Broadcasting System television dramas
2019 South Korean television series debuts
2020 South Korean television series endings
Korean-language television shows |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%BE%B0%EC%A1%B1%EB%8F%84%EB%A7%88%EB%B1%80%EB%B6%99%EC%9D%B4 | ๋พฐ์กฑ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด | ๋พฐ์กฑ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด(Heteronotia binoei )๋ ํ๋ฆฌํด๋ฆฌ ๊ฒ์ฝ(prickly gecko), ๋น๋
ธ ๊ฒ์ฝ(Bynoe's gecko)๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ ๊ณ ์ ํ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์ ์ผ์ข
์ด๋ค. ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์์ ์์์ง๋ฅผ ์ ์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌ์ง ์๋ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ ์ค ํ๋์ด๋ฉฐ, ํธ์ฃผ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ง์ญ์์ ์์ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ํ๊ณ , ํผ์ค์ ๋์ ๊ตฌ์ญ ๋ฐ์์ ์์ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ํ์ง ์๋ ๊ณณ์์๋ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ก์๋ค. ๋ชธ๋ฑ์ด๋ ์ง์ ๊ฐ์์์ ๋ถ๊ทธ์ค๋ฆํ ๊ฐ์ ์ฌ์ด์ ์๊น์ ๋๋ฉฐ, ์์ํ๋ ์ง๋ฉด์ ์๊น์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ค. ๋ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ง์ ํ
๋๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋๋ฅธ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ก์ค๋ฌด๋ฌ๊ฐ ๋ถ๊ท์นํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
๋พฐ์กฑ์ ๋จ์์์์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ค์ง ์์์ ์ฒ์ถ๋๋ฌผ ์ข
์ค ํ๋๋ค.
๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์ฒ๋ผ ์ ๋ฐ๋ฌ๋ ๋ฐ์ฑ ํ์์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ๋ค์ํ ์๋ฆฌ๋ก ์ง์ ์ ์๋ค.
์ด์
์ข
๋ช
binoei๋ ์ฐฐ์ค ๋ค์๊ณผ ํจ๊ป HMS ๋น๊ธ์ ํด๊ตฐ ์ธ๊ณผ์๋ก์ ์น์ ํ ์๊ตญ์ ๋ฐ๋ฌผํ์ ๋ฒค์๋ฏผ ๋น๋
ธ(Benjamin Bynoe, 1804-1865)๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
ํํ
๋พฐ์กฑ์ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊น์ง ์ ์ด๋ฅด๋, ๊ฐ๋๊ณ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๊ธด ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์ด๋ค. ๊ฒ๋ณด๊ธฐ์๋ ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ฒ ์๊ฒผ์ง๋ง ๋ง์ ๋ง์ ธ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ถ๋๋ฌ์ด ์์ ๋น๋๋ก ๋ฎ์ฌ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๊ฐ๋ฝ์ ๊ฐ๋๊ณ ๋์๋ ํผํผํ ๋ฐํฑ์ด ๋ฌ๋ ค์์ง๋ง, ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์๋ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ ์ถ์ฑ ์๋ ๋นจํ์ ๋ฌ๋ ค์์ง ์๋ค. ํฐ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์๋ ํฐ ๋์ด ๋ฌ๋ ค์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋๊บผํ์ ์์ง๋ง ๋์ ๋์ด ํฌ๋ช
ํ ๋น๋๋ก ๋ฎ์ฌ์๋ค. ๋์ ๊น๋ํ๊ฒ ์ ์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ๋ฐ๋ฅ์ผ๋ก ์งํ๊ณผ ๋จผ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฆ์๋ธ๋ค. ๋ชธ๋ฑ์ด๋ ๋ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋พฐ์กฑํ ์์ ๋๊ธฐ๋ค๋ก ๋ค๋ฎ์ฌ์์ด์ ๋พฐ์กฑ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด(prickly gecko)๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ด ๋ถ์๋ค. ์ฒด์์ ๋
ธ๋์, ํฌ๋ฆผ์, ๋ฒ ์ด์ง์, ๊ฒ์์, ํฐ์ ์ค์ ์๊น์, ๋๊ฐ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์ด์ ๋๋ค. ์ค๋ฌด๋ฌ, ๋ฐ์ ๋ฌด๋ฌ๊ฐ ๋ชธ์ ๋ค๋ฎ์ ์๋ ์๋ค. ๋ณดํต ๊ด์๋์ด์, ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ฒ์ ์ค๋ฌด๋ฌ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค๋ ํฐ์์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ณดํต ์ง์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ด ์ด์ง ๋์๋ค.
๋ถํฌ
๋พฐ์กฑ์ ํธ์ฃผ ๋ด๋ฅ์ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ ์ค์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฃผ์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ค. ํธ์ฃผ์ ๊ณ ์ ํ์ง๋ง, ๋จ๋์ชฝ, ๋จ์์ชฝ์ ์ตํ ์ง์ญ์์๋ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์ง ์๋๋ค. ์ํด์์ ์๋ง์ ์ฌ๋ค์์๋ ์์ํ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฐ๋ก์ฌ์์๋ ๋ง์ ์๊ฐ ์ด์๊ฐ๋ค.
์์
๋พฐ์กฑ์ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์ญ์ ๋ค์ํ ์์์ง์์ ์ด์๊ฐ๋ค. ์ฃผ๋ก ๊ฑด์กฐํ๊ณ ํ ํธ์ธ ์ผ๋ฆผ์ง๋(:en:woodland), ์ด์์ง๋(:en:grassland), ์์๋ ์์์ง์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ค. ์ด๋์ฐ๋ฆผ, ์ค๋ถ ์ฌ๋ง, ํด์๊ฐ์ ์ฌ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ค. ์งํ๋ฉด์์ ์ด์๊ฐ๋ ์ข
์ผ๋ก์, ์ดํ๋ฆฌ, ๋๋ฌด์ค๊ธฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฃจํฐ๊ธฐ, ๋ฐ์, ํฐ๊ฐ๋ฏธ์ธ๋, ๋๋ฌด ๋ฐ๋์ ๋์จํด์ง ๋๋ฌด๊ป์ง, ๋๋ฌผ์ด ํ๋ ๋
๊ตด(:en:burrow) ๋ฐ์์ ์งํ๋ฉด์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ณณ์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ค. ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง ๊ณณ์์๋ ์์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์๋ค. ๊ฒ๋ค๊ฐ ๋พฐ์กฑ์ ํธ์ฃผ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ฑด์กฐํ ์ง์ญ์์ ์ ์ผ ํํ ํ์ถฉ๋ฅ ์ค ํ๋๋ค.
๋ฒ์
ํธ์ฃผ์์๋ ๋พฐ์กฑ์ 7์๊ณผ 11์ ์ฌ์ด๊ฐ ์ด์์ ์ธ ๋ฒ์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐํ์ก๋ค. 1-3์ด ์ฏค์ ์ฑ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์ํ๋ฉฐ, ์์ปท์ 9์์์ 1์ ์ฌ์ด์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์์ ๋ณ๋๋ค. ์์ปท์ 1๋
์ ํ ๋ฒ ์ฐ๋ํ๋ค. ์์ ๋ง ๋ณ์์ ๋๋ ๊ป์ง์ด ๋ง๋๋ง๋ํ์ง๋ง ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ ๋
ธ์ถ๋๋ฉด ๊ฒฝํ๋๊ณ ์ทจ์ฑ์ ๋ ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์์ ๋ณดํต ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ, ๋๋ฌผ์ด ํ๋ ๋
๊ตด ์, ํน์ ๋๋ฌด์ค๊ธฐ ์์ ๋์ฌ์ง๋ค. ๋ฐฐ๋ก์ฌ(:en:Barrow Island (Western Australia))์ ์์ปท๋ค์ ๋จ์์์(:en:parthenogenesis)์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ์ํ๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ์์ปท๋ค์ด ์์ ํ์ง ์๊ณ ๋ ๋ฐฐ์๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ฌํ๊ณ ์ฑ์ฅํ๋ ๋ฌด์ฑ์์์ ํ ํํ์ด๋ค. ์ฒ๋
์์์ ์ฒ์ถ๋๋ฌผ์์๋ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก, ์ฒ๋
์์์ ํ๋ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ๋ ๋พฐ์กฑ ๋ง๊ณ ๋ ๋งค๋๋น๋๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด ์ ๋๋ค.
์์ฑ
๋พฐ์กฑ์ ์ฃผ๋ก ๋ฐค์ ํ๋์ ์ด๋ค. ์์ ์ฒ๋ฅผ ๋ ๋์ ๋ฐค ๋ด๋ด ๋๋ฐฉ, ๋ฉ๋๊ธฐ ๋ฐ์์ ๋ค์ํ ๋ฌด์ฒ์ถ๋๋ฌผ์ ์ฌ๋ฅํ๋ค. ์๋๋ฏธ๋ ํ ํธ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ค๊ฐ๋ฉฐ ์ฌ๋ฅํ๋ฉฐ ๋๋๋ก ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋๋ฌด๋ ๋ฐ์๋ฅผ ์ค๋ฅธ๋ค.
๋ณด์
๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฏ์ด ์๋ง์ ํฌ์์๋ค์ด ๋พฐ์กฑ์ ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋พฐ์กฑ์ ๋ฐฉํด๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉด ์ฌ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ฌ์๋ ์ ์์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ๋ ํฐ ๋๋ง๋ฑ ๊ฐ์ ๋ค์ํ ํฌ์์๋ค์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ทจ์ฝํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
Boulenger GA (1885). Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume I. Geckonidรฆ ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, Printers). xii + 436 pp. + Plates I-XXXII. ("Heteronota [sic] binoei ", pp.ย 74โ75).
Gray JE (1845). Catalogue of the Specimens of Lizards in the Collection of the British Museum. London: Trustees of the British Museum. (Edward Newman, printer). xxviii + 289 pp. ("Heteronota [sic] Binoei ", new species, p.ย 174).
๋พฐ์กฑ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์
์กด ์๋์๋ ๊ทธ๋ ์ด๊ฐ ๋ช
๋ช
ํ ๋ถ๋ฅ๊ตฐ
1845๋
๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ ํ์ถฉ๋ฅ
์ฒ์ถ๋๋ฌผ ๋จ์์์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteronotia%20binoei | Heteronotia binoei | Heteronotia binoei, known commonly as Bynoe's gecko, is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae, and is endemic to Australia. One of the continentโs least-habitat-specific geckos, it occurs naturally across much of the country, and has also established in areas where it does not occur normally, such as urban Perth, Western Australia. It is dark brown to reddish-brown, depending on the colour of the ground upon which it lives (to which it adapts for camouflaging), as well as irregular light bands with dark edges along its back.
Bynoeโs gecko is one of a small number of vertebrate species that are known to reproduce by parthenogenesis, another reptilian example being the mourning gecko (Lepidodactylus lugubris) of Southeast Asia and Oceania islands (not Australia or New Zealand).
Etymology
The specific name, binoei, is in honour of British naturalist Benjamin Bynoe (1803โ1865), who was a naval surgeon aboard the with Charles Darwin.
Description
The Bynoe's gecko is a slender, long-tailed species which may grow to a total length (including tail) of . It is covered with small scales which appear to be rough, but are soft to touch. It has slim toes which end with strong claws, but unlike many other gecko species, it does not have expandable toe pads. It has a large head and large eyes, lacking eyelids but being covered with transparent scales. To keep its eyes clean, it wipes dirt and dust from the lenses with its tongue. The body is covered with small spine like ridges which run down the length of the back, referred to in the alternative common name "prickly gecko". Colours include yellow, cream, beige, black, and white, with most carrying at least two of these colours. Stripes, speckles, spots, or blotches may cover the gecko. It usually has an indication of a dark temporal streak and another dark streak along the canthus rostralis. The lips are whitish and usually lightly freckled with a darkish brown.
Like many species of geckos, a wide array of calls can be made with its well-developed vocal chords.
Geographic range
The Bynoe's gecko is found in all mainland Australia's states, except the Australian Capital Territory. It is endemic to Australia, but is not found in humid parts of the southeast and southwest. It also inhabits many islands off the west coast and has large populations on Barrow Island.
Habitat
The Bynoe's gecko occurs in many habitats throughout Australia. It is most commonly found in woodlands, grasslands, and disturbed habitats, all being open and dry. It can also be found in tropical rainforests, central deserts, and coastal sand dunes. As it is a terrestrial species, it takes shelter under all types of ground cover including leaves, logs, stumps, stones, termite mounds, loose bark at the base of trees, and animal burrows. It has been found to shelter under man made habitat. Furthermore, the Bynoe's gecko is often the most abundant reptile found in many arid areas in Australia.
Reproduction
In Australia, the Bynoe's gecko has been found to be in ideal breeding condition between July and September. Sexual maturity is reached in 1 to 3 years and females lay 2 eggs over the months of September to January. Eggs are soft-shelled when laid, but become hardened and brittle when exposed to the air. These eggs are usually deposited under rocks, inside animal burrows, or inside logs. Each female only produces 1 clutch per year. Females on Barrow Island reproduce by parthenogenesis, a form of asexual reproduction where the growth and development of the embryo occurs without fertilisation by a male.
Both parthenogenetic and sexual races of H. binoei occur together in areas of the Australian arid zone. When measured under laboratory conditions, the parthenogenetic geckos had about a 30% lower fecundity than their sexual progenitors.
Diet
The Bynoe's gecko is mainly active at night. It leaves its shelter and hunts various invertebrates including moths and grasshoppers throughout the night. It hunts among leaf litter or in bare open spaces and will occasionally climb trees or within rocks to source food.
Predators and threats
Like many other geckos, the Bynoe's gecko has many predators. It is able to flee rapidly and quickly when disturbed but is likely to still be vulnerable to attack by a range of other predators including larger lizards.
References
Further reading
Boulenger GA (1885). Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume I. Geckonidรฆ ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, Printers). xii + 436 pp. + Plates I-XXXII. ("Heteronota [sic] binoei ", pp.ย 74โ75).
Gray JE (1845). Catalogue of the Specimens of Lizards in the Collection of the British Museum. London: Trustees of the British Museum. (Edward Newman, printer). xxviii + 289 pp. ("Heteronota [sic] Binoei ", new species, p.ย 174).
Geckos of Australia
Taxa named by John Edward Gray
Reptiles described in 1845 |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4%EB%87%8C%20%EB%8F%84%ED%9D%90%EB%82%98%EB%8B%88 | ์๋ฅด๋ ๋ํ๋๋ | ์๋ฅด๋ ๋ํ๋๋(Ernล Dohnรกnyi, 1877๋
7์ 27์ผ ~ 1960๋
2์ 9์ผ)๋ ํ๊ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์๊ณก๊ฐ, ํผ์๋์คํธ, ์งํ์์ด๋ค. ์์ ์ ์๊ณก ์ถํ๋ฌผ ์ค ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์์ ์ ๋
์ผ ์ด๋ฆ Ernst von Dohnรกnyi์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์๋ค. ํฐ(von)์ "๊ท์กฑ"์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ์ 3๋ฒ์งธ ์๋ด์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ทธ์ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ 1697๋
๊ท์กฑ ์ง์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ ๋์๋ค.
์๊ณก
๋ฌด๋
Der Schleier der Pierrette (The Veil of Pierrette), Mime in three parts (Libretto after Arthur Schnitzler), Op. 18 (1909)
Tante Simona (Aunt Simona), Comic Opera in one act (Libretto by Victor Heindl), Op. 20 (1912)
A vajda tornya (The Tower of the Voivod), Romantic Opera in three acts (Libretto by Viktor Lรกnyi, after Hans Heinz Ewers and Marc Henry), Op. 30 (1922)
A tenor (The Tenor), Comic Opera in three acts (Libretto by Ernล Gรณth and Carl Sternheim, after Bรผrger Schippel by Carl Sternheim), Op. 34 (1927)
ํฉ์ฐฝ
Szegedi mise (Szeged Mass), Op. 35 (1930)
Cantus vitae, Symphonic Cantata, Op. 38 (1941)
Stabat mater, Op. 46 (1953)
์ค์ผ์คํธ๋ผ
Piano Concerto No. 1 in E minor, Op. 5 (1898) (the opening theme was inspired by Brahms's Symphony No. 1)
Konzertstรผck (Concertpiece) in D major for cello and orchestra, Op. 12 (1904)
Variations on a Nursery Tune (Variationen รผber ein Kinderlied) for piano and orchestra, Op. 25 (1914)
Violin Concerto No. 1 in D minor, Op. 27 (1915)
Piano Concerto No. 2 in B minor, Op. 42 (1947)
Violin Concerto No. 2 in C minor, Op. 43 (1950)
Concertino for harp and chamber orchestra, Op. 45 (1952)
์ค๋ด์
String Quartet in D minor, 1893 (unpublished, manuscript at British Library) (Grymes, Ernst Von Dohnรกnyi: A Bio-bibliography, p. 32)
String Sextet in Bโญ major, 1893 (revised 1896, revised and premiered 1898. Recorded on Hungaroton, 2006.) (Grymes, p. 32)
Minuet for String Quartet, 1894 (Grymes, p. 32. Manuscript at the National Szรฉchรฉnyi Library.)
Piano Quartet in Fโฏ minor, (1894)
Piano Quintet No. 1 in C minor, Op. 1 (1895)
String Quartet No. 1 in A major, Op. 7 (1899)
Sonata in Bโญ minor for cello and piano, Op. 8 (1899)
Serenade in C major for string trio, Op. 10 (1902)
String Quartet No. 2 in Dโญ major, Op. 15 (1906)
Sonata in Cโฏ minor for violin and piano, Op. 21 (1912)
Piano Quintet No. 2 in Eโญ minor, Op. 26 (1914)
String Quartet No. 3 in A minor, Op. 33 (1926)
Sextet in C for piano, strings and winds, Op. 37 (1935)
Aria for flute and piano, Op 48, No. 1 (1958)
Passacaglia for solo flute, Op. 48, No. 2 (1959)
ํผ์๋
ธ
Four Pieces, Op. 2 (1897, pub. 1905)
Waltzes for four hands, Op. 3 (1897)
Variations and Fugue on a Theme of E[mma].G[ruber]., Op. 4 (1897)
Gavotte and Musette (WoO, 1898)
Albumblatt (WoO, 1899)
Passacaglia in Eโญ minor, Op. 6 (1899)
Four Rhapsodies, Op. 11 (1903)
Winterreigen, Op. 13 (1905)
Humoresque in the form of a Suite, Op. 17 (1907)
Three Pieces, Op. 23 (1912)
Fugue for left hand (WoO, 1913)
Suite in the Old Style, Op. 24 (1913)
Six Concert Etudes, Op. 28 (1916)
Variations on a Hungarian Folksong, Op. 29 (1917)
Pastorale on a Hungarian Christmas Song (WoO, 1920)
Valses nobles, concert arrangement for piano (after Schubert, D. 969) (WoO, 1920)
Ruralia Hungarica, Op. 32a (1923)
Waltz for Piano from Delibes' "Coppelia" (WoO, 1925)
Waltz Suite, for two pianos, Op. 39a (1945),
Limping Waltz for solo piano, Op. 39b (1947)
Six Pieces, Op. 41 (1945)
Three Singular Pieces, Op. 44 (1951)
Twelve Short Studies for the Advanced Pianist (1951)
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
1877๋
์ถ์
1960๋
์ฌ๋ง
19์ธ๊ธฐ ํด๋์ ์๊ณก๊ฐ
20์ธ๊ธฐ ํด๋์ ์๊ณก๊ฐ
ํ๋ก๋ฆฌ๋ค ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๋ํ๊ต ๊ต์
ํ๊ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ํด๋์ ์๊ณก๊ฐ
ํ๊ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ํด๋์ ํผ์๋
ธ ์ฐ์ฃผ์
ํ๊ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์งํ์
๋ธ๋ผํฐ์ฌ๋ผ๋ฐ ์ถ์
ํผ์๋
ธ ์๊ณก๊ฐ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20von%20Dohn%C3%A1nyi | Ernst von Dohnรกnyi | Ernst von Dohnรกnyi (Hungarian: Dohnรกnyi Ernล, ; 27 July 1877 โ 9 February 1960) was a Hungarian composer, pianist and conductor. He used a German form of his name on most published compositions.
Biography
Dohnรกnyi was born in Pozsony, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary (today Bratislava, capital of Slovakia). He was the son of Frigyes Dohnรกnyi and his wife Ottilia Szlabey. He first studied music with his father, a professor of mathematics and an amateur cellist, and then when he was eight years old, with Carl Forstner, organist at the local cathedral. In 1894, in his 17th year, he moved to Budapest and enrolled in the Royal National Hungarian Academy of Music, studying piano with Istvรกn Thomรกn and composition with Hans von Koessler, a cousin of Max Reger.
Istvรกn Thomรกn had been a favorite student of Franz Liszt, while Hans von Koessler was a devotee of Johannes Brahms's music. These two influences played an important part in Dohnรกnyi's life: Liszt on his piano playing and Brahms on his compositions. Dohnรกnyi's first published work, his Piano Quintet in C minor, earned approval from Brahms, who promoted it in Vienna. Dohnรกnyi did not study long at the Academy of Music: in June 1897 he sought to take the final exams right away, without completing his studies. Permission was granted, and a few days later he passed with high marks, as composer and pianist, graduating at less than 20 years of age.
After a few lessons with Eugen d'Albert, another student of Liszt, Dohnรกnyi made his debut in Berlin in 1897 and was recognized at once as a performer of high merit. Similar success followed in Vienna and on a subsequent tour of Europe. He made his London debut at a Richter concert in Queen's Hall, with a notable performance of Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 4. He was among the first to conduct and popularize Bartรณk's more accessible music.
During the 1898 season, Dohnรกnyi visited the United States, where he gained a reputation playing Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 4 for his American debut with the St. Louis Symphony. Unlike most famous pianists of the time, he did not limit himself to solo recitals and concertos, but also appeared in chamber music. In 1901 he completed his Symphony No. 1, his first orchestral work. Although he was heavily influenced by established contemporaries, notably Brahms, it displayed considerable technical skill in its own right.
Dohnรกnyi first married Elisabeth "Elsa" Kunwald (also a pianist), who bore him a son, Hans, in 1902. Hans was to be the father of the German politician Klaus von Dohnรกnyi and of the conductor Christoph von Dohnรกnyi, long Music Director of the Cleveland Orchestra. Hans distinguished himself as a leader of the anti-Nazi resistance in Germany and was ultimately executed in the final stages of World War II. In addition to Hans, Dohnรกnyi and Elsa Kunwald also had a daughter, Greta.
Following an invitation by the violinist Joseph Joachim, a close friend of Brahms, Dohnรกnyi taught at the Hochschule in Berlin from 1905 to 1915. There he wrote The Veil of Pierrette, Op. 18, and the Suite in F-sharp minor, Op. 19. Returning to Budapest, he appeared in a remarkable number of performances over the following decade, notably in the Beethoven sesquicentenial year of 1920/1921.
Before World War I broke out, Dohnรกnyi met and fell in love with a German actress (also described as a singer), Elsa Galafrรฉs, who was married to the Polish Jewish violinist Bronisลaw Huberman. They could not yet marry as their spouses refused to divorce them, but nonetheless, Dohnรกnyi and Elsa Galafrรฉs had a son, Matthew, in January 1917. Both later gained the divorces they sought and were married in June 1919. Dohnรกnyi also adopted Johannes, Elsa's son by Huberman.
During the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919, Dohnรกnyi was appointed Director of the Budapest Academy, but a few months later the new interim government replaced him with the prominent violinist Jenล Hubay after Dohnรกnyi had refused to dismiss the pedagogue and composer Zoltรกn Kodรกly from the Academy for his supposedly leftist political position. However in 1920, with Admiral Horthy becoming Regent of Hungary, Dohnรกnyi was named Music Director of the Budapest Philharmonic Orchestra and as such promoted the music of Bรฉla Bartรณk, Zoltรกn Kodรกly, Leo Weiner and other contemporary Hungarian composers. That same 1920 season, he performed the complete piano works of Beethoven and recorded several of his works on the Ampico player-piano-roll apparatus. He gained renown as a teacher. His pupils included Andor Fรถldes, Mischa Levitzki, Ervin Nyiregyhรกzi, Gรฉza Anda, Annie Fischer, Hope Squire, Helen Camille Stanley, Bertha Tideman-Wijers, Edward Kilenyi, Bรกlint Vรกzsonyi, Sir Georg Solti, Istvan Kantor, Georges Cziffra and ฤฝudovรญt Rajter (conductor and Dohnรกnyi's godson). In 1933 he organized the first International Franz Liszt Piano Competition.
In 1937 Dohnรกnyi met Ilona Zachรกr, who was married with two children. By this time, he had separated from his second wife Elsa Galafrรฉs. He and Ilona travelled throughout Europe as husband and wife, but were not legally married until they settled in the United States. After Dohnรกnyi's death, Ilona, in her biography, launched a campaign to quell his hardly deserved reputation as a Nazi sympathizer. Peter Halรกsz continued this in an article titled "Persecuted Musicians in Hungary between 1919โ1945", which portrayed him as a "victim" of Nazism, and by James Grymes, who in his book called Dohnรกnyi saw him as "a forgotten hero of the Holocaust resistance".
In 1934 Dohnรกnyi was once again appointed Director of the Budapest Academy of Music, a post he held until 1943. According to the 2015 entry on Dohnรกnyi in New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, "From 1939 much of [Dohnรกnyi's] time was devoted to the fight against growing Nazi influences. By 1941 he had resigned his directorial post at the Budapest Academy of Music, rather than submit to the anti-Jewish legislation. In his orchestra, the Budapest Philharmonic he managed to keep on all Jewish members until two months after the German occupation of Hungary on 19 March 1944, in Operation Margarethe, when he disbanded the ensemble. In November 1944 he moved to Austria, a decision which drew criticism for many years. In fact, Dohnรกnyi was criticized either from the left or from the right for most of his deeds, from his student days on. "The explanation may be found in his unassailability on musical or ethical grounds.... The "accusations" levelled against him always took the form of rumours. This, and the magnitude of the so-called charges (never substantiated), made it impossible for Dohnรกnyi to defend himself."
At a March 2014 conference, "The Holocaust in Hungary, 70 Years On: New Perspectives" at the Center for Judaic, Holocaust, and Genocide Studies at Florida Gulf Coast University, the musicologist James A. Grymes presented research based on archival evidence he had gathered in Budapest, in a paper entitled "Ernst von Dohnรกnyi: A Forgotten Hero of the Holocaust Resistance." It credits Dohnรกnyi with (in the author's summary) 1) with "blocking the creation of a Hungarian Chamber of Music that would have excluded Jews from the music profession, just as the infamous Reichsmusikkammer did in Nazi Germany," 2) with resigning "from his position as Director General of the Franz Liszt Academy of Music instead of carrying out orders to fire Jewish instructors," 3) "as the conductor of the Budapest Philharmonic, Dohnรกnyi [disbanding] the ensemble rather than dismiss its Jewish members," and 4) assisting "a number of individual Jewish musicians. These included impresario Andrew Schulhof, whom Dohnรกnyi helped to emigrate from Germany to the United States in 1939. Pianist was discharged from the labor service when Dohnรกnyi wrote a letter declaring Hernรกdi and his hands to be irreplaceable national treasures. When the famous violinist Carl Flesch and his wife were in grave danger of being deported to a concentration camp, Dohnรกnyi helped to reinstate their Hungarian nationality, enabling them to travel through Germany, back to Hungary, and ultimately to Switzerland. Dohnรกnyi personally saved the pianist Gyรถrgy Ferenczy, Ferenczy's wife, and several other Jewish musicians from the death trains. Zoltรกn Kodรกly later reported that Dohnรกnyi had signed dozens of documents that had saved Jewish lives during the Holocaust. In Ernst von Dohnรกnyi: A Song of Life, Dohnรกnyi's widow placed that number in the hundreds. Jewish violinist, violist, and composer Tibor Serly went so far as to credit Dohnรกnyi's frequent interventions for the fact that "not one Jewish musician of any reputation living in Hungary lost his life or perished during the entire period of World War II."
Grymes notes that after the war, Dohnรกnyi "was investigated and cleared several times by the U.S. Military Government" โ as a precondition to his postwar move to Florida. He comments that Dohnรกnyi was "repeatedly defended by prominent Jewish musicians who had worked closely with him in Hungary, including violist Egon Kenton [Kornstein], pianist Edward Kilenyi, musicologist Bence Szabolcsi, and composer Leรณ Weiner. The latter wrote at least two testimonials pointing out that the majority of Dohnรกnyi's students had been Jewish and that Dohnรกnyi had consistently programmed Weiner's own compositions, even during the Nazi regime."
From 1949, Dohnรกnyi taught for ten years at the Florida State University School of Music in Tallahassee. He became an honorary member of the Epsilon Iota chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity there. He and his wife Ilona became American citizens in 1955.
In the United States, he continued to compose and became interested in American folk music. His last orchestral work (except for a 1957 revision of the Symphony No. 2) was American Rhapsody (1953), written for the sesquicentennial of Ohio University and including folk material, for example, "Turkey in the Straw", "On Top of Old Smokey" and "I am a poor wayfaring stranger".
His last public performance, on January 30, 1960, was at Florida State University, conducting the university orchestra in Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 4, with his doctoral student, Edward R. Thaden, as soloist. After the performance, Dohnรกnyi traveled to New York City to record some Beethoven piano sonatas and shorter piano pieces for Everest Records. He had previously recorded a Mozart concerto in the early 1930s in Hungary (No. 17, in G major, K. 453, playing and conducting the Budapest Philharmonic), for Columbia, and also his own Variations on a Nursery Tune issued by HMV in England and RCA Victor in the United States, the second movement of his Ruralia hungarica (Gypsy Andante), and a few solo works (but no Beethoven sonatas) on 78 rpm. He had also recorded various other works, including Beethoven's Tempest Sonata and Haydn's F minor Variations, on early mono LPs.
Death
Dohnรกnyi died of pneumonia on 9 February 1960, in New York City, ten days after his final performance, and was buried in Tallahassee, Florida, where he had taught at the university for ten years.
Influence and legacy
The BBC issued an LP recording taken from one of his last concerts, heard in 1959 at Florida State University, in which he played Beethoven's piano sonata Op. 31 No. 1 and Schubert's piano sonata D. 894. The Testament label has reissued the recital on CD in a set that also includes three of the pianist's own short pieces that he played there as encores, a short recital of his works that he played at the 1956 Edinburgh Festival, and a few that were broadcast on the BBC in 1936.
Dohnรกnyi's three volumes of Daily Finger Exercises for the Advanced Pianist were published by Mills Music in 1962.
The Warren D. Allen Music Library at Florida State University's College of Music holds a large archive of Dohnรกnyi's papers, manuscripts and related materials.
The Hungarian government posthumously awarded him its highest civilian honor, the Kossuth Prize, in 1990.
An International Ernst von Dohnรกnyi Festival was held at Florida State University in 2002. The LSU professor Milton Hallman was a student of his and in 1987 recorded a CD called Works For Piano containing some of Dohnรกnyi's most notable music.
Compositions
Dohnรกnyi's composing style was personal, but very conservative. His music largely subscribes to the romantic idiom. Although he used elements of Hungarian folk music, he is not seen to draw on folk traditions in the way that Bartรณk or Kodรกly do. Some characterize his style as traditional mainstream Euro-Germanic in the Brahmsian manner (structurally more than in the way the music actually sounds) rather than specifically Hungarian, while others hear very little of Brahms in his music. The very best of his works may be his Serenade in C major for string trio, Op. 10 (1902) and Variations on a Nursery Tune for piano and orchestra, Op. 25 (1914). His Second symphony is a major work which he composed during the Second World War. It is uncharacteristically sombre, notably in the third movement, which is grotesque and dissonant.
Stage
Der Schleier der Pierrette (The Veil of Pierrette), Mime in three parts (Libretto after Arthur Schnitzler), Op. 18 (1909)
Tante Simona (Aunt Simona), Comic Opera in one act (Libretto by Victor Heindl), Op. 20 (1912)
A vajda tornya (The Tower of the Voivod), Romantic Opera in three acts (Libretto by Viktor Lรกnyi, after Hans Heinz Ewers and Marc Henry), Op. 30 (1922)
A tenor (The Tenor), Comic Opera in three acts (Libretto by Ernล Gรณth and Carl Sternheim, after Bรผrger Schippel by Carl Sternheim), Op. 34 (1927)
Choral
Szegedi mise (Szeged Mass, also Missa in Dedicatione Ecclesiae), Op. 35 (1930)
Cantus vitae, Symphonic Cantata, Op. 38 (1941)
Stabat mater, Op. 46 (1953)
Orchestral
Symphony in F major (1896, unpublished) - Hungarian King's Prize in 1897
Symphony No. 1 in D minor, Op. 9 (1901)
Suite in F-sharp minor, Op. 19 (1909)
รnnepi nyitรกny (Festival Overture), Op. 31 (1923)
Ruralia hungarica (based on Hungarian folk tunes), Op. 32b (1924)
Szimfonikus percek (Symphonic Minutes), Op. 36 (1933)
Symphony No. 2 in E major, Op. 40 (1945, revised 1954-7)
American Rhapsody, Op. 47 (1953)
Solo instrument and orchestra
Piano Concerto No. 1 in E minor, Op. 5 (1898) (the opening theme was inspired by Brahms's Symphony No. 1)
Konzertstรผck (Concertpiece) in D major for cello and orchestra, Op. 12 (1904)
Variations on a Nursery Tune (Variationen รผber ein Kinderlied) for piano and orchestra, Op. 25 (1914)
Violin Concerto No. 1 in D minor, Op. 27 (1915)
Piano Concerto No. 2 in B minor, Op. 42 (1947)
Violin Concerto No. 2 in C minor, Op. 43 (1950)
Concertino for harp and chamber orchestra, Op. 45 (1952)
Chamber and instrumental
String Quartet in D minor, 1893 (unpublished, manuscript at British Library) (Grymes, Ernst von Dohnรกnyi: A Bio-bibliography, p.ย 32)
String Sextet in B major, 1893 (revised 1896, revised and premiered 1898. Recorded on Hungaroton, 2006.) (Grymes, p.ย 32)
Minuet for String Quartet, 1894 (Grymes, p.ย 32. Manuscript at the National Szรฉchรฉnyi Library)
Piano Quartet in F minor, (1894)
Piano Quintet No. 1 in C minor, Op. 1 (1895)
String Quartet No. 1 in A major, Op. 7 (1899)
Sonata in B minor for cello and piano, Op. 8 (1899)
Serenade in C major for string trio, Op. 10 (1902)
String Quartet No. 2 in D major, Op. 15 (1906)
Sonata in C minor for violin and piano, Op. 21 (1912)
Piano Quintet No. 2 in E minor, Op. 26 (1914)
String Quartet No. 3 in A minor, Op. 33 (1926)
Sextet in C major for piano, strings and winds, Op. 37 (1935)
Aria for flute and piano, Op 48, No. 1 (1958)
Passacaglia for solo flute, Op. 48, No. 2 (1959)
Piano
Four Pieces, Op. 2 (1897, pub. 1905)
Waltzes for four hands, Op. 3 (1897)
Variations and Fugue on a Theme of E[mma].G[ruber]., Op. 4 (1897)
Gavotte and Musette (WoO, 1898)
Albumblatt (WoO, 1899)
Passacaglia in E minor, Op. 6 (1899)
Four Rhapsodies, Op. 11 (1903)
Winterreigen, Op. 13 (1905)
Humoresque in the form of a Suite, Op. 17 (1907)
Three Pieces, Op. 23 (1912)
Fugue for left hand (WoO, 1913)
Suite in the Old Style, Op. 24 (1913)
Six Concert Etudes, Op. 28 (1916)
Variations on a Hungarian Folksong, Op. 29 (1917)
Pastorale on a Hungarian Christmas Song (WoO, 1920)
Valses nobles, concert arrangement for piano (after Schubert, D. 969) (WoO, 1920)
Ruralia hungarica, Op. 32a (1923)
Waltz for Piano from Delibes' "Coppelia" (WoO, 1925)
Six Pieces, Op. 41 (1945)
Waltz Suite, for two pianos, Op. 39a (1945),
Limping Waltz for solo piano, Op. 39b (1947)
Three Singular Pieces, Op. 44 (1951)
Twelve Short Studies for the Advanced Pianist (1951)
References
Notes
Sources
Further reading
William Lines Hubbard et al., eds., The American History and Encyclopedia of Music, vol. 1 (London: Irving Squire, 1908), pp.ย 183โ184 available online
External links
Ernล Dohnรกnyi Discography
Ernล Dohnรกnyi Profile at The Remington Site
Dohnanyi String Quartet Nos 1 & 2 sound-bites
Warren D. Allen Music Library at Florida State University
Lecture by D. Kiszely-Papp on piano music of Dohnรกnyi
In Memoriam concerts
Ampico Piano Solo "Music Of The Spheres" (Sphรคrenmusik) from "Winterreigen" Opus 13, by Ernst Von Dohnanyi, played by E. V. Dohnanyi on the Ampico Reproducing Piano (7ย ft grand piano)
Sheet music
Videos
played by Classical Jam
, , ,
1877 births
1960 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century conductors (music)
20th-century classical composers
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century Hungarian male musicians
Neoromantic composers
Composers for piano
Hungarian male conductors (music)
Male classical pianists
Hungarian classical composers
Hungarian male classical composers
Hungarian classical pianists
Musicians from Bratislava
Franz Liszt Academy of Music alumni
Academic staff of the Franz Liszt Academy of Music
Florida State University faculty
Pupils of Hans von Koessler
Pupils of Istvรกn Thomรกn
Erno Dohnanyi
Deaths from pneumonia in New York City |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%EB%93%9C%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%20%EC%A6%88%EB%8B%A4%EB%85%B8%ED%94%84 | ์๋๋ ์ด ์ฆ๋ค๋
ธํ | ์๋๋ ์ด ์๋ ์ฐ๋๋ก๋น์น ์ฆ๋ค๋
ธํ(, 1896๋
2์ 26์ผ ~ 1948๋
8์ 31์ผ)๋ ์๋ จ ๊ณต์ฐ๋น์ ์ง๋์ ์ค ํ๋ช
์ด์, ์ฆ๋ค๋
ธํ ๋
ํธ๋ฆฐ, ๋ฌธํ๋ํ๋ช
์ด๋ก ์ ์ฐฝ์์์ด๋ค. ์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์ ํ ์ฆ๋ค๋
ธํ๋ ์ด์ค์ํ ์คํ๋ฆฐ์ ๋ค๋ฅผ ์ด์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐ๋์์ผ๋ ์คํ๋ฆฐ๋ณด๋ค ์ผ์ฐ ์ฌ๋งํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 1945๋
๋ถํฐ 1948๋
์ฌ์ด ์๋น์ํธ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ โ์ต๊ณ ์ ์ ์ ์โ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
์์
๊ทธ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์์ ์ ๊ดํด ํ์ธํ ์ ์๋ ์๋ฃ๋ ๋งค์ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ค. 1915๋
๋ฌ์์ ์ฌํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋
ธ๋๋น์ ์
๋นํ์ฌ ๋ณผ์
ฐ๋นํคํ์ ์ผ์์ด ๋์๊ณ , ๋ฌ์์ ๋ด์ ์๊ธฐ์๋ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๋น ๊ฐ๋ถ๋ก ํ๋ํ์๋ค. 1930๋
๋์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ณ ์ ๋น์ง์ ๊ฑฐ์ณค์ผ๋ฉฐ, 1938๋
7์ 15์ผ ๋ฌ์์ ์๋น์ํธ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ฌํ์ฃผ์ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ์ต๊ณ ์๋น์ํธ์ ์ฃผ์ ์๋ช
์ ์์์ผ๋ก ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๊ด๋ฃ์ง์ ๋งก์๋ค. 1939๋
3์ 21์ผ์๋ ์ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ๊ณต์ฐ๋น ์ค์์์ํ ์ ์น๊ตญ ์ 2์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งก์ผ๋ฉด์ ์ด์ค์ํ ์คํ๋ฆฐ์ ๋ค๋ฅผ ์ด์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์์๋์๋ค. ์ด ์๊ธฐ๋ถํฐ ์๋น์ํธ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋ฌธํ ์ ์ฑ
๋ฐ ์ ์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ด ์ฑ
์์๋ก์ ์ฆ๋ค๋์๋()๋ผ๋ ๋ฌธํํ๋ช
๊ฒธ ๋ฌธํ์์ฒญ ์ด๋์ ์ฃผ๋ํ๋ค. ๋
์ผ-์๋ จ ์ ์ ์๊ธฐ์๋ ๋ ๋๊ทธ๋ผ๋ ์ ์ฒด ์ง์ญ ๋ฐฉ์ด์ ์ด ๊ด๋ฆฌ์๋ก ์ ๊ณต์ ์ธ์ ๋ค.
์ฆ๋ค๋
ธํ ๊ต๋ฆฌ
โ์ฆ๋ค๋
ธํ ๊ต๋ฆฌโ()๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ทธ์ ๋
ธ์ ์ ๋ฌธํยท์์ ํ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฐ ํ๋ช
ํ(้ฉๅฝๅ)๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ฝ๋(ะบะพะด)๋ก ๋ฑ์นํ ์ ์๊ธฐ์ ๊ณต์ฐ์ฃผ์๋ก ๋์๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ํ๋ช
์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน ํ๋ณด, ์ ์ ํด์ผ ํ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ๋ฅด์ฃผ์ยท์๋ณธ์ฃผ์ยท์ ๊ตญ์ฃผ์ยท์๊ตฌ ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ์ฒ ์ ํ ํ๊ดดํด์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ๋
ธ์ ์ด๋ค. ์ด ๋
ธ์ ์ 1922๋
ํ๋ช
๋ฌ์์ ๋ฏธ์ ํํ์์ ์ฒ์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ ์์ ์ฌ์กฐ์ธ โ์ฌํ์ฃผ์์ ๋ฆฌ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ฆโ์ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฐ์ ยท๋ณด์ ํํ๋ก ๋ฐํํ๋๋ฐ, 1934๋
์ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ๊ณต์ฐ๋น ์ 1ํ ์๊ฐ๋๋งน๋ํ์์ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ธฐ๋๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ ๋ฌธํ ์ผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ ์ (็ฒพ็) ์๊ทน์ด ์๋ ๋ฌผ์ (็ฉ็) ์๊ทน์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ์๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ด์ ๋ ๋ฌธํ ์ฐฝ์กฐ๊ฐ ์์์ ํ๋์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋๋ผ๋, ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด ํ๋์ ์๊ทน์ผ๋ก ๋๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๋ฌผ์ ์ธ๊ณ์์ ์ค๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ธ์งํ ์ ์๋ ํํ๋ก ๋ณํ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์น ์๋ฐ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฌธํ์์ ํ๋์ โ์ ์ ๊ฐ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์๋จ์ผ๋ก์ ๋ฌผ์ ์๊ทนโ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ฃผํ์๊ณ , ๋ฌธํ์์ ํ๋์ ์์ํ ์๋ฏธ์์ โ์ ์ ์ ๊ตํโ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ทจ๊ธํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์๋๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์์ฃผ์(ไธปๆไธป็พฉ)์ ๋ฐ๋ ํ์๋ผ๊ณ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ์๋ค.
