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https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%84%EB%85%B8%EC%9D%98%20%EC%86%8C%EB%9E%80 | ๊ฐ๋
ธ์ ์๋ | ๊ฐ๋
ธ์ ์๋()์ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋จ๋ถ์กฐ ์๋(ๅๅๆๆไปฃ)์ธ ์๊ธฐ 1349๋
๋ถํฐ 1352๋
์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ฒ์ด์ง ํญ์์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋
ธ(่ฆณๅฟ) ์ฐ๊ฐ์ ํนํ ์ ์ ์ ๋ฌํ๋ ์์์นด๊ฐ(่ถณๅฉ) ์ ๊ถ(๋ฌด๋ก๋ง์น ๋ง๋ถ)์ ๋ด๋ถ์ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํจ๋ค. ๊ทธ ์คํ๋ ์์์นด๊ฐ ์ ๊ถ๋ง์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ก ๊ทธ์น์ง ์๊ณ ๋จ์กฐ(ๅๆ)์ ๋ถ์กฐ(ๅๆ) ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์กฐ์ ์ ์ง์งํ๋ ๋ฌด๊ฐ(ๆญฆๅฎถ)๋ค, ๊ตฌ๊ฒ(ๅ
ฌๅฎถ)์ ๋ฌด๊ฐ์ ํ์ง ๋ฑ๋ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋์๋ค. ์ด ์๋ ์์์ ์ผ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก๋ ์ผํค์ด ์ผํต(ๆญฃๅนณไธ็ตฑ)์ด๋ผ๋ ๋จ๋ถ์กฐ ํต์ผ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ด ์ง์ ํด์๋ ์๋ค.
๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ
์์์นด๊ฐ ๋ค๋ค์์์ ๊ณ ๋
ธ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค์ ํ๋ฒ ์ธ์
์ด๊ธฐ ๋ฌด๋ก๋ง์น ๋ง๋ถ๋ ์ผ๊ตฐ ์์์นด๊ฐ ์ง์์ ๊ฐ์ฌ(ๅฎถๅฎฐ)์ ์ญํ ์ ๋งก์ ์ฃผ์ข
์ (ไธปๅพๅถ)๋ผ๋ ์ฌ์ ์ธ ์ง๋ฐฐ๊ด๊ณ๋ก ๋งค์ฌ ์๋ ์ง์ฌ(ๅทไบ) ๊ณ ๋
ธ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค(้ซๅธซ็ด)๊ฐ ๊ตฐ์ฌ์ ์งํ๊ถ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ผ๊ตฐ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง(่ถณๅฉๅฐๆฐ)๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ขํ๋ ํํธ์ผ๋ก ํ์นด์ฐ์ง์ ๋์์ธ ์์์นด๊ฐ ๋ค๋ค์์(่ถณๅฉ็ด็พฉ)๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ ์ ๋ฌด(์์ก ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ถ์ ์ง๋ฐฐ๊ด๊ณ)๋ฅผ ๋ด๋นํ๋ ์ด์์ ์ฒด์ ๋ฅผ ์ง๋๊ณ ์์๋ค. ๊ณ ๋
ธ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค๋ฅผ ํ๋๋ก ํ๋ ์๊ณ ์ผ(ๅฎ่ญทๅฎถ)์ ์์๋ ๊ตํ (ไบฌ้ฝ) ์ฃผ๋ณ์ ์ ํฅ ๊ณ ์ผ๋(ๅพกๅฎถไบบ)๋ค์ด ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๋ฅผ, ์ฌ๋ฒ ๊ด๋ฃ ใป ์๊ณ ์ผ ์ ์ ๋ฐ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ํธ์กฑ๋ค์ด ๋ค๋ค์์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๊ณ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์๋ ์๋ก ํ์ ๊ณผ ๋ณด์๋ฅผ ์ธ์ณค๋ค.
์์ง ๊ด๋ จ ์์ก์ ๋งก์ ๋ค๋ค์์๋ ์ฅ์์ด๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ต์ ๋ฌด์ฌ๋ค์๊ฒ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋นผ์๊ธฐ๋ค์ํผ ํ ์์ฃผ(์ฃผ๋ก ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ์ฌ์ฌๅฏบ็คพ)์ ์์ก์ ๋ค๋ฃจ๊ฒ ๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง์๋ค. ๋ค๋ค์์์ ์ ์น์ ์ด์์ ๊ฐ๋ง์ฟ ๋ผ ์๋์ ์ฏ์ผ ์ ์น์ ์์๊ณ , ํํค์ฐ์ผ์(ๅผไป่ก) ๋ฑ ์ฌํ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์คํ ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ ๋ ใป ์ง์์ ์ ์ง๋ฅผ ์งํฅํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๊ตํ ์กฐ์ ์ ๋จ๊ฒจ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ ฅ ๊ณ ์ผ๋๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ณต๊ฐ ใป ์ฌ์ฌ์ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ถ์ต์ ๋ณดํธํ๋ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ์ง๋๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋นํด ๋ง๋ถ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ ๋ฌด์ฌ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์๊ฐ๋ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ๊ถ์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฒผ์ด ํ๊ณ ์ค์ค๋ก์ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ด๊ถ์ ์ป์ผ๋ ค๋ ์ฑํฅ์ด ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฌด์ฌ๋จ์ ํต์ํด ๋จ์กฐ์์ ์ ์์ ์ํํ๊ณ ์์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ ๋ง๋ค์ ์
์ฅ์ฐจ์ด๋ ํ์ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์๊ฐ์ ๋๋ฆฝ์ ๋ถ๋ฌ์ฌ ์๋ฐ์ ์์๊ณ ๋ํ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค๋ ์ผ๊ตฐ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง์ ์ง์ฌ๋ก์จ ์ผ๊ตฐ์ ๊ถ์ต ๊ฐํ์ ํ์ผ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค ์์ ์ ๋ฐ์ธ๊ถ ๊ฐํ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๋ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค.
์ด๋ฌํ ๋๋ฆฝ์ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค์ ๋ค๋ค์์์ ๊ฐ์ ์ฐจ์์์๋ ์ ์น์ฌ์์ ์ธ ๋๋ฆฝ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ธก๋ฉด๋ ์์๋๋ฐ, ์๊ณ ์ดํ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ฌด์ฌ๋ค๋ก์จ๋ ์์ ๊ณผ ๋๋ฆฝํ๋ ๋ฌด์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค์ ๋ถ์ผ๋ฉด ์์ ์ ๋ค๋ค์์์ ๋ถ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ ๋์ ์ํด ๋ฐ์ํ ์์ง ๋ฐ ๊ถ์ต์ ๋๋ฌ์ผ ๋คํผ์์ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์คใ ๋ค๋ค์์ใ ํ์นด์ฐ์งใ ๋ค๋คํ์ ใ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋จ์กฐ(ๅๆ) ๋ฑ, ๊ทธ์ ์์ ๋ค์ ๊ฑฐ๋ณ์ ๋ด์ธ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋๊ฐ ๋ ์กด์ฌ๋ฅผ ์๊ตฌํ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด ๋์ฒด๋ก ๊ฐํด์, ์ด๋ง๊ฐ์ ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ์ฟ ๋(ไปๅท็ฏๅฝ)๋ ๋ค๋ค์์ํ์ธ ํธ์์นด์ ์ํค์ฐ์ง(็ดฐๅท้กๆฐ)์ ์ฌ๋ก์์๋ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ฏ์ด ์์ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ์งง์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ์์ ๋นํ๋ฅผ ๋ช ๋ฒ์ด๋ ์ ์ ํ๋ ์ผ๋ ์ข
์ข
์์๋ค.
๋ํ ์์ ๋๋ฆฝ์ ๊ฒฝ์์๋ ์ผ๊ตฐ ์์์นด๊ฐ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋
(ๅฎถ็ฃ) ๊ณ์น์ ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ธ์ฒ ์ฐ์์ค๊ธฐ ์จ(ไธๆๆฐ)์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ์์๋ค. ์๋ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง์ ์๋ฒ์ง ์ฌ๋ค์ฐ์ง๋ ํธ์กฐ ์จ ์์์ ์ ๋จ์ด์๋ ๋ค์นด์์(้ซ็พฉ)์๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋จ๊ฒจ์ฃผ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ฌ์ธ ๊ณ ๋
ธ ๋ชจ๋ก์๊ฒ(้ซๅธซ้, ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค์ ์๋ฒ์ง)์๊ฒ ๋ค์นด์์ ๋ณด์ข๋ฅผ ๋ช
ํ์ง๋ง ๋ค์นด์์๊ฐ ์์ ํ๋ ๋ฐ๋์ ์ฐ์์ค๊ธฐ ์จ ์์์ผ๋ก์ ๋ค์นด์์์ ์ด๋ณต๋์์ผ๋ก ํ์ด๋ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๊ฐ ํ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋์๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์ฌ๋ก์จ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ขํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ด๋ ์ค๋ซ๋์ ์์ ์ทจ๊ธ์ ๋ฐ์์จ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง ํ์ ๋ฅผ ์ง์งํ๋ ์ธ์ฒ ์ฐ์์ค๊ธฐ ์จ ์ฌ์ด์ ๋๋ฆฝ์ด ์๊ฒจ๋ฌ๊ณ , ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฌ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ฌด์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ๋์๋ ํํธ ๋ค๋ค์์๋ ๋ท์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ ค๋ ์๋ ์ธ๊ฐ ์ฐ์์ค๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ ๋์ ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ํนํ ์๊ฒ(ๅปถๅ
) 3๋
/๋ด์ฟ ์ค(ๆฆๅฟ) ์๋
(1338๋
) ์ฐ์์ค๊ธฐ ์๊ฒ์์(ไธๆ้่ฝ)๊ฐ ํน๋ณํ ์ด์ ๋ ์์ด ์ถ์ฌ ์ ์ง ์ฒ๋ถ์ ๋นํ๊ณ , ์ฐ์์ค๊ธฐ ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ์ํค(ไธๆๆฒ้ก)๊ฐ ๋งก๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฐํ ์ง์ฌ(้ขๆฑๅทไบ, ํ๋ ์ ๊ฐํ ๊ฐ๋ ์ด้ขๆฑ็ฎก้ ) ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๊ณ ๋
ธ ๋ชจ๋กํ์ (้ซๅธซๅฌ, ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค์ ์ฌ์ด ํ์ )๋ก ๊ต์ฒด๋๊ณ , ์๊ฒ์์ ๋์ ์๊ฒฝํ ๊ฒ์ ๋ช
๋ฐ์ ๊ฒ์ด ์ฐ์์ค๊ธฐ ์จ ๋ฐ ๋ค๋ค์์์ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง์ ๋ํ ๋ฐ๊ฐ์ ํค์ด ์์ธ์ด ๋์๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐ๋๋ค.
๋จ๋ถ์กฐ ์ด๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์ค๋
ธํค ๋ง์ฌ์๊ฒ(ๆฅ ๆจๆญฃๆ) ใป ๊ธฐํ๋ฐํ์ผ ์ํค์ด์(ๅ็ ้กๅฎถ) ใป ๋ํ ์์์ฌ๋ค(ๆฐ็ฐ็พฉ่ฒ) ๋ฑ ๋จ์กฐ์ธก ๋ฌด์ฅ์ ์ฐจ๋ก๋ก ํจ์ฌํ๊ฒ ํ ๊ณ ๋
ธ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค ใป ๋ชจ๋ก์ผ์ค(ๅธซๆณฐ) ํ์ ๋ฑ์ ์ ๊ณต์ ์ค๋ก ๋๋ถ์ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค. ์๊ฒ 4๋
/๋ด์ฟ ์ค 2๋
(1339๋
)์ ์์๋
ธ ๋จ์กฐ์ ๊ณ ๋ค์ด๊ณ ์ฒํฉ(ๅพ้้ๅคฉ็)์ด ์ฌ๋งํ ๋ค ๊ธฐ๋์ด(็ฟๅ
)๋ ๋น๊ต์ ํ์จํ ์ํ๋ก ๋ฌดํฌํ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค๊ฐ ํ์ฝํ ๊ณณ์ ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ์ค์ด๋ค๊ณ ๋ค๋ค์์์ ๋ฒ ์งํ์ด๋ ์ฌํ์ ์ํ ์ ๋(ๆฟ้)๊ฐ ์ถ์ง๋๊ณ ์๋ ์์ค์ด์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค๊ฐ ํํ์ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ฌด์ฌ๋ค์ ๋ฒ์ ์ํ ์ง์ ์ ์ง๋ ํ์ ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ํ๊ณ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ง ๋น๋ฒ์ , ๋น๋๋์ ์ฌ๊ฑด๋ค์ ๋ง์ด ์ผ์ผ์ผฐ๋ค. ์ค์ฝ์ฟ (่ๅฝ) 2๋
/๋ด์ฟ ์ค 4๋
(1341๋
)์ ์์ค์ผ ๋ค์นด์ฌ๋ค(ๅกฉๅถ้ซ่ฒ)๊ฐ ๋ค๋ค์์ ์ง์งํ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ชจ๋
ธ์ด ๋์ค์ฐ๋ค(ๆกไบ็ดๅธธ) ใป ์ผ๋ง๋ ๋ํค์ฐ์ง(ๅฑฑๅๆๆฐ) ๋ฑ์๊ฒ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๋นํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฌํด ์ค์ฝ์ฟ 3๋
/๊ณ ์์ด(ๅบทๆฐธ) ์๋
(1342๋
)์๋ ๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ ์๊ณ ๋ํค ์๋ฆฌํ (ๅๅฒ้ ผ้ )๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฐ์ ๊ณ ๊ณค ์ํฉ(ๅ
ๅณไธ็)์๊ฒ ํ์ ์๋ ๋ฌด๋กํ ์ง์ ์ ์ง๋ ๋ค๋ ์ฃ๋ชฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ค๋ค์์์๊ฒ ์ฌํ์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์ฐธํ์ ์ฒํด์ง๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๋ค๋ค์์์ ์ฒ๋ถ์ ๋ถ๋ง์ ํ์ ๋ฌด์ฌ๋ค์ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค์๊ฒ๋ก ๋ชจ์ฌ๋ค์๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฐ ์์ค์๋ ๋ค๋ค์์๋ ์ฌ์ ํ ๊ถ์์ ์ ๋์ ์๋
์ ์ถ๊ตฌํ์๋ค. ์์๊ฐ์ ์ฌ์ด๊ฐ ์์ํ ํ์
ํด์ง๊ณ ์์๋ค.
์ผํค์ด(ๆญฃๅนณ) 2๋
/์กฐ์(่ฒๅ) 3๋
(1347๋
)์ด ๋์ด ๋จ์กฐ์ ๊ตฌ์ค๋
ธํค ๋ง์ฌ์ ํค(ๆฅ ๆจๆญฃ่ก)๊ฐ ๊ตํ ํํ์ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ๋ด๊ธฐํด ๊ตํ ๋ ์ฝ์๊ฐ์ ํผ๋์ ๋น ์ก๋ค. 9์์ ๋ค๋ค์์ ์ง์งํ์ธ ํธ์์นด์ ์ํค์ฐ์ง ใป ํํ์ผ์ผ๋ง ๊ตฌ๋ํค์(็ ๅฑฑๅฝๆธ
)๊ฐ ํ๊ฒฌ๋์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ์น๊ณ ์ ํ์์ผ๋ ์คํ๋ ค ํจํ๊ณ , 11์์ ์ผ๋ง๋ค ๋ํค์ฐ์ง๊ฐ ์ฆ์๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ฒฌ๋์์ผ๋ ๊ทธ ์ญ์ ํจํ์ฌ ๊ตํ ๋ก ๋๋ง์ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ค ๋์ ๊ธฐ์ฉ๋ ๊ณ ๋
ธ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค ใป ๋ชจ๋ก์ผ์ค ํ์ ๋ ์ด๋ฌํด์ธ ์ผํค์ด 3๋
/์กฐ์ 4๋
(1348๋
) 1์ 5์ผ์ ์์กฐ๋์ํ
(ๅๆข็ท) ์ ํฌ์์ ๋ง์ฌ์ ํค๋ฅผ ๊บพ๊ณ ๋จ์กฐ๊ตฐ์ ๊ฒฉํํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ ๋ชจ์๋ผ ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ์์ ๋จ์กฐ์ ๋ณธ๊ฑฐ์ง ์์๋
ธ(ๅ้)๊น์ง ํจ๋ฝ์ํค๋ ์ ๊ณต์ ์ธ์ ๋ค. ๊ณ ๋ฌด๋ผ์นด๋ฏธ ์ฒํฉ(ๅพๆไธๅคฉ็) ๋ฑ ๋จ์กฐ์ธก์ ์์๋
ธ์ ์ค์ฟ ๋
ธ ์๋
ธ์ฐ(ๅฅฅใฎ่ณๅ็, ์ง๊ธ์ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋๋ผํๅฅ่ฏ็ ๊ณ ์กฐ์ไบๆขๅธ)๋ก ๋ฌ์๋ฌ๋ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ง๋ถ ์์์ ๋ค๋ค์์์ ๋ฐ์ธ๊ถ์ด ๋จ์ด์ง๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ฆ๋ํ์ฌ ์์๊ฐ ํ๋ฒ ์ธ์์ ๋์ฑ ๋ถ์ถ๊ฒผ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ํ๋ฒ ์ธ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์์ฅ์์ ์ค์ฌํด์ผ ํ ์ง์์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ์ด ์์๋ ์ผ๊ตฐ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๋ ์ด ๋ฌด๋ ต ๊ณ ๋ค์ด๊ณ ์ฒํฉ์ ๋ฑ์ง ๊ฒ์ ํํํ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ๊ต์ ์ ์ ๊ท์ํ๋ ๋ฑ ๊ฑฐ์ ์๊ฑฐ ์ํ๋ ๋ค๋ฆ์์๋ค.
์์์นด๊ฐ ๋ค๋ค์์์ ์ค๊ฐ
๊ทธ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ์กฐ์ 5๋
/์ผํค์ด 4๋
(1349๋
) ์ค6์ใ์ธก๊ทผ ์ฐ์์ค๊ธฐ ์๊ฒ์์๋ ํํ์ผ์ผ๋ง ๋ค๋ค๋ฌด๋ค(็ ๅฑฑ็ดๅฎ)ใ์ ์น(็ฆ
ๅง) ๋ฌํค์ฐ(ๅฆๅ) ๋ฑ์ ์ง์ธ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ฌ ์์์นด๊ฐ ๋ค๋ค์์๋ ์ง์ฌ ๊ณ ๋
ธ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค์ ์
ํ๋ค์ ์ผ์ผ์ด ๋ค์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทํ, ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ง์ฌ์ง์์ ๋ฉด์ง์ํฌ ๊ฒ์ ํ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง์๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ์๊ตฌํด ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ด์ฒ ์ํค๊ณ (ํ์์ผ๋ก๋ ๊ณ ๋
ธ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค์ ์กฐ์นด๋ก์จ ๋ชจ๋ก์ผ์ค์ ์๋ค์ธ ๋ชจ๋ก์ๅธซไธ๊ฐ ์๋ช
๋์๋ค) ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ๊ธฐ์ผ์ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค๋ฅผ ์ ์น๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ฒ ์ ํ ๋ฐฐ์ ์ํค๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ณต์ธ์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ค. ๊ตฐ๋ด์์ค ใํํ๊ธฐใ(ๅคชๅนณ่จ)๋ ์ด๋ ๋ค๋ค์์์ธก์ด ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค ์์ด ๋ฏธ์ ์ฌ๊ฑด๊น์ง ์ผ์ผ์ผฐ๋ค๊ณ ๋์ด ์๋๋ฐ, ๋์๊ฐ ๋ค๋ค์์๊ฐ ๊ณ ๊ณค ์ํฉ์๊ฒ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค ์ถํ ์ธ์ (้ขๅฎฃ)์ ๋ด๋ ค์ค ๊ฒ์ ์ฃผ์ฒญํ๊ธฐ๊น์ง ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค๋ฅผ ์น๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋ค๋ ์ ์ ์๊ฐํ๋ฉด ์ ๋น์ฑ์ด ํฌ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ 8์ 12์ผใ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค๋ ๊ฐ์์น(ๆฒณๅ
)์์ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๊ฒฝํ ํ ๋ชจ๋ก์ผ์ค์ ํฉ๋ฅํด ๋ค๋ค์์๋ฅผ ๋จ์จ์ ๋ด๋ชฐ๊ณ ์ญ์ฟ ๋ฐํ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ผํค๋ ๋ฐ ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋ค. ์ญ์ต์ ๋นํ ๋ค๋ค์์๋ 13์ผ์ ํ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง์ ๊ณ ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ง์ณ ์จ์๊ณ , ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์ด๋๋ ๋ฏ ํ์ง๋ง, ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค ๊ตฐ์ธ๋ ์ผ๊ตฐ ๋ค์นด์ฐ์ง์ ์ ํ๊น์ง ๋ชฐ๋ ค์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ๋ก ์ ํ์ ํฌ์ํ ์ฑ, ์ฐ์์ค๊ธฐ ์๊ฒ์์์ ํํ์ผ์ผ๋ง ๋ค๋ค๋ฌด๋ค(็ ๅฑฑ็ดๅฎ)๋ฅผ ์ง๋ชฉํด '๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ ์์ ๋ถ์ ๊ฐ์ '์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ค์ ์ ๋ณ์ ๋๊ธธ ๊ฒ์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค. ์์์นด๊ฐ ๋ค๋ค์์ํํ
๋ ์ํ์ด๋ ๋ค๋ฆ์๋ ์ด ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋ด์น๋ผ๋ ๋ค๋ค์์๋ก์จ๋ ์ ๋ง ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ด ๋ด์ฉ์ด์๋ค.
๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค๋ ํฌ์๋ง์ ๋์ฑ ๊ตณ๊ฒ ํ๊ณ ํฌ์์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ ์์์ ๋ ์์ผ๋, ๋ฌด์ ์์ธํค๊ฐ ์ค์ฌ์ ๋์์ ์ฐ์์ค๊ธฐ ์๊ฒ์์์ ํํ์ผ์ผ๋ง ๋ค๋ค๋ฌด๋ค๋ ์ ๋ฐฐ, ์์์นด๊ฐ ๋ค๋ค์์๋ ์ถ๊ฐํ๊ณ ๋ง๋ถ ์ ์น์์ ์ ๋๋ค๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์กฐ๊ฑด์ผ๋ก ๊ณ ๋
ธ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค๋ ์ผ๊ตฐ ๊ณ ์ผ์ ํฌ์๋ฅผ ํ ๋ป์ ๋ฐํ๊ณ , ๊ฐ์ฐฝํ์ง ์ผ๋ง ๋์ง๋ ์์์ ํ๋งํฐ๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๋ฅ๋ฟ๋ฆฌ์งธ ํ๋ค๋ ค ๋ฝํ ๋ปํ๋ ๋ง๋ถ์ ๋ด๋ถ ์ ๋ณ์ ์ผ๋จ ๋ง์ ๋ด๋ ธ๋ค.
์ถ๊ฐํ ๋ค๋ค์์ ๋์ ๋ง๋ถ์ ์ ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํต๊ดํ๋ ์๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ฒ ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฐ๋ง์ฟ ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ค์ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง์ ์ ๋จ ์์์ํค๋ผ(็พฉ่ฉฎ)์๊ณ , ์์์ํค๋ผ์ ๊ตํ ๊ทํ๊ณผ ๋๋ถ์ด ๊ฐ๋ง์ฟ ๋ผ๋ก ๋ด๋ ค๊ฐ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ก ์ด๋ ๊ฐ๋ง์ฟ ๋ผ ๊ตฌ๋ณด(้ๅๅ
ฌๆน)๋ก์จ ๊ฐํ (้ขๆฑ)์ ํต์น๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ฒ ๋ ์์์ํค๋ผ์ ๋์ ๋ชจํ ์ฐ์ง(ๅบๆฐ)์๋ค. ๋ชจํ ์ฐ์ง ์์๋ ์ฐ์์ค๊ธฐ ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ์ํค(ไธๆๆฒ้ก)๊ฐ ์ค๋ฌด์๋ก์จ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ถ์๊ณ , ๊ฐํ ์ง์ฌ๋ผ๋ ์งํจ์ ๋ฌ๊ณ ๋ชจํ ์ฐ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ขํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ฐ์์ค๊ธฐ ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ์ํค๋ ์์ ๋ค๋ค์์ ์ง์งํ๋ก์จ ์ ๋ฐฐ๋นํ ์๊ฒ์์์ ๋์์ด์๊ธฐ์, ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค๋ ์ด ์ ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณํ์ฌ ๊ฐํ ์ง์ฌ์ ์ ์์ ๋ ๋ช
์ผ๋ก ๋๋ ค์ ๊ทธ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ ๋ช
์ ์์ ์ ์๋ค ๋ชจ๋กํ์ ๋ฅผ ์๋ช
ํด ํจ๊ป ๋ถ์ฌ ๋ณด๋๋ค.
์ด๋ฌํ ์ผ๋ จ์ ์ ๋ณ์ด ๋ฒ์ด์ ธ์ ๋ง๋ถ๊ฐ ์์ฃผ ๊ธฐ์ธ๊ธฐ ์ง์ ๊น์ง ๊ฐ๋ ์์ค์๋ ๋๋ด ์
์ฅ์ ํ๋ช
ํ์ง ์์ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค์ ๋ค๋ค์์ ์ฌ์ด์์ ์ค๊ณง ๋์ํ๋ ์ฐ์ ๋ถ๋จํ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ด๋ ์ผ๊ตฐ, ์์์นด๊ฐ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง์๋ค. ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค์ ๋ค๋ค์์ ์ฌ์ด์ ๋๋ฆฝ ์์์ ๋ณด์ธ ํ๋๋ค์ ๋ํด์๋ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ค๋ฆฝ์ ์ง์ผฐ์ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ค, ํ์นด์ฐ์ง ๋ณธ์ธ์ ๊ทธ์ ์ฐ์ ๋ถ๋จํ๊ฒ ํ์ธ๋ฅผ ๊ด๋งํ๊ณ ์์์ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ค, ์ ๋น์ด ๋ค๋ค์์์ธก์ ๋ฐฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ์นด์ฐ์ง ์์ ์ด ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค์ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ง ๋์๋ค๋ ์ค ๋ฑ ๊ตฌ๊ตฌํ ํด์์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ, ์ด ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๊ทธ๋๊น์ง ๊ทธ๋ญ์ ๋ญ ํ์กฐ๋
ธ์ ์ ์ด์ด์ค๋ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง์ ๋ค๋ค์์๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ฐ๋ผ์๋ ์์ธ์ด ๋์๋ค.
11์์ ์์์ํค๋ผ๊ฐ ์๋๋ก ๋ค์ด ์ค๊ณ ๋ค๋ค์์๋ 12์ 8์ผ ์ถ๊ฐํ์ฌ ์์ด๊ฒ(ๆตๆบ)์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ฒ๋ช
์ ์ป๋๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๊ทธ ๋ฌ์ด ์ฑ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ์ ์ ์ฐ์์ค๊ธฐ ์๊ฒ์์์ ํํ์ผ์ผ๋ง ๋ค๋ค๋ฌด๋ค๊ฐ ๋๋ด ์ ๋ฐฐ์ง์์ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค์ ๋ถํ์๊ฒ ์์ด๋นํ๋ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด ํฐ์ก๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค์ ๋ค๋ค์์ ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ธด์ฅ์ ๋ค์๊ธ ๋์์ง๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
๋๋์ ์์
์์์นด๊ฐ ๋ค๋คํ์ ์ ๋ค๋ค์์ํ์ ์์ง์
์ด ํด 4์์ ๋๊ฐํ ๋จ๋ค์ด(้ท้ๆข้ก)๋ก ์๋ช
๋์ด ํ๊ณ (ๅๅพ)์ ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๊ณ ์์๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด ์์์นด๊ฐ ๋ค๋คํ์ (่ถณๅฉ็ดๅฌ)๋ก, ์ผ๊ตฐ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง์ ์์๋ก์จ ์ผ์ฐ์ด ์๋ถ ๋ค๋ค์์์ ์์๊ฐ ๋์๋ ์์๋ค. ํ์นด์ฐ์ง์ ์๋ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ํ์ง๋ง ์๋ฒ์ง ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๋ ๊ณ๋ชจ์ธ ์ ์ค ์์๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ ํฌ์์์ ์ ๊ณต์์ปค๋
์ ๋๋ก ์๋ค ์ทจ๊ธ๋ ๋ฐ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋์ ํ ์๋ถ ๋ค๋ค์์์ ์์๊ฐ ๋์ด ์ค๋ ฅ์ ํค์ธ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋ ๋ค๋คํ์ ๋ ์๋ถ์ด์ ์๋ถ์ธ ๋ค๋ค์์๊ฐ ์ซ๊ฒจ๋ฌ๋ค๋ ์์์ ๋ฃ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ ์ ์ฃผ๊ณ ์ฟ (ไธญๅฝ)์์ ๋ณ์ฌ๋ค์ ๋ชจ์ ์๊ฒฝํ๊ณ ์ ํ์ง๋ง, ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค์๊ฒ ๋ค๋คํ์ ํ ๋ฒ๋ น์ ๋ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ ํฌ์์ ํจํ ๋ค๋คํ์ ๋ 9์์ ๊ท์๋ก ๋ฌ์๋ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์์ ๋ค์ ์ง๋ฐ์ ๋ค์ง๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ํ์นด์ฐ์ง์ธก์ ๋ค๋คํ์ ์๊ฒ ์ง์์ ๊ถํ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ด๋ ค๋๊ณ ์ถ๊ฐํ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๋น์ฅ ๊ตํ ๋ก ์ถ๋ํ ๊ฒ์ ๋ช
ํ์ง๋ง ๋ค๋คํ์ ๋ ๋ฐ๋ฅด์ง ์์๊ณ , ๋ค์ ํ ๋ฒ ๋ค๋คํ์ ์ ๋ํ ํ ๋ฒ ๋ช
๋ น์ด ๋ด๋ ค์ก๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ทธ๋ ๋ค๋คํ์ ๋ ๊ท์์์ ๊ฝค ์ค๋ ฅ์ ํค์ด ์ํ์๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ค๋ ฅ์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ๋ค์์ดํ(ๅคงๅฎฐๅบ)์ ํธ์กฑ ์ผ๋ ์๋ฆฌํ์ฌ(ๅฐๅผ้ ผๅฐ)๋ ๋ฌผ๋ก ๋จ์กฐ์ธก๊ณผ๋ ์ฐ๊ณํด ๋ง๋ถ์ ๋ง์ฐ๋ค.
์ด๋ฌํด์ธ ์ผํค์ด 5๋
/์กฐ์ 6๋
(1350๋
) ๋ง๋ถ์ ๋ถ์กฐ๋ ใ์กฐ์ใ(่ฒๅ)์์ ใ๊ฐ๋
ธใ(่ฆณๅฟ)๋ก ์ฐํธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊พธ์๋ค. ์ค์ฝ ์ฒํฉ์ ์ฆ์์ธ 4์ 4์ผ์ ๋ง์ถฐ ๋ฐ๊พผ ์ฐํธ์ธ๋ฐ, ใ์ฅ์ใ(่ๅญ)์ ใ็ๅคไนๅใๅคฉไธ็ก็บไนใ็ๆฐใไปฅ่้ไน็ใ่ฆณๅฟ็ฉไนๆฐใ่ๆ ็บใ๋ผ๋ ๊ตฌ์ ์์ ๋ฐ์จ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฌด๋ ต ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฐ์ง์์๋ ๋จ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ง์งํ๋ ๋ฌด๊ฐ๋ค์ด ๋ค๋คํ์ ๋ฅผ ๋๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฉฐ ๊ตฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ผ์ผฐ๋ค. 10์ 28์ผ, ์์ชฝ์์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ํค์ด ์์์นด๊ฐ ๋ค๋คํ์ ์ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋ ๋ง๋ง์น ์์ ๋ณด์๊ณ , ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๋ ๋ชธ์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์งํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ ์ด ์ง์ ์ธ 10์ 26์ผ, ์์์นด๊ฐ ๋ค๋ค์์๊ฐ ๊ตํ ๋ฅผ ํ์ถํด ์ผ๋งํ (ๅคงๅ)๋ก ๋ค์ด๊ฐ 11์ 20์ผ ํํ์ผ์ผ๋ง ๊ตฌ๋ํค์(็ ๅฑฑๅฝๆธ
)์ ๋ด์์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์์น ์ด์์นด์ ์ฑ(ๆฒณๅ
็ณๅทๅ)์ ์
์ฑ, ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค ใป ๋ชจ๋ก์ผ์ค ํ์ ๋ฅผ ํ ๋ฒํ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฉฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ณํ๋ค. ๊ฐ๋
ธ์ ์๋์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋ ์ฌํ์ ์์์ด์๋ค.
๋ค๋ค์์๋ฅผ ์ด์์นด์ ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋ค์๋ ๊ตฌ๋ํค์๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ๋ชจ๋ชจ๋
ธ์ด ๋ค๋ค์ฐ๋คใ์ด์๋ ์๋ฆฌํ์ฌ(็ณๅก้ ผๆฟ)ใํธ์์นด์ ์ํค์ฐ์ง(็ดฐๅท้กๆฐ)ใ๊ธฐ๋ผ ์ฌ๋ค์ฐ์ง(ๅ่ฏ่ฒๆฐ)ใ์ผ๋ง๋ ๋ํค์ฐ์ง(ๅฑฑๅๆๆฐ)ใ์๋ฐ ๋ค์นด์ฐ๋ค(ๆฏๆณข้ซ็ต) ๋ฑ์ด ๋ค๋ค์์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋๋ค. ๊ฐํ ์์๋ 12์์ ๊ฐํ ์ง์ฌ๋ก ์๋ ์ฐ์์ค๊ธฐ ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ์ํค์ ๊ณ ๋
ธ ๋ชจ๋กํ์ ์ฌ์ด์ ๋ ๋ค์ ๋ถ์์ด ๋ฒ์ด์ง๋๋, ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ์ํค๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋กํ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ด์ซ์ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ง์ฌ์ง์ ๋
์ ํ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ค. ๋ค๋ค์์์ ๊ฑฐ๋ณ ์์์ ๋ค์ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๋ ๋ค๋คํ์ ํ ๋ฒ๋ ๋ง๋คํ๊ณ ๊ทธ ๋ฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ก ํ๊ณ (ๅๅพ)์์ ํด๊ฐํ๊ณ , ๊ณ ๋
ธ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค ํ์ ์ญ์ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ดํ๋ค. ๋ถ์กฐ์ ๊ณ ๊ณค ์ํฉ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ค๋ค์์ ์ถํ ๋ น์ด ๋์ค๊ณ , 12์์ ๋ค๋ค์์๋ ํ๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊พธ์ด ๊ทธ๋๊น์ง ์ ๋์ํ๋ ๋จ์กฐ์ธก์ ๋ถ์ด๋ฒ๋ ธ๋ค.
๊ณ ์ผ์กฑ์ ๋ชฐ๋ฝ
์ผํค์ด 6๋
/๊ฐ๋
ธ 2๋
(1351๋
) 1์ใ๋ค๋ค์์์ ๊ตฐ์ธ๊ฐ ๊ตํ ๋ก ์ง๊ฒฉํ์ ๋, ๊ตํ ์๋ ๋ค์นด์ฐ์ง์ ์๋ค์ธ ์์์ํค๋ผ๊ฐ ์ ์(็ๅฎ)๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ณ ์์๋ค. ์ผ์ด์ด ๊ตฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ์์ค๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์์์ ์์์ํค๋ผ๋ ์๋ฒ์ง๊ฐ ์๋ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ง์น๋ฏ ๊ฐ ๋ฒ๋ ธ๋ค. 2์์ ๋ค์นด์ฐ์ง๊ตฐ์ ๊ตํ ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ์ง๊ฒฉํ์ง๋ง, ํ๋ฆฌ๋ง(ๆญ็ฃจ)์ ๊ณ ๋ฌ์ง ์ฑ(ๅ
ๆๅฏบๅ)์ ์ด์ด 17์ผ์ ์
์ฐ(ๆๆดฅ) ์ฐ์น๋ฐํ๋ง(ๆๅบๆต)์์ ๋ฒ์ด์ง ์ ํฌ์์ ๋ค๋ค์์๊ตฐ์๊ฒ ์ฐจ๋ก๋๋ก ํจํ๋ค. ๋จ์กฐ์ธก์ ํฌํจํ ๋ค๋ค์์์ ์ฐ์ธ ์์ ๋ค์นด์ฐ์ง๋ ์ด๋(ๅฏต็ซฅ) ์์๋ฐ ์ฐ์ง๋์ค(้ฅๅบญๆฐ็ด)๋ฅผ ๋๋ฆฌ์ธ์ผ๋ก ๋ด์ธ์ ๋ค๋ค์์์์ ํํด๋ฅผ ์๋ํ๋ค. ์ด ๊ต์ญ์์ ๋ค์นด์ฐ์ง๋ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค์ ์ถ๊ฐ(๊ตฌ๋ช
)๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ผ๋ก ๋ค์์ง๋ง, ์ค์ ๋ก ์ฐ์ง๋์ค์๊ฒ๋ ๋ค๋ค์์์๊ฒ "๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ฌ๋ ์ข๋ค"๋ ๋ป์ ์ ํ๋ผ๋ ๋ฐ๋ช
์ ์ ํ๊ณ ์์๋ค. 2์ 20์ผใํ์๋ ์ฑ๋ฆฝ๋์๊ณ , 2์ 26์ผ์ ๊ณ ํ์ ๋ ์
์ฐ์์ ๊ตํ ๋ก ํธ์ก๋๋ ๋์ค์ ๊ธธ์์ ๋๊ธฐํ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ค๋ค์์ํ์ ์ฐ์์ค๊ธฐ ์์๋
ธ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ตฐ์ธ์ ์ํด ์
์ฐ ํจ๊ณ ๊ฐ(ๆญฆๅบซๅท, ํจ๊ณ ํๅ
ตๅบซ็ ์ดํ๋ฏธ ์ไผไธนๅธ)์์ ์ผ์กฑ์ด ๋ชฐ์ด๋นํ๊ณ ๋ง๋ค. ์ ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ฑ๊ณตํ ๋ค๋ค์์๋ ์์์ํค๋ผ์ ๋ณด์ข์ญ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋ง๋ถ์ ์ ๋ฌด์ ๋ณต๊ทํ๊ณ , ๊ท์์ ๋ค๋คํ์ ๋ ๊ท์ ๋จ๋ค์ด(ไนๅทๆข้ก)์ ์๋ช
๋์๋ค.
ํ์ ์ ๋๋ฆฝ
๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค ํ์ ๊ฐ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋๊ณ ์ผ๊ฒฌ ํ์จํด์ง ๋ฏ ๋ณด์ด๋ ์์์นด๊ฐ ์ ๊ถ ๋ด๋ถ์์๋ ๋ค๋ค์์ํ์ ๋ฐ๋ค๋ค์์ํ(์์ ์ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค๋ฅผ ์ง์งํ๋ ์ด๋ค ํฌํจ) ์ฌ์ด์ ๋๋ฆฝ์ด ์ฌ์ ํ ์กด์ฌํ๊ณ ์์๊ณ , ๋ฌด์ฅ๋ค์ ์ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋
์์ ์ธ ํ๋์ ํด๋ฉด์ ๋ ํ๋ฒ์ ์ถฉ๋์ ํผํ ์ ์๋ ์ํฉ์ ๋์ด๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๊ณ ์ผ์กฑ์ด ๋ฉธ๋งํ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋
๋ ์ฑ ์ ๋ ์ํฉ์์ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๋ ๋ค๋ค์์ํ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ํ๊ณ ์ ์ ์์์์ ๋
ผ๊ณตํ์์ ์์ ์ ํ๋ฒ์ ์ ๋ฆฌํ๊ฒ ์งํํ์๊ณ , ๋ฌด์ฅ์ ์ฒ๋ฒ์ด๋ ์ํ์ ๋ฌด์ฅ๋ค์ ๋ํ ์์์ ์ฐ์ ์ํ๋ค. ๋ํ ์ํํ๋ฌ ์ฐพ์์จ ๋ค๋ค์์ํ์ ํธ์์นด์ ์ํค์ฐ์ง๋ฅผ ์นผ์ ๋นผ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ฐํด์ ์ต์ง๋ก ์๊ธฐํธ์ผ๋ก ๋์ด๋ค์ด๋ ๋ฑ ๋ค๋ค์์ํ ํ์ ๋ ์๋ํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ฉด ์ ํฌ์์์ ๋ฌด๊ณต์ ์คํ๋ ๋ณด์๋ ์ฌ์ ์ด ๋ฏธํกํ๋ ๋ค๋ค์์์ ์ ์น๋ ๋ฌด์ฌ๋ค์๊ฒ ํ์๋ฐ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ , ์ด ๋ํ ๋ฌด์ฅ๋ค์ ๋ค๋ค์์ํ ์ด๋ฐ์ ํ ์์ธ์ด ๋์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ ์ธ์ถ๋ ์ฐจ์ธฐ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง์๊ฒ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ธ๊ณ ์์๋ค. ๋จ์กฐ๋ก์ ๊ท์์ ์ ์ํ ๋ค๋ค์์๋ ๋ถ์กฐ์์ ํ์ ๊ต์ญ์ ๋์ฐ์ง๋ง ์คํจ๋ก ๋๋ฌ๋ค. ์กฐ์ ์ ๋งก์ ๋จ์กฐ์ธก ๋ฌด์ฅ ๊ตฌ์ค๋
ธํค ๋ง์ฌ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ(ๆฅ ๆจๆญฃๅ)๋ ์ด๋์ ๊ณ ๋ฃจํ ๋จ์กฐ์ธก์ ๊ผด์ ๊ฒฉ๋
ธํ ๋๋จธ์ง "์ง๊ธ ๋ถ์กฐ์์ ๋จ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์น๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฉด ๋ด๊ฐ ์์ฅ์์ ํธ์ํ๊ฒ ๋ค"๊ณ ๊น์ง ๋ฐ์ธํด๋ฒ๋ฆด ์ ๋์๋ค.
3์ 30์ผ ๋ค๋ค์์ ์ง์งํ ๋ฌด์ฅ์ด๋ ์ฌ์ดํ ํ ์์ผ์ค(ๆ่คๅฉๆณฐ)๊ฐ ๋๊ตฐ๊ฐ์ ์ํด ์์ด๋นํ๊ณ , 5์ 4์ผ์๋ ๋ค๋ค์์ ์ง์งํ ์์์๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ฐ๊ฒฝํ์๋ ์ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ์ด ๋ค๋ค์ฐ๋ค๊ฐ ์ต๊ฒฉ์ ๋นํด ๊ฒจ์ฐ ๋ชฉ์จ๋ง ๊ฑด์ง๋ ์ฌํ๊ฐ ๋ฒ์ด์ก๋ค. ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๋ ์ค๋ฏธ(่ฟๆฑ)์ ์ฌ์ฌํค ๋์(ไฝใ
ๆจ้่ช)์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ง์ ์์นด๋ง์ฐ ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ผ(่ตคๆพๅ็ฅ) ๋ฑ์ด ๋จ์กฐ์ ์ง๊ณ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ด๋ฐํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ณ 7์ 28์ผ์ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง ๋ถ์๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ค๋ฏธ์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ก ์ถ๋ณํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋์์์ ๋ค๋ค์์๋ฅผ ํ๊ฒฉํ๋ ์ฒด์ ๋ฅผ ์ ๋นํ์๋ค. 8์ 1์ผ์ ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋ฌ์ ๋ค๋ค์์๋ ์ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ์ดใ ์๋ฐใ ์ผ๋ง๋ค๋ฅผ ๋น๋กฏํ ๋ฌด์ฅ๋ค์ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ตํ ๋ฅผ ํ์ถ, ์์ ์ ์ง์ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ด ์๋ ํธ์ฟ ๋ฆฌ์ฟ (ๅ้ธ) ใป ์๋๋
ธ(ไฟกๆฟ)๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๊ฐ๋ง์ฟ ๋ผ๋ก ๋ฌ์๋ฌ๋ค. ์ด ์๋ชจ์ ์ฃผ๋ชจ์๋ก๋ ์ฌ์ฌํค ๋์๋ฅผ ์ง๋ชฉํ๋ ์ค์ด ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ค๋ค์์๋ ๊ณ ๊ณค ์ํฉ์๊ฒ ํ์์ด ์ฐ(ๆฏๅกๅฑฑ)์ผ๋ก ๋ฌ์๋์๋ผ๊ณ ๊ถํ์ง๋ง ๋ฐ์๋ค์ฌ์ง์ง ์์๋ค.
์ผํค์ด ์ผํต๊ณผ ์ผ์์ ์ธ ๋จ๋ถ์กฐ ํตํฉ
๊ตํ ์์ ๋ค๋ค์์ํ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ง๋ง ๋ค๋ค์์๋ ๊ฐํ ใป ํธ์ฟ ๋ฆฌ์ฟ ใป ์ฐ์ธ(ๅฑฑ้ฐ)์ ์ฌ์ ํ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ์์๊ณ , ์ฌ์ด๊ณ ์ฟ ์์๋ ๋ค๋ค์์์ ์์ ๋ค๋คํ์ ๊ฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ๋จ์น๊ณ ์์๋ค. ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๋ ๋ค๋ค์์์ ๋จ์กฐ ์ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ผ๋๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ์ฌ์ฌํค ๋์ ๋ฑ์ ์ง์ธ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ด๋ฒ์๋ ๋จ์กฐ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ค๋ค์์ ใป ๋ค๋คํ์ ์๋ถ์์ ์ถํ ๋ฅผ ์คํํ๋ ์น์ง๋ฅผ ์์ฒญํ๊ณ ์ ๋จ์กฐ์ ํ์๋ฅผ ์์ฒญํ์๋ค. ๋จ์กฐ๋ ๋ถ์กฐ๊ฐ ์ง๋๊ณ ์์๋ ์ผ์ข
์ ๊ธฐ(๋จ์กฐ์ ๊ณ ๋ค์ด๊ณ ์ฒํฉ์ ๋ถ์กฐ์์ ์ ์ํ์ ๋๋ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๊ณ ์์๋ค)๋ฅผ ๋๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ ๊ถ์ ๋ฐ๋ฉํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ผ๋ก ๋ด๊ฑธ์๋ค. ๋ถ์กฐ์๋ ๋ถ๋ฆฌํ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด์์ง๋ง 10์ 24์ผ ์์์นด๊ฐ ๋ค์นด์ฐ์ง๋ ์ด ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์์ฉํด ๋จ์กฐ์ ํญ๋ณตํ๊ณ ์์ ์ด ์ํ๋ ๋ค๋ค์์ ์๋ถ์ ์ถํ ๋ฅผ ๋ช
๋ นํ๋ ์ค์ง๋ฅผ ์ป์ด๋๋ค.
์ด ํ์น์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋จ์กฐ์ ์น์ฌ๊ฐ ๊ตํ ๋ก ๋ค์ด ์ค๊ณ , 11์ 7์ผ์ ๋ถ์กฐ์ ์ค์ฝ ์ฒํฉ(ๅดๅ
ๅคฉ็)์ด๋ ํฉํ์ ๋ค๋คํํ ์น์(็ดไป่ฆช็)์ ํ์๋๊ณ , ๊ด๋ฐฑ(้ข็ฝ) ๋์กฐ ์์๋ชจํ (ไบๆก่ฏๅบ) ๋ฑ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ง๋์๋ค. ์ฐํธ๋ ๋ถ์กฐ์์ ์ฐ๋ ใ๊ฐ๋
ธ 2๋
ใ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฐํธ๊ฐ ํ์ง๋๊ณ ๋จ์กฐ์ ใ์ผํค์ด 6๋
ใ์ผ๋ก ํต์ผํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ญ์ฌ์์๋ ใ์ผํค์ด ์ผํตใ(ๆญฃๅนณไธ็ตฑ)์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, ํ๋ ์์์นด๊ฐ ์์๋ฏธ์ฐ์ ์ํด ์ฌ์ฐจ ์๋๋ ๋จ๋ถ์กฐ ํต์ผ์ธ ใ๋ฉ์ดํ ์ฟ ํ์ฝใ(ๆๅพณใฎๅ็ด)๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ใ๊ฒ์ถ ์ผํตใ(ๅ
ไธญไธ็ตฑ)๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. 12์ 23์ผ์๋ ์ผ์ข
์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋จ์กฐ์ธก์ผ๋ก ํ์๋์๋ค. ์ฌ์ค์ ์ ๊ถ์ ๋จ์กฐ์ธก์ผ๋ก์ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ฐํ์ด๋ ๋ค๋ฆ์์๋ค.
ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๋ ์์์ํค๋ผ์๊ฒ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ๊ต์ญ์ ๋งก๊ฒผ๋๋ฐ, ๋จ์กฐ์ธก์ ๋ถ์กฐ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฒํ์ข์ฃผ(ๅคฉๅฐๅบงไธป)๋ ์ง์ค์ ์์ง์ ๋งก์ ์๋ค์ ๊ฒฝ์งํ๊ณ ๋จ์กฐ์ธก ์ธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ช
ํ๊ฑฐ๋, ๊ฒ๋ฌด ์ ์ (ๅปบๆญฆๆฐๆฟ) ๋์ ๊ตฌ๊ฒ๋ ์ง์ค์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ๋ชฐ์ํ๋ ์งํ (ๅฐ้ ญ)์ง์ ์์์นด๊ฐ ์ ๊ถ์ด ์ ์ฃผ์ธ์๊ฒ ๋ฐํํ ๊ฒ์ ์ทจ์ํ ๊ฒ์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ฉด์ ๋ถ์กฐ์ธก๊ณผ ๋๋ฆฝํ์๋ค. ์์์ํค๋ผ๋ ์๋ณด ํ์ธ์ ์ํด์ ์๋ฒ์ง ํ์นด์ฐ์ง์ ์ฐ๋ฝํ๊ณ ๋ง์ผ์ ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ๋๋นํ ํด๋ก๋ฅผ ํ๋ณดํ๋ ๋ฑ ๋ ๋ค์ฉํ์๋ค.
ํํธ์ผ๋ก ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๋ ๋ค๋ค์์ ์ถํ ๋ฅผ ์ํด ์ถ์งํ๊ณ 12์์ ์ฟํํ ์ฐ๊ฒ(่ฉๅตๅณ ), ์ฌ๊ฐ๋ฏธ(็ธๆจก)์ ํ์ผ์นด์์ง๋ฆฌ(ๆฉๅทๅฐป) ๋ฑ์ง์ ์ ํฌ์์ ์น๋ฆฌํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํด์ธ ์ผํค์ด 7๋
(๊ฐ๋
ธ 3๋
, 1352๋
) 1์, ๊ฐ๋ง์ฟ ๋ผ๋ก ์ซ๊ฒจ๊ฐ ๋ค๋ค์์๋ ํ์๊ฒ ํญ๋ณตํ๋ค. ์กฐ๋ฌ์ง(ๆตๅฆๅฏบ) ๊ฒฝ๋ด์ ์ํธ์ฟ ์ง(ๅปถ็ฆๅฏบ)์ ์ ํ๋ ์์์นด๊ฐ ๋ค๋ค์์๋ 2์ 26์ผ์ ๊ธ์ํ๋ค. ์ฌ์ธ์ ๋ณ์ฌ๋ก ์๋ ค์ก๋๋ฐ, ๋ค๋ค์์๊ฐ ์ฃฝ์ ๋ ์ด ํํ์ด๋ฉด ๊ณ ๋
ธ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค์ 1์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋๋ ๋ ์ด์๋ค(ใํํ๊ธฐใ๋ ํ์ธ ์์์นด๊ฐ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๊ฐ ๋
์ดํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ ๊ณ ์๋ค).
๋จ์กฐ์ธก์ ํ์์์ ๋ ๋์๊ฐ ์์ ๊ณ ๋ค์ด๊ณ ์ฒํฉ์ ใ๋
ธ์น๋
ธ ์ฐ๋ณดใ(ๅพใฎไธๆฟ)์ ํ ์ฌ๋์ผ๋ก ๊ฐํ ํต์น์ ์คํจํ๊ณ ์์๋
ธ๋ก ๋์์์ผ ํ๋ ๊ธฐํ๋ฐํ์ผ ์ง์นดํ์ฌ(ๅ็ ่ฆชๆฟ)๋ฅผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ๊ตํ ์ ๊ฐ๋ง์ฟ ๋ผ์์ ๋ถ์กฐ๋ ์์์นด๊ฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ๋ชฐ์๋ผ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ฑ
ํ์๋ค.
์ฐ์ ์ค2์ 6์ผ, ๋จ์กฐ๋ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง์ ์ธ์ด์ดํ์ด์ผ๊ตฐ(ๅพๅคทๅคงๅฐ่ป)์ง์ ํด์์ํค๊ณ ๋์ ๋ฌด๋ค์์ ์น์(ๅฎ่ฏ่ฆช็)์ ๊ทธ ์๋ฆฌ์ ์ํ๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ํ ์์์คํค(ๆฐ็ฐ็พฉ่), ์ํค์ผ ์์ํ๋ฃจ(่ๅฑ็พฉๆฒป), ํธ์กฐ ๋ํค์ ํค(ๅๆกๆ่ก) ๋ฑ์ด ๋ฌด๋ค์์ ์น์์ ๋ฐ๋ค์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ณํ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ง์ฟ ๋ผ๋ก ์ง๊ฒฉํด์๋ค. ๊ฐ๋ง์ฟ ๋ผ์ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๋ ์ผ๋จ ๋ฌด์ฌ์๊ตญ(ๆญฆ่ตๅฝ)๊น์ง ๋ฌผ๋ฌ๋ฌ๊ณ , 18์ผ์ ๋จ์กฐ๊ตฐ์ด ์ผ์ ๊ฐ๋ง์ฟ ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ นํ์ง๋ง, ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๋ ๋ฌด์ฌ์ ๊ตญ์ ๊ฐ์ง์์ ๋ฒ์ด์ง ์ ํฌ์์ ์น๋ฆฌํ๊ณ 3์๊น์ง์ ์ฌ์ด์ ์์๋ฌด๋ค๋ ์์น๊ณ (่ถๅพ)ใ๋ฌด๋ค์์ ์น์์ ์๋๋
ธ(ไฟกๆฟ)๋ก ๋ฌ์๋ฌ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ค์๊ธ ๊ฐ๋ง์ฟ ๋ผ๊ฐ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง ์์ ๋์ด๊ฐ๋ค(๋ฌด์ฌ์๋
ธ ํฉ์ ๆญฆ่ต้ๅๆฆ).
ํํธ ์ค2์ 19์ผใ๊ธฐํ๋ฐํ์ผ ์ง์นดํ์ฌ์ ์งํ ์๋ ๊ตฌ์ค๋
ธํค ๋ง์ฌ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ ใป ์ง๋ฐ ์ํค์ฐ๋ค(ๅ็จฎ้ก็ต) ใป ๊ธฐํ๋ฐํ์ผ ์ํค์์(ๅ็ ้ก่ฝ) ใป ์ผ๋ง๋ ๋ํค์ฐ์ง(ๅฑฑๅๆๆฐ)๋ฅผ ๋น๋กฏํ ๋จ์กฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ๋ค์ ๊ตํ ๋ก ์ง๊ตฐํด ์์น์กฐ ์ค๋ฏธ์ผ(ไธๆกๅคงๅฎฎ) ๋ถ๊ทผ์์ ์์์ํค๋ผ ใป ํธ์์นด์ ์ํค์ฐ์ง(็ดฐๅท้กๆฐ) ๋ฑ๊ณผ ์ธ์ ๊ณ , ๋ค์๋ ์ธ ์ค2์ 20์ผ ์์์นด๊ฐ ์์์ํค๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ค๋ฏธ๋ก ์ซ์๋ด๊ณ ๊ตํ ๋ก ๋ค์ด์๋ค. ์ค2์ 24์ผ์๋ ๊ธฐํ๋ฐํ์ผ ์ง์นดํ์ฌ๊ฐ ์คํ(ๅๅ)๋ก ์๋ช
๋์ง 17๋
๋ง์ ๊ตํ ๋ก ๋์์๊ณ , ์ด์ด ๋ถ์กฐ์ ๊ณ ๊ณค(ๅ
ๅณ) ใป ๊ณ ๋ฌ(ๅ
ๆ) ใป ์ค์ฝ(ๅดๅ
) ์ธ ์ํฉ๊ณผ ํํ์ ๋ค๋คํํ ์น์์ ์ก์ ๋ณธ๊ฑฐ์ง์ธ ์๋
ธ์ฐ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ๋ค. ๊ณ ๋ฌด๋ผ์นด๋ฏธ ์ฒํฉ์ ํ๊ถ์ ์๋
ธ์ฐ์์ ๊ฐ์์น ๊ตญ(ๆฒณๅ
ๅฝ) ํ๊ฐ์๋
ธ์กฐ(ๆฑๆก, ๊ฐ์์น๋ฏธ๋๋ฏธ ์ ๆฒณๅ็บ)ใ์
์ฐ ๊ตญ(ๆๆดฅๅฝ)์ ์ค๋ฏธ์์(ไฝๅ, ์ง๊ธ์ ์ค์ฌ์นด ์ ์ค๋ฏธ์์ ๊ตฌๅคง้ชๅธไฝๅๅบ)ใ๋์๊ฐ ์ผ๋ง์๋ก ๊ตญ(ๅฑฑๅๅฝ) ์ค๋ฏธ ํ์น๋ง(็ทๅฑฑๅ
ซๅนก, ๊ตํ ๋ถไบฌ้ฝๅบ ํ์น๋ง ์ๅ
ซๅนกๅธ์ ์ด์์๋ฏธ์ฆ ํ์น๋ง๊ตฌ็ณๆธ
ๆฐดๅ
ซๅนกๅฎฎ)๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒผ๋ค. ์ค๋ฏธ๋ก ๋ฌ์๋ฌ๋ ์์์ํค๋ผ๋ ์ค๋ฏธ์ ์ฌ์ฌํค ๋์ ใป ์์ฝ์ฟ (ๅๅฝ)์ ํธ์์นด์ ์ํค์ฐ์ง ใป ๋ฏธ๋
ธ(็พๆฟ)์ ๋ํค ์๋ฆฌ์ผ์ค(ๅๅฒ้ ผๅบท) ใป ํ๋ฆฌ๋ง์ ์์นด๋ง์ฐ ์จ(่ตคๆพๆฐ) ๋ฑ๊ณผ ์์ ๋ค๋ค์์ ์ง์งํ์๋ ์ผ๋ง๋ค ๋ํค์ฐ์ง๋ ์๋ฐ ๋ค์นด์ฐ๋ค ๋ฑ์ ํ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ํฌ์ง์ ์ ๋นํ๊ณ 3์ 15์ผ ๊ตํ ๋ฅผ ํํ, 21์ผ์๋ ๊ณ ๋ฌด๋ผ์นด๋ฏธ ์ฒํฉ์ ์์ ๊ณ ์ผ์๋ ์ค๋ฏธ ํ์น๋ง์ ํฌ์ํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ณณ์ผ๋ก ๋ค์ด ๊ฐ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฌผ์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋จํ๋ ํฌ์์ ์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ค. ์ด ํฌ์์ ์ 2๊ฐ์์ ๊ฑธ์น๋ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ก๊ณ ๋จ์กฐ์ธก์ ๊ตถ์ฃผ๋ฆผ์ ์๋ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ค ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 5์ 11์ผ์ ์์กฐ ๋ค์นด์ค์(ๅๆก้่ณ)๊ฐ ์ฌ์ ๋์ ์ ์ฌ, ๊ณ ๋ฌด๋ผ์นด๋ฏธ ์ฒํฉ์ด ์ธก๊ทผ์ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฆฐ ์ฑ ํ์ถํ๊ณ ์ค๋ฏธ ํ์น๋ง์ ํจ๋ฝ๋์๋ค(ํ์น๋ง ์ ํฌๅ
ซๅนกใฎๆฆใ).
์ด๋ฌํ ์ฌํ์ ํ์นด์ฐ์งใ์์์ํค๋ผ ๋ถ์๋ ๋ค์ด์ด 3์๊น์ง ๊ฐ๋
ธ ์ฐํธ์ ๋ถํ์ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ก์จ ์ผํค์ด ์ผํต์ 4๊ฐ์ ๋ง์ ์ํด๋๊ณ ๋ง์๋ค.
๋ถ์กฐ์ ์ฌํ๋ฆฝ
์์์นด๊ฐ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๊ฐ ๋จ์กฐ์ ํญ๋ณตํ์ ๋ ๋จ์กฐ๊ฐ ์๊ตฌํ๋ ์กฐ๊ฑด์๋ ๋จ์กฐ๊ฐ ์์๋ฅผ ์๋๋ค๋ ๊ฒ๋ ์์๊ณ , ์ด๋ ๋ถ์กฐ ์ํต์ ์ ํต์ฑ์ด ์ฝํด์ง๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ๋ค. ๊ตํ ๋ฅผ ๋์ฐพ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ง๋ง ์น์ฒ์ ๊ตฐ(ๆฒปๅคฉใฎๅ)์ด์๋ ๊ณ ๊ณค ์ํฉ(ๅ
ๅณไธ็)ใํด์ํ ์งํ์๋ ์ค์ฝ ์ํฉ(ๅดๅ
ไธ็)ใํฉํ์ ๋ค๋คํํ ์น์(็ดไป่ฆช็)์ ์ฌ์ ํ ๋จ์กฐ์ ์์๊ณ , ๋์๊ฐ ๊ณ ๋ค์ด๊ณ ์ฒํฉ์ด ๊ฐ์ง๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ ๋ถ์กฐ์ ์ผ์ข
์ ๊ธฐ๊น์ง ๋จ์กฐ์ ์ ์๋์ด ๋ถ์กฐ๋ ์น์ฒ์ ๊ตฐ๋ ์ฒํฉ๋ ํ์๋ ์ผ์ข
์ ๊ธฐ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์กด์ฌํ์ง ์๋ ์ต์
์ ์ฌํ์ ๋น ์ก๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ฌด๊ฐ์ ์์ด์๋ ์์ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๊ฐ ์ธ์ด์ดํ์ด์ผ๊ตฐ์์ ํด์๋์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ถ ์์ฒด๊ฐ ๋ฒ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฐ ์ํฉ์ด์๋ค. ์ต์ข
์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ ์น ์ฌ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ฆด ์น์ฒ์ ๊ตฐ๋ ์ฒํฉ๋ ์๋ ์ํ๊ฐ ์ด์ด์ง๋ค๊ฐ๋ ๊ตํ ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ธ๋ ฅ(๊ณต๊ฐ์ ๋ฌด๊ฐ, ์๊ณ ) ๋ฑ์ ์ ์น ์งํ์ด ๋ชจ์กฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง์ฒด๋ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋ง๋ถ์ ๋ถ์กฐ๋ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ์ ์น์ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ง๋ฉดํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
์ฌํ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋ คํ ์ฌ์ฌํค ๋์๋ ์ ์ ๊ด๋ฐฑ ๋์กฐ ์์๋ชจํ ๋ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ฃผ์ง ์ฐ๋ค์ํค(ๅงไฟฎๅฏบ็ต้ก)๋ ๋ค์นด์ฐ์ง์ ์๋ก ๊ณ์ฑ
์ ๋ง๋ จํด์ ๊ณ ๊ณค ใป ๊ณ ๋ฌ ๋ ์ฒํฉ์ ์๋ชจ์ธ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ชฌ์ธ(ๅบ็พฉ้้ข)์๊ฒ ์น์ฒ์ ๊ตฐ์ด ๋์ด์ค ๊ฒ์ ์์ฒญํ์๊ณ , ๋ถ๋จํ ์ ์ถฉ ๋์ ๊ฒจ์ฐ ์๋ฝํ์๋ค. ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ชฌ์ธ์ด ์ ๊ตญ์กฐ์ (ไผๅฝ่ฉๅฎฃ)์ ํํ๊ฒ ๋๊ณ ์ค์ฝ ์ํฉ์ ๋์์ธ ์ด์ผํํ (ๅผฅไป)๊ฐ 8์ 17์ผ ์ฒํฉ์ด ๋์ด 9์ 25์ผ์ ๊ณ ์ฝ๊ณค ์ฒํฉ(ๅพๅ
ๅณๅคฉ็)์ผ๋ก ์ฆ์ํ์๋ค. 9์ 27์ผ์ ๋ถ์กฐ๋ ์ผํค์ด ์ผํต์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง์ง ์์๋ค๋ฉฐ ์ข
๋์ ๊ฐ๋
ธ์์ ์ฐํธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊พธ์ด ๋ถ๋(ๆๅ) ์๋
์ผ๋ก ํ์๋ค.
์์๋ชจํ ๋ ์ ๊ธฐ ์๋ ์๋ก์ด ์ฒํฉ์ ์ฆ์์ ์ฃผ์ ํ๋ ๊ตฌ๊ฒ๋ค์ ๋ํด ใํ์นด์ฐ์ง๊ฐ ๊ฒ์ด๊ณ ์์๋ชจํ ๊ฐ ์ฅ์์ธ๋ฐ ๋ฌด์์ด ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋๊ฒ ์ใ(ๅฐๆฐใๅฃใจใชใใ่ฏๅบใ็ฝใจใชใใไฝใไธๅฏใชใใ)๋ผ๊ณ ํธ์ธํ์์ผ๋(ใ์๋ณธ์กฐํต๊ฐใ็ถๆฌๆ้้) ๋น์ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ณ ์๋ผ์นด์ ๋ฒํฉ(ๅพ็ฝๆฒณๆณ็)์ด ๊ณ ํ ๋ฐ ์ฒํฉ(ๅพ้ณฅ็พฝๅคฉ็)์ ์ฆ์์ํฌ ๋์ ์ ๋ก๋ ์์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ์ฆ์์ ์์ด์ ์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์์ด์ผ๋ง ํ๋ค๋ ํ์์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์์๊ณ , ์น์ฒ์ ๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ ๊ตญ์กฐ์ ์ ์ํด ์ฆ์๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค๋ ๊ด๋
๋ ์กด์ฌํ๊ณ ๋ ์์๋ค. ๋จ์กฐ์ธก์ด ์น์ฒ์ ํฌํจํ ์์กฑ์ ๋ฉ์นํ ๊ฒ๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ด์ ๋๋ฌธ์ด์๋๋ฐ, ๋ถ์กฐ์ธก์ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋งน์ ์ ๋จ์ธ(ๅฅณ้ข)์ ์น์ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ธ์ด๋ค๋ ๊ณ ์ก์ง์ฑ
์ผ๋ก ๋ํํ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ผ๋ จ์ ์์ง์์ ์ผํค์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฐํธ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋ ์๊ธฐ ์ ๋ฐ๊ณผ ๋ง๋ฌผ๋ ค์ ๋์ค์ ๋ถ์กฐ๊ฐ ์๋ ๋จ์กฐ์ ์ํต์ ์ ํต์ฑ์ด ์ธ์ ๋๋ ํ ์์ธ์ด ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ง๋ถ์ ๋ถ์กฐ์ ๊ถ์๋ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋จ์ด์ก๋ค.
๋ํค์ฐ์ง ์ด๋ฐ๊ณผ ์ฌ์ฌํค ๋์์ ์ธ๋ ฅ ํ์ฅ
๋จ์กฐ์์ ์ ์์์ ์ผ์ ์ ๋ค๋ค์์ํ์์ ํ๋ ฅ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถํ ๋ฏ ๋ณด์๋ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง ใป ์์์ํค๋ผํ์์ง๋ง ์ผํค์ด 8๋
/๋ถ์นด 2๋
(1353๋
)์๋ ์ฌ์ฌํค ๋์์ ์ผ๋ง๋ ๋ํค์ฐ์ง ใป ๋ชจ๋ก์์(ๅธซ็พฉ) ๋ถ์๊ฐ ์์ ์์ง ๋ฌธ์ ๋ก ๋๋ฆฝํ์๊ณ ๋ํค์ฐ์ง๊ฐ ๋ค์ ์ผ๊ตฐ์ธก์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ด๋ฐํ๋ ์ฌํ๊ฐ ๋ฒ์ด์ก๋ค. ๋ํค์ฐ์ง๋ ์ด์ฆ๋ชจ(ๅบ้ฒ)๋ก ์นจ๊ณตํด ๋์์ ๋ถ์ฅ ๊นํ ๊ณค์นด์ฟ (ๅ็ฐๅณ่ฆ)๋ฅผ ์ณ๋ถ์๊ณ ์ด์ฆ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ ์, ๊ทธ๋๋ก ๋จ์กฐ์ ๊ตฌ์ค๋
ธํค ๋ง์ฌ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฐํฉํด 6์, ๊ตํ ๋ก ์ณ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ค.
์์์ํค๋ผ๋ ์ผํค์ด ์ผํต ๊ฒฐ๋ ฌ ์ดํ ์ฒํฉ์ ๋นผ์๊ธฐ๊ณ ์์์นด๊ฐ ์ ๊ถ ๋ถ๊ดด์ ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ ๊ฒฝํ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์ ์ฒํฉ์ ํผ๋์ ์ต์ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฌ, ์ฒํฉ์ ์ฐ๋ฌธ(ๅฑฑ้)์ผ๋ก ํผ๋์ํค๊ณ ์์ ์ ๊ตํ ์ ๋จ์์ ๊ตํ ์ ๋ฐฉ์๋ฅผ ์๋ํ์์ผ๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์คํจํ๊ณ ์ฒํฉ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ๋ฌ์๋๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋์ค์ ๋์์ ์๋ค์ธ ์ฌ์ฌํค ํ๋ฐ์ฐ๋(ไฝใ
ๆจ็ง็ถฑ)๊ฐ ์ ์ฌํ๊ณ ์์์ํค๋ผ๋ ๋ฏธ๋
ธ๊น์ง ๋์ฃผํ์๋ค. ์์์ํค๋ผ๋ ์์ ํผ์์ ํ์ผ๋ก ๊ตํ ๋ฅผ ํํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํฌ๊ธฐํ๊ณ ์๋ฒ์ง ํ์นด์ฐ์ง์๊ฒ ๊ตฌ์์ ์์ฒญํ์๋ค. ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ง์ฟ ๋ผ์์ ์๊ฒฝํ์ ๋ํค์ฐ์ง ๋ฑ์ ๊ตํ ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฒ ์ํ๊ณ , ์์์นด๊ฐ์ธก์ด ๊ตํ ๋ฅผ ํํํ์๋ค.
์๋ ์ฌ์ฌํค ๋์๋ ์ฌ์ฌํค ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ ์๋ฅ(ๅบถๆต)๋ก์จ ๋ฌด๊ฐ์ธก์ ์ฌ๋ฌด ๊ด๋ฃ๋ก์จ ์์์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ ๋ฑ์ ๋ค๋ฃจ๊ณ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ง๋ง ์ฒํฉ ๋ถ์ฌ๋ผ๋ ๊ธด๊ธ์ฌํ์ ํด๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋จ์กฐ์์ ์ ์์์ ๊ณต์ ์ ์ธ์ ๊ณ , ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ด ๋ฌด๋ ต๋ถํฐ ์ ์ผ์ ์ธก๊ทผ์ผ๋ก์ ๊ทธ ์กด์ฌ๊ฐ์ด ํ์ ํ๊ฒ ์ปค์ง๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ๋ฌด๊ฐ์ธก์ ์ต๊ณ ๊ถ๋ ฅ์๊ฐ ๋์ด ์ ๊ถ์ ์งํํ๊ฒ ๋์์ผ๋, ๊ทธ์ ํธ๋ฌ๋ธ๋ฉ์ด์ปค๋ก์จ์ ์ธก๋ฉด์ ์ดํ ๋์์ ๋๋ฆฝํ๋ ๋ฌด์ฅ์ด ๋ฌด๊ฐ ์ชฝ์์ ์ด๋ฐํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ถ์ถ๋์ด ๋จ์กฐ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ๊ท์ํ๋ค๋ ์ ๋ณ์ ์ด ๋์๋ค.
๋ค๋คํ์ ์ ๋ด๊ธฐ
๊ธดํค(่ฟ็ฟ)ใ๊ฐํ ์์๋ ์์ ์์ ํ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ด ํญ์์ด ๊ณ์๋์๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ์์ค์ ๋ค๋คํ์ ๊ฐ ๋ค์๊ธ ๋งน๋ ฌํ๊ฒ ๊ธฐ์ธ๋ฅผ ๋จ์น๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์๋ ๊ท์์์๋ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๊ฐ ์์ ๊ตฌ์ค๋
ธํค ๋ง์ฌ์๊ฒ๋ ๋ํ ์์์ฌ๋ค, ๊ธฐํ๋ฐํ์ผ ์ํค์ด์(ๅ็ ้กๅฎถ)์๊ฒ ํจํด ๋๋ง์ณ ์๋ค๊ฐ ๊ทธ ๋ค์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ๋ชจ์ ์๊ฒฝํ ๋ ์์ํค ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ์ฐ์ง(ไธ่ฒ็ฏๆฐ, ๋์ ้็ท)์ ๊ท์ ๋จ๋ค์ด๋ก์จ ๋จ๊ฒจ๋์๋๋ฐ, ๋์ ๊ฐ ํ์ง์ ๊ธฐ์กด ์๊ณ ์ธต๊ณผ ์ฌ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋๋ฆฝํ๋ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ๊ณ ๋ค์ด๊ณ ์ฒํฉ์ด ์์ ์ ์๋ค์ธ ๊ฐ๋ค์์ ์น์(ๆ่ฏ่ฆช็)์ ์ธ์ด์ธ์ด๋ค์ด์ผ๊ตฐ(ๅพ่ฅฟๅคงๅฐ่ป)์ผ๋ก์จ ํ๊ฒฌํด ๊ท์๋ก ์๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ค์์ ์น์์ ๊ธฐ์ฟ ์น ๋ค์ผ๋ฏธ์ฐ(่ๆฑ ๆญฆๅ
)๋ฅผ ๋์ด๋ค์ฌ ๊ท์์์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ํค์ ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ณต์กํ ์ ์ธ ์์์ ๊ณ ์ฟ ์ง(ๅฝไบบ)๋ค์ ์์ ๋ค์๊ฒ '์์'์ ์ค ์ ์๋ ๊ฐํ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ์ฐพ์ ์ฐ์์ข์ํ์๋ค.
๋ค๋คํ์ ๋ ๊ท์๋ก ์ค์๋ง์ ๋ง์ ๋ฌธ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ธํ๊ณ , ์๋ก์ด ์ฃผ๊ตฐ ์๋์ ์์์ ๋ฐ์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ํค์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์งํฅํ๋ ๊ณ ์ฟ ์ง๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ผ์ ์ง์ง๋ฅผ ์ป์๋ค. ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๋ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค ๋ฑ๊ณผ ๋๋ชจํด ์์ํค ์ผํ๋ฅผ ์ง์งํ๋ ์๊ณ ๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ค๋คํ์ ํ ๋ฒ๋ น์ ๋ด๋ ธ๋๋ฐ, ๋ค๋คํ์ ๋ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง์ ๋๋ฆฝํ๋ ์ฒ์ง์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ง๋ง ๊ทธ ์์ ์ด ์ผ๋จ์ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง์ ์น์๋ค์ด์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ์์ ์ ์
์ฅ์ ์ด์ฉํด์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ๋๋ ค๋๊ฐ๋ ํํธ์ผ๋ก ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ค๋คํ์ ํ ๋ฒ๋ น์ด ๋์จ ์ฌํ์ ๋ํด์๋ ใ์ด๊ฑด ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค์ ์๋ชจ๋คใ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์ ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋์ํ์๋ค. ๋ค๋คํ์ ๋ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง์ ๋ณธ์ฌ์ ์ ์๊ณ ์์์ผ๋, ๊ทธ๋ก์จ๋ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง์ ์น์๋ค์ด๋ผ๋ ์
์ฅ ๋ง๊ณ ๋ ์์งํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์์๋ค. ์๋ฒ์ง(ํ์นด์ฐ์ง)์ ์๋ค(๋ค๋คํ์ )์ ๋ํ ์ฆ์ค ์์ฒด๊ฐ ์๊ถค๋ฅผ ๋์ด์ ์ผ์ข
์ ํ๋ผ๋
ธ์ด์๋ก ๋น์ณ์ง๊ธฐ ์ถฉ๋ถํ๊ณ , ๊ตํ ์๋ ๋ฉ๋ฆฌ ๋จ์ด์ ธ ์๋ ๊ท์ ๋ฌด์ฌ๋ค๋ก์จ๋ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์ดํดํ ์ ์์๊ธฐ์, ใํ์นด์ฐ์ง์ ์น์๋ค์ธ ๋ค๋คํ์ ๊ฐ ์ญ์ ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค๋ฅผ ํ ๋ฒํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ท์์์ ๋ณ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ผ๊ณ ์๋คใ๋ ๋ค๋คํ์ ๊ฐ ์ ์ํ ์๊ธฐ ์ฝ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋จํ ๋ช
๋ถ์ด ํ์ง์์ ์ ์ฐจ ์ง์ง๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์๊ฐ๊ณ ์์๋ค.
๋ค๋คํ์ ์ ์ธ๋ ฅ ํ์ฅ์ ๊ท์ ํ์ง ์๊ณ ์ ํ๋์๋ ์ผ๋ ์๋ฆฌํ์ฌ๋ ๊ธฐ์กด ์์ ์ ๊ถ์๋ฅผ ์นจํดํ๋ ์กด์ฌ์๋ ์์ํค ๋์ ๋ฅผ ํํํ๊ณ ๋์๊ฐ ์ผ๋ ์จ์ ์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ์ ๋์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ธฐ๋๋ก์จ ๋ค๋คํ์ ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ์ผํค์ด 5๋
/์กฐ์ 6๋
(1350๋
)์ ๋ค๋คํ์ ์ ์๋ฆฌํ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ฐํฉํด์ ์์ํค ๋์ ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ฐ๋ฅด๊ณ ํ์นดํ๋ฅผ ๋นผ์์์ผ๋, ์ผํค์ด 7๋
/๊ฐ๋
ธ 3๋
(1352๋
)์ ๋ค๋คํ์ ์ ์์๋ฒ์ง(์ด์ ์๋ถ) ๋ค๋ค์์๊ฐ ์ฌ๋งํ์ ๋ค๋คํ์ ์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ์์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌด๋์ ธ๋ฒ๋ ธ๋ค. ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ฌด์ฌ์ ์ด๋ฐ์ด ์๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ์๋ฆฌํ์ฌ๋ง์ด ๋๊น์ง ๋ค๋คํ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ ์ง์งํ์ง๋ง, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ค๋คํ์ ๋ ๊ท์์์ ๋๋ง์น๊ณ ๋ง์๋ค. ๋ค๋คํ์ ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๊ท์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ค๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ด๋๊น์ง๋ ์๊ฒฝํด ํ์นด์ฐ์ง - ์์์ํค๋ผ ๋ถ์๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ๋ฐ์ ์์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ท์์์๋ ์ฃผ๊ณ ์ฟ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๋ํ ์ ์น ๊ณต์์ ํ๋ฐํ๊ฒ ํํด ๋๊ณ ์์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก, ๊ท์์์ ๋ค๋คํ์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฌด๋์ง ๋ค์๋ ์ฃผ๊ณ ์ฟ ํนํ ๋๊ฐํ ์ ์ด์๋ฏธ์์๋ ์ฌ์ ํ ๋ค๋คํ์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ ์ง๋๊ณ ์์๋ค.
์ผํค์ด 9๋
/๋ถ๋ 3๋
(1354๋
) 5์์๋ ๋ชจ๋ชจ์ด ๋ค๋ค์ฐ๋ค(ๆกไบ็ดๅธธ), ์ผ๋ง๋ ๋ํค์ฐ์ง, ์ค์ฐ์น ํ๋ก์(ๅคงๅ
ๅผไธ) ๋ฑ ์ ๋ค๋ค์์ํ ๋ฌด์ฅ์ ๊ทํฉํ ๋ค๋คํ์ ๊ฐ ์ด์๋ฏธ์์ ์๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค. ์ผํค์ด 10๋
/๋ถ๋ 4๋
(1355๋
) 1์์๋ ๋จ์กฐ์ ๋๋งน์ ๋งบ๊ณ ๊ตํ ๋ฅผ ํํํ์ผ๋, ๊ณ ๋์ด(็ฅๅ) ์ ํฌ์์ ๋ค๋คํ์ ๊ตฐ์ธ์ ํ ์ฃผ๋ ฅ์ด์๋ ์ผ๋ง๋ ๊ตฐ์ธ๊ฐ ๋์, ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฆฐ ์์์ํค๋ผ ๊ตฐ์ธ์ ์ฒ ์ ํ๊ฒ ๊ฒฉํ๋์ด ๋ถ๊ดดํ๋ค. ๋ค๋คํ์ ๋ ๋์ง(ๆฑๅฏบ)์ ์์งํ์ฌ ๊ณ์ ์ ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์์ง๋ง, ์์์ํค๋ผ์ ๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ํ ๊ถ์ง์ ๋ชฐ๋ ธ๋ค. ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ํ์นด์ฐ์ง ์์ ์ด ์งํํ๋ ๊ตฐ์ด ๋์ง๋ก ๋ค์ด์ณ์ ๋ค๋คํ์ ๋ ๊ฒฉํ๋์ด ํจ์ฃผํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๋ ๋์ง๋ก ์ง์
ํ ๋ค ์ฐธ์๋ ์๊ธ๋ค์ ์์ ์ด ์ผ์ผ์ด ๊ฒ์ฌํด์ ๋ค๋คํ์ ๊ฐ ๋ผ์ด ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ์ ์ ๋๋ก, ๋ค๋คํ์ ์ ๋ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ฌ์ ๋๋ฌ๋๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
๋ค๋คํ์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋๋ก ์์ ํ ๋ฌด๋์ ธ ๋ค๋คํ์ ๋ ์ฌ์ด๊ณ ์ฟ ์์ ์ดํ 20๋
์ด์์ ์นฉ๊ฑฐํ๋ค์ํผ ํ๊ณ , ์์๋ง์ ์์ ๋๊ธฐ๊ณ ๋ง์๋ค. ๋ค๋คํ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋๋ ์ค์ฐ์น ํ๋ก์๋ ์ผ๋ง๋ ๋ํค์ฐ์ง๋ ์ผํค์ด 18๋
/์กฐ์ง(่ฒๆฒป) 2๋
(1363๋
) ๋ง๋ถ์ ํญ๋ณตํ์๋ค.
ํํธ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ผ๋ จ์ ์ ํฌ ์์ค์ ์
์ ํ์ด ๋ง์ ์์ฒ๊ฐ ์์ธ์ด ๋์ด 4๋
๋ค์ธ ์ผํค์ด 13๋
/์๋ถ 3๋
(1358๋
)์ ์ฌ๋งํ์๋ค.
์ํฅ
๋ฌด๋ก๋ง์น ์ผ๊ตฐ(ๅฎค็บๅฐ่ป)์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ ํ๋ฆฝ
๊ฐ๋
ธ์ ์๋์ผ๋ก ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค์ ๋ค๋ค์์๋ก ๋๋์ด ์๋ ๋ฌด๊ฐ์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ์ ์ผ๊ตฐ ๋ค์นด์ฐ์ง์ ๊ทธ ์ ์ ์์์ํค๋ผ์๊ฒ๋ก ์ผ์ํ๋์๊ณ , ์ผ๊ตฐ์ ์น์ฌ๊ถ์ด ๊ฐํ๋์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ค๋ค์์๊ฐ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ํ๋ โ๊ฐ๋ง์ฟ ๋ผ ๋ง๋ถ ์ ์น ์ฒด์ ๊ณ์นโ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋
ธ์ ์ ๊ป๋ฐ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ ๋ฝํ๊ณ , ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค๊ฐ ์ถ์งํ๋ ์ผ๊ตฐ์ ๋ช
๋ น ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ค์๋ฅผ ๋ช
ํ๋ ์ง์ฌ์ ์ํ์ฅ ใป ๋ด์ ๋ฐ๊ธ์ ์ํ ์์ํ๋ฌ(ไธๆไธ้)์ด ํํด์ ธ ๋ฌด๋ก๋ง์น ๋ง๋ถ์ ์งํ ๊ณํต์ด ํ๋ฆฝ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ค ์ผ๊ตฐ์ ์ด์ด๋ฐ์ ์์์นด๊ฐ ์์์ํค๋ผ์ ์ํด์ ์ง์ฌ๊ฐ ํ์ง๋๊ณ ๋ค์๊ธ ์ผ๊ตฐ์ ์น์ฌ๊ถ ๊ฐํ๋ฅผ ๋
ธ๋ ธ์ผ๋ ์์์ํค๋ผ๊ฐ ์์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ข์ ๋์๋ค. ์์์ํค๋ผ์ ๋ค๋ฅผ ์ด์ 3๋ ์ผ๊ตฐ ์์๋ฏธ์ฐ(็พฉๆบ)๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ขํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ง์ฌ์ ํํค์ฐ์ผ๋
ธ๋๋(ๅผไป้ ญไบบ) ์ง๊ถ์ด ํก์๋ ์๋ก์ด ์ง์ ใ๊ฐ๋ ์ดใ(็ฎก้ )๊ฐ ์ฑ๋ฆฝ๋๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ค.
๋จ์กฐ ์ ๊ถ์ ์ฐ๋ช
๋ฌด๋ก๋ง์น ์ผ๊ตฐ์ ๊ถ์๊ฐ ๊ฐํ๋ ํํธ์ผ๋ก ๋ชจ๋ก๋์ค์ ์ํด ์์๋
ธ๋ก ๋ด๋ ค๊ฐ ๋ฉธ๋ง ์ง์ ์ ๋จ์กฐ ์ ๊ถ์ ๋ค๋ค์์ ใป ๋ค์นด์์๊ฐ ์๋ฐ๋ผ ํญ๋ณต์ ๋ป์ ๋ฐํ๋ฉด์ ๊ฒจ์ฐ ํ์จ์ ๋๋ ธ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ๋จ๋ถ์กฐ ๋๋๊ธฐ์ ์ฐ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ก๋ค.
๋ถ์กฐ ๋ด๋ถ์ ์ํต ๋๋ฆฝ
๊ณ ์ฝ๊ณค(ๅพๅ
ๅณ)ใ ๊ณ ์์ (ๅพๅ่)ใ ๊ณ ์ฝ๋ง์ฐ(ๅพๅฐๆพ)ใ ์ผ์ฝ(็งฐๅ
) ์ด๋ค 4๋์ ์ฒํฉ์ด ๊ณ ์ฝ๊ณค๊ณ(ๅพๅ
ๅณ็ณป)๋ก์จ ์์๋ฅผ ์ ํ๋ ํํธ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ค์ฝ ์ํฉ์ ์์์ ์ ๋ฅ(ๅซกๆต)์์ ๋ฐ๋ ค๋ ์ธ์ต ์น์๊ฐ์ธ ํ์๋ฏธ๋
ธ๋ฏธ์ผ ๊ฐ(ไผ่ฆๅฎฎๅฎถ)๋ก์จ ์กด์ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ์กฐ ๋ด๋ถ์์๋ ์์ ๊ณ์น์ ๋๊ณ ๋ ๊ณํต์ด ๋๋ฆฝํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ฝ๊ณค ๊ณํต์ ์ผ์ฝ ์ฒํฉ์ ๋์์ ๋๊ธฐ๊ณ , ํ๋จ์กฐ(ๅพๅๆ)๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ํ์๋ฏธ๋
ธ๋ฏธ์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์์ ์ํต์ ๋ง์ดํ์ฌ ๊ณ ํ๋์กฐ๋
ธ ์ฒํฉ(ๅพ่ฑๅๅคฉ็, ์ค์ฝ ์ฒํฉ์ ์ฆ์)์ด ์ฆ์, ์ดํ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์์๋ ํ์๋ฏธ๋
ธ๋ฏธ์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์์ ๋์ค๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฆฝ๋์๋ค.
๋ฌด์ฅ๋ค๊ฐ์ ๋๋ฆฝ
ํํธ ๋ค๋ค์์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋๋ ๋ฌด์ฅ๋ค๋ ์ผ๊ด๋๊ฒ ๋ค์นด์ฐ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋๋ ๋ฌด์ฅ๋ค๊ณผ ํ๋ฒ ๋๋ฆฝ์ ์ผ์ผ์ผฐ๊ณ , ์๊ณ ๋ค์ด๋ฌ(ๅฎ่ญทๅคงๅ)๋ฅผ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ฒ์ด ๋ง์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์์์ํค๋ผ ๋ง๋
์๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋๋ฆฝ์ด ํ์ ํ ๋๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ค.
๊ฐ๋
ธ์ ์๋๊ณผ ์๊ตฌ
๊ฐ๋
ธ์ ์กฐ๋์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ์๊ธฐ 1350๋
์ ํ๊ตญ์์๋ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์ถฉ์ ์(ๅฟ ๅฎ็) 2๋
์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ง๋ ๊ฒฝ์ธ๋
์ ํด๋นํ๋ค. ์ด ํด 2์ ์๊ตฌ(ๅญๅฏ)๊ฐ ํ๋ฐ๋ ๋จ๋ถ์ ๊ณ ์ฑ(ๅบๅ) ยท ์ฃฝ๋ฆผ(็ซนๆ) ยท ๊ฑฐ์ (ๅทจๆฟ) ๋ฑ์ง๋ฅผ ์นจ๊ณตํ์๋ค. โ๊ฒฝ์ธ๋
์๊ตฌโ๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์ดํ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ค๊ตญ ํด์๊น์ง ํฉ์ธ์๋ ์๊ตฌ์ ์๋ฐ์ ์ด ๋ ์ด๋ค์ ๋ฐฐํ์ ๋ํด ํ๊ตญ์ ์ด์์ ๋น์ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์กฐ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์๊ตฌ์ ๋ณธ๊ฑฐ์ง๋ก ์ง๋ชฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ ์ฐ์๋ง์ฌ(ๅฐ้ฆฌๅณถ)์ ์๊ณ ๋ค์ด(ๅฎ่ญทไปฃ) ์ ์ฐ๋ค์๊ฒ(ๅฎ็ถ่)๋ฅผ ํํ์ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ค์์ดํ(ๅคงๅฎฐๅบ)์ ์๊ณ (ๅฎ่ญท) ์ผ๋ ์๋ฆฌํ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ด '๊ฒฝ์ธ๋
์๊ตฌ'์ ๋ฐฐํ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ์๋ค. ์ด์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ถฉ์ ์ 2๋
์ ํด๋นํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ธ๋
(1350๋
)์์ 1๋
์ ์ธ 1349๋
9์์ ์ผ๊ตฐ ํ์นด์ฐ์ง์ ์์์ด์ ๋ค๋ค์์์ ์์๋ก์จ ๋ค๋คํ์ ๊ฐ ๊ท์๋ก ๋ค์ด์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ๋ํ๋๊ฐ๋๋ฐ, ์ด ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ ํต์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ท์ ์ง์ญ์ ํต์ํด์๋ ์ผ๋ ์จ์ ์ถฉ๋ํ๊ฒ ๋์๊ณ , ์ผ๋ ์๋ฆฌํ์ฌ๋ ์์์นด๊ฐ ๋ค๋คํ์ ์ ๋๋์ ์ธ ๊ณต์ธ์ ๋ง์ ๋ณ๋๋ฏธ ํ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ํ ๊ต๋๋ณด๊ฐ ์ ์คํ๋ ์ฐจ์ ๋ค์์ดํ ํํ์ ์๋ ์ฐ์๋ง ์ ์จ๋ฅผ ํตํด, ๋ณ๋๋ฏธ ํ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ํด ๊ณ ๋ ค ํด์์ ์กฐ์ด์ ์ ๋
ธ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ธ๋
์๊ตฌ์ ์ ์ฒด์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ์๋ค. ใ๊ณ ๋ ค์ฌใ๋ฅผ ๋น๋กฏํ ํ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ ๊ณ ๋ ค ๋ง์์ ์กฐ์ ์ด์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ํ๋ฐ๋ ์ฐ์์ ๊ฑฐ์ ํฉ์ธ๊ณ ์ค๊ตญ ๋๋ฅ๊น์ง ์นจ๊ณตํด ์ฝํ์ ๊ฐํํ๋ ์๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ค๋ํ ์๋ฐ์ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ธ๋
์๊ตฌ๋ก ์ก๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฑฐ๋ญ๋ ์๊ตฌ์ ์นจ๊ณต์ ๊ณ ๋ ค์ ๊ตญ๋ ฅ์ ์ ํ์์ผ ์ข
๋์๋ ์ด๋ค์ ์ง์ํ๋๋ฐ ๊ณต์ ์ธ์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ํค์ด ์ ํฅ ๋ฌด์ธ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ์ผ์์ธ ์ด์ฑ๊ณ์ ์ํ ์์กฐ ๊ต์ฒด๋ก๊น์ง ์ด์ด์ก๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ญ์ฌ
์์์นด๊ฐ ๋ค์นด์ฐ์ง
์์์นด๊ฐ ์์์ํค๋ผ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kann%C5%8D%20disturbance | Kannล disturbance | The , also called Kannล no juran, was a civil war which developed from antagonisms between shลgun Ashikaga Takauji and his brother, Ashikaga Tadayoshi, thus dividing and weakening the early Ashikaga shogunate. These events are labeled Kannล after the Japanese era or nengล which was proclaimed by the Northern Court during the years 1350 through 1351 in the Nanboku-chล period of Japanese history. One of the main effects of the Disturbance was the re-invigoration of the Southern Court's war effort due to the flow of renegades from Kyoto who followed Tadayoshi to the Southern capital of Yoshino, near Nara.
Resurgence of the Southern Court
The events
Takauji was nominally shลgun but, having proved not to be up to the task of ruling the country, for more than ten years Tadayoshi governed in his stead. The relationship between the two brothers was however destined to be destroyed by an extremely serious episode called the Kannล Incident, an event which takes its name from the Kannล era (1350โ1351) during which it took place and which had grave consequences for the entire country. Trouble between the two started when Takauji made Kล no Moronao his shitsuji, or deputy. Tadayoshi did not like Moronao and his policies so (at least according to the Taiheiki), after every effort to get rid of him failed, he tried to have him assassinated. Tadayoshi in 1349 was forced by Moronao to leave the government, shave his head and become a Buddhist monk with the name Keishin under the guidance of Zen master, poet, and old associate Musล Soseki. In 1350 he rebelled and joined his brother's enemies, the supporters of the Southern court, whose Emperor Go-Murakami appointed him general of all his troops. In 1351 he defeated Takauji, occupied Kyoto, and entered Kamakura. During the same year he captured and executed the Kล brothers, Moronao and Moroyasu, at Mikage (Settsu province). The following year his fortunes turned and he was defeated by Takauji at Sattayama. A reconciliation between the brothers proved to be brief. Tadayoshi fled to Kamakura, but Takauji pursued him there with an army. In March 1352, shortly after an ostensible second reconciliation, Tadayoshi died suddenly, according to the Taiheiki by poisoning.
Their background
The extremely divisive Kannล Incident that divided the Muromachi regime put a temporary hold on the new shogunate's integration. Before the incident, the bureaucratic organs of the early regime were under the separate jurisdiction of the Ashikaga brothers Takauji and Tadayoshi, creating a bifurcated administration. Takauji was the leader of the house vassals, and thus controlled the Board of Retainers (the Samurai-dokoro) and the Office of Rewards (the Onshล-kata), while Tadayoshi was the bureaucratic leader controlling the Board of Inquiry's administration of the regime's judicial functions.
The Board of Retainers was used as a disciplinary organ towards house vassals; brigandage and other crimes were prosecuted. The Office of Rewards was used to hear the claims of and to give fiefs to deserving vassals. The Office of Rewards was used to enroll new warriors who were potential adversaries of the regime. The major judicial organ, the Board of Coadjutors, decided on all land dispute cases and quarrels involving inheritance. All judicial functions are par excellence used to resolve conflicts and disputes legally, within an institutional framework. Bureaucrats (bugyลnin) for the new regime were recruited from the ranks of those who served the Hลjล regime before its fall. They were valuable because they knew how to read and write, a task beyond the reach of most warriors.
In the 1350s, the Kannล Incident and its aftermath divided and nearly destroyed the early regime. On the surface the incident looks like a factional struggle pitting Ashikaga Tadayoshi, Takauji's brother, against the Kล brothers, Moronao and Moroyasu backed by Takauji. The conflict can be pinpointed to differences in opinion regarding the estate system and, behind these differing opinions, to the different bureaucracies controlled by Takauji and Tadayoshi. On the whole Takauji was the innovator, while Tadayoshi played the conservative, wanting to preserve the policies of the past. In his capacity as a military leader of vassal bands, Takauji did two things that conflicted with Tadayoshi: he appointed vassals to shugo posts as a reward for battlefield heroics, and he divided the shลen estates, giving half of them to his vassals in fief or as stewardships. Tadayoshi strenuously contested these policies through the drafting of the Kemmu Formulary that opposed the appointment of shugo as a reward for battlefield service. He also opposed any sort of outright division of estate lands in his capacity as the leader of the Board of Coadjutors. There was therefore a clear division between the policies of Takauji and his brother Tadayoshi.
Conflict can thus be said to have emerged as a result of having two heads of state whose policies contradicted each other. The events which followed the incident testify to the extent to which the regime began to lose its support. Deep divisions between members of the Ashikaga family strengthened the opposition. Both of the pillars of the Muromachi regime, Tadayoshi and Takauji, enacted token submissions to the Southern Court to push their own agendas: Tadayoshi in his desire to destroy the Kล brothers, and Takauji in his desire to defeat Tadayoshi. Ironically, even though the Southern Court was the enemy, it was used as the justification by regime members to attack each other.
Effects
One of the main effects of the Disturbance was the re-invigoration of the war effort of the Southern Court. To a large extent its renewed offensive was made possible by turncoats from the Muromachi regime. The imperialist offensive of 1352 directed against Takauji in Kamakura was made possible by the vast numbers of former adherents of Tadayoshi who became supporters of the imperialist leader Nitta Yoshimune. The imperialist offensive against Kyoto in 1353 was made possible through the defection of the shugo lord Yamana Tokiuji. Tadayoshi's adopted son Ashikaga Tadafuyu is an outstanding example of defection: he became the leader of the western armies of the Southern Court during the imperialist offensives against Kyoto in 1353 and 1354.
The end of the Disturbance on the other hand eliminated the sharing of power between the two Ashikaga brothers putting it all into Takauji's hands, strengthening his position and ultimately that of the early Muromachi shogunate as a whole.
See also
Glossary of Japanese history
List of Japanese battles
Notes
References
Ackroyd, Joyce. (1982) Lessons from History: The Tokushi Yoron. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press.
Arnesen, P.J. The Medieval Japanese Daimyo. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979.
Grossberg, K. Japan's Renaissance. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981.
Nussbaum, Louis Frรฉdรฉric and Kรคthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 48943301
Papinot, E. (1910). "Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan." 1972 Printing. Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo, .
Sato, S. "The Ashikaga Shogun and the Muromachi Bakufu Administration", in Japan in the Muromachi Age. Eds. John W. Hall and Toyoda Takeshi. Berkeley: U.C. Press, 1977.
Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahล, 1652], Nipon o daรฏ itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
Wintersteen, P.B. "The Muromachi Shugo and Hanzei" in Medieval Japan. Ed. John Whitney Hall and Jeffrey P. Mass. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974.
Wintersteen, P.B. "The Early Muromachi Bakufu in Kyoto" in Medieval Japan. Ed. John W. Hall and Jeffrey P. Mass. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974.
Military history of Japan
Wars involving Japan
1350s in Japan
1350 in Asia
1351 in Asia |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%91%90%20%EB%B2%88%EC%9D%80%20%EC%97%86%EB%8B%A4 | ๋ ๋ฒ์ ์๋ค | ใ๋ ๋ฒ์ ์๋คใ๋ ๋ถํฐ ๊น์ง ๋ฐฉ์๋ MBC ์ฃผ๋ง ํน๋ณ๊ธฐํ ๋๋ผ๋ง์ด๋ค.
MBC ์ฃผ๋ง ํน๋ณ ๊ธฐํ ๋๋ผ๋ง๋ ํด๋น ์ํ์ ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ํ์ง๋์๋ค.
๊ธฐํ ์๋
์์ธ ํ๋ณตํ์ ์ค๋๋ '๋์์ฌ์ธ์'์ ๋ชจ์ฌ๋ ํฌ์๊ฐ๋ค์ด ์ธ์์ '๋ ๋ฒ์ ์๋ค'๋ฅผ ์ธ์น๋ฉฐ ์คํจ์ ์์ฒ๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฟ๊พธ๋ ์ ์พ, ์์พ, ํต์พํ ์ฌ์ด๋ค ๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ด์ ๋๋ผ๋ง.
๋ฑ์ฅ์ธ๋ฌผ
์ฃผ์ ์ธ๋ฌผ
์ค์ฌ์ : ๋ณต๋ง๋ก(74์ธ) ์ญ - ๋์์ฌ์ธ์์ CEO์ด์ ํฌ์๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋๋ชจ, ๊ฑฐ๋ณต์ ์ฒซ์ฌ๋
๋ฐ์ธ์: ๊ธ๋ฐํ(23์ธ) ์ญ - ๋์์ฌ์ธ์ 4ํธ์ค ํฌ์๊ฐ, ์ด๋ฌด์ ์๋ง๋ก ์ฑ๊ธ๋ง, ํด์ค์ ์ฐ์ธ. ๋ํฌ์ ์ํ ๋น์ โ ์ธ์ฐจ์ฅ ์ง์ โ ๊ตฌ์ฑํธํ
๋์ด๋งจ, ์ํ์
๊ณฝ๋์ฐ : ๋ํด์ค(26์ธ) ์ญ - ๊ตฌ์ฑํธํ
๋ ํ์ฅ์ ์์, ์ธ์์ ์๋ค, ๋ฐํ์ ์ฐ์ธ. ๊ตฌ์ฑํธํ
๊ฒฝ์ ๋ณธ๋ถ์ฅ โ ๋ฌด์ง โ ์คํํธ์
ํ์ฌ 'AH' ๋ํ
์ค์งํธ : ๊ฐํ๊ธฐ(45์ธ) ์ญ - ๋์์ฌ์ธ์ 5ํธ์ค ํฌ์๊ฐ, ๊ตฌ์ฑํธํ
๊ณจํํด๋ฝ ํฐ์นญ ํ๋ก, ์ ๋น โ ์์ง์ ์ฐ์ธ โ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌCC ์ฝ์น, ์์ง์ ๋จํธ
์์ง์ : ๋ฐฉ์์ง(47์ธ) ์ญ - ๋์์ฌ์ธ์ 6ํธ์ค ํฌ์๊ฐ, ๊ณจ๋๋ฏธ์ค์ฝ๋ฆฌ์ ์ . ๊ตฌ์ฑํธํ
๊ณจํ์ฅ ์บ๋, ์์ผ์ ์ฐ์ธ โ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌCC ์นด์ดํฐ ์ง์, ํ๊ธฐ์ ์๋ด
๋ฐ์์ธ : ๋ํด๋ฆฌ(32์ธ) ์ญ - ๊ตฌ์ฑํธํ
๋ ํ์ฅ์ ์๋
, ๋ํฌ์ ๋ธ, ๊ตฌ์ฑํธํ
๋ง์ผํ
๋ณธ๋ถ์ฅ. ์ฐ์ฌ์ ์ฐ์ธ โ ์ฐ์ฌ์ ์๋ด
์ก์์ : ๊น์ฐ์ฌ(34์ธ) ์ญ - ๋์์ฌ์ธ์ 3ํธ์ค ํฌ์๊ฐ, ํ๋ก๊ณจํ ์ ์, ํด๋ฆฌ์ ์ฐ์ธ โ ๊ตฌ์ฑํธํ
์ฒญ์๋
๊ณจํํด๋ฝ ์ง๋์, ํด๋ฆฌ์ ๋จํธ
๋์์ฌ์ธ์
์ฃผํ : ์ต๊ฑฐ๋ณต(75์ธ) ์ญ - ๋์์ฌ์ธ์ 1ํธ์ค ํฌ์๊ฐ, ๋ง๋ก์ ์ฒซ์ฌ๋, ๋
ธ์ค์ค์นด์ด ํ์ฅ(์์ด ์ด๋ฆ : ์๋์๋ ์ด์ด)
์ ์์ฉ : ์ต๋งํธ(52์ธ) ์ญ - ๋์์ฌ์ธ์ 2ํธ์ค ํฌ์๊ฐ, ๊ธํฌ์ ๋จํธ. ๊ตฌ์ฑํธํ
๋ฒ ์ด์ปค๋ฆฌ ์ํ โ ๋ฒ ์ด์ปค๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์ฅ โ ๋ณต์ง
๊ณ ์ํฌ : ์๊ธํฌ(43์ธ) ์ญ - ๋์์ฌ์ธ์ 2ํธ์ค ํฌ์๊ฐ, ๋งํธ์ ์๋ด. ๊ตฌ์ฑํธํ
ํผ๋ถ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ฌ โ ๋ฒ ์ด์ปค๋ฆฌ ์ง์ โ ์น๋งค ํ์
๊ตฌ์ฑํธํ
ํ์งํฌ : ๋์์ผ(72์ธ) ์ญ - ๊ตฌ์ฑํธํ
์ฐฝ์
์์ด์ ํ์ฅ. ์์ง์ ์ฐ์ธ โ ์ด๋ณ, ํ์ฅ ํด์ โ ๋์คํ์ ์๊ฐ์
๋ฐ์ค๊ธ : ๋๋ํฌ(57์ธ) ์ญ - ๊ตฌ์ฑํธํ
์ฒซ์งธ ๋ฉฐ๋๋ฆฌ์ด์ ํด๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ง, ๋ฏธ๋ง์ธ. ๊ตฌ์ฑํธํ
๋ฒ ์ด์ปค๋ฆฌ ์ฑ
์์ โ ์ด๊ด ํฌ๋ฆฌ์์ดํฐ โ ์๊ฐ์ โ ์ ๊ณผ์
ํฉ์ํฌ : ์ค์ธ์(55์ธ) ์ญ - ๊ตฌ์ฑํธํ
๋์งธ ๋ฉฐ๋๋ฆฌ์ด์ ํด์ค์ ์๋ง, ๋ฏธ๋ง์ธ. ๊ตฌ์ฑ๊ฐค๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ด์ฅ โ ์๊ฐ์ โ ์ ๊ณผ์
๋ฐ๊ฑด๋ฝ : ์๋ณ๊ธฐ ์ญ - ๊ตฌ์ฑํธํ
์ด์ฌ, ์ธ์์ ์ฌ๋ณต
์ ์ฌ์ง : ์์งํ ์ญ - ๊ตฌ์ฑ๊ฐค๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ง์
๊ทธ ์ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ
์ด์์ค : ๊ฐ์ง๊ตฌ ์ญ - ๋ฐํ์ ๋จํธ, ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ฆฌ์กฐํธ ํ๊ณ๊ณผ ์ง์, ์๋ฌธ์ ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ก ์ฌ๋ง
๊น๋ฏผ์ง : ์์ ์ญ - ํด์ค์ ๅ ์ฌ์น
์ฐ์ ํ : ๊น๋ํ ์ญ - ์์์ ์๋น ์ ๋
์ฐจ๋ฏผํ : ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์ญ - ๋ฐํ๋ฅผ ์ฒดํฌํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ
์ ๊ตฌ๋ฏผ : ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์ญ - ๋ฐํ๋ฅผ ์ฒดํฌํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ
์ ์๋ฏธ : ๊ณจํ ํ์ ์ญ
๊น์ํ : ๊น๋ฉด์ ์ญ - ๊ฑฐ๋ณต์ ํฐ๋ฉฐ๋๋ฆฌ
๋ฏผ๋์ : ๊น๋์ญย ์ญ - ๊ตฌ์ฑ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ณํธ์ฌ
๊น๊ด์ธ : ๋ฐ ๋ถ์ฅ ์ญ - ๋
ธ์ค์ค์นด์ด ์ง์
๊ฐ๋ฌธ๊ฒฝ : ๊น๊ด์ฑ ์ญย - ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋ฒ์ธ ์ ์ฅ ๋ํ, ๊ฑฐ๋ณต์ ์กฐ๋ ฅ์(ํ๋ผ๋ค์ด์ค ํ๋ก์ ํธ)
๋ฐ์ฉ์ง : ์ฐ์ฑ๊ท ์ญ - ํ๊ณ๋ฒ์ธ ๊ด๋ณต ๋ํ, ๊ฑฐ๋ณต์ ์กฐ๋ ฅ์(ํ๋ผ๋ค์ด์ค ํ๋ก์ ํธ)
์ผ์ ๊ตฌ : ์กฐ์์ ์ญ - ๅ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์์ฅ, ๊ฑฐ๋ณต์ ์กฐ๋ ฅ์(ํ๋ผ๋ค์ด์ค ํ๋ก์ ํธ)
์ต์ธ์ : ๊น์ ๋ฏธ ์ญ - ๅ ๋ฌธํ์ฒด์ก๊ด๊ด๋ถ ์ฐจ๊ด, ๊ฑฐ๋ณต์ ์กฐ๋ ฅ์(ํ๋ผ๋ค์ด์ค ํ๋ก์ ํธ)
์ฅ์ฐ์ต : ์์ธ๋ฒํธ 2625 ์ญ - ๋ํฌ์ ์ธ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋๊ธฐ, ๋ฐฉ์ฅ
์ด์ฌ์ : ์์ธ๋ฒํธ 3057 ์ญ - ๋ํฌ์ ์ธ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋๊ธฐ
๊น๋ฏธ์ค : ์์ธ๋ฒํธ 3583 ์ญ - ๋ํฌ์ ์ธ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋๊ธฐ
์ด์ฐ์ : ์์ผ๋ค ๊ฐ์ฌ ๋์ฐ๋ฏธ ์ญ
์ ์ธ์ฉ : ์
์ํ์ ์ํ๊ฐ์ฌ์ญ
์ ์ฃผ์
ํน๋ณ ์ถ์ฐ
ํ์ฐธ : MC ์ญ - ๊ณจ๋๋ฏธ์ค์ฝ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ๋ฐ ๋ํ MC (12ํ)
์์ฒญ๋ฅ
๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ ์ฌ์
2020๋
1์ 25์ผ : ์ค ํน์ ์ํ ใPMC: ๋ ๋ฒ์ปคใ ํธ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ
์์ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ํ๋ณด
์ฐธ๊ณ ์ฌํญ
๊ตฌํ์ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ค๊ธ์ MBC ์ฃผ๋ง ๋๋ผ๋ง ใ๋ฐฑ๋
์ ์ ์ฐใ, KBS 2TV ์ฃผ๋ง ๋๋ผ๋ง ใ์๊ณ์ ์๋ณต์ ์ ์ฌ๋คใ์ ์ด์ด ์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ํธํก์ ๋ง์ถ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
๋ฐ์ค๊ธ์ ใ๋ฐฑ๋
์ ์ ์ฐใ์ ์ด์ด ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ๋๋ํฌ ์ญ์ ๋งก๋๋ค.
๊ตฌํ์ ์๊ฐ, ์ค์ฌ์ , ํ์งํฌ๋ KBS 1TV ์ผ์ผ ๋๋ผ๋ง ใ์ด์ํ ์์ ใ ์ดํ 12๋
10๊ฐ์ ๋ง์ ๋ค์ ํธํก์ ๋ง์ถ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
๋ฐ์ธ์, ์ก์์์ TV์กฐ์ ํ ์ผ ๋๋ผ๋ง ใ์กฐ์ ์์กด๊ธฐใ ์ดํ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ํธํก์ ๋ง์ถ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
์ค์ฌ์ , ์ฃผํ์ tvN ๊ธํ ๋๋ผ๋ง ใ๋์ด ๋ง์ด ํ๋ ์ฆใ ์ดํ 3๋
4๊ฐ์ ๋ง์ ์ฌํํ์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ๋๋ผ๋ง ๋ชฉ๋ก (ใท)
2019๋
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ๋๋ผ๋ง ๋ชฉ๋ก
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๋ ๋ฒ์ ์๋ค ๊ณต์์ฌ์ดํธ
2019๋
๋๋ผ๋ง
2020๋
๋๋ผ๋ง
๋ฌธํ๋ฐฉ์ก ์ฃผ๋ง ํน๋ณ๊ธฐํ ๋๋ผ๋ง
ํฌ ์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
๊ฐ์กฑ ๋๋ผ๋ง
2010๋
๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
2020๋
๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
2019๋
์ ์์ํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
2020๋
์ ์ข
๋ฃํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never%20Twice | Never Twice | Never Twice () is a 2019 South Korean television series starring Park Se-wan, Kwak Dong-yeon, Youn Yuh-jung, Oh Ji-ho, Ye Ji-won, Park Ah-in and Song Won-seok. It aired on MBC TV from November 2, 2019 to March 7, 2020.
Synopsis
The series follows the story of the long-term guests at Paradise Inn, located in the heart of Seoul and their relationship with Guseong Hotel owners.
Cast
Main
Park Se-wan as Geum Park-ha, a pure young woman who lives in room No. 4 of Paradise Inn. She came from a coastal city and bravely moves into the metropolis.
Kwak Dong-yeon as Na Hae-jun, the heir of a five-star hotel called Guseong Hotel, which is located right across the street from Paradise Inn. He is the head of its strategic planning department.
Youn Yuh-jung as Bok Mak-rye, the owner of Paradise Inn.
Oh Ji-ho as Gam Poong-gi, a man who lives in room No. 5 of Paradise Inn. He has the perfect looks and voice that captures women's heart.
Ye Ji-won as Bang Eun-ji, a beautiful woman who lives in room No. 6 of Paradise Inn. She looks younger than her age and has an honest personality, but has never properly dated a man.
Park Ah-in as Na Hae-ri, Wang-sam's granddaughter who is the head of marketing at Guseong Hotel.
Song Won-seok as Kim Woo-jae, a golf player who lives in room No. 3 of Paradise Inn. He came from Gangwon Province and learned golf on his own.
Supporting
Joo Hyun as Choi Geo-bok, an elderly romantic gentleman who has come to Paradise Inn to meet his first love from over 50 years ago, Mak-rye.
Han Jin-hee as Na Wang-sam, the chairman and founder of Guseong Hotel.
Park Joon-geum as Do Do-hee, Wang-sam's first daughter-in-law and Hae-ri's mother.
Hwang Young-hee as On In-suk, Wang-sam's second daughter-in-law and Hae-jun's mother.
Jung Suk-yong as Choi Man-ho, a bakery chef who is entangled with Guseong Hotel.
Go Soo-hee as Yang Geum-hee, Man-ho's wife who is a skin care worker at Guseong Hotel.
Notes
References
External links
MBC TV television dramas
Korean-language television shows
2019 South Korean television series debuts
2020 South Korean television series endings
Television series by Pan Entertainment |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%B9%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%88 | ๋น์ง์ง | ๋น์ง์ง(็ณ่่ณช, )์ ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ์ฌ์ด๋ ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ์ํด ํ์ํ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฒฐํฉ๋์ด ์๋ ์ง์ง์ด๋ค. ๋น์ง์ง์ ์ญํ ์ ์ธํฌ๋ง์ ์์ ์ฑ์ ์ ์งํ๊ณ , ๋ฉด์ญ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ ์ธํฌ๊ฐ ์กฐ์ง์ ํ์ฑํ๋๋ก ์ธํฌ๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ํค๋๋ฐ ํ์์ ์ธ ์ธํฌ ์ธ์์ ์ด์งํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋น์ง์ง์ ๋ชจ๋ ์งํต์ธํฌ์ ๋ง์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ฉฐ, ๋น์ง์ง์ ํ์ํ๋ฌผ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ธํฌ๋ง์ ๋ฐ๊นฅ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ๋์ถ๋์ด ์๋ค.
๊ตฌ์กฐ
๋น์ง์ง์ ๋ณธ์ง์ ์ธ ํน์ง์ ์ง์ง ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐํฉ๋ ๋จ๋น๋ฅ ๋๋ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋น์ ์กด์ฌ์ด๋ค. ์ธํฌ๋ง์ ์๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์ง์ง์ ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ธ๋กค ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ธ๋ก์ง์ง๊ณผ ์คํ๊ณ ์ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ์คํ๊ณ ์ง์ง์ด๋ค. ์ง๋ฐฉ์ฐ์ด ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฒฐํฉ๋์ด ์ง์ง ์ ์ฒด๊ฐ ๊ทน์ฑ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ๋ถ๊ณผ ๋น๊ทน์ฑ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ธํฌ๋ง์ ์ง์ง ์ด์ค์ธต์ ๋ ์ธต์ ์ง์ง๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๋ฉฐ, ๋ง์ ์์ชฝ ํ๋ฉด๊ณผ ๋ฐ๊นฅ์ชฝ ํ๋ฉด์ ๊ทน์ฑ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๊ณ , ๋ง์ ๋ด๋ถ๋ ๋น๊ทน์ฑ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ฐ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋์ด ์๋ค.
์ธํฌ ๋ฐ๊นฅ์ชฝ์ ์๋ ๊ทน์ฑ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ถ์ด ์๋ ํ์ํ๋ฌผ์ ๋น์ง์ง์ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ๋ ์ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ๊ทน์ฑ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ์ธ๊ณ ์๋ ์์ฉ์ฑ ํ๊ฒฝ์์ ๊ฐ์ฉ์ฑ์ด๋ค. ์ง์ง๊ณผ ํ์ํ๋ฌผ์ ๊ณต์ ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ์ผ์ข
์ธ ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ์ฌ์ด๋ ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ํตํด ๋นํฌํฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๋ค. ๋น์ ์๋
ธ๋จธ ํ์๋ ์ง์ง ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ ํ์ด๋๋ก์๊ธฐ์ ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ํ์ฑํ๋ค. ์ด๋ค ํ์ํ๋ฌผ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ ์ด๋ค์ด ๊ฒฐํฉํ๋ ๋ถ์์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค์ํ๋ค.
๋ฌผ์ง๋์ฌ
๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ์คํธ๋์คํผ๋ ์ด์ค
๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ์คํธ๋์คํผ๋ ์ด์ค๋ ํ์ํ๋ฌผ์ ์ง์ง ๋ถ์์ ๊ฒฐํฉ์ํค๊ณ , ๋ํ ์ธํฌ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋น์ง์ง์ ์กด์ฌ์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ์ธํฌ์์ ์์ฉ์ฒด๊ฐ ํ์ฑํ๋ ์ ์๋๋ก ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋น์ ์ ํํ๊ฒ ์กฐ๋ฆฝํ๋ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ค. ๋น์ง์ง์ ๊ณจ์ง์ฒด์์ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ๋์ด ์๋ญ์ ๋ง์ ์ฝ์
๋ ๋ค์ ์ธํฌ๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฐ๋๋ค. ์๋ญ์ ์ธํฌ๋ง๊ณผ ํฉ์ณ์ ธ์ ๋น์ง์ง์ด ์ธํฌ์ ๋ฐ๊นฅ์ชฝ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ํ๋๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ์ฌ์ด๋ ๊ฐ์๋ถํดํจ์
๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ์ฌ์ด๋ ๊ฐ์๋ถํดํจ์๋ ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ์ฌ์ด๋ ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ๋ถํด๋ฅผ ์ด๋งคํ๋ค. ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ์ฌ์ด๋ ๊ฐ์๋ถํดํจ์๋ ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ์ด ์ง์ง์ ์ฒจ๊ฐ๋ ํ์ ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋น ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณํ์ํค๋๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ์ฌ์ด๋ ๊ฐ์๋ถํดํจ์๋ ๋น์ง์ง์์ ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์นธ์ ์ ๊ฑฐํ์ฌ ๋ณํ๋์ง ์์ ์ง์ง๋ก ๋๋๋ฆด ์ ์๋ค.
๋ฌผ์ง๋์ฌ์ ๊ฒฐํจ
์คํ๊ณ ์ง์ง์ฆ์ ๋ณดํต ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ์ฌ์ด๋ ๊ฐ์๋ถํดํจ์์ ๊ฒฐํจ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์คํ๊ณ ์ง์ง์ด ์ ์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถํด๋์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ ์คํ๊ณ ์ง์ง์ด ์ถ์ ๋์ด์ ์๊ธฐ๋ ์ง๋ณ์ด๋ค. ์คํ๊ณ ์ง์ง์ฆ์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ ๋๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ํฅ์ ์ด๋ค ํจ์๊ฐ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ๋๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ, ์์์ ์ ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ค. ํ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ ๋งํ ์ฌ๋ก๋ ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ง์ ํต์ฆ๊ณผ ์์์ ์ผ์ผํฌ ์ ์๋ ๋๋ง-ํฝ๋ณ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ณดํต ์ ์๊ธฐ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์น๋ช
์ ์ด๋ค.
๊ธฐ๋ฅ
์ธํฌ-์ธํฌ ์ํธ์์ฉ
์ ์ฒด์์ ๋น์ง์ง์ ์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์ธํฌ-์ธํฌ ์ํธ์์ฉ์ ์ํ ์ธ์ ์๋ฆฌ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋น์ง์ง์ ํ์ํ๋ฌผ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ธ์ ํ ์ธํฌ์ ํน์ ์๋ณด์ ์ธ ํ์ํ๋ฌผ์ด๋ ๋ ํด(ํ์ํ๋ฌผ ๊ฒฐํฉ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง)๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํฉํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ธํฌ ํ๋ฉด์ ํ์ง์๋ค์ ์ํธ์์ฉ์ ์ธํฌ ์ธ์์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ด ๋๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ์ , ์ฑ์ฅ, ์ธํฌ์์ด๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ํ๋์ ํ๋ ์ธํฌ ๋ฐ์์ ๊ด์ฌํ๋ค.
๋ฉด์ญ ๋ฐ์
๋น์ง์ง์ด ์ฒด๋ด์์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ํ๋์ง์ ๋ํ ์๋ก๋ ์ผ์ฆ ๋ฐ์๋์ ๋ฐฑํ๊ตฌ์ ๋ดํผ์ธํฌ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ํธ์์ฉ์ด ์๋ค. ๋ฐฑํ๊ตฌ์ ๋ดํผ์ธํฌ์ ํ๋ฉด์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ ๋ ํด์ ํ ์ข
๋ฅ์ธ ์
๋ ํด์ ๋น์ง์ง์ ๋ถ์ฐฉ๋ ํ์ํ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํฉํ์ฌ ๋ฉด์ญ ๋ฐ์์ ์ผ์ผํจ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ๋ฐฑํ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ํ๊ด์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋น ์ ธ๋์ ์ผ์ฆ ๋ถ์๋ก ์ ์
๋๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐํฉ ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ผ๋ก ๋ ๊ฐํ ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ํ์ฑํ๊ณ ๋ฐฑํ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ผ์ฆ ๋ถ์๋ก ์ด๋ํ๋๋ก ํ๋ ์ธํ
๊ทธ๋ฆฐ์ด ์ด์ด์ ๋ฐํ๋๋ค. ๋น์ง์ง์ ๋ํ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ์, ํนํ ๋ฐ์ด๋ฌ์ค๊ฐ ์์ฃผ ์ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ํ๋๋ฐ์๋ ๊ด์ฌํ๋ค.
ํ์กํ
ํ์กํ์ ์ธํฌ๋ง์ ์๋ ๋น์ง์ง์ด ์ฃผ๋ณ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์ํธ์์ฉ์ ํ๋์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๋ ํ ์์ด๋ค. ์ฌ๋์ ABO์ ํ์กํ์์ ๋ค ๊ฐ์ง ํ์กํ(Aํ, Bํ, ABํ, Oํ)์ ํญ์์ผ๋ก ์์ฉํ๋ ์ ํ๊ตฌ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์๋ ํน์ ๋น์ง์ง์ ๊ฒฐํฉ๋ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋น์ ์ํด ๊ฒฐ์ ๋๋ค. Hํญ์์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ณํ๋์ง ์์ ํญ์์ Oํ์ ํน์ง์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋ ํ์กํ์ ์ ํ๊ตฌ์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. Aํ์ ์ฃผ๋ ํญ์ ๊ฒฐ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ก N-์์ธํธ๊ฐ๋ฝํ ์ฌ๋ฏผ์ด ์ฒจ๊ฐ๋๊ณ , Bํ์ ๊ฐ๋ฝํ ์ค๊ฐ ์ฒจ๊ฐ๋๋ฉฐ, ABํ์ ์ด๋ค ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ํญ์์ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฐ๋๋ค. ๊ฐ์ฒด์ ํ์ก์ ์กด์ฌํ์ง ์๋ ํญ์์ ํญ์ฒด์ ์์ฑ์ ์ ๋ํ์ฌ, ์์ฑ๋ ํญ์ฒด๊ฐ ์ธ๋ถ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ ์
๋ ๋น์ง์ง๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํฉํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ด์ ๋ก ABํ ํ์กํ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ชจ๋ ํ์กํ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ํ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์๊ณ , Oํ ํ์กํ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ชจ๋ ํ์กํ์๊ฒ ์ํํด ์ค ์ ์๋ค.
๋น์ง์ง์ ์ข
๋ฅ
๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ธ๋ก๋น์ง์ง: ์ง์ง ๋ณตํฉ์ฒด๋ก์ ์ ์ด๋ ํ ๊ฐ ์ด์์ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ์์ธํธํ ๋๋ ๋น์์ธํธํ๋ ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ธ๋กค์ ํน์ง์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ๋น์ง์ง์ ํ์ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด๋ค. ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ธ๋ก๋น์ง์ง์ ์ข
์ข
๊ดํฉ์ฑ ๋ง๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋์ด ์๋ค. ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ธ๋ก๋น์ง์ง์ ๊ฒฐํฉ๋ ํ์ํ๋ฌผ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ธ๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋๋์ด์ง ์ ์๋ค.
๊ฐ๋ฝํ ์ง์ง: ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ธ๋กค์ ๊ฐ๋ฝํ ์ค๊ฐ ๊ฒฐํฉ๋ ์ง์ง๋ก ์ ์๋๋ค. ๊ฐ๋ฝํ ์ง์ง์ ์ฝ๋ก์ฒด ๋ง์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ฉฐ ๊ดํฉ์ฑ์ ํน์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์๋ค.
ํฉ์ง์ง: ์ง์ง์ ๊ฒฐํฉ๋ ํ์ํ๋ฌผ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ํฉ์ ํฌํจํ๊ณ ์๋ ์์ฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ค์ํ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ์๋ฌผ์์ ํฉ ์ํ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์๋ ์คํฌํด๋
ธ๋ณด์ค ๋ค์ด์์ค๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ธ๋กค์ด๋ค.
๋น์คํ๊ณ ์ง์ง: ์คํ๊ณ ์ง์ง์ ๊ธฐ์ดํ ๋น์ง์ง์ ํ์ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด๋ค. ๋น์คํ๊ณ ์ง์ง์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ์ ๊ฒฝ ์กฐ์ง์ ์์นํ๋ฉฐ, ์ธํฌ ์ ํธ์ ๋ฌ์ ๋ด๋นํ๋ค.
์ธ๋ ๋ธ๋ก์ฌ์ด๋: ์ ๊ฒฝ ์ธํฌ๋ง์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ๋น์คํ๊ณ ์ง์ง์ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด๋ค.
๊ฐ๋ฝํ ์ธ๋ ๋ธ๋ก์ฌ์ด๋: ํ์ํ๋ฌผ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ฐ๋ฝํ ์ค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ์ธ๋ ๋ธ๋ก์ฌ์ด๋์ ํ ์ข
๋ฅ์ด๋ค.
๊ธ๋ฃจ์ฝ์ธ๋ ๋ธ๋ก์ฌ์ด๋: ํ์ํ๋ฌผ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ธ๋ฃจ์ฝ์ค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ์ธ๋ ๋ธ๋ก์ฌ์ด๋์ ํ ์ข
๋ฅ์ด๋ค. ๋๊ฐ ๋น์ ๊ฒฝ ์กฐ์ง์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ค.
์คํํ์ด๋: ์ธ๋ผ๋ง์ด๋ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํฉํ๊ณ ์๋ ํ์ํ๋ฌผ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ํฉ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ๋น์ง์ง์ ํ ์ข
๋ฅ์ด๋ค. ์คํํ์ด๋๋ ๋ฉด์ญ ๋ฐ์์์ ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ์ ํธ ์ ๋ฌ์ ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊น์ง ์ ๋ง์ ์๋ฌผํ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ด์ฌํ๋ค.
๊ฐ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ฌ์ด๋: ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ณต์กํ ๋๋ฌผ์ฑ ๋น์ง์ง์ด๋ค. ๊ฐ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ฌ์ด๋๋ ํ ๊ฐ ์ด์์ ์์์ฐ ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๋ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋น ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์์ ํ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค. 200๊ฐ์ง ์ด์์ ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ฌ์ด๋๋ค์ด ํ์ธ๋์๋ค. ๊ฐ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ฌ์ด๋๋ ์ ๊ฒฝ ์ธํฌ์ ํ๋ถํ๊ฒ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค.
๊ธ๋ก๋ณด์ฌ์ด๋: ํ์ํ๋ฌผ ๋ณตํฉ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ก ๋ ๊ฐ ์ด์์ ๋น์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ๋น์คํ๊ณ ์ง์ง์ด๋ค. ๊ธ๋ก๋ณด์ฌ์ด๋๋ ๋ค์ํ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ธ๋ก๋ณด์ฌ์ด๋๊ฐ ์ ๋๋ก ๋ถํด๋์ง ๋ชปํ๋ฉด ํ๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ณ์ด ์๊ธด๋ค.
๋น์ธ์คํ๊ณ ์ง์ง: ๊ท ๋ฅ, ํจ๋ชจ, ์๋ฌผ์ ๋น์ธ์ง์ง์ ์๋ "ํผํ ๋น์ง์ง"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ ธ๋ค. ๋น์ธ์คํ๊ณ ์ง์ง์ ๋๋ฌผ์์ ์์ ํ๋ฅผ ๋๋ ๊ฐ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ฌ์ด๋์ฒ๋ผ ๋ณต์กํ ํํฉ๋ฌผ์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝํฌ์คํํฐ๋์ด๋
ธ์ํจ: ํ์ํ๋ฌผ ๋ณตํฉ์ฒด์ ๊ฒฐํฉ๋ ํฌ์คํํฐ๋์ด๋
ธ์ํจ ์ง์ง ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ํด ์ ์๋ ๋น์ง์ง์ ํ์ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด๋ค. ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝํฌ์คํํฐ๋์ด๋
ธ์ํจ์ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง์ C-๋ง๋จ์ ๊ฒฐํฉ๋ ์๋ ์๊ณ , ๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝํฌ์คํํฐ๋์ด๋
ธ์ํจ์ด ๊ฒฐํฉ๋ ์ ์๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๋ค์ํ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
์ํฌ๋ก์ง์ง
๋๋
ธ๋ฆฌํผ๋
๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ์นผ๋ฆญ์ค
๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝค
๋น๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง
๋๋ง-ํฝ๋ณ
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
์ง์ง
ํ์ํ๋ฌผ ํํ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolipid | Glycolipid | Glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond. Their role is to maintain the stability of the cell membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition, which is crucial to the immune response and in the connections that allow cells to connect to one another to form tissues. Glycolipids are found on the surface of all eukaryotic cell membranes, where they extend from the phospholipid bilayer into the extracellular environment.
Structure
The essential feature of a glycolipid is the presence of a monosaccharide or oligosaccharide bound to a lipid moiety. The most common lipids in cellular membranes are glycerolipids and sphingolipids, which have glycerol or a sphingosine backbones, respectively. Fatty acids are connected to this backbone, so that the lipid as a whole has a polar head and a non-polar tail. The lipid bilayer of the cell membrane consists of two layers of lipids, with the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane made up of the polar head groups, and the inner part of the membrane made up of the non-polar fatty acid tails.
The saccharides that are attached to the polar head groups on the outside of the cell are the ligand components of glycolipids, and are likewise polar, allowing them to be soluble in the aqueous environment surrounding the cell. The lipid and the saccharide form a glycoconjugate through a glycosidic bond, which is a covalent bond. The anomeric carbon of the sugar binds to a free hydroxyl group on the lipid backbone. The structure of these saccharides varies depending on the structure of the molecules to which they bind.
Metabolism
Glycosyltransferases
Enzymes called glycosyltransferases link the saccharide to the lipid molecule, and also play a role in assembling the correct oligosaccharide so that the right receptor can be activated on the cell which responds to the presence of the glycolipid on the surface of the cell. The glycolipid is assembled in the Golgi apparatus and embedded in the surface of a vesicle which is then transported to the cell membrane. The vesicle merges with the cell membrane so that the glycolipid can be presented on the cell's outside surface.
Glycoside hydrolases
Glycoside hydrolases catalyze the breakage of glycosidic bonds. They are used to modify the oligosaccharide structure of the glycan after it has been added onto the lipid. They can also remove glycans from glycolipids to turn them back into unmodified lipids.
Defects in metabolism
Sphingolipidoses are a group of diseases that are associated with the accumulation of sphingolipids which have not been degraded correctly, normally due to a defect in a glycoside hydrolase enzyme. Sphingolipidoses are typically inherited, and their effects depend on which enzyme is affected, and the degree of impairment. One notable example is NiemannโPick disease which can cause pain and damage to neural networks.
Function
Cellโcell interactions
The main function of glycolipids in the body is to serve as recognition sites for cellโcell interactions. The saccharide of the glycolipid will bind to a specific complementary carbohydrate or to a lectin (carbohydrate-binding protein), of a neighboring cell. The interaction of these cell surface markers is the basis of cell recognitions, and initiates cellular responses that contribute to activities such as regulation, growth, and apoptosis.
Immune responses
An example of how glycolipids function within the body is the interaction between leukocytes and endothelial cells during inflammation. Selectins, a class of lectins found on the surface of leukocytes and endothelial cells bind to the carbohydrates attached to glycolipids to initiate the immune response. This binding causes leukocytes to leave circulation and congregate near the site of inflammation. This is the initial binding mechanism, which is followed by the expression of integrins which form stronger bonds and allow leukocytes to migrate toward the site of inflammation. Glycolipids are also responsible for other responses, notably the recognition of host cells by viruses.
Blood types
Blood types are an example of how glycolipids on cell membranes mediate cell interactions with the surrounding environment. The four main human blood types (A, B, AB, O) are determined by the oligosaccharide attached to a specific glycolipid on the surface of red blood cells, which acts as an antigen. The unmodified antigen, called the H antigen, is the characteristic of type O, and is present on red blood cells of all blood types. Blood type A has an N-acetylgalactosamine added as the main determining structure, type B has a galactose, and type AB has all three of these antigens. Antigens which are not present in an individual's blood will cause antibodies to be produced, which will bind to the foreign glycolipids. For this reason, people with blood type AB can receive transfusions from all blood types (the universal acceptor), and people with blood type O can act as donors to all blood types (the universal donor).
Types of glycolipids
Glycoglycerolipids: a sub-group of glycolipids characterized by an acetylated or non-acetylated glycerol with at least one fatty acid as the lipid complex. Glyceroglycolipids are often associated with photosynthetic membranes and their functions. The subcategories of glyceroglycolipids depend on the carbohydrate attached.
Galactolipids: defined by a galactose sugar attached to a glycerol lipid molecule. They are found in chloroplast membranes and are associated with photosynthetic properties.
Sulfolipids: have a sulfur-containing functional group in the sugar moiety attached to a lipid. An important group is the sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerols which are associated with the sulfur cycle in plants.
Glycosphingolipids: a sub-group of glycolipids based on sphingolipids. Glycosphingolipids are mostly located in nervous tissue and are responsible for cell signaling.
Cerebrosides: a group glycosphingolipids involved in nerve cell membranes.
Galactocerebrosides: a type of cerebroseide with galactose as the saccharide moiety
Glucocerebrosides: a type of cerebroside with glucose as the saccharide moiety; often found in non-neural tissue.
Sulfatides: a class of glycolipids containing a sulfate group in the carbohydrate with a ceramide lipid backbone. They are involved in numerous biological functions ranging from immune response to nervous system signaling.
Gangliosides: the most complex animal glycolipids. They contain negatively charged oligosacchrides with one or more sialic acid residues; more than 200 different gangliosides have been identified. They are most abundant in nerve cells.
Globosides: glycosphingolipids with more than one sugar as part of the carbohydrate complex. They have a variety of functions; failure to degrade these molecules leads to Fabry disease.
Glycophosphosphingolipids: complex glycophospholipids from fungi, yeasts, and plants, where they were originally called "phytoglycolipids". They may be as complicated a set of compounds as the negatively charged gangliosides in animals.
Glycophosphatidylinositols: a sub-group of glycolipids defined by a phosphatidylinositol lipid moiety bound to a carbohydrate complex. They can be bound to the C-terminus of a protein and have various functions associated with the different proteins they can be bound to.
Saccharolipids
See also
Sophorolipids
Rhamnolipid
Glycocalyx
Glycome
Glycoproteins
Niemann Pick disease
References
External links
Carbohydrate chemistry |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%89%B4%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B8%EC%8A%A4%20%EC%9E%AC%EC%A6%88%20%EB%B0%95%EB%AC%BC%EA%B4%80 | ๋ด์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ค ์ฌ์ฆ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด | ๋ด์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ค ์ฌ์ฆ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด(New Orleans Jazz Museum)์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฃจ์ด์ง์ ๋์ฃผ ๋ด์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ค์ ์์นํ ์์
๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ด๋ค. ์ฌ์ฆ ์์
์ ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋
ํ๋๋ฐ์ ๊ณตํํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ ์๋ ๋
๋ฆฝ๋ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด ์ด์์ผ๋ ํ์ฌ ๋ฃจ์ด์ง์ ๋ ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด๊ณผ ์ ํดํ์ฌ ์ด์๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ด์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ค ์ฌ์ฆ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ํ๋ ์น ์ฟผํฐ(French Quarter) ์ง์ญ ๊ฐ์ฅ์๋ฆฌ์ 400 ์์คํ๋๋๋, ๊ตฌ ํฉ์ค๊ตญ ์กฐํ๊ตญ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ์์นํด ์๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ
1949๋
์ ์ค๋ฆฝ๋ ๋ด์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ค ์ฌ์ฆ ํด๋ฝ์ ์ฌ์ฆ ์ปฌ๋ ํฐ์ ์ด์ฑ๊ฐ๋ค์ด 1950๋
๋๋ฅผ ์์์ผ๋ก ๋ด์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ค ์ฌ์ฆ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋
ํ๋ ๊ธฐํ๋ค์ ์ธ์ ๋ค. ์ฃผ์ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋ก๋ Edmond "Doc" Souchon, Myra Menville, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ Helen Arlt ๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ธฐ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ 1961๋
ํ๋ ์น์ฟผํฐ์ 1017 Dumaine Street์์ ํ๋ ์ดํฐ Clay Watson์ ํจ๊ป ๊ฐ์ฅํ์๋ค. ํ์ฌ์ ์์น๋ก ์ ์๊ฐ ์ฎ๊ฒจ์ง ํ์๋ ์ด์ ์ ์ฅ์์ ๊ธฐ๋
๋ช
ํจ๊ฐ Hotel St. Pierre์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ก ๋จ์์๋ค.
๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ 1969๋
์ Royal Sonesta Hotel๋ก ์ด์ ๋์์ผ๋ ๊ทธ ํ 1970๋
๋ ์ด๋ฐ, ์๋ค์คํ ํธํ
์ ์์ ๊ถ์ด ๋ฐ๋๋ฉฐ 1973๋
์๋ 833 Conti Street์ผ๋ก ๋ค์ ์ด์ ๋์๋ค. ์ด์ ์งํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ํ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๋ค์ ํ์๋์๋ค. 1977๋
9์ 15์ผ, ๋ชจ๋ ์ปฌ๋ ์
์ ๊ธฐ๋ถ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ฃจ์ด์ง์ ๋์ฃผ์ ์์ ๊ฐ ๋์๊ณ ๋ฃจ์ด์ง์ ๋ ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด ๋ด์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ค ์ฌ์ฆ ํด๋ฝ ์ปฌ๋ ์
(New Orleans Club Collections of the Louisiana State Museum)์ด ๋์๋ค. 1980๋
๋ ์ด, ๋ฃจ์ด์ง์ ๋ ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ์ฌ์ฆ ์ปฌ๋ ์
์ ์ํ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ ํฉ์ค๊ตญ ์กฐํ๊ตญ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ 2์ธต์์ Don Marquis์ ํ๋ ์ดํ
์๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ๋์๋ค. ํ์ฌ ๋ด์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ค ์ฌ์ฆ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ์๊ตฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ ํฉ์ค๊ตญ ์กฐํ๊ตญ(the Old U.S. Mint)์ ์์นํ๋ค.
2005๋
, ํ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ธ ์นดํธ๋ฆฌ๋๋ก ์ธํด ์กฐํ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ฌ์ฆ ์ปฌ๋ ์
์ ์์์ ์
์๋ค. 2008๋
, ์ฌ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ดํ ๋ด์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ค ์ฌ์ฆ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ์ปฌ๋ ์
์ ๋ค์์ ์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ตํ๋ค. 2015๋
๋ฌด๋ ต์๋ ํฉ์ค๊ตญ ์กฐํ๊ตญ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ์์ ํ ๋ด์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ค ์ฌ์ฆ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ผ๋ก ๋ณํ๋์๋ค.
์ทจ์ง
๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ๊ด๋๊ฐ์ด ์ง์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ ์ ์๋๋ก ๋ง๋ จ๋ ์ ์๋ค, ๋ค์ธ๋์ ๊ต์ก ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ, ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ค๊ณผ ์์
๊ณต์ฐ๋ค์ ํตํด์ ์ฌ์ฆ์ ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋
ํ๋๋ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ช
์ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ธ์ด์ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์์
์ธ๋ค๊ณผ ์์
์ ํธ๊ฐ๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ค์ํ ์์์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ฉฐ ํ์ฌ ๋ด์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ค์ ๋ฌธํ์ ๋ถํฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํ๋ค. ์ฌ์ฆ๊ฐ ํ์ํ ๋์์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ ํ์ ์ธ ์์ ํ์์ ํํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ค์ ์ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ฌ์ฆ์ ๋ณธ๊ณ ์ฅ์์ ์ฌ์ฆ์ ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ๋น์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํธ๋จ์์ ์ ์ธ๊ณ๊น์ง ์์
์ ํธ๊ฐ๋ค์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ํค๋ ๋ฐ์ ํ์ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ํนํ ๊ด๋๊ฐ์ด ์ฐธ์ฌ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ ์๋ค์ ์ฌ์ฆ์ ๊ธฐ์์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ ๋ณด๋ค - ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋ค์ ํ์, ๋ฌธํ์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ, ์์ ์ ํํ, ์์
ํ์ ๊ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ธ๊ณ๋ก ๋ป์ด๋๊ฐ๋ ์ํฅ์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ ํ๋ฉฐ ๊ด๋๊ฐ๋ค์๊ฒ ์ฌ์ฆ์ ์ดํด๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํ์ฌ
์์งํ
๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์๋ ๋ด์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ค ์ฌ์ฆ ํด๋ฝ์ด ์์ญ๋
๊ฐ ์์งํ ์ปฌ๋ ์
์ด ํฌํจ๋ ์ ์๋ฌผ ๋ค์ ํฌํจํ๋ค. ์ ์๋ฌผ์ ์ธ๊ณ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์ฌ์ฆ ์
๊ธฐ ์ปฌ๋ ์
, ์ฌ์ง, ๊ท์คํ ์ ๋ฌผ(๊ณต์ํ) ๋ฑ์ด ๊ฐ์ถ์ด์ ธ ์๋ค. ์ ๋ฌผ๋ก๋ ๋ฃจ์ด ์์คํธ๋กฑ์ ์ฒซ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฝ๋ท๋ถํฐ 1917๋
์ ๋
น์๋ ์ต์ด์ ์ฌ์ฆ ๋ ์ฝ๋ฉ ๊น์ง๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ๋น
์ค ๋ฐ์ด๋๋ฒก, ํค๋ ์ค๋ฆฌ, ์กฐ์ง ๋ฃจ์ด์ค, ์๋๋ ๋ฒ์
, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋์ง ๊ธธ๋ ์คํผ ๋ฑ ์ฃผ์ ์ฌ์ฆ ๋ฎค์ง์
๋ค์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ณ ์ฐ์ฃผํ๋ ํธ๋ผํซ, ์ฝ๋ท, ํธ๋ผ๋ณธ, ํด๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋ท๊ณผ ์์ํฐ ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค.
๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ๋ฌผ๋ก๋ ์ด๊ธฐ ์ฌ์ฆ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ 12,000๊ฐ์ ์ฌ์ง, 1905๋
๋ถํฐ 1950๋
๋ ์ค๋ฐ๊น์ง์ ๋ค์ํ ํ์์ ๋ ์ฝ๋ฉ, ์ ์ฒ๊ฐ์ 12 ์ธ์น ์ํผ์ 45 rpm ๋ ์ฝ๋ฉ, ๋๋ต 1,400๊ฐ์ ํ
์ดํ, ํฌ์คํฐ, ์ถํ๋ฌผ, 19์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง ๋๊ทธํ์๋ถํฐ 40๋
๋์ 50๋
๋์ ํ ์์
๋ฑ ์๋ฐฑ๊ฐ์ ์
๋ณด๋ค๋ก ๋ค์ํ๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ถ์ด์ ธ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ด์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ค์ ์ฝ์ํธ, ๋์ดํธ ํด๋ฝ ์๋ฃ, ์ฅ๋ก์, ํผ๋ ์ด๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ์คํฐ๋ฒ ๋ฑ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ ์์์๋ฃ, ๊ด๋ จ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผ์ ๋ถ๋ถ๋ค๋ ํฌํจํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก, ์ปฌ๋ ์
์ ํธ์ง, ์ฌ์ง, ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ ๋ฑ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ฃ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ค ๊ณผ์ ์ฌ์ ์ฝ์์ ์ํด ์ด์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค.
์ ์
๋ด์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ค์ ์ฌ์ฆ์ ํ์๊ณผ ์ญ์ฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ทธ ์ ์ฐ๊ณผ ํ์ฌ ์งํํ ์ค์ธ ์ํฅ์ ์ง์คํ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ํ์ฌ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์๋ฅผ ๊ต์ฒดํ๊ณ ์ ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ ๋ํ ๋๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฏธ๋์ ์ ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ์ผํฐ, ์๊ตฌ์ ์ ์๋ฌผ์ ์ํ ์ ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ, ์ฒญ์๋
๋ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ค์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ ๊ต์ก์ ์ํ ๊ต์ค, ํน๋ณ ์ ์ ๊ฐค๋ฌ๋ฆฌ, ๋ค๊ฐ์ ๊ด๋๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ํตํ๋ ๊ณผํ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ ๋ฑ์ ๋ง๋ จํ๋๋ก ๋๋ต ์ด 8,000 ์คํ์ด ํผํธ ์ ๋๋ก ๊ณํํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๊ณต์ฐ
๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ 3์ธต์ ์์นํ ๊ณต์ฐ์ฅ์์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ณต์ฐ์ ์ฃผ์ตํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค์ ์ฌ๋ก์ก๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ณต์ฐ๋ค์ ํตํ์ฌ ๊ด๊ฐ๋ค์๊ฒ ์ฌ๋์๋ ์ฌ์ฆ์ ์ดํด๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ฉฐ ๋์์ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ํ์ฌ ์ ์์๋ ์ค์์ฑ์ ๋ถ์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ํ๋ ์น ์ฟผํฐ ํ์คํฐ๋ฒ, ์ฌ์น๋ชจ ํ์คํฐ๋ฒ, ๋ค์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ํ์คํฐ๋ฒ, ํฌ๋ฆฌ์ฌ ํ ๋งํ ํ์คํฐ๋ฒ, ์ธํฐ๋ค์
๋ ๊ธฐํ ํ์คํฐ๋ฒ ๋ฑ ๋ค์์ ์ฐ๊ฐ ํ์คํฐ๋ฒ์๋ ์ฅ์๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๊ต์ก
๋ด์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ค ์ฌ์ฆ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ์ธ๋๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ก ํ ๊ต์ก ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ ๋ํ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. ํ์, ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ค์ ์ํด ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ Louisiana Historical Center๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ปฌ๋ ์
๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ค์ ์ ๊ทผํ ์ ์๋ ๊ถํ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก, ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ์น์ฌ์ดํธ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ค๋์ค ์ปฌ๋ ์
๋ํ ์ ๊ณต ์ค์ด๋ค. ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ค๊ณผ ์ฒญ์๋
์ด์ฉ๊ฐ ๋ค์ ๊ฒจ๋ฅํ์ฌ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ๊ต์ก ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์์
๊ต์ต, ์
๊ธฐ ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ ์ํฌ์ต, ์ด์ฒญ ๋ฎค์ง์
๋ค๊ณผ์ ํ์ฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋
น์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ํ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ ๋ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ถ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ต์ก์ ์ด๋์
ํฐ๋ธ๋ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ํ์ต ๋ชฉํ์ ์ผ์ง์ ์ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ ๊ณต์ฐ, ์๊ณก ์บ ํ ๋ฑ์ ํ์ฌ๋ ํฌํจํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด ๋ด์ ๋ง์ ๊ต์ก ํ๋์ ๋ด์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ค ์ฌ์ฆ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ์ญ์ฌ ๊ณต์ ๊ณผ์ ํํธ๋์ญ ์๋์ ์งํ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
(์์ด) ์์
๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด ๋ชฉ๋ก
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
(์์ด) ๋ด์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ค ์ฌ์ฆ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด(New Orleans Jazz Museum) - ๊ณต์ ์น์ฌ์ดํธ
(์์ด) Music at the Mint
(์์ด) ๋ฃจ์ด์ง์ ๋ ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด "History of Jazz Collection"
๋ด์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด
๋ด์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ์ค์ ์์
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ์ฆ
์์
๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด
ํ๋ ์น์ฟผํฐ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Orleans%20Jazz%20Museum | New Orleans Jazz Museum | The New Orleans Jazz Museum is a music museum in New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S., dedicated to preserving and celebrating the history of jazz music. Originally a separate museum, the collection is now affiliated with the Louisiana State Museum. The New Orleans Jazz Museum is located in the Old U.S. Mint building on 400 Esplanade Avenue, bordering the historic French Quarter neighborhood.
History
Plans for a museum commemorating New Orleans jazz began in the 1950s by a collaborative group of New Orleans jazz collectors and enthusiasts of the New Orleans Jazz Club, which was founded in 1948. Key movers were Edmond "Doc" Souchon, Myra Menville, and Helen Arlt. The museum opened in 1961, at 1017 Dumaine Street in the French Quarter, with Clay Watson as curator. Though the collection has since moved, the original location is maintained today as part of the Hotel St. Pierre, including commemorative plaques on the property.
In 1969, the museum relocated to the Royal Sonesta Hotel. In the early 1970s, the Sonesta changed ownership, and the museum subsequently relocated to 833 Conti Street in 1973. Soon after its relocation, the museum closed again due to bankruptcy. On September 15, 1977, the entire collection of the New Orleans Jazz Museum was donated to the people of Louisiana and became The New Orleans Jazz Club Collections of the Louisiana State Museum. In the early 1980s, the Louisiana State Museum's Jazz Collection exhibit opened on the second floor of the Old U.S. Mint building under the curatorship of Don Marquis. The New Orleans Jazz Museum now resides permanently at the Old U.S. Mint.
In 2005, both the U.S. Mint and the jazz collection sustained damage during Hurricane Katrina. The New Orleans Jazz Museum collections have been displayed in a number of exhibits since the Mint reopened in 2008. In 2015, efforts were underway to transform most of the Mint building into the New Orleans Jazz Museum.
The mission of The New Orleans Jazz Museum is to celebrate the history of jazz in the city it was born in through interactive exhibits, educational programming, research facilities, and musical performances.
Current use
Collections
The museumโs collection includes the world-renowned New Orleans Jazz Club Collection, which was gathered over several decades by the New Orleans Jazz Club. The collection includes the worldโs largest collection of jazz instruments, prized artifacts, photographs, and ephemera. Examples of artifacts within the collection range from Louis Armstrong's first cornet to a 1917 disc of the first jazz recording ever made. It includes the world's largest collection of instruments owned and played by important figures in jazz- trumpets, cornets, trombones, clarinets and saxophones played by jazz greats such as Bix Beiderbecke, Edward "Kid" Ory, George Lewis, Sidney Bechet, and Dizzy Gillespie. Other artifacts in the collection include some 12,000 photographs from the early days of jazz; recordings in a wide variety of formats, including over 4,000 78 rpm records that date from 1905 to the mid- 1950s, several thousand 12-inch LPs and 45 rpm records, and approximately 1,400 reel-to-reel tapes; posters, paintings and prints; hundreds of examples of sheet music from late 19th-century ragtime to popular songs of the 1940s and 1950s - many of them first editions that became jazz standards; several hundred rolls of film featuring concert and nightclub footage, funerals, parades, and festivals; hundred of pieces of relevant ephemera; and architectural fragments from important jazz venues.
In addition, the collection includes research materials such as letters, photographs, and interviews, which are available to researchers by appointment.
Exhibits
The New Orleans Jazz Museum focuses on the birth and history of jazz in New Orleans, its legacy, and continuing relevance. The museum is currently producing a series of changing exhibits and is in the process of expanding its exhibit space. The future exhibit space will total approximately 8,000 square feet and include a visitor orientation center, a main exhibit space for permanent displays, classrooms for youth and family education, a rotating special exhibits gallery, and four interactive technology spaces for guests to create and share their own forms of jazz music.
Live performances
The New Orleans Jazz Museum hosts performances in its performance venue located on the third floor. These performances educate audiences about the depth and breadth of jazz and give a live, vibrant significance to the museumโs ongoing work. The New Orleans Jazz Museum is also the site of a number of annual festivals, including French Quarter Fest, Satchmo Fest, Downriver Fest, Creole Tomato Fest, International Guitar Fest, Danny Barker Fest, etc.
Education
The New Orleans Jazz Museum at the Old U.S. Mint is home to multi-generational educational programming. For scholars, the New Orleans Jazz Museum provides access to its world-class collection and research facilities through the Louisiana Historical Center. Additionally, the New Orleans Jazz Museum links the audio collections to its website, providing access to its internationally recognized Jazz Collection. For youth and families, the museumโs education programs include music lessons, instrument building workshops, appearances from guest musicians, and instruction in recording technologies. These educational initiatives align frequently with established learning objectives of the museum and include performance and composing camps and retreats. Many of these educational activities are conducted in partnership with the New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park.
See also
List of music museums
References
Further reading
New Orleans Jazz: A Family Album, by Al Rose and Edmond Souchon, 3rd Edition, Louisiana State University Press, 1984.
External links
Official website
Music at the Mint
La. State Museum's "History of the Jazz Collection"
French Quarter
Museums in New Orleans
Music museums in Louisiana
Music museums
Music organizations based in the United States |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%86%8D%20%EC%96%91%EC%9E%90 | ์์ ์์ | ์์ ์์()๋ ์ด์ ๋์ฒด์์ ์์ํ๋ ์์์ ๋งํ๋ค. ์์์ ๊ธฐํธ ๋ก ํ์๋๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ค ํ๊ณก์ ์ ํต๊ณผํ๋ ์์(magnetic flux)์ ์๊ธฐ์ฅ์ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์ ํ๊ณก์ ์ ๋ฉด์ ์ ๊ณฑ ์ฆ ๋ก ์ ์๋๋ค. ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์์์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ ์๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ ์์์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ ํ๊ณก์ ํํ์ ์ด์ ๋์ฒด๋ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ์๋ ์ด์ ๋์ฒด์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋, ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด๋ ํ๊ณก์ ์ ํต๊ณผํ๋ ์์์ด ์์ํ๋๋ค. ์์ ์์ โ 2.067 833 848 ... ร 10 -15 Wb๋ ํ๋ํฌ ์์ ์ ์ ์ ์ ํ ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ์์์ ์กฐํฉ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์์ ์์์ ๊ฐ์ ์ด์ ๋์ฒด์ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ๊ด๊ณ์์ด ๋ชจ๋ ์ด์ ๋์ฒด์์ ๋์ผํ ๊ฐ์ด๋ค. ์์์ด ์์ํ๋๋ ํ์์ 1961๋
B. S. ๋๋ฒ(B.S.Deaver)์ W. M. ํ์ด๋ฑ
ํฌ(W.M.Fairbank) ๋ฐ R. ๋(R. Doll)๊ณผ M. ๋ค๋ฐ์ฐ์ด(M. Nรคbauer)์ ์ํ์ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์ผ๋ก ์คํ์ ์ํ์ฌ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์๋ค. ์์์ ์์ํ๋ ๋ฆฌํ ํ์ค ํจ๊ณผ(Little-Parks effect)์ ๋ฐ์ ํ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์๋๋ฐ ์ผ์ฐ์ด 1948๋
ํ๋ฆฌ์ธ ๋ฐ๋์ด ํ์ํ์ ๋ชจ๋ธ(phenomenological model)์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ์์ธกํ๋ค.
์์ ์์์ ์ญ์ ๊ฐ, ๋ ์กฐ์
์จ ์์๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋ก ํ์๋๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ ์กฐ์
์จ ํจ๊ณผ์ ๋น๋ก ์์๋ก, ์กฐ์
์จ ์ ํฉ์์์ ์ ์์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ ์กฐ์ฌ ์ฃผํ์์ ๊ด๋ จ์ง๋ ๊ณ์์ด๋ค. ์กฐ์
์จ ํจ๊ณผ๋ ์ ์์ ๊ณ ์ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ธก์ ํ๋ ํ์ค์ ์ ๊ณตํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ๋งค์ฐ ๋๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ฉฐ, 1990๋
์ด๋๋ก ์กฐ์
์จ ์์์ ํ์ ๊ฐ(conventional value)์ผ๋ก ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ธฐ๋๋ ์์์ ๊ด๋ จ๋์ด ์๋ค. ํํธ 2019๋
SI ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋จ์์ ์ฌ์ ์์ ์ํ์ฌ ์กฐ์
์จ ์์ = .... GHzยทV-1์ ์๋ฐํ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ๊ฐ์ ๋์ฒดํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์
์ด์ ๋์ฒด ๊ฐ ์ง์ ์์์ ์ด์ ๋ ํน์ฑ์, ์ด์ ๋์ฒด์ ์ค๋ ํ๋ผ๋ฏธํฐ(order parameter)์ธ ์์์ญํ์ ๋ณต์์ ํ๋ ํจ์ ์ ์ํ์ฌ ํํ๋๋ค. ๋ชจ๋ ๋ณต์์ ํจ์ ๋ ๋ก ํ๊ธฐ๋ ์ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์งํญ์ด๊ณ ๋ ์์์ด๋ค. ์์ ๋ฅผ ๋ณ๊ฒฝ์ํค๋๋ผ๋ ๋ ๋ณํํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ๊ทธ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ํน์ฑ๋ ๋ณํํ์ง ์๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ์๋ ์ด์ ๋์ฒด ํน์ ๋ฃจํ๋ ์ค๋ฆฐํฐ ํ์์ ์ด์ ๋์ฒด์ ๊ฐ์ด ํธ๋ฆฌ๋น์ผ(trivial) ํ์ง ์์ ํ ํด๋ก์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ ์ด์ ๋์ฒด์์, ์์ ๋ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด๋ ๋ฃจํ์ ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ํ๋ฐํด ๋๋ฉด์ ์ด๋ค ๊ฐ ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊น์ง ์ฐ์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋ ์ ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก, ์ด๋์๋ ํ๋์ ํ์ด๋ ๋ฃจํ์ ๊ฐํ ์๋ ๊ฐ์ ์์ ์์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
๋ง์ด์ค๋ ํจ๊ณผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ด์ ๋์ฒด ๋ด๋ถ์ ์๊ธฐ ์ ๋ ๋ 0์ด๋ค. ์ข ๋ ์๋ฐํ๊ฒ ๋งํ๋ฉด, ์๊ธฐ์ฅ ๋ ๋ฐ๋์ ์๊ธฐ์ฅ ์นจํฌ ๊น์ด ( ๋ก ํ์๋๊ณ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก )๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ์งง์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ด์ ๋์ฒด๋ก ์นจํฌํ๋ค. ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ ๋ฅ๋ ํ๋ฉด ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ์ธต์์ ํ๋ฌ์ ์ด์ ๋์ฒด ๋ด๋ถ์ ์ํ ์ ์์ฑํ๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒ์ด ๊ฐํด์ง ์๊ณ ์ ์์ ํ ์์ํ์ฌ, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ ๋์ฒด ๋ด๋ถ์์ ๊ฐ ๋๋ค.
๋ฃจํ๋ ํ (๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์ธต)์ ๋๊ฒฐ๋์ด ์๋ ์์์ ํญ์ ์์ํ๋๋ค๋ ์ ์ ์ ์ํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ ์์ ์์์ ๊ฐ์, ์์์ ๋งํ ํ ์ฃผ์์ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๊ฐ ์ด์ ๋์ฒด ๋ด๋ถ์์ ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ตฌ์ญ, ์ฆ ํ๋ฉด์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ ๋จ์ด์ง ๋ด๋ถ์ ์์ ๋์๋ง, ์ ๋์ผํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ถฉ์กฑํ ์ ์๋ ๊ธฐํํ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ ์๋๋ฐ, ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด ๋งค์ฐ ์์ ( ) ์ด์ ๋ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง ๋ฃจํ ๋๋ ์ ์ฌํ ๋๊ป์ ์ฅ๋ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ๋ ์ํต์ด ์๋ค. ํ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์์์ ์ ์์ดํ ๊ฐ์ ์์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋๋ค.
์์ ์์๋ ํ์ฌ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ ์๋ ฅ๊ณ ์ค ํ๋์ธ SQUID์ ํต์ฌ ์์ด๋์ด์ด๋ค.
์์์ ์์ํ๋ IIํ ์ด์ ๋์ฒด์ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ์์๋ ์ค์ํ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ค. ํ์ด ์๋ ์ด์ ๋์ฒด๊ฐ ์ต์ด ์๊ณ ์๊ณ ์ ๋๋ฒ์งธ ์๊ณ ์๊ณ ์ ์ค๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ ์๊ธฐ์ฅ ๋ด์ ๋ฐฐ์น๋๋ฉด, ์๊ธฐ์ฅ์ ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ์ํ ์๋ฅ์ ํํ๋ก ์ด์ ๋์ฒด ๋ด๋ถ๋ก ์ผ๋ถ ์นจํฌํ๋ค. ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ์ํ ์๋ฅ๋, ์ด์ ๋ ์ฝํ์ด๋ฐ์ค ๊ธธ์ด์ธ ์ ๋์ ์ง๋ฆ์ ๊ฐ๋, ์ ์(๋น์ด์ ๋์ฒด) ์(phase)์ ์ํต์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๊ณ , ์ด๋ฌํ ์ ์ ์ฝ์ด๋ ์ด์ ๋ ์์์ ํ์ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ค. ์๊ธฐ์ฅ ์ ์ ์ ์ ์ฝ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ ์ฒด ์ํ์ ํต๊ณผํ๋ค. ์คํฌ๋ฆฐ ์ ๋ฅ๋ ์ฝ์ด์ ๋ถ๊ทผ์์ ์ํํ์ฌ ์ฝ์ด์ ์๊ธฐ์ฅ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋๋จธ์ง ์ด์ ๋์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋จํ๋ค. ์ ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก, ์ด๋ฌํ ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ์ํ ์๋ฅ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ํ๋์ ์์ ์์ ์ ์ด๋ฐํ๋ค. ์ด๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ ๋น ํ๋ ์ด์์ ์์ ์์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ์ง๋ง, ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ์ํ ์๋ฅ๋ ๋ถ์์ ํ์ฌ ์ธ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ ์๋ฅ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ ์ค์ ์ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์์ ์ํ๋, ์ค์ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ ์์ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ ์ ์์ด ์์ ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
์์์ ์ธก์
์์ ์์๋ ์กฐ์
์จ ํจ๊ณผ(Josephson effect)๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๋งค์ฐ ์ ๋ฐํ๊ฒ ์ธก์ ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ํฐ ํด๋ฆฌ์นญ ์์ ์ ์ธก์ ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํฉํ๋ฉด ํ์ฌ๊น์ง ์ป์ ํ๋ํฌ ์์ ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ํํ ๊ฐ์ ์ป์ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋, ๊ฐ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ฏธ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ ์์คํ
์ ๊ฑฐ๋๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ๋ฉด์ ์ด์ ๋์ฒด์ ์์์ ์์ํ์ ์์ ํ ํจ๊ณผ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ด์ญํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ค์์ ์
์์ ๊ด๋ จ๋์ด ๋ฐํ๋๋ ํ์์ด๋ฏ๋ก ์ง๊ด์ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
๋ธ๋ผ์ด์ธ ์กฐ์
์จ
๊ณผํ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์์ํ
๋๋ฉ์ธ ๋ฒฝ (์๊ธฐ)
ํ๋ญ์ค ํผ๋
๊ธด์ฆ๋ฒ๊ทธ-๋๋ค์ฐ ์ด๋ก
ํ์๋ฏธ Q ํํ
๊ฑฐ์์ ์์ ํ์
์์ฑ ๋๋ฉ์ธ
์๊ธฐ ๋จ๊ทน
์์ ์์ฉ๋์ด
์์ํ์ ๊ฒฐํจ
ํฐ ํด๋ฆฌ์นญ ์์
๊ฐ์ฃผ
๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ์์
๋๋ํํ
์ด์ ๋ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20flux%20quantum | Magnetic flux quantum | The magnetic flux, represented by the symbol , threading some contour or loop is defined as the magnetic field multiplied by the loop area , i.e. . Both and can be arbitrary, meaning can be as well. However, if one deals with the superconducting loop or a hole in a bulk superconductor, the magnetic flux threading such a hole/loop is quantized.
The (superconducting) magnetic flux quantum โ is a combination of fundamental physical constants: the Planck constant and the electron charge . Its value is, therefore, the same for any superconductor.
The phenomenon of flux quantization was discovered experimentally by B. S. Deaver and W. M. Fairbank and, independently, by R. Doll and M. Nรคbauer, in 1961. The quantization of magnetic flux is closely related to the LittleโParks effect, but was predicted earlier by Fritz London in 1948 using a phenomenological model.
The inverse of the flux quantum, , is called the Josephson constant, and is denoted J. It is the constant of proportionality of the Josephson effect, relating the potential difference across a Josephson junction to the frequency of the irradiation. The Josephson effect is very widely used to provide a standard for high-precision measurements of potential difference, which (from 1990 to 2019) were related to a fixed, conventional value of the Josephson constant, denoted J-90. With the 2019 redefinition of SI base units, the Josephson constant has an exact value of J = , which replaces the conventional value J-90.
Introduction
The following physical equations use SI units. In CGS units, a factor of would appear.
The superconducting properties in each point of the superconductor are described by the complex quantum mechanical wave function โ the superconducting order parameter. As any complex function can be written as , where is the amplitude and is the phase. Changing the phase by will not change and, correspondingly, will not change any physical properties. However, in the superconductor of non-trivial topology, e.g. superconductor with the hole or superconducting loop/cylinder, the phase may continuously change from some value to the value as one goes around the hole/loop and comes to the same starting point. If this is so, then one has magnetic flux quanta trapped in the hole/loop, as shown below:
Per minimal coupling, the current density of Cooper pairs in the superconductor is:
where is the charge of the Cooper pair.
The wave function is the GinzburgโLandau order parameter:
Plugged into the expression of the current, one obtains:
Inside the body of the superconductor, the current density J is zero, and therefore
Integrating around the hole/loop using Stokes' theorem and gives:
Now, because the order parameter must return to the same value when the integral goes back to the same point, we have:
Due to the Meissner effect, the magnetic induction inside the superconductor is zero. More exactly, magnetic field penetrates into a superconductor over a small distance called London's magnetic field penetration depth (denoted and usually ). The screening currents also flow in this -layer near the surface, creating magnetization inside the superconductor, which perfectly compensates the applied field , thus resulting in inside the superconductor.
The magnetic flux frozen in a loop/hole (plus its -layer) will always be quantized. However, the value of the flux quantum is equal to only when the path/trajectory around the hole described above can be chosen so that it lays in the superconducting region without screening currents, i.e. several away from the surface. There are geometries where this condition cannot be satisfied, e.g. a loop made of very thin () superconducting wire or the cylinder with the similar wall thickness. In the latter case, the flux has a quantum different from .
The flux quantization is a key idea behind a SQUID, which is one of the most sensitive magnetometers available.
Flux quantization also plays an important role in the physics of type II superconductors. When such a superconductor (now without any holes) is placed in a magnetic field with the strength between the first critical field and the second critical field , the field partially penetrates into the superconductor in a form of Abrikosov vortices. The Abrikosov vortex consists of a normal coreโa cylinder of the normal (non-superconducting) phase with a diameter on the order of the , the superconducting coherence length. The normal core plays a role of a hole in the superconducting phase. The magnetic field lines pass along this normal core through the whole sample. The screening currents circulate in the -vicinity of the core and screen the rest of the superconductor from the magnetic field in the core. In total, each such Abrikosov vortex carries one quantum of magnetic flux .
Measuring the magnetic flux
Prior to the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units, the magnetic flux quantum was measured with great precision by exploiting the Josephson effect. When coupled with the measurement of the von Klitzing constant , this provided the most accurate values of Planck's constant obtained until 2019. This may be counterintuitive, since is generally associated with the behavior of microscopically small systems, whereas the quantization of magnetic flux in a superconductor and the quantum Hall effect are both emergent phenomena associated with thermodynamically large numbers of particles.
As a result of the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units, the Planck constant has a fixed value which, together with the definitions of the second and the metre, provides the official definition of the kilogram. Furthermore, the elementary charge also has a fixed value of to define the ampere. Therefore, both the Josephson constant and the von Klitzing constant have fixed values, and the Josephson effect along with the von Klitzing quantum Hall effect becomes the primary mise en pratique for the definition of the ampere and other electric units in the SI.
See also
Brian Josephson
Committee on Data for Science and Technology
Domain wall (magnetism)
Flux pinning
GinzburgโLandau theory
Husimi Q representation
Macroscopic quantum phenomena
Magnetic domain
Magnetic monopole
Quantum vortex
Topological defect
von Klitzing constant
References
Superconductivity
Quantum magnetism
Metrology
Physical constants |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%EC%96%91%EC%97%AD | ์ ์์ญ | ์ ์์ญ(, ์ฌ์์ญ)์ ์ค๊ตญ ๋ด์ค๋์ฑ ์ ์์ ํํ๊ตฌ ์ฑ๋ฆฌ๋๊ฐ(่ๅฉๅคง่ก)์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ค๊ตญ์ฒ ๋ก ์ ์๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ํํ์ฌ๊ฐ ๊ดํ ํ๋ ํน๋ฑ์ญ์ด๋ค. ์ ์์ญ์ ํ๋ ๋ง์ฃผ๊ตญ ๋จ๋ง์ฒ ๋์ ์ค์ํ ํ๋ธ์์ผ๋, ์ง๊ธ์ ์ ๋ค ์ฒ ๋ก, ์ ์ง ์ฒ ๋ก, ์ ๋จ ์ฒ ๋ก, ์ ์ฐ ์ฒ ๋ก, ์ ํธ ๊ณ ์์ฒ ๋, ํ๋ค ๊ณ ์์ฒ ๋, ์ง์ ์ฌ๊ฐ์ ์ฉ์ ์ด ์ง๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋์ญ์ฌ๋ 1910๋
10์ 1์ผ์ ๊ฐ์ฅํ๋ค. ์ด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๊ฑด์ถ๊ฐ ๋ค์ฐ๋
ธ ๊ธด๊ณ ์ ์ ์์ธ ์คํ ๋ค์ผ์(ๅคช็ฐๆฏ
)๊ฐ ์ค๊ณํ๊ณ , ์์๋ค ์ํ๋ก(ๅ็ฐๅฎๅคช้)๊ฐ ๋์์ธํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋์ฟ์ญ๊ณผ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ ์์ธ์ญ๊ณผ ์ธํ์ด ๋ฎ์์๋ค. ํ์ฌ ์ ์์ญ ๋์ญ์ฌ๋ ๋ด์ค๋์ฑ ๋ฌธํ์ฌ๋ณดํธ๋จ์๋ก ์ด์๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ ์์ญ์ 2010๋
๋ถํฐ ํ์ฅ๊ณต์ฌ๋ฅผ ์์ํด ํ๋ํ๋ ์์ญ์ฌ์ ์๊ด์ฅ, ๋์ญ์ฌ ๋๊ด์ฅ ๋ฑ์ ์กฐ์ฑํ๋ค. ์ ์์ญ ์์ญ์ฌ๋ 2012๋
7์ 30์ผ ํ๋ค ๊ณ ์์ฒ ๋์ ๋์์ ๊ฐ์
ํ๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ
ํํ์ญ()
1891๋
, ์ ์ ๋ฌ์์๋ ์ค๊ตญ ๋๋ถ์ ์นจ๋ตํ๊ณ ์๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฒ ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์คํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ๋ฌ์์ ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ค๊ตญ ๋๋ถ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ์ ๋ นํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฒ ๋๋ฅผ ์ค๊ตญ ๋๋ถ์ง๋ฐฉ๊น์ง ์ฐ์ฅํด ์ค ๊ฒ์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค. 1896๋
๋ฌ์์ ์ ๋ถ๋ ๋ฆฌํ์ฅ(ๆ้ธฟ)๊ณผ '๋ฌ์ฒญ ๋ฐ์ฝ'์ ๋งบ์๊ณ , ์ฒญ(ๆธ
) ์ ๋ถ๋ ๋ฌ์์๊ฐ ์ ํ์์ ๋๋ถ์ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฒ ๋๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ๋ ๋ฅ์นญ ์ฒ ๋ก(ๆฑๆธ
้ต่ทฏ)๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์คํ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ์ฉํ๊ณ , 1899๋
์ ์๊น์ง ์ด๋ฅด๋ ๋ค. ์ค๋๋ ์ ์์ญ ๋ถ์ชฝ 1.2km ์ง์ ์ ๋ฌ์์์ ์ฒญ๋ฒฝ๋ ํ๋ฐฉ ํ ์ฑ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ํํ์ญ(ๅฅๅคฉ็ซ)์ด ์ง์ด์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ญ ์์ ์ด 5๊ฐ ์ ๋ก๊ฐ ์ค์น๋์๋ค.
ํํ์ญ()
1904๋
๋ฌ์ผ ์ ์์ด ์ผ์ด๋, ํํ์ญ์ด ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ ๋ น๋๋ฉด์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋ช
์นญ์ธ (๋ด์ฒ์ญ, ํธํ
์ํค)์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ช
๋์๋ค. 1907๋
30๋ง๋ช
์ ์ ์์์์ ์ฐ๊ฐ ์ฌ๊ฐ ์๊ฐ 50๋ง๋ช
์ ๋ฌํ๋ค. ๊ตํต๋ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ก ์ธํด ํํ์ญ ๋ฒฝ๋์ง ๋ฐ์ 4๊ฐ์ ์์ ๋ชฉ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ์๊ฒผ์ผ๋, ๋น์ ์น๊ฐ ํ๋ฆ์ ๊ฐ๋นํ ์ ์์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ค๊ตญ ๋๋ถ์์ ์ค๋ฆฝ๋ ์ฒ ๋ ์ด์ก ํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด, ๋จ๋ง์ฃผ์ฒ ๋ํ์ฌ๋ ์๋ด์ ()๊ณผ ๋จ๋ง๋ณธ์ ()์ด๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ์๋ก์ด ์ญ์ ์ง๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ๋ ์ ์์ญ์ ๋น์ ๋จ๋ง์ฃผ์ฒ ๋ 5๋์ญ ์ค ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ปธ๋ค.
1910๋
10์ 1์ผ, ์ญ ์ด์ ์์ด ์ด๋ ธ๊ณ , ์ด์ ๊ด๋ จํ์ฌ ์ ์์ญ์ ์์น๊ฐ ์ ํด์ก๋ค. ๋น์์ ํํ์ญ ์๊ณตํ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์ โ์ ์๊ฐ()โ๊ฑด์ค์ ๊ฐ์ํํ๊ณ ํํ์ญ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ๋์ชฝ์ ๋ง์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ฌํ์ผ๋ก ํผ์ก๊ณ , ๋๋ก๋ ๋จ๋ถ๊ฐ์โ์ (, ๋ง์น)โ๋๋ ๋์๊ฐ์ โํต(, ์ฐ)โ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ ธ๋ค. ๋ง์ฃผ๊ตญ ์์ ์ ํํ์ญ์ ์ผ๋ณธ์์ ์ค์ํ ์ฒ ๋ ๊ตํต์ ์ค์ฌ์ง๋ก ์ด์ํ๋ค. ๋๋ถ ์ง๋ฐฉ์์ ํ์ทจํ ์ ๋ต ๋ฌผ์๋ ๋ค๋ก์ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ผ๋ณธ์ผ๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒจ์ก๋ค. ํํ์ญ์ 1926๋
๊ณผ 1934๋
๋ ์ฐจ๋ก ์ฆ์ถ์ ๊ฑฐ์ณ 4๊ฐ์ ๋ํฉ์ค์ ์ฐ์ ๊ฑด์คํ์ฌ ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฉด์ ์ด 6555m2๋ก ๋น์ ์ค๊ตญ ๋๋ถ์ง๋ฐฉ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค์ํ ์ฌ๊ฐ์์ก๊ตญ์ด์๋ค. 1944๋
12์๋ถํฐ 1945๋
1์๊น์ง ๋์ผ์์ ์ค์ด๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ ํํ์ญ์ ํ๋ฌผ์ฐฝ๊ณ 5๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์์ ํ ํญํ์์ผฐ๋ค.
์ ์์ญ()
1945๋
ํ, ํํ์ญ์ ์ ์ ๋จ์ญ()์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ช
๋์๋ค. ์ ์ ํด๋ฐฉ ์ดํ, ์คยท์ ๊ณต์ ์์ ์ ์ค์ฐฝ ์ฒ ๋ก()๊ฐ ์ค๋ฆฝ๋์๊ณ , ์ด๋์ญ์ฅ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ก์ฟ ์ด()๊ฐ ๋งก์๋ค. 1950๋
5์ 1์ผ, ์ ์ ๋จ์ญ์ ๊ณต์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์์ญ()์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ช
๋์๊ณ ํน๋ฑ์ญ์ด ๋์๋ค. ํ๊ตญ ์ ์์ด ๋ฐ๋ฐํ ํ ์ ์์ญ์ ์ต์ ์ ์์ ์์ก ๋ฌผ์์ ์ ํต์ง๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ์ ์์ญ์ ์น๊ฐ ๋๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ณ , ์ด์ฉ์์๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์ํค๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฐจ๋ก ์ฆ์ถ์ ํ์ง๋ง, ์์๊ณผ ๋น์จ, ์์ฑ ๋ฑ์ ๋ฉด์์ ์ฌ์ ํ ์๋์ ๊ฑด์ถ ์์์ ์ ์งํ๊ณ ์๋ค. 2003๋
6์ 20์ผ, ์ง์๋ค์ ์ ์์ญ์ ์๋ถ ํ๋ฌผ ํ์น์ฅ์์ 116๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฉํฌ์ 2๊ฐ์ ์ค๊ธฐ๊ด์ด์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๋คใ 2012๋
7์ 30์ผ, ์ ์์ญ ์์ญ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ ์์ผ๋ก ์ด์๋๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค.
์ญ ํน์ง
๋์ญ์ฌ ๋ฐ ๋๊ด์ฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ
๋์ญ์ฌ() ์
๊ตฌ๋ ์ ์์ญ ๋์ข
์๋์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ญ์ ๋ํฉ์ค์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ค์ ๋ง๋ฃจ์ ์๋ค. ๋์ญ์ฌ๋ ์๋ ๋จ๋ถ ๋ ๊ณณ์ ๋งคํ์๊ฐ ์์๋๋ฐ, 2013๋
๋ฆฌ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ณต์ฌ์์ ๋ถ์ชฝ ๋งคํ์๋ง ์ ์ง ๋ณด์ํ๋ค. ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ํฉ์ค๊ณผ ๋๊ด์ฅ ์์ญ์ฌ ์ฌ์ด์๋, ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ 10 m๊ฐ ๋๋ ๊ณต์ค ํต๋ก๊ฐ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋์ด ์์ด์, ์น๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋์ญ์ฌ ์
๊ตฌ๋ถํฐ ์ญ๊น์ง ์ง์
ํ ํ ์์ค์ปฌ๋ ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด 2์ธต์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ์ ๊ณต์ค ํต๋ก๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ํฉ์ค๋ก ์ด๋ํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋์ญ์ฌ๋ ๋
ํนํ ๊ฑด์ถ ์คํ์ผ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋์ฟ์ญ๊ณผ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ ์์ธ์ญ๊ณผ ๋งค์ฐ ์ ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ด ์ญ์ 2์ธต ๋์ด์ ๋ฒฝ๋ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋ก, ๋ถ์ ๋๊ฐ๊ณผ ํ์-๋
น์์ ๋์ผ๋ก ๋์ด ์๋ค. ์ญ ์ค๊ณ๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ์คํ ๋ค์ผ์(ๅคช็ฐๆฏ
)๊ฐ ์ค๊ณํ๊ณ , ์์๋ค ์ํ๋ก(ๅ็ฐๅฎๅคช้)๊ฐ ์ด์ด ์์ฑํ๋ค. ์ญ์ 1์ธต์ ๋ํฉ์ค์ฉ, 2์ธต์ ๊ฐ์ค 20์ฌ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ค์น๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์๋๋ ์๋งํ ํธํ
(ใคใใใใใซ)์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค. ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ์ค์๊ณผ ์์ต๊ฐ๋ฃจ์๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋
น์ ๊ธ์๋ 3๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ค์น๋์๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์์ ๋ฅ๊ทผ ์ฑ๊ด์ฐฝ์ด ์ค์น๋์ด ์๋ค. ๋ถ์ ๋ฒฝ๋๋ด๊ณผ ํฐ์ ์ด ์๋ก ์ด์ธ๋ ค ๋น๋๋ค. ์ค๊ณ์์ธ ์คํ ๋ค์ผ์์ ์์๋ค ์ํ๋ก๊ฐ ๋ค์ฐ๋
ธ ๊ธด๊ณ ์ ์ ์์ด์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ์ ํ์ ์ธ ๋ค์ฐ๋
ธ์ ๊ฑด์ถ ์์์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค.
๋๊ด์ฅ()์ ๋ฉด์ ์ ์ฝ 2๋ง 5000 m2๋ก, 7m ํญ์ 'n'์ํ ์ํ๋๋ก์, ๋จ๋ถ ๋ ๊ณณ์ ์๋์ฐจ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์ฅ, ์ค์๊ด์ฅ ์ธ ๋ถ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ ธ ์๋ค. ์์คํํธ ํฌ์ฅ ๋๋ก๋ 1๋ง 4000 m2, ๊ด์ฅ ํ๊ฐ์ ํฌ์ฅ ๋๋ก๋ 5000 m2, ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ฒจํธ 2000 m2, ์ ์ถ ๋ฐฐ์๊ด์ 600 m, ์ ์ถ ๋ฐฐ์๋ณ ๋๋ 180 m์ด๋ค. ๊ด์ฅ์ ๋จ์ชฝ๊ณผ ๋ถ์ชฝ ์์ชฝ์ ์๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋ํ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์ฅ์ ๋์์ 133๋์ ์๋์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ด์ฅ์ ๋๋จ์ชฝ๊ณผ ๋๋ถ์ชฝ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์ฅ์ ์ถ์
ํ๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฅ์ด ์ค์น๋์ด, 1๋ 1์ฐจ๋ก ๊ด์ฅ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์ฅ์ ์ถ์
ํ๋ค. ๋๊ด์ฅ๊ณผ ์๊ด์ฅ ์ฌ์ด์๋ 31 m ๋๋น์ ์๋ด ์งํํต๋ก๊ฐ ๊ฑด์ค๋์ด ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด ํต๋ก๋ ์ญ์ถ๊ตฌ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ง๋ง, ๋์๊ด์ฅ ์ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์๋ํ ์ ์๋ค.
์์ญ์ฌ ๋ฐ ์๊ด์ฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ
์์ญ์ฌ()์ ์ ์ฒด ์ธ๊ด์ด ๊ฐ์, ์ฒ์ฅ์ ์ง์ ํ์, ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฉด์ ์ ์ฝ 5๋งm2๋ก, ์ ์ฒด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ ์์
์ธต, ๋๊ธฐ์ธต, ์น๊ฐ์ฅ์ธต, ์ถ๊ตฌ์ธต์ผ๋ก ๋๋์ด ์๋ค.
์์ญ์ฌ๋ ์ ์ฒด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ 4์ธต์ผ๋ก ์ง์ 3์ธต, ์งํ 1์ธต์ผ๋ก ๋๋์ด ์๋ค. ์ฌํ๊ฐ๋ค์ 1์ธต ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ฑธ์ด๊ฐ์ ์ง์ 1์ธต ๋ก๋น์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ ์ ์๋ค. 1์ธต ํ์ ์ข์ฐ ์์ชฝ์ ๋ ๋์ ๋ณด์ ๊ฒ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ฌ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ผ๋ฐ ์น๊ฐ๋ค์ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์์ ๋ณด์ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํต๊ณผํ๋ค. ๋ณด์ ๊ฒ์ฌํ ์น๊ฐ์ ์ค์น๋ 4๋์ ์์ค์ปฌ๋ ์ดํฐ๋ ๊ณ๋จ์ ํตํด 2์ธต ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋ํฉ์ค๋ก ์ด๋ํ ์ ์๋ค. ์๋์ฐจ๋ ์์ญ์ฌ๋ ๋์๋ก ๋ ์๋ ๋ณต๋๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ง์ 2์ธต ๊ตฌ์ญ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ ํ ์ ์๊ณ , ์น๊ฐ์ ์ง์ ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋ํฉ์ค๋ก ๋ค์ด๊ฐ ์ ์๋ค.
์๊ด์ฅ()์ ์ด 6๋ง m2์ ๋ถ์ง์, 4๋ง m2์ ์งํ 2์ธต ์ฃผ์ฐจ์ฅ๊ณผ ๋ถ์์์
์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ถ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ด์ฅ์ ์ค์ฌ์ ์ํ(ๆฐดๅก)์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ํ ์์ ๊ด์ฅ์ด๋ค. ์ด ์ํ์ ์ ์์์์ ๋ถ๋ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ฐ(ไธๅฏ็งปๅจๆ็ฉ)์ผ๋ก 1950๋
2์ 15์ผ์ ์ค๊ณ๋ฅผ ์์ํด ๊ฐ์ ํด 12์ 28์ผ์ ์ค๊ณต๋์๋ค. ์ํ์ ์ง๋ฆ์ 10.6 m, ์๋ถ ์ ์๋ถ๋ ๋์ด 9.5 m, ์ฉ์ 1200 m3, ํ๋ถ ๋์ด๋ 30 m์ด๋ค. ์ํ ์ฃผ๋ณ์๋ 11๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ ํ๋งค์ ์ด ์๋ค.
๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋ํฉ์ค ๊ตฌ์กฐ
2002๋
11์ 1์ผ๋ถํฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ์ ์์ญ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ํฉ์ค์ ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฉด์ 9375 m2์ ๊ฑด์ถ ๋ฉด์ ๊ณผ 108.75์ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๋ค. ์ด ๋ํฉ์ค์ ๋ชจ๋ 4๊ฐ๋ก ๋๋์ด์ ธ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋ํฉ์ค์ ์ผ๋ฑ์ ๋ํฉ์ค์ด๊ณ , ๋๋จธ์ง๋ ์ผ๋ฐํ ๋ํฉ์ค์ด๋ค. ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋ํฉ์ค์ด ์๊ณต๋๋ฉด ์น์ฐจ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ๋ฅํ ์ ์์ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ, ์น๊ฐ์ด ํ์นํ ๋ ์งํ ํต๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ ์ด์ ๊ฑท์ง ์๊ณ ๋ํฉ์ค์์ ์ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ๋ ์น๊ฐ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ก ์ด๋ํ ์ ์๋ค.
2012๋
7์ 30์ผ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ์์ญ ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋ํฉ์ค์ 16,000 ํ๋ฐฉ ๋ฏธํฐ์ ๋ฉด์ ๊ณผ, 9๋ฏธํฐ ๋์ด์ ๋์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋์ญ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋์ด ์๋ค. ์ต๋ ์์ฉ ์ธ์์๋ 12,000๋ช
์ด๋ค. ๊ฐ ์น๊ฐ์ฅ์๋ ๋ํฉ์ค์ ์์ชฝ์ ํด๋น ์น๊ฐ์ฅ์ ๋์ํ ์น์ฐจ๊ถ ๊ฐ์ฐฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฐฐ๊ตฌ์๋ ์น๊ฐ์ฅ์ ํด๋นํ๋ ์น๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ฒํธ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์น๊ฐ์ ์ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋๋ฐ ์ง์คํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋ํฉ์ค๋ก ์ด๋ํด์ผ ํ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฉ์ก์ ์ฒญ์ทจํ ํ ํด๋น ๊ฐ์ฐฐ๊ตฌ๋ก ์ด๋ํ์ฌ ์น์ฐจ๊ถ์ ํ์ธํ๊ณ ์น๊ฐ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ด๋ ค๊ฐ๋ค. ๋ํฉ์ค 3์ธต์ ์ํผ๋ง์ผ, ์ฑ
๋ฐฉ, ์ ๋ฌธ ์ก์ง์ , ์ํ์ ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค. ์ํผ๋ง์ผ๊ณผ ์ ๋ฌธ ์ก์ง์ ์์๋ ์๋์์ ํด๋์ ํ ์ถฉ์ ์๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋ํฉ์ค๊ณผ ์งํ ์ถ์
๊ตฌ ์ฌ์ด์ ์น๊ฐ์ฅ์๋, ๊ฐ ์น๊ฐ์ฅ์ ๋์ํ๋ ์ง๊ฒฐ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํฐ๊ฐ ์ค์น๋์ด, ์ฅ์ ์ธ์ด ์ฝ๊ฒ ์ค๊ฐ์ ์๋ค. ๋ํฉ์ค์ ์ค์ฌ์๋ "๋ฉฉ๋ฉ์ด๋ฆฌ ์๋น์ค ๋ฐ์คํฌ(็พไธฝๆๅกๅฐ)"๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ด ์๋น์ค ๋ฐ์คํฌ๋ ๋ด์ค๋ ์ฑ์ ์ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด์ ์ ์์ญ์ ์น๊ฐ ์น๋ฌด์ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ธ ๋ฉฉ๋ฉ์ด๋ฆฌ(ๅญ็พไธฝ)์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ฐ ๋ช
๋ช
๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ์ ์น๊ฐ ์๋น์ค, ์น๊ฐ ์ง๋ฌธ์ ๋ํ ๋ต๋ณ, ๋ถ๋ง ์ ์ ๋ฑ์ ์ฃผ๋ก ๋ด๋นํ๋ค.
๋
ธ์ ๋ฐฐ์น
์ ์์ญ์๋ 10์์ ๋ํฉ์ค์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 18๊ฐ์ ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ํ๋ฌผ ์ ๋ก๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ ์์ญ 18๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ก์ค, 1~10๋ฒ ์ ๋ก๋ ๊ณ ์์ฒ ๋ ์ด์ฐจ๊ฐ ์ ์ฐจํ๊ณ , 11~18๋ฒ ์ ๋ก๋ ๋ณดํต ๋ฐ ๊ธํ ์ด์ฐจ๊ฐ ์ ์ฐจํ๋ค.
๋งคํ ์ฐฝ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ์น
์ ์์ญ ์ ์ญ์ ์ด 51๊ฐ์ ์ ์ธ ๋งคํ ์ฐฝ๊ตฌ์ 43๋์ ํฐ์ผ ์๋ ๋ฐ๋งค๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์๋ค.์์ญ์๋ ์๋ ๋ฐ๋งค๊ธฐ 16๋์ ์๋ ํ๋งค ์ฐฝ๊ตฌ 32๊ณณ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ค 20๊ณณ์ 1์ธต์, 12๊ณณ์ 2์ธต์ ์๋ค. ๋์ญ์๋ 27๋์ ์๋ ๋ฐ๋งค๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ ์ธ ๋งคํ ์ฐฝ๊ตฌ๋ 19๊ณณ์ด ์ค์น๋์๊ณ , ์ด์ค ์ต๋จ๋จ ์ฐฝ๊ตฌ๋ ์ฅ์ ์ธ์ ์ํ ์์ ์ฐฝ๊ตฌ๋ก ์ค์น๋์๋ค.
์ธ์ ์ ์ฐจ์ญ
์งํ์ฒ
์งํ์ฒ ์ ์์ญ()์ ์ ์ ์งํ์ฒ 1ํธ์ ์ ์งํ์ฒ ์ญ์ด๋ค.
์ญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ
์งํ ์ ์์ญ์ ์คํ๋ก(ไธญๅ่ทฏ)์ ์ฑ๋ฆฌ ๋๊ฐ(่ๅฉๅคง่ก)์ ๊ต์ฐจ์ ์์, ์คํ๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์์นํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋์ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ป์ด์๋ค. ์งํ 1์ธต์ ๋ํฉ์ค, ์งํ 2์ธต์ ์น๊ฐ์ฅ์ผ๋ก, ์งํ ์์ฌ์ ์น๊ฐ์ฅ ํํ๋ฅผ ๋ ๊ณ ์๊ณ , ์คํฌ๋ฆฐ๋์ด๊ฐ ์ค์น๋์ด์๋ค.
์น๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ
์ญ ์ธต๋ณ ์ ํ
์งํ 1์ธต : ๋ํฉ์ค, ๋งคํ์, ์ถ๊ตฌ
์งํ 2์ธต : ์น๊ฐ์ฅ
์ญ ์ถ๊ตฌ
์ญ์๋ 5๊ฐ์ ๋ฒํธ๊ฐ ๋งค๊ฒจ์ง ์ถ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, A์ถ๊ตฌ์ C์ถ๊ตฌ๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์คํ๋ก(ไธญๅ่ทฏ) ๋ถ์ชฝ๊ณผ ๋จ์ชฝ์, A2์ถ๊ตฌ์ B์ถ๊ตฌ๋ ์ ์์ญ ๋์ชฝ ๊ด์ฅ์, D์ถ๊ตฌ๋ ์ฑ๋ฆฌ ๋๊ฐ(่ๅฉๅคง่ก) ๋์ชฝ์ ์์นํ๋ฉฐ, C์ถ๊ตฌ์๋ ์ ๊ทผ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํฐ๊ฐ ์ค์น๋์ด์๋ค.
์ด ์ญ์ โๆฒ้ณ็ซ็ซโ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๊ธฐ๋์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ํ์ด์์ ๊ฐ์ D์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ค์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ํ์ด์์์ ์ญ์ D์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ค์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฐ๊น์ฐ๋ฉฐ, ์ญ๋ด์์๋ โํ์ด์์ ๊ฐ ์๊ถ(ๅคชๅ่กๅๅ)โ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ์๋์ด ์๋ค.
์ญ B์ถ๊ตฌ ์์๋ ์ ์์ญ์ ๋ํฉ์ค์ ํต๊ณผํ๋ ํต๋ก๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ๊ฐ์ฒ ๋๋ก ํ์นํ๋ ์น๊ฐ์ด ์ฝ๊ฒ ํ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์
ํ ์ ์๋๋ก ๊ตญ์ฒ ํฐ์ผ ํ๋งค๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ค์น๋์ด ์๋ค. ํํธ, ์ถ๊ตฌ์๋ ์ ์์ญ์ ์น๊ฐ ์ถ๊ตฌ์ ์ ์์ญ ์๊ด์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋๋ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํต๋ก๊ฐ ์์ด, ์ฑ๋ฆฌ ๋๊ฐ ์์ชฝ๊ณผ ์ฒ ๋์ญ ์๋์ ์๋ํ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์๊ด์ฅ ๋ฒ์ค ํฐ๋ฏธ๋๊ณผ๋ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋์ด ์น๊ฐ์ด ๋ฒ์ค์ ํ์นํ ์ ์๋ค.
D์ถ๊ตฌ์๋ ์ค์(ๆถๅฐ) ์งํ ๋ณดํ์ ํต๋ก๊ฐ ์๋ค. (์น๊ฐ์ ์ด ํต๋ก๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ์ง์๊น์ง ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ ํ์์์ด ํ์ด์์๊ฐ ๋ณดํ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ก ์ด๋ํ ์ ์๋ค. (ํ์ฌ ์ค์ ์งํ ํต๋ก๋ก ์ธํด ์คํ๋ก(ไธญๅ่ทฏ)์ ์งํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ค์ ์ค์นํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ผ์์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์๋๋ฉฐ, 2018๋
9์์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ์์ ์ด๋ค.)
๋ฒ์ค๊ตํต
A1,A2์ถ๊ตฌ - ์ํ๋
ธ์ (็ฏ่ทฏ), 114, 123, 129, 202, 204, 205, 208, 216, 235, 243, 255, 262, 277, 279, 281, 295, 324, 328, 399, ํ์์ ๊ตฌ(้่ฅฟๆฐๅบ) 1ํธ์ ๋ฒ์ค
C1,C2์ถ๊ตฌ - ์ํ๋
ธ์ (็ฏ่ทฏ), 103, 123, 202, 203, 206, 207, 223, 225, 237, 240, 261, 262, 324, 327, 501, 523, ํ์์ ๊ตฌ(้่ฅฟๆฐๅบ) 1ํธ์ ๋ฒ์ค, ๋ ์ดํํ์ค(้ท้ๅท) ์์ธ๋ฒ์ค
D ์ถ๊ตฌ - 103, 152, 203, 207, 210, 220, 221, 232, 235, 237, 240, 246, 261, 263, 271, 328๋ฒ ๋ฒ์ค
์ญ์ฌ
2010๋
9์ 27์ผ - 1ํธ์ ๊ฐ์
.
์ธ์ ์ ์ฐจ์ญ
์ด์ฉ
์ ์์ญ์ ์ ๋ค ์ฒ ๋ก์ ํ๋ค ์ฒ ๋ก์ ์ญ์ผ๋ก, ํ๋ฃจ์ 190๋์ ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ด์ฐจ๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋งค์ผ 10๋ง๋ช
์ด ๋๋ ์น๊ฐ์ด ์ค๊ฐ๋ค.
์๋ จ๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ๋
๋น
์๋ จ ๋ฐ์ด์นผ ์ ์ฐจ ๊ตฐ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋
๋น๋ ์ ์ ์์ญ ๊ด์ฅ์ ๋๋ ๋งํฌ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด๋ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๋
๋น๋ ์๋ จ์ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ๊ฐ ์ค๊ณํ๊ณ ํฌ์ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 1945๋
10์์ ์์ฃผํ(ๅค้ฑๅธ)๋ฅผ ์์์ฌ๋ก ์์ฑํ๋ค. 1988๋
์ ์์ญ์ ์ผ์ผ ์น๊ฐ ์๊ฐ 19๋ง๋ช
์ผ๋ก ๋์๋๋ฐ ์ญ๊ณผ ๋๊ธฐ์ค์ด ํ์ฅ๋์ง ์์์ ๋, ์ญ์ ๊ด์ฅ์๋ ์ ์ฐจ ๊ธฐ๋
๋น๊ฐ ํฌํจ๋์ด ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋๊ธฐ ์ฅ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. 2006๋
์ ์ ์งํ์ฒ 1ํธ์ ๊ฑด์ค๋ก ์ธํ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธํ์ฌ ๋ณดํธ์ ๋ํ ํ์์ฑ์, ์๋ จ ๋ถ์ ๊ตฐ๋ ์ก๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ๋
๊ธฐ๋
ํ์ ์ ์ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์๋ จ ๋ถ์ ๊ตฐ๋ ์๊ต์ ๋ฌ์ง๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒจ์ก๊ณ , ํน๋ณ ํ์ ์ธ์ฐ๊ณ , ์ ์ฐจ์ ๋ถ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์นํ๋ค. ์ง๊ธ๊น์ง ์๋ จ ๋ถ์ ๊ตฐ๋ ๊ธฐ๋
ํ์ ์ ์์ญ์ ๊ด์ฅ์ 61๋
๋์ ์ธ์์ก๋ค. 2010๋
8์ 23์ผ, ์ ์์ ์ ์ฐจ ๊ธฐ๋
ํ์ ์๋ ์ฅ์์ ์๋ก์ด ๊ธฐ๋
๋ฌผ์ ์ง์๋ค. ๋น๋ฌธ์ ์ค๊ฐ์ ์๋ ์ ์ฐจ ๊ธฐ๋
๋ฌผ ํจํด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ, ๋จ์ชฝ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ด, ๋ถ์ชฝ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ์ค๊ตญ์ด๋ก ๋๋์ด ์๋ค. ๋น๋ฌธ์๋ ์ ์ฐจ ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ด์ ์ ๋, ์๊ฐ ๋ฐ ์์น๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋์ด์๋ค.
๋ช
์นญ ๋ณ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ํ์ฌ
์ผ๋ณธ ํจ์ ํ, ์ ์์ญ(ๆฒ้ณ็ซ) ์ญ๋ช
์ โํํ์ญโ(ๅฅๅคฉ้ฉฟ)์์ โ์ ์ ๋จ์ญโ(ๆฒ้ณๅ็ซ)์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ช
, 1950๋
์ดํ ๊ณต์์ ์ผ๋ก โ์ ์์ญโ(ๆฒ้ณ็ซ)์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์นญ๋์์ผ๋, ๋์ค์ ์ค๋ ์ ๋ถํฐ "โ์ ์์ญโ์ โ์ ์ ๋จ์ญโ ๋๋ ๋จ์ํ โ๋จ์ญโ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฌ์๋ค. ์ดํ 1998๋
์ โ์ค์ํฐ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ์ญโ(่ๅฎถๅฑฏ็ซ่ฝฆ็ซ)์ด โ์ ์ ๋จ์ญโ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์นญ๋๋ฉด์(2010๋
1์ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ญ๋ช
์ผ๋ก ํ์) ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
์ ์ ๋ถ์ญ
์ ์ ๋จ์ญ
์ค์ํฐ์ญ
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
้ผ่จๅๆ
็ฝ๏ผๆฒ้ณ็ซไป็ดน
ๆฒ้ณ็ซ4ๆๅ
จ้ขๆน้ ๅฐๅปบๆไบๆดฒๆๅคง็ซ่ฝฆ็ซ(ๅพ)
ๅๅคงๅฎขไธๆฒ้ณๆข็บฝๅทฅ็จๆๅนดๅ
ญๆ่่ฐ่่ฏ(ๅพ)
๋ด์ค๋์ฑ์ ์ฒ ๋์ญ
์ ์์์ ๊ตํต
1910๋
๊ฐ์
ํ ์ฒ ๋์ญ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyang%20railway%20station | Shenyang railway station | Shenyang railway station () is a railway station on the ShenyangโDalian railway, ShenyangโDandong railway, ShenyangโShanhaiguan railway, Huanggutun railway, ShenyangโFushun intercity railway, HarbinโDalian high-speed railway and BeijingโShenyang high-speed railway. It is located in Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
History
Fengtian station () opened in 1899. The new station building was constructed on October 1, 1910. Fengtian station was renamed Shenyang South Station () in 1945 (after Second Sino-Japanese War). Shenyang South Station was renamed Shenyang Station in 1950.
See also
Chinese Eastern Railway
South Manchuria Railway
South Manchuria Railway Zone
Shenyang Metro
Shenyang North railway station
References
Railway stations in Liaoning
Railway stations in China opened in 1899
Stations on the BeijingโHarbin Railway
Transport in Shenyang
Buildings and structures in Shenyang |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%AD%EB%8B%A4%EC%98%A4%EC%97%AD | ์นญ๋ค์ค์ญ | ์นญ๋ค์ค์ญ()์ ์ค๊ตญ ์ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ ์นญ๋ค์ค์ ์ค๋๊ตฌ์ ์์นํ ์ฌ๊ฐ์ฒ ๋์ญ์ผ๋ก, ์ค์ฒ ์ง๋๊ตญ๊ณผ ์นญ๋ค์ค ์งํ์ฒ ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ํ ํ์น์ญ์ด๋ค.
๊ฐ์
๊ตญ์ฒ ์นญ๋ค์ค์ญ์ ํน๋ฑ์ญ์ด์ ์ข
์ฐฉ์ญ์ผ๋ก, ์ง์์ ์๋ค. ์งํ์ฒ ์นญ๋ค์ค์ญ์ ์ฐ๊ณ ๋ชฉํ ์ ์ด๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์๋ 2๊ธ ์ค๋น ์ง์ค์ญ์ผ๋ก, ์งํ์ ์๋ค. ๋ํฉ์ค์ ์ง์ ์งํ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ์ฒ ๊ณผ ์งํ์ฒ ์ ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๋
๋ฆฝ๋์ด ์๊ณ , ์๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐํต๋ก๋ฅผ ํตํด ํ์นํ ์ ์๋ค.
์ฐ๊ณ ์ฒ ๋:
๊ตญ์ฒ : ์นญํ์ด ์ฌ๊ฐ์ ์ฉ์ ์์ข
์ฐฉ์ญ
์์ค์ง ์ฒ ๋ก(่ถๆต้่ทฏ)
์์ค์ง ์ฌ๊ฐ์ ์ฉ์ (่ถๆตๅฎข่ฟไธ็บฟ)
์งํ์ฒ : ๋ ๋
ธ์ ์ ํ์น์ญ
์นญ๋ค์ค ์งํ์ฒ 1ํธ์ ์ค๊ฐ์ญ
์นญ๋ค์ค ์งํ์ฒ 3ํธ์ ์์ข
์ฐฉ์ญ(์ญ์ ํ์ฐจ)
๊ตญ์ฒ
์นญ๋ค์ค์ญ์ ํ์ฌ ์นญ๋ค์ค ์ฒ ๋ ์ค์ถ์ ์ต๋ ์ฒ ๋ ์ฌ๊ฐ์ญ์ผ๋ก, ํ๋ฃจ ์ต๋ ํ์น๊ฐ์ 4๋ง๋ช
์ ์ํํ๋ค.
์ญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ
์ญ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ์ง์ 3์ธต๊ณผ ์งํ 2์ธต์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋์ด, ์ญ์ ์-๋จ-๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ โๅนโํ ํ๋ฉด๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ์ญ ๋ฐ์ ์-๋จ-๋์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ์ธ ๊ฐ์ ๊ด์ฅ์ด โๅโ์ํ์ผ๋ก ์ค์น๋์ด ์๊ณ , ์ธ ๊ฐ์ ๊ด์ฅ์ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ์์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋์ด ๋ชจ๋ ์ถ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์๋ค.(๋จ์ชฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๊น ์ํ์ด๋ค.) ์ฃผ๋ณ ๋๋ก๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ก์ง๋ฅด๋ ์งํ ํต๋ก๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ถ๊ตฌ ํต๋ก๋ โ๊ด๊ด๋ฌธํ ํต๋กโ์ด๋ค.
๊ฑด์ถ ์์์์๋ ์ข
ํ์ ํต์ฌ ์์๋ก ์ผ๊ณ , 3๋ฉด ๋ฐฐ์ด์ ํตํฉํ์ฌ, ์ ์ฒด ๋
์ผ ์์ ๊ฑด์ถ์กฐํฉ, ์ ์ฒด ์ ์ ํ์ผ ๋
ธ๋ ๋ฒฝ, ๋ด๋ถ ๋ฐ๋ฅ์ ๋๋ฆฌ์์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ค์๋ค. ์ญ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ง์ ๋ฐ ์งํ ๋ํฉ์ค์, ์ด 54,000 ํ๋ฐฉ๋ฏธํฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์์ฐ ๋จ๋ถ ์งํ ๋ํฉ์ค์ ์ฝ 10,000 ํ๋ฐฉ๋ฏธํฐ์ ๊ฑด์ถ ๋ฉด์ ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ค๊ตญ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ์งํ ์ด์ฐจ ๋ํฉ์ค์ด๋ค. ํ๋ซํผ ์์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ด ์๋ ์ฐจ์๋ง์ ์ฝ 65,000 ํ๋ฐฉ๋ฏธํฐ์ ๋ฉด์ ์ ์ฐจ์งํ์ฌ, ์ค๊ตญ๋ด ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ๋ง๋ชฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๋ค.
์ญ์ ๋์ ์
๊ตฌ ๋ํฉ์ค์ ์ฒ ๋ ๋ผ์ธ์ ๊ฐ๋ก ์ง๋ฌ ๊ณ ๊ฐ โ๊ฒฝ๊ด์ฐ๋(ๆฏ่ง่ฟๅป)โ์ด๋ ํต๋ก๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋๋ฉฐ, ๋์ ๋ํฉ์ค์ ์น๊ฐ์ ๊ณ๋จ, ์์ค์ปฌ๋ ์ดํฐ, ์๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด ํต๋ก๋ก ์ด๋ํ์ฌ ์ค๊ฐ ์น๊ฐ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ ์๋ค.
์ธ์ ์ ์ฐจ์ญ
์ฐํ
1898๋
์ด๊ธฐ ๋์ ๊ณํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์นญ๋ค์ค์ญ์ ๋ฐ๋ก์ ์นญ๋ค์ค ์๊ต(้ๅฒๆ ๆกฅ) ์
๊ตฌ์ ๋ถ์์ชฝ์ ๋ฐฐ์นํ ์์ ์ด์๋, ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ธ ์ด๋ ค์์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ํ์ ๊ณํ์์๋ ๊ต๋ ๋ถ์์ชฝ์์ ์ฝ 200m ๋ถ์์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ์กฐ์ ๋์๋ค.
1899๋
6์์ ์ฐ๋ฅ ์ฒ ๋ํ์ฌ(ๅฑฑไธ้่ทฏๅ
ฌๅธ)๊ฐ ์ค๋ฆฝ๋์๋ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์ ์ด์ฌํ ๋ฉค๋ฒ์ธ ์ํ๋ ๋ ๊ฒ๋ฐ๋ฅด์ธ ()๋ ์นญ๋ค์ค์ญ ๊ณํ์ ์๋ฆฝํ์ผ๋, ์ด์ฌํ๋ ๋๋ฌด ํฌ๊ณ ๋น์ฉ์ด ๋์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ํ์ฌ๋ ๋ง์นจ๋ด ํ์ธ๋ฆฌํ ํ๋ฐ๋ธ๋ํธ() ๊ด๋ฆฌ์์ ์ค๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ฑํํ๊ณ , 1900๋
1์์ ๊ฑด์ค์ ์์ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, 1901๋
๋ด์ ์๊ณต๋์๋ค.
๋
์ผ ๋น๊ตญ์ ์ญ์ ๋ถ์ชฝ๊ณผ โํ์๋ถ์น(ๅๆดๅๆฒป)โ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ญ ๋ถ์ชฝ๊ณผ ํ์ฌ์ ํ์ด์๋ก(ๆณฐๅฎ่ทฏ)์ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ๊ต์ฐจ๋ก ์์ชฝ์ ์ค๊ตญ์ธ ์ ์ฉ ์ญ์ ๊ฑด์คํ๊ณ , ์นญ๋ค์ค ๋ํญ(้ๅฒๅคงๆธฏ)์ ๋ํ ์น๊ฐ ๋ฐ ํ๋ฌผ ๋ณด๊ด์๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์คํ ๊ณํ์ด์๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ ์ 1์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ๋์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ฐ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ์ ์นญ๋ค์ค ์ ํฌ ๊ณํ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ข์ด๋์๋ค.
1991๋
2์ 15์ผ ์นญ๋ค์ค์ญ ๊ฐ์ถ ์ฌ์
์ด ์์๋์ด, ๊ฐ์ ํด 8์์ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋์ด ์๋์ ์ฅ์๋ก ์ฌ๊ฑด์ถ๋์๋ค. ์๋ ์ง๋์ ๋ถ์ชฝ์ 2์ธต ๊ท๋ชจ์ ๋ํ ๋ํฉ์ค ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ์๋กญ๊ฒ ์ง์ด์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋จ์ชฝ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ์๋ ์ง๋์์ ๋จ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ์ฝ 100 m ๋จ์ด์ง ๊ณณ์์ ๊ธฐ์กด ์์์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฑด์ถ๋์์ง๋ง ์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋น์จ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์์ฌ๋ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋งค์ฐ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค.
์นญ๋ค์ค์ญ์ 2006๋
11์ 20์ผ๋ถํฐ 2008๋
7์ 27์ผ๊น์ง ๊ฑด์ค ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ณด์๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ค. ์๋ก์ด ์๊ณํ๊ณผ ๋จ์ชฝ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ๋ณด์กด๋๊ณ , ๋ถ์ชฝ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฉฐ, ์นญ๋ค์ค์ญ์ ๋์ฐฉํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ด์ฐจ๋ ์ผ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐํก์ญ(ๅๆน็ซ)์์ ์ ์ฐจํ๋ค. 2008๋
7์ 27์ผ ์นญ๋ค์ค์ญ์ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ํธ ๋ํ ์ ์ ๊ณต์์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฒ ์ด์๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋, ์ฐํก์ญ(ๅๆน็ซ)๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์ปค์ฐ์ญ(ๆฒงๅฃ็ซ) ์ฐฉ๋ฐ๋ก ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ด์ฐจ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์นญ๋ค์ค์ญ์ผ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ๋ค. 2008๋
8์ 2์ผ๋ถํฐ ์๋ก์ด ์ด์ฐจ ์๊ฐํ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ EMU ์ด์ฐจ๋ ์นญ๋ค์ค์ญ ์ฐฉ๋ฐ๋ก ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋์๋ค.
2011๋
8์ 14์ผ ์๋ ์์ค์ง(่ถๆต) ์ฒ ๋๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ์ข
๋ฃจ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ๊ณํ์ด์์ผ๋, ์๋ ๋ฐ๊ถ ํ๋ก ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋์ด ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ฅํ๋ค.
์งํ์ฒ
์นญ๋ค์ค์ญ 3ํธ์ ๋ถ๋ถ์ 2016๋
์ ๊ฐํต๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 1ํธ์ ์ 2020๋
์ด์ ์ ๊ฐํต๋ ์์ ์ด๋ค.
์ญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ
์งํ์ฒ 1ํธ์ ๊ณผ 3ํธ์ ์ ๊ณ์ธตํ๋ V์ํ ๊ต์ฐจ ๋ฐฐ์น๊ฐ ๋์ด์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 3ํธ์ ์ ์ฃผ์๋ก ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. 1ํธ์ ์ ๋จ์-๋ถ๋ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก, ํ์ด์
ด๋ก(่ดนๅฟ่ทฏ)์ ํ์ด์๋ก(ๆณฐๅฎ่ทฏ)๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ๋ฉฐ, 3ํธ์ ์ ๋์๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก, ๊ด์๋ก(ๅนฟ่ฅฟ่ทฏ)๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ๋ค.
3ํธ์ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์งํ 2์ธต์ ์ฌ์ ์น๊ฐ์ฅ์ผ๋ก, ์ญ ํ์ค ๋จ๋ฉด์ ์ ์ ์ฒด ๋์ด๋ 18.8m, ๋งค๋ฆฝ ๊น์ด๋ 14.4m ์ด๊ณ , ๋ํฉ์ค์ ๋์ด๋ 50.5m, ๊ธธ์ด๋ 70.5m, ๋ฉด์ ์ 3500mยฒ์ด๊ณ , ์น๊ฐ์ฅ์ ํญ์ 10m, ์ ํจ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ 120m, ๋ฉด์ ์ 1130mยฒ์ด๋ค.
์ญ์ ์งํ ๊ตด์ฐฉ์ผ๋ก ์ง์ด์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ 5๊ฐ๋ก, ์ฃผ๋ณ์๋ ํ์ด์๋ก, ๊ด์๋ก, ๋์ฐ๋ก(ๅ
ฐๅฑฑ่ทฏ), ํ์ด์
ด๋ก๊ฐ ์๋ค.
์ฐํ
1992๋
9์ 19์ผ, ์นญ๋ค์ค ์งํ์ฒ ์ ์นญ๋ค์ค์ญ ์ ๊ด์ฅ์ ๊ธฐ์ด์์ ๊น์๋ค.
1993๋
, ๋ฒ ์ด์ง ๋์ ๊ฑด์ค ์ค๊ณ ๋ฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์์, ์นญ๋ค์ค ์งํ์ฒ 1๊ธฐ๊ณต์ ๊ณํ ์ด์ฒด ๋จ์๋ก, ํฌ๊ด์ ์ผ๋ก 1989๋
"2์ 1์ํ"๋คํธ์ํฌ ๊ณํ์ ์๋น ์ค๊ณ๋ฅผ ์๋ฃํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ตญ๋ด ๊ฑด์ค ์ง๋ ๊ณํ ๋จ์๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ๋ค.
1995๋
, ์นญ๋ค์ค ์ญ์ ๊ด์ฅ ๊ฑด์ค ๊ณต์ฌ์ ํจ๊ป ์นญ๋ค์ค ์งํ์ฒ 1ํธ์ ๊ณต์ฌ๊ฐ ์๋ฃ๋์๋ค.
2009๋
11์ 30์ผ, ์นญ๋ค์ค ์งํ์ฒ 1๊ธฐ๊ณต์ ๊ณํ์ด ๊ณต์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก๊ณ ์งํ์ฒ ์ญ ๊ฑด์ค์ด ์์๋์๋ค.
2016๋
12์ 18์ผ, ์นญ๋ค์ค ์งํ์ฒ 3ํธ์ ์ด ๊ฐํต๋์ด, ์นญ๋ค์ค์ญ ์ด์์ด ์์๋์๋ค.
์ธ์ ์ ์ฐจ์ญ
๊ณต๊ณต ์์
ํ
๋ง "็บน่(๋ฌธ๋งฅ)"์ ์ค์๋ฏธ์ ํ์(ไธญๅคฎ็พๆฏๅญฆ้ข) ์ ์์ 4๊ฐ์ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๋ค. ์ํ์ ์ธ์ฅ์ ์กฐํ ์์๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ณ , ์นญ๋ค์ค ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ ๋ฌธ์ํํ์ฌ, ์ค๋ฃจ์ฃ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฐํฉ๋๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ ์กฐ์ฉํ๊ณ ์ฌ์คํ ์นญ๋ค์ค์ ๋
ํนํ ์ง๋ฆฌ์ , ์ญ์ฌ์ ํตํฉ์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ์์ฌ์ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์๊ฐํ ๊ณต์ํ์ ์นญ๋ค์ค์ 100๋
๊ฐ ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ํํํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
้ๅฒ็ซๆฆๅต
้ๅฒๅฎข่ฟๆฎตๆฆๅต
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
์นญ๋ค์ค์ญ
์นญ๋ค์ค์์ ๊ตํต
1901๋
๊ฐ์
ํ ์ฒ ๋์ญ
์นญ๋ค์ค ์งํ์ฒ 1ํธ์
์นญ๋ค์ค ์งํ์ฒ 3ํธ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdao%20railway%20station | Qingdao railway station | Qingdao railway station () is a railway station in Qingdao, Shandong, in the People's Republic of China.
As a time-honoured station of Qingdao, more than 100 regular passenger trains (denoted with letter Z/T/K, or no letter), initially scheduled CRH trains (denoted with letter G/D) and some intercity CRH trains (denoted with letter C) arrive and depart daily. Limited by a relatively small number of platforms, most newly scheduled trains eventually will not stop here, instead, terminating at the larger Qingdao North railway station.
There are also trains that stop at both Qingdao North and Qingdao stations.
History
The station first opened in 1901. In the years leading up to the 2008 Summer Olympics, the station underwent a significant renovation in order to accommodate increased passenger traffic for the Olympic period and afterwards. The new station is an example of German architectural traits incorporated into a Chinese-designed building, which is consistent with many structures in Qingdao.
On 28 October 2022, the station was closed to allow for renovation of the platform canopy. Passenger services are calling at Qingdao North railway station instead. The station is expected to reopen on 16 January 2023.
Qingdao Metro
Qingdao Railway Station () is a station on Line 1 and Line 3 of the Qingdao Metro. It opened on 18 December 2016. It is located in Shinan District and it serves Qingdao railway station.
Gallery
References
External links
Qingdao Railway Station
Railway stations in Shandong
Railway stations in China opened in 1901
Transport in Qingdao
Qingdao Metro stations
Stations on the QingdaoโTaiyuan High-Speed Railway
Stations on the QingdaoโJinan passenger railway |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%83%90%ED%82%A4%20%EC%82%AC%EC%97%90%EC%8A%A4 | ์ด๋ํค ์ฌ์์ค | ํธ์ธ ์ด๊ทธ๋์์ค "์ด๋ํค" ์ฌ์์ค ๋ฃจ์ด์ค(, 1943๋
4์ 23์ผ, ๋ฐ์คํฌ ์ง๋ฐฉ ๋น๋ฐ์ค ~)๋ ์คํ์ธ์ ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์๋น์์ด์ ๊ฐ๋
์ด๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ ํ์ญ ํ๋ก ์ ์ ์์ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ํ๋ ํฑ ๋น๋ฐ์ค์์ ํ์ฝํ๊ณ , ์ดํ ํ์ญ ์์ ์ ํ์ฝํ๋ ๊ตฌ๋จ์ ๋ค์ํ ์ฐ๋ น๋ ๋ถ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ผ๋ก ์ญ์ํด, ๋ชจ ๊ตฌ๋จ์ ์์์ผ๋ก 300๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
์ํ๋ ํฑ ์ธ์ 2๊ฐ ๊ตฌ๋จ์ ์งํ๋ด์ ์ก์๋ ์ฌ์์ค๋ ์คํ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฐ๋
์ผ๋ก๋ ์ญ์ํด 2๋
์ ์ง๋ํ๊ณ , UEFA ์ ๋ก 2004 ๋น์ ์ฌ๋ นํ์ ๋งก์๋ค.
์ ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
๋ฐ์คํฌ ์ง๋ฐฉ ๋น๋ฐ์ค ์ถ์ ์ธ ์ฌ์์ค๋ 1962๋
์ด์ ๊ตฌ๋จ ๋ฐ๋ผ์นผ๋์์ ์ง์ญ์ ๊ฑฐํจ ์ํ๋ ํฑ ๋น๋ฐ์ค๋ก ์ด์ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ฒ์ 2์์ฆ ๋ํฉ 46๋ฒ์ ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ง๋ง, ์ด์ด์ง๋ 3์์ฆ ๋์ ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ๋ํฉ 20๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๊ทธ์ณค๋ค.
์์ ํ ํ๋ณตํ ์ฌ์์ค๋ 1967๋
์์ 1974๋
๊น์ง ์ฃผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ธฐ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ์ฌ์ ๊ตฐ๋จ์ด 2์ฐจ๋ก ์ฝํ ๋ธ ๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐ์นํ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๋์๊ณ , 31์ธ์ ๋์ด์ ์์ ๊ตฌ๋จ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ 350๋ฒ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ์ถ์ ํ๊ณ ์ํดํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฃจ์ด์ค ๋ง๋ฆฌ์ ์์ฒด๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์, ํค์์ค ์๋๊ตฌ๋ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ฌธ์ฅ ํธ์ธ ์ํฌ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฐ๋ฅด์ ํจ๊ป ๋น๋ฐ์ค์ ์ ์ค์ ์ธ ์๋น์ง์ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ ์๋น์์๋ค.
์ฌ์์ค๋ 1968๋
์ ํ ๋ฌ ๋์ ์คํ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ 3์ฐจ๋ก ์ถ์ ํ์๋๋ฐ, ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ 3๋ฒ์งธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์๊ธ๋๋์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ก, ์ด ๋ ๋ฒ์ UEFA ์ ๋ก 1968 ์์ ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋ชจ๋ ํจํ์๋ค. (๋ฐ๋์์ 0-1, ๋ง๋๋ฆฌ๋์์ 1-2)
๊ฐ๋
๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
ํด๋ฝ
์ฌ์์ค๋ ๋ถ๊ณผ 32์ธ์ ๋์ด์ ๊ฐ๋
์ผ๋ก ์
๋ฌธํ๊ฒ ๋์๋๋ฐ, ์ํ๋ ํฑ ๋น๋ฐ์ค์ ์ ์๋
๋ถ ๊ฐ๋
์ 5๋
์ญ์ํ๋ค. 1980-81 ์์ฆ, ์ค์คํธ๋ฆฌ์ ์ถ์ ํฌ๋ฌดํธ ์ ๋ค์ฝ๋น์น ๊ฐ๋
์ด ํด์๋ ํ, ๊ทธ๋ ์งํ๋ด์ ์ก์ ์์ ๊ตฌ๋จ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 9์๋ก ๋ง๊ฐ์ผ ํ๊ณ ๋ 2๊ตฐ ๊ฐ๋
์ผ๋ก ๋ฌผ๋ฌ๋, 1983๋
์ 2๊ตฐ์ ์ธ๊ตฐ๋ค ๋๋น์์จ ๋ณต๊ท๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฉํ์๋ค.
์ฌ์์ค๋ 1985-86 ์์ฆ์ ์์ฆ 13๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋จ๊ฒจ ๋๊ณ ํ๋น์๋ฅด ํด๋ ๋ฉํ
์ 1๊ตฐ ๋ฐํต์ ์ด์ด๋ฐ์ ๊ทธ ํด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ ์ ๋ง๋๋ฆฌ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด์
๋ก๋์ ์ด์ด 3์๋ก ๋ง์ณค๋ค. ์ด์ด์ง๋ 4์์ฆ ๋์, ๊ทธ๋ 2๋ถ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ํ 2๊ตฐ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋งก๋ค๊ฐ 1990-91 ์์ฆ ์ค๋ฐ ๋๋ค์ ํด๋ ๋ฉํ
๋ฅผ ๋์ ํด 1๊ตฐ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋งก๋ค๊ฐ ์ด๋ฌํด์ 23๋ผ์ด๋๊ฐ ๋๋๊ณ ๋น๋ฐ์ค๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฑ๊ถ๊ณผ 2์ ์ฐจ ๋ฐ์ ๋์ง ์๋ ์ํฉ์ ํด์๋์๋ค.
3๋ถ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ํด์๋ ๋ผ์ค ํ๋ง์ค ๊ฐ๋
์ง์ 2์ฐจ๋ก ๋งก์ ํ, ์ฌ์์ค๋ 1996๋
3์ ์ค์์ ๋ฒ ๋ํ ํ๋ก๋ก๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์งํ๋ 1๋ถ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์๋ฐ์ธํ
์ ๊ฐ๋
์ด ๋์๊ณ , ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ธ ๋ ์ ๋ง๋๋ฆฌ๋์์ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 0-2๋ก ํจํ๊ณ ์์ฆ์ ํ๋ ์ด์คํ์ ๋์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๊ฐํ๋ค.
์คํ์ธ
1996๋
์ฌ๋ฆ, ์ฌ์์ค๋ ์คํ์ธ U-21 ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฐ๋
์ผ๋ก ์๋ช
๋์ด 2๋
ํ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ฅผ ๊บพ๊ณ UEFA U-21 ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ๋ฅผ ์ฐ์นํ์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ์๊ธฐ U-20 ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฐ๋
๋ ๋งก์ ๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ 1999๋
FIFA U-20 ์๋์ปต์์๋ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ฑฐ๋์๋ค.
2002๋
, ์ฌ์์ค๋ ํธ์ธ ์ํ ๋์ค ์นด๋ง์ด์ ํ์์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์ธ ๋ํํ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์๋ช
๋์์ง๋ง, ์กฐ๋ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์์ ํ๋ฝํ UEFA ์ ๋ก 2004๊น์ง ์ญ์ํ๋๋ฐ ๊ทธ์ณค๊ณ , ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ 23๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น๋ฌ 15์น 6๋ฌด 2ํจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค.
์ดํ, ์ฌ์์ค๋ U-21 ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฐ๋
์ผ๋ก ๋ณต๊ทํ ํ, 2008๋
์ 65์ธ์ ๋์ด๋ก ์ถ๊ตฌ๊ณ์์ ์ํดํ์๋ค.
์์
์ ์
์ํ๋ ํฑ ๋น๋ฐ์ค
์ฝํ ๋ธ ํค๋ค๋๋ฆฌ์๋ชจ
์ฐ์น: 1969, 1972โ73
์ค์ฐ์น: 1965โ66, 1966โ67
๊ฐ๋
๋น๋ฐ์ค ์์ฌ๋ ํฑ
์ธ๊ตฐ๋ค ๋๋น์์จ B: 1982โ83, 1988โ89
์คํ์ธ U-18
UEFA ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ 3์: 1997
์คํ์ธ U-19
UEFA ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ: 2002
์คํ์ธ U-20
FIFA U-20 ์๋์ปต: 1999
์คํ์ธ U-21
UEFA ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ
์ฐ์น: 1998
3์: 2000
์คํ์ธ U-23
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์๋ฉ๋ฌ: 2000
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
์ด๋ํค ์ฌ์์ค - ์ํ๋ ํฑ ๋น๋ฐ์ค
Eu-Football ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ํต๊ณ
1943๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
๋น๋ฐ์ค ์ถ์ ์คํฌ์ธ ์ธ
์คํ์ธ์ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ฐ์คํฌ์ฃผ ์ถ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์๋น์
๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ฐ๋ผ์นผ๋ CF์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ํ๋ ํฑ ๋น๋ฐ์ค์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์คํ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
์คํ์ธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
์ธ๊ตฐ๋ค ๋๋น์์จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
์ธ๊ตฐ๋ค ๋๋น์์จ B์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
๋น๋ฐ์ค ์ํ๋ ํฑ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
์ํ๋ ํฑ ๋น๋ฐ์ค์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
UD ๋ผ์คํ๋ง์ค์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
์๋ฐ์ธํ
๋ฐ๋กฌํผ์์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
์คํ์ธ U-21 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฐ๋
์คํ์ธ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฐ๋
UEFA ์ ๋ก 2004 ์ฐธ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1aki%20S%C3%A1ez | Iรฑaki Sรกez | Josรฉ Ignacio "Iรฑaki" Sรกez Ruiz (born 23 April 1943) is a Spanish former football player and manager.
A defender, he spent the vast majority of his professional career with Athletic Bilbao, which he later also coached in various levels, appearing in more than 300 official games with his main club.
In addition to two other clubs (other than Athletic), Sรกez managed the Spain national team during two years, being in charge at Euro 2004.
Playing career
Born in Bilbao, Basque Country, Sรกez joined local giants Athletic Bilbao in 1962, from neighbouring Barakaldo CF. He totalled 46 La Liga games โ with five goals โ in his first two seasons combined, but appeared in only 20 in the following three combined, due to injuries.
Again healthy, Sรกez appeared regularly for Athletic from 1967 to 1974, helping the Lions to two Copa del Rey trophies, and retired at the age of 31, having appeared in nearly 350 official games for the club. He was part of a legendary defense that also featured Josรฉ รngel Iribar in goal, Luis Marรญa Echeberrรญa and Jesรบs Aranguren.
Sรกez earned three caps for Spain in one month in 1968, his first and his last appearance being against the same opponent, England, in two losses for the UEFA Euro 1968 qualifying stage (0โ1 in London, 1โ2 in Madrid).
Coaching career
Club
Aged only 32, Sรกez began a managerial career, taking charge of Athletic Bilbao's youth sides for five years. Only two games into the 1980โ81 season, Austrian Helmut Senekowitsch was fired, and he led the team to a final ninth position, and returned again to the B-team, helping it to a Segunda Divisiรณn return in 1983.
Sรกez again took the reins of the first team in 1985โ86, replacing Javier Clemente for the final 13 games of the season, and leading Athletic to the third place, behind Real Madrid and FC Barcelona. In the following four seasons, he coached the reserves in the second level, being again promoted to the first team midway through 1990โ91, again replacing Clemente, and being himself fired after round 23 of the following campaign, as the team only finished two points above the relegation zone.
After two spells with UD Las Palmas, both in division three, Sรกez was appointed at Albacete Balompiรฉ in the top flight, replacing fired Benito Floro in mid-March 1996, his first game in charge being a 0โ2 away loss against Real Madrid as the season finished in relegation through the playoffs.
Spain
In the summer of 1996, Sรกez was appointed the Spain under-21 team manager, winning the UEFA European Championship two years later after defeating Greece. Also being in charge of the under-20s, he led them to the FIFA World Cup of the category in 1999, in Nigeria.
In 2002, Sรกez was named Josรฉ Antonio Camacho's successor at the helm of the senior team, being in charge until the end of Euro 2004 โ which ended in group stage exit โ and collecting 15 wins, six draws and two losses in his 23 games in charge.
Subsequently, Sรกez returned to the under-21 team, retiring from the football world in 2008 at the age of 65.
Honours
Player
Athletic Bilbao
Copa del Generalรญsimo: 1969, 1972โ73
Manager
Bilbao Athletic
Segunda Divisiรณn B: 1982โ83, 1988โ89
Spain U18
UEFA European Championship third place: 1997
Spain U19
UEFA European Championship: 2002
Spain U20
FIFA World Youth Championship: 1999
Spain U21
UEFA European Championship: 1998
Spain U23
Summer Olympic silver medal: 2000
References
External links
1943 births
Living people
Spanish men's footballers
Footballers from Bilbao
Men's association football defenders
La Liga players
Barakaldo CF footballers
Athletic Bilbao footballers
Spain men's international footballers
Spanish football managers
La Liga managers
Segunda Divisiรณn managers
Segunda Divisiรณn B managers
Athletic Bilbao B managers
Athletic Bilbao managers
UD Las Palmas managers
Albacete Balompiรฉ managers
Spain national under-21 football team managers
Spain national football team managers
UEFA Euro 2004 managers
Olympic coaches for Spain |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EC%95%88%20%EC%95%88%ED%86%A0%EB%8B%88%EC%98%A4%20%ED%94%BC%EC%8B%9C | ํ์ ์ํ ๋์ค ํผ์ | ํ์ ์ํ ๋์ค ํผ์ ํ ๋กํ( , 1968๋
6์ 7์ผ, ์ฐํํ ~)๋ ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋ ์ถ์ ์คํ์ธ์ ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์์ด์ ํ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ง๋์๋ก ํ์ญ ์์ ์คํธ๋ผ์ด์ปค๋ก ํ์ฝํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ์ฌ ๋ฐ๋ ์ธ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋งก๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ ์ ์์
ํด๋ฝ
1968๋
6์ 7์ผ ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋ ์ฐํํ์์ ํ์ด๋ 1987๋
๋ถํฐ 1990๋
๊น์ง ๊ณ ํฅํ์ธ ๋ก์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ผํธ๋์์ ํ๋ํ๋ฉฐ 1989-90 ์์ฆ ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๋ผ ๋๋น์์จ 4์์ ์ฑ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋์๋ค.
์ดํ 1990๋
๋ถํฐ 2002๋
๊น์ง ๋ฐํฌ๋ฅดํฐ๋ณด ํจ๋ฃจ์นด, CD ํ
๋ค๋ฆฌํ, ๋ฐ๋ ์์ CF, FC ๋ฐ๋ฅด์
๋ก๋, ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ํ๋ ์ดํธ, FC ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ, ๋น์ผ๋ ์ CF ๋ฑ ๋ฉ์์ฝ, ์คํ์ธ, ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋, ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ ํ๋กํ์์ ํ๋ํ๊ณ ํนํ CD ํ
๋ค๋ฆฌํ ์์์ผ๋ก 8์์ฆ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ๊ณต์์ 221๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 92๊ณจ์ ํฐ๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ 1992-93 ์์ฆ๊ณผ 1995-96 ์์ฆ 5์๋ผ๋ ์นด๋๋ฆฌ์ ์ ๋ ์ฐ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋จ ์ญ์ฌ์ ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ญ๋ ์ต๊ณ ์ฑ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 1993-94๋
UEFA ์ ๋กํ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์์๋ 16๊ฐ ์ง์ถ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ตฌ๋จ ์ญ์ฌ์ UEFA ํด๋ฝ ๋ํญ์ ์ต๊ณ ์ฑ์ ์๋ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 1994-95 ์์ฆ์ ์๋๊ณ ํ
๋ค๋ฆฌํ์ ๋ณต๊ทํ ๋ค ๋ณต๊ท 2๋
์ฐจ์ ์ ์ด๋ 1995-96 ์์ฆ ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์์ 41๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 31๊ณจ๋ก ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋์ ์์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ฉฐ 3๋
๋ง์ UEFA ํด๋ฝ ๋ํญ์ ์ง์ถ์ ์ด๋์๊ณ ์ฝํ ๋ธ ๋ ์ด 1995-96 ์์ฆ์์๋ 5๊ณจ์ ํฐ๋จ๋ ค ํ์ 8๊ฐ ์ง์ถ์ ๋์๋ค.
์ดํ FC ๋ฐ๋ฅด์
๋ก๋๋ก ์ด์ ํ์ฌ ๋น๋ก ํธ๋์ฐ๋, ์๋ ์๋ฐ๋ฅด์ก, ๋ฃจ์ด์ค ์๋ฆฌ์ผ์์ ์ฃผ์ ๊ฒฝ์์์ ๋ฐ๋ ค 2์์ฆ๋์ ํ๋ฒ๋ ๋ฐ๋ฅด์
๋ก๋์ ๋ถ๋์ ์ฃผ์ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตณํ์ง๋ ๋ชปํ์ง๋ง ๊ณต์์ ์์ 18๊ณจ์ ํฐ๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์บ ๋
ธ์ฐ์ ๊ณจ์ ์ง์ง์๋ค์ ์ง์ง๋ฅผ ์ด๋์๊ณ ์์ธ๋ฌ ๋ฐ๋ฅด์
๋ก๋ ์์์ผ๋ก ์ํ๋ฅด์ฝํ ๋ฐ ์์คํ๋ 1996 ์ฐ์น, ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ 1996-97 ์ค์ฐ์น, ์ฝํ ๋ธ ๋ ์ด 2์ฐํจ(1996-97, 1997-98), 1996-97๋
UEFA ์ปต์๋์ค์ปต ์ฐ์น, 1997๋
UEFA ์ํผ์ปต ์ฐ์น, ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ 1997-98 ์ฐ์น์๋ ํฌ๊ฒ ์ผ์กฐํ๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ
์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋ ์ถ์์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ 1994๋
11์ 30์ผ ํ๋๋์์ ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์คํ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์์์ผ๋ก ๊ตญ์ A๋งค์น ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ฅธ ๋ค ์ด๋ฌํด์ธ 1995๋
1์ 18์ผ ์ฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด์์ ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ A๋งค์น ๋ฐ๋ท๊ณจ์ ์ ๊ณ ํ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ํด 9์ 20์ผ ์์ ์ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์ธ ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋์์ ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์๋ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ์คํ์ธ์ 2-1 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ์กฐํ๋ค.
๊ทธ ํ UEFA ์ ๋ก 1996๊ณผ 1998๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ UEFA ์ ๋ก 1996์์๋ ์๊ธ๋๋์์ 8๊ฐ์ ์น๋ถ์ฐจ๊ธฐ์์ ํจํ๋ฉด์ 4๊ฐ ์ง์ถ ์คํจ์ ๊ณ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์
จ๊ณ 2๋
ํ ์ด๋ฆฐ 1998๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต์์๋ 0-0์ผ๋ก ๋๋ ํ๋ผ๊ณผ์ด์์ D์กฐ ์กฐ๋ณ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2์ฐจ์ ์์ ํ๋ฅด๋๋ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ํ
์ค์ ๊ต์ฒด๋ ๋๊น์ง ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ํํ์ง๋ง ํ์ 20๋
๋ง์ ์๋์ปต ์กฐ๋ณ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ๋ฝ์ ๋ง์ง ๋ชปํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ดํ A๋งค์น ํต์ฐ 22๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 8๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ๋จ๊ธฐ๊ณ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ๋ํผ์ ๋ฐ๋ฉํ๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ก
๊ฐ๋
๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
๊ฑฐ์ 34์ ๋์ด์ ์ํดํ ํผ์๋ ๋ฐ๋ฅด์
๋ก๋ ์ง์ญ์์ ํด๋ก๋ฅผ ํ๋ค๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋
์ผ์ ์์ํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ํธ์ธ ๋ธ ์๋ผ๋ฅด์ ํ๋ ฅํ์ฌ ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๋ผ ๋๋น์์จ์ ์ฝ๋ก ์ 2005๋
ํด๋ผ์ฐ์๋ผ๋ถํฐ ์งํํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ์์ง๋ง, ์ฒ์ 3๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ํจํ์๋ง์ ๊ฒฝ์ง๋นํ๋ค.
2006๋
4์ 13์ผ, ํผ์๋ ํ๋ฃจ 1๋ถ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ฐ๋๋ฒ ๋ฅด์๋ค๋ ์ฐ ๋ง๋ฅดํด์ ๊ฐ๋
์ด ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 5๋
ํ์ ๋ณธ๋ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ, ๋ก์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ผํธ๋์ ๊ฐ๋
์ด ๋์๊ณ , ์ดํ ์ฐ ๋ก๋ ์์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋งก์ 2013-14 ์์ฆ ์ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ฑฐ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
2013๋
12์ 26์ผ, ํผ์๋ ๊ฐ๋
์ผ๋ก์ 20๋
๋ง์ ๋ฐ๋ ์์๋ก ๋์์ค๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์งํํ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ 1์ 4์ผ์ ๋ ๋ฐํ
์์ ๋๋น์ ์ผ๋ก 2-0์ผ๋ก ์น๋ฆฌํ๋ค.
2014๋
7์ 2์ผ, ํผ์๋ ํผํฐ ๋ฆผ์ด ์ ๊ตฌ๋จ์ฃผ๋ก ์ทจ์ํ๋ฉด์ ํด์๋์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ ์์๋ ์ด ์์ฆ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 8์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ฉด์ 16๋
๋ง์ ์ ๋ฝ๋ํญ์ ์ง์ถ์ ์คํจํ์๋ค.
2016๋
1์ 29์ผ, ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ MX์ ๋ ์จ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋งก์ ํผ์๋ ํธ๋ฅดํค ์ผํ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋์ ํด ์น ๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ด ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ฝํ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ผํ
๋๋ฆฌ์ค์์ ์น ๋ ๋ฅผ ์ฐ์น์ผ๋ก ์ด๋์๋๋ฐ, ์ด ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๋ฉ์์ฝ๋ฅผ 8๊ฐ์์ ๋ฌด๋ ค 7-0์ ์ ์๋ก ๋ํํ์๊ณ , ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋์์ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์์๋ ์น๋ถ์ฐจ๊ธฐ ๋์ ์ ์น์ ๊ฑฐ๋์๋ค.
ํผ์๋ 2017๋
FIFA ์ปจํ๋๋ ์ด์
์ค์ปต์์๋ ์น ๋ ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊น์ง ์ด๋์์ง๋ง, ๋
์ผ์ 0-1๋ก ์ํจํ์ฌ ์ค์ฐ์น์ ๋ง์กฑํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง, FIFA ์๋์ปต ๋จ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ง์ญ ์์ ์ต์ข
์ ์ ์๋๊ณ 3์์๋ ์น ๋ ๋ ๋ธ๋ผ์ง๊ณผ์ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 0-3์ผ๋ก ํจํด ์์๊ฐ 6์๋ก ์ถ๋ฝํ๋ฉด์ ์ด๋ฌํด FIFA ์๋์ปต ๋ณธ์ ํ์ ์คํจํ๊ฒ ๋์๊ณ , ํผ์๋ ๊ทธ ์ฌํ๋ก ์ฌ์ํ๋ค.
2017๋
11์ 28์ผ, ํผ์๋ ์ฌ์ฐ๋์๋ผ๋น์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋งก์ผ๋ฉด์ 1๋
๋ ์ ๋๋ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ 3๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ๋ง์ ์ ์๋จ์ ์งํํ ๊ฐ๋
์ด ๋์๋ค. ์ฌ์ฐ๋์๋ผ๋น์์ 2018๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต ๋์ ์ 3๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ง์ 1์น 2ํจ๋ก ๋๋ฌ๋ค. 2019๋
1์ 21์ผ, AFC ์์์์ปต 16๊ฐ์์ ํ๋ฝํ๊ณ ์ฌ์ฐ๋์๋ผ๋น์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐ๋งน์ ๊ณ์ฝ ์ฐ์ฅ ์ ์๊ฐ ์ค์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด์, ๊ทธ๋ ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ์ ์ถํ์๋ค.
๊ฐ๋
ํต๊ณ
2019๋
1์ 21์ผ ๊ธฐ์ค
์์
์ ์
ํด๋ฝ
๋ฐ๋ฅด์
๋ก๋
๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ: 1997โ98
์ฝํ ๋ธ ๋ ์ด: 1996โ97, 1997โ98
์ํ๋ฅด์ฝํ ๋ฐ ์์คํ๋: 1996
UEFA ์ปต์๋์ค์ปต: 1996โ97
UEFA ์ํผ์ปต: 1997
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ
ํ์ฌ ๋ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ: 2000โ01
๊ฐ์ธ
ํผ์น์น: 1995โ96
๊ฐ๋
ํด๋ฝ
์ฐ๋๋ฒ ๋ฅด์๋ค๋ ์นดํจ๋ฆฌ์นด
์น ๋ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๋ผ ๋๋น์์จ: 2010
์ฐ ๋ก๋ ์
์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๋ผ ๋๋น์์จ: 2013-14 ์ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ
์น ๋
์ฝํ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด: 2016
๊ฐ์ธ
๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฌ์ ๊ฐ๋
์: 2014๋
2์
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
ํด์ธ ์ถ์ ์คํ์ธ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์ ๋ชฉ๋ก
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํต๊ณ
ArgentineSoccer ํ๋กํ์ผ
USMP coach profile
1968๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
์ดํ๋ฆฌ์๊ณ ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋์ธ
์ดํ๋ฆฌ์๊ณ ์คํ์ธ์ธ
์คํ์ธ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋์ธ
์คํ์ธ์ผ๋ก ๊ทํํ ์ฌ๋
์ฐํํ (์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋) ์ถ์ ์คํฌ์ธ ์ธ
์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋์ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์คํ์ธ์ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์
์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๋ผ ๋๋น์์จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ก์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ผํธ๋์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
CA ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ํ๋ ์ดํธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ฆฌ๊ฐ MX์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ฐํฌ๋ฅดํฐ๋ณด ํจ๋ฃจ์นด FC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
CD ํ
๋ค๋ฆฌํ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ฐ๋ ์์ CF์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
FC ๋ฐ๋ฅด์
๋ก๋์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋น์ผ๋ ์ CF์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ์ด๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
FC ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์คํ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
UEFA ์ ๋ก 1996 ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
1998๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋์ ํด์ธ ์ง์ถ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ฉ์์ฝ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์คํ์ธ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
ํผ์น์น ์์์
์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
์คํ์ธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
CA ์ฝ๋ก ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
๋ก์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ผํธ๋์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
CA ์ฐ๋ก๋ ์์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
์ฐ๋๋ฒ ๋ฅด์๋ค๋ ์ฐ๋ง๋ฅดํด์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
์ฐํฐ์๊ณ ๋ชจ๋์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
์ฐ๋๋ฒ ๋ฅด์๋ค๋ ์นดํจ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
๋ฐ๋ ์์ CF์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
ํด๋ฃจ๋ธ ๋ ์จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
์น ๋ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฐ๋
์ฌ์ฐ๋์๋ผ๋น์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฐ๋
์ฝํ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ผํ
๋๋ฆฌ์ค ์ฐธ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋
2017๋
FIFA ์ปจํ๋๋ ์ด์
์ค์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋
2018๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋
2019๋
AFC ์์์์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋
์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋์ ํด์ธ ์ง์ถ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
์คํ์ธ์ ํด์ธ ์ง์ถ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
์น ๋ ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
ํ๋ฃจ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
์คํ์ธ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
๋ฉ์์ฝ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
์ฌ์ฐ๋์๋ผ๋น์์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
์น ๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋์ธ
ํ๋ฃจ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋์ธ
๋ฉ์์ฝ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋์ธ
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋์ธ
์ฌ์ฐ๋์๋ผ๋น์์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋์ธ
์น ๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ์คํ์ธ์ธ
ํ๋ฃจ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ์คํ์ธ์ธ
๋ฉ์์ฝ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ์คํ์ธ์ธ
์ฌ์ฐ๋์๋ผ๋น์์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ์คํ์ธ์ธ
ํ๋ฃจ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๋ผ ๋๋น์์จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
๋ฆฌ๊ฐ MX์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๋ผ ๋๋น์์จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
์น ๋ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๋ผ ๋๋น์์จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Antonio%20Pizzi | Juan Antonio Pizzi | Juan Antonio Pizzi Torroja (, ; born 7 June 1968) is a retired professional footballer who played as a striker, currently head coach of Bahrain national football team
He spent the bulk of his club career in Spain, mainly at Tenerife, helping to the side's consolidation in La Liga and amassing top division totals of 221 matches and 92 goals over eight seasons โ he also played for Valencia and Barcelona.
Born in Argentina, Pizzi represented the Spain national team for four years, appearing with it in one World Cup and one European Championship. He embarked on a managerial career after retiring, winning the Copa Amรฉrica Centenario for Chile in 2016.
Club career
Born in Santa Fe, Pizzi started his professional career with Rosario Central, before transferring to Mexico's Deportivo Toluca FC. After only one year he moved to CD Tenerife, experiencing great individual success (a total of 30 goals in his first two seasons) while also helping the Canary Islands club to qualify for the UEFA Cup in his second year.
This performances prompted interest from fellow La Liga side Valencia CF, and Pizzi's subsequent purchase. However, highly unsettled, he returned at the end of the campaign to his previous team and in the second season in his second spell he fired them into another UEFA Cup qualification, topping the goal charts at 31 in 41 games and adding a further five in the Copa del Rey.
After that, Pizzi transferred to FC Barcelona. Never an undisputed starter, barred by Ronaldo, Sonny Anderson and the versatile Luis Enrique during his two-season stint, he managed to net 18 times in competitive matches, being very popular among the Camp Nou faithful.
With Barcelona, Pizzi won the Supercopa de Espaรฑa in 1996, the UEFA Super Cup and Spanish Cup in 1997, conquering the latter again the following year while also winning his only league title. Arguably, his most memorable moment was the decisive goal in the 5โ4 home win over Atlรฉtico Madrid in the domestic cup's quarter-finals second leg, after the Blaugrana trailed 3โ0 at half-time.
Subsequently, Pizzi returned to Argentina to play for Club Atlรฉtico River Plate, then had an unassuming spell in Portugal for FC Porto. After starting 2001โ02 back with Rosario he signed with Villarreal CF for its closure, as the club had lost to a severe leg injury countryman Martรญn Palermo.
International career
Pizzi earned 22 caps for Spain and scored eight goals, his debut coming on 30 November 1994 in a 2โ0 friendly win with Finland. The following 20 September, he helped to beat his country of birth Argentina 2โ1, in an exhibition game played in Madrid.
Pizzi was part of the squads for UEFA Euro 1996 and the 1998 FIFA World Cup. In the latter, after being replaced by Fernando Morientes in a 0โ0 draw against Paraguay as Spain exited in the group stage, he retired from the international scene.
Coaching career
After his retirement, aged almost 34, Pizzi played polo in the Barcelona region, then started his coaching career. Together with Josรฉ del Solar he managed Argentine Primera Divisiรณn's Club Atlรฉtico Colรณn at the beginning of the Clausura 2005, but both were sacked after three losses in the first three matches.
On 13 April 2006, Pizzi became the coach of Club Deportivo Universidad de San Martรญn de Porres in the Peruvian Primera Divisiรณn. He returned to his country of birth five years later, working with Rosario Central and San Lorenzo de Almagro and winning the 2013 Inicial with the latter.
On 26 December 2013, Pizzi returned to Valencia after 20 years, being appointed manager. His first game in charge was on 4 January of the following year, a 2โ0 derby home win over Levante UD.
Pizzi was sacked on 2 July 2014, after new owner Peter Lim took over. It was the first time in 16 years that Valencia had failed to qualify for Europe, after an eighth-place finish.
On 29 January 2016, after one year at the helm of Club Leรณn in the Liga MX, Pizzi replaced Jorge Sampaoli at the Chile national side. He took the nation to victory in the Copa Amรฉrica Centenario in the United States, notably disposing of Mexico 7โ0 in the last-eight stage and defeating Argentina on penalties in the decisive match.
Pizzi took the team to the final of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, Chile's first ever final in a FIFA competition and the fifth South American country to do so, losing 0โ1 to Germany. However, after failing to qualify for the next year's World Cup โ they reached the last matchday in third place, falling to sixth following the 3โ0 away loss against Brazil โ he resigned.
On 28 November 2017, Pizzi was appointed to manage Saudi Arabia, becoming the third man to hold the position in as many months. The team's run at the 2018 World Cup ended after the first three games (one win and two losses); On 21 January 2019, after round-of-16 elimination at the AFC Asian Cup and not having been approached by the Saudi Arabian Football Federation regarding the renewal of his contract, he resigned.
Pizzi returned to San Lorenzo in June 2019, six years after his first managerial spell. On 31 October, he was dismissed due to poor results.
On 21 January 2021, Pizzi was appointed at Racing Club de Avellaneda. His team lost the Supercopa Argentina 5โ0 to River in March and the Copa de la Superliga final to Colรณn. He was removed by club president Vรญctor Blanco on 9 August after a 1โ0 defeat to city rivals Club Atlรฉtico Independiente.
On 29 June 2022, Pizzi signed a one-year contract at Al-Wasl F.C. of the UAE Pro League. Having finished fifth in his only season, he returned to international management with Bahrain.
Career statistics
Scores and results list Spain's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Pizzi goal.
Managerial statistics
Honours
Player
Barcelona
La Liga: 1997โ98
Copa del Rey: 1996โ97, 1997โ98
Supercopa de Espaรฑa: 1996
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1996โ97
UEFA Super Cup: 1997
Porto
Taรงa de Portugal: 2000โ01
Individual
Pichichi Trophy: 1995โ96
Manager
Universidad Catรณlica
Chilean Primera Divisiรณn: 2010
San Lorenzo
Argentine Primera Divisiรณn: 2013 Inicial
Chile
Copa Amรฉrica: 2016
Individual
La Liga Manager of the Month: February 2014
See also
List of Spain international footballers born outside Spain
References
External links
1968 births
Living people
Argentine people of Italian descent
Spanish people of Italian descent
Argentine emigrants to Spain
Naturalised citizens of Spain
Sportspeople of Italian descent
Argentine men's footballers
Spanish men's footballers
Footballers from Santa Fe, Argentina
Naturalised association football players
Men's association football forwards
Argentine Primera Divisiรณn players
Rosario Central footballers
Club Atlรฉtico River Plate footballers
Liga MX players
Deportivo Toluca F.C. players
La Liga players
CD Tenerife players
Valencia CF players
FC Barcelona players
Villarreal CF players
Primeira Liga players
FC Porto players
Spain men's international footballers
UEFA Euro 1996 players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Pichichi Trophy winners
Argentine football managers
Spanish football managers
Argentine Primera Divisiรณn managers
Club Atlรฉtico Colรณn managers
Rosario Central managers
San Lorenzo de Almagro managers
Racing Club de Avellaneda managers
Peruvian Primera Divisiรณn managers
Club Deportivo Universidad de San Martรญn de Porres managers
Chilean Primera Divisiรณn managers
Santiago Morning managers
Club Deportivo Universidad Catรณlica managers
La Liga managers
Valencia CF managers
Liga MX managers
Club Leรณn managers
UAE Pro League managers
Al Wasl F.C. managers
Chile national football team managers
Saudi Arabia national football team managers
Copa Amรฉrica Centenario managers
2017 FIFA Confederations Cup managers
2018 FIFA World Cup managers
2019 AFC Asian Cup managers
Argentine expatriate football managers
Spanish expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in Chile
Expatriate football managers in Peru
Expatriate football managers in Spain
Expatriate football managers in Mexico
Expatriate football managers in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate football managers in the United Arab Emirates
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Chile
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Peru
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Chile
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Peru
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4%20%EC%9B%90%EC%A3%BC%EB%AF%BC%20%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4 | ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์ด | ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์ด๋ ์๋์ค์นด, ๋๋๋ถํธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋๋์์ ๋จ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ต๋จ๋จ์ ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊น์ง ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋๋ฅ์ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ๋
๋ฉ์ด๋ฆฌ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ์ผ์ปซ๋๋ค. ์ด ํ ์ฐฉ์ด๋ค์ ์์ญ ๊ฐ์ ์ด์กฑ๊ณผ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์ด ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๋ถ๋ฅ์ด๋ก ๋๋๋ค.
์ด ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ๋ ์์ ๋จ๊ณ์ ์ด์กฑ๋ค๋ก ๋ฌถ๋ ์ ์์ด ์ฌ๋ฟ ๋ฐํ๋์๋๋ฐ, ๋ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์กฐ์งํ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ฒ๊ทธ์ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฐ๋์ด์กฑ ๊ฐ์ค์ด ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ถ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ด ์๋ก ์ด๋ป๊ฒ๋ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ ์ง๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ธ ๋งํผ ํ์ฐํ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค๋ก ์ธํด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ฒ๊ทธ์ ๊ฐ์ค์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด์ง ์๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ ๋ค์ค์ฝ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์ด๊ฐ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ์ฌ๋ฉธ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ฒํด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ง์ ์๋ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ฌ๋ฉธํ๋ค. ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋๋ฆฌ ์ฐ์ด๋ ํ ์ฐฉ์ด๋ ๋จ๋ถ ์ผ์ถ์์ด๋ก, ์ฃผ๋ก ๋จ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์ฝ 6~7๋ฐฑ๋ง ๋ช
์ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ
์ ๋ฝ์ธ๊ณผ ์ ์ดํ๊ธฐ ์ด์ ๋จ๋ถ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์์๋ ๋ค์ํ ๋ฏผ์กฑ๋ค์ด ์์ฒ ๊ฐ์ง ์ธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ณ ์์๋ค. ์ ๋ฝ์ธ๊ณผ์ ์ฒซ ์ ์ด์ 11์ธ๊ธฐ ์ด(๋
ธ๋ฅด๋์ธ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋๋ ์ ์ฐฉ๊ณผ ์คํจํ ๋ดํ๋ค๋๋ ๋๋ธ๋ผ๋์ฃผ ์ ์ฐฉ ์๋)์์ 15์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง(ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ ํผ ์ฝ๋ผ๋ฒ์ค์ ํญํด) ์ฌ์ด์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก๋ค. ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ํ ์ฐฉ ๋ฌธํ์์๋ ์์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ ์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋๋ฐ, ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ๋ช
ํ ๊ฒ์ ๋ง์ผ ๋ฌธ์์ด๋ค. ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์ด์ ์ฌ์ฉ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ถํฌ๋ ๋งค์ฐ ๋ค์ํ๋ฐ, ์ผ์ถ์์ด์กฑ, ์์ด๋ง๋ผ์ด, ๊ณผ๋ผ๋์ด, ๋์ํ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ด ์๋ฐฑ๋ง ๋ช
์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์ธ์ด๋ค๋ ์์ง๋ง, ๋ง์ ์ธ์ด๋ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ฐฑ ๋ช
๋ฟ์ด๋ค. ์ฝ๋ผ๋ฒ์ค ์ดํ ์๊ธฐ์๋ ์ ๋ฝ ์ธ์ด, ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์ด, ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ธ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ํ ์ฐฉ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์ฌ์ด๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ฟ ์๊ฒจ๋ฌ๋ค.
์ ๋ฝ์ ์๋ฏผ์ง๋ฐฐ์๋ค๊ณผ ๊ทธ ํ๊ณ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์ด์ ๋ํ ํ๋๋ ๋งค์ฐ ๋ค์ํ๋ค. ๋ธ๋ผ์ง์์๋ ์์ฌ๋ค์ด ํฌํผ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ณ ์ฅ๋ คํ๋ค. ๋ง์ ๋ผํด์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์๋ฏผ์ง์์๋ ์์คํ๋ ์ ๊ต์ฌ๋ค์ด ์ข
์ข
ํ์ง์ ์ธ์ด์ ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์์, ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์๊ฒ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋ง๋ก ์ ๋ํ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ข
๊ต์ ๊ธฐ๋
๊ต์ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ๋ถ์ํค๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค. ์๊ตญ์ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์๋ฏผ์ง์์๋ ๋งค์ฌ์ถ์ธ์ธ ๋ง ์๋ฏผ์ง์ ์ ๊ต์ฌ ์กด ์๋ฆฌ์์ด ๋งค์ฌ์ถ์ธ์ธ ์ด(๋๋ ์ํ๋
ธ์๊ทธ์ด, ๋ํฑ์ด)๋ก ์ฑ๊ฒฝ ๋ฒ์ญ์ ํ๊ณ (1661~1663๋
), ๋ถ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์์ ์ต์ด๋ก ์ธ์๋ ์ฑ๊ฒฝ์ธ ์๋ฆฌ์ ์ฑ๊ฒฝ์ ์ถ๊ฐํ๋ค.
์ ๋ฝ์ธ๋ค์ ๋ํ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์ด์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ต์ํ๊ณ , ์๊ธฐ๋ค ์ธ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์์ ์ธ ์ํต ์๋จ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฆฝํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ด๋ก ๋ ๊ธ์ ํ๊ดดํ๊ณ , ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ด ํ๊ต์์ ์ ๋ฝ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋๋ก ๊ฐ์ํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์ด๋ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ต์๊ณผ ํ์ ์ ๊ฐ์๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์๋ค. 18~19์ธ๊ธฐ์ ๋ค์ด์๋ ์ ๋ฝ ์ ์ฐฉ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ํ์ ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์จ ์ธ์ด์ธ ์์คํ๋์ด, ์์ด, ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ด, ํ๋์ค์ด, ๋ค๋๋๋์ด๊ฐ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋๋ฅ์ ๊ทผ๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์ ๊ณต์ฉ์ด ๋๋ ๊ตญ์ด๋ก ์๋ฆฌ์ก์๋ค.
๋ง์ ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์ด๊ฐ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ์ฌ๋ฉธ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ฒํ๊ฒ ๋์์ง๋ง, ์ผ๋ถ๋ ์ฌ์ฉ์ด ํ๋ฐํ๋ฉฐ ์๋ฐฑ๋ง ๋ช
์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์ผ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. ์ฌ๋ฌ ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ด ์๊ธฐ๋ค ๋๋ผ์์ ๊ณต์์ ์ธ ์ง์๋ฅผ ์ป์๋๋ฐ, ํ๋ผ๊ณผ์ด์ ๊ณผ๋ผ๋์ด๊ฐ ๋ํ์ ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ณต์์ ์ธ ์ง์๊ฐ ํด๋น ์ธ์ด์ ์ต๋ ์ฌ์ฉ ์ง์ญ์๋ง ๊ตญํ๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ์๋ค. ๋๋ก๋ ํ๋ฒ์์ ๊ณต์์ ์ธ ์ง์๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฅํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ง๋ง, ๊ฐ๋ '์ฌ์ค์์' ๊ณต์ฉ์ด ์ง์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ์ธ์ด๋ ์๋ค. ์๋ก๋ ํ๋ฃจ์ ์ผ์ถ์์ด์ ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น์์ ์์ด๋ง๋ผ์ด๊ฐ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์์๋ ์ค์ง์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ชจ๋ ๊ณต์์ ์ํฉ์์ ์์คํ๋์ด๊ฐ ์ฐ์ธํ๊ฒ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค.
๋ถ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ๊ทน์ง๋ฐฉ์์๋, ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋๋๊ฐ 2009๋
์ ์นผ๋๋ฆฌ์ํธ์ด๋ฅผ ๋จ์ผ ๊ณต์ฉ์ด๋ก ์ฑํํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋๋ฆฌ ์ฐ์ด๋ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์ด๋ ๋๋ฐํธ์ด๋ก, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋จ์๋ถ์ 20๋ง ๋ช
์ด์์ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์ ๋น์ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ํด๋ณ๋์์๋ ๋๋ฐํธ์ด ๋จ์ฑ ํ์๋ฅผ ์ง์งํด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ ์ฝ๋ ํ ์ปค๋ก ํ์ฉํ๋ค. ๋
์ผ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ด๋ ์ชฝ์์๋ ๋๋ฐํธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ํธ๋ฌธ์ ํด๋
ํด ๋ด์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ์ค๋๋ ์๋ ์ ๋ถ, ๋ํ, ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ด ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์ด์ ๋ณด์กด๊ณผ ์ฌํ์ฑํ๋ฅผ ์ํ ํ๋ ฅ์ ์ด์ด ๋๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๊ธฐ์
1997๋
์ ์ ์์์ ๋ผ์ผ ์บ ๋ฒจ์ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ์ญ์ฌ์ ๊ธฐ์์ ๊ดํ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ค์ ์ด๊ฑฐํ ๋ฐ ์๋ค.
๋จ์ผ ์ธ์ด ์ง๋จ์ ์ผํ์ ์ด์ฃผ์ค (๋๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ฌ์ง์ง ์์)
๋ค์ํ ์ธ์ด ์ง๋จ์ ์ด์ฃผ์ค (์๋์๋ ์ฌํผ์ด๊ฐ ์ง์ง)
๋คํ์ ์ด์ฃผ์ค
๋ค์ธ์ด ์ง๋จ์ ์ด์ฃผ์ค (์ฌ๋ฌ ์ธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์ง๋จ์ ์ผํ์ ์ด์ฃผ)
๊ตฌ์ธ๊ณ์์ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ถํ๋์์ง๋ง ๊ณํต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ด๋ ์ธ์ด ์ง๋จ์ ์ ์
์ค
๊ตฌ์ธ๊ณ ์น์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ์ฌ๋ฉธ์ค (์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ธ์ด๋ง ์์กด)
๋ฒ ๋ง ํดํ์ด ์๋ ํํ์ ํด์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ด์ฃผ์ค
๋ก์ ๋ธ๋ ์น๋ 2008๋
๋๋ถ์์์์์ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ค์ํ ์ธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ง๋จ๋ค์ด ํํ์ ํด์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ฒ ์ด์ฃผํ๋ค๋ ์ค์ ์ง์งํ ๋ฐ ์๋ค. ์ด ์ธ์ด๋ค์ด ์ ์ธ๊ณ์์ ๋ฒ์ฑํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ด์กฑ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๋ถ๋ฅ์ด
์ฃผ:
์ฌ๋ฉธํ ์ธ์ด๋ ์ด์กฑ์ 'โ ' ๊ธฐํธ๋ก ํ์ํ๋ค.
๊ดํธ ์์ ์ซ์๋ ํด๋น ์ด์กฑ์ ์์๋ ์ธ์ด์ ์์ด๋ค(์์ปจ๋ '์๋ผ์์ด์กฑ (9)'๋ ์๋ผ์์ด์กฑ์ด ์ํ ๊ฐ ์ธ์ด๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ ธ ์๋ค๋ ๋ป์ด๋ค).
ํธ์์ ์๋์ ์ด์กฑ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ ์ ์น์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ผ๋ถํ๋ค. ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ง์ญ(๋ถยท์ค์ยท๋จ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด)์ ๋๋ต ๋์ํ์ง๋ง ๋์ผํ์ง๋ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ตฌ๋ถ์ด ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋ฌธํ ์ง์ญ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ค.
๋ถ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด
์๋์ ๋ถ๋ฅ๋ Goddard (1996), Campbell (1997), Mithun (1999)๋ฅผ ์กฐํฉํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๊ณ ์ ํ์ฐํฐ์ด์กฑ (4)
๋๋ฐ๋ค์ด์กฑ (๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์บ๋๋ค, ๋ฉ์์ฝ) (39)
๋์ฒด์ด โ
๋ง์ด๋์ด์กฑ (4)
๋จธ์ค์ฝ๊ธฐ์ด์กฑ (9)
๋ฒ ์คํฌํฌ์ด โ
์ด๋ฆฌ๋์ค์ด โ
์ธ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ด์กฑ (23)
์ค์คํ์ด์กฑ (4) โ
์ค์ด์ ์๋ผ์ด โ
์๋ผ๋
ธ์ด โ
์์ด์กฑ (19)
์๋ค์ด์ด โ
์ํ์นดํ์ด โ
์๊ทธ์ด์กฑ (30)
์์ธ์์ด (2) โ
์ผ๋์ด โ
์์
๋ ์ด โ
์์คํค๋ชจ์๋ฅํธ์ด์กฑ (7)
์์ผ์ด
์์นด์์ด์กฑ (7)
์ํฌ์ด โ
์์ฟ ์ธ ์ด์กฑ (3)
์ฐํฐ์ด์กฑ (15)
์ํฌ์ด์กฑ (4)
์ ๋ง์ฝ์น๋ฏธ์ด์กฑ (11)
์ ์น์ด
์ ํค์ด โ
์ ํธ์์คํ
์นด์ด์กฑ (33)
์ด๋ก์ฟผ์ด์ด์กฑ (11)
์ฃผ๋์ด
์ถ๋ง์์ด์กฑ (6) โ
์น๋ํฌ์ด์กฑ (3) โ
์น๋ง๋ฆฌ์ฝ์ด โ
์น๋ง์ฟฐ์ด์กฑ (2) โ
์นํฐ๋ง์ฐจ์ด โ
์นจ์์์ด์กฑ (2)
์นด๋์ด์กฑ (5)
์นด๋์นด์์ด โ
์นด๋ฃจํฌ์ด
์นด์ ์ธ์ด โ
์นผ๋ผํธ์ผ์ด์กฑ (3) โ
์ผ๋ ์ค์ด์กฑ (2)
์ฝ๋ฉํฌ๋ฃจ๋์ด์กฑ (๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ๋ฉ์์ฝ) (3) โ
์ฝ์์๋ผ์ด โ
์ฝํ ๋๋ฉ์ด โ
์ฟ ์ค์ด์กฑ (2) โ
์ฟ ํ
๋์ด์ด
ํ๋
ธ์ด์กฑ (7)
ํ์ผ๋ง์ด โ
ํค์นด์์ด โ
ํฌ๋์นด์ด โ
ํฐ๋ฌด์ฝฐ์ด โ
ํ๋ผ์ดํ๋ํ์ด์กฑ (2)
ํฌ๋ชจ์ด์กฑ (7)
ํ์ด๋ค์ด
์ค์์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ฐ ๋ฉ์์ฝ
์ค์์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์์ ์ค๋๋ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์ด์๋ ๋ง์ผ์ด์กฑ ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค. ๋ง์ผ์ด์กฑ์ ์ฃผ๋ก ๊ณผํ
๋ง๋ผ, ๋ฉ์์ฝ, ๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์ฆ, ์จ๋๋ผ์ค์์ ์ต์ 6๋ฐฑ๋ง ๋ช
์ ๋ง์ผ ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. 1996๋
๊ณผํ
๋ง๋ผ์์๋ 21๊ฐ์ ๋ง์ผ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ธํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฉ์์ฝ์์๋ ์ฌ๋ ๊ฐ ์ธ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ ์ธ์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ง์ผ์ด์กฑ์ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋๊ณ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์ด์ ์ํ๋ค. ํ๋์ ๋ง์ผ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ๋ชจ๋ 4์ฒ ๋
๋ ๋ ์ ์ ์ฐ์๋ค๊ณ ์ถ์ ๋๋ ๋ง์ผ์กฐ์ด์์ ๊ธฐ์ํ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์กฐ์ ์ธ์ด๋ ๋น๊ต ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ตฌ๋ ์ํ์ด๋ค.
๋์ฌ๋์ด (๋ฉ์์ฝ ํ๋ง์ธ๋ฆฌํ์ค์ฃผ) โ
๋ ์นด์ด์กฑ (2) โ
๋ง๋ผํฐ๋
ธ์ด (๋ฉ์์ฝ ๋ถ๋๋ถ) โ
๋ง์ผ์ด์กฑ (31)
๋ฏธ์๋งํ์ด์กฑ (5)
๋ฏธํค์์ผ์ด์กฑ (19)
์ธ๋ฆฌ์ด
์๋ผ๋
ธ์ด โ
์ฑ์นด์ด์กฑ (5) โ
์๋ผ๊ท๋ฝ์ด (๊ณผํ
๋ง๋ผ) โ
์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ (27)
์ฌ๋ฉ์ดํ์ด (๋ฉ์์ฝ์ ๋ฏธํด๋
๋น๋ฌธ์ ์ฐ์ธ ์ธ์ด) โ
์๋ฒ ์ด
์์ด์ฟ ๋ฆฌ์ด์กฑ (8)
์ ๋ง์ด์กฑ (๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ๋ฉ์์ฝ) (11)
์ ํธ์์คํ
์นด์ด์กฑ (๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ๋ฉ์์ฝ) (33)
์น๋ธ์ฐจ์ด์กฑ (์ค์์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด, ๋จ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด) (22)
์ฝ๋ฉํฌ๋ฃจ๋์ด์กฑ (ํ
์ฌ์ค์ฃผ, ๋ฉ์์ฝ) (3) โ
์ฝ์์๋ผ์ด โ
์ฝํ ๋๋ฉ์ด โ
ํดํ๋ผํ
์ด (๋ฉ์์ฝ ๊ฒ๋ ๋ก์ฃผ) โ
ํค๋๊ณผ์ด (๋ฉ์์ฝ ๋ถ๋๋ถ) โ
ํ
ํค์์คํ
์ด์กฑ (3)
ํ ํ ๋์ด์กฑ (2)
ํ๋ฆฌ์ฟ ์ด โ
ํธ๋ ํ์ฐจ์ด
ํ์นด์ผ์ด์กฑ (2)
๋จ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ฐ ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธํด
๋ถ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์ค์์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์ธ์ด๋ ๋ค์ํ์ง๋ง, ๋จ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ ์ธ๊ณ์์ ์์ ๊ผฝ์ ์ ๋๋ก ์ธ์ด ๋ค์์ฑ์ด ๋์ ์ง์ญ์ด๋ค. ์ ๋ฝ์ธ๊ณผ์ ์ฒซ ์ ์ด ์์ ์์ 1500๊ฐ์ ์ธ์ด๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค๊ณ ์ถ์ ๋๋ฉฐ, ํ์ฌ๊น์ง๋ ์ฝ 350๊ฐ์ ์ธ์ด๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ธ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ณผ ๊ณํต ๋ถ๋ฅ ์ํฉ์ (๋ค์ํ ๋ถ์ผ์์ ๋น๊ต์ ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์ด ์๋) ๋ถ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ๋นํด ๋ถ์งํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ง์ ์์ ์ธ์ด ๋ฐ ์ด์กฑ ๊ฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ๋ฐํ์ง์ง ์์ ์ํ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฏธ ์ ์๋ ์ผ๋ถ ๊ณํต๊ด๊ณ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ด ๋ถํ์คํ๋ค.
์๋์ ์ด์กฑ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์ด ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๋ถ๋ฅ์ด ๋ชฉ๋ก์ Campbell (1997)์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฝ๊ฐ ๋ณด์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ ์๋ (์ข
์ข
์ ์ถ์ธก์ฑ์ธ) ์ด์กฑ ๋ถ๋ฅ๋ค ์ค ๋ค์๋ Campbell (1997), Gordon (2005), Kaufman (1990, 1994), Key (1979), Loukotka (1968), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋์ ์ ์๋ ์ด๊ณ ๊ฐ์ค ๋จ๋ฝ์์ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค.
๊ฐ๋ฉ๋ผ์ด (๋ธ๋ผ์ง ๋ง๋ผ๋ฅ์ฃผ) โ
๊ณ ๋ ์นดํฐ์ค๋ํ๋ฒ ์ด (์ฝ๋กฌ๋น์) โ
๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ณ ํ ํค์ด (๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น์) โ
๊ณผํ ์ด
๋๋คํํ์ด์กฑ (5)
๋ํฌ์ด (๋ธ๋ผ์ง ํ๋ฅด๋จ๋ถ์ฟ ์ฃผ) โ
๋จ๋น์ฝฐ๋ผ์ด์กฑ (5)
๋
ธ๋์ผ์ด (ํ๋ฃจ, ์ฝ๋กฌ๋น์)
๋์คํธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ ๋์ ์ ์๋ผ์ํฌ ์ ์ด (๊ณผ๋ํํ๋ฒ ์ด์ด, ๋ง์๋ฆฌ์์ด, ์์์์ด) โ (์ฟ ๋ฐ, ์ด์คํ๋์ฌ๋ผ์ฌ)
๋ ์ฝ์ด
๋ฃฐ๋ ์ด (์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋)
๋ฆฌํฌ๋ฐํฌ์ฐจ์ด
๋ง์ค์นผ๋ฆฌ์ด์กฑ (3)
๋ง์ค์ฝ์ด์ด์กฑ (5)
๋ง์ฟ ์ด
๋งํ๋์์ด โ
๋งํ์ฝ์ด์กฑ (4)
๋งํธ์ฒด์ด (์น ๋ , ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋)
๋ง๋ฆฌ๋ถ์ด์กฑ
๋ชจ๋น๋ง์ด (๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น์)
๋ชจ์ธํ
์ด์กฑ
๋ชจ์นด๋์ด (์ฝ๋กฌ๋น์ ํฌ๋ฐ๋ผ์) โ
๋ฌด๋์น์ด (ํ๋ฃจ)
๋ฌด๋ผ์ด์กฑ (4)
๋ฌดํฌ์ด
๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฐ์ฝ์์ด์กฑ (8)
๋ฐ์๋์ด (๋ธ๋ผ์ง ๋ฐํ์์ฃผ) โ
๋ฒ ํ ์ด์ด (์ฝ๋กฌ๋น์) โ
๋ณด๋ก๋ก์ด์กฑ
๋น๋ ๋ผ์ด
์ฌ๋ฌด์ฝ์ด์กฑ (2)
์ฌํ๋ก์ด์กฑ (5)
์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์กฑ (2)
์ธ์ถ๋ผ์ด โ
์ผ์ฝ์ด (๋ธ๋ผ์ง ์๋ผ๊ณ ์์ค์ฃผ, ํ๋ฅด๋จ๋ถ์ฟ ์ฃผ) โ
์์ฟ ๋ฃจ์ด (๋ธ๋ผ์ง ํ๋ฅด๋จ๋ถ์ฟ ์ฃผ, ํ๋ผ์ด๋ฐ์ฃผ) โ
์๋ผ์์ด์กฑ (9)
์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ (๋จ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด, ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธํด) (64)
์๋ผํผ๋ถํธ์ด (2)
์๋ฃจํ๋์ด
์์๋
ธ์ด โ
์์ด๋ง๋ผ์ด์กฑ (3)
์์ด์นด๋ญ์ด (๋ธ๋ผ์ง ํผ๋๋์์ฃผ)
์๋คํค์ด โ
์๋์ผ์ด (์ฝ๋กฌ๋น์, ํ๋ฃจ)
์๋์ผ๋ก์ด โ
์ผ๊ฐ์ด (์น ๋ )
์ผ๋
ธ๋ง์ด์กฑ (4)
์ผ๋ฃจ๋ก์ด
์์ค๋ฉ๋๋ค์ด โ
์ค๋ฌด๋ผ๋
ธ์ด (ํ๋ฃจ) โ
์คํ ๋ง์ฝ์ด์กฑ (2) โ
์คํฐ์ด (๋ธ๋ผ์ง ์ํ์ธ๋ฃจ์ฃผ) โ
์คํ์์ด
์๋ผ์ค์ด (๊ฐ์ด์๋, ์๋ฆฌ๋จ, ๋ฒ ๋ค์์๋ผ)
์๋ฅดํ์ด โ
์๋ชจ์ด (๋ฒ ๋ค์์๋ผ) โ
์๋ชจ์์ด (๋ธ๋ผ์ง ํ๋ฅด๋จ๋ถ์ฟ ์ฃผ) โ
์์ค๋ผ๋์ด (์์ฝฐ๋๋ฅด, ํ๋ฃจ)
์์ด์ฟ ๋ฃจ์ด์กฑ (7)
์์ฝ๋์ด โ
์ํ๋ณด์ด์กฑ (4)
์ฐ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋์ด
์ํ ํ ์ด์กฑ (6)
์ ๋ผ์นด๋ ์ด (๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น์)
์ ๋ฃจ๋ง๊ธฐ์ด (์ฝ๋กฌ๋น์) โ
์ ๋ฆฌ์ด (์ฝ๋กฌ๋น์, ๋ธ๋ผ์ง) โ
์ด๋์ฒด์ด (๋ธ๋ผ์ง ๋งํฌ๊ทธ๋ก์์ฃผ)
์ดํ ๋๋ง์ด (๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น์)
์๋ถํฐ์ด์กฑ
์ ์ด์กฑ (13)
์ ์ด์ฝ์ด โ
์ฐจ๋ฃจ์์ด์กฑ โ
์ฐจํ์ฟ ๋ผ์ด์กฑ (9)
์ด๋
ธ์ด โ
์ด์ฝ์ด์กฑ (10)
์ด์ด์กฑ (2)
์น๋ฌด์ด์กฑ (3) โ
์น๋ธ์ฐจ์ด์กฑ (์ค์์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด, ๋จ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด) (22)
์น์ฐธ์ด์กฑ (2)
์นํคํ ์ด
์นํ์ผ์ฐ๋ฃจ์ด์กฑ
์นด๋์ฐจ๋์ด (๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น์)
์นด๋ผ๋ฐ์์ด
์นด๋ผ์์ด
์นด๋ฆฌ๋ฆฌ์ด (๋ธ๋ผ์ง ํ๋ผ์ด๋ฐ์ฃผ, ํ๋ฅด๋จ๋ถ์ฟ ์ฃผ, ์ธ์๋ผ์ฃผ) โ
์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ด์กฑ (29)
์นด๋ง์บ์ด์กฑ โ
์นด์ํ๋์ด์กฑ (2)
์นด์จ์ค์นด๋ฅด์ด (์น ๋ )
์นด์ ๋ฐ๋ฐ์ด (๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น์)
์นด์๋ฒ ์ด
์นดํ์นด์ค์ด์กฑ โ
์นดํ
๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ด โ
์นดํฌํค๋์ด์กฑ (3)
์นดํผ์ค๋์ด (๋ธ๋ผ์ง ํผ๋๋์์ฃผ)
์นธ๋์์ด
์นผ๋ฆฌ์๋์ด
์บ์ฌ์ด (์ฝ๋กฌ๋น์)
์ผ์ถ์์ด์กฑ (46)
์ฝ์๋ฃจ๋์ด (๋ธ๋ผ์ง) โ
์ฝํ์ด (์ฝ๋กฌ๋น์, ์์ฝฐ๋๋ฅด)
์ฝฐ์์ด (์ฝ์์ผ์ด) (๋ธ๋ผ์ง ํผ๋๋์์ฃผ)
์ฟค์ฌ์ด (์น ๋ , ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น์, ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋) โ
์ฟจ๋ ์ด (ํ๋ฃจ) โ
ํ๋ฐ์ด โ
ํฌ๋ ๋ํฌ์ด์กฑ (3)
ํ๋ผ์ด๋ฆฌ์ฐ์ด (๋ธ๋ผ์ง ํ์ฐ๊ทธ๋์ง๋๋
ธ๋ฅด์น์ฃผ) โ
ํ๋ฃจ๋ง์ด โ
ํ๋ฐฉ์นผ๋ ์ด โ (ํ๋ฃจ)
ํ์ฐ์๋ก์ด (ํ๋ฃจ)
ํ์ด๋ก๋์ด (์ฝ๋กฌ๋น์) โ
ํ
์ฐ์
ด์ด โ (์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋ ํํ๊ณ ๋์)
ํ
ํค๋ผ์นด์ด (ํ๋ฃจ) โ
ํฌ์ค์ด (๋ธ๋ผ์ง ๋ฐํ์์ฃผ, ํ๋ฅด๋จ๋ถ์ฟ ์ฃผ) โ
ํฌ์นด๋
ธ์ด์กฑ (15)
ํฌํผ์ด์กฑ (๊ณผ๋ผ๋์ด ํฌํจ 70)
ํธ๋ฃจ๋ง์ด์ด (๋ธ๋ผ์ง ๋งํฌ๊ทธ๋ก์์ฃผ ์ฑ๊ตฌ๊ฐ)
ํฐ๋์์ด์กฑ (2) โ
ํฐ๋ชจํ
์ด์กฑ (2) โ
ํฐ์ฟ ๋์ด (์ฝ๋กฌ๋น์, ํ๋ฃจ, ๋ธ๋ผ์ง)
ํ๋
ธํ์นด๋์ด์กฑ (33)
ํ์์ค์ด (๋๋ ๋์ฌ์ ์จ์ด)
ํํ๊ณค์ด โ (ํ๋ฃจ)
ํ์ด๋ ์ค์ด (์์ฝฐ๋๋ฅด) โ
ํ์นด๋ผ๋ฃจ์ด (๋ธ๋ผ์ง ํ๋ฅด๋จ๋ถ์ฟ ์ฃผ) โ
ํํ์ด โ
ํ๋ฐ์ผ์์ด์กฑ (2)
ํธ๋ฆฌ์ด์กฑ (2) โ
ํธ์์ฒด์ด (์น ๋ ) โ
ํธ์ด๋๋ฒ ์ด
ํธํค๋์ด (๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น์) โ
ํ๋์ค์ด
ํผํ์ค์ดโ
ํธ๋์ด (๋ฒ ๋ค์์๋ผ)
ํ๋ผํ๋ผ์ด์กฑ (3) โ
ํ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋ง์ด
ํ๋นํ ์ด๋ก ์ด์กฑ โ
์ ์๋ ์ด๊ณ ๊ฐ์ค
์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ๋ํด ์ ์๋ ์ด์กฑ ๊ฐ์ค๋ค์ ๋์ค์ ์ ์ ์์ ์ด๊ฒฌ์ด ์๋ ๊ฒ๋ง๋ฅ ์ธ์ฉ๋๊ณค ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ ์๋ค ์ค ๋ค์๋ ์์ ํ ์ฆ๋ช
๋์ง ๋ชปํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์์ ์ฆ๋ช
๋์ง ์์๋ค. ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค์ ์ด๋ค ์ ์๋ค์ ๋ํด์๋ ํธ์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ณด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ๋์๋ ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ๊ณํต ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ํ๋ฆฝ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ํฌ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฏฟ๋๋ค(์์ปจ๋ ํ์ฐํฐ์ด์กฑ์ค). ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ์๋ค์ ์ข ๋ ๋
ผ๋์ ์ฌ์ง๊ฐ ์๋๋ฐ, ํ ๊ฐ์ค ๋ด์์ ์ด๋ค ๊ณํต ๊ด๊ณ๋ค์ ์ฆ๋ช
๋ ์ ์๋๋ผ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ง์ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ฆ๋ช
๋์ง ๋ชปํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ง์ ์ธ์ดํ์๋ค์ ์ ๋งํ๋ค(์์ปจ๋ ์๋์๋ ์ฌํผ์ด ์ค์ค๋ก๊ฐ "์ฐ๋ ๊ธฐํต ์ด๊ณ"๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ ํ ํธํฌ์์ด์กฑ์ค). ๋๋จธ์ง ์ ์๋ค์ ๋ํด์๋ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ง์ฅ์ผ์น๋ก ๊ธฐ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค(์์ปจ๋ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฐ๋์ด์กฑ์ค). ์๋๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ ์๋ค์ (๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ธ) ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด๋ค.
๋
ธ์คํธ๋ผํ
์ค์๋ฉ๋ฆฐ๋์ด์กฑ
๋ฐ๋ค์๋์ธ์ด์ด์กฑ
๋ฐ๋ค์บ
์นด์ค์ด์กฑ
๋ฃฐ๋ ๋น๋ ๋ผ์ด์กฑ
๋งํ์ฝ์์ด์ฟ ๋ฃจ์ด์กฑ
๋ชจ์ธํ
์ด์ด์กฑ
๋ชจ์ค์ด์กฑ
๋ฌด๋ผ๋งํ๋์์ด์กฑ
์ฌํ๋ก์ผ์์ด์กฑ ย
์ธ์ถ๋ผ์นดํ์นด์ค์ด์กฑ
์๋ฃจํ๋์ฌํ์ด์กฑ
์๋ฉ๋ฆฐ๋์ด์กฑ
์์คํ
ํ๋
ธ์ด์กฑ
์๋ชจ์ค์ผ๋ ์์ด์กฑ
์จ๊ณตํธ์์นด์์ด์กฑ
์จ๊ณตํธํ๋ก๋ฆฌ๋ค๋ง์ด์กฑ
์์ค๋ฉ๋๋ค์ผ๋ฃจ๋ก์ด์กฑ
์๋ชจ์ฐจํ์ฟ ๋ผ์ด์กฑ
์ํฌ์ฐํฐ์ด์กฑ
์ ํค์ํฌ์ด์กฑ
์ ํฌํผ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ด์กฑ
์ ํ๋
ธ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ด์กฑ
์น๋ฌด์นํ์ผ์ด์กฑ
์น๋ธ์ฐจํ์์ค์ด์กฑ
์นํคํ ๋ณด๋ก๋ก์ด์กฑ
์นด์จ์ค์นด๋ฅด ์ธ์ด์ง์ญ
์นธ๋์์ค๋ฌด๋ผ๋
ธํ์ฐ์๋ก์ด์กฑ
์นผ๋ฆฌ์๋์ด์กฑ
์ผ๋ ์์ด์กฑ
์ผ์ถ๋ง๋ผ์ด์กฑ
์ฝ์์๋ผ์ด์กฑ
์ฟค์ฌ์นดํผ์ค๋์ด์กฑ
ํ์ผ๋ง์ด์กฑ
ํ
ํค๋ผ์นด์นด๋์ฐจ๋์ด์กฑ
ํ ํ ์์ผ์ด์กฑ
ํฌ๋์นด์ด์กฑ
ํฐ์ฟ ๋์ ๋ฆฌ์ด์กฑ (๋๋ ์ ๋ฆฌํฐ์ฟ ๋์ด์กฑ)
ํ์์ค๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฐ์ฝ์์ด์กฑ
ํ์์ค์ด์กฑ
ํ์ฐํฐ์ด์กฑ
์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ ํ์ฐํฐ์ด์กฑ
์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฑด ํ์ฐํฐ์ด์กฑ
๋ฉ์์ฝ ํ์ฐํฐ์ด์กฑ
ํธ์ด๋๋ฒ ๋ง์ฟ ์ด์กฑ
ํ๋ก๋ฆฌ๋ค๋ง์ด์กฑ
ํ์ด๋ค์ด๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ๋ ์ฌํผ์ด์ ๋๋ฐ๋ค์ด์กฑ
ํธํฌ์์ด์กฑ
ํธํฌ์ด์กฑ
ํ๋ ๋ ์ฝ์ด์กฑ
ํ๋ ๋ง์ผ์ด์กฑ
ํ๋ ์์ด์กฑ
(ํ๋) ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ
ํ๋ ์๋ฐ์ค์ด์กฑ
ํ๋ ์คํ ๋ง์ฝ์ด์กฑ
ํ๋ ์๋ฅดํ์ด์กฑ
ํ๋ ์์ด์ฟ ๋ฃจ์ด์กฑ
ํ๋ ์ ์ด์กฑ
ํ๋ ์น๋ธ์ฐจ์ด์กฑ
ํ๋ ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ด์กฑ
(ํ๋) ์นดํ
๋ธ๋ฆฌํ๋ฃจ๋ง์ด์กฑ
ํ๋ ํฌ์นด๋
ธ์ด์กฑ
ํ๋ ํฌํผ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ด์กฑ
ํ๋ ํ๋
ธ์ด์กฑ
ํ๋ ํ์์ค์ด์กฑ
ํ๋ ํธ์ด๋๋ฒ ์ด์กฑ
ํ๋ ํ๋ฐ๋ก์ด์กฑ
ํ๋ฐ๋ก์นด์ํ๋์ด์กฑ
ํ๋นํ ์ด๋ก ์ด์กฑ
์ธ์ด ์ง์ญ
์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ์ข
์ข
'์ธ์ด ์ง์ญ' ๋๋ '์ธ์ด๋์กฐ๋'('์๋ ด ์ง๋')๋ก ๋ฌถ์ ์ ์๋ค. ์ง๊ธ๊น์ง ํ์ธ๋ ์ธ์ด ์ง์ญ๋ค์ ์
์ฆํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๋ ๋ง์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค. ์ธ์ด๋์กฐ๋์ ๊ดํ ์ง์์ ์ญ์ฌ์ธ์ดํ์๋ค์ด ์ง์ญ ๊ณตํต์ ํน์ง๊ณผ ์ง์ง ๊ณํต ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ ค๋ด๋ ๋ฐ ๋์์ ์ค๋ค. ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์ง์ญ์ธ์ดํ ๋ถ์ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ฒํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์กฐ์ ์
์ ์ ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ธ Sherzer (1976)์ด๋ค.
์๊ฒ์์์ ๋ผ์ผ ์บ ๋ฒจ์ 20๊ฐ์ ์ธ์ด๋์กฐ๋ ๋๋ ์ธ์ด ์ง์ญ์ ์ด๊ฑฐํ๋๋ฐ, ์ด ์ค ๋ง์ ์๋ ๊ฐ์ค ๋จ๊ณ์ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ฌ ์๋ค.
์ฃผ: ์ผ๋ถ ์ธ์ด ์ง์ญ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ง์ญ๊ณผ ๋ฒ์๊ฐ ๊ฒน์น ์ ์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
Bright, William. (1984). The classification of North American and Meso-American Indian languages. In W. Bright (Ed.), American Indian linguistics and literature (pp.ย 3โ29). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Bright, William (Ed.). (1984). American Indian linguistics and literature. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. .
Brinton, Daniel G. (1891). The American race. New York: D. C. Hodges.
Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. .
Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979). The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment. Austin: University of Texas Press.
๋ถ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด
Boas, Franz. (1911). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 1). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology).
Boas, Franz. (1922). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 2). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology).
Boas, Franz. (1929). Classification of American Indian languages. Language, 5, 1โ7.
Boas, Franz. (1933). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 3). Native American legal materials collection, title 1227. Glรผckstadt: J.J. Augustin.
Bright, William. (1973). North American Indian language contact. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Linguistics in North America (part 1, pp.ย 713โ726). Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hauge: Mouton.
Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. .
Goddard, Ives. (1999). Native languages and language families of North America (rev. and enlarged ed. with additions and corrections). [Map]. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press (Smithsonian Institution). (Updated version of the map in Goddard 1996). .
Goddard, Ives. (2005). The indigenous languages of the southeast. Anthropological Linguistics, 47 (1), 1โ60.
Mithun, Marianne. (1990). Studies of North American Indian Languages. Annual Review of Anthropology, 19(1): 309โ330.
Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (hbk); .
Nater, Hank F. (1984). The Bella Coola Language. Mercury Series; Canadian Ethnology Service (No. 92). Ottawa: National Museums of Canada.
Powell, John W. (1891). Indian linguistic families of America north of Mexico. Seventh annual report, Bureau of American Ethnology (pp.ย 1โ142). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. (Reprinted in P. Holder (Ed.), 1966, Introduction to Handbook of American Indian languages by Franz Boas and Indian linguistic families of America, north of Mexico, by J. W. Powell, Lincoln: University of Nebraska).
Powell, John W. (1915). Linguistic families of American Indians north of Mexico by J. W. Powell, revised by members of the staff of the Bureau of American Ethnology. (Map). Bureau of American Ethnology miscellaneous publication (No. 11). Baltimore: Hoen.
Sebeok, Thomas A. (Ed.). (1973). Linguistics in North America (parts 1 & 2). Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hauge: Mouton. (Reprinted as Sebeok 1976).
Sebeok, Thomas A. (Ed.). (1976). Native languages of the Americas. New York: Plenum.
Sherzer, Joel. (1973). Areal linguistics in North America. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Linguistics in North America (part 2, pp.ย 749โ795). Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hauge: Mouton. (Reprinted in Sebeok 1976).
Sherzer, Joel. (1976). An areal-typological study of American Indian languages north of Mexico. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Sletcher, Michael, 'North American Indians', in Will Kaufman and Heidi Macpherson, eds., Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History, (2 vols., Oxford, 2005).
Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978โpresent). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1โ20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1โ3, 16, 18โ20 not yet published).
Vaas, Rรผdiger: 'Die Sprachen der Ureinwohner'. In: Stoll, Gรผnter, Vaas, Rรผdiger: Spurensuche im Indianerland. Hirzel. Stuttgart 2001, chapter 7.
Voegelin, Carl F.; & Voegelin, Florence M. (1965). Classification of American Indian languages. Languages of the world, Native American fasc. 2, sec. 1.6). Anthropological Linguistics, 7 (7): 121-150.
Zepeda, Ofelia; Hill, Jane H. (1991). The condition of Native American Languages in the United States. In R. H. Robins & E. M. Uhlenbeck (Eds.), Endangered languages (pp.ย 135โ155). Oxford: Berg.
๋จ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด
Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
Fabre, Alain. (1998). "Manual de las lenguas indรญgenas sudamericanas, I-II". Mรผnchen: Lincom Europa.
Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp.ย 13โ67). Austin: University of Texas Press. .
Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp.ย 46โ76). London: Routledge.
Key, Mary R. (1979). The grouping of South American languages. Tรผbingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
Loukotka, ฤestmรญr. (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: Latin American Studies Center, University of California.
Mason, J. Alden. (1950). The languages of South America. In J. Steward (Ed.), Handbook of South American Indians (Vol. 6, pp.ย 157โ317). Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology bulletin (No. 143). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
Migliazza, Ernest C.; & Campbell, Lyle. (1988). Panorama general de las lenguas indรญgenas en Amรฉrica. Historia general de Amรฉrica (Vol. 10). Caracas: Instituto Panamericano de Geografรญa e Historia.
Rodrigues, Aryon. (1986). Linguas brasileiras: Para o conhecimento das linguas indรญgenas. Sรฃo Paulo: Ediรงรตes Loyola.
Rowe, John H. (1954). Linguistics classification problems in South America. In M. B. Emeneau (Ed.), Papers from the symposium on American Indian linguistics (pp.ย 10โ26). University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 10). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Sapir, Edward. (1929). Central and North American languages. In The encyclopรฆdia britannica: A new survey of universal knowledge (14 ed.) (Vol. 5, pp.ย 138โ141). London: The Encyclopรฆdia Britannica Company, Ltd.
Voegelin, Carl F.; & Voegelin, Florence M. (1977). Classification and index of the world's languages. Amsterdam: Elsevier. .
Debian North American Indigenous Languages Project
์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ
์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ ์ธ์ด
์ ์๋ ์ด์กฑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous%20languages%20of%20the%20Americas | Indigenous languages of the Americas | The Indigenous languages of the Americas are the languages that were used by the Indigenous peoples of the Americas before the arrival of non-Indigenous peoples. Over a thousand of these languages are still used today, while many more are now extinct. The Indigenous languages of the Americas are not all related to each other, instead they are classified into a hundred or so language families (including a large number of language isolates), as well as a number of extinct languages that are unclassified due to the lack of information on them.
Many proposals have been made to relate some or all of these languages to each other, with varying degrees of success. The most widely reported is Joseph Greenberg's Amerind hypothesis, which, however, nearly all specialists reject because of severe methodological flaws; spurious data; and a failure to distinguish cognation, contact, and coincidence.
According to UNESCO, most of the Indigenous languages of the Americas are critically endangered, and many are dormant (without native speakers but with a community of heritage-language users) or entirely extinct. The most widely spoken Indigenous languages are Southern Quechua (spoken primarily in southern Peru and Bolivia) and Guarani (centered in Paraguay, where it shares national language status with Spanish), with perhaps six or seven million speakers apiece (including many of European descent in the case of Guarani). Only half a dozen others have more than a million speakers; these are Aymara of Bolivia and Nahuatl of Mexico, with almost two million each; the Mayan languages Kekchi, Quichรฉ, and Yucatec of Guatemala and Mexico, with about 1 million apiece; and perhaps one or two additional Quechuan languages in Peru and Ecuador. In the United States, 372,000 people reported speaking an Indigenous language at home in the 2010 census, and similarly in Canada, 133,000 people reported speaking an Indigenous language at home in the 2011 census. In Greenland, about 90% of the population speaks Greenlandic, the most widely spoken Eskaleut language.
Background
Over a thousand known languages were spoken by various peoples in North and South America prior to their first contact with Europeans. These encounters occurred between the beginning of the 11th century (with the Nordic settlement of Greenland and failed efforts in Newfoundland and Labrador) and the end of the 15th century (the voyages of Christopher Columbus). Several Indigenous cultures of the Americas had also developed their own writing systems, the best known being the Maya script. The Indigenous languages of the Americas had widely varying demographics, from the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guarani, and Nahuatl, which had millions of active speakers, to many languages with only several hundred speakers. After pre-Columbian times, several Indigenous creole languages developed in the Americas, based on European, Indigenous and African languages.