์ฆ๋ค๋
ธํ๋ ์๋ ์ฐ๋ ๋ฌ๋ธ(Alexander Love)์ ใ์์ ๋ฝ ์ฒ ํ์ฌใ๋ฅผ ๋นํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์กฐ๋ช
ํ์ฌ ์ง๋ฃ ์๊ทน๊ณผ ์ ์ ์๊ทน์ ๊ตฌ๋ถํ์๋ค. ์ฆ๋ค๋
ธํ๋ ๋งค ์ญ์ฌ ๋จ๊ณ์์ ํ์ธ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ํ ์๋์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ง๋ฐฐ ๊ณ๊ธ ๋๋ ์ง๋ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ์ง ์ด๋ฐ์ฌ๋ก๊ธฐ ๋ด์ฉ ํ์ด ํด๋น ์ญ์ฌ ๋จ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฌ๊ฒผ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฌํ ์ด๋ฐ์ฌ๋ก๊ธฐ ๋ด์ฉ ํ์ด ํ ์ญ์ฌ ์งํ์์ โ๋ฐ๋โ ๋๋ โ์ง๋ณดโ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฆํ๋ ํต์ฌ ์์๋ผ๊ณ ํ์๋ค. ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๊ทธ๋ โ๋ฐ๋โ์ ๋ํํ๋ ํน์ํ ์ธ์๋ก ์ ๊ฐ๋
ยท๋ด์ฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, โ์ง๋ณดโ๋ฅผ ๋ํํ๋ ํน์ํ ์ธ์๋ก ์ ๊ฐ๋
ยท๋ด์ฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณธ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ด๊ฒ์ด ๋ฐ์์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ธด๋ฐํ๊ฒ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋์ด ์์์ ๋
ผํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ ์ฌ์ฃผ์(ๅฏๅฟไธป็พฉ)๋ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๊ณ , ์๋ฐ๋ก ์ ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ฃผ์(ๆฉๆขฐไธป็พฉ) ๊ด์ ์ ๋ํ ๋ฐ๋๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฌ ๋ฌธํยท์์ ์ด ์ด๋ ํ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ํตํ์ฌ ์ธ๊ฐ ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ณ์ํค๋์ง ์ค๋ช
ํ์๊ณ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๋ก์์ โ์ง๋ณดโ๋ฅผ ๋ํํ ์ ์๋ ํต(ๆ ธ)์ ์ฝ๋ํํ์ฌ ์ ๋ฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฌธํ ํ๋ช
์ด๋ผ ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฒ์น์ฑ์ ๋ฌธํ ํ๋ช
์ด๋ก ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฆฝํ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฌธํ ํ๋ช
์์ ์ค์ํ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฐ๋ก โํ๋ช
์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํโ๋ฅผ ํ์ค์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ์๋๋ฐ, ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ ๋ฒ์น ์์์ ํ์ฑ๋๋ ๋งค ์ ๋ฐ์ฌํ๋จ๊ณ์ ๋ชจ์์ฑ์ ์ธ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฒด๊ฐ ํฌ์ฐฉํ๊ฒ๋ ์ ๋ํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฌผ์ ์๊ทน์ โํ๋ช
์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํโ๋ผ๊ณ ์ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ ์ฐฝ์กฐ ํ์๊ฐ ์ธ๊ฐ์ด ํน์ ํ ์์์ฑ์ ๋ฐํํ ์ ์๊ฒ ํ๋ ๋ฌผ์ง ์๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ก ๋ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋์ด์, ์ด๊ฒ์ด ํ์กดํ๋ ๋ฌผ์ง ์๊ทน ์ค ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ณตํฉ์ ์ธ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฐ์ง ๋์์ ์ ์ผ ๊ฐํ ์๊ทน์ฑ์ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ํ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ฌธํ ์ ์ ์ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์์์ฑ์ ์กฐ์ํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ์๋จ์ด ๋ ์ ์๋๋ฐ ์์์ฑ์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์กฐ์ํ๊ณ ์กฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ฝ๋๋ ์ผ์ ํ ๋ฒ์น์ ์ํด ์ ํด์ ธ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด์๋ค. ์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์ ์ง์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋ง๋ ์ฝํ(ะะตะพฬัะณะธะน ะะฐะปะตะฝะบะพฬะฒ)์ ํ
ํฌ๋
ธํฌ๋ผํธ(ะขะตั
ะฝะพะบัะฐัะธั) ๋
ธ์ ์ ๋์ฒ์ ์ ์ ๋
ธ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธ์๋์๋ค.
๊ทธ์ ๊ต๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ์ด์ค์ํ ์คํ๋ฆฐ์ ๋ป๊ณผ ๋ง์๋ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ ๊ณต์ฐ์ฃผ์์ ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ์ฌ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์์์ฑ์ ์ฌํ์ฃผ์ ์ฌํ์ ๋ง๊ฒ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ ค๋ ์๋๊ฐ ์ผ์นํ์๊ณ , ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ ์คํ๋ฆฐ์ด ์ ๋ฆฝํ ๋ง๋ฅดํฌ์ค-๋ ๋์ฃผ์์ ๋ฐ์์ฃผ์(ๅๆ ไธป็พฉ)์ ์ ์ ์ ์ผ์นํ์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์คํ๋ฆฐ์ ์ฆ๋ค๋
ธํ์ ๊ต๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌธํํ๋ช
์ ์ผ์ฐจ์ ์์น์ผ๋ก ์ ํ์๊ณ ์ฆ๋ค๋
ธํ๋ ๋ฌธํํ๋ช
์ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๋์์ ํ์์ฃผ์(ๅฝขๅผไธป็พฉ)๋ก ์ ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํ์์ฃผ์๋ ์์ ์ ์ฝ๋๋ผ๊ณ ํ ์ ์๋ ๋ด์ฉ์ ๊ฒฝ์ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ธ์ ํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, โ์์ ์์ฒด์ ๋ฏธ(็พ)๋ฅผ ํ์ํํ๋คโ๋ ๋ชฉํ ์๋์ ๋์ค์๊ฒ ๋ถํ์ํ ๋ํดํจ์ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ ๋ถ๋ฅด์ฃผ์ ๋ฌธํ์์ ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ํ์ฌ ์๋น์ํธ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋ด ํ์์ฃผ์ ์์ (์๋ฐฉ๊ฐ๋ฅด๋ ์์ ๋ฑ)์ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๊ณ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์์ ํ๋์ด ์๋นํ ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ง๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. 1946๋
์ฆ๋ค๋
ธํ๋ ํ๋์ค ์ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ์(ๅฏ็พไธป็พฉ)๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ฅด์ฃผ์ ํดํ์ฃผ์(dรฉcadent) ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์ธ์ฃผ์์ ๊ธฐ์ดํ ๋ฐํ๋ช
์ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ ์ฌ์กฐ์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋จํ์๊ณ , ๊ณต์ฐ๋น์์ ์๋ ์ํ๋งํ ๋ฐ(ะะฝะฝะฐ ะั
ะผะฐัะพะฒะฐ)๋ฅผ ๋นํํ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ง ์ ๊ฐ ์ฆ๋ค๋
ธํ ๊ต๋ฆฌ์ ์ํ ๋ฌธํํ๋ช
๋
ธ์ ์ด ์๋น์ํธ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋ฌธํ์์ ๊ณ์ ์ฃผ๋ฅ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ดํ์ ์งํ๋ ๋ฌธํ์์ ๊ณ์ ์์ฒญ์ ์ฆ๋ค๋์๋(ะถะดะฐะฝะพะฒัะธะฝะฐ)๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ด ์๊ธฐ ์๋ง์ ์์ ์ธ์ด ํ์์ ๋ฐ์๋๋ฐ, ๋ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธํ์ผ ์กฐ์ผ์ฝ(ะะธั
ะฐะธฬะป ะะพฬัะตะฝะบะพ), ๋๋ฏธํธ๋ฆฌ ์ผ์คํ์ฝ๋น์น(ะะผะธฬััะธะน ะจะพััะฐะบะพฬะฒะธั), ๋์ฝ๋ผ์ด ๋จ์ค์ฝฅ์คํค(ะะธะบะพะปะฐะน ะััะบะพะฒัะบะธะน), ์ธ๋ฅด๊ฒ์ด ํ๋ก์ฝํผ์ํ(ะกะตัะณะตฬะน ะัะพะบะพฬััะตะฒ) ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค.
์ฆ๋ค๋
ธํ์ ๊ต๋ฆฌ๋ ์ ์น ์์ญ์์ ์ฌํ๊ณตํ์ ์ฒซ ๋์
์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ฉฐ, ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ธ ์๋ฏธ๋ก์ ์ธ๋ฅ ์ญ์ฌ์์ ์ต์ด๋ก ์คํ๋ โ์ธ๊ฐ ์ํผ ๊ฐ์กฐโ()๋ผ๊ณ ํ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ๊ต๋ฆฌ๋ ์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์ ์ดํ ๋ฑ์ฅํ ๊ณต์ฐ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํํ๋ช
์ ์ฑ
์ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ์์ผ๋, 1950๋
๋ ๋ง์ ์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋น์ํธ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ๊ณต์ฐ๋น์ด ์์ ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค์์ผ๋ก ์ฆ๋ค๋
ธํ ๊ต๋ฆฌ๋ ์๋น์ํธ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์์ฑ ๊ณต์ฐ๊ถ์ ๋ฌธํยท์์ ๊ณ์์ ์ ์ฐจ ํ์ ์์ด๊ฐ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ 1960๋
๋ ์ค๊ตญ๊ณต์ฐ๋น์ ๋ฌธํ ๋ํ๋ช
๋
ธ์ ์๋ ๊ฐ๋ ฌํ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌธํยท์์ ๊ณ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ํ์ฌ๊น์ง ์ปค๋ค๋ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ ๋๊ทธ๋ผ๋ ์ฌ๊ฑด
ใํ๋ฃจ์ผํ ํ๊ณ ๋กใ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ฌ๋งํ 2๊ฐ์ ํ์ธ 1948๋
10์๋ถํฐ ์๋ จ ๊ณต์ฐ๋น ๋ ๋๊ทธ๋ผ๋ ์ง๊ตฌ๋น์ ์ฃผ์ ๊ฐ๋ถ๊ฐ ์คํ๋ฆฐ์ ์ํด ๋๊ฑฐ ์์ฒญ๋๋ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐ์ํ์์ ์ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ํคํ ํ๋ฃจ์ผํ๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒ์ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋ง๋ ์ฝํ๊ฐ ์ฃผ๋ํ ์๋ชจ๋ผ๊ณ ์ฌ๊ฒผ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์๋ จ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ณํ์์ํ ์์ฅ ๋์ฝ๋ผ์ด ๋ณด์ฆ๋ค์ผ์คํค, ๋ฌ์์ ์๋น์ํธ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ฌํ์ฃผ์ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ์ฅ๊ดํ์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ฏธํ์ผ ๋ก๋์ค๋
ธํ, ์๋ จ ๊ณต์ฐ๋น ์ ์น๊ตญ ์๊ธฐ๊ตญ์ ์๋ ์ธ์ด ์ฟ ์ฆ๋ค์ดํ, ๋ ๋๊ทธ๋ผ๋ ์ง๊ตฌ๋น ์ 1์๊ธฐ ํํธ๋ฅด ํฝ์ฝํ ๋ฑ์ด ์ฆ๋ค๋
ธํํ(ๆดพ)๋ก ์ง๋ชฉ๋นํ์ฌ ์ด์ด๋นํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ฌ์์ ๋ด ์๋ จ์ฌ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค์ ์ด๋ค์ด ์ฆ๋ค๋
ธํ์ ํ๋ฒ์ ์ํ๋ค๋ ์ด์ ๋ก ์ฒํ๋นํ๋ค๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธ์ ํ์ง ์๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก, ์ฆ๋ค๋
ธํ ์ผํ๊ฐ ์คํ๋ฆฐ์ ์ํด ์์ฒญ์ ๋นํ์๋ค๋ฉด, ์ฆ๋ค๋
ธํ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋ช
ยท๊ธฐ๊ด๋ช
ยท๊ธฐํ ์ง๋ช
์ด ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฐ๋์ด์ผ ํ๊ณ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ ์ ํ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์๊ฐ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋๋ฐ, ๋ ๋๊ทธ๋ผ๋ ์ฌ๊ฑด ์ดํ 1989๋
๊น์ง ์๋น์ํธ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋ด์์ ์ฆ๋ค๋
ธํ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์์๋ค์ ์ ์ง๋ ์ํ์๋ค. ์ผ์ค์ ์ํ๋ฉด, ํ๋ฃจ์ผํ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์๋ชจ๋ก ์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ฉฐ ํ๋ฃจ์ผํ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ ์ฝํ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ง์ด๋ธ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ๋ ์๋ค.
์ฌ๋ด
์๋๋ ์ด ์ฆ๋ค๋
ธํ๋ ์์ธ์ ์ข์ํ๋ ์ฃผ๋น(้
้ปจ)์ด์๊ธฐ์ ์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ด ๋งค์ฐ ์ ์ข์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ด์ค์ํ ์คํ๋ฆฐ์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ๊ฑด๊ฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋น์ง์ ๋งก์ง ๋ชป ํ ๊ฒ์ ์ผ๋ คํ์ฌ ๊ทธ์๊ฒ ์ ๋์ ์ ๊ณผ์ผ ์ฃผ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ง์๋ผ๊ณ ์ถฉ๊ณ ํ์ง๋ง ๊ทธ๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฃ์ง ์์๊ณ ์ผ๋ง ์ ๊ฐ ๊ฑด๊ฐ ์
ํ๋ก ์ฌ๋งํ์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
๋ฌธํ ๋ํ๋ช
์ฌํ๊ณตํ
์ฌํ์ฃผ์์ ๋ฆฌ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ฆ
์๋ก์ด ์๋น์ํธ์ธ
์ธ๊ฐ์ฑ ์ค๊ณ์
์ธ์ง ๊ณผํ
ํ๋กํ๊ฐ๋ค
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
1896๋
์ถ์
1948๋
์ฌ๋ง
๋ง๋ฆฌ์ฐํด ์ถ์
๊ณ ์ฐธ ๋ณผ์
ฐ๋นํค
๋๋ ์ด์ธ์
๋์์ฒญ ๊ฐํด์
๋ฌธํ ํ๋ช
๋ง๋ฅดํฌ์ค-๋ ๋์ฃผ์
์คํ๋ฆฐ์ฃผ์
๋ฐ์์ ์ฃผ์์
์๋ จ ๊ณต์ฐ๋น ์ค์์์ํ ์ ์น๊ตญ์
์๋ จ์ ๊ณต์ฐ์ฃผ์์
์๋ จ์ ์ ์น์ธ
1๊ธ ์๋ณด๋กํ ํ์ฅ ์ํ์
1๊ธ ์ฟ ํฌ์กฐํ ํ์ฅ ์ํ์
๋ ๋ ํ์ฅ ์ํ์
์ ๊ธฐํ์ฅ ์ํ์
์๋ จ์ ๊ฒ์ด | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei%20Zhdanov | Andrei Zhdanov | Andrei Aleksandrovich Zhdanov (; โ 31 August 1948) was a Soviet politician and ideologue. He has been described as the Soviet Union's "propagandist-in-chief" in the 1940s, and was responsible for developing the Soviet cultural policy, the Zhdanov Doctrine, which remained in effect until the death of Joseph Stalin. Zhdanov was considered Stalin's most likely successor but died before him.
Born in Mariupol, Ukraine, Zhdanov joined the Bolsheviks in 1915 and quickly rose through the party ranks. A close associate of Stalin, he became a secretary of the Central Committee in 1934, and later that year he was promoted to Leningrad party chief following the assassination of Sergei Kirov. He would go on to play a major role during the Great Purge. In 1939, he was promoted to full membership of the Politburo, Second Secretary of the Communist Party and head of the Central Committee Propaganda Department. Zhdanov's political standing was considerably undermined at the start of the Second World War, due to his association with the SovietโFinnish War and the failure of the MolotovโRibbentrop Pact. Nevertheless, he oversaw the Soviet takeover of Estonia, and took a leading role in the defense of Leningrad.
Zhdanov's fortunes greatly improved after the war. He played an instrumental role in formulating an aggressive foreign policy, and oversaw the creation of the Cominform in 1947. He was also tasked with directing the Soviet Union's cultural policy. His campaign, known as the Zhdanov Doctrine or Zhdanovshchina, was strictly enforced and led to the denouncement of supposedly non-conformist artists such as Anna Akhmatova and Dmitri Shostakovich. Initially considered the successor-in-waiting to Stalin, Zhdanov suffered from ill health and fell out of favour as a result of the TitoโStalin split. He died in 1948 of heart failure and was buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.
Early life
Zhdanov was born in Mariupol (now Ukraine), where his father was a school inspector. His maternal grandfather was the former rector of the Moscow Theological Academy. He studied at the Moscow Commercial Institute. In 1914, he was drafted into the Russian army, graduated from an officers' school and served in the reserves. He joined the Bolsheviks in 1915. In 1917, he was chairman of the Shadrinsk committee of the Bolsheviks. He was a political commissar in the Red Army during the Russian Civil War and was elected chairman of the Tver soviet in 1923. From 1924 to 1934, he was first secretary of the Nizhny Novgorod provincial party committee.
Party secretary
Zhdanov's first major promotion came at the end of the 17th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, in February 1934, when he was transferred to Moscow as a secretary of the Central Committee, responsible for ideology. In that capacity, he inserted his protรฉgรฉ, Aleksandr Shcherbakov, as secretary of the Union of Soviet Writers, and gave the opening address to the first Soviet Writers' Congress in August 1934. In his speech, as well as paying tribute to "the guiding genius of our great leader and teacher, Comrade Stalin", he repeated Stalin's famous line that writers are "engineers of human souls". He declared that the only good literature was political:
Zhdanov's second great promotion followed the assassination of Sergei Kirov in December 1934, when he succeeded Kirov as first secretary of the Leningrad (Saint Petersburg) provincial party and was co-opted as a candidate member of the Politburo. Early in 1935, he and the head of the Leningrad NKVD, Leonid Zakovsky, organised the deportation of 11,702 so-called "Leningrad aristocrats", people who had belonged to the nobility or the middle class before the revolution. They also hunted any current or former party members suspected of having supported Leon Trotsky or the former Leningrad party boss, Grigory Zinoviev.
Role in the Great Purge
Zhdanov has been described by J. Arch Getty as a key figure in the Great Purge, who advocated an approach that would make the party a vehicle for political education, ideological agitation and cadre preparation on a mass scale. Zhdanov's encouragement of rank-and-file mobilisation helped create momentum for the Great Terror. Though somewhat less active than Vyacheslav Molotov, Joseph Stalin, Lazar Kaganovich and Kliment Voroshilov, Zhdanov was a major perpetrator of the Great Terror and personally approved 176 documented execution lists.
On a holiday with Stalin in August 1936, he co-signed the telegram that brought about the dismissal of the head of the NKVD, Genrikh Yagoda, who was accused, among other failings, of having impeded Zhdanov and Leonid Zakovsky in their purge of the Leningrad party organisation. During a Central Committee plenum in March 1937, Zhdanov announced that all provincial party secretaries were to be subject to re-election, a device that was used to remove them. Zhdanov was one of the few provincial party leaders in Russia to remain in post throughout the Great Purge.
In May 1937, he called leaders of the Leningrad party together to tell them that the long-time second secretary of the provincial party, Mikhail Chudov, and the former Mayor of Leningrad, Ivan Kodatsky, had been arrested. When an Old Bolshevik, Dora Lazurkina, went up to him afterwards to vouch for Kodatsky, Zhdanov warned her that such talk "will end badly for you". She was arrested and survived 17 years in the gulag.
After the Great Purge
In September 1938, Zhdanov was appointed head of the reorganised Central Committee Directorate for Propaganda and Agitation, which brought all branches of the news media and arts under centralised party control. He was also Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from July 1938 to June 1947 and from 1938 he was on the military council of the Soviet Navy.
His rise coincided with the fall of Nikolai Yezhov. At the 18th Party Congress, Zhdanov noted that "other means apart from repression" could be used to enforce "state and labour discipline". Zhdanov gave a key speech in which he proposed "to abolish mass Party purges... now that the capitalist elements have been eliminated". He declared that the purges had been co-opted by "hostile elements" to "persecute and ruin honest people".
At the conclusion of the Congress in March 1939, Zhdanov was promoted to full membership of the Politburo. He was still one of four secretaries of the Central Committeeโthe others being Stalin, Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev, and Georgy Malenkovโbut Malenkov was not a member of the Politburo, which meant that Zhdanov had replaced Lazar Kaganovich as Stalin's deputy in the party apparatus and appeared to be his most likely successor.
On 29 June 1939, he had a signed article in Pravda in which he expressed what he called his "personal" view "with which my friends do not agree" that Britain and France did not seriously want a military alliance with the Soviet Union. In retrospect, it was the first public hint of the Soviets signing the MolotovโRibbentrop Pact three months later.
Wartime
Zhdanov was very publicly associated with the decision to invade Finland in November 1939. In December, he signed the treaty between the Soviets and Finnish puppet government, headed by Otto Wille Kuusinen. As the Leningrad party boss and the official overseeing the navy, he had an interest in increasing the Soviet presence in the Baltic Sea at the expense of Finland, Estonia and Latvia. The final peace treaty between Finland and the Soviet Union was signed by Zhdanov on 12 March 1940.
In June 1940, Zhdanov was sent to Estonia to supervise the establishment of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic and its annexation by the Soviet Union. In the United States House of Representatives' 1953โ1954 Kersten Committee investigation Zhdanov was one of the accused charged with the 1940 Soviet aggression and forced incorporation of the Baltic states into the USSR.
The Finnish debacle weakened Zhdanov's political standing. In September 1940 he was removed from direct control of the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee, which was taken over by Georgy Aleksandrov, an ally of his rival Malenkov. He was undermined further by the German invasion of the Soviet Union because he had been so publicly associated with the failed pact with Hitler. He was excluded from the State Defense Committee (GOKO), which directed the war effort and was initially controlled by Malenkov and Lavrentiy Beria. According to the historian Anton Antonov-Ovseenko:
Along with Georgy Zhukov, Zhdanov took a leading role during the Siege of Leningrad in the Second World War. In August 1941, he created a City Defence Council but was ordered by Stalin to disband it. When the siege was lifted, he was not officially given credit for saving the city.
After the Moscow Armistice between Finland and the Soviet Union was signed on 4 September 1944, Zhdanov directed the Allied Control Commission in Finland to the Paris Peace Treaty in 1947. That meant that he had to spend several months in Helsinki and relinquish his position as head of the Leningrad party organisation, which he had held for nine years, but he was able to leave it in the hands of his ally, Alexey Kuznetsov. In January 1945, when Pravda celebrated the lifting of the Siege of Leningrad, it emphasised that Malenkov and Vyacheslav Molotov had been dispatched to the city in 1941 and implied that they shared the credit with Zhdanov.
Post-war ascendancy
Zhdanov made a political comeback during 1946, when his main rival, Malenkov, temporarily lost his position as a party secretary. For the next two years, he was delegated by Stalin to direct the Soviet Union's cultural policy and to handle relations with the Eastern European states under or coming under communist control. He formulated what became known as the Zhdanov Doctrine ("The only conflict that is possible in Soviet culture is the conflict between good and best"). In December 1946, he launched the attack on Anna Akhmatova and Mikhail Zoshchenko, two writers living in Zhdanov's former Leningrad fiefdom. He described Akhmatova, arguably then the greatest living Russian poet, as "half nun, half whore". Zhanov was the founding editor-in-chief of the Agitprop journal Kultura i zhizn which he held until 1948.
In 1947, he organised the Cominform, which was designed to coordinate and control the communist parties around the world. At a famous speech at Szklarska Porฤba in September 1947, Zhdanov warned his fellow communists that the world was now split into two hostile camps and that the Cominform was needed to oppose the "frank expansionist programme" of the US.
In January 1948, he presided over a three-day conference in the Kremlin, to which more than 70 composers, musicians and music critics, including Dmitri Shostakovich, Sergei Prokofiev, Aram Khachaturian, and Nikolai Myaskovsky were summoned to be lectured by Zhdanov on why they should avoid "formalism" in music. A persistent story is that Zhdanov played the piano during the conference to demonstrate how music should be written, but years later that story was furiously denied by Shostakovich, who attributed it to "toadies". Zhdanov's cultural policy rested on the Soviets' "critically assimilating the cultural heritage of all nations and all times" to "take what was most inspiring".
Fall from power and later life
In June 1948, Stalin sent Zhdanov to the Cominform meeting in Bucharest. Its purpose was to condemn Yugoslavia, but Zhdanov took a more restrained line than his co-delegate and rival, Georgy Malenkov. That infuriated Stalin, who removed Zhdanov from all his posts and replaced him with Malenkov. Zhdanov was soon transferred to a sanatorium.
Death
Zhdanov died on 31 August 1948 in Moscow of heart failure. It is possible that his death was the result of an intentional misdiagnosis. Zhdanov was buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis, in one of the twelve individual tombs located between the Lenin's Mausoleum and the Moscow Kremlin Wall.
Legacy
Despite his bullying of Akhmatova, Shostakovich, Prokofiev and other cultural figures, and the apparent threat that the founding of Cominform posed to peace, Zhdanov is reckoned by many Soviet scholars to have been a "moderate" within the context of the post-war Stalinist regime. The worst events of Stalin's final years, such as the rift with Yugoslavia, the Leningrad affair, the show trials in Bulgaria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia, and the anti-Semitic Doctors' plot all occurred after Zhdanov was dead. The Leningrad Affair was a brutal purge of Zhdanov's former allies, notably Kuznetsov and Nikolai Voznesensky. The most notable survivor of that purge was future Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin.
In Khrushchev Remembers, Nikita Khrushchev recalled that Zhdanov was an alcoholic and that during his last days, Stalin would shout at him to stop drinking and insist on him drinking only fruit juice. Stalin had talked of Zhdanov being his successor, but Zhdanov's ill health gave his rivals in the Politburo Lavrentiy Beria, Georgy Malenkov, and Nikita Khrushchev, an opportunity to undermine him. Stalin would later blame Zhdanov's death on Kremlin doctors and "Zionist" conspirators.
Zhdanovshchina
Zhdanovshchina was the emphasis on purified communist ideology developed during the war by Zhdanov. It emerged from his arguments inside the party hierarchy opposing the pragmatist faction of Georgy Malenkov. Malenkov stressed the universal values of science and engineering, and proposed to promote the technological experts to the highest positions in the Soviet administrative elite. Zhdanov's faction said proper ideology trumped science and called for prioritizing political education and ideological purity.
However, the technocrats had proven amazingly successful during the war in terms of engineering, industrial production, and the development of advanced munitions. Zhdanov sought to use the ideological purification of the party as a vehicle to restore the Kremlin's political control over the provinces and the technocrats. He worried that the provincial party bosses and the heads of the economic ministries had achieved too high a degree of autonomy during the war, when the top leadership realized the urgent necessity of maximum mobilization of human and material resources. The highest priority in the post-war era was physical reconstruction after the massive wartime destruction.
The same argument that strengthened the technocrats continued to operate, and the united opposition of Malenkov, the technocrats, the provincial party bosses, and the key ministries doomed Zhdanov's proposals. He therefore pivoted to devote his attention to purification of the arts and culture.
Cultural standards
Originating in 1946 and lasting until the late 1950s, Zhdanov's ideological code, known as the Zhdanov Doctrine or Zhdanovism (zhdanovshchina), defined cultural production in the Soviet Union. Zhdanov intended to create a new philosophy of artistic creation valid for the entire world. His method reduced all of culture to a sort of chart, wherein a given symbol corresponded to a simple moral value.
Zhdanov and his associates further sought to eliminate foreign influence from Soviet art, proclaiming that "incorrect art" was an ideological diversion. This doctrine suggested that the world was split into two opposing camps, namely the "imperialistic", led by the United States; and the "democratic", led by the Soviet Union. The one sentence that came to define his doctrine was "The only conflict that is possible in Soviet culture is the conflict between good and best".
This cultural policy became strictly enforced, censoring writers, artists and the intelligentsia, with punishment being applied for failing to conform to what was considered acceptable by Zhdanov's standards. This policy officially ended in 1952, seen as having a negative impact on culture within the Soviet Union. The origins of this policy can be seen before 1946 when critics proposed (wrongly according to Zhdanov) that Russian classics had been influenced by famous foreign writers, but the policy came into effect specifically to target "apolitical, 'bourgeois', individualistic works of the satirist Mikhail Zoshchenko and the poet Anna Akhmatova", respectively writing for the literary magazines Zvezda and Leningrad. On 20 February 1948, Zhdanovshchina shifted its focus towards anti-formalism, targeting composers such as Dmitri Shostakovich. That April, many of the persecuted composers were pressed into repenting for displaying formalism in their music in a special congress of the Union of Soviet Composers.
Zhdanov was the most openly cultured of the leadership group and his treatment of artists was mild by Soviet standards of the time. He even wrote a satirical sketch ridiculing the attack on modernism.
Family ties
Zhdanov's son Yuri (1919โ2006) married Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva in 1949. She described the Zhdanov household as imbued with "an inveterate spirit of bourgeois acquisitiveness ... There were trunkloads of possessions ... The place was presided over by Zinaida Zhdanova, the widow, and the ultimate embodiment of this mixture of Party bigotry and the complacency of the bourgeois woman." In 1952, Yuri Zhdanov was raised to membership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, as head of its Department of Science and Culture, but was sacked very soon after Stalin's death. That marriage ended in divorce in 1952. They had one daughter, Yekaterina.
Honours and awards
Two Orders of Lenin
Order of the Red Banner
Order of Suvorov, 1st class
Order of Kutuzov, 1st class
Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Medal "For the Defence of Leningrad"
Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941โ1945"
Zhdanov's birthplace, Mariupol, was renamed Zhdanov in his honor at Joseph Stalin's instigation in 1948 and a monument to Zhdanov was built in the central square of the city. The name reverted to Mariupol in 1989 and the monument was dismantled in 1990.
See also
Engineers of the human soul
Socialist realism
Doctors' plot
Notes and references
Further reading
Kees Boterbloem (2004). The Life and Times of Andrei Zhdanov, 1896-1948. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
Shiela Fitzpatrick (2015). On Stalin's Team: The Years of Living Dangerously in Soviet Politics. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
External links
1896 births
1948 deaths
Politicians from Mariupol
People from Yekaterinoslav Governorate
Censorship in the Soviet Union
Chairmen of the Soviet of the Union
Great Purge perpetrators
Head of Propaganda Department of CPSU CC
Members of the Orgburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Members of the Orgburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Members of the Secretariat of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Members of the Secretariat of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Candidates of the Politburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Members of the Politburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Candidates of the Central Committee of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Candidates of the Central Committee of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
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Members of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Members of the Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Recipients of the Order of Kutuzov, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class
Stalinism
Anti-revisionists
Old Bolsheviks
First Secretaries of the Gorky Regional Committee of the CPSU
Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 1947โ1951 |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%82%A4%20%EC%82%AC%EC%9B%8C%EB%B8%8C%EB%9F%B0 | ๋ฒ ํค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ | ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์นด ์๋ฆฌ์๋ฒ ์ค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ(, 1985๋
6์ 6์ผ ~ )์ ๋ฒ ํค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ()์ด๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก๋ ์๋ ค์ง ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์์ด๋ค. ํฌ์ง์
์ ์๋น์์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ ํ ๋ก์ด์ค FC์์ ํ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํ๊ต ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
๋ฒ ํค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ์ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ ์ธ์ธํธ๋ฃจ์ด์ค์์ ์ ์ธ ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ๊ณผ ์ค์ฝง ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ธ๋ก ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ๋ฒ ํค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ์ ์ค๋น ์๋ ๊ทธ๋ํธ ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ๊ณผ ์ ๋ค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ ํ์ ๋ ๋ฒ ํค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ์๊ฒ ์ก์ฒด์ , ์ ์ ์ ์ธ ๋๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ฒ ํค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ์ 12์ธ๋ถํฐ JB ๋ง๋ฆฐ SC ์์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์์ 4์ฐจ๋ก์ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝํํ๋ค.
๋ฒ ํค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ์ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ ๋ผ๋์ ์์นํ ๋ผ๋ ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต ์ฌํ ์์ ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ด์ธ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ, ๋๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ง๋ง ๋ผ๋ ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์๋ช
๋ ์ดํ์๋ ์ค์ํผ, ์ค์ ๋ฏธ๋ํ๋๋ก ํ์ฝํ๋ค. ํนํ ์๋์ด ์์ฆ ๋์์๋ 21๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ๋์ 19๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. 2001๋
์๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ง๋์ ํํ(NSCAA)๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ฌํด์ ์ ๋ฏธ ์ฒญ์๋
์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๋ก ์ ์ ๋์๊ณ 2002๋
์๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ง๋์ ํํ(NSCAA)๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ฌํด์ ์ ๋ฏธ U-17 ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๋ก ์ ์ ๋์๋ค. 2002๋
, 2003๋
์๋ ์ก์ง ใํผ๋ ์ด๋ใ๊ฐ ์ ์ ํ ์ฌํด์ ์ ๋ฏธ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์, 2003๋
์๋ ๊ฒํ ๋ ์ด๊ฐ ์ ์ ํ ์ฌํด์ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์์๋ค.
๋ฒ ํค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ์ 2003๋
๋ถํฐ 2007๋
๊น์ง ๋ฒ์ง๋์ ๋ํ๊ต ์ฐํ ๋ฒ์ง๋์ ์บ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ์ด์ค ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ ์์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ํ๋ค. 2003 ์ ๋ฏธ ๋ํ ์ฒด์ก ํํ(NCAA) ๋๋น์ I ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์์ฆ์์๋ 21๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ๋์ 2๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ NSCAA ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ํ, NSCAA ์ฌ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ํผ์คํธ ํ, ACC ์ฌ์ธ์ปจ๋ ํ, ACC ์ฌํ๋ ์๋งจ ํ, ACC ์ฌํด์ ํ๋ ์๋งจ์ ์ ์ ๋๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์์๋ค. 2004 NCAA ๋๋น์ I ์์ฆ์ 2004๋
FIFA U-19 ์ธ๊ณ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์ ์ง์คํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ถ์ฐธํ๋ค.
๋ฒ ํค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ์ 2005 NCAA ๋๋น์ I ์์ฆ์์ 25๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 1๊ณจ, 2๋์์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ผ๋ฉฐ NSCAA ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ํ, ACC ์ฌ์ธ์ปจ๋ ํ, ACC ์ฌ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ํ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ค. 2006 NCAA ๋๋น์ I ์์ฆ์์๋ 21๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ NSCAA ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ํ, ACC ์ฌํผ์คํธ ํ, NSCAA ์ฌ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ธ์ปจ๋ ํ, ACC ์ฌ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ํ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ค. 2007 NCAA ๋๋น์ I ์์ฆ์์๋ 23๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 1๊ณจ, ๋์ 3๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ NSCAA ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ํ, NSCAA ์ฌ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ํผ์คํธ ํ, ACC ์ฌํผ์คํธ ํ, ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏน ์ฌ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นธ ํ, ACC ์ฌํ ๋๋จผํธ ํ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ค. 2008๋
์๋ ๋ํ๊ต ์กธ์
๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ACC ๋ํ์ ์ฅํ๊ธ์ ๋ฐ๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์์๋ค.
ํด๋ฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
๋ฒ ํค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ์ ๋ฒ์ง๋์ ๋ํ๊ต์ ์ฌํ ์ค์ด๋ 2005๋
์ ๋ณด์คํด ๋ ๋๊ฒ์ด์ฆ์ ์
๋จํ๋ฉด์ USL W๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฌด๋์ ๋ฐ๋ทํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 2006๋
๋ถํฐ 2007๋
๊น์ง ๋ฆฌ์น๋จผ๋ ํค์ปค์ค ๋ฐ์คํฐ๋ ์์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ํ๋ฉด์ 24๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ค. 2008๋
10์ 6์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ํ๋ก ์ถ๊ตฌ(WPS) ์ผ๋ฐ ๋๋ํํธ 1๋ผ์ด๋์์๋ 3์์๋ก ์ง๋ช
๋์ด ์์ฑํด ํ๋ฆฌ๋ค์ ์
๋จํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
๋ฒ ํค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ์ 2009๋
3์ 29์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋ก์ค์ค์ ค๋ ์ค ์๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ฒ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ํ๋ก ์ถ๊ตฌ ๋ฌด๋์ ๋ฐ๋ทํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 2009๋
4์ 11์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์์นด๊ณ ๋ ๋ ์คํ์ค์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ ์์ ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ํ๋ก ์ถ๊ตฌ ๋ฌด๋ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์์๋ค. ๋ฒ ํค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ์ 2009 WPS ์์ฆ ์งํ ๋์ค์ ๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด ํฑ์ธ๋ฆฌ์์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํด๋ฝ์ธ ๋ขฐ์ IL์ 3๊ฐ์ ๋์ ์๋๋์ด ๋ขฐ์ IL์ 2009-10 UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 8๊ฐ์ ์ง์ถ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. 2010 WPS ์์ฆ์์ ์์ฑํด ํ๋ฆฌ๋ค์ผ๋ก ๋ณต๊ทํ ์ดํ์๋ WPS ์ ๊ท ์์ฆ 24๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ค. ์์ฑํด ํ๋ฆฌ๋ค์ 2010 WPS ์ ๊ท ์์ฆ์์ 4์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ WPS ํ๋ ์ด์คํ์ ์ง์ถํ์ง๋ง ํ๋ผ๋ธํผ์ ์ธ๋ํ๋์ค์์ ํ๋ ์ด์คํ 1๋ผ์ด๋์์ ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ฝํ๊ณ ๋ง๋ค.
๋ฒ ํค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ์ 2013๋
1์ 11์ผ์ ์๋ก ์ถ๋ฒํ ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ(NWSL)๊ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์บ๋๋ค, ๋ฉ์์ฝ ์ถ์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๋ค์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์งํํ ์ ์ ๋๋ํํธ ๊ณผ์ ์์ FC ์บ์์ค์ํฐ์ ์ง๋ช
๋์๋ค. 2013 ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ์์๋ 19๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ FC ์บ์์ค์ํฐ์ ์ ๊ท ์์ฆ ์ค์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๊ณ ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฌํด์ ์๋น์, ๋ฒ ์คํธ ์ผ๋ ๋ธ์ ์ ์ ๋๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์์๋ค. 2014 ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ์์๋ ์ ๊ท ์์ฆ 22๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ FC ์บ์์ค์ํฐ์ ์ ๊ท ์์ฆ ์ค์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. FC ์บ์์ค์ํฐ๋ 2014 NWSL ์ฑํผ์ธ์ญ ํ๋ ์ด์คํ์์ ์ฐ์น์ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ณ ๋ฒ ํค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ์ ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฌํด์ ์๋น์, ๋ฒ ์คํธ ์ผ๋ ๋ธ์ ์ ์ ๋๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
๋ฒ ํค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ์ 2015 ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ์์ ์ ๊ท ์์ฆ 11๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ง๋ง ๋๋จธ์ง 9๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ 2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์ ์ง์คํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ถ์ฐธํ๋ค. FC ์บ์์ค์ํฐ๋ 2015 ์์ฆ์์ ์ ๊ท ์์ฆ 3์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ณ NWSL ์ฑํผ์ธ์ญ ํ๋ ์ด์คํ์์ ์ฐ์น์ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๋ฒ ํค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ์ 3ํ ์ฐ์์ผ๋ก ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฌํด์ ์๋น์, ๋ฒ ์คํธ ์ผ๋ ๋ธ์ ์ ์ ๋๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
๋ฒ ํค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ์ 2016, 2017 ์์ฆ์์ ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ์คํธ ์ผ๋ ๋ธ์ ์ ์ ๋๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์์๋ค. 2018๋
์๋ ์ ํ ๋ก์ด์ค FC๋ก ์ด์ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 2018 ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ์์๋ ๋ฒ ์คํธ ์ผ๋ ๋ธ์ ์ ์ ๋๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์์๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
๋ฒ ํค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ์ 1999๋
์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ U-14 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ํ๋ จ ์บ ํ์ ์ฒ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๊ณ 2000๋
๋ถํฐ 2004๋
๊น์ง ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ U-16, U-19 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์์ ํ๋ํ๋ค. ํ๊ตญ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2004๋
FIFA U-19 ์ธ๊ณ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์์๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋งก์๋๋ฐ ๋ณธ์ 6๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด 3์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. 2007๋
, 2008๋
์๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ U-21, U-23 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋งก์ผ๋ฉด์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋
ธ๋ฅด๋์ปต ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
๋ฒ ํค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ์ 2008๋
1์์ ํผ์ ์๋ํ๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ํด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์๋ก ๋ฐํ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ 2008๋
1์ 16์ผ์ ์ค๊ตญ ๊ด์ ์ฐ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์บ๋๋ค์์ 4๊ฐ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์น์ ํ ๋๋จผํธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ฒ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฐ๋ทํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ค๋ก ํ๋์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋์ง ์์๋ค๊ฐ 2010๋
CONCACAF ์ฌ์ ๊ณจ๋์ปต ๊ฐ๋ง ์ด์ ์ ๋ถ์๋นํ ์ ์์ ๋์ฒด ์ ์๋ก ๋ฐํ๋์๋ค. 2010๋
10์ 30์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๊ณผํ
๋ง๋ผ์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ณต๊ทํ๋ค.
๋ฒ ํค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ์ 2011๋
์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ค๊ตญ 4๊ฐ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์น์ ํ ๋๋จผํธ, ์๊ฐ๋ฅด๋ธ์ปต์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๋ฉด์ ๋ํํ์ ์ฃผ์ ์๋น์ ๊ฒฝ์์ ๋์ฐ๊ณ ๋
์ผ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2011๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋ช
๋จ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ค. ํ๋์ค์์ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ์์๋ ๋ธ๋ผ์ง๊ณผ์ 8๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋์จ ํด์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ถ์ ํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋ ๋ ์ด์ฒ ๋ทธ๋ฌ ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋์ ํด์ ์ ๋ฐ ์ถ์ ํ๋๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ํ๋์ค์ 3-1 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์ ์ง์ถํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์์ ์น๋ถ์ฐจ๊ธฐ ๋์ ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ฉด์ ์ค์ฐ์น์ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
๋ฒ ํค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ์ 2012๋
๋ฐ๋ ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋ช
๋จ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ค. ์กฐ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ๊ณผ์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์บ๋๋ค์์ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ต์ฒด ์ถ์ ํ๋๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ด ๋ํ์์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ธ๋ฉ๋ฌ์ ํ๋ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์บ๋๋ค์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์์๋ ๋ณธ์ 7๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ถ์ ํ๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต 3ํ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
๋ฒ ํค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ์ 2016๋
2์ 21์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์บ๋๋ค์์ 2016๋
๋ฆฌ์ฐ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด๋ฃจ ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๋ถ์ค๋ฏธ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธ ์ง์ญ ์์ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉด์ A๋งค์น 100๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์๋ฆฝํ๋ค. 2016๋
๋ฆฌ์ฐ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด๋ฃจ ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ๋ณธ์ ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋ช
๋จ์๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ์ง๋ง ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ค์จ๋ด๊ณผ์ 8๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์น๋ถ์ฐจ๊ธฐ ๋์ ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ฝํ๊ณ ๋ง๋ค.
๋ฒ ํค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ์ 2019๋
5์์ ํ๋์ค์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋ช
๋จ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ค. ๋ณธ์ ์์๋ ์น ๋ ์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ค์จ๋ด๊ณผ์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์คํ์ธ๊ณผ์ 16๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ํ๋์ค์์ 8๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์๊ธ๋๋์์ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๋ค๋๋๋์์ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ํด๋น ๋ํ์์ FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ํต์ฐ 4ํ ์ฐ์น์ ๋ฌ์ฑํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
์์
ํด๋ฝ
NWSL ์ฑํผ์ธ์ญ ํ๋ ์ด์คํ 2ํ ์ฐ์น (2014, 2015)
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
2004๋
FIFA U-19 ์ธ๊ณ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ 3์
2007๋
๋
ธ๋ฅด๋์ปต ์ฐ์น
2008๋
์ค๊ตญ 4๊ฐ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์น์ ํ ๋๋จผํธ ์ฐ์น
2008๋
๋
ธ๋ฅด๋์ปต ์ฐ์น
2010๋
CONCACAF ์ฌ์ ๊ณจ๋์ปต 3์
2011๋
์ค๊ตญ 4๊ฐ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์น์ ํ ๋๋จผํธ ์ฐ์น
2011๋
์๊ฐ๋ฅด๋ธ์ปต ์ฐ์น
2011๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ค์ฐ์น
2012๋
๋ฐ๋ ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๋ถ์ค๋ฏธ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธ ์ง์ญ ์์ ์ฐ์น
2012๋
๋ฐ๋ ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ธ๋ฉ๋ฌ
2013๋
์๊ฐ๋ฅด๋ธ์ปต ์ฐ์น
2014๋
CONCACAF ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์ฐ์น
2015๋
์๊ฐ๋ฅด๋ธ์ปต ์ฐ์น
2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐ์น
2016๋
๋ฆฌ์ฐ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด๋ฃจ ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๋ถ์ค๋ฏธ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธ ์ง์ญ ์์ ์ฐ์น
2016๋
์๋น๋ฅด๋ธ์ค์ปต ์ฐ์น
2018๋
ํ ๋๋จผํธ ์ค๋ธ ๋ค์ด์
์ค ์ฐ์น
2018๋
CONCACAF ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์ฐ์น
2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐ์น
๊ฐ์ธ
๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต ๋ถ๋ฌธ
2001๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ง๋์ ํํ(NSCAA) ์ฌํด์ ์ ๋ฏธ ์ฒญ์๋
์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ์ ์
2002๋
์๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ง๋์ ํํ(NSCAA) ์ฌํด์ ์ ๋ฏธ U-17 ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ์ ์
2002๋
ใํผ๋ ์ด๋ใ ์ฌํด์ ์ ๋ฏธ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ์ ์
2003๋
ใํผ๋ ์ด๋ใ ์ฌํด์ ์ ๋ฏธ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ์ ์
2003๋
๊ฒํ ๋ ์ด ์ฌํด์ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ์ ์
๋ํ๊ต ๋ถ๋ฌธ
2003 NCAA ๋๋น์ I ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์์ฆ NSCAA ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ํ ์ ์
2003 NCAA ๋๋น์ I ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์์ฆ NSCAA ์ฌ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ํผ์คํธ ํ ์ ์
2003 NCAA ๋๋น์ I ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์์ฆ ACC ์ฌ์ธ์ปจ๋ ํ ์ ์
2003 NCAA ๋๋น์ I ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์์ฆ ACC ์ฌํ๋ ์๋งจ ํ ์ ์
2003 NCAA ๋๋น์ I ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์์ฆ ACC ์ฌํด์ ํ๋ ์๋งจ ์ ์
2005 NCAA ๋๋น์ I ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์์ฆ NSCAA ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ํ ์ ์
2005 NCAA ๋๋น์ I ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์์ฆ ACC ์ฌ์ธ์ปจ๋ ํ ์ ์
2005 NCAA ๋๋น์ I ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์์ฆ ACC ์ฌ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ํ ์ ์
2006 NCAA ๋๋น์ I ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์์ฆ NSCAA ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ํ ์ ์
2006 NCAA ๋๋น์ I ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์์ฆ ACC ์ฌํผ์คํธ ํ ์ ์
2006 NCAA ๋๋น์ I ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์์ฆ NSCAA ์ฌ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ธ์ปจ๋ ํ ์ ์
2006 NCAA ๋๋น์ I ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์์ฆ ACC ์ฌ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ํ ์ ์
2007 NCAA ๋๋น์ I ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์์ฆ NSCAA ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ํ ์ ์
2007 NCAA ๋๋น์ I ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์์ฆ NSCAA ์ฌ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ํผ์คํธ ํ ์ ์
2007 NCAA ๋๋น์ I ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์์ฆ ACC ์ฌํผ์คํธ ํ ์ ์
2007 NCAA ๋๋น์ I ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์์ฆ ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏน ์ฌ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นธ ํ ์ ์
2007 NCAA ๋๋น์ I ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์์ฆ ACC ์ฌํ ๋๋จผํธ ํ ์ ์
2008 NCAA ๋๋น์ I ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์์ฆ ACC ๋ํ์ ์ฅํ๊ธ ์๋ น
ํด๋ฝ ๋ถ๋ฌธ
2013 ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ ์ฌํด์ ์๋น์ ์ ์
2013 ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ ๋ฒ ์คํธ ์ผ๋ ๋ธ ์ ์
2014 ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ ์ฌํด์ ์๋น์ ์ ์
2014 ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ ๋ฒ ์คํธ ์ผ๋ ๋ธ ์ ์
2015 ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ ์ฌํด์ ์๋น์ ์ ์
2015 ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ ๋ฒ ์คํธ ์ผ๋ ๋ธ ์ ์
2016 ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ ๋ฒ ์คํธ ์ผ๋ ๋ธ ์ ์
2017 ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ ๋ฒ ์คํธ ์ผ๋ ๋ธ ์ ์
2018 ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ ๋ฒ ์คํธ ์ผ๋ ๋ธ ์ ์
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๋ฒ ํค ์ฌ์๋ธ๋ฐ - ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐ๋งน
1985๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์๋น์
๋ฒ์ง๋์ ๋ํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
FIFA ์ผ์ถ๋ฆฌ ํด๋ฝ ์ฌ์ ์ ์
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ๊ธ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
2011๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2012๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2012๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2016๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2020๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2020๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
FC ์บ์์ค์ํฐ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky%20Sauerbrunn | Becky Sauerbrunn | Rebecca Elizabeth Sauerbrunn (born June 6, 1985) is an American professional soccer player for Portland Thorns FC of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), the highest division of women's professional soccer in the United States. Since 2021, Sauerbrunn is the captain of the United States women's national soccer team. She previously captained Utah Royals FC and, from 2016 to 2018, co-captained the national team with Carli Lloyd.
Sauerbrunn played collegiate soccer with the Virginia Cavaliers from 2003 to 2007. She has previously played professional soccer for Utah Royals FC, FC Kansas City, Washington Freedom, Rรธa IL, magicJack, and D.C. United. While with FC Kansas City, she won two NWSL Championships.
Sauerbrunn won gold with the national team at the 2012 London Summer Olympics, 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, and 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup and she played for the team at the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup where the U.S. finished in second place. She made one appearance during the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, playing during the semifinal match, a 3โ1 win against France. She was a starting player for the United States at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, playing every minute of all seven matches for the team.
Early life
Born to Jane and Scott Sauerbrunn in St. Louis, Missouri, Becky was raised with two older brothers, Grant and Adam. Growing up, her brothers motivated her to step up for herself and become physically and mentally tough.
Sauerbrunn played with the JB Marine Soccer Club beginning at age 12. She helped the team win the Missouri State Cup four times as well as a Midwest Regional Championship in 2000.
Sauerbrunn attended Ladue High School, where she was a four-year letter winner in soccer, volleyball, and basketball, where she was a three-year starter at point guard. She was named soccer team captain playing as a sweeper and central midfielder. During her senior season, she scored 21 goals and made 19 assists. She was named 2003 Missouri Gatorade Player of the Year, 2002 and 2003 Parade All-American, 2001 NSCAA Youth All-American, and 2002 NSCAA Adidas (U-17) All-American.
University of Virginia, 2003โ2007
Sauerbrunn attended the University of Virginia and was a member of the Virginia Cavaliers women's soccer team from 2003 to 2007.
In her freshman season in 2003, Sauerbrunn played in every game for the Cavaliers, starting all 21 of her appearances. In her 1,970 minutes played, she made two assists. Her first career assist came during a match against Wake Forest on October 11. In the first round of the 2003 NCAA Women's Soccer Tournament, Virginia faced William & Mary on November 14. Virginia won the match in penalty kicks and advanced to the second round. In the second round, Virginia faced Villanova on November 16 and lost the match in penalty kicks, halting their advancement in the tournament. Following the 2003 season, Sauerbrunn received NSCAA All-Region honors, NSCAA All-American First Team honors, All-ACC Second Team honors, and ACC All-Freshman Team honors. She was also named ACC Freshman of the Year for 2003.
Sauerbrunn missed the entire 2004 season due to national team obligations at the 2004 FIFA U-20 Women's World Championships in Thailand.
In the 2005 season, Sauerbrunn played in every game for the Cavaliers, starting all 25 of her appearances. She scored her first career goal with the Cavaliers on September 16 against St. Bonaventure. Virginia went on to win the match 7โ1. In her 2,289 minutes played, she made one goal and two assists. In the first round of the 2005 NCAA Women's Soccer Tournament, Virginia faced Liberty on November 11. Virginia won the match 4โ0 and advanced to the second round. In the second round, Virginia faced Tennessee on November 13. Virginia won the match 3โ0 and advanced to the third round. Virginia faced CS Fullerton in the third round and won the game 2โ1. In the quarterfinals, Virginia was defeated by UCLA on November 25. Following the 2005 season, Sauerbrunn received NSCAA All-Region honors and All-ACC Second Team honors. She was also named to the ACC All-Academic Team.
In the 2006 season, Sauerbrunn played in every game for the Cavaliers, starting all 21 of her appearances. In the 2006 NCAA Women's Soccer Tournament, Sauerbrunn helped Virginia make it to the third round, where they lost to Texas A&M on November 17. Following the 2006 season, Sauerbrunn received NSCAA All-Region honors, All-ACC First Team honors, and NSCAA All-American Second Team Honors. She was also named to the ACC All-Academic Team.
In the 2007 season, Sauerbrunn played in every game for the Cavaliers, starting all 23 of her appearances. In her 2,232 minutes played, she made one goal and three assists. In the 2007 NCAA Women's Soccer Tournament, Sauerbrunn helped Virginia make it to the third round, where they lost to UCLA in overtime on November 23. Following the 2007 season, Sauerbrunn received NSCAA All-Region honors, NSCAA All-American First Team Honors, and All-ACC First Team honors. She made the Academic All-American team, the ACC All-Tournament Team, and the ACC All-Academic Team. She was named NSCAA Scholar-Athlete of the Year and ACC Player of the Year.
Club career
Boston Renegades, 2005
Sauerbrunn played for the Boston Renegades in the W-League in 2005. The W-League was often used by college players as a summer playing option because of its status as an open league, allowing college players to maintain eligibility. She made her first appearance for the team on May 20, 2005, against the Long Island Riders.
Richmond Kickers Destiny, 2006โ2007
Sauerbrunn played for the Richmond Kickers Destiny in the W-League for the 2006 and 2007 seasons. In her two seasons with the team, Sauerbrunn made 24 appearances, playing 2,137 minutes. Although she was mainly a defensive player, she also scored three goals in her time with the team.
Washington Freedom, 2008โ2009
Sauerbrunn played for the Washington Freedom in the W-League for the 2008 season.
The Washington Freedom joined the newly formed Women's Professional Soccer league for the 2009 season. On October 6, 2008, Sauerbrunn was picked third overall in the first round of the 2008 WPS General Draft, which assigned the WPS rights of international and domestic players to the teams in the WPS for the 2009 season. Sauerbrunn made her first appearance for the team on March 29, 2009, in a match against the Los Angeles Sol. She started all 20 games for the Freedom in the regular season and in the team's one playoff match. She made one goal during the season in the 54th minute of the match against the Chicago Red Stars on April 11.
Rรธa IL, 2009
Following the 2009 season with the Washington Freedom, Sauerbrunn played for Rรธa IL for three months in Norway in Toppserien, the top level professional league for women in Norway. She made her first appearance for the team on September 26, 2009, in a match against Kattem IL, where she played all 90 minutes and scored a goal in the 13th minute. She made five appearances for Rรธa IL in the domestic league. Rรธa were confirmed as league champions on the last day of the season after drawing 0โ0 with Stabรฆk on October 31, a match in which Sauerbrunn started. She then went on to play in two rounds of UEFA Women's Champions League against Everton and Zvezda 2005 Perm, helping Rรธa advance to the quarterfinals.
Washington Freedom, 2010
Sauerbrunn returned to the Freedom for the 2010 WPS season. She played in all 24 games of the regular season for the Freedom. At the end of the regular season, the Freedom ranked fourth in the league and advanced to the playoffs. The Freedom faced the Philadelphia Independence in the first round of the playoffs on September 19. Sauerbrunn started the match and played all 120 minutes, which ended in a 1โ0 defeat for the Freedom.
magicJack, 2011
On December 2, 2010, Dan Borislow bought the Washington Freedom, changed its name to magicJack and relocated the team to Boca Raton, Florida, for the 2011 season. Sauerbrunn remained with the team after the change and made a start in the team's first appearance under the new name on April 23, 2011, against the Boston Breakers, a 1โ0 win. She made 13 total appearances for the team in the regular season. magicJack ended the season ranked third in the league and advanced to the playoffs. On August 17, Sauerbrunn appeared in magicJack's match against the Boston Breakers in the first round of the playoffs. magicJack won 3โ1 and they advanced to the semifinals. Sauerbrunn started in the semifinal match against Philadelphia Independence, a 2โ0 defeat for magicJack.
On October 25, 2011, the WPS Board of Governors voted to terminate the magicJack franchise, accusing Borislow of violations ranging from "unprofessional and disparaging treatment of his players to failure to pay his bills." All players were released and became free agents on November 9, 2011.
Sky Blue FC, 2012
Sauerbrunn signed with Sky Blue FC for the 2012 season. However, on January 30, 2012, the WPS Board of Governors voted to suspend the 2012 season because of an ongoing legal dispute with Borislow following the termination of magicJack. The league officially folded in May of the same year.
D.C. United Women, 2012
In March 2012, following the suspension of the 2012 WPS season, Sauerbrunn signed with D.C. United Women in the W-League for the 2012 season. She helped the team finish first place in the Eastern Conference but was unable to appear in any playoff matches due to her national team obligations at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.
FC Kansas City, 2013โ2017
A new professional league, the National Women's Soccer League, was announced in November 2012. On January 11, 2013, Sauerbrunn was allocated to FC Kansas City via the NWSL Player Allocation, which distributed national team players from the United States, Canada, and Mexico to teams in the NWSL. She was one of three members of the United States women's national team that was allocated to FC Kansas City, along with Nicole Barnhart and Lauren Holiday.
For the 2013 season, Sauerbrunn as named co-captain along with Holiday. Sauerbrunn made her first appearance in the team's season opener against the Portland Thorns on April 14, 2013. She went on to make a total of 19 appearances for the team in the regular season in 2013, starting all 19. She helped Kansas City finish second in the league behind the Western New York Flash. On August 24, Sauerbrunn played all 120 minutes of the semifinal match against the Portland Thorns, which ended in a 3โ2 defeat for Kansas City in overtime. Sauerbrunn was awarded Defender of the Year for the 2013 season. She was also named to the 2013 NWSL Best XI.
In the 2014 season, she once again served as co-captain with Holiday. Sauerbrunn started all 22 of her appearances in the regular season, playing a total of 1935 minutes and made one goal. She scored the first goal in her career with the NWSL on July 30 against the Washington Spirit. She helped Kansas City finish second in the league behind Seattle Reign FC. On August 23, Kansas City faced the Portland Thorns in the semifinals. Sauerbrunn played all 90 minutes of the match, which ended in a 2โ0 win for Kansas City. Sauerbrunn then helped Kansas City defeat Seattle Reign in the championship match on August 31. Sauerbrunn was awarded Defender of the Year for the 2014 season. She was also named to the 2014 NWSL Best XI.
Sauerbrunn made 11 appearances for FC Kansas City in the 2015 season, missing nine regular season games due to national team obligations at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. She helped Kansas City finish third in the league and advance to the playoffs. Sauerbrunn played all 90 minutes of the semifinal match against Chicago Red Stars on September 13, a 3โ0 win for Kansas City. Sauerbrunn then helped Kansas City defeat Seattle Reign in the championship match on October 1. Sauerbrunn was awarded Defender of the Year for the 2015 season and became the first player in NWSL history to win a league award three years in a row. She was also named to the 2015 NWSL Best XI for the third time.
Utah Royals FC, 2018โ2019
After FCKC ceased operations, her rights were transferred to Utah. Sauerbrunn was named to the NWSL Team of the Month for March, April, May and June. She was named to the NWSL Best XI for the sixth consecutive season, and was named a finalist for Defender of the Year.
Portland Thorns FC, 2020โ
In March 2020, Utah Royals FC officially traded Sauerbrunn to Portland Thorns FC in exchange for defender Elizabeth Ball and $100,000 in allocation money.
On February 7, 2022, Thorns FC announced that the club had signed Sauerbrunn to a one-year contract.
On June 19, 2022, Sauerbrunn scored her first goal for Thorns FC in a 6โ0 victory against Orlando Pride.
On October 4, 2022, following the release of the Yates Report regarding the 2021 NWSL abuse scandal and other widespread abuse in the league, Sauerbrunn remarked in a press conference that "every owner and executive and U.S. Soccer official who has repeatedly failed the players, and failed to protect the players, and have not participated fully in these investigations should be gone". The report had implicated Thorns FC executives Gavin Wilkinson and Mike Golub, and owner Merritt Paulson, in failing to act on reports of abuse, and stated that the Thorns as an organization had failed to cooperate in the investigation. When asked if her statement included Paulson, Sauerbrunn reiterated that her request included "everyone that has continued to fail the players" and "who have not participated in investigations โ all of them."
The offseason period prior to the 2023 National Women's Soccer League season introduced free agency, and Sauerbrunn's tenure in the league qualified her for unrestricted free agency, which allowed her to sign with any team in the league. Thorns FC announced on September 30, 2022, that the club had signed Sauerbrunn to a one-year contract extension.
International career
Youth national teams
In 1999, Sauerbrunn attended the United States U-14 Girl's National Team Identification Camp.
U-16 national team
Sauerbrunn represented the United States as a member of the U-16 women's national team from 2000 to 2002. In 2001, Sauerbrunn was on the U-16 national team that competed in the United States Amateur Soccer Festival from July 29 to August 5. During the festival, Sauerbrunn appeared in a match against an older East Region Team on July 30 that ended in a 0โ0 draw and a match against the West Region Team on August 1 that ended in a 5โ1 win. On August 3, Sauerbrunn appeared in a match against Mexico's U-18 national team. She also appeared in the team's final match in the festival against the USASA National Select Team on August 5, which ended in a 2โ2 draw. In March 2002, Sauerbrunn was on the roster for a series of three matches at the IMG Academy in Bradenton, Florida. She was then named to the roster for a three game series in Houston in July and August.
U-19 national team
In 2003, Sauerbrunn moved up to the U-19 national team and started off the year at the ARCO U.S. Olympic Training Center in San Diego, California, from January 18 to 26. In February, Sauerbrunn was on the roster for a two-game series with the full Mexican women's national team. She then joined the team once again for a nine-day training camp at the ARCO Olympic Training Center in April. While there, the team played a match against the San Diego Spirit. Sauerbrunn traveled with the U-19 national team to Spring, Texas, for the USYS Cup from May 24 to June 1. Sauerbunn started in the first match of the tournament against Canada on May 27 in a 6โ1 win. Following the USYS Cup, Sauerbrunn joined the U-19 national team on a trip to Europe that involved three matches on July 2, July 5, and July 9.
The team gathered one last time for the year for a training camp from December 27 to January 2 at the U.S. Soccer's National Training Center at The Home Depot Center in Carson, California. Sauerbrunn was on the 26-player roster for the training camp. Shortly after, in 2004, Sauerbrunn joined the team for another training camp from January 23 to February first at The Home Depot Center.
Sauerbrunn was named to the 18-player roster for a two-game series against the full Mexican women's national team on February 18 and 20. Following the matches, she trained with the U-19 team at The Home Depot Center in Carson, California.
Sauerbrunn was a member of the U-19 national team that played in the Philips Lighting U-19 Women's Soccer Invitational, their first major domestic tournament, from April 6 to 10. In the first match of the tournament against Holland on April 6, Sauerbrunn made an appearance and helped the United States win 2โ0. On April 8, Sauerbrunn started in the team's first-ever loss to another U-19 team in the match against Japan. She made an appearance during the team's final match against China on April 10. The match was a 4โ0 win, giving the United States a second-place finish in the invitational.
On April 28, Sauerbrunn was named to the 18-player roster that would represent the United States at the CONCACAF U-19 Women's Qualifying Tournament held in Ottawa, Ontario, and Montreal, Quebec, in Canada. She was co-captain of the team and led the team's defense. Sauerbrunn started in the team's opening match against the Dominican Republic on May 28 for a 14โ0 win. She then started in the game against Trinidad & Tobago on May 30. The United States won the match 11โ1, guaranteeing their spot in the semifinals. She appeared once again on June 1 during the team's final group match against Costa Rica, which ended in a 0โ0 draw. In the semifinal match against Mexico on June 4, Sauerbrunn helped secure the United States U-19 women's national team a place in the 2004 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship with a 6โ0 win, although they still had one more match in the tournament. Sauerbrunn started in the final against Canada on June 6. Canada won the match in overtime.
Sauerbrunn trained with the U-19 national team during their first training camp following the CONCACAF Qualifying Tournament. The training took place in from July 7 to 18 in New Jersey. Leading up to the FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship held in November, Sauerbrunn joined the U-19 team for another training at the U.S. Soccer's National Training Center at The Home Depot Center in Carson, California, in late August.
Sauerbrunn did not play with the University of Virginia Cavaliers for the 2004 season in order to train with the U-19 team leading up to the U-19 World Championship in a modified residency program. In the two months leading up to the championship, the team trained together in two-week blocks until they left for the tournament in November.
On October 12, Sauerbrunn was named to the 21-player roster that would represent the United States at the 2004 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship in Thailand. Sauerbrunn was co-captain of the team and played every minute in all six matches of the tournament for the United States.
In the opening group match against South Korea on November 11, Sauerbrunn helped the United States post a shut out victory with a 3โ0 win. On November 14, she started in the match against Russia. One goal made it through the defense and the United States won 4โ1. In the team's final group match on November 18, Sauerbrunn helped the United States defeat Spain in a 1โ0 victory. The United States was the only team to win all three of its group matches. In the quarterfinals, Sauerbrunn helped the United States advance with a 2โ0 win over Australia. The United States moved into the semifinals, where Sauerbrunn started in the match against Germany on November 24. The Germans took the win and halted the United States' advancement in the tournament. The United States faced Brazil in the third place match, where Sauerbrunn played all 90 minutes. The United States won the game 3โ0 and took away third place. Sauerbrunn was subsequently named to the Tournament All-Star Team by the FIFA Technical Study Group.
U-21/U-23 national team
Following the 2004 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship, Sauerbrunn joined the U-21 national team for a training camp in 2005 at the U.S. Soccer National Team Training Center from March 26 to April 3 in preparation for the 2005 Nordic Cup. She trained with the team once again in late May in the largest training camp in the women's national team history. She was not named to the roster for the 2005 Nordic Cup in July.
In 2006, Sauerbrunn trained with the U-21 national team from March 19 to 24 at The Home Depot Center in preparation for the 2006 Nordic Cup. She was not named to the roster for the 2006 Nordic Cup in July.
Sauerbrunn traveled to Germany with the U-21 national team from May 18 to 27 for three matches against Gutersloh, SG Essen-Schรถnebeck, and 07 Bad Neuenahr in 2007. She then trained with the team in early June in Portland, Oregon, in preparation for the 2007 Nordic Cup. Following the training camp, Sauerbrunn was named to the 18-player roster for the 2007 Nordic Cup roster held in late July in Vassa, Finland. Sauerbrunn came in during the 89th minute of the team's opening match in the tournament against Norway, a 1โ0 win for the United States. She also appeared in the final minutes of the match on July 22 and helped the United States defeat Sweden to advance to the championship game. In the championship game, the United States faced Germany. Sauerbrunn came in for Ali Krieger in the 79th minute to help the United States win the match and the Nordic Cup title.
In 2008, the U-21 team changed to U-23 after the Nordic Cup was changed to a U-23 competition. Following her short time with the full national team in early 2008, Sauerbrunn joined the now U-23 national team at the La Manga Tournament in Spain. The United States placed second in the tournament after a 1โ1 draw with Germany in their final match. Sauerbrunn then traveled with the team to England for two matches against the England U-23 national team. The first match took place on March 12 and Sauerbrunn made the start. The United States defeated England 1โ0. Sauerbrunn started in the second match on March 14 and the United States won 2โ0.
Sauerbrunn trained with the U-23 national team from June 5 to 12 at The Home Depot Center in preparation for the 2008 Nordic Cup. Sauerbrunn was subsequently named to the roster or the 2008 Nordic Cup held in late July. The United States won the Nordic Cup championship after defeating Germany on July 21.
Senior National Team
First Cap
Sauerbrunn was first called up to the United States women's national team for a six-day training camp at the Home Depot Center in Carson, California, from January 3 to 8 in 2008. Following the training camp, she was named to the roster for the Four Nations Tournament in China. During the tournament, she earned her first cap against Canada on January 16, which she started. Sauerbrunn trained with the national team again in February 2008. She then went back down to the U-23 team.
Return to the national team, 2010
In late September 2010, Sauerbrunn made her return to the national team when she was called into a national team training camp in Atlanta to replace Joanna Lohman, who was recovering from an ankle injury. Immediately following the 20-day training camp, Saeurbrunn was named to the 20-player roster for the 2010 CONCACAF Women's World Cup Qualifying tournament held from October 28 to November 8. With two caps, she had the least experience on the roster. She made one appearance during the tournament, coming in for Amy LePeilbet in the 56th minute of the match against Guatemala on October 30. The United States placed third in the tournament and a berth in a two-game series against Italy for the last spot in the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. Sauerbrunn was on the preliminary roster for the two matches.
2011 FIFA Women's World Cup
Sauerbrunn started off 2011 with the national team at a six-day training camp at The Home Depot Center in Carson, California, from January 8 to 13. Following the training, Sauerbrunn was named to the 23-player roster for the 2011 Four Nations Tournament held in China. Sauerbrunn made her first start since 2008 during the tournament on January 23 in a match against Canada. She played all 90 minutes in the match, which ended in a 2โ1 win for the United States. She also made an appearance during the match against China on January 25, helping the United States win the Four Nations Tournament.
Sauerbrunn joined the national team for a 32-player training camp in Florida that took place from February 3 to 9 in preparation for the 2011 Algarve Cup. Following the camp, Sauerbrunn was named to the 23-player roster for the Algarve Cup. Sauerbrunn came in during the second half in the match against Norway on March 4 as well as in the match against Finland on March 7. She started in the final against Iceland, helping the United States win the 2011 Algarve Cup title with a 4โ2 win.
Sauerbrunn was named to the 23-player roster for a 20-day training camp in the United Kingdom in February and April. During the training camp, the United States played a match against England on April 2, although Sauerbrunn did not make an appearance.
From April 18 to May 6, Sauerbrunn joined the national team for a three-week training camp in Florida. On May 9, following the training camp, Sauerbrunn was named to the 21-player roster for the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. Sauerbrunn trained with the team in June for eight days in Austria before going to Germany for the World Cup. Sauerbrunn's one appearance during the tournament came during the semifinal against France on July 13. She replaced Rachel Buehler in the starting lineup, as she was serving a suspension and not eligible to play in the match. The United States won the match 3โ1 and advanced to the final. The United States went on be defeated by Japan in the final.
Sauerbrunn trained with the national team for two weeks in November in Arizona leading into a match against Sweden on November 19. She was then named to 18-player game roster for the match against Sweden and made an appearance during the game. Following the match, Sauerbrunn was called up for an 18-day training camp in Carson, California, at The Home Depot Center from December 3 to 20.
2012 Summer Olympics
Sauerbrunn trained with the national team during the first training camp of the year from January 7 to 15. Immediately following the camp, Sauerbrunn was named to the 20-player roster for the 2012 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying tournament from January 10 to 29 in Vancouver. She started in the final two group matches against Guatemala and Mexico on January and January 24, respectively. She also started in the final match against Canada on January 29, helping the United States win 4โ0. Their first place finish gave them a berth to the 2012 Summer Olympics.
Following the 2012 CONCACAF Olympic Qualifying Tournament, Sauerbrunn joined a 28-player roster for a training camp in Frisco, Texas, in the week leading up to a match against New Zealand on February 11. On February 17, Sauerbrunn was named to a 23-player roster that would travel to Portugal for the 2012 Algarve Cup. She was subsequently named to the roster of 21 players that would suit up for the matches of the tournament. Sauerbrunn made one appearance during the Algarve Cup, with a start in the match against Norway on March 2.
Sauerbrunn traveled to Japan with the national team for the Women's Kirin Challenge Cup in early April. She did not appear in the team's first match against Japan on April 1, but came in during the second half in the second match against Brazil on April 3, a 3โ0 win. Following the tournament, she trained with the national team in Florida from April 18 to 30. She was then called up to a training camp in Princeton, New Jersey, from May 10 to 25 in preparation for a match against China on May 27. She was subsequently named to the 18-player roster for the match and came in during the 62nd minute of the match, a 4โ1 win for the United States.
On May 27, Sauerbrunn was one of the 18 players named to the team that would represent the United States at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. The team, plus the four alternates, then traveled to Sweden for the Volvo Winners Cup, consisting of a match against Sweden on June 16 and Japan on June 18. Sauerbrunn came in during the second half of both matches.
Sauerbrunn made her Olympic debut on July 31, 2012, in a group match against Korea DPR. She came in for Rachel Buehler in the 75th minute. She also played in the final ten minutes of the semifinal match against Canada on August 6, a 4โ3 win for the United States that sent them to the final. Sauerbrunn came in during the 80th minute of the match against Japan on August 9. The United States won the match 2โ1, taking away the gold medal. In her three appearances in the tournament, Sauerbrunn played a total of 38 minutes. Following the Olympics, Sauerbrunn joined the national team on the Fan Tribute Tour.
2013โ2014
In 2013, Sauerbrunn was a consistent starter at the center-back position. She started 10 of her 12 appearances during 2013, playing a total of 940 minutes.
In January 2013, Sauerbrunn was called up to a 29-player training camp leading up to two matches against Scotland in early February. On February 21, Saeurbrunn was named to the 23-player roster for the 2013 Algarve Cup in Portugal that took place from March 6 to 13. Although she did not appear in the team's first match against Iceland on March 6, Sauerbrunn wore the captain's armband in her first appearance of the tournament on March 8 in a match against China. She also started in a match against Sweden on March 11 and came in during the 68th minute of the final match to help the United States win the Algarve Cup title.
Following the 2013 Algarve Cup, Sauerbrunn traveled to Europe with the national team for matches against Germany and the Netherlands in early April. She appeared during the match against the Netherlands on April 9, a 3โ1 win for the United States. In late May, Sauerbrunn was named to the 21-player roster that traveled to Canada to train in preparation for a match against Canada on June 2. She did not appear in the match.
In 2014, Sauerbrunn made 22 appearances, starting 20, and played a total of 1,757 minutes. She started off the year at a national team training camp from January 8 to 15 at U.S. Soccer's National Training Center in Carson, California. Following the training camp, Sauerbrunn made her 50th appearance for the national team in a match against Canada on January 31 in Frisco, Texas. She was the 46th player in United States women's national team history to reach 50 caps.
On February 24, Sauerbrunn was named to the 24-player roster for the 2014 Algarve Cup that took place from March 5 to 12. She wore the captain's armband during the team's first match of the tournament on March 5 against Japan, a 1โ1 draw. She also started in the match against Sweden on March 7, a game that ended the 43-game unbeaten streak for the United States. Sauerbrunn came in during the 62nd minute of the match against Denmark on March 10, a 5โ3 defeat for the United States. Sauerbrunn started in the match against Korea DPR that secured their seventh place finish in the tournament.
Sauerbrunn joined the team for a two-game series against China in April. She started in both matches and wore the captain's armband in the second game on April 10. In late April, Sauerbrunn was named to a 22-player roster for a match against Canada on May 8. She played all 90 minutes in the match, which ended in a 1โ1 draw. She was then named to the roster for two games against France on June 14 and 19. She started both matches. Sauerbrunn was named to a 19-player roster for a match against Switzerland on August 20 in Sandy, Utah. She started the match and was replaced by Julie Johnston in the second half. The United States went on the win 4โ1.
Sauerbrunn joined the national team for a training camp at the end of August in order to prepare for two matches against Mexico in September as well as the 2014 CONCACAF Women's Qualifying tournament in October. She appeared in both games against Mexico and was subsequently named to the roster for the 2014 CONCACAF Women's Championship that served as a qualification for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. Sauerbrunn made three appearances in the tournament. She started for the United States in their opening match against Trinidad & Tobago on October 15, which they won 1โ0. She also appeared in the team's second group match against Guatemala on October 17, a 5โ0 win for the United States. Her third appearance came during the final against Costa Rica on October 26, helping the United States win the tournament and qualify for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup.
Following the CONCACAF Qualifying tournament, Sauerbrunn was named to the 24-player roster for the International Tournament of Brasilia in Brazil that took place from December 10 to 21. Sauerbrunn started all four games of the tournament. She was named Budweiser Woman of the Match for the team's opening match against China, which resulted in a 1โ1 draw. In the final against Brazil, Sauerbrunn made a header off of a corner kick by Megan Rapinoe, but the shot was saved by Luciana, Brazil's goalkeeper. The game was a 0โ0 draw, but the tournament title was given to Brazil, who had more points from the group stage.
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup
Sauerbrunn started all 25 matches for the United States in 2015, the only player to do so. She also had the most minutes played on the team with 2,184.
Sauerbrunn started off the year at a 21-day training camp in 2015 from January 5 to 25 at the U.S. Soccer National Training Center in Carson, California. Following the training camp, Sauerbrunn was named to the 24-player team that would travel on a 13-day trip to Europe for matches against France and England in mid-February. Sauerbrunn played all 90 minutes in the match against France on February 8. She made a key save in the opening minutes of the game and assisted in halting the opposing team's attack. She was subsequently named Budweiser Woman of the Match. She also played all 90 minutes in the match against England on February 13, which was a shutout victory for the United States.
On February 21, Sauerbrunn was named to the 25-player roster for the 2015 Algarve Cup in Portugal. She started all four of the matches for the United States and was named Budweiser Woman of the Match for the 0โ0 draw against Iceland on March 9. She was then named to a 25-player roster on March 20 for a match against New Zealand on April 4 in St. Louis. She started in the match and played all 90 minutes, helping the United States defeat New Zealand 4โ0.
On April 14, 2015, Sauerbrunn was named to the 23-player roster that would represent the United States at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. She played every minute in all seven matches for the United States during the World Cup. Sauerbrunn became a World Cup Champion on July 5, when she helped the United States defeat Japan 5โ2 in the Women's World Cup final. Sauerbrunn joined the national team on a Victory Tour following their World Cup win that started in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on August 16 and ended in New Orleans, Louisiana, on December 16.
2016 Summer Olympics
On January 9, 2016, Sauerbrunn was named captain of the United States women's national team along with Carli Lloyd.
Sauerbrunn joined the national team for their first training camp of the year at the U.S. Soccer National Training Center in Carson, California, from January 5 to 21. She was then named to the 20-player roster for 2016 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying. The United States qualified to the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro after a semifinal win against Trinidad & Tobago on February 19. Sauerbrunn made her 100th appearance for the national team on February 21 in the final against Canada. During the match, she also made her third career assist. The United States won the tournament after defeating Canada 2โ0. Following the tournament, Sauerbrunn was named to the 2016 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Best XI.
Sauerbrunn was named to the roster for the 2016 SheBelieves Cup that took place from March 3 to 9. She started in the team's opening match of the tournament on March 3 against England. Sauerbrunn was noted for her good positioning during the match, helping block a shot in the 59th minute. She also made appearances in other two matches of the tournament, helping the United States win the 2016 SheBelieves Cup with a 2โ1 win over Germany in their final game.
Sauerbrunn joined a 23-player roster for a training camp ahead of two matches against Colombia in early April. She appeared in both matches, but did not play all 90 minutes in either game. Sauerbrunn was on the roster for another two-game series against Japan in early June and she started in both games.
On July 12, 2016, Sauerbrunn was named to the 18-player team that would represent the United States at the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. She made her first appearance in Rio on August 3 in the team's opening match against New Zealand. The match marked her first Olympic start and she was subsequently named the Woman of the Match. She also appeared in the second group match against France, helping the United States take away another victory and secure their first place finish in the group. Sauerbrunn played all 90 minutes of the team's final group match against Colombia on August 9, which ended in a 2โ2 draw. In the quarterfinals, Sauerbrunn started in the match against Sweden on August 12. The game was tied 1โ1 after both regulation time and extra time. The United States were then defeated by Sweden in penalty kicks.
2019 FIFA Women's World Cup
In May 2019, she was named to the final 23-player roster for the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup. Sauerbrunn appeared in 6 of the 7 matches for the USWNT during the tournament, missing only the opening match vs Thailand. The United States went on to defeat the Netherlands 2โ0 in the final, winning back-to-back World Cup titles and the fourth overall World Cup title for the United States women's national team.
Organized labor activism
In March 2016, Sauerbrunn was one of five women's national team players to file a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission alleging wage discrimination as compared to the men's national team.
Sauerbrunn was active in collective bargaining agreement negotiations with U.S. Soccer for several years, from at least the expiration of the previous agreement in December 2016. In February 2017, she was among the players elected to represent the team in negotiations with the federation in April 2017 and continued to be elected to and serve in this executive committee role in subsequent years. On March 4, 2020, the association announced that it had named Sauerbrunn as its first president.
Sauerbrunn represented the players association at the signing of the team's new collective bargaining agreement on September 6, 2022, prior to a national team friendly against Nigeria in Washington, D.C., and gave a speech to the audience where she declared the agreement to be "a huge win for workers and for labor rights".
Personal life
, Sauerbrunn is in a relationship with Zola Short.
Player statistics
International summary
World Cup and Olympic appearances
Honors and awards
FC Kansas City
NWSL Championship: 2014, 2015
Portland Thorns FC
NWSL Community Shield: 2020
NWSL Challenge Cup: 2021
International Champions Cup: 2021
NWSL Shield: 2021
NWSL Championship: 2022
United States
FIFA Women's World Cup: 2015, 2019
CONCACAF Women's Championship: 2010; 2014; 2018; 2022
CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament: 2012; 2016; 2020
Olympic Gold Medal: 2012
Olympic Bronze Medal: 2020
SheBelieves Cup: 2016; 2020, 2021; 2022, 2023
Algarve Cup: 2011, 2013, 2015
Four Nations Tournament: 2008, 2011
Nordic Cup: 2007, 2008
Tournament of Nations: 2018
Individual
NSCAA Youth All-American: 2001
NSCAA Adidas (U-17) All-American: 2002
Parade All-American: 2002, 2003
Missouri Gatorade Player of the Year: 2003
Soccer Times All-American Third Team: 2003
ACC Freshman of the Year: 2003
ACC All-Freshman Team: 2003
Soccer Buzz Mid-Atlantic Region Freshman of the Year: 2003
Soccer Buzz National Freshman of the Year Finalist: 2003
Soccer Buzz Freshman All-American First Team: 2003
All-ACC Second Team: 2003, 2005
Soccer Buzz All-American Second Team: 2003, 2007
NSCAA All-American First Team: 2003, 2007
Soccer Buzz All-American Honorable Mention: 2005
NSCAA All-American Second Team: 2006
Soccer Buzz All-American Third Team: 2006
All-ACC First Team: 2006, 2007
Academic All-American: 2007
NSCAA Scholar-Athlete of the Year: 2007
VaSID State Player of the Year: 2007
ACC Player of the Year: 2007
ACC All-Tournament Team: 2007
ACC All-Academic Team: 2005, 2006, 2007
NSCAA All-Region: 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007
VaSID First Team All-State: 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007
ACC Postgraduate Scholarship Award: 2008
U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year Nominee: 2015
BBC Women's Footballer of the Year Nominee: 2016
IFFHS CONCACAF Woman Team of the Decade 2011โ2020
CONCACAF W Championship Best XI: 2022
NWSL Defender of the Year: 2013, 2014, 2015, 2019
NWSL Best XI: 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019
NWSL Second XI: 2022
In popular culture
Sauerbrunn was featured along with her national teammates in the EA Sports' FIFA video game series in FIFA 16, the first time women players were included in the game. In September 2015, she was ranked by EA Sports as the No. 10 women's player in the game.
Following the United States' win at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, Sauerbrunn and her teammates became the first women's sports team to be honored with a Ticker Tape Parade in New York City. Each player received a key to the city from Mayor Bill de Blasio. In October of the same year, the team was honored by President Barack Obama at the White House.
In April 2016, it was announced that Sauerbrunn would appear in ads and a 225-foot mural in New York for Budweiser.
See also
References
Further reading
Grainey, Timothy (2012), Beyond Bend It Like Beckham: The Global Phenomenon of Women's Soccer, University of Nebraska Press,
Lisi, Clemente A. (2010), The U.S. Women's Soccer Team: An American Success Story, Scarecrow Press,
Longman, Jere (2009), The Girls of Summer: The U.S. Women's Soccer Team and How it Changed the World, HarperCollins,
Seigerman, David (2017), Becky Sauerbrunn, Alladin,
Stevens, Dakota (2011), A Look at the Women's Professional Soccer Including the Soccer Associations, Teams, Players, Awards, and More, BiblioBazaar,
External links
US Soccer player profile
W-League player profile
Virginia player profile
2012 Summer Olympics profile
FC Kansas City player profile
1985 births
Living people
2011 FIFA Women's World Cup players
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players
2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players
American expatriate sportspeople in Norway
American expatriate women's soccer players
American people of German descent
American women's soccer players
Expatriate women's footballers in Norway
FC Kansas City players
FIFA Women's Century Club
FIFA Women's World Cup-winning players
Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Ladue Horton Watkins High School alumni
MagicJack (WPS) players
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
National Women's Soccer League players
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in soccer
Portland Thorns FC players
Rรธa IL players
Soccer players from St. Louis
United States women's international soccer players
USL W-League (1995โ2015) players
Utah Royals FC players
Virginia Cavaliers women's soccer players
Washington Freedom players
Women's association football defenders
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in soccer
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Women's Professional Soccer players
Boston Renegades players
21st-century American sportswomen |
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๋๋ค | ใ๋น์ ์ฐจ๋ก์
๋๋คใ()๋ ๋ํฐ TV ์ผ์๋๋ผ๋ง๋ก 2019๋
4์ 14์ผ๋ถํฐ 9์ 8์ผ๊น์ง ๋งค์ฃผ ์ผ์์ผ ๋ฐค 10์ 30๋ถ์์ 11์ 25๋ถ๊น์ง ๋ฐฉ์ก๋ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ๋๋ผ๋ง์ด๋ค.