The European colonizers and their successor states had widely varying attitudes towards Native American languages. In Brazil, friars learned and promoted the Tupi language. In many Spanish colonies, Spanish missionaries often learned local languages and culture in order to preach to the natives in their own tongue and relate the Christian message to their Indigenous religions. In the British American colonies, John Eliot of the Massachusetts Bay Colony translated the Bible into the Massachusett language, also called Wampanoag, or Natick (1661โ1663); he published the first Bible printed in North America, the Eliot Indian Bible.
The Europeans also suppressed use of Indigenous languages, establishing their own languages for official communications, destroying texts in other languages, and insisting that Indigenous people learn European languages in schools. As a result, Indigenous languages suffered from cultural suppression and loss of speakers. By the 18th and 19th centuries, Spanish, English, Portuguese, French, and Dutch, brought to the Americas by European settlers and administrators, had become the official or national languages of modern nation-states of the Americas.
Many Indigenous languages have become critically endangered, but others are vigorous and part of daily life for millions of people. Several Indigenous languages have been given official status in the countries where they occur, such as Guaranรญ in Paraguay. In other cases official status is limited to certain regions where the languages are most spoken. Although sometimes enshrined in constitutions as official, the languages may be used infrequently in de facto official use. Examples are Quechua in Peru and Aymara in Bolivia, where in practice, Spanish is dominant in all formal contexts.
In the North American Arctic region, Greenland in 2009 adopted Kalaallisut as its sole official language. In the United States, the Navajo language is the most spoken Native American language, with more than 200,000 speakers in the Southwestern United States. The US Marine Corps recruited Navajo men, who were established as code talkers during World War II.
Origins
In American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America (1997), Lyle Campbell lists several hypotheses for the historical origins of Amerindian languages.
A single, one-language migration (not widely accepted)
A few linguistically distinct migrations (favored by Edward Sapir)
Multiple migrations
Multilingual migrations (single migration with multiple languages)
The influx of already diversified but related languages from the Old World
Extinction of Old World linguistic relatives (while the New World ones survived)
Migration along the Pacific coast instead of by the Bering Strait
Roger Blench (2008) has advocated the theory of multiple migrations along the Pacific coast of peoples from northeastern Asia, who already spoke diverse languages. These proliferated in the New World.
Numbers of speakers and political recognition
Countries like Mexico, Bolivia, Venezuela, Guatemala, and Guyana recognize all or most Indigenous languages native to their respective countries, with Bolivia and Venezuela elevating all Indigenous languages to official language status according to their constitutions. Colombia delegates local Indigenous language recognition to the department level according to the Colombian Constitution of 1991. Countries like Canada, Argentina, and the United States allow their respective provinces and states to determine their own language recognition policies. Indigenous language recognition in Brazil is limited to their localities.
Bullet points represent minority language status. Political entities with official language status are highlighted in bold.
Language families and unclassified languages
Notes:
Extinct languages or families are indicated by: โ .
The number of family members is indicated in parentheses (for example, Arauan (9) means the Arauan family consists of nine languages).
For convenience, the following list of language families is divided into three sections based on political boundaries of countries. These sections correspond roughly with the geographic regions (North, Central, and South America) but are not equivalent. This division cannot fully delineate Indigenous culture areas.
Northern America
There are approximately 296 spoken (or formerly spoken) Indigenous languages north of Mexico, 269 of which are grouped into 29 families (the remaining 27 languages are either isolates or unclassified). The Na-Denรฉ, Algic, and Uto-Aztecan families are the largest in terms of number of languages. Uto-Aztecan has the most speakers (1.95 million) if the languages in Mexico are considered (mostly due to 1.5 million speakers of Nahuatl); Na-Denรฉ comes in second with approximately 200,000 speakers (nearly 180,000 of these are speakers of Navajo), and Algic in third with about 180,000 speakers (mainly Cree and Ojibwe). Na-Denรฉ and Algic have the widest geographic distributions: Algic currently spans from northeastern Canada across much of the continent down to northeastern Mexico (due to later migrations of the Kickapoo) with two outliers in California (Yurok and Wiyot); Na-Denรฉ spans from Alaska and western Canada through Washington, Oregon, and California to the U.S. Southwest and northern Mexico (with one outlier in the Plains). Several families consist of only 2 or 3 languages. Demonstrating genetic relationships has proved difficult due to the great linguistic diversity present in North America. Two large (super-) family proposals, Penutian and Hokan, look particularly promising. However, even after decades of research, a large number of families remain.
North America is notable for its linguistic diversity, especially in California. This area has 18 language families comprising 74 languages (compared to four families in Europe: Indo-European, Uralic, Turkic, and Afroasiatic and one isolate, Basque).
Another area of considerable diversity appears to have been the Southeastern Woodlands; however, many of these languages became extinct from European contact and as a result they are, for the most part, absent from the historical record. This diversity has influenced the development of linguistic theories and practice in the US.
Due to the diversity of languages in North America, it is difficult to make generalizations for the region. Most North American languages have a relatively small number of vowels (i.e. three to five vowels). Languages of the western half of North America often have relatively large consonant inventories. The languages of the Pacific Northwest are notable for their complex phonotactics (for example, some languages have words that lack vowels entirely). The languages of the Plateau area have relatively rare pharyngeals and epiglottals (they are otherwise restricted to Afroasiatic languages and the languages of the Caucasus). Ejective consonants are also common in western North America, although they are rare elsewhere (except, again, for the Caucasus region, parts of Africa, and the Mayan family).
Head-marking is found in many languages of North America (as well as in Central and South America), but outside of the Americas it is rare. Many languages throughout North America are polysynthetic (EskimoโAleut languages are extreme examples), although this is not characteristic of all North American languages (contrary to what was believed by 19th-century linguists). Several families have unique traits, such as the inverse number marking of the Tanoan languages, the lexical affixes of the Wakashan, Salishan and Chimakuan languages, and the unusual verb structure of Na-Denรฉ.
The classification below is a composite of Goddard (1996), Campbell (1997), and Mithun (1999).
Adai โ
Algic (30)
Alsea (2) โ
Atakapa โ
Beothuk โ
Caddoan (5)
Cayuse โ
Chimakuan (2) โ
Chimariko โ
Chinookan (3) โ
Chitimacha โ
Chumashan (6) โ
Coahuilteco โ
Comecrudan (United States & Mexico) (3) โ
Coosan (2) โ
Cotoname โ
EskimoโAleut (7)
Esselen โ
Haida
Iroquoian (11)
Kalapuyan (3) โ
Karankawa โ
Karuk
Keresan (2)
Kutenai
Maiduan (4)
Muskogean (9)
Na-Denรฉ (United States, Canada & Mexico) (39)
Natchez โ
Palaihnihan (2) โ
Plateau Penutian (4)
Pomoan (7)
Salinan โ
Salishan (23)
Shastan (4) โ
Siouan (19)
Siuslaw โ
Solano โ
Takelma โ
Tanoan (7)
Timucua โ
Tonkawa โ
Tsimshianic (2)
Tunica โ
Utian (15)
Uto-Aztecan (33)
Wakashan (7)
Wappo โ
Washo
Wintuan (4)
Yana โ
Yokutsan (3)
Yuchi
Yuki โ
YumanโCochimรญ (11)
Zuni
Central America and Mexico
In Central America the Mayan languages are among those used today. Mayan languages are spoken by at least six million Indigenous Maya, primarily in Guatemala, Mexico, Belize and Honduras. In 1996, Guatemala formally recognized 21 Mayan languages by name, and Mexico recognizes eight more. The Mayan language family is one of the best documented and most studied in the Americas. Modern Mayan languages descend from Proto-Mayan, a language thought to have been spoken at least 4,000 years ago; it has been partially reconstructed using the comparative method.
Alagรผilac (Guatemala) โ
Chibchan (Central America & South America) (22)
Coahuilteco โ
Comecrudan (Texas & Mexico) (3) โ
Cotoname โ
Cuitlatec (Mexico: Guerrero) โ
Epi-Olmec (Mexico: language of undeciphered inscriptions) โ
Guaicurian (8) โ
Huave
Jicaquean (2)
Lencan (2) โ
Maratino (northeastern Mexico) โ
Mayan (31)
Misumalpan (5)
MixeโZoquean (19)
Naolan (Mexico: Tamaulipas) โ
Oto-Manguean (27)
Pericรบ โ
Purรฉpecha
Quinigua (northeast Mexico) โ
Seri
Solano โ
Tequistlatecan (3)
Totonacan (2)
Uto-Aztecan (United States & Mexico) (33)
Xincan (5) โ
Yuman (United States & Mexico) (11)
South America and the Caribbean
Although both North and Central America are very diverse areas, South America has a linguistic diversity rivalled by only a few other places in the world with approximately 350 languages still spoken and several hundred more spoken at first contact but now extinct. The situation of language documentation and classification into genetic families is not as advanced as in North America (which is relatively well studied in many areas). Kaufman (1994: 46) gives the following appraisal:
Since the mid 1950s, the amount of published material on SA [South America] has been gradually growing, but even so, the number of researchers is far smaller than the growing number of linguistic communities whose speech should be documented. Given the current employment opportunities, it is not likely that the number of specialists in SA Indian languages will increase fast enough to document most of the surviving SA languages before they go out of use, as most of them unavoidably will. More work languishes in personal files than is published, but this is a standard problem.
It is fair to say that SA and New Guinea are linguistically the poorest documented parts of the world. However, in the early 1960s fairly systematic efforts were launched in Papua New Guinea, and that areamuch smaller than SA, to be sureis in general much better documented than any part of Indigenous SA of comparable size.
As a result, many relationships between languages and language families have not been determined and some of those relationships that have been proposed are on somewhat shaky ground.
The list of language families, isolates, and unclassified languages below is a rather conservative one based on Campbell (1997). Many of the proposed (and often speculative) groupings of families can be seen in Campbell (1997), Gordon (2005), Kaufman (1990, 1994), Key (1979), Loukotka (1968), and in the Language stock proposals section below.
Aguano โ
Aikanรก (Brazil: Rondรดnia)
Andaquรญ โ
Andoque (Colombia, Peru)
Andoquero โ
Arauan (9)
Arawakan (South America & Caribbean) (64)
Arutani
Aymaran (3)
Baenan (Brazil: Bahia) โ
Barbacoan (8)
Betoi (Colombia) โ
Bororoan
Botocudoan (3)
Cahuapanan (2)
Camsรก (Colombia)
Candoshi
Canichana (Bolivia)
Carabayo
Cariban (29)
Catacaoan โ
Cayubaba (Bolivia)
Chapacuran (9)
Charruan โ
Chibchan (Central America & South America) (22)
Chimuan (3) โ
ChipayaโUru
Chiquitano
Choco (10)
Chon (2)
Chono โ
Coeruna (Brazil) โ
Cofรกn (Colombia, Ecuador)
Cueva โ
Culle (Peru) โ
Cunza (Chile, Bolivia, Argentina) โ
Esmeraldeรฑo โ
Fulniรณ
Gamela (Brazil: Maranhรฃo) โ
Gorgotoqui (Bolivia) โ
Guaicuruan (7)
Guajiboan (4)
Guamo (Venezuela) โ
Guatรณ
Harakmbut (2)
HibitoโCholon โ
Himarimรฃ
Hodรฏ (Venezuela)
Huamoรฉ (Brazil: Pernambuco) โ
Huaorani (Ecuador, Peru)
Huarpe โ
Irantxe (Brazil: Mato Grosso)
Itonama (Bolivia)
Jabutian
Je (13)
Jeikรณ โ
Jirajaran (3) โ
Jivaroan (2)
Kaimbe
Kaliana
Kamakanan โ
Kapixanรก (Brazil: Rondรดnia)
Karajรก
Karirรญ (Brazil: Paraรญba, Pernambuco, Cearรก) โ Katembrรญ โ Katukinan (3)
Kawรฉsqar (Chile)
Kwaza (Koayรก) (Brazil: Rondรดnia)
Leco
Lule (Argentina)
Mรกku
Malibรบ
Mapudungun (Chile, Argentina)
Mascoyan (5)
Matacoan (4)
Matanawรญ โ
Maxakalรญan (3)
Mocana (Colombia: Tubarรก) โ
Mosetenan
Movima (Bolivia)
Munichi (Peru)
Muran (4)
Mutรบ
Nadahup (5)
Nambiquaran (5)
Natรบ (Brazil: Pernambuco) โ
Nonuya (Peru, Colombia)
Ofayรฉ
Old CatรญoโNutabe (Colombia) โ
Omurano (Peru) โ
Otรญ (Brazil: Sรฃo Paulo) โ
Otomakoan (2) โ
Paez (also known as Nasa Yuwe)
Palta โ
Pankararรบ (Brazil: Pernambuco) โ
PanoโTacanan (33)
Panzaleo (Ecuador) โ
Patagon โ (Peru)
PebaโYaguan (2)
Pijaoโ
Pre-Arawakan languages of the Greater Antilles (Guanahatabey, Macorix, Ciguayo) โ (Cuba, Hispaniola)
Puelche (Chile) โ
Puinave
Puquina (Bolivia) โ
Purian (2) โ
Quechuan (46)
Rikbaktsรก
Saliban (2)
Sechura โ
Tabancale โ (Peru)
Tairona (Colombia) โ
Tarairiรบ (Brazil: Rio Grande do Norte) โ
Taruma โ
Taushiro (Peru)
Tequiraca (Peru) โ
Teushen โ (Patagonia, Argentina)
Ticuna (Colombia, Peru, Brazil)
Timotean (2) โ
Tiniguan (2) โ
Trumai (Brazil: Xingu, Mato Grosso)
Tucanoan (15)
Tupian (70, including Guaranรญ)
Tuxรก (Brazil: Bahia, Pernambuco) โ
Urarina
Vilela
Wakona โ
Warao (Guyana, Surinam, Venezuela)
Witotoan (6)
Xokรณ (Brazil: Alagoas, Pernambuco) โ
Xukurรบ (Brazil: Pernambuco, Paraรญba) โ
Yaghan (Chile)
Yanomaman (4)
Yaruro
Yuracare (Bolivia)
Yuri (Colombia, Brazil) โ
Yurumanguรญ (Colombia) โ
Zamucoan (2)
Zaparoan (5)
Language stock proposals
Hypothetical language-family proposals of American languages are often cited as uncontroversial in popular writing. However, many of these proposals have not been fully demonstrated, or even demonstrated at all. Some proposals are viewed by specialists in a favorable light, believing that genetic relationships are very likely to be established in the future (for example, the Penutian stock). Other proposals are more controversial with many linguists believing that some genetic relationships of a proposal may be demonstrated but much of it undemonstrated (for example, HokanโSiouan, which, incidentally, Edward Sapir called his "wastepaper basket stock"). Still other proposals are almost unanimously rejected by specialists (for example, Amerind). Below is a (partial) list of some such proposals:
AlgonquianโWakashan ย
AlmosanโKeresiouan ย
Amerind ย
AlgonkianโGulf ย
(macro-)Arawakan
ArutaniโSape
AztecโTanoan ย
ChibchanโPaezan
ChikitanoโBorรณroan
ChimuโChipaya
Coahuiltecan ย
CunzaโKapixanan
DenรฉโCaucasian
DenรฉโYeniseian
EsmereldaโYaruroan
GeโPanoโCarib
GuamoโChapacuran
Gulf ย
Macro-KulyiโCholรณnan
Hokan ย
HokanโSiouan ย
JeโTupiโCarib
JivaroanโCahuapanan
Kalianan
KandoshiโOmuranoโTaushiro
(Macro-)KatembriโTaruma
Kaweskar language area
Keresiouan ย
LuleโVilelan
Macro-Andean
Macro-Carib
Macro-Chibchan
Macro-Gรช ย
Macro-Jibaro
Macro-Lekoan
Macro-Mayan
Macro-Otomรกkoan
Macro-Paesan
Macro-Panoan
Macro-Puinavean
Macro-Siouan ย
Macro-Tucanoan
Macro-TupรญโKaribe
Macro-Waikurรบan
Macro-Warpean ย
MatacoโGuaicuru
Mosan ย
MosetรฉnโChonan
MuraโMatanawian
Sapir's Na-Denรฉ including Haida ย
NostraticโAmerind
Paezan
PaezanโBarbacoan
Penutian ย
California Penutian ย
Oregon Penutian ย
Mexican Penutian ย
PuinaveโMaku
Quechumaran
SaparoโYawan ย
SechuraโCatacao
Takelman ย
TequiracaโCanichana
TicunaโYuri (YuriโTicunan)
Totozoque ย
Tunican ย
YokโUtian
YukiโWappo
Good discussions of past proposals can be found in Campbell (1997) and Campbell & Mithun (1979).
Amerindian linguist Lyle Campbell also assigned different percentage values of probability and confidence for various proposals of macro-families and language relationships, depending on his views of the proposals' strengths. For example, the Germanic language family would receive probability and confidence percentage values of +100% and 100%, respectively. However, if Turkish and Quechua were compared, the probability value might be โ95%, while the confidence value might be 95%. 0% probability or confidence would mean complete uncertainty.
Pronouns
It has long been observed that a remarkable number of Native American languages have a pronominal pattern with first-person singular forms in n and second-person singular forms in m. (Compare first-person singular m and second-person singular t across much of northern Eurasia, as in English me and thee, Spanish me and te, and Hungarian -m and -d.) This pattern was first noted by Alfredo Trombetti in 1905. It caused Sapir to suggest that ultimately all Native American languages would turn out to be related. In a personal letter to A. L. Kroeber he wrote (Sapir 1918):
The supposed "n/m โ I/you" pattern has attracted attention even from those linguists who are normally critical of such long-distance proposals. Johanna Nichols investigated the distribution of the languages that have an n/m pattern and found that they are mostly confined to the western coast of the Americas, and that similarly they exist in East Asia and northern New Guinea. She suggested that they had spread through diffusion. This notion was rejected by Lyle Campbell, who argued that the frequency of the n/m pattern was not statistically elevated in either area compared to the rest of the world. Campbell also showed that several of the languages that have the contrast today did not have it historically and stated that the pattern was largely consistent with chance resemblance, especially when taking into consideration the statistic prevalence of nasal consonants in all the pronominal systems of the world. Zamponi found that Nichols's findings were distorted by her small sample size, and that some nโm languages were recent developments (though also that some languages had lost an ancestral nโm pattern), but he did find a statistical excess of the nโm pattern in western North America only. Looking at families rather than individual languages, he found a rate of 30% of families/protolanguages in North America, all on the western flank, compared to 5% in South America and 7% of non-American languages โ though the percentage in North America, and especially the even higher number in the Pacific Northwest, drops considerably if Hokan and Penutian, or parts of them, are accepted as language families. If all the proposed Penutian and Hokan languages in the table below are related, then the frequency drops to 9% of North American families, statistically indistinguishable from the world average.
Below is a list of families with both 1sg n and 2sg m, though in some cases the evidence for one of the forms is weak.
Other scattered families may have one or the other but not both.
Besides Proto-Eskaleut and Proto-NaโDene, the families in North America with neither 1sg n or 2sg m are Atakapan, Chitimacha, Cuitlatec, Haida, Kutenai, Proto-Caddoan, Proto-Chimakuan, Proto-Comecrudan, Proto-Iroquoian, Proto-Muskogean, Proto-Siouan-Catawba, Tonkawa, Waikuri, Yana, Yuchi, Zuni.
There are also a number of neighboring families in South America that have a tสโk pattern (the Duho proposal, plus possibly ArutaniโSape), or an iโa pattern (the Macro-Jรช proposal, including Fulnio and Chiquitano, plus Matacoan, Zamucoan and Payaguรก).
Linguistic areas
Unattested languages
Several languages are only known by mention in historical documents or from only a few names or words. It cannot be determined that these languages actually existed or that the few recorded words are actually of known or unknown languages. Some may simply be from a historian's errors. Others are of known people with no linguistic record (sometimes due to lost records). A short list is below.
Ais
Akokisa
Aranama
Ausaima
Avoyel
Bayagoula
Bidai
Cacรกn (DiaguitaโCalchaquรญ)
Calusa โ Mayaimi โ Tequesta
Cusabo
Eyeish
Grigra
Guale
Houma
Koroa
Mayaca (possibly related to Ais)
Mobila
Okelousa
Opelousa
Pascagoula
Pensacola โ Chatot (Muscogean languages, possibly related to Choctaw)
Pijao language
Pisabo (possibly the same language as Matsรฉs)
Quinipissa
Taensa
Tiou
Yamacraw
Yamasee
Yazoo
Loukotka (1968) reports the names of hundreds of South American languages which do not have any linguistic documentation.
Pidgins and mixed languages
Various miscellaneous languages such as pidgins, mixed languages, trade languages, and sign languages are given below in alphabetical order.
American Indian Pidgin English
Algonquian-Basque pidgin
Broken Oghibbeway
Broken Slavey
Bungee
Callahuaya
Carib Pidgin
Carib PidginโArawak Mixed Language
Catalangu
Chinook Jargon
Delaware Jargon
Eskimo Trade Jargon
Greenlandic Pidgin (West Greenlandic Pidgin)
Guajiro-Spanish
Gรผegรผence-Nicarao
Haida Jargon
Inuktitut-English Pidgin (Quebec)
Jargonized Powhatan
Keresan Sign Language
Labrador Eskimo Pidgin
Lingua Franca Apalachee
Lingua Franca Creek
Lingua Geral Amazรดnica
Lingua Geral do Sul
Loucheux Jargon
Media Lengua
Mednyj Aleut
Michif
Mobilian Jargon
Montagnais Pidgin Basque
Nootka Jargon
Ocaneechi
Pidgin Massachusett
Plains Indian Sign Language
Writing systems
While most Indigenous languages have adopted the Latin script as the written form of their languages, a few languages have their own unique writing systems after encountering the Latin script (often through missionaries) that are still in use. All pre-Columbian Indigenous writing systems are no longer used.
See also
Amerind languages
Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America
Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas
Haplogroup Q-M242 (Y-DNA)
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Language families and languages
Languages of Peru
List of endangered languages in Canada
List of endangered languages in Mexico
List of endangered languages in the United States
List of endangered languages with mobile apps
List of indigenous languages of South America
List of indigenous languages in Argentina
Mesoamerican languages
Native American Languages Act of 1990
Notes
Bibliography
Bright, William. (1984). The classification of North American and Meso-American Indian languages. In W. Bright (Ed.), American Indian linguistics and literature (pp.ย 3โ29). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Bright, William (Ed.). (1984). American Indian linguistics and literature. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. .
Brinton, Daniel G. (1891). The American race. New York: D. C. Hodges.
Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. .
Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979). The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment. Austin: University of Texas Press.
North America
Boas, Franz. (1911). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 1). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology). (on archive.org)
Boas, Franz. (1922). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 2). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology). (on archive.org)
Boas, Franz. (1929). Classification of American Indian languages. Language, 5, 1โ7.
Boas, Franz. (1933). Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 3). Native American legal materials collection, title 1227. Glรผckstadt: J.J. Augustin. (on archive.org)
Bright, William. (1973). North American Indian language contact. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Linguistics in North America (part 1, pp.ย 713โ726). Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hauge: Mouton.
Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. .
Goddard, Ives. (1999). Native languages and language families of North America (rev. and enlarged ed. with additions and corrections). [Map]. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press (Smithsonian Institution). (Updated version of the map in Goddard 1996). .
Goddard, Ives. (2005). The indigenous languages of the southeast. Anthropological Linguistics, 47 (1), 1โ60.
Mithun, Marianne. (1990). Studies of North American Indian Languages. Annual Review of Anthropology, 19(1): 309โ330.
Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (hbk); .
Nater, Hank F. (1984). The Bella Coola Language. Mercury Series; Canadian Ethnology Service (No. 92). Ottawa: National Museums of Canada.
Powell, John W. (1891). Indian linguistic families of America north of Mexico. Seventh annual report, Bureau of American Ethnology (pp.ย 1โ142). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. (Reprinted in P. Holder (Ed.), 1966, Introduction to Handbook of American Indian languages by Franz Boas and Indian linguistic families of America, north of Mexico, by J. W. Powell, Lincoln: University of Nebraska).
Powell, John W. (1915). Linguistic families of American Indians north of Mexico by J. W. Powell, revised by members of the staff of the Bureau of American Ethnology. (Map). Bureau of American Ethnology miscellaneous publication (No. 11). Baltimore: Hoen.
Sebeok, Thomas A. (Ed.). (1973). Linguistics in North America (parts 1 & 2). Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hauge: Mouton. (Reprinted as Sebeok 1976).
Sebeok, Thomas A. (Ed.). (1976). Native languages of the Americas. New York: Plenum.
Sherzer, Joel. (1973). Areal linguistics in North America. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Linguistics in North America (part 2, pp.ย 749โ795). Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hauge: Mouton. (Reprinted in Sebeok 1976).
Sherzer, Joel. (1976). An areal-typological study of American Indian languages north of Mexico. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Sletcher, Michael, 'North American Indians', in Will Kaufman and Heidi Macpherson, eds., Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History, (2 vols., Oxford, 2005).
Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978โpresent). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1โ20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1โ3, 16, 18โ20 not yet published).
Vaas, Rรผdiger: 'Die Sprachen der Ureinwohner'. In: Stoll, Gรผnter, Vaas, Rรผdiger: Spurensuche im Indianerland. Hirzel. Stuttgart 2001, chapter 7.
Voegelin, Carl F.; & Voegelin, Florence M. (1965). Classification of American Indian languages. Languages of the world, Native American fasc. 2, sec. 1.6). Anthropological Linguistics, 7 (7): 121โ150.
Zepeda, Ofelia; Hill, Jane H. (1991). The condition of Native American Languages in the United States. In R. H. Robins & E. M. Uhlenbeck (Eds.), Endangered languages (pp.ย 135โ155). Oxford: Berg.
South America
Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
Fabre, Alain. (1998). "Manual de las lenguas indรญgenas sudamericanas, I-II". Mรผnchen: Lincom Europa.
Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp.ย 13โ67). Austin: University of Texas Press. .
Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp.ย 46โ76). London: Routledge.
Key, Mary R. (1979). The grouping of South American languages. Tรผbingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
Loukotka, ฤestmรญr. (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: Latin American Studies Center, University of California.
Mason, J. Alden. (1950). The languages of South America. In J. Steward (Ed.), Handbook of South American Indians (Vol. 6, pp.ย 157โ317). Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology bulletin (No. 143). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
Migliazza, Ernest C.; & Campbell, Lyle. (1988). Panorama general de las lenguas indรญgenas en Amรฉrica. Historia general de Amรฉrica (Vol. 10). Caracas: Instituto Panamericano de Geografรญa e Historia.
Rodrigues, Aryon. (1986). Linguas brasileiras: Para o conhecimento das linguas indรญgenas. Sรฃo Paulo: Ediรงรตes Loyola.
Rowe, John H. (1954). Linguistics classification problems in South America. In M. B. Emeneau (Ed.), Papers from the symposium on American Indian linguistics (pp.ย 10โ26). University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 10). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Sapir, Edward. (1929). Central and North American languages. In The encyclopรฆdia britannica: A new survey of universal knowledge (14 ed.) (Vol. 5, pp.ย 138โ141). London: The Encyclopรฆdia Britannica Company, Ltd.
Voegelin, Carl F.; & Voegelin, Florence M. (1977). Classification and index of the world's languages. Amsterdam: Elsevier. .
Debian North American Indigenous Languages Project
External links
Catรกlogo de lรญnguas indรญgenas sul-americanas
Diccionario etnolingรผรญstico y guรญa bibliogrรกfica de los pueblos indรญgenas sudamericanos
Towards a general typology of South American indigenous languages. A bibliographical database
South American Languages
Indigenous Peoples Languages: Articles, News, Videos
Documentation Center of the Linguistic Minorities of Panama
The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America
Indigenous Language Institute
The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas (SSILA)
Southern Oregon Digital Archives First Nations Tribal Collection (collection of ethnographic, linguistic, & historical material)
Center for the Study of the Native Languages of the Plains and Southwest
Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica
Programa de Formaciรณn en Educaciรณn Intercultural Bilingรผe para los Paรญses Andinos
Native American Language Center (University of California at Davis)
Native Languages of the Americas
International Journal of American Linguistics
Our Languages (Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre)
Swadesh Lists of Brazilian Native Languages
Alaska Native Language Center
Languages |
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ธ๊ณ ๋ฅด์คํฌ์ 1๊ตฐ์ ํฉ๋ฅํ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ก ์์ด์คํํค ์ ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ ์์ํ์๋ค. ์ฐ์คํธ์นด๋ฉ๋
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2001๋
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์ CSKA ๋ชจ์คํฌ๋ฐ๋ก ์ด์ ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ 2007๋
๊น์ง 4๋
๊ฐ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ์ฐํ๋ฅด๋ CSKA ๋ชจ์คํฌ๋ฐ ์์์ผ๋ก 146๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์๊ณ 54์ ์ ๋์ ํฌ์ธํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. ์ดํ 2007๋
ํ๋ฐ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ผ์์ ๋๋ฅ ํตํฉ ํ๋ก ์์ด์คํํค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ธ ์ฝํฐ๋จํ ํํค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ถ๋ฒ์ ์๋๊ณ ๋ค์ ์คํ๋ฅดํํฌ ๋ชจ์คํฌ๋ฐ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ๋ค. ์ดํ 2010๋
๊น์ง ์คํ๋ฅดํํฌ ๋ชจ์คํฌ๋ฐ์์ ๋ฐ์๊ณ 2010-2011 ์์ฆ๋ถํฐ ์ํ๋ํธ ๋ชจ์คํฌ๋ฐ ์ค๋ธ๋ผ์คํธ์์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ์ฐํ๋ฅด๋ ๊ทธ ์์ฆ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ๋ฆฐ์ปต ๊ฒฐ์น ์ง์ถ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ์ผ๋ ์ด๋ผ๋ฐํธ ์จ๋ผ์ํ ์ฐํ์๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ ค ์ค์ฐ์น์ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ ๋ค. ์ดํ 2012๋
5์์ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ค ์์คํ๋์ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋งบ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ ์์ฆ์ ํ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ด ๋์๋ค. ์ดํ 2015๋
๊น์ง ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ค ์์คํ๋ ์์์ผ๋ก ๋ด ํ 2016๋
์ ์ํดํ๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
1996๋
์ ์นด์ํ์คํ U-20 ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ๋ก ๋ฐํ๋์ด ์ฌ๋ก๋ฒ ๋์์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ 1996๋
์ธ๊ณ ์ฃผ๋์ด ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ Cํ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์๊ณ ๋ํ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ์ฌ Bํ ์น๊ฒฉ์ ๋์๋ค. 1997๋
์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ธ๊ณ ์ฃผ๋์ด ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ Bํ์๋ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ฌ ์นด์ํ์คํ์ ๋ฌดํจ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ฉฐ Aํ ์น๊ฒฉ์ ๋์๋ค. ์ดํ 1998๋
์ ํ๋๋์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ธ๊ณ ์ฃผ๋์ด ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ฌ 7๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 1๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์๋ค. ์นด์ํ์คํ์ ๋ํ 7์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ฌ ์๋ฅ์ ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋ค.
์ดํ 1999๋
2์์ ์นด์ํ์คํ ์ฑ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ๋ฐํ๋์ด ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ฐ์๋์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ 1999๋
๋๊ณ ์์์ ๊ฒ์์ ํตํด ์ฑ์ธ ๋ํํ ๋ฐ๋ท๋ฅผ ํ์๋ค. ์ด ๋ํ์์ ์นด์ํ์คํ์ ๊ธ๋ฉ๋ฌ์ ํ๋ํ์๋ค. 4์์๋ ๋ด๋งํฌ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ธ๊ณ ์์ด์คํํค ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ B๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ์นด์ํ์คํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ๋ก ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ฌ ์ธ๊ณ ์ ์๊ถ๋ํ ๋ฐ๋ท๋ฅผ ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ด ๋ํ์์ 7๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 6๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ๋ ํ์ฝ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ดํ 2000๋
์ ํ๋์ค์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ 2000๋
์ธ๊ณ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ B๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์๋ค. 4๋
ํ์ธ 2004๋
์ ๋ค์ ๋ํํ์ ์์ง์ ๋ฐ๊ณ 4์์ ์ฒด์ฝ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ธ๊ณ ์์ด์คํํค ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์๊ณ ์ด๋ฌ ํด 4์์ ์ค์คํธ๋ฆฌ์์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ธ๊ณ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์๋ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ์ดํ 2006๋
์ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์ ํ ๋ฆฌ๋
ธ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ 2006๋
๋๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ์ ์นด์ํ์คํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ๋ถ์ฃผ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 5๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ์ค์จ๋ด์ ์์ ์ด์์คํธ 1๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ์ดํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ๋ฐํ๋์ง ์๋ค๊ฐ 2011๋
์ ์๊ตญ ์นด์ํ์คํ์ ์์คํ๋์ ์๋งํฐ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋๊ณ ์์์ ๊ฒ์์ ํตํด ๋ณต๊ทํ์ฌ ์๊ตญ์ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ดํ ๊ทธ ํด 4์์ ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ธ๊ณ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ๋๋น์ 1 B๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์๊ณ ํ์ ์น๊ฒฉ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. 2012๋
5์์๋ ํ๋๋์ ์ค์จ๋ด์์ ๊ณต๋์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ตํ ์ธ๊ณ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์ ๋ํํ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์์ผ๋ ํ์ ์ตํ์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ฌ ๋ค์ ๋๋น์ 1๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฑ๋์๋ค. ์ดํ 2013๋
์๋ 2014๋
๋๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์์ ๊ณผ ํ๊ฐ๋ฆฌ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ธ๊ณ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ๋๋น์ 1 A๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ฌ ์ฐ์น์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค. 2014๋
5์์ ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋ฃจ์ค์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ธ๊ณ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์์๋ ๋ถ์ฃผ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๊ณ ๋ํ ์ตํ์์ธ 16์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
์์
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ
์์์ ๊ฒ์ ๊ธ๋ฉ๋ฌ (1999, 2011)
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๋๋ฏธํธ๋ฆฌ ์ฐํ๋ฅด - Sports Reference.com
1978๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
20์ธ๊ธฐ ์นด์ํ์คํ ์ฌ๋
21์ธ๊ธฐ ์นด์ํ์คํ ์ฌ๋
์นด์ํ์คํ์ ๋จ์ ์์ด์คํํค ์ ์
์ํฌ ๋ฐ๋ฅด์ค ์นด์ ์ ์
์นด์ํ์คํ ์์ด์คํํค ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
์นด์ํ์คํ์ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์์ด์คํํค ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2006๋
๋๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์์ด์คํํค ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
์นด์ํ์คํ์ ์์์ ๊ฒ์ ๊ธ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
1999๋
๋๊ณ ์์์ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
2011๋
๋๊ณ ์์์ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
์์์ ๊ฒ์ ์์ด์คํํค ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
์นด์ํ์คํ์ ์์์ ๊ฒ์ ์์ด์คํํค ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
1999๋
๋๊ณ ์์์ ๊ฒ์ ์์ด์คํํค ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2011๋
๋๊ณ ์์์ ๊ฒ์ ์์ด์คํํค ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
์ธ์ค์ผ๋ฉ ์ถ์
๋ฌ์์๊ณ ์นด์ํ์คํ์ธ
๋ฌ์์๋ก ๊ทํํ ์ฌ๋
๋ฌ์์์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ์นด์ํ์คํ์ธ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri%20Upper | Dmitri Upper | Dmitri Sergeyevich Upper (; born July 27, 1978) is a Kazakhstani former professional ice hockey center. He also holds Russian citizenship.
Career
Upper was selected by the New York Islanders in the 5th round (136th overall) of the 2000 NHL Entry Draft, after scoring 20 points and 50 penalty minutes in his first season in the Russian Superleague with Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod. He was traded to Ak Bars Kazan midway through the 2000โ01 season, and joined Spartak Moscow the following year. He had a career high 16 goals, as well as 76 penalty minutes in his first year with the club. He played four seasons with CSKA Moscow, scoring 27 points in 2005โ06, before rejoining Spartak Moscow in 2007. He was named team captain in 2009, and had 30 points that season, but was traded to Atlant Moscow Oblast in the 2010 offseason. Injuries limited his productivity in his first season with the team. In 2012, he joined Kazakhstan team Barys Astana.
International career
Upper has represented his native Kazakhstan in multiple tournaments, including the 1996 and 1997 IIHF World U20 Championship, the Ice Hockey World Championships in 2004, 2005 and 2011, and the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
References
External links
1978 births
Ak Bars Kazan players
Barys Astana captains
Barys Nur-Sultan players
Expatriate ice hockey players in Russia
Atlant Moscow Oblast players
HC CSKA Moscow players
HC Spartak Moscow players
Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Kazakhstani ice hockey centres
Kazakhstani people of German descent
Kazzinc-Torpedo players
Living people
New York Islanders draft picks
Olympic ice hockey players for Kazakhstan
Ice hockey people from Oskemen
Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod players
Asian Games gold medalists for Kazakhstan
Medalists at the 1999 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2011 Asian Winter Games
Ice hockey players at the 1999 Asian Winter Games
Ice hockey players at the 2011 Asian Winter Games
Asian Games medalists in ice hockey |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%90%EB%A0%88%EC%96%B4 | ์๋ ์ด | ์๋ ์ด(Yรฉlรฎ Dnye)๋ ํํธ์๋ด๊ธฐ๋์ ๋๋ถ ๋์์ ์์ํ๋ ๋ฃจ์ด์ง์๋ ์ ๋์ ๋์ชฝ ๋ ์ฌ์ธ ๋ก์
์ฌ์์ ์ฐ์ด๋ ์ธ์ด์ด๋ค. 1998๋
์ ์ฝ 4,000๋ช
์ ํ์๊ฐ ์์๋๋ฐ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์๋ ์๋ ์กฑ ์ ์ฒด๊ฐ ํฌํจ๋๋ค. ํ์ฌ๋ก์๋ ๊ณํต์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅํ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ต์ ์ด๋ค. ์๋ ์ด๋ ๊ณํต์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ด๋ธ๋ฆฌํผ์ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์ด(์ ์ ์ ์ธ ์๋ -์๋ด๋ธ๋ฆฌํผ์ฌ ์ ์ด์ ์ํ๋)์ธ ์๋ด์ด(Anรชm)์ ์ํ์ด(Ata)์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์๋ ์๋ ์ ์ ์ ์ธ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์ด, ๊ทธ๋ ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ค์ธ์๋์ ์ด์กฑ์ ํํธ์ํ ์ ์ด์ ์ํ๋ ์๋ฐ์คํธ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅ๋์ด ์๋ค. ์ ํ๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ด๋ธ๋ฆฌํผ์ฌ์ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์ด๋ณด๋ค ๋จ๋ถ ๋ด๊ธฐ๋์ ์ค์ธ์๋์ ์ ์ด์ ๋ ์ ์ฌํ๋ค.
์๋ ์ด๋ ์ธ์ง์ธ์ดํ์๊ฐ ๊ด๋ฒ์ํ๊ฒ ์ฐ๊ตฌํด ์๋ค. ์๋ ์ด์๋ ๋ค์ํ ๊ณต๊ฐ ํ์น์ฌ๊ฐ ์๊ณ ์์ด์ on์ ๋์ํ๋ ํ์น์ฌ๋ ์ดํ ๊ฐ๋ ์๋๋ฐ, ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ ํ์์(์ํ), ๋ฒฝ์(์์ง), ๋พฐ์กฑํ ๊ฒ ๋์ ์๋์ง, ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ถ์ด ์๋์ง ์๋์ง, ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ ๋จ๋จํ ๊ณ ์ฒด์ธ์ง ์๊ฐฑ์ด(๋ถ์ฐ)์ธ์ง์ ๊ฐ์ ์์ธ๋ค์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ์น์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค.
Stebbins(2018)๋ ์๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์ด๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅํ์๋ค. ์ค์คํธ๋ก๋ค์์ ์ด์กฑ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์ ์ด๊ณผ ํ์ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ธํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด์๋ค.
์์ด
์๋ ์ด์๋ ๋
ํนํ๊ฒ ์ด์ค ์กฐ์ ์์์ด ํ๋ถํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์์์ด ์๋ ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ธ์ด์์, ์ด ์์๋ค์ ์์์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ์, ์ฆ ใ
๊ณผ ใฑ์ ๋์์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๋์์ ์์๊ณผ ์ค๋ฐฐ๋ก ์กฐ์๋๋ค. ์๋ ์ด๋ง์ด ์ด์ค์ ์ผ๋ก ์กฐ์๋๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์น๋ฅผ ๋์กฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค. ์ฆ ์๋ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ ์์-์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ธ์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์์-์น๊ฒฝ ์์น(์ค๋จ์/์น์๊ณผ ์ค์ฒจ์/ํ์น๊ฒฝ์)๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณํ๋ค.
๋ ๊ฐ์ง์ ํ๋ ์กฐ์์ (1) ์ค๋จ์์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฝ๊ฐ ์ ์น๊ฒฝ์ ์ด์ด์ ๋๋๋ก tสธ, nสธ ๋ฑ(์น์น๊ฒฝ์์ ๋ณด๋ผ)์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฌ๋๊ณ , (2) ์ค์ฒจ์์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฝ๊ฐ ํ์น๊ฒฝ์ ์ด์ด์ ๋๋๋ก แนญ, แน ๋ฑ, ส, ษณ ๋ฑ, ๋จ์ํ t, n ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฌ๋๋ค.
๋ ๊ฐ์ง์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ด์ค ์กฐ์ ์์์ผ๋ก lvรกmรช(์งํก์ด์ ์ผ์ข
)์ ์ ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์๋ ์ด์ w๋ ์์์น์ ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ค ์ด์ค ์กฐ์ ์์์ ์์์ํ์ ๊ตฌ๋ณ๋๋ค(SIL 1992/2004). ๋ง์ ์กฐ์์ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ์ํ๋ ์๋ ์๋ค. ํ์ด์์ ์ ๋น์ํ๋๊ฑฐ๋ (์๋ง๋ ๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ๋ฉด) ํ๋น์ํ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ์์ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์ ๊ฐ์ ์์์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ์๊ณผ ์์์น๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ์์์ํ๋๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ๊ฐ์ํ๋ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ผ๋ง๋ ๋ง์์ง๋ ๋ถ๋ช
ํ์ง ์๋ค. ์ด๋ค ์กฐ์์ด ์ ๋น์ํ๋๊ฑฐ๋ ๋น๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ๋๋ฐํ๋์ง๋ ๋ถ๋ช
ํ์ง ์์ง๋ง, ์์ ์ธ๊ธ๋ ๊ฒ๋ค์ ์ฐจ์นํ๋ฉด ๋ SIL(1992/2004)์ ์ธ๊ธ๋์๋ค.
๊ตฌ๊ฐ ํ์ด์ (์ฆ, ์น์ ์ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ )์ ๋ชจ์ ์ฌ์ด์์์ ์ ๋น์ํ๋์์ ๋ ์ ์ฑ์ํ๋๋ค. ๋์๊ฐ (ํ)์น๊ฒฝ์์ ๋ชจ์ ์ฌ์ด์์ (๋ช
๋ฐฑํ ์น์์ธ) ํ์ค์ ๋ก ๊ฐ์ ๋๋ค. ๊ตฌ๊ฐ์ํ๋ ์น๊ฒฝ ํ์ด์์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ (๋๋ ) and ์ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ง์ฐฐ์์ด๋ ํ์ฐฐ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์๋์ง๋ง, SIL(1992/2004)๋ ์ด๋ค ์ค ์ด๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ๋ ๋ชจ์๋๋ค.
์๋ ์ด์๋ ๋ชจ์๋ ๋ง์๋ฐ, ํ์ ํ๊ฒ ๋ง์ ์์ ๋ชจ์์ด ๋น์ํ๋๋ค.
(์ค์ ๋น๋ชจ์๊ณผ ์ค๊ณ ๋น๋ชจ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ตฌ๋ณ์ ์๋นํ ํ์น ์์๋ฐ, SIL(1992/2004)๋ ์ค๊ณ ๋ชจ์์ ์๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ์ง ์๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์ ์๋ ์ ์ํ์ง ๋ชปํ์๋ค.)
๋ชจ์์ ๊ธธ๊ฑฐ๋ ์งง์ ์ ์๋ค. SIL(1992/2004)๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์ ์ฐ์๋ฅผ ์ด์ค๋ชจ์๋ณด๋ค ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํด์ํ์๋ค.
๋ชจ์์ด ๊ธธ๊ฑฐ๋ ์งง์ ์ ์์์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ฉด, ์๋ ์ด ์์ ์ ๋ฐ๋์ ๋ชจ์์ด๋ ์์-๋ชจ์ ํ์ ์ค ํ๋์ด๊ณ , ์ ์์๋ ๋ง ๋ํ๋๋ค.
ํ๊ธฐ
๋ณตํฉ ์์์ ์ํ ๋ค์ค์์๊ฐ ์ธ์ ๋ ํฌ๋ช
ํ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ค. ์์-์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์์๊ณผ ์์-์น๊ฒฝ ์์์ kp, dp, tp, ngm, nm, ลm, lv์ ๊ฐ์ด ์์์์ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ์ ๋๋ค. ์ ๋น์ํ๋ ๋ mb๋ก ์ ์ง๋ง ์ ๋ nd ์ ng ์ ๊ตฌ๋ณ๋๋๋ก nt์ nk๋ก ์ ๋๋ค. ์ ๋น์ํ๋ ํ์ด์์ ์ด์ค ์กฐ์๋๋ ํ์ด์์ ํฌํจํ์ฌ ์ ๋ md ๋ mg ์ ๊ฐ์ด ์์์์ผ ๋์๋ m์ ๋ํ์ฌ ์ ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ธ์๋ n์ ๋ํ์ฌ ์ ๋๋ค. ๋น๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ dny , kn , dm , km ์์์ฒ๋ผ n์ด๋ m์ผ๋ก ์ ๋๋ค. ์์์ํ๋ w๋ก ์ ๊ณ , ๊ตฌ๊ฐ์ํ๋ y๋ก ์ ๋๋ฐ ์์ธ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ ch๋ก ์ ๊ณ ๋ nj๋ก ์ ๋๋ค(ch์ nj๊ฐ ์น๊ฒฝ์์ธ์ง (ํ)์น๊ฒฝ์์ธ์ง๋ ๋ถ๋ช
ํ์ง ์๋ค).
๋ชจ์ ์ค์์๋ a์ u๋ง ์ด๋์ ์ฌ ์ ์๋ค. ์ฅ๋ชจ์์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ชจ์์๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ฒ ์ ๊ณ , ๋น๋ชจ์์ ๋ชจ์์ ๋น์์ฑ์ด ๋์กฐ์ ์ด์ง ์์ ๋น์์(๋๋ ๋น๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ?) ๋ค์ ๋จ๋ชจ์์ ์ ์ธํ๋ฉด ์ฝ๋ก ์ ์์ธ์์ ์ ๋๋ค(๋ฅผ :a๋ก).
๋๋ช
์ฌ
์๋ ์ด์๋ ์๋ฆฝ ๋๋ช
์ฌ์ ์์ ๋๋ช
์ฌ์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ๋๋ช
์ฌ๊ฐ ์๋ค.
{| class=wikitable
|-
| ๋ || || ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ || || ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ||
|-
| ๋ || || ๋ํฌ ๋ || || ๋ํฌ || |-
| ๊ทธ || || colspan=2| || ๊ทธ๋ค ||
|}
์ํ ํ
์คํธ
Kiye w:รขรข u pi Peetuuki, ka kwo, Doongรช. Nรช kuu. Daa a w:รขรข. Nkal u w:รขรข. Nkal ngรช yinรช kaa ngรช. W:รขรข dono. Pi yilรฎ u te. U nuu u pi da tรณรณ. Pi u lama daa tรณรณ. M:iituwo Yidika, Mรฉpรฉ tp:oo mรฎ kiye ngรช. Daantรฉ. Mรฉpรฉ dono ngรช pyodo. Apรช, W:รขรข mbwรกmรช nรฎnรช chรขpwo. Nkal ngรช kwo, "Up:o" . W:รขรข mรฎ mbรชpรช wo, chii mรชnรช. Mรฉpรฉ ngรช w:รขรข mbwรกmรช mรชdรฎpรช chรขpwo. Awรชde ka kwo, Doongรช. Pi maa daa t:a. A danรชmbum u dรฎ.
"๊ทธ ์ฌ๋์ด ๊ฐ๋ "Peetuuki"๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋๋ฐ Doongรช์ ์ฐ๋ค. ๋์๋ ์๋ฌด ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์๋ค. ๋ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์๋๋ค. Nkal์ ๊ฐ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ ํค์ ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฐ๋ ๋์ ๊ฐ์ด๋ค. ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ฌธ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ข์ํ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์๋ค. ์ต๊ทผ์๋ Mรฉpรฉ์ ์๋ค์ธ Yidika๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์๋ค. ์ ๋ง ์ธ๊ฒ ๋ฌผ์๋ค. Mรฉpรฉ๋ ๋๋ฌด ํ๊ฐ ๋์ '๊ทธ ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ผ๊ฑฐ์ผ.'๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ค๋ถ ์์ผ๋ก ๋๋ง๊ฐ์ Mรฉpรฉ๋ ์ฃฝ์ผ ์ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋์ ์ง๊ธ๋ ์ฌ์ ํ Doongรช์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ทธ ๊ทผ์ฒ๋ฅผ ์ง๋๋ ์์ ํ ๊ธธ์ด ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒ ๋ด ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ์ ๋์ด๋ค." (SIL 1992/2004)
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
James E. Henderson, 1995. Phonology and grammar of Yele, Papua New Guinea. Pacific Linguistics B-112. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Peter Ladefoged & Ian Maddieson, 1996. The sounds of the worldโs languages. Oxford: Blackwells.
Stephen C. Levinson, 2003. Space in Language and Cognition: Explorations in Cognitive Diversity.'' Cambridge University Press.
Phonology sketch from SIL, 1992/2004
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
Paradisec has multiple collections with Yele materials, including two collections of Arthur Cappell's materials (AC1, AC2).
ํํธ์ ์ ์ด
ํํธ์๋ด๊ธฐ๋์ ์ธ์ด | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yele%20language | Yele language | The Yele language, or (), is the language of Rossel Island, the easternmost island in the Louisiade Archipelago off the eastern tip of Papua New Guinea. There were some 4,000 speakers in 1998, comprising the entire ethnic population. The language remains unclassified by linguists.
Classification
For now, the language is best considered unclassified. It has been classified as a tentative language isolate that may turn out to be related to the Anรชm and Ata language isolates of New Britain (in a tentative Yele โ West New Britain family). Typologically it is more similar to the Oceanic languages of southern New Guinea than to the isolates of New Britain. Word order tends to be subjectโobjectโverb (SOV; verb-final).
Stebbins et al. (2018) classifies Yรฉlรฎ Dnye as an isolate. They explain similarities with Austronesian as being due to contact and diffusion.
Phonology
Yele has a uniquely rich set of doubly articulated consonants. In nearly all the languages of the world which have them, these are labialโvelar consonantsโthat is, they are pronounced simultaneously with the lips and the back of the tongue, such as a simultaneous p and k. Only Yele is known to contrast other doubly articulated positions: besides labialโvelar, it has two distinct labialโalveolar positions (laminal/dental and apical/postalveolar), as illustrated below.
The two coronal articulations are (1) laminal/dental and slightly pre-alveolar, sometimes transcribed tสธ, nสธ, etc. (see denti-alveolar consonant), and (2) apical and slightly post-alveolar, sometimes transcribed แนญ, แน etc., ส, ษณ, etc., or simply t, n, etc.
There are two other doubly articulated consonants, as in (a type of cane) and . The Yele w is labialโdental , which may be also transcribed in some sources as []. These doubly articulated consonants contrast with labialization (SIL 1992/2004). Many articulations may also be palatalized. Stops may be either pre- or (except perhaps for ) post-nasalized. The consonant inventory includes the following:
It is not clear how many of the labialโvelar and labialโalveolar consonants such as may also be labialized or palatalized. Nor is it clear how many of these articulations occur prenasalized or with nasal release, but besides those noted above, the following are noted in SIL 1992/2004: .
The oral stops (that is, apart from dental ) are voiced between vowels and when prenasalized. The (post-)alveolar is further reduced to an (apparently dental) flap between vowels. Some of the palatalized alveolar stops are pronounced as fricatives or affricates, such as (or perhaps ) and (or perhaps ), but SIL (1992/2004) contradicts itself as to which these are.
Yele also has many vowels, a noteworthy number of which are nasalized:
(The distinction between open-mid and close-mid nasal vowels is rather unusual, and SIL (1992/2004) provides no examples of the close-mid vowels. They also fail to provide an example of .)
Vowels may occur long or short. SIL (1992/2004) interprets other vowel sequences as being separated by rather than as diphthongs.
Given that vowels may be long or short, Yele syllables may only be of the form V or CV, and in the former case, apparently only or .
Orthography
The multigraphs for complex consonants are not always transparent. The labial-velar and labial-alveolar consonants are written with the labial second: kp, dp, tp, ngm, nm, ลm, lv. Prenasalized is written mb, but and are written nt and nk to distinguish them from nd and ng . Prenasalized stops are written with an m when labial, including doubly articulated stops, as with md or mg , and with n otherwise. Nasal release is likewise written n or m, as in dny , kn , dm , km . Labialization is written w, and palatalization y, apart from ch for and nj for (it is not clear if ch and nj are dental or (post-)alveolar).
Of the vowels, only a and u occur initially. Long vowels are written doubled, and nasal vowels with a preceding colon (๊a for ), except for short vowels after a nasal consonant (or a nasal release?), where vowel nasality is not contrastive.
Grammar
Yele has been studied extensively by cognitive linguists. It has an extensive set of spatial postpositions. Yele has eleven postpositions equivalent to English on; using different ones depending factors such as whether the object is on a table (horizontal), a wall (vertical), or atop a peak; whether or not it is attached to the surface; and whether it is solid or granular (distributed).
Pronouns
Yele has a set of free pronouns and a set of bound possessive pronouns.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Singular
! colspan="2" |Dual
! colspan="2" |Plural
|-
!English
!Yele
!English
!Yele
!English
!Yele
|-
! rowspan="2" |1st person
!free
| rowspan="2" | I || || rowspan="2" | we two || || rowspan="2" | we ||
|-
!bound
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |2nd person
!free
| rowspan="2" | thou || || rowspan="2" | you two || || rowspan="2" | you ||
|-
!bound
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |3rd person
!free
| rowspan="2" | he/she || โ || rowspan="2" |they two
| rowspan="2" |โ|| rowspan="2" | they ||
|-
!bound
|
|
|}
Taboos and special registers
There are three different types of taboos present in Yรฉlรฎ Dnye: vocabulary avoided by women, vocabulary avoided when in the presence of in-laws and vocabulary related to sacred places. However, since the language has fallen into disuse, many of these language changes are no longer used.
Additionally, special registers and terms are used when discussing shell money (), at a mortuary feast () and during songs.
Women's language
As a form of women's speech, women avoid certain words, especially those related to the sea. Instead, other words are substituted.
In-laws
Since great respect is shown to in-laws on Rossel Island, speakers of Yรฉlรฎ Dnye will not say their in-laws' names, will only speak of each in-law using the polite third-person plural pronoun , and will replace certain words when speaking near them. While the alternative vocabulary is mostly no longer used, the name and pronoun taboos are still observed.
Most of the taboo words are body parts, clothing or carried possessions. Not all body words are replaced, however: for example, 'neck', 'Adam's apple' and 'stomach' retain their everyday forms.
Vocabulary
Selected basic vocabulary items in Yรฉlรฎ Dnye:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Yรฉlรฎ Dnye
|-
| bird || ;
|-
| blood ||
|-
| bone ||
|-
| breast ||
|-
| ear ||
|-
| eat ||
|-
| egg ||
|-
| eye ||
|-
| fire || ;
|-
| give ||
|-
| go || ; ;
|-
| ground || ;
|-
| hair ||
|-
| head ||
|-
| leg ||
|-
| louse ||
|-
| man ||
|-
| moon ||
|-
| name ||
|-
| one ||
|-
| road, path ||
|-
| see ||
|-
| sky || ;
|-
| stone ||
|-
| sun ||
|-
| tongue ||
|-
| tooth ||
|-
| tree ||
|-
| two ||
|-
| water || ;
|-
| woman || ;
|}
Sample text
Yรฉlรฎ Dnye:
Yรฉlรฎ Dnye in the International Phonetic Alphabet:
Translation:
The savage dog is called "Peetuuki", and he lives at Doongรช. It's nothing to do with me. It's not my dog. It's Nkal's dog. He raised it. It's a bad dog. It bites everyone. It doesn't like anyone. Recently it bit Mรฉpรฉ's son, Yidika. It really bit him hard. Mรฉpรฉ became very angry, and said, 'I'm going to kill that dog'. The dog ran away into the bush, so Mรฉpรฉ could not kill it. So now it's still there at Doongรช, so there's not a safe road through there. That's the end of my story.
(SIL 1992/2004)
References
Bibliography
James E. Henderson, 1995. Phonology and grammar of Yele, Papua New Guinea. Pacific Linguistics B-112. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Peter Ladefoged & Ian Maddieson, 1996. The sounds of the worldโs languages. Oxford: Blackwells.
Stephen C. Levinson, 2003. Space in Language and Cognition: Explorations in Cognitive Diversity. Cambridge University Press.
Phonology sketch from SIL, 1992/2004
External links
Paradisec has multiple collections with Yele materials, including two collections of Arthur Cappell's materials (AC1, AC2).
The World Atlas of Language Structures lists 44 typological features of "Yelรฎ Dnye" based on from James Henderson's 1975 and 1995 grammars of the language. https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_yel
YeleโWest New Britain languages
Language isolates of New Guinea
Languages of Milne Bay Province
Nuclear Papuan Tip languages |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%A5%B4%EB%B0%9C%EC%96%B4 | ์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด | ์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด(Dyirbal)๋ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ํธ์ฆ๋๋์ฃผ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ธ ์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์ธ์ด์ด๋ค. ํ๋ง๋์์ด์กฑ์ ์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ดํ์ ์ํ๋ค.
๋ฐฉ์ธ
์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด๋ ๋ง๋ฌด(Mamu) ๋ถ์กฑ, ์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ(Dyirbal) ๋ถ์กฑ, ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋ง์ด(Giramay) ๋ถ์กฑ์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. ๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์ธ์ด๋ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ ๋์ผํ๊ณ ์ดํ๋ฅผ 70% ์ด์ ๊ณต์ ํ๋ฏ๋ก โ์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ดโ๋ผ๋ ๋จ์ผํ ์ธ์ด์ ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ผ๋ก ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค. ์์ผ๋ก์ ์ค๋ช
์ ํน๋ณํ ์ธ๊ธ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ํ๋ค.
์์ด๋ก
์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด์ ํ์ด์ยท๋น์ ์กฐ์ ์์น๋ 4๊ฐ๋ก, ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์ด์ 6๊ฐ๋ณด๋ค ์ ๋ค. ์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด์๋ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ์ด์ ํํ ๋ํ๋๋ ์น์ยท์น๊ฒฝ์ยท๊ถ์ค์ ๋๋ฆฝ์ด ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ์ด์ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ์ ์ฑ์๊ณผ ๋ฌด์ฑ์์ ๋๋ฆฝ์ด ์๋ค. ์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด ๊ณต์ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์์๋ ํ์ด์์ ํ๊ธฐํ ๋ b, d, g์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ฑ์ ๊ธ์๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค.
์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด์ ๋ชจ์ ์ฒด๊ณ๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ด 3๊ฐ์ ๋ชจ์ , , ์ผ๋ก ๋์ด ์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ธ๋ ๋จ์ด์ ์ฒซ ์์ ์ ์จ๋ค.
ํ์ฌ
์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด์๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ํ์ฌ๊ฐ ์๋ค.
๋ช
์ฌ๋ฅ
๋ช
์ฌ
ํ์ฉ์ฌ
๋๋ช
์ฌ
๋์ฌ๋ฅ
๋์ฌ
๋ถ๋์ฌ()
์๊ฐ์์์ด
๋ถ๋ณํ์ฌ
๊ฐํ์ฌ
ํ์ฉ์ฌ๋ ๋ช
์ฌ์ ๋๊ฐ์ด ๊ตด์ ํ๋ค. ํ์ฉ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ช
์ฌ๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ฏ ๋ถ๋์ฌ๋ ๋์ฌ๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ฉฐ ๋์ฌ์ ๋๊ฐ์ด ๊ตด์ ํ๋ค.
๋ช
์ฌ๋ฅ
๋ช
์ฌ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ช
์ฌ์ ๋ช
์ฌํ์ง๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ฉฐ ํ๋ ์ด์์ ํ์ฉ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ฐ ์์๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์๋ต ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค. ๋ช
์ฌ์ ํ์ฉ์ฌ๋ ๋๊ฐ์ด ๊ตด์ ํ๊ณ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋๊ฐ์ ํต์ฌ๋ก ์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ํ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ช
์ฌ๋ ํ๋์ ๋ช
์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅ์ ์ํ๋ฏ๋ก ํ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ๋ช
์ฌํ์งํ๊ณ ๋ง ํจ๊ป ๋ํ๋์ง๋ง, ํ์ฉ์ฌ๋ ๋ช
์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅ์ ์ํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ๋ชจ๋ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ๋ช
์ฌํ์ง์ ํจ๊ป ๋ํ๋ ์ ์๋ค๋ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์๋ค.
๊ฒฉ
๋ช
์ฌ์ ํ์ฉ์ฌ๋ ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋๊ฐ์ด ๊ตด์ ํ๋ค. ์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด์๋ 9๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฉ์ด ์๋ค. ๊ฒฉ์ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ๋ก ํ์๋๋ฉฐ ์ด ์ค 5๊ฐ๋ ์ด๊ฐ์ ๋ชจ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํํ๊ฐ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ค.
์ ๋๊ฒฉ: ์ด๊ฐ ์์ฒด
๋ฅ๊ฒฉ:
-ลgu: ์ด๊ฐ์ด 2์์ ์ด๊ณ ๋ชจ์์ผ๋ก ๋๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ
-gu: ์ด๊ฐ์ด 3์์ ์ด์์ด๊ณ ๋ชจ์์ผ๋ก ๋๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ
๊ฐ์ ์กฐ์ ์์น์ ํ์ด์ + -u: ์ด๊ฐ์ด ๋น์ ๋๋ -j๋ก ๋๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ
์ด๊ฐ๋ง ์์ ์ญ์ ํ -ษปu: ์ด๊ฐ์ด -l, -r, -ษป๋ก ๋๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ
๋๊ตฌ๊ฒฉ: ๋ฅ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์. (๋ฅ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๋๊ตฌ๊ฒฉ์ ํต์ฌ๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ณ๋จ.)
๋จ์์๊ฒฉ: ์ด๊ฐ์ด ๋น์์ผ๋ก ๋๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ -u, ๊ทธ๋ ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด -ลu
์ฒ๊ฒฉ: ๋ฅ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ง๋ง ๋ชจ์ u ๋์ ์ a๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉ
์ผ๋ฐ์๊ฒฉ: -mi
์ฌ๊ฒฉ: -gu
ํฅ๊ฒฉ: -gu (๋ช
์ฌ์ ํ์ฉ์ฌ์ ์ฌ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ํฅ๊ฒฉ์ ํํ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ง๋ง, ๋ช
์ฌํ์ง์ ๋์ฌํ์ง์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ๋์ด ๋ค๋ฆ. ์ฌ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ํฅ๊ฒฉ์ ํต์ฌ๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๊ตฌ๋ณ๋จ.)
ํ๊ฒฉ: -ลunu
๊ณ ์ ๋ช
์ฌ์ ์ฌ๋์ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํค๋ ๋ช๋ช ์ผ๋ฐ๋ช
์ฌ๋ ํ๋์ฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด์ผ ๋ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ -ษฒa๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ๋ช
์ฌ๋ค์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ฌ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ฒ๊ฒฉ์ -ษฒa-๊ฐ ๋ถ์ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, -ษฒa- ๋ค์ ์ฌ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ฒ๊ฒฉ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ -ngu, -ลga๊ฐ ๋๋ค. ๋จ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ธ burbula๋ฅผ ์๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฉด:
์ ๋๊ฒฉ(์๋์ฌ์ ์ฃผ์ด): burbula
์ ๋๊ฒฉ(ํ๋์ฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด): burbula ๋๋ burbulaษฒa
์ฌ๊ฒฉ: burbulagu ๋๋ burbulaษฒangu
์ฒ๊ฒฉ: burbulaga ๋๋ burbulaษฒaลga
๋ช
์ฌํ์ง
์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด์๋ 4๊ฐ์ ๋ช
์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๋ช
์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅ๋ ์ฃผ๋ก ์๋ฏธ๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ํด์ง๋ค.
I ๋ถ๋ฅ - ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ ์ ๋ช
์ฌ, ๋จ์
II ๋ถ๋ฅ - ์ฌ์, ๋ฌผ, ๋ถ, ํญ๋ ฅ, ํน๋ณํ ๋๋ฌผ
III ๋ถ๋ฅ - ์์ฉ ๊ณผ์ผ๊ณผ ์ฑ์
IV ๋ถ๋ฅ - ๊ธฐํ (์ ์ธ ๋ถ๋ฅ์ ํฌํจ๋์ง ์๋ ๋ช
์ฌ๋ค)
์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด ๋ช
์ฌ๋ โ๋ช
์ฌํ์งโ์ ํจ๊ป ๋ํ๋๋ค. ๋ช
์ฌํ์ง๋ ๋ช
์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ฅ์ ๊ฒฉ์ ์ผ์นํ๊ณ ๋ช
์ฌ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํค๋ ๋์์ ์์น๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด ์ฃผ๋ ๋จ์ด์ด๋ค. ์์น์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ธ ์ข
๋ฅ๊ฐ ์๋ค.
bala-: ๋ช
์ฌ์ ์ง์์ฒด๊ฐ ๋์ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ ๋ฉ๋ฆฌ ์์. (์ง์์ฒด๊ฐ ๋์ ๋ณด์ด๋์ง, ๊ฐ๊น์ด์ง ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด๊ณ ์ถ์ง ์์ ๋์๋ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ช
์ฌํ์ง)
yala-: ๋ช
์ฌ์ ์ง์์ฒด๊ฐ ๋์ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ์์.
ลala-: ๋ช
์ฌ์ ์ง์์ฒด๊ฐ ๋์ ๋ณด์ด์ง ์์.
ลala-์ ๊ตด์ ์ bala-์์ b๋ฅผ ล์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊พผ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค. ๋ค์์ I ๋ถ๋ฅ ๋ช
์ฌ์ธ yaษปa โ๋จ์โ๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ ์๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
bayi yaษปa miyandaษฒu. (์ ) ๋จ์๊ฐ ์๋๋ค.
giyi yaษปa miyandaษฒu. ์ด ๋จ์๊ฐ ์๋๋ค.
ลayi yaษปa miyandaษฒu. (๋ค๋ฆฌ์ง๋ง ๋ณด์ด์ง ์๋) ๋จ์๊ฐ ์๋๋ค.
ํฅ๊ฒฉ, ์ฒ๊ฒฉ, ํ๊ฒฉ ๋ช
์ฌ๋ ๋ช
์ฌํ์ง์ ํจ๊ป ๋ํ๋์ง ์๋๋ค.
๋๋ช
์ฌ
์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด ๋ช
์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ฅ๊ฒฉ-์ ๋๊ฒฉ ์ฒด๊ณ์ธ ๋ฐ ๋ฐํด, ๋๋ช
์ฌ๋ ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ-๋๊ฒฉ ์ฒด๊ณ์ด๋ค. ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋ง์ด ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ ๋จ์ ๋๋ช
์ฌ์์๋ ์ผ๋ถ๋ฒ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ๋ ๋ํ๋๋ค.
๋ง๋ฌด ๋ฐฉ์ธ์๋ โ์์ ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์โ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํค๋ ๋๋ช
์ฌ๊ฐ ์ถ๊ฐ๋ก ์กด์ฌํ๋ค.
3์ธ์นญ ๋๋ช
์ฌ๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์๊ฒฉ, ์ฒ๊ฒฉ, ํฅ๊ฒฉ, ํ๊ฒฉ ๋๋ช
์ฌ๋ ๋ฐ๋ก ์๋ค.
๋์ฌ๋ฅ
๋ช
์ฌ๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ ํ์ฉ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ช
์ฌ์ ๋๊ฐ์ด ๊ตด์ ํ๋ฏ์ด, ๋์ฌ๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ ๋ถ๋์ฌ๋ ๋์ฌ์ ๋๊ฐ์ด ๊ตด์ ํ๋ค. ์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด์ ๋์ฌยท๋ถ๋์ฌ ์ด๊ทผ์ ์๋์ฌ์ ํ๋์ฌ๋ก ๋๋๋ค.
๋์ฌ๋ฅ๋ ์ด๊ฐ ๋์ ๋ชจ์์ด -l์ด๋ -y๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ 2๊ฐ์ ๊ตด์ ๋ถ๋ฅ๋ก ๋๋๋ค. ํ๋์ฌ ์ด๊ทผ์ 90%๋ -l ํ์ด๊ณ ์๋์ฌ ์ด๊ทผ์ 80%๋ -y ํ์ด๋ค.
์์
์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด์๋ ๋น(้)๋ฏธ๋์ ๋ฏธ๋์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์์ ๊ฐ ์๋ค.
์๊ฐ์์์ด
์๊ฐ์์์ด๋ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ด ๋ํ๋ด๋ ์๋ฃ๋ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด๋ ๋จ์ด์ด๋ค. ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ๋งจ ์ฒ์์ ์ค๋ฉฐ, ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ตด์ ํ์ด ์๋ค.
-gu: (์๊ฐ)๊น์ง. gilu โ์ค๋ ๋์ค์โ / gilugu โ์ค๋ ๋์ค๊น์งโ
-mu: (์๊ฐ)๋ถํฐ. gubila โ๋ช ๋
์ ์โ / gubilamu โ๋ช ๋
์ ๋ถํฐโ
๋ฌธ์ฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ
์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด๋ ๋ฅ๊ฒฉ-์ ๋๊ฒฉ ์ธ์ด์ด๋ค. ์ฆ ์๋์ฌ์ ์ฃผ์ด์ ํ๋์ฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋ ์ ๋๊ฒฉ์ด๋ผ๋ ํ๋์ ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ด๊ณ , ํ๋์ฌ์ ์ฃผ์ด๋ ๋ฅ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ณ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค. ์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด์์ ์ ๋๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ธ ์ฑ๋ถ์ ์ฃผ์ ์ด์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ํ๋ค.
์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด์ ์ด์์ ๋งค์ฐ ์์ ๋กญ๋ค. ๊ตฌ ์์ ์ด์์ด ์์ ๋ก์ธ ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ, ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์ ์ํ ๋จ์ด๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฌธ์ฅ ์์ ์ด์์ด ์์ ๋กญ๋ค. ์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด์ ์ด์ ๊ท์น์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง๋ฟ์ด๋ค.
๋ช๋ช ๋ถ๋ณํ์ฌ๋ ๋ฐ๋์ ๋์ฌ๋ณด๋ค ์์ ์จ๋ค.
์ฐ์๋๋ ์ต์ ํธ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์์, ์์ ์ ์ ๋์ฌ์ ์ง๋ฐฐ๋๋ ๋จ์ด๋ค์ ๋ค๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ ์ ์ ๋์ฌ๋ณด๋ค ์์ ์จ๋ค.
๋ฐ๋์ ์ง์ผ์ง์ง๋ ์์ง๋ง ์ ํธ๋๋ ์ด์์ ์๋ก๋ ๋ค์์ด ์๋ค.
์๊ฐ์์์ด๋ ๋์ฒด๋ก ๋ฌธ์ฅ ๋งจ ์์ ์จ๋ค.
์ ๋๊ฒฉ ๋ช
์ฌ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ฅ๊ฒฉยท์ฌ๊ฒฉ ๋ช
์ฌ๊ตฌ๋ณด๋ค ์์ ์จ๋ค. ๋ฅ๊ฒฉ ๋ช
์ฌ๊ตฌ๋ ๋์ฌ๋ณด๋ค ์์ ์จ๋ค. ์ฌ๊ฒฉ ๋ช
์ฌ๊ตฌ๋ ๋์ฌ๋ณด๋ค ๋ค์ ์จ๋ค.
๋ช
์ฌํ์ง์ ์์ ์๋ ๋ช
์ฌ ์์ ์จ๋ค. ํ์ฉ์ฌ์ ๊ด๊ณ์ ์ ์์ํ๋ ๋ช
์ฌ ๋ค์ ์จ๋ค.
๋ค์์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์ด์์ผ๋ก ๋ ์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด ๋ฌธ์ฅ๊ณผ, ๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ด์์ผ๋ก ๋งํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
{|
|-
| bayi || waลal || baลul || yaษปaลu || bulganu || baลgun || ษugumbiษปu || buษปan
|-
| || boomerang. || || man- || big- || || woman- || see-
|-
| colspan="8" | โ์ฌ์๊ฐ ์ปค๋ค๋ ๋จ์์ ๋ถ๋ฉ๋์ ๋ณด์๋ค.โ
|-
| bayi || yaษปaลu || ษugumbiษปu || buษปan || waลal || baลgun || baลul || bulganu
|-
| || man- || woman- || see- || boomerang. || big- || || big-
|-
| colspan="8" | โ์ฌ์๊ฐ ์ปค๋ค๋ ๋จ์์ ๋ถ๋ฉ๋์ ๋ณด์๋ค.โ
|}
ํ ์ ํ: ๋์ฌ์ -ลay ํ
ํ๋์ฌ์ -ลay ํ์ ์ฃผ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฅ๊ฒฉ์์ ์ ๋๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊พธ๊ณ , ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ๋๊ฒฉ์์ ๋ฅ๊ฒฉ ๋๋ ์ฌ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊พผ๋ค. (๋๋ช
์ฌ ์ฃผ์ด๋ ๋ณํจ์ด ์๊ณ , ๋๋ช
์ฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋ ์ฌ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊พผ๋ค.) ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ํ๋์ฌ์ ์ฃผ์ด๊ฐ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ์ฃผ์ ์ด์์ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค.
-l ์ด๊ฐ ๋์ฌ: ์ด๊ฐ์ -ลay๋ฅผ ๋ถ์
-y ์ด๊ฐ ๋์ฌ: -y๋ฅผ ์ญ์ ํ๊ณ -ลay๋ฅผ ๋ถ์
-ลay ํ ๋์ฌ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ -y ์ด๊ฐ ๋์ฌ์ ๋๊ฐ์ด ๊ตด์ ํ๋ค. ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ ์ค์ ๋ชจ์์ ๋ง๋ฌด ๋ฐฉ์ธ์์๋ ํญ์ -ลay์ด๊ณ , ์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ธ์์๋ ล์ด ์๋ต๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋ง์ด ๋ฐฉ์ธ์์๋ ๋ณดํต ล์ด ์๋ต๋๋ค.
์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ฅ
-ลay ํ ๋ฌธ์ฅ (๋ฅ๊ฒฉ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด)
-ลay ํ ๋ฌธ์ฅ (์ฌ๊ฒฉ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด)
์ฐ๊ณ ๋ช
์ฌ๊ตฌ
๋จ๋ฌธ์ ์ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ด๊ณ์๋ โ์ฐ๊ณ ๋ช
์ฌ๊ตฌโ()๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ฐํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ฐ๊ณ ๋ช
์ฌ๊ตฌ๋ ์ฌ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ โโฆ์ ๊ด๋ จํ์ฌโ์ ๋ป์ ์ง๋๋ค.
balan ษugumbil baลgul yaษปangu mundan โ๋จ์๊ฐ ์ฌ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ๋คโ
balan ษugumbil baลgul yaษปangu mundan bagum miraษฒgu โ๋จ์๊ฐ ์ฌ์๋ฅผ ์ฝฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ๋คโ
ํฅ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋จ์ํ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ๋ปํ๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์์ ์ฌ๊ฒฉ์ด(โ์ฝฉโ)์ ๊ณง ์ ๋๊ฒฉ์ด(โ์ฌ์โ)์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ด๋ค ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ์ฐ๊ณ๋ ๊ฒ์์ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค.
๋์ฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ํ
์ ๋๊ฒฉ์ด, ์ฆ ์ฃผ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ ํ๋ ๋ฌธ์ฅ๋ค์ ์ฐ์์์(#๋ดํ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ฐธ๊ณ ) ๋๋ฒ์งธ ํน์ ๋ค๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ๋์ฌ๋ณตํฉ์ฒด๋ ๋ชฉ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ๊ตด์ ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ โ์ฐ๊ณ ๋์ฌ๋ณตํฉ์ฒดโ()๋ก ํ์๋ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ชฉ์ ํ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ๋ ์์ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ ์์น์ ๋ํ๋๋ค. ์ฆ ๋์ ํจ๊ป ์ฐ์ด์ง ์๋๋ค. ๋ชฉ์ ํ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ ํํ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
-l ์ด๊ฐ ๋์ฌ: -i
-y ์ด๊ฐ ๋์ฌ: -gu
-iy ์ด๊ฐ ๋์ฌ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์์ด๊ท์น์ ์ํด ์ด๊ฐ๋ง -y๊ฐ ์ญ์ ๋๋ค.
A ๋ฌธ์ฅ ๋ค์ ๋ชฉ์ ํ B ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ํ์. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฉด B๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํค๋ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ A ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ฆ, B๋ผ๋ โ๋ชฉ์ โ์ ์ํด A ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๊ฑฐ๋, A ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ์์ฐ์ค๋ฌ์ด โ๊ฒฐ๊ณผโ๋ก B ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
bayi yaษปa walmaษฒu โ๋จ์๊ฐ ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๋คโ
bayi yaษปa wayษฒษin โ๋จ์๊ฐ ์ค๋ฅด๋ง์ ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ๋คโ
bayi yaษปa walmaษฒu wayษฒษili โ๋จ์๊ฐ ์ค๋ฅด๋ง์ ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ๋ ค๊ณ ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๋คโ
๋ดํ ๊ตฌ์กฐ
์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด์์๋ ์ ๋๊ฒฉ์ด(์๋์ฌ์ ์ฃผ์ด ๋๋ ํ๋์ฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด)๊ฐ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ์ฃผ์ ์ด๊ฐ ๋๋ค. ์ฃผ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ ํ๋ ๋ฌธ์ฅ๋ค์ ์ฐ์๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ ์ฐ์()๋ผ ํ๋ฉฐ, ์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด ๋ดํ์์๋ ์ด ๊ฐ ์ด์์ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ์ฃผ์ ์ฐ์๋ ํํ ๋ํ๋๋ค. ์ฃผ์ ์ฐ์ ์์์ ์ฃผ์ ์ด๋ ์ฒซ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์๋ง ๋ํ๋๋ฉด ๋๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋ค์๋ ์ ๋ถ ํน์ ์ผ๋ถ ์๋ต๋ ์ ์๋ค(๋ช
์ฌํ์ง๋ง ๋จ๊ณ ์๋ต๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ํํ๋ค).
์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์์ ์ฃผ์ ์ด๋ ์๋ต๋์ง ์์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ ์ธ์ ๋ช
์ฌ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์๋ต๋ ์ ์๋ค.
balan ษugumbil balgan โ์ฌ์๊ฐ (๋๊ตฐ๊ฐ์๊ฒ) ๋ง๊ณ ์๋คโ (ํ์์ ์ฌ๊ฒฉ์ด ์๋ต)
bayi yaษปa balgaลaษฒu โ๋จ์๊ฐ (๋๊ตฐ๊ฐ๋ฅผ) ๋๋ฆฐ๋คโ (-ลay ํ, ํผํ์์ ์ฌ๊ฒฉ์ด ์๋ต)
์ต์ ํธ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ
๋ค์์ ๋ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ๋ณด์.
balan ษugumbil baลgul yaษปangu mundan bagum miraษฒgu โ๋จ์๊ฐ ์ฌ์๋ฅผ ์ฝฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ๋คโ
balam miraษฒ baลgun ษugumbiษปu babin โ์ฌ์๊ฐ ์ฝฉ์ ๊น ๋คโ
ํ์๋ฅผ -ลay ํ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊พธ์ด โ์ฝฉโ์ ์ฌ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ค๋ฉด ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
balan ษugumbil bagum miraษฒgu babilลaษฒu โ์ฌ์๊ฐ ์ฝฉ์ ๊น ๋คโ
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฉด ์ฒซ๋ฒ์งธ ๋ฌธ์ฅ๊ณผ ์ธ๋ฒ์งธ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ์ฃผ์ ์ด(์ ๋๊ฒฉ์ด)๊ฐ balan ษugumbil๋ก ๋๊ฐ๊ณ , ์ฐ๊ณ ๋ช
์ฌ๊ตฌ(์ฌ๊ฒฉ์ด)๋ bagum miraษฒgu๋ก ๋๊ฐ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ฒน์น๋ ์ฑ๋ถ์ ์๋ตํ๊ณ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๋งํ ์ ์๋ค.
balan ษugumbil baลgul yaษปangu mundan bagum miraษฒgu babilลaษฒu โ๋จ์๊ฐ ์ฌ์๋ฅผ ์ฝฉ์ ๊น๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ๋คโ
์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ โ์ต์ ํธ๊ตฌ๋ฌธโ()์ด๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฅธ๋ค. ์ต์ ํธ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋จ๋ฌธ์ด ์๋ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ์ ๋๊ฒฉ์ด์ ๋์งธ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ๋ฅ๊ฒฉ์ด๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊ณ , ์ฒซ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ์ฌ๊ฒฉ์ด๊ฐ ๋์งธ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ์ ๋๊ฒฉ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ๋, ๋์งธ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ๋์ฌ๋ฅผ -ลay ํ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊พธ์ด ์ต์ ํธ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ ๋ง๋ค ์ ์๋ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ด ์๋๋ฌธ์ธ ์์๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฉด ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
balan ษugumbil yanu bagum miraษฒgu โ์ฌ์๊ฐ ์ฝฉ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋คโ
(์์ ์์์ ๊ฐ์)
balan ษugumbil yanu bagum miraษฒgu babilลaษฒu โ์ฌ์๊ฐ ์ฝฉ์ ๊น๋ฌ ๊ฐ๋คโ
๋๋ฒ์งธ ๋์ฌ๋ ๋ชฉ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ๊ตด์ ํ ์๋ ์๋ค.
๋์ฌ์ -ลura ํ
์ฐ์๋ ๋ ๋ฌธ์ฅ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ์ฒซ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ๋ฅ๊ฒฉ ๋
ผํญ์ด ๋์งธ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ์ ๋๊ฒฉ ๋
ผํญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ๋์งธ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ๋์ฌ๋ ์์ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ฌ ์๋ฆฌ์ ๋์ -ลura๊ฐ ์จ๋ค. (์์ ๊ตด์ ์ ํ ๋์ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ์ด๊ฐ๋ง -y๋ -l์ ํ๋ฝํ๋ค.) ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด ๋ค์ ๋ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ๋ณด์.
bala yugu baลgul yaษปaลgu madan โ๋จ์๊ฐ ๋ง๋๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋์ก๋คโ
bayi yaษปa wayษฒษin โ๋จ์๊ฐ ์ธ๋์ ์ฌ๋๋คโ
๋ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ํฉ์ณ ๋ค์์ฒ๋ผ ๋งํ ์ ์๋ค.
bala yugu baลgul yaษปaลgu madan bayi yaษปa wayษฒษiลura โ๋จ์๊ฐ ๋ง๋๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋์ง๊ณ (๊ณง๋ฐ๋ก) ์ธ๋์ ์ฌ๋๋คโ
ํต์ฌ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ์ธ์๋ -ลura๋ ๋์งธ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ฒซ์งธ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ์ฌ๊ฑด ์งํ์ ์ผ์ด๋จ์ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค. ๋์งธ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ์ ๋๊ฒฉ ๋
ผํญ์ ์ญ์ ๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค. -ลura๋ ์ฒซ์งธ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์์ ์ฃผ์ ๊ฐ ์๋ ๋
ผํญ์ ๋ค๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ ๋ฌธ์ฅ(๋ค)์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ก ์๊ฐํ๋ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ค๊ณ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด์ -ลay ํ๊ณผ -ลura ํ์ด ์กด์ฌํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ป๋ ํจ๊ณผ๋, ์ฐ์ํ ๋ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ด ๋
ผํญ์ ๊ณต์ ํ ๋, ๊ณต์ ๋ ๋
ผํญ์ด ๊ฐ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์์ ์ด๋ค ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ฐ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ด ์ฌ์ค์ ํ์ํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ฌ๊ทํ์ ์ํธํ
ํ๋์ฌ ์ด๊ทผ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์ฌ๊ทํ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊ฟ ์ ์๋ค.
-l ์ด๊ฐ ํ๋์ฌ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ
์ด๊ฐ๋ง -l์ ์ง์
๋ง๋ฌด ๋ฐฉ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋ง์ด ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, -rรญy๋ฅผ ๋ถ์
์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ
์ด๊ฐ ๋์์ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์์ ์ด ๊ฐ์ธ์์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, -yirรญy๋ฅผ ๋ถ์
๊ทธ ์ธ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, -rรญy๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ (์ด๊ฐ ๋ง์ง๋ง ์์ ์ด ๊ฐ์ธ์์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋, ๋ง์ง๋ง ๋ ์์ ์ด ๋น๊ฐ์ธ์์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ)
-y ์ด๊ฐ ํ๋์ฌ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ
์ด๊ฐ๋ง -y๋ฅผ ์ง์
์ด๊ฐ์ด ๋ ์์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, -mรกriy๋ฅผ ๋ถ์
์ด๊ฐ์ด ์ธ ์์ ์ด์์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, -(m)bรกriy๋ฅผ ๋ถ์
์ฌ๊ทํ์ ์ค์ ๋ก ์ฌ๊ท์ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
bala yugu baลgul yaษปaลgu โ๋จ์๊ฐ ๋ง๋๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์จ๊ธด๋คโ
bayi yaษปa buybayriษฒu โ๋จ์๊ฐ ์ค์ค๋ก๋ฅผ ์จ๊ธด๋คโ
๋ ์ฌ๊ทํ์ ์ฌ๊ท์ ์๋ฏธ ์์ด ํ๋์ฌ ์ด๊ทผ์ ์๋์ฌ๋ก ๋ง๋๋ ๋ฐ ์ฐ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
balam wuษu baลgul yaษปaลgu ษaลgaษฒu โ๋จ์๊ฐ ๊ณผ์ผ์ ๋จน๋๋คโ
bayi yaษปa ษaลgaymariษฒu bagum wuษugu โ๋จ์๊ฐ ๊ณผ์ผ์ ๋จน๋๋คโ
์ ๋์งธ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ์ฒซ์งธ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ A ๋
ผํญ์ ์ ๋๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊พธ๊ณ O ๋
ผํญ์ ์ฌ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊พธ์๋ค๋ ๋ฐ์ -ลay ํ์ ํ ์ ํ๊ณผ ํต์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด -ลay ํ์ ๋๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ํ๊ณผ ์ ์ฌํ ์ฌ๊ท๋ฌธ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค.
balabawal yugu baลgul nudin โ๊ทธ๋ ์ ๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ๋๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์๋ฅธ๋คโ
bayi nudiyiriษฒu yuguลgu baลgubawal โ๊ทธ๋ ์ ๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ๋๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์๋ฅธ๋คโ
์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋์งธ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ์ฒซ์งธ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ O ๋
ผํญ์ ์ฌ๊ฒฉ์ด ์๋ ๋ฅ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊พธ์๋ค. ์ด์ฒ๋ผ ์ฌ๊ท์ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด์ง ์๋ ์ฌ๊ทํ์ โ๊ฐ์ง ์ฌ๊ทํโ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ฉด, ๊ฐ์ง ์ฌ๊ทํ์ -ลay ํ๊ณผ ํต์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋๊ฐ๊ณ ๋ค๋ง ์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค. -ลay ํ์ ์คํ๋ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๋ํ๋ด์ง๋ง, ๊ฐ์ง ์ฌ๊ทํ์ ์คํ๋์ง ์์ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค.
bayi yaษปa ษabandu wagaymariษฒu โ๋จ์๊ฐ ์ฅ์ด๋ฅผ ์ก๋๋คโ (์ฅ์ด๋ฅผ ์ก์ผ๋ฌ ๋๊ฐ ์์ง๋ง, ์ค์ ๋ก ์ฅ์ด๋ฅผ ์ก๊ฑฐ๋ ์ก์ง ๋ชปํ์ ์ ์์)
bayi yaษปa ษabandu wagaลaษฒu โ๋จ์๊ฐ ์ฅ์ด๋ฅผ ์ก๋๋คโ (์ค์ ๋ก ์ฅ์ด๋ฅผ ์ก์)
์ํธํ๋ ํ๋์ฌ ์ด๊ฐ์ ์ฒซ ๋ ์์ ์ ์ค์ฒฉํ๊ณ ์ด๊ฐ ๋์ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ -(n)bariy๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฌ ๋ง๋ ๋ค. ์ํธํ ๋์ฌ๋ ์๋์ฌ๊ฐ ๋๋ค.
bayi yaษปa baลgun ษugumbiษปu baษปan โ์ฌ์๊ฐ ๋จ์๋ฅผ ๋๋ ธ๋คโ
bayi yaษปagara balan ษugumbilgara baษปalbaษปalnbariษฒu โ์ฌ์์ ๋จ์๊ฐ ์๋ก ๋๋ ธ๋คโ
balagara ษฒunษalษฒunษalnbariษฒu โ๋ ์ฌ๋์ด ์๋ก ์
๋ง์ถ๋คโ
๋์ฌ์ ๋๊ตฌํ์ ๊ณต๋ํ
์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด์์ ๋๊ตฌ๊ฒฉ ๋ช
์ฌ๊ตฌ๋ ๋์์ ์ฐ์ด๋ ๋๊ตฌ, ๋ฌด๊ธฐ, ์ ์ฒด ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ์๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด๋ฉฐ, ์์ฌ๋์ฌ์์๋ ์์ฌ๋๋ ๋์์ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค. ๋๊ตฌ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๋ฅ๊ฒฉ์ ํํ๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋๊ฐ์ด ํ์๋์ง๋ง, ํต์ฌ๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ํ๋ํ๋ค. ์์ปจ๋ ์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด์์ ์๋์ฌ๊ณผ ํ๋์ฌ๋ ์๊ฒฉํ ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ ๋๊ฒฉ ์ฃผ์ด์ ๋ฅ๊ฒฉ ์ฃผ์ด/์ ๋๊ฒฉ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ์๊ตฌํ์ง๋ง, ๋๊ตฌ๊ฒฉ ๋ช
์ฌ๊ตฌ๋ ์ด์ ๋ฌด๊ดํ๋ค. ๋์ฌ์ -ลay ํ๊ณผ ์ฌ๊ทํ์ ๋ฅ๊ฒฉ ๋
ผํญ์ ์ ๋๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊พธ์ง๋ง, ๋๊ตฌ๊ฒฉ ๋ช
์ฌ๊ตฌ๋ ๊ฑด๋๋ฆฌ์ง ์๋๋ค.
ํ์์, ํผํ์์, ๋๊ตฌ๊ฐ ํฌํจ๋ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด์์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ผ ์ ์๋ค. ํ๋๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ํ๋๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋๊ตฌ๊ฒฉ ๋ช
์ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๊ณ , ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ๋๋ ๋์ฌ์ ๋๊ตฌํ(instrumental form)๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋๊ตฌํ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ํน์ง์ด ์๋ค.
๋์ฌ์ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์
์ด๊ฐ ๋์์ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์์ ์ด ๊ฐ์ธ์์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, -mal์ ๋ถ์
๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, -mbal์ ๋ถ์
๋๊ตฌ ๋ช
์ฌ๊ตฌ๋ (๋๊ตฌ๊ฒฉ์ด ์๋๋ผ) ์ ๋๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ํ์
ํผํ์์ ๋ช
์ฌ๊ตฌ๋ (์ ๋๊ฒฉ์ด ์๋๋ผ) ์ฌ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ํ์
๋๊ตฌํ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ ์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด์์ ์์ฃผ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค. ๋ค์์ ๋๊ตฌํ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํด ๋ ๋จ๋ฌธ์ ํ๋๋ก ํฉ์น ์๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
bala bari baลgul yaษปaลgu maลgan โ๋จ์๊ฐ ๋๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ง์ด๋ ๋คโ
bala yugu baลgul yaษปaลgu baลgu bariลgu nudin โ๋จ์๊ฐ ๋๋ผ๋ก ๋๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์๋ฅธ๋คโ
bala bari baลgul yaษปaลgu maลgan nudilmali bagu yugugu โ๋จ์๊ฐ ๋๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ง์ด๋ค์ด (๋๋ผ๋ก) ๋๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์๋ฅธ๋คโ
ํ๋์ฌ์ ๋ถ์ด ๋๊ตฌํ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด๋ ์ ์ฌ -mal/mbal์ ์๋์ฌ์ ๋ถ์ด ํ๋์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ณต๋ํ(comitative form)๋ผ ํ๋ฉฐ, ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ํน์ง์ด ์๋ค.
๋์ฌ์ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์(๋๊ตฌํ์ ๊ฐ์)
ํ์์ ๋ช
์ฌ๊ตฌ๋ (์ ๋๊ฒฉ์ด ์๋๋ผ) ๋ฅ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ํ์
์๋ก์ด ๋
ผํญ์ ์ ๋๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ํ์
๊ณต๋ํ์์ ์ถ๊ฐ๋๋ ๋
ผํญ์ ๋ค์ํ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ์ ์๋ค.
bayi yaษปa ษanaษฒu โ๋จ์๊ฐ ์ ์๋คโ
bala yugu baลgul yaษปaลgu ษanayman โ๋จ์๊ฐ ๋๋ฌด์ ํจ๊ป ์ ์๋คโ (= ๋๋ฌดํ ๋ง ์์ ์ ์๋ค, ๋๋ฌด์ ๊ธฐ๋์ด ์ ์๋ค, ๋๋ฌด ์๋์ ์ ์๋ค, ๋๋ญ๊ฐ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ค๊ณ ์ ์๋ค ๋ฑ)
๊ด๊ณ์
๊ด๊ณ์ ์ ๋์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋์ฌ๋ ์์ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ฌ ์๋ฆฌ์ ๋์ ๊ด๊ณํ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ๊ฐ ์จ๋ค. (์ด๋ ์ด๋ง -l์ด๋ -y๋ ํ๋ฝํ๋ค.) ๊ทธ ํํ๋ ๊ด๊ณ์ ์ ์์์ ๋ฐ๋ ๋ช
์ฌ์ ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค.
์ ๋๊ฒฉ: -ลu
๋ฅ๊ฒฉ/๋๊ตฌ๊ฒฉ: -ลuru
์ฌ๊ฒฉ: -ลugu
์ฒ๊ฒฉ: -ลura
๊ฐ ํํ๋ ๊ด๊ณํ ํ์ง -ลu-์ ๊ฒฉ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ถ์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ ์ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ ๋๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ฌ๊ฒฉ์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ช
์ฌ์ ๊ฒฉ ํ์ ๊ท์น์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด์ง๋ง, ๋ฅ๊ฒฉ/๋๊ตฌ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ฒ๊ฒฉ์ ๊ด๊ณํ ํ์ง ๋ค์๋ง ๋ํ๋๋ ํน์ํ ํ์ง์ธ -ru์ -ra๊ฐ ์ฐ์๋ค. ํฅ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ ํ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ๊ตด์ ํ ๋ช
์ฌ๋ ๊ด๊ณ์ ์ ๊พธ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์๋ค.
ลaษa balan ษugumbil buษปan โ๋ด๊ฐ ์ฌ์๋ฅผ ๋ณธ๋คโ
balan ษugumbil ษฒinaษฒu โ์ฌ์๊ฐ ์์ ์๋คโ
ลaษa balan ษugumbil ษฒinaลu buษปan โ๋ด๊ฐ ์์ ์๋ ์ฌ์๋ฅผ ๋ณธ๋คโ
์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด ๊ด๊ณ์ ์์ ๊ด๊ณํ๋ ์ ์๋ ์ฑ๋ถ์ ์ ๋๊ฒฉ ๋
ผํญ๋ฟ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ํ๋์ฌ์ ์ฃผ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ด๊ณํํ๋ ค๋ฉด -ลay ํ์ ์ฌ์ฉํด ๊ฒฉ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊พธ๋ ๋ฑ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค. ๋ค์์ ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๋ ์๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
bayi yaษปa banagaษฒu โ๋จ์๊ฐ ๋์์จ๋คโ
bayi yuษปi baลgul yaษปaลgu bagan โ๋จ์๊ฐ ์บฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋ ๋คโ
bayi yaษปa bagalลaษฒu bagul yuษปigu (-ลay ํ, ์ ๋ฌธ์ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ป)
bayi yaษปa bagalลaลu bagul yuษปigu banagaษฒu โ์บฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋ฅธ ๋จ์๊ฐ ๋์์จ๋คโ
์ง๋ฅด๋ฐ์ด์์ ๊ด๊ณ์ ์ ํผ์์ ๋ช
์ฌ ๋ค์ ์ค๋ ํธ์ด ์ ํธ๋๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
ํ๋ง๋์์ด์กฑ
์๋ฉธ์๊ธฐ์ธ์ด | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyirbal%20language | Dyirbal language | Dyirbal (also Djirubal) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken in northeast Queensland by the Dyirbal people. In 2016, the Australian Bureau of Statistics reported that there were 8 speakers of the language. It is a member of the small Dyirbalic branch of the PamaโNyungan family. It possesses many outstanding features that have made it well known among linguists.
In the years since the Dyirbal grammar by Robert Dixon was published in 1972, Dyirbal has steadily moved closer to extinction as younger community members have failed to learn it.
Dialects
There are many different groups speaking dialects of Dyirbal language. Researcher Robert Dixon estimates that Dyirbal had, at its peak, 10 dialects.
Dialects include:
Dyirbal (or Jirrbal) spoken by the Dyirbalลan
Mamu, spoken by the Waษฝibara, Dulgubara, Bagiษฝgabara, Dyiษฝibara, and Mandubara (There are also different types of Mamu spoken by individual groups, such as Warribara Mamu, and Dulgubara Mamu)
Giramay (Or Girramay), spoken by the Giramaygan
Gulลay (or Gulngay), spoken by the Malanbara
Dyiru (or Djirru), spoken by the Dyirubagala
Ngadyan (or Ngadjan), spoken by the Ngadyiandyi
Walmalbarra
The speakers of these dialects largely regard their dialects as different languages. They were classified as dialects by researcher Robert Dixon, who classified them as such based on linguistic criteria and their similarities, some dialects sharing as much as 90% of their vocabularies. Since the dialects were viewed by speakers as different languages, the language had no formal name, so Dixon assigned the language the name Dyirbal, naming it after Jirrbal, which was the dialect with the largest number of speakers at the time he was studying it.
Neighbouring languages
Languages neighbouring the many Dyirbal dialects include:
Ngaygungu
Mbabaram
Muluriji
Yidiny
Warungu
Warrgamay
Nyawaygi
Phonology
Consonants
Dyirbal has only four places of articulation for the stop and nasals, whereas most other Australian Aboriginal languages have five or six. This is because Dyirbal lacks the dental/alveolar/retroflex split typically found in these languages. Like the majority of Australian languages, it does not make a distinction between voiced consonants (such as b, d, g, etc.) and voiceless consonants (the corresponding p, t, and k, etc. respectively). Like Pinyin, standard Dyirbal orthography uses voiced consonants, which seem to be preferred by speakers of most Australian languages since the sounds (which can often be semi-voiced) are closer to English semi-voiced b, d, g than aspirated p, t, k.
Vowels
The Dyirbal vowel system is typical of Australia, with three vowels: , and , though is realised as in certain environments and can be realised as , also depending on the environment in which the phoneme appears. Thus the actual inventory of sounds is greater than the inventory of phonemes would suggest. Stress always falls on the first syllable of a word and usually on subsequent odd-numbered syllables except the ultima, which is always unstressed. The result of this is that consecutive stressed syllables do not occur.
Grammar
The language is best known for its system of noun classes, numbering four in total. They tend to be divided among the following semantic lines:
I โ most animate objects, men
II โ women, water, fire, violence, and exceptional animals
III โ edible fruit and vegetables
IV โ miscellaneous (includes things not classifiable in the first three)
The class usually labelled "feminine" (II) inspired the title of George Lakoff's book Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things. Some linguists distinguish between such systems of classification and the gendered division of items into the categories of "feminine", "masculine" and (sometimes) "neuter" that is found in, for example, many Indo-European languages.
Dyirbal shows a split-ergative system. Sentences with a first or second person pronoun have their verb arguments marked for case in a pattern that mimics nominativeโaccusative languages. That is, the first or second person pronoun appears in the least marked case when it is the subject (regardless of the transitivity of the verb), and in the most marked case when it is the direct object. Thus Dyirbal is morphologically accusative in the first and second persons, but morphologically ergative elsewhere; and it is still always syntactically ergative.
Taboo
There used to be in place a highly complex taboo system in Dyirbal culture. A speaker was completely forbidden from speaking with his/her mother-in-law, child-in-law, father's sister's child or mother's brother's child, and from approaching or looking directly at these people. Speakers were forbidden from speaking with their cross-cousins of the opposite sex due to the fact that those relatives were of the section from which an individual must marry, but were too close of kin to choose as a spouse so the avoidance might have been on the grounds of indicating anyone sexually unavailable.
Furthermore, because marriage typically took place a generation above or below, the cross-cousin of the opposite sex often is a potential mother-in-law or father-in-law. In addition, when within hearing range of taboo relatives a person was required to use a specialized and complex form of the language with essentially the same phonemes and grammar, but with a lexicon that shared no words with the standard language except for four lexical items referring to grandparents on the mother and father's side.
The taboo relationship was reciprocal. Thus, an individual was not allowed to speak with one's own mother-in-law and it was equally taboo for the mother-in-law to speak to her son-in-law. This relationship also prevailed among both genders such that a daughter-in-law was forbidden to speak to directly or approach her father-in-law and vice versa. This taboo existed, but less strongly enforced, between members of the same sex such that a male individual ought to have used the respectful style of speech in the presence of his father-in-law, but the father-in-law could decide whether or not to use the everyday style of speech or the respectful style in the presence of his son-in-law.
The specialized and complex form of the language, the Dyalลuy, was used in the presence of the taboo relatives whereas a form referred to in most dialects as Guwal was used in all other circumstances. The Dyalลuy had one quarter of the amount of lexical items as the everyday language which reduced the semantic content in actual communication in the presence of a taboo relative. For example, in Dyalลuy the verb 'to ask' is [baลarrmba-l]. In Guwal, 'to ask' is [ลanba-l], 'to invite someone over' is [yumba-l], 'to invite someone to accompany one' is [bunma-l] and 'to keep asking after having already been told' is [gunji-y]. There are no correspondences to the other 3 verbs of Guwal in Dyalลuy.
To get around this limitation, Dyirbal speakers use many syntactic and semantic tricks to make do with a minimal vocabulary which reveals a lot to linguists about the semantic nature of Dyirbal. For example, Guwal makes use of lexical causatives, such as transitive bana- "break" and intransitive gaynyja- "break" (similar to English be dead/kill, lie/lay). Since Dyirbal has fewer lexemes, a morpheme -rri- is used as an intransitive derivational suffix. Thus the Dyalลguy equivalents of the two words above were transitive yuwa and intransitive yuwa-rri-.
The lexical items found in Dyalลuy were mainly derived from three sources: "borrowings from the everyday register of neighbouring dialects or languages, the creation of new [Dyalลuy] forms by phonological deformation of lexemes from the language's own everyday style, and the borrowing of terms that were already in the [Dyalลuy] style of a neighboring language or dialect".
An example of borrowing between dialects is the word for sun in the Yidin and Ngadyan dialects. In Yidin, the Guwal style word for sun is [buลan], and this same word was also the Dyalลuy style of the word for sun in the Ngadyan dialect. It is hypothesized that children of Dyirbal tribes were expected to acquire the Dyalลuy speech style years following their acquisition of the everyday speech style from their cross cousins who would speak in Dyalลuy in their presence. By the onset of puberty, the child probably spoke Dyalลuy fluently and was able to use it in the appropriate contexts. This phenomenon, commonly called mother-in-law languages, was common in indigenous Australian languages. It existed until about 1930, when the taboo system fell out of use.
Young Dyirbal
In the 1970s, speakers of Dyirbal and Giramay dialects purchased land in the Murray Upper, with the assistance of the Australian federal government and formed a community. Within this community shift in language began to occur, and with it came the emergence of new form of Dyirbal, dubbed by researcher Annette Schmidt "Young Dyirbal" or "YD". This language stands in contrast to "Traditional Dyirbal" or "TD".
Young Dyirbal is grammatically distinct from Traditional Dyirbal, in some cases being more similar to English, such as the gradual loss of ergative inflection, as is found in Traditional Dyirbal, in favour of a style of inflection more similar to the one found in English.
Notes
References
External links
Lecture notes on Dyirbal illustrating mother-in-law language
Bibliography of Dyirbal people and language resources, at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
Bibliography of Girramay people and language resources, at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
Bibliography of the Gulngay people and language resources, at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
Rosetta Project: Dyirbal Swadesh List
Jirrbal Language Recordings, State Library of Queensland
Dyirbalic languages
Endangered indigenous Australian languages in Queensland
Severely endangered languages |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%9D%EB%82%98%EB%8B%88%EC%8C%8D%EC%82%B4%EB%B2%8C | ๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ | ๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ(, )์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถํฌํ ์์ด๋ฒ์์ ์ํ ์ ์ด๋๊ตฌ์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌด์๋ฌด์ํ๊ฒ ๊ณ ํต์ค๋ฝ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ์นจ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ช
ํ๋ค. ๋ง๋๋์์๋ฒ์ ๋ผํด์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์์ํ๋ฉฐ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ์ฒ๋ง๋ ๋๋ญ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฐ์ ์์ ๋ฅ์ง๋ฅผ ์ง๋ ๊ต์ฅํ ํฐ ๋
ธ๋์, ๊ฐ์์ ๋๋ ์์ด๋ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ตฐ๋ฝ์๋ ๋ณดํต ํ ๋ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ฌ์์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒจ์ธ์๋ ๋๊ฐ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ์ ์ง๊ธฐ ์ ํฉํ ํ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋ ๋๊น์ง ๋ญ์ณ์ ์ง๋ธ๋ค. ๋ชจ๋ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ์ ๋์๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ฌํ ์ฌ์์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ค. ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋ ๋ฒ์ ๊ฝ๊ฟ๊ณผ ์ ๋ฒ๋ ๋ฅผ ๋ฅ์ง๋ก ๊ฐ์ ธ์์ ๊ฐ์์ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์๋ผ๋๋ ์ ๋ฒ๋ ๋ค์๊ฒ ๋จน์ธ๋ค. ํฐํฑ๊ณผ ์ด๋นจ, ์ฌ์๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฒ์ ๋๋ฆฝ, ์ก์ ๊ฐ์ฐฐ, ์ฐ์ฑ ์ํธ์์ฉ ๋ฑ๋ฑ์ ๋
ํนํ ์ ์๋ฐฉ์๋ค์ด ๋ค์ํ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ค. ๋ง๋๋์์๋ฒ์ ์๋ช
์ ๋๊ฐ 6๊ฐ์์์ 18๊ฐ์ ์ ๋์ธ๋ฐ, ๋ง๋ฒ๊ณผ ์ค์์ ์ ์ผ ์ค๋ ์ฐ๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ค์ ธ์๋ค.
๋ถ๋ฅ, ๊ณํต
๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ(Polistes carnifex)์ ์์๋ฒ์(Polistes)์ ์ํ๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ๋ง๋ฒ๊ณผ(Vespidae)์์ ๊ท๋ชจ๊ฐ ์ ์ผ ํฐ ์์ด๊ณ ์์ด๋ฒ์กฑ(Polistini)์ ์ํ ๋จ ํ๋์ ์์ด๋ค. ๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ ์์ด๋ฒ์๊ณผ(Polistinae)์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ข
๋ค์ฒ๋ผ ์ง์ฌํ์ฑ(:en:eusociality) ๋ง๋ฒ๊ณผ์ด๋ค. ๊ณํต์ ๊ฐ์ค ์ค ํ๋์์๋ ๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ Polistes major ์ ์ ์ผ ๊ฐ๊น์ฐ๋ฉฐ Polistes apachus, Polistes aurifer, Polistes bellicosus, Polistes carolina, Polistes metricus, Polistes poeyi haitiensis, Polistes perplexus ๋ฑ๋ฑ์ ์ข
๋ค๊ณผ๋ ์๋นํ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ ๊ณํต๋ฐ์์ ๊ดํ ํฉ์๋ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ทธ ์ด๋ค ๊ณํต์๋ ์ณ๋ค ํ ์ ์๋ค.
ํํ, ์๋ณ
๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ ๋ชธ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ ์ต๋ 3cm์ ๋ฌํ๋, ์์๋ฒ์์์ ์ ์ผ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ์ ์ด๋๊ตฌ๋ฒ์ด๋ค. ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ ํฌ์ง๋ง, ์์ด๋ฒ ์น๊ณ ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ด์ง ์๋ค. ๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ ๋ชธ๋ฑ์๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฐ์, ๋
ธ๋์ ์ค๋ฌด๋ฌ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถํ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ ๋ฅ์ง๋ ์ต๋ ์ง๊ฒฝ 9cm ์ ๋๋ค. ์ต์ ํ ๋ง๋ฆฌ์ ์์ด๋ฒ์ด ํ์ํ ๋ฅ์ง์ ํ๊ท ๊ธธ์ด๋ 27.8ย mm์ ๋ฌํ๋ค. ๊ตฐ๋ฝ์ ๊ท๋ชจ๋ ์ฑ์ฒด 4์์ 13๋ง๋ฆฌ ์ ๋๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ํ๋ก ํ์ฉ๋ ๋ฅ์ง์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ 28๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์ด ์์๊ณ ์ด ์ซ์๋ 17์ผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ด์ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ๋ณํจ์์๋ค. ์ปค์ง ๋ฐฉ์ ์ฃผ๋ณ๋ถ์ ์๋ ๋จ ํ๋ ๋ฟ์ด์๋ค. ๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ ๋๋๋ก ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ์ฒ๋ง๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฅ์ง๋ฅผ ๋งค๋ฌ ์ ์๋ ๊ณณ์ ๋ฅ์ง๋ฅผ ์ง๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ ์ฌํ์ฑ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฅ์ง๋ ์ ์ถฉ์ด ์์ก๋๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ ์ํ์ผ๋ก ๋์ ํํ ์ฌ์ง์ ๋ฐฉ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๋ค. ๋ฅ์ง๋ ๋งค๋ฌ๋ ค์๊ณ , ๋ด๋ถ ๋
ธ์ถ๋์ด์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ค๋ผํด ์ฌ์ง๋ก ๊ฐํ๋ ๋ฅ์ง ์ค์์ ํ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์์งํด ๋งค๋ฌ๋ ค์๋ค.
๋ถํฌ, ์์
๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ ์ค์, ๋จ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฒ์๋ ๋ฉ์์ฝ์์ ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ค. ์ด ์ข
์ ์ด๋์ฐ๋ฆผ๊ฐ์ ํด์ ์ง์ญ, ์ตํ ์ง์ญ, ํน์ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ ์ง์ญ์ ์์ํ๋ค. ์ฝ์คํ๋ฆฌ์นด์์ ์ค์ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋, ๋ฅ์ง๋ค์ ์ฃผ๋ก ๋จ๋ช
์ฑ(:en:ephemerality) ๋ช ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ํค์์ ๊ฐ์๋๋ฌด์ ๊ฐ์ง์ ๋งค๋ฌ๋ ค์์๋ค. ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ์ฒ๋ง ๋ฐ์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๋ฅ์ง๋ ๋๋๋ก Polybia ์์ ๋ฅ์ง ๋ช ๋ฏธํฐ ๊ทผ์ฒ์์, ์ด๋ฐ๊ธ Mischocyttarus ์์ ๋ฅ์ง ๊ทผ์ฒ์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ค ๋๋ฌด์๋ ๋ช ์ข
์ ์์ด๋ฒ ๋ฅ์ง๊ฐ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ๋น์ทํ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋๋ฌด๋ค์๋ ๋ฅ์ง๊ฐ ํ ๊ฐ๋ ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง์๋ฐ, ์๋ง๋ ๋ฅ์ง๊ฐ ๋น๋ฌด์์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถํฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค.
๊ตฐ๋ฝ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ
๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ ํ๋์ด๋ ์ํ์ ๋ํด ๋ฐํ์ง ๊ฒ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ์๋ค. ์์ด๋ฒ์, ๋ง๋ฒ๊ณผ์ ์ํด์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์์ธกํ ์๋ ์๋ค.
๊ตฐ๋ฝ์ ํ ๋ง๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์๋ฒ์์ ์์๋๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒ์ง์นธ์ ๋ถ๋ฆฐ ํํ๋ก ์ง์ด์ง๋ค. ์ฌ์๋ฒ์ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ์ ์ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ค์ค๋ก ํํ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ ค(:en:maceration) ๊ณต์ ๋ง๋ ๋ค. ์ฌ์๋ฒ์ ๊ฑด์ค ์ค์ธ ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด์ ์๋ฐ๋ชฉ๋ง๋๋ก ๊ฝ ์์ผ์ฅ๊ณ ํฑ์ผ๋ก ๊ณต์ ์ฎ๊ธด๋ค. ์ฌ์์ ์์
์ ๋๋ด๋ ๋์, ๋๋ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น๊ธ๋น๊ธ ๋๋ ค ํํํ๊ฒ ์ธ์์ง ๋ฐ๋์ชฝ ๋ฒฝ์ ๋๋ฌ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ๋๋ฌ์ด๋ก ๋ฒฝ์ ๋๋ฌ์ด์ ์์ชฝ ๋ฒฝ์ ๋ฉด์ ๊ฑด์คํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ฌ์๋ฒ์ ์์ ๋ณ๊ณ ์ ๋ฒ๋ ์๊ฒ ๊ฝ๊ฟ๊ณผ ์ ๋ฒ๋ ๋ฅผ ๋จน์ธ๋ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋ฐฉ์์ ํ์ด๋ ์์ปท ์ผ๋ฒ์ ๋ฅ์ง๋ฅผ ํ์ฅํ๊ณ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ์ ํค์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋์ฐ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ค ์ค์ค๋ก๋ ์ง์ง๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ์์ ๋ณ์ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ ์จํํ ๊ธฐํ์ ์์ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํด๋ดค์ ๋, ํด๋ง๋ค ๊ฒจ์ธ์ ์ฌ์๋ง์ด ์ด์๋จ์ ๋๋ฉดํ๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์์ด๋์ ์์ปท์ ๊ฒจ์ธ์ ๋ญ์ณ ๋๋ฉดํ์ฌ ํน๋
ํ ๋ ์จ๋ฅผ ๋ฒํด๋ค. ์ฌํ๊น์ง ์ฐ๊ตฌํด์จ ์จ๋ํ ๊ธฐํ์ ์์ํ๋ ์์ด๋ฒ์ ํฌํจํ ๋ง๋ฒ๊ณผ ์ข
๋ค์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ๋ชธ์ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ ํน๋
ํ ๊ณ์ ์ด ๋ค๊ฐ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ฒจ์ธ์ ๋ญ์น ์์ปท๋ค ์ค ๋ ํฐ ์์ปท๋ค์ด ์ฃผ๋ก ์ด์๋จ์ ์ฌ์์ด ๋๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฐํ์ก๋ค. ๊ณผํ์๋ค์ ์ด๋ ์ข
๋ค์ด ๊ฒจ์ธ์ ๋ญ์นจ์ผ๋ก์ ์ฌ์์ด ๋ ๋ฒ๋ค์ด ํ์ด๋์๋ง์ ์๋ก์ด ๊ตฐ๋ฝ์ ์ธ์ฐ๋ ๋์ , ๋ณด๋ค ๋์ ๊ธฐํ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๊ฐ์ถฐ์ง ๋๊น์ง ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ฆด ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ์์ธกํ๋ค.
๋ฅ์ง ํํ
๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ ๋ฅ์ง์ ์ต๋ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ ์ง๋ฆ 9cm, ํ๊ท ๊ธธ์ด๋ 2.78cm์ด๋ค. ๋ฅ์ง์ ๊ฐ์ฒด์๋ 4์์ 13๋ง๋ฆฌ ์ ๋๋ค. ๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ์ ์ฑ์ฅ์จ์ ๋ํ ์๋ฃ๋ ์์ง๋ง, ์์ด๋ฒ์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ข
๋ฉํธ๋ฆฌ์ฟ ์ค ์์ด๋ฒ(:en:Polistes metricus)์ ๋๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์๋ผ๋๋ฐ, ๊ตฐ๋ฝ์ ์ ์ผํ ์ฌ์๋ฒ์ด ๋ณ์ ์์ ๋จน์ด์น์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
๋ฒ์ํ๋
ํ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ ๋งํ ์ ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ์ด "๋์๊ฐ ์ ๋ฐ๋ฌ๋ ์์ปท"์ ๋ณด์ ํ์ง๋ ์๋๋ค๋ ์ ์ด๋ค. ๋๋ค๋ฅธ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ก์ด ์ ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค: ์ฝ๋กฌ๋น์์์ ์งํ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋(:en:foraging) 29 ๋ง๋ฆฌ์ ์์ด๋ฒ ์ค 25๋ง๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฝ๊ฟ์, 3๋ง๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ค์ง ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ, ํ ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฅ์ง๋ฅผ ์ง์ ํํ๋ฅผ ์ฎ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์์๋ค. ์์ด๋ฒ๋ค์ด ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋ค๊ฐ ๊ทํํ์ ๋, ์ต์์ ์์ด(:en:Dominance (ethology))์ ๋ฒ๋ค์ด ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๋ค ๊ฐ์ด ์ ๋ฒ๋ ์๊ฒ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์๋ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ๋ฒ๋ค์ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์ง์ ๋ฐฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ค์ด๋ฐ์ด์ ๋๋ฌ์ด๋ก ๋ฐฉ์ ๋ฒฝ์ ๋๋ค๊ธฐ๊ณ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋๋ค. ๋๋ค๊ธฐ๋ ์๋ฆฌ๋ 1๋ฏธํฐ ๋ฐ๊นฅ์์๋ ๋ค์ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ ๋ฒ๋ ๋ค์๊ฒ ๋จน์ด์ ์กด์ฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ฆด ์ ์๋ค.
๋จน์ด์ฐพ๊ธฐ
์๊ตญ์ ์์ฐ์ฌํ์ ํ ๋ง์ค ๋ฒจํธ(:en:Thomas Belt)๋ ํฐ ์ ๋ฒ๋ ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ฅํ ๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ชธ๋ฑ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์น์ด์ ์๋์ ์ ๋ฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๋จ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ค์ด๋ด๋์ง ๊ด์ฐฐํ๋ค. ๋ฒ์ ์ ๋ฒ๋ ๋ฅผ ์ง์ด์ ๋ช ์ด ๋์ ๋งด๋๋ค ๋จ์ ์ ๋ฒ๋ ๋ฐ์ด ๋์ธ ๋นฝ๋นฝํ ๋๋ญ์ ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ๋ช ๋ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๊ณ ๋์ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ฌ์ง๋ง ๋ช ๋ถ ๋ค ๋์์์ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ฌ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ ํ๋๋ค. ๋ฒ์ ์ฒ์์๋ ์ ๋ฒ๋ ๊ฐ ๋์ธ ๊ทธ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ํํ๊ฒ ์ฐพ์๊ฐ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ๋ฒ์ ๋ช ๋ฒ์ด๋ ์คํจํ๊ณ , ๋ช ๋ฒ์ด๋ ์์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ๋งด๋ ๋์, ๋ง์นจ๋ด ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๋ ์๊ฐ๋ค. ๋ฒจํธ๋ ์ด ๋ฒ๋ ๊ฐ ๋จน์ด๊ฐ ๋์ธ ์ด๋ค ์์น๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์๋ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌ๋์ด ํ๋ค๊ณ ํด๋ ๋ฏฟ์๋ฒํ ์ ์ ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๊ฒฝํํ๋ค.
์งํ์ ์ ์
๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ ๋ง๋ฒ๊ณผ์ ์ผ์ข
์ผ๋ก์ ํฐํฑ(:en:Mandible (insect mouthpart))์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ชฉ์ ์๋ฅด๊ณ ๋ชฉ์ง์ฌ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ฏ์ด๋ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฅ์ง๋ฅผ ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ก์ ์ฐข๋ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ ํฐํฑ์ ์งง์ง๋ง ๋ฐ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋์ ํด์, ๋ฐ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋๋น์ ๋ฐ๋ถ๋ถ์์์ ๊ธธ์ด์ ๋น์จ์ด ์ฝ 2.0์ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ค. ๋ฐ๊นฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ถ์๋ "๋ฐ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์์ ... ๋์
์ ๊ธธ์ด์ ์ ๋ฐ ์ ๋์ ์์นํ ์ง์ "์ ๋ป์ณ์๋ค. ๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ๋ ์ด๋นจ(teeth)์ด ์๋ค. "๋ณผ๋กํ ๋ง๋จ์ ๋ท๋ถ๋ถ ... ์ ๋ท๋ถ๋ถ์์ ์ ์ผ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ๋๋(posteriormost apical tooth)์ ์ด์ด์ ธ์๊ณ ๋ง๋จ์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ถ(distal media area)์ ๊ทผ์ ํด์๋ค." ๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ด ๋ถ์๊ฐ ๋ณผ๋กํ๋ค. ๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ด๋นจ์ ์์ชฝ ๋ (third tooth's anterior edge)์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ข
์ ๋นํด ๊ธธ๋ค.
์ข
๋ด์ํธ์์ฉ
์ก์ ๊ฐ์ฐฐ
๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ ๋ง๋ฒ๊ณผ์ ์ผ์ข
์ผ๋ก์ ์ก์ ๊ฐ์ฐฐ(:en:worker policing)์ ํ๋ค. ์ผ๋ฒ๋ค์ ์ง์ง๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ์ง ์์ง๋ง ๋ฐ์์ฒด์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ฏธ์์ ๋์ ๋ณ์ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์๋ค์ ์ํ๋ก ๋ถํํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ฒ๊ณผ ์๋ค ๊ฐ์ ๊ทผ์ฐ๊ณ์(:en:relatedness)๋ r=0.5์ด๊ณ , ์ผ๋ฒ๊ณผ ์ฌ์์ ์์ ์ํ ๊ฐ์ ๊ทผ์ฐ๊ณ์๋ r=0.25์ด๋ฏ๋ก, ์ผ๋ฒ์ ํผ์
๋ฒ์น(:en: Fisher's principle)์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์๊ธฐ ์๋ค์ ๋ณ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ํธํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ฌ์๊ณผ ์๋ค ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ทผ์ฐ๊ณ์๋ r=0.5, ์ฌ์๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฒ์ ์๋ค ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ทผ์ฐ๊ณ์๋ r=0.25์ด๋ฏ๋ก ์ฌ์์ ์์ ์ ์๋ค์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ํธํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ด ์ด๋์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ก ์ธํ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค: ์ฌ์๋ฒ์ ์ผ๋ฒ๋ค์ด ์์ ๋ณ์ง ๋ชปํ๋๋ก, ์ผ๋ฒ๋ค์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ฒ๋ค์ด ์์ ๋ณ์ง ๋ชปํ๋๋ก ์ต์ํ๋ค. ์ด ํ์์ ์ก์ ๊ฐ์ฐฐ๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ์๋ค.
์ข
๊ฐ์ํธ์์ฉ
๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ ๋ฅ์ง๋ ๋๊ฐ ๋ช ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ๊ฐ์๋๋ฌด์ ๋ฎ์ ๊ฐ์ง์ ๋งค๋ฌ๋ ค์๋๋ฐ, ๋๋๋ก๋ Polybia ์์ ์์ด๋ฒ, ์กฐ๊ธ ๋๋ฌผ๊ฒ๋ Mischocyttarus ์์ ์์ด๋ฒ์ ๋ฅ์ง ๋ช ๋ฏธํฐ ๊ทผ์ฒ์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. Polybia ์ Mischocyttarus ์์ ๋ง๋ฒ๋ค์ ํํ ๊ฐ์ ์์ญ์์ ์ฐ๋ํ์ง๋ง, ๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ด ์ด๋ค๊ณผ ์ฐ๋ํ๋ ์ผ์ ๋๋ฌผ๋ค. โ๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌํ์ฑ ๋ง๋ฒ๊ณผ๋ค๊ณผ ์ฐ๋ํ๋ ํ์์ ์ฝ์คํ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ฐ๊นฅ์์๋ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์ง ์์๋ค.โ
์ธ๋ ฅ๊ถ ํ๋
์ฝ์คํ๋ฆฌ์นด์์๋ ๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ ์์ปท์ด ์์ญ ์ผ์ ๋ฅ์ ์ ๊ผญ๋๊ธฐ์ ๋ชจ์ธ๋ค. ์์ปท๋ค์ ๋ฅ์ง๊ฐ ์๋ ๋๋ฌด์ ๋ค๋ถ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ํ ๋ด์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋์ข
(:en:Conspecificity) ์์ปท๋ค์ ์ซ์๋ธ๋ค. ์์ปท๋ค์ ์์ญ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ์์ปท๋ค๊ณผ๋ง ์ง์ง๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
๊ธฐ์์ถฉ
๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ ๋ฅ์ง์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๊ธฐ์์ ์ฆ๋ช
ํ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์ธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ์ธ ์นธ์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ข
์ด ๋ณ์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ด๋ ์์ด ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๊ธด ํ์ง๋ง, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ ์์ด์๋ค. ๊ฒ๋ค๊ฐ ๋ฌด์์๋ก ์ ๋ฒ๋ ์ด ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํด๋ถํ์ ๋๋ ๊ธฐ์์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ ์ ์์๋ค.
๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ ๋ฎ์ ๋ถ์ฑ๋ฒ๋ ์(:en:Xenos (insect))์ ๋ถ์ฑ๋ฒ๋ ํํ
๊ธฐ์๋นํ๋ค. ์ด ์ ๋๊ธฐ์๋ฌผ(:en:obligate parasite)์ ์๋ผ๋๋ ์์ด๋ฒ ์ ๋ฒ๋ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ผ์ํค๋ฉฐ, ์์ปท ์์ด๋ฒ์ด ๋ถํํ ๋๋ ๋ณต๋ถ์ ์๋ฆฌํ๋ค ๊ป์ง์ ์ฐข๊ณ ๋ฟ์ด์ ธ๋์ ์์ปท์ ๋ฒ๋ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋๊ณ ์์ปท์ ๊ฐ์ผ์ฑ์ด ์๋ 1๋ น ์ ๋ฒ๋ ๋ฅผ ๊ฝ ์์ ๋ณ๋๋ค. ์ด ์ ๋ฒ๋ ๋ค์ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋ ๋ง๋ฒ์ ๋งค๋ฌ๋ ค ๋ฅ์ง๋ก ๋์์จ๋ค.
๋
์นจ
๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ ํน๋ณํ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์ข
๋ฅ๋ ์๋์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ ๋ฌด์๋ฌด์ํ ๋
์นจ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ผํด์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ ์ญ์์ ์ค์นํ ์
๋ช
์ ์ป์๋ค. ์ ํ๋ฒ์ด์ ์ํ๊ต์ก๊ฐ์ธ ์ฝ์ํ
ํผํฐ์จ(:en:Coyote Peterson)์ ์ค๋ฝ ๊ฒธ ๊ต์ก์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ผ๋ถ๋ฌ ๋ค์ํ ๊ณค์ถฉ๋ค์ ๋
์นจ์ ํ๋์ ์์ด๊ณค ํ๋๋ฐ, ๋ง๋๋์์ด๋ฒ์ ๋
์นจ์ ์ฌํ๊ป ์์ฌ๋ณธ ๊ฒ๋ค ์ค ์ ์ผ ๊ณ ํต์ค๋ฌ์ฐ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์๊ฐ๋ฏธ๋ ์ฅ์๋ง๋ฒ๋ณด๋ค๋ ๊ณ ํต์ค๋ฝ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ์ฝ์ํ
ํผํฐ์จ์ โ๋ด ํ๋์ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ๋์ ๋ถํ์ด์ฌ๋์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์์ธ ๊ณณ ์ฃผ๋ณ์ด ๊ดด์ฌํด ์์ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ์๊ฒผ๋ค."๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
"STUNG by an EXECUTIONER WASP!" - Nathaniel "Coyote" Peterson / Brave Wilderness on YouTube
"Worst Sting on EARTH?!" - Nathaniel "Coyote" Peterson / Brave Wilderness on YouTube
"The Last Sting?!" - Nathaniel "Coyote" Peterson / Brave Wilderness on YouTube
์์ด๋ฒ์
1775๋
๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ ๊ณค์ถฉ
์ํ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํฐ์ ํ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์น์ฐ์ค๊ฐ ๋ช
๋ช
ํ ๋ถ๋ฅ๊ตฐ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polistes%20carnifex | Polistes carnifex | Polistes carnifex, commonly known as the executioner wasp, is a neotropical vespid wasp in the cosmopolitan genus Polistes.
It is a very large yellow and brown paper wasp with a mandible that contains teeth. It establishes small colonies, founded by solitary queens, which build nests under the eaves of buildings or suspended from branches. Foraging adults bring nectar and macerated prey back to the nest to feed to the developing larvae which are individually housed in separate cells in the nest.
Vernacular names
As its range includes only small portions of the English-speaking Americas, P. carnifex has only recently taken on an English vernacular name, but in the mid-2010s the name executioner wasp was proposed, a calque upon the Latin specific name carnifex "executioner, hangman". This name, and the species, were subsequently widely popularized by YouTube personality Coyote Peterson in a 2018 video describing the wasp's painful sting.
In Paraguay, it is usually known in Guaranรญ as kava mainomby "hummingbird wasp", in reference to its great size; less commonly, it is called kava alazรกn "brown wasp" (more usually used for P. cavapyta), or kava sa'yju "yellow wasp" (more usually used for Agelaia multipicta or A. pallipes). In the Mexican state of Guerrero, speakers of Malinaltepec refer to the executioner wasp and the closely related P. instabilis as a'ma xtรญya chรกda "huarache-nest wasp", alluding to the flattened shape of the nests that they build.
Taxonomy
In 1768 HMS Endeavour left Plymouth on the first voyage of James Cook, reaching the harbour of Rio de Janeiro a few months later, in November. Here one of the passengers, the wealthy naturalist Joseph Banks, procured a female specimen of giant wasp, which made its way around the world to eventually arrive in England in 1771.
Meanwhile, the Dane Johan Christian Fabricius had travelled to Uppsala University in 1762 to study under the celebrated Carolus Linnรฆus, and upon returning to Denmark two years later began to work on his first publication, the Systema Entomologiรฆ, in which he attempted to list all known species of insects (which included spiders, crabs and other arthropods at the time) according to the new Linnaean system. By 1770 he had been appointed professor at the University of Copenhagen, and when in 1773 the University of Kiel (now German) had been ceded to Denmark, he was soon appointed professor there. By 1771 Fabricius began making yearly summer trips to London to study the collections that Banks and others had made in foreign lands, where he was able to study Banks' Brazilian specimen of wasp at Banks' London residence. In 1775 the 832 pages of the Systema Entomologiรฆ were finally published, and in this Polistes carnifex was scientifically described for the first time under the name Vespa carnifex, using Banks' specimen as holotype. This specimen is now stored at the Natural History Museum, London.
In 1802 Pierre Andrรฉ Latreille created the genus Polistes, and in 1804 Fabricius moved this species from Vespa to the new genus.
The authority citation of the species has erroneously been attributed to Henri Louis Frรฉdรฉric de Saussure, who wrote some of the most important books on the subject of wasps.
In 1853 de Saussure recognised that numerous taxa which had been described by others were synonyms of this species, and synonymised P. onerata, P. rufipennis, P. transverso-strigata and P. valida with P. carnifex. He also synonymised P. chlorostoma and P. major to it, although both are now recognised as valid species.
Supergeneric classification
The genus Polistes is the largest genus in the family Vespidae and the only genus in the tribe Polistini. It is classified in the Polistinae, the paper wasps.
Subgeneric classification
Owain Richards in 1973, and again in 1978, classified P. carnifex in a monotypic subgenus he named Onerarius. In a 1996 morphological study of most of the genus Polistes, James Michael Carpenter found this subgenus to cause the subgenus Aphanilopterus to be paraphyletic, and therefore synonymised Onerarius with the subgenus Aphanilopterus. However, by 2018 he no longer followed his own taxonomic interpretation and continued to use Richards' Onerarius.
In 1857 de Saussure was the first to attempt to organise the American Polistes species, doing so on the basis of the form of the abdomen -either conical, with the first segment broad, and tapering to a compressed last segment, with a conical and somewhat elongated metathorax; or with the abdomen oval-shaped, the first segment ampulliform (shaped like a flask) and the metathorax more flat and its end less elongated. He placed P. carnifex in a third group with characteristics in between these two, together with P. aurifer and a new species he described from Nuevo Mรฉxico (a Mexican territory which had recently been conquered and annexed by the USA and at the time included everything in between modern California to east Texas), P. comanchus.
Among the species of Polistes which occur in Parรก, Adolpho Ducke groups it with P. canadensis, P. goeldii and P. versicolor, based on the morphology of the mesopleuron.
One of the hypothesized phylogenetic trees puts P. carnifex most closely related to P. major and more distantly related to the following species: P. apachus, P. aurifer, P. bellicosus, P. carolina, P. metricus, P. poeyi ssp. haitiensis and P. perplexus. However, there has not been a consensus with regard to the phylogeny of P. carnifex so no one phylogenetic tree can be termed correct.
Subspecies
The following three subspecies are accepted:
Polistes carnifex ssp. carnifex - found in eastern Brazil, Costa Rica, Mexico and the USA.
Polistes carnifex ssp. boliviensis Bequaert, 1936 - found in Colombia, Peru and Bolivia.
Polistes carnifex ssp. rufipennis (Latreille, 1833) - found in Honduras, Panama and Venezuela.
The holotype of P. carnifex ssp. boliviensis was collected by Josรฉ Steinbach somewhere in Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia. It and three paratypes from Bolivia and Peru are stored in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.
P. carnifex ssp. rufipennis was originally described as P. rufipennis by Pierre Andrรฉ Latreille from a collection made by Alexander von Humboldt and Aimรฉ Bonpland during their celebrated journey of scientific exploration to the Americas. The single female specimen (the holotype) was collected somewhere in Venezuela. It was synonymised with this species by de Saussure in 1853. See the section "Description" below for more on this subspecies.
Etymology
The etymology of the specific epithet carnifex is from the Latin language, where it means an 'executioner' or a 'hangman', with the implied meanings of 'tormentor' or 'murderer', with the word used as an insult in the sense of 'scoundrel', 'villain' or 'rascal'. The Latin word carnis, meaning 'meat', combined with the genitive plural suffix -fex, derived from the word facio, and meaning '-maker' (among a number of similar concepts), together give 'flesh-maker'. (Carnifex : Butcher)
Description
Polistes carnifex is the largest Neotropical wasp in the genus Polistes with a body length up to three centimetres. The normal size is 24-27mm, with a possible maximum of 33mm. Despite its size, it is a relatively non-aggressive insect.
It is colored yellow with some brown stripes, these are partially blackish. The antennae are yellow with a darkened base. The head is yellow, the crown of the head being black and ending with reddish-brown stripes. The maxillae are reddish-brown, outlined in black. The thorax is yellow, the dorsal part black, but with a quartet of dark reddish-brown spots. The pronotum is totally or almost totally colored yellow. The abdomen is yellow, the second segment (tergite) darkened at the base. The wings are reddish-brown, or yellowish reddish-brown, and the feet are dark-colored.
It can be grouped with a number of species which can be distinguished from other species within the genus Polistes by their lacking of a groove on the underside of its head called the epicnemial sulcus. P. carnifex can be distinguished among this group of wasps by its wide cheek plates. Also the first tergite is very compact, dorsally convex, and elevated vertically compared to the constriction where the abdomen is inserted into the thorax. Furthermore, the eyes do not touch the clypeus. Lastly, this is a very large wasp, with individuals always longer than 20mm. The first gastral segment (sternite) is less broad than long.
Ducke states that the nests, with their relatively long and strong central petiole, are characteristic for the species, at least among the species in the genus of which the nest was known in his time.
P. carnifex ssp. rufipennis appears to differ from the nominate type by the body and wings being colored a tan brown, almost chestnut. Latreille describes it as such, with the antennas and the last quarter of the tarsi being more yellowish. It is yellow above the jaws, the posterior (back) edge of the first segment of the thorax, the very end of the thorax, the area beyond the second scutellum, the posterior edges of the first three rings (tergites + sternites) of the abdomen and the entirety of the following ring, this yellow being in the form of bands on the front rings, and forming two large, united patches which extend laterally to the extreme end of the thorax. A part of the inferior and anterior sides, the outline of the scutellum, and the square segment above that which Latreille calls the "second scutellum" are a similar color, but fainter. The abdomen and wings are glossy. The length of the body of the creature is 26mm.
Mandibles
As a member of the order Hymenoptera, Polistes carnifex has mandibles, which may be used to obtain wood fibers, build nests, or capture and macerate prey. The mandibles of P. carnifex are short. Yet, they are markedly wide at their base, with a length to basal width ratio of approximately 2:1. An external basal area stretches "from the basal margin ... to a point situated about half-way the mandible's length." P. carnifex also have teeth. "A convex distal posterior area ... is continuous with the posterior-most apical tooth and stays adjacent to a distal media area". This area is convex in P. carnifex. In P. carnifex, the third tooth's anterior edge is elongated, compared to in other species.
Genitals
Like most insects, the genitals of this species are very characteristic. The male wasp has a paramere that is two and a half times as long as wide at the middle, with the parameral spine about 1/6th of the length, and a shallow groove at its side. This spine is covered in very long and dense bristles and pointed apically. The paramere lobe is well developed and rounded, the lower part of the paramere is narrow, about 2/3 the width at the middle part.
It has a slender aedeagus, with about 27 teeth distributed from the end to beginning of the expansion in the middle part of the aedeagus. The penis valve is weakly dilated, with a central entrance and a weakly bi-lobed appearance (the valve being a little more than 1/3 of the length of apical part of the aedeagus). The expansion of the middle part of the aedeagus is well developed and has a pointed apex. The lateral apodeme of the aedeagus is directed forward with a weak central projection and shorter than the rounded ventral process (projection), while the inferior (lower) portion of the aedeagus is weakly curved -appearing almost straight from the side.
The digitus is slender, with a well-developed apical process which is about one and a half times longer than the base of the digitus and the same width from the base to the end. This end (apex) is pointed. The digitus has a band of obvious punctation around its base, and an anteroventral lobe that is short with a rounded end, and is covered in easily rubbed off (evanescent) bristles.
The cuspis is slender, with an apex which is pointed and tapers abruptly, and covered in long and sparse bristles, with more bristles found at the edges of the sides, and with short bristles on the lower part. The punctation on the cuspis is only found on the lateral lobe.
Similar species
In Paraguay, according to the identification key provided by Bolรญvar Rafael Garcete-Barrett, the most similar species are P. cavapyta, which has a completely yellow head and is banded with a rusty orange color, P. lanio, which has extensive black coloration on the mesosoma (~thorax) and back of the metasoma (~abdomen), P. canadensis, which has a red metasoma except some black in the sutures between the plates of the exoskeleton. The much smaller P. major is the only species in Paraguay with a similar color pattern.
In Nicaragua, according to the key provided by Jean-Michel Maes, it is best distinguished from the most similar species of the region, P. major, by its wide cheek plates, and the male genitals of both species are furthermore very characteristic.
In Brazil, Ducke compares it to P. claripennis, which has a similar coloration, but with a more pale yellow. This species is much smaller and lacks the wide cheeks of P. carnifex.
According to Joseph Charles Bequaert in 1936, many of the specimens labelled as P. carnifex in collections are P. major, these two species being commonly confused. All published records from Cuba and Hispaniola are P. major. See for example the description by William J. Fox of a specimen collected on San Esteban Island in the Gulf of California, Mexico.
Distribution
Polistes carnifex is native to Central and South America; its range extends from Arizona and southern Texas to Misiones Province in northern Argentina. In 1907 Ducke stated the species occurred in the Greater Antilles, but according to Bequaert in 1936, the species does not occur in the United States nor the Greater Antilles. In 1940 he was proven wrong however, when the first specimen from the United States was collected in Arizona by John J. duBois, this record first being published in 1955.
In Brazil it has been found in the states of Rio de Janeiro, Parรก and Paranรก.
In Mexico it has been recorded in the states of Baja California, Guerrero, Jalisco, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, Sonora, Veracruz and Yucatan, as well as Mexico City.
In Paraguay it is found in the departments of Alto Paranรก, Canindeyรบ, Paraguarรญ and San Pedro.
Bequaert states the species is not common anywhere. Ducke also states it is infrequently seen in Parรก, Brazil.
Ecology
Habitat
The species is found in coastal, humid, and open areas, such as in evergreen tropical forests. In tropical zones like Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina it is found in extensive wooded habitats without heavy rains.
Behavior
Before the 1970s little was known of the biology or behavior of Polistes carnifex. P. carnifex is a species of paper wasp, thus, like other members of the subfamily Polistinae, it is an eusocial wasp.
Nests
The nest is founded by a solitary queen which builds first cell and then further cells from macerated pulpy material. To create a colony, the queen enlarges a cell by introducing a ball of recently macerated pulp on her own. Using her mandibles, the queen loads the ball while holding the sides of the wall being constructed with her foretarsi. While completing this task, the queen moves her antennae in circles about her head, touching the parallel-lying opposite wall. The antennae-wall contact allows the queen to construct straight sides on the inner wall. She lays eggs and feeds the larvae, feeding them nectar and macerated prey. The female workers that emerge from the first cells then assist with the further building and development of the colony, and can themselves mate and lay eggs.
Polistes carnifex is a social species and the nests consist of a number of horizontal papery cells in which the young are reared. The nests are built from wood pulp which the wasps chew into a plaster. In a study in Costa Rica, nests were found hanging from branches of various species of low thorny trees near an ephemeral swamp. Nests have been seen under the eaves of buildings. The nests are hanging and open-faced, supported by a single Petiole in the centre which is strengthened by a tough gelatinous material. Of the six nests measured by Corn, the maximum size for a nest of P. carnifex was approximately 9ย cm in diameter. One nest in which one emergence at minimum occurred had an average length of 27.8ย mm. Nests range in the adult population from 4 to 13 individuals. In one nest studied, there were 28 cells and this number remained constant for the duration of the observation (17 days). There was only one cell observed as being enlarged, which was on the periphery.
Reproduction
Of six nests examined in 1972 not all nests contained a female with "well-developed ovaries".
Feeding
The English naturalist Thomas Belt observed how a Polistes carnifex wasp which had found a large caterpillar, chewed it up and made half of it into a macerated ball. Picking this up, it hovered for a few seconds and then circled several times round the place among the dense foliage where the other half of the caterpillar lay. It then flew off but returned a couple of minutes later and quickly located the correct hole among the leaves. Making its way in among the foliage, it could not at first find the exact leaf on which the caterpillar lay. After several fruitless hunts interspersed with short circling flights, it finally located the dismembered prey and flew off with its trophy. Belt marvelled that the insect could use a mental process so similar to that a human might have used to remember the specific location of its prey.
In Colombia, twenty-nine foraging wasps were observed returning to a particular nest with twenty-five loads of nectar, three loads of macerated prey and one of nest-building pulp. When a foraging wasp arrived, the highest ranking wasp present demanded food and then both fed the larvae. Each wasp pushed its head into a cell, drummed on the cell walls with its antennae and then deposited the food. The drumming noise could be heard a meter away by the researcher, and may have alerted the larvae to the presence of food.
Interactions within the species
Worker policing
As a member of the order hymenoptera, Polistes carnifex is subject to worker policing. While the diploid female workers do not mate, they are able to lay unfertilized eggs that will develop into haploid males. The relatedness of a worker to her offspring is r=0.5, and her relatedness to the queen's sons is r=0.25. Similarly, the queen's relatedness to her own offspring is r=0.5, whereas the queen's relatedness to her workers' sons is r=0.25, thus the queen prefers to bear her own sons. The other workers are more closely related to the queen's offspring than to their sisters' offspring. The consequences of these differences is as follows: queens try to suppress the production of eggs by workers and workers have an incentive to suppress other workers from producing eggs. This phenomenon is known as "worker policing".
Territorial behavior
In Costa Rica, male Polistes carnifex congregate on the top of ridges where they maintain territories. The males chase away other conspecific males from these territories which consist of groups of trees and shrubs with no nests. It is suggested that females only mate with males occupying such territories.
Interactions with other species
Nests (hanging from low branches on thorny trees near a swamp) were sometimes found within about a meter of nests of a Polybia species and occasionally in similar close proximity to a Mischocyttarus nest. Polybia and Mischocyttarus are often associated in the same area; however, Polistes carnifex only occasionally was found in proximity. The association of P. carnifex with other species of social wasps has not been reported outside of Costa Rica. Some trees bore several nests of different wasp species while many other similar trees bore none, which suggests that there is a non-random distribution.
The species P. major appears to be a Batesian mimic of this species.
Parasites
In a study of six nests of Polistes carnifex, in three cells there was an additional egg instead of the usual one, but these eggs appeared to be of P. carnifex. The author of this study found no evidence of parasitism, however, the wasps are indeed parasitized by strepsipteran insects in the genus Xenos. These obligate parasites infect the developing wasp larvae in the nest and are present within the abdomens of female wasps when they hatch out. Here they remain until they thrust through the cuticle and pupate (males) or release infective first-instar larvae onto flowers (females). These larvae are transported back to their nests by foraging wasps.
Sting
Although not a particularly aggressive wasp species, it has garnered a reputation in many Latin American countries for its potent sting. The YouTube personality and wildlife educator Nathaniel "Coyote" Peterson has deliberately exposed himself to a variety of stinging insects for entertainment and educational purposes, and declared that the executioner wasp's sting is the most painful he has ever received, more painful than that of the bullet ant or the Asian giant hornet. He labeled it the "King of sting" in his video journey of the most painful stings from various insects. Peterson also said the sting can cause tissue necrosis around the site of the sting, saying, "My arm was swollen for days, and eventually a small hole rotted in my arm from the venom at the sting site."
Conservation
The IUCN has not evaluated this species' conservation status.
It has been recorded as present in the following protected areas:
Shipstern Conservation & Management Area, Belize.
References
carnifex
Insects described in 1775
Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98%20%EA%B1%B4%EC%B6%95 | ์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ฑด์ถ | ๋ค์์ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ฑด์ถ์ ๊ดํ ๋ด์ฉ์ด๋ค.
์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ชฉ์กฐ ๊ฑด์ถ
์ ํต์ ์ธ ์ค๊ตญ ๋ชฉ์กฐ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค์ํ ๊ฑด์ถ ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ ๋ชฉ์ฌ์ด๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ ๋ชฉ๊ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฑด์ถ์ ๋๋ชฉ์์ ๋(ๅคงๆจไฝๅถๅบฆ)๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ๊ธฐ์๋ ๋ชฉ์กฐ ์ฅ์ยท๊ธฐ์ยท์๊ณตยท๋จ์ฒญ ๋ฑ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์ํ ์์
๋ถ๋ถ์ ํฌํจํ๋ค. ์ฃผ์ ๋ชฉ์ฌ ๋ถํ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฅยท๋ค๋ณดยท์ค๋๋ฆฌยท์์ธ๋ฐฉยท๊น์น๋ฐ์ ์ ์ฒด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ ํ์ค์ ์งํฑํ๋ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ค. ๊ธฐ์์ 2์ธ๊ธฐ ํ(ๆผข) ์์กฐ ์๋์ 2๊ฐ์ง ์ฃผ์ํ ๊ณจ์กฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋์๋ค. ํ๋๋ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ์(ๆถๆงๅผ) ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๊ณ , ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ๋๋ ๋ณด-๊ธฐ๋ฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๋ค. ์ ์ข
์ฑ์ ์ฅ๋ถ์ด์์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ ์ฐ์ฑ์ด ์ข์์ง๊ณ , ๋ด์ง์ฑ์ด ํฅ์๋๋ค. ๋ชฉ์ฌ ๋ถํ์ ์ฌ์ ์ ์ ์กฐํ์ฌ ๊ฑด์ถ ๋ถ์ง์์ ์ค์นํ ์ ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก, ๊ณต์ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ด ์๋นํ ๋จ์ถ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
๋ชฉ์กฐ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผ์ ๋ง๋๋ ์ค๊ตญ ์ ํต ๊ฑด์ถ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ํน์ ํ ์์ฐ ํ๊ฒฝ, ๊ฑด์ถ ์์ฌ, ๊ธฐ์ ์์ค ๋ฐ ์ฌํ์ ์ด๋
๊ณผ ์ํธ์์ฉํ๋ฉด์ ์ค๊ตญ์ธ์ด ๋ง๋ค์ด์จ ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ฐ๋ฌผ์ด๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ ํต ๊ฑด์ถ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ง์ ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ธ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ด์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ํต ๊ฑด์ถ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ์ด์ ์ค๊ตญ์ธ์๊ฒ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ์ด์ ์ผ์ข
์ ์์ง์ด ๋์๋ค.