๊ฐ์
๋งจ์
์ ์ด์ฌ ์จ ๋ถ๋ถ๊ฐ ์ฃผ๋ฏผํ์์ ๋ฒ์ด์ง ๊ตํ ์ด์ธ ๊ฒ์์ ๋ง๋ ค๋ค๊ฒ ๋๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฃฌ ๋ฏธ์คํฐ๋ฆฌ ๋๋ผ๋ง์ด๋ค. ๊ธฐํ ๋ฐ ์์์ ์ํค๋ชจํ ์ผ์ค์๊ฐ ๋ด๋นํ์๋ค.
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์ฃผ์ฐ์ ๋งก๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๋๋ถ์ด ์ด ์ถ์ฐ์ ์๊ฐ 30๋ช
์ด ๋์๋ค.
์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฏธ๋๋๋ผ๋ง์ ๋ถ๋์ด 10ํ~11ํ์ด์ง๋ง ์ด ์ํ์ ๋ํ
๋ ์์ 25๋
๋ง์ 2์ฟจ ์ฐ์ ํธ์ฑ์ ์๋ํ์ฌ 20ํ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ฐฉ์ก๋์๋ค.
๋๋ผ๋ง์ ์บ์นํ๋ ์ด์ฆ๋ 1์ฅ์์๋ "๋งค์ฃผ, ์ฃฝ์ต๋๋ค.", 2์ฅ(๋ฐ๊ฒฉํธ)์์๋ "์ดํด๋นํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ์ ๋ถ ๋ค ๋ฐํ์ฃผ๊ฒ ์ด."์ด๋ค.
์ง์ํ ๋ฐฉ์ก๊ณผ ์ฐ๋ํ์ฌ ์จ๋ผ์ธ ์์ ์ฑ๋์ธ hulu์์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ง๋ ๋๋ผ๋ง๋กใ๋ฌธ์ ์ ํธใ์ด ๋
์ ์๋น์ค ๋์๋ค. ๋ฌธ์ ์ ํธ์ ํด๋น ํธ์์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ ๋๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๋ ๋ด์ฉ์ผ๋ก, ๋๋ผ๋ง๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ค ํญ๋๊ฒ ์ดํดํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ ํธ์ด ์ข๋ค.
์ถ์ฐ์ง
์ฃผ์ฐ
ํ
์ฆ์นด ๋๋ (49์ธ)
๋ฐฐ์ฐ - ํ๋ผ๋ค ํ ๋ชจ์
์ 1์ฅ์ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต, 302ํธ์ค ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ผ๋ก ํ
์ฆ์นด ์ผํ์ ์๋ด, ์คํฌ์ธ ์จ์ด์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋์์ด๋
์๋ฅํ๊ณ ๋๋ถ๋ฌ์ง ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ์คํ
๋ฆฌ์์ค ์ฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ข์ํ๋ค. ๊ฑฐ์ง๋ง์ ํ ๋ ๋ ์์ ๋ชจ์ผ๋ ์ต๊ด์ด ์๋ค
์ฌ๊ฑดํด๊ฒฐ์ ์ํด ํผ์์ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ๋ค๊ฐ ์จ๊ฒจ์ง ์ง์ค์ ์๊ฒ ๋๊ณ ์ผํ์นผ๋ฅจ์ผ๋ก ๋
์ด๋นํจ
ํ
์ฆ์นด ์ผํ (34์ธ)
ํ๋์นด ์ผ์ด
์ 1์ฅ, ํน๋ณํธ, ์ 2์ฅ-๋ฐ๊ฒฉํธ์ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต, 302ํธ์ค์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ผ๋ก ๋๋์ ๋จํธ. 1984๋
10์ 19์ผ ์ถ์. ๋๊ตฌ๋ถ ์ถ์ . ํ์ฌ๋ TRY UP GYM์ ํธ๋ ์ด๋๋ก ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ค
๋ฐ๊ณ ์ฒ์ง๋๋งํ๋ค. ์๋ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ธ์ฒ๋ผ ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ ๊ฐ์์งํ ๋จํธ. ๋๋์ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ๋ฏธ์คํ
๋ฆฌ ์์ค์ ์ข์ํจ.
์์ ์ด ์์ฌ์ค๋ฝ๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๋ง์ฃผํ๋ฉด โ์ค๋์ฐํ ํ์โ์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ ์ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์์ํจ. ์ทจ๋ฏธ๋ ๋คํธ๋ก ์์์ ์คํ๋ฉด โ๋ถ(Bull)โ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํจ. ๊ฑฐ์ง๋ง์ ํ๋ฉด ๋ฌด์์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ๊ฐ์ด์ ๋ง์ง๋ ๋ฒ๋ฆ์ด ์์.
๋๋๊ฐ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ํฌ์์๊ฐ ๋ ํ, ๋งจ์
์ผ๋ก ์ด์ฌ์จ ๋์นด์ด๋์ ์ค๋ฏธ๋ค์์ ํ์ฌ์ธ ๋ฏธ์ฆํค์ ํจ๊ป ์ง๋ฒ์ ์ฐพ์ ๋ณต์ํ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฒฐ์ฌํจ.
์ฃผ์์ธ๋ฌผ
์ฟ ๋ก์๋ง ์ฌ์ (21์ธ)
๋ฐฐ์ฐ - ๋์๋
ธ ๋๋์ธ
202ํธ์ค์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ, ๋ํ์์ด๋ฉฐ ์ ๊ณต์ ์ํ
์ด๋ฅธ์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ธ์ ๋ ๋ชธ์ ์ด๋๊ฐ์ ์์ฒ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ฒ๋ ์์ด์ง๊ณ ๋ง์๋ ๋ง์์ง๋ค.
๊ตํ์ด์ธ๊ฒ์์์ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์ ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ํ์ผ์นด์ ๊ต์์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฝ์ ์ชฝ์ง์๋ ์ค๋ค ๋
ธ๋ถ๋๊ฐ๋ผ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํจ.
๋์นด์ด๋ ์๋
ธ๋ถ (25์ธ)
๋ฐฐ์ฐ - ์์ฝํ๋ง ๋ฅ์ธ์ด
์ฟ ๋ก์๋ง์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ํ์ ๋ํ์์
ํ๊ต์์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค๋ ์ด์ ๋ก ํคํ๊ฐ์ ์ค๋ฏธ์นด๊ฐ ์ด๋ 304ํธ๋ก ์ด์ฌ์จ๋ค. ๋ช
์ํ ๋๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ก์ง๋ง, ์ปค๋ฎค๋์ผ์ด์
๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฎ์ผ๋ฉฐ ํธ์์ด ๋งค์ฐ ์ฌํ๋ค.
์ด๋จธ๋์ ์ํฅ์ผ๋ก ์นด๋ผํ
๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณธํธ์์ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ฒํ ์ผํ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํด๋ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
AI๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์ผํ์ ํจ๊ป ์ผ๋ จ์ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ์ง์์ ๋ฐํ๋ด๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
ํ๋ฏธ์ผ ์ค์ด์น๋ก (58์ธ)
๋ฐฐ์ฐ - ๋๋ง์ธ ์นด์ฆํ์ฌ
103ํธ์ค์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ, ์กฐ๊ธฐํด์งํ ์ํ์.
์ฑ์คํ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋์ถฉ๋์ถฉ์ด ํตํ์ง ์๋ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ค.
์ฌ๊ฑด์ ์ง์์ ์์๋ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋งจ์
์ด๊ณณ์ ๊ณณ์ ๊ฐ์์นด๋ฉ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ค์นํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ค ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๋ํด ์๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ดํ ํ๋์ ๋ฐฉ์์๋ง ๋ฐํ ์๋ค๊ฐ ์ด๋ ์๊ฐ๋ถํฐ ๊ทน๋จ ๋ง์on๋ ์ด์ ์
๋จํ์ฌ ํ๋์ ์์ํจ.
์ผํ์ ๋์นด์ด๋๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ตํ์ด์ธ๊ฒ์์์ ๋ฝ์ ์ข
์ด์ ๋ํด ์ฌ์ฐจ ๋ฌผ์์ ๋ฐ์ง๋ง ์นจ๋ฌต์ผ๋ก ๋์ํ๋ค.
์๋
ธ๋ชจํ ์ฌ๋์ (45์ธ)
๋ฐฐ์ฐ - ํค๋ฌด๋ผ ํ์
402ํธ์ค์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ, ์ ์
์ฃผ๋ฏผ, ์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผํํ์ฅ.
๋ฐ์ด ๋ถ์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํด ์ฝํ์ง๋ง ๋ฐ์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ค. ๋๋์ ์นํ ์ฌ์ด์ด์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ ์ด๋ฉด์๋ ์ปค๋ค๋ ๋น๋ฐ์ ์จ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๋น๋ฐ์ ์ ์๋ ์ฉ์์ฃผ๋ํ๊ฒ ์
๋ง์ํ๋ ์ํ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋ค.
๋ฏธ๋๋ฏธ ๋ง์ฌ์นด์ฆ (50์ธ)
๋ฐฐ์ฐ - ๋ค๋์นด ํ
์ธ ์
์ 2์ฅ-๋ฐ๊ฒฉํธ๋ถํฐ 502ํธ์ค์ ์๋ก์ด ์ด์ฌ์จ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ
์์นด์ด์ผ ๋ถ๋ถ๊ฐ ์ดํด๋นํ 502ํธ๊ฐ ์ง๊ฐ์ด ์ธ๋ค๋ ์ด์ ๋ก ์ด์ฌ๋ฅผ ์์.
๋ฐ์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด์ง๋ง, ๊ตํ์ด์ธ๊ฒ์์ ๋ํด์๋ ํ์์ด์์ผ๋ก ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ์๊ธฐ์๊ฐ๋ฅผ ํ ๋๋ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ ์ด๋ฆ๊ณผ ์ดํด๋นํ ์ ์กฑ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ฌป๋ ๋ฑ ๋์ ๋๋ ํ๋์ ํ๋ค.
์จ๋ผ์ธ ๋์์ ์ฌ์ดํธ์์ โ๋ฏธ๋๋ฏธโ์ฌ์ํฌ๋ก์คโ๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ํ๋์ค์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐ์ํ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ์ด์๋ณด์๋ค๋ผ๋ ์ปจ์
์ผ๋ก ๋์์์ ์ฐ์ด์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํ ์ฝ์๋ง ํ๋ก์ (60์ธ)
๋ฐฐ์ฐ - ๋ค์ผ๋์นด ๋์คํ
๋งจ์
ํค์ด์ฟ ์ ์ฟ ๋ผ๋ง์์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ธ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๊น์ด ์ํํธ์์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ์ค.
๋งจ์
์ ์๋ก์ด ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด ์
์ฃผํ ๋๋ง๋ค ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ธ์ฒดํฌ๋ผ๋ ๋ช
๋ชฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ฌด๋จ์ผ๋ก ๋ค์ด์์ ์ค๋งํธํฐ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ง์ ์ฐ๋ ๋ฑ์ ๊ธฐ๋ถ๋์ ํ๋์ ํ๋ค. ๋งจ์
์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ฏธ์๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋๋ถ์ด ์๋ก์ด ์
์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด ์๊ธธ ๋๋ง๋ค ์์ ๋ง๋ ๋ค์ํ๋ ์ดํธ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ค๋ค.
๊ตํ์ด์ธ๊ฒ์์ ์ต์ดํฌ์์๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ ์์ผ๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค.
๋งจ์
ํค์ด์ฟ ์ ์ฟ ๋ผ๋ง์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ
1์ธต
101ํธ์ค
ํ์นด๋ง๋ค ์์ํ์ฝ : ์ฟ ์ฆ๋ฏธ ์ ์ฆ๋ฃจ (45์ธ) ์ญ - ์๋ฌ๋ฆฌ๋งจ, ๋
์
์๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํฐ ๋ํ๋ก ๋งจ์
์ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํฐ์ ์์ ค๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ถ์. ์ฑ์คํ๊ฒ ๋ณด์ด๋ ์ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋งค์ฐ ์์ฌํ๋ค. ์ญํ ์ ๋งก์ ํ์นด๋ง๋ค ์์ํ์ฝ๋ก ์คํด๋ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํด ๋ชน์ ์ซ์ดํ๋ค.
1์ฅ์์ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํฐ ์ถ๋ฝ์ฌ๊ณ ์ ์ํด ์ ์ ์ ์์ ํ 2์ฅ ๋ฐ๊ฒฉํธ์์ ์ ์ ์ด ๋ค์ง๋ง ์ด์งธ์์ธ์ง ์์ ์ด 18์ด์ ํ์นด๋ง๋ค ์์ํ์ฝ๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
102ํธ์ค
์นดํ์ค์นด ๋ ์ด์ฝ : ์ฝ์ง๋ง ์นด์ (42์ธ) ์ญ
์์ด๋ค์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ ์์ดํํ ๊ต์ค์ ์ํ์์ ์ด์ ์ค์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋จํธ์ธ ํ ์์ํค์์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ ๋์ ์ํ์ด๋ค.
์์ด๋ค์ ๋ํ ์ง์ฐฉ์ด ๋งค์ฐ ์ฌํ๋ฉฐ ๋งจ์
๋ด ์์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๋ฉด ์์ ์ ์ง์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ ค์ค๋ ๋ฑ์ ์ด์ํ ํ๋์ ํ๋ค.
์ธ ๋ณด์ฟ ๋ผ ์์์ ํค (๊ฒ๋๊ทธ๋ฃน ์๊ฐ์ผ) : ์ฝ์ง๋ง ํ ์์ํค (45์ธ) ์ญ - ์ง๋ํ์ฌ์์ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ๋ ์๋ฌ๋ฆฌ๋งจ
๋๋ฃ๋ถํ ์ฌ์ง์๊ณผ ๋ถ๋ฅ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฑฐ์ ์ง์ ์ค๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ์์ด์ ์ฌ์ค์ ๋ณ๊ฑฐ์ํ์ด๋ค.
103ํธ์ค
๋๊ฐ๋
ธ ์ฌํ ๋ฏธ : ํ๋ฏธ์ผ ํค๋ฏธ์ฝ (55์ธ) ์ญ - ํ๋ฏธ์ผ ์ค์ด์น๋ก์ ์๋ด, ์ฒด์ก์ผํฐ์์ ๊ณ ๋ น์ ๋์์ ์ฒด์กฐ๊ต์ก์ ํ๊ณ ์์
์ค์ด์น๋ก๊ฐ ์กฐ๊ธฐํด์งํ ํ ์นจ์ธํดํ๊ณ ์์ ๋ โ์ฒด๋ ฅ์ด ์์ ๋ ์ด๊ฒ์ ๊ฒ ํด๋ณด๋๊ฒ ์ด๋์?โํ๋ฉฐ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ง ํธํ๋ฆฟ์ ๊ฑด๋ค์ค๋ค. ๋จํธ์ธ ์ค์ด์น๋ก์ ๋ํ ์ฌ๋์ ์ง์ฌ์ด๋ค.
104ํธ์ค
๋ฏธ์ฟ ๋ผ ์นด๋ : ์ด์์ํค ์์ฐ์ฝ (35์ธ) ์ญ - 2๋ช
์ ์์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ์ ์
์ฃผ๋ถ
์ด์ ์ ์ธ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ์์ ์ด ์๊ฐํ ๋๋ก ์งํ๋์ด์ผ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ถ์ด ํ๋ฆฌ๋ ์๊ณ ์ด์คํธ์ ์ธ ๋ถ๋ถ์ด ์๋ค.
ํ์ผ๋ฏธ ์ผ์คํ๋ฏธ : ์ด์์ํค ์ผ์ง (39์ธ) ์ญ - ๊ตฌ์ฒญ์์ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ค
์ฑ์คํ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด์ง๋ง ๋ฐ๋ณด์ค๋ฌ์ด ๋ฉด์ด ์๊ณ ๋๋ผ์๋ชฝ์ ์ง๊ตฌ(๋
ธ๋นํ)๊ฐ์ ๋ชจ์ต๋ ๋ณด์.
์ ์๋ถ์์ ์ด ๋์ด์ฌ๋ ์๋ด ์์ฐ์ฝ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ง์ง๋ง์๋ ์จ๊ฐ์กฑ์ด ํจ๊ป ์กฐ๊น
์ ํ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํ๋ฌด๋ผ ๋ฏธ์ : ์ด์์ํค ํ๋ฏธ์ (9์ธ) ์ญ - ์ํ๊ต 3ํ๋
, ๋ค๋ถ์ง๊ณ ์๋ฅํ ๋๋
์นด์์ ์์ดํํ๊ต์ค์ ๋ค๋๊ณ ์์.
๋จ๋์๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ํธ์ ์ ์ด๋ ์ฒด๋ ฅํธ๋ ์ด๋์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅธ์ ๋ํด ๊ฒ์ ๋ด์ง ์๋ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ค.
์ค๋
ธ ๋ฆฌ์ฟ : ์ด์์ํค ์นด์ฆ์ค (6์ธ) ์ญ - ์ํ๊ต 1ํ๋
.
๋๋์ ํจ๊ป ์นด์์ ์์ดํํ ๊ต์ค์ ๋ค๋๋ค.
์๋์ฑค๋ค๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๋๊ฒฝํ์ฌ ์ฅ๋ํฌ๋ง์ด ์ ํ๋ฒ๊ฐ ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด์์ผ๋ ์์ฐ์ฝ๊ฐ ์ฌํ๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ค.
๋๋์ธ ํ๋ฏธ์์ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ํธ์ ์ ๊ณผ ์ฒด๋ ฅํธ๋ ์ด๋์ ํ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅธ์ ๋ํด์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ง ๊ฒ์ ๋จน์ง ์๋ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ค.
2์ธต
201ํธ์ค
๋ค๋์นด ์์ง : ์ฐํคํ ์ผ์ด์ค์ผ (55์ธ) ์ญ - ํญ๋ ฅ๋จ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์
๊ฐ์ด ์ด๊ณ ์๋ ๋ฃ์ ์์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋๋ด์ฃผ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฌด๋๋ํ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด์ง๋ง ์ด์น์ ๋ง๋ ํ๋๋ง์ ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ฃ์ ์์ด๋ฆฌ์ ๋๊ฒฝ์ ๋์์ด๋ค. ๋ช๋ฒ์ด๋ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ฃ๋ก ์ฒดํฌ๋ ์ ์ด ์๋ค.
๊ตํ์ด์ธ๊ฒ์์์ ์์ ์ด ์ด ์ชฝ์ง์ ์ด๋ค ์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ํด๋์์.
์ค์คํ ๋ชจ ์นด๋ : ์ธ๋
ธ ์์ด๋ฆฌ (21์ธ) ์ญ (์์ญ : ์๋ฒ ์ฟ ๋ ์) - ๋จ์ฑ์ ๋ฌธ ๋ฏธ์ฉ์ต ์ ์ -> ๋์๋ฌด๋ผ์ ์๋น ์๋ฅด๋ฐ์ดํธ์, ๋ฃ์ ๊ต์ ์ค
์ฐํคํ๋ฅผ ์ง์ง ์๋น ์ฒ๋ผ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ๋ค. ๋ณดํต์ ์ฑ์ง์ด ๊ธํ๊ณ ์
์ด ๊ฑธ์ง๋ง ํผ์ ์๋ ์๊ฐ์ด ๋ง์ ์๋ผ์ ๊ณง์ ๋์์ฃผ๋ ํธ์ด๋ค.
์ฌ์น์ฝ์๊ฒ ๊ดด๋กญํ ๋นํ๋ ๋ฏธ์ฌํ ๋ฅผ ์ํด ์กฐ์ธ์ ํด์ฃผ๋ ๋ฑ ๋ง์์ด ๋ฐ๋ปํ ๊ตฌ์์ด ์๋ค.
๋ฐ๊ฒฉํธ์์๋ ์ฐํคํ์ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ๊น์ ์ฟ ์ฆ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง์ค ๋งํฌ ํจ.
๋์นด์ค ๋ง์ฌํค : ์นดํค๋๋ง ๋ฃ (21์ธ) ์ญ - ํญ๋ ฅ๋จ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์ -> ๋์๋ฌด๋ผ์ ์๋น ์๋ฅด๋ฐ์ดํธ์, ์์ด๋ฆฌ์ ๊ต์ ์ค
๊ฒ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ญ๊ฐ ๋ฉํ ์ํ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง๋ง ์์ ์์ฐฌ ๋
์์ด๋ค.
203ํธ์ค
์นด๋์์ ๋ฏธํธ : ๋ฆฐ ์ ์ (22์ธ) ์ญ - ์ค๊ตญ์ธ ์ ํ์, ๋ถํ์๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ฅด๋ฐ์ดํธ์ -> ๋์๋ฌด๋ผ์ ์๋น ์๋ฅด๋ฐ์ดํธ์
๋ฐ์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ๋๊ตฌ๋์ ์ค์ค๋ผ์์ด ๋ํํ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ์ด๋ ๊ณง์ ํ๋ ํธ์ด์ง๋ง ๊ฐํน โ์ ๊น ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ ค์ฃผ์๊ตฌ๋ คโ๊ฐ์ ๊ณ ํ์ค๋ฌ์ด ํํ์ ํ๋ค. ๋์๋ง์ด ์ต์์น ์์.
์ด์ฌ์นด ์ด์ฟ ๋ฏธ : ๊ตฌ์ ์ฟ ์จ (21์ธ) ์ญ - ๋ฏธ์ฅ์ด ์ฐ์์ -> ํ๊ตญ์์ ํฌ์ฅ๋ง์ฐจ ์ ์. ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ธ.
๋ฐ๊ฒฉํธ์์๋ ์ด๋ค ์ผ์ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ชจ์ต์ ๊ฐ์ถค
๋ฐ๋ฅด๋น : ์ด์ฟ ๋ฐ๋ฃจ ๋น ๋ทํธ (45์ธ) ์ญ
์์คํ
์์ง๋์ด, ๋ฐฉ๊ธ๋ผ๋ฐ์์์ธ
๋จ์ ์ผ์ ์ ๋๋ด์ฃผ๋ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ง์
์ ํดํน ์ค๋ ฅ์ด ๋งค์ฐ ๋ฐ์ด๋๋ค.
204ํธ์ค
์ค๋ค ์์ฝ : ๋์๋ฌด๋ผ ์ค (38์ธ) ์ญ - ์ญ๋น๊ฒฝ์์. ๋
์ .
๋ฐ๊ฒฉํธ์์๋ถํฐ ์ฌ๋์์ ๋ค๋ฅผ ์ด์ด ์ฃผ๋ฏผํ์ ํ์ฅ์ ๋งก๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ํ๊ต ๊ธ์์ ํ
๋ง๋ก ํ ์์์ ์ ๊ฒฝ์์ค์ด๋ค. ๋ฃ, ์์ด๋ฆฌ, ์ ์๋ฅผ ์๋ฅด๋ฐ์ดํธ์์ผ๋ก ๊ณ ์ฉํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
3์ธต
301ํธ์ค
๋์ค : ์ค๋
ธ ๋ฏธํคํ (25์ธ) ์ญ - ์ค๊ฐ๋์ผ์ฑ ํ๋ฐฐ ์๋น์ค ํ์ฌ์์ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ค, ๋
์ , 303ํธ์ค ์ด์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ
๊ด๋ฆฌ์ธ์ด ์์ ๋ง๋ ๋ค์ํ๋ ์ดํธ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉ์ค์ด๋ค.
์นด์ฌํ๋ผ ํ๋ฐ์ ํค : ์ฌ์ํค ์์ํค ์ญ - ํ์ฌ์, ๋
์
hulu ์ค๋ฆฌ์ง๋ ๋๋ผ๋ง [๋ฌธ์ ์ ํธ]์์๋ง ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ. ์ค๋
ธ๊ฐ ์ ํนํ๋ฉด์ ๋๊ฑฐ๋
์ธ ๋ง์ด์ง๋ง์ ์ฌ์ด๊ฐ ๋ฒ์ด์ง๊ฒ ๋๊ณ ์ค๋
ธ์ ์ฌ๊ท๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
ํ์ง๋ง ์ด๋ ์๊ฐ๋ถํฐ ์ค๋
ธ๊ฐ ์ฐจ๊ฐ์ด ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ์ ์ฐจ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฉ์ด์ง๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด์ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํค์ด์ง๊ฒ ๋จ
์ด๋ฆฌ์ผ๋ง ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ : ๋ง์ด์ง๋ง ์์ผ์ฝ ์ญ - ๊ฐ๋ณ์ธ, ๋
์ , 304ํธ์ค ์ด์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ
hulu ์ค๋ฆฌ์ง๋ ๋๋ผ๋ง [๋ฌธ์ ์ ํธ]์์๋ง ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋ค. ์ฌ์ํค์ ๋๊ฑฐํ ์ฐ์ธ์ด์ง๋ง ์ฌ์ํค๊ฐ ์ค๋
ธ์ ๋ฐ๋์ด ๋๋ฉด์ 303ํธ์ค์์ ๋์ ์น๊ฐ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ๋ค.
๋งํ ๋ถ ์ธ์ด : ํคํ๊ฐ์ ์ค๋ฏธ์นด (42์ธ) ์ญ - ๋ผ๋์ค ์งํ์, ์ฑ๊ธ๋ง
์ผ์ ๋ชฐ๋ํ์ฌ ์๋ผ์ ๋ํด ๊ทธ๋ค์ง ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฐ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์๋ผ์ ์ด์ํ๋ฆฌ๋งํผ ๋ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ง์ฐฉํ๋ ์นด์์๊ฒ ์ ๋์ฌ์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๊ตํ์ด์ธ๊ฒ์์ด ์งํ๋์ด ๊ฐ๋ฉด์ ๋ ์ด์ ์ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ฎ์ด๊ณ ์ถ์ง ์์ ์ด์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
๋ค๋์นด ๋ ์ด : ํคํ๊ฐ์ ์๋ผ (5์ธ) ์ญ - ๋ณด์ก์์
์ผ์ ๋ฐ์ ์๋ง์๊ฒ ๋ฌ๋ผ๋ถ๊ฑฐ๋ ํ์ง ์๊ณ ํผ์์ ๋๊ฑฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๋์ด์ ๊ฑธ๋ง์ง ์๊ฒ ๋งค์ฐ ์ด๋ฅธ์ค๋ฌ์ฐ๋ฉฐ, ์๋ง๊ฐ ๊ฑฑ์ ํ์ง ์๋๋ก ์ธ๋ก์ด ๊ธฐ๋ถ์ด ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฌ๋์ง ์๋๋ก ํ๋ํ๋ค.
4์ธต
401ํธ์ค
์ผ๋ง๋ค ๋งํธ : ํค๋
ธ์ํ ์์นด๋ค (38์ธ) ์ญ - ๋
ผํฝ์
์๊ฐ, ๋
์ , ๋งจ์
์ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ์ฅ ์ฒญ์๋ด๋น
์ธ์ ๋ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ ์ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ค์ง๋ ๋ฑ, ์ฐํธํจ ์์ ๋ณด์ด์ค ๋ ์ฝ๋๋ฅผ ์ค์นํ์ฌ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ๋ํ๋ฅผ ์ฟ๋ฃ๋๋ค.
๊ตํ์ด์ธ๊ฒ์์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ง๋ ์์์ง๋ง ๊ฒ์์ ๋ํด์ ์๊ฒ ๋ ์์ ์์ ์์ค์ ์์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ ์ง๋ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋ค๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๋
์์ ์ผ๋ก ์กฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ค.
402ํธ์ค
์ฌ์นดํ ๋ง์ฌ๋
ธ๋ถ : ์๋
ธ๋ชจํ ๋ง์ฌ์ (48์ธ) ์ญ - ์ฌ๋์์ ๋จํธ์ด์ ์์ด์น์ ์๋ฒ์ง, ํ์ฌ๋ก ์นด๋ฏธ์ผ์ ๋ฏธ์ฆํค์ ์์ฌ
์๋ผํค ํ ์ : ์๋
ธ๋ชจํ ์์ด์น (14์ธ) ์ญ - ์ฌ๋์์ ๋ง์ฌ์์ ์๋ค
์ฌ๋์๋ก๋ถํฐ ์์จฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฐ๋ค.
3๋
์ ์ ๋น๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ๋งจ์
์ผ๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒจ์ ธ ๋งจ์
์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋๊ตฌ๋ ์กด์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ ์ฑ ์ง ์์์๋ง ์ํ์ ํ๊ณ ์์๋ค.
์ด์ผ์ฆ ์ผ์ฝ : ์๋
ธ๋ชจํ ์๋์จ ๋ง์ฌ์ฝ (45์ธ) - ๋ง์ฌ์์ ์ฌ๋์์ผ๋ก ์์ด์น์ ์๋ชจ
๊ธฐ๋ถํ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋จํธ์ ์๋ฉ์ด์นด์ธ์ด๋ค. ๋ณดํธ์์ค์์ ๋์์จ ์์ด์น์ ํจ๊ป ์ํํ๋ค.
403ํธ์ค
์นดํ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง : ํ์ง์ด ์์ธ ์ (43์ธ) ์ญ - ํ ์ค๋ํ๋ถ์๋ณ์ ์ ํ์ธ๊ณผ ์์ฌ, ๋
์
์ต์ด์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ค.
๋ํ์์ ๋ถํฐ ์์ ๋ณด๋ค ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒ ์ถ์คํ ์ผ๋ง๊ธฐ์์๊ฒ ์ด๋ฑ๊ฐ์ ๋๋ผ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ฐ๊ฒฉํธ์์๋ถํฐ๋ ์์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ผ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ๋ ๊ฐํธ์ฌ ์ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ๊ธฐ์ ๊ต์ ๋ฅผ ์์ํจ.
404ํธ์ค
์ฝ์ด์ผ ๋ฃ์ค์ผ : ์ํ ์ ์ฐํค (23์ธ) ์ญ - ๋
์ . ITํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์ํ๋ฉฐ ์ดํ์ ๋ง๋ค๊ณ ์์
์ฌ์น์ฝ์ ์ฌ์ด๊ฐ ์ข์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฌ์น์ฝ๊ฐ ์๋ก์์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ ๋ ์ด์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋์์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
์ง์
์ ์ผ์ ๋ญ๋ ์ง ์ดํ์ ํตํด์ ํด๊ฒฐํ๋ ค๋ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ์๋ค. ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์๊ฒ ์์ ์ด ๋ง๋ ์ดํ์ ๋ํ ์ ์ ์ ์๋์์ด ํ๋ค. ๋ํ AI์ ๋ํด์๋ ๋งค์ฐ ์ ์๊ณ ์๋.
๊ทธ์ ๋ชฉํ๋ ์ธ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ค ์ข๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค์๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
5์ธต
501ํธ์ค
์๋ ๋ง์ฌ๋
ธ๋ถ : ์ฌ๋
ธ ๊ณ (42์ธ) ์ญ - 502ํธ์ค ์ด์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ
ํญ์ ์ธ๋ถ๊ณ๋จ์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์ด ์ง์ ์ฎ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์์. ๋๋ถ์ด ๋งค์ผ ๋ค๊ณ ๋ค๋๋ ์ฟจ๋ฌ๋ฐ์ค์ ๋ด์ฅ์ด ๋ค์ด์๊ฑฐ๋ ํจ. ์ํ ๋๋์ฐฝ๊ณ ์์ ๋์ค๋ ๊ฑธ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ๋นํ๊ฑฐ๋ ํจ
๋ฏธ๋ค๋ฌด๋ผ ๋ฆฌ์ : ์์นด์ด์ผ ๋ฏธ์ฌํ (50์ธ) ์ญ - ๋ฒ์
์ฃผ๋ถ
ํ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์น์ฝ๋ฅผ ๋๋ด์ฃผ๋ ๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ ๋ณด์ด๋ ์ฌ์น์ฝ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ดด๋กญํ์ ๋นํด ์ธ๋ถ์ด ๊ฐ๋์ฐฌ ์ํ์ด๋ค. ์๋๋ ์ค๋ต๋ฐ์์ ์ผํ๋ ์ฌ์ฑ์ด๋ค.
์ด์งธ์ ์ง ์ฐํคํ๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋ คํ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ฐํคํ๊ฐ ๋งํ๊ธธ ์๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค ์๋์ธ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ํด ๊น๋ณด๋ ํ์
์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
ํ ์ฟ ์ด ์ : ์์นด์ด์ผ ๊ณ ๋ก (52์ธ) - ๋ฏธ์ฌํ ์ ๋จํธ, ๋ฌด์ญํ์ฌ์์ ๊ทผ๋ฌด
์ด๋จธ๋์ ๋ถ์ธ ์ฌ์ด์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ์๊ณ ์์ง๋ง ๋ชจ๋ฅธ ์ฒํ๊ณ ๋์ด๊ฐ์ง๋ง, ๋ง์ ์์ผ๋ก๋ ๋งค์ฐ ๊ฑฑ์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ค์ค์นดํ ํ์ฌ์ฝ : ์์นด์ด์ผ ์ฌ์น์ฝ (78์ธ) ์ญ - ๋ฏธ์ฌํ ์ ์์ด๋จธ๋
ํ ์ฒด์ด ์ํ์ ํ๊ณ ์์
๋ฏธ์ฌํ ์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ฌ์ด ์ข์ ๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ ๋ณด์ด์ง๋ง, ์ค์ ๋ก๋ ๋ฏธ์ฌํ ์๊ฒ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ ์๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ๋ ๋ฑ ์๋ฉ ๊ดด๋กญํ๊ณ ์์.
๋ฏธ์ฌํ ์๊ฒ โ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ณํ์ง ์๋ ๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ปค๋ค๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ง๋์ง ์์!โ๋ผ๋ ๋ชจ์์ ์ธ ๋ฐ์ธ๋ ์์ด์ง ์๊ณ ํจ.
์ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฐ์ ํ ์๋ก์์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ ์ํํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
๊ทธ ์ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ
์์ฌ์นด ์ฝ๋ค์ด : ์นด๋ฏธ์ผ ๋ง์ฌํ () (26์ธ) ์ญ - ๊ฒฝ์์ฒญ ์ค๋ฏธ๋ค์ ํ์ฌ
์ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ฅ, ํต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ผ๋ ๋งค์ฐ ํฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ
๋ฏธ๋๊ฐ์ ์ฌํ ๋ฃจํค : ๋ฏธ์ฆํค ์์ฐ์ง (48์ธ) ์ญ - ๊ฒฝ์์ฒญ ์ค๋ฏธ๋ค์ ํ์ฌ
์กฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ผ๋ จ์ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๋ํด ์ ์ฃผ๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐํด ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋งค์ฐ ๊ฒ์์ด๋ก ์ ํด(์ดํ์ด)๋ฅผ ๊ฐํน ํํ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅธ๋ค.
๋
ธ๋ง๊ตฌ์น ํ ์ค๋ฃจ : ํธ์์นด์ ์์ฌ์ค (45์ธ) ์ญ - ๋๋๊ฐ ์ด์ ์ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ ๋์์ธ ํ์ฌ์ ์ฌ์ฅ
์ผํ๊ฐ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ๋ ์คํฌ์ธ ์ง์ ํ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฑ๋กํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๋ค.
๋ง์ํ๋ผ ์ฝ์ฐ : ์๋ชจ๊ธฐํ ๋ ํ๋ก (25์ธ) ์ญ - ํ ์ฝ์๋ง์ ํ์ ๋งจ์
๊ด๋ฆฌ์ธ
์ค์ ๋ก ํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ ์์์ ์์ผ๋ ๋ฌํ๊ฒ ํ๋ฌผ์๋ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ค.
์ด์งธ์์ธ์ง ํค๋
ธ์ํ์ ๋ํด ๋งค์ฐ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ๋ง๋ค.
์นด์ผ์ด ๋ฏธ์์ฝ : ์ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ๊ธฐ ๋ฃจ๋ฆฌ (25์ธ) ์ญ - ํ ์ค๋ํ๋ถ์๋ณ์ ์ ํ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐํธ์ฌ
์ผํ๊ฐ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ๋ ์คํฌ์ธ ์ง์ ๋ค๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๋ค.
์ค์ค์ฐ์น๋ค ์ ํค์ด : ์ฐ์น์ผ๋ง ํ์ธ ์ค (21์ธ) ์ญ - ๊ตญ์ ์ด๊ณต๋ํ ๊ณตํ๋ถ ์๋ฃ๊ณตํ๊ณผ ํ์
์ธ์ ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ถ๋์ ์์์ ๋ ๊ณ ์ฟ ๋ก์๋ง๋ฅผ ์ง์ผ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํ๋ฌด๋ผ ์ ์ด : ์คํฌ์ธ ์ง์ ์คํํ ํ์นดํ์ ์ญ
์ด์ฌํค ๋ฏธ์ธ ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ : ํ์ง์ฌ์ ์ญ - ๊ทน๋จ ใ๋ง์on๋ ์ดใ์ ์ฐ์ถ๊ฐ ๊ฒธ ๊ฐ๋
๋๊ฐ์ค์นด ํ์ฟ ์ผ : ์ผ๋๊ธฐ๋ชจํ ์ญ - ๊ทน๋จ ใ๋ง์on๋ ์ดใ์ ๋ฉ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ
์์ฟ ์์ ๋๋ : ํ๊ฐ์ ์ญ - ๊ทน๋จ ใ๋ง์on๋ ์ดใ์ ๊ฐํ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ
๋์นด๋
ธ ์ธ ์์ : ํ์ฌ๊ณผ์ฅ ์ญ
์ฝ๋ค๋ง ๋ผ์ด์ : ํ์ฌ๋ถ๊ณผ์ฅ ์ญ
์ดํ์ฟ ๋ผ ์นํ๋ก : ํ์ฌ1 ์ญ - ๋ฏธ์ฆํค ์์ฐ์ง์ ํ๋ฐฐ
๋์นด์ผ๋ง ํ์ด์น๋ก : ํ์ฌ2 ์ญ
์คํํ
๊ธฐํ ๋ฐ ์์ - ์ํค๋ชจํ ์ผ์ค์
๊ทน๋ณธ - ํ์ฟ ํ๋ผ ๋ฏธ์ธ ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ, ํ์นด๋
ธ ๋ฏธ๋ํ (ํน๋ณํธ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ์ธํธ ๊ทน๋ณธ ๋ด๋น)
์์
- ํ์ผ์ ์ ํค, ํ์น๋ฐ๋ ์์ฌ๋ฏธ
์ฃผ์ ๊ฐ
Aimer - STAND ALONE (2๋ถ๊ธฐ) โป3๋ถ๊ธฐ๋ถํฐ๋ ์๊ณ ํธ์ ์ฝ์
๋์๋ค.
ํ
์ฆ์นด ์ผํ - ๋ณด๊ณ ์ถ์ด (3๋ถ๊ธฐ) - ์ฒ์์๋ ์ฝ์
๊ณก๋ฏธ์ ์ํ์์ผ๋ 2019๋
7์ 6์ผ ๋ฐฉ์ก๋ THE MUSIC DAY 2019์์ ๊ทน์ค๋ฐฐ์ญ์ธ ํ
์ฆ์นด ์ผํ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐํํ์๊ณ ๊ณก๋ช
๋ ๋์์ ๋ฐํ์ก๋ค.
์ฐ์ถ - ์ฌ์ฟ ๋ง ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ์์, ์ฝ๋ฌด๋ผ ๋์ค์ฝ, ๋์นด์ฟ ํค ์ธ ์์, ์ฐ์น๋ค ํ๋ฐ๋ฏธ(AXON)
์ฑ
์ํ๋ก๋์ - ์ด์ผ๋ค ์ผ์ง
ํ๋ก๋์ - ์ค์ฆ๋ง ํ๋ก์, ๋ง์ธ ์ผ๋ง ๋ง์ฌ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ(ํ ํธ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ปค๋ฎค๋์ผ์ด์
)
์ ์ํ๋ ฅ - ํ ํธ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ปค๋ฎค๋์ผ์ด์
์ ์์ฌ - NTV
๋ฐฉ์ก์ผ์
์ฐ์๋๋ผ๋ง
์ต์ข
ํ์ ์์ฒญ๋ฅ ์ ์ ๋ถ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์ก๋์๋ "3ํ๋
A๋ฐ~์ง๊ธ๋ถํฐ ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ์ ์ธ์ง์
๋๋ค~"์ 15.4%๋ณด๋ค 4ํฌ์ธํธ ๋์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ํ
๋ ์ผ์๋๋ผ๋ง ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์ ์์ฒญ๋ฅ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค.
ํน๋ณํธ
๋ชจ๋ฐ์ผ ๋๋ผ๋ง
<p>"๋ฌธ์ ์ ํธ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ์ ๊ฐ ๋ถ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ ํ๋ง๋ค ๊ฐ ํธ์ค์ ์ด๊ณ ์๋ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์ผ์๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ค๋ฃฌ ์งง์ ๋๋ผ๋งํ์์ด๋ค.
์ง์ํ๋ฐฉ์ก๊ณผ ์ฐ๋ํ์ฌ Hulu๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋
์ ์๋น์ค ๋์๋ค.
1ํ์ ํน๋ณํธ์ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ ๊ฐ ํ๋ง๋ค ํ๋์ ๋ฐฉ์ ์ํผ์๋๋ก ํ์ฌ ๋ค๋ฃจ์๋ค.
๋จ, ์ต์ข
ํ ์ข
๋ฃ ํ์๋ "๋ฒ์ธํธ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ฌธ (์ , ํํธ)"์ ๋ถ์ ๋ก ๋ฌ์ ์ฐ์์ด์ธ๊ท์ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๋ ์คํ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ด์๋ค.
๋ฌธ์ ์ ํธ
๋ฒ์ธํธ~๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ฌธ~
์ํ
2021๋
12์ 10์ผ์ ๊ฐ๋ดํ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ํ๋ก, ์ฃผ์ฐ์ ๋๋ผ๋งํ๊ณผ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ๋ค๋์นด ์ผ์ด์ ํ๋ผ๋ค ํ ๋ชจ์๊ฐ ๋งก๋๋ค. ๊ฐ๋ด์ผ ๋น์ผ์ ๋ํ
๋ ๊ธ์ ๋ก๋์ผ์ ์ฝ๋ผ๋ณด ๊ธฐํ์ผ๋ก ์คํ์
๋๋ผ๋ง๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์๋์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ (๊ทน์ฅํ)
์ฃผ๋ฏผํ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๊ฒ ๋๋ ๊ฒ ๋๋๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ์ผํ์๋ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ตํ์ด์ธ๊ฒ์์ด ์์๋์ง ์์๋ค๋ฉด?
๊ณผ์ฐ ์ด ๋์ ์ด๋ช
์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋๊ฒ ๋ ๊น๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฃจ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋์ ์ผํ์ ๊ฒฐํผ ์ถํ์ฐ์ ์ํ ํฌ๋ฃจ์ฆ ์ฌํ์์ ์์๋๋ค.
ํฌ์คํฐ์ ์์ด ์ ๋ชฉ์ด ANATA NO BAN DEATH๋ก ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋ ๋ฒ์ ์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ค.
์บ์นํ๋ ์ด์ฆ๋ "์ด ์ด๋ ค์ด ์์๊ป๋ผ๋ฅผ ํธ๋ ๊ฒ์.... ๋น์ ์ฐจ๋ก์
๋๋ค"
์ถ๊ฐ ๋ฑ์ฅ์ธ๋ฌผ (๊ทน์ฅํ)
ํ์ผ์นด์ ๊ต์
๋ฐฐ์ฐ - ์ฌ์ฝ ์์
๋๋ผ๋งํ์์ ์ฟ ๋ก์๋ง์ ๋์นด์ด๋๊ฐ ๋ค๋๋ ใ๊ตญ์ ์ด๊ณต๋ํใ ๊ต์. ์ฟ ๋ก์๋ง๊ฐ ๊ตํ์ด์ธ๊ฒ์์์ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ ์ถ์ ์ฌ๋์ผ๋ก ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ ์ธ๋ฌผ(๋์ค์ ์ฟ ๋ก์๋ง๊ฐ ์ค์ ๋ก ์ ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์์ ์๊ฒ DV๋ฅผ ํํ๋ ๋๋ฏธํ ๋ฉ์์์ด ๋ฐํ์ง.)