๋ชฉ๊ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ(ๆจๆถๆง้ ) ๊ฑด์ถ
์ค๊ตญ ์ ์ญ์์ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ ์ ํต ๋ชฉ๊ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ(ๆจๆถๆง้ ) ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผ์ ์ค๊ตญ ๊ฑด์ถ ๋ฌธํ์ ๊ณ ์ ํ ์์ง์ด๋ค. ๋ชฉ๊ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅยท๋ค๋ณดยท์ค๋๋ฆฌยท์์ธ๋ฐฉยท๊น์น๋ฐ ๋ฑ์ ๋ชฉ์ฌ ๋ถํ์ ์ฅ๋ถ(tenon, ๊ฑด์ถ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ ๋ผ๋๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ํ ์ฌ๋ฃ์ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ ๋ผ์ธ ์ ์๋๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋ฃ์ ๋์ ๊ฐ๋๊ณ ๊ธธ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ ๋ถ๋ถ) ์ด์์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋์ด ์์ด์ ์ ์ฐํ๊ณ ์ง์ง์๋ ๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ด ๋๋ผ์ธ ์ ๋๋ก ๊ฐํ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผ์ ์ฌ์ ์ ์ ์๋ ๋ถํ์ ์กฐ๋ฆฝํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ง ์์ ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ์ค์นํ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ชฉ๊ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ชฉ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ ์งํฑํ ์ ์๋ ๋
์ฐฝ์ ์ค๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ์ ํต ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ์ง๋ ์งํ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด ๋ชฉ๊ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๊ฑด์ถ ๊ธฐ์ ์์๋ ์ ์ค๊ตญ์ธ์ ์ฐ์ฃผ๊ด, ์ ํต ์ค๊ตญ ์ฌํ์ ๊ณ์ธต์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ธ๊ฐ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ๋
น์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ชฉ๊ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ค๊ตญ ์ ์ญ์ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ํ๊ตญ ๋ฑ ๋์์์์์ 7,000๋
๋์ ์ง์๋์ด ์ฐ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ๊ณผ ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๊ฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ฆ์ง์ํค๋ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ์๋ค. ์ ํต ๋ชฉ๊ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๊ณ ๋ ๋์์ ๊ฑด์ถ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ๋ํํ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์ธ๋ฅ ๋ชจ๋์๊ฒ ๊ท์คํ ๋ฌดํ๋ฌธํ์ ์ฐ์ด๋ค.
์ ํต ๋ชฉ๊ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์งํ์ ์ฅ์ธ ์ ์ ์ ์ ์ฐ์ ๊ตฌํํ๋ฉฐ, ์ ํต ์ค๊ตญ ์ฌํ๊ฐ ๋๋๋ก ์ด์ด์จ ์์ฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ๊ด๊ณ์ ๋ํ ์ดํด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฑด์ถ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ณด์กดํด์จ ๋ชฉ์์ ์ฅ์ธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ์ง์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์์ ์ธ๋๋ฅผ ์ด์ด๊ฐ๋ฉฐ ์ด์์จ ์ด๋ค์๊ฒ ์ ํต ๋ชฉ๊ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผ์ ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ์ ํํํ๋ ํต์ฌ์ ์ธ ์๊ฐ์ ์์์ด๋ฉฐ, ์์์์ ๋ํ์ ๊ฑด์ถ ์์์ผ๋ก ์๋ฆฌ๋งค๊นํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ค๊ตญ ์ ํต ๋ชฉ๊ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฑด์ถ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ค๊ตญ ์ ์ญ์์ ์ฐพ์๋ณผ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒ ์ด์ง(ๅไบฌ)ยท์ฅ์ค์ฑ(ๆฑ่็)ยท์ ์ฅ์ฑ(ๆตๆฑ็)ยท์ํ์ด์ฑ(ๅฎๅพฝ็)ยท์ฐ์์ฑ(ๅฑฑ่ฅฟ็)ยทํธ์ ์ฑ(็ฆๅปบ็)๊ณผ ์์๋ฏผ์กฑ์ด ์ด๊ณ ์๋ ์๋จ ์ง์ญ์ ์์นํ ๋ชฉ์กฐ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ํ์ ์ด๋ค.
์ค๊ตญ ๊ฑด์ถ์ ํ๋ฆ
๊ฑด์ถ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ์๊ฐ์ ํ๋ฆ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ฐจ ๋ฐ์ ํด์๋ค. ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฑด์ถ ์ง์นจ์, ์๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฉด ์ก(ๅฎ)๋๋ผ์ ๋ชฉ๊ณต ๊ท๋ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๊ธฐ์ค(์์กฐ๋ฒ์(็้ ๆณๅผ))์ด๋ ๋ช
(ๆ)๋๋ผ ๋์ ์ฐ์ธ ๋ฃจ๋ฐ(้ญฏ็ญ, ์ถ์ถ์๋์ ๊ฑด์ถ๊ฐ)์ ๊ฑด์ถ ๊ท์น, ์ฒญ(ๆทธ) ๋๋ผ์ ๊ฑด์ถ ๊ธฐ์ค, ํ๋์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์์น ๋ฑ์ ๊ฐ ์๋์ ์ง์ญ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ์์ฝํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ ๊ฑด์ถ ์ฅ์ธ๋ค์ ์ง๋ ์์ฒ ๋
๋์ ๊ฑด์ถ์ ๋ํ ํ์ฑํ ๊ฒฝํ์ ์ถ์ ํด์๋ค. ์ด๋ค์ ๊ณ ์ ํ๊ณ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๊ธ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฌธํ์ ์๋ก์ ๋ํ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์ด์ธ์๋ ๊ณจ์กฐ์ ์์, ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ, ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ถ์ ์ธ๋ถ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ ๋ฑ์์ ๋ํ๋๋ค. ์ด ๋ฌธํ์ ์ฐ์ ์ ์์์ธ ์ฅ์ธ๋ค์ ๋ชฉ์ยท๊ธฐ์๊ณตยท์๊ณต๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅ๋๋ค. ๊ฑด์ถ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ ์ธ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ค๋๋ ๊น์ง ์ค์น - ๋์ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ ์น๋์ด์๋ค.
19์ธ๊ธฐ ํ๋ฐ๋ถํฐ ์์ ๊ฑด์ถ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ค์ด์๊ณ , ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ค๊ตญ ์ ํต ๋ชฉ๊ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๊ทธ ์ ์ฉ ๋ฒ์์ ํฐ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ข
์ฌ์๋ค๋ ์ค๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ ํต ๊ฑด์ถ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ ์๋ฉธ๋์๊ฑฐ๋, ๋๋ ์ฌ๋ผ์ง ์๊ธฐ์ ์ฒํด ์๋ค. ์ค๋๋ ์ ํต ๋ชฉ๊ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ฌ์๊ณผ ๊ถ๊ถ์ ์ ํต์ ์์์ผ๋ก ๊ฑด์ถํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฐ์ด๊ฑฐ๋, ๋๋ ์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ์๋ฆฌํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ด์ฉ๋๋ค.
์ค๊ตญ์ ์ ํต ๊ฐ์ฅ
์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ดํํ ์ํ ์ ๋ค์ํ ๊ธฐํ์ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ด ๋ถํฌํ๊ณ ์์ด ๊ทธ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ ํต ๊ฐ์ฅ์ ํํ๋ ๋ค์ํ๊ฒ ๋ํ๋๋ค. ์ธ์์ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํํ๊ฐ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ค ๋ชจ์ฌ ์๋ค๊ณ ํด๋ ๋ ๋งํผ ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ ํต ๊ฐ์ฅ์ ์ง์ญ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ ํต ๊ฐ์ฅ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ถ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ํ์กฑ์ ์ฌํฉ์ ํ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ฅ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ดํด๋ณด๋ฉด ๋์๋จ๋ถ์ ๋ฐฉ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฌ์ธ๊ณ , ์ค์์๋ ๋ค๋ชจ๋ ์ ์์ ๋์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ด๊ฒ๋ ๊ฐ ์ง์ญ์ ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ๋ง๊ฒ ํํ๋ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ด ์กฐ๊ธ์ฉ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฉด, ๊ธฐ์จ์ด ๋ฎ์ ๋ถ๋ถ ์ง์ญ์ ์ฌํฉ์์ ์ ์์ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค์ด ์ต๋ํ ํ๋น์ ๋ง์ด ๋ฐ๊ฒ ํ์๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์จ์ด ๋์ ๋จ๋ถ ์ง์ญ์ ์ฌํฉ์์ ์ ์์ ์๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค์ด ์์ํ ๊ทธ๋์ ํ๋ณดํ์๋ค.
ํ ๋ฃจ
์ค๊ตญ์ ๋จ๋ถ ์ง์ญ์์๋ ์ฌํฉ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด์๋ ๊ฐํ ํ๋น์ ํผํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฒฝ์ ๋์ด ์๊ณ , ์ง ๋ด๋ถ์๋ ์ต์ํ์ ํ๋น๋ง ๋ค์ด์ค๊ฒ ํ ๋
ํนํ ํํ์ ์ฃผํ์ด ๋ฐ์ ํ์๋ค. โํ ๋ฃจ(ๅๆจ)โ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ด ์ฃผํ์ ์ค๊ตญ ๊ฐ๊ฐ(Hakka-ๅฎขๅฎถ)์กฑ์ ์ ํต ๊ฐ์ฅ์ด๋ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ์ค๊ตญ ๋จ๋ถ ํธ์ ์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด๋์ฑ์ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ด๋ค.
ํ ๋ฃจ์๋ โํ๋์ ๋ฅ๊ธ๊ณ ๋
์ ๋ค๋ชจ๋๋คโ๋ ๊ณ ๋ ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ฐ์ฃผ๊ด์ด ๋ฐ์๋์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ์๋ฆฌ์ ์ํ์ผ๋ก ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ๋ค์ด์ ๋ค. ์ํ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ์๋ ์ฐ๋ฌผ, ์๋ ์ฐฝ๊ณ ๋ฑ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ํจ๊ป ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์์ค๋ฌผ์ด ๋ค์ด์๊ณ , ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ด ์ถ์ ๋ฑ์ ์ฌ๋ ๊ณต๋์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค.
ํ ๋ฃจ๊ฐ ์๊ธฐ๊ฒ ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ๋ฐ๋ก ๋จ์ด์ ธ ์ฌ๋ ๊ฒ๋ณด๋ค ๊ฐ์ด ๋ชจ์ฌ ์ฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ ๋์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด์๋ค. ์ ๋ค๊ณผ์ ์ธ์์ ๋๋นํ ๋ฐฉ์ด์ ํ์์ฑ๋๋ฌธ์ ํ ๋ฃจ์ ๋ฐ๊นฅ๋ฒฝ์ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ ์๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ ์ ๋๋ง ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ํ ๋ฃจ ์๋๋ก ๊น๊ฒ ๋
์ ํ์ ๋
์์ผ๋ก ๊ตด์ ํ๊ณ ๋ค์ด์ค๋ ์ ์๋ ๋๋นํ๊ณ , ๋๋ฌธ ์์ ๋ฌผ์ ๋ด์ ๋ถ์ ์ด์ฉํ ์ ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ๋๋นํ๋๋ก ํ๋ค.
ํ ๋ฃจ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํน์ดํ ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ํํธ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ง๋จ ์ฃผํ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด ์ฝ 50๋ฏธํฐ์ธ ์ํ์ ํ ๋ฃจ์๋ ์ฝ 100์ฌ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์ด ์๊ณ , 30~40๊ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ง๋ด๋ฉฐ, ์ต๋ 200~300๋ช
๊น์ง ํจ๊ป ์ด ์ ์๋ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ธ์ ์ ๋ง๊ณ ์์ผ๋ก๋ ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ๊ฒฐ์์ ๋ค์ง๋ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ํฉํ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ ์ด์๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ ํธ์ ์ฑ์ ๋จ์ ์๋ ํ ๋ฃจ๋ ๊ทธ ๋
ํนํ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ์ธ์ ๋ฐ์ 2008๋
์ ๋ค์ค์ฝ ์ธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ ์ ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ง์ ๋์๋ค.
์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ณ ๋ ๊ฑด์ถ
์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ณ ๋ ๊ฑด์ถ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ก ํ์ฌ ์ถ์กฐํ ํ ๋ชฉ๊ฑด์ถ์ด์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์๋ค. ํ ๋ชฉ๊ฑด์ถ์ ์ค์ฉ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ถ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ ์ถ์ ํธ๋ฆฌํ๊ฒ ํจ๊ณผ ๋์์ ์์ ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ๋ฏธํ์ฌ ์์ฐ๊ณผ์ ์กฐํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฐ์ ํด ์๋ค. ์ด์ฒ๋ผ ์ค์ฉ์ฑ๊ณผ ์์ ์ฑ์ ๊ฒธ๋นํ ๊ณ ๋ ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผ๋ก๋ ๊ต๋, ๋์ฑ(้ฝๅ), ์ ๋ฐฉ, ์๋ฆผ ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค
๊ต๋
๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ฐ๋จํ ๊ต๋์ ๋ฌผ ์์ ๋๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋์ ๊ฑด๋๋ค๋ ์ ์๋๋ก ๋ง๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ ๊ณ ๋์ ๊ต๋์ ๋จ์ง ๊ฑด๋๋ค๋ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ทธ์น์ง ์๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์์ ์ฅ์ธ๋ค์ ์ธ๋ฌธ ์ ์ ์ด ์์ง๋๊ณ ์์ฐ๊ณผ์ ์กฐํ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด ์ค์ํ ์์ ์ ํน์ง์ ์ง๋๋ค.
๊ณ ๋ ๊ต๋์ ์ฃผ๋๋ผ์ ์ง๋๋ผ ๋์ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ถ๊ต(ๆตฎๆฉ), ์๊ต(ๆขๆฉ), ์ญ๊ต(็ดขๆฉ)๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ธ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ๊ต๋์ด ๊ฑด์ถ๋์๋ค.
๋ถ๊ต(ๆตฎๆฉ)
๋ถ๊ต๋ ํฐ ๊ฐ์ด๋ ๊ฐ ํญ์ด ๋์ ์๋ฉด์ ๋ชฉ์ (ๆจ่น)์ด๋ ๋ฌผ ์์ ๋จ๋ฉด์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ต๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฌ ์์ชฝ ๊ธฐ์ญ์ ์๊ฒ ํ๋ ๊ต๋์ด๋ค.
์๊ต(ๆขๆฉ)
์๊ต๋ ๋ค๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ๋์ ๊ต๋์ ๋งํ๋ฉฐ, ์ธํ์ด ๊ณง๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ์ค์ด ์ฝ๋ค. ๊ฐ์ค ์ฌ๋ฃ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฃฝ๋๊ต(็ซนๆขๆฉ), ๋ชฉ๋๊ต(ๆจๆขๆฉ), ์๋๊ต(็ณๆขๆฉ)๋ก ๋๋๋๋ฐ, ๋๋๋ฌด๋ ๋๋ฌด๋ก ๊ฐ์คํ ๊ต๋์ ์ฝ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค ์ ์๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด์ ๊ทธ ์๋ช
์ด ์งง๋ค๋ ๋จ์ ์ด ์๋ค.
์ญ๊ต(็ดขๆฉ)
์ญ๊ต๋ ๋๋๋ฌด ์ค๊ธฐ, ๋ฑ๋๋ฌด ์ค๊ธฐ, ์ ์ค ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด ๋ง๋ ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ก, ์ ์์ด ๋นจ๋ผ ๊ต๊ฐ์ ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ด ํ์คํ ๊ณ๊ณก์ด๋ ์ ๋ฒฝ ๋ฑ์ ๋ง์ด ๊ฑด์ค
๋์ฑ(้ฝๅ)
๋์ฑ์ ๊ฐ ์์กฐ์ ์ ์น์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ธ ๋งํผ, ์๋ก์ด ์์กฐ๊ฐ ๊ฑด์ค๋ ๋๋ง๋ค ํต์น์๋ค์ ๋์ฑ์ ๊ฑด์ค์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค์ํ ์๋ฌด๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒผ๋ค. ๋์ฑ์ ๊ฑด์ค์ ์์กฐ์ ์ ์นยท๊ฒฝ์ ยท๋ฌธํ ๋ฑ ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์ ์ค์ํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ผ์ณค์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์ธ๋ฌ ์ฌํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ณผ ์ ์น์ ๋์ ๋ณํ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ตฐ์ฌ์ ํ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ๋จํ ๋ณํ ๋ฐ์ ํ์๋ค.
๋์ฑ์ ํต์น์์ ์์ ์ ๋ณด์ฅํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ฑ(ๅ)๊ณผ ๋ฐฑ์ฑ์ ๋ณดํธํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ณฝ(้ญ)์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก๋ค. ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ํ ๋ชจ์์ผ๋ก ๊ถ์ฑ(ๅฎฎๅ), ๋ด์ฑๅ
งๅ(ํฉ์ฑ็ๅ), ์ธ์ฑ(ๅคๅ)์ด๋ผ๋ 3๊ฐ์ ์ฑ๋ฒฝ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ก ์ง์ด์ก๋๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฒ์ด ์ดํ ์ฑ๊ณฝ ๊ฑด์ถ์ ํ์ค์ด ๋์๋ค. ๋์ฑ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฌ๋ฐฉ์๋ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋์ด ์๋ค.
์ ๋ฐฉ
๋ํ์ ์ธ ์ ๋ฐฉ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ฒญ๋(ๆ้ฝ)์ ๋์ฅ์(้ฝๆฑๅ ฐ), ์ฐ์(้่ฅฟ)์ ์ ๊ตญ๊ฑฐ(้ญๅๆธ ), ๊ตฌ์ด๋ฆฐ(ๆกๆ)์ ๋ง์ทจ(้ๆธ )๊ฐ ์๋ค.
๋์ฅ์
๋์ฅ์์ ์ง๋๋ผ ๋ ์ถ์กฐ๋ ๋ํ ์๋ฆฌ์ฌ์
์ ๋ํ์์ด์ ํ์กดํ๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค๋๋ ์ ๋ฐฉ์์ค์ด๋ค. ์ง๋๋ผ ์ฌ๋์ผ๋ก ์ด(่) ์ง์ญ์ ๊ตฐ์๋ฅผ ์ง๋ธ ์ด๋น(ๆๅฐ)์ ํด๋น๊ธฐ์ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฒ๋ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ง๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋จ์ํ ๋ ๊ฑด์ค์ด ์๋ ํ๋์ ์๋ก๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ฒํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ทจํ์ฌ ๋ฌผ๊ธธ์ ์กฐ์ ํ์๋ค. 2000๋
๋์ ์ธ๊ณ๋ฌธํ์ ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ง์ ๋ ๋์ฅ์์ ๊ณ ๋์ ์ถ์กฐ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ณผ ๊ณผํ์ ์ง์์ด ๊ฒฐํฉ๋์ด ์ค๋๋ ๊น์ง ์ฌ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ ๊ตญ๊ฑฐ
์ ๊ตญ๊ฑฐ๋ ํ๋๋ผ์ ํ ๋ชฉ๊ธฐ์ ์์ธ ์ ๊ตญ์ด ์ง๋๋ผ์ ๊ตญ๋ ฅ์ ์๋ชจํ๊ฒ ํ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์งํํ ๊ด๊ณ์ฉ์ ์ฌ์
์ด์๋ค. ์ง๋๋ผ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ํ ํ ๋ชฉ๊ณต์ฌ๋ก ์ธํ์ฌ ์ ์์ ์๊ฐํ์ง ์๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฌ์ ์ ํํ์ด ์ฌ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ ์์ํ์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ ๋น๋ฐ๊ณํ์ด ๋ฐ๊ฐ๋์ด ์คํจํ์ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์คํ๋ ค ์ง๋๋ผ์ ์ ๊ตญ ํต์ผ์ ์ด์ง์ํค๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณ์๋ค.
๋ง์ทจ
๋ง์ทจ๋ ์ง์ํฉ์ด ์(่ถ)๋๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ณตํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ง๋ ์ ๋ฐฉ์ผ๋ก, ์ฐฝ์ฅ(้ทๆฑ)์ ์์ฅ(ๆนๆฑ)๊ณผ ๊ด์ ์ฐ์ ์์ฅ(่ฅฟๆฑ)์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ๋ ์ง์ญ์ ์ฐํ๋ฆฌ์ ์ถ์กฐ๋์ด ์๋ค. 32km์ ๋ฌํ๋ ๋ง์ทจ ์ ๋ฐฉ์ ์ค์๊ณผ ๋จ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ค๊ฐ ์ ์๋ ์๋ก ์ญํ ์ ํ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ฌธํ ๊ต๋ฅ์ ์ด์ง์ ์ญํ ์ ํ์๋ค.
์๋ฆผ
์๋ฆผ์ ์ธ์์ ์ธ ์กฐ๊ฒฝ ์์
์ ํตํ์ฌ ๋ง๋ ์ ์๊ณผ๋ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ์์ฐ์ ๊ฑฐ์ค๋ฅด์ง ์๊ณ ์ ์ ํ๊ฒ ๋ฐฐ์นํด ๊ฑด์ถ์ด ๋์์ฐ๊ณผ ํ๋๊ฐ ๋๋ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ๋ง๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋งํ๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ ๊ณ ์ ์๋ฆผ์ ํจ์ถ๊ณผ ๋ณํ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ตด๊ณก์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ์ฌ ์๋ฆผ ๋ด๋ถ์ ๊ฑด์ถ์ด ์์ฐ๊ฒฝ๊ด๊ณผ ์ตํฉํ์ฌ ์กฐํ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋ค. ์ด์ฒ๋ผ ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ ํต์ ์ธ ์๋ฆผ์ ๋น๋ก ์ฌ๋์ด ๋ง๋ค์์ผ๋ ๋ง์น ํ๋์ด ๋ง๋ ๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ ๋๋ผ๊ฒ ํ๋ '์ฒ์ธํฉ์ผ(ๅคฉไบบๅไธ)'์ ํน์ง์ ๋๋ฌ๋ด๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ค๊ตญ ๊ณ ๋ ์๋ฆผ์ ๋ถ๋ฐฉ์ ํฉ์ค ์๋ฆผ๊ณผ ๋จ๋ฐฉ์ ๊ฐ์ธ ์๋ฆผ์ผ๋ก ๋๋๋ค. ๋ถ๋ฐฉ์ ํฉ์ค ์๋ฆผ์ ํฉ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ๋ ์ฐํ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฅ ๋ฑ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋์ด ์ฃผ๋ก ์ฐ์ด๋ ํธ์์ ์ง์ด์ก๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ทธ ๊ท๋ชจ๊ฐ ํฐ ํธ์ด๋ค.
๋จ๋ฐฉ์ ๊ฐ์ธ ์๋ฆผ์ ์์ง๋จ๋ถ์กฐ์๋์์๋ถํฐ ์ฑํํ์๋ค. ๋น์ ๋ฌธ์ธ๊ณผ ์ ๋น๋ค์ด ์ ์์ ํผํด ์ธ์์ ๋ฑ์ง๊ณ ์ฐ์์ ๋๋ถ์ด ์ง๋ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์์ ์ถ๋ฐํ์ฌ ์์ ๋ง์ ๊ณ ์ ํ ์ ์ทจ๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ๋ผ ์ ์๋ ์๋ฆผ์ ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ ์์ํ์๋ค.
๊ฑด์ถ์ฌ
๊ฑด์ถ ์์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20architecture | Chinese architecture | Chinese architecture is the embodiment of an architectural style that has developed over millennia in China and has influenced architecture throughout East Asia. Since its emergence during the early ancient era, the structural principles of its architecture have remained largely unchanged. The main changes involved diverse decorative details. Starting with the Tang dynasty, Chinese architecture has had a major influence on the architectural styles of neighbouring East Asian countries such as Japan, Korea, and Mongolia in addition to minor influences on the architecture of Southeast and South Asia including the countries of Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and the Philippines.
Chinese architecture is characterized by bilateral symmetry, use of enclosed open spaces, feng shui (e.g. directional hierarchies), a horizontal emphasis, and an allusion to various cosmological, mythological or in general symbolic elements. Chinese architecture traditionally classifies structures according to type, ranging from pagodas to palaces. Due to the frequent use of wood, a relatively perishable material, as well as few monumental structures built of more durable materials, much historical knowledge of Chinese architecture derives from surviving miniature models in ceramic and published diagrams and specifications.
Some specimens show the influence of styles from beyond China, such as the influences on mosque structures originating in the Middle East. Although unifying aspects exist, Chinese architecture varies widely based on status or affiliation, such as whether the structures were constructed for emperors, commoners, or for religious purposes. Other variations in Chinese architecture are shown in vernacular styles associated with different geographic regions and different ethnic heritages.
Throughout the 20th century, Chinese architects have attempted to bring traditional Chinese designs into modern architecture. Moreover, the pressure for urban development throughout China requires high speed construction and a greater floor area ratio: thus, in cities the demand for traditional Chinese buildings (which are normally less than 3 levels) has declined in favor of high-rises. However, the traditional skills of Chinese architecture, including major and minor carpentry, masonry, and stonemasonry, are used in the construction of vernacular architecture in China's rural areas.
History
Neolithic and early antiquity
Chinese civilizations and cultures developed in the plains along China's numerous rivers that emptied into Bohai and Hongzhow bays. The most prominent of these rivers, the Yellow and the Yangtze, hosted many villages. The climate was warmer and more humid than today, allowing millet to be grown in the north and rice in the south. However, Chinese civilization has no single "origin". Instead, it featured a gradual multinuclear development between 4000 and 2000 BC โ from village communities to what anthropologists call cultures to states.
Two of the more important cultures were Hongshan culture (4700โ2900 BC) to the north of Bohai Bay in Inner Mongolia and Hebei Province and contemporaneous Yangshao culture (5000โ3000 BC) in Henan Province. Between the two, and developing later, was Longshan culture (3000โ2000 BC) in the central and lower Yellow River valley. These combined areas gave rise to thousands of small/proto-states by 3000 BC. Some shared a common ritual center that linked them to a single symbolic order, but others developed more independently. The emergence of walled cities during this time is a clear indication that the political landscape was often unstable.
The Hongshan culture of Inner Mongolia (located along the Laoha, Yingjin, and Daling rivers that empty into Bohai Bay) was scattered over a large area but had a single, common ritual center of at least 14 burial mounds and altars over several ridges. It is dated to around 3500 BC, or possibly earlier. Although no evidence suggests village settlements nearby, its size is much larger than one clan or village could support. In other words, though rituals would have been performed there for the elites, the large area implies that audiences for the ritual would have encompassed all the villages of the Hongshan. As a sacred landscape, the center might have attracted supplicants from even further afield.
20th Century
Rammed earth construction was both practically and ideologically important during the rapid construction of the Daqing oil field and the related development of Daqing. The "Daqing Spirit" represented deep personal commitment in pursuing national goals, self-sufficient and frugal living, and urban-rural integrated land use. Daqing's urban-rural landscape was said to embody the ideal communist society described by Karl Marx because it eliminated (1) the gap between town and country, (2) the gap between workers and peasants, and (3) the gap between manual and mental labor.
Drawing on the Daqing experience, China encouraged rammed earth construction in the mid-1960s. Starting in 1964, Mao Zedong advocated for a "mass design revolution movement". In the context of the Sino-Soviet split, Mao urged that planners should avoid the use of Soviet-style prefabricated materials and instead embrace the proletarian spirit of on-site construction using rammed earth. The Communist Party promoted the use of rammed earth construction as a low-cost method which was indigenous to China and required little technical skill.
Reinforced concrete, brick-infill, and prefabricated materials were used increasingly following the Wall Reform Movement of 1973-1976 and were promoted in publications such as Architectural Journal.
In 2014, the city of Datong started to rebuild the Datong ancient city wall and buildings in traditional architecture, although received skepticism and opposition by citizens by then, many praised the mayor for bringing back traditional Chinese aesthetics later on.
Features
Bilateral symmetry
An important feature in Chinese architecture is its emphasis on articulation and bilateral symmetry, which there signifies balance. These are found everywhere in Chinese architecture, from palace complexes to humble farmhouses. Secondary elements are positioned on either side of the main structures as wings to maintain overall symmetry. Buildings are typically planned to contain an even number of columns to produce an odd number of bays (้). Placing the main door in the center bay maintains symmetry.
In contrast to buildings, Chinese gardens tend to be asymmetrical. Gardens are designed to provide enduring flow. The design of the classic Chinese garden is based on the ideology of "Nature and Man in One," as opposed to the home itself, which shows the human sphere co-existing with, but separate from nature. The intent is that people feel surrounded by, and in harmony with, nature. The two essential garden elements are stones and water. The stones signify the pursuit of immortality, while water represents emptiness and existence. The mountain belongs to yang (static beauty), and the water belongs to yin (dynamic wonder). They depend on each other and complete each other.
Enclosure
In much Chinese architecture, buildings or building complexes surround open spaces. These enclosed spaces come in two forms:
Courtyard (้ข): Open courtyards are a common feature in many projects. This is best exemplified in Siheyuan: It consisted of an empty space surrounded by buildings connected with one another either directly or through verandas.
"Sky well" (ๅคฉไบ): Although large open courtyards are less commonly found in southern Chinese architecture, the concept of an "open space" surrounded by buildings can be seen in the southern building structure known as the "sky well". This structure is essentially a relatively enclosed courtyard formed from the intersections of closely spaced buildings and offers a small opening to the sky through the roof space.
These enclosures aid in temperature regulation and in ventilation. Northern courtyards are typically open and face south to allow the maximum exposure of the building windows and walls to the sun while keeping out the cold north winds. Southern sky wells are relatively small and collect rainwater from the roof tops. They perform the same duties as the Roman impluvium while restricting the amount of sunlight that enters the building. Sky wells also vent hot air skyward, which draws cool air from the lower areas and the outside.
Hierarchy
The projected hierarchy and importance and building uses in Chinese architecture are based on the strict placement of buildings in a property/complex. Buildings with doors facing the front of the property are considered more important than those facing the sides. Buildings facing away from the front are the least important.
South-facing buildings in the rear and more private areas with higher exposure to sunlight are held in higher esteem and reserved for elders or ancestral plaques. Buildings facing east and west are generally for junior members or branches of the family, while buildings near the front are typically for servants and hired help.
Front-facing buildings in the back of properties are used for celebratory rites and for the placement of ancestral halls and plaques. In multi-courtyard complexes, central courtyards and their buildings are considered more important than peripheral ones, the latter typically for storage, servants' rooms, or kitchens.
Horizontal emphasis
Classical Chinese buildings, especially those of the wealthy, are built with an emphasis on breadth and less on height, featuring an enclosed heavy platform and a large roof that floats over this base, with the vertical walls deemphasized. Buildings that were too high and large were considered unsightly, and therefore generally avoided. Chinese architecture stresses the visual impact of the width of the buildings, using sheer scale to inspire awe. This preference contrasts with Western architecture, which tends to emphasize height and depth. This often meant that pagodas towered above other buildings.
The halls and palaces in the Forbidden City have rather low ceilings when compared to equivalent stately buildings in the West, but their external appearance suggests the all-embracing nature of imperial China. These ideas have found their way into modern Western architecture, for example through the work of Jรธrn Utzon.
Cosmological concepts
Chinese architecture used concepts from Chinese cosmology such as feng shui (geomancy) and Taoism to organize construction and layout. These include:
Screen walls to face the main entrance, which stems from the belief that evil things travel in straight lines.
Talismans and imagery of good fortune:
Door gods displayed on doorways to ward off evil and encourage good fortune
Three anthropomorphic figures representing Fu Lu Shou (็ฆ็ฅฟๅฃฝ fรบ-lรน-shรฒu) stars are prominently displayed, sometimes with the proclamation "the three stars are present" (ไธๆๅฎ
sฤn-xฤซng-zhร i)
Animals and fruits that symbolize good fortune and prosperity, such as bats and pomegranates, respectively. The association is often done through rebuses.
Orienting the structure with its back to an elevated landscape and placing water in the front.
Ponds, pools, wells, and other water sources are built into the structure.
Aligning a building along a northโsouth axis, with the building facing south (in the north where the wind is coldest in winter). The two sides face east and west respectively. The back of the structure is generally windowless.
The use of certain colors, numbers and the cardinal directions reflected the belief in a type of immanence, where the nature of a thing could be wholly contained in its own form.
Beijing and Chang'an are examples of traditional Chinese town planning that represent these cosmological concepts.
Architectural types
The types of Chinese architecture may relate to the use of the structures, such as whether they were built for royals, commoners, or the religious.
Commoners
Due to primarily wooden construction and poor maintenance, far fewer examples of commoner's homes survive compared to those of nobles. Korman claimed the average commoner's home did not change much, even centuries after the establishment of the universal style: early-20th-century homes were similar to late and mid-imperial homes.
These homes tended to follow a set pattern: the center of the building was a shrine for deities and ancestors, and was also used during festivities. On its two sides were bedrooms for elders; the two wings (known as "guardian dragons") were for junior members, as well as the living room, the dining room, and the kitchen, although sometimes the living room was close to the center.
Sometimes the extended families became so large that one or two extra pairs of "wings" had to be built. This produced a U-shape, with a courtyard suitable (e.g., for farm work). Merchants and bureaucrats preferred to close off the front with an imposing gate. All buildings were legally regulated, and the law required that the number of stories, the length of the building and the building colours reflect the owner's class.
Some commoners living in areas plagued by bandits built communal fortresses called Tulou for protection. Often favoured by the Hakka in Fujian and Jiangxi, the design of Tulou shows the ancient philosophy of harmony between people and environment. People used local materials, often building the walls with rammed earth. No window reached the outside on the lower two floors (for defense), but the inside included a common courtyard and let people gather.
Imperial
Certain architectural features were reserved for buildings built for the Emperor of China. One example is the use of yellow (the Imperial color) roof tiles. Yellow tiles still adorn most of the buildings within the Forbidden City. Only the emperor could use hip roofs, with all four sides sloping. The two types of hip roof were single-eave and double-eave. The Hall of Supreme Harmony is the archetypal example of double eaves. The Temple of Heaven uses blue roof tiles to symbolize the sky. The roofs are almost invariably supported by brackets ("dougong"), a feature shared only with the largest of religious buildings. The building's wooden columns well as the wall surfaces, tend to be red. Black is often used in pagodas. It was believed that the gods were inspired by the black color to visit earth.
The 5-clawed dragon, adopted by the Hongwu emperor (first emperor of Ming dynasty) for his personal use, was used to decoration the beams, pillars, and on the doors on Imperial architecture. Curiously, the dragon was never used on roofs of imperial buildings.
Only buildings used by the imperial family were allowed to have nine jian (้, space between two columns); only gates used by the Emperor could have five arches, with the centre one, reserved for the Emperor. The ancient Chinese favored the color red.
Beijing became the capital of China after the Mongol invasion of the 13th century, completing the easterly migration of the Chinese capital begun in the Jin dynasty. The Ming uprising in 1368 reasserted Chinese authority and fixed Beijing as the seat of imperial power for the next five centuries. The Emperor and the Empress lived in palaces on the central axis of the Forbidden City, the Crown Prince at the eastern side, and the concubines at the back (the imperial concubines were often referred to as "The Back Palace Three Thousand"). During the mid-Qing dynasty, the Emperor's residence was moved to the western side of the complex. It is misleading to speak of an axis in the Western sense of a visual perspective ordering facades. The Chinese axis is a line of privilege, usually built upon, regulating accessโinstead of vistas, a series of gates and pavilions are used.
Numerology influenced Imperial Architecture, hence the use of nine (the greatest single digit number) in much of construction and the reason why the Forbidden City in Beijing is said to have 9,999.9 roomsโjust short of heaven's mythical 10,000 rooms. The importance of the East (the direction of the rising sun) in orienting and siting Imperial buildings is a form of solar worship found in many ancient cultures, reflecting the affiliation of Ruler with the Sun.
The tombs and mausoleums of imperial family members, such as the 8th-century Tang dynasty tombs at the Qianling Mausoleum, can be counted as part of the imperial tradition. These above-ground earthen mounds and pyramids had subterranean shaft-and-vault structures that were lined with brick walls since at least the Warring States period (481โ221 BC).
Religious
Generally speaking, Buddhist architecture follows the imperial style. A large Buddhist monastery normally has a front hall, housing the statues of the Four Heavenly Kings, followed by a great hall, housing statues of the Buddhas. Accommodations are located at the two sides. Some of the greatest examples of this come from the 18th-century Puning Temple and Putuo Zongcheng Temple. Buddhist monasteries sometimes also have pagodas, which may house relics of the Gautama Buddha; older pagodas tend to be four-sided, while later pagodas usually have eight sides.
Daoist architecture usually follows the commoners' style. The main entrance is, however, usually at the side, out of superstition about demons that might try to enter the premise (see feng shui.) In contrast to the Buddhists, in a Daoist temple the main deity is located in the main hall at the front, with lesser deities in the back hall and at the sides. This is because Chinese people believe that even after the body has died, the soul is still alive. From the Han grave design, it shows the forces of cosmic yin/yang, the two forces from the heaven and earth that create eternity.
The tallest pre-modern building in China was built for both religious and martial purposes. The Liaodi Pagoda of 1055 AD stands at a height of , and although it served as the crowning pagoda of the Kaiyuan monastery in old Dingzhou, Hebei, it was also used as a military watchtower for Song dynasty soldiers to observe potential Liao dynasty troop movements.
The architecture of the mosques and gongbei tomb shrines of Chinese Muslims often combines traditional Chinese styles with Middle Eastern influences. The royal and nonroyal tombs found in the third through sixth centuries traced back to Han construction. Some tombs were considered two-chamber spaces, where the focal point was the central pagoda pillar. This focal point served as what Buddhist call a pagoda, which is a symbol of the Buddha and his death. The layout of such tombs has the corpse in the back chamber, as the pillar location indicated the Buddha's death. There would sometimes be interior tomb decoration to portray immortal or divine meaning.
Dome ceilings in the 4th and 7th centuries were representations of the heavens. This originates from Roman provincial art and ancient Egypt. As most of these representations are circular, other forms are present: dodecagon, octagonal, and square. Many caves in the 4th-7th centuries were probably carved throughout the Han and Tang period.
Gallery
Urban planning
Chinese urban planning is based on fengshui geomancy and the well-field system of land division, both used since the Neolithic age. The basic well-field diagram is overlaid with the luoshu, a magic square divided into 9 sub-squares, and linked with Chinese numerology. In Southern Song dynasty (1131AD), the design of Hongcun city in Anhui was based around "harmony between man and nature", facing south and surrounded by mountains and water. According to fengshui, it is a carefully planned ancient village and shows the Human-Nature Intergraded Ecological Planning concept.
Since wars were frequent in northern China, many people moved to southern China. The building method of a courtyard house was adapted to southern China. The village of Tungyuan in Fujian Province is a good example of a planned settlement that shows the feng shui elements โ psychological self-defense and building structure โ in the form of material self-defense.
Construction
Materials and history
Wood was typically utilised as a primary building material. Also, Chinese culture holds that life connects with nature and that humans should interact with animated things. By contrast stone was associated with the homes of the dead. However, unlike other building materials, wooden structures are less durable. The Songyue Pagoda (built in 523) is China's oldest extant pagoda; its use of brick instead of wood allowed it to endure across the centuries. From the Tang dynasty (618โ907) onwards, brick and stone architecture gradually became more common. The earliest examples of this transition can be seen in building projects such as the Zhaozhou Bridge completed in 605 or the Xumi Pagoda built in 636. Some stone and brick architecture was used in subterranean tomb architecture of earlier dynasties.
In the early 20th century no known fully wood-constructed Tang Dynasty buildings still existed; the oldest so far discovered was the 1931 find of Guanyin Pavilion at Dule Monastery, dated 984 during the Song Dynasty. Later architectural historians Liang Sicheng, Lin Huiyin, Mo Zongjiang, discovered that the Great East Hall of Foguang Temple on Mount Wutai in Shanxi dated to 857. The ground floor of this monastic hall measures . The main hall of nearby Nanchan Temple on Mount Wutai was later dated to 782. Six Tang era wooden buildings had been found by the 21st century. The oldest intact fully wooden pagoda is the Pagoda of Fogong Temple of the Liao dynasty, located in Ying County of Shanxi. While the East Hall of Foguang Temple features seven types of bracket arms in its construction, the 11th-century Pagoda of Fogong Temple features fifty-four.
The earliest walls and platforms used rammed earth construction. Ancient sections of the Great Wall of China used brick and stone, although the brick and stone Great Wall seen today is a Ming dynasty renovation.
Buildings for public use and for elites usually consisted of earth mixed with bricks or stones on raised platforms which allowed them to survive. The earliest of this sort of construction was during the Shang dynasty ( - 1046 BCE)
Structure
Ceilings: The form that served greatest interest was the English vault or dome. The ceiling had the appearance of posed of flat beams, diagonal-support planks (xiecheng banliang), broken-line wedge shaped with a plank inserted, tongue-and-groove joints, barrel vault, or a domical vault. Most of this construction would be done with wood.
Foundation: Most buildings typically use raised platforms (่บๅบ) as their foundations. Vertical structural beams may rest on stone pedestals (ๆฑ็ก) that occasionally rest on piles. In lower class construction, the platforms are constructed of rammed earth, either unpaved or paved with brick or ceramics. In the simplest cases vertical structural beams are driven into the ground. Upper class constructions typically sit on raised stone-paved rammed earth or stone foundations with ornately carved heavy stone pedestals for supporting large vertical structural beams. The beams remain on their pedestals solely by friction and the weight of the building structure.
Framing: Dating back to the 5th and 6th centuries, timber framing is evident in cave-temples like Mogao, Yungang, Maijishan and Tianlongshan. Most of these caves use the same method: eight sided columns, two-plate capitals, and alternating bracket arms and V-shaped braces. Whether or not certain structural supports were included was entirely up to what the artisans chose. There were no symbolic meanings behind these designs.
Structural beams: Large structural timbers support the roof. Timber, usually large trimmed logs, are used as load-bearing columns and lateral beams. These beams are connected to each other directly or, in larger and higher class structures, tied through the use of brackets. These structural timbers are prominently displayed in finished structures. It is not definitively known how ancient builders raised the columns into position.
Structural connections: Timber frames are typically constructed with joinery and dowelling, seldom with glue or nails. These types of semi-rigid structural joints allow the timber structure to resist bending and torsion under high compression. Structural stability is enhanced through the use of heavy beams and roofs. The lack of glue or nails in joinery, the use of non-rigid support such as dougong, and the use of wood as structural members allow the buildings to slide, flex, and hinge while absorbing shock, vibration, and ground shifts from earthquakes without significant damage. The rich decorated the Dougong with valuable materials to display their wealth. Common people used artwork to express their appreciation to the house.
Walls: Curtain walls or door panels delineated rooms or enclosed a building, with the general de-emphasis of load-bearing walls in most higher class construction. However, later dynasties faced a shortage of trees, leading to the use of load-bearing walls in non-governmental or religious construction, made of brick and stone.
Roofs: Flat roofs are uncommon while gabled roofs are omnipresent. Roofs are either built on roof cross-beams or rest directly on vertical structural beams. In higher class construction, roof beams are supported through complex dougong bracketing systems that indirectly connect them to the primary structural beams. The three main types of roofs are:
Straight inclined: Roofs with a single incline. These are the most economical and are most prevalent in commoner structures.
Multi-inclined: Roofs with 2 or more sections of incline. These roofs are used in higher class constructions.
Sweeping: Roofs with a sweeping curvature that rises at the corners. This type is usually reserved for temples and palaces although it may also be found in the homes of the wealthy. In the former cases, the roof ridges are usually highly decorated with ceramic figurines.
Roof apex: The roof apex of a large hall is usually topped with a ridge of tiles and statues for decorative purposes as well as to weigh down the tiles for stability. These ridges are often well decorated, especially for religious or palatial structures. In some regions, the ridges are sometimes extended or incorporated into the walls of the building to form matouqiang (horse-head walls), which served as a fire deterrent from drifting embers.
Roof top decorations: Symbolism can be found in the colors of the eaves, roofing materials and roof top decorations. Gold/yellow is an auspicious (good) color, imperial roofs are gold or yellow. Green roofs symbolize bamboo shafts, which in turn represent youth and longevity.
Patterns, decoration, elaboration, and ornament: all signatures dating back to Chinese architecture from the 5th and 6th century. Many cave temples demonstrate such practice. Studies find that certain patterns were repeated often in different locations across different dynasties. It was also found that designs found in western Asian art travelled to patterns found in Chinese timber.
Classification by structure
Chinese classifications for architecture include:
ไบญ () ting (Chinese pavilions)
่บ () tai (terraces)
ๆจ () lou (multistory buildings)
้ฃ () ge (two-story pavilions)
่ป (่ฝฉ) xuan (verandas with windows)
ๅก ta (Chinese pagodas)
ๆฆญ xie (pavilions or houses on terraces)
ๅฑ wu (Rooms along roofed corridors)
ๆๆฑ () dougong interlocking wooden brackets, often used in clusters to support roofs and add ornamentation.
่ปไบ Caisson domed or coffered ceiling
ๅฎฎ () palaces, larger buildings used as imperial residences, temples, or centers for cultural activities.
Miniature models
Although mostly only ruins of brick and rammed earth walls and towers from ancient China (i.e. before the 6th century AD) survive, information on ancient Chinese architecture (especially wooden architecture) can be discerned from clay models of buildings created as funerary items. This is similar to the paper joss houses burned in some modern Chinese funerals. The following models were made during the Han Dynasty (202 BCย โ AD 220):
During the Jin dynasty (266โ420) and the Six Dynasties, miniature models of buildings or entire architectural ensembles were often made to decorate the tops of the so-called "soul vases" (hunping), found in many tombs of that period.
Culture
Beyond China's physically creative architecture techniques lies an "imaginary architecture". This imaginary architecture reflected three major principles that carry messages about the relations between inhabitants, society, and the cosmos, and that depict gender power imbalances.
Confucius
The first design principle was that the Chinese house was the embodiment of Neo-Confucian values. These collaborative values were loyalty, respect, and service. They were depicted through representations of generations, gender, and age. Unlike western homes, the Chinese home was not a private space or a place separated from the state. It was a community in itself that sheltered a patrilineal kinship clan. It was quite common for houses to shelter "five generations under one roof." Social concepts reflected the Five Relationships between "ruler and subject, father and child, husband and wife, elder and younger brother and friends." The unequal relationship between the superior and subordinate in these relationships was emphasized. The relationship between husband and wife was patriarchal. The husband was required to treat the spouse with kindness, consideration, and understanding.
Cosmic space
The Chinese house was a cosmic space. The house was designed as a shelter to foil evil influences by channeling cosmic energies (qi) by respecting feng shui. Depending on the season, astral cycle, landscape, and the house's design, orientation, and architectural details, some amount of energy would be produced. However, cosmic energy could be used in both moral and immoral ways. The moral way is by adding feng shui to a local community temple. Feng shui could also be used competitively to raise the value of one's house at the expense of others. For example, if someone built part of their house against the norm, their house could be considered a threat, because it was recklessly throwing off cosmic energy. In one detailed account, a fight broke out over feng shui.
Feng shui was also incorporated inside the home. Symmetry, orientations, arrangements of objects, and cleanliness were important factors to direct cosmic energy. Even in poorer homes cleanliness and tidiness were highly desired to compensate for the lack of space. Sweeping was a daily task that was thought to be a purifying act. Chinese historian Sima Guang writes, "The servants of the inner and outer quarters and the concubines all rise at the first crow of the cock. After combing their hair, washing, and getting dressed, the male servants should sweep the halls and front courtyard; the doorman and older servants should sweep the middle courtyard, while the maids sweep the living quarters, arrange tables and chairs, and prepare for the toilet of the master and mistress." The task of cleaning further illustrates, the gender segregation of the Chinese household.
Culture
The house was a space of culture that depicted the Chinese view of humanity. The house was a domestic domain, separated from the undomesticated world. The separation was commonly realized through walls and gates. Gates were first a physical barrier and second a notice board.
The home was where family rules could be enforced, dividing the upbringing of the inhabitants.
Women were often hidden away within the inner walls to perform domestic duties, while men would freely interact with the outside.
While brides entered an unknown and potentially hostile environment, the husband "never had to leave his parents or his home, he knew which lineage and which landscape he belonged to from the time he began to understand the world." New brides were typically treated badly by senior household members. Junior brides might be treated like unpaid servants and forced to do unpleasant chores. Bray characterized marriage as the bride's descent into hell. "The analogy of the wedding process with death is made explicit: the bride describes herself as being prepared for death, and the wedding process as the crossing of the yellow river that is the boundary between this life and the next. She appeals for justice, citing the valuable and unrecognized contribution she has made to her family. Her language is bitter and unrestrained, and she even curses the matchmaker and her future husband's family. Such lamenting can take place only within her parents' household and must cease halfway on the road to her new home, when the invisible boundary has been crossed." Women were fully accepted into a new home only after bearing a child.
The confinement of women was also a method of controlling their sexual lives. Confinement was used to prevent impregnation by an outsider who might thereby claim a slice of the family's wealth. Bray claimed that wives were often represented as "gossiping troublemakers eager to stir up strife between otherwise devoted brothers, the root of family discord, requiring strict patriarchal control."
Husbands and wives did not stay in the same private room for long periods. During the day, men would go out or work in their studies, avoiding unnecessary contact with female relatives. Women were generally confined to the inner perimeter. When leaving the inner perimeter, they must cover their face with a veil or a sleeve. Conversely, men were not usually permitted to enter the inner perimeter, providing women some control over their daily experience.
Influence from outside of China
Chinese architecture received significant influence from abroad, particularly during dynasties such as the Yuan and Qing, which were more outward-facing. The ruins of the Yuan capital of Khanbaliq under the Forbidden City were reported to be both distinct from previous styles and to influence later architecture. The arrival of many Muslim officials, architects and scholars from the Islamic world during the Yuan dynasty led to an influx of Islamic elements, especially in mosques.
The Zhenghai Mosque in Ningbo is an example of Islamic architecture that appeared in China during the Song dynasty. When Arabic traders settled in Ningbo, they spread Muslim culture and built a mosque. Later, mosques were built around Beijing. The mosques of Xi'an such as Xi'an Great Mosque and Daxuexi Alley Mosque reflected similar influences. Beijing's mosques follow essentially the norms of Chinese layout, design, and traditional wooden structure.
Many miniature pagodas exist in Northeast China. They were built by Buddhists during the Liao dynasty (907โ1125), which supported Buddhism. They developed Buddhist architecture that used bricks. Many such pagodas spread from Hebei Province to Beijing and Inner Mongolia.
Influence beyond China
Chinese architecture has influenced the architecture of many other East Asian countries. During the Tang dynasty, much Chinese culture was imported by neighboring nations. Chinese architecture had a major influence on the architectural styles of Japan, Korea, Mongolia, and Vietnam where the East Asian hip-and-gable roof design is ubiquitous.
Chinese architecture influenced the architecture of various Southeast Asian countries. Chinese architectural elements were adopted by Thai artisans after trade commenced with the Yuan and Ming dynasties. Temple and palace roof tops adopted Chinese-style. Chinese-style buildings can be found in Ayutthaya, a nod towards the many Chinese shipbuilders, sailors and traders who came to the country. In Indonesia, mosques bearing Chinese influence can be found. This influence is recent in comparison to other parts of Asia and is largely due to the Chinese Indonesian community.
In South Asia, Chinese architecture played a significant role in shaping Sri Lankan architecture, alongside influences from other parts of Southeast Asia. The Kandyan roof style, for example bears many similarities to the East Asian hip-and-gable roof technique.
The Chinese-origin guardian lion is also found in front of Buddhist temples, buildings and some Hindu temples (in Nepal) across Asia including Japan, Korea, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Cambodia and Laos.
Regional variation
Chinese architecture varied across regions. Several of the more notable regional styles include:
Hui Style architecture
Shanxi architecture
Shanxi preserves the oldest wooden structures in China from Tang dynasty, including the Foguang Temple and Nanchan Temple. Yungang Grottoes in Datong and numerous Buddhist temples in the sacred Mount Wutai exemplify Chinese religious architecture. Shanxi family compounds are representative of vernacular architecture in North China. In the mountainous areas of Shanxi, yaodong is a type of earth shelter that is commonly found.
Lingnan (Cantonese) architecture
Classical Lingnan architecture is used primarily in Guangdong and the eastern half of Guangxi. It is noted for its use of carvings and sculptures for decorations, green brick, balconies, "Cold alleys", "Narrow doors", and many other characteristics adaptive to the subtropical region.
Minnan (Hokkien) architecture
Minnan architecture, or Hokkien architecture, refers to the architectural style of the Hoklo people, the Han Chinese group who are the dominant demographic of Southern Fujian and Taiwan. This style is noted for its use of swallowtail roofs (heavily decorated upward-curving roof ridges) and "cut porcelain carving" for decorations. The swallowtail roof is a signature of Hokkien architecture, commonly used for religious buildings like shrines and temples, but also in dwellings. Hokkien architecture is dominated by decorations from carvings of natural elements like plants and animals, or figures from Chinese mythology.
Teochew architecture
Teochew architectural is the architectural style of the Teochew people, who come from the Chaoshan region of Guangdong province. Teochew architecture is categorised by its "curly grass roofs" (with the ridges curving into a loop) and wood carvings, and share the "cut porcelain carving" tradition with the closely related Hokkien people.
Hakka architecture
Hakka people are noted for building distinctive walled villages in order to protect themselves from clan wars.
Gan architecture
The Gan Chinese-speaking province of Jiangxi makes use of bricks, wood, and stones as materials, primarily using wooden frames.
Sui architecture
During the Sui period in the 7th century, structures were carved in the Hebei mountains. These structures had a quadrilateral ground plan with intent for a cubic interior. Pillars inside would be octagonal. Another feature included mullioned windows. Plus, there were anterooms, which were small Buddhist caves.
Yaodong architecture
The Jin Chinese cultural area of Shanxi and northern Shaanxi is noted for carving homes into the sides of mountains. The soft rock of the Loess Plateau in this region makes an excellent insulating material.
Tibetan architecture
Xinjiang architecture
Early architecture
Early Xinjiang architecture was influenced by Buddhist, Manichaean, Sogdian, Uyghur and Chinese cultural groups, most prominent examples including the cave temples of Bezeklik; religious and residential buildings at Jiahoe; and temples and shrines at Gaochang.
Islamic architecture
Theย firstย Muslims came to Xinjiang in the eighth or ninth centuries CE, yet only became a significant presence during the Yuan dynasty.
Islam came to Hami province in eastern Xinjiang at the end of the fourteenth century, and the province's first mosque was built in 1490, with ten generations of Muslim kings of Hami buried in the complex from the 1690s to 1932. The mausoleum complex of Hami was built in 1840 โ the tomb of King Boxi'er is the complex's most prominent feature, having been constructed after the Muslim rebellion of 1867.
The mud-brick Emin Minaret (or Sugongta) in Turpan province is 44 metres (144ย ft) tall is the tallest minaret in China. The tower is decorated with sixteen patterns on the exterior, with textured bricks carved into intricate, repetitive, geometric and floral mosaic patterns, such as stylized flowers and rhombuses. The minaret was started in 1777 during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735โ1796) and was completed only one year later.
Others
Other regional styles include Hutong, found in northern China, Longtang and Shikumen of Haipai (Shanghainese) architecture.
See also
Ancient Chinese wooden architecture
Architecture of the Song Dynasty
Architecture of Hong Kong
Architecture of Penang
Chinese garden
Chinese pagodas
Caihua
Feng Shui
Hutong
Imperial roof decoration
Imperial guardian lions
Shanghai โ for a gallery of modern buildings
Shikumen
Siheyuan
Walled villages of Hong Kong
Yu Hao
References
Citations
Sources
Liang, Ssu-ch'eng 1984, A pictorial history of Chinese architecture: a study of the development of its structural system and the evolution of its types, ed. by Wilma Fairbanks, Cambridge (Mass.): MIT Press
Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman. "Liao: An Architectural Tradition in the Making," Artibus Asiae (Volume 54, Number 1/2, 1994): 5โ39.
Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman. "The Tang Architectural Icon and the Politics of Chinese Architectural History," The Art Bulletin (Volume 86, Number 2, 2004): 228โ254.
Weston, Richard. 2002. Utzon : inspiration, vision, architecture. Hellerup: Blondal.
Further reading
Fletcher, Banister; Cruickshank, Dan, Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture, Architectural Press, 20th edition, 1996 (first published 1896). . Cf. Part Four, Chapter 24.
Sickman L and Soper A. The Art and Architecture of China (Penguin Books, 1956).
Genovese Paolo Vincenzo Harmony in Space. Introduction to Chinese Architecture (Libria, 2017)
External links
Yin Yu Tang: A Chinese Home To explore an in depth look into the ancient architecture of the Huang family's domestic life in China, the Yin Yu Tang house offers an interactive view of the typical domestic architecture of the Qing dynasty.
Herbert Offen Research Collection An excellent bibliography of publicly accessible books and manuscripts on Chinese architecture.
Islamic Architecture in China Introduction to the Chinese Mosques in South, West, and North respectively
Chinese Vernacular Architecture & General Chinese ArchitectureโWeb Links Chinese Vernacular Architecture & General Chinese ArchitectureโWeb Links
Chinese Residential Houses Ten types of Chinese residential houses
Asian Historical Architecture
Web Resources of Chinese Architecture History
Architectural history
Architectural styles |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B3%B5%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84 | ์ธ๊ณต์ง์ง | ์ธ๊ณต์ง์ง(ไบบๅทฅๅฐ้), ์ ๋์ง์ง, ์ ๋ฐ์ง์ง(Induced seismicity)์ด๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ด ์ง๊ตฌ์ ์ง๊ฐ์ ์๋ ์๋ ฅ์ด๋ ๋ณํ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณํ์์ผ ์ผ์ด๋๊ฑฐ๋, ์ง์ ์ ์ธ ํญ๋ฐ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋
์ ํ๋ค๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋ง๋๋ ๋ฏธ์ฝํ ์ง์ง ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์ง ํ์์ ์ด์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ์ผ์ปซ๋๋ค. ์์ฐ์ ์ธ ๋จ์ธต ํ์์ผ๋ก ์ผ์ด๋๋ ์์ฐ ์ง์ง๊ณผ๋ ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋๋ค. ๊ฑฐ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ธ๊ณต์ง์ง์ ๊ทธ ๊ท๋ชจ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์คํด๋ผํธ๋ง์ฃผ์์ ์ผ์ด๋ ๊ท๋ชจ Mw5.8์ ๊ตฐ๋ฐ์ง์ง์ด๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ด์ ์ ๊ท๋ชจ Mw5.0 ์ง์ง๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์ง์ด ๋ฐ์ ์๋ ํ์ ์ ์์ ๋ฌผ์ ์ฃผ์
ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก M4-5 ์ด์์ ์คํ ์ง์ง์ด ์ผ์ด๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
์ธ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ฐํ์ฌ ์ผ์ด๋ ์ ๋์ง์ง๊ณผ ๋น์ทํ๊ฒ ์ด๋ฐ์ง์ง(triggered seismicity)๋ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ์ง์ง์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ์ ๋์ง์ง๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ์ด ์ง๊ฐ์ ์ธ์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณํ์์ผ ์ผ์ด๋๋ค๋ ์ ์๋ ๊ฐ์ผ๋, ์ด๋ฐ์ง์ง์ ์์ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ผ์ด๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ๋ ์๋ ์ง์ง์ด ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ํฅ์ผ๋ก ์๊ทน ๋ฒ์ ์ด์ธ ์ง์ญ์๋ ์ผ์ด๋๋ ์ง์ง์ ์ด์นญํ๋ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์์์๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ํฅ์ผ๋ก ์ผ์ด๋๋ ์ ๋์ง์ง, ์ธ๊ณต์ง์ง, ์ด๋ฐ์ง์ง ๋ชจ๋๋ฅผ ์ด์นญํด ์ธ๊ณต์ง์ง์ผ๋ก ํฉ์ณ์ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค.
์ฌ๋ก
2015๋
๋ฐํํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ง์ง์กฐ์ฌ๊ตญ์ ์ธ๊ณต์ง์ง ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐํ์์๋ ๊ท๋ชจ M5.7์ 1952๋
์๋ฆฌ๋
ธ ์ง์ง๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์คํด๋ผํธ๋ง์ฃผ์ ์ง์ค์ ์ธ ์ง์ง ํ์์ ์์ ์ฐ์
๊ธฐ์
์ ํ์์ ์ฌ์ธต ์ฃผ์
์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ผ์ด๋ ์ธ๊ณต์ง์ง์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ํนํ, ์ง์ง์กฐ์ฌ๊ตญ์์๋ "2010๋
์ดํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ค๋ถ ๋ฐ ๋๋ถ ์ง์ญ(CEUS)์์ ๊ธ์ฆํ ์ง์ง ๋ฐ์์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋
์ฌ์ธต ์ง์ญ์ ํ์ ์ฃผ์
๊ณผ ๊น์ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์๋ค"๊ณ ๊ฐ์กฐํ์๋ค.
์ด ์ธ์๋ ์ธ๊ณต์ง์ง์ ๊ธฐํ๋ณํ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์๋จ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ฐํํ์ ํฌ์ง ๋ฐ ์ ์ฅ์ ์ํด ์ด์ฐํํ์๋ฅผ ๋
๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ์
ํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์์๋ ์ผ์ด๋ ์ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ฐํํ์๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์
ํ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์คํด๋ผํธ๋ง์ฃผ์ ์บ๋๋ค ์์ค์บ์ฒ์์ฃผ์์ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋์๋ค. ์์ ์์น ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ํตํด ์ด์ฐํํ์ ์ฃผ์
์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ์ง์ง ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ค์ผ ์ ์์ง๋ง, ๋๊ท๋ชจ๋ก ์ ์ฅ์ ์๋ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ์ง์ง ์ํ์ฑ์ ๊ณ์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ์ธ๊ณต์ง์ง์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ง๊ตฌ ์ง๊ฐ์ ๋จ์ธต์ ์๊ทน์์ผ ์ ์ฅ ๊ณต๊ฐ ์์ฒด๊ฐ ํ๊ดด๋๋ ๋ฑ์ ์ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋๋ค.
์ธ๊ณต์ง์ง์ ์ง์ง ์ฌํด๋ ์์ฐ์ง์ง์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ๋น์ทํ๊ฒ ์ถ์ ๋ถ์ํ ์๋ ์์ง๋ง ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์กํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ด ๋น์ ์ ์ง์งํ๋(non-stationary seismicity)๋ ๊ณ ๋ คํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ์ ๋์ง์ง์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ์ง์ง์ ํ๋ค๋ฆผ์ด ์์ฐ์ง์ง๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋น์ทํ์ง๋ง ์ง์ ๊น์ด ๋ฑ์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ์ฆ ์ด ๋ง์ ์์ฐ์ง์ง์์์ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฒ ์ด์ค์๋ค๊ฐ ์ ๋์ง์ง์ ์ถ๊ฐํ์ฌ ์ง๋ฐ ์ด๋ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ์๋ฏธ์ด๋ค. ์ง์ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋ฐ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ๋ด์ง ์ ์ฉ ํํฉ ๋ฑ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ฌ ์ธ๊ณต์ง์ง์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ์ง์ง์ํ๋๋ฅผ ์ถ์ ํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด ์ธ์ ์ธ๊ณต์ง์ง์ ์ผ์ผํค๋ ์์ธ์ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ง์ง ์ฌํด ์ทจ์ฝ์ ์ ๋น๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ธ๊ณต์ง์ง์ ์ง์ง ์ฌํด๋ ์ด๋ ์ ๋ ์ค์ผ ์ ์๋ค.
์์ธ
์ธ๊ณต์ง์ง์ด ์ผ์ด๋๋ ์์ธ์๋ ๋ค์ํ ์ข
๋ฅ๊ฐ ์๋ค. 2000๋
๋ ์ดํ ์์ ์ฐ์
์์์ ์์ ๋ฐ ์ฒ์ฐ๊ฐ์ค ์ถ์ถ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํ ๋ฌผ์ง ์ฃผ์
, ์ง์ด ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ๋ฑ ์ง๊ตฌ์์ ์ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์
ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋นผ๋ด๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ๋ฐ๋ช
๋์๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด ์ ๋์ง์ง์ด ์ผ์ด๋๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด ์ธ์๋ ์งํ์์์ ํญ๋ฐ์ด๋ ํต์คํ ๋ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๋
๋ฐ์ ์ง์ ์ ์ธ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ฃผ์ด ํ๋ค๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋ง๋๋ ๊ฒ๋ ์ธ๊ณต์ง์ง์ ์ํ๋ค.
์ธ๊ณต ํธ์
ํฌ๊ณ ๊น์ ์ธ๊ณต ํธ์์ ๋ง์ ๋ฌผ์ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์๋ ๋จ์ธต์ด๋ ์๋ฐ ๊ท ์ด์ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋ ์๋ ฅ์ ๋ณํ์ํฌ ์ ์๋ค. ํธ์์ ๋ด๊ธด ๋ง์ ๋ฌผ์ ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ฐ ์๋ฐ์ ์ง์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ค์ ์ฃ์ด ์ ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์๋ ฅ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํฌ ์๋ ์๊ณ , ๊ณต๊ทน ์์์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์์ผ ์ ํจ์๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋๋ ๋ฑ์ ํตํ์ฌ ๋จ์ธต์ด๋ ์๋ฐ ๊ท ์ด์ ์๋ ฅ์ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ณํ์ํจ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ์๋ฐ์ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ์๋ ฅ์ด ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ณํํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ง์ง์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ์ธ๊ณตํธ์๋ก ์ผ์ด๋๋ ์ง์ง ํ๋์ ์ฌํ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ณต์ง์ง์ ๋นํด ๊ท๋ชจ๊ฐ ๋ ํด ์ ์๋ค. ์ธ๊ณตํธ์๊ฐ ์ผ์ผํค๋ ์ง์ง์ ์์ง ์ธ๋ฅ๊ฐ ์๋ฒฝํ๊ฒ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์์ง ๋ชปํ์ง๋ง ๋๋ต 100m๊ฐ ๋๋ ๋์ด์ ๋์ ์ง์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ผ์ด๋๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ก๋ค. ๋ณดํต์ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ํธ์๊ฐ ๊ฐํ๋ ์์์ด ์๋ฐ์ ์๊ทน์์ผ ์ผ์ด๋๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ํธ์์ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋น ์ง๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฑ์์ง๋ ๋ฑ ๊ฐํด์ง๋ ์์์ด ๊ธ๊ฒฉํ๊ฒ ๋ณํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ง์ง์ด ๋ฐ๋ก ์ผ์ด๋๊ฑฐ๋ ์กฐ๊ธ์ ์๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ ๋๊ณ ์ผ์ด๋๋ค.
๋์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ธ๊ณต์ง์ง์ด ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํ์ธ๋ ์ต์ด์ ์ฌ๋ก๋ ์์ ๋ฆฌ์ ์ค์ฐ์๋ํฌ๋ค(Oued Fodda)์ ์๋ 1932๋
์ค์ฐ์๋ํฌ๋ค ๋์ ์ง์ง์ด๋ค.
1967๋
์ธ๋ ๋งํ๋ผ์ํธ๋ผ์ฃผ ์ฝ์ด๋๋๊ฐ๋ฅด์์ ์ผ์ด๋ ๊ท๋ชจ M6.7์ ์ฝ์ด๋๋๊ฐ๋ฅด ์ง์ง์ ์ ์ง๊ณผ ์ฌ์ง์ด ์ ๋ถ ์ฝ์ด๋ ๋ ๊ทผ์ฒ๋ ๋ฐ๋ก ์๋์์ ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ์ด ์ง์ง์ผ๋ก 180๋ช
์ด ์ฌ๋งํ๊ณ 1,500๋ช
์ด์์ด ๋ถ์์ ์
์๋ค. ์ง์ง์ ์ง๋์ ๋๋ต 230km ์ ๋๋ ๋จ์ด์ ธ ์๋ ๋ด๋ฒ ์ด์์๋ ๋๊ผ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ ์ ํผํด๋ ์์๋ค.
์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์ ๋ฐ์ด์จํธ ๋์ ๋ง ๊ฑด์ค๋์ด ๋ฌผ์ด ์ฐจ๊ธฐ ์์ํ์ ์ง์ง ํ๋์ด ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. 1963๋
๋ ํธ์์ ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ค ์ฑ์์ง์ ์ฐ์ฌํ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ๋ฐ์ด์จํธ๋ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ผ๋ ๋๊ท๋ชจ ํ์๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ์๊ณ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ 2,000์ฌ๋ช
์ด์์ด ์ฌ๋งํ์๋ค. ์ฐ์ฌํ ์ดํ ๋์ ํธ์๊ฐ ์์ด์ง ์ดํ์๋ ์ง์ง ํ๋๋ ์ผ์ด๋์ง ์๊ณ ์๋ค.
1975๋
8์ 1์ผ์๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ ์ค๋ก๋น์์ ์ค๋ก๋น๋์ด ์๊ณต๋์ด ์ค๋ก๋น ํธ์์ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ค ์ฑ์์ง์ ๊ท๋ชจ M6.1์ ์ง์ง์ด ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ์ด ์ง์ง์ ๋์ด ์ผ์ผํจ ์ ๋ฐ์ง์ง์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค.
๊ด์ฐ ์ฑ๊ตด
๊ด์
ํ๋์ ์ฃผ๋ณ ์๋ฐ์ ๋ณํ๋ ฅ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ์ข
์ข
๋์ ๋ ์ ๋์ ๋ณํ์ด๋ ์ง์ง์ ์ผ์ผํค๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๊ด์
์ผ๋ก ์ผ์ด๋ ์ง์ง ํ๋์ ๊ด์ฐ ์์
ํผํด์๋ ์ฐ๊ด์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ด์
๋
ธ๋์์๊ฒ๋ ํฐ ํผํด๋ฅผ ์ค๋ค. ๊ด์
์ผ๋ก ์ผ์ด๋๋ ์ง์ง ํ๋์ ๋ณดํต ์งํ ๊ด์ฐ์ ์์ ํญ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์งํ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ด์ฐ์ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๊ด ๋ถ๊ดด ํ์์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค. ๊ด์ฐ ๋ถ๊ดด ์ฌ๊ณ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ๊น์ด, ์ฑ๊ตด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ, ์ฃผ๋ณ ์๋ฐ์ ์ง์ง ํน์ฑ, ๊ด๋ฌผ ์ฑ์ทจ ์์ ๋ฐ ์งํ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ผ์ด๋๋ ์ ๋๊ฐ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ค. ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์งํ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ด์ฐ์ ๋ถ๊ดด ์ํ์ ๋ง๊ธฐ ์ํด ์๋ฐ ํน์ฑ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์งํ ์ง์ง ํ๋์ ๋ชจ๋ํฐ๋ง ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๊ทธ ์ธ์ ๊ด์ฐ์์์ ์ฑ๊ตด ํ๋์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ผ์ด๋ ์ง์ง ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํ ์ง์ง ํ๋์๋ ๋ค์์ด ์๋ค.
์ฑ๊ตด ํ๋์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋จ์ฌ๋ฆฝ ์ฌ๊ฑด(๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ง์ง๊ณผ ๋น์ท)์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ํ์ ์ธ ์ฌ๋ก๋ก๋ 1980๋
๋ฒ ์ฐํํฌํ ์ง์ง๊ณผ 2014๋
์คํฌ๋ ์ง์ง์ด ์๋ค.
๊ด์ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๋ํ์ ์ธ ์ง์ง ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๊ด์ฐ ๋ถ๊ดด ์ฌ๊ณ ์ด๋ค. 2007๋
ํฌ๋๋ธ ์บ๋์ธ ๊ด์ฐ ๋ถ๊ดด ์ฌ๊ณ ์ ์๋ฐฐ์ด ๊ด์ฐ ๋ถ๊ดด ์ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋ํ์ ์ด๋ค.
์์ถ ๋ฐ ๋ฐํ์ ๊ฐ์ด ์ผ์์ ์ธ ๊ด์ฐ ์ฑ๊ตด ํ๋ ์ค ์๋์น ์๊ฒ ํญ๋ฐ์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ํ์ ์ธ ๊ฒ์ด ์ฌ๊ณ ๊ด์ฐ ํญ๋ฐ ์ฌ๊ณ ์ด๋ค. ํญ๋ฐ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ผ์ด๋๋ ์ฌ๊ณ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์๋ฐํ๋ "์ ๋์ง์ง"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ํญ๋ฐ๋ก ์ธํ ์ธ๊ณต์ง์ง์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋๋ฏ๋ก ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ง์ง ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์๋ ๊ด์ฐ ํญ๋ฐ๋ก ํ์คํ๊ฒ ํ์ธ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ง ์ง์ง ๋ชฉ๋ก์ ์ ์ธํ๋ ๋ฑ์ ์กฐ์น๋ฅผ ์ทจํ๋ค.
์์ถ ์ง์ ํ๋ฉด์์ ์ผ์ด๋๋ ํ๊ดด ํ์๋ ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๊ท๋ชจ๊ฐ ๋งค์ฐ ์์ ๊ด์ฐ ๋ด์ ์ง์ง๊ณ์์๋ง ๊ฐ์ง๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ์ฆ๋ค.
๋นํ ์บ๋์ธ ๊ด์ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๊ด์ฐ์ด ์๋ ๊ณณ ์์ฒด๊ฐ ํต์งธ๋ก ๋ฌด๋์ง๋ ์ฐ์ฌํ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๊ท๋ชจ๊ฐ ๋งค์ฐ ์ปค ์ง์ง์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ง๋ ์๋ ์๋ค.
ํ์ ์ฃผ์
์
์์ ์์ถ์ ์ด๋ ์ฒ์ฐ๊ฐ์ค ์ฑ์ทจ์ ๋ฑ์์ ๋์จ ์ ์ถ์๋ฅผ ๋ณดํธ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ธ ํ์ ์ฃผ์
์ ์ ์ ๋์ง์ง์ ์ผ์ผํค๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค. ์ ์ถ๋ ๊ณ ๋๋์ ์๊ธ๋ฌผ์ ๋ณดํต ์ผ์ ์ฃผ์
์ (SWD)๋ก ์ฃผ์
๋๋๋ฐ, ๋ฌผ์ด ๋
์์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ์
๋๋ฉด์ ์ง์ธต์ ๊ณต๊ทน ์์์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํด ๋จ์ธต์ด ์์ง์ด๋ฉฐ ์ง์ง์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ์ ์๋ค.
๋
์ ๋ฌผ์ฃผ์
์ด ์ง์ง์ ์ผ์ผํจ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ต์ด๋ก ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ ์ฌ๋ก๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฝ๋ก๋ผ๋์ฃผ ๋ด๋ฒ์ ๋กํค์ฐ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ด๋ค. 1961๋
ํ์๋ฅผ ์ง์ธต ๊น์ํ์ ์ฃผ์
ํ๊ณ ๋์ ์ดํ ๋ด๋ฒ ์ง์ญ์ ์ผ๋ จ์ ์ง์ง์ ์ผ์ผํจ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธ๋์๋ค. 1962๋
4์๋ถํฐ ์ง์ง์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๊ธฐ ์์ํด ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ณ ๋ด 8 km ๋ด์ ์ง์ค๋์๊ณ ๊ท๋ชจ 0.7์์ 4.3์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ ์ง์ง์ด ์๋
๊ฐ ์ง์๋์๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ง์ง ๋ฐ์ ๋น๋์ ํ์ ์ฃผ์
์ฌ์ด ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค.
2011๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์คํด๋ผํธ๋ง์ฃผ ํ๋ ์ด๊ทธ ๊ทผ์ฒ์์ ์ผ์ด๋ ๋ชจ๋ฉํธ ๊ท๋ชจ Mw5.7์ ์ง์ง์ 20๋
๋์ ํ์๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฃผ์
์ ์ผ๋ก ์ง์ธต ๊น์ํ ์ฃผ์
ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ง์ธต์ด ๋ฐ๋ ์๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์๋ ฅ์ด ๋ณํํ์ฌ ์ผ์ด๋ ์ง์ง์ด๋ค. 2016๋
9์ 3์ผ์๋ ์คํด๋ผํธ๋ง์ฃผ ํ์ฐ๋์์ ๊ท๋ชจ Mw5.8์ ์ง์ง์ด ์ผ์ด๋ฌ์ผ๋ฉฐ 3์๊ฐ ๋ฐ ๋์ ๊ท๋ชจ 2.6-3.6 ์ฌ์ด์ ์ฌ์ง์ด 9์ฐจ๋ก ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ์ง์ง์ ์ง๋์ ํ
๋ค์์ฃผ ๋ฉคํผ์ค์ ์ ๋ฆฌ์กฐ๋์ฃผ ๊ธธ๋ฒํธ์์๋ ๋๊ปด์ก๋ค. ์คํด๋ผํธ๋ง ์ฃผ์ง์ฌ์ธ ๋ฉ๋ฆฌ ํฐ๋ฆฐ๋ ์ง์ญ ๋น์์ฌํ๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์คํฌ๋ผํธ๋ง ๊ธฐ์
์์ํ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์คํด๋ผํธ๋ง์ฃผ์ ํ์์ฃผ์
์ ์ ์ ๋ฉด ํ์ํ๋ ์กฐ์น๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ ธ๋ค. 2015๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ง์ง์กฐ์ฌ๊ตญ์ด ๋ฐํํ ์ ๋์ง์ง ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์์๋ 1952๋
๊ท๋ชจ M5.5์ ์๋ฆฌ๋
ธ ์ง์ง๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์คํด๋ผํธ๋ง์ฃผ์์ ์ผ์ด๋ ์ง์ง์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์์ ์ฐ์
๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ด ํ์๋ฅผ ๋
์ ๊น์ํ ์ฃผ์
ํ์ฌ ์ผ์ด๋ ์ ๋์ง์ง์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํํ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง 2015๋
4์ ์ ๊น์ง ์ง์ง์กฐ์ฌ๊ตญ์ ์คํด๋ผํธ๋ง์ฃผ์ ์ง์ค๋ ์ง์ง ํ๋์ ์์ฐ์ ์์ธ์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ์ ์ฃผ์
์ผ๋ก ์ผ์ด๋ ์ง์ง์ด ์๋์๋ค๋ ์
์ฅ์ด์๋ค. ํ์ฌ๋ ์คํด๋ผํธ๋ง์ฃผ๋ ์ง์ค์ ์ธ ์ง์ง ํ๋์ด ์ผ์ด๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
2009๋
์ด๋๋ก ์คํด๋ผํธ๋ง์ฃผ์์๋ ๊ตฐ๋ฐ์ง์ง์ฒ๋ผ ์ง์ง์ด ๋งค์ฐ ์์ฃผ ์ผ์ด๋๊ณ ์๋๋ฐ ๊ท๋ชจ M3๊ธ ์ง์ง์ด 1๋
์ 1-2๋ฒ์์ ํ๋ฃจ์ 1-2๋ฒ ๊ผด๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐํ์๋ค. 2015๋
4์ 21์ผ ์คํด๋ผํธ๋ง ์ง์ง์กฐ์ฌ๊ตญ(OGS)์ ์ ๋์ง์ง์ ๋ํด ์ฑ๋ช
์ ๋ฐํํ๋ฉด์ "์ง์ง์กฐ์ฌ๊ตญ(OGS)์ ๋๋ค์์ ์ต๊ทผ ์ง์ง, ํนํ ์คํด๋ผํธ๋ง์ฃผ ์ค๋ถ ๋ฐ ๋ถ๋ถ์์ ์ผ์ด๋๋ ์ง์ค์ ์ธ ์ง์ง ํ๋์ ํ์ ์ฃผ์
์ ์ ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ์
์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ผ์ด๋ ์ง์ง์ด๋ค"๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
ํํ์์ ๋์ถ ๋ฐ ์ ์ฅ
๋๊ท๋ชจ์ ํ์ ์ฐ๋ฃ ๋์ถ ํ์์ ์ง์ง์ ์ผ์ผํฌ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ์งํ ๊ฐ์ค ์ ์ฅ ์์
์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ ๋์ง์ง์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ํ์ ์ผ๋ก 2013๋
9์์์ 10์ ์ฌ์ด ์์คํ๋ ๋ฐ๋ ์์๋ง์์ ์ผ์ด๋ ์ฐ์์ ์ธ ์ง์ง ํ๋์ ์งํ ๊ฐ์ค ์ ์ฅ ์์
์ธ ์นด์คํ ๋ฅด ํ๋ก์ ํธ(Proyecto Castor)๋ฅผ ์งํํ๋ฉด์ ์ผ์ด๋ ์ธ๊ณต์ง์ง์ ์ํ๋ค. 2013๋
9์ ์์ถ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์
์์
์ด ์์๋ ํ ์์คํ๋ ์ง์ง๊ตญ์ ๋ฐ๋ ์์์์ ์ง์ง์ด ๊ธ์ฆํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. 40์ผ๋์ ๋ฆญํฐ ๊ท๋ชจ ML0.7์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ฐํ๊ฒ๋ 4.3๊น์ง ๋๋ต ์ฒ์ฌ ๊ฑด์ ์ง์ง์ด ํ๊บผ๋ฒ์ ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ์ด๋ก ๋์ค๋ค์ ๋ถ์ ์ด ์ปค์ง์ ์์คํ๋ ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ฌ์
์ ์ค๋จํ์๋ค. 2014๋
๋ง์๋ ์นด์คํ ๋ฅด ํ๋ก์ ํธ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์ต์ข
์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๊ฐํ์๋ค. 2015๋
1์ ์ดํ์๋ ์นด์คํ ๋ฅด ํ๋ก์ ํธ์ ์น์ธ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จํ์ฌ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ถ๋ฒ ํ์๊ฐ ์ ๋ฐ๋์ด 20์ฌ ๋ช
์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ๊ธฐ์๋์๋ค.
์งํ์ ์ ์ถ
์งํ์ ๋์์ธต ๋ฑ์ ๊ฑด๋๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๋๊ท๋ชจ ์งํ์ ์ ์ถ๋ก ์ง๊ฐ ์๋ ฅ์ด ๊ธ๊ฒฉํ๊ฒ ๋ณํํ๋ฉด์ ์ง์ง์ด ์ ๋ฐ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์คํ๋์์ ์ผ์ด๋ 2011๋
๋ก๋ฅด์นด ์ง์ง์ด ์๋ค.
์ง์ด ๋ฐ์
์์ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฅํ๋ ์ด์๊ฐ ํ์ํ์ง ์์ ์ง์ด ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ์ ๋ ์ง์ด ๋ฐ์ ์์คํ
(EGS)์ ์ง์ง์ ์ผ์ผํค๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค. EGS๋ ์์ํ์๋ฒ์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํํ๋ก ์๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐํด ์๋ฐ์ ์ ์ฒด ํฌ๊ณผ์ฑ์ ๋๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋ ์์ ์์๋ ํฌ๊ณผ์ฑ์ ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๊ณ ์จ ๊ฑด์กฐ ์์(HDR)์ EGS๋ ์์์ผ๋ก ์๋ฐ์ ์๊ทน์ ์ฃผ์ด ์ง์ด ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ํจ๋ค. ์๋ฐ ํน์ฑ์ด๋ ์ ์ฒด์ ๊ฐํ ์๋ ฅ, ์ฃผ์
ํ ์ ์ฒด์ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ ์ ๋๋ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๊ธด ํ์ง๋ง ๋ฌผ์ด ์์ ์ฐฌ ์์์ ์์ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์ค ์ฐ์
์์ ๋
๋ฐ์ ๋ฌผ์ ์ฃผ์
ํ๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ์ ๋จ ์๋ ฅ์ ํ์๋๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์๋ ๋จ์ธต์ ๊ณต๊ธ ์์์ ๋๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋จ ํ๊ดด ๋ฑ์ด ์ผ์ด๋์ ์ง์ง์ ์ผ์ผํฌ ์ ์๋ค.
HDR RGS ์ง์ด๋ฐ์ ์ ํ๋์ค์ ์ํธ์ํฌ๋ (Soultz-sous-Forรชts), ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ด์ ๋ ๋ฐ์ ํธ ํผํฌ, ๋
์ผ ๋๋ค์ฐ, ํธ์ฃผ ํํ๋ผ๋, ์ฟ ํผ ํ์ ๋ฑ์ง์์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ๋ฐ ํ
์คํธ๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ ๊ฐ์ด์ ์ง์ด ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ง์ญ์ ์ ๋์ง์ง ๊ด๋ จ ์ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ์
๊ณผ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ ๊ฐํ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐํ์ก๋ค. ์ค์์ค ๋ฐ์ ค์ ์ง์ด ๋ฐ์ ์๋ 2009๋
๋ถํฐ ์์๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ตฐ๋ฐ์ง์ง ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ํ์๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๋ค. 2017๋
11์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ํฌํญ์์์ ์ผ์ด๋ ๋ชจ๋ฉํธ ๊ท๋ชจ Mw5.5์ ํฌํญ ์ง์ง์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ์ง์์ง์ EGS ๋ฐ์ ์๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ก ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ง์ง ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ถํฐ ์ง์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ์
์ด ์์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐํ์ก๋ค. ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ฌธํ์์๋ EGS ๋ฐ์ ์๊ฐ ํฌํญ ์ง์ง์ ์ ๋ฐํ์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ง์ ํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ ์กฐ์ฌ๋จ์์๋ EGS ๋ฐ์ ์๊ฐ ์ง์ง์ ์ด๋ฐ์ํจ '์ด๋ฐ์ง์ง'์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋ด๋ ธ๋ค.
MIT ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ง๋ค์ ์๋ ฅํ์ ์๊ทน์ผ๋ก ์ ๋๋ ์ง์ง์ ๋ถ์ง ์์ธก๊ณผ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ํตํด ์ํ์ํฌ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ์๋ค. ์ ์ ํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ ๋์ง์ง์ ํ์ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๊ท๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ค์ผ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ง์ง ์ํ๋๋ฅผ ๋ฎ์ถ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
์์ํ์๋ฒ
์์ํ์๋ฒ์ ์
ฐ์ผ ์ค์ผ ๋ฑ์ ์ฑ์ทจํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ํฌ๊ณผ์ฑ ์์์๋ค๊ฐ ๊ณ ์์ ์ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์
์์ผ ์์์ ๊ท ์ด์ ์ ๋ํด ํํ์์๋ฅผ ์์ถํ๋ ๊ณต๋ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ผ์ด๋๋ ์ง์ง์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์งํ๋ฉด์์๋ ๊ท๋ชจ -3์์ 1 ์ ๋๋ก ๋งค์ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์๊ฐ๋ ๋งค์ฐ ์งง์ง๋ง, ์ผ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ์ด๋ณด๋ค ๋งค์ฐ ํฐ ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์ง์ง์ด ์ผ์ด๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด ์บ๋๋ค์ ์จ๋ฒํ์ฃผ์ ๋ธ๋ฆฌํฐ์์ปฌ๋ผ๋น์์ฃผ์ ์
ฐ์ผ ์ค์ผ ์ฑ์ทจ์ ์์๋ ์์ํ์๋ฒ์ ์ด์ฉํ๋ ๋์ค ๊ท๋ชจ M4 ์ด์์ ์คํ ์ง์ง์ด ์ ์ฐจ๋ก ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๋ค๋ ๋ณด๊ณ ๊ฐ ์๋ค.
์์ฐ ์ง์ง๊ณผ์ ์ฐจ์ด
์ด๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ฐ ์ง์ง์ ๋จ์ธต์ ์ ๋จ์ด๋์ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก Pํ์ Sํ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฐ์ํ๋, ์ธ๊ณต์ง์ง(๋ฐํ)์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ฐํ๋ Pํ๋ง์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๋ํ ์ง์์๊ฐ์ด ์งง๋ค.
๋ ๋ณด๊ธฐ
์ ๋ฐ์ง์ง
2017๋
ํฌํญ ์ง์ง
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
Map of reservoir-induced earthquakes at International Rivers
WEBINAR: Yes, Humans Really Are Causing Earthquakes โ IRIS Consortium
One-year seismic hazard forecast for the Central and Eastern United States from induced and natural earthquakes โ United States Geological Survey, 2016 (with maps)
Induced Earthquakes โ United States Geological Survey site
์ง์งํ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced%20seismicity | Induced seismicity | Induced seismicity is typically earthquakes and tremors that are caused by human activity that alters the stresses and strains on Earth's crust. Most induced seismicity is of a low magnitude. A few sites regularly have larger quakes, such as The Geysers geothermal plant in California which averaged two M4 events and 15 M3 events every year from 2004 to 2009. The Human-Induced Earthquake Database (HiQuake) documents all reported cases of induced seismicity proposed on scientific grounds and is the most complete compilation of its kind.
Results of ongoing multi-year research on induced earthquakes by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) published in 2015 suggested that most of the significant earthquakes in Oklahoma, such as the 1952 magnitude 5.7 El Reno earthquake may have been induced by deep injection of wastewater by the oil industry. A huge number of seismic events in oil and gas extraction states like Oklahoma is caused by increasing the volume of wastewater injection that is generated as part of the extraction process. "Earthquake rates have recently increased markedly in multiple areas of the Central and Eastern United States (CEUS), especially since 2010, and scientific studies have linked the majority of this increased activity to wastewater injection in deep disposal wells."
Induced seismicity can also be caused by the injection of carbon dioxide as the storage step of carbon capture and storage, which aims to sequester carbon dioxide captured from fossil fuel production or other sources in Earth's crust as a means of climate change mitigation. This effect has been observed in Oklahoma and Saskatchewan. Though safe practices and existing technologies can be utilized to reduce the risk of induced seismicity due to injection of carbon dioxide, the risk is still significant if the storage is large in scale. The consequences of the induced seismicity could disrupt pre-existing faults in the Earth's crust as well as compromise the seal integrity of the storage locations.
The seismic hazard from induced seismicity can be assessed using similar techniques as for natural seismicity, although accounting for non-stationary seismicity. It appears that earthquake shaking from induced earthquakes may be similar to that observed in natural tectonic earthquakes, or may have higher shaking at shorter distances. This means that ground-motion models derived from recordings of natural earthquakes, which are often more numerous in strong-motion databases than data from induced earthquakes, may be used with minor adjustments. Subsequently, a risk assessment can be performed, taking into account the increased seismic hazard and the vulnerability of the exposed elements at risk (e.g. local population and the building stock). Finally, the risk can, theoretically at least, be mitigated, either through reductions to the hazard or a reduction to the exposure or the vulnerability.
Causes
There are many ways in which induced seismicity has been seen to occur. In the 2010s, some energy technologies that inject or extract fluid from the Earth, such as oil and gas extraction and geothermal energy development, have been found or suspected to cause seismic events. Some energy technologies also produce wastes that may be managed through disposal or storage by injection deep into the ground. For example, waste water from oil and gas production and carbon dioxide from a variety of industrial processes may be managed through underground injection.
Artificial lakes
The column of water in a large and deep artificial lake alters in-situ stress along an existing fault or fracture. In these reservoirs, the weight of the water column can significantly change the stress on an underlying fault or fracture by increasing the total stress through direct loading, or decreasing the effective stress through the increased pore water pressure. This significant change in stress can lead to sudden movement along the fault or fracture, resulting in an earthquake. Reservoir-induced seismic events can be relatively large compared to other forms of induced seismicity. Though understanding of reservoir-induced seismic activity is very limited, it has been noted that seismicity appears to occur on dams with heights larger than . The extra water pressure created by large reservoirs is the most accepted explanation for the seismic activity. When the reservoirs are filled or drained, induced seismicity can occur immediately or with a small time lag.
The first case of reservoir-induced seismicity occurred in 1932 in Algeria's Oued Fodda Dam.
The 6.3 magnitude 1967 Koynanagar earthquake occurred in Maharashtra, India with its epicenter, fore- and aftershocks all located near or under the Koyna Dam reservoir. 180 people died and 1,500 were left injured. The effects of the earthquake were felt away in Bombay with tremors and power outages.
During the beginnings of the Vajont Dam in Italy, there were seismic shocks recorded during its initial fill. After a landslide almost filled the reservoir in 1963, causing a massive flooding and around 2,000 deaths, it was drained and consequently seismic activity was almost non-existent.
On August 1, 1975, a magnitude 6.1 earthquake at Oroville, California, was attributed to seismicity from a large earth-fill dam and reservoir recently constructed and filled.
The filling of the Katse Dam in Lesotho, and the Nurek Dam in Tajikistan is an example. In Zambia, Kariba Lake may have provoked similar effects.
The 2008 Sichuan earthquake, which caused approximately 68,000 deaths, is another possible example. An article in Science suggested that the construction and filling of the Zipingpu Dam may have triggered the earthquake.
Some experts worry that the Three Gorges Dam in China may cause an increase in the frequency and intensity of earthquakes.
Mining
Mining affects the stress state of the surrounding rock mass, often causing observable deformation and seismic activity. A small portion of mining-induced events are associated with damage to mine workings and pose a risk to mine workers. These events are known as rock bursts in hard rock mining, or as bumps in underground coal mining. A mine's propensity to burst or bump depends primarily on depth, mining method, extraction sequence and geometry, and the material properties of the surrounding rock. Many underground hardrock mines operate seismic monitoring networks in order to manage bursting risks, and guide mining practices.
Seismic networks have recorded a variety of mining-related seismic sources including:
Shear slip events (similar to tectonic earthquakes) which are thought to have been triggered by mining activity. Notable examples include the 1980 Beลchatรณw earthquake and the 2014 Orkney earthquake.
Implosional events associated with mine collapses. The 2007 Crandall Canyon mine collapse and the Solvay Mine Collapse are examples of these.
Explosions associated with routine mining practices, such as drilling and blasting, and unintended explosions such as the Sago mine Disaster. Explosions are generally not considered "induced" events since they are caused entirely by chemical payloads. Most earthquake monitoring agencies take careful measures to identify explosions and exclude them from earthquake catalogs.
Fracture formation near the surface of excavations, which are usually small magnitude events only detected by dense in-mine networks.
Slope failures, the largest example being the Bingham Canyon Landslide.
Waste disposal wells
Injecting liquids into waste disposal wells, most commonly in disposing of produced water from oil and natural gas wells, has been known to cause earthquakes. This high-saline water is usually pumped into salt water disposal (SWD) wells. The resulting increase in subsurface pore pressure can trigger movement along faults, resulting in earthquakes.
One of the first known examples was from the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, northeast of Denver. In 1961, waste water was injected into deep strata, and this was later found to have caused a series of earthquakes.
The 2011 Oklahoma earthquake near Prague, of magnitude 5.8, occurred after 20 years of injecting waste water into porous deep formations at increasing pressures and saturation. On Septemberย 3, 2016, an even stronger earthquake with a magnitude of 5.8 occurred near Pawnee, Oklahoma, followed by nine aftershocks between magnitudes 2.6 and 3.6 within hours. Tremors were felt as far away as Memphis, Tennessee, and Gilbert, Arizona. Mary Fallin, the Oklahoma governor, declared a local emergency and shutdown orders for local disposal wells were ordered by the Oklahoma Corporation Commission. Results of ongoing multi-year research on induced earthquakes by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) published in 2015 suggested that most of the significant earthquakes in Oklahoma, such as the 1952 magnitude 5.5 El Reno earthquake may have been induced by deep injection of waste water by the oil industry. Prior to Aprilย 2015 however, the Oklahoma Geological Survey's position was that the quake was most likely due to natural causes and was not triggered by waste injection. This was one of many earthquakes which have affected the Oklahoma region.
Since 2009, earthquakes have become hundreds of times more common in Oklahoma with magnitude 3 events increasing from 1 or 2 per year to 1 or 2 per day. On Aprilย 21, 2015, the Oklahoma Geological Survey released a statement reversing its stance on induced earthquakes in Oklahoma: "The OGS considers it very likely that the majority of recent earthquakes, particularly those in central and north-central Oklahoma, are triggered by the injection of produced water in disposal wells."
Hydrocarbon extraction and storage
Large-scale fossil fuel extraction can generate earthquakes. Induced seismicity can be also related to underground gas storage operations. The 2013 SeptemberโOctober seismic sequence occurred 21ย km off the coast of the Valencia Gulf (Spain) is probably the best known case of induced seismicity related to Underground Gas Storage operations (the Castor Project). In September 2013, after the injection operations started, the Spanish seismic network recorded a sudden increase of seismicity. More than 1,000 events with magnitudes () between 0.7 and 4.3 (the largest earthquake ever associated with gas storage operations) and located close the injection platform were recorded in about 40 days. Due to the significant population concern the Spanish Government halted the operations. By the end of 2014, the Spanish government definitively terminated the concession of the UGS plant. Since January 2015 about 20 people who took part in the transaction and approval of the Castor Project were indicted.
Groundwater extraction
The changes in crustal stress patterns caused by the large scale extraction of groundwater has been shown to trigger earthquakes, as in the case of the 2011 Lorca earthquake.
Geothermal energy
Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), a new type of geothermal power technology that does not require natural convective hydrothermal resources, are known to be associated with induced seismicity. EGS involves pumping fluids at pressure to enhance or create permeability through the use of hydraulic fracturing techniques. Hot dry rock (HDR) EGS actively creates geothermal resources through hydraulic stimulation. Depending on the rock properties, and on injection pressures and fluid volume, the reservoir rock may respond with tensile failure, as is common in the oil and gas industry, or with shear failure of the rock's existing joint set, as is thought to be the main mechanism of reservoir growth in EGS efforts.
HDR and EGS systems are currently being developed and tested in Soultz-sous-Forรชts (France), Desert Peak and the Geysers (U.S.), Landau (Germany), and Paralana and Cooper Basin (Australia). Induced seismicity events at the Geysers geothermal field in California has been strongly correlated with injection data. The test site at Basel, Switzerland, has been shut down due to induced seismic events. In November 2017 a Mw 5.5 struck the city of Pohang (South Korea) injuring several people and causing extensive damage. The proximity of the seismic sequence to an EGS site, where stimulation operations had taken place only a few months before the earthquake, raised the possibility that this earthquake had been anthropogenic. According to two different studies it seems plausible that the Pohang earthquake was induced by EGS operations.
Researchers at MIT believe that seismicity associated with hydraulic stimulation can be mitigated and controlled through predictive siting and other techniques. With appropriate management, the number and magnitude of induced seismic events can be decreased, significantly reducing the probability of a damaging seismic event.
Induced seismicity in Basel led to suspension of its HDR project. A seismic hazard evaluation was then conducted, which resulted in the cancellation of the project in December 2009.
Hydraulic fracturing
Hydraulic fracturing is a technique in which high-pressure fluid is injected into the low-permeable reservoir rocks in order to induce fractures to increase hydrocarbon production. This process is generally associated with seismic events that are too small to be felt at the surface (with moment magnitudes ranging from โ3 to 1), although larger magnitude events are not excluded. For example, several cases of larger magnitude events (M > 4) have been recorded in Canada in the unconventional resources of Alberta and British Columbia.
Carbon capture and storage
Risk analysis
Operation of technologies involving long-term geologic storage of waste fluids have been shown to induce seismic activity in nearby areas, and correlation of periods of seismic dormancy with minima in injection volumes and pressures has even been demonstrated for fracking wastewater injection in Youngstown, Ohio. Of particular concern to the viability of carbon dioxide storage from coal-fired power plants and similar endeavors is that the scale of intended CCS projects is much larger in both injection rate and total injection volume than any current or past operation that has already been shown to induce seismicity. As such, extensive modeling must be done of future injection sites in order to assess the risk potential of CCS operations, particularly in relation to the effect of long-term carbon dioxide storage on shale caprock integrity, as the potential for fluid leaks to the surface might be quite high for moderate earthquakes. However, the potential of CCS to induce large earthquakes and CO2 leakage remains a controversial issue.,
Monitoring
Since geological sequestration of carbon dioxide has the potential to induce seismicity, researchers have developed methods to monitor and model the risk of injection-induced seismicity in order to manage better the risks associated with this phenomenon. Monitoring can be conducted with measurements from an instrument such as a geophone to measure the movement of the ground. Generally a network of instruments is used around the site of injection, although many current carbon dioxide injection sites use no monitoring devices. Modelling is an important technique for assessing the potential for induced seismicity and two primary models are used: Physical and numerical. A physical model uses measurements from the early stages of a project to forecast how the project will behave once more carbon dioxide is injected. A numerical model, on the other hand, uses numerical methods to simulate the physics of what is happening within the reservoir. Both modelling and monitoring are useful tools whereby to quantify, understand better and mitigate the risks associated with injection-induced seismicity.
Failure mechanisms due to fluid injection
To assess induced seismicity risks associated with carbon storage, one must understand the mechanisms behind rock failure. The Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria describe shear failure on a fault plane. Most generally, failure will happen on existing faults due to several mechanisms: an increase in shear stress, a decrease in normal stress or a pore pressure increase. The injection of supercritical will change the stresses in the reservoir as it expands, causing potential failure on nearby faults. Injection of fluids also increases the pore pressures in the reservoir, triggering slip on existing rock weakness planes. The latter is the most common cause of induced seismicity due to fluid injection.
The Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria state that
with the critical shear stress leading to failure on a fault, the cohesive strength along the fault, the normal stress, the friction coefficient on the fault plane and the pore pressure within the fault. When is attained, shear failure occurs and an earthquake can be felt. This process can be represented graphically on a Mohr's circle.
Comparison of risks due to CCS versus other injection methods
While there is risk of induced seismicity associated with carbon capture and storage underground on a large scale, it is currently a much less serious risk than other injection types. Wastewater injection, hydraulic fracturing, and secondary recovery after oil extraction have all contributed significantly more to induced seismic events than carbon capture and storage in the last several years. There have actually not been any major seismic events associated with carbon injection at this point, whereas there have been recorded seismic occurrences caused by the other injection methods. One such example is massively increased induced seismicity in Oklahoma, USA caused by injection of huge volumes of wastewater into the Arbuckle Group sedimentary rock.
Electromagnetic pulses
It has been shown that high-energy electromagnetic pulses can trigger the release of energy stored by tectonic movements by increasing the rate of local earthquakes, within 2โ6 days after the emission by the EMP generators. The energy released is approximately six orders of magnitude larger than the EM pulses energy. The release of tectonic stress by these relatively small triggered earthquakes equals to 1-17% of the stress released by a strong earthquake in the area. It has been proposed that strong EM impacts could control seismicity as during the periods of the experiments and long time after, the seismicity dynamics were a lot more regular than usual.
Risk analysis
Risk factors
Risk is defined as the probability of being impacted from an event in the future. Seismic risk is generally estimated by combining the seismic hazard with the exposure and vulnerability at a site or over a region. The hazard from earthquakes depends on the proximity to potential earthquake sources, and the rates of occurrence of different magnitude earthquakes for those sources, and the propagation of seismic waves from the sources to the site of interest. Hazard is then represented in terms of the probability of exceeding some level of ground shaking at a site. Earthquake hazards can include ground shaking, liquefaction, surface fault displacement, landslides, tsunamis, and uplift/subsidence for very large events (ML > 6.0). Because induced seismic events, in general, are smaller than ML 5.0 with short durations, the primary concern is ground shaking.
Ground shaking
Ground shaking can result in both structural and nonstructural damage to buildings and other structures. It is commonly accepted that structural damage to modern engineered structures happens only in earthquakes larger than ML 5.0. In seismology and earthquake engineering, ground shaking can be measured as peak ground velocity (PGV), peak ground acceleration (PGA) or spectral acceleration (SA) at a building's period of excitation. In regions of historical seismicity where buildings are engineered to withstand seismic forces, moderate structural damage is possible, and very strong shaking can be perceived when PGA is greater than 18-34% of g (the acceleration of gravity). In rare cases, nonstructural damage has been reported in earthquakes as small as ML 3.0. For critical facilities like dams and nuclear plants, the acceptable levels of ground shaking is lower than that for buildings.
Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis
Extended reading โ An Introduction to Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA)
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) is a probabilistic framework that accounts for probabilities in earthquake occurrence and the probabilities in ground motion propagation. Using the framework, the probability of exceeding a certain level of ground shaking at a site can be quantified, taking into account all the possible earthquakes (both natural and induced). PSHA methodology is used to determine seismic loads for building codes in both the United States and Canada, and increasingly in other parts of the world, as well as protecting dams and nuclear plants from the damage of seismic events.
Calculating Seismic Risk
Earthquake source characterization
Understanding the geological background on the site is a prerequisite for seismic hazard estimation. Formations of the rocks, subsurface structures, locations of faults, state of stresses and other parameters that contribute to possible seismic events are considered. Records of past earthquakes of the site are also taken into account.
Recurrence pattern
The magnitudes of earthquakes occurring at a source generally follow the Gutenberg-Richter relation that states that the number of earthquakes decrease exponentially with increase in magnitude, as shown below,
where is the magnitude of seismic events, is the number of events with magnitudes bigger than , is the rate parameter and is the slope. and vary for different sources. In the case of natural earthquakes, historical seismicity is used to determine these parameters. Using this relationship, the number and probability of earthquakes exceeding a certain magnitude can be predicted following the assumptions that earthquakes follow a Poisson process. However, the goal of this analysis is to determine the possibility of future earthquakes. For induced seismicity in contrast to natural seismicity, the earthquake rates change over time as a result of changes in human activity, and hence are quantified as non-stationary processes with varying seismicity rates over time.
Ground motions
At a given site, the ground motion describes the seismic waves that would have been observed at that site with a seismometer. In order to simplify the representation of an entire seismogram, PGV (peak ground velocity), PGA (peak ground acceleration), spectral acceleration (SA) at different period, earthquake duration, arias intensity (IA) are some of the parameters that are used to represent ground shaking. Ground motion propagation from the source to a site for an earthquake of a given magnitude is estimated using ground motion prediction equations (GMPE) that have been developed based on historical records. Since historical records are scarce for induced seismicity, researchers have provided modifications to GMPEs for natural earthquakes in order to apply them to indced earthquakes.
Seismic hazard
The PSHA framework uses the distributions of earthquake magnitudes and ground motion propagation to estimate the seismic hazard - the probability of exceeding a certain level of ground shaking (PGA, PGV, SA, IA, etc.) in the future. Depending on the complexity of the probability distributions, either numerical methods or simulations (such as, Monte Carlo method) may be used to estimate seismic hazard. In the case of induced seismicity, the seismic hazard is not constant, but varies with time due to changes in the underlying seismicity rates.
Exposure and vulnerability
In order to estimate seismic risk, the hazard is combined with the exposure and vulnerability at a site or in a region. For example, if an earthquake occurs where there are no humans or structures, there would be no human impacts despite any level of seismic hazard. Exposure is defined as the set of entities (such as, buildings and people) that exist at a given site or a region. Vulnerability is defined as the potential of impact to those entities, for example, structural or non-structural damage to a building, and loss of well-being and life for people. Vulnerability can also be represented probabilistically using vulnerability or fragility functions. A vulnerability or fragility function specifies the probability of impact at different levels of ground shaking. In regions like Oklahoma without a lot of historical natural seismicity, structures are not engineered to withstand seismic forces, and as a result are more vulnerable even at low levels of ground shaking, as compared to structures in tectonic regions like California and Japan.
Seismic risk
Seismic risk is defined as the probability of exceeding a certain level of impact in the future. For example, it may estimate the exceedance probability of moderate or more damage to a building in the future. Seismic hazard is combined with the exposure and vulnerability to estimate seismic risk. While numerical methods may be used to estimate risk at one site, simulation-based methods are better suited to estimate seismic risk for a region with a portfolio of entities, in order to correctly account for the correlations in ground shaking, and impacts. In the case of induced seismicity, the seismic risk varies over time due to changes in the seismic hazard.
Risk Mitigation
Induced seismicity can cause damage to infrastructure and has been documented to damage buildings in Oklahoma. It can also lead to brine and leakages.
It is easier to predict and mitigate seismicity caused by explosions. Common mitigation strategies include constraining the amount of dynamite used in one single explosion and the locations of the explosions. For injection-related induced seismicity, however, it is still difficult to predict when and where induced seismic events will occur, as well as the magnitudes. Since induced seismic events related to fluid injection are unpredictable, it has garnered more attention from the public. Induced seismicity is only part of the chain reaction from industrial activities that worry the public. Impressions toward induced seismicity are very different between different groups of people. The public tends to feel more negatively towards earthquakes caused by human activities than natural earthquakes. Two major parts of public concern are related to the damages to infrastructure and the well-being of humans. Most induced seismic events are below M 2 and are not able to cause any physical damage. Nevertheless, when the seismic events are felt and cause damages or injuries, questions arise from the public whether it is appropriate to conduct oil and gas operations in those areas. Public perceptions may vary based on the population and tolerance of local people. For example, in the seismically active Geysers geothermal area in Northern California, which is a rural area with a relatively small population, the local population tolerates earthquakes up to M 4.5. Actions have been taken by regulators, industry and researchers. On October 6, 2015, people from industry, government, academia, and the public gathered together to discuss how effective it was to implement a traffic light system or protocol in Canada to help manage risks from induced seismicity.
Risk assessment and tolerance for induced seismicity, however, is subjective and shaped by different factors like politics, economics, and understanding from the public. Policymakers have to often balance the interests of industry with the interests of the population. In these situations, seismic risk estimation serves as a critical tool for quantifying future risk, and can be used to regulate earthquake-inducing activities until the seismic risk reaches a maximum acceptable level to the population.
Traffic Light System
One of the methods suggested to mitigate seismic risk is a Traffic Light System (TLS), also referred to as Traffic Light Protocol (TLP), which is a calibrated control system that provides continuous and real-time monitoring and management of ground shaking of induced seismicity for specific sites. TLS was first implemented in 2005 in an enhanced geothermal plant in Central America. For oil and gas operations, the most widely implemented one is modified by the system used in the UK. Normally there are two types of TLS โ the first one sets different thresholds, usually earthquake local magnitudes (ML) or ground motions from small to large. If the induced seismicity reaches the smaller thresholds, modifications of the operations are implemented by the operators and the regulators are informed. If the induced seismicity reaches the larger thresholds, operations are shut down immediately. The second type of traffic light system sets only one threshold. If this threshold is reached, the operations are halted. This is also called a "stop light system". Thresholds for the traffic light system vary between and within countries, depending on the area.
However, the traffic light system is not able to account for future changes in seismicity. It may take time for changes in human activities to mitigate the seismic activity, and it has been observed that some of the largest induced earthquakes have occurred after stopping fluid injection.
Nuclear explosions
Nuclear explosions can cause seismic activity, but according to USGS, the resulting seismic activity is less energetic than the original nuclear blast, and generally does not produce large aftershocks. Nuclear explosions may instead release the elastic strain energy that was stored in the rock, strengthening the initial blast shockwave.
U.S. National Research Council report
A 2013 report from the U.S. National Research Council examined the potential for energy technologiesโincluding shale gas recovery, carbon capture and storage, geothermal energy production, and conventional oil and gas developmentโto cause earthquakes. The report found that only a very small fraction of injection and extraction activities among the hundreds of thousands of energy development sites in the United States have induced seismicity at levels noticeable to the public. However, although scientists understand the general mechanisms that induce seismic events, they are unable to accurately predict the magnitude or occurrence of these earthquakes due to insufficient information about the natural rock systems and a lack of validated predictive models at specific energy development sites.
The report noted that hydraulic fracturing has a low risk for inducing earthquakes that can be felt by people, but underground injection of wastewater produced by hydraulic fracturing and other energy technologies has a higher risk of causing such earthquakes. In addition, carbon capture and storageโa technology for storing excess carbon dioxide undergroundโmay have the potential for inducing seismic events, because significant volumes of fluids are injected underground over long periods of time.
List of induced seismic events
Table
References
Further reading
External links
The Human-Induced Earthquake Database
Map of reservoir-induced earthquakes at International Rivers
WEBINAR: Yes, Humans Really Are Causing Earthquakes โ IRIS Consortium
One-year seismic hazard forecast for the Central and Eastern United States from induced and natural earthquakes โ United States Geological Survey, 2016 (with maps)
Induced Earthquakes โ United States Geological Survey website
Seismology |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98%20%EC%B0%A8 | ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ฐจ | ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ฐจ์ ๊ดํ ์ค๋ช
์ด๋ค.
์ค๊ตญ์ ์ฐจ์ ๋ณธ๊ณ ์ฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ ๋งํผ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์์๋ ๊ณณ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ด ์๋น๋๋ ๊ณณ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ๋ฏ ์ค๊ตญ์์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ฌํ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์๋ ์ด์ ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ก ์ธํด ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ ์ธ๊ณ ์ฐจ ์์ฐ์ 42.29%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ ์ ๋๋ก ์ฐจ ์์ฐ ๋ถ์ผ์์ ์๋์ ์ธ 1์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ฐจ ์์ถ์ ์ผ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ ค 2์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ ์ด๋ ์ค๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ด์์์ ์ฐจ ์๋น๋์ด ์์ฒญ๋๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค.
์ฐจ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ฌ๋ ์ด์
์ค๊ตญ์ ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ง์ด ๋์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ฌผ์ ๋์ฌ๋จน๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ต๊ด๋์ด ์๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ ์จ๋ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ๊ฑด์กฐํ ๋ ์จ๋ผ ์ฐจ๊ฐ ์ ์๋ ์ ์๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์กฐ์ฑํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ค๊ตญ ์๋ฆฌ๋ ๋์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ฆ์ง ํธ์ธ๋ฐ ์ฐจ๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ์คํ์ํค๋ ์์ฉ์ ํ๋ค.
์ฐจ์ ์ญ์ฌ
8์ธ๊ธฐ ๋น๋๋ผ ๋ฌธ์ธ ์ก์ฐ๋ ์ต์ด๋ก ์ฐจ์ ๋ํ ์ง์์ ์ข
ํฉํ ์ ์์ธ ๋ค๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ ํ์ฌ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค๊ณ , ๋์ด๊ณ , ๋ง์๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ๋ฑ์ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ฆฌํ๋ค. ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด BC 2,700๋
๊ฒฝ์ธ 5์ฒ์ฌ ๋
์ ๋ถํฐ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ง์๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ์ธ๊ณ ์ญ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋จผ์ ์ฐจ๋๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํด ๋ง์
จ๋ค๊ณ ์ ํด์ง๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ ๋์
๊ณผ ์ํ ๋ถ์ผ์ ๊ธฐ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธ์ด ์ ๋์ด๋ผ๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด ์ฐ์ฐํ ์๋ฌผ์ ์, ์ฐป์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํด ๋ง์
จ๋๋ฐ ๋ง๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ข์ ํจ๋ฅ๋ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๊ณ ์ฐจ๋ก ์ฐ๋ ค์ ๋ง์๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ ํ๋์ ๋ค์ด์๋ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ฐฐํ๊ณ ์ํ์ผ๋ก ๊ฑฐ๋ํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋๋ฐ ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ฐจ ๋ฌธํ๋ ๋ถ๊ต์ ํจ๊ป ์ผ๋ณธ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋๊ณ , ํฐ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํธ๋ก๋ ์ ํด์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ ๋ค๋๋๋ ๋ฌด์ญ์์ ์ํด์ ์์์๋ ๋๋ฆฌ ์๋ ค์ง๋ฉด์ ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์์ด์ 'Tea'๋ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์์ถํ๋ ์ค๊ตญ ์ค๋จผ ์ง์ญ์ '์ฐจ' ๋ฐ์์ธ 'Tay/Te(ํ
)'์์ ์ ๋ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๊ธธ๊ณ ๊ธด ์ญ์ฌ ์์์ ์ค๊ตญ ์ฐจ ๋ฌธํ๋ ๋์์์ด ๋ฐ์ ํด์๊ณ ์ค๋ ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ ๋งํผ ์ฐจ์ ์ข
๋ฅ๋ ๋ค์ํ๋ค.
์ฐจ์ ์ข
๋ฅ
์ค๊ตญ์๋ ๋
น์ฐจ, ์์ค๋ฏผ ์ฐจ, ํ์ฐจ, ์ฐ๋กฑ์ฐจ ๋ฑ ๋ง์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์๊ณ ์๋ ์ฐจ ์ด์ธ์๋ ๋
ํนํ ๋ง๊ณผ ํฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง 200์ฌ ์ข
์ ๋๋ ๋ช
์ฐจ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๋ช ๊ฐ์ง๋ฅผ ์์ธํ ์๊ฐํด ๋ณด์๋ฉด, ๋
น์ฐจ๋ ์ค๊ตญ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์์ฐ์ด ๋ง์ด ๋๊ณ ๊ทธ๋งํผ ์๋น๋ ๋ง์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ์์๋ ๋
น์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค ๋ ์ฐป์์ ์ฅ์ ๋ณถ์ ๋ฐํจ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ ๋ถ์ด๋ฒ์ ์ด์ฉํ๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ ์ฐจ๋ ์ฐป์์ ํ๋ด๊ฐ ์ ๊ณ ๊ตฌ์ํ ๋ง์ด ๋๋ค. ์ด ๋ฐ์๋ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋
น์ฐจ๋ ์ฐป์์ ๊ฑด์กฐ์ํฌ ๋ ์ด๋ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํํ๋๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ค ์ข
๋ฅ๋ก ๋๋๋ค. ์ฅ์์ ๋ถ์ด๋ฒ์ ๊ฑด์กฐ์ํค๋ฉด ์ด์ฒญ๋
น์ฐจ, ํ๋ณ์ ์ฌ์ด ๊ฑด์กฐ์ํค๋ฉด ์์ฒญ๋
น์ฐจ, ๋ฐํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ถ์ ๋์ด ๊ฑด์กฐ์ํค๋ฉด ํ์ฒญ์กฑ์ฐจ, ์ด์ฆ๊ธฐ ์ด์ฒญ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ๊ฑด์กฐ์ํค๋ฉด ์ฆ์ฒญ๋
น์ฐจ๊ฐ ๋๋ค. ํ์ฐจ, ์ฆ ๋ณด์ด์ฐจ๋ ๋ง์น ๋ฉ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ ํจ๋ชจ๊ท ์ ์ด์ฉํด ํ๋ฐํจ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น ํ๋ฐํจ์ฐจ์ด๋ค. ์ ์กฐ๋ฒ์ ๋
น์ฐจ์ ๋์ผํ๊ฒ ํ๋ณ์ ๋ง๋ ค ํจ์ ์์ฉ์ ์ต์ ํ๋ ์์ฒญ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์น๋ค. ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐํจ์ฐจ์ด์ง๋ง ์ ์์ฒด์ ํจ์์ ์ํด ๋ฐํจ๋๋ ํ์ฐจ์๋ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ณผ์ ๋ค์ ๊ฑฐ์น ์ฐป์์ ๋ฌผ์ ์ฐ๋ ค๋ด๋ฉด ๊ฒ๋ถ์์์ ๋์ด ์ค๊ตญ ๋ด์์๋ ํ์ฐจ๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฆฐ๋ค. ๋ณด์ด์ฐจ๋ ์๋์ฑ์์๋ง ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง๋ฉฐ ํ ์ง์ญ์์ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง๋ ๋ณด์ด์ฐจ๋ ๋ณด์ด์ฐจ๋ก ์ทจ๊ธ๋์ง ์๋๋ค. ํ ์ง์ญ์ ์ ํต์ฐจ์ธ ์ด์ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ทธ๋งํผ ์ญ์ฌ๋ ๊น๊ณ ๋ช
ํ ์ฐจ๋ ๋ง์ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋น์ธ๋ค. ์ฐป์์ ์ํ ์๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ 24์ ๊ธฐ ์ค ๊ณก์ฐ ์ด์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ ์ฐป์์ธ ์ฒซ๋ฌผ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์์์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฌผ์ฐจ, ์ธ๋ฌผ์ฐจ, ๋ค๋ฌผ์ฐจ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถํ๋ค. ๋ฐํจ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ด์ ํตํด ๋ฐํจ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ ์๊น๊ณผ ์ฑ๋ถ์ ์ ์ง์ํจ ๋ถ๋ฐํจ์ฐจ์ธ ๋
น์ฐจ, 10~70% ์ ๋ ๋ฐํจ์ํจ ๋ฐ๋ฐํจ์ฐจ์ธ ์ฒญ์ฐจ(์ฐ๋กฑ์ฐจ)์ ํฉ์ฐจ, ๋ฐํจ๋์ด ๊ฒ์๋น์ด ๋๋ ํ์ฐจ์ ํ์ฐจ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถํ๋ค. ์ฒญ๋๋ผ ์๋ ์ดํ ์ค๊ตญ์์๋ ๋
น์ฐจ, ๋ฐฑ์ฐจ, ํฉ์ฐจ, ์ฒญ์ฐจ, ํ์ฐจ, ํ์ฐจ๋ฅผ 6๋ ์ฐจ๋ฅ๋ผ ํ์ฌ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋๋ ๋ฐฉ์๊ณผ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฌ์ฏ ์ข
๋ฅ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ค ๋์ ์์ ๋ฑ
์ฐจ์ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ์ฑ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ ๊ณ๋ค์ด๋ ์ฃผ์ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ์ธ ์ฐจ์ ๋ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ค. ์ฒญ์ฐจ๋ ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ๋ฅ, ํ์ฐจ๋ ์กํฌ์ ๋ก, ํ์ฐจ๋ ์ฟ ํค์ ์ผ์ดํฌ์ ์ ์ด์ธ๋ฆฐ๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ์์๋ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋์ ํ๊ณ ๋ง์ค ๋์๋ ๊ฐ์ถ์ด์ผ ํ๋ ์์ ์ด ์๋ค. ๋จผ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋์ ํ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์๋์๊ฒ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ด๋๊ธฐ ์ ์ฐจ์ ์ทจํฅ์ ๋ฌผ์ด๋ณด์์ผ ํ๋ค. ์ฐป๋ฌผ์ด ๋๋ฌด ๋จ๊ฒ์ง ์๊ฒ ํด ์๋์ด ๋ฐ์ด์ง ์๋๋ก ํ๊ณ , '์ ์ ๊ฐ๋ ์ฑ์ฐ๊ณ ์ฐจ๋ ๋ฐ๋ง ์ฑ์ด๋ค'๋ผ๋ ๋ง์ด ์๋ฏ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ฐป์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ ์์ 70~80% ์ ๋๋ง ์ฑ์ด๋ค. ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ง์๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์ฐป์์ ์ผ์์ ์ฌ๋ ค๋์ ๋ค์ ์ค๋ฅธ์์ผ๋ก ์์ ์ก๊ณ ๋ง์๊ธฐ ์ ์ฐจ์ ์์ ๊ฐ์ํ๊ณ ํฅ์ ๋งก๋๋ค. ์ฐจ๋ ๋จ๋ฒ์ ๋ง์
์๋ ์ ๋๊ณ ์กฐ๊ธ์ฉ ๋๋์ด ๋ง์
์ผ ํ๋๋ฐ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธ ๋จธ๊ธ์ด ํ ์ฃผ์๋ก ๋๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์ ์
์ ์ ์ฒด๋ก ํฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ณธ ํ ๋๊ฒจ์ผ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ตฝ์ด ๋ ์ฐป์์ ์ฃผ์ธ์๊ฒ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์ด ๊ณ ๋ง์๊ณผ ์นญ์ฐฌ์ ํํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ง์๋ ์์์ด๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ์์๋ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ค ๋ ์ฉ๋์ ๋ง๊ฒ ์๋ง์ ๋ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. ๋ค๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ ์กฐ ์ ์ ์ฝ์ด ๋ฐ๋ฆฐ ์ฌ๋ถ๋ ๋ชฉ์ฌ, ๋ฐฑ์, ํ์ ๋ฑ ๋ค๊ธฐ์ ์ฌ์ง, ์์ฐ ๋์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค์ํ๊ฒ ๋ถ๋ฆฐ๋ค.
๋ค๊ธฐ
๋คํธ: ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ค ๋ ํ์ํ ์ฃผ์ ์,๋คํด(์ฐจํด): ์ฐป๋ฌผ์ ๋๋ด์ ์กฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ฃผ์ ์, ๋ค๋ฐฐ: ์ฐป์, ๋ค๊ด: ์ฐป์์ ๋ณด๊ดํ๋ ํต, ๋คํ: ๋ค๊ด์์ ์ฐป์์ ๋์ด ์๋์๊ฒ ์ฐป์์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฐป์์ ์ฎ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋ค๊ธฐ, ์ฐจ์น: ๋ค๊ด์ด๋ ๋คํ์์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ด๋ ๋๋๋ฌด ์๊ฐ๋ฝ, ๋ค๋ฃจ: ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋์ด๋ผ ๋ ์ฐ๋ ๊น๋๊ธฐ, ๋คํต(๋คํ, ์ฐจํ): ์ฐป์์ด๋ ์ฐ๊บผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง์ด๋ด๋ ์ง๊ฒ, ๋ค์ : ๋ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ ค ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋ฆด ๋ ์ด์ฉํ๋ ๋ฐ์นจ ์ ์, ๋ค๋ฐ: ๋ค๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ ค ๋ค๊ด๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ผ ๋ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๋ฐ์, ๋ค์ฐ(์์ฐ): ๋ฒ๋ฆฐ ๋ฌผ์ด๋ ์ฐจ ์ฐ๊บผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20tea | Chinese tea | Chinese tea generally refers to a variety of teas which are grown or consumed in China.
Chinese tea can be classified into six distinctive categories: white, green, yellow, oolong, black and post-fermented. Others add categories for scented and compressed teas. All of these come from varieties of the Camellia sinensis plant. Most Chinese teas are cultivated and consumed in China. It is commonly available in Chinese restaurants and grocery shops worldwide. Green tea is the most common type of tea consumed in China.
Within these main categories of tea are vast varieties of individual beverages. Some of the variations are due to different strains of the Camillia plant. However, the largest factor in the wide variations comes from differences in tea processing after the tea leaves are harvested. White and green teas are heat-treated () soon after picking to prevent oxidization, often called fermentation, caused by natural enzymes in the leaves. Oolong teas are partially oxidized. Black teas are fully oxidized. Other differences come from variations in the processing steps.
History
The practice of drinking tea has a long history in China, having originated there. Although tea originated in China, during the Tang dynasty, Chinese tea generally represents tea leaves which have been processed using methods inherited from ancient China. According to legend, tea was discovered by Chinese Emperor Shen Nong in 2737 BC when a leaf from a nearby shrub fell into water the emperor was boiling. Tea is deeply woven into the history and culture of China. The beverage is considered one of the seven necessities of Chinese life, along with firewood, rice, oil, salt, soy sauce and vinegar.
Song dynasty
Tea was an important crop during the Song dynasty. Tea farms covered 242 counties during this time. This included expensive tribute tea, which was tea from Zhejiang and Fujian provinces that was exported to Southeast Asian and Arab countries.
In the Song dynasty, tea started to be pressed into tea cakes (usually black tea). Some were embossed with patterns of the Chinese dragon and the Phoenix, and were called exotic names including:
Large Dragon tea cake, Small Dragon tea cake, Surpassing Snow Dragon ball cake, Fine Silver Sprout, Cloud Leaf, Gold Money, Jade Flower, Inch of Gold, Longevity Sprout, Eternal Spring Jade Leaf, Dragon in the Clouds, Longevity Dragon Sprout, Dragon Phoenix and Flower, and Eternal Spring Silver Sprout.
Ming dynasty
The Ming dynasty scholar Wen Zhenheng's encyclopedic book Zhวng Wรน Zhรฌ (; Treatise on Superfluous Things), volume 12, contains the descriptions of several famous Ming dynasty teas.During Ming, tea was a form of currency also used to pay imperials tribute. Ming dynasty founder Zhu Yuanzhang (also known as the Hongwu emperor) was born to a poor family and understood the difficulties of the lives of farmers. He abolished the compressed tea brick style and replaced it with the whole, loose-leaf tea style, and also declared people instead pay tribute with tea buds. This amendment especially helped relieve tea farmers of some of the pressures of the laborious and complicated tea production processes. These complex processes for farmers included: steaming tea leaves, breaking them down into fine remnants, mixing the powder with plum juice, then baking them with molds to shape into tea bricks.
Culture
Customs and etiquette
In some places of China, in restaurants, it is common for customers to clean their bowls and utensils at the table by rinsing them with tea from the pot. Tea may be poured over utensils into one of their bowls, or a larger bowl is may be provided as a waste receptacle for tea used to rinse bowls. In restaurants in China, tea is usually served in lieu of water, and hence tends to be a light drink flavoured.
However, when sipped as a daily beverage, Chinese people tend to use a special personal tea bottle, in which water is allowed to infuse with tea leaves for hours, and sipped continuously. This method, which is more prevalent in day-to-day Chinese life, involves the repeated use of the same tea leaves throughout the day.
Utensils
A traditional Chinese tea set consists of special clay or porcelain teapots, teacups, tea spoons, tea strainers, draining trays, tea forceps (for the leaves), a large forceps (for the tea cups) and occasionally, tea caddies. All of these are kept on a special wooden tea tray with an inbuilt draining arrangement and a holder for the drained water. however, in more modern times, specially built electric hotplates for tea sets are used by some Chinese people.
Tea houses
Chinese tea houses refer to the public place where people gathered to drink tea and spend their spare time. Chinese tea houses have a long history. It first took shape during the Tang dynasty Kaiyuan era (713โ714) and became common during the Song dynasty. From the Ming and Qing dynasties, tea house culture became integral to regional culture.
Drinking morning tea is a custom within various provinces regardless of what status or identity people are. People often go to tea house in twos to threes to relax, be entertained, and gather information all while sipping tea. One could find old folks reminiscing over their joys and sorrows, or youth discussing their ambitions.
In 1970s, Chinese tea houses spread to Hong Kong. Some notable ones include โYen Yenโ, โTsui Heung Yuenโ, โPak Cheukโ, โYin Bun Lauโ, and โWun Tinโ, among others. Merchants would use tea houses as a place for exchanging information and business. For example, a jade merchant might complete a transaction in a tea house.
A tea garden is a tea house which features a Chinese garden or a domestic Chinese garden in which people enjoy their tea.
Ba-Shu culture and Sichuan teahouses
Sichuan teahouses have various sizes. The large ones have hundreds of seats, while the small ones, only a few. They also have excellent services. Traditional Sichuan teahouses use red copper teapots, tin saucers, teacups with covers made of Jingdezhen porcelain, tuocha- a bowl-shaped compressed tea leaves- and tearoom keepers expert at all manner of work. What's more, Sichuan teahouses have social functions. They play an important role in spreading the state affairs information. People can chat with each other there. They also serve as unofficial courts.
Wu-Yue culture and Hangzhou teahouses
Wu-Yue area is famous for tea producing and green tea produced in Zhejiang province play a decisive role. In Hangzhou, most tearooms are elegant, simple and unsophisticated. They emphasize making tea with good-quality water and tasting tea in an excellent environment in order to achieve the true meaning of tea art.
Tianjin teahouses, Shanghai Fuchaguan teahouses and Guangdong tearooms
Most of the Tianjin teahouses meet the needs of business people from different parts of China. People of various trades drink tea while eating refreshments and appreciating performances which include singing of opera arias, storytelling and dagu (a versified story sung to the accompaniment of a small drum and other instruments).
In the past, Shanghai teahouses are regarded as learned and refined places in Shanghai. Shanghai people called teahouses fuchaguan to express their longing for leisure. The most typical teahouse with local features was situated in the old Chenghuangmiao area.
The old Guangdong tearooms were inexpensive. Regular customers would be served with a cup of tea, and two steamed buns stuffed with diced grilled pork, steamed dumplings with the dough gathered at the top, or dumplings with shrimp stuffing. However, teahouses become different now. Nowadays, customers are provided with a pot of strong tea as soon as they arrive, and have many choices from a great variety of refreshments on the food cart.
Beijing teahouse culture
Beijing teahouses show most of the advantages of other local teahouses. They are known for their various functions, and rich and profound cultural aims.
There are many kinds of Beijing teahouses, which include Shuchaguan, Qingchaguan, Qichaguan, Yechaguan, Dachaguan, and Erhunpu.
Specific tea house types
Teahouse culture made a special contribution to the development of the novel, and shuchaguan was the best evidence to explain. At shuchaguan, tea is only acted as a medium and supplement because people came mainly to listen to storytelling. Storytelling was performed two times a day and a long story would last two or three months. Famous shuchaguan were exquisitely furnished with cane or wooden tables and chairs, and decorated with works of calligraphy and painting in order to build an atmosphere for storytelling. The purpose of drinking tea in shuchaguan is increasing their historical knowledge, killing time and amusing themselves. So shuchaguan were best suited to old people.
Qingchaguan provides places for people from all walks of life to entertain themselves elegantly. In the past, most of the Qingchaguan were simply furnished with square tables and wooden chairs. Teacups with covers were used to serve tea. However, tea was served without refreshment in Qingchaguan.
Qichaguan provides places for customers to play chess. Qichaguan were simply furnished with timber or lumps of wood painted with chess boards, which were partly buried in the ground, or chessboards with benches on both sides. When people played chess while drinking tea, they will feel that the chessboards was like a battlefield of life. Usually they would temporarily forget about their sufferings, and that's why tea was also called wangyoujun (Mr. Worry-free).
People went to Yechaguan to appreciate beautiful gardens. People of Beijing in old times were keen on enjoying beautiful scenes in different seasons. So yechaguan were mostly built in those places with beautiful gardens and nice views.
Dachaguan provided tea, food and services to people in various trades such as business men and scholars. In terms of service, it includes Hongluguan, Wowoguan and Banhuguan.
Hongluguan were installed with red stoves which baked Manchurian and Chinese pastries. They served all kinds of pastries, which were smaller and more exquisite than those made by pastry shops. Customers could drink tea while sampling these pastries.
Wowoguan served various refreshment, including aiwowo, steamed sponge cakes, paicha, pengao and sesame seed cakes.
Characterized by a large copper pot, banhuguan suited varied tastes.
Erhunpu served tea without refreshments but provided dining and wining facilities. It supplied customers with food cooked from in-house ingredients or ingredients brought by customers.
Literature
Literature about tea during the Ming dynasty largely focused on tea pickers, with writings and artwork regarding aspects such as tea picking and processing.
Tea-picking Poem - Gao Qi
It is getting warm after the spring rain and thunder,
New tea leaves start sprouting among branches.
Girls with silver hairpins sing folk songs to each other,
Competing to pick the most tea leaves in the shortest time.
They get home with the fresh scent of tea leaves on their hands,
The highest qualities will be sent to the Prefecture first.
The newly baked tea leaves are not tasted yet,
They are packed into baskets and will be sold to Hunan merchants.
Satirical poems and songs were also created and reflected struggles of tea farmers and ridiculed greedy officials. After Mid Ming, the amount of tribute tea soared due to an increased pressure upon citizens by higher bureaucrats. Officials demanded higher taxation and escalation of the requirement of tribute tea. Some citizens began to grow angry with these demands, including poets Gao Qi and Han Bangqi. Although their main occupations were government officials, they were also generally acknowledged writers who voiced their complaints through poems that became widespread folk ballads. Through their writings they requested the reduction of taxation and tributes. However, Gao was accused by the government of "involvement in a rebellion conspiracyโ and was executed, while Han was imprisoned by officials wanting to hide their written works.
Fuyang Ballad - Han Bangqi
Tea-picking women and fish-catching men
Feudal officials torture them so they don't even have unscathed skin
How come the Heaven is not humane?
Have people here done anything wrong?
Symbolism and significance
The China famous tea () or The Ten Great Chinese Teas () are the ten most notable Chinese teas. Below is a list of ten common teas in China.
Production
The highest grades of white tea, yellow tea, and green tea are made from tender tea shoots picked early spring. These young tea shoots may consist of a single terminal bud, a bud with an adjacent leaf or a bud with two adjacent slightly unfurled leaves. It is generally required that the leaves are equal in length or shorter than the buds.
The more-oxidized teaโsuch as red or oolong teaโare made from more mature leaves. For example, the Anxi Tieguanyin (grown in the tea region of Anxi in Fujian), is made from one bud with two to four leaves.
Not all high grade green tea is made from tender tea shoots. The highly regarded green tea Lu An Gua Pian is made from more matured leaves.
Traditionally these tender tea shoots are picked before 5 April, or Qingming Festival. The standard practice is to start picking when 5% of the garden is ready, or when the tea buds reach certain size. In some tea gardens, tea shoots are picked daily, or every 2 days.
Ming dynasty
Tea farmers
Tea households were normally small, family-based operations for tea cultivation. There were also tea merchants who set up tea firms to create their own tea plantations and/or to process tea leaves after buying from local tea farming families. Different from tea households, seasonal workers were often employed by tea firms. Seeking work during the harvesting seasons, they often took boats to Tunxi, Anhui and other places where tea leaves were abundant.
Tea production process
Harvesting tea was heavily dependent on weather conditions, so tea could not usually be produced throughout the entire year. Various weather conditions throughout different areas limited tea to be grown in a few specific regions: Jiangnan, Jiangbei, Hunan and Xinan. These areas provided stable warm weather and rainfall- two essential components of growing tea plants. The general production of loose, whole-leaf teas mainly included: tea seedling plantation, fertilization/weeding/spraying, tea picking, sunning/firing/rolling, and sorting and packaging.
Tea picking
Tea picking was a central component of the entire tea production process. Time spent working and the intensity of labor fluctuated due to the inability to accurately predict weather conditions. This created uncertainties regarding ideal tea picking times. However, generally โthe ideal time for picking tea leaves was early morning before sunrise.โ Tea pickers would usually leave their homes early and do work using careful techniques efficiently to ensure the leaves were gently picked in whole. To do so, pickers used one or both hands to nip the green stems with their index fingers and thumbs, then held the leaves until they had palms-full before tossing the leaves into their baskets. Women were preferred for this occupation because of their ability to more gently and carefully pick off the whole tea leaves. No matter the age or marital status, women were expected to be capable of performing this duty. However, there were also limitations on women during this time. According to Luo Lin's Explanation of Tea, women were not allowed to participate in any aspect of tea making during their menstrual periods. They were to avoid โfemale pollutionโ from their โuncleanโ bodies.
Sunning, firing and rolling
After picking tea leaves, families first sorted out the damaged or rotten leaves then began the sunning process. This process inhibited water evaporation within tea leaves to promote oxidation. Over-oxidation can alter the taste of the tea to become "grass-like" or thick and bitter, so farmers heated the leaves to stop the oxidation once the desired level was reached- a process known as 'firing'. Then, leaf cells were broken down by gently rubbing the tea leaves- this process helped volatilize the scents and tastes when brewing. Tea leaves were damped then rolled into shapes, making its storage convenient while also allowing sap to squeeze out and provide additional flavoring.
Sorting and packaging
Once the leaves were dried again, they were sorted and packaged and sold. Tea was usually "transported by a train of porters who used carrying poles to transport multiple chests of tea to the shippers", as the tea was largely sold to merchants and also largely produced to be exported.
Trade
China has experienced declining trends in tea export growth rate since the mid-1990s. Compare to 1980s that the export volume is decreased 232 tons to 170 tons, is around 26.7%, because the coverage of tea safety standards and Maximum Residual Limit of pesticides negatively affected China's exports.
The increase in export of green tea from China has not been commensurate with production. During 2010, China exported 234 M kg of green tea as against 163 metric kg in 2001. Its share of export in the global market has been found to fall from 87% to 78% between 2003 and 2007. However, in 2010, China contributed 79% of the total green tea exported worldwide.
Varieties
Spelling of varieties often reflects English usage, and historical or southern-Chinese pronunciation rather than official modern pinyin, for example; Bohea (ๆญฆๅคท่ถ wวyรญ chรก), Congou (ๅทฅๅคซ gลngfu), Hyson (็ๆฅ่ถ xฤซchลซn chรก), Souchong (ๆๆฎๅฑฑๅฐ็จฎ lฤpวshฤn xiวozhวng), Chunmee (็็ zhฤnmรฉi), Sowmee (็ง็ xiรนmรฉi), Pekoe (็ฝๆฏซ bรกihรกo), Keemun (็ฅ้็ด
่ถ qรญmรฉn hรณngchรก).
See also
All In This Tea, a 2007 documentary
List of Chinese teas
Taiwanese tea
References
Further reading
Evans, John C., Tea in China: The History of China's National Drink. Contributions to the Study of World History, Number 33. Greenwood Press: New York; Westport, Connecticut; London, 1992. ,
Forbes, Andrew ; Bently, David (2011). China's Ancient Tea Horse Road. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B005DQV7Q2
External links |
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ธ | ๋ฉ๊ฑด ์ ๋ ๋ฌํผ๋
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7์ 5์ผ~)๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์์ด๋ค. ์ฃผ ํฌ์ง์
์ ๋ฏธ๋ํ๋์ด๋ฉฐ ์์ด๋ก๋ ๋ธ ์ ์๋ค. ํ์ฌ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์์ ํ ๋ ์ธ FC์์ ํ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
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ธ๋ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ ๋ ๋ฉ์์ ์ง ๋ฌํผ๋
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ธ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ธ๋ก ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ์ง ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ์ ๋ฐ๋์ฆ ๋ฌํผ๋
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๊ฐ ์์๋๋ฐ ๋ฉ๊ฑด ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ์๊ฒ๋ ์๋ฅ์ด ์๋งค์ธ ๋ ์ด์ฒ ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๊ฐ ์๋ค.
๋ฉ๊ฑด ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๋ 3์ธ ์์ ๋ถํฐ ์ค๋น ์ธ ๋ธ๋ผ์ด์ธ ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉด์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์์ํ์ง๋ง 10์ธ๋ถํฐ 15์ธ๊น์ง๋ ๋ง์ฝ ํ์๋ก ์ธํด ํ ๋ฆฌ์ปจ๋ฒ ์ด ์ต๊ณ ๋ณด์ ๊ต๋์๋ฅผ ๋น๋กฏํ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ต๋์์ ์๊ฐ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๋ฉ๊ฑด ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ์๊ฒ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ์ ๋ง์ฐํ๋ ์ฒญ์๋
์ ์ฝ๋ฌผ ๋จ์ฉ์ ํผํ ์ ์๋ ์๋จ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ก๋ค.
ํ๊ต ์ฌํ ์์
๋ฉ๊ฑด ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๋ ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต ์์ ๊น์ง ์ด๋ฆฐ ์์ ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์๋ฒ์ง๊ฐ ์ง๋ํ๋ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํ์์ ํ๋ํ๋ค. ํํ ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต์ ์ฌํ ์ค์ด๋ 2002๋
๋ถํฐ 2005๋
๊น์ง๋ ๋ ์ด์ฒ ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ์ ํจ๊ป ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ ์ํฌ๋ผ๋ฉํ ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ณ ๋ก ํ๋ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํด๋ฝ์ธ ์ํฌ๊ทธ๋ก๋ธ ํ๋ผ์ด๋(ํ์ฌ์ ์ํฌ๋ผ๋ฉํ ํ๋ผ์ด๋) ์์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ํ๋ค.
๋ฉ๊ฑด ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๋ ๋งค ํ๊ธฐ๋ง๋ค ๋ช
์ ํ์ ์นญํธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๊ณ ์ก์ง ใํผ๋ ์ด๋ใ(Parade), ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ง๋์ ํํ(NSCAA)๊ฐ ๊ณต๋์ผ๋ก ์ ์ ํ ์ฃผ๋์ด ์ฌ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ํ, ์๋์ด ์ฌ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ํ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ค. 2004๋
์๋ ๋งฅ๋๋ ๋๊ฐ ์ ์ ํ ์ ๋ฏธ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต ์จ์คํธ ํ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ค.
2005๋
์๋ ๋ ์ด์ฒ ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ์ ํจ๊ป ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฑด์ฃผ ํฌํ๋๋์ ํฌํ๋๋ ๋ํ๊ต์ ์
ํํ๋ฉด์ ํฌํ๋๋ ํ์ผ๋ฌ์ธ ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ฅํ๊ธ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๋ 2005 ์์ฆ์์ 25๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉด์ 15๊ณจ, ๋์ 13๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ฌ ํฌํ๋๋ ํ์ผ๋ฌ์ธ ์ NCAA ๋๋น์ I ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. 2006 ์์ฆ์์๋ 10๊ณจ, ๋์ 2๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ง๋ง 2006๋
10์์ ์ผ์ด๋ ์ญ์ ์ธ๋ ๋ถ์์ ๋นํ๋ฉด์ ํ๋์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ง ์์๋ค.
2008 ์์ฆ์์๋ 22๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 5๊ณจ, ๋์ 13๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ํฌํ๋๋ ํ์ผ๋ฌ์ธ ๋ 2008 ์จ์คํธ์ฝ์คํธ ์ฝํผ๋ฐ์ค ์์ฆ์์ 1์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ณ ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๋ ์ฌํด์ ์จ์คํธ์ฝ์คํธ ์ฝํผ๋ฐ์ค ์ ์๋ก ์ ์ ๋๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์์๋ค. ๋ํ ใ์ฌ์ปค ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นดใ(Soccer America)๊ฐ ์ ์ ํ ์ ๋ฏธ ํผ์คํธ ํ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ง๋์ ํํ(NSCAA)๊ฐ ์ ์ ํ ์ ๋ฏธ ์ธ์ปจ๋ ํ์ ์ ์ ๋๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์์๋ค. ํฌํ๋๋ ํ์ผ๋ฌ์ธ ์์ ํ๋ํ๋ ๋์์ 60๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๊ณ 30๊ณจ, ๋์ 28๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ฌ ์ด 88์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
ํด๋ฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๋ 2009๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ํ๋ก ์ถ๊ตฌ(WPS) ๋๋ํํธ 1๋ผ์ด๋์์ 2์์๋ก ์ง๋ช
๋์ด ์์นด๊ณ ๋ ๋ ์คํ์ค์ ์
๋จํ๋ค. 2009 ์์ฆ์์๋ ์ ์ฒด 18๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ 17๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๊ณ 2๊ณจ, ๋์ 3๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. 2009๋
8์์๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ํ๋ก ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฌ์คํํ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๊ณ ์ค์จ๋ด ๋ค๋ง์ค๋ฒค์ค์นธ ์ฐ์น ํ์ธ ์ฐ๋ฉ์ค IK์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ํ๋ก ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฌ์คํ์ ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๋ค. 2010 ์์ฆ์์๋ ์ ์ฒด 20๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ 19๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๊ณ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
2010๋
12์์ ํ๋ผ๋ธํผ์ ์ธ๋ํ๋์ค๋ก ์ด์ ํ๊ณ 4๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. 2011๋
์๋ 100,000 ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ์ด์ ๋ฃ์ ํจ๊ป ๋งค์ง์ญ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ ํ๋๋ฐ ์ด๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ํ๋ก ์ถ๊ตฌ ์์ ์ ์๋ค์ ํ๊ท ์ฐ๋ด์ธ 25,000 ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ฅผ ๋๋ ์์ค์ด์๋ค. ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๋ 2011 ์์ฆ์์๋ ๋งค์ง์ญ์ด 3์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ์ฌ ํ๋ ์ด์คํ์ ์ง์ถํ๋ ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ๋งค์ง์ญ์ 2011๋
8์ 17์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋ณด์คํด ๋ธ๋ ์ด์ปค์ค์์ ํ๋ ์ด์คํ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ์์ ๋งค์ง์ญ์ 3-1 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ์ง๋ง ๋งค์ง์ญ์ ํ๋ผ๋ธํผ์ ์ธ๋ํ๋์ค์์ ํ๋ ์ด์คํ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์์ 0-2๋ก ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ฝํ๊ณ ๋ง๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ํ๋ก ์ถ๊ตฌ๊ฐ 2011๋
10์ 25์ผ์ ๋งค์ง์ญ์ ํ๋์ฐจ์ด์ฆ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ํ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๋ฅผ ๋น๋กฏํ ๋๋ฃ ์ ์๋ค์ 2012 ์์ฆ๋ถํฐ ์์ ๊ณ์ฝ ์ ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ํ๋ก ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ 2012๋
์ด๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐํด ํ์ง๋์๋ค.
2011๋
10์์๋ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ W๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํด๋ฝ์ธ ์๋๋ FC์ ์ด์ฒญ ์ ์๋ก ๋ฐํ๋์๋ค. 2011 W๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ์์๋ 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. 2012๋
์ฌ๋ฆ์๋ ํธํ ์๋ก, ์จ๋ฆญ์ค ๋ชจ๊ฑด, ์๋๋ ๋ฌ๋ฃจ, ์คํ
ํผ๋ ์ฝ์ค์ ํจ๊ป ์์ ํ ์ฌ์ด๋์ค ์๋ฏผ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ ํ๊ณ 2012 ์์ฆ์์๋ 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ๋์ 2๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
2013๋
1์์๋ ํ๋์ค ๋๋น์ง์น 1 ํ๋ฏธ๋ ์์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํด๋ฝ์ธ ์ฌ๋ญํผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์น๊ณผ 6๊ฐ์ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ๋ค. ์ฌ๋ญํผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์น์์ ํ๋ํ๋ ๋์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ค์ธ ํ ๋ฌ ๋์์ ํ๊ท ์์ต์ ์ฝ 11,000 ์ ๋ก ๋๋ ์ฝ 14,000 ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฌ๋ฌ ์์ค์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ฐ๋๋ค. 2012-13 ๋๋น์ง์น 1 ํ๋ฏธ๋ ์์ฆ์์๋ 6๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 2๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. 2012-13 UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์์๋ 5๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 2๊ณจ, ๋์ 1๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ฌ ์ฌ๋ญํผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์น์ ์ค์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
2013-14 ๋๋น์ง์น 1 ํ๋ฏธ๋ ์์ฆ์์ 8๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 3๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. 2013-14 UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์์๋ 4๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ง๋ง ์ฌ๋ญํผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์น์ 16๊ฐ์ ์์ ํ๋ฝํ๋ค. 2012๋
๋ถํฐ 2014๋
๊น์ง ์ฌ๋ญํผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์น์์ ํ๋ํ๋ ๋์์ ๋๋น์ง์น 1 ํ๋ฏธ๋ 28๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 8๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
2013๋
์ ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ(NWSL) ์์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํด๋ฝ์ธ ์์ ํ ๋ ์ธ FC๋ก ์ด์ ํ๋ค. ์์ ํ ๋ ์ธ์ ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๊ฐ ํฉ๋ฅํ๊ธฐ ์ด์ ๊น์ง 10๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 1๋ฌด 9ํจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ์์๋ค. ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๋ ์์ ํ ์ฌ์ด๋์ค์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 2๊ณจ, ๋์ 1๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ฌ ์์นด๊ณ ๋ ์ธ์ 4-1 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๊ณ 2013 ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ 16์ฃผ์์ ์ด ์ฃผ์ ์ ์๋ก ์ ์ ๋์๋ค. 2013 ์์ฆ์์๋ ์ ์ฒด 22๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ 12๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 5๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
2014๋
4์ 14์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋ณด์คํด ๋ธ๋ ์ด์ปค์ค์์ 2014 ์์ฆ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ผ์ด๋ ๋ฐ ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ํ๋์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ง ์์์ง๋ง 2014๋
7์ 3์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์จ์คํด ๋ด์ ํ๋์์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๋ณต๊ทํ๋ค. ๋ฉ๊ฑด ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๋ 2014 ์์ฆ์์ 4๊ณจ, ๋์ 1๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ์์ ํ ๋ ์ธ์ NWSL ์ ๊ท ์์ฆ์์ ํต์ฐ ์ ์ 16์น 6๋ฌด 2ํจ, ์น์ 54์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ฌ ์ ๊ท ์์ฆ์์ ์ฐ์น์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค. ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๋ ์์ฑํด ์คํผ๋ฆฟ๊ณผ์ NWSL ์ฑํผ์ธ์ญ ํ๋ ์ด์คํ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ์์ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ฌ ์์ ํ ๋ ์ธ์ 2-1 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. FC ์บ์์ค์ํฐ์์ NWSL ์ฑํผ์ธ์ญ ํ๋ ์ด์คํ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์์๋ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ง๋ง ์์ ํ ๋ ์ธ์ ์บ์์ค์ํฐ์ 1-2๋ก ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ค.
2015๋
4์ 12์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์จ์คํด ๋ด์ ํ๋์์์ 2015 ์์ฆ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์์ ์ ์ฒซ ํดํธํธ๋ฆญ๊ณผ ๋์ 1๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ์์ ํ ๋ ์ธ์ 5-1 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. 2015 ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ 1์ฃผ์์ ์ด ์ฃผ์ ์ ์๋ก ์ ์ ๋์๊ณ ์์ ํ ๋ ์ธ์ 2015 NWSL ์ ๊ท ์์ฆ์์ ์ฐ์น์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
์ฒญ์๋
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๋ 2003๋
๋ถํฐ 2005๋
๊น์ง ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ U-19 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์๋ก ํ๋ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 21๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 9๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. 2003๋
1์์ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ ์ถ๋ผ๋น์คํ์์ ์์ง๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ U-19 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ํ๋ จ ์บ ํ์ ์ฒ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๊ณ 2003๋
7์์๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ U-19 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ๋ค๋๋๋, ๋
์ผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ค.
2003๋
3์ 1์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฉ์์ฝ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ์บ๋๋ค์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2004๋
CONCACAF U-19 ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์์ 3๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ํ๊ตญ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2004๋
FIFA U-19 ์ธ๊ณ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์์๋ 3๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด 3์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
์ฑ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๋ 2006๋
์ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ ์นด์จ์์ ์์ง๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ํ๋ จ ์บ ํ์ ์ฒ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๋ค. 2006๋
7์ 23์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์์ผ๋๋์์ ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ฒ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์๋ก ๋ฐ๋ทํ๊ณ 2006๋
10์ 1์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์คํ ํ์ด๋ฒ ์ด์์ ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์์ ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
2007๋
๋ถํฐ 2008๋
๊น์ง๋ ์ญ์ ์ธ๋ ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ค๊ตญ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2007๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต, 2008๋
๋ฒ ์ด์ง ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ง ๋ชปํ์ง๋ง 2009๋
์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ๋ค์ ์์ง๋์๋ค. ๋ฉ์์ฝ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2010๋
CONCACAF ์ฌ์ ๊ณจ๋์ปต์์๋ ๊ณผํ
๋ง๋ผ์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 2๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ง๋ง ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ํด๋น ๋ํ์์ 3์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ์ ๋ฝ๊ณผ์ ๋๋ฅ๊ฐ ํ๋ ์ด์คํ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ ค๋๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๋ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์์ ํ๋ ์ด์คํ 2์ฐจ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์์ด๋ฏธ ๋ก๋๋ฆฌ๊ฒ์ค์ ๊ณจ์ ์ด์์คํธํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ 2011๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ๋ณธ์ ์ง์ถํด ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๋ ๋
์ผ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2011๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์์ 6๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 1๊ณจ, ๋์ 3๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ์ฝ๋กฌ๋น์์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ 50๋ถ ๋์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉด์ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ 2-0 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ธ๋ผ์ง๊ณผ์ 8๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ ๊ต์ฒด ์ ์๋ก ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ์ ํํ ํฌ๋ก์ค๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ฐ์ฅ ํ๋ฐ์ ์ถ๊ฐ ์๊ฐ 2๋ถ์ ๋์จ ์ ๋น ์๋ฐฑ์ 2-2 ๋์ ๊ณจ์ ์ด์์คํธํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์น๋ถ์ฐจ๊ธฐ ๋์ ๋ธ๋ผ์ง์ ๋๋ฅด๊ณ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ์ ์ง์ถํ๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์์๋ ํ๋ฐ์ 24๋ถ์ ๋์จ ์จ๋ฆญ์ค ๋ชจ๊ฑด์ ๊ณจ์ ์ด์์คํธํ์ง๋ง ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์น๋ถ์ฐจ๊ธฐ ๋์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ฉด์ ์ค์ฐ์น์ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
2012๋
๋ฐ๋ ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ์์๋ 6๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 3๊ณจ, ๋์ 4๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ธ๋ฉ๋ฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ฝ๋กฌ๋น์์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ 3-0 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ์บ๋๋ค์์ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ 2๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ 4-3 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๊ณ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ ํ๋ฐ์ 8๋ถ์ ๋์จ ์นผ๋ฆฌ ๋ก์ด๋์ 2๋ฒ์งธ ๊ณจ์ ์ด์์คํธํ๋ค.
2013๋
6์ 20์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์์ ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ ์ ๋น ์๋ฐฑ์ 159๋ฒ์งธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ณจ์ ์ด์์คํธํ๋ค. ์บ๋๋ค์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์์๋ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 2๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ 3-1 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ 2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์์ ํต์ฐ 3๋ฒ์งธ FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐ์น์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค. 2016๋
๋ฆฌ์ฐ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด๋ฃจ ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ์์๋ ์ฝ๋กฌ๋น์์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ค์จ๋ด๊ณผ์ 8๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ง๋ง ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ค์จ๋ด๊ณผ์ 8๊ฐ์ ์์ ์น๋ถ์ฐจ๊ธฐ ๋์ ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ฝํ๊ณ ๋ง๋ค.
ํ๋์ค์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์์๋ ํ๊ตญ๊ณผ์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 1๊ณจ, ์คํ์ธ๊ณผ์ 16๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 2๊ณจ, ํ๋์ค์์ 8๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 2๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ๋ค๋๋๋์์ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ ํ๋ํฐํฅ ์ ์ ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ ์ต๊ณ ๋ น ์ ์๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ก๋์๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ํด๋น ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 2-0์ผ๋ก ์น๋ฆฌํ๋ฉด์ ํต์ฐ 4๋ฒ์งธ FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐ์น์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค. ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๋ 2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์์ 6๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ง๋ง ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์จ๋ฆญ์ค ๋ชจ๊ฑด๋ณด๋ค ์ถ์ ์๊ฐ์ด ์ ์ด์ ๊ณจ๋ ๋ถํธ๋ฅผ ์์ํ๊ณ ํด๋น ๋ํ์ ์ต์ฐ์ ์ ์(MVP)์ ํด๋นํ๋ ๊ณจ๋ ๋ณผ์ ์์ํ๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์์๋ค.
์ฌ์ํ
๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๋ ๋ํ๊ต ์์ ๋ถํฐ ์์ ์ด ๋ ์ฆ๋น์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ค. ๋ฉ๊ฑด ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๋ 2012๋
7์์ ๋ฐํ๋ ์ก์ง ใ์์ใ(Out)์ ํตํด ์์ ์ด 2009๋
๋ถํฐ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์์ธ ์ธ๋ผ ์์์ ๊ต์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ๊ณต๊ฐํ์ง๋ง ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ์ ์์๋ 2013๋
์ ๊ฒฐ๋ณํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๋ 2015๋
8์์ ์์ ๊ณผ ๊ต์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ฌ์ ํ ๊ฐ์์ธ ์ธ๋ผ ์ปคํ๊ณผ ์ฝํผํ์ง๋ง 2017๋
1์์ ์ปคํ๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฐํผ ๊ณํ์ ์ฒ ํํ๋ค.
๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๋ 2017๋
7์ 20์ผ์ ์์ ์ด 2016๋
๋ง๋ถํฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ์ ๋๊ตฌ ์ ์์ธ ์ ๋ฒ๋์ ๊ต์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ํ์ธํ๋ค. ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ์ ๋ฒ๋๋ 2018๋
์ ESPN์์ ๋ฐํํ ใ๋ฐ๋ ์ด์ใ ํ์ง๋ฅผ ์ฅ์ํ ์ต์ด์ ๋์ฑ ์ปคํ์ด ๋์๋ค.
๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๋ ์ฑ์์์ ์ธ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ด์ ์ ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ต์ก ์ ๋ฌธ ๋จ์ฒด์ธ ๊ฒ์ดยท๋ ์ฆ๋น์ธยท์ด์ฑ์ ์ ๊ต์ก ๋คํธ์ํฌ(Gay, Lesbian & Straight Education Network, GLSEN), ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ํจ๋ด๋ฆผํฝ ์์ํ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์์ ํ๋์ ์ ๊ฐํ๋ค. 2013๋
์๋ ์คํฌ์ธ ๊ณ์์ ์ผ์ด๋๋ ์ฑ์์์ ํ์ค ๊ทน๋ณต์ ์ด์ ์ ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋น์๋ฆฌ ์ฑ์์์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ ๋จ์ฒด์ธ ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌํธ ์จ๋ผ์ด(Athlete Ally)์ ๋์ฌ๋ก ์๋ช
๋์๋ค. 2015๋
์๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒ์ดยท๋ ์ฆ๋น์ธ ์คํฌ์ธ ์ธ ๋ช
์์ ์ ๋น์ ๋ฑ๋ก๋์๋ค.
๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๋ 2016๋
๋ง๋ถํฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ๋ฑ ๊ณ ์ฉ ์ถ์ง ์์ํ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ๋๋ฑํ ์๊ธ ์ง๊ธ์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค. 2019๋
3์์๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์ 27๋ช
๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐ๋งน์ ์๋๋ก ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์ฑ ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ๋ํ ์์ก์ ์ ๊ธฐํ๋๋ฐ ์ด๋ ์ฌ์์๊ฒ ๋จ์์ ๋๋ฑํ ์์ค์ ์๊ธ์ ์ ๊ณตํ์๋ ์ด๋๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ ํ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์๋ค.
๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๋ 2016๋
9์ 4์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์์นด๊ณ ๋ ๋ ์คํ์ค์์ ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, 2016๋
9์ 15์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ํ๊ตญ๊ณผ์ ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ผ์ด๋๋ ์ธ์ข
์ฐจ๋ณ๊ณผ ์ฌํ์ ๋ถํ๋ฑ์ ํญ์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ฐ์ฃผ๋๋ ๋์์ ๋ฌด๋ฆ์ ๊ฟ๋ ๋์์ ์ทจํ๋ค. ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ๋ ์์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ฐ์ฃผ๋๋ ๋์์๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฅด์ง ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
์์
ํด๋ฝ
์ฌ๋ญํผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์น
๋๋น์ง์น 1 ํ๋ฏธ๋ 1ํ ์ฐ์น (2012-13)
์ฟ ํ ๋ ํ๋์ค ํ๋ฏธ๋ 1ํ ์ฐ์น (2012-13)
UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1ํ ์ค์ฐ์น (2012-13)
์์ ํ ๋ ์ธ FC
NWSL ์ค๋ 2ํ ์ฐ์น (2014, 2015)
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
2011๋
์๊ฐ๋ฅด๋ธ์ปต ์ฐ์น
2011๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ค์ฐ์น
2012๋
๋ฐ๋ ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ธ๋ฉ๋ฌ
2013๋
์๊ฐ๋ฅด๋ธ์ปต ์ฐ์น
2014๋
CONCACAF ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์ฐ์น
2015๋
์๊ฐ๋ฅด๋ธ์ปต ์ฐ์น
2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐ์น
2018๋
์๋น๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ค์ปต ์ฐ์น
2018๋
ํ ๋๋จผํธ ์ค๋ธ ๋ค์ด์
์ค ์ฐ์น
2018๋
CONCACAF ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์ฐ์น
2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐ์น
๊ฐ์ธ
2013๋
์๊ฐ๋ฅด๋ธ์ปต ๋ํ ์ต์ฐ์ ์ ์(MVP) ์์
2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ๊ณจ๋ ๋ณผ ์์
2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ๊ณจ๋ ๋ถํธ ์์
2019๋
FIFA ์ฌํด์ ์ฌ์ ์ ์ ์์
2019๋
์ฌ์ ๋ฐ๋กฑ๋๋ฅด ์์
๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ์คํธ ์ผ๋ ๋ธ ํผ์คํธ ํ 1ํ ์ ์ (2018 ์์ฆ)
๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฒ ์คํธ ์ผ๋ ๋ธ ์ธ์ปจ๋ ํ 3ํ ์ ์ (2013 ์์ฆ, 2015 ์์ฆ, 2017 ์์ฆ)
๋ด์๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ด ์ฃผ์ ์ ์ 6ํ ์ ์ (2013 ์์ฆ 16์ฃผ, 2015 ์์ฆ 1์ฃผ, 2017 ์์ฆ 11์ฃผ, 2017 ์์ฆ 14์ฃผ, 2018 ์์ฆ 1์ฃผ, 2018 ์์ฆ 7์ฃผ)
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๋ฉ๊ฑด ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ ํ๋กํ - ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐ๋งน
๋ฉ๊ฑด ๋ฌํผ๋
ธ ํ๋กํ - ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ
1985๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๋ฏธ๋ํ๋
์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์์ด
ํฌํ๋๋ ๋ํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
FIFA ์ผ์ถ๋ฆฌ ํด๋ฝ ์ฌ์ ์ ์
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ๊ธ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
2011๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2012๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2012๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2016๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์๋ฅ์ด
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฑ์์์ ์ธ๋ฌผ
๋ ์ฆ๋น์ธ ์คํฌ์ธ ์ธ
FIFA ์ฌํด์ ์ ์ ์์์
2020๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ์ ์ฑ์์์ ์ธ๋ฌผ
2020๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
20์ธ๊ธฐ ์ฑ์์์ ์ฌ๋
21์ธ๊ธฐ ์ฑ์์์ ์ฌ๋
๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฑ์์์ ์คํฌ์ธ ์ ์
์์นด๊ณ ๋ ๋ ์คํ์ค์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
OL ๋ ์ธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ฌ๋ญํผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์น ํ๋ฏธ๋์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
2023๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
ํ๋์ค์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋๋น์ง์น 1 ํ๋ฏธ๋์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan%20Rapinoe | Megan Rapinoe | Megan Anna Rapinoe (; born July 5, 1985) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a winger for OL Reign of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), as well as the United States national team. Winner of the Ballon d'Or Fรฉminin and named The Best FIFA Women's Player in 2019, Rapinoe won gold with the national team at the 2012 London Summer Olympics, 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, and 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup and she played for the team at the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup where the U.S. finished in second place. Rapinoe co-captained the national team alongside Carli Lloyd and Alex Morgan from 2018 to 2020. She previously played for the Chicago Red Stars, Philadelphia Independence, and MagicJack in Women's Professional Soccer (WPS), as well as Olympique Lyon in France's Division 1 Fรฉminine.
Rapinoe is internationally known for her crafty style of play and her activism off the pitch. Her precise cross to Abby Wambach in the 122nd minute of the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup quarterfinal match against Brazil resulted in an equalizer and eventual win for the Americans after a penalty shootout. The last-minute goal received ESPN's 2011 ESPY Award for Best Play of the Year. During the 2012 London Olympics, she scored three goals and tallied a team-high four assists to lead the United States to a gold medal. She is the first player, male or female, to score a goal directly from a corner at the Olympic Games, having done so twice. She won the Golden Boot and Golden Ball awards at the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup in France.
Rapinoe is an advocate for numerous LGBTQIA+ organizations, including the Gay, Lesbian & Straight Education Network (GLSEN) and Athlete Ally. In 2013, she received the Board of Directors Award from the Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Center. Rapinoe was included in Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People of 2020. In July 2022, Rapinoe received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from Joe Biden.
Early life
Rapinoe grew up in Redding, California, with her parents, Jim and Denise, and five siblings, including her fraternal twin Rachael Rapinoe. Denise and Jim raised seven children together, not all their own. Denise has a son and daughter, Michael and Jenny, from a previous marriage; then came older brother Brian and then the twins five years later. Jim and her grandfather Jack both served in the Army. She has Italian (from her paternal grandfather) and Irish ancestry. She idolized her older brother Brian and started playing soccer at age three after watching him play the sport, but he started using drugs when the girls were in second grade. When she was ten and he was fifteen, he was put in juvenile detention, and was thereafter in and out of various prisons including Pelican Bay State Prison. Brian has since made a determined effort to avoid drugs after seeing his younger sister's success in international soccer.
High school
Rapinoe spent most of her youth playing with teams coached by her father until high school. Instead of playing soccer at Foothill High School, Rapinoe played for the Elk Grove Pride club team, located south of Sacramento. She competed in track as a freshman and sophomore; competed in basketball as a freshman, sophomore, and senior; and was on the honor roll every semester of high school. Rapinoe was named Parade and National Soccer Coaches Association of America (NSCAA) All-American as a junior and senior. She was named to McDonald's All-American Girls High School Soccer West Team in 2004. Rapinoe played for the under-14 Northern California state Olympic Development Program (ODP) team in 1999, as well as the regional ODP team in 2002.
Elk Grove United, 2002โ2005
From 2002 to 2005, Rapinoe played for Elk Grove Pride in the Women's Premier Soccer League (WPSL) along with her sister, Rachael, and future national teammate, Stephanie Cox. She and her family commuted two-and-a-half hours from her hometown to play with the team. During the US Youth Soccer National Championships, she scored an equalizer goal in the 18th minute to tie the game 1โ1 against the Peachtree City Lazers. Elk Grove United finished second at the nationals after the Lazers scored a game-winning goal in the second half.
University of Portland Pilots, 2005โ2008
Rapinoe and her sister attended the University of Portland in Portland, Oregon. The Rapinoe twins almost committed to Santa Clara University before choosing to play for the Portland Pilots on full scholarships. Rapinoe played in the 2004 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship in 2004, where the United States finished third. The result was that she did not play college soccer in that year.
In 2005, as a freshman, Rapinoe helped the Pilots to an undefeated season and the NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Championship. During the College Cup quarterfinal against Notre Dame, she scored twice and served one assist, helping the Pilots win 3โ1 and advance in the College Cup. During the College Cup final against UCLA, she scored one goal and served an assist helping the Pilots win 4โ0. She was named NSCAA First Team All-American and was on the Soccer America First Team Freshman All-America. Rapinoe made the NCAA Women's Soccer Championship All Tournament Team and was the West Coast Conference Freshman of the Year. She was also named to the All-West Coast Conference First Team and the All-West Coast Conference Freshman Team. Rapinoe played and started all 25 games as an attacking midfielder, scoring 15 goals and adding 13 assists for 43 points โ ranking fifth for freshman point totals in the school's history. That year, she also scored seven game-winning goals.
As a sophomore in 2006, Rapinoe was among the nation's leading scorers with ten goals and two assists in eleven matches. During a match against Washington State University on October 5, she suffered her first season-ending anterior cruciate ligament injury (ACL) injury. Despite her injury, she was one of four Portland players in the program's history, including Christine Sinclair, Tiffeny Milbrett, and Shannon MacMillan, to score 25 goals and 15 assists in two seasons. In 2007, Rapinoe suffered her second season-ending ACL injury two games into the season. She was granted a medical hardship waiver by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) but did not use it.
After taking her time to recover from her second ACL injury, Rapinoe returned for the 2008 season and was on the starting lineup in all 22 games for the Pilots. She helped the team secure a 20โ2 record scoring five goals and serving 13 assists. Her 13 assists ranked first for the Pilots as well as in the West Coast Conference and she was named West Coast Conference Player of the Year. She was also named a Soccer America First-Team All-American and NSCAA Second Team All-American. Although she had one more season of college eligibility remaining due to her NCAA medical hardship waiver, she opted to enter the Women's Professional Soccer Draft instead. Rapinoe's 88-point career, including 30 goals and 28 assists, ranks tenth in the school's history despite her playing only 60 games.
Club career
Women's Professional Soccer (WPS), 2009โ2011
Rapinoe was selected second overall in the 2009 WPS Draft by the Chicago Red Stars for the inaugural season of Women's Professional Soccer (WPS), the highest division of soccer in the United States at the time. She was on the starting lineup in 17 of the 18 games in which she appeared for the Red Stars for a total of 1375 minutes on the pitch. Rapinoe scored two goals and assisted on three others. In August 2009, she was named to the league's All-Star Team and played in the 2009 WPS All-Star Game against Swedish Damallsvenskan champions Umeรฅ IK. In 2010, she started in 19 of the 20 games in which she appeared for the Red Stars. She scored one goal.
In December 2010, Rapinoe signed with expansion team Philadelphia Independence after the Chicago Red Stars ceased operations. She appeared in four games and scored one goal before being traded to MagicJack (formerly Washington Freedom) while she was in Germany for the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. It was reported that the "cash considerations" involved in the transfer were $100,000. The average salary for a female player in the league was $25,000. Rapinoe scored two goals in her eight regular season appearances for MagicJack helping the team finish third in the league standings and secure a spot in the playoffs. During the team's semi-final match against the Boston Breakers on August 17, 2011, Rapinoe scored in the 61st minute solidifying the team's 3โ1 win and advancement to the championship final. MagicJack was later defeated 2โ0 by the Philadelphia Independence in the final. On October 25, 2011, the WPS voted to terminate the MagicJack franchise, leaving Rapinoe and many other players as free agents for the 2012 season. The league suspended operations in early 2012.
Sydney FC and Seattle Sounders Women, 2011โ2012
In October 2011, Rapinoe signed with Australian W-League team Sydney FC as a guest player for two games. In her second game against Melbourne Victory, she scored with seven minutes remaining to seal three points for Sydney. The win was the first for Sydney during the 2011โ12 season. Sydney FC went on to finish third in the regular season and advanced to the playoffs where they were defeated by Brisbane Roar in penalty kicks.
During the summer of 2012, Rapinoe joined fellow national team members Hope Solo, Sydney Leroux, Alex Morgan and Stephanie Cox to play with the Seattle Sounders Women in between camps with the national team as they prepared for the 2012 Summer Olympics. Of the signing, Sounders head coach Michelle French said, "Stemming from her leadership and success at the University of Portland, Megan has continued to evolve and grow into one of the most exciting, unpredictable, creative, and flashy players in the women's game." Rapinoe made two appearances during the regular season with the team, serving two assists. With Rapinoe and her national teammates' presence on the team, the Sounders sold out nine of their ten home matches at the 4,500 capacity Starfire Stadium. Average attendance during the 2012 season for the Sounders Women was four times higher than the next closest team.
Olympique Lyonnais, 2013โ2014
In January 2013, Rapinoe signed for six months with Olympique Lyonnais, the French side that had previously won six consecutive French league championships and two straight European titles, for a reported (or approximately ) a month. Rapinoe played in six regular season matches for the team, scoring two goals primarily playing as a left winger in the squad's 4โ3โ3 formation.
Rapinoe made her UEFA Women's Champions League debut during the first leg of the 2012โ13 quarterfinal against FC Malmรถ on March 20. She scored one goal during her 24 minutes on the pitch contributing to Lyon's 5โ0 final victory. She later scored a goal and served an assist during Lyon's 6โ1 win over FCF Juvisy in the second leg of the semi-finals. Rapinoe became the fifth American woman in history to play in a Champions League final when Lyon faced German side VfL Wolfsburg on May 23. Lyon was defeated 1โ0 in the final. Rapinoe concluded her Champions League debut having made five appearances, scoring two goals and serving one assist.
After returning to Lyon for the 2013โ14 season, Rapinoe scored three goals in her eight appearances for the club. During the 2013โ14 Champions League, she made four appearances for Lyon and scored one goal during the team's 6โ0 defeat of FC Twente. Lyon was eliminated in the Round of 16. In January 2014, it was announced that Rapinoe had ended her time with Lyon earlier than planned and would be returning to the Seattle Reign for the entire 2014 season. She finished her time with Lyon having scored 8 goals in 28 matches in all competitions.
Seattle Reign FC, 2013โpresent
In 2013, Rapinoe joined Seattle Reign FC to which she had been previously allocated in the National Women's Soccer League. Before Rapinoe joined the squad, the team had been struggling to score goals and were in ten games. With the addition of Rapinoe, her national team and former Seattle Sounders Women teammate, Hope Solo, and some lineup changes to the front line, the Reign improved their goal-scoring ability and turned their league record around. During a match against her former team in the WPS, the Chicago Red Stars, Rapinoe played a direct role in all of Seattle's four goals โ leading the team to a 4โ1 win over Chicago. After scoring two goals and serving one assist during the match, she was named NWSL Player of the Week for Week 16 for the 2013 NWSL season. Despite only playing approximately half of the season (12 out of 22 regular season games), Rapinoe was the Reign's leading scorer with five goals.
After suffering a foot injury during the first home match of the 2014 season on April 14, Rapinoe sat out several games and made her second season appearance on July 3 against Western New York Flash. Her four goals and one assist during the regular season helped the Reign secure the league's regular season title (NWSL Shield) with a record and 54 points โ 13 points ahead of the second place team, FC Kansas City. During the team's playoff semi-final match against Washington Spirit, Rapinoe scored a goal helping the Reign win 2โ1 and advance to the championship final against FC Kansas City. Despite Rapinoe's goal during the championship final, the Reign was ultimately defeated by Kansas City 2โ1.
Rapinoe returned to the Reign for the 2015 season. During the team's first match against Western New York Flash, she scored her first professional hat trick and served an assist to Jess Fishlock to help the Reign defeat the Flash 5โ1. She was subsequently named the league's NWSL Player of the Week for week 1 of the season.
In September 2019, the Reign FC recognized Rapinoe, along with 11 others, as a Reign FC Legend, joining the 36 previous legends.
During the 2021 season, Rapinoe scored six goals in 12 appearances for the club and co-captained the squad with Lauren Barnes. In August 2021, Rapinoe was named NWSL Player of the Month. The Reign finished in second place during the regular season with a record. After advancing to the NWSL Playoffs, they were eliminated by eventual champions Washington Spirit.
On July 8, 2023, Rapinoe announced that she would retire from professional soccer after the 2023 National Women's Soccer League season.
International career
Youth national teams
Rapinoe played for the United States under-16 national soccer team in 2002 and traveled with the team to France and Houston, Texas. She also played at the United States Youth Soccer Association International Tournament in Houston in May 2003.
From 2003 to 2005, Rapinoe played for the United States under-19 team. She made 21 appearances and scored nine goals. Her first camp with the under-19 team occurred in January 2003 in Chula Vista, California. She traveled with the team during a European tour to the Netherlands and Germany in July 2003. She scored her first goal with the team against Mexico on March 1, 2003. Rapinoe played in three matches at the 2004 CONCACAF Under-19 qualifying tournament, scoring three goals. During the 2004 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship in Thailand she scored a team-high three goals, including one in the third place match victory against Brazil.
Senior national team
National team debut and injury recovery, 2006โ2009
Rapinoe trained with the United States women's national soccer team for the first time during the team's 2006 Residency Training Camp in Carson, California. She made her debut for the senior team on July 23, 2006, during a friendly match against Ireland. She scored her first two goals on October 1, 2006, during a friendly match against Taiwan.
Due to two separate ACL injuries, Rapinoe did not play for the senior team in 2007 or 2008 and subsequently missed the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup and the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Upon her return to the team in 2009, she led the team in points with five, including two goals and one assist. She was on the starting lineup in six of the seven games in which she played the same year.
During the 2009 Algarve Cup, Rapinoe scored the game-winning goal against Norway leading the team to a 1โ0 victory during the team's third group stage match of the tournament. After the U.S. finished at the top of their group, they were defeated during a penalty kick shootout by Sweden in the championship final.
2011 FIFA Women's World Cup
In 2010, Rapinoe started eight of the ten games she played and scored four goals with two assists. Rapinoe scored against Sweden and China and twice against Guatemala at the 2010 CONCACAF Women's World Cup Qualifying Tournament, in which she played three games. After the United States finished third at the tournament, they traveled to Italy to vie for a place at the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup in the UEFA-CONCACAF play-off against Italy. During the team's second match of the series, Rapinoe served the assist for Amy Rodriguez's game-winning goal helping the United States earn a berth to the 2011 World Cup.
Rapinoe was named to the United States roster for the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. During the team's second group stage match against Colombia, she entered the match during the 50th minute and scored almost immediately to put the United States up 2โ0. Rapinoe celebrated her goal by running to the corner to the left of Colombia's goal, picking up an on-field microphone being used for the match's television broadcast, tapping it, and singing Bruce Springsteen's "Born in the U.S.A." into it.
During the quarterfinal match against Brazil, Rapinoe came on as a substitute and served the precise cross to Abby Wambach's equalizer goal in the 122nd minute of the game: a goal that holds the record for latest goal ever scored in a World Cup match. Rapinoe would later convert her shot during the penalty shootout to help send the United States to the semi-finals. Rapinoe described her last minute cross against Brazil: "I just took a touch and friggin' smacked it with my left foot. I don't think I've hit a ball like that with my left foot. I got it to the back post and that beast in the air just got a hold of it."
Following the match against Brazil, Rapinoe was named ESPN's Next Level Player of the Week for completing 5 of 10 crosses while the rest of the team was 0 for 18. She served an assist in the semi-final against France in which the United States won 3โ1. During the dramatic final match against Japan in front of spectators at sold-out Commerzbank-Arena in Frankfurt and a record-breaking international television audience, Rapinoe served her third assist of the tournament to Alex Morgan who scored the game-opening goal in the 69th minute. The United States tied Japan 2โ2 during regular and overtime leading to their second penalty kick shootout of the tournament. They were defeated 3โ1 in penalties and concluded the tournament with a silver medal. Rapinoe's tournament record included one goal and three assists. She played in all six games for the United States.
2012 London Olympics
Rapinoe helped lead the United States to a gold medal at the 2012 Olympic Games in London. During the team's second group stage match against Colombia, she scored the game-winning goal in the 33rd minute in what became a 3โ0 win for the Americans. After the U.S. defeated North Korea 1โ0 in their final group stage match, they faced New Zealand in the quarterfinals and won 2โ0.
During a dramatic semi-final match against Canada at Old Trafford, Rapinoe scored two game-equalizing goals in the 54th and 70th minutes. Her first goal was scored directly from a cornerย โ a corner kick that goes untouched by another player into the net. She is the first and so far only player, male or female, to score an Olimpico at the Olympic Games. The
U.S. defeated Canada 4โ3 with a stoppage time goal in the 123rd minute by Alex Morgan. With her two goals, Rapinoe is one of only five players, including Wei Haiying, Cristiane, Angela Hucles and Christine Sinclair, to have scored two goals during an Olympic semi-final.
The United States team clinched the gold medal after defeating Japan 2โ1 at Wembley Stadium in front of 80,203 spectatorsย โ the largest crowd ever for a women's Olympic soccer game. Rapinoe assisted on Carli Lloyd's second goal of the final in the 53rd minute. She ended the tournament with three goals and a team-high of four assists (tied with Alex Morgan). Widely regarded as one of the top players of the Olympics, Rapinoe was named to numerous 'Team of the Tournament' lists including those selected by the BBC and All White Kit.
Rapinoe achieved a career-best 8 goals and 12 assists for the United States in 2012.
2013โ2014
At the 2013 Algarve Cup in Portugal, Rapinoe was named the Player of the Tournament, despite playing in only two of the four matches in which the United States competed. She was injured in practice and did not play during the final as the team defeated Germany to win the 2013 Algarve Cup.
During a friendly match against South Korea on June 20, 2013, Rapinoe served a corner kick that ended up being the assist for Abby Wambach's record-breaking 159th international goal. Wambach's goal broke the world record for most international goals scored by a male or female. During a friendly match against New Zealand at Candlestick Park in San Francisco, California, Rapinoe scored the game-opening goal on a direct free kick (her 23rd international goal) to help the U.S. win 4โ1 and was named Player of the Match.
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup
In April 2015, Rapinoe was named to the roster for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup in Canada coached by national team head coach Jill Ellis. During the team's first group stage match against Australia, she scored the game opening goal in the 12th minute. She also scored a second goal in the 78th minute. With an additional goal scored by teammate Christen Press in the 61st minute, the United States won 3โ1.
During training for a Victory Tour match to celebrate the team's World Cup win in late 2015, Rapinoe tore her anterior cruciate ligament. The national team game that she was training for was later cancelled due to poor field conditions.
2019 FIFA Women's World Cup
Rapinoe was named to the United States' 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup roster in May 2019; it was her third World Cup appearance. In a 13โ0 win over Thailand during the group stage of the tournament, she contributed a goal. The United States advanced to the knockout stage, where they faced Spain. Rapinoe scored twice in a 2โ1 victory that sent the U.S. to a quarterfinal matchup against the host country, France. In the fifth minute, Rapinoe scored on a free kick to give the United States an early lead. She later added a second goal, and the U.S. held on to earn a semi-final berth. Rapinoe was named Player of the Match by FIFA for her performances in the round of 16 and quarterfinals.
Because of an injured hamstring, Rapinoe was forced to sit out of the United States' semi-final victory over England, but she recovered in time to start in the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup Final. During the final on July 7 in front of a sold-out crowd of 57,900 fans at Parc Olympique Lyonnais, Rapinoe scored her 50th international goal on a penalty kick in the 61st minute. After a second goal by teammate Rose Lavelle, the United States defeated the Netherlands 2โ0 to clinch its second consecutive World Cup championship. At age 34, Rapinoe was the oldest woman to score in a World Cup final and was named Player of the Match. She was awarded the Golden Boot as the top scorer in the tournament with six goals, having played fewer minutes than her teammate Alex Morgan and England's Ellen White, who also recorded six goals. Rapinoe also earned the Golden Ball award as the best player at the tournament.
2020 Tokyo Olympics
On August 5, 2021, she scored twice (including a second Olympic Olimpico) in a 4โ3 win over Australia in the bronze medal match of the 2020 Summer Olympics.
2022 SheBelievesCup
In February 2022, U.S. women's national team coach, Vlatko Andonovski, announced that Rapinoe would not be included on the national team roster for the SheBelieves Cup.
2023 FIFA Women's World Cup
On June 21, 2023, Andonovski named Rapinoe to the United States squad for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup in Australia. On July 8, she announced that the 2023 World Cup would be her last major tournament, and that she would retire from professional soccer at the end of the year. On August 6, 2023, the USWNT was knocked out of the tournament on penalties against Sweden in the Round of 16. Rapinoe was one of the three U.S. players to miss a penalty kick in what would be Rapinoe's final World Cup match.
Personal life
Rapinoe has stated that she knew that she was a lesbian by her first year in college. She publicly came out in the July 2012 edition of Out magazine, stating that she had been in a relationship with Australian soccer player Sarah Walsh since 2009. After approximately five years together, Rapinoe and Walsh ended their relationship in 2013. Rapinoe later dated Sub Pop recording artist Sera Cahoone. Rapinoe and Cahoone announced their engagement in August 2015. In January 2017, Rapinoe stated that their wedding plans were on hold. On July 20, 2017, Rapinoe and basketball player Sue Bird of Seattle Storm confirmed that they had been dating since late 2016. In 2018, Bird and Rapinoe became the first same-sex couple on the cover of ESPN's The Body Issue. They announced their engagement on October 30, 2020.
Speaking in a 2020 interview with Terry Gross on Fresh Air, Rapinoe discussed how her older brother, who was the first to inspire her to play soccer, had suffered with drug abuse. He has also spent periods of time in jail, including solitary confinement. Rapinoe explained that during his incarceration, her brother became involved with white supremacist groups within prison.
Activism
Rapinoe garnered national attention for kneeling during the national anthem at an international match in September 2016 in solidarity with NFL player Colin Kaepernick. Following the match, she stated:
During the 2015 World Cup, she stood in silence for the national anthem. She spoke out against the use of stadiums with artificial turf, its first use in a senior women's or men's World Cup tournament.
Rapinoe has been involved in the women's team's equal pay complaint to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission since at least 2016. In March 2019, she, along with 27 of her US Women's soccer teammates filed a lawsuit against the United States Soccer Federation accusing it of gender discrimination, hoping to achieve equal pay. In May of the following year a judge dismissed key parts of the lawsuit including the complaint over receiving lower pay than the U.S. men's team but allowed other claims to move to trial.
Rapinoe has been a longtime advocate for the inclusion of transgender women in womenโs sports, and has characterized the issue as being part of a larger effort to โlegislate away peopleโs full humanityโ.
Philanthropy
Rapinoe has done philanthropic work for the Gay, Lesbian & Straight Education Network (GLSEN) and the United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee. In 2013, she became an ambassador for Athlete Ally, a nonprofit organization that focuses on ending homophobia and transphobia in sports.
In September 2017, Rapinoe and U.S. teammate Alex Morgan were part of a group of soccer players who signed up for the "Common Goal" campaign created by Juan Mata of Manchester United. As participants in the campaign, players donate one percent of their individual wages in support of other soccer-related charities. Rapinoe and Morgan were the first two women players to sign on to the campaign.
Rapinoe was among several athletes to criticize the U.S. Supreme Court's decision to overturn Roe v. Wade in June 2022. She had been one of five hundred former and current athletes who signed an amicus brief supporting abortion rights for the Supreme Court case back in September 2021.
Endorsements
Rapinoe has signed endorsement deals with Nike and Samsung. She has appeared in multiple commercials for Nike throughout her career. In 2013, she appeared in advertisements for the clothing company Wildfang and began a partnership with medical device company, DJO Global. In 2016, she appeared in television commercials and print advertisements for Energy Brands' Vitamin Water. The same year, she was featured in a Nike commercial starring Cristiano Ronaldo. In 2019, she was sponsored by Procter & Gamble, BodyArmor, Hulu, LUNA Bar, and VISA. In 2021, she was announced as one of the new faces of Victoria's Secret, and appeared in ads for Subway. Rapinoe co-starred in a commercial for ESPN's SportsCenter in January 2023 with Becky Sauerbrunn and Sophia Smith. In July 2023, she starred in a television commercial for Google Pixel, called "Legend".
Politics
In December 2019, Rapinoe endorsed Elizabeth Warren in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries. During the opening night of the 2020 Democratic National Convention, Rapinoe hosted a panel with frontline workers of the COVID-19 pandemic.
In popular culture
Print media
Rapinoe was featured on the cover of the March 2013 edition of Curve. She was profiled on August 6, 2012, edition of Sports Illustrated, and the July 2012 edition of Out. The April 11, 2013, edition of The New York Times featured an article about her experiences in France, with the national team, and coming out publicly before the 2012 Olympics. In July 2014, she was featured in the ESPN's The Body Issue. In 2019, she became the first openly gay woman in the annual Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue. She was featured on multiple covers of Sports Illustrated, Marie Claire, and InStyle the same year.
Television and film
Rapinoe has made appearances on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, The Today Show, The Rachel Maddow Show, Meet the Press, Good Morning America, and Jimmy Kimmel Live. In 2012, she appeared in an ESPN feature called Title IX is Mine: USWNT. She was the focus of a Fox Soccer feature, Fox Soccer Exclusive: Megan Rapinoe in November 2012.
In 2016, Rapinoe starred with teammates Hope Solo and Crystal Dunn in a docu-series called Keeping Score broadcast by Fullscreen. The episodes follow the athletes as they prepare for the 2016 Rio Olympics and addresses issues such as equal pay and racism. In February 2019, she was featured in Nike's "Dream Crazier" ad with Serena Williams, Simone Biles, Ibtihaj Muhammad, Chloe Kim, and other women athletes. The ad appeared during the 2019 Oscars. In 2019, Rapinoe makes a cameo guest appearance on Showtime's The L Word: Generation Q.
In December 2020, it was reported that Rapinoe's bestselling memoir "One Life" is set to be adapted as a scripted TV series after Sony Pictures Television optioned the rights.
On July 17, 2023, it was announced that Rapinoe will be one of the players featured in an upcoming Netflix documentary about the U.S. Womenโs National Soccer Team competing in the 2023 FIFA Womenโs World Cup. The docuseries is slated to premiere this fall.
Video games and LEGO
Rapinoe was featured along with her national teammates in the EA Sports' FIFA video game series starting in FIFA 16, the first time women players were included in the game. In September 2015, she was ranked by EA Sports as the No. 2 women's player following teammate Carli Lloyd. In 2023, Rapinoe was included in LEGO's Icons of Play set.
Ticker tape parades, White House and Congressional honors, and a corn maze
Following the United States' win at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, Rapinoe and her teammates became the first women's sports team to be honored with a ticker tape parade in New York City. Each player received a key to the city from Mayor Bill de Blasio. In October of the same year, the team was honored by President Barack Obama at the White House, and the president made note of the Northern California farm that had built a corn maze in the shape of Rapinoe's face.
Following the 2019 Women's World Cup, New York City honored the women's national team with a second ticker tape parade and were introduced by Robin Roberts at City Hall. Rapinoe and her teammates were invited to the national capitol by Senator Chuck Schumer and Congresswomen Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Ayanna Pressley and Nancy Pelosi.
Fashion
According to Vogue, Rapinoe has developed her own signature look and possesses the swagger and attitude of a style icon whereas The Guardian took note of Rapinoe's "diverse approach to clothes" and referred to her as "an expert in mixing matching." In 2020, Rapinoe signed a contract to be the spokeswoman for international luxury fashion brand Loewe, and in 2022, Rapinoe designed her own logo and limited collection entitled "Victory Redefined" in collaboration with Nike.
National anthem
On September 4, 2016, during a game in Chicago against the Red Stars, Rapinoe knelt during the national anthem in solidarity with Colin Kaepernick, the San Francisco 49ers quarterback who refused to stand during the anthem to protest racial injustice and minority oppression. She said at the time she planned to continue to kneel. Later that week on September 7, the Washington Spirit uncharacteristically played the national anthem prior to the teams taking the field, indicating that they did not want to "subject our fans and friends to the disrespect we feel such an act would represent". In an additional statement, the Spirit management said "to willingly allow anyone to hijack this tradition that means so much to millions of Americans and so many of our own fans for any cause would effectively be just as disrespectful as doing it ourselves."
Rapinoe expressed displeasure with this move, saying, "it was incredibly distasteful, four days before one of the worst tragedies in our country, to say I tried to hijack this event." She continued the protest on September 15, 2016, during the national team game against Thailand. U.S. Soccer then issued a statement saying: "Representing your country is a privilege and honor for any player or coach that is associated with U.S. Soccer's National Teams. Therefore, our national anthem has particular significance for U.S. Soccer. In front of national and often global audiences, the playing of our national anthem is an opportunity for our Men's and Women's National Team players and coaches to reflect upon the liberties and freedom we all appreciate in this country. As part of the privilege to represent your country, we have an expectation that our players and coaches will stand and honor our flag while the national anthem is played." In addressing the issue, Rapinoe stated in an interview that "using this blanketed patriotism as a defense against what the protest actually is was pretty cowardly", and further stated that she would probably never sing the national anthem again.
Autobiography
In November 2020 Rapinoe published her autobiography, One Life () which details her early life, her career highlights and setbacks, her activism for racial and gender equality, and her personal relationships. The book became a New York Times best seller and was optioned by Sony Pictures Television.
Career statistics
Club
International goals
Note
Honors
Lyon
Division 1 Fรฉminine: 2012โ13
Coupe de France Fรฉminine: 2012โ13
OL Reign (formerly Seattle Reign FC)
NWSL Shield: 2014, 2015, 2022
The Women's Cup: 2022
United States
FIFA Women's World Cup:2015, 2019
Olympic Gold Medal: 2012
Olympic Bronze Medal: 2021
Algarve Cup: 2011, 2013, 2015
CONCACAF Women's Championship: 2014, 2018, 2022
SheBelieves Cup: 2018, 2020, 2021, 2023
Tournament of Nations: 2018
CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament: 2020
Individual
Algarve Cup MVP: 2013
NWSL Player of the Week: 2013 Week 16, 2015 Week 1, 2017 Week 11, 2017 Week 14, 2018 Week 1, 2018 Week 7
NWSL Second XI: 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019
NWSL Best XI: 2018
IFFHS World's Best Woman Playmaker: 2019
IFFHS Women's World Team: 2019
The Best FIFA Women's Player: 2019
FIFA Women's World Cup Golden Ball: 2019
FIFA Women's World Cup Golden Boot: 2019
FIFPro World XI: 2019, 2020
FIFA Women's World Cup Final Player of the Match: 2019
Ballon d'Or Fรฉminin: 2019
IFFHS CONCACAF Woman Team of the Decade 2011โ2020
Media
ESPY Award - Best Team (2015, 2019 as a member of the U.S. Women's National Team)
Awards and recognition
Following the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, Rapinoe's hometown of Redding honored her with a parade and named September 10 "Megan Rapinoe Day". She received the Harry Glickman Professional Female Athlete of the Year award at the 60th annual Oregon Sports Awards held on February 12, 2012. On October 25, 2012, she was one of ten female soccer players shortlisted for the FIFA Women's World Player of the Year award. The same year, she was named a finalist for Sports Illustrated's Most Inspiring Performers of 2012. Rapinoe was awarded the board of directors Award by the Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Center on November 10, 2012, for bringing awareness to LGBT people in sports.
In March 2013, Rapinoe was named Player of the Tournament at the 2013 Algarve Cup, which the U.S. won. She tallied a goal and assist in two games played. After scoring two goals and serving one assist during a 4โ1 win over the Chicago Red Stars on July 25, 2013, she was named NWSL Player of the Week by the media for Week 16 of the 2013 NWSL season.
In December 2014, Rapinoe was inducted into the Shasta County Sports Hall of Fame along with several other athletes from Shasta County including Ryan O'Callaghan and Ricky Ray. In 2015, she was inducted into the National Gay and Lesbian Sports Hall of Fame. Also in 2015, she was named NWSL Player of the Week for Week 1 of the 2015 NWSL season.
In 2019, Rapinoe won the Golden Boot (the second American to do so after Michelle Akers in 1999) and Golden Ball awards at the Women's World Cup in France. The same year, she was Sports Illustrated'''s Sportsperson of the Year and was named The Best FIFA Women's Player In 2020, Rapinoe won the Best in Sports Shorty Award.
On July 1, 2022, the White House announced that Rapinoe would be awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
On July 7, 2022, Rapinoe was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest honor given to civilians, by President Joe Biden in a ceremony at the White House; she was among a group of 17 honorees that included Simone Biles.
See also
List of Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
List of FIFA Women's World Cup winning players
List of Olympic medalists in soccer
List of soccer players with 100 or more caps
List of LGBT sportspeople
The 100 Best Female Footballers in the World
List of OL Reign players
List of foreign W-League (Australia) players
List of foreign Division 1 Fรฉminine players
List of most expensive association football transfers
List of Nike sponsorships
Timeline of the gender pay gap in sports
List of University of Portland alumni
List of Golden Scarf recipients
List of Victoria's Secret models
References
General citations
Match reports
Further reading
Grainey, Timothy (2012), Beyond Bend It Like Beckham: The Global Phenomenon of Women's Soccer, University of Nebraska Press,
Lisi, Clemente A. (2010), The U.S. Women's Soccer Team: An American Success Story, Scarecrow Press,
Murray, Caitlin (2019), The National Team: The Inside Story of the Women Who Changed Soccer , Abrams,
Schultz, Jaime (2014), Qualifying Times: Points of Change in U.S. Women's Sport, University of Illinois Press,
Stay, Shane (2019), The Women's World Cup 2019 Book: Everything You Need to Know About the Soccer World Cup, Books on Demand,
Stevens, Dakota (2011), A Look at the Women's Professional Soccer Including the Soccer Associations, Teams, Players, Awards, and More, BiblioBazaar,
Theivam, Keiran and Jeff Kassouf (2019), The Making of the Women's World Cup: Defining stories from a sport's coming of age, Little,
Walters, Meg (2019), World Cup Women: Megan, Alex, and the Team USA Soccer Champs'', Simon and Schuster,
External links
Megan Rapinoe at United States Soccer Federation
Megan Rapinoe at OL Reign
1985 births
21st-century American sportswomen
2011 FIFA Women's World Cup players
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players
2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players
2023 FIFA Women's World Cup players
American LGBT soccer players
American twins
American women's soccer players
Chicago Red Stars players
Division 1 Fรฉminine players
Expatriate women's footballers in France
FIFA Women's Century Club
FIFA Women's World Cup-winning players
FIFA World Player of the Year winners
Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Lesbian sportswomen
LGBT people from California
Living people
MagicJack (WPS) players
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
National Women's Soccer League players
OL Reign players
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in soccer
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in soccer
Olympique Lyonnais Fรฉminin players
Parade High School All-Americans (girls' soccer)
People from Redding, California
Philadelphia Independence players
Portland Pilots women's soccer players
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Seattle Sounders Women players
Shorty Award winners
Soccer players from California
Sportspeople from Shasta County, California
U.S. national anthem protests (2016โpresent)
United States women's international soccer players
Women's association football midfielders
Women's Professional Soccer players |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EB%8D%B0%EB%84%A4%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1 | ๋๋ฐ๋ค์ด์กฑ | ๋๋ฐ๋ค์ด์กฑ()์ ๋ถ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์์ ์ฐ์ด๋ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์ด ์ด์กฑ์ผ๋ก, ์ ์ด๋ ์ ์๋ฐฐ์ค์นด์ดํ, ์ด์ผํฌ์ด, ํ๋ง๊น์ด๊ฐ ํฌํจ๋๋ค. ์ ์๋ฐฐ์ค์นดยท์ด์ผํฌยทํ๋ง๊น์ด์กฑ()์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ํ๋ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์๋ ํ์ด๋ค์ด๋ ํฌํจ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐํ์ง๋ง ์ค๋๋ ํ์ด๋ค์ด๋ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์ด๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค.
๋๋ฐ๋ค์ด์กฑ๊ณผ ์ค์ ์๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์์ ์๋์ธ์ด์ด์กฑ์ ํ๋๋ก ๋ฌถ์ ๋ฐ๋ค์๋์ธ์ด์ด์กฑ ๊ฐ์ค์ด 2008๋
์ ๋ฐํ๋์๊ณ ์ผ๋ถ ์ธ์ดํ์๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ข์ ๋ฐ์์ ์ป์๋ค. 2014๋
์๋ ๋๋ฐ๋ค์ด์กฑ๊ณผ ์๋์ธ์ด์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฒ ๋ง ์ก๊ต์์ ์ฐ์๋ ๋จ์ผํ ์ธ์ด์ ํ์์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ด ์ ๊ธฐ๋์๋ค.
์ด๋ฆ์ ์ ๋
์๋์๋ ์ฌํผ์ด๊ฐ ์ฒ์ ๋๋ฐ๋ค์ด์กฑ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฉ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์์ ๋๋ ์ ์๋ฐฐ์ค์นด์ดํ, ํ๋ง๊น์ด, ํ์ด๋ค์ด๋ฅผ ํฉํ ์ด์กฑ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ป์ด์๋ค. ๋น์์ ์ด์ผํฌ์ด๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ๊ทธ์๊ฒ ์๋ ค์ง์ง ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ โThe Na-Dene languages: A preliminary reportโ์์ ์ฌํผ์ด๋ ๋๋ฐ๋ค์ด์กฑ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ถ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์๋ฅผ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค.
๋ถ๋ฅ
๋๋ฐ๋ค์ด์กฑ์ ํ๋ง๊น์ด์ ์ ์๋ฐฐ์ค์นดยท์ด์ผํฌ์ดํ๋ผ๋ ๋ ๊ฐ๋๋ก ๋๋๋ค.
ํ๋ง๊น์ด: ํ์ 700๋ช
์ ์๋ฐฐ์ค์นดยท์ด์ผํฌ์ดํ
์ด์ผํฌ์ด: 2008๋
์ ์ฌ๋ฉธ
์ ์๋ฐฐ์ค์นด์ดํ (๋ฐ๋ค์ดํ)
๋ถ์ ์๋ฐฐ์ค์นด์ด๊ตฐ
ํํ์ํด์์ ์๋ฐฐ์ค์นด์ด๊ตฐ
๋จ์ ์๋ฐฐ์ค์นด์ด๊ตฐ (์ํ์น์ด๊ตฐ)
์๋์๋ ์ฌํผ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํ์ด๋ค์ด๊ฐ ๋๋ฐ๋ค์ด์กฑ์ ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๋ ํ์๋ค์ ํ์ด๋ค์ด๊ฐ ๋
๋ฆฝ๋ ๊ฐ๋๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ ๋๋จธ์ง ์ ์๋ฐฐ์ค์นดยท์ด์ผํฌยทํ๋ง๊น์ด๊ฐ ํ๋์ ๊ฐ๋๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณธ๋ค. ์ ์๋ฐฐ์ค์นด์ดํ (๋๋ ๋ฐ๋ค์ดํ)๋ ์จ๋ฒํ์ฃผ, ๋ธ๋ฆฌํฐ์์ปฌ๋ผ๋น์์ฃผ, ๋งค๋ํ ๋ฐ์ฃผ, ๋
ธ์ค์จ์คํธ ์ค์ฃผ, ๋๋๋ถํธ ์ค์ฃผ, ์์ค์บ์ฒ์์ฃผ, ์ ์ฝ ์ค์ฃผ, ์๋์ค์นด, ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ณค ์ผ๋ถ, ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ ๋ถ๋ถ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋จ์๋ถ, ๋ฉ์์ฝ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊น์ง ํญ๋๊ฒ ๋ถํฌํ๋ ๋ถ๋ฏธ ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์ด๋ค๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ ธ ์๋ค. ์ ์๋ฐฐ์ค์นด์ดํ ์๋จ๋ถ์ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ๋จ์ ์๋ฐฐ์ค์นด์ด๊ตฐ ๋๋ ์ํ์น์ด๊ตฐ์ด๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋๋ฐํธ์ด์ ์ํ์น์กฑ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ธ์ด๊ฐ ์ฌ๊ธฐ ์ํ๋ค.
์ด์ผํฌ์ด๋ ์๋์ค์นด ์ค๋จ๋ถ์์ ์ฐ์์ผ๋ ๋ง์ง๋ง ํ์์ธ ๋ง๋ฆฌ ์ค๋ฏธ์ค ์กด์ค๊ฐ 2008๋
์ ์ฌ๋งํ๋ค. ์ค๋๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ด ์ฐ์ด๋ ๋๋ฐ๋ค์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ ๋จ์ฐ ๋๋ฐํธ์ด๋ก์ ์ ๋ฆฌ์กฐ๋, ๋ด๋ฉ์์ฝ, ๊ธฐํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์๋จ๋ถ ์ง์ญ์์ ์ฐ์ธ๋ค.
์ ํํ์ ํน์ง
๋๋ฐ๋ค์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ๊ณตํต์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ ์ ์๋ฒ ํ์ง๊ฐ ์ฃผ์ด์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์ผ์น ํ์ง ์ฌ์ด์์๋ก ์ฝํ ์๋ ๋งค์ฐ ๋ณต์กํ ๋์ฌ ์ ๋์ฌ ์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ง๋
๋ค. ๋๋ฐ๋ค์ด์กฑ์ ํํ๋ก ์ ํน์ง์ ๋์ฌ ์ด๊ทผ ๋ฐ๋ก ์์ ๋ถ์ด ๋์ฌ์ ๊ฒฐํฉ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋์ด๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ฎ์ถ๋ ์ ๋์ฌ ๊ณ์ด์ด๋ค. ์ด ์ ๋์ฌ๋ค์ ์ ํต์ ์ผ๋ก โ๋ถ๋ฅ์ฌโ๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ธ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ํํ์์์ ์จ ๊ฒ์ธ๋ฐ, ๋ค๋ฅธ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ด์กฑ์์๋ ์ฐพ์๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค.
๋๋ฐ๋ค์ด์กฑ์ ์์ด์ฒด๊ณ์๋ ์ค๋ฐฐ์ (์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ์๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ์์) ์์์ด ๋ง๊ณ (์ฌ๋ฌ ํ๋ ์ ์๋ฐฐ์ค์นด ์ธ์ด์์๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ๊ฐ์๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ์์ผ๋ก ์ ์งํ๋ค), ๋์ฒด๋ก ์์ ์ฅ์ ์์ด ์๋ค (๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ฐ ๋์จ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ์ ์ธ). ์ ์๋ฐฐ์ค์นด ์ธ์ด์์๋ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์์ ๋ง์ ์ฑ๋ฌธ์ ์์ง๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ฑ์กฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฑ๋ฌธ์ ์์ง์ ์ข
์ข
์ด์ผํฌ์ด๋ ํ๋ง๊น์ด์ ๋ณด์กด๋์ด ์๋ค. ๋๋ฐ๋ค์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ SOVํ ์ด์์ด๊ณ ํ์น์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๋ฑ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์ธ์ด์ ์ธ์ด์ ํํ์ ํน์ง์ ์ง๋
์ง๋ง ์ค์ ๋ก๋ ์ ๋์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งค์ฐ ํ๋ฐํ๊ฒ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ์ ํํ์ ์ผ๋ก ํน์ดํ๋ค.
๋ค๋ฅธ ์ด์กฑ๊ณผ์ ๊ด๊ณ
ํ๋ง๊น์ด, ์ด์ผํฌ์ด, ์ ์ค๋ฐฐ์ค์นด์ดํ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณํต์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ 19์ธ๊ธฐ ์ด์ ์ฒ์ ๋์์ง๋ง ๋๋ฆฌ ์ธ์ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ๊น์ง๋ ์ค๋ ์๊ฐ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๋ค. 1894๋
ํ๋์ธ ๋ณด์์ค๋ ํ์ด๋ค์ด์ ํ๋ง๊น์ด๊ฐ ์ฐ๊ด๋์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ค ์๋์๋ ์ฌํผ์ด๋ 1915๋
์ ํ์ด๋ค์ด์ ํ๋ง๊น์ด ๋ชจ๋ ์ ์๋ฐฐ์ค์นด ์ธ์ด๋ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณํต์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ์ค๋๋ ๋ผ์ผ ์บ ๋ฒจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ธ์ดํ์๋ค์ ํ์ด๋ค์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ง์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ฉฐ ํ์ด๋ค์ด๋ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณธ๋ค(Campbell 1997). ์บ ๋ฒจ์ ํ์ด๋ค์ด๊ฐ ์ํ์ง ์์์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด โ๋๋ฐ๋ค์ด์กฑโ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ ๋์ โ์ ์๋ฐฐ์ค์นดยท์ด์ผํฌยทํ๋ง๊น์ด์กฑโ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. 2010๋
์ ํ ๋ฆฌ์ด๋ ์ ์๋ฐฐ์ค์นดยท์ด์ผํฌยทํ๋ง๊น์กฐ์ด(PAET)์ ๋ํ ํญ๋์ ์ฌ๊ตฌ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ์๋ค.
๋ฐ๋ค์๋์ธ์ด์ด์กฑ
2008๋
์ ์๋์๋ ๋ฐ์ด๋ค๋ ๋๋ฐ๋ค์ด์กฑ์ด ์๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์์ ์๋์ธ์ด์ด์กฑ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ด๋์ด ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์์ฌํ๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ์ค๋๋ ์๋์ธ์ด์ด์กฑ์์ ์ด์๋จ์ ์ธ์ด๋ ์ผํธ์ด๊ฐ ์ ์ผํ๋ค.
์ค๋๋ ์ ๋น๊ต ์ฌ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํต์ฌ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋์ฌ ์ ๋์ฌ์ ๋์ ๊ด๊ณ, ์ผํธ์ด ์ฑ์กฐ์ ๋๋ฐ๋ค์ด์กฑ ์์ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ๋์ ๊ด๊ณ ๋ฑ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ์ด๋ค์ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๋ง์ดํด ํฌ๋ผ์ฐ์ค, ์ ํ ๋ฆฌ์ด, ์ ์์ค ์นด๋ฆฌ, ํ์ธ๋ฆฌํ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ ๋ฑ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋๋ฐ๋ค์ด์กฑ๊ณผ ์๋์ธ์ด์ด์กฑ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ๋ฒ๋๋ ์ฝค๋ฆฌ, ์กฐ์ ๋ ๋์ฝ์ค, ๋น
ํฐ ๊ณจ๋ผ, ๋ง์ดํด ํฌํฐ์คํ, ์๋ฆญ ํํ ๋ฑ ์ ๋ช
ํ ์ธ์ดํ์ ๋ค์๋ก๋ถํฐ ํธํ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๋ฐ์ด๋ค์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์ํ๋ฉด ์๋์ธ์ด์ด์กฑ ์๋ฃ์ ๋น๊ตํด ๋ดค์ ๋ ํ์ด๋ค์ด๋ ์ ์๋ฐฐ์ค์นดยท์ด์ผํฌยทํ๋ง๊น์ด์กฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณํต์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค.
์ฅ์ ์ ๋์ ๊ด๊ณ
์ฐธ๊ณ :
PAET, PAE, PA๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ ์๋ฐฐ์ค์นดยท์ด์ผํฌยทํ๋ง๊น์กฐ์ด, ์ ์๋ฐฐ์ค์นดยท์ด์ผํฌ์กฐ์ด, ์ ์๋ฐฐ์ค์นด์กฐ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ปํจ.
์ฝ๊ธฐ ์ฝ๋๋ก PAET, PAE, PA์ ์์์๋ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์น์ง ์์์.
Leer (2008, 2010)๋ PAET์ ํ์ฐฐ์ , , ์ ์ฌ๊ตฌํ์ง ์์. ๊ทธ๋ ์ด๋ค์ด ๋๋ฌผ๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ์์ ์ ์์๊ตฐ์ด ํด์๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ ์ค๋ช
ํ ์ ์๋ค ๊ฐ์ ํจ.
์ ์๋ฐฐ์ค์นด์ดํ์ ์ด์ผํฌ์ด์์, ์น๊ฒฝ ์น์ฐฐ์์ ํ์น๊ฒฝ ์น์ฐฐ์์ ์ง์ํ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ์์. ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋ก ํ๋ง๊น์ด์์ ํ์น๊ฒฝ ์น์ฐฐ์์ ์น๊ฒฝ ์น์ฐฐ์์ ์ง์ํ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ์์. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ ๊ดํธ ์์ ๋ํ๋.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
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์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
Table of contents and ordering information for The DeneโYeniseian Connection.
์๋์ค์นด ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์ด ์ผํฐ
์ ์๋ฐฐ์ค์นด ๋จ์ด ๋น๊ตํ
๋ฐ๋ค์๋์ธ์ด/๋๋ฐ๋ค ์ค์๋ฐ์ ๋ชฉ๋ก (๋ฏธ์์ฑ)
์ด์กฑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na-Dene%20languages | Na-Dene languages | Na-Dene (; also Nadene, Na-Denรฉ, AthabaskanโEyakโTlingit, TlinaโDene) is a family of Native American languages that includes at least the Athabaskan languages, Eyak, and Tlingit languages. Haida was formerly included, but is now considered doubtful. By far the most widely spoken Na-Dene language today is Navajo.
In February 2008, a proposal connecting Na-Dene (excluding Haida) to the Yeniseian languages of central Siberia into a DenรฉโYeniseian family was published and well-received by a number of linguists. It was proposed in a 2014 paper that the Na-Dene languages of North America and the Yeniseian languages of Siberia had a common origin in a language spoken in Beringia, between the two continents.
Etymology
Edward Sapir originally constructed the term Na-Dene to refer to a combined family of Athabaskan, Tlingit, and Haida (the existence of the Eyak language was not known to him at the time). In his โThe Na-Dene languages: A preliminary reportโ, he describes how he arrived at the term (Sapir 1915, p.ย 558):
Family division
In its uncontroversial core, Na-Dene consists of two branches, Tlingit and AthabaskanโEyak:
Tlingit: 1,360 speakers
AthabaskanโEyak
Eyak: the last native speaker died in 2008
Athabaskan
Northern
Pacific Coast
Southern
For linguists who follow Edward Sapir in connecting Haida to the above languages, Haida represents an additional branch, with AthabaskanโEyakโTlingit together forming the other. Dene or Dine (the Athabaskan languages) is a widely distributed group of Native languages spoken by associated peoples in Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Saskatchewan, Yukon, Alaska, parts of Oregon, northern California, and the American Southwest as far as northern Mexico.
The southwestern division of Athabaskan is also called Southern Athabaskan or Apachean, and includes Navajo and all the Apache languages. Eyak was spoken in south-central Alaska; the last first language speaker died in 2008. Navajo is by far the most widely spoken language of the Na-Dene family, spoken in Arizona, New Mexico, and other regions of the American Southwest.
Typological profile of AthabaskanโEyakโTlingit
All of these languages share a highly complex prefixing verb structure in which tense and mood markers are interdigitated between subject and object agreement markers. The morphological hallmark of the family is a series of prefixes found directly before the verb root that raise or lower the transitivity of the verb word. These prefixes, traditionally known as "classifiers", derive historically from a combination of three distinct classes of morphemes and are not found in any other Native American language family.
The phoneme system contains a large number of dorsal (velar or uvular) consonants (fronting in many modern Athabaskan languages to palatals and velars, correspondingly) as well as a general absence of labial obstruents (except where /b/ has arisen from *w). In the historical phonology there is a widespread tendency, observable across many Athabaskan languages, for phonemic tonal distinctions to arise from glottal features originally found at the end of the syllable. The glottal features in question are often evident in Eyak or Tlingit. These languages are typologically unusual in containing extensive prefixation yet being SOV and postpositional, features normally associated with suffixing languages.
Proposals of deeper genealogical relations involving AthabaskanโEyakโTlingit
A genealogical connection between the Tlingit, Eyak and Athabaskan languages was suggested early in the 19th century, but not universally accepted until much later. Haida, with 15 fluent speakers (M. Krauss, 1995), was originally linked to Tlingit by Franz Boas in 1894. Both Haida and Tlingit were then connected to Athabaskan by Edward Sapir in 1915. Linguists such as Lyle Campbell (1997) today consider the evidence inconclusive. They have classified Haida as a language isolate. In order to emphasise the exclusion of Haida, Campbell refers to the language family as AthabaskanโEyakโTlingit rather than Na-Dene. In 2010 Jeff Leer published extensive primary materials on what he calls PAET (Proto-AthabaskanโEyakโTlingit).
DenรฉโYeniseian
In 2008, Edward Vajda of Western Washington University presented evidence suggesting that the Na-Dene languages (AthabaskanโEyakโTlingit) might be related to the Yeniseian (or Yeniseic) languages of Siberia, the only living representative of which is the Ket language.
Key evidence by current comparative methodologies includes homologies in verb prefixes and also a systematic correspondence between the distribution of Ket tones and consonant articulations found in AthabaskanโEyakโTlingit. Vajda's paper has been favorably reviewed by several experts on Na-Dene and Yeniseic languages, including Michael Krauss, Jeff Leer, James Kari, and Heinrich Werner, as well as a number of other well-known linguists, including Bernard Comrie, Johanna Nichols, Victor Golla, Michael Fortescue, and Eric Hamp. The conclusion of this seminar was that the comparison with Yeniseic data shows that Haida cannot be classified in a genealogical unit with AthabaskanโEyakโTlingit.
Other proposals
According to Joseph Greenberg's controversial classification of the languages of Native North America, Na-Denรฉ (including Haida) is one of the three main groups of Native languages spoken in the Americas. Contemporary supporters of Greenberg's theory, such as Merritt Ruhlen, have suggested that the Na-Denรฉ language family represents a distinct migration of people from Asia into the New World that occurred six to eight thousand years ago, placing it around four thousand years later than the previous migration into the Americas by Amerind speakers; this remains an unproven hypothesis. Ruhlen speculates that the Na-Denรฉ speakers may have arrived in boats, initially settling near the Haida Gwaii, now in British Columbia, Canada.
A fringe hypothesis by Sergei Starostin suggested that Na-Denรฉ (including Haida) may belong to the much broader DenรฉโCaucasian superfamily, which also contains the North Caucasian languages, Sino-Tibetan languages, and Yeniseian languages. This proposal is rejected by nearly all current linguists.
Around 1920 linguist Edward Sapir became convinced that NaโDenรฉ was more closely related to SinoโTibetan than to other American families. He suggested that the Sino-Tibetan languages are related to Na-Denรฉ. Edward Vadja's DenรฉโYeniseian proposal renewed interest among linguists such as Geoffrey Caveney (2014) to look into support for the SinoโDenรฉ hypothesis. Caveney considered a link between SinoโTibetan, NaโDenรฉ, and Yeniseian to be plausible but did not support the hypothesis that SinoโTibetan and NaโDenรฉ were related to the North Caucasian languages (SinoโCaucasian and DenรฉโCaucasian).
Obstruent correspondences
This phonological chart shows where the listed varieties have sounds which are the same, similar, and sometimes different. The sounds shown, obstruents, are a particular class of consonants. Where similarities are found between one or more varieties, this presents at least some evidence of genetic relatedness among those varieties.
Table notes:
To prevent cluttering the table, phonemes in the PAET, PAE and PA columns are not asterisked.
Leer (2008, 2010) doesn't reconstruct the PAET affricates , and . Judging from their rarity, he assumes they may be attributable to the resolution of former consonant clusters.
In Athabaskan and Eyak, sibilants can be diminutive variants of shibilants. In Tlingit, on the other hand, shibilants might sometimes be diminutive variants of sibilants. These correspondences are in parentheses.
Footnotes
See also
DenรฉโYeniseian languages
Athabaskan languages
Southern Athabaskan languages
Footnotes
References
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External links
Alaska Native Language Center
Athabaskan word comparison table
DenรฉโYeniseian / Na-Denรฉ Swadesh lists (incomplete)
Language families
DenรฉโYeniseian languages |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Lennon%20Anthology | John Lennon Anthology | ใJohn Lennon Anthologyใ๋ ์กด ๋ ๋
ผ์ด 1969๋
ใGive Peace a Chanceใ์์ 1980๋
ใDouble Fantasyใ์ ใMilk and Honeyใ๊น์ง ์๋ก ์ปค๋ฆฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์งํํ๋ ๋์ ๋
น์ํ ๊ณก๋ค๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ 4CD ๋ฐ์ค ์ธํธ์ด๋ค. ํ ๋ฐ๋ชจ, ์์ํ
์ดํฌ, ๋ผ์ด๋ธ ๋ฑ ์ด 94๊ณก์ ๋ฏธ๋ฐํ ์์์ ์๋กํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ช๋ช ๊ณก์ ์์ ํ ๋ฏธ๋ฐํ๊ณก์ด๋ค.
์ด ์๋ฐ์ ํธ์ง์ ๊ฒธ ๊ณต๋ ํ๋ก๋์์ธ ์ค๋
ธ ์์ฝ์ ์ํด ๋ ๋
ผ์ ์๋ก ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์์ "Ascot", "New York City", "The Lost Weekend", "Dakota"์ 4๊ฐ์ ์๋๋ฅผ ๋ํํ๋ 4๊ฐ์ ๋์คํฌ๋ก ๋๋์๋ค.
์ฐจํธ์์๋ ์๊ตญ 62์, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ 99์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
์ด ๋ฐ์ค ์ธํธ์ ๋ค์ด์ ์คํธ ํ์ผ๋ก ใWonsaponatimeใ๋ผ๋ ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ปดํ๋ ์ด์
์จ๋ฒ๋ ํจ๊ป ์ถ์๋์๋ค. ํธ๋๋ค ์ค ๋ง์ ๊ณก๋ค์ด ใJohn Lennon Anthologyใ๋ก๋ถํฐ ํธ์ง๋์ด ์๋ก๋์๋ค. ใWonsaponatimeใ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฐจํธ์๋ ๋๋ฌํ์ง ๋ชปํ์ง๋ง ์๊ตญ ์ฐจํธ์์๋ 76์๋ก ์ ์ ์ ์ฐ์๋ค.
๊ณก ๋ชฉ๋ก
๋ชจ๋ ๊ณก๋ค์ ํน๋ณํ ์ธ๊ธ์ด ์๋ ํ ์กด ๋ ๋
ผ์ ์ํด ์์ฌ์ก๋ค.
Disc 1 (Ascot)
"Working Class Hero" โ 4:19 [from 8-track John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band sessions (1970)]
"God" โ 3:32 [from 8-track John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band sessions (1970)]
"I Found Out" โ 3:47 [1970 home recording]
"Hold On" โ 0:43 [from 8-track John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band sessions (1970)]
"Isolation" โ 3:46 [from 8-track John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band sessions (1970)]
"Love" โ 2:43 [from 8-track John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band sessions (1970)]
"Mother" โ 3:49 [from 8-track John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band sessions (1970)]
"Remember" โ 2:44 [from 8-track John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band sessions (1970)]
"Imagine (take 1)" โ 3:21 [from 8-track Imagine sessions (1971)]
"'Fortunately'" โ 0:19 [Excerpted from BBC documentary 24 Hours: The World of John and Yoko (1969)]
"Baby Please Don't Go" (Walter Ward) โ 4:04 [from 8-track Imagine sessions (1971)]
"Oh My Love" (John Lennon/Yoko Ono) โ 2:53 [from 8-track Imagine sessions (1971)]
"Jealous Guy" โ 4:10 [from 8-track Imagine sessions (1971)]
"Maggie Mae" (Trad. Arr.John Lennon/Paul McCartney/George Harrison/Richard Starkey) โ 0:52 [1979 home recording]
"How Do You Sleep?" โ 5:20 [from 8-track Imagine sessions (1971)]
"God Save Oz" (John Lennon/Yoko Ono) โ 3:27 [from 8-track master for Bill Elliott and the Elastic Oz Band (1971)]
"Do the Oz" (John Lennon/Yoko Ono) โ 3:08 [from original 2-track master single mix (1971)]
"I Don't Want to Be a Soldier" โ 5:20 [from 8-track Imagine sessions (1971)]
"Give Peace a Chance" โ 1:52 [from 4-track rehearsal tapes prior to master recording (1969)]
"Look at Me" โ 2:50 [from 8-track John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band sessions (1970)]
"Long Lost John" (Trad Arr. John Lennon) โ 2:14 [from 8-track John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band sessions (1970)]
Disc 2 (New York City)
"๋ด์" โ 0:55 [Home recording (1971)]
"Attica State" (live) (John Lennon/Yoko Ono) โ 4:25 [from a live performance at the Apollo (1971)]
"Imagine" (live) โ 3:11 [from a live performance at the Apollo (1971)]
"Bring on the Lucie (Freeda Peeple)" โ 4:07 [16-track Mind Games sessions (1973)]
"Woman Is the Nigger of the World" (John Lennon/Yoko Ono) โ 0:39
"Geraldo Rivera โ One to One Concert" โ 0:39
"Woman Is the Nigger of the World" (live) (John Lennon/Yoko Ono) โ 5:14
"It's So Hard" (live) โ 3:09
"Come Together" (live) (John Lennon/Paul McCartney) โ 4:19
"Happy Xmas" (John Lennon/Yoko Ono) โ 3:32
"The Luck of the Irish" (live) (John Lennon/Yoko Ono) โ 3:42
"John Sinclair" (live) โ 3:43
"The David Frost Show" โ 0:52
"Mind Games (I Promise)" โ 1:01
"Mind Games (Make Love, Not War)" โ 1:14
"One Day (At a Time)" โ 3:13
"I Know (I Know)" โ 3:13
"I'm the Greatest" โ 3:37
"Goodnight Vienna" โ 2:42
"Jerry Lewis Telethon" โ 1:59
"' A Kiss Is Just a Kiss '" (Herman Hupfeld) โ 0:11
"Real Love" โ 4:13
"You Are Here" โ 4:55
Disc 3 (The Lost Weekend)
"What You Got" โ 1:14
"Nobody Loves You (When You're Down and Out)" โ 5:38
"Whatever Gets You thru the Night (home)" โ 0:38
"Whatever Gets You thru the Night (studio)" โ 3:33
"Yesterday (parody)" (John Lennon/Paul McCartney) โ 0:33
"Be-Bop-A-Lula" (Gene Vincent/Tex Davis) โ 2:52
"Rip It Up/Ready Teddy" (Robert Blackwell/John Marascalco) โ 2:32
"Scared" โ 5:02
"Steel and Glass" โ 4:46
"Surprise, Surprise (Sweet Bird of Paradox)" โ 2:58
"Bless You" โ 4:15
"Going Down on Love" โ 0:54
"Move Over Ms. L" โ 3:10
"Ain't She Sweet" (Yellen/Ager) โ 0:28
"Slippin' and Slidin'" (Richard Penniman/Bocage/Collins/Smith) โ 2:28
"Peggy Sue" (Jerry Allison/Buddy Holly/Norman Petty) โ 1:18
"Bring It On Home to Me/Send Me Some Lovin'" (Sam Cooke)/(John Marascalco, Leo Price) โ 3:50
"Phil and John 1" โ 2:13
"Phil and John 2" โ 2:00
"Phil and John 3" โ 0:54
"'When in Doubt, Fuck It'" โ 0:09
"Be My Baby" (Phil Spector/Ellie Greenwich/Jeff Barry) โ 4:32
"Stranger's Room" โ 3:17
"Old Dirt Road"(John Lennon/Harry Nilsson) โ 3:54
Disc 4 (Dakota)
"I'm Losing You" โ 4:06
"Sean's 'Little Help'" โ 0:57
"Serve Yourself" โ 3:47 [1980 home recording]
"My Life" โ 2:36 [1980 home recording]
"Nobody Told Me" โ 3:31
"Life Begins at 40" โ 2:23 [1980 home recording]
"I Don't Wanna Face It" โ 3:31
"Woman" โ 4:01
"Dear Yoko" โ 2:33
"Watching the Wheels" โ 3:04
"I'm Stepping Out" โ 4:19
"Borrowed Time" โ 3:57
"The Rishi Kesh Song" โ 2:26
"Sean's 'Loud'" โ 0:33
"Beautiful Boy" โ 4:11
"Mr. Hyde's Gone (Don't Be Afraid)" โ 2:41
"Only You" (Ande Rand/Buck Ram) โ 3:24
"Grow Old with Me" โ 3:18
"Dear John" โ 2:13
"The Great Wok" โ 3:13
"Mucho Mungo" โ 1:24
"Satire 1" โ 2:20
"Satire 2" โ 4:34
"Satire 3" โ 0:45
"Sean's "In the Sky" " โ 1:22
"It's Real" โ 1:05
Wonsaponatime
๊ณก ๋ชฉ๋ก
๋ชจ๋ ๊ณก๋ค์ ํน๋ณํ ์ธ๊ธ์ด ์๋ ํ ์กด ๋ ๋
ผ์ ์ํด ์์ฌ์ก๋ค.
"I'm Losing You" โ 3:56
"Working Class Hero" โ 3:58
"God" โ 3:16
"How Do You Sleep?" โ 5:00
"Imagine" โ 3:05
"Baby Please Don't Go" (Walter Ward) โ 4:04
"Oh My Love"
"God Save Oz" (John Lennon/Yoko Ono) โ 3:20
"I Found Out" โ 3:47 (John Lennon/Yoko Ono) โ 2:43
"Woman Is the Nigger of the World" (live) โ 5:14
"'A Kiss Is Just A Kiss'" (Herman Hupfeld) โ 0:11
"Be-Bop-A-Lula" (Gene Vincent/T. Davis) โ 2:40
"Rip It Up/Reddy Teddy" (Blackwell/Marascalo) โ 2:26
"What You Got" โ 1:14
"Nobody Loves You (When You're Down and Out)" โ 5:02
"I Don't Wanna Face It" โ 3:31
"Real Love" โ 4:07
"Only You" (Buck Ram/Ande Rand) โ 3:24
"Grow Old with Me" โ 3:18
"Sean's "In The Sky" " โ 1:22
"Serve Yourself" โ 3:47
๊ฐ์ฃผ
1998๋
์ปดํ๋ ์ด์
์๋ฐ
์กด ๋ ๋
ผ์ ์ปดํ๋ ์ด์
์๋ฐ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Lennon%20Anthology | John Lennon Anthology | John Lennon Anthology is a four-CD box set of home demos, studio outtakes and other previously unreleased material recorded by John Lennon over the course of his solo career from "Give Peace a Chance" in 1969 up until the 1980 sessions for Double Fantasy and Milk and Honey.
The anthology was divided by its compiler and co-producer, Yoko Ono, into four discs representing four eras in Lennon's solo career: "Ascot", "New York City", "The Lost Weekend" and "Dakota".
John Lennon Anthology reached number 62 in the United Kingdom and number 99 in the United States, where it went gold.
A one-disc distillation of the highlights of the box set was released as Wonsaponatime. Many of the tracks were edited down from their versions on John Lennon Anthology. Wonsaponatime failed to reach the US charts but peaked at number 76 in the UK.
Track listing
All songs were written by John Lennon, except where noted.
Disc 1 (Ascot)
"Working Class Hero" โ 4:19
"God" โ 3:32
Tracks 1 & 2 taken from 8-track John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band sessions (1970)
"I Found Out" โ 3:47
1970 home recording
"Hold On" โ 0:43
"Isolation" โ 3:46
"Love" โ 2:43
"Mother" โ 3:49
"Remember" โ 2:44
Tracks 4โ8 taken from 8-track John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band sessions (1970)
"Imagine (take 1)" (John Lennon/Yoko Ono) โ 3:21
From 8-track Imagine sessions (1971)
"'Fortunately'" โ 0:19
Excerpted from BBC documentary 24 Hours: The World of John and Yoko (1969)
"Baby Please Don't Go" (Walter Ward) โ 4:04
"Oh My Love" (Lennon/Ono) โ 2:53
"Jealous Guy" โ 4:10
Tracks 11โ13 taken from 8-track Imagine sessions (1971)
"Maggie Mae" (Trad. Arr. John Lennon/Paul McCartney/George Harrison/Richard Starkey) โ 0:52
1979 home recording
"How Do You Sleep?" โ 5:20
From 8-track Imagine sessions (1971)
"God Save Oz" (Lennon/Ono) โ 3:27
From 8-track master for Bill Elliott and the Elastic Oz Band (1971)
"Do the Oz" (Lennon/Ono) โ 3:08
From original 2-track master single mix (1971)
"I Don't Want to Be a Soldier" โ 5:20
From 8-track Imagine sessions (1971)
"Give Peace a Chance" โ 1:52
From 4-track rehearsal tapes prior to master recording (1969)
"Look at Me" โ 2:50
"Long Lost John" (Trad Arr. John Lennon) โ 2:14
Tracks 20 & 21 taken from 8-track John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band sessions (1970)
Disc 2 (New York City)
"New York City" โ 0:55
Home recording (1971)
"Attica State" (live) (Lennon/Ono) โ 4:25
"Imagine" (live) โ 3:11
Track 2 & 3 taken from a live performance at the Apollo (1971)
"Bring on the Lucie (Freeda Peeple)" โ 4:07
From 16-track Mind Games sessions (1973)
"Woman Is the Nigger of the World" (Lennon/Ono) โ 0:39
Home recording (1971)
"Geraldo Rivera โ One to One Concert" โ 0:39
"Woman Is the Nigger of the World" (live) (Lennon/Ono) โ 5:14
"It's So Hard" (live) โ 3:09
"Come Together" (live) (John Lennon/Paul McCartney) โ 4:19
Tracks 6โ9 taken from a live performance at One to One concert (1972)
"Happy Xmas" (Ono/Lennon) โ 3:32
Rough mix (1971)
"The Luck of the Irish" (live) (Lennon/Ono) โ 3:42
"John Sinclair" (live) โ 3:43
Tracks 11 & 12 taken from John Sinclair benefit concert (1971)
"The David Frost Show" โ 0:52
TV audio (1971)
"Mind Games (I Promise)" โ 1:01
"Mind Games (Make Love, Not War)" โ 1:14
Tracks 14 & 15 taken from home recording (1970)
"One Day (At a Time)" โ 3:13
From 16-track Mind Games sessions (1973)
"I Know (I Know)" โ 3:13
Home recording (1973)
"I'm the Greatest" โ 3:37
From 16-track rehearsals. The song was later given to Ringo Starr (1973)
"Goodnight Vienna" โ 2:42
From 16-track demo. The song was later given to Ringo (1974)
"Jerry Lewis Telethon" โ 1:59
TV audio (1972)
"' A Kiss Is Just a Kiss '" (Herman Hupfeld) โ 0:11
Home vignette (1976)
"Real Love" โ 4:13
Piano demo (1979)
"You Are Here" โ 4:55
From 16-track Mind Games sessions (1973)
Disc 3 (The Lost Weekend)
"What You Got" โ 1:14
Home recording (1974)
"Nobody Loves You (When You're Down and Out)" โ 5:38
From 16-track Walls and Bridges sessions (1974)
"Whatever Gets You thru the Night (home)" โ 0:38
Home recording (1974)
"Whatever Gets You thru the Night (studio)" โ 3:33
"Yesterday (parody)" (John Lennon/Paul McCartney) โ 0:33
Tracks 4 & 5 taken from 16-track Walls and Bridges sessions (1974)
"Be-Bop-A-Lula" (Gene Vincent/Tex Davis) โ 2:52
"Rip It Up/Ready Teddy" (Robert Blackwell/John Marascalco) โ 2:32
Tracks 6 & 7 taken from 16-track Rock 'n' Roll sessions (1974)
"Scared" โ 5:02
"Steel and Glass" โ 4:46
"Surprise, Surprise (Sweet Bird of Paradox)" โ 2:58
"Bless You" โ 4:15
"Going Down on Love" โ 0:54
"Move Over Ms. L" โ 3:10
"Ain't She Sweet" (Yellen/Ager) โ 0:28
Tracks 8โ14 taken from 16-track Walls and Bridges sessions (1974)
"Slippin' and Slidin'" (Richard Penniman/Bocage/Collins/Smith) โ 2:28
"Peggy Sue" (Jerry Allison/Buddy Holly/Norman Petty) โ 1:18
"Bring It On Home to Me/Send Me Some Lovin'" (Sam Cooke)/(John Marascalco, Leo Price) โ 3:50
Tracks 15โ17 taken from 16-track Rock 'n' Roll sessions (1974)
"Phil and John 1" โ 2:13
"Phil and John 2" โ 2:00
"Phil and John 3" โ 0:54
"'When in Doubt, Fuck It'" โ 0:09
"Be My Baby" (Phil Spector/Ellie Greenwich/Jeff Barry) โ 4:32
Tracks 18โ22 taken from 16-track Rock 'n' Roll sessions (1973)
"Stranger's Room" โ 3:17
Home recording (1980)
"Old Dirt Road" (John Lennon/Harry Nilsson) โ 3:54
From 16-track Walls and Bridges sessions (1974)
Disc 4 (Dakota)
"I'm Losing You" โ 4:06
From 16-track Double Fantasy/Milk and Honey sessions (1980)
"Sean's 'Little Help'" โ 0:57
Home recording (1979)
"Serve Yourself" โ 3:47
"My Life" โ 2:36
Tracks 3โ4 Home recordings (1980)
"Nobody Told Me" โ 3:31
From 16-track Double Fantasy/Milk and Honey sessions (1980)
"Life Begins at 40" โ 2:23
Home recording (1980)
"I Don't Wanna Face It" โ 3:31
Taken from 16-track Double Fantasy/Milk and Honey sessions (1980)
"Woman" โ 4:01
Home recording (1980)
"Dear Yoko" โ 2:33
From 16-track Double Fantasy/Milk and Honey sessions (1980)
"Watching the Wheels" โ 3:04
Home recording (1980)
"I'm Stepping Out" โ 4:19
From 16-track Double Fantasy/Milk and Honey sessions (1980)
"Borrowed Time" โ 3:57
"The Rishi Kesh Song" โ 2:26
Tracks 12 & 13 from home recordings (1980)
"Sean's 'Loud'" โ 0:33
Home recording (1979)
"Beautiful Boy" โ 4:11
From 16-track Double Fantasy/Milk and Honey sessions (1980)
"Mr. Hyde's Gone (Don't Be Afraid)" โ 2:41
Home recording (1980)
"Only You" (Ande Rand/Buck Ram) โ 3:24
From 16-track studio work tape from the Ringo Starr Goodnight Vienna sessions (1974)
"Grow Old with Me" โ 3:18
Home recording (1980) with orchestration by George Martin. Original demo appears on Milk and Honey.
"Dear John" โ 2:13
Home recording (1980)
"The Great Wok" โ 3:13
Home recording (1979)
"Mucho Mungo" โ 1:24
Home recording (1976)
"Satire 1" โ 2:20
"Satire 2" โ 4:34
"Satire 3" โ 0:45
"Sean's "In the Sky" " โ 1:22
"It's Real" โ 1:05
Tracks 22โ26 taken from home recordings (1979)
Wonsaponatime
Tracklisting
All songs written by Lennon, except where noted.
"I'm Losing You" โ 3:56
"Working Class Hero" โ 3:58
"God" โ 3:16
"How Do You Sleep?" โ 5:00
"Imagine" (Lennon/Ono) โ 3:05
"Baby Please Don't Go" (Walter Ward) โ 4:04
"Oh My Love" ((Lennon/Ono) โ 2:43
"God Save Oz" (Lennon/Ono) โ 3:20
"I Found Out" โ 3:47
"Woman Is the Nigger of the World" (live) โ 5:14
"'A Kiss Is Just A Kiss'" (Herman Hupfeld) โ 0:11
"Be-Bop-A-Lula" (Gene Vincent/T. Davis) โ 2:40
"Rip It Up/Reddy Teddy" (Blackwell/Marascalo) โ 2:26
"What You Got" โ 1:14
"Nobody Loves You (When You're Down and Out)" โ 5:02
"I Don't Wanna Face It" โ 3:31
"Real Love" โ 4:07
"Only You" (Buck Ram/Ande Rand) โ 3:24
"Grow Old with Me" โ 3:18
"Sean's "In The Sky" " โ 1:22 - Spoken Words
"Serve Yourself" โ 3:47
Certifications
References
1998 compilation albums
Capitol Records compilation albums
Compilation albums published posthumously
EMI Records compilation albums
John Lennon compilation albums
Demo albums
Albums recorded in a home studio |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EB%8F%84%EB%B6%80%ED%98%84%EB%8F%84 | ๋๋๋ถํ๋ | ๋๋๋ถํ๋()๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์์์ ๋๋ก์ ์ ํ ์ค์ ํ๋์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ง๋ฐฉ๋์ ๋์ผํ ์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ๋๋ก ๋
ธ์ ๋ง์ด๋ค. ๋๋ก๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ง์ ๋์ด ์๋ ๋๋ก์์, ๊ฐ ์ธ์ ํ๊ณ , ํด๋น ๋๋๋ถํ์์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ดํ๋ ๋๋ก ์ฒด๊ณ์ด๋ค. ๋๋ก ํ์งํ์ ๋ชจ์์ ์ก๊ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ ธ ์๊ณ ์ซ์๋ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ์, ๋๋๋ถํ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ด ๋งจ ์์, ๋๋๋ถํ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ด ๋งจ ์๋์ ๋๋ ํน์ด ์ฌํญ์ด ์๋ค. (์:็้๊ฐ ์์, 123์ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ๋ฅผ, ๆฑไบฌ ๋ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๋๋๋ถํ ์ง์ญ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์๋์ ๊ณ ์ ๋๋ค)
์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก
100 km ์ด์์ ๋๋๋ถํ๋
๋๊ฐํํ๋ ์ 45ํธ์ (167.2 km) - ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋จ์ผ ๋๋๋ถํ๋ ๋
ธ์ ์ค ์ต์ฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋
ธ์ ์ด์ง๋ง ์ผ์ฃผ ๋๋ก๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅํจ.
ํ์นด์ด๋๋ ์ 142ํธ์ (163.1 km) - ์ผ๋ณธ ์ ์ฒด 2์์ ๋๋๋ถํ๋
๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋งํ๋ ์ 79ํธ์ (100.7 km)
ํ๋ก์๋งํ๋ยท์๋ง๋คํ๋ ์ 5ํธ์ (100.3 km)
10 m ์ดํ์ ๋๋๋ถํ๋
๋๊ฐ๋
ธํ๋ ์ 162ํธ์ (7 m) - ์ผ๋ณธ ์ต๋จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋๋๋ถํ๋, ์ฌ๋งํ๋ฉด ์ฌ๋์ ๋ฐ์๊ตญ๋ง ํ์ฌ๋ ์ํ ๋ฐ์๊ตญ๋ง ๊ฑธ์ด๋ ๊ธ๋ฐฉ ๋์ฐฉํ๊ฒ ๋๋ ์์ค์ ์ด๋ฆ
ํ๋ก์๋งํ๋ ์ 204ํธ์ (10 m) - ์ผ๋ณธ ์ต๋จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋๋๋ถํ๋ 2์
๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ ํ ์ง์ญ์ ๊ดํตํ๋ ๋๋๋ถํ๋
๋์น๊ธฐํ๋ยท๊ตฐ๋งํ๋ยท์ฌ์ดํ๋งํ๋ยท์ด๋ฐ๋ผํคํ๋ ์ 9ํธ์ - 4๊ฐ์ ํ์ด ํ๊บผ๋ฒ์ ์ด์ด์ฃผ๋ฉฐ, ํ๋์ ๋๋ก๋ก ์ด์ด์ง์ง๋ง ์ด ์ฐ์ฅ์ 18.183 km๋ก ๊ตญ๋ ์ 466ํธ์ ๊ณผ ๋น์ทํ ์ ์ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง.
๋ค๋ฅธ ํ์์ ์ธ์ ํ์ง ์๋ ๋๋๋ถํ๋
์์ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌํ๋ ์ 21ํธ์ - ์ํคํํ์์ ๋ถ์ธ์
๊ตฌ๋ง๋ชจํ ํ๋ ์ 29ํธ์ - ํ์ฟ ์ค์นดํ์์ ๋ถ์ธ์
๋๊ฐ๋
ธํ๋ ์ 84ํธ์ - ๊ธฐํํ์์ ๋ถ์ธ์
ํจ๊ณ ํ๋ ์ 13ํธ์ - ์ค์ฌ์นด๋ถ์์ ๋ถ์ธ์
๋ํ ๋ฆฌํ๋ ์ 303ํธ์ - ์ค์นด์ผ๋งํ์์ ๋ถ์ธ์
๊ณ ์นํ๋ ์ 369ํธ์ - ๋์ฟ ์๋งํ์์ ๋ถ์ธ์
ํ์ฟ ์ค์นดํ๋ ์ 787ํธ์ - ๊ตฌ๋ง๋ชจํ ํ์์ ๋ถ์ธ์
๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ๋ฒํธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ๋๋๋ถํ๋
ํ์นด์ด๋๋ ์ 1179ํธ์ (:ja:ๅๆตท้้1179ๅท่ซๅฐ็งไธญๅคฎใคใณใฟใผ็ท) - ๋๋๋ถํ๋ ์ค์์ ๋ฒํธ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ๋ฒํธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ๋๋๋ถํ๋, ๋
ธ์ ์ 2014๋
์ ๊ณต์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธ์ ๋์์ผ๋, ํ์ฌ ์ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ์ด ๋ฏธ๊ณต์ฉ์ธ ์ํ
ํ์นด์ด๋๋ ์ 1178ํธ์ (:ja:ๅๆตท้้1178ๅทๆณๅ
ฑๅ็ท) - ์ค์ง์ ์ธ ๋๋๋ถํ๋ ๋
ธ์ ๋ฒํธ ์ค์์ ์กด์ฌํ๊ฒ ๋๋ ๋๋ก ์ค์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ๋ฒํธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ๋๋๋ถํ๋, 2012๋
์ ์์ผ๋ก ๊ฐํต๋ ๋
ธ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด ์ฐ์ฅ์ 14.8 km๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ์ผ๋ฐ๋๋
ํ์ฟ ์ค์นดํ๋ ์ 806ํธ์ - ๊ท์์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ๋ฒํธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ๋๋๋ถํ๋๋ก, ์ด ๋๋ก๊ฐ ์์ ๊ฑฐ ๊ธธ๋ก ์ง์ ๋ ์ํ
ํ์ฟ ์ค์นดํ๋ ์ 805ํธ์ - ๊ท์์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ๋ฒํธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ๋๋๋ถํ๋๋ก, ์์ ๋๋ก์๋ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ด ์ฐ์ฅ์ด 10.1 km๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ์๋์ฐจ ํํ์ ์ผ๋ฐํ๋
์ผ๋ง๋์ํ๋ ์ 813ํธ์ - ํ์นด์ด๋์ ์คํค๋์ํ์ ์ ์ธํ 45๊ฐ์ ๋๋ถํ ์ง์ญ ์ค ํ์กดํ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ๋ฒํธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ๋๋๋ถํ๋๋ก ์๊ธฐ ๋ ๋๋๋ถํ๋๋ณด๋ค๋ ๋ฒํธ๊ฐ ๋ ํฐ ๋๋๋ถํ๋์ด์ง๋ง, ํผ์์์๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ๋๋๋ถํ๋๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅ
์ค์ฌ์นด๋ถ๋ ์ 804ํธ์ - ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋ถ ๋จ์ ์ง์ญ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ๋ฒํธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ๋๋๋ถํ๋
๋์ฟ๋๋ ์ 484ํธ์ - ๋์ฟ๋์ ๋๋๋ถํ๋ ๋
ธ์ ์ค ๋จ๋
๋
ธ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ๋ฒํธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ๋๋๋ถํ๋
์คํค๋์ํ๋ ์ 256ํธ์ (:ja:ๆฒ็ธ็้256ๅท่ฑ่ฆๅ็ณธๆบ็ท)- ์คํค๋์ํ์ ๋๋๋ถํ๋ ์ค ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ๋ฒํธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ๋๋๋ถํ๋
๋จ๋
๊ตฌ๊ฐ์ด ์๋ ๋๋๋ถํ๋
์๊ฐํ๋ ์ 10ํธ์ - ์๊ฐํ๋ ์ 2ํธ์ ๊ณผ ์ค๋ณต
๋๊ฐ๋
ธํ๋ ์ 23ํธ์ - ๊ตญ๋ ์ 143ํธ์ ๊ณผ ์ค๋ณต
์ํ๋ฉํ๋ ์ 33ํธ์ - ๊ตญ๋ ์ 320ํธ์ ๊ณผ ์ค๋ณต
๋ฏธ์ผ๊ธฐํ๋ยทํ์ฟ ์๋งํ๋ ์ 104ํธ์ - ๊ตญ๋ ์ 342ํธ์ ๊ณผ ์ค๋ณต
์์ฆ์ค์นดํ๋ ์ 104ํธ์ - ์์ฆ์ค์นดํ๋ ์ 11ํธ์ ๊ณผ ์ค๋ณต
๋์น๊ธฐํ๋ ์ 116ํธ์ - ๋์น๊ธฐํ๋ ์ 38ํธ์ ๊ณผ ์ค๋ณต
๊ตฐ๋งํ๋ ์ 162ํธ์ ยท๊ตฐ๋งํ๋ ์ 163ํธ์ - ๊ตฐ๋งํ๋ ์ 26ํธ์ ๊ณผ ์ค๋ณต
์์นด์ผ๋งํ๋ ์ 209ํธ์ - ๊ตญ๋ ์ 179ํธ์ ๊ณผ ์ค๋ณต
์ด๋ฐ๋ผํคํ๋ ์ 325ํธ์ - ๊ตญ๋ ์ 461ํธ์ ๊ณผ ์ค๋ณต
ํ์ฟ ์ค์นดํ๋ ์ 559ํธ์ - ๊ตญ๋ ์ 202ํธ์ ๊ณผ ์ค๋ณต
๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒํธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฌ๋ฐ์ ๋๋๋ถํ๋
์ผ๋ง๋์ํ๋ ์ 730ํธยท๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ํ๋ ์ 730ํธยท์์ฆ์ค์นดํ๋ ์ 147ํธ์ - ์์ฆ์ค์นดํ์์๋ 147๋ฒ ํ๋๋ก ๋ฐฐ์ ๋ฐ์๊ณ ์ผ๋ง๋์ํ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ํ ๋ฑ ๋๋จธ์ง 2ํ๋ง 730๋ฒ ํ๋๋ก ๋ถ์ฌ๋ฐ์ ์ํ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋์ ์ด ๋๋ก๊ฐ 3๊ฐ์ ํ ์ง์ญ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ดํตํ๊ณ ์๋ ๋๋ก์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํจ.
์ค์ฌ์นด๋ถ๋ ์ 42ยท179ํธ์ - ํ์์ ๋๋ก๊ฐ ํ๋์ด์ง๋ง ์ ์ ๋ฒํธ๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค.
๊ทธ ์ธ
๋ํ ๋ฆฌํ๋ ์ 307ํธ์ ๊ณผ ๋์ฟ ์๋งํ๋ ์ 227ํธ์ , ๋์ฟ ์๋งํ๋ ์ 263ํธ์ ๋ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ฒ๋ผ ๋
ธ์ ์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ์ธ์ ๋์ด ์์ผ๋, ๋ฏธ๊ณต์ฉ์ธ ์ํ์ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ฌ ์์ด ์ค์ ์ฐ์ฅ์ด ์์ ์๋ ๋๋๋ถํ๋๋ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์กด์ฌํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ํนํ ํ์นด์ด๋๋ ์ 1086ํธ์ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ์ ์ฌํ๊ฒ ์ฐฉ๊ณต์ ์ด๋ฅธ ์ํ์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌ, ์ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ์ด ๋ฏธ๊ณต์ฉ ๋ฐ ์ค์ ์ฐ์ฅ ์์ด ๊ฑด์ค์ด ์ค๋จ๋ ๋๋๋ถํ๋๋ค๋ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋๊ณ ์๋๋ก ์๊ฐ ์ ์ฒ๋ผ ๋๋๋ถํ๋ ๋
ธ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅ๋๋ค๊ฐ ๊ณ ์๋๋ก๋ก ์น๊ฒฉ์ํจ ๋
ธ์ ๋ ๋๋ฌ ์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๋
์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋๋ก
์์ ์ด๋
์ฃผ์ ์ง๋ฐฉ๋
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ง๋ฐฉ๋
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋๋ก
๋๋ก | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefectural%20road | Prefectural road | in Japan are roads usually planned, numbered and maintained by the government of the respective prefecture (-to, -dล, -fu or -ken), independent of other prefecturesย โ as opposed to national roads (kokudล), which in legal terms include national expressways (kลsoku jidลsha kokudล), and municipal roads ([ku]shichลsondล). Where a national or prefectural road runs through the territory of a designated major city, the city government assumes part of the responsibility for these roads. By length, 10.7 % of public roads in Japan were prefectural roads as of 2011; by usage, they carried more than 30% of all traffic volume on public roads as of 2007.
Prefectural roads are marked with a blue hexagon, with the number centered. Most usually end at another prefectural road, or national route, or occasionally at or very close to a Japan Railway station.
If a prefectural road does cross into another prefecture, even if for a few hundred feet, its number is not reused by the prefecture it crosses into. Numbers are used only once in each prefecture, regardless of where the road begins or ends. However, there are some major roads running through several prefectures which have the same number in all prefectures involved. For example, the "Sano-Koga line" (Sano-Koga-sen, ไฝ้ๅคๆฒณ็ท) that connects Sano city in Tochigi prefecture and Koga city in Ibaraki prefecture is continually designated as prefectural road 9 in all four prefectures it runs through, namely Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama and Ibaraki.
Some prefectural roads will also at times run for a short distance concurrent with a national route, but it is more common to see this with other prefectural roads.
Numbers used for national routes that run through a prefecture are often duplicated by prefectural routes but a national route and a prefectural route bearing the same number rarely if ever meet or cross each other.
See also
National highways of Japan
Expressways of Japan
References
External links
MLIT: dลro-kyoku ("Road Bureau") , parts in English
Road |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C5%EC%9D%B8%EA%B2%A9 | ์ 5์ธ๊ฒฉ | ์ 5์ธ๊ฒฉ(Identity V)์ 2018๋
๋ชจ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ํ 1:4์ ๋๊ฒฐ์ ํผ์น๋ ๋น๋์นญ ์์กด ๊ณตํฌ ๋ฉํฐํ๋ ์ด ๊ฒ์์ผ๋ก, ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฐ์ด ๋ฐ์ด๋ผ์ดํธ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ณต์ ๋ผ์ด์ ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ณ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง ๊ฒ์์ด๋ค. ๊ณ ๋ ๊ฑด์ถ ์์์ ๋น
ํ ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ ํ ๋ฒํผ ํ์ X์ ๋จ์ถ ๋์ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ด์ ์ธํ๊ฐ์ ์บ๋ฆญํฐ๋ค์ด ๋ฑ์ฅํ์ฌ ์ํน ๋ํ์ค๋ฐ ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์ถ์ ์ด๋ฐ์๋ ์ํ ์ฝ๋ ๋ผ์ธ์ ํ์ ํ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋๋ ์๊ฒฌ ๋ํ ๋ค๋ถํ๋ค. ๊ณต๊ฐํ
์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น ํ 2018๋
4์ ์ค๊ตญ์์ ์ ์ ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ์์ํ๊ณ , 9์์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์๋ ์ถ์ํ์๋ค.
๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ
์ฌ๊ณ ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ต์ ์์ ์์ค๊ฐ ์ถ์ ์ ํ์ ์ค๋ฅดํ์ฐ์ค๋ ์
๋ช
๋์ ์ฅ์์ ์กฐ์ฌํ์ฌ ์ค์ข
๋ ๋ธ์ ์ฐพ์๋ฌ๋ผ๋ ์๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์ ํ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ค์ด๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ ํ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ๋ ์ค ์ด๋ค ์ฐธ์ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋ด๊ธด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๊ธฐ์ฅ๋ค์ ์ค๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด์ ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ์ฅ์์์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์๋๋ก ๊ณ ์ก์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ '์ด๋ค ๊ฒ์'์ด ์น๋ฌ์ก๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฒ์๊ณผ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์๋ค์ ๋ํด ์ถ๋ฆฌํด๋๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค.
๊ทธ ๊ฒ์์ด ๋ฐ๋ก ์ 5์ธ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ค. ์ ์ ๋ค์ ํ์ ์ค๋ฅดํ์ฐ์ค๊ฐ ๋์ด ๊ฐ์ข
์ฌ๊ฑด๋ค์ ํ๊ณ ํ๋ฉฐ ์์กด์ ํน์ ๊ฐ์์๊ฐ ๋์ด ๋ฌด๋์ ์ง์ ๋ฐ์ด๋ค๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์บ๋ฆญํฐ๋ค์ด ๋ด์ ์ธํ์ด ๋ ๊ฑด ํ์ ์ค๋ฅดํ์ฐ์ค์ ์ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํํ ๊ฒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ Sylar๋ ๋งํ๋ค. ๋จธ๋ฆฟ์์ ์ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฌด๋๊ทน์ด๋์ด๋ผ๋ ๋๋์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฑ์ฅ ์บ๋ฆญํฐ๋ค์ ๊ผญ๋๊ฐ์์ฒ๋ผ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒ ์ฐ์ถํ๊ณ , ํ์ ์ด ์ง์ค์ ์ฐพ์๊ฐ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ธํ๋ค์ ์ํผ์ด ๊น๋ค๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
์ ๋ชฉ์ธ ์ 5์ธ๊ฒฉ์๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ง ์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ ์ ํํ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌํ ์ฉ์ด์ธ 5๊ฐ์ง ์ฑ๊ฒฉ ํน์ฑ ์์ Big5๋ฟ์ด๋ค. ์ฌ๋์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ฑ, ์ฑ์ค์ฑ, ์ธํฅ์ฑ, ์นํ์ฑ, ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฑ ๋ค์ฏ๊ฐ์ง ์์๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถํด ํน์ ์ํฉ์์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ํ๋ํ ๊ฒ์ธ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์์ธกํ ์ ์๊ฒ ํ๋ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ ์ด๋ก ์ค ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋๋ฆฌ ์ธ์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ ์ด๋ก ์ด๋ค.
๊ฒ์ ํ๋ ์ด
๊ฐ์ํ๋ ์ด๋ ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฐ์ด ๋ฐ์ด๋ผ์ดํธ์ ๊ฐ์ ์จ๋ฐ๊ผญ์ง ํ์ถ ๊ฒ์์ด๋ค. ๊ฐ์์ 1๋ช
๊ณผ ์์กด์ 4๋ช
์ผ๋ก ๋งต์ ๋๋คํ ์์น์์ ๊ฒ์์ ์์ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ฉฐ, ์์กด์๋ค์ ๊ฐ์์์ ์ถ์ ์ ํผํ๊ณ ํ๋ ฅํ๋ฉฐ 5๊ฐ์ ์ํธ๋ฅผ ํด๋
ํด ํ์ถ์ ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋ฉด ๋๊ณ ๊ฐ์์๋ ์ด๋ค์ ๋ฐฉํดํ๋ฉด ๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฐ์ด ๋ฐ์ด๋ผ์ดํธ์์ ์์กด์๋ค์ ํฌํํด ์ ์ ์ ๋ฌผ๋ก ๋ฐ์น๋ ์ํนํ ์ฐ์ถ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์ง๋ง ์ 5์ธ๊ฒฉ์์ ์์กด์๋ค์ ํ์ ์ ๋งค๋ฌ๊ณ ๋ก์ผ์์์ ์ํ ์ฅ์์ผ๋ก ๋๋ก ๋ ๋ ค๋ณด๋ธ๋ค.
์บ๋ฆญํฐ
์ญ๋ ์ฝ๋ผ๋ณด
์ดํ ์ค์ง
์ฝ๋ผ๋ณด ์ถํ์์์ 3ํธ ์ฐ์๋ค. 2๋ฒ์งธ ์์์ ์ํ๋ฉด ์ ์ผ ์๋ผ๋ ์บ๋ฆญํฐ๋ ์์ด์น๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ดํ ์ค์ง ์ฝ๋ผ๋ณด์ ๊ด๋ จํด ๋ฉ์๋ ์ปจ์
ํฌ์คํฐ๊ฐ ๋ง์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ๋์๋ค.
1ํ ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ์
์คํจ
ํ์ด์ - ์์ด์น
์ฐ์ฐ์ ์ํผ - ์ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฏธ์๋
2ํ ๊ณตํฌ์ฌ๋ฆผ
์คํจ
๊ฟ์ ๋ง๋
- ํ ๋ฏธ์ ์ตํฉ ๋ฑ ver
3ํ ํ์์ด ๋์ด์๋๋ ์น๋ช
์ ์ธ ์๋ฆ๋ค์
์คํจ
๊ฟ์ ๋ง๋
- ํ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ต๋ณต ver
ํ๋ฅด์๋ 5
ํญ์๋ก ํ๊ตญ๋ง ๊ฐ์ตํ์ง ์์๋ค.
๊ฐ์์
๊ธฐ๋
์ผ๋ก ์คํธ๋ฆฌ๋จธ ์ด๋ ์ด๋ฒคํธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ตํ์๋ค.
์๋ฒฝํ์ง ์์ ์ ๋ฌผ
์คํจ
๋ฆฌํผ - ์๋์๋ ๋ฏธ์ฉ์ฌ ver, ์๋์๋ ๊ฐ์ฃฝ์ท ver
๋ฌดํฌ - ํด
๋จ๊ฐ๋ก ํ
์คํจ
๋ฐํ
๋-์๋
ธ์๋ง์ฅฐ์ฝ
๊ณต๊ตฐ-ํค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ์ฟ์ฝ
์์26ํธ-๋ชจ๋
ธ์ฟ ๋ง
ํ์ด์-๋์๊ธฐ ๋ง์ฝํ
์์ฌ-์ธ ๋ฏธํค ๋ฏธ์บ
๊ธฐ๊ณ๊ณต-๋๋๋ฏธ ์น์ํค
์ฉ๋ณ-์ฝ๋ง์๋ค ๋๊ธฐํ
ํ์ฌ์-ํ๋ํ ํ์ง๋ฉ
๋จ๊ฐ๋ก ํ์์๋ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก "ํ๋ง์ ๊ฑธ์" ๋ฑ๊ธ์ ์
์ธ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ์ํ๋ค.
๋ช
ํ์ ์ฝ๋
ํ์ฌ ์ค๊ตญ ์๋ฒ์์๋ง ์งํ ์ค์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์๋ฒ์๋ ๋ผ์ด์ ์ค ๋ฌธ์ ๋ก ๋ค์ด์ค์ง ์์๋ค. ๊ธ์ญ ์ฝ๋ผ๋ณด ์ฌ๋ถ๋ ๋ฏธ์ ์ด๋ค.
๋ค๋ง ์ค์ญ 2์ฃผ๋
์ ์(๋ถ์๋๋น ํฌ๋์ ์คํจ-์ญ์ผ๋ญ)์ด ๊ธ์ญ์์๋ ์ถ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐํด, ๊ธ์ญ 2์ฃผ๋
์ ์(๋ฌดํฌ ํฌ๋์ ์คํจ-ํด๋กํ )๋ ์ค์ญ ์ถ์ ๊ณํ์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ ์ ์ ๋ค ์ฌ์ด์์ ์ฝ๋ ์ฝ๋ผ๋ณด๊ฐ ํจ์ฑ๋๋ค๋ ๋ถ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ํ์ฑ๋์๋ค.
๋ฐ์ค๋
ธํธ
์คํจ
๋ณํธ์ฌ:์ผ๊ฐ๋ฏธ ๋ผ์ดํ
์ฃ์:L
๊ธฐ๊ณ๊ณต:๋ฏธ์ฌ
๊ทธ์ธ
๋ ํซ,๋ฅํฌ ์ฌ๊ณผ,๋ฐ์ค๋
ธํธ,
์ฝ์์ ๋ค๋ฒ๋๋
์คํจ
์ฃ์:๋ ์ด
์ ์์ฌ:์ ๋ง
๋ฉ๊ด์ฌ:๋
ธ๋จผ
๋ธ๋ฌ๋ํธ:์ด์๋ฒจ๋ผ
์ ๋ก ~๋ถ์ ๋๋น~(2022๋
11์ 24์ผ)
์คํจ
์กฐํฅ์ฌ: ์๋ง์ฟ ๋ผ ๋ฏธ์ค๊ฐ
๋ถ์ ๋๋น: ์ฟ ๋ก์ฌ์ ์ฌ์
์
์ธ์ฌ๋ฆฌ
์กฐํฅ์ฌ: ๊ฐ์โ
์ฌ์ฐ์ ๋ถ๋ฆ (COA)
์ฌ์ฐ์ ๋ถ๋ฆ(, )์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ฌ ๋ท์ด์ฆ๊ฐ ์ฃผ๊ดํ๋ ์ 5์ธ๊ฒฉ e์คํฌ์ธ ์ธ๊ณ ๋ํ์ด๋ค. 2018๋
๋ถํฐ ์์ํด ๋งค๋
5์์ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์ด ์น๋ฌ์ง๋ฉฐ 2020๋
์ด๋ฉด 3๋
์ฐจ๋ก 3ํ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ดํ๋ค. ๊ฒ์ ๋ด ํ ๋๋จผํธ ์์ 50ํ์ ๋ค๊ณ ์ง์ญ ์์ 8๊ฐ๊น์ง ํต๊ณผํ์ฌ 1์๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋จธ์ฅ๋ค๋ฉด ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๋ํํ์ด ๋์ด ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ๋ณธ์ ์ง์ถ ์๊ฒฉ์ ์ป๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ ์ํ์ด์์ ์น๋ฌ์ง๋ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ํ์คํฐ๋ฒ์์๋ ํ๊ตญ 1ํ, ์ผ๋ณธ 3ํ, ๋๋จ์ 2ํ, ํ์ฝฉ/๋ง์นด์ค/ํ์ด์ 1ํ ์ ๋ฝ/๋ฏธ๊ตญ 1ํ, ์ค๊ตญ TOP 8ํ์ผ๋ก ์ด 16๊ฐ์ ํด๋์ด ๋ง๋ถ๋๋ค.
์คํจ ํ
๋ง
2018 ํด์
2019 ์คํํํฌ
2020 ๋ฏธ์ ๊ด
์ฌ์ฐ์ ๋ถ๋ฆ โ
๊ฐ์ต๊ธฐ๊ฐ
๊ฒ์ ๋ด ํ ๋๋จผํธ -
ํ๊ตญ ์ง์ญ ์์ ์ -
ํ๊ตญ ๋ํ - ํ๊ตญ์๋ฒ ์คํ์ ์ ์น๋ค์ง๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์์
๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ํ์คํฐ๋ฒ ๊ฒฐ์น์ -
๊ฐ์ต์ฅ์ - ์ค๊ตญ ์ํ์ด ํดํผ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ(ๆฌขไน่ฐท) ๋์ด๊ณต์
์ด ์๊ธ -
์ฌ์ฐ์ ๋ถ๋ฆ โ
ก
๊ฐ์ต๊ธฐ๊ฐ
๊ฒ์ ๋ด ํ ๋๋จผํธ - 2019.01.17 ~ 2019.01.24
ํ๊ตญ ์ง์ญ ์์ ์ - 2019.01.27
ํ๊ตญ ๋ํ - TeamKorea ํด๋ (์ธํฐ๋ทฐ)
๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ํ์คํฐ๋ฒ ๊ฒฐ์น์ - 2019.04.30 ~ 05.02
๊ฐ์ต์ฅ์ - ์ค๊ตญ ์ํ์ด ํดํผ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ(ๆฌขไน่ฐท) ๋์ด๊ณต์
์ด ์๊ธ - ํํ ์ฝ 1์ต 6๋ง์
์ฌ์ฐ์ ๋ถ๋ฆ โ
ข
๊ฐ์ต๊ธฐ๊ฐ
๊ฒ์ ๋ด ํ ๋๋จผํธ - 2019.12.12 ~ 2020.01.19
ํ๊ตญ ์ง์ญ ์์ ์ - 2020.02.27 ~ 03.01
ํ๊ตญ๋ํ - Team_PG ํด๋
๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ํ์คํฐ๋ฒ ๊ฒฐ์น์ - 2020.05.01 ~ 05.04
๊ฐ์ต์ฅ์ - ์ค๊ตญ ์ํ์ด
์ด ์๊ธ - 200๋ง ์์(ํํ ์ฝ 3์ต 5์ฒ๋ง์)
COVID-19๋ก ์ธํด ๊ฒฐ์น์ ๋ฐฉ์์ด ๋ฐ๋๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ ๋ฝ/๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ง์ญ์ ์ง์ถ์ LBMํด๋์ ์ถ์
๊ตญ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง์ญ์์ ์จ๋ผ์ธ์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ๊ฐํด๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ ๋คํธ์ํฌ ์ง์ฐ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์์ด ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์ ํฌ๊ธฐํด์ผํ๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ง์ถํ๋ค์ ๊ด๊ฐ์ด ์๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ฅ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์งํํ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ์ถ์ด ๊ธ์ง๋ ์ ์๋ ์์ธ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง์ญ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์งํํ ์ ์์ผ๋ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ์ ์ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์ฑ
์์ ์ง๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ/๋๋จ์/ํ๊ตญ/ํ์ฝฉ/๋ง์นด์ค/ํ์ด์ ์ง์ญ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ ์๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง์ญ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์งํํ๋ฉฐ ๋ณ๋์ ์คํ๋์ค๋ ์๋ค.
์ด๋ฒคํธ
1์ฃผ๋
์ด๋ฒคํธ
X.D. ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ์ ์์ฌ๊ฐ ์๋น์ค ์ค์ธ ์ 5์ธ๊ฒฉ ์ถ์ 1์ฃผ๋
์ ๊ธฐ๋
ํด 2019๋
7์ 13์ผ ์์ธํน๋ณ์ ๊ฐ๋จ๊ตฌ ์ผ์ฑ๋์ ์์นํ JBK ํ์์์ ์ถํ ํํฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ตํ ์์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ 12์ผ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
๋น๋์นญ ์๋ฐ์ด๋ฒ ๋ชจ๋ฐ์ผ ๊ฒ์ ์ 5์ธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ง๋ 2018๋
9์ 20์ผ ์ถ์ ์ดํ ๋
ํนํ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐฉ์์์ ๋์ค๋ ์ค๋ฆด๊ณผ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์บ๋ฆญํฐ์์ ์ํธ์์ฉ์ ํน์ง์ผ๋ก ํ๋ค. 1์ฃผ๋
๊ธฐ๋
ํ์ฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์บ์คํฐ ๋ ๋๊ฐ ์งํ MC๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ณ , ์ ํ๋ฒ ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ํน๋ณ MC๋ก ์ถ์ฐํ๋ค. ์ ๋ช
์คํธ๋ฆฌ๋จธ๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ 5์ธ๊ฒฉ์ ํ๋ ์ดํ๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๊ณ , ์ถ์ฒจ์ ํตํด ์ 5์ธ๊ฒฉ ๊ตฟ์ฆ๋ฅผ ์ฆ์ ํ๋ ์ด๋ฒคํธ๋ฅผ ์งํํ๋ค. ์ด์ ํจ๊ป ํ์ ํ๋งค๋ ์คํจ๋ค์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ธ๊ธฐํฌํ๋ฅผ ์งํํด ๋ํ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฌํ๋งค๋ฅผ ์งํํ ์์ ์ด๋ค.
๋ํ ์ 5์ธ๊ฒฉ์ ์คํ๋ผ์ธ ํ์ฌ์ ๋ณ๋๋ก ๊ตญ๋ด ์ ๋ช
๋์ค ์คํ๋์ค 1๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ธ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ฝ๋ผ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์งํํ๋ค. 1๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ธ ๋์ค ์คํ๋์ค๋ ๊ตญ๋ด๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ํฐ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ ๋์ค ๋ ์ด๋ธ๋ก 2019๋
7์ 7์ผ, ์ 5์ธ๊ฒฉ ์ฝ๋ผ๋ณด ํฐ์ ์์์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ๋๋ค. ๊ฒ์ ์ ๊ธด๋ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ถค์ผ๋ก ํํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌํ์ ๊ธฐ์ธ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
์ถ๊ฒฉ์์
(BGM)
๊ฐ์์ ์ถ๊ฒฉ์์
(BGM)
๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์์
- ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ ๊ณต
๊ฐ๋ ฌํ ๋นํธ - ์์ ์์ ๊ตฌ๋งค
ํดํผ ํ ๋ก์ - ํ ๋ก์ ์ด๋ฒคํธ๋ ํธ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋งค(ํ์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํ์ฌ๋ ๊ตฌ์
์ด ๋ถ๊ฐํ๋ค.)
๋ธ๋ ์ ๋จธ - ์์ ์์ ๊ตฌ๋งค
๊ดด์ดํ ๋์ฐ - ์์ ์์ ๊ตฌ๋งค
์ฒ๋ฅ๋ฒ๊ฐ - ์์ ์์ ๊ตฌ๋งค
๋ค๊ฐ์ค๋ ์๋ฐ - ์์ ์์ ๊ตฌ๋งค
์ผ๋ณธํ ๋๋ผ - ์์ ์์ ๊ตฌ๋งค
ํ์ดํ ์ค๋ฅด๊ฐ - ์์ ์์ ๊ตฌ๋งค
์บ ํํ์ด์ด - ์์ ์์ ๊ตฌ๋งค
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
๋ฐ๋ ๋ฐ์ด ๋ฐ์ด๋ผ์ดํธ
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
ํ๊ตญ
Identity V - ์ ํ๋ธ
ํ๊ตญ
์ 5์ธ๊ฒฉ - ์ ํ๋ธ
์ 5์ธ๊ฒฉ - ์ธ๋ฒค
์๋ฐ์ด๋ฒ ํธ๋ฌ ๊ฒ์
๋ค์ธ์ฉ ๋น๋์ค ๊ฒ์
์จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ฒ์
๋ชจ๋ฐ์ผ ๊ฒ์
2018๋
๋น๋์ค ๊ฒ์
์ค๊ตญ์ ๋น๋์ค ๊ฒ์
๊ฐ์ฑ ๊ฒ์
๋น๋์นญ ๋ฉํฐํ๋ ์ด์ด ๋น๋์ค ๊ฒ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity%20V | Identity V | Identity V is a free-to-play asymmetrical multiplayer survival horror game developed and published by Chinese company NetEase in cooperation with Behaviour Interactive. Players take the role of the Hunter or a Survivor in a one-versus-four game; the Hunter must hunt and eliminate Survivors typically through rocket chairs, while Survivors must evade the Hunter and collaborate to open the exit gates by decoding cipher machines.
It was released in July 2018 for mobile devices and is available on the iOS App Store, Android Google Play Store, and Windows computers.
Gameplay
Basic gameplay
Quick Matches and Rank Matches are two basic game modes in which five players participate. These five players are divided into two roles: one player acts as the Hunter, while the other four act as Survivors with different roles in the match.
The objective of the Hunter is to eliminate all the survivors before they can escape. To achieve this, the Hunter must chase each Survivor individually and then eliminate them by placing them on a Rocket Chair. Meanwhile, the Survivors aim to escape through two exit gates by decoding five Cipher Machines and entering the password, or through the dungeon if there is only one Survivor left with at least two cipher machines decoded.
The Hunter wins the match by eliminating at least three Survivors, while the Survivors win if three of them can escape from the exit gate. The Survivors can rescue their teammates from the Rocket Chairs before the elimination process ends. Survivors can be placed on the Rocket Chair twice by the Hunter, and on their third attempt, they will be eliminated from the game. If two Survivors are eliminated, and two have escaped, the match will end in a tie.
Once eliminated, players have the option to spectate their teammates in-game.
Rewards vary based on the game mode.
There are various characters to choose from, each having their own abilities in-game. Hunters are given the ability to choose from "Secondary Skills", which are talents that may boost the Hunter during the match. There are seven Secondary Skills, each having a unique ability. Unlocking new characters requires Clues obtained through playing matches and finishing quests. Several characters from both factions may be available for free to use each day.
The same gameplay follows in Single Training, a single-player game mode that allows players from both factions to learn game mechanics and character abilities.
Ranked matches
Identity V features two different ranking systems in the form of Character Points and Tier Divisions. Both are used only in Ranked Matches, available at specific time slots during the day.
Character Points are earned by playing ranked matches while using a specific character and are used to determine one's spot on the leaderboards. Character Points are specific to each character and may slowly decrease over time. Character Points will also be reset when a new Season arrives. Badges can be earned for a specific character depending on how many points are earned.
Identity V also features eight Tiers split into subdivisions, which players can be sent up and down depending on their performance. Winning Ranked matches earns Rank Points, and losing loses Rank Points. Once a certain number of Rank Points is reached, the player can go up to the next subdivision if they gain Rank Points in their next ranked match. The tier bracket the player ends up in will determine what reward they get once the season ends. Similar to Character Points, Tier Divisions are reset when a new Season arrives.
Alongside normal Rank Matches, players can participate in Five Players ranking matches, available at specific time slots during weekends. Five Players ranking mode uses a different set of Tiers and subdivisions but otherwise retains the same rules as normal Rank Matches.
Violent Struggle
Violent Struggle is a navigation submenu that features entertainment game modes, which have their own rules and adjustments.
In Duo Hunters, two Hunters team up against eight Survivors. Survivors gain an extra hit point, while Hunters can purchase items to strengthen their abilities. This game mode features telephone booths from which characters of both factions can directly purchase items with acquired game points.
The Blackjack mode plays in the style of the card game Blackjack, with a different player becoming a Hunter in each round.
In Tarot, a team of three Survivors (two Squires and a King) and one Hunter (playing as their team's Knight) face off against another team of the same composition, aiming to eliminate the opposing King before their rivals do. A special version, called Crystal Ball Tarot, gives certain characters temporary buffs by activating crystal balls.
A fourth mode added in 2021, known as Chasing Shadows, features six Survivors who have to race against each other on an obstacle course. Survivors can team up into three teams of two to participate in the game mode.
A fifth mode added in August 2022, called Frenzy Rhapsody, features six Survivors split into two teams and incorporates Dodgeball elements into gameplay.
A sixth mode has been announced in August 2023. While called Hide and Seek, the actual gameplay resembles prop-hunting where two Hunters must find and eliminate six Survivors disguised as objects and the match lasts for 5 minutes.
Persona
"Intrinsic Persona Web", also known as Persona, gives both factions the ability to have extra talents during matches. The current max points allowed to be used is 120, and points can be obtained by playing normal matches. Different personas take up a different amount of points and oftentimes allow players to explore their character's potential. Players are allowed to create a maximum of 17 different persona builds and can reset/delete personas as well.
Setting
Story Mode
The player initially assumes the role of Orpheus, an amnesiac detective who, in a case of a missing child, arrives at the Oletus Manor, the main setting of the game. The Oletus Manor is a large manor owned by a mysterious individual that holds "games" of the Hunter and the hunted. Throughout the duration of his stay, "Orpheus" collects evidence from written records, or "diaries", allowing him to visualize "games" from a participant's perspective.
On October 28, 2021, NetEase released a major expansion pack called "Time of Reunion" that further explores the storyline, particularly Orpheus's past and his involvement in the manor games.
On April 20, 2023, NetEase released Update 2.0 "Ashes of Memory", which changes the main character to Alice DeRoss, a journalist whose investigations lead her to the Oletus Manor.
Crossovers
The game has had many crossover events, typically with media franchises containing elements of the horror or murder mystery genres.
Identity V has collaborated with video game franchises Danganronpa and Persona, the film Edward Scissorhands, and the manga/anime series The Promised Neverland, Death Note, Junji Ito's Tomie, Mitsuji Kamata, Bungo Stray Dogs, and Case Closed.
From June to July 2022, Identity V featured a crossover event with the Chinese television series Link Click. Identity V has also collaborated with the game Project Zero II, with the crossover launching in November 2022 and continuing into that December.
There have been many crossovers exclusive to the game's Chinese servers, such as with Crazy Alien, McDonald's, and KFC.
Reception
Dave Aubrey of Pocket Gamer gave it a 3.5-star of 5 stars review, saying that the game is "well made, well-polished, and pretty darn fun."
References
External links
Official Website (English)
2018 video games
Android (operating system) games
Asymmetrical multiplayer video games
Detective video games
Gacha games
Horror video games
Survival horror video games
IOS games
NetEase games
Video games developed in China
Video games set in country houses
Windows games |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%95%99%20%ED%8E%A0%EB%A6%AD%EC%8A%A4 | ์ฃผ์ ํ ๋ฆญ์ค | ์ฃผ์ ํ ๋ฆญ์ค ์ธ์ผ์ด๋ผ(, 1999๋
11์ 10์ผ ~ )๋ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ์ฌ ์คํ์ธ ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด์
๋ก๋ ์์์ด๋ค. ์ฃผ ํฌ์ง์
์ ์ธ์ปจ ์คํธ๋ผ์ด์ปค์ด๋ค.
ํด๋ฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
๋ฒคํผ์นด
2016-18: ์ ์๋
ํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
2016๋
9์ 17์ผ, ํ ๋ฆญ์ค๋ ๋ฒคํผ์นด B์์ 16์ธ์ ๋์ด๋ก ํ๋ ์๋ฌธ๋์์ ์ธ๊ตฐ๋ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์์ฐ๋ ๋ฆฌ์ฐ ๋ถํ์ 83๋ถ์ ๊ต์ฒด ํฌ์
๋์ด ํ๋ก ์ ์๋ก ๋ฐ๋ทํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 2021๋
5์ ์
ฐ๋ฅด ์๋๋ฅด์ ์ํด ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๊นจ์ง๊ธฐ ์ ๊น์ง ๋ฒคํผ์นด B์์ ๋ฐ๋ทํ ์ต์ฐ์ ์ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์์ฆ ๋์ 13๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 3๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ 2017๋
2์ 15์ผ ๊ทธ์ ๊ณ ํฅ ํ์ธ ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ์ฝ ๋ ๋น์ ์ฐ์๊ฒ 2-1๋ก ํจํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋งํ๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค. ์ดํ 2018๋
1์ 30์ผ, ๊ทธ๋ ํ๋ง๋ฆฌ์บ์ ์๋๋ก ํดํธํธ๋ฆญ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ฌ ํ์ 5-0 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ์กฐํ์๋ค. ์์ฆ ๋์ ํ ๋ฆญ์ค๋ 2016-17 UEFA ์ ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฒคํผ์นด๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์ ์ง์ถํ๋๋ฐ ํต์ฌ์ ์ธ ์ญํ ์ ํ์ง๋ง, ๊ฒฐ์น์์ ์์ฝ๊ฒ๋ ๋ ๋๋ถ ์์ธ ๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ์๊ฒ 2-1๋ก ํจํ์ฌ ์ค์ฐ์น์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ฌด๋ฆฌํด์ผํ๊ณ , ํ ๋ฆญ์ค๋ ๋ํ์์ 6๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค.
2018-19: 1๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก ์น๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฐ์น
ํ ๋ฆญ์ค๋ 2018-19์์ฆ ๋ฒคํผ์นด 1๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก ์น๊ฒฉ๋์๊ณ , 2018๋
8์ 18์ผ 2-0์ผ๋ก ์น๋ฆฌํ ๋ณด์๋น์คํ์์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ์ด๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ ๋ค. ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ํ, ๊ทธ๋ 1-1๋ก ๋น๊ธด ์คํฌ๋ฅดํ
CP์์ ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ณธ ๋๋น ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ฒซ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ณธ ๋๋น์์ ๋์ ํ ์ต์ฐ์ ์ ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. 2019๋
1์ 16์ผ, ๊ทธ๋ ํ์ฌ ๋ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ 8๊ฐ์ ์์ ๋นํ ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ง๋์ด์ค๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก ๊ฒฐ์น๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. ๋ธ๋ฃจ๋ ๋ผ์ฆ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋
์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ ํ, ๊ทธ์ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ํ ๋ฆญ์ค๋ฅผ ์ข ๋ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค. ํ์ฟค๋ ํ๋ ์ด๋ผ์ ๋์ฝ๋ผ์ค ์นด์คํฐ์์ ๋ถ์ง๊ณผ ์กฐ๋์ค์ ๋ถ์์ด ๊ฒน์น ์ํฉ ์์์ ํ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ธํ๋ก๋น์น์ ํจ๊ป ํ ๋ฆญ์ค๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ง ํํธ๋๋ก ์ผ์๋ค. ์ดํ ํ ๋ฆญ์ค๋ 2์ 3์ผ, ์คํฌ๋ฅดํ
CP์์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 4-2 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ทธ์ ํ์ฝ์ผ๋ก ์ฐฌ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ ๋ฝ ํด๋ฝ๋ค์ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ฌ ์ผ์ผ์ผฐ๋ค. ํ ๋ฌ ํ, 2-1๋ก ์น๋ฆฌํ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ์์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋์ ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค.
2019๋
4์ 11์ผ, ํ ๋ฆญ์ค๋ 4-2๋ก ์ด๊ธด ์์ธํธ๋ผํํธ ํ๋ํฌํธ๋ฅดํธ์์ UEFA ์ ๋กํ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํดํธํธ๋ฆญ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. ์ด ํดํธํธ๋ฆญ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ ๋ํ์์ ํดํธํธ๋ฆญ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ ์ญ๋ ์ต์ฐ์ ์ ์(19์ธ 152์ผ)๊ฐ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ ๋ง๋ฅด์ฝ ํ์ฐจ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ 67์ผ์ด๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์๋ค. ํ ๋ฆญ์ค๋ ์ฒซ ์์ฆ์ 20๊ณจ๋ก ๋ง์ณค์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค ํ ๊ณจ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ง์ง๋ง ๋ ์ฐํ ํด๋ผ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก 4-1 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฉฐ ์ฐ์น์ ํ์ ํ ๋ ์ด์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์์ ์ด 15๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋์ ์์์์ ๊ณต๋ 4์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ ๋ฝ 7๋ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ 10๋ ์ ์๋ค ์ค ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ํฌ์ธํธ(๊ณจ, ๋์) ์์์์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์นด์ด ํ๋ฒ ๋ฅด์ธ ์ ์ ์ด๋ ์ฐ์ด์ ์ด์ด 2์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค.
์ํ๋ ํฐ์ฝ ๋ง๋๋ฆฌ๋
2019๋
7์ 3์ผ, ์ญ๋ ์ต๊ณ ์ด์ ๋ฃ ๊ธฐ๋ก 5๋ฒ์งธ์ธ โฌ126m์ผ๋ก ์ํ๋ ํฐ์ฝ ๋ง๋๋ฆฌ๋๋ก ์ด์ ํ๋ค.
์ฒผ์ (์๋)
2023๋
1์ 11์ผ, ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2022-23 ์์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ์ฒผ์ FC๋ก ์๋๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ค์๋ ํ๋ผ FC ์ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ ๋๋ฐ 58๋ถ์ ํํด๋ก ํด์ฅ๋นํ์๋ค.
๋ฐ๋ฅด์
๋ก๋ (์๋)
2023๋
9์ 1์ผ, FC ๋ฐ๋ฅด์
๋ก๋๋ก ์๋๋์๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
์ฒญ์๋
๋ํํ
2017๋
6์ 14์ผ, ํ ๋ฆญ์ค๋ ๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 58๋ถ์ ์๋ฒ ์ค ๋ฐ๋ฐ์ ๊ต์ฒด ํฌ์
๋์ด ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ U-18 ๋ํํ ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ ๋ค. ์ด ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํ ๋ฆญ์ค๋ 2๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ฌ 3-0 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ์กฐํ์๋ค. 2017๋
10์ 10์ผ, ํ ๋ฆญ์ค๋ ๋ณด์ค๋์ ํค๋ฅด์ฒด๊ณ ๋น๋์์ 2019๋
UEFA U-21 ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์์ ์ ์์ 56๋ถ์ ์ค๋ค์ค์ ๊ต์ฒด ํฌ์
๋๋ฉฐ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ U-21 ๋ํํ ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ ๋ค.
2018๋
1์ 15์ผ, ํ ๋ฆญ์ค๋ 2-1๋ก ์น๋ฆฌํ ํ๋ฅดํค์์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋ถ์๋นํ ์กฐ๋ฅด์ฆ ํ
์ด์
ฐ์ด๋ผ์ 27๋ถ์ ๊ต์ฒด๋์ด ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ U-19 ๋ํํ์ ๋ฐ๋ทํ์๋ค. 2018๋
3์ 23์ผ, ํ ๋ฆญ์ค๋ 7-0์ผ๋ก ์น๋ฆฌํ ๋ฆฌํํ
์ํ์ธ๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ U-21 ๋ํํ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. ์์ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๊ทธ๋ 4๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์ผ๋ฉฐ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ 2019๋
UEFA U-21 ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ํ๋ ์ด์คํ์ ์ง์ถ์ ๋์๋ค. ํ๋ ์ด์คํ 1์ฐจ์ ์์ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ ํด๋๋์์ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 1-0 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋์์ผ๋, 2์ฐจ์ ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 3-1๋ก ํจํ๋ฉฐ ๋ณธ์ ์ง์ถ์ ์คํจํ์๋ค.
ํ ๋ฆญ์ค๋ U-18, U-19, U-21 ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ผ์์ผ๋ก ์ด 14๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 6๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค.
์ฑ์ธ ๋ํํ
2019๋
3์ 15์ผ, ํ๋ฅด๋๋ ์ฐํฌ์ค ๊ฐ๋
์ UEFA ์ ๋ก 2020 ์์ ์ ์ ์๋๊ณ ํ ๋ฆญ์ค๋ฅผ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์ธ ๋ํํ์ ์์งํ์๋ค. ํ ๋ฆญ์ค๋ ๋ํํ ํ๋ จ ๋์ค ๋ฐ์ ๋ค์ณ 3์ 25์ผ ์ธ๋ฅด๋น์์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฒฐ์ฅํ์๋ค.
๋ํ ํ ๋ฆญ์ค๋ 2019๋
UEFA ๋ค์ด์
์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ ๋๋จผํธ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ ์ ์๋จ์๋ ํฌํจ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 6์ 5์ผ ์ค์์ค์์ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ์์ 71๋ถ์ ๊ต์ฒด ํฌ์
๋์ด ์ฑ์ธ ๋ํํ ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ ๊ณ , ํ์ 3-1 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋์๋ค. 4์ผ ํ, ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ ๋ํ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์์ ๋ค๋๋๋๋ฅผ 1-0์ผ๋ก ๊บพ๊ณ ์ฐ์น์ ์ฐจ์งํ์๋ค. 2020๋
9์ 5์ผ, ๊ทธ๋ 4-1๋ก ์น๋ฆฌํ ํฌ๋ก์ํฐ์์์ 2020-21๋
UEFA ๋ค์ด์
์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ฑ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. 2021๋
6์ 27์ผ, ํ ๋ฆญ์ค๋ ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์์์ 16๊ฐ์ ์์ 55๋ถ์ ์กฐ์ ๋ชจํฐ๋ด์ ๊ต์ฒด ํฌ์
๋๋ฉฐ UEFA ์ ๋ก 2020์ ์ฒซ ์ถ์ ์ ํ๊ฒ ๋์๋๋ฐ, ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ 0-1๋ก ํจ๋ฐฐํ์๋ค.
2022๋
10์, ๊ทธ๋ ์นดํ๋ฅด์์ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ 2022๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ 55์ธ ์๋น ๋ช
๋จ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๊ณ , ์๋์ปต ์ต์ข
26์ธ ๋ช
๋จ์๋ ํฌํจ๋์๋ค. 11์ 25์ผ, ํ ๋ฆญ์ค๋ 3-2๋ก ์ด๊ธด ๊ฐ๋์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์๋์ปต ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. 12์ 6์ผ, ํ ๋ฆญ์ค๋ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ด 6-1๋ก ์น๋ฆฌํ ์ค์์ค์์ 16๊ฐ์ ์์ 2๊ฐ์ ๋์์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. ์ดํ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ ์๋์ปต ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ์ง์ถํ ์ต์ด์ CAF ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ ๋ชจ๋ก์ฝ์๊ฒ 1-0์ผ๋ก ํจํ๋ฉด์ 8๊ฐ์์ ํ๋ฝํ์๋ค.
ํ๋ ์ด์คํ์ผ
ํ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์๋ก ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ ์ฃผ์ ํ ๋ฆญ์ค๋ ์์ ์ด ๊ฐ์ง ๋น ๋ฅธ๋ฐ๊ณผ ์๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ณจ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ ฅ์ ๋ฐํํ์ฌ ๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ๋ ์ ์์ด๋ค. ๋๋ก๋ 180์ ํฐ ํค๋ก ํค๋ฉ๊ณจ์ ์ฑ์ฌ์ํค๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ฉฐ, ์์ฒญ๋ ์นจํฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋ก ์ ์ง์ ์นจํฌํ์ฌ ๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ์นจํฌ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋๋ณด์๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ธ ์ ๋ฒคํฌ์ค ์ ์์ ์์ ์ ์ฐ์(ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํฐ์๋ ํธ๋ ๋)์์์ 2๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์ ๋ฃ 1900์ต์ ์ง๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ํ์ฌ ์ํ๋ ํฐ์ฝ ๋ง๋๋ฆฌ๋์์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์๋ก ๋ฐ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฃจ์ด์ค ์์๋ ์ค์ ์ด๊นจ๋ฅผ ๋๋ํ ํ๋ฉฐ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ฉฐ ์์ ์ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ์๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์์
๋ฒคํผ์นด
ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ์ด๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ : 2018-19
์ํ๋ ํฐ์ฝ ๋ง๋๋ฆฌ๋
๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ : 2020-21
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ
UEFA ๋ค์ด์
์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ : 2018-19
๊ฐ์ธ
๊ณจ๋ ๋ณด์ด : 2019
ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ์ด๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ต์ฐ์ ์ํ๋ ์ด์ด์ : 2018-19
ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ์ด๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ด ๋ฌ์ ์ ์ 1ํ
๊ธ๋ก๋ธ ์ฌ์ปค ์ํ๋ ์ด์ด์ : 2019
UEFA ์ ๋กํ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ์ ์ค์ฟผ๋ : 2018-19
๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ด ๋ฌ์ ์ ์ 2ํ
์ํ๋ ํฐ์ฝ ๋ง๋๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฌํด์ ์ ์ : 2021-22
์ํ๋ ํฐ์ฝ ๋ง๋๋ฆฌ๋ ์ด ๋ฌ์ ์ ์ 2ํ
๊ฐ์ฃผ
1999๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๋ฏธ๋ํ๋
๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์
๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ 2์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
SL ๋ฒคํผ์นด B์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ์ด๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
SL ๋ฒคํผ์นด์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ํ๋ ํฐ์ฝ ๋ง๋๋ฆฌ๋์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์คํ์ธ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ ๋จ์ ์ฒญ์๋
์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ ๋จ์ U-21 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
UEFA ์ ๋ก 2020 ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2022๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ ํด์ธ ์ง์ถ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ฒผ์ FC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์คํ์ธ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ธ
์๊ธ๋๋์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ธ
FC ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
FC ๋ฐ๋ฅด์
๋ก๋์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o%20F%C3%A9lix | Joรฃo Fรฉlix | Joรฃo Fรฉlix Sequeira (; born 10 November 1999) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for La Liga club Barcelona, on loan from Atlรฉtico Madrid, and the Portugal national team. He can also play as a winger or an attacking midfielder.
Fรฉlix initially trained at Porto's youth academy, before moving to rivals Benfica in 2015. He began playing for the latter's reserve team a year later and was promoted to the first team in 2018, making his debut at age 17. He helped Benfica win the league title in his first and only season with them, and was awarded Primeira Liga's Best Young Player of the Year and the Golden Boy award. In 2019, at age 19, Fรฉlix signed with Atlรฉtico Madrid for a club-record transfer worth โฌ126ย million (ยฃ113ย million), the fourth-most expensive football transfer, the second-most paid for a teenager, and the highest fee for a Portuguese player leaving the domestic league. In his second season at the club, he helped the team win the 2020โ21 La Liga, which ended the club's seven-year league title drought.
Fรฉlix is a former Portugal youth international, representing his country at under-18, under-19, and under-21 levels. He earned his first cap for the senior national team during the semi-finals of the 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals, winning the inaugural edition of the competition with his nation on home soil.
Club career
Early career
Fรฉlix started playing football at Os Pestinhas in 2007 before joining the youth ranks of FC Porto a year later at age eight. After Fรฉlix moved to Porto, he faced challenges such as extensive schedules including daily shuttle hours between Viseu and Porto. He moved out of his parents' house at age 12 to live near Porto's youth training grounds; in a later interview, Fรฉlix revealed that during this time he considered quitting football due to the lack of playing time, but his father convinced him to pursue his career. Fรฉlix was released by Porto in 2014 because of his slight frame (he denied these claims and said he left of his own volition) and moved to Lisbon rivals Benfica in 2015, at age 15, after a season-long loan at Padroense.
Benfica
2016โ2018: Youth career
Fรฉlix debuted professionally at age 16 for Benfica's reserve team in LigaPro on 17 September 2016, as an 83rd-minute substitute for Aurรฉlio Buta in a goalless draw at Freamunde. At the time, he was the youngest player to debut for Benfica B, a record since been broken by Cher Ndour in May 2021. He played 13 matches and scored three goals over the season, the first being a consolation in a 2โ1 loss to his hometown team Acadรฉmico de Viseu on 15 February 2017. Later, on 30 January 2018, he scored a hat-trick in a 5โ0 home win over Famalicรฃo. During that season, Fรฉlix played in the 2016โ17 UEFA Youth League, in which he was a key part of Benfica reaching the final of the competition, which it lost to Red Bull Salzburg (2โ1), scoring six goals in the tournament.
2018โ19: Rise to the first team and league title
Fรฉlix was promoted to Benfica's first team for the 2018โ19 season, making his debut in a 2โ0 Primeira Liga win at Boavista on 18 August. A week later, he scored his first Primeira Liga goal, thus becoming the youngest player to score in the Lisbon derby, which ended in a 1โ1 tie. On 16 January 2019, he scored the qualifying goal against Vitรณria de Guimarรฃes in the Portuguese Cup quarter-finals. After Bruno Lage took over as coach of Benfica, his first decision was to use Fรฉlix more regularly, partnering him with Haris Seferovic in the attack, taking advantage of the bad run of Facundo Ferreyra and Nicolรกs Castillo and the injury of Jonas. Later on, Fรฉlix was praised for his performance in a 4โ2 away win over Sporting CP in the league on 3 February, subsequently sparking interest from several European clubs. A month later, he scored the equaliser in a 2โ1 away win over Porto in the league.
On 11 April 2019, Fรฉlix scored a hat-trick in a 4โ2 UEFA Europa League win over Eintracht Frankfurt. In doing so, he became the youngest ever player (aged 19 years and 152 days) to score a hat-trick in the competition, breaking Marko Pjaca's record by 67 days. Fรฉlix finished his first season with 20 goals for his team, including one on the final day of the league campaign, in a 4โ1 win over Santa Clara to seal the title; his 15 league goals put him joint-fourth for the season. Across Europe's seven best leagues, he ranked second among teenagers for goals and assists, behind Kai Havertz and Jadon Sancho, respectively.
Atlรฉtico Madrid
On 3 July 2019, Fรฉlix signed a seven-year contract with Spanish club Atlรฉtico Madrid for a transfer fee of โฌ126ย million (ยฃ113ย million), the fourth highest sum ever paid in football (this was also Benfica's biggest transfer and Atlรฉtico's most expensive signing ever) as well as the second highest fee ever paid for a teenager (after Kylian Mbappรฉ), with the Spanish club initially paying โฌ30ย million and the rest โฌ96ย million via instalments, thus surpassing Fรฉlix's โฌ120ย million buyout clause, and with Benfica paying โฌ12ย million in mediation services. Upon his arrival to the club he was handed the number 7 shirt previously worn by Antoine Griezmann, who had departed to Barcelona.
2019โ20: Debut season
Fรฉlix made his competitive debut on 19 August 2019, in a 1โ0 victory over Getafe. Despite not scoring a goal, he managed to win a penalty for Atlรฉtico after being fouled inside the box which รlvaro Morata subsequently failed to convert. On 25 August, Fรฉlix provided an assist for Vitolo in a 1โ0 away win against Leganรฉs. He scored his first La Liga goal on 1 September, in a 3โ2 victory over Eibar; he was later substituted in the 84th minute for Thomas Partey. On 1 October, Fรฉlix scored his first UEFA Champions League goal and set up another goal in a 2โ0 away victory against Lokomotiv Moscow, becoming the youngest goalscorer for Atlรฉtico Madrid in the competition in the process, at 19 years of age.
On 19 October, Fรฉlix suffered an ankle injury against Valencia, after a rash challenge by Dani Parejo, leaving his team with only ten men on the pitch, as his coach Diego Simeone had already made the maximum number of allowed substitutions. Initially, Simeone thought that Fรฉlix's injury was not too serious, until the club's medical team revealed that the ankle injury could be severe, leading him to be sidelined for one month. Fรฉlix made his return on 23 November in a 1โ1 away draw against Granada. During this time, Fรฉlix was one of the 30 candidates who was nominated for the 2019 Ballon d'Or.
On 27 November 2019, Fรฉlix became the second Portuguese player, after Renato Sanches, to win the Golden Boy award for the best player in Europe under the age of 21, ahead of Borussia Dortmund's Jadon Sancho. In December, Fรฉlix placed 28th place in the voting polls for the 2019 Ballon d'Or.