์์๊ป๋ผ์ ์ฌ์
๋ฐฐ์ฐ - ์นด๋์ํค ๋ฌด๊ธฐ
ํ
์ฆ์นด ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ ์ ์จ๋ฉ ํํฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ต๋ ํฌ๋ฃจ์ฆ์ ์ ์ด๋ค ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์ ์
ํ ์ฌ์.
์คํํ (๊ทน์ฅํ)
๊ธฐํ ๋ฐ ์์ - ์ํค๋ชจํ ์ผ์ค์
๊ทน๋ณธ - ํ์ฟ ํ๋ผ ๋ฏธ์ธ ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ
๊ฐ๋
- ์ฌ์ฟ ๋ง ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ์์
์์
- ํ์ผ์ ์ ํค, ํ์น๋ฐ๋ ์์ฌ๋ฏธ
์ฃผ์ ๊ฐ - AimerใONE AND LASTใ (Sony Music Labels)
๋ฐฐ๊ธ - ํ ํธ
๊ธฐํ - ํ ํ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ปค๋ฎค๋์ผ์ด์
์ ์ ์ฃผ๊ด์ฌ - ๋ํ
๋
์ ์์ฌ - ใ๋น์ ์ฐจ๋ก์
๋๋ค ๊ทน์ฅํใ ์ ์์์ํ (๋ํ
๋ , ํ ํธ, ์๋ฏธ์ฐ๋ฆฌํ
๋ ๋น, ํธ๋ผ์ด์คํค ์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ, Y&N Brothers, ํ ํ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ์ปค๋ฎค๋์ผ์ด์
, ์ฟํฌ๋ก ํ
๋ ๋น, ๋ฏธ์ผ๊ธฐ ํ
๋ ๋น, ์์ฆ์ค์นด ์ 1ํ
๋ ๋น, ์ธ์ฟ ํ
๋ ๋น, ํ๋ก์๋ง ํ
๋ ๋น, ํ์ฟ ์ค์นด๋ฐฉ์ก, ๋์ผ๋ ๊ณ ์ 21๊ฐ์ฌ)
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๋น์ ์ฐจ๋ก์
๋๋ค ๊ณต์ํํ์ด์ง
๋น์ ์ฐจ๋ก์
๋๋ค ๊ทน์ฅํ ๊ณต์ ํํ์ด์ง
2019๋
๋๋ผ๋ง
๋ํฐ TV ์ผ์์ผ ๋ฐค 10์ 30๋ถ ๋๋ผ๋ง
๊ฐ์กฑ ๋๋ผ๋ง
์ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ค๋ฆด๋ฌ
์ฐ์์ด์ธ์๋ฅผ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ์ํ
์ํํธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ํ
์ํค๋ชจํ ์ผ์ค์
2021๋
์ํ
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ค๋ฆด๋ฌ ๋๋ผ๋ง | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your%20Turn%20to%20Kill | Your Turn to Kill | is a Japanese TV drama series. It was created by NTV and broadcast on the NNS on "" every Sunday from April 14 to September 8, 2019 at 22:30-23:25 (JST). The abbreviation is "Anaban".
has been released since December 10, 2021.
Cast
Tomoyo Harada as Nana Tezuka
Kei Tanaka as Shลta Tezuka
Nanase Nishino as Sawa Kuroshima
Ryusei Yokohama as Shinobu Nikaidล
Tetsushi Tanaka as Masakazu Minami
Naoto Takenaka as Hiroshi Tokoshima
Tae Kimura as Sanae Enomoto
Katsuhisa Namase as Jun'ichirล Tamiya
as Mikiha Ono
Masanobu Ando as Gล Sano
Yoshihiko Hakamada as Yuzuru Kuzumi
Miwako Kakei as Ruri Sakuragi
Yoji Tanaka as Keisuke Ukita
Jin Katagiri as Atsushi Fujii
as Jun Nishimura
as Asao Hosokawa
as Sลichi Enomoto
as detective Masato Kamiya
Sarutoki Minagawa as detective Yลji Mizuki
References
External links
Detective television series
Television shows about death
Television series about families
Yasushi Akimoto
2019 Japanese television series debuts
Japanese drama television series
Nippon TV dramas |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%82%AC%EB%A5%B4%20%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%ED%8B%B4 | ์ธ์ฌ๋ฅด ๋ง๋ฅดํด | ์ธ์ฌ๋ฅด ๋ง๋ฅดํด ๋น์ผ๋ฅด(, 1977๋
4์ 3์ผ, ์์คํฌ๋ฆฌ์์ค ์ง๋ฐฉ ์ค๋น์๋ ~)๋ ์ค์ฌ์ ํํ ์ธ์ฌ๋ฅด()๋ก ์๋ ค์ง ์คํ์ธ์ ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๋ก, ํ์ญ ์์ ์ค์ ์๋น์๋ก ํ์ฝํ์๋ค.
13 ์์ฆ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ, ๊ทธ๋ 200๋ฒ์ ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋๋ฐ, ์ฃผ๋ก ์ค๋น์๋์ ๋ฐํฌ๋ฅดํฐ๋ณด ์์์ผ๋ก ํ์ฝํ๊ณ , ์ดํ 6๊ฐ์ ๋์ ์๊ธ๋๋์ ๋ณผํด ์๋๋ฌ์ค์์ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
์คํ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ผ์์ผ๋ก 5๋
ํ์ฝํ ์ ์ด ์๋ ์ธ์ฌ๋ฅด๋ UEFA ์ ๋ก 2004์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์๋ค.
ํด๋ฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
์ค๋น์๋ ์ถ์ ์ธ ์ธ์ฌ๋ฅด๋ 1994๋
์ธ๊ทผ์ ์ค๋น์๋์์ ํ๋ก ๋ฌด๋์ ์ฒซ ๋ฐ์ ๋๋ ๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์ฒซ ์์ฆ์ ๊ทธ๋ 17๋ฒ์ ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํด ์์คํฌ๋ฆฌ์์ค ์ง๋ฐฉ ์ฐ๊ณ ์ ๊ตฌ๋จ์ ๋์์ ์ฃผ์๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ ํฌ๋ก์ํฐ์ ์ถ์ ์ ๋์ฝ๋ผ ์๋ฅด์นธ๊ณผ ์๋น์ง์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ฅํ์ฌ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 9์์ ์ผ์กฐํ๋ค.
1998-99 ์์ฆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์์ 31๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํด 4๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ์ค๋น์๋์ ์ฃผ์ถ ์ ์๋ก ๋งนํ์ฝํ ์ธ์ฌ๋ฅด๋ ๋ฐํฌ๋ฅดํฐ๋ณด๋ก ๋๋ต โฌ17M์ ๊ธ์ก์ ์ด์ ํ์๋ค. ๊ฐ๋ฆฌ์์ ์ฐ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋จ ์์์ผ๋ก, ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ ๋ฒ, ์ฝํ ๋ธ ๋ ์ด ํ ๋ฒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ํ๋ฅด์ฝํ ๋ฐ ์์คํ๋ ํ ๋ฒ์ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ง๋ง, ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก 7๋
์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์์ฃผ ์ถ์ ํ์ง๋ ๋ชปํ๋ค. (๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ด ์ถ์ ํ ์์ฆ์ด 2002-03 ์์ฆ์ผ๋ก 20๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ค.)
ํธ์ํจ ์นดํ๋ก์ค๊ฐ ๋ฐํฌ๋ฅดํฐ๋ณด ์งํ๋ด์ ์ก์ผ๋ฉด์ ์ธ์ฌ๋ฅด๋ ์
์ง๋ฅผ ์๊ฒ ๋์๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 2006๋
7์ 18์ผ์ ๋ ๋ฐํ
๋ก ์ด์ ํ์๋ค. ์๋ก ๋ฅ์ง๋ฅผ ํผ ๊ณณ์๋ ์ผ์ด ์ ํต์น ์์๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ํ๋ฅผ ํตํ์ด 5๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถ์ ํ๋๋ฐ ๊ทธ์ณค๊ณ , ์ฌ์ง์ด 0-3์ผ๋ก ์ง ์ํ๋ ํฐ์ฝ ๋ง๋๋ฆฌ๋์์ ์๋ฐฉ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ ํด์ฅ๊น์ง ๋นํ๋ค. 2007๋
1์ 31์ผ, ๊ทธ๋ ์ํธ ๊ณ์ฝ ํด์ง๋ก ๊ตฌ๋จ์ ๋ ๋๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
2007๋
2์, ์ธ์ฌ๋ฅด๋ ๋ณผํด ์๋๋ฌ์ค์ ๋จ๊ธฐ ๊ณ์ฝ์ผ๋ก ์์ฆ ๋ง๊น์ง ๊ณ์ฝํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ 2-2๋ก ๋น๊ธด ์ฒผ์์์ 2์ 28์ผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ก, ๊ทธ๋ ์ถ๊ฐ ์๊ฐ์ ๋์ฝ๋ผ ์๋ฌ์นด์ ๊ต์ฒด๋ก ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ค. 5์ 18์ผ, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ์ป์ง ๋ชปํ๋ฉด์, ์๋ฏธ ๋ฆฌ ์ ์ ๋ณผํด ๊ฐ๋
์ด ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฐ์ฅํ์ง ์์ ๊ฒ์์ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ์ ๊ตฌ๋จ์ ๋ ๋๊ฒ ๋์๊ณ , ์ดํ์ ๊ทธ์ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ๋์์ ์ธ๊ตฐ๋ค ๋๋น์์จ์ ์๋ฅด์ฟจ๋ ์ค์ ์
๋จํ๋ค.
2009-10 ์์ฆ, ๋
ธ๋ จํ ์ธ์ฌ๋ฅด๋ 2๋ถ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ํ์ ์ด์ด๋๊ฐ๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ ์นด์คํ
์๊ณผ 2+1๋
๊ณ์ฝ์ ํฉ์ํ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋, ๋ฐ๋ ์์ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๊ตฌ๋จ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฑ๋๋ฉด์, 33์ธ์ ์ธ์ฌ๋ฅด๋ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐฉ์ถ๋์๊ณ , ์ผ๋ง ํ ์ํดํ์๋ค.
2015๋
์ฌ๋ฆ, ์ธ์ฌ๋ฅด๋ ์ค๋น์๋๋ก ๋์๊ฐ ํ์ ์
๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
์ธ์ฌ๋ฅด๋ 1999๋
8์ 18์ผ, ์คํ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ฒ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ 2-1๋ก ์ด๊ธด ํด๋๋์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด์ค๋ฐ ์์ ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 90๋ถ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฐ์ด 2-1 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ฒ์ ์ถ์ ํ UEFA ์ ๋ก 2000 ์์ ์ ๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 2๊ณจ์ ์ง์ด๋ฃ์๋๋ฐ, ๋ชจ๋ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ก ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
์ธ์ฌ๋ฅด๋ UEFA ์ ๋ก 2004 ๋ณธ์ ์ ์๋จ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ์ผ๋, ์ถ์ ํ ๊ธฐํ๋ ์์๋ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ ์ด๋
์ ๊ธฐ๋์ฃผ๋ก ๊ผฝํ์ง๋ง, ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์์ ํฐ ๋๊ฐ์ ๋ํ๋ด์ง ๋ชปํ๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ ๋ถ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋๋ถ์ด ์นด๋ฅผ๋ ์ค ํธ์์ด๋ ํ๋ธ๋ก ์ด๋ฐ๋
์ค ๋ฑ์ ์์ํ ์ ์๊ฐ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ฉฐ ์
์ง๊ฐ ์ฝํด์ก๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ธ ์๋๋ผ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 1๊ณจ์ ์ถ๊ฐํ๋๋ฐ, ์คํ์ธ์ ์ด ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 4-0์ผ๋ก ์ด๊ฒผ๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ก
์์
ํด๋ฝ
๋ฐํฌ๋ฅดํฐ๋ณด
๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ: 1999โ2000
์ฝํ ๋ธ ๋ ์ด: 2001โ02
์ํ๋ฅด์ฝํ ๋ฐ ์์คํ๋: 2002
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ
์คํ์ธ U-18
UEFA U-18 ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ: 1995
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
Spain stats at Eu-Football
1977๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
์ค๋น์๋ ์ถ์ ์คํฌ์ธ ์ธ
์คํ์ธ์ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์์คํฌ๋ฆฌ์์ค์ฃผ ์ถ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์๋น์
๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ธ๊ตฐ๋ค ๋๋น์์จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ธ๊ตฐ๋ค ๋๋น์์จ B์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ ์ ์ค๋น์๋ ๋ฒ ํฌ์คํ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ ์ ์ค๋น์๋์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ฐํฌ๋ฅดํฐ๋ณด ๋ผ์ฝ๋ฃจ๋์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ ๋ฐํ
UD์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์๋ฅด์ฟจ๋ ์ค CF์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
CD ์นด์คํ
์์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ณผํด ์๋๋ฌ์ค์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์คํ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ฒญ์๋
์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
์คํ์ธ ๋จ์ U-21 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
์คํ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
UEFA ์ ๋ก 2004 ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
์คํ์ธ์ ํด์ธ ์ง์ถ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์คํ์ธ์ ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ง์ถ ์คํฌ์ธ ์ ์
์คํ์ธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
์๊ธ๋๋์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ์คํ์ธ์ธ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar%20Mart%C3%ADn | Cรฉsar Martรญn | Cรฉsar Martรญn Villar (born 3 April 1977) is a Spanish retired professional footballer who played as a central defender.
Over the course of 13 seasons he appeared in 200 La Liga games, mostly in representation of Oviedo and Deportivo, after which he had a six-month spell in England with Bolton.
A Spanish international during five years, Cรฉsar appeared in Euro 2004.
Club career
Born in Oviedo, Cรฉsar started his professional career in 1994 playing for local Real Oviedo. In his debut season he helped with 17 La Liga matches as the Asturias side, which also featured Croatian Nikola Jerkan in the defensive sector, finished ninth.
After being instrumental in Oviedo's 1998โ99 league campaign by playing 31 games and scoring four goals, Cรฉsar moved to Deportivo de La Coruรฑa for approximately โฌ7 million. With the Galicians he won one league, one Copa del Rey and two Supercopa de Espaรฑa trophies, but appeared sparingly during his seven-year stay (maximum 20 matches in 2002โ03) mainly due to injuries.
Cรฉsar fell out of favour when Joaquรญn Caparrรณs took over as manager of Deportivo, and eventually moved to Levante UD on 18 July 2006. Things did not improve at his new team where he only played five times all competitions comprised, also getting sent off in a 3โ0 league home loss to Atlรฉtico Madrid; on 31 January 2007, he cancelled his contract by mutual consent.
Cรฉsar joined Bolton Wanderers on a short-term contract until the end of the season, in February 2007. He made his Premier League debut as an injury-time substitute for Nicolas Anelka on 28 April, in a 2โ2 draw against Chelsea; on 18 May, after failing to feature in any more matches, it was revealed that he would leave the club after the new manager Sammy Lee decided not to extend his contract, and he subsequently returned to his homeland, signing with Hรฉrcules CF in Segunda Divisiรณn.
For the 2009โ10 campaign, veteran Cรฉsar continued in the second level, agreeing to a 2+1 contract with CD Castellรณn. However, after the Valencian Community team's relegation, the 33-year-old was one of the many players released from contract, retiring shortly afterwards.
Cรฉsar returned to Oviedo in summer 2015, in directorial capacities.
International career
Cรฉsar made his first appearance for Spain on 18 August 1999, playing the entire 2โ1 friendly win over Poland in Warsaw. He scored twice in his first two caps, both in UEFA Euro 2000 qualifiers and both through headers.
Cรฉsar was included in the Euro 2004 squad, but did not play. Despite showing early promise, his international career never fully took off, mostly because of injury troubles and the emergence of players like Carles Puyol and Pablo Ibรกรฑez; he also found the net in his last match, a 4โ0 friendly victory with Andorra in the week prior to the continental competition.
International goals
Scores and results list Spain's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Martรญn goal.
Honours
Deportivo
La Liga: 1999โ2000
Copa del Rey: 2001โ02
Supercopa de Espaรฑa: 2002
Spain U18
UEFA European Under-18 Championship: 1995
References
External links
1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Oviedo
Spanish men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Spain men's international footballers
Spain men's youth international footballers
Spain men's under-21 international footballers
UEFA Euro 2004 players
La Liga players
Segunda Divisiรณn players
Segunda Divisiรณn B players
Real Oviedo Vetusta players
Real Oviedo players
Deportivo de La Coruรฑa players
Levante UD footballers
Hรฉrcules CF players
CD Castellรณn footballers
Premier League players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Spanish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in England
Spanish football managers
Real Oviedo non-playing staff |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%A1%9C%20%ED%86%A0%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4 | ์ฟ ๋ก ํ ๋ ์ค | ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ ๋ฐ ์๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ค "์ฟ ๋ก" ํ ๋ ์ค ๋ฃจ์ด์ค(, 1976๋
12์ 27์ผ, ๋
ธ๋ฅดํธ๋ผ์ธ๋ฒ ์คํธํ๋ ์ฃผ ์๋ ~)๋ ์คํ์ธ์ ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๋ก ์ ์ ์์ ์ฐ์ธก ์๋น์๋ก ํ์ฝํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ์ฌ ๊ฐ๋
์ด๋ค.
ํ์ญ ์์ , ๊ทธ๋ ์ ์ฐจ๋ก ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋
์ ๋ณด๋๋๋ฐ, ์ฃผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ ์์์์ ํ์ฝํ๋ฉฐ 2์ฐจ๋ก ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ฑฐ๋์๊ณ , (๋ฐ๋ ์์ 1๊ตฐ ์์์ผ๋ก 119๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถ์ ํด 1๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์๋ค) 2004๋
UEFA์ปต ์ฐ์น๋ ๊ฑฐ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์คํ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ๋ก 2002๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์๋ค.
ํ ๋ ์ค๋ 2014๋
์ ๊ฐ๋
์ผ์ ์
๋ฌธํ์ฌ, 3๋
๋์ ๋ฐ๋ ์์ B๋ฅผ ์งํํ๋ค.
์ ๋
์์
ํ ๋ ์ค๋ ์๋
๋
ธ๋ฅดํธ๋ผ์ธ๋ฒ ์คํธํ๋ ์ฃผ ์๋ ์ถ์ ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ๋ถ๋ชจ๋ ๊ทธ๋ผ๋๋ค ์ฌ๋์ผ๋ก, ์ทจ์
์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋
์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฏผํ๋ค.
์ฟ ๋ก ํ ๋ ์ค๊ฐ ์์ง ์ ์์์์ ๋น์, ๊ทธ์ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ์คํ์ธ์ ๋ณต๊ทํด ์นดํ๋ฃจ๋์ ์ ์ฐฉํ๋ค.
ํด๋ฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
๋ฐ๋ ์์
ํ ๋ ์ค๊ฐ ํ์ญ ๋ฐ๋ทํ ๊ณณ์ ๊ทธ๋ผ๋ฉ๋คํธ๋ก, 1997๋
์ ๋ฐ๋ ์์๋ก ๋ฅ์ง๋ฅผ ์ฎ๊ฒผ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 2์์ฆ ๋์ 2๊ตฐ ์์์ผ๋ก ํ์ฝํ๋ค๊ฐ ๋ ํฌ๋ ์ํฐ๋ณด์ ํ
๋ค๋ฆฌํ๋ก ์ดํ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1๋
์ฉ 2๋
์๋ ์ํ์ ๋ณด๋๋ค. ํ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ฏธ์คํ, ๋ฃจ์ด์ค ๊ฐ๋ฅด์์์ ํจ๊ป ๋ผํ์ ๋ฒ ๋ํ
์ค์ ์ง๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์นด๋๋ฆฌ์ ์ ๋ ์ฐ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋จ์ ์ฃผ์ถ ์ ์๋ก ํ์ฝํ์๊ณ , ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์น๊ฒฉ์ ์ฃผ์ญ์ด ๋์๋ค.
ํ ๋ ์ค๋ ์ดํ ๋ฐ๋ ์์์ ๋ณต๊ทํ์ฌ ๋๋ค์ ๋ฒ ๋ํ
์ค์ ์ง๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋์๋๋ฐ, ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ๋ฅผ 2์ฐจ๋ก์ 2003-04๋
UEFA์ปต์ ์ฐ์นํ ์ฃผ์ญ์ด ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋, 2005๋
์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก, ๊ทธ๋ ์์ฃผ ๋ถ์์ ๋นํ์ฌ ํ์ฝ์ ์ฐจ์ง์ ๋น์๊ณ , 2006-07 ์์ฆ์ ์๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์๋
ธ ๋ชจ๋ ํฐ๊ฐ ๋ณธ์ ์๋๊ฒ ๋น ์ง๋ฉด์ ์ข์ธก ์๋น์๋ก 17๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถ์ ํ๋ค.
2007-08 ์์ฆ, ํ ๋ ์ค๋ 1๋ถ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์น๊ฒฉ ์๋ด๊ธฐ ๋ฌด๋ฅด์์๋ก ์๋๋์๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ์ ๊ณ ์ง์ ์ธ ๋ถ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๋ฉด์ผ๋ก ๋ ์ค๋ฅด๋ฉด์ 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถ์ฅ์ ๊ทธ์ณค๋ค.
๋ฌด๋ฅด์์์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ ์์์ ๋ณต๊ทํ ํ ๋ ์ค๋ 2008-09 ์์ฆ์ ๋ฏธ๋ํ๋์ธ ํท๋นํ์ค ๋ง๋ค๋ก๊ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ฒ์ ํ๋ณด๋ก ๊ธฐ์ฉ๋๋ฉด์ UEFA์ปต 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถ์ ํ๋๋ฐ ๊ทธ์ณค๊ณ , 2009๋
6์์ ๋์ง(Che)๋ฅผ ๋ ๋๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
๋ง๋
2009๋
7์ 27์ผ, ํ ๋ ์ค๋ ์ธ๊ตฐ๋ค ๋๋น์์จ์ ์ง๋์คํฑ์ ์
๋จํ์์ผ๋, 2009-10 ์์ฆ์ ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ(๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ฝํ ๋ธ ๋ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ ํฌํจํ์ฌ)๋ ์ถ์ ํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ , ๋์คํฑ(Nร stic)์ 18์๋ก ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ณค๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ค์ ์์ฆ 1์, ๊ตฌ๋จ์ด ๋ณด๋ฅดํ ๋น๊ฒ๋ผ์ ์๋ ์ค ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ฐํฐ๋จ์ค๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก ์์
ํ๋ฉด์, 34์ธ ์ฟ ๋ก ํ ๋ ์ค์ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ํด์ง๋์๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ
๋ฐ๋ ์์์์์ ๊พธ์คํ ํ์ฝ์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก, ํ ๋ ์ค๋ 2001๋
11์ 14์ผ์ ์ฐ์๋ฐ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฉ์์ฝ์์ ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์คํ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ ๊ณ , 2002๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต์ ์คํ์ธ ์ ์๋จ ์ผ์์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ๊ฐํด ๋จ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ๊ณผ์ ์กฐ๋ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์๋ค.
๊ฐ๋
๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
2014๋
4์ 7์ผ, ํ ๋ ์ค๋ ๊ฑฐ์ 5๋
๋ง์ ๋ฐ๋ ์์๋ก ๋ณต๊ทํด ์ธ๊ตฐ๋ค ๋๋น์์จ B์ 2๊ตฐ ๊ฐ๋
์ผ๋ก ์ทจ์ํ๋ค. 2017๋
, ๊ทธ๋ ์์ ๊ตฌ๋จ์ ํ๋ ์ด์คํ์ ๊น์ง ๋๊ณ ๊ฐ์ง๋ง, ์๋ฐ์ธํ
์ ํจํด ํ๋ฝํ๋ค.
2017๋
7์ 2์ผ, ํ ๋ ์ค๋ ๋ก๋ฅด์นด์ ๊ฐ๋
์ผ๋ก ์ทจ์ํ๋ค. 12์ 17์ผ, ๋ก๋ฅด์นด๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฑ๊ถ์ผ๋ก ์ฒ์ง๋ฉด์, ๊ทธ๋ ํด์๋์๋ค.
ํ ๋ ์ค๋ 2018๋
9์ 20์ผ์ ํฌ๋ก์ํฐ์ 1๋ถ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ด์คํธ๋ผ 1961์ ๊ฐ๋
์ด ๋์์ง๋ง, ์ทจ์ 1๋ฌ ๋ง์ ๊ตฌ๋จ์ ๋ ๋ฌ๋ค.
11์ 19์ผ, ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ง๋ ํธ์ธ ๋ผ๋ชฌ ์ฐ๋๋ฐ์ ์ด์ด ์ฝ๋ฅด๋๋ฐ์ ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ด ๋์์ง๋ง, 2019๋
2์ 25์ผ์ ๋น์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก 2๋ถ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ๋จ๋ค ์ค ์ต์ ์ธ ์น์ 10์ ์ ํ๋ํ๋ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์ณ ํด์๋์๋ค.
2019๋
12์ 27์ผ, ํ ๋ ์ค๋ ํด์๋ ์๋ก์ด ํ๋ฉ๋ค์ค๋ฅผ ๋์ ํ์ฌ 2๋ถ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ๋ฃจ๊ณ ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ด ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 6๋ฌ ํ, ์์ ๊ตฌ๋จ์ด ๋ค์์ 2์์ ์ฒ์ฐธํ ์ฑ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ ์์ค์ ๊ฒฝ์ง๋นํ๋ค.
๊ฐ๋
ํต๊ณ
2020๋
6์ 28์ผ ๊ธฐ์ค
์์
๋ฐ๋ ์์
๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ: 2001โ02, 2003โ04
์ฝํ ๋ธ ๋ ์ด: 1998โ99
UEFA์ปต: 2003โ04
UEFA ์ํผ์ปต: 2004
UEFA ์ธํฐํ ํ ์ปต: 1998
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
ํด์ธ ์ถ์ ์คํ์ธ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์ ๋ชฉ๋ก
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
CiberChe ๋ฐ์ด์ค๊ทธ๋ํผ ๋ฐ ํต๊ณ
Eu-Football ์คํ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ํต๊ณ
1976๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
์๋ ์ถ์
์คํ์ธ๊ณ ๋
์ผ์ธ
๋
ธ๋ฅดํธ๋ผ์ธ๋ฒ ์คํธํ๋ ์ฃผ ์ถ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์คํ์ธ์ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์นดํ๋ฃจ๋ ์ถ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์๋น์
๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ธ๊ตฐ๋ค ๋๋น์์จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ธ๊ตฐ๋ค ๋๋น์์จ B์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
CF ๋ด์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
UDA ๊ทธ๋ผ๋ฉ๋คํธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ฐ๋ ์์ CF ๋ฉ์คํ์ผ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ฐ๋ ์์ CF์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ ํฌ๋ ์ํฐ๋ณด ์ฐ์๋ฐ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
CD ํ
๋ค๋ฆฌํ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ ์ ๋ฌด๋ฅด์์์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ง๋์คํฑ ๋ฐ ํ๋ผ๊ณ ๋์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์คํ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
2002๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
์นดํ๋ฃจ๋ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
์คํ์ธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
์ธ๊ตฐ๋ค ๋๋น์์จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
์ธ๊ตฐ๋ค ๋๋น์์จ B์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
๋ก๋ฅด์นด FC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
์ฝ๋ฅด๋๋ฐ CF์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
NK ์ด์คํธ๋ผ 1961์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
CD ๋ฃจ๊ณ ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
์คํ์ธ์ ํด์ธ ์ง์ถ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
ํฌ๋ก์ํฐ์์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
ํฌ๋ก์ํฐ์์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ์คํ์ธ์ธ
ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๋ผ ํ๋ฐ๋ผ์์จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
ํ๋ฅด๋ฐ HNL์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curro%20Torres | Curro Torres | Cristรณbal Emilio "Curro" Torres Ruiz (born 27 December 1976) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a right-back, currently manager of Estonian club FCI Levadia Tallinn.
In his professional career, whose later years were blighted by several injuries, he represented mainly Valencia, helping the team to two La Liga championships (playing 119 matches at that level over eight seasons and scoring once) and the 2004 UEFA Cup. He appeared for Spain at the 2002 World Cup.
Torres started working as a manager in 2014, spending three years at Valencia B. He also led three teams in the Segunda Divisiรณn and worked in the top leagues of Croatia and Estonia.
Early life
Torres was born in Ahlen, North Rhine-Westphalia, West Germany. His parents hailed from Granada, and emigrated to Germany for employment. When their son was still an infant they moved back to Spain, settling in Catalonia.
Playing career
Club
Torres began his career with UDA Gramenet before joining Valencia CF in 1997. He was a regular with the B team for two seasons, being loaned out to Recreativo de Huelva and CD Tenerife the next two years. In the latter, alongside Mista and Luis Garcรญa, he was a key member of the Canary Islands club โ coached by Rafael Benรญtezโ that won promotion to La Liga.
Torres then returned to Valencia, where he proceeded to become a key member in the sides that won the national league twice and the 2003โ04 UEFA Cup, again under Benรญtez. From early 2005 onwards, however, he would be severely hindered by injuries, although he appeared in 17 games in the 2006โ07 campaign, mainly as a left-back due to Emiliano Moretti's forced absence.
For 2007โ08, Torres was loaned to top-flight newcomers Real Murcia, where his physical problems resurfaced (two league appearances). Upon their relegation he returned to Valencia, being restricted to two UEFA Cup matches during the season, with even midfielder Hedwiges Maduro being preferred as Miguel's backup; he left the Che in June 2009.
On 27 July 2009, Torres moved to Gimnร stic de Tarragona of Segunda Divisiรณn, playing no minutes whatsoever in the season (league or cup) as Nร stic finished in 18th position. In January of the following year, after the loan acquisitions of Borja Viguera and รlex Bergantiรฑos by the club, the 34-year-old's contract was cancelled.
International
Courtesy of solid performances whilst at Valencia, Torres made his debut for Spain on 14 November 2001 in a friendly with Mexico in Huelva (1โ0 win), and was a member of the 2002 FIFA World Cup squad, where he appeared against South Africa in the group stage.
Coaching career
On 7 April 2014, Torres returned to Valencia after nearly five years, being appointed manager of the reserves in the Segunda Divisiรณn B. In 2017 he took them to the final round of the play-offs, being knocked out by Albacete Balompiรฉ.
On 2 July 2017, Torres was named Lorca FC manager. On 17 December, with the side in the relegation zone, he was sacked.
Torres was appointed at NK Istra 1961 from the Croatian First Football League on 20 September 2018, but left the club after only one month in charge. On 19 November he replaced the fired Josรฉ Ramรณn Sandoval at the helm of Cรณrdoba CF, and was dismissed on 25 February 2019 having earned fewer points (ten) than any other second division team during that period.
On 27 December 2019, Torres was named manager of second-tier CD Lugo after the sacking of Eloy Jimรฉnez. He was himself relieved of his duties six months later, with the team second-bottom.
Torres replaced the sacked Ramรณn Gonzรกlez at Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa in the new Primera Federaciรณn on 12 December 2021. Having missed the playoffs in 12th, his contract was not renewed past June.
On 11 November 2022, Torres signed a two-year deal at FCI Levadia Tallinn of the Estonian Meistriliiga. On his debut the following 5 March, the season began with a goalless home draw against Pรคrnu JK Vaprus.
Managerial statistics
Honours
Valencia
La Liga: 2001โ02, 2003โ04
Copa del Rey: 1998โ99
UEFA Cup: 2003โ04
UEFA Super Cup: 2004
UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1998
See also
List of Spain international footballers born outside Spain
References
External links
CiberChe biography and stats
1976 births
Living people
People from Ahlen
People of Andalusian descent
German people of Spanish descent
Citizens of Spain through descent
Spanish men's footballers
Footballers from Catalonia
Footballers from Mรผnster (region)
Men's association football defenders
La Liga players
Segunda Divisiรณn players
Segunda Divisiรณn B players
CF Damm players
UDA Gramenet footballers
Valencia CF Mestalla footballers
Valencia CF players
Recreativo de Huelva players
CD Tenerife players
Real Murcia CF players
Gimnร stic de Tarragona footballers
UEFA Cup winning players
Spain men's international footballers
2002 FIFA World Cup players
Catalonia men's international footballers
Spanish football managers
Segunda Divisiรณn managers
Segunda Divisiรณn B managers
Primera Federaciรณn managers
Valencia CF Mestalla managers
Lorca FC managers
Cรณrdoba CF managers
CD Lugo managers
Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa managers
Croatian Football League managers
NK Istra 1961 managers
FCI Levadia Tallinn managers
Spanish expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in Croatia
Expatriate football managers in Estonia
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Croatia
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Estonia |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B4%EA%B0%95%ED%95%98%EA%B3%A0%20%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EC%A0%81%EC%9D%B8%20%EC%B5%9C%EC%A0%80%ED%95%9C%EB%8F%84%EC%9D%98%20%EC%83%9D%ED%99%9C | ๊ฑด๊ฐํ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ธ ์ต์ ํ๋์ ์ํ | ใ๊ฑด๊ฐํ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ธ ์ต์ ํ๋์ ์ํใ์ ์นด์์๊ธฐ ํ๋ฃจ์ฝ์ ๋งํ๊ฐ ์์์ผ๋ก, ใ๋น
์ฝ๋ฏน ์คํผ๋ฆฌ์ธ ใ(์ผ๊ฐ์ฟ ์นธ)์์, 2014๋
18ํธ๋ถํฐ ์ฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์์ํ์๋ค. ์ฐ์๋๋ผ๋ง๋ก ์ ์๋ ์ดํ ํ๋งค๋ถ์๊ฐ ์ด 6๊ถ 70๋ง ๋ถ ์ด์์ด ํ๋งค๋์๋ค. ๋๋ผ๋ง ๊ณต์ ์ฝ์นญ์ ์ผ์นด์ธ ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฐ๋ค.
๊ฐ์
๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋์ ์ธ์์ ๋ํด, ์ต๊ทผ ์ง์ฌ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐํด ๋ณธ ์ ์์ต๋๊น?
๋ด๊ฐ ์๊ฐํ๋ ์์ ์ด๋ ์ด๋์ ๊ฐ๋ฒ๋ฆฐ ๊ฑธ๊น์?
๋๋ ์ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋์ ์ธ์์ ๊ด์ฌํด์ ๋๊ตฐ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณํ์ํฌ ๋งํ ์ฌ๋์ด ์๋๋๋ค.
์ด๋ฐ ์ ๋ผ๋ ๋ฌด์ธ๊ฐ ํด์ค ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ ์์๊น์?
๋๊ตฐ๊ฐ์ ์ธ์์ ๊ด์ฌํด ๋ ์ข์ ์ถ์ ๋๋ฆด ์ ์๋๋ก,
์ ์ธ ์ผ์ด์ค์์ปค์ ์ฑ์ฅ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์์๋๋ค.
"๋ชจ๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ๊ฑด๊ฐํ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ธ ์ต์ ํ๋์ ์ํ์ ๋๋ฆด ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๋ค!"
ํด๋น ์บ์นํ๋์ด์ฆ๋ฅผ ๋ด๊ฑธ๊ณ ์์ํ ์ด ๋๋ผ๋ง์ ์์์ ์นด์์๊ธฐ ํ๋ฃจ์ฝ๊ฐ ๋๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ชฉ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ํ ๋งํ์ด๋ค.
๋งํ๋ "์ด ๋งํ๊ฐ ๋๋จํด! 2015"์์ 10์ ์์ ๋๋ ๋ฑ ๋๋ผ์ด ์ฑ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๊ณ
๋
์๋ค ์ฌ์ด์์๋ ์ํ๋ณดํธ๋ผ๋ ์ฃผ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ฆฌ์ผํ๊ฒ ์ ํ์ด๋๋ค๋ ํ์ด ์์ํ๋ค.
๋ฑ์ฅ์ธ๋ฌผ
ํ๊ฐ์๊ตฌ์ฒญ ์ํ๊ณผ ์ง์
์์์ธ ๋ค ์๋ฏธ๋ฃจ (22์ธ) | ็พฉ็ตใใฟใ
๋ฐฐ์ฐ : ์์์ค์นด ๋ฆฌํธ
์์น : 22์ด์ ์ ์
๊ณต๋ฌด์
์ฑ๊ฒฉ : ์ ์ด ๋ง๊ณ ์์งํ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ.
ํน์ด์
์๋ ๊ฟ์ธ ์ํ๊ฐ๋
์ ํฌ๊ธฐํ๊ณ ์์ ์ ์ธ ์ถ์ ์ํ์ฌ ๊ณต๋ฌด์์ด ๋ ํ๋ฒํ ์ฌ์
์ํ๋ณดํธ ๋์์๋ค์๊ฒ ๊น์ด ๊ฐ์ ์ด์
ํ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์ต์ด ๊ทธ๋ค์๊ฒ ์์์ด ๋์ด ์ค๋ค.
ํ๋ค ์ํค๋
ธ๋ถ (45์ธ) | ๅ็ฐๆไผธ
๋ฐฐ์ฐ : ์ด์ฐ๋ผ ์๋ผํ
์์น : ์๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์ ์ง๋ ๋ด๋น
์ฑ๊ฒฉ : ๋ถ๋๋ฝ๊ณ ๋ชจ๋๋ฅผ ํฌ์ฉํ๋ ์ฌ๋, ๋๋ก๋ ์ข
์ก์ ์ ์๋ ๋
ํนํ ๋ฉด์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์
ํน์ด์
์ํ๋ณด์ฅ ํ์ฅ์์ ๋ค๋
๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝํ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ ๋ฐฐ
ํ๋กํ์
๋ํ ์ผ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ก ์ฃผ์์ ์์ง๊ฐ ๋๋ ์กด์ฌ
๊ต๊ณ ์ฟ ๋ค์ดํค (35์ธ) | ไบฌๆฅตๅคง่ผ
๋ฐฐ์ฐ : ๋ค๋์นด ์ผ์ด
์์น : ํ์คํ ๊ณ์ฅ
์ฑ๊ฒฉ : ์ด์์ ์ด๊ณ ํ์ค์ฃผ์์ ์ธ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ
ํน์ด์
๋์ ๋ํด ์๊ฒฉํ ์ง๋๋ฅผ ํ๋ ๊ณ์ฅ
์ํ๋ณดํธ ๋์์์๊ฒ ๊ณผํ ์ ๋๋ก ๊ฐ์ ์ด์
ํ๋ ์๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ณค๋ํ ์ํฉ์ ์ฒํ๊ธฐ๋ ํจ
ํ๋ค์๋ ์ ๋ฐ๋ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ์ฌํ์ ํน๋
ํจ์ ์๋ ค์ฃผ๋ ์์ฌ
์ฟ ๋ฆฌํ์ ์น๋ (22์ธ) | ๆ ๆฉๅๅฅ
๋ฐฐ์ฐ : ์นด์์์ด ๋ฆฌ๋
์์น : ์๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์ ๋๊ธฐ & ์ํ๊ณผ์ ์ผ์๊ณต์ฃผ
์ฑ๊ฒฉ : ์ปค๋ฎค๋์ผ์ด์
์ ์์ง์ด ์์ด ์ฐจ๊ฐ๋ค๋ ์ธ์์ ๋ณด์ผ ๋๊ฐ ๋ง์
ํน์ด์
์๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์ ์
์ฌ๋๊ธฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ณต์ง์ ๋ฌธ์ง์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์ฉ๋ ์๋ฆฌํธ์ฝ์ค
๋ฌด์งํ์ง๋ง ์ด์ ๋ง ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ๋ค๋น๋ ์๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ คํ์ง๋ง ์์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ถ๋ฌ์ ํ๊ณ ์์
์์น์ฃ ๋ฅ์ด์น (22์ธ) | ไธๆก็ซไธ
๋ฐฐ์ฐ : ์ผ๋ง๋ค ์ ํค(ๅฑฑ็ฐ่ฃ่ฒด)
์์น : ์๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์ ์
์ฌ๋๊ธฐ
์ฑ๊ฒฉ : ๋ชจ๋ ์ผ์ ํ์คํ ๋งํ๋ ํ์
์ธ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ๋๋ก๋ ์๋ง์๊ฒ ์์งํ๋ ๋ง๋ง๋ณด์ด ๊ฐ์ ๋ฉด์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์
ํน์ด์
์๋ง๊ฐ ํ๋ก ์์ ์ ํค์๋๊ธฐ์ ์๋ง์๊ฒ ์์กดํ๋ ๋ฉด์ด ๋์
ํ์์ ์์ ์ ์ํด ํ์ ํ ์ด๋จธ๋๋ฅผ ๋ด์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ผํ๋ ์๋ ์์๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ฐจ ์์
๊ณ ํ ์ค ๋ค์ด๋ชฌ (22์ธ) | ๅพ่คๅคง้
๋ฐฐ์ฐ : ์ฝ์กฐ๋
ธ ๋ฃ(ๅฐๅๅๅคฎ)
์์น : ์๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์ ์
์ฌ๋๊ธฐ
ํน์ด์ : 22๋
๋ชจํ์๋ก์ ์ ์ธ ๋ณต์ง์ฌ
๋ชจ๋ชจํ๋ง ๋ฏธ์ผ์ฝ (22์ธ) | ๆกๆต้ฝ
๋ฐฐ์ฐ : ๋ฏธ๋์นด๋ฏธ ์ฟ์นด(ๆฐดไธไบฌ้ฆ)
์์น : ์๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์ ๋๊ธฐ
์ฑ๊ฒฉ : ์จํํ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ
ํน์ด์ : ๊ฐ์กฑ๊ด๊ณ๋ ์ ๋์ ์ด๋ผ๋ ์๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ผํด์์ง๋ง ์ผ์ ํ๋ฉด ํ ์๋ก ๊ทธ ์๊ฐ์ด ๋ฐ๋๊ฒ ๋จ
์ด์๋ฐ์ ๊ณ ๋ก (50์ธ) | ็ณๆฉไบ้
๋ฐฐ์ฐ : ์ฐ์น๋ฐ ์นด์ธ ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ(ๅ
ๅ ดๅๅ)
์์น : ์๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์ ์ ๋ฐฐ ๋ณต์ง์ฌ
์ฑ๊ฒฉ : ์จํํ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฐ์ก์ง๋ง ๋๋ก๋ ๋์ฒ ํจ
ํน์ด์
๊ฐ์ฌ์ด ์ฌํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋ฉฐ, ํญ์ ๊ฒ์ ํํ ์๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ์์
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ด๋นํ ์์ฝ์ฌ ์ค๋
์๊ธ์๊ฐ ์ฌ๋งํ ๋ค, ์๊ธ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ธ์๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ ์ด์
์ ํ์ง ์๊ฒ ๋จ
๊ธฐํ
์์ฟ ์ฌ์ ๋ง์ฌ์ค (53์ธ) | ้ฟไน
ๆฒขๆญฃ็ท
๋ฐฐ์ฐ : ์๋ ์ผ์ด์น
์์น : ์๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๊ฐ ๋ด๋นํ ์ ์ํ ๋ณดํธ ์๊ธ์
์์ค์ผ๊ธฐ ๋ง๋์นด (35์ธ) | ้ๆณๅ
๋ฐฐ์ฐ : ํ ์ฟ ๋๊ฐ ์๋ฆฌ
์์น : ์๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๊ฐ ๋จ๊ณจ์ธ ์์ค์ผ๊ธฐ ์๋น์ ์ฃผ์ธ.