Over the following months, Fรฉlix started to have difficulties in adapting to Diego Simeone's playing style, with Simeone trying to find his ideal position either as a right winger or second striker; he also struggled with the fact that the forwards under Simeone were expected to press their opponents frequently when playing off the ball, which often left him drained during match, while when in possession, he was also unable to create scoring chances, leading Spanish newspaper Marca to name him one of the most disappointing transfers of the season.
On 9 January 2020, Fรฉlix made his debut in the Supercopa de Espaรฑa, starting in a 3โ2 victory against Barcelona in the semi-finals of the competition. During the match, Fรฉlix was involved in an altercation with Jordi Alba and his teammates Lionel Messi and Luis Suรกrez. On 12 January, Atlรฉtico Madrid lost to their rivals Real Madrid 4โ1 on penalties in the final. On 23 January, Fรฉlix made his Copa del Rey debut in the Round of 32, providing an assist for รngel Correa in a 2โ1 loss against Cultural Leonesa. Three days later, Fรฉlix suffered a second injury to his leg in a 0โ0 home draw against Leganรฉs, sidelining him once again for a month, and leading him to miss to Atlรฉtico Madrid's next three league matches, which included the second Madrid derby of the season and Atlรฉtico Madrid's first leg of their Champions League round of 16 tie against defending champions Liverpool. He made his return on 23 February, replacing Vitolo in the 57th minute, and scoring the third goal in a 3โ1 home victory against Villarreal.
On 11 March 2020, during extra time in the second leg of Atlรฉtico's tie against Liverpool, Fรฉlix provided an assist for Marcos Llorente in an eventual 3โ2 away win, which saw his team qualify to the quarter-finals of the competition. On 25 May, it was announced that Fรฉlix had suffered an injury on his left knee, requiring him to be sidelined for at least three weeks. On 13 August, Fรฉlix was substituted on in the second half against RB Leipzig in the Champions League quarter-finals, winning and converting a penalty to equalise for Atlรฉtico; the match would end in a 1โ2 defeat that saw his side exit the competition.
2020โ21: First La Liga title and injury struggles
On 27 September 2020, in Atlรฉtico's La Liga opening fixture, Fรฉlix scored, provided an assist and managed to win a penalty for his side after being fouled inside the box (which Saรบl รรญguez subsequently failed to convert), in Atlรฉtico's 6โ1 win against Granada. On 27 October, he scored a brace in a 3โ2 win over Red Bull Salzburg in the 2020โ21 UEFA Champions League group stage. Following back-to-back braces against Osasuna and Cรกdiz in La Liga, he was named the league's Player of the Month for November 2020. On 1 December, Fรฉlix scored against European champions Bayern Munich as his side drew 1โ1. On 24 January 2021, he headed in a corner to equalise for Atlรฉtico in their 3โ1 win over Valencia, scoring his first league goal in over two months. He was infected with COVID-19 in February, which forced him to miss Atlรฉtico's next fixtures against Celta Vigo and Granada. He returned on 17 February, appearing in a 1โ1 away draw against Levante.
On 16 May, the penultimate matchday of the La Liga season, Fรฉlix provided a crucial assist to Renan Lodi of his side's 2โ1 comeback victory over Osasuna, to ensure that Atlรฉtico would remain on top of the table. Due to a succession of injuries and lack of game time, Fรฉlix lost his starting place in attack to รngel Correa, Luis Suรกrez, Thomas Lemar, and Yannick Carrasco, as he had been playing since November with an injury. At the end of the season, he had made 31 league appearances, scoring 7 goals and providing 6 assists, as Atletico won their first La Liga title in seven years.
2021โ22: Breakthrough and Atlรฉtico's Player of the Season
Fรฉlix missed Atlรฉtico's first three matches of the 2021โ22 season, as he continued to rehabilitate from the ankle injury he had been suffering since November. He made his return from injury on 12 September, replacing Antoine Griezmann in the 58th minute in a 2โ1 away victory against Espanyol. On 18 September, Fรฉlix was sent off in the 78th minute in a 0โ0 home draw against Athletic Bilbao, for calling the referee "crazy", leading him to receive a two-match ban. Fรฉlix began regaining his place in the team, following his performances in Atlรฉtico's next three matches, creating both of Atlรฉtico goals, in a 2โ0 home victory in La Liga against Barcelona on 2 October, as well assisting Antoine Griezmann second goal in a 2โ3 home defeat against Liverpool in the Champions League on 19 October and assisting Luis Suรกrez first goal in a 2โ2 home draw against Real Sociedad in La Liga on 24 October. He would score his first goal of the season on 31 October, in a 3โ0 home win against Real Betis. For his performances in October, Fรฉlix was awarded Atlรฉtico Madrid Player of the Month by the club's supporters.
After suffering a hamstring injury following a league against Osasuna on 20 November, Fรฉlix began falling out with manager Diego Simeone, losing his place as a starter. This would lead to him being rumoured to a potential departure for the club in January, which Atlรฉtico Madrid's president Enrique Cerezo dismissed. Despite impressing in the 2โ0 loss to rivals Real Madrid in the Madrid derby, after coming from the bench, on 17 December manager Diego Simeone stated that he was an "important player for the team, but "anything can happen" in January. He would be given an opportunity from the manager in the starting line against Granada on 22 December, scoring a goal and having another disallowed in a 2โ1 loss.
On 19 February 2022, Fรฉlix made his 100th appearance for the club, opening the scoring and provided an assist in Atletico's 3โ0 away win over Osasuna. The following match, on 23 February, Fรฉlix scored Atlรฉtico's opening goal in a 1โ1 home draw over Manchester United at the first leg of Champions League round-of-16 tie. In the reverse fixture, on 15 March, Fรฉlix created Renan Lodi's goal, which was assisted by Antoine Griezmann, to help Atlรฉtico defeat Manchester United 1โ0 at Old Trafford and qualify to the quarter-finals, securing a 2โ1 aggregate win. The following six matches, after scoring six goals and providing two assists, Fรฉlix was awarded in March, the league's Player of the Month award. On 17 April, during a match against Espanyol, Fรฉlix suffered a hamstring injury, ruling him out for the remainder of the season. At the end of the season, Fรฉlix was awarded Atlรฉtico Madrid's Player of the Season award, named by the club's supporters, after finishing the campaign with 10 goals and 6 assists.
2022โ23: Desire to leave Atlรฉtico and loan to Chelsea
Fรฉlix started the 2022โ23 season, on 15 August, providing a hat-trick of assists for the first time in his career as Atlรฉtico beat Getafe 3โ0 away from home. In the process, he became the third Portuguese player to provide three assists in a match in La Liga. The following matches were preceded by a dispute over Fรฉlix's relationship with Diego Simeone, where Fรฉlix lost his place in the starting line-up and became the club's fifth choice attacker behind รngel Correa, Antoine Griezmann, Alvaro Morata and Matheus Cunha. His relationship with his manager deteriorated further on 10 October, during a Champions League group stage match against Club Brugge, where in the second half of the match, Simeone sent him to warm up three times, only to leave him on the bench. Afterwards, he proceeded to ask his agent Jorge Mendes to find him a new club in the winter transfer window, with this episode sparking his desire to leave the club. After featuring sporadically for Atlรฉtico in the following matches, Fรฉlix came on as a 60th-minute substitute and scored his first two goals of the season on 29 October, as he was named man of the match in a 3โ2 away loss to Cรกdiz.
During the 2022 FIFA World Cup, on 6 December, Atlรฉtico's CEO Miguel รngel Gil Marรญn confirmed the club's intention to sell Fรฉlix stating that "Fรฉlix is the biggest bet the club has ever made. I think he's a high-performance player, one of the best in the world, but, for reasons that it's not worth naming now, the relationship between him and the coach is not good, nor is his motivation. I would love for it to continue, but that is not the player's intention."
On 11 January 2023, Fรฉlix joined Premier League club Chelsea on loan for the remainder of the 2022โ23 season, extending his contract with Atlรฉtico to 2027 before the move. He made his debut the following day in a 2โ1 defeat away to Fulham, in which he was sent off in the 58th minute for a tackle on Kenny Tete, later receiving a three-match ban. Returning after suspension on 11 February, Fรฉlix scored his first goal for the club in a 1โ1 league draw at West Ham United. After scoring four goals in 20 appearances, Atlรฉtico's president Enrique Cerezo confirmed that Chelsea's new head coach, Mauricio Pochettino, did not want the club to sign Fรฉlix on a permanent deal following the expiration of his loan. This led Fรฉlix to return to Atlรฉtico.
August 2023: Desire to join Barcelona
Fรฉlix returned to pre-season training in July, where he almost immediately had a tense exchange with Atlรฉtico sporting director Andrea Berta and was forced to train with the reserves. The situation between Fรฉlix and Atlรฉtico, especially with the manager, had already deteriorated since last season, which was the motive behind his loan to Chelsea. His agent Jorge Mendes offered him to Paris Saint Germain, but the club rejected the chance to sign him.
On 18 July, Fรฉlix stated his desire to join Barcelona in an interview with Fabrizio Romano. Both Atlรฉtico's directors and the supporters did not appreciated the statement released by Fรฉlix offering himself to one of his club's biggest rivals, leading him to not play a single minute of the club's pre-season in the summer, whilse also being the target of whistles by Atlรฉtico's supporters every time he was present at the Metropolitano Stadium. He also lost the number 7 shirt back to Antoine Griezmann, being assigned the number 18 shirt. Fรฉlix would receive an offer from Saudi Pro League side Al-Hilal to join them on a one-year loan deal, with their manager and fellow compatriot Jorge Jesus trying to convince Fรฉlix to join them on multiple occasions. However, Atlรฉtico rejected Al-Hilal's loan offer, as they wanted a permanent deal for Fรฉlix. He would be called up for Atlรฉtico's first official match of the 2023โ24 season against Granada, but only featured on the bench.
2023โ24: Loan to Barcelona
On 1 September, Fรฉlix joined Barcelona on loan for the 2023โ24 season, alongside his Portugal teammate Joรฃo Cancelo. Initially Barcelona was not interested in him, but after failed moves for Bernardo Silva and Neymar, the club turned to Fรฉlix, with manager Xavi giving his approval for the move. According to Matteo Moretto of Relevo, Barcelona covered 100% of his wages, which were restructured after Fรฉlix agreed a contract extension until 2029 before leaving Atlรฉtico, and as a consequence lowering his annual salary, which was crucial to make his deal fit within Barcelona's salary cap in La Liga.
He made his debut two days later as a 80th-minute substitute in a 2โ1 away win over Osasuna. On 16 September, he scored on his first start for Barรงa, opening the score in the 25th minute of a 5โ0 league victory against Real Betis with a sharp finish from a narrow angle. He was subsequently praised for his dictating play, and after the game he stated: "I'm very happy to be starting games again, the feelings are very good โ it's easy to play in this team". On his next match, on 19 September, Fรฉlix made his Champions League debut for Barcelona, scoring twice and providing an assist in a 5โ0 win over Antwerp, being named man of the match.
International career
Youth
On 14 June 2017, Fรฉlix began his international career with Portugal's under-18 team, debuting against Norway, replacing Elves Baldรฉ in the 58th minute. In this friendly match, Fรฉlix scored a brace in a 3โ0 victory in Lisbon. On 10 October 2017, Fรฉlix debuted for Portugal's under-21 team for the qualification of the 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, in a 3โ1 defeat against Bosnia and Herzegovina, replacing Xadas in the 56th minute.
On 15 January 2018, Fรฉlix debuted for Portugal's under-19 team as a 27th-minute substitute for an injured Jorge Teixeira in a 2โ1 win over Turkey. On 23 March 2018, Fรฉlix scored his first international goal for Portugal's under-21 team in a 7โ0 win over Liechtenstein. In the end of the qualification process, he had scored four goals, helping guide Portugal to the play-offs. In the first leg of the play-offs, Portugal faced Poland in a 1โ0 away victory, but eventually lost in the second leg in a 3โ1 home defeat, failing to qualify for the tournament.
During his international youth career, Fรฉlix would go on to represent the under-18, under-19 and under-21 teams, amassing 14 youth caps and scoring 6 goals overall.
Senior
On 15 March 2019, manager Fernando Santos called up Fรฉlix to the senior team for the first time, ahead of the opening UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying matches. During training with the national squad, Fรฉlix injured his foot and thus missed Portugal's match against Serbia on 25 March.
Fรฉlix was also selected for the 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals squad on home soil. He made his international debut for the senior team on 5 June against Switzerland in the semi-finals, where he was substituted in the 71st minute of a 3โ1 win. Four days later, Portugal defeated Netherlands 1โ0 in the tournament's final. He scored his first international goal on 5 September 2020 in a 4โ1 home win over Croatia in the 2020โ21 UEFA Nations League. Fรฉlix was selected for UEFA Euro 2020, replacing Joรฃo Moutinho in the 55th minute in a 1โ0 loss to Belgium in the round of 16 on 27 June.
In October 2022, he was named in Portugal's preliminary 55-man squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar, being included in the final 26-man squad for the tournament. On 25 November, Fรฉlix scored his first World Cup goal in Portugal's 3โ2 group stage win against Ghana. On 6 December, Fรฉlix provided two assists in Portugal's 6โ1 win over Switzerland in the round of 16. Portugal were eliminated in the quarter-finals after losing 1โ0 to Morocco, who became the first CAF nation ever to reach the World Cup semi-finals.
On 11 September 2023, Fรฉlix closed Portugal's 9โ0 home defeat of Luxembourg in the UEFA Euro 2024 qualifiers, their biggest win in international history.
Player profile
Style of play
Fรฉlix is regarded as a highly skilful and technical player capable of playing in several offensive positions, due to his versatility; throughout his career, he has been deployed as a striker, as a second striker, or even as a winger, although his primary position is that of an attacking midfielder. With Benfica, Fรฉlix usually played as a second striker in a 4โ4โ2 formation, where he was tasked with linking up the midfield with the attack, as well as creating opportunities for the team's main striker, while also being given the freedom to make runs into the box and score goals himself. With Atlรฉtico Madrid, he has occasionally played in a similar role, but has often been deployed as a winger on either flanks or the second striker in the team's 4โ4โ2 formation. A technical gifted and intelligent player, with an eye for goal, his primary traits are his creativity, finishing, touch on the ball, and dribbling skills, as well as his vision and precise passing.
Reception
Considered by Benfica to be one of the most promising players to have emerged from their youth ranks, Fรฉlix is also regarded by pundits as one of the most talented young players in world football. His playing style has led him to be compared to Brazilian former playmaker Kakรก and former Benfica players Rui Costa and Joรฃo Pinto; he has also been likened by some in the media to compatriot Cristiano Ronaldo, as well as former Atlรฉtico Madrid forwards Sergio Agรผero and Antoine Griezmann.
Regarding Fรฉlix's playing style in 2019, Rui Costa praised the youngster for his "understanding of the game," and his "ability to know where to be in front of goal." Joรฃo Tralhรฃo, his former youth coach at Benfica, praising Fรฉlix's versatility said, "He can play anywhere [in attack], because he always finds the spaces to do what the coach wants. He understands that positioning like few in the world, he's very clever."
Personal life
Fรฉlix was born in Viseu. His parents, Carlos and Carla, are both teachers. He has a younger brother, Hugo, who plays for Benfica's youth ranks. Growing up, Fรฉlix's idols were Kakรก and Rui Costa, the latter a player he looked to emulate. Fรฉlix was in a relationship with Portuguese actress Margarida Corceiro until May 2023.
In April 2020, Fรฉlix made a donation of equipment to a crowdfunding campaign to a hospital in his hometown in Viseu during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Career statistics
Club
International
Scores and results list Portugal's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Fรฉlix goal.
Honours
Benfica
Primeira Liga: 2018โ19
Atletico Madrid
La Liga: 2020โ21
Portugal
UEFA Nations League: 2018โ19
Individual
Atlรฉtico Madrid Player of the Year: 2021โ22
Atlรฉtico Madrid Player of the Month: October 2021, December 2021
Primeira Liga Player of the Month: January 2019
SJPF Young Player of the Month: January 2019
UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season: 2018โ19
CNID Best Revelation Footballer of the Year: 2019
Primeira Liga Best Young Player of the Year: 2018โ19
Golden Globes: 2019 Best Newcomer
A Bola Player of the Year: 2019
Golden Boy: 2019
Globe Revelation Player: 2019
La Liga Player of the Month: November 2020, March 2022
Notes
References
External links
Joรฃo Fรฉlix at ForaDeJogo (archived)
at FC Barcelona
1999 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Viseu
Footballers from Viseu District
Portuguese men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football forwards
FC Porto players
Padroense F.C. players
S.L. Benfica B players
S.L. Benfica footballers
Atlรฉtico Madrid footballers
Chelsea F.C. players
FC Barcelona players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Primeira Liga players
La Liga players
Premier League players
Portugal men's youth international footballers
Portugal men's under-21 international footballers
Portugal men's international footballers
UEFA Euro 2020 players
2022 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Nations League-winning players
Golden Boy winners
Golden Globes (Portugal) winners
Portuguese expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in England
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Spain |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A4%EB%8F%84%20%EA%B2%90%EC%8A%A4%EC%BC%80 | ๊ณค๋ ๊ฒ์ค์ผ | ๊ณค๋ ๊ฒ์ค์ผ(, 1993๋
8์ 9์ผ ~ )๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ํ๋ก ์ผ๊ตฌ ์ ์์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ์ฌ ํผ์ํฝ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ธ ํ์ฟ ์ค์นด ์ํํธ๋ฑ
ํฌ ํธํฌ์ค์ ์์ ์ ์(์ธ์ผ์, ํฌ์, ๋ด์ผ์)์ด๋ค. ์ง๋ฐํ ์ง๋ฐ์ ๋ฏธ๋๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ ์ถ์ ์ด๋ค.
์์ธ ์ ๋ณด
์ถ์ ํ๊ต
์์ฝํ๋ง ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต
์ ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
ํ์นด์ด๋ ๋ํฐํ ํ์ดํฐ์ค(2012๋
~ 2022๋
)
ํ์ฟ ์ค์นด ์ํํธ๋ฑ
ํฌ ํธํฌ์ค(2023๋
~ )
๊ตญ๊ฐ ๋ํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
2017๋
์์์ ํ๋ก์ผ๊ตฌ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ญ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ํ
2019๋
WBSC ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด 12 ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
2020๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
2023๋
์๋ ๋ฒ ์ด์ค๋ณผ ํด๋์ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
์์ยทํ์ดํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
ํ์ดํ
ํ๋ฐ์ : 1ํ(2023๋
)
ํ์ ์ : 1ํ(2023๋
)
์ต๊ณ ์ถ๋ฃจ์จ : 2ํ(2019๋
, 2020๋
, 2023๋
)
์์
๋ฒ ์คํธ ๋์ธ : 3ํ(2018๋
, 2020๋
, 2021๋
)
์ผํธ๋ดยทํผ์ํฝ ๊ต๋ฅ์ ์ฐ์ ์ ์์(๋ํฐ ์๋ช
์) : 1ํ(2023๋
)
์ฌ์คํ์ ๊ฐํฌ ์ ์์ : 1ํ(2023๋
1์ฐจ์ )
์๊ฐ MVP : 2ํ(2021๋
10ยท11์, 2023๋
8์) โป์ผ์ ๋ถ๋ฌธ
์๊ฐ ์ฌ์๋๋ผ์ : 1ํ(2022๋
8์)
๊ฐ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ก
์ฒซ ๊ธฐ๋ก
์ฒซ ์ถ์ฅ : 2012๋
7์ 4์ผ, ๋ ์ค๋ฆญ์ค ๋ฒํ๋ก์ค 11์ฐจ์ (๊ต์ธ๋ผ ๋ ์ค์ฌ์นด), 6ํ์ด์ ์ฐ๋ฃจ์ค์นด ์ ์ผ์ ๋ํ๋ก ์ถ์ฅ
์ฒซ ํ์ : ์๋, 6ํ์ด์ ๋์ ์ ํค๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ข์ต ๋ฌ๊ณต
์ฒซ ์ ๋ฐ ์ถ์ฅ : 2012๋
7์ 13์ผ, ๋ ๋ํธ์ฟ ๋ผ์ฟ ํ
๊ณจ๋ ์ด๊ธ์ค 10์ฐจ์ (์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ง ํด๋ฆฌ๋ฅ์ค ์คํ๋์ ๋ฏธ์ผ๊ธฐ), 8๋ฒยทํฌ์๋ก ์ ๋ฐ ์ถ์ฅ
์ฒซ ์ํ : 2012๋
7์ 27์ผ, ๋ ์ค๋ฆญ์ค ๋ฒํ๋ก์ค 13์ฐจ์ (๊ต์ธ๋ผ ๋ ์ค์ฌ์นด), 6ํ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผํ๋ผ ํ์ผํ ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ข์ ์ํ
์ฒซ ํ์ : 2012๋
8์ 22์ผ, ๋ ์ค๋ฆญ์ค ๋ฒํ๋ก์ค 17์ฐจ์ (์์ฌํ์นด์ ์คํ๋ฃจํ ๊ตฌ์ฅ), 6ํ๋ง์ ์ฌ๋ฐ์ง์๋ก๋ถํฐ 2๋ฃจ ๋
๋ณผ ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ธฐ๋ก
์ฒซ ๋๋ฃจ : 2013๋
9์ 4์ผ, ๋ ํ์ฟ ์ค์นด ์ํํธ๋ฑ
ํฌ ํธํฌ์ค 18์ฐจ์ (๋์ฟ ๋), 7ํ๋ง์ 2๋ฃจ ๋๋ฃจ(ํฌ์: ์ผ๋ง๋์นด ํ๋กํ๋ฏธ, ํฌ์: ์ผ๋ง์ํค ๊ฐ์ฐํค)
์ฒซ ํ๋ฐ : 2014๋
5์ 16์ผ, ๋ ์ง๋ฐ ๋กฏ๋ฐ ๋ง๋ฆฐ์ค 7์ฐจ์ (์ฟํฌ๋ก ๋), 1ํ๋ง์ ๋๋ฃจ์ธ ์์ํ์ฌ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ฐ์ 2์ ํ๋ฐ
๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ฌ์ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
ํต์ฐ 1000์ํ : 2022๋
9์ 10์ผ, ๋ ์ฌ์ดํ๋ง ์ธ์ด๋ถ ๋ผ์ด์จ์ค 22์ฐจ์ (๋ฒ ๋ฃจ๋ ๋), 1ํ์ด์ ๋ง์ฐ๋ชจํ ์ํ๋ฃจ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ฐ์ ์ํ โป์ญ๋ 314๋ฒ์งธ
ํต์ฐ 1000๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถ์ฅ : 2022๋
9์ 11์ผ, ๋ ์ฌ์ดํ๋ง ์ธ์ด๋ถ ๋ผ์ด์จ์ค 23์ฐจ์ (๋ฒ ๋ฃจ๋ ๋), 3๋ฒยท์ข์ต์๋ก ์ ๋ฐ ์ถ์ฅ โป์ญ๋ 517๋ฒ์งธ
๊ธฐํ
๊ณ ์กธ ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ก
ํฌ์๋ก์ ์ถ์ฅ โป๋ํฐํ ๊ตฌ๋จ์์๋ ์ญ๋ 3๋ฒ์งธ
ํฌ์๋ก์ ์ ๋ฐ ์ถ์ฅ โป๋ 3๋ฒ์งธ
20์ธ 9๊ฐ์์ ๋ง๋ฃจ ํ๋ฐ : 2014๋
5์ 29์ผ, ๋ ๋์ฟ ์ผ์ฟ ๋ฅดํธ ์ค์๋ก์ค 2์ฐจ์ (๋ฉ์ด์ง ์ง๊ตฌ ์ผ๊ตฌ์ฅ), 3ํ์ด์ ๊ธฐ์ผ ๋ฃํค์ด๋ก๋ถํฐ โป๋ํฐํ ๊ตฌ๋จ์์๋ ์ญ๋ ์ต์ฐ์
ํ์จ 0.413 : 2017๋
โป์์ฆ ํ์์๊ฐ 100ํ์ ์ด์์ธ ์ ์๋ก๋ ์ญ๋ ์ต๊ณ ํ์จ
40๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ฐ์ ์ถ๋ฃจ : 2019๋
4์ 24์ผ ~ 6์ 11์ผ โป๋ํฐํ ๊ตฌ๋จ์์๋ ์ญ๋ 4๋ฒ์งธ
ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 4๊ฐ์ 2๋ฃจํ : 2020๋
10์ 15์ผ, ๋ ์ฌ์ดํ๋ง ์ธ์ด๋ถ ๋ผ์ด์จ์ค 21์ฐจ์ (์ฟํฌ๋ก ๋) โป์ญ๋ ์ต๋ค ํ์ด, ์ญ๋ 13๋ฒ์งธ
์ฌ์คํ์ ์ถ์ฅ : 3ํ(2018๋
, 2019๋
, 2023๋
) โป2017๋
์๋ ์ ์๊ฐ ํฌํ์ ์ํด์ ์ ์ถ๋์ง๋ง ์ถ์ ์ ํฌ๊ธฐํ๊ณ 2021๋
์๋ ์ ์๊ฐ ํฌํ์ ์ํด์ ์ ์ถ๋์ง๋ง ๊ฒฐ์ฅํจ
๋ฑ๋ฒํธ
54(2012๋
~ 2015๋
)
8(2016๋
~ 2022๋
)
3(2023๋
~ )
์ฐ๋๋ณ ํ๊ฒฉ ์ฑ์
2023๋
์์ฆ ์ข
๋ฃ ๊ธฐ์ค.
๊ตต์ ๊ธ์จ๋ ์์ฆ ์ต๊ณ ์ฑ์ .
์ฐ๋๋ณ ํ๊ฒฉ ์ฑ์ ์์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋ด์์์ ์์
์ฐ๋์์ ๊ตต์ ๊ธ์จ๋ ๊ท์ ํ์์ ๋๋ฌํ ์ฐ๋
โ-โ๋ 10์ ๋ฏธ๋ง(ํ์จ์ ๊ท์ ํ์์ ๋๋ฌํ์ง ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ โ-โ๋ก ํ๊ธฐ)
WBSC ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด 12์์์ ํ๊ฒฉ ์ฑ์
๊ตต์ ๊ธ์จ๋ ๋ํ ์ต๊ณ ์ฑ์ .
์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ์์์ ํ๊ฒฉ ์ฑ์
WBC์์์ ํ๊ฒฉ ์ฑ์
๊ตต์ ๊ธ์จ๋ ๋ํ ์ต๊ณ ์ฑ์
์ฐ๋๋ณ ์๋น ์ฑ์
ํฌ์ ์๋น
๋ด์ผ ์๋น
์ธ์ผ ์๋น
2023๋
์์ฆ ์ข
๋ฃ ๊ธฐ์ค.
๊ตต์ ๊ธ์จ๋ ์์ฆ ์ต๊ณ ์ฑ์ .
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ฃผํด
์ถ์
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
1993๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ผ๋ณธ ํ๋ก ์ผ๊ตฌ ์ธ์ผ์
ํ์นด์ด๋ ๋ํฐํ ํ์ดํฐ์ค ์ ์
ํ์ฟ ์ค์นด ์ํํธ๋ฑ
ํฌ ํธํฌ์ค ์ ์
2019๋
WBSC ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด 12 ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
์ง๋ฐ์ ์ถ์
2020๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ผ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ๊ธ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ผ๊ตฌ ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
2020๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ผ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
์ง๋ฐํ์ ์ผ๊ตฌ ์ ์
20์ธ๊ธฐ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ฌ๋
21์ธ๊ธฐ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ฌ๋
2023๋
์๋ ๋ฒ ์ด์ค๋ณผ ํด๋์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensuke%20Kondoh | Kensuke Kondoh | is a Japanese professional baseball player for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). He previously played in NPB for the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters.
Career
Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters
He debuted in 2012 with the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters. He had 7 runs.
While not accumulating enough plate appearances to qualify for the batting title, Kondo hit .413 in 2017. He was selected .
Through 2019, he batted .304/.402/.416.
Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks
On December 12, 2022, it was announced that Kondoh would sign with the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks on a seven-year deal worth 5 billion yen overall. His uniform number will be 3.
In 2023, Kondoh would have career numbers in almost every category, slashing .303/.431/.528, set the single-season Hawks franchise record for walks with 109, hit a career record 26 home runs, 87 RBI, and played in all 143 games for the first time in his career. In addition, he was named an All-Star for the fourth time.
International career
Kondoh represented the Japan national baseball team in the 2017 Asia Professional Baseball Championship, 2019 exhibition games against Mexico, and 2019 WBSC Premier12.
On February 27, 2019, he was selected at the 2019 exhibition games against Mexico.
On October 1, 2019, he was selected at the 2019 WBSC Premier12. He led the tournament with nine walks.
References
External links
Career statistics - NPB.jp
8 ่ฟ่ค ๅฅไป ้ธๆๅ้2021 - Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters Official site
1993 births
Living people
Baseball people from Chiba Prefecture
Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters players
Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks players
Nippon Professional Baseball catchers
Nippon Professional Baseball designated hitters
2019 WBSC Premier12 players
Baseball players at the 2020 Summer Olympics
2023 World Baseball Classic players
Olympic baseball players for Japan
Olympic medalists in baseball
Olympic gold medalists for Japan
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%B0%EC%9C%84%EC%96%B4 | ํฐ์์ด | ํฐ์์ด(Tiwi)๋ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ถํด์ ํฐ์ ์ ๋์ ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ธ ํฐ์์กฑ์ ์ธ์ด์ด๋ค. ์์ด๋ค์ด ์ฌ์ ํ ํ์ตํ๊ณ ์๋ 10%์ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์ด ์ค ํ๋์ด๋ค.
2005๋
๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก 50์ธ ์ด์์ ํ์๋ค์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์ ํต ํฐ์์ด()๋ ํฌํฉ์ด์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ ์ ์ธ๋์ ์ธ์ด์์๋ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ์ ๋ณต์ก์ฑ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ์ฌ๋ผ์ ธ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ํฐ์์ด์๋ ๋์ฌ์ ํฌํฉ๋ ์ ์๋ ๋ช
์ฌ๋ฅ ๋จ์ด๊ฐ ์ฝ 100๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ๋ฉฐ, ํฌํฉ๋ ํํ๋ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ๋
๋ฆฝํ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค.
ํฐ์์ด๋ ์น์ฒ ์ธ์ด๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์ด๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์๋ค.
์์ด๋ก
์์
๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ์ด์ฒ๋ผ ํฐ์์ด์๋ ์์ฑ์ ์ผ๋ก 4์ข
๋ฅ์ ์ค์ ์ ๊ณ์ด์ด ์๋ค. (์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์ด#์์ ๋ชฉ๋ก ์ฐธ๊ณ .) ํฐ์์ด์์๋ ์ค์ฒจ ์น๊ฒฝ์๊ณผ ์ค์ฒจ ํ์น๊ฒฝ์(ํํ ๊ถ์ค์์ด๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฆผ)์ด ๋๋ฆฝํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ 2์ข
๋ฅ์ ์ค๋จ์ ๊ณ์ด์ ์๋ณด์ ๋ถํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์ค๋จ ํ์น๊ฒฝ์(ํํ ์น๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ๊ฐ์ ๋๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ๊ฐ์์ด๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฆผ)์ ์ ์ค๋ชจ์ ์์ ๋ํ๋๊ณ , ์ค๋จ ์น์์ ๊ทธ ์ธ์ ๋ชจ์ ์์ ๋ํ๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์์์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ง์์ผ 3๊ฐ์ ๊ณ์ด์ด ์๋ค. ๋ํ ํน์๋ ํ์น๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์์๊ตฐ ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋๋ฐ, ํด๋น ์์์ด ์ด์ค์์๋ง ๋ํ๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
ํฐ์์ด์๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ ๊ทผ์์ด ์๋๋ฐ, ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ์ด๋ก์๋ ํน์ดํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ์ด๊ฐ ๋ณดํต ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฏ ๋ง์ฐฐ์์ ์๋ค.
ํฐ์์ด๋ ์ด์ค ์์๊ตฐ์ ํ์ฉํ๋ค. ์ ๋์ํ๋ ์ธ์๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ์-ํ์ด์ ์ฐ์์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋น์-ํ์ด์ ์ฐ์๊ฐ ํ์ฉ๋๋ค. ํฐ์์ด์๋ ๋ํ ์ฑ๋ฌธ ํ์ด์()์ด ๋ํ๋์ง๋ง, ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ๋์ ํ์ํ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ํ๋ฏ๋ก ์์๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ํฐ์์ด ์ด์จ๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ก ๋ณด๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ ์ ํ๋ค.
๋ชจ์
ํฐ์์ด์ ๋ชจ์ ์์๋ 4๊ฐ๋ค.
ํ์ค ์ ๋ชจ์ ๋ ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฌผ๊ฒ ๋ํ๋๋ค. ๋ ๋ค์์๋ ์ ์คํ๋๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋๋ ์ด๋ง์ ๋ํ๋์ง ์๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ฐ ์์์์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๋ ์ต์๋๋ฆฝ์์ด ์ ์ผ๋๋ง ์กด์ฌํ๋ค.
/jilati/ โ์นผโ
/jiloti/ โ์์ํโ
๊ฐ ๋ชจ์์๋ ๋ค์ํ ๋ณ์ด์์ผ๋ก ์คํ๋๋ฉฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์์ ๋ณ์ด์๊ณผ ๊ฒน์น๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๊ฐ์ธ ์๋ ์์ ์์ , , ๋ ๋ก ์ฝํ๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค. ์์์ ์ฅ๋ชจ์์ ์์ง๋ง, ๋ชจ์ ์ฌ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ชจ์์ด ํ๋ฝํ์ฌ ์ฅ๋ชจ์์ด ์๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์๊ฐ ์๋ค.
/paษปuwu/ [paษปu:] (์ง๋ช
)
ํํ๋ก
ํฐ์์ด๋ ๋งค์ฐ ๋ณต์กํ ๋์ฌ ํํ๋ก ์ด ํน์ง์ด๋ค. ํฐ์์ด๋ ํฌํฉ์ด๋ก์ ๋ช
์ฌ ํฌํฉ์ด ํ๋ฐํ๊ฒ ์ผ์ด๋, ๋ค์ ์๋ฌธ์ฒ๋ผ ํ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ด ํ๋์ ํํ๋ก ์ ยท์์ด๋ก ์ ๋จ์ด๋ก ํํ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
jinuatษmษniลilipaลษmatฬชatฬชumaลษlษpiaลkinฬชa
He came and stole my wild honey this morning while I was asleep
โ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ค๋ ์์นจ ๋ด๊ฐ ์ ๋ค์ด ์๋ ์ฌ์ด์ ์์ ๋ด ์๊ฟ์ ํ์ณ๊ฐ๋ค.โ
ํฐ์์ด์์ ๋์ฌ์ ํฌํฉ๋ ์ ์๋ ๋ช
์ฌ๋ฅ ๋จ์ด๋ ์ฝ 100๊ฐ๊ฐ ์๋๋ฐ, ํฌํฉ๋ ํํ๋ ๊ทธ์ ๋์ํ๋ ๋
๋ฆฝํ๊ณผ ์๋นํ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค. ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์๊ฐ ์๋ค.
Dixon (1980)์ ์ถ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ด๋ฌํ ํํ ์ค ์ผ๋ถ๋ ๋จ์ํ ๋ฌธ๋ฒํ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก ์์ด๋ก ์ ์ถ์ฝ์ ๊ฒช์ ๊ฒ์ด๊ณ , ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ถ๋ ์ดํ ๊ต์ฒด์ ํฐ๋ถ๋ก ์ธํด ๋
๋ฆฝํ๊ณผ ์๋ฌด๋ฐ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๋์ฌ ํํ๋ก
Osborne (1974)์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํฐ์์ด ๋์ฌ์ ํ์๋ ์ ์๋ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ๋ฒ์ฃผ๋ 11๊ฐ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์๋๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ฉ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด๋ค. ๋์ฌ๋ ๋ฐ๋์ ์์ , ์ธ์นญ, ์, 3์ธ์นญ ์ฃผ์ด์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด์ ์ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํ์๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋๋จธ์ง ๋ฌธ๋ฒ๋ฒ์ฃผ๋ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์๋ ์๋๋ค.
๋ช
์ฌ ํํ๋ก
์ฌ๋ฌ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์ด์ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ํฐ์์ด๋ ๋ช
์ฌ์ ํ์ฉ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ฌ๋ฌผ์ ์ฑ์ง ๋ชจ๋ โ๋ช
์ฌ๋ฅโ๋ผ๋ ํ๋์ ํ์ฌ๋ก ํํ๋๋ค. ํฐ์์ด์ ๋ช
์ฌ๋ฅ๋ ์ฑ๊ณผ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ตด์ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ณต์ ๋ช
์ฌ๋ ์ฑ์ ๋ฐ์ง์ง ์์, ๋จ์ฑยท์ฌ์ฑยท๋ณต์์ ์ธ ๋ฒ์ฃผ๊ฐ ์๋ค๊ณ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
์ฑ
๋ฌธ๋ฒ์ฑ์ ์ธ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋๋ฌผ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์๋ฌผํ์ ์ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ง์ ๋๋ค. ๋ฌด์ ๋ฌผ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ชจ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์๋ฏธ๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ง์ ๋๋๋ฐ, ๊ฐ๋๊ณ ์๊ณ ๊ณง์ ๊ฒ์ ๋จ์ฑ, ํฌ๊ณ ๋ฅ๊ธ๊ณ ๋๋ํ ๊ฒ์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ง์ ๋๋ค. ํฐ์์ด ๋ช
์ฌ๋ฅ๋ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ๊ณผ ์ง์์ฒด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋จ์ฑ๋ ์ฌ์ฑ๋ ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด โํโ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ ๋จ์ด๋ ํ์ ํ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํฌ ๋๋ ๋จ์ฑ์ด์ง๋ง ํ๋ฐญ์ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํฌ ๋๋ ์ฌ์ฑ์ด๋ค.
๋จ์ฑ๋ช
์ฌ๋ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ -ni ๋๋ -ti๋ก ๋ํ๋ด๊ณ ์ฌ์ฑ๋ช
์ฌ๋ -ลa ๋๋ -ka๋ก ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ง์ ๋ช
์ฌ๋ฅ๋ ๋ณ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ์ง ์์ด๋ ์๋ฌต์ ์ผ๋ก ๋จ์ฑ ๋๋ ์ฌ์ฑ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ฌ๋ฌผ์ ์ฑ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํค๋ ๋ช
์ฌ๋ฅ(๋ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ด์ ํ์ฉ์ฌ์ ๋์)๋ ๋ฐ๋์ ์์ํ๋ ๋์์ ์ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ตด์ ํ๋ฏ๋ก, ์ด๋ฌํ ์๋ฌต์ ์ธ ์ฑ์ด ๋ฌด์์ธ์ง ์์๋ผ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ค์ ํ๋ Osborne (1974:52)์์ ๊ฐ์ ธ์จ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก, ๋จ์ฑยท์ฌ์ฑ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ ๊ทธ ์ฌ์ฉ ๋น์จ์ ๋ํ๋ธ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์
ํฐ์์ด ๋ช
์ฌ๋ฅ๋ ๋ณต์ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ -wi ๋๋ -pi๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ณต์ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ๋ ์ฑ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์ํ๋ฏ๋ก, ๋ณต์์๋ ์ฑ ๊ตฌ๋ถ์ด ์๋ค. ๋ช๋ช ๋จ์ด๋ (Osborne์ ์
์ ์ํ๋ฉด 19๊ฐ) ๋ณต์ํ์ด ๋ ๋ ์ด๊ฐ์ด ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฒฉ์ดํ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ฒฉ์ด์ ํํ๋ ์ธ์ ๋ Ca-์ด๋ค. (C๋ ์ด๊ฐ์ ์ฒซ ์์์ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค.) ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด muruntani โ๋ฐฑ์ธ ๋จ์โ์ muruntaka โ๋ฐฑ์ธ ์ฌ์โ์ ๋ณต์ํ์ mamuruntawi โ๋ฐฑ์ธ๋คโ์ด๋ค.
์ธ๊ฐ๋ช
์ฌ์ ๋น์ธ๊ฐ๋ช
์ฌ
Osborne์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํฐ์์ด๋ ์ธ๊ฐ๋ช
์ฌ์ ๋น์ธ๊ฐ๋ช
์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ์์ฌ์์ ๋๋ฌ๋๋ค.
ํ๋ ํฐ์์ด
์ ๋ฝ์ธ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ด ์ดํ ํฐ์์ด์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ ๋ง์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์ด ์ค๋๋ ์๋ ์ ํต ํฐ์์ด์ ์ ํ๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ญ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ๋ ํฐ์์ด๊ฐ ๋ํ๋๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๋์ฌ ํํ๋ก ๊ณผ ์ดํ๋ถ์์ ์ฃผ๋ก ๋ณํ๊ฐ ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๊ณ ์ด๋ก ๋ง๋ฏธ์์ ์ ํต ํฐ์์ด๊ฐ ํฌํฉ์ด์๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋นํด ํ๋ ํฐ์์ด๋ ๋น๊ต์ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์ด์ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค.
์์ด์์ ์ ์ด์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์๋ ํฐ์์ด()์ ํฐ์ ์์ด()๋ฅผ ๋น๋กฏํ ์ฌ๋ฌ ํฐ์์ด ๋ณ์ดํ์ด ์๊ฒจ๋ฌ๋ค. ํฐ์์ธ๋ง๋ค ๊ฐ ๋ณ์ดํ์ ๋ฅ์ํ๊ฒ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์ ๋๋ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์๋ค. 1993๋
๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ์ ํต ํฐ์์ด๋ 55์ธ ์ด์์์๋ง ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ํ๋ ํฐ์์ด๋ 30์ธ ์ดํ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฐ๋ น๋์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค.
์ ํต ํฐ์์ด์ ํ๋ ํฐ์์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฅด๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค์ํ ๋ณํ๋ ๋์ฌ ํํ๋ก ์ ๋ณต์ก์ฑ์ ์๋ค. ์ ํต ํฐ์์ด๋ ํฌํฉ์ด์ด์ง๋ง ํ๋ ํฐ์์ด๋ ์ฝ๊ฐ์ ๊ตด์ ์ด ์๋ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์ด์ด๋ค. ์๋ ์๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ด์ฉ์ ์ ํต ํฐ์์ด์ ํ๋ ํฐ์์ด๋ก ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํํํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ ํต ํฐ์์ด
(Nyirra) ampi-ni-watu-wujingi-ma-j-irrikirnigi-y-angurlimay-ami.
(she) she.NPST-LOC-morning-CONT-with-CV-light-CV-walk-MOV
๊ทธ๋
(ํ์)๊ฐ ์์นจ์ ์ ๊ณณ์์ ๋น๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
(์ถ์ด์ ์๋ฏธ: ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ์์นจ์ ์ ๊ณณ์์ ๋น๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ฑท๊ณ ์๋ค.)
ํ๋ ํฐ์์ด
Japinara jirra wokapat ampi-jiki-mi kutawu with layit.
morning she walk she.NPST-CONT-do over.there with light
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
Paradisec์ ํฐ์์ด ์๋ฃ ๋ชจ์.
์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์ด
ํฌํฉ์ด
๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์ด (๋น๊ต์ธ์ดํ) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwi%20language | Tiwi language | Tiwi is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Tiwi people on the Tiwi Islands, within sight of the coast of northern Australia. It is one of about 10% of Australian languages still being frequently learned by children.
Traditional Tiwi, spoken by people over the age of fifty by 2005, is a polysynthetic language. However, this grammatical complexity has been lost among younger generations. Tiwi has around one hundred nominals that can be incorporated into verbs, most of them quite different from the corresponding free forms.
Tiwi has long been regarded as a language isolate due to its large scale of linguistic differences from other languages in the mainland Australia regions. However, recent research using historical linguistic techniques suggests that the Tiwi language might be under the Gunwinyguan family (a language family that consists of languages primarily spoken in North Central Australia).
Name variations
There are a number of name variations for the Tiwi language. Some of the variations were established by local Australian residents who lived in geographical regions and territories with close proximity with the Tiwi speakers, or have had close interactions with them for research work purposes. Other name variations of the language were coined by neighboring indigenous communities.
Tunuvivi
Tunuvivi was the initial term coined by the Indigenous members of the Melville and Bathurst islands. It is the original name for the Tiwi language itself, and has the meaning of 'people' or 'we the only people'. Meanwhile, the widely recognized name, Tiwi, was originally established by an anthropologist C.W.M. Hart in 1930 in order to have a discernible tribal name that can represent the Melville and Bathurst indigenous members. The term Tiwi was later accepted by the Melville and Bathurst islanders, and they have subsequently incorporated this name as a constituting part of their social identities.
Wongak
This name variation, Wongak, was used by the Iwaidja community to describe the Tiwi language. The phonetic realization ['Wonga:k] is also another variation that is termed by the Iwaidja community members themselves.
Nimara
The term Nimara was established by an Australian writer and author named William Edward Harney, who had adopted the pen name of Bill Harney at the time. This name variation has the meaning of 'to talk', or 'language'.
Woranguwe/Worunguwe
The name Woranguwe (or Worunguwe) was used by the Iwaidja community to specifically refer to the indigenous members of the Melville Islands. This name is a variation existing in the Iwaidja language.
History
Phonology
Orthography is put in .
Consonants
Like most Australian languages, Tiwi has four phonetically distinct series of coronal stops. (See Coronals in Indigenous Australian languages.) There are contrasting alveolar and postalveolar apical consonants, the latter often called retroflex. However, the two laminal series are in complementary distribution, with postalveolar laminal (sometimes described as alveolo-palatal) occurring before the front vowel , and denti-alveolar laminal occurring before the non-front vowels, . That is, phonologically Tiwi has at most three series. However, some analyses treat postalveolar as a sequence , since it only occurs in medial position.
In addition, Tiwi has a velar approximant , which is somewhat unusual for an Australian language. Typically for an Australian language, there are no fricatives.
Tiwi allows consonant clusters in medial position. Besides the possibility of for , these include other liquid-stop clusters and nasal-stop clusters such as . However, there is little reason to choose between an analysis of as being a cluster as opposed to a prenasalized stop.
There is also a glottal stop in the inventory of speech sounds in Tiwi, but as Osborne notes, it functions to mark the end of a sentence and as such, is best analysed as a part of Tiwi prosody.
Vowels
Tiwi has four phonemic vowels.
The frequency of the open-back vowel is relatively low. It is neutralised with following , and does not occur initially or finally. However minimal pairs exist, albeit few in number, to prove its existence as a distinct phoneme:
/jilati/ 'knife'
/jiloti/ 'forever'
Each phonemic vowel exhibits a broad range of allophones, many of which overlap with allophones of other vowels, and three vowels (, and ) reduce to in many unstressed syllables. All vowels are phonemically short, while long vowels occur when medial glides are reduced. For example:
/paษปuwu/ [paษปu:] (placename)
Morphology
Tiwi is characterized by its highly complex verb morphology. Tiwi is a polysynthetic language with a heavy use of noun incorporation such that all elements of a sentence may be expressed in a single morphological and phonological word as in the following example.
'He came and stole my wild honey this morning while I was asleep'
Around one hundred nominals may be incorporated into the verb in Tiwi, but the incorporated forms often differ significantly from the corresponding free forms, or their closest semantic correspondent as illustrated below.
Dixon (1980) suggests that while some forms have merely undergone phonological reduction as a result of being grammaticalized, others bear no phonological resemblance to their corresponding free form due to lexical replacement and taboo.
Verb morphology
Osborne (1974) identifies eleven grammatical categories that can be marked on verbs. They are listed below using his terminology. All verbs must be marked for tense, person and number, and third person-singular subjects and objects are also obligatorily marked for gender. All other categories listed below are not grammatically obligatory.
Verbal categories after Osborne (1974)
The terminology Osborne uses for the grammatical categories, in particular the aspects and voices, does not conform to more recent cross-linguistic standards (see terms for various aspects). For instance, Osborne glosses verbs containing the beginning aspect as started to, which closer aligns to what is now called the inceptive or inchoative, while the aspect that Osborne calls inceptive is glossed as about to, which is more reminiscent of the prospective.
Nominal morphology
Tiwi, like many Indigenous Australian languages, does not distinguish between nouns and adjectives. Both things and properties or qualities of those things are encoded by the nominal word class. Nominals in Tiwi are marked for gender and number. However, the plural is ungendered, resulting in three categories: masculine, feminine and plural.
Gender
Gender is sexually assigned for humans and animals, but semantically assigned for inanimate objects on the basis of shape. Things that are thin, small and straight are assigned to the masculine gender, and objects that are large, round and ample are assigned to the feminine. As a result, nominals in Tiwi may take either gender depending on the context and reference. Grass, for instance, is masculine when referring to a blade of grass, but feminine when referring to a patch or expanse of grass.
Masculine nominals are marked either by the suffix -ni or -ti, and feminine nominals by -ลa or -ka. Furthermore, many nominals are implicitly masculine or feminine and lack overt marking. However, as nominals denoting properties always take regular gender suffixes that agree with the object they modify, the covert gender of these nominals can be ascertained.
The table below from Osborne (1974:52) lists the suffixes marking each gender as well as their rate of occurrence among 200 tokens from each class.
Number
Nominals in Tiwi can be marked for plural either by a plural suffix -wi or -pi. The plural suffix fills the same morpheme slot as gender suffixes and as a result, plurals do not contrast for gender. Some nominals (Osborne counts nineteen) undergo partial reduplication of the stem when pluralised. The form of the reduplicant is always Ca- (where C becomes the initial consonant of the stem), thus 'white man' and 'white woman' pluralise to 'white people'.
Human and Non-human
Osborne also identifies a distinction among Tiwi nominals as to whether they belong to a Human class or a Non-human class. However the category is covert on nominals themselves, and is only marked on numerals.
Modern Tiwi
Since contact with Europeans, Tiwi has been undergoing changes to its structure that have resulted in a modern version of the language that is quite typologically distinct from Traditional Tiwi. These changes have affected the verb morphology and lexicon of Tiwi, resulting in a language that is relatively isolating, compared with its polysynthetic predecessor. Modern Tiwi contains many loan words, verbs, and nouns borrowed from the English language.
Contact with English has also resulted in a number of other varieties of Tiwi, such as Children's Tiwi and Tiwi-English, in which Tiwi people have varying levels of proficiency. In 1993, Traditional Tiwi was spoken only by people over 55, with Modern Tiwi being spoken by everyone up until the age of 30. In more informal speech acts and conversations, children and younger generation would use loan words that are similar to English pronunciations on a phonological level. They also used Modern Tiwi in different social domains, including classrooms, social institutions, social media, while their instances of speaking the Traditional Tiwi dialect are relatively limited to their interactions with older members such as the elderly and their parents.
The main change that separates Traditional and Modern Tiwi is the level of complexity in the verb. Traditional Tiwi is a polysynthetic language while Modern Tiwi is isolating, with some inflection. The examples below show the difference between a sentence rendered in Traditional Tiwi and Modern Tiwi.
She (the sun) is shining over there in the morning
(Lit. 'She is walking over there in the morning with a light')
Traditional Tiwi
Modern Tiwi
In addition, Modern Tiwi has a less complex morphological structure that often omits object prefixes, while they are maintained in the traditional dialect.
The exact and official number of Traditional Tiwi speakers remains uncertain. In the Language Activity Survey, a respondent of the survey responded that the traditional version of the Tiwi language had only up to 35 speakers, in which none of them can speak the language fully. There were approximately five speakers aged 60 and above who could speak the traditional version partially, and around ten speakers who can speak only some words and sentences in each of the age groups of 20 to 39, 40 to 59, as well as 60 and above.
Vocabulary
Capell (1940) lists the following basic vocabulary items:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss
! Tiwi (Melville)
|-
| man
|
|-
| woman
|
|-
| head
|
|-
| eye
|
|-
| nose
|
|-
| mouth
|
|-
| tongue
|
|-
| stomach
|
|-
| bone
|
|-
| blood
|
|-
| kangaroo
|
|-
| opossum
|
|-
| crow
|
|-
| fly
|
|-
| sun
| ,
|-
| moon
|
|-
| fire
|
|-
| smoke
|
|-
| water
|
|}
Capell (1942) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Ngalagan and Anjula varieties:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Ngalagan !! Anjula
|-
! man
| ||
|-
! woman
| ||
|-
! head
| ||
|-
! eye
| ||
|-
! nose
| ||
|-
! mouth
| ||
|-
! tongue
| ||
|-
! stomach
| ||
|-
! bone
| ||
|-
! blood
| ||
|-
! kangaroo
| ||
|-
! opossum
| ||
|-
! emu
| ||
|-
! crow
| ||
|-
! fly
| ||
|-
! sun
| ||
|-
! moon
| ||
|-
! fire
| ||
|-
! smoke
| ||
|-
! water
| ||
|}
See also
Tiwi language and ethnomedicine
The concept of ethnomedicine in the Tiwi community is built upon their existing social practices in utilization of nature's resources, and their cultural beliefs of nature's intricate connections with an individual's body in itself. The Tiwi members believed that the foods they hunt and gather in nature helps maintain their physical well-being. Tiwi men and women participated in a relatively equal division of labor in their hunting-gathering efforts, where they would hunt for "bush foods" such as fish, turtle eggs, mussels, yams, and mangrove worms. One of the theories in Tiwi medicine centers around the concept of , which is considered by Tiwi speakers as the state of general "sickness". The term was derived from Tiwiโs particular cultural belief of the sharp, pointed tip of yams, as they believed that these yams carried the sickness. They believed that if pregnant women ate them, their sharp pointed tips would pierce the womb, which would release the sickness and kill the baby.
The Tiwi community also uses plants for remedies and treatments for the common ailments that their members experience. For example, the pandanus is believed to be an ideal treatment for diarrhea, where the leaves are cut and the middle part is chewed and swallowed. If the leaves are cut from the center of the plant, and are placed on the patientโs forehead for around two to three days, it is believed that this procedure can help alleviate headaches.
Sample text
(All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.)
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
External links
Paradisec has a number of collections that include Tiwi language materials.
A text excerpt of the Tiwi language was published in 1974 by C. R. Osborne, under the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies in Canberra, Australia. The text contains two parts of a Tiwi traditional ceremony, titled "The First Funeral Dance". In the first part, it describes a dancing ritual that is initiated and performed by two Tiwi man โ Alikampwaษนni, and his brother-in-law Tฬชaลkษnaลki, where other members on the islands would perform the same dance after their deaths. The second part depicts the story of Purukupaษนli, a Tiwi man who performs a dancing ceremony to express bereavement and to mourn the death of his own son. The ceremony was subsequently joined by Purukupaษนli's wives Waijai and Pamatikimi.
The documentation contains the original texts in the Tiwi language, with translations available in English. In addition, the text also contains textual and explanatory notes that detail the lexical definitions for specific Tiwi terms, background information of items in the Tiwi culture, and the non-verbal gestures that were also performed as a part of the funeral dancing ceremonies.
References
Language isolates of Australia
Polysynthetic languages
Tiwi Islands
Indigenous Australian languages in the Northern Territory |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%B9%EB%A6%AC%ED%98%B8 | ์น๋ฆฌํธ | ์น๋ฆฌํธ๋ 2021๋
๋ทํ๋ฆญ์ค์ ๊ฐ๋ดํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ต์ด์ ์คํ์ด์ค ์คํ๋ผ ์ํ์ด๋ค.
์ค๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ
2092๋
, ์ง๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ค์ผ๋๊ณ ๋ณ๋ค์ด ์ฌ๋์ด ๊ฑฐ์ ์ด ์ ์๊ฒ๋์ด, UTS์ฌ๋ ์ง๊ตฌ ์์ฑ๊ถค๋์ ์ธ๋ฅ์ ์๋ก์ด ๋ณด๊ธ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง์์ง๋ง ์ ํ๋ ์์๋ง์ด ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ์ ์๋ค.
์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ ์์ง์ '์น๋ฆฌํธ'์ ์ ์๋ค์ ๊ฐ์์ ์ฌ์ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ , ๊ถค๋์์ ์ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ๋ฉด์ ์ด์๊ฐ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋๋ ์ด์ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก ์๋ ค์ง ๋๋ก์(๋ณธ๋ช
๊ฐ๊ฝ๋)๋ผ๋ ๋ก๋ด์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด์ ์ด๋ค์ ์ถ์ ๊ฐ์์ค๋ฐ ์ ํ์ ์ด ์ฐพ์์ค๋๋ฐ, ์ํํ ๊ฑฐ๋์ ํ๋ง๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ด๋ช
์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์ํ.
์บ์คํ
์ก์ค๊ธฐ : ํํธ ์ญ - ์กฐ์ข
์ฌ
๊นํ๋ฆฌ : ์ฅ์ ์ฅ (์ฅํ์) ์ญ - ์ ์ฅ
์ง์ ๊ท : ํ์ด๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ (๋ฐ๊ฒฝ์) ์ญ - ๊ธฐ๊ด์ฌ
์ ํด์ง(๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ ์ถ์ฐ) : ๋ก๋ด ์
๋์ด ์ญ - ์์ด์ก์ด ๋ก๋ด
๋ฐ์๋ฆฐ : ๊ฐ๊ฝ๋(๋๋ก์) ์ญ
๋ฆฌ์ฒ๋ ์๋ฏธํฐ์ง : ์ ์์ค ์ค๋ฆฌ๋ฐ - UTS ํ์ฅ
๊น๋ฌด์ด : ๊ฐํ์ฐ ์ญ - UTS ๊ณผํ์, ๊ฐ๊ฝ๋์ ์๋น .
์ค์ค์ : ์์ด ์๋ง ์ญ
๊น๋ํ : ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ 2 ์ญ
๋ค๋์ ์กฐ์ด ์๋ธ๋ผ์ดํธ : ๊ธฐ์ ์ญ
์๋ ๋ฃจ์ง์๋ก : ๊ฒ์์ฌ์ฐ๋จ 2 ์ญ
๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค ํฐ๋ : ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฒญ์๋ถ 1 ์ญ
์ค์ง์จ : ๊น์์ด ์ญ
๋์ค ๋ธ๋ผ์ด : ์นด๋ฃธ ์ญ
์ผ๋น ๋ํฌ๋ฆฌ : ํผ์๋ฅด ์ญ
์นด๋ฅผ๋ผ ํ๋ฅด๋๋ค ์๋น์ผ ์์ค์ฝ๋ฒ ๋ : ์นด๋ฐ๋ผ ์ญ
์๋ํ ํธ๋ฆฌํํฐ : ์ค๋ฆฌ๋ฐ ๋น์ ์ญ
๊นํฅ๊ธฐ - ๋ก๋ด ์
๋์ด์ ์๋ก์ด ์ ์ฒด ์คํจ์ ์ ํด์ง์ ๋๋น์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ฐ
์ ์
๊ฐ๋ฐ ๋จ๊ณ
์ํ์ ์ด๊ธฐ ์์
์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฒ๊ฐํธ(Beongaeho)๋ค.
2019๋
5์, ์ค๊ตญ ๋ค๊ตญ์ ์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ ํ์ฌ ํ์ดํ
์ผํธ๋ ์ด ์ํ์ 420๋ง ๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ฅผ ํฌ์ํ๋ค. ์ ๊ณผํจ๊ป: ์ฃ์ ๋ฒ๊ณผ ๋ฐฑ๋์ฐ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ก์
์ํ ์ ์์ ๋ฐฐํ์ ์๋ ์๊ฐ ํจ๊ณผ ํ์ฌ์ธ ๋ฑ์คํฐ ์คํ๋์ค๋ ์น๋ฆฌํธ๋ฅผ ์ํด ๊ณ ์ฉ๋์๋ค.
์บ์คํ
2018๋
6์ ์ก์ค๊ธฐ๋ ์กฐ์ฑํฌ์ ๋ค์ ์ํ์ ์ถ์ฐํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํฉ์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ก๋ค. ๋๋์๋
(2012) ์ดํ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ๊ณต๋ ์์
์ด ๋์๋ค. ๊นํ๋ฆฌ๋ 2019๋
1์ ์ฐ์ฃผ์ ์ ์ฅ์ ์ญํ ์ ๋งก์๊ณ , 4์์๋ ์ง์ ๊ท์ ๊ณจํคํผ ์ญํ ์ ๋งก์๋ค. ์ ํด์ง์ด ๋ก๋ด ๋ชจ์
์บก์ฒ ๋ฐ ์์ฑ ์ฐ๊ธฐ์ ํํ๋ก ๋ฉ์ธ ์บ์คํธ์ ํฉ๋ฅํ์ฌ ์ต์ข
๋ผ์ธ์
์ด 2019๋
6์์ ํ์ธ๋์๋ค. ์๊ตญ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ ๋ฆฌ์ฒ๋ ์๋ฏธํฐ์ง๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ ๊ณ์ ์ ํตํด 2019๋
7์๋ถํฐ ์ํ ์ดฌ์์ ์์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
์ดฌ์
์ฃผ์ ์ดฌ์์ 2019๋
7์ 3์ผ์ ์์ํ์ฌ 11์ 2์ผ์ ์ดฌ์์ด ์๋ฃ๋์๋ค.
๊ฐ๋ด
2020๋
5์ 6์ผ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ์ด ์ํ์ ์ฒซ ์๊ณ ํธ์ ์น๋ฆฌํธ๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ฆ์ ๊ทน์ฅ์ ๊ฐํํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. 2020๋
6์ 12์ผ, ์ถ์ ํด์ผ ๋์ ์ํ๊ฐ ์ด์ฐ๋ ๊ณํ์ผ๋ก ์ฝ๋ก๋19 ๋ฒ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๊ฐ๋ด์ด ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋์๋ค. 2020๋
8์ 3์ผ, ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์๊ณ ํธ์ ์ํ์ ๊ฐ๋ด ๋ ์ง์ธ 9์ 23์ผ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ณต๊ฐ๋์๋ค.
2021๋
2์ 5์ผ ๋ทํ๋ฆญ์ค์ ๊ฐ๋ดํ์๋ค.
2021๋
5์, ์น๋ฆฌํธ 2ํธ์ด ์ ์ ์์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
ํ์ ์ํ
์ด ์ํ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ ์นํฐ์ 2020๋
5์ 26์ผ ๋ค์๊ณผ ์นด์นด์คํ์ด์ง์์ ์ด์ฐ๋์๋ค.
์์
2021๋
์ 57ํ ๋ฐฑ์์์ ๋์ ์ํ๋ถ๋ฌธ ์์ ์ (์ ์ฑ์ง&์ ์ฒ ๋ฏผ)
2021๋
์ 30ํ ๋ถ์ผ์ํ์ ๋ฏธ์ /๊ธฐ์ ์ (์ ์ฑ์ง&์ ์ฒ ๋ฏผ)
2021๋
์ 26ํ ์ถ์ฌ์ํ์ ๋จ์ฐ์ฃผ์ฐ์ (์ก์ค๊ธฐ)
2021๋
์ 42ํ ์ฒญ๋ฃก์ํ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ (์ ์ฒ ๋ฏผ&์ ์ฑ์ง)
2021๋
์ 42ํ ์ฒญ๋ฃก์ํ์ ์ฒญ์ ์ ์ธ๊ธฐ์คํ์ (์ก์ค๊ธฐ)
์ฐธ๊ณ ์ฌํญ
์ง์ ๊ท์ ๊น๋ฌด์ด์ ์ํ ใ๊ฐ๋ค์ ์ ์ใ ์ดํ๋ก 10๊ฐ์๋ง์ ์ฌํํ๋ค.
์ ํด์ง๊ณผ ์ง์ ๊ท๋ ์ํ ใ์๋ฒฝํ ํ์ธใ ์ดํ๋ก 4๊ฐ์, ใ๋ง๋งใ ์ดํ๋ก 11๊ฐ์๋ง์ ์ฌํํ๋ค.
์ฉ์ด ๋ฐ ์ค์
์น๋ฆฌํธ: ํ๊ทน๊ธฐ์ ์น๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ฝ๋๋ช
์ KOR SH 7901์ด๋ค. ํ๊ตญ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ฐ์ฃผ์ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ ์ฒญ์์ . ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ๊ฒ ์ ์ผ ์ข์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐํด ์
๋์ด๊ฐ ๋ถ์ธ ์ด๋ฆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๋ ์์ ๋ฌผ๋ถ ์๊ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์คํ์ผ๋ก ์ฒญ์์ ๋ค ์ฌ์ด์์ ์
๋ช
์ด ์์ํ๋ค.
์
๋์ด: ๋ก๋ด์ ์ด๋ฆ์ด๋ค.
์ฐจ์คํฑ ์ํฐ(Chaotic City): ์ฐ์ฃผ์ ์์นํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํต์ญ๊ธฐ: ์ธ์ด์ด ํํ์ ํต์ญ๊ธฐ. ์ฐ์ฃผ์๋์ ๊ฑธ๋ง๊ฒ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ํํ ์ํต์ ์ํด ๋ง๋ ์ ํ์ผ๋ก, ๊ฐ์์ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์ด๋ก ๋งํ๋ฉด ์๋๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ์ด๋ก ์๋ ๋ฒ์ญ๋๋ค.
๋ง๊ทธ๋คํฑ ์์ฆ: ์ฐ์ฃผ์ ์ ์ฒด์ ์ ์๊ธฐ๋ ฅ์ ํตํด ๋ถ์ด ์์ ์ ์๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ฑ ์ ๋ฐ, ์ฐ์ฃผ์์์ ์์
์ ์์ํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ ๋ค.
์ธ๊ณต์ค๋ ฅ: ์ฐ์ฃผ์ ์ค๋ ฅ์ ์ง๊ตฌ์ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋งค์ฐ ์์ ์ค๋ ฅ์ ๋๋ผ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ์ํ๊ฐ ๋๋ฏ๋ก UTS ๋ด์์๋ ์ธ๊ณต์ค๋ ฅ์ ๋ง๋ค์ด ๋ฌด์ค๋ ฅ์ํ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐ, ์ ์์ ์ธ ์ํ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋๋ก ๋ง๋ ๋ค.
์ฐ์ฃผ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํฐ: ์ง๊ตฌ์์ ์์ฑ ๊ถค๋๋ก ๊ฐ๋ ์๋จ. ์ฐ์ฃผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ฐจ๋น๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค. ์ง์ 100km. ์ฝ 100๊ฐ๊ตญ์ ์์นํ๋ฉฐ ํ๊ตญ์๋ ๊ดํ๋ฌธ์ ์์นํด ์๋ค.
์๋ ํ์ฑ ์ธ์: ์ฌ๋๋ง๋ค ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ์ฑ์ ํน์ฑ์ ์ ๋ณดํํ์ฌ ๋ณด์ ์ธ์ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ก ์์ฉํ ๊ฒ. UTS๋ก ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ์ ๋ถ๊ณผ ๋ฑ๊ธ์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์๋ ํ์ฑ ์ธ์์ด ํ์์ด๋ค.
UTS(Utopia above The Sky): ์คํ์ด์ค ์ฝ๋ก๋๋ฅผ ๋ง๋๋ ๊ธฐ์
์ด๋ค. 2092๋
, ์ฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ๋ฐ๊ธฐ์
UTS๊ฐ ๋ณ๋ ์ง๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํผํด ์์ฑ๊ถค๋์ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋ธ ์ธ๋ฅ์ ์๋ก์ด ๋ณด๊ธ์๋ฆฌ. ์ฐ์ฃผ ์์
๋จ์ง, ํธํ
, ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฅ ๋ฑ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ ์๋ค.
UTS ์๋ฏผ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ๋จ์ง: ์คํ์ด์ค ์ฝ๋ก๋๋ค. ๋ ์ด์ ์ง๊ตฌ์์๋ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ ํธ๋ฅธ ์ฒ๊ณผ ๋ง์ ๊ฐ, UTS ๋ก๊ณ ๊ฐ ์๊ฒจ์ง ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋ค์ด ํผ์ณ์ง ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ด๋ค. UTS ์๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์ง์ญ์ ๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ค๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ ์ง๋ฌด์ค๋ ์ด๊ณณ์ ์์นํ๋ค.
MR ๋น์๋ฏผ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ๋จ์ง: ์ง๊ตฌ ์ถ์ ์ฐ์ฃผ ๋
ธ๋์, ์ฆ ์ฐ์ฃผ ๋น๋ฏผ๋ค์ด ๋ชจ์ฌ ์ฌ๋ ๊ณณ์ด๋ค. ์ด 13๋์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ ธ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง์ 2,000km์ ์์นํ๋ค. ๋ํ๋๊ณ , ์ํํ ๊ธฐ์ด์ด ๊ฐ๋๋ ๊ณณ์ด๋ค.
์ฐ์ฃผ ์์
๋จ์ง: ์ง์ 6000km, 34๋์ผ๋ก ์จ๊ฐ ์์
๊ด๋ จ ์์ค์ด ๋ฐ์ง๋์ด ์๋ ๊ณณ. ์ฐ์ฃผํด๋ฝ์ธ ๊ณ ์คํธ ํด๋ฝ์ด ์ด๊ณณ์ ์์นํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ ํ์น ์์ฑ: ์ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ ํ์น ์์ฑ 1ํธ๋ค. ์์ฑ๊ถค๋ ๋ด์ ์์นํ ์ฐ์ฃผ์ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ ๊ณต์ฅ. 5km์ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ๊ณ ํ์ธกํ ์ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ ๋ฉ์ด๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ์์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ฒญ์๋ถ๋ค์ ์ด ๊ณณ์์ ์๊ฑฐํ ์ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊พผ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
2021๋
์ํ
ํ๊ตญ์ด ์ํ ์ํ
์์ด ์ํ ์ํ
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ SF ์ํ
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๋ชจํ ์ํ
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ก์
์ํ
์ฐ์ฃผ ๋ชจํ ์ํ
๋์คํ ํผ์ ์ํ
์ธ๊ณ ์ข
๋ง ์ดํ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ํ
๋ชจ์
์บก์ฒ ์ํ
2090๋
๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ํ
์กฐ์ฑํฌ ๊ฐ๋
์ํ
๋ทํ๋ฆญ์ค ์ค๋ฆฌ์ง๋ ์ํ
์ฝ๋ก๋19 ๋ฒ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ์ํ
์ฝ๋ก๋19 ๋ฒ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ๊ทน์ฅ์์ ๊ฐ๋ด๋์ง ์์ ์ํ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20Sweepers | Space Sweepers | Space Sweepers () is a 2021 South Korean space western film directed by Jo Sung-hee, starring Song Joong-ki, Kim Tae-ri, Jin Seon-kyu and Yoo Hae-jin. Regarded as the first Korean film space blockbuster, it was released directly on Netflix worldwide on February 5, 2021.
Premise
During the year 2092, Tae-ho, Captain Jang, Tiger Park and an android named Bubs are a crew of space sweepers who live at an orbiting planet created by UTS corporation after Earth becomes uninhabitable. During their work, the crew discovers a child robot named Dorothy, who contains a weapon of mass destruction created by the terrorist group "Black Fox". They negotiate a ransom for returning Dorothy, but their plan gets foiled when UTS soldiers stage a massacre at the club where the exchange was supposed to take place. The crew must navigate the dangerous situation while also dealing with their own personal struggles.
Cast
Song Joong-ki as Kim Tae-ho โ Former Commander of the Space Guards and the first ever UTS Genius.
Kim Tae-ri as Captain Jang / Jang Hyun-sook โ Former Special Forces Squad officer who later deserted her post to create her own pirate organization. She attempted to assassinate CEO James Sullivan in which her entire pirate crew were killed.
Jin Seon-kyu as Tiger Park / Park Kyung-soo โ Former Drug King who escaped Earth after being arrested and sentenced to death.
Yoo Hae-jin as Robot Bubs โ Former military robot trying to save up for a skin graft
Richard Armitage as James Sullivan โ The CEO of UTS and the main antagonist.
Kim Mu-yeol as Kang Hyeon-u โ Kang Kot-nim's father and a scientist.
Park Ye-rin as Dorothy / Kang Kot-nim โ First believed to be a robot, she is actually a human who was injected with nanobots by her father as a last resort to heal her.
Oh Ji-yul as Kim Su-ni โ Tae-ho's adopted daughter
Anupam Tripathi as Sullivan's assistant
Kim Hyang-gi as Bubs' new body
Christian Lagahit as Restaurant manager
Themes
The film criticises capitalism. The process of the colonization of Mars in the film has been compared to billionaires prepping for an apocalypse. Avery Kaplan of ComicsBeat noted that "while capitalism may make the members of the Victory crew more likely to go for each othersโ throats, it can't completely eradicate their intrinsic morality" and pointed to Bubs' arc as showcasing the barriers to trans healthcare that exist under capitalism. Kambole Campbell of Polygon notes that "one of the filmโs most striking elements is its casual multiculturalism. Characters from presumably dissolved nations speak to each other in a mix of their native languages, while English mostly appears as the language of power and of the filmโs white antagonists."
Production
Development
The early working title of the film was Lightning Arc ().
Jo Sung-hee started writing the story 10 years prior to the film's release, after a friend talked to him about the dangers of space junk. He said that "It started with the idea of space travelers collecting space junk. I heard about how these fast-moving fragments of space debris are growing and leading to in-space collisions. I realized that this subject has already been dealt with in animations and games, but never in a film. I started writing the script wondering how Koreans, who possess a tenacious mentality, would approach this problem."
In May 2019, the Chinese multinational entertainment company Huayi Tencent invested $4.2ย million in the film. The visual effects company Dexter Studios, which was behind the production of the films Along with the Gods: The Two Worlds, Ashfall and Wandering Earth, was hired for Space Sweepers.
Casting
In June 2018, it was reported that Song Joong-ki agreed to star in Jo Sung-hee's next film, making it their second collaboration after A Werewolf Boy (2012). Kim Tae-ri was offered the role of the spaceship captain in January 2019, followed by Jin Seon-kyu for the role of the keeper in April. The final lineup was confirmed in June 2019, with Yoo Hae-jin joining the main cast in the form of robotic motion capture and voice acting. English actor Richard Armitage also revealed through his Instagram account that he would start filming in July 2019, making Space Sweepers his first Korean film.
Filming
Principal photography began on July 3, 2019, and filming was completed on November 2.
Release
In June 2020, it was announced that the release was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic with a plan for the film to premiere during the Chuseok holiday. In August 2020, the release was once again postponed due to the increase of COVID-19 cases in South Korea.
In November 2020, it was announced that the film would be released exclusively on Netflix. Space Sweepers was released on February 5, 2021.
In May 2021, Space Sweeper's second film is scheduled to be produced.
Reception
Audience viewership
The film debuted at No.1 on Netflix in 16 countries including France, Malaysia, Croatia, South Korea and Philippines. The movie also dominated Netflix's daily top 10 rankings in 80 countries upon its premiere. Space Sweepers also gathered more than 26ย million household viewers on Netflix during the first 28 days of its release or 53,340,000 hours watched.
Critical response
On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critics consensus reads, "As a story, Space Sweepers isn't as adventurous as its star-navigating protagonists -- but relatable characters and impressive effects keep it from drifting out of orbit." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 64 out of 100, based on reviews from 4 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Zaki Hasan of IGN argued that "even as [the film is] a concoction of various familiar sci-fi tropes, theyโve been reassembled with verve and passion enough to sand down any cynicism when taking it all in." Dais Johnston of Inverse argued that the film "proves that Netflix's big bet on international audiences is paying off." Gavia Baker-Whitelaw of The Daily Dot compared the film to Cowboy Bebop and Guardians of the Galaxy, arguing that the film was "hardly groundbreaking stuff" but that "thereโs always something fun to look at on-screen", and praising the diversity of the characters, stating that the film "feels far more international than most Hollywood blockbusters." Karen Han of Slate stated that the film was "one of the rare space operas that doesnโt posit that English has somehow become a universal language" and that Bubs' arc "feels like one small step for transgender representation and, arguably, a giant one for blockbuster filmmaking from any nation."
Adaptations
A webtoon based on the film premiered on May 26, 2020, on Daum and KakaoPage. It premiered globally on February 8, 2021.
Awards and nominations
References
External links
2010s Korean-language films
Korean-language Netflix original films
2021 science fiction action films
2010s dystopian films
South Korean post-apocalyptic films
South Korean science fiction action films
Space adventure films
English-language South Korean films
Films set in the 2090s
Films set on spacecraft
Films using motion capture
Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic
Films not released in theaters due to the COVID-19 pandemic
2010s South Korean films |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%B8%8C%EB%A5%B4%20%ED%94%BC%EB%9D%BC%EB%AF%B8%EB%93%9C | ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋ | ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋()๋ ํ๋์ค ํ๋ฆฌ์ ์์นํ ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด๊ถ์ ์๋ฐ์ธ ๋ํด๋ ์น ๊ด์ฅ(Cour Napolรฉon)์ ์ค์น๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ์ ๋ฆฌ ๊ธ์ ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋์ด๋ค. 3๊ฐ์ ์์ ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋์ ๋๋ฌ์ธ์ธ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ์ ํฐ ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋๋ ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ์
๊ตฌ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์์ง๊น์ง ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ์์ง์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค.
๋์์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฑด์ค
1984๋
์ ํ๋์ค์ ํ๋์์ ๋ฏธํ
๋ ๋ํต๋ น์ ์๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ค๊ตญ๊ณ ๊ฑด์ถ๊ฐ์ธ I. M. ํ์ด์ ์ํด ์ค๊ณ๋์๋ค. 1988๋
3์ 4์ผ์ ํ๋์์ ๋ฏธํ
๋ ๋ํต๋ น์ด ์ฐธ์ํ ์ค๊ณต์์ด ์ด๋ ธ์ผ๋ฉฐ 1989๋
3์ 29์ผ์ ์ผ๋ฐ ๋์ค์๊ฒ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋์๋ค.
๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ ์ ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ฆฌ ์กฐ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ธ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋์ด๋ 21.6m์ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ค. ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๊ธฐ์ด ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ธก๋ฉด ๋์ด๋ 34m์ด๊ณ ์ ์ฒด ํ๋ฉด์ ์ 1,000m2์ ๋ฌํ๋ค. ์ ๋ฆฌ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ ๋ง๋ฆ๋ชจ ๋ชจ์์ ํ 603๊ฐ ์กฐ๊ฐ, ์ผ๊ฐํ ๋ชจ์์ ํ 70๊ฐ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋์ด ์๋ค. ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ ์บ๋๋ค ๋ชฌํธ๋ฆฌ์ฌ์ ๋์ฝ ์ค๋ฅดํธ๋ ํฌ๋(Nicolet Chartrand Knoll Ltd.), ํ๋์ค ํ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ผ์ด์ค ํ๋์์ค ๋ฆฌ์น(Rice Francis Ritchie)๊ฐ ์ค๊ณํ์๋ค.
ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋์ ์งํ์ธต ๋ก๋น๋ ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ์๋ ์ฃผ์ถ์
๊ตฌ์ ๊ดํ ์ผ๋ จ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ก๋๋ฐ ์ด๋ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ถ์
๊ตฌ๋ก๋ ๋งค์ผ ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ๋ ์๋ง์ ๊ด๋๊ฐ๋ค์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ ์ ์์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋๋ฅผ ํตํด ์
์ฅํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋์ ๋ก๋น๋ก ๋ด๋ ค๊ฐ ๋ค์์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ๋ค.
๋์์ธ ์ญ์ฌ๊ฐ์ธ ๋งํฌ ํ๋กํธ๋ I. M. ํ์ด์ ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋ ์ค๊ณ๋ฅผ "๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ค์ ์ถ์
๋ก์์ ๊ด๋ํ ์งํ ๋ก๋น๋ก ์๋ดํจ์ผ๋ก์ ๋ค์ํ ์ด์ ๋ก ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋ฐ๊ฑธ์์ ๋ถ์ฐ์ํค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฌ ์ค๊ณ๋์๋ค. ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋์ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์ ๊ณ ๋ ํผํ์ด์ ์ ํ์ ์๋ ์๋ง๋น์ ์ฐ์์ํจ๋ค. ๊ณตํ์ ์ฃผ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ผ์ด๋ธ๋ก ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ ํ์ฌ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ค ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ์๋ง๋น์ ์ฐ์์ํค๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ฐฉํฅ์์ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋ถ์ฃผํ ์์ง์์ธ ์ฒ ๋ ํฐ๋ฏธ๋์ด๋ ๊ตญ์ ๊ณตํญ์ ์ค์ ํ์ ์์ํ๋ค."๊ณ ํ๊ฐํ๋ค.
๋ช๋ช ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด๋ค์ ์ด ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ณต์ ํ๋๋ฐ ํนํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์์นด๊ณ ์ ์์นํ ๊ณผํ ์ฐ์
๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ด ๋ํ์ ์ธ ์ฌ๋ก์ด๋ค. 1982๋
4์์ ๊ธ๋ก์คํฐ ๊ณต์ ๋ฆฌ์ฒ๋์ ์ํด ๊ฐ๊ดํ ๋ํ ์ผํฐ๋ ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋์ ๋น์ทํ ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ถ๊ณ ์๋ค. ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋์ ๊ธฐ์ด ๋ถ๋ถ๊ณผ ์งํ์ธต ๋ก๋น ๊ณต์ฌ๋ ๋น์น ๊ฑด์คํ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋งก์๋ค.
๋
ผ์
๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋๋ ๊ฑด์ค ๊ณผ์ ์์๋ถํฐ ํฐ ๋
ผ์์ ๋์์ด ๋์๋ค. ํนํ ๋ช๋ช ํ๋ฆฌ ์๋ฏผ๋ค์ ํ๋ ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผ์ ํ๋์ค์ ๊ณ ์ ๋ฅด๋ค์์ค ์์๊ณผ ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ผ์นํ์ง ์๋๋ค๋ ์ , ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋๋ ๊ณ ๋ ์ด์งํธ์์ ์ ๋๋ ์ฃฝ์์ ์์ง์ด๋ผ๋ ์ , ํ๋์์ ๋ฏธํ
๋ ๋ํต๋ น์ ์ํด ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ ํ์์ ์ด๊ณ ๊ฑฐ๋งํ๊ณ ๊ณผ๊ฒฉํ ๊ณํ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ , ์ค๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ๊ฑด์ถ๊ฐ์ธ I. M. ํ์ด๊ฐ ํ๋์ค ํ๋ฆฌ์ ์์งํ๋ ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผ์ ์ค๊ณํ๊ธฐ์ ๋ถ์ ์ ํ ์ ์ ์ด์ ๋ก ๋ค์ด ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ ๋ฐ๋ ์
์ฅ์ ํ๋ช
ํ๋ค.
๋ฏธ์ ํ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ๋ ์ฅ์ํ ํ๋์ค์ ๋ฅด๋ค์์ค ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผ์ ์กฐ์ํ๋ ํ๋์ ์ ์ฑ ๋ชจ๋
์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋นํํ๊ณ ์ด์งํธ์์ ์จ ์ฃฝ์์ ์์ง์ธ ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋๋ฅผ ํ๋์ค ํ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝํ๋ ํ๋์ ์๋ ์ฐฉ์ค์ ์ธ ์นจ์
์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ง์ ํ๋ค. ์ ์น ํ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋๋ฅผ "ํ๋ผ์ค ํ๋์์์ ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋"๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ํ๋ฆฌ ์์ฅ์ ์ญ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ํฌ ์๋ผํฌ๊ฐ ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋ ๊ฑด์ค ๊ณํ์ ์ง์งํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋๋ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ํํ๋ ๋๋๋งํฌ๊ฐ ๋๋ค.
๋์ ์ ์ค
๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ์ ๋ฆฌ์ ๋งค์๊ฐ ์ฌํ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ์ ํด์ง๋ "์ง์น์ ์ซ์"์ ๊ฐ์ 666์ฅ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์๊ฐ์ธ ๋๋ฏธ๋ํฌ ์ํ
์ฒดํํธ์ ์ ์ ใํ๋์์ ๋ฏธํ
๋, ๋์ฐ์ฃผ์ ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผใ(Franรงois Mitterrand, Grand Architecte de l' Univers)์๋ "๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋๋ ใ์ํ์ ๋ฌต์๋กใ์์ ์ง์น์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ ์๋ํ ํ์ ๋ฐ์ณ์ง ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋ ์ ์ฒด์ ๊ธฐ์ด๊ฐ ๋๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ซ์ 6์ด๋ค."๋ผ๋ ์ค๋ช
์ด ์๋ค.
๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋์ ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ 666์ฅ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฐ์ค์ 1980๋
๋๋ถํฐ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋ ๊ฑด์ถ ๋์ค์ ์ถํ๋ ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด์ ๊ณต์ ์๋ด์์๋ ์ ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด ๋งค์๊ฐ 666์ฅ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ ๊ณณ์์ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณต์ ์๋ด์์๋ 672์ฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ ํ ์๋ ๊ณณ๋ ์์๋ค. ๋ค์ํ ์ ๋ฌธ์ด 666์ด๋ผ๋ ์ซ์์ ๋ํด ๋ณด๋ํ์ง๋ง ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์์ฑ๋ ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ง๋ฆ๋ชจ ๋ชจ์์ ์ ๋ฆฌ 603๊ฐ, ์ผ๊ฐํ ๋ชจ์์ ์ ๋ฆฌ 70์ฅ, ์ด 673์ฅ์ด์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ฐ์ด๋น๋ ์๊ฐ์ธ ๋ ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ 689์ฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ์๊ฐ์ธ ๋ ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ์ ๋ฆฌ์ ๋งค์๋ ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋์ ์ค๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋งก์ I. M. ํ์ด์ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ค์์ ์
์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ์ ํํ ์ ๋ฆฌ์ ๋งค์๋ ์ด๋ณด์ ์ธ ์ํ์์ ์ฐ์ถํ ์ ์๋ค. ์
๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด์ ์ ์ธํ ์ธ ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด์๋ 18๊ฐ์ ์ผ๊ฐํ ๋ชจ์์ ํ ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ๋จ์๋ 17๊ฐ์ ๋ง๋ฆ๋ชจ ๋ชจ์์ ํ ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ผ๊ฐ์์ ์ ์ฉ์ํค๋ฉด ์ด ๋๊ณ ์์ ์๋ ์ผ๊ฐํ ๋ชจ์์ ํ ์ ๋ฆฌ 18์ฅ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ ๋ฆฌ์ ๋งค์๋ 171์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์ถ๋๋ค. ์
๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์๋ ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด์ ๋นํด ๋ง๋ฆ๋ชจ ๋ชจ์์ ํ ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ 9์ฅ, ์ผ๊ฐํ ๋ชจ์์ ํ ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ 2์ฅ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ง๋ฆ๋ชจ๊ผด์ ์ ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด ๋งค์๋ ์ฅ, ์ผ๊ฐํ ๋ชจ์์ ํ ์ ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด ๋งค์๋ ์ด ๋๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ ์ ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด ๋งค์๋ 673์ฅ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ์ ๋ฆฌ์ ๋งค์๊ฐ 666์ฅ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ ์ค์ด ๋ค์ ๊ฐ๊ด์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์์ค๊ฐ ๋ ๋ธ๋ผ์ด์ด 2003๋
์ ๋ฐํํ ์์ค ใ๋ค๋น์น ์ฝ๋ใ์ ์ํฅ์ด์๋ค. ์์ค์์ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด "๋ฏธํ
๋ ๋ํต๋ น์ ๋ช
ํํ ์ง์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ด ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ์ ๋ฆฌํ์ ์๊ฐ ์๋ชจ๋ก ์๋ค ์ฌ์ด์์ ์
๋ง์ ์ซ์๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ 666์ฅ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ํญ์ ๋
ผ์์ ๋์์ด ๋์ด ์๋ค "๋ผ๋ ๋
๋ฐฑ์ด ์ ํ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ฐ์ด๋น๋ ์๊ฐ์ธ ๋ I. M. ํ์ด ๊ฑด์ถ ์ฌ๋ฌด์์ ์ฌ์ ๋๋ณ์ธ์ ๋ฐ์ธ์ ์ธ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ฏธํ
๋ ๋ํต๋ น์ด ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์ ๋ฆฌ์ ๋งค์์ ๊ฐ์
ํ ์ ์ ํ ๋ฒ๋ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ์ ๋ฆฌ์ ๋งค์๊ฐ 666์ฅ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ค์ด 1980๋
๋์ ํ๋์ค ์ ๋ฌธ์ ํตํด ์ ํฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฌ์ค์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ด ์ฌ์ ๋๋ณ์ธ์ "์ค๋๋ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ํต์งธ๋ก ์ผ์ผ์ ์ง์ค์ ํ์ธํ์ง ์๋๋ค๋ฉด ์ด 666์ด๋ผ๋ ์ซ์๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ์ผ ๋์ ์ ์ค์ ๋ฏฟ๋ ์ด๋ฆฌ์์ ์ฌ๋์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค."๋ ์
์ฅ์ ํ๋ช
ํ๋ค.
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
louvre.fr
aviewoncities.com
I. M. ํ์ด์ ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผ
ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋
๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฅด๊ถ
๋ฏธ์ ๊ด์ง๊ตฌ
๋์์ ์ค
1989๋
์๊ณต๋ ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre%20Pyramid | Louvre Pyramid | The Louvre Pyramid () is a large glass-and-metal structure designed by the Chinese-American architect I. M. Pei. The pyramid is in the main courtyard (Cour Napolรฉon) of the Louvre Palace in Paris, surrounded by three smaller pyramids. The large pyramid serves as the main entrance to the Louvre Museum. Completed in 1988 as part of the broader Grand Louvre project, it has become a landmark of Paris.
Design and construction
The Grand Louvre project was announced in 1981 by Franรงois Mitterrand, then President of France. In 1983 the Chinese-American architect I. M. Pei was selected as its architect. The pyramid structure was initially designed by Pei in late 1983 and presented to the public in early 1984. Constructed entirely with glass segments and metal poles, it reaches a height of . Its square base has sides of and a base surface area of . It consists of 603 rhombus-shaped and 70 triangular glass segments. The sides' angle relative to the base is 51.52 degrees, an angle similar to that of Ancient Egyptian pyramids.
The pyramid structure was engineered by Nicolet Chartrand Knoll Ltd. of Montreal (pyramid structure / design consultant) and Rice Francis Ritchie of Paris (pyramid structure / construction phase).
The pyramid and the underground lobby beneath it were created because of deficiencies with the Louvre's earlier layout, which could no longer handle the increasing number of visitors on an everyday basis. Visitors entering through the pyramid descend into the spacious lobby then ascend into the main Louvre buildings.
For design historian Mark Pimlott, "I.M. Peiโs plan distributes people effectively from the central concourse to myriad destinations within its vast subterranean network... the architectonic framework evokes, at gigantic scale, an ancient atrium of a Pompeiian villa; the treatment of the opening above, with its tracery of engineered castings and cables, evokes the atria of corporate office buildings; the busy movement of people from all directions suggests the concourses of rail termini or international airports."
Several other museums and commercial centers have emulated this concept, most notably the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago and Pioneer Place in Portland, designed by Kathie Stone Milano with ELS/Elbasani and Logan, Architects from Berkeley, California. The Dolphin Centre, featuring a similar pyramid, was opened in April 1982, by Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester. The construction work on the pyramid base and underground lobby was carried out by the Vinci construction company.
Aesthetic and political debate over its design
The construction of the pyramid triggered many years of lively aesthetic and political debate. Criticisms tended to fall into four areas:
The modernist style of the edifice being inconsistent with the classic French Renaissance style and history of the Louvre
The pyramid being an unsuitable symbol of death from ancient Egypt
The project being megalomaniacal folly imposed by then-President Franรงois Mitterrand
Chinese-American architect I.M. Pei being insufficiently familiar with the culture of France to be entrusted with the task of updating the treasured Parisian landmark.
Those criticizing the aesthetics said it was "sacrilegious" to tamper with the Louvre's majestic old French Renaissance architecture, and called the pyramid an anachronistic intrusion of an Egyptian death symbol in the middle of Paris. Meanwhile, political critics referred to the structure as Pharaoh Franรงois' Pyramid. Writing in The Nation, Alexander Cockburn ridiculed Pei's rationale that the structure would help visitors locate the entrance: "What Pei really meant was that in our unfolding fin de siรจcle, public institutions need an area (...) where rich people can assemble for cocktail parties, banquets and kindred functions, to which the word 'charity' is attached to satisfy bodies such as the IRS." Some still feel the modernism of the edifice is out of place.
Number of panes
The pyramid has a total of 673 panes, as confirmed by the Louvre, 603 rhombi and 70 triangles. Three sides have 171 panes each: 18 triangular ones on the edges and 153 rhombic ones arranged in a triangle; the fourth side, with the entrance, has nine fewer rhombic and two fewer triangular ones, giving 160. Some commentators report that Pei's office counts 689.
However, a longstanding rumor claims that the pyramid includes exactly 666 panes, "the number of the beast", often associated with Satan. The story of the 666 panes originated in the 1980s, when the official brochure published during construction cited this number twice. The number 666 was also mentioned in various newspapers. One writer on esoteric architecture asserted that "the pyramid is dedicated to a power described as the Beast in the Book of Revelation.... The entire structure is based on the number six."
The myth resurfaced in 2003, with the protagonist of the best-selling novel The Da Vinci Code saying: "this pyramid, at President Mitterrand's explicit demand, had been constructed of exactly 666 panes of glassย โ a bizarre request that had always been a hot topic among conspiracy buffs who claimed 666 was the number of Satan." In fact, according to Pei's office, Mitterrand never specified the number of panes.
Inverted Pyramid
The Inverted Pyramid (Pyramide Inversรฉe) is a skylight in the Carrousel du Louvre shopping mall in front of the Louvre Museum. It looks like an upside-down and smaller version of the Louvre Pyramid.
Renovation
Designed for a museum that then attracted 4.5ย million visitors a year, the pyramid eventually proved inadequate, as the Louvre's attendance had doubled by 2014. Over the next three years, the layout of the foyer area in the Cour Napoleon beneath the glass pyramid underwent a thorough redesign, including better access to the pyramid and the Passage Richelieu.
Pei's other glass pyramids
Prior to designing the Louvre Pyramid, Pei had included smaller glass pyramids in his design for the National Gallery of Art's East Building in Washington, D.C., completed in 1978. Multiple small glass pyramids, along with a fountain, were built in the plaza between the East Building and the pre-existing West Building, acting as a unifying element between the two properties and serving as skylights for the underground atrium that connected the buildings. The same year the Louvre Pyramid opened, Pei included large glass pyramids on the roofs of the IBM Somers Office Complex he designed in Westchester County, New York. Pei returned again to the glass pyramid concept at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, opened in 1995.
Precursor at the Louvre
In 1839, according to one newspaper account, in ceremonies commemorating the July Revolution of 1830, "The tombs of the Louvre were covered with black hangings and adorned with tricolored flags. In front and in the middle was erected an expiatory monument of a pyramidal shape, and surmounted by a funeral vase."
According to the memoirs of the Duke of Sully, a 20 foot high pyramid, which stood opposite the Louvre with only a street between them, was torn down in 1605 because the Jesuits objected to an inscription on a pillar.
See also
Yann Weymouth
References
External links
Great buildings
Louvre
Buildings and structures completed in 1989
Buildings and structures in Paris
Louvre Palace
Art gallery districts
I. M. Pei buildings
Urban legends
Lattice shell structures
Pyramids in France
1989 establishments in France
Architectural controversies
20th-century architecture in France |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%8B%9C%20%EB%B8%8C%EB%A1%A0%EC%A6%88 | ๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ | ๋ฃจ์์ ๋ก๋ฒํ ํฐํ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ(, 1991๋
10์ 28์ผ ~ )๋ ๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ()๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ ์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๋ก ํฌ์ง์
์ ์๋น์์ด๋ค. ํ์ฌ๋ ํ๋์ค ๋๋น์ง์น 1 ํ๋ฏธ๋์ ์ฌ๋ญํผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์น์์ ํ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํด๋ฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ ์ ๋๋๋ U-12 ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ์์ ์ ์ ์ํ์ ์์ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ ๋๋๋ U-16 ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ์์๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์ญ์ํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ 16์ธ ์์ ์ด๋ 2007๋
์ ์ ๋๋๋ ์ฑ์ธ ํ์ผ๋ก ์น๊ฒฉ๋์๊ณ 2007-08 ์์ฆ์์๋ ์ ๋๋๋๊ฐ FA ์ฌ์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ถ๋ถ ๋๋น์ ์์ 3์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. 2008-09 ์์ฆ์์๋ ์ ๋๋๋์ ๋ถ๋ถ ๋๋น์ ์ฐ์น๊ณผ ๋ด์
๋ ๋๋น์ ์น๊ฒฉ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๊ณ 2009๋
FA ์ฌ์์ปต์์๋ ์ ๋๋๋์ ์ค์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ 2009๋
์ฌ๋ฆ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋
ธ์ค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋ ๋ํ๊ต ์ฑํํ๋ก ์ ํ์ ๋ ๋๋ฉด์ ์ค์ค ๋๋ฐ์ค ๊ฐ๋
์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ฅํ๊ธ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ ๋
ธ์ค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋ ํ ํ์ค ์ฐํ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ์์ ํ๋ํ๋ ๋์์ 24๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 3๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ์๊ตญ ์ถ์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๋ก๋ ์ต์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฏธ ๋ํ ์ฒด์ก ํํ(NCAA) ๋๋น์ I ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝํํ๋ค.
๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ 2009๋
12์์ ์๊ธ๋๋ FA ์ฌ์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ด์
๋ ๋๋น์ ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ ๋๋๋๋ก ๋ณต๊ทํ๊ณ 2010๋
9์์ ์๋ฒํด์ผ๋ก ์ด์ ํ๋ค. ๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ 2012๋
11์์ ์๋ฒํด์ ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ ํ์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒํ๋ก ์ด์ ํ๋ค. 2013 ์์ฆ, 2014 ์์ฆ์์๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒํ์ FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝํํ๊ณ 2014๋
์๋ ์๊ธ๋๋ ํ๋ก ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ์ฐ๋งน(PFA)์ด ์ ์ ํ ์ฌํด์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์์์ ์์ํ๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์์๋ค.
๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ 2014๋
11์์ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ๋ก ์ด์ ํ๊ณ 2015๋
์๋ ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํํ๊ฐ ์ ์ ํ ์ฌํด์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์์์ ์์ํ๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์์๋ค. 2015 FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ์์๋ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ๊ฐ 2์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ์ฌ์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ณธ์ ์ง์ถ ์๊ฒฉ์ ํ๋ํ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. 2016 FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ์์๋ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ๊ฐ 13์น 3๋ฌด ๋ฌดํจ๋ผ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์๋ฆฝํ๋ฉด์ ์ฐ์น์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ 2016๋
10์ 2์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฒ๋ฐ์ ์ํฐ์์ 2016 FA WSL์ปต ๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ฐ์ฅ์ ์ ๋ฐ 14๋ถ์ ๋์จ ๊ฒฐ์น๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋๋ฐ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ๋ ๋ฒ๋ฐ์ ์ํฐ์ 1-0์ผ๋ก ์น๋ฆฌํ๋ฉด์ FA WSL์ปต ์ฐ์น์ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ 2016๋
11์์ FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1 ์์ฆ ์ฌํด์ ์ ์๋ก ์ ์ ๋์๊ณ 2016-17 UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ์์๋ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ์ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ์ง์ถ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. 2017 ์์ฆ์์๋ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ์ FA ์ฌ์์ปต ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. 2017๋
4์์๋ ์๊ธ๋๋ ํ๋ก ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ์ฐ๋งน์ด ์ ์ ํ ์ฌํด์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์์์ 2๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ์์ํ๊ณ FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฌํด์ ํ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์์๋ค.
๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ 2017๋
8์์ ํ๋์ค ๋๋น์ง์น 1 ํ๋ฏธ๋ ์์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํด๋ฝ์ธ ์ฌ๋ญํผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์น๊ณผ 3๋
๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ๋ค. ๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ 2017-18 UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ์์ 8๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 2๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ VfL ๋ณผํ์ค๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ์์ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ ์ธ์์ ์ธ ํ์ฝ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ์ฌ๋ญํผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์น์ UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ 2017-18 ๋๋น์ง์น 1 ํ๋ฏธ๋ ์์ฆ์์ 19๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 2๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ์ฌ๋ญํผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์น์ ๋๋น์ง์น 1 ํ๋ฏธ๋ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๊ณ ๋๋น์ง์น 1 ํ๋ฏธ๋ ์ฌํด์ ํ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์์๋ค. 2017-18 ์ฟ ํ ๋ ํ๋์ค ํ๋ฏธ๋ ์์ฆ์์๋ ์ฌ๋ญํผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์น์ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์ง์ถ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ์ง๋ง ์ฌ๋ญํผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์น์ ํ๋ฆฌ ์์ ๋ฅด๋งน์ ํจ๋ฐฐํ๊ณ ๋ง๋ค. 2018-19 ์์ฆ์์๋ ์ฌ๋ญํผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์น์ ๋๋น์ง์น 1 ํ๋ฏธ๋ ์ฐ์น, ์ฟ ํ ๋ ํ๋์ค ํ๋ฏธ๋ ์ฐ์น, UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ค ํ์ด ์์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ 2007๋
3์์ ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ฌ์ U-17 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์์ง๋์๋ค. ๋ด์ง๋๋์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2008๋
FIFA U-17 ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๋ฉด์ ์๊ธ๋๋๊ฐ 4์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋ฃจ์ค์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2009๋
UEFA U-19 ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์์๋ ์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ง์ผ๋๋์์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2010๋
UEFA U-19 ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์์๋ ์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ค์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ 2010๋
1์์ ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ฌ์ U-20 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์์ง๋์๋ค. ๋
์ผ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2010๋
FIFA U-20 ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์์๋ 3๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ถ์ ํ์ง๋ง ์๊ธ๋๋๋ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ์์ ํ๋ฝํ๋ค. ๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ 2010๋
9์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋
์ผ๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ฒ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ฌ์ U-23 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ๋ฐ๋ทํ๋๋ฐ ์๊ธ๋๋๋ ๋
์ผ์ 2-1 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ 2013๋
6์ 26์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์ ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํ๋ฐ์ 22๋ถ์ ๋๋์ ์์์ ๊ต์ฒด ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์๋ก ๋ฐ๋ทํ๋ค. ๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ ์ค์จ๋ด์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2013์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋ช
๋จ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ์ง๋ง ๋ณธ์ ์๋ ๊ธฐ์ฉ๋์ง ์์๊ณ ์๊ธ๋๋๋ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ์์ ํ๋ฝํ๋ค.
๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ 2014๋
6์ 14์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋ฃจ์ค์์ 2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ ๋ฝ ์ง์ญ ์์ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์์ ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ์๊ธ๋๋์ 3-0 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. 2014๋
9์ 17์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋ชฌํ
๋ค๊ทธ๋ก์์ 2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ ๋ฝ ์ง์ญ ์์ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ์๊ธ๋๋์ 10-0 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. 2014๋
11์ 23์ผ์๋ ์๊ธ๋๋ ๋ฐ๋์ ์์นํ ์ธ๋ธ๋ฆฌ ์คํ๋์์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋
์ผ๊ณผ์ ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ถ์ ํ์ง๋ง ์๊ธ๋๋๋ ๋
์ผ์ 0-3์ผ๋ก ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ ์ธ๋ธ๋ฆฌ ์คํ๋์์์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฆฐ ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ ์บ๋๋ค์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋ช
๋จ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ค. ๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ ๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด์์ 16๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ ํ๋ฐ์ 31๋ถ์ ๋์จ ๊ฒฐ์น๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ์๊ธ๋๋์ 2-1 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๊ณ ์บ๋๋ค์์ 8๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ ์ ๋ฐ์ 14๋ถ์ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ์๊ธ๋๋์ 2-1 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ์๊ธ๋๋๋ 2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์์ 3์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ฉด์ ์ญ๋ ์ต๊ณ ์ฑ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ ํด๋น ๋ํ์ ์ฌ์คํ ํ์ ์ ์ ๋๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์์์ ์ ๋๋ก ์๊ธ๋๋์ ์คํฌ์ธ ๋งค์ฒด๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋์ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ ๋ค๋๋๋์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2017์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋ช
๋จ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ค. ์๊ธ๋๋๋ ๋ค๋๋๋์์ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 0-3์ผ๋ก ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ฝํ์ง๋ง ๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2017 ๋ฒ ์คํธ ์ผ๋ ๋ธ์ ์ ์ ๋๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์์๋ค.
๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ ํ๋์ค์์ 2018๋
์๋น๋ฅด๋ธ์ค์ปต ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋งก์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2019๋
์๋น๋ฅด๋ธ์ค์ปต์์๋ ์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ๋ค. ๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ ํ๋์ค์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋ช
๋จ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๊ณ ๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด์์ 8๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ์๊ธ๋๋์ 3-0 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ์๊ธ๋๋๋ 2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์์ 4์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ณ ๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ ํด๋น ๋ํ์ ์ค๋ฒ๋ณผ์ ์์ํ๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์์๋ค. 2019๋
8์ 29์ผ์๋ ์ ๋ฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐ๋งน(UEFA) ์ฌํด์ ์ฌ์ ์ ์๋ก ์ ์ ๋๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์์๋ค.
์ฌ์ํ
๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ ์๊ธ๋๋ ๋ถ๋๋ถ ๋
ธ์ฌ๋ฒ๋๋์ฃผ์ ์์นํ ๋์์ธ ๋ฒ ๋ฆญ์ดํฐํธ์๋์์ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ธ ์๋ฒ์ง์ ์๊ธ๋๋์ธ ์ด๋จธ๋ ์ฌ์ด์์ ํ์ด๋ฌ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋
ธ์ฌ๋ฒ๋๋์ฃผ ๋ฆฐ๋์คํ, ์ ๋์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์์ ์ ๋ณด๋๋ค. ๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ์๊ฒ๋ 2๋ช
์ ๋จ๋งค๊ฐ ์๋๋ฐ ์ค๋น ์ธ ์กฐ๋ฅด์ฆ(Jorge), ์ฌ๋์์ธ ์ํผ(Sophie)๊ฐ ์ด์ ํด๋นํ๋ค. ๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ๋ ๋
ธ์ฌ๋ฒ๋๋์ฃผ ์ ๋์ ์์นํ ๋ ๋์ฒ์ค ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต(The Duchess's Community High School)๋ฅผ ์กธ์
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ธ์ค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋์ฃผ์ ์์นํ ๋
ธ์ค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋ ๋ํ๊ต ์ฑํํ๋ก ์ ํ์ ๋ ๋ฌ๊ณ ๋์ค์ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ ๋ฉํธ๋กํด๋ฆฌํ ๋ํ๊ต(ํ์ฌ์ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ ๋ฒ ํท ๋ํ๊ต)๋ฅผ ์กธ์
ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
์์
ํด๋ฝ
๋ฆฌ๋ฒํ
FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2ํ ์ฐ์น (2013, 2014)
๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ
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2009๋
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2010๋
UEFA U-19 ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์ค์ฐ์น
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2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต 3์
2019๋
์๋น๋ฅด๋ธ์ค์ปต ์ฐ์น
๊ฐ์ธ
2013-14 ์์ฆ ์๊ธ๋๋ ํ๋ก ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ์ฐ๋งน(PFA) ์ฌํด์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ์์
2015๋
์๊ธ๋๋ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํํ ์ฌํด์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ์์
2016๋
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2016๋
๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ WFC ์ฌํด์ ์ ์ ์์
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2018๋
์๊ตญ ๋ฐฉ์ก ํํ(BBC) ์ฌํด์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ์์
2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ค๋ฒ๋ณผ ์์
2019๋
UEFA ์ฌํด์ ์ฌ์ ์ ์ ์์
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๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ ํ๋กํ - ์๊ธ๋๋ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํํ
๋ฃจ์ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฆ ํ๋กํ - ์ฌ๋ญํผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์น
1991๋
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์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์๋น์
์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ํธ๋ฆฌํฐ ํ๋ ์ด์ด
UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2013 ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2017 ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2020๋
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FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
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2023๋
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์๊ธ๋๋์ ํด์ธ ์ง์ถ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
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ํ๋์ค์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋๋น์ง์น 1 ํ๋ฏธ๋์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ฆฌ๊ฐ F์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy%20Bronze | Lucy Bronze | Lucia Roberta Tough Bronze (born 28 October 1991) is an English professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Liga F club Barcelona and the England women's national team. She has previously played for Sunderland, Everton, Liverpool, Lyon and Manchester City as well as North Carolina at college level in the United States and Great Britain at the Olympics. Bronze has won three UEFA Women's Champions League titles with Lyon and one with Barcelona. She has also won three FA Women's Super League titles, with Liverpool and Manchester City. With England, she won the UEFA Women's Euro 2022.
Bronze represented England from under-17 level before being named in the full national squad at Euro 2013; not playing, she has represented England at every major tournament since, and first captained them in 2018. She won the Silver Ball at the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup in France, helping England to a fourth-place finish. She was named to the All-Star Squads at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup in Canada, in which England finished third, as well as the UEFA Women's Euro 2017 in the Netherlands and the 2019 World Cup. She has won the PFA Women's Players' Player of the Year award twice โ in 2014 and 2017.
In 2018 and 2020, Bronze was named BBC Women's Footballer of the Year. In 2019, she became the first English footballer to win the UEFA Women's Player of the Year Award, and won the inaugural Globe Soccer Award for the Women's Best Player. Bronze was named The Best FIFA Women's Player in December 2020. She has been described as the best player in the world, and is widely considered to be one of the all-time best players in women's football. Men in Blazers listed her as one of the 100 best footballers (men and women) of all time.
Early years and education
Lucia Roberta Tough Bronze was born on 28 October 1991 in Berwick-upon-Tweed by the Anglo-Scottish border in North East England to a Portuguese father, Joaquim Bronze, and an English mother, Diane nรฉe Tough. She is British-Portuguese and has two siblings: an older brother, Jorge, who was born in Portugal, and younger sister, Sophie. They were raised bilingual, though Bronze has said she is not very comfortable when speaking Portuguese. She was very shy as a child and wouldn't speak much in general. As an infant, she began playing football with her brother and his friends, first playing in Faro. She grew up around the North East, living on Lindisfarne (Holy Island, where her grandmother was caretaker of Lindisfarne Castle), in Belford, and in Alnwick.
Having played football for Belford, Bronze joined Alnwick Town when young and stayed with them to the under-11 level, but Football Association (FA) rules prevented her from continuing with the boys' team when she would turn twelve. In the Alnwick juniors squad, Bronze was the best player on the team, picking up six "man of the match" awards from eight games; the manager was so intent for her to continue playing when she turned twelve that he helped open a discrimination case against the FA in the hopes they would allow an exception. They did not, but did set a target to support more girls' football teams in rural Northern areas as an alternative solution. After winning the UEFA Women's Euro 2022, a plaque honouring Bronze as part of the "Where Greatness Is Made" campaign was installed at the Alnwick Town ground.
Bronze attended the Duchess's Community High School in Alnwick with middle-distance runner Laura Weightman and future England teammate Lucy Staniforth. Here, she played as a midfielder and was the captain in football, as well as taking part in numerous other team sports, including captaining the tennis and hockey teams (being county champion at least once in all three); her mother encouraged Bronze to pursue tennis rather than football, but began supporting her ambitions after she was told by the FA she could no longer play for a boys' team. Though preferring team sports, Bronze took part in many others, including reaching the national finals in cross country and pentathlon, and at one point aiming to go to the Olympic Games as an 800 metres runner. Her mother is a maths teacher and, keen in mathematics herself, Bronze received a bronze award in the United Kingdom Mathematics Trust Challenge.
When she was seventeen, in 2009, Bronze finished sixth form a year early and moved to North Carolina to study at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and play for the Tar Heels women's soccer team at college level. She returned to England after a year, transferring to Leeds Metropolitan University to continue her sports science degree, graduating in 2013. She wrote her dissertation on ACL injuries in women's sport. At Leeds, she had to take jobs working at a bar and at Domino's Pizza to support herself.
Club career
Sunderland
Youth, 2002โ07
No longer able to play for Alnwick, Bronze began attending summer training camps in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, something her mother had discovered when looking for opportunities for her to continue to play football, and playing for Sunderland, first at under-12 academy level, from 2002. Though the nearest girls' team to Alnwick, it was still several hours away, and Bronze has said between school and training she had no time for anything else. The travel was draining and Bronze was shy going to Sunderland, so when she was old enough (the option of playing above her age group was also referred to the FA and denied), she played for Blyth Town WFC, a closer side that had an under-14 girls' team in the Northern Girls Tyne Tees League. She continued training with Sunderland, though less regularly, including at under-15 level. She was the captain of Sunderland's under-16 team, but still played for Blyth Town at this age.
At Blyth Town, Bronze started out as a striker, with Staniforth saying that Bronze was a special player, that "all I'd have to do was kick the ball over to her and she would bully everyone out the way and stick it in the goal." Bronze then began playing at Sunderland as a midfielder, but was pushed into the back line when Jordan Nobbs, a natural 'number 8', joined the team. She then played as a left-back in the youth squads, basing her game on idol David Beckham.
Senior, 2007โ10
Bronze joined the Sunderland senior team when she turned 16 in 2007. In 2007โ08, Bronze was named Manager's Player of the Year as Sunderland finished third in the FA Women's Premier League Northern Division. The next season she helped them win the Northern Division and gain promotion to the National Division. Bronze also started in the 2009 FA Women's Cup Final, being awarded the Player of the Match award in Sunderland's 1โ2 loss to Arsenal. After a semester in the United States, Bronze returned to England in December 2009 and was included on the Sunderland squad for initial matches in the National Division.
College: North Carolina Tar Heels, 2009
Having been turned down for a Loughborough University programme that accepted girls to play football and study as a teenager, Bronze turned to North Carolina. She had won a scholarship to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from coach Anson Dorrance after impressing him during several soccer camps.
In the summer of 2009, Bronze moved to Chapel Hill, studying and playing for their soccer team, the Tar Heels, the most successful Division 1 team in the country; during her time there, Bronze said that she did not feel nervous to live up to such a legacy or play in the college championships as she did not really understand it. Originally recruited to play as a true freshman defender and told she would not get many minutes behind more senior players, though with the potential to be a starter in her second year, the season-ending injury suffered by Nikki Washington saw Bronze featured prominently in the midfield for the team. The youngest player on the team, Bronze volunteered to pair-up against senior Tobin Heath in competitive training.
As a starter, Bronze won the ACC tournament, and, in December 2009, became the first British player to win an NCAA Cup after having assisted for the crucial goal in the semi-final and making an important clearance in the final. All-American honours as a midfielder followed for Bronze, who scored three goals and provided four assists in 24 games, with Dorrance saying that she brought a level of polish and savviness from English football to the team and the college writing that she "dominated" in the NCAA tournament for them.
Bronze missed a match in September to train with the youth squad in England, and returned for international training again in December 2009. By this point she had been told by England that if she continued to play in the United States they would not consider her for the national team. During England training, she injured her knee, which then became infected, and she spent much of the next year in a leg brace. She transferred to Leeds Metropolitan University in 2010. She became a "key member" of the Leeds Met university women's football team, which won the BUCS North Premier Division in the 2010โ11 year. Some of her college teammates were already successful internationals, and Bronze has credited witnessing the "huge spectacle" of women's football in the United States, as well as experiencing the mentality in training there, with inspiring her career.
Everton, 2010โ12
Mo Marley, who coached Bronze in England youth squads, offered Bronze a spot on the Everton squad Marley was coaching in the summer of 2010; with Everton, Bronze could play in the newly established Women's Super League, which Sunderland would not be joining. She was named in Everton's UEFA Women's Champions League squad in September 2010 and debuted for the club in a 0โ0 draw against MTK in Hungary.
For all of her time at Everton, Bronze was recovering from her knee injury; she did not play often, and continued to predominantly work at Domino's. She played in six matches for Everton during the 2011 FA WSL season, starting five of these on the bench. Everton finished in third place in the league, with a record. During the 2012 FA WSL, she started ten of the eleven matches she played. She scored her first Everton goal during a 2โ0 win against Liverpool. Everton also finished this season in third place with a record. Bronze spent the two years following her knee surgeries using what she learnt in her sports science degree to create her own rehabilitation plan. Pundit and former player Alex Scott, who played in the same position as Bronze, later said that the years Bronze spent determined to overcome her injury were instrumental in her developing the physical and mental strength to reach the level she has.
Liverpool
2013
In November 2012, Bronze left Everton to sign for local rivals Liverpool, following Natasha Dowie and Fara Williams who had made the same move days earlier, saying that her decision was driven by the medical and training support she would receive; Liverpool became England's first full-time women's club for the 2013 season, attracting these players.
Bronze was part of the Liverpool side that won the FA WSL in 2013 and again in 2014. During the 2013 FA WSL season, she was a starting defender in thirteen of the fourteen matches she played, and scored a goal during the team's 4โ1 win over Birmingham City. Liverpool finished in first place and suffered only two defeats.
2014
During the 2014 FA WSL, Bronze started all matches for Liverpool, helping the team to another league championship and a record; a victory against Bristol Academy on the last day, including a goal from Bronze, saw Liverpool jump from third to first in the league.
In 2014, Bronze was awarded the PFA Women's Players' Player of the Year. Following her second league title, she departed Liverpool to sign for Manchester City.
First stint with Manchester City
2015
Bronze signed for Manchester City in November 2014, following the team's successful opening season, with Bronze saying that what the club offered its female players, in terms of resource equity with the men's team, was "unheard of really". The move, with Bronze to start playing in the team's 2015 season, "sent shockwaves through women's football"; though she had been successful with title-holding Liverpool, Bronze again moved because her team was offering more support to its female players. After four matches with City, Bronze had another knee operation.
In her first year at Manchester City, Bronze scored two goals from the full-back position, helping them to second place in the league and qualification for the UEFA Women's Champions League for the first time.
2016
In 2016, her second season in Manchester, she scored two league goals as City went unbeaten for the entire season. She contributed to an outstanding record which saw Manchester City only concede four league goals. She also helped Manchester City to their second FA WSL Cup win in three years, scoring the winning goal in the 105th minute of the final. Bronze was also named FA WSL 1 Players' Player of the Year. She played a part in both the home and away leg of Manchester City's first ever Champions League games, scoring two and assisting two in a 6โ0 aggregate win over Russian champions Zvezda Perm.
2017
She ended competition with eight appearances, as Manchester City reached the semi-finals of the 2016โ17 edition of the UEFA Women's Champions League, with their title hopes ended in late April when they lost to Olympique Lyonnais (Lyon) 3โ2 on aggregate. On 23 April 2017, Bronze was named PFA Women's Players' Player of the Year for second time, and was selected in the PFA WSL Team of the Year and Women's Champions League Squad of the Season. In the 2017 Women's FA Cup Final in May, Bronze gave a strong display, scoring the opening goal and providing the assist for the second, with City winning 4โ1 and, as a result, becoming the first team to hold all three England domestic trophies.
Later that year, she was shortlisted for the UEFA Women's Player of the Year Award and The Best FIFA Women's Player Award, but finished eighth and ninth respectively in the voting. At the end of 2016, Bronze had been ranked tenth on The 100 Best Female Footballers in the World list by The Offside Rule/The Guardian, placing fifth in 2017.
While her first three years with Manchester City were a great success that saw her gain wider recognition, they "were quite erratic" and Breaking The Lines wrote that "she didn't reach the same heights as she did with Liverpool".
Lyon
2017โ18
In August 2017, Bronze signed a three-year contract with Lyon. In the 2017โ18 season of the UEFA Women's Champions League, Bronze made eight appearances, scoring two goals as Lyon reached the final, including a winning goal against Manchester City that was nominated for UEFA Goal of the Season. She featured in the final match of the UEFA Women's Champions League and helped Lyon win the competition. In the Division 1 Fรฉminine league, Bronze made nineteen appearances, scoring two goals, as Lyon captured its twelfth straight league title. She was named in the Team of the Year for the D1 Feminine, as well as in the Women's Champions League Squad of the Season. In the Coupe de France, Lyon were unable to defend their Coupe de France title, losing to Paris Saint-German in the final. At the end of 2018, Bronze was shortlisted for the premiere women's football awards: the inaugural Ballon d'Or Fรฉminin award, the UEFA Women's Player of the Year Award, and The Best FIFA Women's Player Award, finishing sixth, fifth and sixth respectively. She was number four on The Guardian's 2018 100 best list.
2018โ19
During the 2018โ19 season, Bronze made 29 appearances for Lyon in all competitions, scoring two goals on her way to a second Division 1 Fรฉminine league title; she also helped Lyon to reclaim the Coupe de France Fรฉminine title and win a second consecutive UEFA Women's Champions League trophy. In the International Champions Cup, Lyon defeated the title holders North Carolina Courage, with Bronze helping to deliver the winning goal.
At the end of 2019, for her performances in the season, Bronze finished as runner-up for the Women's Ballon d'Or, was named UEFA Women's Player of the Year Award and finished third in the voting for The Best FIFA Women's Player Award. The Guardian ranked her second on the 100 best list.
2019โ20
Bronze helped Lyon win Trophรฉe des Championnes in 2019 โ a first historic new trophy against Paris Saint-Germain. At the end of the season, Bronze confirmed that she would be leaving Lyon, following the expiration of her contract. She had signed a short extension to see out the end of the Champions League, which they again won. She won nine trophies in three seasons with the club. In December 2020, having won a treble in her last season with Lyon, she won The Best FIFA Women's Player Award, becoming the first defender and the first English footballer to do so.
Return to Manchester City
2020โ21
On 8 September 2020, Bronze rejoined Manchester City on a two-year deal, following the conclusion of her contract with Lyon and her trophy-laden three-year spell there. Her new start at the club saw her beset with injury, but she recovered to have an impact later in the 2020โ21 season. At the end of 2020, she placed third on the 100 best list produced by Offside Rule and The Guardian, and in March 2021 had contributed enough at City to still place fifth on the ESPN ranking of the top 50 women's players. At the end of this month, she made an impressive goal-line clearance to help City to a 2โ1 win over Barcelona in the Champions League quarter-finals, though City lost on aggregate.
2021โ22
She had another knee operation before the start of the 2021โ22 season, restricting her play until the new year; at the end of 2021, she came in at 34th on the 100 best list, her first time outside the top 10 since the list began. With the club, she won the League Cup in 2022. After leaving City again over the summer of 2022, Bronze said that in her last year with the club she had not been completely happy or confident. The Guardian reported around the time that while Bronze and City manager Gareth Taylor did not mention it in public, there were tensions between them about Bronze's role in the City team. Bronze had said she would leave City at the end of her contract in 2022; with indications she would leave the WSL again, in May she was linked with potential moves to the National Women's Soccer League in the United States and, with Keira Walsh, to Spain; the Spanish media suggested that the pair would join Real Madrid as another City player, Caroline Weir, had just signed for the club.
In her second stint with City, Bronze was sometimes used as a central midfielder alongside Walsh during attacking play, offering more cover to allow the other midfielders to play as 'free 8' central attacking midfielders, with Bronze also taking build-up play duties, increasing her passing and attacking stats.
Barcelona, 2022โpresent
In June 2022, Bronze agreed to join Barcelona after her contract with Manchester City expired; Bronze said that she prefers playing abroad and wanted to take the opportunity to play for a club as renowned as Barcelona, as well as to be challenged there and help it "become another historical great in Europe" as she had experienced with Lyon. In August 2022, Barcelona announced that they would register Bronze as a Portuguese national, due to Spanish footballing bodies and the Royal Spanish Football Federation (RFEF) having not agreed, shortly before the season began, how many non-EU citizens each team could register and so preventing new non-EU players from being registered until this was resolved. Spanish media reported heavily on the uncertainty, with Bronze at the time said to be "bemused by the fuss".
While preferring to play outside of England, Bronze noted that the intensity and intelligence of the training at Barcelona was "an extra level up" from her years with Lyon. She was encouraged to be fluid in her position as a right back from the pre-season and, in their first league game, moved into the midfield in the 60th minute to make plays with England teammate and fellow new transfer Keira Walsh. She also felt that, besides the intensity, adapting to training at Barcelona was harder than at Lyon as the team's core were all Spanish and had been playing together for many years, thus requiring more off-pitch adaptation.
Bronze scored her first goal for Barcelona in an Otro Clรกsico match against Atlรฉtico Madrid on 27 November 2022, with a diving header for Barcelona's third of the game. Her second goal, in the very next game, was an 89th-minute match-winner, taking Barcelona ahead of Real Sociedad for the first time in the game to preserve their winning run. Earlier in the month, Bronze had been rested to prevent damage when experiencing a flare-up of her knee injury after a match against Real Madrid. Having been started by the team in all the important games, Bronze won her first title with them on 22 January 2023, providing an assist in the final of the 2022โ23 Supercopa de Espaรฑa, helping the team to a 3โ0 win. On 22 April 2023, facing Chelsea in the Champions League, Bronze sustained a knee injury and had to be taken off; on 25 April she had surgery, and was predicted to be unavailable for two to six weeks. On 30 April, Barcelona won the league at home with four matches to play and an all-wins record.
International career
Youth
Bronze aspired to play for England but noticed scouts never went up to Sunderland to watch her matches; at a summer camp in North Carolina, Dorrance promised to help her, and used his contacts at Arsenal to have someone go to watch her play, after which she was taken into the England youth system. Bronze was called into the England under-17 squad in March 2007, aged fifteen, while she was playing for Blyth Town. She was part of successful England youth teams at all age groups.
Called up to the squad for the under-17 Euro qualifiers in 2007, she was also part of the team that came fourth in the finals of the 2008 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship, the first instance of this tournament. She only made a starting appearance in the semi-final, but was still included in UEFA's list of players to watch from the tournament, both for her contributions to attacking play and her speed in defense. Later that year, she was part of the England squad that also came fourth in the 2008 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup (also its inaugural edition) in New Zealand, where she was only absent from the starting line-up for England's opening match against Brazil (coming on in the 69th minute) and picked up two yellow cards at the end of the tournament. From the middle of 2008, Bronze regularly played for both the under-17 and under-19 teams, with her first competitive under-19 games coming in September that year.
She was a crucial part of the under-19 squad that won the UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship in July 2009. Following her knee injury, she was told she would not be called up for the next under-19 Euro, later noting that she felt a lack of support during her recovery. She was part of the under-19 squad that finished runners-up to France in the 2010 under-19 Euro, providing the long-range assist for Toni Duggan's opening goal in their first match, a 3โ1 victory over Scotland.
She was called into an England under-20 training camp in January 2010. After featuring in all three games during the 2010 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, Bronze made her debut for the England under-23 team in a 2โ1 win over Germany in September 2010. At the La Manga tournament in March 2013, with the under-23 squad, Bronze provided the shot that led to an own goal off a Norwegian defender in the closing minutes, leading England to win 1โ0.
Senior
England
When Bronze was 16, her parents were approached by Mรณnica Jorge of the Portuguese football association, who extended an invitation for Bronze to join and train with Portugal. Bronze later said she seriously considered this offer for several years and was prepared to switch to Portugal when she was 22; though she was playing for the England youth teams, she was consistently left out of the senior England squad under manager Hope Powell. Through relatives, she would also have been eligible to play for Scotland. Bronze made her debut for the England senior team on 26 June 2013 as a substitute in the 67th minute for Dunia Susi in a friendly against world champions Japan at the Pirelli Stadium in Burton-upon-Trent. She had a claimed goal disallowed in the 89th minute of the 1โ1 draw. The following month, she was an unused member of the squad at Euro 2013 in Sweden, a group stage exit.
Bronze scored her first England goal on 14 June 2014, in a 3โ0 away win over Belarus in World Cup qualification; she scored again on 17 September 2014, as England concluded their qualification process with a 10โ0 away win over Montenegro and a 100% record, with Bronze having played in nine of the ten matches. On 23 November 2014 Bronze started in the first England women's match at Wembley Stadium, a 0โ3 loss to Germany. In her first years with England, she played as a centre-half alongside Steph Houghton, with Alex Scott first choice in Bronze's preferred right-back role.
She went into the 2015 Women's World Cup after a knee operation and less regular playing time, and began the tournament as a left-sided defensive midfielder before moving to right-back, displacing Scott, while still in the group stage. In the knock-out game against Norway, she scored an iconic winning goal from outside the penalty area as England came from behind to win 2โ1, their first knock-out win at the World Cup. Coach Mark Sampson said after the match that Bronze could be the best right-back in the world. Reflecting on the goal in 2019, Bronze said that it "set [her] career alight a little bit", seeing her gain wider recognition; in 2022 FIFA included it as one of the best-ever goals scored at a Women's World Cup. She also went on to score what proved to be the quarter-final winner against Canada as she netted England's second from a header in the 14th minute. She was widely praised as one of the best performers for England at the World Cup, winning England Player of the Year and being the first women's footballer to be nominated for the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award, and was included in the tournament's All-Star Team and shortlisted for the Golden Ball. England placed third at the 2015 World Cup, after defeating Germany in the bronze medal match.
In July 2017, she was named in the squad for the UEFA Women's Euro 2017, which England lost 3โ0 to eventual winners Netherlands in the semi-final. For her performances in the tournament, Bronze was included in the 2017 UEFA Team of the Tournament.
Bronze captained England for the first time in the 2018 SheBelieves Cup opening match against France. She was captain for this tournament with Steph Houghton out injured, as well as for several of the World Cup qualifying matches later in the year. She scored in one of these qualifying matches, a 6โ0 win against Kazakhstan, after coming on to replace Walsh and taking the armband from her. In 2019, Bronze was part of the England team that won the SheBelieves Cup in the United States. In some matches at this tournament, she played in central midfield; under Phil Neville, Bronze was played as a midfielder on several occasions, with Neville each time giving much praise to her abilities in the role and the popularity of her playing there. He also lauded her ability to play alongside Walsh as the midfield anchor, describing the pair as "colossi". Stated to be part of a plan to make Bronze a back-up 'number 8', which she was on-board with, Neville positively compared Bronze's adaptability to that of Philipp Lahm under Pep Guardiola, noting that "[Lahm] was voted one of the best right-backs, but [Guardiola] put him into midfield."
As Houghton's vice-captain, Bronze was selected for the 2019 World Cup squad; in the May 2019 squad announcement her name was revealed by Alex Scott as part of the social-media marketing for the tournament. Bronze was briefly taken ill at the tournament with a virus but was fit to play in England's quarter-final match against Norway; in it, she not only excelled in defense and down the wing, but also scored from just outside the area during a 3โ0 victory, a goal reminiscent of the one she scored against the same opposition in 2015. After the game, Phil Neville said her performance solidified her status as "the best player in the world", something he had described Bronze as on previous occasions. England finished the tournament in fourth place. Bronze ended up winning the Silver Ball, behind Megan Rapinoe, and being included in the team of the tournament. After the World Cup, Bronze played in the central midfield role in friendlies against Belgium and Norway.
In June 2022, Bronze was named to the England squad for the home Women's Euro in July, which England won. At the tournament, she scored against Sweden. In the final, she got the first touch of the ball from a corner to bounce it into the box, leading to England's winning goal by Chloe Kelly with 10 minutes left of extra time in the final against Germany. After winning the Euro, UEFA wrote that all Bronze was missing was a World Cup title. Including appearances for Great Britain at the Olympics, the Euro 2022 final was Bronze's 100th international match. She achieved her 100th England cap on 11 October 2022 in a 0โ0 draw against the Czech Republic. As European champions, England contested the 2023 Women's Finalissima in April 2023, defeating Copa Amรฉrica champions Brazil on penalties to win 1(4)โ1(2), with Bronze being voted England player of the match. In November 2022, the FA introduced legacy numbers to honour the 50th anniversary of the women's team; Bronze was the 181st player to represent the Lionesses and her matchday shirts will feature this number.
Bronze participated in the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup; England reached the final for the first time for a second-placed finish behind Spain. Bronze played most of the tournament as a right wing-back. In the final, she lost possession of the ball in the lead-up to Spain's solitary goal in the 0โ1 England loss, considered the fault of a lack of communication with Ella Toone. While sports media criticised Bronze for failing to regain possession, it also mentioned the "cruelty" of her involvement in the conceded goal, as the player who is considered to have "given more to English football than any [other] member of the squad". If England had won the World Cup, Bronze would have 'completed football'.
Shortly after the 2023 World Cup, the 2023โ24 UEFA Women's Nations League began, with England in League A. Their opening match against Scotland was held in Sunderland, with supporters treating it as a homecoming for Bronze; she scored a header for England's first goal in their 2โ1 victory.
Great Britain
Bronze was approached ahead of the 2012 Summer Olympics and told that she was on the longlist for selection to the Great Britain women's Olympic football team; at this point she still had not been called up to the senior England team and was pleased she was being considered. She noted that this is when she first learnt that football is played at the Olympic Games. She was not picked for the final team, and GB did not send football teams to the 2016 Games. She represented Great Britain at the 2020 Summer Olympics, held in 2021. Playing in all four games, she helped create many of Team GB's goals, providing for club teammate Ellen White from the right wing.
Style of play
A tactically versatile right-back often deployed as an inverted full-back, Bronze has been compared to players of her position in Pep Guardiola's Bayern Munich, particularly Philipp Lahm.
Bronze demonstrates excellent skill in the full-back role, with stamina and speed down the wing, and the ability to play crosses into the box as well as make overlapping runs with her forward winger. Her tackles are usually perfectly-timed, and she has an exceptionally high rate of winning aerial duels. She has good numbers of interceptions and recoveries. Beyond these skills, Bronze also has creative play; when unable to find a pass, she can dribble past opposition defenders and will do so in the box as well as down the wing. Correspondingly, she is aggressive off the ball, making it hard for opposition to dribble past her. Her speed and reading of the game allow her to force opposition wingers into weaker positions through her body positioning, as well as enabling her to make late tackles and clearances when the opposition get close to goal. Bronze's positioning of choice on the wing can be very close to the touchline, widening her team's formation and often forcing the opposition full-back to either fully commit to marking her, leaving a larger space behind, or to be hesitant enough that Bronze is given space herself. When aiming to intercept, she can use her reading of the game to time movements to prevent spaces she leaves being exploited, while still able to arrive at the ball ahead of its target.
Contributing as much to her team's attack as its defense, Bronze often moves into the position of the right winger during the course of play or makes underlapping runs into interior space, allowing her to receive the ball from wingers pinned wide by opposition defenders. Beyond her role as right-back, she often plays as an inverted full-back, taking positions in both central defense and the midfield, roles she can play naturally or temporarily when moving in from the full-back position to overload the middle or cover for other players that have moved forward to attack. Moving into the middle as an inverted right-back also allows her to continue playing defensively further up the pitch, gaining possession and aiding her team's counter-attack.
In attack, Bronze is a goalscoring threat from set pieces off corner kicks and free kicks, is noted for ambitious runs into the box when not occupied, and has a high success rate in crossing the ball into the box for assists. She can also shoot with power from distance. In the midfield she may offer herself as a passing option to other midfielders, or exploit space they have created to move the ball forward. With Lyon, England and Barcelona, she has been utilised as both a conventional 'number 8' and a 'free 8', using her progressive right-back skills in the centre of the pitch or (at the latter two) as an option when an opposition makes it hard for Keira Walsh to play through balls. More likely to dribble than pass through the centre of the pitch, Bronze still boasts good vision for through balls, with a passing accuracy among England players in 2019 second only to Walsh.
Other work and popular culture
Bronze is also an advocate for other professional footballers. She is a player representative for global football union FIFPRO's Global Player Council, to advise on decision making around international football, having joined in 2020 and being elected to continue when it was expanded in 2022. She is also a representative for EE's Hope United, which, among other things, aims to tackle online abuse directed at players.
In support of providing access for girls in football, Bronze took part in a 2016 match that saw 100 schoolgirls play against an all-star XI of England women's players. Said to be a player that has shaped women's football in her career, which spans two eras, Bronze was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2023 New Year Honours for services to association football.
Since 2019, in anticipation of the 2019 World Cup, she has written a column on football for the Metro. Since 2021, she has also written a column for Give Me Sport Women.
Her likeness appears in the FIFA video games that include women's players, with her player rating being consistently one of the highest (in FIFA 22, 92, joint-second of all players behind only Lionel Messi; in FIFA 23, 90, joint-fifth of all). Before women's players were included in the video games, Bronze remarked that "when they are I'll know the women's game is big". In 2020, to promote staying at home and medical charity fundraising during the COVID-19 pandemic, Bronze took part in the Football's Staying Home Cup, which saw professional footballers playing FIFA against each other in a knock-out bracket. She had previously said she enjoys playing the games.
After Bronze worked at Domino's in her early career, the franchise has publicly supported her. During the FIFA Women's World Cup 2019, the Domino's she had worked at in Headingley changed its shopfront to the colour bronze, while during the UEFA Women's Euro 2022 it changed its name to "Lucy's" and offered related promotions. Later in 2022, Bronze featured in a football-related recruitment campaign for Domino's.
Personal life
Bronze is multilingual, speaking English, Portuguese and French, the last of which she learnt while playing for Lyon. She began learning Spanish in anticipation of playing for Barcelona; at the club she did not use an interpreter, realising that her knowledge of Portuguese and French, in which she is more fluent, helped when she was still learning. She does not often discuss her personal life, but is known to be LGBTQ. Bronze grew up with pet dogs and sought to get one of her own with her roommate in 2015; with partner Keira Walsh she has a West Highland White Terrier called Narla.
She has suffered from knee injuries for most of her senior career, and said in 2019 that she found the strength to continue playing because she considered the death of a childhood friend, whose funeral she missed to play in the under-19 Euros she won, to be much worse than her pain. Around the time of his death she also felt guilt over missing the funeral and found she could not run, visiting a sports psychologist to overcome this. She has been an advocate for mental health support in general. Her dog has an Instagram account, while Bronze has had a mixed relationship with social media.
Bronze has several tattoos, despite a phobia of needles, including a prominent wrist tattoo, itself composed of several tattoos. The first of these were stars, which she and Tar Heels teammates got after winning the championship in 2009, when Bronze had just turned eighteen; she added to this when she was about twenty-one, with designs she drew herself, of the word "familia" (Portuguese for "family") and a silhouette of Lindisfarne Castle, reflecting her origins.
Before she saw football as a viable full-time career, Bronze planned to become an accountant and work to pay to continue to play football; she has said if she had not taken up football then she would have pursued another sport as a career.
Career statistics
College
Club
International
Statistics accurate as of match played 31 October 2023.
Scores and results list England's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Bronze goal.
Honours
University of North Carolina
ACC Women's Soccer Tournament: 2009
NCAA Women's Soccer Championship: 2009
Sunderland
FA Women's Premier League Northern Division: 2008โ09
Women's FA Cup: runner-up 2008โ09
Liverpool
FA WSL: 2013, 2014
Manchester City
FA WSL: 2016
FA WSL Cup: 2016, 2021โ22
Women's FA Cup: 2016โ17, 2019โ20
Lyon
UEFA Women's Champions League: 2017โ18, 2018โ19, 2019โ20
Division 1 Fรฉminine: 2017โ18, 2018โ19, 2019โ20
Coupe de France fรฉminine: 2019, 2020
Trophรฉe des Championnes: 2019
Barcelona
Liga F: 2022โ23
UEFA Women's Champions League: 2022โ23
Supercopa de Espaรฑa Femenina: 2022โ23
England U19
UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship: 2009; runner-up 2010
England
FIFA Women's World Cup runner-up: 2023; third place: 2015
UEFA Women's Championship: 2022
Women's Finalissima: 2023
SheBelieves Cup: 2019
Arnold Clark Cup: 2022, 2023
Individual
Sunderland Manager's Player of the Year: 2007โ08
NCAA Soccer America All-Freshman Second Team: 2009
PFA Team of the Year: 2013โ14, 2014โ15, 2015โ16, 2016โ17
PFA Women's Players' Player of the Year: 2013โ14, 2016โ17
FIFA Women's World Cup All-Star Squad: 2015, 2019
England Player of the Year: 2015, 2019
BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award nominee: 2015
FA WSL 1 Players' Player of the Year: 2016
MCWFC Etihad Airways Player of the Season: 2016
UEFA Women's Player of the Year Award: eighth 2016โ17, fifth 2017โ18, won 2018โ19, third 2019โ20
Trophรฉes FFF D1 Fรฉminine Team of the Year: 2017โ2018
FIFA FIFPRO Women's World 11: 2017, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022
IFFHS Women's World Team: 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022
BBC Women's Footballer of the Year: 2018, 2020
Ballon d'Or Fรฉminin: sixth 2018, second 2019, tenth 2022
FIFA Women's World Cup Silver Ball: 2019
Globe Soccer Awards Best Women's Player of the Year: 2019
The Best FIFA Women's Player: 2020
IFFHS World All-time Women's Dream Team: awarded 2021
IFFHS Europe All-time Women's Dream Team: awarded 2021
FA WSL Player of the Month: February 2021
IFFHS England All-time Women's Dream Team: awarded 2022
Freedom of the City of London (announced 1 August 2022)
Orders
Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in the 2023 New Year Honours
See also
List of England women's international footballers
List of Manchester City W.F.C. players
List of University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Olympians
List of women's footballers with 100 or more international caps
Notes
References
External links
Lucy Bronze at FC Barcelona
Lucy Bronze at Olympique Lyonnais
Lucy Bronze at The Football Association
1991 births
Living people
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players
2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players
Alumni of Leeds Beckett University
English LGBT sportspeople
Division 1 Fรฉminine players
England women's international footballers
England women's under-23 international footballers
English expatriate sportspeople in France
English expatriate sportspeople in Spain
English expatriate women's footballers
English people of Portuguese descent
English people of Scottish descent
English women's footballers
Everton F.C. (women) players
Expatriate women's footballers in France
Expatriate women's footballers in Spain
FA Women's National League players
FC Barcelona Femenรญ players
FIFA Women's Century Club
Footballers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Footballers from Northumberland
British LGBT footballers
Liga F players
Liverpool F.C. Women players
Manchester City W.F.C. players
Members of the Order of the British Empire
North Carolina Tar Heels women's soccer players
Olympic footballers for Great Britain
Olympique Lyonnais Fรฉminin players
People from Berwick-upon-Tweed
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in France
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Portuguese expatriate women's footballers
Sunderland A.F.C. Women players
UEFA Women's Championship-winning players
UEFA Women's Euro 2017 players
UEFA Women's Euro 2022 players
Women's association football defenders
Women's association football fullbacks
Women's association football midfielders
Women's association football utility players
Women's Super League players
2023 FIFA Women's World Cup players |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%A4 | ์์ด์ฝ์ค | ์์ด์ฝ์ค(IQOS๋ผ๊ณ ํจ)๋ ํ๋ฆฝ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ธํฐ๋ด์
๋(PMI)์์ ์ ์กฐํ ๊ถ๋ จํ ์ ์ ๋ด๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ด๋ค. 2014๋
11์ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์์ ๊ถ๋ จํ ์ ์๋ด๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ธ ์์ด์ฝ์ค๊ฐ ์ต์ด๋ก ์ถ์๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ์ฐจ ๋ ๋ง์ ๋๋ผ๋ก ์์ฉํ๋์๋ค.
์์ด์ฝ์ค ์ ์๋ด๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ ํจ๊ป ํ๋ฆฝ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ธํฐ๋ด์
๋์ ๋ง์ ํฌํธํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ค์ด ํ์ฐ์ง ์๊ณ ๊ฐ์ดํ๋ ๊ถ๋ จํ ์ ์๋ด๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ ์ค์ ์ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ฐ ๋ด๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๋น๊ตํ์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ด์ ์ ์๋ด๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ์ด์ ์ ์์ง ์
์ฆ๋์ง ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ์ด์ ์ ์๋ด๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์ฌ์ฉ์ด ํ์์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์ผ๋ฐ ๋ด๋ฐฐ๋ณด๋ค ๋ ํด๋ก์ธ ์ ์๋ค๋ ์๊ฒฌ์ ๊ณผํ๊ณ์์ ์ฌ์ ํ ๋
ผ์ ์ค์ด๋ค.
์์ด์ฝ์ค๋ ์์ญ ๋
์ ๊ฑธ์น ๊ถ๋ จํ ์ ์๋ด๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ณํ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ"์์ด์ฝ์ค 2.2"(2014), "์์ด์ฝ์ค 2.4"(2016), "์์ด์ฝ์ค 3"(2018), "์์ด์ฝ์ค 3 ๋์ค"(2019) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ "์์ด์ฝ์ค ์ผ๋ฃจ๋ง"(2021, ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฑ) ๋ฑ ๋ค์ํ ๋ฒ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์๋์๋ค. KT&G์ ๋ฆด(Lil) ์ ํ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ํ๋ฆฝ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ธํฐ๋ด์
๋๊ณผ์ ์ ํ ๊ณต๊ธ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ํตํด ํ๊ตญ ์ด์ธ์ ํด์ธ ์์ฅ์์ ํ๋งค๋๊ณ ์๋ค
2016๋
๋ถํฐ ์์ด์ฝ์ค๋ ํ๋ฆฝ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ธํฐ๋ด์
๋์ ์ฃผ๋ ฅ ๋น์ฐ์ ์ ์๋ด๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ๋ฆฝ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ธํฐ๋ด์
๋์ ์ด์ "์ฐ๊ธฐ ์๋ ๋ฏธ๋"์ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ ์ ๋ง์ถ๊ณ ์๋ค. 2021๋
ํ์ฌ ์์ด์ฝ์ค ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์๋ ์ ํ ๋งค์ถ์ ํ๋ฆฝ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ธํฐ๋ด์
๋ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์์ต์ 30% ๋ฏธ๋ง์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค. ์ด๋ 2019๋
์ 20%์์ ์ฆ๊ฐํ ์์น์ด๋ค.
์ง๋ 2020๋
, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ํ ์์ฝ๊ตญ(FDA)๋ ์์ด์ฝ์ค๋ก ์์ ํ ์ ํํ ํก์ฐ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ ํด๋ฌผ์ง ๋๋ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ ํด๋ฌผ์ง์ ๋ํ ์ธ์ฒด๋
ธ์ถ์ด ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ , Modified Risk Tobacco Product("MRTP")๋ก ํ๋งคํ ์ ์๋๋ก ์ธ๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ค์จ๋ด ๋งค์น(Swedish Match)์ ์ผ๋ฐ ์ค๋์ค์ ์ด์ด ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ์ง์ ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์์ด์ฝ์ค์ ์ํ์ ๊ฐ(Reduced Risk) ๊ด๋ จ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋ํ ์ ์ฒญ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋์์ง๋ง, ์ธ๊ณ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(World Health Organization)๋ ์ธ์ฒด๋
ธ์ถ์ด ๊ฐ์๋๋ค๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ํ์ฉํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ ๊ฒ๋ ์๋น์๋ฅผ ์ค๋ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋นํํ๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ
์ฒซ ๋จ๊ณ
์์ญ ๋
๊ฐ ์ผ๋ฐ ๋ด๋ฐฐ ๋์ฒด์ฌ์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์งํ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, PMI๋ 1990๋
์ ๊ฐ์ด์ ์ ์๋ด๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋ถ์ผ์์ ์ฒซ ์์
์ ๋จ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค. PMI๋ ํ๋ฐ์ฝ ์คํฑ์ ํ์ฐ์ง ์๊ณ ๊ฐ์ดํ๋ ์ ์๋ด๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐํํ๋ค(ํ๋ก์ ํธ ๋ฒ ํ). PMI๋ ๋ง์นจ๋ด ํ๋ฐ์ฝ ์คํฑ์ ์ฐ์๋ฅผ ์ ํํ๋ฉด์ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ดํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์๋ด๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์์ฅ์ ์ถ์ํ๋ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ 1998๋
๋ถํฐ 2006๋
๊น์ง ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ํ๋งค๋ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ธ "์ด์ฝ๋(Accord)"(์ด ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ "์ค์์์ค(Oasis)"๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ์ผ๋ณธ์์๋ ์ถ์๋จ)์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ PMI์ ๊ตญ์ ์ํ์ฌ๊ฐ ํ๋งคํ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ธ "ํํธ๋ฐ(Heatbar)"๋ก 2006๋
ํธ์ฃผ์ ์ค์์ค์์ ์ถ์๋ ํ ์์ฅ์์ ์ฒ ์ํ๋ค.
2008๋
์ํธ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ทธ๋ฃน(Altria Group)์์ ๋ถ์ฌํ ์ง 1๋
ํ, ํ๋ฆฝ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ธํฐ๋ด์
๋์ "์ํ ๊ฐ์(Reduced Risk)" ์ ํ ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ฐ๋ด๋ฐฐ ๋์ฒดํ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ง์คํ๋ 2์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ์ด์์ R&D ์์ค์ธ "ํ๋ธ(Cube)"๋ฅผ ์ค์์ค ๋์คํ
์ ์ค๋ฆฝํ๋ค. PMI๋ 2011๋
์์ 2014๋
๊น์ง ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์๋ ๋ด๋ฐฐ ์์ฅ์ ์ง์
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ค์ํ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ(ํนํ ๊ตฌ๋งค, ๊ธฐ์
์ธ์, ํํธ๋์ญ ๊ฐ๋ฐ)์ ํ๋ค. 2011๋
PMI๋ ๋์ฝํด ํจ์น ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ค์ํ ์ญํ ์ ํ ๋์ฝํด ์ค๋
์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ต๊ณ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ์ธ ์ ๋ ๋ก์ฆ(Jed Rose) ๊ต์๋ฅผ ๋น๋กฏํ ๋ํฌ ๋ํ(Duke University)์ ๋ฐ๋ช
๊ฐ๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ฌด์ฐ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ํ๋ํ๋ค. 2013๋
์ PMI๋ ์ํธ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ณผ ์ํธ๋ฆฌ์์ ์ ์ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ด์ธ ์ง์ญ์์ ํ๋งคํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋ฐํํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ํธ๋ฆฌ์๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ํ๋ฆฝ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ธํฐ๋ด์
๋์ด ๊ฐ๋ฐํ ๋ฏธ๋์ ๋์ฒด ๊ฐ์ด ๋ด๋ฐฐ ์ ํ์ ํ๋งคํ ๋
์ ๊ถ์ ์ป์๋ค. "์๋ผ๋ฆฌ์ค(Solaris)"๋ก ๋ธ๋๋ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐฑ์ ํ ์ํธ๋ฆฌ์์ "๋งํฌ ํ
(MarkTen)"์ 2๋
ํ ์คํ์ธ๊ณผ ์ด์ค๋ผ์์์ ์ถ์๋์๋ค 2014๋
PMI๋ ๋น์ ์๊ตญ ์ต๋ ์ ์ ๋ด๋ฐฐ ํ์ฌ์ธ "๋์ฝ์๊ทธ(Nicocigs Ltd)"๋ฅผ ์ธ์ํ๋ค. ํด๋น ํ์ฌ์ ๋ธ๋๋์๋ "๋์ฝ๋ผ์ดํธ(Nicolites)"์ "๋น๋น๋(Vivid)"๊ฐ ์๋ค.