์ฑ๊ฒฉ : ์
์ด ๊ฑฐ์น ์ง๋ง ๋๋ฌผ์ด ๋ง์
ํน์ด์ : ์ํ ๋ณด์ฅ๋น๋ก ์ ์ ๋ง์๋ ์๊ธ์๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ํ ๋ณด์ฅ์ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๊ณ ์์
์นดํ์ค์นด ๋ง๋ฆฌ | ็ๅฒก้บป้
๋ฐฐ์ฐ : ์๋ฒ ์ค์ฝ (้ฟ้จ็ดๅญ)
์์น : ์์ฟ ์ฌ์ ๋ง์ฌ์ค์ ๋ธ
์คํํ
์์ - ์นด์์๊ธฐ ํ๋ฃจ์ฝใ๊ฑด๊ฐํ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ธ ์ต์ ํ๋์ ์ํใ(ใ๋น
์ฝ๋ฏน์ค ์คํผ๋ฆฌ์ธ ใ(์ผ๊ฐ์ฟ ์นธ))
๊ฐ๋ณธ - ์ผ์ง๋ง ์ฝ์ด์น, ํค์๋ชจํ ์์ ์นด
์์
- fox capture plan
์ฃผ์ ๊ฐ - AAA "Tomorrow" (avex trax)
์คํ๋ - ์ผ์คํ ๋ ์ด "Sunny" (SME Records)
์ผ์ด์ค์์ปค ๊ฐ์ - ์ํ ์ํค๋ผ (์ ๊ตญ๊ณต์ ๋ถ์กฐ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๅ
จๅฝๅ
ฌ็ๆถๅฉ็ ็ฉถไผ)
๋ฒ๋ฅ ์๋ฌธ - ์์ํ๋ผ ์์ด์น๋ก
์ฐ์ถ - ๋ชจํ ํ์ ์ผ์ดํ, ์ค๋
ธ ์ฝ์ง(MMJ), ์ค์ฐ์น ํ์นดํ๋ก
ํ๋ก๋์ - ์๋ค๋ค ํ์นด์(๊ฐ์ฌ์ดTV), ํ ๋ค ์ฝ์ด์น(MMJ), ํผ๊ณ ํ์ธ ์ผ(MMJ), ํค์ ํค๋ฏธ์ฝ(MMJ๏ผ
์ ์ํ๋ ฅ - MMJ
์ ์์ - ๊ฐ์ฌ์ดTV
์์ฒญ๋ฅ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๊ฑด๊ฐํ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ธ ์ต์ ํ๋์ ์ํ ๊ณต์ํํ์ด์ง
2014๋
๋งํ
๋น
์ฝ๋ฏน ์คํผ๋ฆฌ์ธ ์ ๋งํ
2018๋
๋๋ผ๋ง
๊ฐ์ฌ์ด TV ํ์์ผ ๋ฐค 9์ ๋๋ผ๋ง
๊ฐ๋์ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ์ํ
์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋งํ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ๋๋ผ๋งํ ์ํ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenk%C5%8D%20de%20Bunkateki%20na%20Saitei%20Gendo%20no%20Seikatsu | Kenkล de Bunkateki na Saitei Gendo no Seikatsu | is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Haruko Kashiwagi. It has been serialized in Shogakukan's seinen manga magazine Weekly Big Comic Spirits since March 2014. A ten-episode television drama adaptation, known as Caseworker's Diary โ Constitutional Rights, was broadcast on Fuji TV from July to September 2018.
In 2019, the manga won the 64th Shogakukan Manga Award in the general category.
Characters
Media
Manga
Kenkล de Bunkateki na Saitei Gendo no Seikatsu, written and illustrated by Haruko Kashiwagi, started in Shogakukan's seinen manga magazine Weekly Big Comic Spirits on March 31, 2014. Shogakukan has collected its chapters into individual tankลbon volumes. The first volume was released on August 29, 2014. As of August 30, 2014, 12 volumes have been released.
Volumes
Drama
A ten-episode television drama adaptation, known in English as Caseworker's Diary โ Constitutional Rights, was broadcast on Fuji TV from July 17, to September 18, 2018. The series' opening theme is "Tomorrow", performed by AAA.
Reception
As of May 14, 2018, the Kenkล de Bunkateki na Saitei Gendo no Seikatsu manga had 500,000 copies in circulation.
The manga was one of the Jury Recommended Works at the 19th and 23rd Japan Media Arts Festival in 2015 and 2020, respectively. In 2019, the manga, along with Hibiki: Shลsetsuka ni Naru Hลhล, won the 64th Shogakukan Manga Award in the general category. It was also nominated for the 23rd Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize in 2019.
References
Further reading
External links
Fuji TV dramas
Seinen manga
Shogakukan manga
Winners of the Shogakukan Manga Award for general manga |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1 | ์ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ด์กฑ | ์ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ด์กฑ()์ ๋ถ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ํํ์ ์ฐ์ ๋ถ์๋ถ์ ๋ถํฌํ๋ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ด ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ์ด์กฑ์ด๋ค. (์ด ์ง์ญ์ ์บ๋๋ค์ ๋ธ๋ฆฌํฐ์์ปฌ๋ผ๋น์์ฃผ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์์ฑํด์ฃผ, ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฑด์ฃผ, ์์ด๋คํธ์ฃผ, ๋ชฌํ๋์ฃผ์ ํด๋นํ๋ค.) ๊ต์ฐฉ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ฑ์ ์ฑ ์์์ด ํน์ง์ ์ด๋ค. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด โ๊ทธ๋ ํ์ฐ๋ธ๋๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์์๋คโ๋ฅผ ๋ปํ๋ ๋ํ ํฌ์ด ๋จ์ด โclhpโxwlhtlhplhhskwtsโ(๋ฐ์: )๋ ์์ฑ์ ยท์์์ ๋ชจ์์ด ์์ด ์ฐ์๋๋ 13๊ฐ์ ์ฅ์ ์์ผ๋ก๋ง ๋์ด ์๋ค. ๋ธ๋ฆฌํฐ์์ปฌ๋ผ๋น์ ์ค๋ถ ํด์์ ๋ํ ํฌ์ด์ ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฑด ์ค๋ถ ํด์์ ์ฌ์ด์ธ ํธ๋ผ๋ฌต์ด๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ๋ฉด ์ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ด์กฑ์ ๋ถํฌ ์์ญ์ ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์๋์ด ์๋ค.
๋ชจ๋ ์ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ์๋ฉธ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ฒํด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ช๋ช์ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ ๋ช
๋ฐ์ ๋จ์ง ์์์ ์ ๋์ด๋ค. 21์ธ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ฐ ํ์ฌ, ํ์๊ฐ 2,000๋ช
์ด ๋๋ ์ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ์ด๋ ๊ฑฐ์ ์๋ค. ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ์ด์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ์ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ง๋ค ๋งํ๊ณ ์ ์ฐฝํ๊ฒ ๊ตฌ์ฌํ๋ ํ์๋ค์ ๋์ฒด๋ก ๋์ด๊ฐ 60์ด ์ด์์ด๋ค. ํ์๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ 80์ธ ์ด์์ธ ์ธ์ด๋ค๋ ๋ง๋ค. ์ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ก๋ง์์ ์๋ ์์๊ณผ ๋ชจ์์ด ๋ง๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์์ฑ ๊ธฐํธ๋ก ํ๊ธฐํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ฆด๋ก์ฃ์ด์ฒ๋ผ ๋ก๋ง์๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์ธ์ด๋ค๋ ์๋ค.
๋ถ๋ฅ
๋ํ ํฌ์ด
1. ๋ํ ํฌ์ด (๋ฒจ๋ผ์ฟจ๋ผ์ด)
ํด์์ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ดํ
A. ์ค์ํด์์ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ดํ (์ค์์ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ดํ)
2. ์ฝ๋ชฉ์ค์ด
3. ํ ์ฝ๋ฉ๋ ์ด
4. ๋ฃจ์์น๋์ด
5. ๋
์์ด
6. ํํ๋ผ์น์ด
7. ์์
ธํธ์ด
8. ์ค์ฟผ๋ฏธ์์ด
i. ํดํ์ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ด๊ตฐ
9. ํด๋ ๋ผ์ด
10. ๋ถ๋ถํดํ ์ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ด
11. ํธ์๋์ด
B. ์ฐจ๋ชจ์ค์ดํ (์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ์ดํ) (โ )
i. ๋ด๋ฅ์ฐจ๋ชจ์ค์ด๊ตฐ
12. ์นด์ธ๋ฆฌ์ธ ์ด (โ )
13. ์๋ฅ ์
ํค์ผ๋ฆฌ์ค์ด (โ )
ii. ํด์์ฐจ๋ชจ์ค์ด๊ตฐ
14. ํ๋ฅ ์
ํค์ผ๋ฆฌ์ค์ด (โ )
15. ํด๋ํธ์ด (โ )
C. ํธ๋ผ๋ฌต์ด (โ )
16. ํธ๋ผ๋ฌต์ด (โ )
๋ด๋ฅ์ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ดํ
A. ๋ถ๋ถ๋ด๋ฅ์ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ด๊ตฐ
17. ์์์์ด
18. ๋ฆด๋ก์ฃ์ด
19. ํฐ์จ๊ฐ ์ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ด (ํฐ์จ์ด)
B. ๋จ๋ถ๋ด๋ฅ์ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ด๊ตฐ
20. ์ปค๋๋ ์ธ์ด
21. ์ปฌ๋ผ๋น์๋ชจ์ง์ค์ด
22. ์ฝ๋น์ค์บ๋๊ฑด์ด
23. ๋ชฌํ๋ ์ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ด
๋ค๋ฅธ ์ด์กฑ๊ณผ์ ๊ด๊ณ
๋ค๋ฅธ ์ด์กฑ๊ณผ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ ์
์ฆ๋ ๋ฐ ์๋ค.
์๋์๋ ์ฌํผ์ด๋ ์ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ด์กฑ์ด ์์นด์์ด์กฑ ๋ฐ ์น๋ง์ฟฐ์ด์กฑ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ฐ์์ ๋ชจ์ฐ์ด์กฑ์ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์๋ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ์ด ๊ฐ์ค์ ์ฌ์ค์ ์ฌํผ์ด์ ๋ช
์ฑ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋จ์ ์์ ๋ฟ, ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ์ด ์ด์กฑ์ ์ฌ๊ตฌํ๋ ค๋ ์๋๋ ์์๋ค.
์ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ค, ๊ทธ ์ค์์๋ ํนํ ์
ํค์ผ๋ฆฌ์ค์ด๋ ์น๋ํฌ ์๊ณค์ ์๋ง์ ์ดํ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
Beck, David. (2000). Grammatical Convergence and the Genesis of Diversity in the Northwest Coast Sprachbund. Anthropological Linguistics 42, 147โ213.
Boas, Franz, et al. (1917). Folk-Tales of Salishan and Sahaptin Tribes. Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society, 11. Lancaster, Pa: American Folk-Lore Society.
Czaykowska-Higgins, Ewa; & Kinkade, M. Dale (Eds.). (1997). Salish Languages and Linguistics: Theoretical and Descriptive Perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. .
Davis, Henry. (2005). On the Syntax and Semantics of Negation in Salish. International Journal of American Linguistics 71.1, January 2005.
Davis, Henry. and Matthewson, Lisa. (2009). Issues in Salish Syntax and Semantics. Language and Linguistics Compass, 3: 1097โ1166. Online.
Flathead Culture Committee. (1981). Common Names of the Flathead Language. St. Ignatius, Mont: The Committee.
Jorgensen, Joseph G. (1969). Salish Language and Culture. 3. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Publications.
Kiyosawa, Kaoru; Donna B. Gerdts. (2010). Salish Applicatives. Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV.
Kroeber, Paul D. (1999). The Salish Language Family: Reconstructing Syntax. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington.
Kuipers, Aert H. (2002). Salish Etymological Dictionary. Missoula, MT: Linguistics Laboratory, University of Montana.
Liedtke, Stefan. (1995). Wakashan, Salishan and Penutian and Wider Connections Cognate Sets. Linguistic Data on Diskette Series, no. 09. Munchen: Lincom Europa.
Pilling, James Constantine. (1893). Bibliography of the Salishan Languages. Washington: G.P.O.
Pilling, James Constantine (2007). Bibliography of the Salishan Languages. Reprint by Gardners Books.
Silver, Shirley; Wick R. Miller. (1997). American Indian languages: Cultural and Social Contexts. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Salishan language hymns.
Thompson, Laurence C. (1973). The Northwest. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Linguistics in North America (pp.ย 979โ1045). Current Trends in Linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hague: Mouton.
Thompson, Laurence C. (1979). Salishan and the Northwest. In L. Campbell & M. Mithun (Eds.), The Languages of Native America: Historical and Comparative Assessment (pp.ย 692โ765). Austin: University of Texas Press.
์ด์กฑ
๊ต์ฐฉ์ด | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salishan%20languages | Salishan languages | The Salishan (also Salish) languages are a family of languages of the Pacific Northwest in North America (the Canadian province of British Columbia and the American states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Montana). They are characterised by agglutinativity and syllabic consonants. For instance the Nuxalk word clhpโxwlhtlhplhhskwtsโ (), meaning "he had had [in his possession] a bunchberry plant", has twelve obstruent consonants in a row with no phonetic or phonemic vowels.
The Salishan languages are a geographically contiguous block, with the exception of the Nuxalk (Bella Coola), in the Central Coast of British Columbia, and the extinct Tillamook language, to the south on the central coast of Oregon.
The terms Salish and Salishan are used interchangeably by linguists and anthropologists studying Salishan, but this is confusing in regular English usage. The name Salish or Selisch is the endonym of the Flathead Nation. Linguists later applied the name Salish to related languages in the Pacific Northwest. Many of the peoples do not have self-designations (autonyms) in their languages; they frequently have specific names for local dialects, as the local group was more important culturally than larger tribal relations.
All Salishan languages are considered critically endangered, some extremely so, with only three or four speakers left. Those languages considered extinct are often referred to as "sleeping languages", in that no speakers exist currently. In the early 21st century, few Salish languages have more than 2,000 speakers. Fluent, daily speakers of almost all Salishan languages are generally over sixty years of age; many languages have only speakers over eighty.
Salishan languages are most commonly written using the Americanist phonetic notation to account for the various vowels and consonants that do not exist in most modern alphabets. Many groups have evolved their own distinctive uses of the Latin alphabet, however, such as the St'at'imc.
Family division
The Salishan language family consists of twenty-three languages. Below is a list of Salishan languages, dialects, and subdialects. The genetic unity among the Salish languages is evident. Neighboring groups have communicated often, to the point that it is difficult to untangle the influence each dialect and language has upon others.
A 1969 study found that "language relationships are highest and closest among the Interior Division, whereas they are most distant among the Coast Division."
This list is a linguistic classification that may not correspond to political divisions. In contrast to classifications made by linguistic scholars, many Salishan groups consider their particular variety of speech to be a separate language rather than a dialect.
Languages or dialects with no living native speakers are marked with (โ ) at the highest level.
Reduced overview
Nuxalk
Nuxalk
Coast Salish
Central Coast Salish
Comox
Halkomelem
Lushootseed (โ )
Nooksack (โ )
Pentlatch (โ )
Sechelt
Squamish
Straits Salish group
Klallam (โ ) Northern Straits Twana (โ )
Tsamosan (โ )
Inland (โ )
Cowlitz (โ )
Upper Chehalis (โ )
Maritime (โ )
Lower Chehalis Quinault Tillamook (โ )
TillamookInterior Salish
Northern
Shuswap Lillooet Thompson River Salish Southern
Coeur dโAlene Columbia-Moses (โ )
Colville-Okanagan Montana SalishThe detailed classification follows here.
Nuxalk
A. Nuxalk (also: Bella Coola, Salmon River)
1. Kimsquit
2. Nuxalk
3. Kwatna
4. Tallheo
Coast Salish
A. Central Coast Salish (also: Central Salish)
1. Comox (Also: รyษรกษjuuthem)
Island Comox (also: สayสajusษm, Qสผรณmoxฬฃสทs, Kสผรณmoks) (โ )
Mainland Comox (also: สayajuฮธษm, Sliammon, Tla A'min)
2. Halkomelemi. Island (also: Hulสผqฬฑสผumiสผnumสผ, Hษlฬqฬษmรญnฬษmฬ)
Cowichan
Snuneymuxw and Snaw-Na-Was
Halalt
Stz'uminus (Chemainus)
Lamalcha
Malahat
Penelakut
Lyackson
Lake Cowichan
ii. Downriver (also: Hunqสผumสiสnumส)
Musqueam
Katzie
Kwantlen
Snokomish
Tsawwassen
Kwikwetlem
Tsleil-waututh
iii. Upriver (also: Upper Sto:lล, Halqสผษmรฉylษm)
Sts'Ailes
Chilliwack area bands
Tait
Skway
3. Lushootseed (also: dxสทlษลกรบcid, Puget Salish, Skagit-Nisqually) (โ )
i. Northern
Skagit (also: skaวฐษt)
Sauk-Suiattle (also: saสqสทษbixสท)
Snohomish (also: sduhubลก)
ii. Southern
Duwamish-Suquamish (also: dxสทdษwฬabลก)
Puyallup (also: pฬuyalษpabลก)
Nisqually (also: sqสทaliสabลก)
4. Nooksack (also: ลษฬฤษlษsษm, ลษฬฤรฆlosษm) (โ )
5. Pentlatch (also: Pษnฦฬรกฤ) (โ )
6. Sechelt (also: Seshelt, Shรกshรญshรกlh, Shashishalhem, ล รกลกรญลกรกษฌษm)
7. Squamish (also: Sแธตwxฬฑwรบ7mesh snichim, Sแธตwxฬฑwรบ7mesh, Sqwxwu7mish, Sqสทxฬฃสทรบสmษลก)
8. Straits Salish group (also: Straits)
i. Klallam (also: Clallam, Nษxสทsฦฬรกyฬemรบcษn) (โ )
Becher Bay
Eastern
Western
ii. Northern Straits (also: Straits)
Lummi (also: Xwlemiสผchosen, Xสทlษmiสฤรณsษn) (โ )
Pauquachin (also: Pak-quw-chin)
Saanich (also: SENฤOลฆEN, Sษnฤรกฮธษn, Sรฉnษฤqษn)
Samish (also: Siสnemษลก)
Semiahmoo (also: Tah-tu-lo) (โ )
T'Sou-ke (also: Sooke, Cฬawk) (โ )
Songhees (also: Lษkฬสทษลรญnฬษล) (โ )
9. Twana (also: Skokomish, Sqสทuqสทรบสbษลกq, Tuwรกduqutลกad) (โ )
Quilcene
Skokomish (also: Sqสทuqสทรบสbษลกq)
B. (also: Olympic) (โ )
1. Inland (โ )
i. Cowlitz (also: ฦสผpรบlmixq) (โ )
ii. Upper Chehalis (also: Qฬสทayฬรกyiษฌqฬ) (โ )
Oakville Chehalis
Satsop
Tenino Chehalis
2. Maritime (โ )
i. Lower Chehalis (also: ลษwฬรกlฬmษลก) (โ )
Humptulips
Westport-Shoalwater
Wynoochee
ii. Quinault (also: Kสทรญnayษฌ) (โ )
Queets
Quinault
C. Tillamook (โ )
1. Tillamook (also: Hutyรฉyu) (โ )
i. Siletz
Siletz
ii. Tillamook
Garibaldi-Nestucca
Nehalem
Interior Salish
A. Northern
1. Shuswap (also: Secwepemctsรญn, sษxwษpmษxcรญn)
i. Eastern
Kinbasket
Shuswap Lake
ii. Western
Canim Lake
Chu Chua
Deadman's CreekโKamloops
Fraser River
Pavilion-Bonaparte
2. Lillooet (also: Lilloet, St'รกt'imcets)
Lillooet-Fountain
Mount CurrieโDouglas
3. Thompson River Salish (also: Nlakaสผpamux, Ntlakapmuk, nษฌeสkepmxcรญn, Thompson River, Thompson Salish, Thompson, known in frontier times as the Hakamaugh, Klackarpun, Couteau or Knife Indians)
Lytton
Nicola Valley
SpuzzumโBoston Bar
Thompson Canyon
B. Southern
1. Coeur dโAlene (also: Snchitsuสผumshtsn, snฤรญcuสumลกcn)
2. Columbia-Moses (also: Columbia, Nxaสamxcรญn) (โ )
Chelan
Entiat
Columbian
Wenatchee (also: Pesquous)
3. Colville-Okanagan (also: Okanagan, Nsilxcรญn, Nsรญylxcษn, ta nukunaqรญnxcษn)
i. Northern
Quilchena & Spaxomin
Sinixt sn-selxcin
Penticton
Similkameen
Vernon
ii. Southern
Colville-Inchelium
Methow
San PoilโNespelem
Southern Okanogan
4. Montana Salish (KalispelโPend d'Oreille language, SpokaneโKalispelโBitterroot SalishโUpper Pend d'Oreille)
Bitterroot Salish (also: Sรฉliลก, Bitterroot, Flathead)
Kalispel
Chewelah
Kalispel (also: Qalispรฉ, Lower Pend d'Oreille, Lower Kalispel)
Upper Pend dโOreille (also: Sษซqฬetkอสทmsฤinฬt, ฤลqetkสทmcin, Qlispรฉ, Upper Kalispel)
Spokane (also: Npoqรญniลกcn)
Pentlatch, Nooksack, Twana, Lower Chehalis, Upper Chehalis, Cowlitz, Klallam, and Tillamook are now extinct. Additionally, the Lummi, Semiahmoo, Songhees, and Sooke dialects of Northern Straits are also extinct.
Genetic relations
No relationship to any other language family is well established.
Edward Sapir suggested that the Salishan languages might be related to the Wakashan and Chimakuan languages in a hypothetical Mosan family. This proposal persists primarily through Sapir's stature: with little evidence for such a family, no progress has been made in reconstructing it.
The Salishan languages, principally Chehalis, contributed greatly to the vocabulary of the Chinook Jargon.
Family features
Post-velar harmony (more areal)
Presence of syllables without vowels
Grammatical reduplication
Nonconcatenation (infixes, metathesis, glottalization)
Tenselessness
Nounlessness (controversial)
Syntax
The syntax of Salish languages is notable for its word order (verb-initial), its valency-marking, and the use of several forms of negation.
Word order
Although there is a wide array of Salish languages, they all share some basic traits. All are verb initial languages, with VSO (verb-subject-object) being the most common word order. Some Salishan languages allow for VOS and SVO as well. There is no case marking, but central noun phrases will often be preceded by determiners while non-central NPs will take prepositions. Some Salishan languages are ergative, or split-ergative, and many take unique object agreement forms in passive statements. In the St'รกt'imcets (Lillooet Salish) language, for example, absolutive relative clauses (including a head, like "the beans", and a restricting clause, like "that she re-fried", which references the head) omit person markers, while ergative relative clauses keep person makers on the subject, and sometimes use the topic morpheme -tali. Thus, St'รกt'imcets is split-ergative, as it is not ergative all the time. Subject and object pronouns usually take the form of affixes that attach to the verb. All Salish languages are head-marking. Possession is marked on the possessed noun phrase as either a prefix or a suffix, while person is marked on predicates. In Central Salish languages like Tillamook and Shuswap, only one plain NP is permitted aside from the subject.
Valency-marking
Salishan languages are known for their polysynthetic nature. A verb stem will often have at least one affix, which is typically a suffix. These suffixes perform a variety of functions, such as transitive, causative, reciprocal, reflexive, and applicative. Applicative affixes seem to be present on the verb when the direct object is central to the event being discussed, but is not the theme of the sentence. The direct object may be a recipient, for example. It may also refer to a related noun phrase, like the goal a verb intends to achieve, or the instrument used in carrying out the action of the verb. In the sentence โThe man used the axe to chop the log with.โ, the axe is the instrument and is indicated in Salish through an applicative affix on the verb.
Applicative affixes increase the number of affixes a verb can take on, that is, its syntactic valence. They are also known as "transitivizers" because they can change a verb from intransitive to transitive. For example, in the sentence 'I got scared.', 'scared' is intransitive. However, with the addition of an applicative affix, which is syntactically transitive, the verb in Salish becomes transitive and the sentence can come to mean โI got scared of you.โ. In some Salishan languages, such as Sแธตwxฬฒwรบ7mesh, the transitive forms of verbs are morphologically distinctive and marked with a suffix, while the intransitive forms are not. In others such as Halkomelem, intransitive forms have a suffix as well. In some Salish languages, transitivizers can be either controlled (the subject conducted the action on purpose) or limited-control (the subject did not intend to conduct the action, or only managed to conduct a difficult action).
These transitivizers can be followed by object suffixes, which come to modern Salishan languages via Proto-Salish. Proto-Salish had two types of object suffixes, neutral (regular transitive) and causative (when a verb causes the object to do something or be in a certain state), that were then divided into first, second, and third persons, and either singular or plural. Tentative reconstructions of these suffixes include the neutral singular *-c (1st person), *-ci (2nd person), and *-โ
(3rd person), the causative singular *-mx (1st), *-mi (2nd), and *-โ
(3rd), the neutral plural *-al or *-muษฌ (1st), *-ulm or *-muษฌ (2nd), and the causative plural *-muษฌ (1st and 2nd). In Salishan languages spoken since Proto-Salish, the forms of those suffixes have been subject to vowel shifts, borrowing pronoun forms from other languages (such as Kutenai), and merging of neutral and causative forms (as in Secwepemc, Nlaka'pamuctsin, Twana, Straits Salishan languages, and Halkomelem).
Three patterns of negation
There are three general patterns of negation among the Salishan languages. The most common pattern involves a negative predicate in the form of an impersonal and intransitive stative verb, which occurs in sentence initial position. The second pattern involves a sentence initial negative particle that is often attached to the sentence's subject, and the last pattern simply involves a sentence initial negative particle without any change in inflectional morphology or a determiner/complementizer. In addition, there is a fourth restricted pattern that has been noted only in Squamish.
Nounlessness
Salishan languages (along with the Wakashan and the extinct Chimakuan languages) exhibit predicate/argument flexibility. All content words are able to occur as the head of the predicate (including words with typically 'noun-like' meanings that refer to entities) or in an argument (including those with 'verb-like' meanings that refer to events). Words with noun-like meanings are automatically equivalent to [be + NOUN] when used predicatively, such as Lushootseed sbiaw which means '(is a) coyote'. Words with more verb-like meanings, when used as arguments, are equivalent to [one that VERBs] or [VERB+er]. For example, Lushootseed สuxฬสท' means '(one that) goes'.
The following examples are from Lushootseed.
An almost identical pair of sentences from Stโรกtโimcets demonstrates that this phenomenon is not restricted to Lushootseed.
This and similar behaviour in other Salish and Wakashan languages has been used as evidence for a complete lack of a lexical distinction between nouns and verbs in these families. This has become controversial in recent years. David Beck of the University of Alberta contends that there is evidence for distinct lexical categories of 'noun' and 'verb' by arguing that, although any distinction is neutralised in predicative positions, words that can be categorised as 'verbs' are marked when used in syntactic argument positions. He argues that Salishan languages are omnipredicative, but only have 'uni-directional flexibility' (not 'bi-directional flexibility'), which makes Salishan languages no different from other omnipredicative languages such as Arabic and Nahuatl, which have a clear lexical noun-verb distinction.
Beck does concede, however, that the Lushootseed argument ti สuxฬสท ('the one who goes', shown in example sentence (1b) above) does represent an example of an unmarked 'verb' used as an argument and that further research may potentially substantiate M. Dale Kinkade's 1983 position that all Salishan content words are essentially 'verbs' (such as สuxฬสท 'goes' and sbiaw 'is a coyote') and that the use of any content word as an argument involves an underlying relative clause. For example, with the determiner ti translated as 'that which', the arguments ti สuxฬสท and ti sbiaw would be most literally translated as 'that which goes' and 'that which is a coyote' respectively.
Historical linguistics
There are twenty-three languages in the Salishan language family. They occupy the Pacific Northwest, with all but two of them being concentrated together in a single large area. It is clear that these languages are related, but it's difficult to track the development of each because their histories are so interwoven. The different speech communities have interacted a great deal, making it nearly impossible to decipher the influences of varying dialects and languages on one another. However, there are several trends and patterns that can be historically traced to generalize the development of the Salishan languages over the years.
The variation between the Salishan languages seems to depend on two main factors: the distance between speech communities and the geographic barriers between them. The diversity between the languages corresponds directly to the distance between them. Closer proximity often entails more contact between speakers, and more linguistic similarities are the result. Geographic barriers like mountains impede contact, so two communities that are relatively close together may still vary considerably in their language use if there is a mountain separating them.
The rate of change between neighboring Salishan languages often depends on their environments. If for some reason two communities diverge, their adaptation to a new environment can separate them linguistically from each other. The need to create names for tools, animals, and plants creates an array of new vocabulary that divides speech communities. However, these new names may come from borrowing from neighboring languages, in which case two languages or dialects can grow more alike rather than apart. Interactions with outside influences through trade and intermarriage often result in language change as well.
Some cultural elements are more resilient to language change, namely, religion and folklore. Salishan language communities that have demonstrated change in technology and environmental vocabulary have often remained more consistent with their religious terminology. Religion and heavily ingrained cultural traditions are often regarded as sacred, and so are less likely to undergo any sort of change. Indeed, cognate lists between various Salishan languages show more similarities in religious terminology than they do in technology and environment vocabulary. Other categories with noticeable similarities include words for body parts, colors, and numbers. There would be little need to change such vocabulary, so it's more likely to remain the same despite other changes between languages. The Coast Salishan languages are less similar to each other than are the Interior Salishan languages, probably because the Coast communities have more access to outside influences.
Another example of language change in the Salishan language family is word taboo, which is a cultural expression of the belief in the power of words. Among the Coast languages, a person's name becomes a taboo word immediately following their death. This taboo is lifted when the name of the deceased is given to a new member of their lineage. In the meantime, the deceased person's name and words that are phonetically similar to the name are considered taboo and can only be expressed via descriptive phrases. In some cases these taboo words are permanently replaced by their chosen descriptive phrases, resulting in language change.
Pragmatics
At least one Salish language, Lillooet Salish, differs from Indo-European languages in terms of pragmatics. Lillooet Salish does not allow presuppositions about a hearer's beliefs or knowledge during a conversation. To demonstrate, it's useful to compare Lillooet Salish determiners with English determiners. English determiners take the form of the articles โaโ, โanโ and โtheโ. The indefinite articles โaโ and โanโ refer to an object that is unfamiliar or that has not been previously referenced in conversation. The definite article โtheโ refers to a familiar object about which both the speaker and the listener share a common understanding. Lillooet Salish and several other Salish languages use the same determiner to refer to both familiar and unfamiliar objects in conversation. For example, when discussing a woman, Lillooet Salish speakers used [ษฌษsษฌรกnay] (with [ษฌษ] serving as the determiner and [sษฌรกnay] meaning โwomanโ) to refer to the woman both when initially introducing her and again when referencing her later on in the conversation. Thus, no distinction is made between a unique object and a familiar one.
This absence of varying determiners is a manifestation of the lack of presuppositions about a listener in Salish. Using a definite article would presuppose a mental state of the listener: familiarity with the object in question. Similarly, a Salishan language equivalent of the English sentence "It was John who called" would not require the assumption that the listener knows that someone called. In English, such a sentence implies that someone called and serves to clarify who the caller was. In Salish, the sentence would be void of any implication regarding the listener's knowledge. Rather, only the speaker's knowledge about previous events is expressed.
The absence of presuppositions extends even to elements that seem to inherently trigger some kind of implication, such as โagainโ, โmoreโ, โstopโ, and โalsoโ. For example, in English, beginning a conversation with a sentence like "It also rained yesterday" would probably be met with confusion from the listener. The word โalsoโ signifies an addition to some previously discussed topic about which both the speaker and the listener are aware. However, in Salish, a statement like "It also rained yesterday" is not met with the same kind of bewilderment. The listener's prior knowledge (or lack thereof) is not conventionally regarded by either party in a conversation. Only the speaker's knowledge is relevant.
The use of pronouns illustrates the disregard for presuppositions as well. For example, a sentence like "She walked there, and then Brenda left" would be acceptable on its own in Lillooet Salish. The pronoun โsheโ can refer to Brenda and be used without the introduction that would be necessary in English. It is key to note that presuppositions do exist in Salishan languages; they simply don't have to be shared between the speaker and listener the way they do in English and other Indo-European languages. The above examples demonstrate that presuppositions are present, but the fact that the listener doesn't necessarily have to be aware of them signifies that the presuppositions only matter to the speaker. They are indicative of prior information that the speaker alone may be aware of, and his/her speech reflects merely his/her perspective on a situation without taking into account the listener's knowledge. Although English values a common ground between a listener and speaker and thus requires that some presuppositions about another person's knowledge be made, Salish does not share this pragmatic convention.
In popular culture
Stanley Evans has written a series of crime fiction novels that use Salish lore and language.
An episode of Stargate SG-1 ("Spirits", 2x13) features a culture of extraterrestrial humans loosely inspired by Pacific coastal First Nations culture, and who speak a language referred to as "ancient Salish".
In the video game Life Is Strange, the Salish lore was used on certain history of Arcadia Bay as totem poles are seen on some areas, including a segment from the first episode of its prequel involving the raven.
Notes
References
Bibliography
Beck, David. (2000). Grammatical Convergence and the Genesis of Diversity in the Northwest Coast Sprachbund. Anthropological Linguistics 42, 147โ213.
Boas, Franz, et al. (1917). Folk-Tales of Salishan and Sahaptin Tribes. Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society, 11. Lancaster, Pa: American Folk-Lore Society.
Czaykowska-Higgins, Ewa; & Kinkade, M. Dale (Eds.). (1997). Salish Languages and Linguistics: Theoretical and Descriptive Perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. .
Davis, Henry. (2005). On the Syntax and Semantics of Negation in Salish. International Journal of American Linguistics 71.1, January 2005.
Davis, Henry. and Matthewson, Lisa. (2009). Issues in Salish Syntax and Semantics. Language and Linguistics Compass, 3: 1097โ1166. Online.
Flathead Culture Committee. (1981). Common Names of the Flathead Language. St. Ignatius, Mont: The Committee.
Jorgensen, Joseph G. (1969). Salish Language and Culture. 3. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Publications.
Kiyosawa, Kaoru; Donna B. Gerdts. (2010). Salish Applicatives. Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV.
Kroeber, Paul D. (1999). The Salish Language Family: Reconstructing Syntax. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington.
Kuipers, Aert H. (2002). Salish Etymological Dictionary. Missoula, MT: Linguistics Laboratory, University of Montana.
Liedtke, Stefan. (1995). Wakashan, Salishan and Penutian and Wider Connections Cognate Sets. Linguistic Data on Diskette Series, no. 09. Munchen: Lincom Europa.
Pilling, James Constantine. (1893). Bibliography of the Salishan Languages. Washington: G.P.O.
Pilling, James Constantine (2007). Bibliography of the Salishan Languages. Reprint by Gardners Books.
Silver, Shirley; Wick R. Miller. (1997). American Indian languages: Cultural and Social Contexts. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Salishan language hymns.
Thompson, Laurence C. (1973). The Northwest. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Linguistics in North America (pp.ย 979โ1045). Current Trends in Linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hague: Mouton.
Thompson, Laurence C. (1979). Salishan and the Northwest. In L. Campbell & M. Mithun (Eds.), The Languages of Native America: Historical and Comparative Assessment'' (pp.ย 692โ765). Austin: University of Texas Press.
External links
Bibliography of Materials on Salishan Languages (YDLI)
University of Montana Occasional Papers in Linguistics (UMOPL) (Native languages of the Northwest)
Coast Salish Culture: an Outline Bibliography
Coast Salish Collections
International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Languages
The Salishan Studies List (Linguist List)
Native Peoples, Plants & Animals: Halkomelem
Saanich (Timothy Montler's site)
Klallam (Timothy Montler's site)
A Bibliography of Northwest Coast Linguistics
Classification of the Salishan languages reflecting current scholarship
Nkwusm Salish Language Institute
Tulalip Lushootseed Language Web Site
Recordings of Montana Salish Wordlists with phonetic transcription by Peter Ladefoged
Agglutinative languages
Language families
Mosan languages |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%97%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%88%BC | ํ์์คํผ | ํ์์คํผ (Paestum)์ ๋ง๊ทธ๋ ๊ทธ๋ผ์ดํค์์ ์ํ ํฐ๋ ๋์ํด ์ฐ์์ ๊ณ ๋ ๋์์ด๋ค. ํ์์คํ ์ ์ ์๋ ๊ธฐ์์ 600๋
์์ ๊ธฐ์์ 450๋
์ฌ์ด์ ๋๋ฆฌ์ค ์์์ผ๋ก ์ง์ด์ง ์ธ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ์ด ์ ๋ณด์กด๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ๊ธฐ๋จ๋ถ, ๋์์ ์ฑ๋ฒฝ, ์ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ฅ, ํฌ์ฅ๋๋ก ์ ์ ์ด ๊ด๋ฒ์ํ๊ฒ ๋ถํฌํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ ์ ์ง๋ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ด ์์ด ๋์์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋ ์ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์
๋ ์ ์ ์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋ ์ ๋ฌผ์ ํจ๊ป ์ ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋์๋ฅผ ์ฒ์ ์ธ์ ์ ๋น์์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ํฌ์ธ์ด๋๋์ (Poseidonia)์๋ค. ์ดํ ๋ฃจ์นด๋์ธ๋ค์๊ฒ ์ ๋ณต๋นํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ๋ ๋ก๋ง์ ๋ณต์๋์๋ค. ๋ฃจ์นด๋์ธ๋ค์ ๋์๋ฅผ ํ์ด์คํ ์ค (Paistos)๋ก ๋ถ๋ ๊ณ , ๋ก๋ง์ธ๋ค์ด ํ์ฌ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ํ์์คํผ์ ์ค์ธ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ๋ฒ๋ ค์ก๊ณ , 18์ธ๊ธฐ๊น์ง ํํ๋ก ๋ฐฉ์น๋์๋ค.
์ ์ ์ง๋ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์ ์บํ๋์์ฃผ ์ด๋ ๋ฅด๋
ธ๋์ ์นดํ์ด์ ์ํ ํ์์คํผ ํ๋ผ์น์ค๋ค์ ์์นํ๋ค.
๊ณ ๋ ์ ์
ํ์์คํผ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ๋ช
ํ ๊ฒ์ ๊ธฐ์์ 550๋
์์ ๊ธฐ์์ 450๋
์ฌ์ด์ ๋๋ฆฌ์ค ์์์ผ๋ก ๊ฑด์ถ๋ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณ ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ ์ ์ด๋ค. ์ด์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ์ก์คํ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์๋ ์ํ์์ค (๋ฐฐํ๋ฆผ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ)๊ฐ ํ์ฐํ๊ฒ ํํ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ๋๋ ๋ค์งํ ๋ฒ์ฏ์ฒ๋ผ ๋์ ํํ์ด๋ค. ๋๋ฒ์งธ ํค๋ผ ์ ์ ์๋ ์ํ๋ธ๋ฌ์ฒ๊ฐ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ๋จ์์์ง๋ง, ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ ์ ์ ์๋ ์ํคํธ๋ ์ด๋ธ๋ง ์๋ค.
์ด ์ ์ ๋ค์ 18์ธ๊ธฐ์๋ ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ์นด๋ ์ผ๋ ์ค ์ ์ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ์๋ชป ์๋ ค์ก์ง๋ง, ์ดํ ํค๋ผ, ์ํ
๋, ํฌ์ธ์ด๋์ ์ฌ๊ฒผ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธ๋์๋ค. ์ด ์ค ๋ ํค๋ผ ์ ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ก ์์ ์์ง๋ง, ์ํ
๋ ์ ์ ์ ์ธ๋จ์ด์ ธ ์๋ค. ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ์ ๋ค๋ ์์์ง๋ง, ๋ณด์กด ์ํ๋ ์ข์ง ์๋ค. ํ์์คํผ์ ๋๋ฆฌ์ ์ฐ์ง์์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฉ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ์ ์ ์๋ ๋ถ์กฐ ์ฅ์๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ฑ์ ์ฅ์์ด ์ฃผ๋ก ํ์ฉ๋์๋ค. ์ฑ์ํ ํ
๋ผ์ฝํ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ฅ์์ ํ์ฉํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค ์ผ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์์ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํ์์คํผ์ ๊ณ ๋ ๋์ ์ ์ ์ง๋ 120ํฅํ๋ฅด ๊ฐ๋์ด์ง๋ง, ์ธ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๊ตฐ์ ํฌํจํ๋ 25ํฅํ๋ฅด ๊ฐ๋๋ง์ด ๋ฐ๊ตด๋์๋ค. ๋๋จธ์ง 95ํฅํ๋ฅด๋ ์ฌ์ ์ง๋ก, ์กฐ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง์ง ์์ ์ํ์ด๋ค. ๋์๋ ๊ธธ์ด 4750m, ๋๊ป 5-7m, ๋์ด 15m ๊ฐ๋์ ์ฑ๋ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฌ์ธ์ฌ ์๋ค. ์ฑ๋ฒฝ์๋ 28๊ฐ์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ, ์ํ ๋ง๋ฃจ๊ฐ ์์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋์ง๋ง, 18์ธ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฑด์คํ ๋๋ก๊ฐ ์ ์ ์ง๋ฅผ ์๋ถํ๋ฉด์ ์ง๊ธ์ 24๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋จ์์๋ค.
์ค์ธ ์ดํ ๋์ ์ ์ ์ง ์ค์ฌ๋ถ์์๋ ๊ฑด์ถ ํ๋์ด ์ ํ ์์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ์ ์ ์ง์์ ์๋น๋์ ์์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ถ๋์์์๋ ๋ง์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋ค์ ๊ธฐ๋จ๋ถ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํฌ์ฅ๋๋ก๋ ๊ทธ๋๋ก ๋จ์์๋ค. ๋์์ ์ค๋ฆฝ์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ์ง์ ํค๋ก์จ์ด ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋ ์ ๋ฌผ์ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ์ ์๋์ด ์๋ค. ์ฑ๋ฒฝ ๋ฐ์์๋ ๋ง์ ์์ ๋ฌด๋ค์ด ๋ฐ๊ตด๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๋ค.
์ธ ๊ฐ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ ์
์ฒซ๋ฒ์งธ ํค๋ผ ์ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์์ 550๋
๊ฒฝ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ธ๋ค์ด ์ง์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก, ํ์์คํผ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค๋๋ ์ ์ ์ด๋ค. 18์ธ๊ธฐ์ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ์๋ค์ ์ด๊ฒ์ ๊ณ ๋ ๋ก๋ง์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋ก ์๋ชป ํ๋จํ์ฌ ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ์นด๋ก ์ถ์ ํ์๋ค.
์ดํ ์ ์ ์ ์๊ฒจ์ง ๊ธ๊ท๋ ํ
๋ผ์ฝํ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ ํ์ธํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํค๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๊ฒผ๋ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐํ์ก๋ค. ๋ํ ์ ์ ์์์ ์ ๋จ์ด ๋ฐ๊ตด๋์ด, ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ ์ ์ฒ๋ผ ์ผ์ธ์์ ์ ๋ฌผ์ ๋ฐ์น๊ณ ์ข
๊ต ์์์ ๊ฑฐํํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค.
์ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์๋ ์ํ์์ค๊ฐ ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋ํ๋ ์์ด์ ์ด๊ธฐ ์์์ ์ ๋๋ฌ๋ด๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ช๋ช ์ฃผ๋์์๋ ์ฑ์ํ๋ ํ์ ์ด ๋จ์์๋ค. ์ด ์ ์ ์ ๋ณดํต์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ ์ ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ข์ฐ๋ก ๋์ ํธ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ผ๋ผ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ์ผ๊ณฑ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ฐ๊ณ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฌ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ ์ ์ ๋ ์ ์ ํจ๊ป ๋ชจ์
จ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๊ธด ๋ฉด์๋ 18๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์ธ์ ๋๋ฐ, ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ด ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌ์ง ์๋๋ก ์งง์ ๋ฉด์๋ ํ์์ธ 9๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์ธ์ด ๊ฒ ๋ํ ํน์ดํ ์ ์ด๋ค.
๋๋ฒ์งธ ํค๋ผ ์ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์์ 460๋
์์ ๊ธฐ์์ 450๋
๊ฒฝ์ ์ง์ด์ก๋ค. ํค๋ผ ์ ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ก ๋ถ์ชฝ์ ์์นํ๋ค. ์์ ์๋ ํฌ์ธ์ด๋ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ชป ์๋ ค์ก๋ค. ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ์ธ๋กํ์ 20๊ฐ์ง๋ง ์ด ์ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ์ธ๋กํ์ 24๊ฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ด ๊ตต๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ด ์ข์ ํธ์ด๋ค. ์ ์ ์์๋ ์ ์ฐ์ค ๋ฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ๋ค์ ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๋ค. ์ ์ ์ ๋์ชฝ์๋ ํฐ ์ ๋จ๊ณผ ์์ ์ ๋จ์ด ํ๋์ฉ ๋จ์์๋๋ฐ, ๋ก๋ง ์๋์ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ํฐ ์ ๋จ ์๋ฆฌ๋ก ํฌ๋ฃธ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ ๊ธธ์ด ์ง๋๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ก ๋ง๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ ์ ์ง์ ๋ถ์ชฝ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์ ๊ณณ์๋ ๊ธฐ์์ 500๋
๊ฒฝ์ ์ง์ด์ง ์ํ
๋ ์ ์ ์ด ์๋ค. ์์ ์๋ ์ผ๋ ์ค ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ชป ์๋ ค์ก๋ค. ๊ณผ๋๊ธฐ ์์์ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก, ์ด์ค๋์ ์์๊ณผ ๋๋ฆฌ์ค ์์์ด ํจ๊ป ๋ํ๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ฅ์๋ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ ์ค์ธ ๊ธฐ๋
๊ต์ ๋ฌด๋ค์ด ์์ด์, ์ค์ธ์๋ ๊ตํ๋น์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
๊ทธ ์ธ์ ์ ์
์ ์ ์ง ์ค์ฌ๋ถ์๋ ์๊ณ ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ์นํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ด๋ ํฌ๋ฃธ์ด ์๋ค. ํฌ๋ฃธ์ ๋ถ์ชฝ์๋ ๊ธฐ์์ 200๋
๊ฒฝ์ ์ง์ด์ ธ ์นดํผํจ๋ฆฌ๋์ค ์ผ์ ์ธ ์ ๋
ธ, ์ ํผํ
๋ฅด, ๋ฏธ๋ค๋ฅด๋ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๋ก๋ง ์ ์ ์ด ์๋ค.
ํฌ๋ฃธ์ ๋ถ๋์ชฝ์๋ ์์ ์ํ๊ทน์ฅ์ด ์๋๋ฐ, ์์ชฝ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ณด์กด๋์ด ์์ผ๋ ๋์ชฝ ์ ๋ฐ์ 1930๋
์ ์ ์ ์ง๋ฅผ ์ง๋๋ ๋๋ก๋ฅผ ๋์ผ๋ฉด์ ํผ์๋์๋ค. ๊ณ๋จ์ ์ข์์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ์์ ์งํ์๋ ์์๋๋ฐ, ๋ถ๋ ์ฐํ
๋ฆฌ์จ(bouleuterion)์ด๋ ์ํด๋ ์์์คํ
๋ฆฌ์จ(ekklesiasterion)์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค. ์งํ์์๋ ์ง๋ถ์ ์์์ง๋ง, ์์ผ์ด๋๊ฐ ์๋ ๋ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฌ์ธ์ฌ ์์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ก๋ง ์๋์๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์๊ณ ํ์ผ๋ก ๋ฉ์์ก๋ค.
ํฌ๋ฃธ๊ณผ ์ํ
๋ ์ ์ ์ธ๊ทผ์ ํค๋ก์จ (heroon)์ ์ ์๋ฏธ์์ธ ๋์์ ์ค๋ฆฝ์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ง๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์ ์ฌํ ๋ฐฑ์ฌ ๋
๋ค์ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ํค๋ก์จ์ ์ค์๋ถ์ ํฐ ์ํ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฐํ์ ๋๋ฐฉ์ ๋ง๋ค๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์ฌ์ง๋ถ์ ๋ง๋ ๋ค ๋ฎ์ ๋ด๋ถ์ ์์ ํํ์ด๋ค. 1954๋
์ ๋๋ฐฉ์ ๋ฐ๊ตด ์กฐ์ฌํ ์ดํ, ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋
์์ ์๊ณ , ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋
์์ ๋๋ฌ๋ ํํ๋ก ๋จ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์์์๋ ๊ฟ์ ๋ด์ ํ์ ์ด ๋จ์์๋ ํฌ๊ณ ์ธ์์ ์ธ ์์
์ฐ ์ฒญ๋๋ณ, ๊ธฐ์์ 520๋
์์ ๊ธฐ์์ 500๋
๊ฒฝ์ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง ์ํ
๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๋ํ ํํ์ ์ํฌ๋ผ ๋ฑ์ด ์ถํ ๋์ด ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ์ ์๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
๊ณ ๋ถ ๋ฒฝํ
ํ์์คํผ์ ๊ณ ๋ถ ๋ฒฝํ๋ก๋ ์ ๋ช
ํ๋ค. ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ฃจ์นด๋์ธ์ด ์ง๋ฐฐํ๋ ์๊ธฐ์ ๊ฒ์ด์ง๋ง ๋จ ํ๋๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ์๊ธฐ์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก, ์ด๊ฒ์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ๋ช
ํ ๋ฌด๋ค์ธ ๋ค์ด๋นํ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ฌด๋ค(์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์ด: Tomba del tuffatore)์ด๋ค. ํ๋ฅด๋ ๋ฌผ ์์ผ๋ก ๋ค์ด๋นํ๋ ์ ์ ๋จ์ฑ์ ๋ฌ์ฌํ ๋ฌด๋ค ์ฒ์ฅ์ ๋ฒฝํ์์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ฐ์จ ์ด ๋ฌด๋ค์ ํ์์คํผ์ ํฉ๊ธ ์๋์ธ ๊ธฐ์์ 470๋
๊ฒฝ์ ๋ง๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์ด ๋ฌด๋ค์ 1968๋
6์ 3์ผ์ ํ์์คํผ ์ฑ๋ฒฝ์์ ๋จ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ์ฝ 1.5ย km ๋จ์ด์ง ๋คํฌ๋กํด๋ฆฌ์ค์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ๋ถ ๋ฒฝํ๋ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ํ์์คํผ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ผ๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์ ์๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด ๋ฌด๋ค์ ๊ธฐ์์ 700๋
์์ ๊ธฐ์์ 400๋
์ฌ์ด์ ๋๋ฐฉํ ์๊ธฐ, ๊ณ ์กธ๊ธฐ ๊ณ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํตํ์ด ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋ ์์ฒ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ๋ฌด๋ค ์ค ์ ์ผํ๊ฒ ํ๋ ์ค์ฝ ์ธ๋ฌผํ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ๋งค์ฐ ํฐ ์ค์์ฑ์ ๊ฐ๋๋ค.
๋ฌด๋ค ์ฒ์ฅ์ ์ ์ธํ ๋๋จธ์ง ๋ค ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด์๋ ์ฃผ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ฑ์ ๋๊ธฐ์ ๋๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง ์ฌํฌ์ง์ ์ฅ๋ฉด์ด ๊ทธ๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค. ๋ค์ฏ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฒฝํ๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ์ ์๋์ด ์๋๋ฐ, ํจ๊ป ์ ์๋ ๋ฃจ์นด๋์ธ๋ค์ ๊ณ ๋ถ ๋ฒฝํ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ์๊ธฐ์ ๋ฒฝํ์๋ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ง์ด๋ ๋ง์๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๋น์ค์ด ๋์ ๋์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์
๋ ์ ์
ํ์์คํผ์์ ๋ถ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ์ฝ 9ย km ๋จ์ด์ง ์
๋ ๊ฐ ํ๊ตฌ(์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์ด:Foce del Sele)์๋ ํค๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์๋ ์ ์ ๋ค์ด ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ ์ ์ ๋ชจ๋ ํ๊ดด๋์๊ณ , ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋ค ๋ํ ํ์ ๋ง์ด ์ฝ๊ฐ ๋จ์์์ ๋ฟ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๊ตด ์กฐ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์
๋ ์ ์ ์ง์์ ๊ณ ์กธ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ์๋์ ์ ์ ์ ์ฅ์ํ ์กฐ๊ฐํ์ธ ๋ฉํ ํ 70๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ์๋ค. ๋ฉํ ํ๋ ๋ ์ข
๋ฅ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋๋๋ฐ, ๊ธฐ์์ 510๋
์ ๋ง๋ ๊ฒ๋ค์ ํ ์์ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฌ์ธ๋ค์ ๋ฌ์ฌํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ณด๋ค ์ค๋๋ 38๊ฐ์ ๋ฉํ ํ๋ ํค๋ผํด๋ ์ค์ ์์ ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ์ฌํ์๋ค. ํค๋ผํด๋ ์ค์ ์์ ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ์ฌํ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ๋ฉํ ํ๋ ํ์์คํผ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด ์ค์์ ๋ฒฝ์ ๋น ๋๋ฌ์ ์๋์ ๋์ด์ ์ ์๋์ด ์๋ค.
์
๋ ์ ์ ์ง์๋ ๋๋ํ
๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด (museo narrante)์ด ์์ด ์์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ์์ง๋ง, ์ ๋ฌผ ์งํ์ ๋ชจ๋ ํ์์คํผ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ผ๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒจ์ ธ ๋ณด๊ดํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํ์์คํผ์ ์ ๋ฌผ
๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ํ์์คํผ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ ์ ๋ฌผ์ ๋ณด์ ํ๊ณ ์์ง๋ง, ์ ์ ์ง๊ฐ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋๊ธฐ ์ด์ ์๋ ๋ง์ ์ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฐ์ถ๋์ด ์ธ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ง์ ํ์์คํผ ์ ๋ฌผ์ด ํฉ์ด์ ธ ์๋ค. ํนํ ์คํ์ธ ๋ง๋๋ฆฌ๋์ ์คํ์ธ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์์๋ ๋ก๋ง ์๋์ ๋ฆฌ๋น์์ ํฐ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์ฐ์ค ์กฐ๊ฐ์, ๋ค์์ ๋๊ธฐ๋ฅ ๋ฑ ๋ง์ ์ ๋ฌผ์ ๋ณด์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์์๋ ์ฑ์ ๋๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ค์ ์์ฅํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ ์ปฌ๋ ์
, ๋ก์ค์ค์ ค๋ ์ค ์นด์ดํฐ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ด ๋ฑ ์ ๋ฝ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์์ ํ์์คํผ ์ ๋ฌผ์ ์์ฅํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ฑ์ ๋๊ธฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ๊ธฐ์์ 4์ธ๊ธฐ๋ถํฐ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ ์์๋ค์ด ๋ง๋ค์๋๋ฐ, ์ ์์์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ์ ์ ์๋ค. ๋์ ์ธ๊ทผ์ ๋ฌด๋ค์ด๋ ๋คํ์์ ์ฃผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋์์์ ์ ์์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค.
๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด
๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ํ์์คํผ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ์ฃผ์ ์ ์๋ฌผ๋ก๋ ์
๋ ์ ์ ์ ๋ฉํ ํ, ๋ค์ด๋นํ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ฌด๋ค, ํค๋ก์จ์ ๋ถ์ฅํ ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค. ๋ํ ํ
๋ผ์ฝํ๋ก ๋ง๋ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ฅ์๊ณผ ์ ์, ๋๊ธฐ ์ ๋ฌผ ๋ฑ์ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ
์ค๋ฆฝ
์คํธ๋ผ๋ณธ์ ์๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ค(Sybaris) ์ถ์ ์ ์์นด์ด์์ธ๋ค์ด ํฌ์ธ์ด๋๋์(Poseidonia)๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ์ฒ์ ๋์๋ฅผ ์ธ์ ๋ค๊ณ ํ์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ฒ์๋ค์ ์ฒ์์๋ ๋ฐ๋ค ๊ฐ๊น์ด์ ์์๋ฅผ ์ธ์ ๊ณ , ์ดํ ๋ด๋ฅ์ ๋ณด๋ค ๋์ ์ง๋์ ๋์๋ฅผ ์ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ต์ด์ ์์๋ ์ง๊ธ์ ์๊ทธ๋กํด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๋ ํฌ์ธ์ด๋๋์์ ๋จ์ชฝ ๊ณถ์ ์ธ์์ก์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค. ์ ์น์ ์ํ๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๊ณณ์๋ ํฌ์ธ์ด๋์ ๋ชจ์๋ ์ฑ์๊ฐ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋์์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ง์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ํฌ์ธ์ด๋๋์๊ฐ ์ธ์์ง ์๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์์ผ๋, ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ์ ์กฐ์ฌ์ ์ํ๋ฉด ๋๋ต ๊ธฐ์์ 600๋
๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ธก๋๋ค.
์๋ฆฌ์คํ ํ
๋ ์ค๋ ์๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์์์ ์์นด์ด์์ธ๋ค์ด ์ถ๋ฐฉํ ํธ๋ฆฌ์ง๋์ธ๋ค์ด ๋์๋ฅผ ํจ๊ป ์ธ์ ๋ค๊ณ ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ํ ์๋ฆฌ๋์ค(Gaius Julius Solinus)๋ ํ์์คํผ์ด ๋๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ฏผ๋์๋ผ๊ณ ํ์๊ณ ์คํธ๋ผ๋ณธ์ ํธ๋ฆฌ์ง๋๊ฐ ํ๋ ํฌ์ธ์ด๋๋์๋ก ๋ถ๋ ธ๋ค๊ณ ํ์๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ํธ๋ฆฌ์ง๋์ธ๋ค์ด ํ์์คํผ์ ์ธ์ ๋ค๋ ์ผ๋ จ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ๋ค์ ์๋ฆฌ์คํ ํ
๋ ์ค์ ์ธ๊ธ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค. ํํธ ์๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์์ธ๋ค์ด ํฌ์ธ์ด๋๋์๋ฅผ ์ธ์ฐ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋๋ฆฌ์ค์ธ๋ค์ ๋์์ ๋ฐ์๋ค๋ ๊ฐ์ค๋ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ์๋
๊ธฐ์์ 6์ธ๊ธฐ์์ ๊ธฐ์์ 5์ธ๊ธฐ ์ฌ์ด์๋ ๋ฉํํฐํ (Metaponto)์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ์์์ด ์ฃผํ, ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผ, ์ ์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ฌผ์์ ํ์ธ๋๋ค.
ํฌ์ธ์ด๋๋์๋ ๊ธฐ์์ 510๋
ํฌ๋กํ ๋ค๊ฐ ์๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ฅผ ์ ๋ณตํ์์ ๋, ๊ทธ ๋๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์์ฉํ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค. ๊ธฐ์์ 5์ธ๊ธฐ ์ด์ ํฌ์ธ์ด๋๋์์ ์ฃผํ์์ ์์นด์ด์์ ๋๋ํ์ ์์ฉํ์๊ณ , ์๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฃผํ์์ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ ํฉ์ ์ฅ์์ด ๋ํ๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. A. J. ๊ทธ๋ ์ด์์ ๋๋ฏผ์ ์๊ฐ ํฌ์ธ์ด๋๋์์ธ๊ณผ ์๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ค์ธ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ฌํด๋ฆฌํ
์ด์(Sympoliteia) ํ์์ ํตํฉ(synoecism)์ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ธฐ์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ํ๋ค.
ํฌ์ธ์ด๋๋์๋ ๊ธฐ์์ 452/1๋
์์ ๊ธฐ์์ 446/5๋
์ฌ์ด ์๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ฅผ ์ฌ๊ฑดํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ํฐ ์ญํ ์ ํ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์ด ์๊ธฐ์ ์๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ฃผํ๊ฐ ํฌ์ธ์ด๋๋์์ ์ฃผํ์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ ์ฌํ๋ค๋ ์ ์ด ๊ทธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ด๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ ์๋ง๋ ์๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ค์ ์ฌ๊ฑด ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๋ ฅ(serdaioi)๊ณผ์ ์ฐํธ์กฐ์ฝ์ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ํฌ์ธ์ด๋๋์๊ฐ ์กฐ์ฝ์ ๋ณด์ฆ์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค.
๋ฃจ์นด๋์ธ์ ์ง๋ฐฐ
์คํธ๋ผ๋ณธ์ ๊ธฐ์์ 5์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ ํ์์คํผ์ด ๋ฃจ์นด๋์ธ๋ค์๊ฒ ์ ๋ณต๋์๋ค๊ณ ์ธ๊ธํ์๋ค. ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ์ ์กฐ์ฌ์ ์ํ๋ฉด, ์ด ์๊ธฐ์๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ๋ฌธํ์ ์ค์คํค์ธ์ ๋ฌธํ๊ฐ ํจ๊ป ๊ณต์กดํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.
๋ก๋ง ์๋์ ์ดํ์ ์ ๋ฝ
ํผ๋ก์ค ์ ์ ๋น์ ๋ก๋ง์ ๋ฐํ์ฌ ํผ๋ก์ค์ ํธ์ ์ ์ดํ ๊ธฐ์์ 273๋
, ํ์์คํผ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ๋ก๋ง์ ๋ณต์๋์๋ค.
ํ์์คํผ์ ์ดํ ๊ณ ๋ ์นด๋ฅดํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋๋ฐ์ด ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์๋ฅผ ์นจ๊ณตํ์์ ๋์๋ ๋ก๋ง์ ์ถฉ์ฑํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋
์์ ์ธ ํํ ์ฃผ์กฐ๊ถ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ํน๊ถ์ ๋๋ ธ๋ค. ๋ก๋ง ์ ๊ตญ ์๊ธฐ์๋ ๋ฒ์ฑํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์ํ 400๋
์๋ ๊ต๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ค์น๋์๋ค.
๋ํด๋ฆฌ์ ๊ทธ ๊ทผ๊ต ์ง๋ฐฉ๋ค์ฒ๋ผ ํ์์คํผ์์๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ด ์ง์์ ์ผ๋ก ํต์ฉ๋์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค. ๊ธฐ์ํ 4~7์ธ๊ธฐ ์ฌ์ด์๋ ๋์๊ฐ ์ ๋ฝํ์๊ณ , ์ค์ธ์๋ ๋ฒ๋ ค์ ธ ํํ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ๋์๊ฐ ์ ๋ฝํ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐฐ์๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ํด์ง๋ฉด์ ๋ช์ง๋๊ฐ ํ์ฑ๋๊ณ , ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ผ์ ์ํ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์๊ฐ ์ฐฝ๊ถํ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค. ๋ํ ์ฌ๋ผ์ผ์ธ ํด์ ๋ค์ ์นจ๋ต๊ณผ ๋ฉ์น ๋ํ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์์ธ์ด์๋ค. ๋จ์์๋ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์ ๋ฒฝ ์์ ์์ด ๋ฐฉ๋นํ๊ธฐ ์ ๋ฆฌํ ์๊ทธ๋กํด๋ฆฌ๋ก ์ด์ฃผํ์๊ณ , ๋ฒ๋ ค์ง ๋ง์์ ํด์ ์๊ตด์ด ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๋ค. ์ดํ ํ์์คํผ์ ์์ ํ ํํ๊ฐ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ก๋ฒ ๋ฅด ๊ธฐ์ค์นด๋ฅด๊ฐ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ์ด๋ด์ด ์ด๋ ๋ฅด๋
ธ ์ฑ๋น์ ์ง๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๋ค.
์ฌ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ
์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์
์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์ ์๊ธฐ 1943๋
9์, ํ์์คํผ ํด๋ณ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ 36๋ณด๋ณ์ฌ๋จ์ด ์๋ฅํ์๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ด ์๋ฅํ์๋ง์ ๋
์ผ๊ตฐ์ด ์ ํญํ์๊ณ , ๋
์ผ๊ตฐ์ด ๋ถ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ํด๊ฐํ๊ธฐ๊น์ง 9์ผ๊ฐ ๋ง์ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์์ ์ ํฌ๊ฐ ๊ณ์๋์๋ค. ์ฐํฉ๊ตฐ์ ์๊ตฐ ๋ชจ๋ ํ์์คํผ์ ์ ์ ์ ํญ๊ฒฉํ์ง ์๋๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ ์ ์ ์ญ์ ํ
ํธ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ฐ๊ณ ์๊ธ์ฒ์น๋ฅผ ํ์๋ค.
์ฃผํ
ํ์์คํผ์์๋ ๊ธฐ์์ 550๋
๋ถํฐ ์ฃผํ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค. ๋ชจ๋ ๊ธฐ๋
์ฃผํ๋ก, ์ผ์ง์ฐฝ์ ๋ ํฌ์ธ์ด๋ ์ฅ์์ด ๋์ด์๋ค. ๊ธฐ๋
์ฃผํ ๋ฐํ์ ํฐ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์ฐ์ค ์๊ธฐ๊น์ง ๊ณ์๋์๋ค. ๋ช
ํํ ์ด์ ๋ ์ ์ ์์ผ๋, ๊ธฐ์์ 89๋
์ ์๋ก์ ์น๋ น์ผ๋ก ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ด์ ์ฃผ์กฐ๊ถ์ ์ผ์ํํ ์ดํ์๋ ํ์์คํผ๋ง์ ๋
์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์ ์ ์ฃผ์กฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํ์ฉ๋์๋ค. ์ดํ ๋ฐํ๋ ์ฃผํ์ ์๊ฒจ์ง "P. S. S. C." (Paesti Signatum Senatus Consulto)๋ผ๋ ๋ช
๋ฌธ์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋ช
ํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
๊ณ ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ๊ฑด์ถ
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ ์
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ถ์ฒ
Ceserani, Giovanna, Italy's Lost Greece: Magna Graecia and the Making of Modern Archaeology, 2012, Oxford University Press, , Google books
Wilton-Ely, John, The Mind and Art of Giovanni Battista Piranesi, 1978, Thames & Hudson, London,
๋ ๋ณด๊ธฐ
Strabo, Geographica 6.1
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
Official website of the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Paestum (์์ด)
Information on Paestum given by the website of the archaeological superintendece (์์ด)
Information on the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Paestum given by the website of the archaeological superintendece (์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์ด)
Comprehensive account of site and museum (์์ด)
์บํ๋์์ฃผ์ ์ ์
๋ง๊ทธ๋๊ทธ๋ผ์ดํค์
๊ณ ๋ ๋ก๋ง์ ๋์
์บํ๋์์ฃผ์ ๊ด๊ด์ง
์บํ๋์์ฃผ์ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด
์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด
์์นด์ด์์ธ์ ์๋ฏผ์ง
์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ฐ
๋ก๋ง ์๋ฏผ์ง
์บํ๋์์ฃผ์ ๋ก๋ง ์ ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paestum | Paestum | Paestum ( , , ) was a major ancient Greek city on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea in Magna Graecia. The ruins of Paestum are famous for their three ancient Greek temples in the Doric order dating from about 550 to 450 BC that are in an excellent state of preservation. The city walls and amphitheatre are largely intact, and the bottom of the walls of many other structures remain, as well as paved roads. The site is open to the public, and there is a modern national museum within it, which also contains the finds from the associated Greek site of Foce del Sele.
Solinus wrote that it was established by Dorians. After its foundation by Greek colonists under the name of Poseidonia (), it was eventually conquered by the local Lucanians and later the Romans. The Lucanians renamed it to Paistos and the Romans gave the city its current name. As Pesto or Paestum, the town became a bishopric (now only titular), but it was abandoned in the Early Middle Ages, and left undisturbed and largely forgotten until the eighteenth century.
Today the remains of the city are found in the modern frazione of Paestum, which is part of the comune of Capaccio Paestum in the Province of Salerno in the region of Campania, Italy. The modern settlement, directly to the south of the archaeological site, is a popular seaside resort with long sandy beaches. The Paestum railway station on the Naples-Salerno-Reggio Calabria railway line is directly to the east of the ancient city walls.
Ancient ruins and features
Much of the most celebrated features of the site today are the three large temples in the Archaic version of the Greek Doric order, dating from about 550 to 450 BC. All are typical of the period, with massive colonnades having a very pronounced entasis (widening as they go down), and very wide capitals resembling upturned mushrooms. Above the columns, only the second Temple of Hera retains most of its entablature, the other two having only the architrave in place.
These were dedicated to Hera and Athena (Juno and Minerva to the Romans), although previously they often have been identified otherwise, following eighteenth-century arguments. The two temples of Hera are right next to each other, while the Temple of Athena is on the other side of the town center. There were other temples, both Greek and Roman, which are far less well preserved.
Paestum is far from any sources of good marble. Unsurprisingly, the three main temples had few stone reliefs, perhaps using painting instead. Painted terracotta was used for some detailed parts of the structure. The large pieces of terracotta that have survived are in the museum.
The whole ancient city of Paestum covered an area of approximately 120 hectares. Only the 25 hectares that contain the three main temples and the other main buildings have been excavated. The other 95 hectares remain on private land and have not been studied.
The ancient city was surrounded by defensive walls, which are largely intact. The walls are approximately long in its polygonal perimeter, typically high, and thick. Corresponding with the cardinal points, there were four main openings in the wall: Porta Sirena (east to the hills); Porta Giustizia (south, now to the modern village Paestum); Porta Marina (west to the sea); and Porta Aurea (north), which was later destroyed. Positioned along the wall were 24 square or round towers. There may have been as many as 28, but some of them (and Porta Aurea) were destroyed during the construction of a highway during the 18th century that effectively cut the ancient site in two.
The central area is completely clear of modern buildings and always has been largely so, since the Middle Ages. Although much stone has been stripped from the site, large numbers of buildings remain detectable by their footings or the lower parts of their walls, and the main roads remain paved. A low-built heroon or shrine memorial to an unknown local hero survived intact; the contents are in the museum. Numerous tombs have been excavated outside the walls.
The three Greek Temples
The first Temple of Hera, built around 550 BC by the Greek colonists, is the oldest surviving temple in Paestum and the one farthest south. 18th-century archaeologists named it "the Basilica" because some mistakenly believed it to be a Roman building. (The original Roman basilica was essentially a civic form of building, before the basilica plan was adopted by the Early Christians for churches.)
Inscriptions and terracotta statuettes revealed that the goddess worshiped here was Hera. Later, an altar was unearthed in front of the temple, in the open-air site usual for a Greek altar. The faithful could attend rites and sacrifices without entering the cella or inner sanctuary.
The columns have a very strong entasis or curvature down their length, an indication of an early date of construction. Some of the capitals still retain visible traces of their original paint. The temple is wider than most Greek temples, probably because there are two doors and a row of seven columns running centrally inside the cella, an unusual feature. This may reflect a dual dedication of the temple. Having an odd number of columns, here nine, across the shorter sides also is very unusual; there are eighteen columns along the longer sides. This was possible, or necessary, because of the two doors, so that neither has a view blocked by a column.
On the highest point of the town, some way from the Hera Temples and north of the center of the ancient settlement, is the Temple of Athena. It was built around 500 BC, and was for some time incorrectly thought to have been dedicated to Ceres. The architecture is transitional, being mainly built in early Doric style and partially Ionic. Three medieval Christian tombs in the floor show that the temple was at one time used as a Christian church.
The second Temple of Hera was built around 460โ450 BC, just north of the first Hera Temple, the two both part of a Heraion, or sanctuary to the goddess. It was once thought to be dedicated to Poseidon, who may have been a secondary focus of worship there. Instead of the typical 20ย flutes on each column, they have 24ย flutes. The Temple of Hera II also has a wider column size and smaller intervals between columns. The temple was also used to worship Zeus and another deity, whose identity is unknown. There are visible on the east side the remains of two altars, one large and one smaller. The smaller one is a Roman addition, built when a road leading to a Roman forum was cut through the larger one. It also is possible that the temple originally was dedicated to both Hera and Poseidon; some offertory statues found around the larger altar are thought to demonstrate this identification.
Other archaeological features
In the central part of the complex is the Roman Forum, thought to have been built on the site of the preceding Greek agora. On the north side of the forum is a small Roman temple, dated to 200 BC. It was dedicated to the Capitoline Triad, Jupiter, Juno and Minerva.
To the north-east of the forum is the amphitheater. This is of normal Roman pattern, although much smaller than later examples. Only the western half is visible; in 1930 AD, a road was built across the site, burying the eastern half. It is said by local inhabitants that the civil engineer responsible was tried, convicted and received a prison sentence for what was described as wanton destruction of a historic site. There is also a small circular council hall (bouleuterion) or assembly space (ekklesiasterion), with seats in tiers. It was probably never roofed, but had a wall around it, perhaps with a small arcade round the inside. This ceased to have a role in Roman times and was filled over.
The heroรถn, close to the forum and the Temple of Athena, probably celebrated the founder of the city, though constructed around a century after the death of this unnamed figure. It was a low tumulus with a walled rectangular enclosure faced with large stones around it. When it was excavated in 1954 a low stone chamber with a pitched roof was discovered at the centre, half below the surrounding ground level and half above. This contained several large, rare, and splendid bronze vessels, perhaps not locally-made, and a large Athenian pottery black-figure amphora of about 520โ500 BC. The bronze vessels had traces of honey inside. These are all now in the museum.
Just south of the city walls, at a site still called Santa Venera, a series of small terracotta offertory molded statuettes of a standing nude woman wearing the polos headdress of Anatolian and Syrian goddesses, which were dated to the first half of the sixth century BC, were found in the sanctuary. Other similar ones have been excavated at other Paestum sanctuaries during excavations in the 1980s. The figure is highly unusual in the Western Mediterranean. The open-air temenos was established at the start of Greek occupation: a temple on the site was not built until the early fifth century BC. A nude goddess is a figure alien to Greek culture before the famous Cnidian Aphrodite by Praxiteles in the fourth century: iconographic analogies must be sought in Phoenician Astarte and the Cypriote Aphrodite. "In places where the Greeks and Phoenicians came in contact with one another, there is often an overlapping in the persona of the two deities."
Inscriptions make clear that during Roman times the cult was reserved to Venus.
Painted tombs
Paestum also is renowned for its painted tombs, mainly belonging to the Lucanian period, while only one of them dates to the Greek period. However, this is the Tomb of the Diver (Italian: Tomba del tuffatore), which is the most famous. It is named after the enigmatic scene, depicted on the underside of the covering slab, of a young man diving into a stream of water. It dates to the first half of the fifth century BC (about 470 BC), the Golden Age of the Greek town. It was found, on 3 June 1968, in a small necropolis some 1.5ย km south of the ancient walls. The paintings have now been transferred to the museum. The tomb is painted with the true fresco technique and its importance lies in being "the only example of Greek painting with figured scenes dating from the Orientalizing, Archaic, or Classical periods to survive in its entirety. Among the thousands of Greek tombs known from this time (roughly 700โ400 BC), this is the only one found to have been decorated with frescoes of human subjects."
The remaining four walls of the tomb are occupied by symposium-related scenes, an iconography far more familiar from Greek pottery than the diving scene. All the five frescoes are displayed in the museum, together with other cycles from Lucanian painted tombs. In contrast to earlier Greek tomb paintings, these later scenes have many figures and a high proportion of scenes including horses and equestrian sports.
Sele complex
A few kilometres from Paestum there was a temple complex at the mouth of the Sele river (Foce del Sele in Italian) dedicated to Hera. The temple is now all but destroyed, and little remains of several other buildings. About 70 of the sixth-century BC Archaic metope relief panels on the temple and another building at the site were recovered, however. These fall into two groups, the earlier of which shows the story of the life of Heracles in 38 surviving reliefs; the later group, of about 510 BC, shows pairs of running women. The earlier cycle forms the centrepiece of the Paestum museum, set in place around walls of the original height. At the site there is a museo narrante with video displays, but no original artefacts.
Art from Paestum
The Paestum archaeological museum holds the largest collection, but many significant pieces were removed from the site before modern controls and are in a number of collections around the world. The National Archaeological Museum of Spain in Madrid has especially rich holdings, with two important Imperial Roman statues and many, very fine vases (see below). Other pieces, mostly painted pottery, are in the Louvre, the Antikensammlung Berlin, and other museums in Europe and America.
In the case of painted pottery, a number of individual artists, especially from the fourth century BC, have been identified and given notnames whose work has been found in tombs around the city and the region, and sometimes farther afield. It has been presumed that these artists were based in the city.
National Archaeological Museum
The highlights of the national museum at Paestum are mentioned above: the Sele metopes, the Tomb of the Diver, and the contents of the Heroon. The displays also show a number of large painted terracotta architectural fragments from the temples and other buildings, many Greek terracotta figurines, and incomplete larger terracotta statues, and pottery including painted vases.
History
Foundation
According to Strabo, the city was founded as Poseidonia (named after the Greek deity of the sea) by Greek Achaeans from Sybaris. The colonists had built fortifications close to the sea, but then decided to found the city farther inland at a higher elevation. The fortifications might have been built to the south of Poseidonia on the promontory where Agropoli is now. According to the historical tradition the sanctuary to Poseidon was located there, after which the city would have been named. The date of Poseidonia's founding is not given by ancient sources, but the archaeological evidence gives a date of approximately 600ย BC.
Alternatively in fact, the Sybarites may have been Troezenians. Aristotle wrote that a group of Troezenians was expelled from Sybaris by the Achaeans after their joint founding of that city. Gaius Julius Solinus calls Paestum a Dorian colony and Strabo mentions that Troezen once was called Poseidonia. As a consequence it has been argued that Paestum was founded by the Troezenians referred to by Aristotle. Another hypothesis is that the Sybarites were aided by Dorians in their founding of Poseidonia.
Greek period
Archaeological evidence from Paestum's first centuries indicates the building of roads, temples, and other features of a growing city. Coinage, architecture, and molded votive figurines all attest to close relations maintained with Metaponto in the sixth and fifth centuries.
It is presumed that Poseidonia harbored refugees from its mother city, Sybaris, when that city was conquered by Croton in 510 BC. In the early fifth century, Poseidonia's coins adopted the Achaean weight standard and the bull seen on Sybarite coins. A. J. Graham thinks it was plausible that the number of refugees was large enough for some kind of synoecism to have occurred between the Poseidonians and the Sybarites, possibly in the form of a sympolity.
Poseidonia might have had a major share in a new foundation of Sybaris, which lasted from 452/1 BC until 446/5ย BC. This is suggested by the great resemblance of the coins of Sybaris to those of Poseidonia during this period. Possibly a treaty of friendship between Sybaris, its allies, and the Serdaioi (an unknown people) dates to this new foundation, because Poseidonia was the guarantor of this treaty.
Lucanian period
It is not until the end of the fifth century BC that the city is mentioned, when according to Strabo, the city was conquered by the Lucanians. From the archaeological evidence it appears that the two cultures, Greek and Oscan, were able to thrive alongside one another.
Many tomb paintings show horses and horse-racing, a passion of the Lucanian elites.
Roman period and abandonment
It became the Roman city of Paestum in 273 BC in the aftermath of the Pyrrhic War, in which the Graeco-Italian Poseidonians sided with king Pyrrhus of Epirus against the Roman Republic.
During the Carthaginian invasion of Italy by Hannibal, the city remained faithful to Rome and afterward, was granted special favours such as the minting of its own coinage. The city continued to prosper during the Roman imperial period and became a bishopric as the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pesto around 400 AD.
It started to go into decline between the fourth and seventh centuries AD, and was abandoned during the Middle Ages. The bishopric was suppressed in 1100. Like Naples and most of the surrounding region, the inhabitants presumably spoke a Greek dialect throughout its history. The decline and desertion were probably due to changes in local land drainage patterns, leading to swampy malarial conditions. Raids by "Saracen" pirates and slavers also may have been a deciding factor. The remaining population seems to have moved to the more easily defended cliff-top settlement at Agropoli (i.e. "acropolis" or "citadel" in Greek), a few kilometres away, although this settlement became a base for Muslim raiders for a period. The Paestum site became overgrown and largely forgotten, although some stone spolia were collected and used in Salerno Cathedral by Robert Guiscard (d. 1085).
Rediscovery
Despite stray mentions such as that in the history of Pietro Summonte in 1524, who correctly identified the three Doric temples as such, its ruins only came to wide notice again in the eighteenth century, following the rediscovery of the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, and during the construction of a new coastal road south from Naples. The modern settlement had begun to revive by at least the sixteenth century, to the side of the ancient ruins. After a complicated start, the rediscovery of the three relatively easily accessible, and early, Greek temples created huge interest throughout Europe.
Giovanni Battista Piranesi visited to make a book of highly atmospheric but also accurate etchings, published in 1778; these and other prints were widely circulated. The complete and relatively simple form of the temples became influential in early Greek Revival architecture.
In 1740 a proposal was made, but not executed, to remove columns for the new Palace of Capodimonte in Naples. Initially, eighteenth-century savants doubted that the structures had been temples, and it was suggested variously, that they included a gymnasium, a public basilica or hall, or a "portico". There also was controversy and misunderstanding of their cultural background. Alessio Simmaco Mazzocchi, a clergyman and antiquarian, "the founder of the modern study of Magna Graecia" (the ancient Greeks in Italy), thought they were Etruscan, in line with his theories that Greek colonists merely had joined existing cultures in Italy, founded by peoples from farther east. He derived the etymology of "Poseidonia" from an invented Phoenician sea deity.
The first modern published account of the ruins was Les Ruines de Paestum in 1764, by G. P. M. Dumont, who had been taken to the site in 1750, along with the architect Jacques-Germain Soufflot, by Count Gazzola, an engineer for the government in Naples. Gazzola had drawn or commissioned measured drawings, to which Dumont added his own, as well as, more artistic plates. There was an expanded edition in 1769, the same year when a still more extensive account was published by the Englishman Thomas Major. By 1774 there were nine different illustrated publications on the site.
Second World War
On September 9, 1943, Paestum was the location of the landing beaches of the U.S. 36th Infantry Division during the Allied invasion of Italy. German forces resisted the landings from the outset, causing heavy fighting within and around the town. Combat persisted around the town for nine days before the Germans withdrew to the north. The Allied forces set up their Red Cross first aid tents in, and around, the temples since the Temples were "off limits" to bombing by both sides.
Coins
The coins of Paestum begin about 550 BC. These early issues were perhaps all festival coins. They usually have Poseidon with upraised trident. Issues continue until the reign of Tiberius. For unknown reasons Paestum alone of all the smaller Italian mints, was allowed to continue minting bronze coins by a Senatorial decree of about 89 BC, after this had been centralized. Later coins carry "P. S. S. C.", standing for "Paesti Signatum Senatus Consulto" to reflect this.
In fiction
In his partially fictionalized travelogue, The Innocents Abroad (1869), Mark Twain includes Paestum in the itinerary in Chapter 1 of the "great pleasure excursion to Europe and the Holy Land." The itinerary includes: "Rome [by rail], Herculaneum, Pompeii, Vesuvius, Vergilโs tomb, and possibly the ruins of Paestum can be visited..."
In the novel My รntonia (1918) by Willa Cather, the professor Gaston Cleric contracts a fever after spending the night outdoors admiring "the sea temples at Paestum".
In the film Mare Nostrum (1926) by Rex Ingram, they visit Paestum.
Gate to the Sea, a historical novel by Bryher published in 1958, portrays the flight of Harmonia, a Greek high priestess, from Poseidonia (Paestum), where the Greek inhabitants have been enslaved and culturally dominated by the Lucani since the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC.
Scenes in the 1963 film Jason and the Argonauts (1963) were filmed here โ notably when the Argonauts assist King Phineus (Patrick Troughton), who has been blinded and is tormented by harpies for his transgressions against the gods. In return for his advice on how to reach Colchis, the Argonauts render the harpies harmless by caging them.
Scenes in the 1981 film Clash of the Titans (where Perseus fights and kills Medusa's guardian, a two-headed dog) take place in Paestum.
In the 2007 video game Medal of Honor: Airborne, the second mission set during Operation Avalanche takes place in Paestum.
See also
Architecture of Ancient Greece
Roman Catholic Diocese of Pesto
List of ancient Greek temples
List of Greco-Roman roofs
List of archaeological sites sorted by country
References
Sources
Ceserani, Giovanna, Italy's Lost Greece: Magna Graecia and the Making of Modern Archaeology, 2012, Oxford University Press, , Google books
Wilton-Ely, John, The Mind and Art of Giovanni Battista Piranesi, 1978, Thames & Hudson, London,
Further reading
Strabo, Geographica 6.1
External links
Official website of the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Paestum
Information on Paestum given by the website of the archaeological superintendece
Information on the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Paestum given by the website of the archaeological superintendece
Comprehensive account of site and museum
Archaeological sites in Campania
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Italy
Roman towns and cities in Magna Grecia
Roman sites of Campania
Achaean colonies of Magna Graecia
World Heritage Sites in Italy
Populated places established in the 7th century BC
Frazioni of the Province of Salerno
Localities of Cilento
Former populated places in Italy
Greek temples
Greek colonies in Lucania
Tourist attractions in Campania
Museums in Campania
Museums of ancient Rome in Italy
Coloniae (Roman) |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%BC%EB%A7%9D%EA%B5%AD%EB%A1%A0 | ๋ฐ์ผ๋ง๊ตญ๋ก | ๋ฐ์ผ๋ง๊ตญ๋ก ()์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ ์ขํ ์ฌ์์ผ๋ก, 1970๋
๋์ ์ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ์ฐํ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ฃผ์ฐฝํ๋ค.
์ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ค์คํ ๋ฅ์ ๊ถ๋ฏผํ๋ช
๋ก ๊ณผ ์์ด๋ ํ๋ช
๋ก ๋ฑ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์๊ณ , ๋ํ ์ฐ๋ฉ๋์ด ์ฐ๋ค์ค์ ์๊ธฐ ใ๊ณต์ฐ์ฃผ์์๋๋งน ์ ๊ตฐํ์๊ฒ์ ์ผ์ ํ๋๋ฅผ ๋ปํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์๊ฒใ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์ผ๋ฉด์ ๊ทธ ์ด๋ก ํ์ฑ์ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ จํ๋ค.