์์ด์ฝ์ค ์ถ์
2014๋
1์ ํ๋ฆฝ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ธํฐ๋ด์
๋์ ๊ฐ์ด๋ด๋ฐฐ์ ํ ์์ฐ ์ ์ฉ ๊ณต์ฅ์ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ณผ๋ก๋ ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ๊ฑด์คํ๊ธฐ ์ํด 5์ต ์ ๋ก๋ฅผ ํฌ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. 2014๋
11์ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์์ด์ฝ์ค๊ฐ ์ถ์๋์ด ์ผ๋ณธ ๋๊ณ ์ผ์ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋
ธ์์ ์ฒ์ ํ๋งค๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ ์ฐจ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ก ์ถ์๋ฅผ ํ๋ํ๋ค.
2016๋
๋ถํฐ ํ๋ฆฝ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ "์ฐ๊ธฐ ์๋ ๋ฏธ๋" ๋น์ ์ ๋๋์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์์ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ,์ผ๋ฐ ๋ด๋ฐฐ ๋์ฒด ์ ํ์ ์ ์ ๋ ์์
์ ์ธ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ ์ด์ ์ ๋ง์ท๋ค. ์์ด์ฝ์ค๋ ์ดํ ํ๋ฆฝ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค์ ์ฃผ๋ ฅ ์ ํ์ด ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ค์ํ ์ ํ์ ํฌํจํ๋๋ก ํ์ฅ๋์๋ค. 2016๋
์ PMI๋ ์๊ตญ์์ ์์ด์ฝ์ค ๋ฉ์ฌ(Mesh)๋ฅผ ์ถ์ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ๋ฒ ์ดํ ์ ํ (์ก์ํ ์ ์๋ด๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ)์ผ๋ก์ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ด๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ์ง ์๋ ์ ์ผํ ์์ด์ฝ์ค ์ ํ์ด๋ค. ๋ค์ ์ธ๋ ์์ด์ฝ์ค("์์ด์ฝ์ค 3" ๋ฐ "์์ด์ฝ์ค 3 ๋ฉํฐ")๋ 2018๋
10์ ๋์ฟ์์ ์ถ์๋ ํ ์ ์ธ๊ณ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ฅ์์๋ ์ถ์๋์๋ค.
ํ๊ตญ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, 2018๋
์๋ โ์์ด์ฝ์ค 3โ (IQOS 3) ์ โ์์ด์ฝ์ค 3๋ฉํฐโ (IQOS 3 MULTI) ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด, 2019๋
์๋ โ์์ด์ฝ์ค 3 ๋์คโ (IQOS 3 DUO)๊ฐ ์ถ์๋์๋ค.
2020๋
1์ PMI์ ํ๊ตญ์ KT&G๋ ์์ด์ฝ์ค ํฌํธํด๋ฆฌ์ค์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ก ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ ์ ๋ด๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ/๊ฐ์ด์ ์ ์๋ด๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ธ ๋ฆด(lil)์ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ ํต์ ์ํ ํํธ๋์ญ์ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ๊ทธํด ์ฌ๋ฆ, PMI๋ ๋ฉ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋น๋ธ(Veev)๋ก ๋ณ๊ฒฝํด ๋ธ๋๋ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐฑ์ ํ๊ณ , ๋ด์ง๋๋์์ ์ถ์ํ ํ ์ ์ฐจ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ก ์ ํต์ ํ๋ํ๋ค.. 2021๋
8์ ์ผ๋ณธ์์๋ ์ธ๋์
ํํ
๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์๋ก์ด ์์คํ
์ธ ์์ด์ฝ์ค ์ผ๋ฃจ๋ง(IQOS iluma)๊ฐ ์ถ์๋์๋ค.
2015๋
6,400๋ง ๋ฌ๋ฌ์๋ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์๋ ์ ํ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ PMI ๋งค์ถ์ 2017๋
36์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ(์ ์ฒด ๋งค์ถ์ 13%)๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค. 2020๋
๊น์ง ์์ด์ฝ์ค๋ 52๊ฐ๊ตญ์์ ํ๋งค๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ๋งค ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ 1๋
ํ ๊ฑฐ์ 70๊ฐ๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค.. PMI ์ฌ๋ฌด ๋ฐํ ์๋ฃ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 2021๋
1๋ถ๊ธฐ ๋์ ๋ฌด์ฐ ์ ํ ๋งค์ถ์ด ํ์ฌ ์์ต์ ๊ฑฐ์ 30%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค.. ํ๋ฆฝ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ๋ํ R&D ์์ฐ์ 99%๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ฐ ์ ํ์ ์ง์ํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ง์ถํ๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ๋ค.
๋ฌด์ฐ ๋ด๋ฐฐ ์ฌ์
์ผ๋ก ์ ํํ๊ธฐ ์ํ PMI์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฌ๋ 2021๋
8์ ์์ฒด ์๊ธ ์กฐ๋ฌ์ ์ํด ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ฑ๊ถ ๋ฐํ ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์์ํ ์ ์์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์์ง์์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ์์ฑ์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ์ผ๊ธฐํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
๋ฏธ๊ตญ FDA ์ธ๊ฐ
2016๋
12์ 6์ผ, PMI๋ ์์ด์ฝ์ค์ ๋ํ MRTP ์ธ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์๋ฐฑ๋ง ํ์ด์ง์ ๋ฌํ๋ ์ ์ฒญ์๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ํ ์์ฝ๊ตญ(FDA)์ ์ ์ถํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํด 3์, PMI๋ ์์ด์ฝ์ค 2.4 ์ ํ์ ๋ํ ๋ด๋ฐฐ์ ํ ์ํ ์ ์ฒญ์(PMTA- Premarket Tobacco Product Application)๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ FDA์ ์ ์ถํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ FDA๊ฐ ์๋ช
ํ ๊ณผํ ์๋ฌธ ์์ํ(TPSAC)๋ 2018๋
1์ ํ๋ฆฝ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ธํฐ๋ด์
๋์ ์ ์ฒญ์๋ฅผ ๊ฒํ ํ ํ 8๋ 1 ํฌํ๋ก ์์ด์ฝ์ค๊ฐ "์ ํดํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ํดํ ํํ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ๋ํ [...] ๋
ธ์ถ์ ๊ฐ์์ํจ๋ค"๋ผ๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์ง์งํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ํด๋น ์์ํ๋ ์ด ์ ํ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ ๋ด๋ฐฐ๋ณด๋ค ๋ ์์ ํ ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ํ๋งค๋ ์ ์๋ค๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ๋ค. FDA๋ 2019๋
4์ 30์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์์ด์ฝ์ค ํ๋งค๋ฅผ ์์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด PMI์ ๋ด๋ฐฐ์ ํ ์ํ ์ ์ฒญ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋ธ๋๋๋ 2019๋
10์์ ๊ณต์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์๋์๋ค.
2020๋
7์ 7์ผ FDA๋ ์์ด์ฝ์ค์ ๋ํด ๋
ธ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅํ MRTP๋ก ์ธ๊ฐํ๋ค FDA๋ ๋ช
์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด ์ ํ์ด "์์ ํ๊ฑฐ๋ FDA ์น์ธ์ ๋ฐ์" ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋์ด์๋ ์ ๋๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.[33] ๋ํ "ํ์ฌ๋ก์๋ ์ํ ๋ณ๊ฒฝ(Risk Modification) ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ๋ด๋ ธ๋ค."
๋์์ธ
๊ธฐ์
๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์์ด์ฝ์ค๋ ์ถฉ์ ๊ธฐ์ ํ ๋ชจ์์ ํ๋๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๋ค. ํ๋กํ๋ ๊ธ๋ผ์ด์ฝ(propylene glycol ; PG)์ ์ ์ ๊ฐ๊ณต ๋ด๋ฐฐ๊ฐ ๋ค์ด ์๋ ์ผํ์ฉ ํ๋ฐ์ฝ ์คํฑ์ ํ๋์ ์ฝ์
ํ ๋ค์, ์์ด์ฝ์ค 3๋์ค์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ต๋ 350ยฐC์ ์จ๋๋ก ๊ฐ์ดํ๋ค ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ ๋ฒํผ์ ๋๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ด์ ์์ํ๋ค.
2009๋
์์ 2017๋
๊น์ง ํ๋ฆฝ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ธํฐ๋ด์
๋์์๋ ์์ด์ฝ์ค์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ 1,900๊ฐ ์ด์์ ํนํ๋ฅผ ์ ์ฒญํ๋ค. ํฌ์ถ(Fortune)์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ด ํ์ฌ๋ "์ ์๋ด๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ"๊ฐ 2020๋
์ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ฑ์ฅํ๋ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฆฌ ์ก๋ ๋ฐ ๋์์ ์ฃผ์๋ค.
์ ์กฐ
์์ด์ฝ์ค ์ ์ฉ ํ๋ฐ์ฝ ์คํฑ์ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ ๋ฝ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์ ์ ์กฐ๋๋ค. ๊ณต์ฅ์ ์ค์์ค ๋์คํ
์ PMI R&D ์ผํฐ ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ์๋ค. ์์ด์ฝ์ค ์ ์ฉ ํ๋ฐ์ฝ ์คํฑ์ ์ฃผ์ ๊ณต์ฅ์ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์ ํฌ๋ ์คํ ๋ผ๋
ธ์ ์๋ค. ํ๋ฆฝ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์ด ๊ณต์ฅ์ ๊ฑด์ค์ 10์ต ์ ๋ก๋ฅผ ํฌ์ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, 2014๋
์ 5์ต ์ ๋ก์ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ํฌ์๊ฐ ๋ฐํ๋์๊ณ , 2017๋
์ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ํฌ์๊ฐ ๋ฐํ๋์๋ค. 2017๋
PMI๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ์์คํ๋กํผ๋ฅด๊ณ ์ค์ ์๋ ์ผ๋ฐ๋ด๋ฐฐ ๊ณต์ฅ์ ์์ด์ฝ์ค ์ ์ฉํ๋ฐ์ฝ ์คํฑ ์ ์กฐ ๊ณต์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ ํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด 3์ต ์ ๋ก๋ฅผ ํฌ์ํ๋ค. ๋ฃจ๋ง๋์์ ์คํ ํ๋์์๋ 4์ต 9์ฒ๋ง ์ ๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ค์ฌ ์ผ๋ฐ๋ด๋ฐฐ ๊ณต์ฅ์ ๋ฌด์ฐ ์ ํ ๊ณต์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ ํํ๋ ์์
์ด ์งํ๋์๋ค. 22017๋
๋
์ผ, ๋๋ ์ค๋ด์ 3์ต 2์ฒ๋ง ์ ๋ก์ ํ๋ฐ์ฝ ์คํฑ ์ ์กฐ ์์ค์ด ๋ฐํ๋์์ง๋ง, ์ดํ ํฌ์๊ฐ ๋ณด๋ฅ๋์๋ค. ์์์์์ ํ๋ฆฝ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ 2017๋
๋ถํฐ ์ฝ 3000์ต์์ ํฌ์ํด ํ๊ตญ ์์ฐ ๊ณต์ฅ์ ํ๋ฐ์ฝ ์คํฑ ์ ์กฐ์์ค์ ๊ตฌ์ถํ์๋ค. ์์ฐ๊ณต์ฅ์ ์ํ์ง์ญ ์ต์ด๋ก ์ค๋ฆฝ๋ ์์ด์ฝ์ค ์ ์ฉ ํ๋ฐ์ฝ ์คํฑ ์์ฐ๊ธฐ์ง์ด๋ค.
๋ชจ๋ธ
์์ด์ฝ์ค 2.2๋ ์์ด์ฝ์ค ๋ธ๋๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์์
์ ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์๋ ์ต์ด์ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์๋ค.
๋ผ์ด์ผ์ค๋ก ํ๋งค๋ ์ ํ
ํ๊ตญ ์ ์กฐ์
์ฒด์ธ KT&G์ PMI๋ KT&G์ ๋ฆด ๋ธ๋๋๋ฅผ ์์ด์ฝ์ค ๋ธ๋๋๋ก ํด์ธ ์์ฅ์ ๋ด๋๊ธฐ ์ํด 2020๋
1์ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ํ๋ ฅ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ๋ค.
ํ๋ฆฝ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์์ด์ฝ์ค๊ฐ ์ผ๋ฐ ๋ด๋ฐฐ์ ๋นํด ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ์ ๋ฐฐ์ถ๋์ด ์ ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ๊ณํ(sustainability Initiative)์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ก ์ ํ์ ๋ด๋์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ํ๋ฆฝ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ๋ํ ์์ด์ฝ์ค ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ ์กฐ ์ผํฐ์ ๋ฐํ๋์ด ์ฌํ์ฉ๋ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ํด๋น ์ ํ์ ์ํ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ค์ํ ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ฏธ๋ค์ํ์ฃผ ์ธ์ธํธํด์ ์์นํ ๊ณต์ค ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ฒ ์ผํฐ(Public Health Law Center)๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์ด์๋ฅผ ์ ๊ธฐํ๋ค. ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ์์ด์ฝ์ค ์ ์ฉ ํ๋ฐ์ฝ์คํฑ์ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ด๋ฐฐ๊ฝ์ด์ ์ ์ฌํ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ ํด๋นํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ด ์๋ค. "์ ์ ๋ด๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฑ์ ์ ์ ํ์ด๋ ์์ด์ฝ์ค์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ด์ ์ ์ ๋ด๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ธํด ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์ ์ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ ์์ด ๋์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐฐํฐ๋ฆฌ, ์ ๋
์ฑ ์ก์ฒด, ๊ธ์ ๋ฐ ํ๋ผ์คํฑ ๋ฑ์ ์์ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฒฐํฉํ์ง ์๊ณ ์ ์ ๋ด๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ์์๋ ์ฑ
์๊ฐ ์๊ฒ ์ฌํ์ฉ๋๊ฑฐ๋ ํ๊ธฐํ ์ ์๋ค."
๋ง์ผํ
2021๋
์ ์์ด์ฝ์ค ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ ์ฝ 70๊ฐ๊ตญ์์ ํ๋งค๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ์ค ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์บ๋๋ค, ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋ฃจ์ค, ๋ชฐ๋๋ฐ, ์กฐ์ง์, ์ด์ค๋ผ์, ์ค์จ๋ด, ํ๊ตญ ๋ฐ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ ์์ด์ฝ์ค ํ๋งค๋ฅผ ๊ท์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํน์ ์ ๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ฑํํ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ค. ์บ๋๋ค์ ์ด์ค๋ผ์์์๋ ์์ด์ฝ์ค ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ํฌ์ฅ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ฃ์๋ค.[56] ๋ฏธ๊ตญ FDA๋ ์์ด์ฝ์ค๋ก ์์ ํ ์ ํํ ํก์ฐ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ ํด๋ฌผ์ง ๋๋ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ ํด๋ฌผ์ง์ ๋ํ ์ธ์ฒด ๋
ธ์ถ์ด ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ค๊ณ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๋ด๋ ธ์ง๋ง, ์ผ๋ฐ ๋ด๋ฐฐ ๋์ ์์ด์ฝ์ค๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฉด ์ฌ์ฉ์์ ์ง๋ณ ์ํ์ ์ค์ธ๋ค(Reduced Risk)๋ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ๊ฐํ์ง ์์๋ค.
๋ค์ด๋ ํธ ๋ง์ผํ
์ด๊ธฐ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ ์ด ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ข
์ข
"I Quit Ordinary Smoking(์ผ๋ฐ ํก์ฐ์ ๊ทธ๋ง๋๋ค)"์ ์ฝ์ด๋ก ์ค๋ช
ํ์ง๋ง, ํ๋ฆฝ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์์ด์ฝ์ค๋ฅผ ์ค๋ช
ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ง์ผํ
ํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฌํ ํด์์ ๋ฐ๋ณตํด์ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ๋ค.
ํ๋ฆฝ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์์ด์ฝ์ค๋ฅผ ์ง์ ์ธ๊ธํ๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ง์ผํ
์บ ํ์ธ์ ํตํ์ฌ ํด๋น ์ ํ์ ยซ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์๋ ์ ํ "์ผ๋ก ์ค๋ช
ํ๊ณ , ์ฑ์ธ ํก์ฐ์์๊ฒ ๊ธ์ฐ ๋๋ ์์ด์ฝ์ค๋ก ์ ํํ๋๋ก ๊ถ์ ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ก๋ค.. ์ด ๋ง์ผํ
์ ๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋นํ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. PMI๊ฐ ์์ ์ ์
์ฅ์ ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ๊ธฐ ์ํด FDA์ ์ ์ถํ ๋ณด๊ณ ์์ ๋ํ ๋นํ์ ๊ฒํ ์์ ํ๋ฆฝ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ "์๋น์๊ฐ '์์ ํ ์ ํ'ํ๋ค๋ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์คํดํ ์ ์๊ณ , [๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ] ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋ท๋ฐ์นจ๋์ง ์๋ Reduced Risk ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์คํดํ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๋ค"๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ MRTP ์ธ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฐ ์์ด FDA๋ ์ฑ์ธ ์๋น์๊ฐ ์ธ๊ฐ๋ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ฐ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ดํดํ์์ ์ธ์ ํ๋ค.
๋ง์ผํ
๋
ผ๋
2020๋
ํ๋ฆฝ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค์ ํธ์ฃผ ์์ด์ฝ์ค ์ํ ์ ๋ต ๋ณด๊ณ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด "ํ๋ฆฝ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ํธ์ฃผ ์ ๋ถ์ ๊ฐ์ด์ ์ ์๋ด๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ํฉ๋ฒํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ๊ฒ ๋ก๋นํ๋ ๋์์, ์ ์๋ ์
๋ฒ ๋ณ๊ฒฝ ์ฌํญ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ฐ, ํด๋ฝ, ์ ์ง๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์ ์ ์ฑ์ธ๋ค์๊ฒ ์นํ์ ์ธ ๋งค์ฅ์์ ์์ด์ฝ์ค๋ฅผ ํ๋งคํ ๊ณํ์ ์ธ์ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค"๋ผ๊ณ ์ง์ ํ๋ค.
๋นํ ๋ฐ ๋
ผ๋
2017๋
12์ ๋ก์ดํฐ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ FDA์ ์์ด์ฝ์ค ์ ํ ์น์ธ์ ์ํด PMI๊ฐ ์ค์ํ ์์ ์ํ์์ ๋ถ์ ํ์ ์ฌ๋ก๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ ์ด์ ์ง์์ ๋ฌธ์์ ์ฆ์ธ์ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ์กฐ์ฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ๋ฆฝ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ๋ด๋ฐฐ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์๋ ๋ฏธ๋๋ฅผ ์ง์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ์
์ฅ์ ๋ง์WHO ๋ด๋ฐฐ ๊ท์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ์ฝ(FCTC)์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ ๋ ์กฐํญ์ ๋ง๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฝํ์ํค๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ก๋น๋ฅผ ์งํ ์ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋์๋ค.
๋ค์์ ์ 3์ ๋
์ฑ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ํ๋ฆฝ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ธํฐ๋ด์
๋์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ข
์ข
๋์กฐ๋๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. UCSF ์์์คํ ํด ๊ธ๋์ธ (Stanton Glantz) ๊ต์๋ ์ ํด์ฑ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ "์์ด์ฝ์ค๋ ์ผ๋ฐ ๋ด๋ฐฐ์ ๊ฐ์งํ ์ ์์ ์ ๋์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์๋ค"๋ผ๊ณ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋ด๋ ธ๋ค." ๊ณผํ ๋ฌธํ์ ๋ํ 2020๋
์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ธ ๊ฒํ ์์๋ ์์ด์ฝ์ค๊ฐ ํก์ฐ์์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋ํ ๋ท๋ฐ์นจ ํ ์ ์๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๊ฐ ๋งค์ฐ ์ ํ์ ์์ด ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์ด ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ถ๊ณ ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก๋ค.
2018๋
10์ ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ฌ๋จ(Belgian Cancer Foundation)์ ํด๋น ์ฃผ์ ์ ๋ํด ๋ฐํ๋ ์ด์ ์ ์์ฒด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ์์ด์ฝ์ค์ ๋ํด ์กฐ์ธํ๋ค. ์ฌ๋จ์ "์์ด์ฝ์ค๋ ๊ธ์ฐ์ ์ํ ํด๊ฒฐ์ฑ
์ด ์๋๋คโ ๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ๋ํ "์ด๋ฌํ ๋ํ ๋ด๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ์
์ด ์ด ํ์ ์ ์ธ ์์ฅ์์ ์์ ์ ํฌ์ง์
๋ ํ๋ค๋ฉด, ์ด๋ ๋ด๋ฐฐ ํ๋งค ๊ฐ์๋ก ์ธํ ์ฌ์ ์ ์์ค์ ๋ณด์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค (...). ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ด๋ฐฐ ์ฐ์
์ ๊ณ์ํด์ ์ด์ต์ ์ฐฝ์ถํ๊ณ ์์กด์ ์ธ ์๋น์๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํด๊ฒฐ์ฑ
์ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค."๋ผ๊ณ ๋ง๋ถ์๋ค.
2020๋
7์, ์ธ๊ณ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(WHO)๋ "๊ฐ์ด ๋ด๋ฐฐ ์ ํ ๋ฐ ์Hi ์ด์ฝ์ค ๊ด๋ จ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ FDA ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ๋ํ ์ฑ๋ช
"์ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. "WHO๋ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ด๋ฐฐ ์ ํ(HTP)์ด ์ ํด ํํ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ๋ํ ๋
ธ์ถ์ ์ค์ธ๋ค๊ณ ํด์ ์ ํ์ด ๋ฌดํดํ์ง ์์ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ฉฐ, ์ธ์ฒด ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ๋ํ ์ํ์ด ๊ฐ์ํ์ง ์๋๋ค๋ ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ญ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค. ์ค์ ๋ก, ์ผ๋ถ ๋
์๋ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ด๋ฐฐ ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค HTP ์์ด๋ก์กธ์์ ๋ ๋์ ์์ค์ด๋ฉฐ, HTP ์์ด๋ก์กธ์๋ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ด๋ฐฐ ์ฐ๊ธฐ์ ์กด์ฌํ์ง ์๋ ๋ช ๊ฐ์ง ๋
์๊ฐ ์ถ๊ฐ๋ก ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋
์์ ๋ํ ๋
ธ์ถ์ด ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ์๋ ค์ ธ ์์ง ์๋ค. (...) HTP๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ ๋ ์ถ๊ฐ ๋
์์ ๋
ธ์ถ๋๋ฉด ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ค ์ ์๋ค๋ ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ํ ๋ HTP๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ด๋ฐฐ์ ๋นํด ์ ํด ํํ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ๋ํ ๋
ธ์ถ์ ์ค์ธ๋ค๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์คํด์ ์์ง๊ฐ ์๋ค."
๋ฐฐ์ค ๋ํ๊ต(University of Bath)์ TobaccoTactics ์น ์ฌ์ดํธ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด "์์ด์ฝ์ค๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ธ ์์ค์ด๋ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์์ค์์ (๋ด๋ฐฐ) ๊ธ์ฐ ๋๊ตฌ๋ก ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ฑฐ์ ์๋ค." ๋ค๋๋๋ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ณต์ค ๋ณด๊ฑด ํ๊ฒฝ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์(Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment)์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์์ด์ฝ์ค๋ "๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ํด๋กญ์ง๋ง ์๋ง๋ ๋ด๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํผ์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ๋ณด๋ค ๋ ํด๋ก์ธ ์ ์๋ค."
2021๋
9์, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌด์ญ ์์ํ(U.S. International Trade Commission)๋ ํ๋ฆฝ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ธํฐ๋ด์
๋๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์์
์ ํํธ๋ ์ํธ๋ฆฌ์๊ฐ R.J. ๋ ์ด๋์ฆ(R.J. Reynolds)๊ฐ ์ ๊ธฐํ ํนํ ์์ก์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ด ์์ด์ฝ์ค ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ ํ๋งค ๋ฐ ์์
์ ์ค๋จํด์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ํ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ด๋ ธ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌด์ญ ์์ํ๋ ์์ด์ฝ์ค ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ ์ด๋์ฆ์ ํนํ 2๊ฑด์ ์นจํดํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ํ๋ฆฝ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ธํฐ๋ด์
๋์ ์ด๋ฌํ ํ๊ฒฐ์ ํญ์ํ ๊ณํ์ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๋ด๋ฐฐ ์ ํ
ํ๋ฆฝ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค์ ์ ํ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqos | Iqos | Iqos (/หaษชkoสs/ EYE-kohs, stylized as IQOS) is a line of heated tobacco and electronic cigarette products manufactured by Philip Morris International (PMI). It was first introduced in November 2014 in Japan and Italy. Most of the IQOS products are devices that heat tobacco without burning it.
The World Health Organization states that there is currently no evidence to show that heated tobacco products such as Iqos are less harmful than other tobacco products. A recent systematic review reached the same conclusion. The European Respiratory Society states that heated tobacco products are addictive and cause cancer in humans.
History
Philip Morris took its first commercial steps in the field of heated tobacco in the 1990's with "Accord" and "Heatbar" before they were withdrawn from the market. In 2014 Iqos was introduced, first in Japan and Italy. Starting in 2016, Philip Morris began heavily promoting a "smoke-free future", stating an intent to increasingly focus commercial efforts on products that are alternatives to cigarettes. Iluma, a new Iqos system using induction heating technology, was launched in Japan in 2021. As of 2020, Iqos accounted for 5.5% of the global tobacco market. It also "determined that the evidence did not support issuing risk modification orders at this time". PMI's efforts toward a "smoke-free" business transition allowed the company to begin the process of issuing sustainable bonds to finance itself in August 2021, which raised fears of greenwashing.
Construction
Components
Most Iqos models consists of a charger and a pen-like holder. A disposable stick (called "HeatStick" or "Heets") containing processed tobacco and glycerin is inserted into the holder, which then heats it to temperatures up to 350ย ยฐC for inhalation. Iluma, a more recent iteration, relies on induction to heat the tobacco sticks (called "Terea").
Waste
Philip Morris claims that Iqos reduces waste and carbon emissions compared to a cigarette, and presents the product as being part of its sustainability initiatives. The company is also promoting itself as a player in the circular economy by arguing that Iqos devices can be recycled by being returned to manufacturing centers. These claims were disputed by the Public Health Law Center at Saint Paul, Minnesota, as used HeatSticks constitute waste similar to conventional cigarette butts. Furthermore, it was noted that "new products such as e-cigarettes, or heated cigarette products like Iqos, will increase the overall supply of e-waste. It is most likely impossible to create any e-cigarette without a battery, poisonous liquid, metals and plastics joined in small devices, each of which cannot be recycled or disposed of responsibly."
Health effects
Many of the early studies of Iqos were funded by the tobacco industry. A 2021 independent systematic review noted some reduction in risk markers among users compared to cigarette users. However, it also noted Iqos use was reported to alter mitochondrial function, which could further exaggerate airway inflammation and lung cancer. The review concluded that "research seems to be necessary to assess the frequency of HTP use and its potential negative health effects." A 2022 Cochrane review of 13 studies concluded:
Marketing
The Iqos 2.2 was the first commercially launched device under the brand name. In 2021, Iqos devices were available in approximately 70 countries. Among them, the United States, Canada, Belarus, Moldova, Georgia, Israel, Sweden, South Korea and Portugal have chosen to adopt a specific approach to supervise the sale of heated tobacco/Iqos. In Canada and Israel, the packaging of Iqos devices is fully covered with a warning message. In the United States, the FDA granted Philip Morris authorization to make a "reduced exposure" marketing claim, considering that switching completely from cigarettes to Iqos reduces exposure to harmful chemicals, but specifically did not allow Philip Morris to make any claim that switching from cigarettes to Iqos reduces the user's risk of disease. The decision to allow for reduced exposure claims was criticized by the World Health Organization as misleading to consumers.
Direct marketing
Philip Morris is regularly accused of circumventing laws prohibiting the promotion of tobacco by claiming that Iqos is not a tobacco product. Canada updated its tobacco laws to clearly include heated tobacco devices in the list of regulated tobacco products. In France, it was reported that Philip Morris was promoting its devices at private parties, with salespersons sometimes offering alcoholic beverages to interested customers.
Philip Morris has been accused of using unregulated or illegal marketing strategies: a 2018 report stated that "Iqos boutique stores are the focus of aggressive promotion including exchanging a pack of cigarettes or lighter for an Iqos device, launch parties, 'meet and greet' lunches and after-hour events". According to Reuters "The marketing strategy mimics that of tobacco companies in the mid-20th century, when they started associating cigarettes with Hollywood and high society."
Philip Morris has also reportedly carried out several marketing campaigns directly mentioning Iqos, presenting the product as a "smoke-free" and a "reduced-risk" alternative, encouraging consumers to quit smoking or switch to Iqos. This marketing approach has come under criticism. A critical review of reports submitted by PMI to the FDA in support of its application claimed that "Consumers may misunderstand what is meant by 'switching completely' [and] are likely to misunderstand the unsupported claims of reduced risk". In granting the exposure order the FDA however stated that adult consumers correctly understood the messages that were authorized.
Youth-oriented marketing
In 2019, Reuters reported that Philip Morris was using social media influencers in several countries to make them "ambassadors" for the brand and promote Iqos to a young audience. PMI responded that it would cease use of influencers. According to Matthew Myers, president of the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, the company "is changing its behavior only when caught red-handed."
Also in 2020, a report on Philip Morris' Iqos implementation strategy in Australia pointed out that "Philip Morris has strongly lobbied the Australian government to legalize heated tobacco products, while simultaneously making plans to sell Iqos at young adult-friendly premises such as bars, clubs and pubs if its proposed legislative changes are made."
Criticism and controversies
In December 2017, Reuters published documents and testimonies from former employees alleging irregularities in the clinical trials conducted by PMI for the approval of the Iqos product by the U.S. FDA. This investigative work reported that Philip Morris was lobbying to block or weaken the provisions made under the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), going against the idea that the company would support a smoke-free future.
A number of third-party toxicity studies had findings which often contradicted those of Philip Morris International. UCSF-based Professor Stanton Glantz concluded that in terms of harmfulness, "Iqos is not detectably different from conventional cigarettes." A 2020 systematic review of the available scientific literature found very limited available data on the effects of Iqos on a smoker's health and recommended further studies.
In October 2018, the Belgian Cancer Foundation issued advice on Iqos, based on previous independent studies published on the subject. The Foundation claimed that "Iqos is not a solution" for quitting smoking." It further stated that "if the tobacco giant is positioning itself in this innovative market, it is to compensate for the financial losses resulting from the reduced sales of cigarettes (...). The tobacco industry is therefore exploring solutions in order to continue to make profits and keep dependent consumers."
In July 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) published a "statement on heated tobacco products and the U.S. FDA decision regarding Iqos", which read: "WHO reiterates that reducing exposure to harmful chemicals in Heated Tobacco Products (HTPs) does not render them harmless, nor does it translate to reduced risk to human health. Indeed, some toxins are present at higher levels in HTP aerosols than in conventional cigarette smoke, and there are some additional toxins present in HTP aerosols that are not present in conventional cigarette smoke. The health implications of exposure to these are unknown. (...) Given that health may be affected by exposure to additional toxins when using HTPs, claims that HTPs reduce exposure to harmful chemicals relative to conventional cigarettes may be misleading."
According to the University of Bath's TobaccoTactics website, "There is very little evidence that Iqos is effective as a [cigarette] quit tool at the individual level or population level." According to the Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Iqos is "harmful to health, but probably less harmful than smoking tobacco cigarettes".
In September 2021, the U.S. International Trade Commission ruled that Philip Morris International and its commercial partner Altria must stop the sale and import of the Iqos device in the United States because of a patent case filed by R.J. Reynolds. The U.S. International Trade Commission found that the cigarette alternative infringed on two of Reynolds' patents. Philip Morris International announced its plans to appeal the trade agency's decision.
References
Heated tobacco products
Electronic cigarettes
Tobacco
Products introduced in 2014
Philip Morris brands |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD-%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%20%EB%AC%B4%EC%97%AD%20%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81 | ๋ฏธ๊ตญ-์ค๊ตญ ๋ฌด์ญ ์ ์ | ๋ฏธ๊ตญ-์ค๊ตญ ๋ฌด์ญ ์ ์(็พๅ-ไธญๅ ่ฒฟๆๆฐ็ญ, , )์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ค๊ตญ ์ฌ์ด์ ์งํ ์ค์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ด๋ค. ๋๋๋ ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ 2018๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋งํ๋ '๋ถ๊ณต์ ๋ฌด์ญ๊ดํ'์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ํ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ด์ธ ๋ฑ ๋ฌด์ญ์ฅ๋ฒฝ์ ์ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ๋ฌด์ญ ๊ดํ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ํฅ๋ค ์ค์๋ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ ๋ฌด์ญ ์ ์์ ์ง์ ์ฌ์ฐ์ ๋์ฉ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ค๊ตญ์ผ๋ก์ ๊ฐ์ ์ด์ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌด์ญ ์กฐ์น์ ๋ํด ์ค๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ๋ ํธ๋ผํ ํ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ๋ณดํธ๋ฌด์ญ์ฃผ์์ ๊ด์ฌํ๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋น๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. 2020๋
1์ 15์ผ, ์์ธก์ 1๋จ๊ณ ํฉ์์ ๋๋ฌํ์ผ๋, ๊ธด์ฅ์ ์ง์๋์๋ค. 1980๋
๋ ์ดํ๋ถํฐ, ํธ๋ผํ๋ ๋ฌด์ญ ์๋๊ตญ๋ค์ ์ํด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด "๋๋๋นํ๊ณ ์๋ค"๋ฉด์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๊ณ ๊ตญ๋ด ์ ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ฅํด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ทธ์ ๋์ ์ด๋์ ์ฃผ์ ํ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ์ธ๊ต์์ํ์ ํ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์๋ ๋ง์ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์๋ค๊ณผ ๋ฌด์ญ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฅผ ํด์น๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ์ง๋ ์์์ง๋ง, ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ์ง์์ด ๊ฝค๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ์ด๋ ์ ๋๊ฐ ์ด๋ ํ ์ ์ฑ
๋ค๋ก ์ํด ์๊ธฐ๋์ง ๋งํผ์ด๋ ์ผ๋ง๋ ์ธ๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ์ ์ํด ์ผ๊ธฐ๋๋์ง์ ๋ํด ์๋นํ ๋
ผ์์ด ์์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๋ ๋ง์ฝ ํน์ ์ ์ฑ
์ด๋ ์ธ๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ๋ค์ ์ํด ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์๊ฐ ์๊ธด๋ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ๋งํ๋ค๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค. APํต์ ๊ณผ ๋ก์ดํฐํต์ ์ ์กฐ์ฌ์ ์ํ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์๋ค์ ํธ๋ผํ์ ๊ด์ธ๊ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋๋ณด๋ค ์ค์ด ๋ง์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๊ณ , ์ผ๋ถ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์๋ค์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋์ค(ๅฐไธญ) ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์๋ฅผ ํด์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋์ฒด์๋จ์ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ธ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์๋ ์๋น์ ๋ฌผ๊ฐ ์์น๊ณผ ๋๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์ฌ์ ๋์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ์์๋ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ํ๋ฝ์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฐ์
์์ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ์จ ๋ํ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ง์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ด ์์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ง์ญ์ผ๋ก ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง์ ์ด์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ด ๋ฏธยท์ค ๊ฒฝ์ '๋์ปคํ๋ง'์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๋ณ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์์๋ ๋ฌด์ญ ์ ์์ด ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์์ค์ ์ผ๊ธฐ์์ผฐ์ง๋ง, ์ผ๋ถ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋ถ์กฑํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ฉ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋์ด๋ ์ ์กฐ์
์ผ๋ก ๋๋ถ์ ์ด๋์ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ์ฆ์ ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ์ธ๊ณ ๊ฐ๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ์ผ๋ถ ํผํด๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์กฐ์น๋ฅผ ์ทจํ๋ค.
๊ตญ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ฐ๊พธ๋ ค๋ ํธ๋ผํ ํ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ์ต์ข
๋ชฉํ์ ๋ํ ์ง์ง๊ฐ ์์์ง๋ง, ๊ด์ธ ์ฌ์ฉ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ๋ถ์ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ๋ํ ๋นํ๋ ์์๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฐ์
์ค์์๋ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋๋ฏผ๋ค์ด ํธ๋ผํ๋ฅผ ์ง์งํ์ง๋ง ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์
๊ณผ ๋์
์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ํด ์๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ ์น์ธ๋ค ์ฌ์ด์์๋ ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ด ์ฑํํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ ์ ์ ๋์ํ์ง ์๋ ์ด๋ค๋ ์์ง๋ง ์ค๊ตญ์ ์๋ฐํ๋ค๋ ๋ชฉํ์ ์์ด์๋ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ๋์ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. 2019๋
11์ ๋ง ๊ธฐ์ค ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ ์ ๋ ฅ ๋ํต๋ น ํ๋ณด ์ค ์กฐ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ๊ณผ ์๋ฆฌ์๋ฒ ์ค ์๋ฐ์ ํฌํจํด ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ์ฒ ํํ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ ์ฌ๋์ ํ ๋ช
๋ ์์๋ค. ์ด๋ค ๋ ํ๋ณด ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ถ๊ณต์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ง์์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ๋ฐ ๋์ํ๋ค.
๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ
์ค๊ตญ์ด ์ธ๊ณ๋ฌด์ญ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(WTO)์ ๊ฐ์
ํ๋ค
๋น ํด๋ฆฐํด ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ฒฝ์ํ๋ ค ํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ด ๋ก๋น๋ฅผ ํ์ฌ ์ค๊ตญ ๊ฒฌ์ฌ๋ ์คํจํด์ ์ฐจ์ด์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค์ด ์ก์ง๋ง ์ค๊ตญ์ด ๊ณผ์ ์์ฐ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ณ ์ ํ์ฅ์ ํ๊ณ ์ด๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ด๋๊ณผ ์ถฉ๋ํ์ฌ ๋ฐ์ค๋ก๋น๋ฅผ ํผ์น ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์ค์ด ์ถฉ๋ํ์ฌ ์ ๋์ ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋๋ค.
2018๋
๊น์ง ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ ์กฐ์
์ผ์๋ฆฌ๋ 2000๋
์ดํ 500๋ง ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ์ค์ด๋ค์ด ๊ฐ์์ธ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ํ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋๋๋ ํธ๋ผํ ํ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ถ๋ง
๋๋๋ ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋ฌด์ญ ์๋๊ตญ๋ค์ ์ํด "๋๋๋นํ๊ณ ์๋ค"๋ฉด์ 1980๋
๋ ์ดํ๋ถํฐ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๊ณ ๊ตญ๋ด ์ ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์์๋ก ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๊ณ ๊ด์ธ ๋ถ๊ณผ๋ ๊ทธ์ ๋์ ์ด๋์ ์ฃผ์ ํ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.2011๋
์ด ํธ๋ผํ๋ ์ค๊ตญ์ด ๊ทธ๋ค์ ํตํ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ "์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ด ์ค๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์
๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค"๊ณ ์ง์ ํ๋ค. ๋น์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฐ์
์์ํ ์จ๋ฐ ํค์จ(Alan Tonelson)์ ์ค๊ตญ ์ ํ๊ฐ ์ ๋๊ฐ ์ต์ 40%๋ผ๊ณ ๋ตํ๋ฉด์ ๊ด์ธ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ก์ก๋ ์ ์ผํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ "๋ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์๊ณ , ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ ํ ๊ฒ๋ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์์ ๊ฒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. 2017๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋์ค(ๅฐไธญ) ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์๋ 3360์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ, ์ ์ฒด ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์๋ 5660์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ๋ฌํ๋ค.
ํธ๋ผํ๋ ๋ํต๋ น์ผ๋ก์ ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ์ง์งํ๋ฉด์ "์ค๊ตญ์ด ๋ถ๊ณต์ ํ ๋ฌด์ญ ๊ดํ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ฐ๊ฐ ์์ฒ์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ์์ค์ ์ฃผ๊ณ ์๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๊ณผํ ๋ค ๊ทธ๋ "๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ํํ๋ ์ด๋ฆฌ์๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ฌด๋ฅํ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ํด ์๋
์ ์ ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ๋์
ํ ์ฌ์ค์ ๋ถ์ธํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ฐ๊ฐ 5000์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ด๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ง์ ์ฌ์ฐ๊ถ(IP) ์ ๋์ 3000์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ์ถ๊ฐ ์ ์๊ฐ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ "์ด๋ฐ ์ผ์ด ๊ณ์๋๋๋ก ๋๋ ์ ์๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ์ง ์์ธ ์ ๋ฐฑ์
๊ด ๋ณํธ์ธ์ "ํด๋ฆฐํด, ๋ถ์, ์ค๋ฐ๋ง ๋ฑ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ํต๋ น ํ์ ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์ค๋ฉด์ ์ค๊ตญ์ด ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌด์ญ์์ฅ์์ ๋ถ๊ณตํํ ์ฐ์๋ฅผ ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ถ์ ํ์๋ฅผ ํ๋ ๋์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์์งํ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ดค๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค." ์ด์๋ ๋์กฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ผ๋ ์ญ์จ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ๋ฌธ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ ์์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ธ ์คํฐ๋ธ ๋ก์น์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ ์ธ๊ณ 101๊ฐ๊ตญ์ ๋ํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์(2015๋
๊ธฐ์ค)๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋์ค(ๅฐไธญ) ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์ ์ค ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ๋น์ค์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ถ๊ณต์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ๋ถ์ฐ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค๋ ๊ตญ๋ด ์ ์ถ์ด ๋ถ์กฑํ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง์ ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
ํธ๋ผํ ํ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ ๋ถ๊ณต์ ๋ฌด์ญ๊ดํ ์ค์๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ง์์ฌ์ฐ๊ถ(IP) ๋์ฉ๋ ์๋ค. CNN์ ํ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฌด์ญ๋ํ๋ถ(USTR)๊ฐ 7๊ฐ์ ๋์ ์ค์ํ ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ง์ ์ฌ์ฐ๊ถ ๋์ฉ์ ๋ํ ์กฐ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ IP ๋์ฉ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ธก ๋น์ฉ์ด ์ฐ๊ฐ 2,250์ต~6,000์ต๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ก ์ถ์ฐ๋๋ค๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค.
๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค์ํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค. ๋ก๋ฒํธ E.๋ผ์ดํธํ์ด์ ๋ฏธ ๋ฌด์ญ๋ํ๋ถ(USTR) ๋๋ณ์ธ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ค๊ตญ์ '๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด์ ' ์ ์ฑ
์ ๊ฒฌ์งํ๋ ๋์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ธ์ํ๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ป๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌ์ด๋ฒํ
ํํธ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๋ฑ '๊ตญ๊ฐ ์๋ณธ์ฃผ์'๋ฅผ ์ค์ฒํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํธ๋ผํ ํ์ ๋ถ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ค์ 2018๋
์ด๊น์ง ์ค๊ตญ ๊ตญ์๊ธฐ์
์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ฌ๋ค์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ง๊ธฐ ์ํ ์กฐ์น๋ฅผ ์ทจํ๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ด ์์ฅ ์ง์ถ ๋น์ฉ์ผ๋ก ์ค๊ตญ์ ํต์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋๊ธฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ง์ผ๋ ค ํ๋ค. ์ ์น๋ถ์๊ฐ ์กฐ์ ๋ก๊ธด์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด: "์ค๊ตญ์ด WTO ์ ๋์ ๋ถํฉํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฆ๋ช
ํ๋ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ฏฟ์์ด ์์๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ ์ง๋๋ถ๋ ์ ๋ฐ๋์ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ๋ด๋ ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ด์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋์ํด์ผ ํ๋ค."
๋ผ์ดํธํ์ด์ ๋ ๋ถ๊ณผ๋ ๊ด์ธ์ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ์ธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์
์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด์ ์ด ํ์ํ ์ง์ ์ฌ์ฐ๊ถ ๋์ฉ ํ์์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์์ ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ์ค์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ํผํด ์ถ์ ์น์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ธ ํฉ์๋ฒ์ธ์ ์ค๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์
๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ํ ๋ถ๋ฒ์ ์ธ ์ ๊ทผ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค.
์คํ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ์๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์๊ณตํ์์์ ์ ๋ฐ ์ด์์ ํ์๋ค์ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์์ ์ฌ์
์ ํ ๋ ์ง์ ์ฌ์ฐ์ ์ ์ถ์ด ์ค์ํ ๊ด์ฌ์ฌ๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ค.
2017๋
8์ ๋ก๋ฒํธ ๋ผ์ดํธํ์ด์ ๋ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ถ๊ณต์ ๋ฌด์ญ๊ดํ ์ํน์ ์กฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ 2018๋
3์ ์ฒ ๊ฐยท์๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋ ๊ด์ธ ์กฐ์น๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ฉด์ "๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ์ข๊ณ , ์ด๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์ฝ๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ 2019๋
8์๊น์ง ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ด ๊ณ์ ๊ณ ์กฐ๋์ ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ "์ค๊ตญ์ด ์ฌ์ธ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ ์ ์ด ์๋ค"๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
ํผํฐ ๋๋ฐ๋ก ๋ฐฑ์
๊ด ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์กฐ์
์ ์ฑ
์ค์ฅ์ ์ด๋ฒ ๊ด์ธ๊ฐ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ํ "์์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฉ์ด์ ์ธ ์กฐ์น"๋ผ๊ณ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋งค๋
์ ์๋ก ์ธํด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋ค์ด ํด์ธ๋ก ์ก๊ธํ๋ ๋์ ์์กฐ ๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ ๊ทธ ๋์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ํฌ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๋ฐ๋๋ก, ๊ทธ ๋๋ผ๋ค์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์์ฐ์ ์ฌ๋๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. "์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ํ๊ณ ์๋ ๋๋ก ํ๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ์์กฐ ๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ๋ค์ด๋ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ๋ค์ ์์ ๋ฌ๋ ค ์๋ค."
์ค๊ตญ์ ๋์๊ณผ ๋ฐ๋ก
์ค๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ง์ ์ฌ์ฐ ๊ฐ์ ์ด์ฒด๊ฐ ์๋ฌด์ ์ธ ๊ดํ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ ์ ๋ถ์ธํ๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ๋ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ๋ฐ(R&D)์ด ์ค๊ตญ์์ ์ด๋ค๋ธ ์ํฅ์ ์ธ์ ํ๋ค. ๋๋ฆฌ ์๋จธ์ค ์ ๋ฏธ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด์ ์ผ๋ถ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ถ์ผ์์ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ฆฌ๋์ญ์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ถ๋์ฐ์ '๋๋'์ด ์๋ '๊ธฐ์ด๊ณผํ์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ถ์ ๋๊ท๋ชจ ํฌ์'์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ ํ๊ฐํ๋ค. 2019๋
3์ ์ ๊ตญ์ธ๋ฏผ๋ํ๋ํ(์ ๊ตญ์ธ๋ฏผ๋ํ๋ํ)๋ ์ธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ง์ ์ฌ์ฐ ๊ฐ์ ์ด์ ์ ๋ช
์์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ธ์งํ๊ณ ์ธ๊ตญ ์ง์์ฌ์ฐ ๋ฐ ์์
๋น๋ฐ์ ๋ํด ๋ณด๋ค ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ๋ณดํธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฌํ๋ ๋ด์ฉ์ ์๋ก์ด ์ธ๊ตญ์ธํฌ์๋ฒ์์ 2020๋
๋ถํฐ ์ํํ๊ธฐ๋ก ์น์ธํ๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ๋ 2022๋
์๋์ฐจ ์ฐ์
์ ๋ํ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ํฌ์ ๊ท์ ๋ฅผ ํด์ ํ ๊ณํ์ด์๋ค. ๋ ์คํฐ ๋ก์ค ์ค๊ตญ ์ฃผ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์๊ณตํ์์ ์ ์ฑ
์์์ฅ์ ๋ฒ์์ ๋ณธ๋ฌธ์ด 'ํญ๋ก' '๊ดํญ'์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋นํํ๊ณ , ์ค๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ ์ฝ์ ๊ฐํ๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ๋ณด๋ณตํ ์ ์๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ถ๋ ฅ์ ๋ถ์ฌํ ๋ฒ์์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ ๋นํํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
์ค๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ๋ถ์์ ์์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋น๋ํ๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ํ๋์ด ํ์์ ์ด๋ ต๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ด ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์
์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์ณค๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ์ ์ง์ ํ ๋ชฉํ๋ ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ฑ์ฅ์ ์ต๋๋ฅด๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ฐ๋๊ธฐ
2018
1์ 22์ผ: ํธ๋ผํ๋ ํ์๊ด ํจ๋๊ณผ ์ธํ๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. 2017๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ์๊ด ํจ๋ ์์
์ ์ฝ 8%๊ฐ ์ค๊ตญ์์ ์์
๋์๋ค. 2015๋
์ค๊ตญ์์ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ฉ ์ธํ๊ธฐ ์์
์ก์ ์ด 11์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ์๋ค.
3์ 1์ผ: ํธ๋ผํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์ ์์
๋๋ ์ฒ ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋ ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ค๊ตญ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ฐ์ฒ ์ ์ฝ 3%๋ฅผ ์์
ํ๋ค. ์ด ํ์ ๋ช
๋ น์ "๊ทธ์ ๋ํต๋ น ์ฌ์ ์ค ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ์ ์ฑ
์ค์"๋ผ๊ณ ์ง์นญํ ์์คํธ๋ฆฌํธ์ ๋๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋น๋์ ๋ฐ์๋ค."
3์ 22์ผ: ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ ๋ฏธ ๋ฌด์ญ๋ํ๋ถ(USTR)์ 500์ต~600์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์ค๊ตญ์ฐ ์ ํ์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ธ ์ ์ฉ์ ๋ํ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์์ฒญํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 1974๋
๋ฌด์ญ๋ฒ 301์กฐ์ ์๊ฑฐํด ๋ถ๊ณผํ ๊ด์ธ๊ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ง์ ์ฌ์ฐ๊ถ ๋์ฉ์ ํฌํจํ "์๋
์ ๊ฑธ์น ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ถ๊ณต์ ํ ๋ฌด์ญ ๊ดํ์ ๋ํ ๋์"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ช
์ํ๋ค. ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋ถํ, ๋ฐฐํฐ๋ฆฌ, ํ๋ฉด TV, ์๋ฃ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ, ์์ฑ, ๊ฐ์ข
๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๋ฑ 1300์ฌ ์ข
์ ์ค๊ตญ์ฐ ์์
ํ์ด ๊ด์ธ ๋ถ๊ณผ ๋์์ ์ฌ๋๋ค.
4์ 2์ผ: ์ค๊ตญ ์๋ฌด๋ถ๋ ์ด์ ๋ํด ์๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋, ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ, ์๋์ฐจ, ๋ผ์ง๊ณ ๊ธฐ, ์ฝฉ ๋ฑ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์์
ํ๋ 128๊ฐ ์ ํ(๊ด์ธ๊ฐ 25%์ธ ์ ํ)๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ผ, ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ๋ฅ, ์ฒ ๊ฐ ๋ฐฐ๊ด(15%)์ ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ค.๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด ์๋ฒ ๋ก์ค(Wilbur Ross)๋ ๊ณํ๋ ์ค๊ตญ ๊ด์ธ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ด์ด์์ฐ(GDP)์ 0.3%๋ง์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๊ณ , ์ธ๋ผ ํ์ปค๋น ์๋์ค(Sarah Huckabee Sanders) ๋๋ณ์ธ์ "๋จ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ณ ํต์ ์์ง๋ง ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ๊ฐ์ ธ์ฌ ๊ฒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.2018๋
4์ 5์ผ, ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง์ ๋ณด๋ณต์ ๋ฐ๋ผ 1,000์ต๋ฌ๋ฌ ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์ค๊ตญ์ฐ ์์
ํ์ ๋ํ ์ถ๊ฐ ๊ด์ธ ๋ถ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒํ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ต๋ณํ๋ค. ๋ค์๋ ์ธ๊ณ๋ฌด์ญ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ค๊ตญ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์๋ก์ด ๊ด์ธ์ ๋ํ ํ์๋ฅผ ์์ฒญ๋ฐ์๋ค.
5์ 15์ผ: ์์งํ ์ฃผ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ณด์ข๊ด์ธ ๋ฅํ ๋ถ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ถ๊ฐ ๋ฌด์ญํ์์ ์ํด ์์ฑํด์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ๋ค.
5์ 20์ผ: ์ค๊ตญ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ค์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋์ค ๋ฌด์ญ ์ ์๋ฅผ "์ค์ง์ ์ผ๋ก" ์ค์ด๊ธฐ๋ก ์ฝ์ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋์ค๊ตญ ๋ฌด์ญ ์ ์๋ฅผ "์ค์ง์ ์ผ๋ก" ์ค์ด๊ธฐ๋ก ํฉ์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์คํฐ๋ธ ๋ฏ๋์ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด์ "์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ๋ณด๋ฅํ๊ณ ์๋ค"๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ํผํฐ ๋๋ฐ๋ก ๋ฐฑ์
๊ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ฌด์ญ์์ํ ๊ตญ์ฅ์ "๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ์์๋ค"๋ฉด์๋ "๊ณต์ ํ๊ณ ๋จ์ํ ๋ฌด์ญ๋ถ์"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
5์ 21์ผ: ํธ๋ผํ๋ ํธ์ํฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด "์ค๊ตญ์ด ์์ฒญ๋ ์์ ๋์์ฐ๋ฌผ ์ถ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ๋งค์ ๋์ํ๋ค"๊ณ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋, ๋์ค์ ๊ทธ๋ "์ ์ฌ์ ์ธ ํ์"์ด ์ข
๊ฒฐ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๊ตฌ๋งค๊ฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ์์ ๋ถ๋ช
ํ ํ๋ค."
5์ 29์ผ: ๋ฐฑ์
๊ด์ 6์ 15์ผ๊น์ง ๋ฐํ๋ "์ฐ์
์ ์ผ๋ก ์ค์ํ ๊ธฐ์ "๋ก 500์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ์ค๊ตญ ์ํ์ 25%์ ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๊ณผํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ๋ ํน์ ์ค๊ตญ ๊ฐ์ธ๊ณผ ๋จ์ฒด์ ๋ํ ํฌ์์ ํ๊ณผ ์์ถํต์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ทจ๋ํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋๋ก ํ ๊ณํ์ด์๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์ ๋ฌด์ญํ์์ ์ค๋จํ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค."
6์ 15์ผ: ํธ๋ผํ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด 500์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ์ค๊ตญ ์์ถํ์ 25%์ ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๊ณผํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ ์ธํ๋ค. 340์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ 2018๋
7์ 6์ผ์ ์์๋๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ๋ก๋ 160์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ๊ฐ ์ถ๊ฐ๋ก ์์๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ ์๋ฌด๋ถ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ์ผ์ผํจ๋ค๊ณ ๋น๋ํ๊ณ ์ค๊ตญ์ด 7์ 6์ผ๋ถํฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์์
ํ์ ๋ํด ๋น์ทํ ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๊ณผํด ๋์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ์ฌํ ๋ค ๋ฐฑ์
๊ด์ ์ค๊ตญ์ด ์ด๋ค ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ด์ธ ๋ถ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ณตํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด 2,000์ต๋ฌ๋ฌ์ด์น์ ์ค๊ตญ์ฐ ์์
ํ์ 10%์ ์ถ๊ฐ ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ์ ์ธํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฒ ๊ด์ธ์ ํฌํจ๋ ์ ํ๋ชฉ๋ก์ 2018๋
7์ 11์ผ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋์๊ณ , 60์ผ ์ด๋ด์ ์ํ๋ ์์ ์ด์๋ค.
6์ 19์ผ: ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ณด๋ณตํ๋ฉด์ 500์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ํ์ ๋ํ ์๊ตญ ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ์ํํ๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ์์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ช
์ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ง์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ ์์ถ์
์์ฅ์ ๊ด์ธ๊ฐ ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง์ ๋ถ๊ดด์ํฌ ๊ฒ์ ์ฐ๋ คํ๋ค."
7์ 6์ผ: 340์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ์ค๊ตญ ์ํ์ ๋ํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ด์ธ๊ฐ ๋ฐํจ๋์๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋น์ทํ ๊ฐ์น์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ํ์ ๋ณด๋ณต๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ค. ๊ด์ธ๊ฐ ์ธ๊ณ ๊ตญ๋ด์ด์์ฐ(GDP)์ 0.1%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค. 2018๋
7์ 10์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ 10% ๊ด์ธ ๋ถ๊ณผ ๋์์ด ๋ 2,000์ต๋ฌ๋ฌ ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์ค๊ตญ์ฐ ์ถ๊ฐ ๋ฌผํ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ ์ต์ด ๊ณต๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ดํ ๋ค ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ฐ๊ฐ 600์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ์๋น์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ํ์ ๋ํ ์ถ๊ฐ ๊ด์ธ ๋ถ๊ณผ๋ก ๋ณด๋ณตํ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ๊ณต์ธํ๋ค.
8์ 8์ผ: ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฌด์ญ๋ํ๋ถ(USTR)๋ 16์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ๊ท๋ชจ์ 279๊ฐ ์ค๊ตญ์ฐ ์ ํ์ ๋ํด 8์ 23์ผ๋ถํฐ 25%์ ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๊ณผํ ์ต์ข
๋ช
๋จ์ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ํด ์ค๊ตญ์ 8์ 23์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ด์ธ์ ๋ณํํ์ฌ ์ํ๋ 160์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์์
ํ์ 25%์ ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๊ณผํ์๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ธ๊ตญ ํ์๊ด ํจ๋์ ๋ํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ด์ธ๊ฐ WTO ํ์ ๊ณผ ์ถฉ๋ํด ํ์๊ด PV ์ ํ์ ๊ตญ์ ์์ฅ์ ๋ถ์์ ํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค๋ฉฐ ์ธ๊ณ๋ฌด์ญ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(WTO)์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ด๋ก ์ธํ ์ํฅ์ด ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ ๋นํ ๋ฌด์ญ ์ด์ต์ ์ง์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ํด์น๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ํํ ์ค๊ตญ์ฌ์์๋์ง์ฐ์
ํํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ "ํ์๊ด ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๋
์ ๋ถํฐ ์กด์ฌํด ์๋ค"๋ฉด์ "๋ฌด์ญ๋ถ์์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฌ์ ๋ง์ถ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ค๊ตญ์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋ด๋ ์ชฝ์ ํํ๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
8์ 22์ผ: ๋ฐ์ด๋น๋ ๋งฌํจ์ค ๋ฏธ ์ฌ๋ฌด๋ถ ์ฐจ๊ด๊ณผ ์์์ฐ์ ์ค๊ตญ ์๋ฌด๋ถ ๋ถ๋ถ์ฅ์ ํ์์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์์ฑํด์์ ๋ง๋ฌ๋ค. ํํธ 2018๋
8์ 23์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ค๊ตญ์ด ์ฝ์ํ 160์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ์ํ์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ธ๊ฐ ๋ฐํจ๋๊ณ , 2018๋
8์ 27์ผ ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ถ๊ฐ ๊ด์ธ์ ๊ด๋ จํด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์๋๋ก ์๋ก์ด WTO ์ ์๋ฅผ ์ ๊ธฐํ๋ค.
9์ 17์ผ: ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ 2018๋
9์ 24์ผ 2,000์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์ค๊ตญ ์ํ์ ๋ํ 10% ๊ด์ธ๊ฐ ์์๋์ด ์ฐ๋ง๊น์ง 25%๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ์ด๋ค์ ๋ ์ค๊ตญ์ด ๋ณด๋ณตํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ 2670์ต๋ฌ๋ฌ์ด์น์ ์ถ๊ฐ ์์
ํ์ ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ์ํํ๋๋ฐ ์ค๊ตญ์ด 9์ 18์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ฐ ์์
ํ 600์ต๋ฌ๋ฌ์ 10%์ ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ค. ์ง๊ธ๊น์ง ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ํ ์์
์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ํํ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ํ 1,100์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ ์ํ๋ค.
11์ 10์ผ: ํผํฐ ๋๋ฐ๋ก ๋ฐฑ์
๊ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ฌด์ญ์์ํ(NTC) ๊ตญ์ฅ์ ์๊ฐ ์ต๋ง์ฅ์ ์ง๋จ์ด ๋ํต๋ น๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ํ์ ์์น๋ฅผ ์ฝํ์์ผ ์ค๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๋ํํด ์ํฅ๋ ฅ ํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์ด๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ฉฐ ๋
น์ค๋ฒจํธ ํฌ์๋ฅผ ์ด๊ตฌํ๋ค.
11์ 30์ผ: ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋์ ๋ถ์๋
ธ์ค์์ด๋ ์ค์์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ-๋ฉ์์ฝ-์บ๋๋ค ํ์ ์ ์๋ช
ํ๋ค. USMCA์๋ "ํธ๋ผํ ํ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ์ค๊ตญ์ ํฌ์
์ ๋ง๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ถ๋ฏธ์ ๋ํ ์์ฐ๊ณผ ํฌ์๋ฅผ ์ฅ๋ คํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋๊ตฌ๋ก ์ ์ ํ๋ ์๋์ฐจ์ ๋ํ '์์ฐ์ง ๊ท์ ' ์กฐํญ์ด ๋ด๊ฒจ ์๋ค."
12์ 1์ผ: ๊ณํ๋ ๊ด์ธ ์ธ์์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋์๋ค. ๋ฐฑ์
๊ด์ "์๋น ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด์ , ์ง์ ์ฌ์ฐ๊ถ ๋ณดํธ, ๋น๊ด์ธ ์ฅ๋ฒฝ, ์ฌ์ด๋ฒ ์นจ์
, ์ฌ์ด๋ฒ ์ ๋ ๋ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จํ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋ณํ์ ๋ํ ํ์์ ์ฆ๊ฐ ์์ํ ๊ฒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ํธ๋ผํ ํ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, "๋ง์ฝ [90์ผ] ๋ง์ ๋น์ฌ์๋ค์ด ํฉ์์ ์ด๋ฅด์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค๋ฉด, 10%์ ๊ด์ธ๋ 25%๋ก ์ธ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค."
12์ 4์ผ: ๋ด์ ์ฐ์ค ์กด ์๋ฆฌ์์ค ์ด์ฌ๋ 2019๋
์๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ธ๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏฟ๋๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ์๋ฆฌ์์ค๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ ์ง๋ฅผ ์ํด ๊ธ๋ฆฌ ์ธ์์ด ํ์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ "๊ฐ์ฑ์ฅ๊ณผ ๋
ธ๋์์ฅ, ๋ฌผ๊ฐ์์น๋ฅ ๋ฑ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชฉํ์ ๋น์ทํ ์ ๋ง๊ณผ ์ ๋ง์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์ข
๋ฆฌ์คํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ํ ๋ ์์ผ๋ก ์ ์ง์ ์ธ ๊ธ๋ฆฌ ์ธ์์ด ์ง์์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ๋๋ฅผ ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ํ๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค."
12์ 11์ผ: ํธ๋ผํ๋ ์ค๊ตญ์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ฐ ์ฝฉ์ "์์ฒญ๋ ์"์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ค์ด๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ์ํํ ๊ฑฐ๋์๋ค์ ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ตฌ๋งค์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ ํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ , ํฅํ 6๊ฐ์ ๋์ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ํ ์ฝฉ ์์ถ์ ๋ฌด์ญ ๋ถ์์ด ์์๋๊ธฐ ์ ์ธ 2017๋
์ 4๋ถ์ 1 ์์ค์ด์๋ค. ๋ณด๋์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ค๊ตญ์ ํฌ๊ด์ ๋ฌด์ญํ์ ์ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋์ฐ๋ฌผ์ ๊ตฌ๋งค๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ๋ก ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
2019
1์ 14์ผ: ์์คํธ๋ฆฌํธ์ ๋(WSJ)์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 2018๋
์ค๊ตญ์ ๋๋ฏธ ๋ฌด์ญํ์๋ ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ ๊ด์ธ ๋ถ๊ณผ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์ฌ์ ์ต๋์ธ 3233์ต2000๋ง๋ฌ๋ฌ์๋ค.
3์ 6์ผ: ๋ฏธ ์๋ฌด๋ถ๋ 2018๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋์ค ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์๊ฐ 621์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ก 2008๋
์ดํ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
5์ 5์ผ: ํธ๋ผํ๋ 2000์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์ค๊ตญ์ฐ ์ ํ์ ๋ถ๊ณผ๋ 10%์ ์ข
์ ๊ด์ธ๊ฐ 5์ 10์ผ 25%๋ก ์ธ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
5์ 15์ผ: ๋ก์ดํฐํต์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 15์ผ ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ 13873 ํ์ ๋ช
๋ น์ ์๋ช
ํ๋๋ฐ, ์ด ํ์ ๋ช
๋ น์ ํ์จ์ด๊ฐ ํน๋ณํ ์น์ธ ์์ด ์ค์ํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ธ์งํ๊ณ , ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์๋ณด ์ฐจ์์์ ํ์จ์ด์ ์ฅ๋น๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํต์ ๋ง์์ ์ฌ์ค์ ๊ธ์ง์์ผฐ๋ค.
6์ 1์ผ: ์ค๊ตญ์ 600์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ์๋น์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ํ์ ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
6์ 29์ผ: ์ฃผ์ 20๊ฐ๊ตญ(G20) ์ค์ฌ์นด ์ ์ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ค ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ ์์งํ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ฒ์ํ ํ๋ด ๋์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ 'ํธ๋ฃจ์ฆ'์ ํฉ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ์ด์ ๊ด์ธ๋ ๊ทธ๋๋ก ์ ์ง๋๊ฒ ์ง๋ง, ํ์์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ๋ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ "๋น๋ถ๊ฐ" ํฅํ ๊ด์ธ๋ ์ ์ ๋์ง ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ด ํ์จ์ด์ ์ ํ์ ํ๋งคํ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ์ฉํ๊ฒ ์ง๋ง ํ์จ์ด๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌด์ญ ๋ธ๋๋ฆฌ์คํธ์ ๋จ์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
์์งํ ์ค๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ฃผ์๊ณผ์ ํ๋ด ํ, ํธ๋ผํ๋ "์ค๊ตญ์ ์์ฒญ๋ ์์ ์๋๊ณผ ๋์ฐ๋ฌผ์ ์ด ๊ฒ์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๊ณง, ๊ฑฐ์ ์ฆ์ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ์ฝ์์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํด ์ด์๋ฅผ ์ ๊ธฐํ๊ณ ํ ๋ฌ ํ๋ก๋ ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ๊ตฌ๋งค๊ฐ ์คํ๋์ง ์์๋ค.
7์ 11์ผ : ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ ํธ์ํฐ์ "์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ ํ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ํ ๋๋ถ๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋์ฐ๋ฌผ์ ์ฌ์ง ์์๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ค๋ง์ํค๊ณ ์๋ค"๊ณ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ฌด์ญํ์์ ์ ํตํ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ค๊ตญ์ด ํฌ๊ด์ ๋ฌด์ญํ์ ์ ์ผ๋ถ๊ฐ ์๋ ํ ๋์ฐ๋ฌผ์ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ํ๊ณ ํ ์ฝ์์ ํ์ง ์์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
7์ 15์ผ: ์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ณต์ ์์น๋ 2๋ถ๊ธฐ GDP ์ฑ์ฅ๋ฅ ์ด 27๋
๋ง์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ฎ์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.
7์ 17์ผ: ์ค๊ตญ์ ํ์ฌ ๋ณด์ ์ค์ธ 1์กฐ 1์ฒ์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ 25%๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ณ ๋ณด์ ์ ๊ฐ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
8์ 1์ผ: ํธ๋ผํ๋ ํธ์ํฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด "3์ฒ์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ์ํ ๋ณด์ "์ ๋ํด 10%์ ์ถ๊ฐ ๊ด์ธ๊ฐ ๋ถ๊ณผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
8์ 5์ผ: ๋ฏธ ์ฌ๋ฌด๋ถ๋ 5์ผ ์ค๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผ์ํ์ด ์์ํ์ ํ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ์ ์ค๊ตญ์ 'ํ์จ์กฐ์๊ตญ'์ผ๋ก ๊ณต์ ์ ์ธํ๋ค. ์์ฑํด ํฌ์คํธ ๊ธฐ์ฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํธ๋ผํ๋ ์คํฐ๋ธ ๋ฏ๋์ ์ฌ๋ฌด๋ถ ์ฅ๊ด์๊ฒ ์ง๋ช
ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์๋ฐํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ก๋ค.
8์ 13์ผ: ์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ณต์ ํต๊ณ๋ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์ ์์ค์ ์ฐ์
์์ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ์จ์ด 17๋
๋ง์ ์ต์ ์น๋ก ๋จ์ด์ง๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์๋ค. ํธ๋ผํ๋ ๊ด์ธ ์ผ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ค๋ค. ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น๊ณผ ํผํฐ ๋๋ฐ๋ก, ์๋ฒ ๋ก์ค, ๋๋ฆฌ ์ปค๋ค๋ก ๋ณด์ข๊ด์ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ง์ค ์ผํ ์์ฆ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์๋น์๋ค์๊ฒ ํผํด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ง ์๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ด์ธ๊ฐ ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
8์ 23์ผ: ์ค๊ตญ ์ฌ๋ฌด๋ถ๋ 750์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ์๋น์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ํ์ ๋ํ ์๋ก์ด ๋ณด๋ณต๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ 9์ 1์ผ๋ถํฐ ์ํํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ํธ๋ผํ๋ ํธ์ํฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด "์ฆ์ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ํ ๋์์ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ผ"๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์
๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ช
๋ นํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ๋ด์ํ์์ค์ ์ค๋ฆฐ ๊ธฐ์ฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ ์ธก๊ทผ๋ค์ "์๋ฌด๋ฐ ์ง์๋ ์์ฑ๋์ง ์์๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ด ๊ฒ์ด ๋ถ๋ช
ํ์ง๋ ์์๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ ๋ค์ ๋ ํธ์์์ 1977๋
๊ตญ์ ๋น์๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ๊ตญ๋ฒ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ก ํ๋ฉฐ "์ํ์ ์ ํ ๊ถํ์ด ์๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๋์๊ฐ 2019๋
10์ 1์ผ๋ถํฐ ์์๋๋ ๊ธฐ์กด 2500์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์ค๊ตญ ์ํ์ ๋ํด์๋ 25%์์ 30%๋ก, 2019๋
12์ 15์ผ๋ถํฐ ์์๋๋ ๋๋จธ์ง 3000์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ์ํ์ ๋ํด์๋ 10%์์ 15%๋ก ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
8์ 26์ผ: ์ฃผ์ 7๊ฐ๊ตญ(G7) ์ ์ํ์์์ ํธ๋ผํ๋ "์ค๊ตญ์ ์ด์ ฏ๋ฐค ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ต๊ณ ๋ฌด์ญ์๋ค์๊ฒ ์ ํ๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์ด 'ํ
์ด๋ธ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ์'๊ณ ๋งํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ํ
์ด๋ธ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ ๊ฒ์ด๊ณ , ๋๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ๋ญ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ์ถ์ดํ๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ฌํ๊ฒ ๋ค์ณค์ง๋ง ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ด๊ฒ์ด ์ณ์ ์ผ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๊ณ ์๊ณ ๋๋ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๋ํด ๋งค์ฐ ์กด๊ฒฝํ๋ค. ๊ฒ
์ฝ ์ค๊ตญ ์ธ๊ต๋ถ ๋๋ณ์ธ์ ๊ทธ๋ฐ ์ ํ๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ๋๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๊ณ , ์ดํ ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น ์ธก๊ทผ๋ค์ ํตํ๊ฐ ์ด๋ค์ง์ง ์์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ์ง๋ง ๋ํต๋ น์ ๋๊ด๋ก ์ ํด๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
8์ 28์ผ: ์๋ง์ ์ฐ์
์ ๊ฑธ์ณ 161๊ฐ ๋ฌด์ญํํ์ ์ฐํ ๋จ์ฒด์ธ ์์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์ํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋ค์ ์์ ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ด์ธ ์ธ์์ ์ฐ๊ธฐํด ๋ฌ๋ผ๋ ํธ์ง๋ฅผ ํธ๋ผํ์๊ฒ ๋ณด๋๋ค. ๋ค์๋ ํธ๋ผํ๋ "๋์ ๊ฒฝ์๊ณผ ์ฝ์๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ด ์์ ๋ค ๋์ ์ด๋ฐ ์์ ๊ด์ธ ๋ถ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ๋ช
ํ๊ฒ ๋น๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค."
9์ 1์ผ: ์ด์ ์ ๋ฐํ๋ ์๋ก์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ด์ธ๊ฐ EST 12์ 1๋ถ์ ๋ฐํจ๋์๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์์
ํ๋ 5078๊ฐ ํ๋ชฉ ์ค 3๋ถ์ 1์ 5%~10% ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๊ณ , ๋๋จธ์ง ํ๋ชฉ์ 12์ 15์ผ๋ก ๊ด์ธ ๋ถ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์์ ๋ผ ์๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฝ 112์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ์ค๊ตญ ์์
ํ์ 15%์ ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ์๋ก ๋ถ๊ณผํ์ฌ, ์ค๊ตญ์์ ์์
๋ ์๋น์ฌ์ 3๋ถ์ 2 ์ด์์ด ๊ด์ธ ๋์์ด ๋์๋ค.
9์ 6์ผ: ์ค๊ตญ ์ธ๋ฏผ์ํ์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฑ์ฅ๋ฅ ๋ํ์ ๋์ํด ์๋น๋น์จ์ 0.5% ์ธํํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
9์ 11์ผ : ์ค๊ตญ์ด 16๊ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ ํ๊ตฐ์ ๋ํด 1๋
๊ฐ ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ ๋ค ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ ๋น์ด 10์ 1์ผ๋ก ์์ ๋๋ ์ค๊ตญ์ฐ ์ ํ์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ธ ์ธ์์ 10์ 15์ผ๊น์ง ์ฐ๊ธฐํ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ ๋ฅํ ์ค๊ตญ ๋ถ์ด๋ฆฌ์ ์์ฒญ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ๊ฐํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค.
10์ 7์ผ: ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์๋ฌด๋ถ๋ ์ธ๊ถ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ก ํ๋ฉฐ ์ค๊ตญ ๊ณต์๊ตญ 20๊ณณ๊ณผ ํ์ดํฌ๋น์ , ์ผ์คํ์, ๋ฉ๋น์ด ๋ฑ ์ฒจ๋จ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐ์
8๊ณณ์ ์์ถ๊ด๋ฆฌ๊ท์ (Export Administration Regulations) ๊ธฐ๊ด ๋ธ๋๋ฆฌ์คํธ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฐ๋ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ด์ ๋ก ๋์ผํ ์ฒญ์ฌ์ง์ ์ ์ฌ๋ฐ์ ํ์จ์ด์ฒ๋ผ ์ ๊ธฐ์
๋ค๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์
์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ถํ์ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ์ ์น์ธ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
10์ 11์ผ: ํธ๋ผํ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ค๊ตญ์ด ๋ฌด์ญ ํ์ ์ "1๋จ๊ณ"๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ ์ ์ ์ธ ํฉ์์ ๋๋ฌํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋๋ฐ, ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋์ฐ๋ฌผ์ ์ต๋ 500์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ๊น์ง ์ฌ๋ค์ด๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ 10์ 15์ผ๋ก ์์ ๋ ์๋ก์ด ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ์ค๋จํ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋์ํ๋ฉด์, ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์์ฅ์์ ๋ ๋ง์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธ์ต ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด๊ธฐ๋ก ํฉ์ํ์์ต๋๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ ๋ช ์ฃผ ์์ ๋ง๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์์๋์๋ค.
10์ 17์ผ: ์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ณต์ ์์น๋ 3/4๋ถ๊ธฐ GDP ์ฑ์ฅ๋ฅ ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ 30๋
๋ง์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ฎ์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.
2020
1์ 3์ผ: ๋ก์ดํฐํต์ ์ 2019๋
12์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ ์กฐ์
์ด ๋ฏธยท์ค ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ๊ฐ์๋ก 10์ฌ๋
๋ง์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ์นจ์ฒด์ ๋น ์ก๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๋ํ๋ค.
1์ 15์ผ : ๋๋๋ ํธ๋ผํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ํต๋ น๊ณผ ๋ฅํ ์ค๊ตญ ๋ถ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์์ฑํดDC์์ ๋ฏธยท์ค 1๋จ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ญํ์ ์ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ๋ค. "๋ฏธยท์ค ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฌด์ญํ์ "์ 2020๋
2์ 14์ผ๋ถํฐ ๋ฐํจ๋ ์์ ์ด๊ณ , 2020๋
2์ 14์ผ๋ถํฐ๋ ์ฃผ์์ ์ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.์ด๊ณต๊ณ ์ด์ (2์ฅ), ์ํ ๋ฐ ๋์ฐ๋ฌผ(3์ฅ), ๊ธ์ต ์๋น์ค(4์ฅ), ํ์จ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ํฌ๋ช
์ฑ(5์ฅ), ๋ฌด์ญ ํ๋(6์ฅ)๋ 7์ฅ์ ์์ ํ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ๋ถ์ ํด๊ฒฐ ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ์ฌ ์งํ๋์๋ค.[187] ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌด์ญ ํ์ ๊ณผ๋ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏธ-์ค๊ฐ ๋จ๊ณ๋ ์งํ๋์๋ค. 1๋จ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ญํ์ ์ ์ธ๊ณ๋ฌด์ญ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํ ์ค์ฌ์ ์์กดํ์ง ์๊ณ ์คํ๋ ค ์์๊ฐ ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ ํตํด ์ค์ฌํ๋ค.
1์ 17์ผ: ์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ณต์ ์์น๋ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์ ์์ค์ 2019๋
๊ฒฝ์ ์ฑ์ฅ๋ฅ ์ด 30๋
๋ง์ ์ต์ ์น๋ก ๋จ์ด์ง๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์๋ค.
2์ 5์ผ: ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์๋ฌด๋ถ์ ์๋ฃ๋ 6๋
๋ง์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฌด์ญ ์ ์ ์ค์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌด์ญ ์ ์๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ํ์์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์๋ค.
5์ 12์ผ: ์ค๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ๋ 79๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ํ์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ธ ๋ฉด์ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
9์ 15์ผ: 3๋ช
์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ WTO ํจ๋์ ํธ๋ผํ ํ์ ๋ถ์ ๊ด์ธ๊ฐ ์ค๊ตญ์๋ง ์ ์ฉ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ์ ํ ์ค๋ช
์์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋์ํ ์ต๊ณ ๊ธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๊ณผํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ธ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ญ ๊ท์น์ ์๋ฐํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๋ค. ๋ผ์ดํธํ์ด์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ด๋ฒ ์กฐ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ "WTO๊ฐ ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ ํดํ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ดํ์ ๋ง๊ธฐ์๋ ์ ํ ๋ถ์ถฉ๋ถํ๋ค"๊ณ ๋ตํ๋ค.
9์ 26์ผ: ๋ฏธ ์๋ฌด๋ถ๋ SMIC์ ๊ณต๊ธ๋๋ "ํ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ ์ํ" ์ฅ๋น๊ฐ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฐ์ฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋จํ๋ฉด์ ์ค๊ตญ ์ต๋ ์นฉ ์ ์กฐ์ฌ์ธ SMIC์ ์ ์ฝ์ ๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ด ์ ํ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ณต๊ธ์๋ค์ ํ๊ฐ ์์ด ์นฉ์ ์์ถํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
์ํฅ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ
๋ฏธ ์ํ์์ฐ๊ตญ(CBO)์ 2019๋
8์ ๊ด์ธ(์ค๊ตญ์ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ ์ฉ๋์ง๋ง ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์๋ ์ ์ฉ๋จ)์ ๋ํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ํฅ ์ถ์ ์น๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ๋ค. 2020๋
๊น์ง ๊ด์ธ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ค์ง GDP ์์ค์ด ์ฝ 0.3% ๊ฐ์ํ๊ณ , ์ค์ง ์๋น๊ฐ 0.3% ๊ฐ์ํ๋ฉฐ, ์ค์ง ๋ฏผ๊ฐํฌ์๊ฐ 1.3% ๊ฐ์ํ๊ณ , ์ค์ง ๊ฐ๊ณ์๋์ด 580๋ฌ๋ฌ(์ฝ 1%) ๊ฐ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ด์ฉ์ด์๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ค์ง ์์ถ์ 1.7% ๊ฐ์ํ๊ณ ์ค์ง ์์
์ 2.6% ๊ฐ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. CBO๋ ๊ด์ธ๊ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ๋์ ์ค์ฌ์ฃผ๋ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก 1) ์๋น์ฌ์ ์๋ณธ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋น์ธ์ง๊ณ 2) ์ฌ์
์ ๋ถํ์ค์ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ์ฌ ํฌ์๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ํ์ํค๊ณ 3) ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋๋ผ๋ค์ ๋ณด๋ณต๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๊ณผํ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์์ถ์ ๋น์ธ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค๊ณ , ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ค์ธ๋ค๊ณ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค. CBO๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด 2018๋
1์๊น์ง ์์
ํ์ 11%์ ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๊ณผํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ํ๋ค. 2019๋
7์ 25์ผ๋ถ๋ก ์ ์ฒด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ํ ์์ถ์ 7%์ ๋ํด ๋ณด๋ณต๊ด์ธ๊ฐ ๋ถ๊ณผ๋ ๋ฐ ์๋ค. CBO๋ ๊ธฐ์
์ด ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง(์ฆ, ๊ด์ธ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์ง ์๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ๊ณต๊ธ์)์ ์กฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ธ ์ํฅ์ ์ฌ์ ํ์ง๋ง 2020๋
์๋ ๋ ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์์ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. CBO๋ 2020๋
1์ ๋ถ์์ ์
๋ฐ์ดํธํด 2020๋
๊ฐ๊ณ์๋ ์์ ๊ฐ์์ก์ 1277๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ก, ๊ตญ๋ด์ด์์ฐ(GDP) ๊ฐ์ํญ์ 0.5%๋ก ๋์๋ค. ์๋น์๋ฌผ๊ฐ๋ 0.5% ์ค๋ฅผ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์์๋๋ค.
์ฃผ์ ์์ฅ
๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ํฌ์์์ ๋ถํ์ค์ฑ์ด ์ฆ์์ ๋๊ธฐ๋ฅ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ฌ์๋ค.
2018๋
12์ 4์ผ ๋ค์ฐ์กด์ค์ฐ์
ํ๊ท ์ง์๊ฐ 600ํฌ์ธํธ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ํ๋ฝํ๋ฉด์ ํ ๋ฌ์ฌ ๋ง์ ์ต์
์ ๋ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋๋ฐ, ์ผ๋ถ์์๋ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ด ๋์ค๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ก์ดํฐํต์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ค์ฐ์กด์ค๋ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ด ํ์ฐฝ์ธ 2018๋
12์๊น์ง ์ฃผ์ ์ง์๊ฐ 10% ์ด์ ํ๋ฝํ์ง๋ง ํด์ผ ๋งค์ถ ํธ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ ๋ค 26์ผ 1000ํฌ์ธํธ ์์น์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
2019๋
8์ 14์ผ ๋ค์ฐ์ง์๋ 800ํฌ์ธํธ ํ๋ฝํ๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ฌด์ญ ๊ธด์ฅ์ด ๊ณ ์กฐ๋ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ก๋ถํฐ 9์ผ ๋ค์ธ 8์ 23์ผ ๋ค์ฐ์ง์๋ ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ด ๋น๊ณต์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ค๊ตญ ์ง์ถ์ ๋ํ ๋์์ ์ฆ๊ฐ ๋ชจ์ํ๋ผ๊ณ ์ง์ํ ๋ 623ํฌ์ธํธ ํ๋ฝํ๋ค. 2019๋
๋ง์๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ฌด์ญํ์ 1๋จ๊ณ ์ฒด๊ฒฐ ํฉ์๋ก ์ฆ์๊ฐ ์์นํ๋ฉฐ ์ฌ์ ์ต๊ณ ์น๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
๊ตญ๋ด ์ ์น
๋ถ์๊ฐ๋ค์ ๊ด์ธ๊ฐ ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ ์ค์ํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์ธ ๋๋ฏผ๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ธ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๊ณ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ด 2020๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋์ ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ถ์ธกํ๋ค. ๋ถ์๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋ํ ๋ฌด์ญ ์ ์์ด ์์งํ์ด ์ง๋ฉดํ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ด ์๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จํ์ฌ ์ด๋ค ์ํฅ์ ๋ผ์ณค๋์ง์ ๋ํด์๋ ์ถ์ธกํ๋ค.
๊ทธ ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ
์ธ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ง์ ํฌ์๋ ์ฃผ์ถคํ๋ค. ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ๋
์ผ๊ณผ ์ค๊ตญ, ๋
์ผ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ด์ ๋ฌด์ญ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ ํ ์ํธํ๋ฐ๋ ์ ๋ฝ ๊ฒฝ์ , ํนํ ๋
์ผ์ ํ๊ฒฉ์ ์ฃผ์๋ค. ์บ๋๋ค ๊ฒฝ์ ์๋ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ธ ์ํฅ์ด ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ์๊ตญ, ๋
์ผ, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ํ๊ตญ ๋ชจ๋ 2019๋
๊ธฐ์ค '์ ์กฐ์
์ฝ์ธ'๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ ์์๋ค. ๋ช๋ช ์์์ ์ ๋ถ๋ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ํผํด๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ถ์์ฑ
์ ๋ง๋ จํ์ง๋ง ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์๋ค์ ์ด๊ฒ์ด ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์ง ์์ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
ํ ๋ฌด์ญ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ์ง์ ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์์ ์์๊ฐ 12% ๊ฐ์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋งํ๋ค.
๋ช๋ช ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ ์ผ์ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ด๋์ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ์ด๋ค ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ด์ ๋ฌด์ญ ๊ฐ์๋ก ์ธํ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ฉ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ํ ์์ถ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ผ๋ก ์ํ๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค๋ก๋ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ, ์น ๋ , ๋ง๋ ์ด์์, ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋ ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค. ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ด ํ์ง์์ ์ ์กฐ์
์ ์ด์ ํ๋ ๋ฑ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ์ํ๊ตญ์ด๋ค. ํ๊ตญ์ ์ ์์ ํ ์์ถ ์ฆ๊ฐ, ๋ง๋ ์ด์์๋ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์์ถ, ๋ฉ์์ฝ๋ ์๋์ฐจ ์์ถ, ๋ธ๋ผ์ง์ ์ฝฉ ์์ถ์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์
์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์๋ ์ค ํ ๋๋จผ ๋ฏธ-์์ธ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์์ํ(US-ASEAN) CEO๋ "์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ํด๊ฒฐ๋ผ ๋ฏธ์ค ํต์๊ด๊ณ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ชจ๋์ ์ด์ต"์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ์กฐ์ฐจ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ํํ์ ๋ฐ์ง ๋ชปํ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ฝดํ ์ปดํจํฐ, ์ธ๋ฅด์ฝค, ์์คํธ๋ก ๋ฑ ๋ช๋ช ๋๋ง ๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ ์์ฐ์ ๋๋ ค 21,000๊ฐ ์ด์์ ์ผ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๋ณด๋์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋ํ
๋๋ ๋ํ
๋ ์ค์์น์ ์ผ๋ถ ์์ฐํ์ ์ค๊ตญ์์ ๋๋จ์์์๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒผ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ผ๋ก ์ผ๋ถ ๊ธฐ์
์ด ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์ฐํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ค ํ๋๋ก ๋๋ง LCD ํจ๋ ์ ์กฐ์ฌ ์คํํฝ์ฒํ๋ธ(CPT)๊ฐ ํจ๋ ๊ณต๊ธ ๊ณผ์๊ณผ ๊ทธ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ ํญ๋ฝ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋๊ฐ ๋ฌ๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ์ทจ์ฝ์ฑ(์ค๊ตญ ๊ณผ์ํ์ฐ), ๋๋ง ๋ฐ ์ธ๊ณ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ํ, ์ ์์
์ข
๋ํ ๋ฑ์ ์์ธ์ผ๋ก ์์ฉํ๋ค.
๋ฐ์
์ค๊ตญ
์ค๊ตญ ๋ณธํ ์ ์น์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์๋ค์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ๋๊ณ ์๊ฒฌ์ด ๋ถ๋ถํ๋ค. 2019๋
8์ NPR์ ํ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ PRC ์ง๋์ธต ์ผ๊ฐ์์๋ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ์กฐ์ํ ํด๊ฒฐ์ ์ฃผ์ฅํ์ง๋ง, ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ค์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ด๋ค ๋๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์น๋ฅด๋๋ผ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฐํํ๊ณ ํฉ์๋ฅผ ํผํด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ๋ํ ๊ตญ๋ด ๋ณด๋๋ ์ค๊ตญ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ฌ์ฐ์ค์ฐจ์ด๋๋ชจ๋ํฌ์คํธ(SCMP)๋ ์ค๊ตญ ์ธ๋ก ์ฌ ์ง์๋ค์ด ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ '๊ณผ๋ ๋ณด๋ํ์ง ๋ง๋ผ'๋ ๋ง์ ๋ค์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๊ณ , ๋ด์ํ์์ค(NYT)์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ์์๋ ๊ตญ์ ์ธ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋น๊ตญ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ณต์ ๋
ธ์ ์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ ค ํ๋ค๋ ๋ด์ฉ์ด ์ค๋ ธ๋ค. "๋ฌด์ญ ์ ์"์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ ํํ๋ค. ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ ๋ํ ์์
๋ฏธ๋์ด ๊ฒ์๋ฌผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋์์ด๋ค.
๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ์ค๊ตญ ์์
๋ฏธ๋์ด์์ ํํ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ ์ฃผ์ ์ธ๋ฐ, ํ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์ธํฐ๋ท ๋ฐ์ธ '๋ง๋ธ ์ฝ๋ฏน์ค'์ '๋ง๋ธ ์๋ค๋งํฑ ์ ๋๋ฒ์ค' ์ถ์ ์ ์
๋น 'ํ๋
ธ์ค'๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ธํ๋ฉฐ, '์ธํผ๋ํฐ ๊ฑดํ๋ '์ ์ด์ฉํด ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ ์ฒด ์๋ช
์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ํํ๋ค'๋ ๋๋ด์ ๋์ง๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
๋ก๋ฐ์ค ๋ผ์ฐ ํ์ฝฉ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ๊ณผ ๊ต์๋ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ์ฃผ์ ์์ธ์ ์ธ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ฐ์๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ค๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ฆํ๋ ์ธ์์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ "๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ํฌํจํ ์ธ๊ณ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ณณ์์ ํฌํฐ๋ฆฌ์ฆ, ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์ฃผ์, ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์, ๋ณดํธ์ฃผ์๊ฐ ๋ถ์ํ๊ณ ์์์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค.
๋ฏธ๊ตญ
์ํ
์ฒ ์๋จธ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์์ ์๋ด๋ํ๋ ์ค๊ตญ์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ด์ฉํ๋ค๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋ํด ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ด ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ํ ๊ฒ์ ๋์ด ํ๊ฐํ๋ฉฐ "๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น, ๊ณตํ๋น, ๋ชจ๋ ์ ์น์ด๋
์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋ค, ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๋ด ๋ชจ๋ ์ง์ญ์ด ์ด๋ฐ ํ๋์ ์ง์งํด์ผ ํ๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ ํ๋์ ์ง์งํ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์์์์์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ฐฅ ๋ฉ๋จ๋ฐ์ฆ, ์
ฐ๋ก๋ ๋ธ๋ผ์ด, ๋ก ์์ด๋ ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํธ๋ผํ์ ํ๋์ ๋ํ ํ์ ์ด๋น์ ์ง์ง๊ฐ ๋ธ์ ํ ๋ก์๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋์๋ค. ๋ธ๋๋ ์
๋จผ, ์ผ๋น ๋ธ๋๋, ํ
๋ ์ํธ. AFL-CIO์์ ํ์ 98%์ ๋ฑ๊ธ์ ๋ฐ์ ํ ๋ผ์ด์ธ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ๋ํ๋ "์ค๊ตญ์ด ํด์จ ๊ฒ์ ํ์๋ฆฌ"๋ผ๋ฉฐ ํธ๋ผํ ๊ด์ธ๋ฅผ ์ง์งํ๋ค.
๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ณตํ๋น ์์์์๋ค์ ๋ ๋ถ์ด๋ ์ฑ๋ช
์ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ์น ๋งค์ฝ๋ฌ์ "์๋ฌด๋ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์์ ์ด๊ธฐ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค"๋ฉด์๋ "์ด ์ ์ ์ด ์ค๊ตญ์ ์๋๋ก ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ ๋์ ์์น๋ก ์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ํฌ๋ง์ ์์๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ์กด ์ฝ๋ฅธ์ "๋ง์ฝ ์ด๊ฒ์ด ์ข์ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฅผ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ๋๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ๋ฒํธ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐํ์ง๋ง, ์ด๋ ์๊ฐ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ํด๊ฒฐํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ง์ฝ ์ด๊ฒ์ด ์ค๋ซ๋์ ๊ณ์๋๋ค๋ฉด, ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด ์ด์์๋ ์๋ฅํ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊นจ๋ซ๋๋ค.์กฐ๋ ์๋ฅธ์คํธ๋ 2019๋
5์ ใ๊ด์ธ๋ ๋๋ฏผ์๊ฒ ์์ฒ๋ฅผ ์
ํ์ง๋ง, ใ์ค๊ตญ๊ณผ์ ์ง๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋๋ชจํด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋๋คใ๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๊ณ , ใ๊ณง ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฅผ ํ ์ ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌ๋งํ๋คใ๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
๋์
2019๋
8์, ์ฝ 20๋ง ๋ช
์ ๊ฐ์กฑ ๋์
์ธ, ๋ชฉ์ฅ ์ฃผ์ธ, ์ด๋ถ๋ค์ ๋ํํ๋ ์ ๊ตญ๋๋ฏผ์กฐํฉ์ ๋ก์ ์กด์จ์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋๋ถ๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ผํค๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋๋ฐ, ํนํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ค๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ์์ถ๋๋ ์ฝฉ์ ํ๋ฝ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ์์ผฐ๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ๋ฌ, ๋๊ท๋ชจ ๋์
์ ๋ํํ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋๋ฌด๊ตญ ์ฐํฉ์ ์๋ก์ด ๊ด์ธ์ ๋ฐํ๊ฐ "๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋์
์ ๋ ๋ง์ ์ด๋ ค์์ ์ค ๊ฒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค."
๊ธฐ์
2018๋
9์, ๊ธฐ์
์ฐํฉ์ ์ ์๋ ๊ด์ธ์ ํญ์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด "๊ด์ธ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฅ๋ถ๋ฅผ ํด์น๋ค"๋ผ๋ ๋ก๋น ์บ ํ์ธ์ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ์ฐ ์ฒ ๊ฐ, ์๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋ ๋ฐ ํน์ ํํ์ ํ์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ธ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋น๋ฃ์ ๋๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ๋น์ฉ ์์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
2019๋
2์ ์ค๊ตญ ์ฃผ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์๊ณตํ์์๊ฐ ๋ฐํํ ์ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์ฌ์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์
์ ๋๋ค์๊ฐ ์ค๊ตญ ์ํ์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ธ ์ธ์ ๋๋ ์ ์ง๋ฅผ ์ง์งํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ๋
๋๋น 2๋ฐฐ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ์๋ต์๊ฐ ์ค๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ๊ณต์ ํ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ตฌ๋๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋ฐ์ด๋ถ์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ธ 19%์ ๊ธฐ์
์ด ๊ด์ธ ๋ถ๊ณผ๋ก ์ธํด ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง์ ์กฐ์ ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ค๊ตญ ์ด์ธ์ ์ง์ญ์์ ๋ถํ๊ณผ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์ ์กฐ๋ฌํ๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ตํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, 28%๋ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ํ ํฌ์ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ทจ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ์๋ตํ๋ค.
์ ์กฐ์
์ฒด์ ์๋งค์
์ฒด, ๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐ์
๋ฑ 600์ฌ ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์
๊ณผ ๋ฌด์ญํํ๋ ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์๊ฒ "2019๋
์ค๋ฐ ๊ด์ธ ์ธ์์ "๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์
๊ณผ ๋๋ฏผ, ๊ฐ์กฑ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ค๋ํ, ๋ถ์ ์ , ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น ๊ฒ"์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ด์ธ ์ฒ ํ์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์ ์ข
์์ ์์ฒญํ๋ค.
์ ์กฐ์
2019๋
, ์ ๊ตญ์ ์กฐ์
ํํ๋ ์ฑ๋ช
์ ๋ด๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์๋ก์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์๊ตฌํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ค๋ ์
์ฅ์ ๋ฐํ๋ค.โ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ถ๊ณต์ ๋ฌด์ญ ๊ดํ์ ์์ ๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ด ์ ์กฐ์
์ฒด๋ค์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ตฌ๋๋ฅผ ํ์คํํ ์ ์๋ ์ค๊ตญ ์์
๊ด๊ณ 2018๋
ํด๋ฆฌํฐ์ฝ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ ๋จ์ ์ด ํฐ๋ชฌ์ค ํ์ฅ๊ณผ ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ ๊ธด๋ฐํ ํํธ๋์ญ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ํฐ๋ชฌ์ค๊ฐ ํธ๋ผํ์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ๋ด๋ถ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ง์ ์ธ์ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค.
๊ตญ๋ฆฝํด์์ ์กฐ์
ํํ ๋ถํ์ฅ์ "๊ด์ธ๊ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ ์กฐ์
์ฒด๋ค์ ์์ถ์ํค๊ณ ์๋ค"๊ณ ๋นํํ๋ค."
๊ตญ์ ์ฌํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋น์ทํ ์กฐ์น ์ดํ์ธ 2018๋
6์ 1์ผ ์ ๋ฝ์ฐํฉ(EU)์ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ํด ์ธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ฐจ๋ณํ๊ณ EU ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ง์ ์ฌ์ฐ๊ถ์ ์นจํดํ๋ ๋ฌด์ญ ๊ดํ์ ์ฑํํ๋ค๋ฉฐ WTO ๋ฒ์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ค. ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๋ง๋ฆ์คํธ๋ฃ ์ ๋ฝ ํต์๋ด๋น ์งํ์์์ "์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ด๋ค ๋๋ผ๋ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ด ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ด๋ ต๊ฒ ์ป์ ์ง์์ ํฌ๊ธฐํ๋๋ก ๊ฐ์ํ ์ ์๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.๋ํ, ๊ทธ๋ "์ด๋ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋๊ฐ WTO์์ ํฉ์ํ ๊ตญ์ ๊ท๋ฒ์ ๋ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์ ๋ฝ, ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ค์ ๊ณต๋์ ๋ต์ ๋
ผ์ํ๊ณ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ถ๊ณต์ ํ ๊ฒฝ์์ ๋ํ ์กฐ์น๋ฅผ ์ทจํ๋ค.
๋ธ๋ผํ๋ง ์ฒผ๋ผ๋์ 2018๋
9์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋์ค ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ด ์ค๊ตญ์ ์์
์ฃผ์ ๋ฌด์ญ, ํฌ์, ๋์ถ ๊ดํ์ ๋ํ ๋ณด๋ค ๊ด๋ฒ์ํ ํํด๋ฅผ ๋ชจํธํ๊ฒ ํด์๋ ์ ๋๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
2018๋
์ฃผ์ 20๊ฐ๊ตญ(G20) ์ ์ํ์์์๋ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ด ๋
ผ์ ์์ ์ ์ฌ๋๋ค.
2018๋
12์ ํธ๋ฅดํค ๊ณผํ๋ฅด๋ ์ ์ฃผ์ค ๋ฉ์์ฝ ๋์ฌ๋ ์์ฑํดํฌ์คํธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์์ "์ค๊ตญ์ธ๋ค์ด ์ธ์ ํด์ผ ํ ํ ๊ฐ์ง๋ ํธ๋ผํ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ์ธ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ค๊ตญ์ด ๋ฌด์ญ ์์คํ
์ ๊ฒ์ํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ค ๊ฒ์๋ ๋ฏธ์น์ง ์๋ ์ฝ์์ ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ง์ณค๋ค."
2019๋
3์ ๋ก์ดํฐํต์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ ์ ๋ฝ์ฐํฉ(EU)์ด ์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด์ ์ ์ฑ
๊ณผ ์์ฅ ์ ๊ทผ ์ ์ฝ์ ๋ํด ํธ๋ผํ ํ์ ๋ถ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ๋ง์ ๋ง์ด ๊ณต์ ํ๊ณ , ์ ๋ฝ ์ธ๊ต๊ด๊ณผ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ค์ด ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ ์ ์ ์ ๋์ํ์ง ์๋๋ผ๋ ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ ๋ชฉํ์ ๋ํ ์ง์ง๋ฅผ ์ธ์ ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๋ํ๋ค.
์ 45์ฐจ ์ฃผ์ 7๊ฐ๊ตญ(G7) ์ ์ํ์์์ ๋ณด๋ฆฌ์ค ์กด์จ ์๊ตญ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ "์ ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ด์ธ๊ฐ ๋ง์์ ๋ค์ง ์๋๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ABC์ ํ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋๋งน๊ตญ๋ค์ด ์ค๊ตญ๊ณผ์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ๋ํด ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์๊ฒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ์ง๋ง ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ๋ํ ๋๋งน๊ตญ๋ค์ ์๋ ฅ์ ์ง๋ฉดํ๊ณ ์์ง ์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค. ๋๋ ํธ ํฌ์คํฌ ์ ๋ฝ์ํ ์์ฅ์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ด ์ธ๊ณ์ ๋ถํฉ์ ์ด๋ํ ์ํ์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
๋ก๋๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ผ๋ค์ฆ ์น ๋ ๋ฌด์ญ๋ด๋น ์ฐจ๊ด์ CNBC์์ ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ์์ "๋ฏธยท์ค ๋ฌด์ญํ์ ์ด ๊ณง ์ฒด๊ฒฐ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ์น ๋ ์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ค์ํ๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
์ธ๋ ๋
ผํ๊ฐ๋ค์ 2020๋
๊ฐ์๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ ์ด ์ธ๋์ ์ค๊ตญ์ ํฅํ ๊ด๊ณ์ ๋ฏธ์น ์ํฅ์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ถ์์ ์ผํ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธยท์ค ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์์ ์ธ๊ธํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
2019๋
ํ์ผ ๋ฌด์ญ ๋ถ์
์ค๊ตญ์ ์ฌ๋ ๋ณด๋ณต
ํํ๋ น
๋ฏธ๊ตญ-์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฌด์ญ ์ ์
๊ฐ์ฃผ
2018๋
์ค๊ตญ
2018๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ
2018๋
๊ตญ์ ๊ด๊ณ
2018๋
๊ฒฝ์
๋ฌด์ญ ๋ถ์
๋ฏธ๊ตญ-์ค๊ตญ ๊ด๊ณ
๋๋๋ ํธ๋ผํ ํ์ ๋ถ
์์งํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ฐ์ค ๊ฐ์
๋๋๋ ํธ๋ผํ ํ์ ๋ถ์ ๊ดํ ๋
ผ์
์ง์ ํ์ ๊ฒฝ์
์คํ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฌ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United%20States%20trade%20war | ChinaโUnited States trade war | An economic conflict between China and the United States has been ongoing since January 2018, when U.S. President Donald Trump began setting tariffs and other trade barriers on China with the goal of forcing it to make changes to what the U.S. says are longstanding unfair trade practices and intellectual property theft. The Trump administration stated that these practices may contribute to the U.S.โChina trade deficit, and that the Chinese government requires transfer of American technology to China. In response to US trade measures, the Chinese government accused the Trump administration of engaging in nationalist protectionism and took retaliatory action. After the trade war escalated through 2019, in January 2020 the two sides reached a tense phase one agreement; it expired in December 2021 with China failing by a wide margin to reach its targets for U.S. imports to China. By the end of the Trump presidency, the trade war was met with some criticism. His successor, Joe Biden, however, has kept the tariffs in place.
Background
Trade relationship
Since the 1980s, Trump had advocated tariffs to eliminate the U.S. trade deficit and promote domestic manufacturing, saying the country was being "ripped off" by its trading partners; imposing tariffs became a major plank of his presidential campaign. Most economists do not believe trade deficits pose a significant problem for the American economy. Nearly all economists who responded to surveys conducted by the Associated Press and Reuters said Trump's tariffs would do more harm than good to the American economy, and some economists advocated alternate means to address trade deficits with China.
The volume of trade in goods between the US and China has grown rapidly since the beginning of China's economic reforms in the late 1970s. The growth of trade accelerated after China's entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, with the US and China becoming one another's most important trading partners. The US has consistently imported more from China than it has exported to China, with the bilateral US trade deficit in goods with China rising to $375.6 billion in 2017. This trade deficit is driven by a difference in saving rates between the US and China: Chinese households save more than 30 percent of disposable income on average, compared to 7 percent in the United States.
The US government has at times criticized various aspects of the US-China trade relationship, including large bilateral trade deficits, and China's relatively inflexible exchange rates. The administrations of George W. Bush and Barack Obama imposed quotas and tariffs on Chinese textiles in order to shield US domestic producers, accusing China of exporting these products at dumping prices. During the Obama administration, the US additionally accused China of subsidizing aluminium and steel production, and initiated a range of anti-dumping investigations against China. During these two US administrations, US-Chinese trade continued to grow. During this time, China's economy grew to be the second largest in the world (using nominal exchange rates), second only to that of the US. Large-scale Chinese economic initiatives, such as the Belt and Road Initiative, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and "Made in China 2025" alarmed some US policymakers. More broadly, China's economic growth has been viewed by the US government as a challenge to American economic and geopolitical dominance.
During his 2016 presidential campaign, Donald Trump promised to reduce the US trade deficit with China, which he attributed to unfair trade practices, such as intellectual property theft and lack of access by US companies to the Chinese market. American proponents of tariffs on China have argued that tariffs will bring manufacturing jobs to the US; that bilateral tariffs should be reciprocal; that the US should eliminate its trade deficit with China; and that China should change various policies governing intellectual property and investment. Most economists are skeptical of the ability of tariffs to achieve the first three of these goals. A study estimates that U.S. exports to China provide support to 1.2 million American jobs and that Chinese multinational companies directly employ 197,000 Americans, while U.S. companies invested $105 billion in China in 2019. Economists have studied the impact of trade with China and increasing labor productivity on employment in the American manufacturing sector, with mixed results. Most economists believe that the American trade deficit is the result of macroeconomic factors, rather than trade policy. While increased tariffs on Chinese goods are expected to decrease US imports from China, they are expected to lead to increased imports from other countries, leaving the United States' overall trade deficit largely unchanged - a phenomenon known as trade diversion.
Trump administration's complaints
Donald Trump's first noted advocacy for tariffs was prompted by Japanese economic success in the 1980s, arguing that the U.S. trade deficit was a burden and that tariffs would promote domestic manufacturing that would keep the United States from being "ripped off" by its trading partners. Imposing tariffs was subsequently a major plank of his successful 2016 presidential campaign. In early 2011, he stated that because China has manipulated their currency, "it is almost impossible for our companies to compete with Chinese companies."
In the 2016 US presidential election, Trump ran on a protectionist economic platform. As president, in August 2017, he directed the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) to investigate Chinese economic practices. The resulting report, issued in March 2018, attacked many aspects of Chinese economic policy, focusing particularly on alleged technology transfer, which the report stated cost the US economy $225 billion and $600 billion annually. Following the issuing of the report, Trump ordered the imposition of tariffs on Chinese products, the filing of a WTO case against China and restrictions on Chinese investment in high-tech sectors of the US economy.
In supporting tariffs as president, he said that China was costing the American economy hundreds of billions of dollars a year because of unfair trade practices. After imposing tariffs, he denied entering into a trade war, saying the "trade war was lost many years ago by the foolish, or incompetent, people who represented the U.S." He said that the U.S. has a trade deficit of $500 billion a year, with intellectual property (IP) theft costing an additional $300 billion. "We cannot let this continue," he said. Former White House Counsel, Jim Schultz, said that "through multiple presidential administrations โ Clinton, Bush and Obama โ the United States has naively looked the other way while China cheated its way to an unfair advantage in the international trade market."
According to the administration, the Chinese government's reforms have been minimal and have not been fair and reciprocal: "After years of U.S.-China dialogues that produced minimal results and commitments that China did not honor, the United States is taking action to confront China over its state-led, market-distorting forced technology transfers, intellectual property practices, and cyber intrusions of U.S. commercial networks."
Technology is considered the most important part of the U.S. economy. According to U.S. Trade Representative Robert E. Lighthizer, China maintains a policy of "forced technology transfer," along with practicing "state capitalism," including buying U.S. technology companies and using cybertheft to gain technology. As a result, officials in the Trump administration were, by early 2018, taking steps to prevent Chinese state-controlled companies from buying American technology companies and were trying to stop American companies from handing over their key technologies to China as a cost of entering their market. According to political analyst Josh Rogin: "There was a belief that China would develop a private economy that would prove compatible with the WTO system. Chinese leadership has made a political decision to do the opposite. So now we have to respond."
Lighthizer said that the value of the tariffs imposed was based on U.S. estimates of the actual economic damage caused by alleged theft of intellectual property and foreign-ownership restrictions that require foreign companies to transfer technology. Such forced Joint ventures give Chinese companies illicit access to American technology.
Over half of the members of the American Chamber of Commerce in the People's Republic of China thought that leakage of intellectual property was an important concern when doing business there.
In August 2017, Robert Lighthizer investigated China's alleged unfair trade practices.
Initiating steel and aluminium tariff actions in March 2018, Trump said "trade wars are good, and easy to win," but as the conflict continued to escalate through August 2019, Trump stated, "I never said China was going to be easy."
Peter Navarro, White House Office of Trade and Manufacturing Policy Director, explained that the tariffs are "purely defensive measures" to reduce the trade deficit. He says that the cumulative trillions of dollars that Americans transfer overseas as a result of yearly deficits are then used by those countries to buy America's assets, as opposed to investing that money in the U.S. "If we do as we're doing . . . those trillions of dollars are in the hands of foreigners that they can then use to buy up America."
China's response and counter-allegations
The Chinese government argues that the US government's real goal is to stifle China's growth, and that the trade war has had a negative effect on the world. The Chinese government has blamed the American government for starting the conflict and said that US actions were making negotiations difficult. Zhang Xiangchen, China's ambassador to the World Trade Organization, said the U.S. Trade Representative was operating with a "presumption of guilt", making claims without evidence and based on speculation.
The Chinese government has denied forced transfer of IP is a mandatory practice, and acknowledged the impact of domestic R&D performed in China. Former U.S. treasury secretary Larry Summers assessed that Chinese leadership in some technological fields was the result of "huge government investment in basic science" and not "theft" of U.S. properties. In March 2019, the National People's Congress endorsed a new foreign investment bill, to take effect in 2020, which explicitly prohibits the forced transfer of IP from foreign companies, and grants stronger protection to foreign intellectual property and trade secrets. China had also planned to lift restrictions on foreign investment in the automotive industry in 2022. AmCham China policy committee chair Lester Ross criticized the bill, saying the text of the bill was "rushed" and "broad", and also criticized a portion of the bill that granted the country power to retaliate against countries that impose restrictions on Chinese companies.
On 20 January 2021, China imposed sanctions against outgoing US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, former secretary of health and human services Alex Azar, former under secretary of state Keith J. Krach, outgoing US ambassador to the United Nations Kelly Craft, and 24 other former Trump officials. Biden's National Security Council called the sanctions "unproductive and cynical."
Biden administration restrictions
The Biden administration had not withdrawn Trump-era tariffs on Chinese imports, as of September 2022. In fact, the Democratic administration has introduced a number of new export limits and US investment bans for Chinese companies to protect US economic and military interests. In October 2022, the US Department of Commerce expanded sanctions after implicating 50 Chinese companies, including telecoms equipment maker Huawei in June 2021. Export controls were also introduced for chip maker Nvidia, Yangtze Memory Technologies (YMTC) and ChangXin Memory Technologies. Sanctions were expanded to include Chinese companies such as drone maker DJI and genomics company BGI Genomics, among others. South Korean telecom companies trading with the PRC were partially excluded from the new restrictions.
Chronology
2018
January 22: Trump announced tariffs on solar panels and washing machines. About 8% of American solar panel imports in 2017 came from China. Imports of residential washing machines from China totaled about $1.1 billion in 2015.
March 1: Trump announced steel and aluminium tariffs on imports from all countries. The United States had imported about 3% of its steel from China. The announcement drew criticism from the editorial board of The Wall Street Journal, which called the executive order "the biggest policy blunder of his Presidency."
March 22: Trump asked the United States trade representative (USTR) to investigate applying tariffs on US$50โ60 billion worth of Chinese goods. He relied on Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 for doing so, stating that the proposed tariffs were "a response to the unfair trade practices of China over the years", including theft of U.S. intellectual property. Over 1,300 categories of Chinese imports were listed for tariffs, including aircraft parts, batteries, flat-panel televisions, medical devices, satellites, and various weapons.
April 2: Ministry of Commerce of China responded by imposing tariffs on 128 products it imports from America, including aluminium, airplanes, cars, pork, and soybeans (which have a 25% tariff), as well as fruit, nuts, and steel piping (15%). U.S. commerce secretary Wilbur Ross said that the planned Chinese tariffs only reflected 0.3% of U.S. gross domestic product, and Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders stated that the moves would have "short-term pain" but bring "long-term success".
April 3: The U.S. Trade Representative's office published an initial list of 1,300+ Chinese goods to impose levies upon, including products like flat-screen televisions, weapons, satellites, medical devices, aircraft parts and batteries. Chinese Ambassador Cui Tiankai responded by warning the U.S. that they may fight back, saying "We have done the utmost to avoid this kind of situation, but if the other side makes the wrong choice, then we have no alternative but to fight back."
April 4: China's Customs Tariff Commission of the State Council decided to announce a plan of additional tariffs of 25% on 106 items of products including automobiles, airplanes, and soybeans. Soybeans are the top U.S. agricultural export to China.
April 5: Trump said that he was considering another round of tariffs on an additional $100 billion of Chinese imports as Beijing retaliates. The next day the World Trade Organization received request from China for consultations on new U.S. tariffs.
May 9: China cancelled soybean orders exported from United States to China. Zhang Xiaoping, Chinese director for the U.S. Soybean Export Council, said Chinese buyers simply stopped buying from the U.S.
May 15: Vice Premier and Politburo member Liu He, top economic adviser to president of China and General Secretary Xi Jinping, visited Washington for further trade talks.
May 20: Chinese officials agreed to "substantially reduce" America's trade deficit with China by committing to "significantly increase" its purchases of American goods. As a result, Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin announced that "We are putting the trade war on hold". White House National Trade Council director Peter Navarro said there was no "trade war", rather a "trade dispute, fair and simple. We lost the trade war long ago."
May 21: Trump tweeted that "China has agreed to buy massive amounts of ADDITIONAL Farm/Agricultural Products," although he later clarified the purchases were contingent upon the closure of a "potential deal."
May 29: The White House announced that it would impose a 25% tariff on $50 billion of Chinese goods with "industrially significant technology;" the full list of products affected to be announced by June 15. It also planned to impose investment restrictions and enhanced export controls on certain Chinese individuals and organizations to prevent them from acquiring U.S. technology. China said it would discontinue trade talks with Washington if it imposed trade sanctions."
June 15: Trump declared that the United States would impose a 25% tariff on $50 billion of Chinese exports. $34 billion would start July 6, 2018, with a further $16 billion to begin at a later date. China's Commerce Ministry accused the United States of launching a trade war and said China would respond in kind with similar tariffs for US imports, starting on July 6. Three days later, the White House declared that the United States would impose additional 10% tariffs on another $200 billion worth of Chinese imports if China retaliated against these U.S. tariffs. The list of products included in this round of tariffs was released on July 11, 2018, and was set to be implemented within 60 days.
June 19: China retaliates, threatening its own tariffs on $50 billion of U.S. goods, and stating that the United States had launched a trade war. Import and export markets in a number of nations feared the tariffs would disrupt supply chains which could "ripple around the globe."
July 6: American tariffs on $34 billion of Chinese goods came into effect. China imposed retaliatory tariffs on US goods of a similar value. The tariffs accounted for 0.1% of the global gross domestic product. On July 10, 2018, U.S. released an initial list of the additional $200 billion of Chinese goods that would be subject to a 10% tariff. Two days later, China vowed to retaliate with additional tariffs on American goods worth $60 billion annually.
August 8: The Office of the United States Trade Representative published its finalized list of 279 Chinese goods, worth $16 billion, to be subject to a 25% tariff from August 23. In response, China imposed 25% tariffs on $16 billion of imports from the US, which was implemented in parallel with the US tariffs on August 23.
August 14: China filed a complaint with the World Trade Organization (WTO), stating that US tariffs on foreign solar panels clash with WTO ruling and have destabilized the international market for solar PV products. China stated that the resulting impact directly harmed China's legitimate trade interests. Peng Peng, a researcher with the China Renewable Energy Industry Association said that the solar problem has existed for years and thought that China chose to bring it up in order to keep up the rhythm of the trade dispute.
August 22: US treasury undersecretary David Malpass and Chinese commerce vice-minister Wang Shouwen met in Washington, D.C. in a bid to reopen negotiations. Meanwhile, on August 23, 2018, the US and China's promised tariffs on $16 billion of goods took effect, and on August 27, 2018, China filed a new WTO complaint against the US regarding the additional tariffs.
September 17: The US announced its 10% tariff on $200 billion worth of Chinese goods would begin on September 24, 2018, increasing to 25% by the end of the year. They also threatened tariffs on an additional $267 billion worth of imports if China retaliates, which China promptly did on September 18 with 10% tariffs on $60 billion of US imports. So far, China has either imposed or proposed tariffs on $110 billion of U.S. goods, representing most of its imports of American products.
November 10: White House National Trade Council director Peter Navarro alleged that a group of Wall Street billionaires are conducting an influence operation on behalf of the Chinese government by weakening the president and the U.S. negotiating position, and urged them to invest in the rust belt.
November 30: President Trump signed the revised U.S.โMexicoโCanada Agreement in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The USMCA contains a "rules of origin" provision for automobile that was "touted by the Trump administration as a tool to keep out Chinese inputs and encourage production and investment in the US and North America."
December 1: The planned increases in tariffs were postponed. The White House stated that both parties will "immediately begin negotiations on structural changes with respect to forced technology transfer, intellectual property protection, non-tariff barriers, cyber intrusions and cyber theft." According to the Trump Administration, "If at the end of [90 days], the parties are unable to reach an agreement, the 10 percent tariffs will be raised to 25 percent." The U.S. trade representative's office confirmed the hard deadline for China's structural changes is March 1, 2019.
December 4: New York Fed president John Williams said that he believed the US economy will stay strong in 2019. Williams expects that increases in the interest rates will be necessary to maintain the economy. He stated, "Given this outlook of strong growth, strong labor market and inflation near our goal and taking account all the various risks around the outlook, I do expect further gradual increases in interest rates will best sponsor a sustained economic expansion."
December 11: Trump announced China was buying a "tremendous amount" of U.S. soybeans. Commodities traders saw no evidence of such purchases, and over the next six months soybean exports to China were about one quarter what they were in 2017, before the trade conflict began. China reportedly considered purchases of American farm goods as contingent upon closing a comprehensive trade deal.
2019
January 14: An article in The Wall Street Journal reports that in China's 2018 trade surplus with the United States was a record $323.32 billion despite Trump's tariffs.
March 6: The U.S. Department of Commerce stated that in 2018 the U.S. trade deficit with China reached $621 billion, the highest it had been since 2008.
May 5: Trump stated that the previous tariffs of 10% levied in $200 billion worth of Chinese goods would be raised to 25% on May 10. With notification by USTR, the Federal Register on May 9 published the modification of duty on or after 12:01ย a.m. Eastern Time Zone May 10 to 25% for the products of China covered by the September 2018 action. The stated reason being that China reneged upon already agreed upon deals.
May 9: Trump said the tariffs are "paid for mostly by China, by the way, not by us." Economic analysts concluded this was an incorrect assertion as American businesses and consumers ultimately pay the tariffs as real-world examples of tariffs working as intended are rare, and consumers of the tariff-levying country are the primary victims of tariffs, by having to pay higher prices. "It is inaccurate to say that countries pay tariffs on commercial and consumer goodsโit is the buyers and sellers that bear the costs," said Ross Burkhart, a Boise State University political scientist. "Purchasers pay the tariff when they buy popular products. Sellers lose market share when their products get priced out of markets," Burkhart added.
May 15: Trump signed executive order 13873, placing Huawei on the Department of Commerce's Entity List. According to Reuters, the move banned Huawei from buying vital parts and components from U.S. companies without special approval and effectively barred its equipment from U.S. telecom networks on national security grounds.
June 1: China will raise tariffs on $60 billion worth of US goods.
June 29: During the G20 Osaka summit, Trump announces he and Xi Jinping agreed to a "truce" in the trade war after extensive talks. Prior tariffs are to remain in effect, but no future tariffs are to be enacted "for the time being" amid restarted negotiations. Additionally, Trump said he would allow American companies to sell their products to Huawei, but the company would remain on the U.S. Entity List. The extent to which this plan to temporarily exempt Huawei from previous bans would be implemented later became unclear and, in the weeks later, there was no clear indication of the reversal of Huawei bans.
June 29: After a meeting with Chinese leader Xi Jinping, Trump announces "China is going to be buying a tremendous amount of food and agricultural product, and they're going to start that very soon, almost immediately." China disputed making such a commitment and one month later no such purchases had materialized.
July 11: Trump tweeted "China is letting us down in that they have not been buying the agricultural products from our great Farmers that they said they would." People familiar with the trade negotiations said China had made no firm commitments to purchase farm goods unless it was part of a comprehensive trade agreement.
July 15: Official figures from China showed its second-quarter GDP growth at its slowest in 27 years.
July 17: China announced an accelerated decrease in holdings of US treasury holdings, targeting 25% of its current holdings of $1.1 trillion.
August 1: Trump announced on Twitter that additional 10% tariff will be levied on the "remaining $300 billion of goods".
August 5: The central bank of China (PBOC) let the Renminbi fall over 2% in three days to the lowest point since 2008 as it was hit by strong sales due to the threat of tariffs.
August 5: The U.S. Department of Treasury officially declared China as a Currency Manipulator after the People's Bank of China allowed its yuan to depreciate that, according to CNN, was seen as retaliation to Trump's August 1 tariff announcement. According to an article in The Washington Post, Trump reportedly pressured the Treasury Department Steven Mnuchin to authorize the designation. Both the IMF and the Chinese government have rejected the designation, with the IMF saying that the valuation of the yuan are in line with China's economic fundamentals.
August 5: China ordered state-owned enterprises to stop buying US agricultural products in retaliation to Trump's August 1 tariff announcement. Zippy Duvall, president of the American Farm Bureau Federation, called the move "a body blow to thousands of farmers and ranchers who are already struggling to get by," adding, "Farm Bureau economists tell us exports to China were down by $1.3 billion during the first half of the year. Now, we stand to lose all of what was a $9.1 billion market in 2018, which was down sharply from the $19.5 billion U.S. farmers exported to China in 2017."
August 13: Official figures from China showed its industrial output growth falling amid the trade war to a 17-year low.
August 13: Trump delayed some of the tariffs. $112 billion worth will still take place on September 1 (which means that on September 1, $362 billion total worth, including the newly imposed $112 billion, of Chinese products will face a tariff), but the additional, not yet imposed, $160 billion will not take effect until December 15. Trump and his advisors Peter Navarro, Wilbur Ross and Larry Kudlow said that the tariffs were postponed to avoid harming American consumers during the Christmas shopping season.
August 23: Chinese Ministry of Finance announced new rounds of retaliative tariffs on $75 billion worth of U.S. goods, effective beginning September 1.
August 23: Trump tweeted that he "hereby ordered" American companies to "immediately start looking for an alternative to China". According to an article in The New York Times, Trump's aides said that no order had been drawn up nor was it clear one would be. In a tweet on the following day, Trump said that he had the authority to make good on his threat, citing the International Emergency Economic Powers Act of 1977. Furthermore, tariffs are to be raised from 25% to 30% on the existing $250 billion worth of Chinese goods beginning on October 1, 2019, and from 10% to 15% on the remaining $300 billion worth of goods beginning on December 15, 2019.
August 26: At the G7 summit, Trump stated, "China called last night our top trade people and said 'let's get back to the table' so we will be getting back to the table and I think they want to do something. They have been hurt very badly but they understand this is the right thing to do and I have great respect for it." Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Geng Shuang said he was unaware of such a call and Trump aides later said the call didn't occur but the president was trying to project optimism.
August 28: Americans for Free Trade, an umbrella group for 161 trade associations across numerous industries, sent Trump a letter asking him to postpone all scheduled tariff increases. The next day, Trump said "badly run and weak companies are smartly blaming these small Tariffs instead of themselves for bad management."
September 1: New USA and Chinese tariffs previously announced went into effect at 12:01 pm EST. China imposed 5% to 10% tariffs on one-third of the 5,078 goods it imports from America, with tariffs on the remainder scheduled for December 15. The United States imposed new 15% tariffs on about $112 billion of Chinese imports, such that more than two-thirds of consumer goods imported from China were then subject to tariffs.
September 4: The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative and Chinese state media confirmed that deputy-level meetings in mid-September would lead to ministerial-level talks in coming weeks. At the same time, the United States Department of Commerce issued preliminary antidumping duty determinations on fabricated structural steel from Canada, China, and Mexico. Furthermore, China was found liable for dumping up to 141.38% of fabricated structural steel into the United States and thereby prompted the U.S. Customs and Border Protection to collect cash deposits in the same rate, as instructed by the Commerce Department.
September 6: The People's Bank of China announces a 0.5 percent reduction in its reserve requirement ratio in response to the slowing of China's economic growth rates caused by the trade war.
September 11: After China announced it was exempting 16 American product types from tariffs for one year, Trump announced he would delay until October 15 a tariff increase on Chinese goods previously scheduled for October 1. Trump asserted he granted the delay at the request of Chinese vice premier Liu He.
September 12: Bloomberg News and Politico reported that Trump advisors were increasingly concerned that the trade war was weakening the American economy going into the 2020 election campaign and were discussing ways to reach a limited interim deal. The Wall Street Journal reported China was seeking to narrow the scope of negotiations to place national security matters on a separate track from trade issues.
September 26: The Wall Street Journal reported that Chinese retaliatory tariffs on lumber and wood products had caused hardwood lumber exports to China to fall 40% during 2019, resulting in American lumber mills slashing employment. A USDA spokesperson said the organization had provided the industry $5 million in aid through its Agricultural Trade Promotion Program.
October 7: Citing human rights issues, the United States Department of Commerce puts 20 Chinese public security bureaus and eight high tech companies, such as HikVision, SenseTime and Megvii, on the Export Administration Regulations Entity List. Like Huawei, which was sanctioned on an identical blueprint for national security reasons, the entities will need U.S. government approval before they can purchase components from U.S. companies.
October 11: Trump announced that the United States and China had reached a tentative agreement for the "first phase" of a trade deal, with China agreeing to buy up to $50 billion in American farm products, and to accept more American financial services in their market, with the United States agreeing to suspend new tariffs scheduled for October 15. The deal was expected to be finalized in coming weeks. At the same time, Chinese announcements did not express the same confidence, though a few days later the Chinese Foreign Ministry said that the two sides had the same understanding and had reached an agreement.
October 17: Official figures from China showed its third quarter GDP growth at its slowest in almost 30 years.
December 13: Both countries announce an initial deal where new tariffs to be mutually imposed on December 15 would not be implemented. China says it "will increase purchases of high-quality agricultural products from the U.S.", while the United States says it will halve the existing 15% tariffs.
December 31: The Wall Street Journal reported that the language of the phase one deal was expected to be released after the January 15 signing, and that Lighthizer said some details would be classified.
2020
January 3: Reuters reported that in December 2019 the American manufacturing sector fell into its deepest slump in over a decade, attributing the decline to the U.S.-China trade war.
January 15: U.S. President Donald Trump and China's Vice Premier Liu He signed the USโChina Phase One trade deal in Washington DC. The "Economic and Trade Agreement between the United States of America and the People's Republic of China" is set to take effect from February 14, 2020, and focuses on intellectual property rights (Chapter 1), technology transfer (Chapter 2), food and agricultural products (Chapter 3), financial services (Chapter 4), exchange rate matters and transparency (Chapter 5), and expanding trade (Chapter 6), with reference also being made to bilateral evaluation and dispute resolution procedures in Chapter 7. The agreement allows for a party to request additional consultation in the event of a "natural disaster or other unforeseeable event." Unlike other trade agreements, the USโChina Phase One agreement did not rely on arbitration through an intergovernmental organization like the World Trade Organization, but rather through a bilateral mechanism.
January 17: Official figures from China showed its 2019 economic growth rate falling amid the trade war to a 30-year low.
February 5: Data from the Commerce Department of the United States showed the country's trade deficit falling amid the trade war for the first time in 6 years.
February 17: China grants tariff exemptions on 696 US goods to support purchases.
March 5: The United States Trade Representative granted exemptions to tariffs on various types of medical equipment, after calls from American lawmakers and others to remove tariffs on these products in light of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.
May 12: The Chinese government announced exemptions for tariffs on 79 additional US goods.
May 14: The Chinese government announced that it would permit imports of barley and blueberries from the United States.
As of June, China had risen to become the United States' top trading partner again, amid the global crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the countries were on track to miss the targets from the trade deal, hitting which would have been hard even under strong economic conditions, according to Chad Brown of the Peterson Institute for International Economics and Chenjun Pan of Rabobank. The economic damage and barriers to trade caused by the pandemic made those targets even harder to reach.
September 15: A three-person WTO panel found that the Trump administration tariffs violated global trade rules because they had been applied only to China and they exceeded the maximum rates the US had agreed to, without adequate explanation. Lighthizer responded that the finding showed "the WTO is completely inadequate to stop China's harmful technology practices."
September 26: The US Commerce Department imposed restrictions on China's largest chip maker, Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC), determining that an "unacceptable risk" equipment supplied to SMIC could potentially be used for military purposes. Under the restrictions, the suppliers were barred from exporting the chip without a license.
November 8: President Donald Trump signed an executive order prohibiting Americans from investing in shares of companies with ties to the Chinese military. New transactions would be barred from 11 January 2021, while investors that already held such stocks would have until November 2021 to divest them. On 6 January 2021, the New York Stock Exchange announced that it would delist stocks related to China Mobile, China Telecom and China Unicom. Index provider MSCI also announced it would stop including China Mobile, China Telecom and China Unicom in its benchmarks.
By the end of 2020, China and the U.S. had achieved only 58% of targets for U.S. exports to China under the phase one trade agreement. This was seen as a sign that the original targets were unrealistic. The U.S.-based Peterson Institute for International Economics said China had "failed spectacularly" to meet its import targets and "much of the deal was a failure."
2021
January 13: The Trump administration banned cotton and tomato products originating in Xinjiang, including products manufactured outside of China but using cotton and tomatoes from Xinjiang, over forced labor allegations.
January 20: Trump left office and Joe Biden was inaugurated as president of the United States. Biden said that he did not have immediate plans to remove the tariffs and planned to review the phase one trade deal and discuss the matter with allies first.
January 20: China imposed sanctions against outgoing US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, former secretary of health and human services Alex Azar, former under secretary of state Keith J. Krach, outgoing US ambassador to the United Nations Kelly Craft, and 24 other former Trump officials. Biden's National Security Council called the sanctions "unproductive and cynical."
February 22: China's Foreign Minister Wang Yi called for US President Joe Biden to lift the multiple restrictions imposed by Trump. During a Foreign Ministry forum on US-China relations, he urged the Biden administration to lift the sanctions on trade and people-to-people contact, while asking it to stop interfering in China's internal affairs.
March 18โ19: High level talks took place in Anchorage, Alaska to discuss key geopolitical disagreements.
In May and June 2021, discussions continued between high-level officials, including Liu He and Wang Wentao from China and Katherine Tai, Janet Yellen, and Gina Raimondo from the United States. The Chinese Ministry of Commerce described the talks as candid, productive, and pragmatic, while Tai and Yellen said they looked forward to further dialogue.
2022
December 9: The WTO ruled that former US President Donald Trump was in breach of global trade rules in 2018 with his administration's tariffs on steel and aluminium. The Biden administration however disputed the panel's rulings and instead stated that they will not take away the duties that Trump had earlier established. Brussels had criticised the US for having rejected the WTO ruling. Bernd Lange, chairperson of the European Parliament's international trade committee, stated, "The USA's reaction of simply rejecting the ruling is incomprehensible. We have to have an honest discussion with the U.S. if they are moving away from a rules-based trading system, and if and how we can rescue the existing system."
December 21: WTO ruled that the US was in breach of global trading rules for having claimed that products imported from Hong Kong, can be marked as coming from China. Hong Kong's government welcomed the ruling and its secretary for commerce and economic development, Algernon Yau, stated that "the revised origin marking requirement is politically motivated" and "a vain attempt to interfere with Hong Kong's internal affairs through weaponising trade". The US rejected the ruling and expressed that they had no intentions in abiding. The United States Trade Representative spokesperson Adam Hodge stated the US responded to "highly concerning actions" by China to erode Hong Kong's autonomy and the democratic and human rights of its people, and so qualified to be a threat to the national security of the US. However the WTO panel had disagreed that tensions between United States and Hong Kong, have increased to being an "emergency in international relations" which is the threshold required to qualify for an exception.
2023
January 27: European Commissioner for Internal Market Thierry Breton announced that the European Union will join the United States in blocking the sale of technology to China that would allow it to produce advanced semiconductor chips.
February 17: China expands Unreliable Entities List to include Raytheon and Lockheed Martin.
June 18โ19: US Secretary of State Antony Blinken visits China, the first secretary of state to visit China since 2018. Blinken met with Chinese Foreign Minister Qin Gang, Foreign Affairs Commission Office Director Wang Yi and President Xi Jinping. Blinken sought to clarify the economic stance of the United States toward China, saying "We are for de-risking and diversifying" and emphasize that the US is not seeking to contain China economically. Yang Tao, director-general of the Chinese Foreign Ministry's North American and Oceanian Affairs department, rejected his explanation, telling reporters that the US is simply repackaging "decoupling" as "de-risking" from China.
July 7: The US Treasury Secretary, Janet Yellen criticized China's restrictions during her visit to Beijing, citing her concern over China's crackdown on US consulting firms and export controls on critical minerals used in computer chip manufacturing. She stressed that the US's goal is to expand its economic partnership with China, rather than sever it.
Effects
A November 2019 United Nations analysis reported that "the U.S. tariffs on China are economically hurting both countries". In the United States, it has led to higher costs for manufacturers, higher prices for consumers and financial difficulties for farmers. In China, the trade war contributed to a slowdown in the rate of economic and industrial output growth, which had already been declining. Many American companies have shifted supply chains to elsewhere in Asia, bringing fears that the trade war would lead to a US-China economic 'decoupling'. The trade war has also caused economic damage in other countries, though some benefited from increased manufacturing as production was shifted to them. It also led to stock market instability. Governments around the world have taken steps to address some of the damage caused by the economic conflict.
By late 2019, the United States had imposed approximately US$350 billion in tariffs on Chinese imports, while China had imposed approximately US$100 billion on US exports.
China
In April 2018, China announced that it would eliminate laws that required global automakers and shipbuilders to work through state-owned partners. President of China and General Secretary Xi Jinping reiterated those pledges, affirming a desire to increase imports, lower foreign-ownership limits on manufacturing and expand protection to intellectual property, all central issues in Trump's complaints about their trade imbalance. Trump thanked Xi for his "kind words on tariffs and automobile barriers" and "his enlightenment" on intellectual property and technology transfers. "We will make great progress together!" the president added.
As a response to the trade war, China increased the personal income tax threshold from to (US$705) in January 2019, and reduced the top tier of value added tax from 16% to 13% in April 2019. Income tax deductions were also allowed for family care, medical and educational expenses, as well as for mortgage interest. The tax cuts were worth around trillion (US$324 billion).
In May 2019, China's industrial output growth fell to 5.0%, which was the lowest rate in 17 years. Exports fell by 1.3% in June compared to the previous year; imports declined 8.5% in May and 7.3% in June. According to an analysis by Peterson Institute for International Economics published in June 2019, China had lowered tariffs on imports from countries other than the U.S. from an average of 8.0% to 6.7%, while average tariffs on U.S. imports rose from 8.0% to 20.7%.
In December 2019, the South China Morning Post reported that, due to the trade war and the Chinese government's crackdown on shadow banking, Chinese manufacturing investments were expanding at the lowest rate since records began. Economic growth rate for 2019 was 6.1%, the slowest since 1990.
The trade war resulted in a significant growth of economic ties between China and the European Union, primarily as a result of the redistribution of commodity flows.
The trade war contributed to a rise in Chinese nationalism; the South China Morning Post reported that the conflict helped the Communist Party "shore up much-needed domestic support". The external pressure of the trade war allowed Chinese leader Xi Jinping to point to the United States' actions as a reason for China's economic slowdown.
United States
By early July 2018, there were negative and positive results already showing up in the American economy as a result of the tariffs, as a number of industries showed employment growth while others were planning on layoffs. American commentators noted that consumer products were the most likely to be affected by the tariffs. A timeline of when costs would rise was uncertain as companies had to figure out if they could sustain a tariff hike without passing on the costs to consumers.
American farmers were particularly severely affected by China's retaliatory trade actions. In response, the Trump administration's aid relief for the difficulties faced by the farmers came in the form of cash payments, securing additional trade deals and modifying environmental regulations to benefit corn farmers. According to the American Farm Bureau, agricultural exports from the US to China decreased from $24 billion in 2014 to $9.1 billion in 2018, including decreases in sales of pork, soybeans, and wheat. Farm bankruptcies have increased, and agricultural equipment manufacturer Deere & Company cut its profit forecast twice between January and August 2019. An August 2019 USDA report showed that as American wheat exports to China dropped, Canadian wheat exports to China rose from 32% to more than 60%. Farm equipment manufacturers were negatively affected by the reluctance of farmers to invest in new equipment, with sales dropping significantly during the first quarter of 2019. Yet despite the negative effects, polls in July 2019 showed that most farmers continued to support Trump, as 78% of them said they believed the trade war will ultimately benefit U.S. agriculture. The Government Accountability Office announced in February 2020 that it would examine the program, amid reports that aid was being improperly distributed.
According to a study by the National Retail Federation of the United States, a 25% tariff on Chinese furniture alone would cost US consumers an additional $4.6 billion in annual payments.
Analysis conducted by the Peterson Institute for International Economics found that China imposed uniform tariffs averaging 8% on all its importers in January 2018, before the trade war began. By June 2019, tariffs on American imports had increased to 20.7%, while tariffs on other nations declined to 6.7%. The analysis also found that average American tariffs on Chinese goods increased from 3.1% in 2017 to 24.3% by August 2019.
Analysis by Goldman Sachs in May 2019 found that the consumer price index for nine categories of tariffed goods had increased dramatically, compared to a declining CPI for all other core goods.
In an August 2019 interview with CNN's Jake Tapper, Navarro claimed that tariffs were not hurting Americans, despite evidence to the contrary.
Surveys of consumer sentiment and small business confidence showed sharp declines in August 2019 on uncertainty caused by the trade war. The closely followed Purchasing Managers' Index for manufacturing from the Institute for Supply Management showed contraction in August, for the first time since January 2016; the ISM quoted several executives expressing anxiety about the continuing trade war, citing shrinking export orders and the challenges of shifting their supply chains out of China. The IHS Markit manufacturing purchasing managers' index also showed contraction in August, for the first time since September 2009. The day the ISM report was released, Trump tweeted, "China's Supply Chain will crumble and businesses, jobs and money will be gone!"
Analysis conducted by Moody's Analytics estimated that through August 2019 300,000 American jobs had either been lost or not created due to the trade war, especially affecting manufacturing, warehousing, distribution and retail.
By September 2019, American manufacturers were reducing their capital investments and delaying hiring due to uncertainty caused by the trade war.
American importers were allowed to apply for exclusions from the tariffs. The Wall Street Journal reported in February 2020 that the USTR was granting fewer tariff waivers to American firms, down from 35% of requests for the first two tranches of tariffs in 2018 to 3% for the third tranche in 2019. The mechanism for applying for exclusions expired in 2020.
The Phase I agreement failed to address any structural aspects of the structural conflicts between the United States and China. The overall U.S. trade deficit worsened, with supply trade diverted from China to higher-cost foreign producers rather than being supplied domestically. Tariffs imposed by the U.S. increased costs of Chinese imports for U.S. consumers and business.
Overall economy
Analysis published by The Wall Street Journal in October 2020 found the trade war did not achieve the primary objective of reviving American manufacturing nor did it result in the reshoring of factory production. Though the trade war led to higher employment in certain industries, tariffs led to a net loss of U.S. manufacturing jobs. The trade war reduced the United States' trade deficit with China in 2019, but this trend reversed itself in 2020 with the trade deficit increasing back to its preโtrade war level, while the United States' overall trade deficit has increased.
Despite the United States trade deficit with China declining sharply from the record high in 2018, during the Trump presidency the overall deficit increased to the highest level since 2008 as American businesses shifted their imports to other countries to avoid the Trump tariffs. The deficit in goods increased 21% from 2016 to a record high. American exports โ notably farm goods โ were also weakened by retaliatory actions from China, the European Union, and other countries. Economist Stephen Roach writes that by replacing the Chinese portion of the United States' trade gap with deficits from other nations that produce goods at higher cost, the diversion of trade to non-Chinese sources has resulted in the functional equivalent of a tax hike on United States companies and consumers.
Analysis published by Chad Bown of the Peterson Institute for International Economics found that if there was no trade war initiated by Trump and if the US share of the Chinese market had just stayed consistent, then US exports to China would have been $119 billion bigger than what was actually recorded during Trump's administration during 2018 to 2021. Additionally, the trade war had incurred further costs of $30 billion in taxpayers funds that Trump used to subsidise the country's farmers to compensate for their lost sales to China from 2018 to 2020. Bown concluded that Trump's trade policies were not worth it for US exporters and that they would had likely have been better off without Trump's trade war.
Stock market
Investor uncertainty due to the trade war has caused turbulence in the stock market.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 724 points, or 2.9%, after the tariffs were announced due to concerns over a trade war. Corporations that traded with China, such as Caterpillar Inc. and Boeing, suffered large losses in their stock price.
On December 4, 2018, the Dow Jones Industrial Average logged its worst day in nearly a month as it declined nearly 600 points, to which some argue is in part due to the trade war.
On August 23, 2019, the Dow dropped 623 points on the day that Trump informally ordered American companies to immediately seek alternatives to doing business in China. By the end of 2019, stock markets reached record highs, having risen due to the agreement between the United States and China to sign the first phase of a trade deal.
Elections
Analysts speculated that the trade war could affect the 2020 United States presidential election, as tariffs have negatively affected farmers, an important constituency for Trump. Analysts also speculated on how the trade war affected Xi Jinping in relation to the domestic pressures that he faced.
In 2021, following the transition to the Biden administration, the Financial Times reported that "rushing to remove the tariffs could prove risky" for the Democrats in the 2022 United States elections.
Other countries
Economic growth has slowed worldwide amid the trade war. The International Monetary Fund's World Economic Outlook report released in April 2019 lowered the global economic growth forecast for 2019 from 3.6% expected in 2018 to 3.3%, and said that economic and trade frictions may further curb global economic growth and continue weaken the investment. According to Capital Economics, China's economic growth has slowed as a result of the trade war, though overall the Chinese economy "has held up well", and China's share of global exports has increased. U.S. economic growth has also slowed.
Globally, foreign direct investment has slowed. The trade war has hurt the European economy, particularly Germany, even though trade relations between Germany and China and between Germany and the U.S. remain good. Germany and the EU have had high levels of trade with China, and the German government and public want to maintain these trade ties. The Canadian economy has seen negative effects as well. Like the U.S., Britain, Germany, Japan, and South Korea were all showing "a weak manufacturing performance" as of 2019. Several Asian governments have instituted stimulus measures to address damage from the trade war, though economists said this may not be effective.
A trade group predicted that demand for semiconductor devices would decline by 12 per cent, as a direct result of the trade war.
Some countries have benefited economically from the trade war, at least in some sectors, due to increasing exports to the United States and China to fill the gaps left by decreasing trade between these two economies. Beneficiaries include Vietnam, Chile, India, Malaysia, and Argentina. Vietnam is the biggest beneficiary, with technology companies moving manufacturing there. South Korea has also benefited from increased electronics exports, Malaysia from semiconductor exports, Mexico from motor vehicles, and Brazil from soybeans. Trade diversion effects have also had an impact on countries in East and Southeast Asia with Taiwan getting the largest boost. US-ASEAN Business Council CEO Alex Feldman said these countries may not benefit for long: "It's in everyone's interest to see this spat get resolved and go back to normal trade relations between the US and China." Several Taiwanese companies have been expanding production domestically, including Quanta Computer, Sercomm and Wistron, creating over 21,000 jobs. This investment led to a significant strengthening of the New Taiwan Dollar which had not been expected pre-Trade War. Nintendo has reportedly moved some Nintendo Switch production from China to Southeast Asia.
The trade war has indirectly caused some companies to go bankrupt. One of them, Taiwanese LCD panel manufacturer Chunghwa Picture Tubes (CPT), went bankrupt as a result of an excess supply of panels and a subsequent collapse in prices, which was aided by vulnerability to the trade war, a slowing Taiwanese and global economy and a slowdown in the electronics sector.
Reactions
In China
Mainland Chinese politicians and economists have been divided over the trade war. An August 2019 article in NPR said that while some in the PRC leadership argued for a quick resolution to the trade war in order to save China's economy, others said that the country should push back against the United States and avoid an agreement at all costs.
In July 2018, academic Xu Zhangrun said that the trade war revealed underlying weaknesses in the Chinese political system and criticized Chinese leader Xi Jinping for his "overweening pride" and "vanity politics."
In August 2018, Hong Kong-based academic Willy Lam said that the trade war had galvanized all the previous misgivings which different countries in the West had toward China and undermined Chinese leader Xi Jinping's authority. Zhang Baohui, a political science professor at Lingnan University in Hong Kong, similarly said that the trade war had been effective in challenging the myth of Chinese invincibility, saying that the tariffs "really hurt China at a very bad time, when the economy is experiencing serious trouble."
Economist Sheng Hong, director of the defunct think tank Unirule Institute of Economics, said that it would be good if China yielded to America's request for fair trade, arguing that the "China model" of state capitalism was incompatible with its policies of market reforms and damaging China's economy. Amidst the closure Unirule after Hong was accused of threatening of state security, Hong likened Beijing's inability to brook internal criticism to "riding in a car with a filthy windshield."
A December 2018 journal article published by two Chinese academics said that in the worst-case scenario of the trade war, China would suffer a 1.1% decrease in employment and a 1% GDP loss, which they said were not negligible, but manageable for China. Another paper published in February 2018 by Chinese academics similarly concluded that whereas the United States would experience large social welfare losses as a result of the trade war, China may lose or gain slightly depending on the effect of trade war on the U.S.โChina trade balance.
In September 2019, Lu Xiang, an analyst at the state-backed Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, expressed pessimism about the outcome of upcoming talks, called Trump "unpredictable", and said, "We can only try to find sensible clues in his nonsense."
Domestic reporting on the trade war is censored in China. While news outlets are permitted to report on the conflict, their coverage is subject to restrictions; the South China Morning Post said that employees for Chinese media were told not to "over-report" the trade war while an article in The New York Times said that state news outlets had sought to promote the official line, with the authorities restricting the use of the phrase "trade war." Social media posts about the conflict are subject to censorship as well.
The trade war is a common subject on Chinese social media, with one popular Internet meme referencing Thanos, a villain from Marvel Comics and the Marvel Cinematic Universe who wipes out half of all life in the universe using the Infinity Gauntlet, joking that Trump will similarly wipe out half of China's investors.
Hong Kong economics professor Lawrence J. Lau argues that a major cause of the trade war is the growing battle between China and the U.S. for global economic and technological dominance. He argues, "It is also a reflection of the rise of populism, isolationism, nationalism and protectionism almost everywhere in the world, including in the US."
In mid-2021, Taoran Notes, a social media account associated with the state-run Economic Daily, advised Chinese decision-makers to remain calm and recommended that both sides develop a deeper understanding of each other's perspectives. Taoran Notes said that the two countries had chosen "the path of cooperation that seeks common ground while reserving differences".
People's Daily, the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, has stated that China will be able to withstand the trade war, and that Trump's policies are affecting American consumers.
In the United States
Congress
Some Democrats opposed the trade war for putting a burden on American consumers and causing inflation, while other Democrats thought action against China was necessary, although not all such Democrats thought the trade war initiated by Trump was the right means of action.
Senate Democratic leader Chuck Schumer praised President Trump's higher tariffs against China's alleged taking advantage of the U.S. and said "Democrats, Republicans, Americans of every political ideology, every region in the country should support these actions." Other Democratic senators who supported Trump's actions include Bob Menendez, Sherrod Brown and Ron Wyden Bipartisan support from the House of Representatives for Trump's actions came from Nancy Pelosi. Brad Sherman, Kevin Brady, and Ted Yoho. Democratic representative Tim Ryan, said, "What China has been doing is bullshit. They're cheating, they're subsidizing their product." Senator Marco Rubio has also supported the tariffs, which he referred to as a "theft tax".
Other Republican senators have given more divided statements. Mitch McConnell said that "nobody wins a trade war" but that there was hope the tactics would "get us into a better position, vis-ร -vis China." John Cornyn said, "If this is what it takes to get a good deal, I think people will hang in there, but at some point we've got to get it resolved. If this goes on for a long time, everybody realizes it's playing with a live hand grenade." Joni Ernst said in May 2019 that the "tariffs are hurtful" to farmers, but that they "do want us to find a path forward with China" and said, "We hope that we can get a deal soon".
Other senators from both parties have criticized Trump for the trade war, including Charles E. Grassley, Tim Kaine, Mark Warner, Elizabeth Warren, and Ron Wyden.
Agricultural
The Associated Press reported in 2018 that "Dave Warner, a spokesman for the National Pork Producers Council, said pork producers have already seen the value of their pigs fall after a previous Chinese tariff. Warner said pig producers will likely feel the effect of the new tariff, though it's not yet clear exactly how."
Iowa soybean farmer and president of the American Soybean Association John Heisdorffer called the use of tariffs a "scorched-earth approach", warning that U.S. industries could permanently lose global market share as a result.