"๋ฐ์ผ๋ง๊ตญ๋ก "์ ๋จ์ํ ์ ๊ตญ์ฃผ์ ์ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ ์
์ฅ์์ ์๊ตญ์ ํจ์ ๊ณผ ํ๋ช
์ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ํ๋ ํ๋ช
์ ์กฐ๊ตญํจ๋ฐฐ์ฃผ์์๋ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ฉ์ด์ง ์ด๋ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ ๊ตญ์ฃผ์์ ์
ํ์ ๋นํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ทธ์น์ง ์๋๋ค. ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํจ์ฌ ๊ฑฐ์ฌ๋ฌ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๊ฑด๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ ์ญ์ฌ ์์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ ํ๊ณ ๊ทธ ๋ฉธ์ข
์ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค.
๋ฐ์ผ๋ง๊ตญ๋ก ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์ ์์ ์ด ์์ ์์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฒ์ฃ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ธ ์ผ์ ๋ณธ๊ตญ์ธ์์ ์๊ฐํ๊ณ ์๊ธฐ๋ถ์ ํด๋๊ฐ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ ๋๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์์ฃํ ์ ์๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ๋ฅผ ์์์จ ๋ฐํ๋ช
๊ตญ๊ฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ถ์
ํ ์์น์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ด๊ณ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ "์กฐ๊ตญ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ ์์ฒด๊ฐ ์ต๋์ ๋ฐํ๋ช
์ฌ์์ด๋, ์ ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏผ์กฑ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์์์ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋น๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด ๋๋ผ๊ณ ์ค๊ตํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ง๊ตญ๋ก ์ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ฉํด ๋ฐ์ผํฌ์์ ํฌ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก์จ ์์ ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ด๋ผ๋ ์์ฃ์์ ํด๋ฐฉ๋๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
์์ธ
๋ง๋ฅดํฌ์ค์ฃผ์ ํํผ
์ผ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์นด๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ฅดํฌ์ค๋ ใ๊ณต์ฐ๋น ์ ์ธใ์์ "๋
ธ๋์์๊ฒ๋ ์กฐ๊ตญ์ด ์๋ค," "๋ง๊ตญ์ ๋
ธ๋์์ฌ ๋จ๊ฒฐํ๋ผ"๋ผ๊ณ ์ ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋ฐ์ผ๋ง๊ตญ๋ก ์ ์ด๋ฐ ๋
ธ๋์ ๊ตญ์ ์ฐ๋๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ๋ ์ ์์ ๋ง๋ฅดํฌ์ค์ฃผ์์๋ ๋จ์ ๋๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฉ๋์ด์ ์๊ธฐ๋ "๋ง๋ฅดํฌ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ์"๊ณ ์ญ์คํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฐ์ผํฌ์์ ํจ์ ์์ด ๋ง๋ฅดํฌ์ค์ ๊ด๋
์ ์ฝ๋งค์ด์ง ๋ง์์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ๋์์์ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฌด์ฅ์ ์ ์์๋ "ํผ์๋ฏผ ์ธ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ํ๋กค๋ ํ๋ฆฌ์๋ '์ '์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์ด ์์ฐํ ์ฌ์ค์ ๊ณ ํต์ค๋ฌ์ด ํ์ธ์ด์ผ๋ง๋ก ๋ฐ์ผ์ฌ์์ ์์ ์ด๋ค"๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅ, "ํผ์๋ฏผ ์ธ๋ฏผ์ ๋ฐ์ผ๊ฐ์ "์ด์ผ๋ง๋ก ๋ง๋ฅดํฌ์ค์ฃผ์์ ๋ํ ๋์๊ธฐ๋ณธ์๋ฆฌ๋ผ ํ๋ค.
๋ธ๋ผ๋๋ฏธ๋ฅด ๋ ๋์ ใ์ ๊ตญ์ฃผ์๋ก ใ์์๋ ์ ๊ตญ์ฃผ์๋ ์๋ณธ์ฃผ์์ ์ต์ข
๋จ๊ณ๋ก์, ๊ณ ๋๋ก ๋ฐ๋ฌํ ์๋ณธ์ฃผ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋์ธ์นจ๋ต์ฑํฅ์ ๋จ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์นจ๋ต์ฑ์ ์๋ณธ์ ์ฌํ๋ก์ ์ ํ์ด ๋๋ฌด ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด์๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ถ์์ฉ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌํ์ฃผ์ ํ๋ช
์ ์ผ์ผ์ผ ์ฒํฉ์ ๋ฑ ์ ๊ตญ์ฃผ์ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๊ณ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ๊ฑฐ๋ญ๋๋ฉด ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์นจ๋ต์ฑ์ ์๋ฉธํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ง๋ฅดํฌ์ค์ฃผ์์ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋ฐ์ผ๋ง๊ตญ๋ก ์ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋์ํ์ง ์๋๋ค. ๋ฐ์ผ๋ง๊ตญ๋ก ์์๋ "์ต์๋ฏผ์กฑ์ ๋
ธ๋๊ณ๊ธ"์ "์ต์๋ฏผ์กฑ์ ์๋ณธ๊ณ๊ธ"๊ณผ ๋๋ถ์ด "ํผ์ต์๋ฏผ์กฑ์ ๋
ธ๋๊ณ๊ธ"์ ํจ๊ป ์ต์ํ๋ ๊ฐํด์์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋
ธ๋๊ณ๊ธ์ ๊ตญ์ ์ฐ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ต์๋ฏผ์กฑ์ ๋
ธ๋๊ณ๊ธ์ ์ฑ
์์ ๋ฉดํผํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค.
๋์๋ฐ์ผ๋ฌด์ฅ์ ์ ์ ๊ตฌ๋ก๊ฐ์ ์์๋ง์ฌ์ ํํ์ ๋น์๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์งํฅ์ "๋ฐ์ผ์ "๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ "๋ฐ์ผ"์ด๋ฉฐ,๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ฌ์์ "ํ๋ช
์ฌ์"๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋๋ "๋ฐ์ผ์ฌ์"์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ์ฃผํ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ด๊ฒ์ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ํ๋ช
๋ก ์์ ์ฝํ๋ฅด๋์ฟ ์ค์ ์ ํ์ ์ด๋ฃฌ ์ฌ์์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ํ์์ฐฌํ์๋ค.
ใ์ผ๋ณธใ ๊ตญํธ ๋ถ์
ใ์ผ๋ณธใ(ๆฅๆฌ)์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ตญํธ๋ โํด ๋จ๋ ๊ณณ์ ์ฒํ ์ฒ์์ ๋๋ผโ๋ผ๋ ์๋ฏธ๋ก, ์ฒํฉ์ ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ถ ๊ด๊ณ์ ์๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ์ ์คํ์ฌ์์ ์์ฉํ ์ผ๋ณธํ ์คํ์ฌ์์ผ ๋ฟ๋๋ฌ, ์ ์ ๊ทธ ์์กฐ์ธ ์ค๊ตญ์ โํด ์ง๋ ๊ณณ์ ์ฒํ ๋๋ผโ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฉธ์ํ๋ โ์ธํธ๋ผ ์ค๋ง ์ ๊ตญ์ฃผ์โ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํํ ๊ฒ์ด ใ์ผ๋ณธใ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ตญํธ๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ ๋ผ์์ ๋๋ฅ ๋์ชฝ์ ๋ถ์ ํธ์์ด๋์ ์ง๋ช
์ผ๋ก์ ๊ฐ์น์ค๋ฆฝ์ ์ด์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ง์
์ผ๋ณธ ํฉ์ค์ ๊ธฐ๋ง๋ฏผ์กฑ์ ๋ณต์์กฐ์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋๋ฅ์์ ๋๋ํ ์ธ๋ ฅ์์ ๊ธฐ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ค์ก๋ค. ์ฆ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ ์ญ์ด ์นจ๋ต์ผ๋ก ์ป์ ์ ๋ณต์ง์ธ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ํผ์ ๋ณต๋ฏผ๋ค์ ๊ณง ํฉ์ค๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๋ โ์ฒ์๋ฏผ์กฑโ๊ณผ ๋ํ๋์ด ๋๊ฒฝ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ด ๋์๊ณ , ๋ํ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ ์ผ๋ถ ํผ์ ๋ณต๋ฏผ๋ค์ด ๋ถ๋ฝ๋ฏผ์ด ๋์๋ค. ์ค์ธ ์ดํ๋ก๋ ๋จ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ์นจ๋ต์ ๊ณ์๋์ด ๋ฉ์ด์ง ์๋์ ์์ด๋๋ชจ์๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฅํ์๊ตญ์ ์นจํ, ๋ด์ง์ ์นจ๋ต์ด ์๋ฃ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ฆ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ญ์ฌ๋ โ์นจ๋ต๊ณผ ์ฐฉ์ทจ์ ์ญ์ฌโ์ธ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ โ์นจ๋ต์ ์ ํตโ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฉ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ์ด ์๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์์์๋ฅผ ์นจํํ๊ณ ์ธ๊ณ๋์ ์ ์ผ์ผํจ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ข์ต ์ผ๊ฐ์์๋ ์์ ใ๋ฏผ์ค์ฌ๊ดใ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ์ฌ ์์ ๋ฏผ๊ถ์ด๋ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์น์ด๋์ ๋์ด ํ๊ฐํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ ๋ฏผ์ค๋ค ์ญ์ ใ๋ฒ์ฃ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ผ๋ณธใ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์์ ์ง๋์ง ์๊ณ , ์์ด๋์ ๋ฅํ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ ํฌ์ ์์ ์ํ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ ์น์ด๋๋ ์ ๋ฉด์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ ๋์ด์ผ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์์ปจ๋ 1918๋
์ ์๋๋ ์ ๋นํ ์ ํญ์ด๋์ด ์๋๋ผ, ์๋ฏผ์ง ์ธ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ์์ ์ํํ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ง ๋ง๋ค์์ ๋ฟ์ธ ๋จ์ํ ํญ๋์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ค.
์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฌธํ์ ๋ถ์
๋ฐ์ผ๋ง๊ตญ๋ก ์์๋ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฌธํ์ ์๋ถ์ฌ์ ๋๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ ์์ฒด๊ฐ ์ฃ์
์ด๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ช
์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋์ ํค์ด์์ฟ ์ฒ๋๋ฅผ ํ ๊ฐ๋ฌด ์ฒํฉ์ ๋ชจ์๋ ํค์ด์ ์ ๊ถ ๋ฐฉํ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๋์ด ํ๊ฐํ๋ค.
์ผ๋ณธ ๋
ธ๋์ด๋์ ๋ถ์
์ ํ ๊ณ ๋๊ฒฝ์ ์ฑ์ฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋๋ค์ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด โ๋ถ๋ฅด์ฃผ์์ โ ์ํ์ ๋๋ฆด ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฌ์์ โ์ ์ธ๊ณ ์ธ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ฐฉ์ทจํ ์ฌ์ฐโ์ ์ํด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ โ์ํ๊ฐ์ ์ด๋,โ โ์๊ธ์ธ์์ด๋โ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋
ธ๋์ด๋์ โ๊ฐํํ ์ํ์ ๋ชซ์ ๋ ๋ด๋์ผ๋ผโ๋ ใ์ฝํ๋ฏผ์กฑ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธใ์ ๋น๊ณคํ ์๋ง์ ํํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ธ ๋ฐ, ๋ฐํ๋ช
์ด๋ค.
ํด์ธ ์ธ๊ถ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ํ ๋ถ๊ฐ์
1970๋
๋ ๋น์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ข์ต ์ธ์ฌ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ๋ ๊น๋์ค ๋ฉ์น์ฌ๊ฑด์ผ๋ก ๋จํ ์ ๋ถ์๊ฒ ๊ตฌ์๋ ๊น๋์ค์ ๊ตฌ๋ช
ํ๋์ ๋ถ์ฃผํ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์์๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ๋ ์ธ๋ฐ์๋ ์ง์ด๋ค. ์ผ์ ๋ณธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฃผ์ ์ ์ธ๊ตญ(ํนํ ์์์ ์ด๊ตญ)์ ์ธ๊ถ์ ์ด์ดํ๋ ๊ฒ์ โ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์๊ฐ ์ข์ ๋๋ผ๋ค. ์์ ๋๋ผ๋คโ๋ผ๋ ใ์ผ๋ณธ์ฐ์์์ใ์ ํํ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ ๊ตญ์ฃผ์์ ์นจ๋ตํ๋์ ๋ค๋ฆ์๋ค.
์ผ๋ณธํ๋์ ๋ต
๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ์ ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ตญ๋ ฅ์ด ์๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ์ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ ์์ ํ๋ง๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋๋ ๋๋ผ๋ ํ๊ตญ(๋จํ)์ด๋ค. ์ฐ์ ํ๊ตญ์ธ์ ๋ฐฐํ์ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ถ๊ฒจ ๋ฐ์ผ๊ฐ์ ์ ์กฐ์ฑ, ํ๊ตญ๊ตฐ์ ์ฟ ๋ฐํ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฐํ์ฌ ํ๊ตญ์ ใ์น์ผ์ ๊ถใ์ ํ๋ํ๊ณ ํ๊ตญ์ ๋ฅ์ง๋ฅผ ํผ ใ์น์ผํใ๋ฅผ ์์ฒญํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ใ๋ฐ์ผ๊ตฐ์ฌ์ ๊ถใ์ผ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ ์ ํฌ๊ณ , ์ต์ํ 10๋ง ๋ช
์ ์์๋์์ ์ ์ฌ์ํจ๋ค.
๋์์ ใ๋ฅํ๊ณตํ๊ตญใ์ด ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ ํฌ๊ณ , ํ๊ตญ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋์ผ ์นจ๋ต์ ์์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ใ์์ด๋ ์๋น์ํธ ๊ณตํ๊ตญใ๋ ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์ ์ธ, โ๋ถ๋ฐฉ์ํ ๋ฐํโ ๋ฐ์ ์์ด๋๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ํ๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์ ๊ฐํ๋ ํ์นด์ด๋ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ํ์ธ 500๋ง ๋ช
์ ์ด์กํ๋ค.
๋๋จ์์์์์๋ ๋ฐ์ผ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ถ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ณ , ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๊ตฐ์ ๋คํธ์ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํด ์๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋ํ ์์ ์์ถ์ ์ ์ง, ABCD ํฌ์๋ง ๊ฐ์ ใ๋ฐ์ผํฌ์๋งใ์ ๊ตฌ์ถํด ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์๋ฉธ์ ์ฌ์ด์ํจ๋ค.
ใ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฉธ๋งใ์ดํ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์ ๋จ๋
๋
ธ์๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ฌธํ๊ณ ์ฌํ์ ๋ถ์ณ์ง๋ค. ๋๋ค์๋ ์ผ์ ๋ณธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ฃ๋ก ์ฌํ์ ์ฒํด์ง๋ค. ๋ฏผ์กฑ์์ใป๊ตญ๋ฏผ์์์ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ฐ์ผํฌ์์ ํจ๊ปํ ๋์ง๋ค(์ธ๊ณํ๋ช
๋ญ์ธ)๋ง์ด ๋ฌด์ฃ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฉด ์ง๊ตฌ์์์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์ ์๋ฉธํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
๋์์์๋ฐ์ผ๋ฌด์ฅ์ ์
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ ์ขํ
๋ฐ์ผ ๊ฐ์
์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๋ฌธ์
์ผ๋ณธ์ ๊ทน์ข ์ ์น | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Japaneseism | Anti-Japaneseism | was a radical ideology promoted by a faction of the Japanese New Left that advocated for the destruction of the nation of Japan. The ideology was first conceived by Katsuhisa Oomori, a member of the New Left, in the 1970s. Extending from anti-Japanese sentiments and viewpoints such as the Ainu Revolution Theory, it claimed that "the nation called Japan and the entire Japanese race should be extinguished from the face of the earth". Anti-Japaneseism makes claims that go far back in history, denying the founding of Japan and the history of the Japanese people. It advocated for the extermination of the Japanese ethnicity.
Differences from Anti-Japanism
The Anti-Japanism theory posed that Japan's actions since the Meiji period have been tainted by imperialism, and that a new regime is needed. According to Anti-Japanism, Japan's moral failure can be redeemed if the Imperial family is purged and the country forcibly transitions into a communist "people's republic". Anti-Japaneseism radicalized this argument by claiming that even the communist revolution could not redeem Japan because the Japanese themselves possess an inherent "aggressive nature". Proponents of this theory believe that the only way to redeem oneself from the "oppressive and criminal Japanese race" is to fight against all Japanese interests until the "Japanese" archipelago has been purged of anything Japanese.
From this standpoint, the so-called "Japanese" must be fully aware of themselves as an "oppressive/criminal people" and should deny themselves.
In this theory, since Japan is a counter-revolutionary nation that has accumulated crimes that cannot be amortized, and is an ugly shameful nation and ethnicity, thinking that Japan is the "homeland" is itself the greatest anti-revolutionary ideology. This theory preaches "Abandon Japanese consciousness of nation and ethnicity awareness thoroughly and be a traitor".
Only those who accept this theory of extinction against Japan, and who becomes a warrior for the anti-Japanese struggle, will be freed from the "original sin" of the "suppressive/criminal people" for the first time.
Historical thesis
According to Anti-Japaneseism, the original inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago were lawless agriculturalists but were invaded by an equestrian tribe from whom the current imperial family descends. Those who resisted the conquest became burakumin. The suppression continued through the 19th century as the imperial regime conquered the Ryukyuans and Ainu. Thus, the history of Japan is defined as "a history of invasion and exploitation".
Final solution
The so-called "final solution" of Anti-Japaneseism is to wipe the nation called "Japan" from the face of the earth and exterminate the Japanese race. Because, as described in the above historical theory, Japan is inherently evil, the continued existence of Japanese people is incompatible with peace. East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front member Yoshimasa Kurosawa affirms that he is not opposed to any particular Japanese political regime, but to the existence of Japan itself.
Strategy to extinguish Japanese ethnicity
The East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front has suggested a scenario that could lead to the ruin of Japan. In this scenario, they would incite anti-government South Korean soldiers and topple the current South Korean "Chinilpa" (Park Chung-hee) military regime, replacing it with a military regime that is openly anti-Japanese. Japan, owing to its naturally aggressive nature, would invade Korea in response, then the Anti-Japaneseists could employ their terrorist networks to wreak havoc in Korea similar to the Vietnam War, draining Japan's financial and political strength, which would allow its swift downfall.
The detailed scenario is as follows:
The main country of importance in this scenario is the Republic of Korea. By fostering South Korean's Korean ethnic nationalism, it would fuel anti-Japanese sentiment, induce a coup d'etat in the South Korean military, overthrow the "Chinilpa government", and eliminate the "Chinilpa" sentiments that are rooted in South Korea. Then, the South Korean "Anti-Chinilpa military government" would declare war on Japan, killing at least 100,000 Japanese Self Defence Forces personnel.
In Okinawa, the "Ryukyu Republic" would declare independence. This 'independent nation' would declare war on Japan and the United States, and then ally with South Korea to invade Japan.
In Hokkaido, the "Ainu-Soviet Republic" would also declare independence. They would claim that Japan ignored the Ainu, in incidences such as "Returning the Northern Territories", and the slaughter of 5 million Japanese people in Hokkaido who are "proud". This would also fuel anti-Japanese sentiment in Southeast Asia.
Using the network of the Japanese Red Army would prevent the export of crude oil to Japan by the Arab countries, the "Anti-Japan siege network" would surround Japan like the former ABCD line which was an economic sanction imposed on Japan taking the initials of national names, America (United States), Britain (England), China, Dutch (Netherlands) in 1940.
After "the destruction of Japan", most of the Japanese people would be sentenced to death regardless of age or sex, as the majority of them are "Japanese Empire nationals".
It is a scenario in which only comrades (World Revolution Ronin) who have abandoned ethnic and national consciousness and fought the anti-Japanese struggle are freed from their "original sin", and the Japanese ethnicity is extinguished from the earth.
Prohibition of human rights intervention in Korea
During the 1970s, some members among the left-wing strove to rescue Kim Dae-jung detained by the government of the Republic of Korea in the kidnapping of Kim Dae-jung. However, anti-Japaneseist opposed the rescue of Kim Dae-jung.
The anti-japaneseists believed this to be yet another expression of "Japanese superiority" that "Japan is a good country for democracy".
It was thought to be a principled aggression activity.
Celebration to arson incident on Heian shrine
According to the theory of anti-Japaneseism, to feel pride in Japanese culture is a sinful act that is counter-revolutionary. People who subscribe to Anti-Japaneseism celebrated the Heian Jingu Arson Case where arson was committed on the Heian Shrine which enshrines Emperor Kanmu, who established Heian-kyล, the relocated capital of Japan, in 794.
Influence on Japanese society
Since the eclipse of New Left influence, this group has been thought of as a bizarre cult. The activist who came up with the name "Anti-Japaneseism" has since left the group and describes it as "Satanic". The journalist Toshinao Sasaki describes life within the group as "insane". The education scholar Akira Moriguchi calls it a "violent ideology" and self-contradictory.
It has been suggested, however, that this ideology has provided the basis for other terrorist incidents such as the Tokyo subway sarin attack by Aum Shinrikyo in Tokyo Metro on three lines of the Tokyo Metro (then part of the Tokyo subway) during rush hour, killing 12 people, severely injuring 50, and causing temporary vision problems for nearly 1,000 others.
See also
New Left in Japan
Japanese Red Army
East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front
Revolutionary Communist League, National Committee
Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction)
People's Democracy Party (South Korea)
United Red Army
Ainu Revolution Theory
Revolutionary Communist Party of China
Juche ideology
Anti-Germans (political current)
White guilt
References
Anti-Japanese sentiment
New Left
Anarchism in Japan
Anti-nationalism
Communism in Japan
Incitement to genocide
Far-left politics in Japan |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%ED%8F%B0%2011%20%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C | ์์ดํฐ 11 ํ๋ก | ์์ดํฐ 11 ํ๋ก()์ ์์ดํฐ 11 ํ๋ก ๋งฅ์ค (iPhone 11 Pro Max)๋ ์์ดํฐ 11์ ์์ ํธํ๋๋ ์ ํ์ ์ค๋งํธํฐ์ด๋ฉฐ 2019๋
9์์ ์์ดํฐ11๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์ถ์๋์๋ค. ์์ดํฐ 11 ํ๋ก๋ ์์ดํฐ 11๊ณผ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ํ๋ฉด ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ ๋ ์ฆ๊ฐ 3๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์์ดํฐ 11 ํ๋ก๋ iOS 13 ์ด์์ฒด์ ๊ฐ ํ์ฌ๋ ์ค๋งํธํฐ์ด๋ค.
2020๋
10์ 13์ผ, ์ ํ์ ์ด๋ฒคํธ๋ฅผ ์๋๊ณ ๋จ์ข
๋์๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ
์ ์ ์ถ์ ๋ช ๋ฌ ์ ๋ถํฐ ์ค๋งํธํฐ์ ์ ์ฒด ์ฌ์, ๋ ๋๋ง, ์ค์ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง ๋ฑ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ๋๋ ๋ฑ ์ค๋งํธํฐ ๊ด๋ จ ์ธ๋ถ ์ฌํญ์ด ๋๋ฆฌ ์ ์ถ๋๋๋ฐ, ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ์ ์ง๋ณด์ ์ ๋ฉด ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ์ '๋
ธ์น' ๋์์ธ์ด ์ด์ด์ง๋ ๋ฑ ์๋น ๋ถ๋ถ ๋ง๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ค. ์์ดํฐX ์ดํ๋ก. ๋ค๋ง ์ผ๋ถ ๋์๋ ์๋ฐฉ ์ถฉ์ ์ด ํฌํจ๋ ๋ฑ ์๋ชป๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ค. ๊ณต์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ์ด๋์ฅ์ ์ ํ ๋ก๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ๋ ์ด์ด๋ ์ปฌ๋ฌ ์ ๋ฆฌ ์์๋ฅผ ์ธ๋ก ์ ๋ณด๋๋๋ฐ, ์ผ๋ถ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ์ด๋ค์ ์ ํ์ ์๋ ๋ก๊ณ ์ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ ํฐ์ ์๋ก์ด ์์์ ์ ์ํ๊ณ , ์ ํ์ด ์ด์ ์ ์๋ก์ด ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ ๋์์ธ์ ์ถ์ํ ํนํ๊ถ๋ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
์์ดํฐ 11๊ณผ 11 ํ๋ก๋ 2019๋
9์ 10์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ ์ฟ ํผํฐ๋
ธ์ ์์นํ ์คํฐ๋ธ ์ก์ค ๊ทน์ฅ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ธ๋ก ํ์ฌ์์ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋์๋ค. ์ด ํ์ฌ๋ ์์ดํฐ ์ธ์๋ ์ ํ์์น, ์์ดํจ๋, ์ ํTV+, ์ ํ์์ผ์ด๋ ๋ฑ ๋ค์ํ ์ ํ๊ณผ ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ์์ดํฐ 11 ํ๋ก๋ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ 999๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ถํฐ, ๋ํ ํ๋ฉด ํ๋ก ๋งฅ์ค๋ 1099๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ถํฐ ์ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์ด ์์๋์๋ค. ์ด ์์ดํฐ์ 9์ 20์ผ์ ์ถ์๋์๋ค.
2020๋
10์ 13์ผ, ์์ดํฐ 12 ํ๋ก์ ์์ดํฐ 12 ํ๋ก ๋งฅ์ค๊ฐ ๋ฐํ๋๋ฉด์ ์์ดํฐ 11 ํ๋ก์ 11 ํ๋ก ๋งฅ์ค๋ ์ ํ์ ๊ณต์ ์น์ฌ์ดํธ์์ ํ๋งค์์ ์ ์ธ๋์๋ค.
๋์์ธ
์์ดํฐ 11 ํ๋ก๋ ๊ณจ๋, ์ค๋ฒ, ์คํ์ด์ค ๊ทธ๋ ์ด, ๋ฏธ๋๋์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์๋๋๋ฐ, ์ด์ ์๋ ์์ดํฐ์์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์์๋ ์๋ก์ด ์์์ด๋ค. ์ ๋ฉด์๋ ์์ดํฐ XS์ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก 12MP ํธ๋ฃจ๋ฅ ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ ์์คํ
๊ณผ ์คํผ์ปค๊ฐ ํฌํจ๋ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด ์ปท์ด ์๋ค. ์์ดํฐ XS์ ๋น๊ตํด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์ ๋๋ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ธ ๋ ํฐ ์ฌ๊ฐํ์ ๋๊ธฐ์ 3๊ฐ์ ๋ ์ฆ์ ํ๋์๋ฅผ ์ฅ์ฐฉํ ์๋ก์ด ํ๋ฉด ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ ๋์์ธ๋ ์๋ค. ์ ํ ๋ก๊ณ ๋ ์ด์ ๊ธ์๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋ท๋ฉด ์ค์์ ๋ฐฐ์น๋๊ณ , ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ๋ฆฌ ๋ท๋ฉด ์์ดํฐ์์ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ ๊ดํ ๋ง๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ํ๋ก์คํ
๋งคํธ ๋ง๊ฐ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋๋ค.
์ฌ์
ํ๋์จ์ด
์ฉ๋์ 64GB, 256GB, 512GB์ด๋ค.
๋ฌ๋ผ์ง์ ์ IP68(4m 30๋ถ)๋ฐฉ์๊ฐ ์ง์๋๊ณ ํ๋ก์ธ์๊ฐ A13์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ ๊ฒ, ๋ฐฐํฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฉ๋์ด ์ปค์ง ๊ฒ, ๋์คํ๋ ์ด๊ฐ Super Retina XDR๋ก ๋ฐ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ๊ฐ 3๊ฐ๋ก ๋์ด ์ด๊ด๊ฐ ์์ญ์ ์ฐ์ ์ ์๊ณ , ์์ดํฐ์์๋ ์ผ๊ฐ๋ชจ๋๋ฅผ ์ง์ํ๊ฒ ๋์ด ์ ์กฐ๋ ์ฌ์ง์ ์ ์๋ณด๋ค ํจ์ฌ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์ ๋ช
ํ๊ฒ ์ฐ์ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ถ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์
๊ทธ๋ ์ด๋๋ก๋ ์ฌ๋กํผ ์ง์, Face ID ์๋ ํฅ์ ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค.
11 ํ๋ก, 11 ํ๋ก ๋งฅ์ค์ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด๋ Super Retina XDR์ผ๋ก๋ถ๋ฆฐ๋ค.
11 ํ๋ก์ ๋ฐฐํฐ๋ฆฌ๋ 3,110mAh์ด๊ณ ์ ์์ธ Xs๋ 2,658mAh์ด๋ค.
11 ํ๋ก ๋งฅ์ค์ ๋ฐฐํฐ๋ฆฌ๋ 3,190mAh์ด๊ณ ์ ์์ธ Xs ๋งฅ์ค๋ 3,147mAh์ด๋ค.
๋์คํ๋ ์ด
์์ดํฐ 11 ํ๋ก๋ 5.85์ธ์น(5.8์ธ์น) OLED ๋์คํ๋ ์ด์ 2436 x 1125ํฝ์
(458ppi์์ 270๋ง ํ์)์, ์์ดํฐ 11 ํ๋ก ๋งฅ์ค๋ 6.46์ธ์น(6.5์ธ์น)์ 2688 x 1242ํฝ์
(4530๋ง ํ์)์ ํด์๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ท๋ค. ๋ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ชจ๋ 200๋ง:1 ๋๋น์ ์ํผ ๋ ํฐ๋ XDR ๋์คํ๋ ์ด์ ํธ๋ฃจ๋ฅํธ ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ ์์คํ
๋ฐ ์คํผ์ปค๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋
ธ์น๊ฐ ์๋จ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํน์ง์ด๋ค. ์ ํ์ ์ด ๋์คํ๋ ์ด๋ฅผ "๋ฏธ๋ ์ ํ ํ๋ก ๋์คํ๋ ์ด XDR"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํํํ๋ค. ํธ๋ฃจ ํค๊ณผ ์์ด๋ ์ปฌ๋ฌ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด๋ HDR์ ์ง์ํ๋ฉฐ 800๋ํธ์ ํ์ค ๋ฐ๊ธฐ์ 1200๋ํธ์ ์ต๋ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ง๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐํ ์ฌ๋ ํฌ๋น์ ์ฝํ
์ด ๋์ด ์๋ค. ์์ดํฐ 11 ํ๋ก์ ์์ดํฐ 11 ํ๋ก ๋งฅ์ค์ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด๋ ์ผ์ฑ์ ์๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค.
์นด๋ฉ๋ผ
์์ดํฐ 11 ํ๋ก์ ํ๋ก ๋งฅ์ค๋ ๋ชจ๋ 1200๋ง ํ์ ํ๋ฉด ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ์ฌํ๋ค. 120๋ ์์ผ์ 2๋ฐฐ ๊ดํ ์ค์ ์ด๊ด๊ฐ ๋ ์ฆ 1๊ฐ, 2๋ฐฐ ๊ดํ ์ค์ ์ด๊ด๊ฐ ๋ ์ฆ 1๊ฐ, 2๋ฐฐ ๊ดํ ์ค์ ์ด๊ด๊ฐ ๋ ์ฆ 1๊ฐ, 2๋ฐฐ ๊ดํ ์ค์ ์ด๊ด๊ฐ ๋ ์ฆ 1๊ฐ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๋ฒ์คํธ ๋ชจ๋์ ์์์์ ํ, HDR, ์ธ๋ก ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฑ ๊น์ด ์กฐ์ ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ธ ๋ณด์ผ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ง์ํ๋ฉฐ ์์ดํฐ11 ํ๋ก์๋ ์๋ ๋์ดํธ ๋ชจ๋๋ ํ์ฌ๋ผ ์ ์กฐ๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์์ ๋
ธ์ด์ฆ๊ฐ ์ค์ด ๋ ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ์ง์ ์ฐ์ ์ ์๋ค. ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ ์ฆ ์ฌ์ด์์ ์ ํํ ์ ์๋ ์คํฌ๋กค ํ ๊ณผ ์
ํฐ ๋ฒํผ์ ๊ธธ๊ฒ ๋๋ฌ ์์์ ์ฐ๋ ๋ฑ ์๋ก์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์ถ๊ฐํ ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ ์ฑ๋ ์๋ค. ์ ํ์ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ํด ์ธ๊ณต์ง๋ฅ๊ณผ ๋จธ์ ๋ฌ๋์ ํ์ฉํ ์๋ก์ด ๋ฅํจ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ๋ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
์์ดํฐ 11 ํ๋ก๋ ์ต๋ 60fps์ 4K ๋น๋์ค์ ์ต๋ 240fps์ 1080p์ ์ฌ๋ก์ฐ ๋ชจ์
์ ์ง์ํ๋ค. ๋ค๋ง ์ ํ์ 60fps๋ก 4K ์ดฌ์ ์ ์ ์ฒด ์ค ๋ฒ์(0.5๋ฐฐ~6๋ฐฐ)๋ฅผ 0.5๋ฐฐ~1.5๋ฐฐ, 1๋ฐฐ, 2๋ฐฐ๊น์ง๋ก ์ ํํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋ ํด์๋/ํ๋ ์ ์๋๋ ์ ์ฒด ์ค ์ธํธ๋ฅผ ์ง์ํ๋ค. ์ด ์ ํ๊ธฐ๋ ๋ํ ํ๋๋๋ ์์ญ์ ์ค๋์ค๋ฅผ ์ง์ค์ํค๋ ์ค๋์ค ์ค ๊ธฐ๋ฅ๋ ๊ฐ์ถ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ชจ๋ ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ๋ ์์์ ์ง์ํ์ง๋ง, ์ค์ง ๋์ ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ์ ๋ง์ ์ฌ์ง๋ง์ด ๊ดํ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง ์์ ํ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. ๋ฉํฐ ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ ๋
นํ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ํตํด ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋์ ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ๋ก ๋์์ ์์์ ์บก์ฒํ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ชจ๋ 12 MP ํธ๋ฃจ๋ํ ์ ๋ฉด ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ์ 2.2 ์กฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ถ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ ๋ฉด ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ๋ ์ต๋ 60fps์ ์์ ์ ์ธ 4K ๋น๋์ค ๋
นํ๋ฅผ ์ง์ํ๋ค. ์ ํ์ 1080p์์ ์ต๋ 120fps์ ์ฌ๋ก์ฐ ๋ชจ์
๋น๋์ค ๋
นํ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฉด ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ์ ์ถ๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ด์ ์์ดํฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ํธ๋ฃจ๋ํ ์์คํ
์ ํ์ด์คID์ ์ ๋๋ชจ์ง์๋ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค.
์ํํธ์จ์ด
iOS 13์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธํ์ฌํ์ผ๋ฉฐ iOS 15๊น์ง ์
๋ฐ์ดํธ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค.
๋ชจ๋ธ ์ฐํ
๊ฐ์ฃผ
11 ํ๋ก
IOS ์ฅ์น
ํด๋ ์ ํ๊ธฐ
2019๋
์ถ์
์ค๋งํธํฐ
์ ํ์ ํ๋์จ์ด | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone%2011%20Pro | IPhone 11 Pro | The iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 11 Pro Max are smartphones designed, developed and marketed by Apple Inc. Serving as Apple's flagship models of the 13th generation of iPhones, they succeeded the iPhone XS and iPhone XS Max, respectively, upon their release. Apple CEO Tim Cook unveiled the devices alongside the standard model, the iPhone 11, on September 10, 2019 at the Steve Jobs Theater at Apple Park. Pre-orders began on September 13, 2019, and the phones went on sale on September 20. They were discontinued on October 13, 2020, following the announcement of the iPhone 12 and iPhone 12 Pro.
Notable improvements over the previous devices include the triple-lens rear camera system and the A13 Bionic chip. The 11 Pro and 11 Pro Max are Apple's first iPhones to feature a "pro" designation, previously used only for larger Apple devices, such as the iPad Pro and MacBook Pro. They are also the first generation of iPhones which include a Lightning to USB-C cable and that allows connection to the charger and to current Mac computers, in the box.
History
Details regarding the smartphones were leaked widely starting several months before the official release, with complete specifications, renderings, and real-life images of the phone being publicized. Substantial advancements in the camera and the continuation of the 'notch' design featured since the iPhone X were correctly predicted in leaks. Some leaks, however, were inaccurate; the inclusion of bilateral charging was widely anticipated and publicized, but was not part of the phone's design. Official release event invites sent out to press featured layered colored glass elements organized to form the Apple logo, which some reviewers drew similarities to Apple's original logo, suggesting new colors for the phone, and to a patent Apple filed for a new camera design earlier.
The iPhone 11 and 11 Pro were unveiled in a press event at the Steve Jobs Theater in Cupertino, California on September 10, 2019; the first Apple event live streamed on YouTube. The event featured various other products and services other than the iPhone, including a new Apple Watch, a new iPad, Apple TV+, and Apple Arcade. Pre-orders began on September 13, with the iPhone 11 Pro starting from a base price of $999, and the larger screen Pro Max starting from $1,099. The phones were released on September 20.
On October 13, 2020, following the announcement of the iPhone 12 Pro and 12 Pro Max, the iPhone 11 Pro and 11 Pro Max were removed from sale on Apple's official website.
In February 2021, Apple started selling refurbished iPhone 11 Pro models starting at $849.
Design
The iPhone 11 Pro and 11 Pro Max is available in Gold, Silver, Space Gray, and Midnight Green, a new color previously not available on iPhones. Similar to the iPhone XS and XS Max respectively, there is a display cutout at the front that includes the 12 MP TrueDepth camera system and speaker. There is also a new rear camera design with three lenses and a flash in a larger, square-shaped bump, which is the most visible difference compared to the iPhone XS. The Apple logo is now centered on the back of the device with no text, and the glass has a frosted matte finish, unlike the glossy finish found on other previous flagship iPhones.
Specifications
Hardware
The iPhone 11 Pro and 11 Pro Max both have an A13 Bionic processor. Both phones have three internal storage options: 64ย GB, 256ย GB, and 512ย GB, and have 4ย GB of RAM. Both models are rated IP68 water and dust resistant, and are resistant for 30 minutes at a depth of 4 meters. The warranty does not cover any water damage to the phone. Continuing the trend set starting with the iPhone 7, neither phone includes a headphone jack, but came with wired EarPods with a Lightning connector prior to Apple's decision to halt inclusion of them in October 2020, citing environmental impact. The iPhone 11 Pro and Pro Max are the first and only iPhones to be sold with a USB-C 18-watt fast charger.
Display
The iPhone 11 Pro has a 5.85 inch (149ย mm) (marketed as ) OLED display with a resolution of 2436 ร 1125 pixels (2.7 megapixels), while the iPhone 11 Pro Max has a larger 6.46 inch (164ย mm) (marketed as ) OLED display with a resolution of 2688 ร 1242 pixels (3.3 megapixels) which both have a pixel density of 458 PPI. Both models feature a Super Retina XDR Display with a 2,000,000:1 contrast ratio and a notch at the top for the TrueDepth camera system and speaker. Apple describes the display as having a "mini Apple Pro Display XDR" on a phone. They also have a True Tone and wide color display supporting HDR with 800 nits of standard brightness and 1200 nits peak brightness if necessary. The screen has an oleophobic coating that is fingerprint-resistant. The display of the iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 11 Pro Max is made by Samsung.
Batteries
The iPhone 11 Pro is supplied with a 11.67 Wh (3,046 mAh) battery, a slight increase from the 10.13 Wh (2,658 mAh) found in the iPhone XS, while the iPhone 11 Pro Max has a 15.04 Wh (3,969 mAh) battery, another slight increase from the 12.08 Wh (3,174 mAh) found in the iPhone XS Max. Neither of the batteries are user-replaceable.
Cameras
The iPhone 11 Pro and Pro Max both include a triple-lens 12MP rear camera array. There is one ฦ/2.4 ultra-wide-angle lens with a 120-degree field of view and 2ร optical zoom out, one ฦ/1.8 wide-angle lens, and one ฦ/2.0 telephoto lens with 2ร optical zoom in. There is a burst mode, image stabilization, HDR, and a Portrait Mode supporting depth control and an advanced bokeh effect. iPhone 11 Pro also has an automatic Night Mode allowing the camera to take brighter pictures with reduced noise in low light environments. There is also a redesigned camera app that adds new features such as a scroll wheel for choosing between the different lenses and long-pressing the shutter button to take a video. Apple has also announced a new Deep Fusion feature which will take advantage of AI and machine learning for image processing.
The iPhone 11 Pro supports 4K video up to 60 fps and 1080p slow motion at up to 240 fps. However, Apple limits the full range of zoom (0.5ร -6ร) while shooting in 4K @ 60fps to either 0.5ร โ 1.5ร, 1ร, to 2ร depending which lens is selected upon recording. All other resolutions/frame rates support the full zoom set. The phone also features an audio zoom feature which focuses audio on the area that is being zoomed in on. All of the cameras support video although only the wide and telephoto come with optical image stabilization. Video can be captured with multiple cameras at the same time, through the multi camera recording feature.
Both models also have a 12 MP TrueDepth front camera with a ฦ/2.2 aperture. The front camera also supports stabilized 4K video recording up to 60fps. Apple has added slow-motion video recording to the front camera in 1080p at up to 120 fps, a feature which Apple refers to as "slofies". Similar to previous iPhone models, the TrueDepth system is also used for Face ID and Animoji.
Software
The iPhone 11 Pro and Pro Max was initially supplied with iOS 13. The newest iOS update that supports both phones as of September 2023, is iOS 17. The phones also come with Siri, Face ID (through the TrueDepth camera), Apple Pay, and they support Apple Card.
Reception
Upon release, the iPhone 11 Pro received generally positive reviews, with critics highlighting the improvements to the camera, display, and battery, although it was criticized for its similar design to the iPhone XS and the large camera bump, as well as the lack of rumored features such as bilateral wireless charging and USB-C. TechRadar critics praised the improved camera array, calling it "clearly the big upgrade", and also praised the faster A13 Bionic processor, and the display, while criticizing the design similarities compared to the iPhone XS including the display cut-out for the sensor housing, commonly referred to as "the notch," and also criticizing the cost. Pocket Lint also positively described the camera, the processor, display, and battery, camera design, and lack of bilateral wireless charging. The Verge and T3 positively described the general aspects of the phone, while stating that the 'pro' label may not be fully justified as the phone only helps Apple keep up with the competitors, not surpass them.
The device received an overall score of 117 from DXOMARK, ranking it as the second-best smartphone camera on the site tied with the Samsung Galaxy Note 10+. An 11-point improvement over its predecessor, it had a photo score of 124 and a video score of 102.
Environmental data
Carbon footprint
The iPhone 11 Pro has a carbon footprint of CO2e emissions, which is more than the preceding iPhone XS and more than the iPhone 3G in 2008. 83% of the emissions are caused by the production of the device and primary resources while remaining emissions are caused by transportation and first use.
Repairability
The iPhone 11 Pro and Pro Max continue the strategy of discouraging customers to seek third party repairs while rendering repairs with Apple more costly: repair with non-genuine Apple parts such as batteries or displays can trigger warning messages on the phone instigating the customer to visit a certified technician to replace the respective parts with genuine ones. While the website clearly states that the phone will function properly despite the warning, this information is not passed in the context of the warning. Even if batteries are properly functioning and at full capacity the customers are prompted by a message on the phone to replace the battery. At the same time battery replacement with original spare parts saw an increase in pricing: after initially discounting battery replacements to $29 following the Batterygate scandal, battery replacement prices for all flagship iPhone models was reverted to US$69.00.
See also
Comparison of smartphones
History of iPhone
List of iPhone models
Timeline of iPhone models
References
External links
โ official site
Mobile phones introduced in 2019
Products and services discontinued in 2020
Computer-related introductions in 2019
Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras
Mobile phones with 4K video recording
Discontinued flagship smartphones |