The mayors of Davenport and St. Gabriel, which represented towns with a heavy reliance on the farming sector, expressed their concerns of impacts that the trade war would have on their cities.
In August 2019, Roger Johnson of the National Farmers Unionโrepresenting about 200,000 family farmers, ranchers and fishersโstated that the trade war was creating problems for American farmers, specifically highlighting the fall in soybean exports from the U.S. to China. In the same month, the American Farm Bureau Federationโrepresenting large agribusinessโsaid that the announcement of new tariffs "signals more trouble for American agriculture."
Business
More than 3,500 American businesses sued the Trump administration over the tariffs.
In September 2018, a business coalition announced a lobbying campaign called "Tariffs Hurt the Heartland" to protest the proposed tariffs; the tariffs on Chinese steel, aluminium, and certain chemicals contributed to rising fertilizer and agricultural equipment costs in the United States.
In February 2019, a survey released by the American Chamber of Commerce in China showed that a majority of member U.S. companies supported increasing or maintaining tariffs on Chinese goods, and nearly twice as many respondents compared to the year before wanted the U.S. government to push Beijing harder to create a level playing field. A further 19 percent of its companies said they were adjusting supply chains or seeking to source components and assembly outside of China as a result of tariffs and 28% were delaying or cancelling investment decisions in China.
Over 600 companies and trade associations, including manufacturers, retailers, and tech companies, wrote to Trump in mid-2019 to ask him to remove tariffs and end the trade war, saying that increased tariffs would have "a significant, negative, and long-term impact on American businesses, farmers, families, and the US economy".
On May 20, 2019, the Footwear Distributors and Retailers of America, an industry trade association for footwear, issued an open letter to President Trump, part of which read: "On behalf of our hundreds of millions of footwear consumers and hundreds of thousands of employees, we ask that you immediately stop this action", referring to the trade war.
Americans for Free Trade, a coalition of over 160 business organizations, wrote a letter to Trump in August 2019 requesting that he postpone all tariff rate increases on Chinese goods, citing concerns about cost increases for U.S. manufacturers and farmers. The coalition includes the National Retail Federation, the Consumer Technology Association, Association of Equipment Manufacturers, the Toy Association and American Petroleum Institute, among others.
In September 2019, Matthew Shay, president and CEO of the National Retail Federation, said that the trade war had "gone on far too long" and had harmful effects on American businesses and consumers. He urged the Trump administration to end the trade war and find an agreement to remove all the tariffs.
Hun Quach, vice president of international trade for the Retail Industry Leaders Association has claimed that the tariffs will impact American family budgets by raising the prices of everyday items.
A spokesperson for the USโChina Business Council said that the tariffs were "deeply unpopular with American consumers and businesses who bear the cost".
Manufacturing
The CEOs of American steelmakers Nucor Corp, United States Steel Corp, ArcelorMittal SA and Commercial Metals Co have all supported Trump's steel tariffs against China as has the United Steelworkers Union. Scott Paul, president of the associated Alliance for American Manufacturing, has also supported tariffs, and opposed proposals to reverse them in light of the coronavirus pandemic. In 2019, he criticized the stagnation of trade talks saying "Trump would have ripped any Democrat for that outcome".
James Hoffa Jr., president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, has been a proponent of U.S. tariffs against China as has Richard Trumka, president of AFLโCIO.
A 2019 statement by the National Association of Manufacturers stated their opposition to the trade war, calling for a new structure for the U.S.โChina commercial relationship that would eliminate China's unfair trade practices and level the playing field for manufacturers in the United States. A 2018 Politico article documented the close partnership between the president of NAM Jay Timmons and President Trump and said that Timmons was fighting against Trump's trade war from within.
The vice president of the National Marine Manufacturers Association criticized the tariffs, saying they were "hurting American manufacturers."
Economists and analysts
According to articles in PolitiFact, most mainstream economists said that "consumers are the primary victims of tariffs" and most economists said that they carry "more risks than benefits". Nearly all economists who responded to surveys conducted by the Associated Press and Reuters said that Trump's tariffs would do more harm than good to the economy of the United States, and some economists advocated for alternate means for the United States to address its trade deficit with China.
NYU Economics Professor Lawrence J. White has said that import tariffs are equivalent to a tax, and contribute to a higher cost of living.
Economic analyst Zachary Karabell has argued that the administration's tariff-based approach would not work as it would not "reverse what has already been transferred and will not do much to address the challenge of China today, which is no longer a manufacturing neophyte" and also argued that the assertion that more rigorous intellectual property protections would "level the playing field" was problematic. He recommended instead that the U.S. focus on its relative advantages of economic openness and a culture of independence.
James Andrew Lewis of the Center for Strategic and International Studies said that what the United States needed from China was a commitment to observe the rules and norms of international trade and to extend reciprocal treatment to U.S. companies in China.
In an April 2018 article in Forbes, Harry G. Broadman, a former U.S. trade negotiator, said that while he agreed with the Trump administration's basic position that the Chinese did not abide by fair, transparent and market-based rules for global trade, he disagreed with its means of unilaterally employing tariffs and said that the administration should instead pursue a coalition-based approach.
In a November 2018 testimony before the Senate Finance Committee, Jennifer Hillman, a professor of practice at Georgetown University Law School, said that United States "ought to be bringing a big and bold case, based on a coalition of countries working together to take on China."
Chad Bown, a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics said that while it made sense for other countries to get more involved in confronting China, the problem was that they didn't know how serious Trump was on reforming the larger, systemic issues.
Michael Wessel described plans to allow foreign companies a greater role in the Chinese technology program "an influence operation at its best" and also questioned whether changes in relevant Chinese laws would mean much so long as the courts remained under the control of the Chinese Communist Party.
A May 2019 article written by Howard Gleckman of the Tax Policy Center argued that the impact of the trade war would eliminate "most or all" of the benefits from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act for low- and middle-income households.
Economists at financial firm Morgan Stanley expressed uncertainty about how the trade war would end, but warned in June 2019 that it could lead to a recession.
Economist Panos Mourdoukoutas states that China's elites were fighting the trade war under the wrong assumption that China had reached "power parity" with the U.S. and that although an economic divorce between the two countries would have some consequences for the US, it would on the other hand be devastating for China.
In November 2019, Jim Cramer said that unless China purchased a considerable amount of American goods as a way to prove the validity of the arguments proffered by the free-trade contingent in the Trump administration, the U.S.-China trade war would continue on for a significant period of time.
After the first phase of a trade deal was agreed upon in December 2019, Mary E. Lovely of the Peterson Institute for International Economics and professor at Syracuse University said the ceasefire was "good news" for the American economy while expressing optimism that the talks would help address China's "unfair" intellectual property practices.
Economist Paul Krugman said in September 2020 that if Democratic candidate Joe Biden won the U.S. presidential election, he should maintain a tough stance against China, but focus more on industrial policy than trade tariffs.
Economist C. Fred Bergsten concluded in 2021 that "China's economy is too large and too powerful to be suppressed. It fended off the Trump attacks with little damage, and indeed with renewed confidence in its prospects."
In study on the trade-effects of regulation in 2023, economists Knut Blind and Moritz Bรถhmecke-Schwafert concluded that tariff hikes by the US are expected to have an opposite effect in the mid- and long-term "and exports from China to the US might actually increase" based on trade data of OECD and BRICS countries in the last two decades.
Others
Minxin Pei, a scholar of Chinese politics at California's Claremont McKenna College, argued that Mr. Xi's ambition for China's revival as a worldpower had been revealed as hollow through the continuing trade dispute.
The former Vice President Joe Biden said: "While Trump is pursuing a damaging and erratic trade war, without any real strategy, China is positioning itself to lead the world in renewable energy."
An August 2019 Harvard CAPS/Harris Poll found that 67% of registered voters wanted the U.S. to confront Beijing over its trade policies despite the fact that 74% said American consumers were shouldering most of the burden of tariffs. Mark Penn, the co-director of the Harvard CAPS/Harris Poll, said the poll showed strong support amongst the American public for Trump's trade policies against China, saying, "They realize that the tariffs may have negative impacts on jobs and prices, but they believe the fight here is the right one."
Tariffs on medical supplies have become politically complicated due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Wall Street Journal, citing Trade Data Monitor to show that China is the leading source of many key medical supplies, raised concerns that US tariffs on imports from China threaten imports of medical supplies into the United States.
International
A September 2018 article by Brahma Chellaney said that America's trade war with China should not obscure a broader pushback against China's mercantilist trade, investment, and lending practices.
At the 2018 G20 summit, the trade war was on the agenda for discussion.
In December 2018 Jorge Guajardo, former Mexican ambassador to China, said in an article in The Washington Post that "One thing the Chinese have had to acknowledge is that it wasn't a Trump issue; it was a world issue. Everybody's tired of the way China games the trading system and makes promises that never amount to anything."
A March 2019 Reuters article said that the European Union shared many of the Trump administration's same complaints with regards to China's technology transfer policies and market access constraints and also reported that European diplomats and officials acknowledged support for Trump's goals, even if they disagreed with his tactics.
Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said that the trade war was negatively affecting Singapore and described it as "very worrying". He urged both the U.S. and Chinese governments to change their approaches.
At the 45th G7 summit, UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson said, "We don't like tariffs on the whole." An article in ABC said that U.S. allies warned Trump during the summit about his trade war with China, but that Trump said he wasn't facing any pressure from his allies over the trade war. European Council President Donald Tusk said the trade war risked causing a global recession.
The Chilean vice minister for trade, Rodrigo Yanez, told CNBC that "It's very important for Chile that a trade deal between the U.S. and China is signed soon".
In the wake of the 2020 Galwan Valley skirmish, Indian commentators made references to the US-China trade war as part of their overall analysis of the effect that the skirmish would have on the future relations between India and China.
See also
Anti-American sentiment in China
Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States
Chinese espionage in the United States
CIA activities in China
Congressional-Executive Commission on China
JapanโSouth Korea trade dispute
Korea limitation order (:zh:้้ฉไปค) - China's ban on Korean culture and products
Plaza Accord
Protectionism in the United States
Rare earths trade dispute
Second Cold War
Trump tariffs
2002 United States steel tariff
References
Further reading
Albuquerque, Josรฉ Luiz, Antonio MArcelo Jackson Ferreira da Silva, and Josรฉ Medeiros da Silva. "The ChinaโUS Trade War." Revista do Fรณrum Internacional de Ideias 9.1 (2019): 11+ online, a Brazilian perspective
Boucher, Jean-Christophe, and Cameron G. Thies. "'I Am a Tariff Man': The Power of Populist Foreign Policy Rhetoric under President Trump." Journal of Politics 81.2 (2019): 712โ722.
Bรถhmecke-Schwafert, M., Blind, K. The trade effects of product market regulation in global value chains: evidence from OECD and BRICS countries between 2000 and 2015. Empirica 50, 441โ479 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10663-023-09574-z
Chong, Terence Tai Leung, and Xiaoyang Li. "Understanding the ChinaโUS trade war: causes, economic impact, and the worst-case scenario." Economic and Political Studies 7.2 (2019): 185โ202. online, a historical perspective
Crowley, Meredith A. (ed.), Trade War: The Clash of Economic Systems Endangering Global Prosperity (CEPR Press, 2019).
Fenby, Jonathan, and Trey McArver. The Eagle and the Dragon: Donald Trump, Xi Jinping and the Fate of US/China Relations (2019)
Foot, Rosemary, and Amy King. "Assessing the deterioration in ChinaโUS relations: US governmental perspectives on the economic-security nexus." China International Strategy Review (2019): 1โ12. online
Lau, Lawrence J. The ChinaโU.S. Trade War and Future Economic Relations (Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press, 2019) online, a Hong Kong perspective
Qiu, Larry D., Chaoqun Zhan, and Xing Wei. "An analysis of the ChinaโUS trade war through the lens of the trade literature." Economic and Political Studies 7.2 (2019): 148โ168.
Qiu, Larry D., and Xing Wei. "ChinaโUS trade: implications on conflicts." China Economic Journal (2019): 1-20.
External links
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Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States
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Economic history of the United States
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Presidency of Donald Trump
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Trump administration controversies |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EB%8F%84%EB%A5%B4%20%ED%8A%9C%ED%8B%B4 | ํ๋๋ฅด ํํด | ํ๋๋ฅด ์๋ํจ๋ฆฌ์๋น์น ํํด(, 1983๋
7์ 19์ผ ~ )์ ๋ฌ์์์ ์ํดํ ์์ด์คํํค ์ ์์ด๋ค. ํฌ์ง์
์ ์๋น์๋ก 2001๋
๋ด์
๋ ํํค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ(NHL) ์ ์ธ ๋๋ํํธ์์ ๋ด์ ๋ ์ธ์ ์ค์๊ฒ ์ง๋ช
๋์๊ณ ๋ด์ ๋ ์ธ์ ์ค, ์ฝ๋ผ๋ฒ์ค ๋ธ๋ฃจ์ฌํค์ธ , ์ฝ๋ก๋ผ๋ ์ ๋ฒ๋์น์์ ํ์ฝํ๋ค. ๋ฌ์์ ์์ด์คํํค ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์ผ์์ผ๋ก๋ ํ๋ํ์ฌ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์์ 3๋ฒ์ฉ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๊ณ 2008๋
์ธ๊ณ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์์ ์ฐ์นํ์๋ค.
ํด๋ฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
๋ฌ์์ ๋ด ์์น ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฐ๋๋ฌด๋ฅดํธ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ์๋ ์ด์ ญ์คํฌ์์ ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ๋ฉํ๋ฃจ๋ฅดํฌ ๋
ธ๋ณด์ฟ ์ฆ๋ค์ธ ํฌ, ์ด์์คํ ์ด์ ญ์คํฌ ๋ฑ ๋ฌ์์์ ํ๋ก ์์ด์คํํคํ์ ์ ์๋
ํ์์ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ฉฐ 2000๋
์ ๋ฌ์์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ํด๋ฝ์ธ SKA ์ํธํํ
๋ฅด๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ์ ์
๋จํ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ก ์ ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ ์์ํ์๋ค. ์ํธํํ
๋ฅด๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ ์์ ์์ ์ธ 2001๋
6์์ NHL ์ ์ธ ๋๋ํํธ 2๋ผ์ด๋์์ ์ ์ฒด ์์ 40์๋ก ๋ด์ ๋ ์ธ์ ์ค์๊ฒ ์ง๋ช
๋์๋ค.
์ดํ ์บ๋๋ค์ ํ์ ํ๋ก ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ธ ์จํ๋ฆฌ์ค ํํค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ(OHL)์ ํด๋ฝ์ธ ๊ถฌํ ์คํฐ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ ํ์ฌ ๋ถ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ํํค๋ฅผ ์ ํ๊ฒ ๋์๊ณ 1๋
๊ฐ ๋ด ํ ๋ค์ ๋ฌ์์๋ก ๋์์ ์๋ ์์ํ์ธ SKA ์ํธํํ
๋ฅด๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ์ ์
๋จํ์ผ๋ ์ผ๋ง ์ง๋์ง ์์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ํฌ ๋ฐ๋ฅด์ค ์นด์์ผ๋ก ์ด์ ํ์ฌ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ์ดํ ์์ ์ ์ง๋ช
ํ๋ NHL์ ๋ด์ ๋ ์ธ์ ์ค๋ก ์ด์ ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ NHL ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๋์๊ธฐ ์ ์ ๋ด์ ๋ ์ธ์ ์ค์ ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ธ ํ์ธ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นธ ํํค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ(AHL)์ ํํธํผ๋ ์ธํํฉ์ ์
๋จํ์ฌ ํ๋ํ๋ค. ์ดํ 2004๋
2์ 12์ผ์ ํ๋ผ๋ธํผ์ ํ๋ผ์ด์ด์ค์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด NHL ๋ฐ๋ท๋ฅผ ์ด๋ค๋ค. ์ดํ 3์ 4์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์คํ์ ์ธ๋ํฐ์ค์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ฒซ ์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๊ณ , 3์ 13์ผ์ ํ๋ก๋ฆฌ๋ค ํฌ์์ค์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํ๋ก๋ฆฌ๋ค์ ๊ณจ๋ฆฌ ๋ก๋ฒํ ๋ฃจ์น๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก NHL ๋ฐ๋ท๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. ํํด์ ๋ด์ ๋ ์ธ์ ์ค์ ํํธํผ๋ ์ธํํฉ ๋ ํ์ ์ค๊ฐ๋ฉฐ 2004 AHL ์ฌ์คํ๋ก ๋ฝํ ์ฌ์คํ์ ์ ์ถ์ ํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ํํด์ NHL ์ฒซ ์์ฆ์ธ 2003-04 ์์ฆ์ 25๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์๊ณ 2๊ณจ๊ณผ 5๊ฐ์ ์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค.
์ดํ 2004-05 ์์ฆ์ ๋ด์ ๋ ์ธ์ ์ค์ ์ ์๋ค์ด NHL ๋ก์์(ํ์
)์ ์ ์ธํ์ฌ NHL ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๊ฒ๋์ ํํด์ ํํธํผ๋ ์ธํํฉ์์ 13๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๊ณ , ๋ฌ์์์ ์๋ ์์ํ์ธ SKA ์ํธํํ
๋ฅด๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ๋ก ์๋๋์ด 35๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ , 5๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์์ผ๋ฉฐ 3๊ฐ์ ์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. ์ดํ 2005-06 ์์ฆ์ ๋ค์ ๋ด์ ๋ ์ธ์ ์ค๋ก ๋ณต๊ทํ์ฌ 77๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 6๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ๊ณ 19๊ฐ์ ์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. 2006๋
8์ 2์ผ์๋ ๋ด์ ๋ ์ธ์ ์ค์์ ๊ณ์ฝ์ 2๋
์ฐ์ฅํ์๋ค. 2006-07 ์์ฆ์๋ 66๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 2๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ๊ณ 12๊ฐ์ ์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. 2008๋
2์ 17์ผ์ 1137๋ง 5์ฒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ์ฐ๋ด์ผ๋ก 4๋
์ฐ์ฅ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ํ์๊ณ 2007-08 ์์ฆ์ 82๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 5๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ๊ณ 15๊ฐ์ ์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. 2008๋
7์ 2์ผ ํ ๋๋ฃ์ธ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํฐ์ ๋ฒ ํฌ๋ง๊ณผ ํจ๊ป NHL ํด๋ฝ์ธ ์ฝ๋ผ๋ฒ์ค ๋ธ๋ฃจ์ฌํค์ธ ์ ๋์ฝ๋ผ์ด ์ ๋ฅด๋ฐํ์ ๋ ํ๋ฆฌ์ฒด์ ํธ๋ ์ด๋๋์ด ์ฝ๋ผ๋ฒ์ค ๋ธ๋ฃจ์ฌํค์ธ ๋ก ์์ํ์ ์ฎ๊ฒผ๋ค. ์ฝ๋ผ๋ฒ์ค ๋ธ๋ฃจ์ฌํค์ธ ์ ์๋ก์์ ์ฒซ ์์ฆ์ธ 2008-09 ์์ฆ์์๋ 82๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 9๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ๊ณ 25๊ฐ์ ์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. 2009-10 ์์ฆ์์ 80๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 6๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ๊ณ 26๊ฐ์ ์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ก, 2010-11 ์์ฆ์๋ 80๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 7๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ๊ณ 20๊ฐ์ ์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. 2011๋
8์ 31์ผ ์ฝ๋ผ๋ฒ์ค ๋ธ๋ฃจ์ฌํค์ธ ์ ์ฐ๋ด 2700๋ง ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ 6๋
๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋งบ์๊ณ 2011-12 ์์ฆ์๋ 66๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์๊ณ 5๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ๊ณ 21๊ฐ์ ์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. 2012-13 ์์ฆ์๋ NHL ๋ก์์์ด ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ๋ฌ์์์ ์ฝํฐ๋จํ ํํค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ(KHL)์ ์ํ๋ํธ ๋ชจ์คํฌ๋ฐ ์ค๋ธ๋ผ์คํฐ๋ก ์๋๋์ด 17๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ฝ๋ผ๋ฒ์ค ๋ธ๋ฃจ์ฌํค์ธ ๋ก ๋ณต๊ทํ ํ์๋ 48๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 4๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ๊ณ 18๊ฐ์ ์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. 2013-14 ์์ฆ์๋ 69๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ฌ 4๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ๊ณ 22๊ฐ์ ์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
2001๋
4์์ ๋ฌ์์ U-18 ์์ด์คํํค ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์ผ์์ผ๋ก ํ๋๋์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ธ๊ณ U-18 ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์๊ณ ๋ฌ์์๋ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์์ ์ค์์ค๋ฅผ ๊บพ๊ณ ์ฐ์นํ์๋ค. ํํด์ ์ด ๋ํ์์ 6๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 1๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ๊ณ 5๊ฐ์ ์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. 2002๋
1์์๋ ์ฒด์ฝ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ธ๊ณ ์ฃผ๋์ด ์์ด์คํํค ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์ ๋ฌ์์ ๋ํํ์ ์ผ์์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์๊ณ ๋ฌ์์๋ ์บ๋๋ค๋ฅผ ๋๋ฅด๊ณ ๊ธ๋ฉ๋ฌ์ ํ๋ํ์๋ค. ํํด์ ์ด ๋ํ์์ 7๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๊ณ 1๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌ ํด์ธ 2003๋
์๋ ์บ๋๋ค์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ธ๊ณ ์ฃผ๋์ด ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์ ๋ฌ์์ ๋ํํ์ ์ผ์์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์๊ณ ๋ฌ์์๋ ์ ๋ํ์ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ์บ๋๋ค๋ฅผ ๋๋ฅด๊ณ ๊ธ๋ฉ๋ฌ์ ํ๋ํ์๋ค. ํํด์ ์ด ๋ํ์์ 6๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๊ณ 3๊ฐ์ ์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
2002๋
์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฌ์์ ์ฑ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ๋ฐํ๋์ด 2002-03๋
์ ๋ก ํํค ํฌ์ด์ ๋ฌ์์ ๋ํํ์ ์ผ์์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ํํด์ ํฌ์ด์ 2๋ฒ์งธ ๋ํ์ธ 2002๋
์นด๋ ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ปต์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ธ ํ๋๋์ ์์ ์ฒซ ๋ฌ์์ ๋ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋ํ์ 3๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 1๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌ์์์ ๋๋ฉ๋ฌ ํ๋์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ดํ ๋ด์ ๋ ์ธ์ ์ค ์์ ์์ ์ธ 2005๋
์ ๋ค์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ๋ฐํ๋์ด 2004-05๋
์ ๋ก ํํค ํฌ์ด์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ฌ 6๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 1๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ๊ณ 1๊ฐ์ ์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
2006๋
2์ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์ ํ ๋ฆฌ๋
ธ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ์ ๋ฌ์์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์ผ์์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ์ด ๋ํ์์ 8๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ๋ํ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ธ ์ฌ๋ก๋ฐํค์์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ธ๋ฅด๊ฒ์ด ๊ณค์ฐจ๋ฅด์ ํจ๊ป ์๋ ์ฐ๋๋ฅด ์ค๋ฒ ์นํจ์ ๊ณจ์ ์ด์์คํธํ์๋ค. ๋ฌ์์๋ ์ด ๋ํ์์ ์ฒด์ฝ ๋ํํ๊ณผ์ ๋๋ฉ๋ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์์ ํจํ์ฌ 4์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. 2008๋
5์ ํํด์ ์บ๋๋ค์ ํ๋ฒก์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ธ๊ณ ์์ด์คํํค ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์ ๋ฌ์์ ๋ํํ์ ์ผ์์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ฌ ์ฒซ ์ธ๊ณ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์ถ์ ์ ์ด๋ค๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 6๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 1๊ฐ์ ์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๊ณ ๋ฌ์์๋ ๊ฐ์ต๊ตญ ์บ๋๋ค๋ฅผ ๋๋ฅด๊ณ 15๋
๋ง์ ์ธ๊ณ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ๊ธ๋ฉ๋ฌ์ ์ฐจ์งํ์๋ค.
์ดํ 2010๋
์ ์บ๋๋ค ๋ฐด์ฟ ๋ฒ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ 2010๋
๋๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ์ ๋ฌ์์ ๋ํํ์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ฌ 4๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 2๊ฐ์ ์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ 2๊ฐ์ ์ด์์คํธ๋ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ด๋ค์ก๊ณ ํ๋๋ ๋ผํธ๋น์์ ์์ ์๋ธ๊ฒ๋ ๋งํจ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ด๋ฃฌ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ผ ์ฝ๋ฐ์ถํฌ์ ๊ณจ ์ด์์คํธ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ๋๋ ์ฒด์ฝ์ ์์ ์๋ ์ฐ๋๋ฅด ์ผ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ด๋ฃฌ ๋งํจ์ ๊ณจ ์ด์์คํธ์ด๋ค. ๋ฌ์์๋ 8๊ฐ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๊ตญ ์บ๋๋ค์๊ฒ ํจํ์ฌ 6์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ์ดํ ์ฌ๋ก๋ฐํค์์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ 2011๋
์ธ๊ณ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์์๋ 9๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 3๊ฐ์ ์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ๋ฌ์์๋ ์ฒด์ฝ์์ ๋๋ฉ๋ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์์ ํจํด 4์๋ฅผ ํ๋ค. 2013๋
์๋ ์ค์จ๋ด๊ณผ ํ๋๋์์ ๊ณต๋์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฆฐ 2013๋
์ธ๊ณ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ฌ 8๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ์ด์์คํธ 1๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ์ ๋ก ํํค ํฌ์ด์์๋ 3๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถ์ ์ 1๊ฐ์ ์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ์ดํ 2014๋
2์ ์๊ตญ ๋ฌ์์์ ์์น์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ 2014๋
๋๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ์ ๋ฌ์์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์ผ์์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๊ณ 5๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ผ๋ ๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ๋ฌ์์๋ 8๊ฐ์์ ํ๋๋์๊ฒ ํจํด 5์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
ํํด์ ๋ฌ์์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์ผ์์ผ๋ก์ 56๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์๊ณ , 2๊ณจ๊ณผ 10๊ฐ์ ์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
ํ๋๋ฅด ํํด - Sports Reference.com
1983๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
๋ฌ์์์ ๋จ์ ์์ด์คํํค ์ ์
์ํฌ ๋ฐ๋ฅด์ค ์นด์ ์ ์
๋ด์ ๋ ์ธ์ ์ค ์ ์
์ฝ๋ผ๋ฒ์ค ๋ธ๋ฃจ์ฌํค์ธ ์ ์
์ฝ๋ก๋ผ๋ ์ ๋ฒ๋์น ์ ์
๋ฌ์์ ์์ด์คํํค ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
๋ฌ์์์ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์์ด์คํํค ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2006๋
๋๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์์ด์คํํค ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2010๋
๋๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์์ด์คํํค ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2014๋
๋๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์์ด์คํํค ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
์ด์ ญ์คํฌ ์ถ์
์บ๋๋ค์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ๋ฌ์์์ธ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ๋ฌ์์์ธ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedor%20Tyutin | Fedor Tyutin | Fedor Anatolievich Tyutin (, Fjodor Tjutin; born 19 July 1983) is a Russian former professional ice hockey defenceman. Tyutin was drafted in the second round, 40th overall by the New York Rangers in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft.
Playing career
After his first professional season in his native Russia, with SKA Saint Petersburg in the then Russian Superleague (RSL) in the 2000โ01 season, Tyutin impressed as a rookie as was selected by the Rangers in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. On the back of his selection, Tyutin opted to return to the junior level and play one major junior CHL season with the Guelph Storm of the Ontario Hockey League. In the 2001โ02 season with the Storm, Tyutin was a standout on the blueline, earning rookie of the month honours in November and leading the club amongst defenseman in scoring with 59 points in just 53 games to earn selection to the OHL and CHL All-Rookie Teams.
After one season in the OHL, Tyutin opted to return to continue his development in the Russian Superleague with Saint Petersburg and later Ak Bars Kazan. Tyutin started his North American professional career with the Hartford Wolf Pack, the American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate of the New York Rangers at the start of the 2003โ04 season.
Tyutin made his NHL debut with the New York Rangers on 12 February 2004 against the Philadelphia Flyers. He recorded his first point four days later with an assist in a game against the Ottawa Senators. Nearly a month later, on 13 March 2004, Tyutin scored his first NHL goal, an extremely rare 3-5 shorthanded goal, against Roberto Luongo of the Florida Panthers. On 21 March 2004, he had his first multi-point game with two assists against the Pittsburgh Penguins.
He began the 2004โ05 season, during the NHL lockout, with the Hartford Wolfpack. In 13 games, he tallied two goals, one assist, and ten penalty minutes. After his brief stint with the Wolfpack, Tyutin returned to Russia to play in the Russian Superleague (RSL) for his old team, SKA Saint Petersburg.
Tyutin rejoined the Rangers for the start of the 2005โ06 NHL season, he skated in 77 games with the Rangers, registering six goals and 19 assists for 25 points, along with 58 penalty minutes. Among team defensemen, he ranked first in power play goals (four), tied for first in goals (six) and was second in scoring with 25 points. On 2 August 2006, Tyutin signed a two-year contract extension with the New York Rangers.
On 17 February 2008, Tyutin signed a four-year contract extension with the Rangers worth $11.375 million. In the immediate off-season, on 2 July 2008, Tyutin was traded with Christian Bรคckman to the Columbus Blue Jackets for Nikolai Zherdev and Dan Fritsche. He scored nine goals as well as adding 25 assists in his first season in Columbus.
On 31 August 2011, Tyutin signed a six-year contract extension with the Columbus Blue Jackets worth $27 million. During the 2012โ13 NHL lockout, Tyutin played for Atlant Moscow of the Kontinental Hockey League.
After playing 8 seasons with the Blue Jackets, on 29 June 2016, the Blue Jackets bought out the remaining two-years of Tyutin's contract in order to clear salary cap space, as the team was pressed against the cap ceiling. He immediately became a free agent. On 1 July 2016, Tyutin was quickly signed on the opening day of free agency, agreeing to a one-year, $2 million contract to add a veteran presence for the Colorado Avalanche.
Signed with the intention of mentoring and playing alongside young countryman Nikita Zadorov, Tyutin began the 2016โ17 season making his Avalanche debut in a 6โ5 opening night victory over the Dallas Stars on 15 October 2016. He collected his first goal for the club, in a 3โ1 defeat to the Florida Panthers on 16 December 2016.
Post-playing career
On 17 September 2018, Tyutin joined the scouting staff of the Columbus Blue Jackets.
International play
Tyutin played for the Russian national team at the 2006, 2010, and 2014 Winter Olympics. He recorded one assist along with four penalty minutes in eight games in 2006, two assists in four games in 2010, and no points in five games in 2014. Tyutin also played for Russia at three World Championships, winning gold in 2008.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Awards and honours
References
External links
1983 births
Living people
Ak Bars Kazan players
Atlant Moscow Oblast players
Colorado Avalanche players
Columbus Blue Jackets players
Columbus Blue Jackets scouts
Guelph Storm players
Hartford Wolf Pack players
Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics
New York Rangers draft picks
New York Rangers players
Olympic ice hockey players for Russia
Russian expatriate ice hockey people
Russian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Russian ice hockey defencemen
SKA Saint Petersburg players
Sportspeople from Izhevsk
Expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Expatriate ice hockey players in Canada
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Canada |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A0%9B%20%ED%99%94%EC%9D%B4%ED%8B%80%EB%A6%AC | ๋ธ๋ ํ์ดํ๋ฆฌ | ๋ธ๋ ํ์ดํ๋ฆฌ(, 1939๋
4์ 7์ผ ~ 1992๋
6์ 15์ผ)๋ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ฐ์ด๋ค.
์์
์ด๊ธฐ ๊ต์ก
๋ธ๋ ํ์ดํ๋ฆฌ๋ 1939๋
4์ 7์ผ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋๋์์ ์ถ์ํ๋ค. ์๋๋ ๊ต์ธ์ ๋กฑ๊ทธ๋น(Longueville)์์ ์๋๊ณ , ์ฅ๋ก๊ต์์ ๋ง๋ , ์ด๋ฑ๋ถํฐ ๊ณ ๋ฑ๊น์ง ์ ๊ต์ก์ ์ฑ
์์ง๋ ๊ธฐ์์ฌ ํ๊ต์ธ ์ค์ฝง์ธ (๊ตฌ. The Scots School, Bathurst, ํ. Scots All Saints College)์์ ๊ต์ก์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ์์ฃผ ์ด๋ฅธ ๋์ด์ ๋๋ก์์ ์์ํ๊ณ , ์ญ๋ ๋๋ ์ฃผ๋ง๋ง๋ค ๋ด์ฌ์ฐ์ค์จ์ผ์ค์ ์๋ถ ์ค์์ด๋ ์บ๋ฒ ๋ผ์ ๋๊ฐ ์ ํ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋ค. 1958๋
์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ <์ํ ํค์น>๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ด์ํ ์ฐ์ต์ ๋ง์ด ํ๋ค. ๋น์ ๋ธ๋ ์ ๊ด๊ณ ํ์ฌ ๋ฆฐํ์ค(ํ์ฌ MullenLowe Lintas Group)์ ์ผ์ ํ๊ณ ์์๋๋ฐ ์๋๋ ์์ฒญ ๋ค์ ์๋ ์ผ๊ฐ๋ณดํธ์(the City Night Refuge)์ ๋
ธ์์ ์๋น(the Soup Kitchen)์ ์์ฃผ ๋๊ฐ ์๋น์ ์์ ์๋ ๋จ์๋ค์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ๋ฉฐ ์ค์ผ์น๋ฅผ ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ ํ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณค ํ๋ค. ๋ฌ์
๋๋ผ์ด์ค๋ฐ์ผ(Russell Drysdale, 1912~1981)๊ณผ ์๋ฆฌ์ ๋๋ฒจ(William Dobell, 1899~1970)์ ์ธ๋ฌผํ ์ํ๋ค์ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ๋ง์๊ณ , ๋์์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฅ๋ฉด๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์ด๋ฆฌ ํ๋ง(Sali Herman, 1898~1993)์ ์ํ๋ค๋ ๋ด์ฌ์ฐ์ค์จ์ผ์ค ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ๋ฏธ์ ๊ด(AGNSW)์ ๊ฐ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ๋ค. ์๋๋ ์์ชฝ ๋ฌ๋งํ์คํธ(Darlinghust)์ ์์นํ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋ฏธ์ ๋ํ(NSW)์์ ๋ธ๋ ์ 1956๋
๋ถํฐ 1959๋
๊น์ง ๋๋ก์์ ๋ฐฐ์ ๊ณ , ์๋๋์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์ฌํผ ๋ฏธ์ ํ๊ต)(Julian Ashton Art School)๋ฅผ ์กธ์
ํ๋ค. ๋ฌ์
๋๋ผ์ด์ค๋ฐ์ผ์ ์ฌ์ฌ๋ก ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ๋ถ๋ก๋ถํฐ 1959๋
์ฅํ๊ธ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋์ด 1960๋
1์ 23์ผ ์ ๋ฝ์ผ๋ก ๋ ๋ฌ๋ค.
๋ฐ๋ ์์
๋ฐ๋์ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด์ธ ํ์ดํธ์ฑํ ๊ฐค๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ด์ฅ์ธ ๋ธ๋ผ์ด์ธ ๋ก๋ฒํธ์จ(Bryan Robertson, 1925~2002)์ ๋ง๋ ๋ค์ ๋ธ๋ ์ 1961๋
<๊ทผ๋ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ํํ(Recent Australian Painting)>๋ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ์ ์ํ์ ์ถํํ๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ๋นจ๊ฐ์ ๋ฌด์ ํ์ธํ
์ ํ
์ดํธ ๊ฐค๋ฌ๋ฆฌ(Tate Gallery)์์ ์ฌ๊ฐ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ ์ง๊ธ๊น์ง๋ ํ
์ดํธ๊ฐ ์์ฅํ ์ต์ฐ์ ์๊ฐ๋ก ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋จ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. 1961๋
๋ธ๋ ์ ์ ๋ค์ค์ฝ์์ ํ์ํ๊ณ ๊ตญ์ ์กฐํ์์ ํํ ํ๋์ค ์์ํ์์ ์ฃผ์ตํ ํ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ณ์ฒญ๋
ํ๊ฐ๋ํ์ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ํ๋ก ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๊ณ , ๋ค์ ๋ฐ๋์ผ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ 1962๋
์ฌ๋ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ฐ์ค์ ๊ฒฐํผํ๋ค. 2๋
๋ค์ธ 1964๋
๋ฌด๋จ๋
๋
๋ก ์ํค๋ฅผ ๋ณ์๋ค.
๋ฐ๋ ์ฒด๋ฅ ์ค ๋ธ๋ ์ ์์, ๋๋ฌผ์, ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฏธ์ ํ๊ฒฝ๋งคํ์ฌ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํฐ์ค ๋ฑ ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ค ๊ทธ๋ 1960๋
๋ ์๊ตญ ํ๋์๊ฐ๋ค์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณ์ด์ ์ถ์ํ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋ค. ์๊ตญ ํ๋์๊ฐ๋ค ์ค ํนํ ์๋ฆฌ์ ์ค์ฝง(William Scott, 1913~1989), ๋ก์ ํํผ(Roger Hilton, 1911~1975)์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ง์ด ๋ฐ์๋ค. ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์๊ฐ๋ค์ด ๋๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ๋์์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ํ๋ ์ค์ ์ด ๊ฐค์ ์ถ์ํ๋ก ์์ ์ ์๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์์ํ์ง๋ง, ์ ํผ์ฌํ์ผ๋ก ํ๋์ค ์จ์ (Sigean)์์ ์ฌ๋ฆ์ ๋ณด๋ธ ํ ๊ทธ๋ ์ถ์์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ 1963๋
๋ถํฐ ๋ค์ ๊ตฌ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ๋๋ฆฐ๋ค. <์์กฐ์ ์ฌ์ธ>(1963) ๊ฐ์ ๋ชฉ์ํ ์ฐ์๋ค์ด ์ด ๋ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง๋ค.
1964๋
๋ธ๋ ์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ด๊ณ ์๋ ์ง์ญ์์ ์ฐ์์ด์ธ์ ์ ์ง๋ฅธ ์กด ๋ ์ง ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํฐ(John Reginald Christie, 1899~1953)์ ๋งคํน๋์ด <ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํฐ ๋์>(1964)>๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์ด ์ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ผ๋ จ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ค. ์ด ๋ ๊ทธ๋ <๋ ๋ง๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋๋ค์์ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฐ>(1964) ๊ฐ์, ๋ฐ๋ ๋๋ฌผ์์ ๋๋ฌผ๋ค ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ "๋๋ฌผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ๊ทธ๊ฒ๋ค์ด ๋๋ฌด ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์์ง์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐฑ์ด(็ฝ็ฑ)ํ๋ ํ์น๋ก ์ฌ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๊ทธ ๋๋ฌผ์ด ๋ด๋ฉด์ ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ผ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์ถ์ธกํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์ ์๊ฐ ์ค์ค๋ก ๋๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๊ณ ํต์ค๋ฝ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค."๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ ๊ท๊ตญํด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฐ์ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธ์ ๋ฐ๋ธ ๋ค ๋ฐ๋์ผ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ ์ ์ ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๋ฉด์ ๋
ธ๋ ๊ธฐ์ด์ด ๊ฐํ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ๊ผด๋ผ์ฅฌ๋ก ํด๋ณ์ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ค์ ์ฐฝ์ถํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
๋ด์ ์์
1967๋
๋ธ๋ ์ ๋ด์์์ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ์ฌ๋จ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋น(Commonwealth Fund Fellowship)๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ๋ด์์์ ๊ณต๋ถํ๊ณ ์์
์ ํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ํธํ
์ฒผ์์์ ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ ๋์ ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฐฅ ๋๋ฐ(Bob Dylan)์ด๋ ์ฌ๋์ค ์กฐํ๋ฆฐ(Janis Joplin) ๊ฐ์ ์์
๊ฐ๋ค๊ณผ ์์ ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋ง๋ ์น๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ ๋ด์์์ ๋ฐ์ ์ฒซ์ธ์์ <๋ด์ 1>(1968)๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ํ์์ ์ฟ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๊ทธ์๊ฒ ๋ฏธ์น ์ํฅ ์ค ํ๋๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ํ ์ฌ์ด์ฆ๊ฐ ์ปค์ง ๋ฐ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋น์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํํ์ด๋์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์ 1960๋
๋ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋ฐ๋์ด๋์ ๊ฐ๋ดํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋์ ๋ํ์ ์ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด 1๋
๋ด๋ด ํ๋ฃจ ์ข
์ผ ๋งค๋ฌ๋ ค ์ ํ์ ๊ผด๋ผ์ฅฌ์ ๊ฐ์ข
๊ฒ์ ์ด์ฉํด ๋๋ฌดํ์ ๋ง๋ ๋์์ธ <์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋๋ฆผ>(1968~1969)์ด๋ค. ํ ์ชฝ์ ๊ฟ์ฒ๋ผ ํํ๋กญ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ํ ๋ฐ๋ค ๋ชจ์ต์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์์ํด ํ๊ดด์ ํผ๋์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฐจ ์ด๋ํด ๊ฐ๋๋ฐ, ๋น๊ณผ ๋ถ์ ์๊ณผ ํญ๋ฐ์ด ์๋ก ์๊ฒจ๋ถ์ ์ฑ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค. ํต์ ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ํ๋ก์ฝ์คํธ๋ก ๋๋ ๋ฌด์๋ฏธํ ์ ์์ ๋ํ ๊ทธ์ ๋ฐ์์ด๊ณ ์ธ๊ณ๊ฐ ๋์๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ๋ํ ๊ทธ์ ์งํ๋ผ๊ณ ํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด ์ํ์ ๋ง์ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์์ฝ๊ณผ ๋ง๋ฆฌํ๋์ ๊ธฐํ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์ ๋ณต์ฉํ ๊ทธ์ ๊ฒฝํ์์ ์จ ๊ฒ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ํธํ
์ฒผ์์์์ ๋ง๋ ๊ทธ์ ์์ ๊ฐ ์น๊ตฌ๋ค์ด ํค๋ก์ธ์ ํ๊ณ ์์๊ณ , ๋น์์ ๋ธ๋ ์ ํค๋ก์ธ๊น์ง๋ ํก์
ํ์ง ์์์ง๋ง ์ ์ ๊ณผ๋ํ๊ฒ ๋ง์
์์ฝ ๋จ์ฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ณ์์ ๋ ๋ฒ์ด๋ ์
์ํ๋ค. 22๋ฏธํฐ์ ๋ฌํ๋ ๊ทธ ์ํ์ ๊ผด๋ผ์ฅฌ, ์ฌ์ง, ํ๋์ฌ ๋ผ์ดํธ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ คํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๊ทธ์ ์ ์๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋งบ์ ๋ง๋ณด๋ก ๊ฑฐ์จ ๊ฐค๋ฌ๋ฆฌ(Marlborough-Gerson gallery)๋ ๊ทธ ์ํ์ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ์ถ์ดํ์ง ์์๊ณ , ๋ธ๋ ์ ๊ทธ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋๋ฌด ๋ง์์ด ์ฌ๋ํด์ ธ์ ๋ด์์ ๋ ๋๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ง์ ๋จน์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ํผ์ง์ฌ์ผ๋ก ํด์ ์ฐจ ๋ ๋ฌ๋ค.
์ฐ๊ธ์ ์๊ธฐ
๋ธ๋ ์ด 1972๋
๋ถํฐ 1973๋
์ ์ ์ํ <์ฐ๊ธ์ >์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ ์ฝ๊ฐ์ ๋ณํ์ ๊ฑฐ์ณ 1984๋
๋ฐ๋งค๋ ๋ค์ด์ด ์คํธ๋ ์ด์ธ (Dire Straits) ๋ผ์ด๋ธ ์จ๋ฒ <์ฐ๊ธ์ >(Alchemy)์ ํ์ง๋ก ์ฐ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ํ์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์์ค๊ฐ ๋ฏธ์๋ง ์ ํค์ค์ ์ด์์ผ๋ก ์์ํด ์ผ์ชฝ์ ํญ๋ฐํ๋ ํ์์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ํ๋ฏ ์ฝํ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ธ๋ฐ, ํ ๋ณต์์ด์ ํ ๋ฏธ์๋ง ์ ํค์ค์ ๋ชจ์ต์ด ๋ธ๋ ์๊ฒ ์๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ์๊ณ ์ด ์ํ์ ํ ๋๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋ธ๋ ์ ๋ฏธ์๋ง ์ ํค์ค์ ์ด์์ ๋๋ด ์์ฑํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ์ด ์ํ์ ์ํด ๋ธ๋ ์ ์์ ๊นํธ, ์๋ฅ์ง์ ์ผ๋ถ, ์ ๋ฆฌ ๋์, ์กฐ๊ฐ๊ป์ง ์กฐ๊ฐ, ํ๋ฌ๊ทธ ๋ฑ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ค ์ธ ์ ์๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. ์ค๋ ์๊ฐ๋์ ์๋์ง์ ์์ด๋์ด๋ฅผ ํ์ถ์์ผ ํ๋ฐ ์์๋ถ์ ์ด ์ํ์ ๋ธ๋ ์ ์ํ์์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
์๋๋ ํญ๊ตฌ์ ํ๊ฒฝ ์๊ธฐ
๋ธ๋ ์ ์๋๋ ํญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ ค๋ค๋ณด๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ข์ํ๋ค. 1975๋
์ <๋ฐ์ฝ๋ 2>(The balcony 2)๋ 1976๋
์ <๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ก ์ธํ
๋ฆฌ์ด ๋๋ค>(Interior with time past) ๊ฐ์ ์ํ์์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ๋ณธ ์๋๋ ํญ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๋๋ฌ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ธ์๋ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ง์ด ๋ด์๋๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ค ๋ด์ฌ์ฐ์ค์จ์ผ์ค์ ํด๋ณ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด ๋ง๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ด์ฌ์ฐ์ค์จ์ผ์ค์ ๋ผ๋ฒค๋ ๋ฒ ์ด(Lavender Bay)์ ๋ง์นจ๋ด ์ ์ฐฉํ๋ค. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์ ๊ทธ๋ ๋ค์ํ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์ ์คํํด๋ณด๋ฉด์ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋ค. ์์ฝ์ ์ ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ์ ์ ๋จธ๋ฌ์คํ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ <์์ธ ์ธ ๋ณ ํ ์ํ์>(Self-portrait after three bottles of wine, 1971) ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฐ ์์ด๋ค.
ํ๊ธฐ ์์
๋ธ๋ ์ ์ ์ ๋ ์์ฝ์ ์์กดํ๊ฒ ๋์๊ณ ๋ง์นจ๋ด๋ ํค๋ก์ธ์ ์ค๋
๋๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ค. ๋ฏธ์ ์์ฅ์์์ ๊ทธ์ ์ํ ๊ฐ์น๋ ์ ์ฐจ ์ฌ๋์ง๋ง ๋น์ฐํ ๋ชจ๋ ๋นํ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ๊ทธ์ ์ํ์ ๋์ด ํ๊ฐํ์ง๋ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ ์ ๋๊ณ ์์ฝ์ค๋
์ ์น๋ฃํ๋ ค๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฐจ๋ก ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ์ง๋ง ๋งค๋ฒ ์คํจํ๊ณ ๋ฎค์ฆ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ๊ทธ์ ์๋ด ์ฌ๋์ 1989๋
๋ง์นจ๋ด ์ดํผํ๊ณ ๋ง๋ค. ๋ธ๋ ์ ํธ์ค๋๋ ์ถ์ ์ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด์ ๋ฉ์ด์ปต ์ํฐ์คํธ์ธ ์ ๋์ค ์คํ์(Janice Spencer)์ ์ฐ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฑ ํด์ธ ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ์ฌํ์ ๋ ๋ฌ๋ค. ๋ค์ด์ด ์คํธ๋ ์ด์ธ ๋ฐด๋์ ์น๊ตฌ๋ค์ธ ๋งํฌ ๋
ธํ๋ฌ(Mark Knopfler)์ ์กด ์์ด์ฌ๋ฆฌ(John Illsley)๋ฑ๊ณผ๋ ์ด์ธ๋ ธ๋ค.
์ฃฝ๊ธฐ ์ ๋ง์ง๋ง 4๋
๋์ ๋ด์ฌ์ฐ์ค์จ์ผ์ค ๋ฏธ์ ๊ด์ด ๊ทธ์ ์ง๊ณผ ์์
๊ณต๊ฐ์ ๋ธ๋ ํ์ดํ๋ฆฌ ์คํ๋์ค(the Brett Whiteley Studio) ๋ฏธ์ ๊ด์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 1991๋
์๋ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ๋ถ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์คํผ์ ํ์ฅ(an Officer of the Order of Australia)์ ์์ฌ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๊ทธ ๋ค์ ํด์ธ 1992๋
๊ทธ๋ ์ํธ ๊ณผ๋ค๋ณต์ฉ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๋ด์ฌ์ฐ์ค์จ์ผ์ค ํฐ๋ฃฐ(Thirroul)์ ์๋ ํ ๋ชจํ
๋ฐฉ์์ ์จ์ง ์ฑ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ๋์ด 53์ธ์๋ค.
1999๋
๊ทธ์ ์ด๋จธ๋ ๋ฒ ๋ฆด ํ์ดํ๋ฆฌ(Beryl Whiteley, 1917โ2010)๊ฐ ์๋ค์ ์ถ๋ชจํ์ฌ ์ฅํ์ฌ์
(Brett Whiteley Travelling Art Scholarship)์ ์ํํ๋ค.
์์
1976 Archibald Prize (Self portrait in the studio) / Sulman Prize (Interior with time past)
1977 Wynne Prize (The Jacaranda tree - On Sydney Harbour)
1978 Archibald Prize (Art, Life and the other thing) / Sulman Prize (Yellow nude) / Wynne Prize (Summer at Carcoar)
1984 Wynne Prize (The South Coast after rain)
1999 Wynne Prize (The Jacaranda tree) (1977)
TV ๋คํ๋ฉํฐ๋ฆฌ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์ก์ฌ ABC์์ ๊ทธ์ ๋คํ๋ฉํฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ํ๋ค. ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋คํ๋ฉํฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ๋
๋ ํผ๋์คํค์ด 1989๋
์ ์ํ <๋ง๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ด ๊ธฐ์จ(Difficult Pleasure)>์ด๋ค. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์ ๋ธ๋ ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๋งํ๋ค. "ํ์ธํ
์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ณด์ด๋๋์ ๋ฌด์์ ์๋ฏธํ๋๋ ์ฌ์ด์ ๋
ผ์์ด๋ค."(Painting is an argument between what it looks like and what it means.)
์ ๊ธฐ๋ฌธ
์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ๋ฌธ์ ํธ์ง์์ธ ์ ์ด๋ฆฌ ์์จ(Ashleigh Wilson)์ด ์ด <๋ธ๋ ํ์ดํ๋ฆฌ: ์ถ๊ณผ ์์ ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํ>(Brett Whiteley: Art, Life and the Other Thing)๊ฐ 2016๋
์ ๋ฐ๊ฐ๋์๋ค.
์คํ๋ผ
2018๋
8์ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์คํ๋ผ๋จ์ด ๋ธ๋ ํ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์ ์ถ์ ํ ๋๋ก ํ ์คํ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ ๊ฒ์์ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. 2019๋
7์ ์๋๋ ์คํ๋ผ ํ์ฐ์ค์์ ์ด์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
์ํ
2017๋
์ ์์ค ๋ณด๊ธ(James Bogle)์ด ๊ฐ๋
ํ ๋ธ๋ ํ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ํ <ํ์ดํ๋ฆฌ>๊ฐ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์์ ๊ฐ๋ด๋์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
์ํ ํค์น(1958)
์์กฐ์ ์ฌ์ธ(1963)
ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํฐ ๋์(1964)
๋ ๋ง๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋๋ค์์ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฐ(1964)
๋ธ๋ ํ์ดํ๋ฆฌ ์, <๋๋ฌผ์>(Pegasus, 1979)
๋ด์ 1(1968)
์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋๋ฆผ(1968~1969)
์ฐ๊ธ์ (1972~1973)
๋ฐ์ฝ๋ 2(1975)
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ก ์ธํ
๋ฆฌ์ด๋๋ค(1976)
์์ธ ์ธ ๋ณ ํ ์ํ์(1971)
์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ํ์ฅ
๊ฐ์ฃผ
1939๋
์ถ์
1992๋
์ฌ๋ง
์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ฐ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett%20Whiteley | Brett Whiteley | Brett Whiteley AO (7 April 1939 โ 15 June 1992) was an Australian artist. He is represented in the collections of all the large Australian galleries, and was twice winner of the Archibald, Wynne and Sulman prizes. He held many exhibitions, and lived and painted in Australia as well as Italy, England, Fiji and the United States.
Early years
Growing up in , a suburb of Sydney, Whiteley was educated at Scots School, Bathurst and Scots College, Bellevue Hill. He started drawing at a very early age. While he was a teenager, he painted on weekends in the Central West of New South Wales and Canberra with such works as The soup kitchen (1958). Throughout 1956 to 1959 at the National Art School in East Sydney, Whiteley attended drawing classes. In 1959 he won an art scholarship sponsored by the Italian government and judged by Russell Drysdale. He left Australia for Europe on 23 January 1960.
London
After meeting Bryan Robertson, the director of the Whitechapel Gallery, Whiteley was included in the 1961 group show 'Recent Australian Painting,' where his Untitled red painting was bought by the Tate Gallery. He was the youngest living artist to have work purchased by the Tate, a record that still stands. In 1962, Whiteley married Wendy Julius. Their only child, daughter Arkie Whiteley, was born in London in 1964. While in London, Whiteley painted works in several different series: bathing, the zoo and the Christies. His paintings during these years were influenced by the modernist British art of the sixties โ particularly the works of William Scott and Roger Hilton โ and were of brownish abstract forms. It was these abstract works which led to him being recognised as an artist, at a time when many other Australian artists were exhibiting in London, but from 1963 he moved away from abstraction towards figuration. His farewell to abstraction, Summer at Sigean, was a record of his honeymoon in France. He painted Woman in bath (1963) as part of a series of works he was doing of bathroom pictures. It has primarily black on one side and has an image of his wife Wendy in a bathtub, seen from behind. Another in the series was a more abstracted Woman in the bath II, which owed a debt to his yellow and red abstract paintings of the early sixties.
In 1964, while in London, Whiteley became fascinated by the murderer John Christie, who had committed murders in the area near where Whiteley was staying in Ladbroke Grove. He painted a series of paintings based on these events, including Head of Christie. Whiteley's intention was to portray the violence of the events, but not to go too far in showing something which people would not want to see. During this time, Whiteley also painted works based on the animals at the London Zoo, such as Two Indonesian giraffes, which he found sometimes difficult. As he said: "To draw animals, one has to work at white heat because they move so much, and partly because it is sometimes painful to feel what one guesses the animal 'feels' from inside." (Whiteley 1979: 1) Whiteley also made images of the beach, such as his yellowish painting and collage work The beach II, which he painted on a brief visit to Australia before his return to London and his winning of a fellowship to America.
Whiteley appears as a character in the book Falling Towards England by Clive James under the name Dibbs Buckley. His wife Wendy appears as "Delish".
New York
In 1967 Whiteley won a Harkness Fellowship Scholarship to study and work in New York. He met other artists and musicians while he lived at the Hotel Chelsea, where he befriended musicians Janis Joplin and Bob Dylan. His first impression of New York was shown in the painting First sensation of New York City, which showed streets with fast moving vehicles, street signs, hot dog vendors, and tall buildings. The Hotel Chelsea displayed several of Whiteley's paintings from the time he lived there, including Portrait of New York which was hung behind the reception desk.
One way that America influenced him is in the scale of his works. He was very much influenced by the peace movement at the time and came to believe that if he painted one huge painting which would advocate peace, then the Americans would withdraw their troops from Vietnam. Whiteley became active in the great peace movements of the 1960s, with the protests against America's involvement in the war in Vietnam. The resulting work was called The American dream, an enormous work that used painting and collage and anything else he could find on the 18 wooden panels. It took a great deal of his time and effort, taking about a year of full-time work. It started with a peaceful, dreamlike, serene ocean scene on one side, that worked its way to destruction and chaos in a mass of lighting, red colours and explosions on the other side. It was his comment on the direction the world might be headed and his response to a seemingly pointless war which could end in a nuclear holocaust. Many of the ideas from the work may have come from his experiences with alcohol, marijuana and other drugs. He believed that many of his ideas came from these experiences, and he often used drugs as a way of bringing the ideas from his subconscious. He sometimes took more than his body could handle, and had to be admitted to hospital for alcohol poisoning twice. Around him at the Hotel Chelsea, other artists and musicians took heroin, which Whiteley did not take at that time. The painting which was finally produced was made of a fantastic array of elements, including collage, photography and even flashing lights, with a total length of nearly 22 metres. However Marlborough-Gerson, his gallery, refused to show the work, and he was so distraught that he decided to leave New York, and he 'fled' to Fiji.
Appropriations
One image which uses van Gogh's style in a unique way is The night cafรฉ (1971โ72). He took the van Gogh painting and stretched the lines of the room to a single vanishing point, creating an image which appears fast moving and extremely vibrant and dynamic.
Alchemy
Part of his work Alchemy (1972โ73) was featured on the cover of the Dire Straits live album Alchemy although it had the addition of a guitar with lips held by a hand. Alchemy is the mythical ancient process of turning ordinary compounds into gold. The original painting, done between 1972 and 1973 was composed of many different elements and on 18 wood panels 203ย cm ร 1615ย cm ร 9ย cm. Reading from left to right, it begins with an exploding sun from a portrait of Yukio Mishima that Whiteley had started but never completed. The famed author Mishima had committed seppuku in 1970 and the literary mythology that arose of his apparent final vision of enlightenment in the form of the exploding sun, as he pressed the knife into his body, inspired and became the basis for this work. In terms of media, it used everything from feathers and part of a bird's nest to a glass eye, as well as shell pieces, plugs and brain in a work that becomes a transmutation of sexual organic landscapes and mindscapes. It has been regarded as a self-portrait, a giant outpouring of energy and ideas brought forth over a long period of time. According to art writer Bruce James, the self-conscious inclusion of the austere pronoun 'IT' that also makes up part of the work compacts life, passion, death and faith in a single empowering word and unites the notional wings of an altarpiece to nascent addiction.
Sydney Harbour and landscapes
Whiteley loved painting Sydney Harbour views in the 1970s such as in his paintings, Henri's Armchair (1974) The balcony 2 (1975) and Interior with time past (1976), which show an interior and exterior view starting with a room that leads through open windows to the harbour full of boats outside. In the latter painting, the table in the front of the room close to the viewer has minutely decorated vases and small objects, while a drawing on the left and a sculpture to the extreme right show how Whiteley often used erotic images in his works. He painted a view of his friend Patrick White as a rock or a headland in Headland; White had told Whiteley that in the next life he would like to come back as a rock. Whiteley painted other images of the Australian landscape, including a view of the south coast of New South Wales after it had been raining called The South Coast after rain.
He did paintings of the areas around Bathurst, Oberon and Marulan, all in New South Wales. He soon settled in Lavender Bay. He painted abstracted images of bush scenes such as The bush (1966) and also images which resulted from experimentation with various drugs, such as alcohol in the humorous Self portrait after three bottles of wine (1971).
Archibald and other prizes
In the late 1970s, Brett Whiteley won the Archibald, Wynne and Sulman prizes several times. These are amongst the most prestigious art prizes in Australia. The competitions are run annually, with the award ceremonies being held at the Art Gallery of New South Wales.
Whiteley's awards were:
1976
Archibald Prize: Self portrait in the studio
Sulman Prize: Interior with time past
1977
Wynne Prize: The Jacaranda tree (On Sydney Harbour)
1978
Archibald Prize: Art, Life and the other thing
Sulman Prize: Yellow nude
Wynne Prize: Summer at Carcoar
1978 was the only year in which all three prizes have been won simultaneously by the same person.
His first Archibald award, Self portrait in the studio, in deep bluish tones, shows an image of his studio at Lavender Bay overlooking Sydney Harbour, with his own reflection in a mirror shown at the bottom of the picture; a view of Sydney Harbour on the left establishes the location of the picture. Typically, the viewer is led deeper into the picture by means of minute detail. As with other works, there is evidence of Whiteley's love for Matisse, ultramarine blue, the Sydney Harbour location and for collected objects.
His second Archibald prize, Art, Life and the other thing, shows his willingness to experiment with different media such as photography and collage. His reference to art history, including an image of the famous 1943 William Dobell portrait of Joshua Smith, won a court case against accusations that it was a caricature, not a portrait. The work experimented with warping and manipulating a straight self-portrait, incorporating his pictorial sense of addiction.
He won the Wynne Prize again, in 1984, with The South Coast after rain.
TV documentary
He was the subject of an ABC television documentary called Difficult Pleasure directed by Don Featherstone in 1989, which showed him talking about many of his main works, and his recent works such as ones done during a month-long trip to Paris; one of his last overseas trips. He also showed his large T-shirt collection, and talks about his sculpture, which he said is an aspect of his work that many people do not take seriously. Difficult pleasure is how he described painting, or creating art stating, "Painting is an argument between what it looks like and what it means."
Final years
Whiteley became increasingly dependent on alcohol and also became addicted to heroin. His work was not always being praised by critics, although its market value continued to climb. He made several attempts to dry out and get off drugs completely, all ultimately unsuccessful. In 1989, he and Wendy, whom he had always credited as his 'muse', divorced. He began a relationship with Janice Spencer, with whom he travelled to Japan, among other countries. He also spent time with friends including Mark Knopfler and John Illsley from the band Dire Straits.
In June 1991, Whiteley was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia.
On 15 June 1992, aged 53, he was found dead from opiate overdose in a motel room in Thirroul, north of Wollongong. The coroner's verdict was 'death due to self-administered substances'.
In 1999, Whiteley's painting The Jacaranda tree (1977), which had won the Wynne Prize, sold for , a record for a modern Australian painter at that time. Before this, his previous highest-selling work was The pond at Bundanon for A$. In 2007 his painting The Olgas for Ernest Giles was sold by Menzies for an Australian record of A$3.5ย million. On 7 May 2007, Opera House, (which took Whiteley a decade to paint, and which he exchanged with Qantas for a period of free air travel) sold for A$2.8ย million, in Sydney.
Legacy
Whiteley's home and workplace during the last four years of his life at 2 Raper Street in Surry Hills was converted into the Brett Whiteley Studio museum by the Art Gallery of New South Wales.
In 1999, Brett's mother Beryl Whiteley (1917โ2010) founded the Brett Whiteley Travelling Art Scholarship in memory of her son.
Biography
In July 2016, Text Publishing published Whiteley's biography, titled Brett Whiteley: Art, Life and the Other Thing. The author, Ashleigh Wilson, was the arts editor of The Australian newspaper. It was written with unprecedented behind-the-scenes access, and illustrated with classic Brett Whiteley artworks, rare notebook sketches and candid family photographs.
The book was longlisted for a Walkley Book Award and Australian Book Industry Award, and shortlisted for the Australian Book Design Awards and the Mark and Evette Moran Nib Literary Award. An audio version released by Audible in 2016 was narrated by Mark Seymour. The paperback, featuring a new cover, was released in 2017. On 23 November 2017 the book was named the people's choice winner at the Mark and Evette Moran NIB Literary Award.
Opera
In August 2018, Opera Australia announced that it had commissioned an opera to be based on the life of Brett Whiteley. The music will be written by Elena Kats-Chernin, with a libretto by Justin Fleming. David Freeman will direct and Tahu Matheson will conduct. Ashleigh Wilson, author of Whiteley's biography, is a consultant on the work. It premiered at the Sydney Opera House on 15 July 2019.
Film
In 2017, a feature-length biographical documentary about Whiteley was released in Australian cinemas. Directed by James Bogle and produced by Sue Clothier, Whiteley includes extensive archival footage and photos, personal notes and letters, as well as animations and dramatic reconstructions, although no new interviews were shot for the film. This approach was intended to allow Whiteley to speak "in his own words" about his life and art. The documentary was made with the approval of Wendy Whiteley, and was received with critical acclaim.
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Brett Whiteley Studio โ website of the artist's studio in Sydney, Australia, now preserved as a museum. Website includes biographical details and an image gallery.
Brett Whiteley at the Art Gallery of New South Wales
Brett Whiteley Profile โ Includes a selection of paintings, artist quotations, biography and links to more resources on the artist
Brett Whiteley's friend and colleague George Sheridan webpage โ Includes a selection of paintings done while working with Brett Whiteley
Brett Whiteley, culture.gov.au
1939 births
1992 deaths
Australian bird artists
Archibald Prize winners
Deaths by heroin overdose in Australia
Harkness Fellows
People educated at Scots College (Sydney)
Wynne Prize winners
20th-century Australian painters
Chatswood, New South Wales
Julian Ashton Art School alumni
Neo-expressionist artists
Artists from Sydney
Julius family
Visual artists in late 20th-century Australia |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%88%84%EB%A6%AC%20%28%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%84%A0%29 | ๋ค๋๋ฆฌ (์ฐ์ฃผ์ ) | ๋ค๋๋ฆฌ(Danuri)๋ 2022๋
8์ 5์ผ ๋ฐ์ฌ๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌ ํ์ฌ์ ์ด๋ค. ํ๊ตญํ ๋ฌ ๊ถค๋์ (้ๅๅ - ่ป้่น, )์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ผ์ดํ์ปค๋ด๋ฒ๋ด ๊ณต๊ตฐ๊ธฐ์ง์์ ์คํ์ด์คX์ ํฐ์ปจ9 ๋ธ๋ก5์ ์ค๋ ค ๋ฐ์ฌ๋์๋ค. ์ํ์ฉ ๋ฌ ๊ถค๋์ ์ ๋ฌ์ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ผ์์ ํ์งํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฐ์ผ NASA์ ํน์ ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋น๋กฏํด ๊ณ ํด์๋ ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ, ์์ ํ์ฌ ์ฅ๋น, ์ ์ธ์ ๊ณผ ์์ ์ธก์ ์ฅ์น ๋ฑ 6๊ฐ์ ํ์ฌ์ฒด๊ฐ ์ค๋ฆด ์์ ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ์ฌ๋ ๋ค 1๊ฐ์๊ฐ์ ๋นํ์ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์ ๋ฌ ๊ถค๋์ ์ง์
ํ์ฌ 100km์ ๊ณ ๋์์ 1๋
๊ฐ ์๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ํํ ์์ ์ด๋ค. '๋ค๋๋ฆฌ'๋ "๋ฌ"๊ณผ "๋๋ฆฌ๋ค"๋ฅผ ํฉ์ฑํ ๋ง๋ก์, 2022๋
์ํ๋ ๋ฌํ์ฌ์ ๋ช
์นญ ๊ณต๋ชจ์ ์ ํตํด KPLO์ ๋ช
์นญ์ '๋ค๋๋ฆฌ'๋ก ํ์ ํ๋ค.
12์ 26์ผ ๋ค๋๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ชฉํํ ๋ฌ ์๋ฌด๊ถค๋์ธ 100km์ ์์ฐฉํ๋ฉด์ ์ธ๊ณ์์ 7๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ๋ฌ ํ์ฌ๊ตญ์ด ๋์๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ
์ ์ธ๊ณ์์ 6๋ฒ์งธ ๋ฌ ํ์ฌ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ ์ธ๋๋ค. ์ธ๋์ ์ฐฌ๋๋ผ์ 1ํธ๋ ๋ฌ ๊ถค๋์ ์ด๋ค. ์ฐฌ๋๋ผ์ 2ํธ๋ ๋ฌ ๊ถค๋์ , ๋ฌ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ์ , ๋ก๋ฒ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋์ด ์๋ค. ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๋ ์ด๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก 1์ฐจ๋ก ๋ฌ ๊ถค๋์ ๋ง ๋ฐ์ฌํ๊ณ , 2์ฐจ๋ก ๋ฌ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ฌํ ๊ณํ์ด๋ค. 2019๋
2์, ์์ธ์์ ์ ์ํ๋ด์ ํ ํ์, ๋ฌธ์ฌ์ธ ๋ํต๋ น์ ์ธ๋์ ๋ฐ์ฌ์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋๋ ๋๋ผ ๋ชจ๋ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฐฌ๋๋ผ์ ํ๋ก์ ํธ์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด ์ฐธ์ฌํด ๋ฌ๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
๊ณํ ๋ณ๊ฒฝ
2019๋
9์, ๊ณํ์ ๋ณ๊ฒฝํ๋ค. ๋น์ด ๋ชฉํ๋ณด๋ค 19๊ฐ์ ์ง์ฐ๋ 2022๋
7์๋ก ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋์๋ค. ๊ถค๋์ ๋ฌด๊ฒ๋ 550 kg์์ 678 kg์ผ๋ก ๋์ด๋๋ค. ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋น๋ ๋น์ด 1978์ต ์๋ณด๋ค 167์ต ์์ด ๋์ด๋๋ค. ๋ฌ ๊ถค๋ ๋นํ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ 12๊ฐ์์์ 8๊ฐ์๋ก ์ค์ด๋ค์๋ค. ์๋ 550 kg์ ํ๊ตญํ ๋ฐ์ฌ์ฒด๋ก ๋ฐ์ฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ต๋ ๋ฌด๊ฒ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์คํ์ด์คX์ ํฐ์ปจ 9์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ฌํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋ค. ํฐ์ปจ 9์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ฌ์์๋ ๋ฌ ํ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ฌด๊ฒ ์ ํ์ด ์๋ค. ํฐ์ปจ9 ๋ธ๋ก5๋ ์ง๊ตฌ ์ ๊ถค๋์ 22.8ํค, ํ์ฑ์ 4.02ํค์ ๋ฐ์ฌํ ์ ์๋ค.
BLT ๊ถค๋
๊ณํ์ ๋ณ๊ฒฝํด ๋ฌ ๊ถค๋ ์ ์ด(Ballistic Lunar Transfers, BLT) ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ฌํ ๊ณํ์ด๋ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์ ๋จ๊ณ์ ๋ฃจํ ํธ๋์คํผ(Phasing Loop Transfer, PLT) ๋ฐฉ์๋ณด๋ค ์ฐ๋ฃ๋ฅผ 25% ์ ๊ฐํด์, ๊ณํ๋ณด๋ค ์ปค์ง ์์ฑ๋ฌด๊ฒ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ , ๋ฌ ์๊ณต์์ ์๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฐ 1๋
์ ์ ์งํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋์ ๋นํ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ 4๋ฐฐ ๋์ด๋๋ค. BLT๋ ์ ์๋์ง ์ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์์ ๊ถค๋์ด๋ค. 1990๋
์ผ๋ณธ ์ต์ด์ ๋ฌ ํ์ฌ์ ์ 13ํธ ๊ณผํ์์ฑ ํํ
์ด ์ ์๋์ง ์ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์์ ๊ถค๋๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค.
๋ค๋๋ฆฌ๋ 2022๋
8์ 5์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์คํ์ด์คX ์ฌ์ ๋ฐ์ฌ์ฒด ํฐ์ปจ 9์ ์ค๋ ค ๋ฐ์ฌ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋์ฐฉ์ผ์ ๊ฐ์ ํด 12์ 16์ผ์ด๋ค. ์ดํ ์ด๊ธฐ ์ํ์ ๊ฑฐ์ณ 2023๋
2์๋ถํฐ ์๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ค. ํ์ฌ ๋น์ฉ์ ๋น์ด ๊ณํ(1978์ต ์)์์ 355์ต ์์ด ์ถ๊ฐ๋ผ ์ด 2333์ต ์์ผ๋ก ๋์๋ค.
์ง๊ตฌ์์ ํ์ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ์์์ฌ๋ฆฐ ๋ค๋๋ฆฌ๋ ํ์ ์ค๋ ฅ์ ์ด๋๋ ค ๊ฐ์๋๋ค๊ฐ, ์ง๊ตฌ, ํ์ ๊ฐ ์ค๋ ฅ์ด ์๋ก ์์๋ผ ๋ฌด์ค๋ ฅ์ด ๋๋ ๋ผ๊ทธ๋์ฃผ ์ L1 ์ง์ ์์ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ์์ผ๋ก ํผ๋ค. ์ดํ ์ง๊ตฌ์ ๋ฌ์ ์ค๋ ฅ์ ์ด๋๋ ค ์ง๊ตฌ ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ๋๋์์ค๋ค๊ฐ, ์ง๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ ์ค์ธ ๋ฌ๊ณผ ๋ง๋๋ค.
๋ฌ ๊ถค๋ ์ง์
2022๋
12์ 17์ผ ์ค์ 2์ 45๋ถ ๋ค๋๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฌ ์๋ฌด ๊ถค๋ ์ง์
์ ์ํ 1์ฐจ ์ง์
๊ธฐ๋์ ํ๋ค. LOI(์ง์
๊ธฐ๋, Lunar Orbit Insertation)๋, ๋ค๋๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ ์๋ฌด ๊ถค๋์ ์์ฐฉ์ํค๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ถค๋์ ์ ์๋๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๋ ๊ธฐ๋์ ๋งํ๋ค. ์๋ฌด๊ถค๋๋ ๋ฌ ๊ณ ๋ 100km์ด๋ค.
๊ณผํ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ณดํต์ ๋ถ์ ํ๊ตญํญ๊ณต์ฐ์ฃผ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ 12์ 26์ผ โ๋ค๋๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ชฉํํ ๋ฌ ์๋ฌด๊ถค๋์ ์ง์
ํ๋คโ๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
์๋ฌด ์๋ช
๋ค๋๋ฆฌํธ์ ์๋ฌด ์๋ช
์ 1๋
์ด๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฃ๊ฐ ๋จ์ ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ผ๋ถ ์ฐ์ฅ ์ด์์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ค๋๋ฆฌํธ์ ์ด๋ช
์ ์ ์์ด์ ์ข
๋ฃ 6๊ฐ์ ์ ์ธ 2023๋
7์ ๊ฒฐ์ ๋๋ค.
๋ค๋๋ฆฌํธ๋ 2023๋
1์ ์์ด์ ์ ํ๊ณ 2์๋ถํฐ ๋ฌ ๊ถค๋๋ฅผ ํ๋ฃจ 12ํ ๊ณต์ ํ๋ฉฐ 1๋
๋์ ์๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ค. ์ด ์ค๋ 678 kg์ธ ๋ค๋๋ฆฌํธ์๋ ๊ณ ์ฑ๋ฅ ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋น๋กฏํ ๊ฐ์ข
์ธก์ ์ฅ๋น๋ค์ด ํ์ฌ๋ผ ์๋ค.
๋์ฌ์ ๋ฌ๊ถค๋์ ์ฐฐ์ (LRO) ๋ฏธ์
์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ 2009๋
๋ฐ์ฌ ํ 3๋
์๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ณํํ์ผ๋ ์ดํ ๋๊ฒฐ๊ถค๋์ ์ง์
ํด 2022๋
ํ์ฌ๊น์ง ๋ฌ ๊ถค๋๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
์๋ฅดํ
๋ฏธ์ค ๊ณํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์๋ฅดํ
๋ฏธ์ค ๊ณํ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ, ๋ค๋๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฌ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ ํ๋ณด์ง์ ๊ธฐ์ด ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์์งํ ์์ ์ด๋ค.
๋ค๋๋ฆฌ์ ํ์ฌ๋ ์๋์บ ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญํญ๊ณต์ฐ์ฃผ๊ตญ(NASA)๊ณผ์ ๋ฌ ํ์ฌ ํ๋ ฅ์ ์์ง์ด๋ค. ๋์ฌ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐํด ๋ค๋๋ฆฌํธ์ ์ฅ์ฐฉํ๋ ๊ณ ์ฑ๋ฅ ์ฅ๋น๋ก ํด์๋ 1.7 m ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํด ๋ฌ์ ๋จ๋ถ๊ทน ์ง์ญ์ ์๊ตฌ ์์์ง์ญ์ ์ดฌ์ํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌ ๊ทน์ง์ญ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ ์๋ฌด(์๋ฅดํ
๋ฏธ์ค ๋ฏธ์
)๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ ํ๋ณด์ง์ ๊ธฐ์ด ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ํ๋ณดํ๊ณ , ๋์์ ๋ฌผ์ ํฌํจํ ๋ค์ํ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ์กด์ฌ ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ํ์ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๋์ฌ๋ ๋ค๋๋ฆฌํธ๋ฅผ 24์๊ฐ ์ถ์ ํ ์ ์๋๋ก 70m๊ธ ์ํ
๋๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ์ฌ์ฐ์ฃผํต์ ๋ง์ ๋ฌด์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค.
2024๋
5์, ์๋ฅดํ
๋ฏธ์ค 2 ๋ฏธ์
์ผ๋ก, SLS ๋ธ๋ก1 ๋ก์ผ์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์จ (์ฐ์ฃผ์ )์ ํ 4๋ช
์ ์ฐ์ฃผ๋นํ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ฌ์ ์ฐฉ๋ฅํ ์์ ์ด๋ค. ์ด ์ฐฉ๋ฅ ํ๋ณด์ง ์กฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ํํ๋ค.
6๊ฐ์ ํ์ฌ์ฒด ์ค ์ ์ผํ๊ฒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ ๋ฆฌ์กฐ๋์ฃผ๋ฆฝ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ์ด ๋ง๋ ์๋์ฐ์บ ์ ๋ฌ ๊ทน์ง ์ดฌ์์ ๋์ ๋ค. ๋ฌ์๋ 1๋
๋ด๋ด ํ๋น์ด ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ค์ง ์๋ ์๊ตฌ์์์ง์ญ(PSR, Permanent Shadow Region)์ด ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด ์ง์ญ์๋ ์ผ์์ ํํ๋ก ๋ฌผ์ด ์กด์ฌํ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๋ค. ์๋์ฐ์บ ์ ๋ฌ์ ๋ง์ง๋ง ๋ฏธํ์ฌ ์ง์ญ์ธ ์๊ตฌ์์์ง์ญ์ ๋ํ ํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งก์๋ค.
์ฅ๋น
5m๊ธ์ ๊ณ ํด์๋ ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ: ํ๊ตญํ ๋ฌ ํ์ฌ์ ์ด ์ฐฉ๋ฅํ ์ ์๋ ํ๋ณด์ง๋ฅผ ์ฐ์ ์์ ์ด๋ค. ํ๊ตญํญ๊ณต์ฐ์ฃผ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๋ค.
๊ด์์ผ ํธ๊ด ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ: ๋ฌ ์ ์ฒด ํ๋ฉด์ ์์์ ์ฐ์ ์ ์๋ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ก, ๊ทน์ง๋ฐฉ์ ์ ์ธํ ์ง์ญ์ ํธ๊ด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ์ดฌ์ํ ๊ณํ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํด ๋ฌ ํ์ฌ์ ์ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ ํ๋ณด์ง๋ฅผ ์ ํ๊ณ , ๋ฌ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ์
์ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฌํ ์์ ์ด๋ค. ํ๊ตญ์ฒ๋ฌธ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๋ค.
๋ฌ ์๊ธฐ์ฅ ์ธก์ ๊ธฐ: ๋ฌ ํ๋ฉด์์ 100Km ์๊ณต๊น์ง์ ์๊ธฐ๋ ฅ์ ์ธก์ ํ ์๋ ฅ๊ณ์ด๋ค. ๊ฒฝํฌ๋ํ๊ต์์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๋ค.
๊ฐ๋ง์ ๋ถ๊ด๊ธฐ: ๋ฌ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ์์์ ์ฑ๋ถ๊ณผ ๋ถํฌ ์์์ ์ ์ ์๋ค. ํ๊ตญ์ง์ง์์์ฐ๊ตฌ์์์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๋ค.
์ฐ์ฃผ ์ธํฐ๋ท ์ํ ์ฅ๋น: ์ง์ฐ-๋ด์ฑ ๋คํธ์ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ ์ฅ๋น๋ก, ํ๊ตญ์ ์ํต์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๋ค.
์๋์ฐ ์บ : ๋ฌผ์ ๋ํ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฌ ํ๋ฉด์์ ์๊ตฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์๊ฐ ์๋ ์ง์ญ์ ๋ฐ์ฌ์จ์ ์ง๋๋ก ๋ํ๋ผ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ฌ ์ ์ฐฐ ์ธ๊ณต์์ฑ์ ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ๋๊ณ ์์ง๋ง ๊ทธ๋ณด๋ค 800๋ฐฐ ๋ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ ๋ฆฌ์กฐ๋ ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๋ํ๊ต ๋ฑ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ ๋ฌ ํ์ฌ์ฉ ๊ดํ ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ๋ก, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ง์ด ๊ฐ๋ฐํ ํ์ฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฃ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ NASA์์ ํ์ฝ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํ์ฌ๋์๋ค.
๋ฐ์ฌ ์ญ์ฌ
2022๋
7์ 7์ผ, ๋ค๋๋ฆฌ๋ ํน์ ์ปจํ
์ด๋์ ์ค๋ ค ํ๊ตญํญ๊ณต์ฐ์ฃผ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ๋ ๋ ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ก ์ผ์ดํ์ปค๋ด๋ฒ๋ด ๊ณต๊ตฐ๊ธฐ์ง์ ๋์ฐฉํ๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ง์ ์ฝ ํ ๋ฌ ํต์ ์ํ์ ์ถ์ง์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฒํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค๋นํ๋ค. ์คํ์ด์คX์ ํฐ์ปจ 9 ๋ฐ์ฌ์ฒด๋ ํ๊ตญ์๊ฐ(KST) 8์ 4์ผ ์ค์ 11์ 15๋ถ์ ํ๋์ ํฅํด ๊ธฐ๋ฆฝํ๋ค. 2022๋
8์ 5์ผ ์ค์ 8์ 8๋ถ, ์ผ์ดํ์ปค๋ด๋ฒ๋ด ๊ณต๊ตฐ๊ธฐ์ง์์ ํฐ์ปจ 9 ๋ก์ผ์ ํตํด ๋ฐ์ฌ๋์๋ค. ๋ฐ์ฌ ํ ์ฝ 40๋ถ์ฏค ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋์๊ณ , 5๋ถ ํ ์ ์ด ๊ถค์ ์ ์ง์
ํ๋ค. ๊ณผํ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ณดํต์ ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ค๋๋ฆฌ๋ ํ๊ตญ ์๊ฐ 9์ 40๋ถ๊ฒฝ์ ํธ์ฃผ ์บ๋ฒ๋ผ์ ์ํ
๋์ ์ฒซ ๊ต์ ์ ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌํ์ฌ ๊ณํ
ํ๊ตญํ ๋ฌ ํ์ฌ์
๊ฐ์ฃผ
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ๋ฐ
๋ฌ ํ์ฌ์
2022๋
์ฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ๋ฐ
2022๋
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ
๋ฌ ๊ถค๋์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danuri | Danuri | The Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO), officially Danuri, is South Korea's first lunar orbiter. The orbiter, its science payload and ground control infrastructure are technology demonstrators. The orbiter will also be tasked with surveying lunar resources such as water ice, uranium, helium-3, silicon, and aluminium, and produce a topographic map to help select future lunar landing sites.
The mission was launched on 4 August 2022 on a Falconย 9 Blockย 5 launch vehicle. It was inserted into orbit around the Moon on 16 December 2022 (UTC).
Name
On 23 May 2022, the South Korean Ministry of Science and ICT officially named the Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (์ํ์ฉ ๋ฌ ๊ถค๋์ , ่ฉฆ้ฉ็จๆ่ป้่น) as "Danuri" (๋ค๋๋ฆฌ). Danuri is a portmanteau of two Korean words, dal (๋ฌ) which means moon and nurida (๋๋ฆฌ๋ค) which means enjoy. According to the ministry, this new name implies a big hope and desire for the success of South Korea's first Moon mission.
Overview
South Korea's space agency, called Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), together with NASA produced a lunar orbiter feasibility study in July 2014. The two agencies signed an agreement in December 2016 where NASA will collaborate with one science instrument payload, telecommunications, navigation, and mission design.
The Korean Lunar Exploration Program (KLEP) is divided in two phases. Phase 1 is the launch and operation of KPLO, which is the first lunar probe by South Korea, meant to develop and enhance South Korea's technological capabilities, as well as map natural resources from orbit. The key goals of the KPLO orbiter mission include investigation of lunar geology and space environment, exploration of lunar resources, and testing of future space technology which will assist in future human activities on the Moon and beyond.
Phase 2 will include a lunar orbiter, a lunar lander, and a 20ย kg rover, to be launched together on a KSLV-3 South Korean launch vehicle from the Naro Space Center, by 2032.
Objectives
The main objectives of this mission are to enhance the South Korean technological capabilities on the ground and in outer space, and to "increase both the national brand value and national pride". The specific technological objectives are:
Development of critical technologies for lunar exploration.
Produce a topographic map for support to select future lunar landing sites, and to survey lunar resources such as water ice, uranium, helium-3, silicon, and aluminium.
Development and validation of new space technologies.
From the lunar science perspective, understanding the water cycle on the Moon is critical to mapping and exploitation. Solar wind protons can chemically reduce the abundant iron oxides present the lunar soil, producing native metal iron (Fe0) and a hydroxyl ion (OHโ) that can readily capture a proton to form water (H2O). Hydroxyl and water molecules are thought to be transported throughout the lunar surface by mysterious unknown mechanisms, and they seem to accumulate at permanently shadowed areas that offer protection from heat and solar radiation.
Space Internet
To test the experimental system of the โspace Internetโ, Danuri successfully forwarded a number of photos taken, as well as several video files, including, BTSโ โDynamiteโ from outer space to Earth at Korea's Ministry of Science and ICT, Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), and the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) on 7 November 2022.
Science payload
KPLO carries six science instruments with a total mass of approximately . Five instruments are from South Korea and one from NASA:
Lunar Terrain Imager (LUTI) will take images of probable landing sites for the second stage lunar exploration mission and special target sites of the lunar surfaces with a high spatial resolution (<5 m).
Wide-Angle Polarimetric Camera (PolCam) will acquire the polarimetric images of the entire lunar surface except for the polar regions with medium spatial resolution in order to investigate the detailed characteristics of lunar regolith.
KPLO Magnetometer (KMAG) is a magnetometer that will measure the magnetic strength of the lunar environment (up to ~100ย km above the lunar surface) with ultra-sensitive magnetic sensors.
KPLO Gamma Ray Spectrometer (KGRS) is a gamma-ray spectrometer that will investigate the chemical composition of lunar surface materials within a gamma-ray energy range from 10 keV to 10 MeV, and map their spatial distribution.
Delay-Tolerant Networking experiment (DTNPL) will perform a communication experiment on delay-tolerant networking (DTN), a type of interplanetary Internet for communication with landed assets.
NASA's ShadowCam will map the reflectance within the permanently shadowed regions to search for evidence of water ice deposits.
ShadowCam
ShadowCam is a hypersensitive optical camera that will collect images of permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) near the Moon's poles. This will allow ShadowCam to map the reflectance of these regions to search for evidence of ice deposits, observe seasonal changes, and measure the terrain inside the craters. The instrument is based on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter LROC narrow angle camera (NAC), but it is 200 times more sensitive to allow for capturing details within the permanently shadowed regions. ShadowCam was developed by scientists at Arizona State University and Malin Space Science Systems.
Science objections of the ShadowCam experiment:
Map albedo patterns in PSRs and interpret their nature ShadowCam will search for frost, ice, and lag deposits by mapping reflectance with resolution and signal-to-noise ratios comparable to LROC NAC images of illuminated terrain.
Investigate the origin of anomalous radar signatures associated with some polar craters ShadowCam will determine whether high-purity ice or rocky deposits are present inside PSRs.
Document and interpret temporal changes of PSR albedo units ShadowCam will search for seasonal changes in volatile abundance in PSRs by acquiring monthly observations.
Provide hazard and trafficability information within PSRs for future landed elements ShadowCam will provide optimal terrain information necessary for polar exploration.
Map the morphology of PSRs to search for and characterize landforms that may be indicative of permafrost-like processes ShadowCam will provide unprecedented images of PSR geomorphology at scales that enable detailed comparisons with terrain anywhere on the Moon.
Launch
Originally planned for a December 2018 launch, KPLO was placed into orbit by a Falconย 9 launch vehicle on 4ย August 2022. Because Danuri was launched as a dedicated Falconย 9 mission, the payload along with Falconย 9's second stage was placed directly on an Earth escape trajectory and into heliocentric orbit when the second stage reignited for a second engine startup or escape burn.
As KPLO uses ballistic lunar transfer (BLT) to transfer to a Moon orbit, it took the spacecraft about 135 days to reach the Moon, with a lunar-orbit insertion on 16 December 2022 (UTC). After insertion, the spacecraft will conduct a set of phasing-burns to reduce the orbit's eccentricity from elliptic to circular, reaching low-lunar orbit. This was a change of plan from the previous one, where the orbiter would have performed at least three highly elliptical orbits of Earth, each time increasing its velocity and altitude until it reaches escape velocity, initiating a trans-lunar injection.
The spacecraft's main propulsion is from four 30-newton thrusters, and for attitude control (orientation) it uses four 5-newton thrusters.
See also
Exploration of the Moon
List of missions to the Moon
Lunar water
Naro Space Center
References
External links
Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) official website, in English
Missions to the Moon
SpaceX commercial payloads
South Korean space probes
Space probes launched in 2022
2022 in South Korea
Satellites orbiting the Moon |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9D%BC%EB%94%94%EB%AF%B8%EB%A5%B4%20%EC%B2%BC%EB%A1%9C%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B4 | ๋ธ๋ผ๋๋ฏธ๋ฅด ์ฒผ๋ก๋ฉ์ด | ๋ธ๋ผ๋๋ฏธ๋ฅด ๋์ฝ๋ผ์๋น์น ์ฒผ๋ก๋ฉ์ด(, , 1914๋
6์ 30์ผ ~ 1984๋
12์ 8์ผ)๋ ์๋ จ์ ๊ณตํ์, ํญ๊ณต ๊ธฐ์ ์, ์ ๋ํ ๊ธฐ์ ์์ด๋ค. ์๋ จ ์ต์ด์ ํ์ค์ ํธ ์์ง์ ๋ฐ๋ช
ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ธ๊ณ ์ต์ด์ ๋ํจ ์ํญ ์ ๋ํ, UR-100, UR-200, UR-500, UR-700๊ณผ ๋๋ฅ๊ฐ ํ๋ ์ ๋ํ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๋ค.
์ฒญ๋
์์
๋ธ๋ผ๋๋ฏธ๋ฅด ์ฒผ๋ก๋ฉ์ด๋ ๋ฌ์์ ์ ๊ตญ์ ์ง๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ฃจ๋ธ๋ฆฐํ(ํ์ฌ์ ํด๋๋) ์์๋ค์ฒด์์ ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ ์๋ค๋ก ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ์ฒผ๋ก๋ฉ์ด์ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ค์ ์ฒผ๋ก๋ฉ์ด๊ฐ ํ์ด๋ ์ง 3๊ฐ์ ๋ง์ ํดํ๋ฐ๋ก ํผ์ ํ๋๋ฐ ๋น์์๋ ์ 1์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์ ์ ๋๋ถ ์ ์ ์ด ์์๋ค์ฒด์ ๊ฐ๊น์์ง ์ํฉ์ด์๋ค.
์ฒผ๋ก๋ฉ์ด๊ฐ 12์ธ์์ ๋ ๊ทธ์ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ค์ ํค์ํ๋ก ๋ค์ ์ด์ฃผํ๋ค. ์ฒผ๋ก๋ฉ์ด๋ 1932๋
์ ํค์ํ ๊ณต๊ณผ ๋ํ๊ต์ ์
ํํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ฌ๋ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง ํ์์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ก๋ค. 1936๋
์๋ ์ต์ด์ ๋ฒกํฐ ํด์ ์ฑ
์ ์ถ๊ฐํ๊ณ ํค์ํ ๋ํ๊ต์์๋ ์ํ ๋ถ์, ๋ฏธ๋ถ ๋ฐฉ์ ์์ ์ด๋ก , ์๋ฆฌ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ, ํ๋ ฅ์ฑ์ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์ญํ์ ๊ดํ ๊ฐ์์ ์ฐธ์ํ๋ค.
์ฒผ๋ก๋ฉ์ด๋ ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ์๋น์ํธ ์ฌํ์ฃผ์ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ๊ณผํ ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค ๋ ๋น์น๋นํ์ ๊ฐ์์ ์ฐธ์ํ๋ฉด์๋ถํฐ ์ญํ๊ณผ ์ง๋ ์ด๋ก ์ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ก๋ค. 1937๋
์๋ ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ์๋น์ํธ ์ฌํ์ฃผ์ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ๊ณผํ ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์กธ์
ํ ์ดํ์ ๊ทธ ๊ณณ์์ ๊ฐ์ฌ๋ก ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ๊ณ 1939๋
์๋ ๊ณผํ ํ๋ณด์ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์
1941๋
์ ์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์ ์ ๋๋ถ ์ ์ ์์ ์ ํฌ๊ฐ ๋ฒ์ด์ง๋ฉด์ ์ฒผ๋ก๋ฉ์ด๋ 1942๋
๋ถํฐ ์๋ จ์์ ์ต์ด๋ก ์ง๋ ๋นํ๊ธฐ ์์ง์ ๋ฐ๋ช
ํ ๋ชจ์คํฌ๋ฐ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋
ธํ ์ค์ ํญ๊ณต ์๋์ฐจ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์์ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ๋ค.
1944๋
์ฌ๋ฆ์ ๋์น ๋
์ผ์ ์๊ธ๋๋ ๋จ๋ถ์ V-1 ์ํญ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ก๋ค. ์ฒผ๋ก๋ฉ์ด๋ 1944๋
10์ 9์ผ์ ์๋ จ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์์์ํยท์ธ๋ฏผ์์ํ ํญ๊ณต์ฐ์
๋ถ์ ์ง์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์๋ ์ธ์ด ์คํ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป N51 ๊ณต์ฅ์ ์์ฅ ๊ฒธ ์์ ๋์์ด๋๋ก ์๋ช
๋์๊ณ ์๋ จ ์ต์ด์ ์ํญ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ์ ์ค๊ณ, ์ ์, ์ํํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. 1944๋
12์ ์ด๋ฐ์๋ ํํ๋ด์ฝํ Pe-8 ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ ํฌํด๋ ํ Tu-2 ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์์ 10Kh ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ์ด ๋ฐ์ฌ๋์๋ค.
OK-52์ ํ์
์ฒผ๋ก๋ฉ์ด๋ 10Kh์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ก ์๋ จ ํน์ ์ค๊ณ๊ตญ(OK-52)์ ์ค๋ฆฝ์ ์ฃผ๋ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. 1955๋
์๋ OK-52์ ์์ ๋์์ด๋๋ก ์๋ช
๋ ์ดํ์ ์ํญ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ๊ณ์ํ๋ค. ์ฒผ๋ก๋ฉ์ด๋ ๊ณผํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ ์งํํ๊ณ ๋ฐ์ฐ๋ง ๋ชจ์คํฌ๋ฐ ๊ณ ๋ฑ ๊ธฐ์ ํ๊ต์์ ๋ฐ์ฌ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. 1951๋
์๋ ๊ณผํ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐํํ๊ณ 1952๋
์๋ ํด๋น ํ๊ต์ ๊ต์๋ก ์๋ช
๋์๋ค.
1958๋
์๋ Ok-52๊ฐ ๋ค์ธต ๋๋ฅ๊ฐ ํ๋ ์ ๋ํ์ ๊ตฌ์ํ๋ค. ๋น๋ก ๊ทธ๋ค์ D-200 ๋ก์ผ ๋์์ธ์ด ๋ฏธํ์ผ ์๊ฒ์ด ์ ์ํ R-36์ ๋ฐ๋ ค ๊ฑฐ๋ถ๋นํ์ง๋ง ๊ทธ๋ค์ D-100 ๋ก์ผ ๋์์ธ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ฌ์ก๋ค. ์ฒผ๋ก๋ฉ์ด๊ฐ ์์๋์ด ์๋ ์คํ์ค๊ณ๊ตญ(OKB)์ ์ธ๋ฅด๊ฒ์ด ์ํ๋์์ํ ์ฅ๊ด์ด ์์๋์ด ์๋ ๊ธฐ๊ณ ๊ณต์ฅ์ ์ผ๋ถ์๋ค.
์ฐ์ฃผ์
์ฒผ๋ก๋ฉ์ด๋ 1959๋
์ ํญ๊ณต ์ฅ๋น ๋ถ์ผ์ ์์ ๋์์ด๋๋ก ์๋ช
๋์๋ค. OK-52๋ ๋๋ฅ๊ฐ ํ๋ ์ ๋ํ ์ค๊ณ์ ํจ๊ป ์ฐ์ฃผ์ ์์
์ ์์ํ๊ณ 1961๋
์๋ ํจ์ฌ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ๋๋ฅ๊ฐ ํ๋ ์ ๋ํ์ธ UR-500 ์ค๊ณ์ ์ฐฉ์ํ๋ค. 1962๋
์๋ ์๋ จ ๊ณผํ ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ์์์ผ๋ก ์๋ช
๋์๋ค.
์ฒผ๋ก๋ฉ์ด๋ '๋ฌ ๋ ์ด์ค'์์ ์ธ๋ฅด๊ฒ์ด ์ฝ๋กค๋ฃํ์ ๋ด๋ถ ๊ฒฝ์์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ์ฒผ๋ก๋ฉ์ด๋ ๋ฌ ํ์ฌ์ ์์ ์ํ 2์ธ์น ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ฌํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ UR-500์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ๊ฒ์ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๊ณ ๋ํคํ ํ๋ฃจ์ผํ์ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ค์ ๊ณ ์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ทธ์ ์ ์์ ์ง์งํ๋ค. ์ฝ๋กค๋ฃํ๋ UR-500์ ๊ทน๋๋ก ๋
์ฑ์ด ๊ฐํ ์ฌ์ฐํ ์ด์ง์, ๋น๋์นญ๋๋ฉํธํ๋๋ผ์ง์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ฒผ๋ก๋ฉ์ด์ ์ ์์ ์ ๊ทน ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ค.
ํ๋ฃจ์ผํ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ํ ์ดํ์ ์ฒผ๋ก๋ฉ์ด์ ์ฝ๋กค๋ฃํ์ ๊ณํ์ ๋จ์ผํ๋์์ง๋ง ์๋ จ์ ๋ฌ ํ์ฌ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ๊ณ์ ์งํ๋์๋ค. ํ๋กํค ๋ก์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์๋ ค์ง UR-500์ ๋ฐ์ฌ๋ 1965๋
์ด๋ฐ์ ์ฒ์ ์คํ๋์๋ค. ์ฒผ๋ก๋ฉ์ด๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ ์ฐ์ฃผ ๋นํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ์ ๋ณด๋ด๋ ์ผ์ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ ์์์ง๋ง ํ๋กํค ๋ก์ผ์ ์๋ จ ์ฐ์ฃผ ํจ๋์ ์ฃผ์ ์ฐ์ฃผ ๋ฐ์ฌ์ฒด๊ฐ ๋์๊ณ ์๋
๋์ ํ์ฑ ํ์ฌ์ , ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฅ, ์ ์ง ์์ฑ ๋ฑ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค.
์ฒผ๋ก๋ฉ์ด์ OKB๋ ํด๋ฃํธ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ง๊ตฌ ์์ฑ๋ ์ค๊ณํ๋ค. ์ด์ ์ ์ฐ์ฃผ ๋ฐ์ฌ์ฒด์๋ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ฒผ๋ก๋ฉ์ด๊ฐ ์ต์ด๋ก ์ค๊ณํ ํด๋ฃํธ-1(1963๋
), ํด๋ฃํธ-2(1964๋
)๋ ๊ถค๋๋ฅผ ์ค์ค๋ก ๋ฐ๊ฟ ์ ์์๋ค. ์ฒผ๋ก๋ฉ์ด๋ ์์ฑ์ ์์ฑ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ฃผ๋ํ๋ค. ์ฒผ๋ก๋ฉ์ด์ OKB๋ 1970๋
๋์ ์คํ๋์ง ์์ ํ๋กํค ๋ก์ผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ 20ํค ๊ท๋ชจ์ LKS ์ฐ์ฃผ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์ํ๊ณ ์ด๋ฅํธ, ๋ฏธ๋ฅด, ์ฆ๋ฒ ์ฆ๋ค ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฅ์ ๊ธฐ์ด๊ฐ ๋ ์๋ง์ค ๊ตฐ์ฌ ๊ถค๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฅ์ธ ์ด๋ฅํธ-2, ์ด๋ฅํธ-3, ์ด๋ฅํธ-5๋ฅผ ์ค๊ณํ๋ค. 1980๋
๋์๋ ์ ๋ํธ-2 ๋ฐ์ฌ๋๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ 15ํค ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ ์ฐ์ฃผ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์ํ๋ค.
๋ํจ ์ ๋ํ
์ฒผ๋ก๋ฉ์ด๋ P-80 ์ฃผ๋ธ๋ฅด ๋ํจ ์ ๋ํ์ ์ค๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ P-100 ์ค๋์ค ์ ๋ํ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์๋ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ค. 1984๋
12์ 8์ผ์ ๋ฌ์์ ๋ชจ์คํฌ๋ฐ์์ ํฅ๋
70์ธ๋ฅผ ์ผ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ฌ๋งํ๋ค.
์ํ
์ฌํ์ฃผ์ ๋
ธ๋์์
2ํ ์์ (1959๋
, 1963๋
)
์๋ จ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ 3ํ ์์ (1967๋
, 1974๋
, 1982๋
)
๋ ๋์ ์์ (1959๋
)
๋ ๋ ํ์ฅ 4ํ ์์
10์ ํ๋ช
ํ์ฅ ์์
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
Vladimir Nikolaevich Chelomey
Biography
"Bank of the Universe" - edited by Boltenko A. C., Kiev, 2014., publishing house "Phoenix",
1914๋
์ถ์
1984๋
์ฌ๋ง
์๋ จ์ ๊ณตํ์
์๋ จ์ ๊ณผํ์
์๋ จ์ ๋ฐ๋ช
๊ฐ
์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋์ ๊ณตํ์
์ฌํ์ฃผ์ ๋
ธ๋์์
์๋ จ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์์์
๋ ๋์ ์์์
๋ ๋ ํ์ฅ ์ํ์
๋ก์ผ๊ณตํ์
์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋์ ์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์ ๊ด๋ จ์
์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋์ ํญ๊ณต์ฐ์ฃผ๊ณตํ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir%20Chelomey | Vladimir Chelomey | Vladimir Nikolayevich Chelomey or Chelomei (, ; 30 June 1914 โ 8 December 1984) was a Soviet engineer and designer in the missile program of the former Soviet Union. He invented the first Soviet pulse jet engine and was responsible for the development of the world's first anti-ship cruise missiles and the ICBM program of the Soviet Union such as the UR-100, UR-200, UR-500 and UR-700.
Early life
Chelomey was born in Ukrainian family in Siedlce, Lublin Governorate, Russian Empire (now Poland). At the age of three months, his family fled to Poltava, Ukraine, when the Eastern Front of World War I came close to Siedlce.
When Vladimir was twelve years old, the family moved again to Kyiv.
In 1932, Chelomey was admitted to the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute (later the basis of Kyiv Aviation Institute), where he showed himself as a student with outstanding talent. In 1936, his first book Vector Analysis was published. Studying at the institute, Chelomey also attended lectures on mathematical analysis, theory of differential equations, mathematical physics, theory of elasticity and mechanics in the Kyiv University. He also attended lectures by Tullio Levi-Civita in the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences. Namely in this time Chelomey became interested in mechanics and in the theory of oscillations and remained interested the rest of his life. In 1937, Chelomey graduated from the institute with honours. After that he worked there as a lecturer, defending a dissertation for the Candidate of Science (in 1939).
World War II
From the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in 1941, Chelomey worked at the Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motor Building (TsIAM) in Moscow, where he created the first Soviet pulsating air jet engine in 1942, independently of similar contemporary developments in Nazi Germany.
In the summer of 1944, it became known that Nazi Germany used V-1 cruise missiles against Southern England. On 9 October 1944, following a decision by the USSR State Defense Committee and People's Commissar for Aviation Industry Alexey Shakhurin, Chelomey was appointed the Director and Chief Designer of Plant N51 (its previous director Nikolay Polikarpov having died a short time before). Chelomey was to design, build, and test the first Soviet cruise missile at the earliest possible date. As early as December 1944, the missile, code-named 10Kh, was test fired from Petlyakov Pe-8 and Tupolev Tu-2 aircraft.
OKB-52 and academic career
Following his success with the 10Kh, the USSR Special Design Bureau on designing pilot-less aircraft (OKB-52) was established under Chelomey's leadership. In 1955, Chelomey was appointed the Chief Designer of the OKB-52, where he continued to work on cruise missiles.
Chelomey continued his scientific research, earning a doctorate in science from Bauman Moscow Higher Technical School. After his dissertation defense in 1951, he became a professor at the School in 1952.
In 1958, OKB-52 put forward a proposal for a multi-stage Intercontinental ballistic missile. Although their UR-200 rocket design was rejected in favour of Mikhail Yangel's R-36 (NATO designation SS-9 Scarp), their UR-100 design was accepted.
Chelomey's OKB was part of the General Machine-Building Ministry headed by Sergey Afanasyev.
Spacecraft
In 1959, Chelomey was appointed the Chief Designer of Aviation Equipment.
OKB-52, along with designing ICBMs, started to work on spacecraft, and in 1961 began work on a design for a much more powerful ICBM, the UR-500, although it was rather quickly rejected as impractical to use as a missile.
In 1962, Chelomey became an Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Mechanics Department.
Chelomey became Sergey Korolev's internal competitor in the "Moon race". Chelomey proposed that the powerful UR-500 be used to launch a small two-man craft on a lunar flyby, and managed to gain support for his proposal by employing Nikita Khrushchev's son, Sergei Khrushchev. He also claimed the UR-500 could be used to launch a military space station.
An argument between Sergey Korolev and rocket engine designer Valentin Glushko over personal issues and whether the N1 should be fueled with RP-1 / LOX or Hypergolic propellant resulted in Glushko and Korolev refusing to work with each other, causing Glushko to instead offer his RD-253 rocket engine to Chelomey, who adopted it for his UR-500.
On 3 August 1964 the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the USSR Council of Ministers adopted and signed Decree #655-268 On Work on Research on the Moon and Outer Space, which redefined Chelomey's and Korolev's roles in the space program: Korolev was now responsible for development of the N1, which was chosen to accomplish a crewed lunar landing, while Chelomei was assigned to the development of the UR-500 which was chosen to perform a crewed circumlunar flight. The projects continued to work separately side-by-side.
The first launch of the UR-500 (also known as Proton) took place in early 1965.
Although it was never used to send cosmonauts to the Moon as Chelomey had hoped, Proton became the staple heavy lift launch vehicle of the Soviet/Russian fleet and would be used over the years for planetary probes, space stations, geosynchronous satellites, and more.
Chelomey's OKB also designed anti-satellite weapons such as Polyot. Unlike earlier satellites, Chelomey's Polyot-1 (1963) and Polyot-2 (1964) were equipped with an propulsion bus which enabled them to change their orbits. He also headed the development of the Proton satellite. In the 1970s Chelomey's OKB proposed non-realised Proton-based 20-ton LKS (Kosmolyot) spaceplane and worked on the Almaz military orbital stations (flown as Salyut 2, Salyut 3 and Salyut 5) which also became the basis for the Salyut, Mir and Zvezda civil space stations. To support his Almaz stations, Chelomey designed the TKS, as a large alternative to Soyuz. The TKS never flew crewed as planned but derivatives flew as modules on Salyut 7 and Mir. In the 1980s Chelomey's OKB proposed non-realised 15-ton Uragan spaceplane based on Zenit-2 launcher.
Anti-ship missiles
He is reported to have led the construction of the P-80 Zubr anti-ship missile, and it may be presumed that he was involved in the related P-100 Oniks missile.
Death
Chelomey died in Moscow on 12 August, 1984 at the age of 70, and was buried at Novodevichy Cemetery.
Awards
Two times Hero of Socialist Labor (1959, 1963)
USSR State Prize (1967, 1974, 1982)
Lenin Prize (1959)
Four Orders of Lenin
Order of the October Revolution
See also
Mikhail Yangel
Sergei Korolev
References
External links
Vladimir Nikolaevich Chelomey
1914 births
1984 deaths
People from Siedlce
People from Lublin Governorate
Soviet inventors
Soviet space program personnel
Soviet scientists
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Recipients of the Lenin Prize
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Early spaceflight scientists
Rocket scientists
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Soviet engineers
Soviet spaceflight pioneers
Ukrainian people of World War II
Kyiv Polytechnic Institute alumni
Ukrainian aerospace engineers
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motors employees
Russian scientists |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A9%80%EB%9D%BC%20%ED%95%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4 | ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค | ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ ๋ฐ๋น ํด๋ฆฌ์ค(, 1964๋
10์ 20์ผ~)๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ณํธ์ฌ ์ถ์ ์ 49๋ ๋ถํต๋ น์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ต์ด์ ์ฌ์ฑ ๋ถํต๋ น์ด์ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋ถํต๋ น์ด์ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์์์๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋ถํต๋ น์ด๋ค.
1964๋
์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ ์คํด๋๋์์ ํ์ด๋ฌ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๋(ํ๋ฐ)๊ณ์ ํ์ธ์ ํผํ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋จธ๋ ์ ์ธ๋์ ํ๋ฐ์กฑ ๊ฐ์กฑ์์ ํ์ด๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฏผํ ์ ๋ฐฉ์ ์ ๋ฌธ ๊ณผํ์์๋ค. ์๋ฒ์ง ๋๋๋ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค()๋ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ ์๋ฉ์ด์นด์ธ์ผ๋ก ํ์ด๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฏผํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์คํ ํผ๋ ๋ํ๊ต ๊ฒฝ์ ํ๊ณผ์ ๋ช
์๊ต์์ด๋ค. ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฌํ์์ ์๋์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌํ์์๋ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ฅผ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ธด๋ค.
1986๋
์๋ ์์ฑํด D.C. ํ์๋ ๋ํ๊ต์์ ์ ์นํ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๊ณ , 1989๋
์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ ๋ํ๊ต์์ ํค์ด์คํ
์ค ๋ก์ค์ฟจ ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋ฐ์ฌ ํ์๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋ํ๋ค.
1990๋
์ํ๋์์ค์ฝ ์ง๋ฐฉ๊ฒ์ฐฐ์ฒญ์์ ์ผํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, 2004๋
๋ถํฐ 2011๋
๊น์ง ์ 27๋ ์ํ๋์์ค์ฝ ๋ฒ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด ๊ฒธ ๊ฒ์ฐฐ์ด์ฅ, 2011๋
๋ถํฐ 2017๋
๊น์ง ์ 32๋ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ ๋ฒ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด ๊ฒธ ๊ฒ์ฐฐ์ด์ฅ์ ์ญ์ํ๋ค. 2017๋
1์ 3์ผ๋ถํฐ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ์์ ์์์ ์ญ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. 2019๋
1์ 21์ผ 2020๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ํต๋ น ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ๊ฒฝ์ ํ๋ณด ์ถ๋ง๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ์ผ๋, ์ ๊ฑฐ ์๊ธ ๋ถ์กฑ์ผ๋ก 12์์ ์ค๋ํ์ฐจํ๋ค.
2020๋
8์ 11์ผ ์กฐ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ 2020๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ํต๋ น ์ ๊ฑฐ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ๋ถํต๋ น ํ๋ณด๋ก ์ง๋ช
๋์๊ณ , ์กฐ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ ๋ํต๋ น ๋น์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ต์ด์ ์ฌ์ฑ ๋ถํต๋ น์ด์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ, ์์์๊ณ ์ถ์ ๋ถํต๋ น์ด ๋์๋ค.
์์ ์ด๊ธฐ(1964~1990)
1964๋
10์ 20์ผ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ ์คํด๋๋์์ ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ํ๋ก๊ฒ์คํ
๋ก ์์ฉ์ฒด ์ ์ ์์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ ๋ฐฉ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ํ๋์ ํ ์๋ฌผํ์์ธ ์ด๋จธ๋ ์ค๋ง๋ผ ๊ณ ํ๋์ 1958๋
๋ฒํด๋ฆฌ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ ๋ํ์ ์์ ๋ฐ ๋ด๋ถ๋นํ ๋ํ์์์ผ๋ก ์ธ๋์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ๊ฑด๋์๋ค. ๊ณ ํ๋์ 1964๋
๋ฐ์ฌํ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
์๋ฒ์ง ๋๋๋ J. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์คํ ํผ๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ ๋ช
์๊ต์๋ก, 1966๋
UC ๋ฒํด๋ฆฌ ๋ํ ๋ํ์ ๊ณต๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ํด 1961๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋์ฐฉํ์ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ ๋ฐ์ฌํ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ง์ผ์ ํจ๊ป ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ ๋ฒํด๋ฆฌ์ ์ด์๊ณ , ์ ์ ๋ฒํด๋ฆฌ ์ค์ฌ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ๋น์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ํ ์จ์คํธ ๋ฒํด๋ฆฌ์๋ ๋ฐดํฌ๋กํํธ ์จ์ด์ ๋ณต์ธต์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์๋นํ ํ์ธ์ด ์ด๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค ๋ถํต๋ น์ด ์ ์น์์ ์์ํ์ ๋, ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ฒํด๋ฆฌ๋ํ์ ํฌ๊ด์ ์ฐจ๋ณ ์ฒ ํ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ผํ์ผ๋ก ๋ฒํด๋ฆฌ๋ํ์ ๋ถ๋ฒํด๋ฆฌ๋ํ์์๋ ๋ ๋ฒ์ฐฝํ๋ ๋๋ค์ ๊ณต๋ฆฝํ๊ต์ธ ์ฌ์ฐ์ ๋ ์คํฌ์ค ์ด๋ฑํ๊ต์ ๋ฒ์ค๋ก ๋ณด๋ด์ก๋๋ฐ, ์ด ํ๊ต๋ค์ ์ด์ ์ 95%์ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ํ๊ต์๊ณ , ์ธ์ข
์ฐจ๋ณ ์ฒ ํ ๊ณํ์ด ๋ฐํจ๋ ํ ๋น๋ก์ ํ์ธ์ ๋น์จ์ด 40%๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
ํ ์ด์์ด ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ํด๋ฆฌ์ค ์๋
๋ค์ ์คํด๋๋์ ํ ํ์ธ ๊ตํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ์ด ํฉ์ฐฝ๋จ์์ ๋
ธ๋๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ด๋จธ๋๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ํ๋๊ต ์ ํ์ ์๊ฐ์์ผ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ํ๋๊ต ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ ๋
ธ๋๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ ๋ค.
์ด๋ ธ์ ๋, ๊ทธ๋
์ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ฌ๋์์ ์ธ๋์ ๋จ๋์ชฝ ํด์์ธ ๋ง๋๋ผ์ค(ํ ์ฒธ๋์ด)์ ์๋ ์ด๋จธ๋ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ฒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ํ ์ง๋ณด์ ์ธ ๊ด์ ์ด ๊ทธ๋
์๊ฒ ๊น์ ์ธ์์ ์ค ์ํดํ ์ธ๋ ๊ณต๋ฌด์์ธ ์ธํ ์๋ฒ์ง P. V. ๊ณ ํ๋์๊ฒ ๊ฐํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ฑ์ธ ์ํ ๋์ ๋ด๋ด ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ธ๋์ธ ์ด๋ชจ๋ค๊ณผ ์ผ์ด๋ค๊ณผ ์ฐ๋ฝ์ ์ ์งํด์๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์๋ฉ์ด์นด์ ์๋ ์๋ฒ์ง์ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋
์ ๋ถ๋ชจ๋์ ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ 7์ด ๋ ์ดํผํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๊ทธ๋
์ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ฌ๋์์ด ์ฃผ๋ง์ ํฐ๋ก์จํ ์ ์๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์๋ฒ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ์ ๋, ์ด์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ด๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ํ์ธ์ด๋ผ ๊ทธ๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋ ์ ์์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค์ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ฌ๋์์ 12์ด ๋ ์ด๋จธ๋์ ํจ๊ป ์บ๋๋ค ํ๋ฒก ์ฃผ ๋ชฌํธ๋ฆฌ์ฌ๋ก ์ด์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ณ , ์ค์ผ๋๋ผ๋ ๋งฅ๊ธธ ๋ํ ๋ถ์ ์ ๋์ธ ์ข
ํฉ๋ณ์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๊ต์์ง์ ์๋ฝํ๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ํ๋์ค์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์ด๋ฑํ๊ต์ธ ๋
ธํธ๋ฅด๋ด๋ฐ๋ฐ์ค ๋๊ฒ์ค๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ 1981๋
ํ๋ฒก ์ฃผ ์จ์คํธ๋ง์ดํธ์ ์๋ ์จ์คํธ๋ง์ดํธ ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์
ํ๋ค.
๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์
ํ ํ, 1981๋
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค ๋ถํต๋ น์ ์์ฑํด DC์ ์๋ ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธ๋ค์ ํ๋ฒ๋ ๋ํ์ด๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ์ฐ๋ ํ์๋ ๋ํ์ ๋ค๋
๋ค. ํ์๋ ์ด๋ฆฌ ์์ ์จ๋ฐ ํฌ๋์คํด ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ ์์์์์ ์ฐํธ๋ฌผ์ค ์ฌ๋ฌด์์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ํ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ์ ํํ๋ฅผ ์ด๋์๊ณ ํ ๋ก ํ์ ์ด๋๊ณ ์ํ ์นดํ ์ํ์ ํฉ๋ฅํ๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ 1986๋
ํ์๋๋ฅผ ์ ์นํ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ์กธ์
ํ๋ค.
๊ทธ ํ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ ๋ํ๊ต ํค์ด์คํ
์ค ๋ฒํ์ ๋ฌธ๋ํ์ ๋ฒํ์ ๋ฌธ๋ํ์(LEOP)์ ์
ํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์๋ก ๋์์๋ค. UC ํค์ด์คํ
์ค์ ์๋ ๋์ ๊ทธ๋
๋ ํ๋ฒํ์ํ ์ง๋ถ์ฅ์ ์ง๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ 1989๋
์ ์ฅฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ์ฌ์ ํจ๊ป ์กธ์
ํ์๊ณ 1990๋
6์์ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ ๋ณํธ์ฌ(California Bar)์ ์
ํํ์๋ค.
์ด๊ธฐ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ(1990~2004)
1990๋
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ ์จ๋ฌ๋ฏธ๋ค๊ตฐ์์ ์ง๋ฐฉ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ก ๊ณ ์ฉ๋์ด "์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ๋ ๊ธธ์ ์๋ ์ ๋ฅํ ๊ฒ์ฌ"๋ก ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ์๋ค.
1998๋
2์ ์ํ๋์์ค์ฝ ์ง๋ฐฉ ๊ฒ์ฌ ํ
๋ฐ์ค ํ๋ฆฌ๋์ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ฅผ ์ง๋ฐฉ ๊ฒ์ฌ ๋ณด์กฐ๋ก ์ฑ์ฉํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ณณ์์ ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ค์ฏ ๋ช
์ ๋ณํธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋
ํ๋ฉด์ ์ง์
ํ์ฌ๊ณผ์ฅ์ด ๋์๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ณณ์์ ์ด์ธ, ๊ฐ๋, ๊ฐ๊ฐ, ์ฑํญํ ์ฌ๊ฑด, ํนํ ์ผ์ง ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๊ธฐ์ํ์๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ 2000๋
, ์๋
๋ฒ์์ด ์๋ ์๊ธ๋ฒ์์์ ์๋
ํผ๊ณ ์ธ์ ์ฌํํ ์ ์๋ ์ ํ๊ถ์ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ถ์ฌํ๋ ๋ฐ์์ ์ 21ํธ("์ 21ํธ")๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ ํ ๋ฆฌ๋์ ์กฐ์์ธ Darrell Salomon๊ณผ ์ถฉ๋ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ก๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๊ฐ ๊ทธ ์กฐ์น์ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ ์บ ํ์ธ์ ๋ฒ์๊ณ ์ด๋ก๋ชฌ์ ํ๋กํ21์ ๋ํ ์ธ๋ก ์ง์๋ฅผ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค์๊ฒ ์ง์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ํ์ฌ ์ฌ์ค์ ์ข์ฒ์ธ ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ง์ ํ๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์ด๋ก๋ชฌ์ ๊ณ ์ํ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ง๋์๋ค.
2000๋
8์, ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์ ๋ณํธ์ฌ ๋ฃจ์ด์ค ๋ ๋์์ ์ผํ๋ ์ํ๋์์ค์ฝ ์์ฒญ์ ์๋ก์ด ์ผ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ป์๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์๋ํ๋์ ๋ฐฉ์ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๋ํํ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ ์๋ ์๋น์ค ๋ถ์๋ฅผ ์ด์ํ๋ค. ๋ ์ ๊ทธ๋
์ D.A. ์บ ํ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค์ ์ง์ง์ ์ธ์ ํ๋ค.
์ํ๋์์ค์ฝ ์ง๋ฐฉ ๊ฒ์ฌ(2004~2011)
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ 2002๋
ํ ํ ๋ฆฌ๋๊ณผ ๋น ํ์ง์ค๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก ์ํ๋์์ค์ฝ ์ง๋ฐฉ๊ฒ์ฌ์ ์ถ๋งํ ์ค๋น๋ฅผ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฒ ์ด๋ทฐ ๊ทผ๊ต์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฌ๋ฌด์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋ ธ๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์ธ ํ๋ณด ์ค ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ ์๋ ค์ง ํ๋ณด์์ง๋ง ์ค์์์ํ๋ฅผ ์ค๋ํ์ฌ ํ ๋ฆฌ๋์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ์ ์ง์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฅ์์ผฐ๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค์ ํ ๋ฆฌ๋์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 33%์ 37%์ ๋ํ์จ๋ก ์ด์ ๊ฒฐ์ ํฌํ์ ์ง์ถํ๋ค.
๊ฒฐ์ ํฌํ์์ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์ ๋ ์ฌํ์ ๊ตฌํํ์ง ์์ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ ฅ๋ฒ์ฃ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ง ์ผ์ง๋ฒ๋ค์ ๊ธฐ์ํ ๊ฒ์ ์ฝ์ํ๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์๋ฆฌ ๋ธ๋ผ์ด ์ ์์ฅ, ๋ค์ด์ค ํ์ธ์คํ์ธ ์์์์, ์๊ฐ ๊ฒธ ๋งํ๊ฐ ์๋ฐ ๋งฅ๊ทธ๋ฃจ๋, ์ฝ๋ฏธ๋์ธ ์๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ๊ณผ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์ค ๋ก์ ๋์์ ๋ฐ์ "๊ฐ๋ ฅํ" ์บ ํ์ธ์ ์ ๊ฐํ๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ํ ๋ฆฌ๋๊ณผ ์ฐจ๋ณํํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ฃผ ์ ์ฒด ํ๊ท 83%์ ์ ์ฃํ๊ฒฐ์จ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์ค๋ฒ์ฃ์ ๋ํ ๊ทธ์ 52%์ ์ ์ฃํ๊ฒฐ๋ฅ ์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํด๋ฌ ๊ทธ์ ๊ณต์ง์์ ๋ฌผ๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์์ ์ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ค์ด ๋์์ ์ด๊ธฐ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ๋ง๊ธฐ ์ํด, ํนํ ๋ฒ ์ด๋ทฐ์ ํ
๋๋ก์ธ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ํ ๋๋ค์์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์กฐ์น๋ฅผ ์ทจํ์ง ์์๋ค๊ณ ๋น๋ํ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ ์ฃํ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ๊ทธ์ ์์ง๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๊ฐ 56%์ ๋ํ๋ก ์น๋ฆฌํ์ฌ ์ํ๋์์ค์ฝ ์ง๋ฐฉ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ก ์ ์ถ๋ ์ต์ด์ ์ ์์ธ์ข
์ด ๋์๋ค.
๊ณต๊ณต์์
์ค์ฃ ํ๊ฒฐ๋ฅ
2004๋
์ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค ์ฌ๋ฌด์๋ ๋ฒ ์ด๋ทฐ ์ธ๊ทผ ์ง์ญ์ ์ํํ ์ธ์ ์ํฌ๋ฅผ ํฌ์ฒํ ํ์๋ก ๋ ๋ช
์ ์ธ์ ํ์ฌ ์ง์์ ๊ธฐ์ํ๋ค. ์ด ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์ ์ฃ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ ํ์ฌ ์งํ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค. 2005๋
์ฌ๋ฆ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ํ๊ฒฝ๋ฒ์ฃ๋จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค.
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค ์ฌ๋ฌด์๊ฐ ๋ง๋ฆฌํ๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ํ ๋น์จ์ ํ ๋ฆฌ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๋น์จ๋ณด๋ค ๋์์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ๋ฒ์ฃ๋ก ์ฃผ(ๅท)์์ ์คํ์ ์ ๊ณ ๋ฐ์ ํผ๊ณ ์ธ์ ์๋ ์๋นํ ์ ์๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค ํ์์๋ ๋ฎ์ ์์ค์ ๋ง๋ฆฌํ๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ์ ๋ํ ๊ธฐ์๊ฐ ๋๋ฌผ์๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ค์์๋ ๋ง๋ฆฌํ๋ ์์ง์ฃ์ ๋ํด ์ง์ญํ์ ๊ตฌํํ์ง ์๋๋ค๋ ๊ท์ ์ด ์์๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค์ ํ์์์ธ ์กฐ์ง ๊ฐ์ค์ฝ์ 1975๋
์ผ๋ก ๊ฑฐ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ ์ํ๋์์ค์ฝ ๋ง๋ฆฌํ๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ค.
๊ฐ๋ ฅ๋ฒ์ฃ
2000๋
๋ ์ด๋ฐ 1์ธ๋น ์ด์ธ์จ์ด ์ ๊ตญ ํ๊ท ์ ์์ง๋ ๋ค. ์ทจ์ ํ 6๊ฐ์ ๋์ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ 14๊ฑด์ ์ ์ฃ ํ์์ ํตํด 74๊ฑด์ ์ด์ธ ์ฌ๊ฑด ์ค 27๊ฑด์ ๋ฌด์ฃ๋ก ํ๊ฒฐํ๊ณ 11๊ฑด์ ์ฌํ์ ๋๊ฒผ๋ค. 9๊ฑด์ ์ ์ฃํ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 2๊ฑด์ ๋ฐฐ์ฌ์์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ๋
๋ 81%์ ์ฑ๊ณต๋ฅ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ 49๊ฑด์ ๊ฐ๋ ฅ๋ฒ์ฃ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ์ฌํ์ ๋๊ฒผ๊ณ 84%์ ์ฑ๊ณต๋ฅ ๋ก 36๊ฑด์ ์ ์ฃ ํ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. 2004๋
๋ถํฐ 2006๋
๊น์ง ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์ด์ธ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๋ํ ์ ์ฃํ๊ฒฐ๋ฅ 87%, ์ค๋ฒ์ฃ ์ด๊ธฐ์นจํด์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๋ํ ์ ์ฃํ๊ฒฐ๋ฅ 90%๋ฅผ ๋ฌ์ฑํ๋ค.
๊ฐํ์ ๋ํ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ
์ฌํ
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ๊ฐ์๋ฐฉ ์๋ ์ข
์ ํ์ด ์ฌํ๋ณด๋ค ๋ ๋ซ๊ณ ๋ ๋น์ฉ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ฒ๋ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ก ์ธํ ๋น์ฉ ์ ๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ํ๋์์ค์ฝ์์๋ง 1,000๋ช
์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด์ด ์ถ๊ฐ ๋น์ฉ์ ์ง๋ถํ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ํ๋ค.
์ ๊ฑฐ ์ด๋ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์ ๋ ์ฌํ์ ๊ตฌํํ์ง ์๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ์ฝ์ํ๋ค. 2004๋
์ํ๋์์ค์ฝ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์์ ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด์ด ์ด์ ๋ง์ ์ฌ๋งํ ํ, ๋ค์ด์ค ํ์ธ์คํ์ธ(๋ฐ ์ ์ํ๋์์ค์ฝ ์์ฅ) ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์์์์ ๋ฐ๋ฒ๋ผ ๋ณต์, ์คํด๋๋ ์์ฅ, ์ ๋ฆฌ ๋ธ๋ผ์ด, ์ํ๋์์ค์ฝ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐํํ ๋ฑ์ด ํด๋ฆฌ์ค์๊ฒ ๊ทธ ์
์ฅ์ ๋ฒ๋ณตํ๋ผ๊ณ ์๋ ฅ์ ๋ฃ์์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๊ทธ๋ฌ์ง ์์๋ค.
์ฌ๋ฒ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์
๊ตญ ์ถ์ง
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ 2004๋
๋ฏผ๊ถ ์ด๋๊ฐ ๋ผํ
ํ ์ฌ์ด๋จผ์ ์์
ํด ์ํ๋์์ค์ฝ ์ฌํ ์ฌ์ง์
์ฌ๋จ์ ์ฐฝ์คํ๋ค. ์ฃผ๋ ฅ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ 18~30์ธ์ ์ต์ด ๋นํญ๋ ฅ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ต์ด์ ์ฌํ ์ง์
ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ธ Back on Track ์ด๋์
ํฐ๋ธ์๋ค. ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ ๊ฐฑ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๋ฒ์ฃ๊ฐ ์๋ ์ฃผ๋์ ์ฐธ์ฌ์๋ค์ 12๊ฐ์์์ 18๊ฐ์์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ํ์ฌ ์์ ์ ๊ณ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ ๊ธฐ ์ถ๋์ ๋๊ฐ๋ก ์ ์ฃ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ ํ๋ค. ์ด ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์๊ฒฉํ ์กธ์
์๊ฑด์ ์ ์งํ๊ณ , ์ต๋ 220์๊ฐ์ ์ฌํ๋ด์ฌ ์๋ฌดํ, ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต ๋๋ฑ ์กธ์
์ฅ ์ทจ๋, ๊พธ์คํ ์ทจ์
์ ์ง, ์ก์์์
, ์ฝ๋ฌผ๊ฒ์ฌ ํฉ๊ฒฉ ๋ฑ์ ํ๋ค. ์กธ์
ํ ๋ ๋ฒ์์ ์ด ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์กธ์
์์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์ญ์ ํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋ค. 2009๋
์๋ ์ฃผ๋ฒ(Back on Track Regeter Act, A.B. 750)์ด ์ ์ ๋์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ ์นด์ดํฐ์์๋ ์ ์ฌํ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์์ํ๋๋ก ์ฅ๋ คํ์๋ค.
๋ฌด๋จ๊ฒฐ์ ๊ฐ์๊ณํ
2006๋
, ์น์๋ ์ด ๋์์ ์ด์ธ์จ์ ์ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ณํ์ ์ผํ์ผ๋ก ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์ํ๋์์ค์ฝ์ ์ํ์ ์ฒํ ์ด๋ฑํ๊ต ์ฒญ์๋
๋ค์ ๋ฌด๋จ๊ฒฐ์์ ๋ง๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ ์ ์ฒด์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ ์ด๋์๋ค. ๋ง์ฑ์ ์ธ ๋ฌด๋จ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ณต์ ์์ ์ ๊ดํ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ก ์ ์ธํ๊ณ , ๊ต๋์ ์๊ฐ์์ ์ด์ธ์ฌ๊ฑด ํผํด์์ ๋๋ค์๊ฐ ์คํด์ ๋๋ ์์ต ๋ฌด๋จ๊ฒฐ์์๋ผ๋ ์ ์ ์ง์ ํ๋ฉด์, ํด๋ฆฌ์ค์ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ค์ ๊ณ ์ํ ํ๊ต์์ ์์ฒ ๋ช
์ ํ๋ถ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ด์ ๋ฌด๋จ๊ฒฐ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ๋ฒ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ๋ ํธ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ง์ฑ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ํ ์ด๋ฑํ์์ ๋ถ๋ชจ๋ค์ ๊ธฐ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ง๋ถ์๋ค; ๋ฒ์น์ 2,500๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ๋ฒ๊ธ๊ณผ 1๋
์ดํ์ ์ง์ญํ์ ํฌํจํ๋ค. ์ด ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ๋์
๋น์ ๋
ผ๋์ด ๋ง์๋ค.
2009๋
4์๊น์ง ์์ต์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ง์ฑ์ ์ธ ๋ฌด๋จ๊ฒฐ์์๊ฐ ์๋ ์ด๋ฑํ์์ 1330๋ช
์ผ๋ก 2008๋
1730๋ช
์ ๋นํด 23% ๊ฐ์ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, 2007๋
2517๋ช
, 2006๋
2856๋ช
์ ๋นํด ๊ฐ์ํ์๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค ์ฌ๋ฌด์๋ 3๋
๋์ 7๋ช
์ ํ๋ถ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ ๋ช
๋ ์๊ฐ๋์ง ์์๋ค.
์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ ๊ฒ์ฐฐ์ด์ฅ(2011~2017)
์๋น์ ๋ณดํธ
์ฌ๊ธฐ, ๋ญ๋น, ๋จ์ฉ
2011๋
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ 2010๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์๋ฅ ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์ง ์ฌ๊ธฐ ํ๊ฒฉ๋๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์คํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ํด ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ํ์คํธ ์ง๋จ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ 2์ต4100๋ง ๋ฌ๋ฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ SCAN ์๋ฃ ๋คํธ์ํฌ๋ก๋ถํฐ 3์ต2300๋ง ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ ๋ฉ๋์นผ๊ณผ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋ฉ๋์ผ์ด ์ง๋ถ์ ์ด๊ณผํ์ฌ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ ํ์ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฒ ์ญ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ๋ ๊ฑด์ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ 2013๋
์กด ํ๋ ์ค ๊ตญํ์์ฅ, ๋ค๋ ์คํ์ธ๋ฒ๊ทธ ์์ ์์ฅ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์๋ฅ ์ ์ ์ ๋ํญํด ์ ๊ตญ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ๋ณดํธ์ฑ
์ค ํ๋๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ์ฅ์ ์ ๋์
ํ๋ค. ์ฃผํ์์ ์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ์ฅ์ ์ "์ด์ค ์ถ์ "(์์ ๋ฐ ์๋ฅ๋ฅผ ๋์์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ)ํ๋ ๊ดํ์ ๊ธ์งํ๊ณ ์ฃผํ์์ ์์๊ฒ ๋์ถ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ ๋จ์ผ ์ฐ๋ฝ์ฒ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. Harris๋ ์ด ๋ฒ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ ์ฃผํ์์ ์๋ค์ ์ํ 9์๊ตฌ๋์ ํฉ์์์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ๋ก๋ณด ์ฌ์ธ ๋ฐ ์ด์ค ํธ๋ ๋จ์ฉ๊ณผ ๋๋ถ์ด ๋์ถ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ์
์๋ค์ด ์ ์ฉ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์ง ๋๊ธ์ ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ์ง๋ถํ์ง ๋ชปํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ์ด์์จ์ ์๋ชป ๊ณ์ฐํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋์ถ์๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ถ๋นํ ์์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๊ณผํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ก ๋ฌ์ฑํ๋ค.
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ 2013๋
์คํฐ๋ธ ๋ฏ๋์ (๋น์ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ์๋ฏผ) ๋ฏธ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด์ด ์ด๋๋ ํฌ์๋จ์ฒด๊ฐ ์์ ํ ์์จ์คํธ์ํ์ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ ์๋ฅ๋ฒ ์๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ ๋ฐํ ์ฃผ ์์ฌ๊ด๋ค์ด ์ด์ํ ๋ฏผ์์ ์น์ธํ์ง ์์๋ค. 2016๋
์ ๊ฑฐ ๋ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ๋ฏ๋์ ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ธฐ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ผํ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์์ ํ๋ณด์๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ๋ฏ๋์ ์ฅ๊ด์ด ์์จ์คํธ์ํ์ ํตํด ์๋ธํ๋ผ์ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์ง(๋น์ฐ๋ ์ฃผํ๋ด๋ณด๋์ถ) ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฉดํ๋ค๋ ์ด์ ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ถ๊ธ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋น๋์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ด๋์ 2019๋
๊ธฐ์ ๋ถ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ด ์์จ์คํธ ์ํ ๋ถ๋ฅ์ ๋ฌ๋ ค ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์ธ๋ก ๋ด๋น ๋น์๊ด์ ์์จ์คํธ๊ฐ ์ฝํ์ ๋์ถ์ ํ๋ค๋ ๋ฐ์๋ ์๋ฌธ์ ์ฌ์ง๊ฐ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค ์์์์์ ์ด๋ค์ ์ฒ๋ฒํด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ถํํ๊ฒ๋, ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ค ํธ์ด์๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ํ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ฃผ ์ํ์ฅ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ณดํธ๋ฐ์๋ค."
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ 2014๋
์๋ชป๋ ์๊ธ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ, ๋ง๊ธฐ์ผ ์ ์ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋ค ๊ฐ์ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ค์๊ฒ ๊ณผ๋ค ์ฒญ๊ตฌ, ์ฌ์ํ ์นจํด ๋ฑ์ ํ์๋ก ์๋ ์๋งค์
์ ์ ๋ฐ์ค ์ฌ์ ๋ํด ์ ๊ธฐํ ๊ณ ์๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฒ ํฉ์์์ ์ด ์๋งค์
์ฒด๋ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ค์๊ฒ 2840๋ง ๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ฅผ ํ๋ถํ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ฌ ๋ฒ๊ธ์ผ๋ก 340๋ง ๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ถํ๋ค.
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ 2015๋
์ทจ์ฝ๊ณ์ธต ์ ์๋์ธต ํ์์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ์ ๊ด๊ณ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ง ๋ง์ผํ
์ ํ๊ณ ํ์ยทํฌ์์ยท์ธ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ด์ ์ทจ์
์์ ์จ์ ์๋ชป ์ ๋ฌํ ํ์๋ก ์๋ฆฌ ํ๊ธฐ ๊ต์ก๊ธฐ์
์ฝ๋ฆฐํธ์ค์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง์ค๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก 12์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ํ์ ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๋ฒ์์ ์ฝ๋ฆฐํธ์ธ์๊ฒ 8์ต 2์ฒ๋ง ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ๋ฐฐ์๊ธ๊ณผ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ 3์ต 5์ฒ๋ง ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ๋ฏผ์ฌ ์ฒ๋ฒ์ ๋ช
๋ นํ๋ค.
ํ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ 2012๋
2์ ์ ํ, ์๋ง์กด, ๊ตฌ๊ธ, ํด๋ ํจ์ปค๋, ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก์ํํธ, ๋ฆฌ์์น์ธ๋ชจ์
๊ณผ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋งบ๊ณ ๋งค์ฅ์์ ํ๋งค๋๋ ์ฑ๋ค์ด ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์๊ฒ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ์ด๋ค ๊ฐ์ธ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ ํ๊ณ ๋๊ตฌ์ ๊ณต์ ํ๋์ง ์๋ ค์ฃผ๋ ์ค์ํ ๊ฐ์ธ ์ ๋ณด ๋ณดํธ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์๋ฌดํํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ํ์ด์ค๋ถ์ ์ดํ ์ด ํ์ฝ์ ๋์ฐธํ๋ค. ๊ทธํด ์ฌ๋ฆ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์ฌ์ด๋ฒ ํ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ์, ์ ์ ๋์ฉ, ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์นจํด์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๋ฒ๋ฅ ์ ์งํํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ํ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ์ ์งํ ๋ฐ ๋ณดํธ ์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์คํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ํด ๋ง, ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ 100๋ช
์ ๋ชจ๋ฐ์ผ ์ฑ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์๋ค์๊ฒ ์ฃผ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋ณด ๋ณดํธ๋ฒ ์๋ฐ ์ฌ์ค์ ํต๋ณดํ๊ณ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ ์ํด ๋นํธํ ์ฑ์ ๋ค์ด๋ก๋ํ ๋๋ง๋ค ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋ณด ๋ณดํธ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ง๋ค๊ฑฐ๋ 2500๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ๋ฒ๊ธ์ ๋ฌผ์ด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์์ฒญํ๋ค.
ํ์ฌ์ฌ๋ฒ๊ฐํ
์ฌ๋ฒ๊ฐ์ยท์ฌ์
๊ตญ ๋ถ๋ฌธ ์ถ๋ฒ
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ 2013๋
11์ ์๋์์ด๊ณ , ๋ก์ค์์ ค๋ ์ค, ์๋ผ๋ฉ๋ค ์นด์ดํฐ์ ์ง๋ฐฉ๊ฒ์ฐฐ์ฒญ๊ณผ ์ ํดํด ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋ถ์ ์ฌ๋ฒ๊ฐ์ถ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์
๊ตญ ๋ถ์๋ฅผ ์ถ๋ฒ์์ผฐ๋ค. 2015๋
3์ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ๋ก์ค์ค์ ค๋ ์ค ์นด์ดํฐ ๋ณด์๊ด ๋ถ์์ ํ๋ ฅํ์ฌ "Back on Track LA"๋ผ๋ ํ์ผ๋ฟ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ๋ฐฑ ์จ ํธ๋์ฒ๋ผ ๊ฐ์ธ 18~30๋ช
์ ๋นํญ๋ ฅ ๋ฒ์ฃ์๋ค์ด 24~30๊ฐ์ ๋์ ์๋ฒ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ฌ๋ก๊ด๋ฆฌ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์๋ค์ ๋ก์ค์ค์ ค๋ ์ค ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ง๊ตฌ์์ ํํธ๋์ญ๊ณผ ์ง์
ํ๋ จ ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ต์ก์ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
์ง์ญํ ๋ฐ ์๊ฐ์ ์ ๊ณ
2011๋
๋ธ๋ผ์ด ๋ ํ๋ผํ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ๋๋ฒ์์ด ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ ๊ต๋์ ๊ณผ๋ฐ๋ก ์์ธํ๊ณ ํน์ดํ ์ฒ๋ฒ์ ๊ฐํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๊ฒฐํ ํ, ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ง์ "๋๋ ์๋ขฐ์ธ์ด ์๊ณ , ๋ด ์๋ขฐ์ธ์ ์ ํํ ์ ์๋ค." ํด๋ฆฌ์ค์ ๋ฒ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด์ ์๋ชป๋ ์ ์ฃ ํ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ํ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์ผ๋ถ ๋ฐ๋๋ฅผ ๋ณ์๋ค.ํ๊ณ์ ์ด๋๊ฐ๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ์ ์ด๊ต์ Lara Bazelon ๋ฒํ ๊ต์๋ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๊ฐ "์๋ก์ด ์ฌํ์ ํ๋ฝํ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋ค๋ ๋ถ๋นํ๊ฒ ์ ์ฃ ํ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๊ฐ์ฅ์ ๊ฐ๋๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ธ ๊ฒ๋ค์ ๊ฐํํ๋ค"๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค.ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ํ์ฌ์ฒ๋ฒ ๊ฐํ์์ธ ํ๋กํ 36(2012)๊ณผ ํ๋กํ 47(2014)์ ๋ํด์๋ ์
์ฅ์ ๋ฐํ์ง ์์๋ค. ์ ์ ๋ฒ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด์ด์๋ ์กด ๋ฐ ๋ ์บํ๋ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ ๋์ํ์ง ์์๋ค.
2014๋
9์ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค ์ธก ๋ณํธ์ธ์ ์๊ฐ์ ์๋ฐฉ๋
ธ๋์ด ํ์ํ๋ค๋ ์ด์ ๋ก ์๊ฐ์ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์๋ฐฉ์ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ ์์ก์ ์ ๊ธฐํ๋ฉด์ ๋ถ๋ฐ๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ํผ์ณค๋ค. 1940๋
๋ ์ดํ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ ์๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฐ์ถ ์๊ฐ์๋ค์ ํ๋์ ์ค์ด๊ณ ๋ณด๋ค ์๋ฝํ ๊ต๋์ ์์๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ๋๊ฐ๋ก ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ ์ฐ๋ฆผ ์๋ฐฉ๊ตญ์ ํฌ๊ด์ ์ธ ๊ต์ก์ ์์๋ด์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐ์ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ต๋์ ์๋ฐฉ๊ด๋ค์ ํ๋ฃจ์ ์ฝ 2๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ณ , ํ์ฌ์ ์ธ์ธ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ 1๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋๋ค.
์ฌํ
์ฝ๋งฅ J. ์นด๋ ํ์ฌ๋ 2014๋
์ ์ฃํ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ๋ฒ์ด์ ์ด์ธ๋ฒ์ธ ์ด๋์คํธ ๋์จ์ธ ์กด์ค์ ์ฌํ์ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฌดํจ๋ก ํ๊ณ , ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ ์ฌํ์ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ "์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ง์ฐ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ฅ์ "๊ฐ ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ค์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์์ธํ๊ณ ํน์ดํ ์ฒ๋ฒ์ ๊ธ์งํ ์์ ํ๋ฒ 8์กฐ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ ์ํ์ ์ ์ธํ๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์นด๋๊ฐ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์์ด ํ๋ฐ์ค ์ฌ๊ฑด์์ ์๋ก์ด ํ๋ฒ์ ๊ท์น์ ๋ฐํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ธ์งํ๋ ํ์ด๊ทธ ๋ ๋ ์ธ์ ๊ตฌ์๋ ฅ ์๋ ๋๋ฒ์ ํ๋ก์ ๋ช
์๋ ๋งค์ฐ ์ ํ์ ์ธ ํ๋ฐ์ค ์ฝํผ์ค ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ์ง ์์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ฉฐ ํญ์ํ๋ค. ์ํ๋์์ค์ฝ ํฌ๋ก๋ํด์ ๋ฒ์์์, ๋ฒ๋ฅ ๋ฐ ์ ์นํ์์ธ ๋ฌด๊ฐ๋น ์ฃผ์ฃ์ ์ด ํธ์๋ฅผ ์ฌํ์ ๋์ ๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋นํํ๋ค. ์ 9 ์ํ ํญ์๋ฒ์์ ๋ง์ฅ์ผ์น๋ก ์นด๋์ ๋ช
๋ น์ ๋ค์ง์ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค ํธ์ ๋ค์๋ค.
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์์์์(2017~2021)
์ ๊ฑฐ
์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ ์์์์์ผ๋ก 24๋
๋ง์ ์ฐ์ํ ๋ฐ๋ฒ๋ผ ๋ณต์(D-CA) ์์์์์ด 2016๋
์๊ธฐ ๋ง ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์์์์ ์ํดํ ๋ป์ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๊ฐ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ๋ณต์ ์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ถ๋งํ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ ํ๋ณด์๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ 2015๋
1์ 13์ผ ๊ณต์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ฑฐ์ด๋ ์์์ ์๋ ธ๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ ์ด๋ ์์ ๋ช ์ฃผ ํ๋ถํฐ ์ต๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์์์๋ค. ํผ๋ธ๋ฆญ ํด๋ฆฌ์ ํด๋ง์ ์กฐ์ฌ์ ์ํ๋ฉด 41% ๋ 16%์ ์ง์ง๋ฅผ ์ป์ ์ํ ๋์ค ๋น์ผ๋ผ์ด๊ณ ์ฌ LA ์์ฅ๊ณผ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋๊ฒฐ์์ ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ์์๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ํ์ฌ์ ์ ์ฃผ ์ ์ฒด ์ ์ถ์ง ๊ณต๋ฌด์์ธ ์กด ์ฑ, ์กด ๊ฐ๋ผ๋ฉ๋, ๋น ๋กํค์ด, ๊ฐ๋น ๋ด์ฌ, ์๋ ์ค ํ๋์ผ ๋ฑ์ด ์ถ๋ง๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ๋ค.
2016๋
2์, ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ 80%์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ๋ํ์จ์ ์ป์ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค์ ๋ํ ์ง์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ๋น๋ํ์์ ํฌํ๋ฅผ ํ๋ค. 3๊ฐ์ ํ, ์ ๋ฆฌ ๋ธ๋ผ์ด ์ฃผ์ง์ฌ๋ ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ ์ง์งํ๋ค.
6์ 7์ผ ์๋น์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ 40%์ ๋ํ๋ก 1์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ณ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์นด์ดํฐ์์ ๋ค์๋ก ์น๋ฆฌํ๋ค. 7์ 19์ผ ๋ฒ๋ฝ ์ค๋ฐ๋ง ๋ํต๋ น๊ณผ ์กฐ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ๋ถํต๋ น์ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค์ ์์ ๋ค์ด์คฌ๋ค.
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค ์์์ ์ด์ ์์ ๋ก๋ ํ ์์ฒด์ฆ ์์๊ณผ ๋ง๋ถ์๋ค. 2016๋
11์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ 4๊ฐ ๊ตฐ์ ์ ์ธํ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ตฐ์์ 60%๊ฐ ๋๋ ๋ํ์จ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ์์ฒด์ฆ๋ฅผ ๊บพ์๋ค. ์น๋ฆฌ์ ์ด์ด ๋๋๋ ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น ๋น์ ์ธ์ ์ ์ฑ
์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ด๋ฏผ์ ๋ณดํธ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์ํ๋ฉฐ 2016๋
๋ง๊น์ง ๋ฒ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด์ผ๋ก ๋จ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ๋ป์ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
์ฌ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์
์
2017
ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ ์ง๋ 1์ 28์ผ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ฌด์ฌ๋ฆผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์๋ฏผ๋ค์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์
๊ตญ์ 90์ผ๊ฐ ๊ธ์งํ ํ์ ๋ช
๋ น 13769ํธ์ ์๋ช
ํ ๋ค ์ด๋ฅผ '๋ฌด์ฌ๋ฆผ ๊ธ์ง๋ น'์ผ๋ก ํํํ ๋ง์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ค ํ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์กด ์ผ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฑ์
๊ด ๋น์์ค์ฅ์๊ฒ ์ ํ๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ง์ ์์ผ๋ฉด์ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์์งํ๊ณ ํ์ ๋ช
๋ น์ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ค๋ก ๋ฌผ๋ฌ์ฐ๋ค.
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์ง๋ 2์ ํธ๋ผํ ๋ด๊ฐ์์ ๋ฒ ์น ๋๋ณด์ค ๊ต์ก๋ถ์ฅ๊ด, ์ ํ ์ธ์
์ค ๋ฒ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด ๋ด์ ์์ ๋ํ ๋ฐ๋ ์
์ฅ์ ๋ฐํ ๋ฐ ์๋ค. 3์ ์ด ์ธ์
์ค ์ฅ๊ด์ด ์ธ๋ฅด๊ฒ์ด ํค์ฌ๋ดํฌ ์ฃผ๋ฏธ ๋ฌ์์ ๋์ฌ์ ๋ ์ฐจ๋ก ํตํํ ์ฌ์ค์ด ๋ณด๋๋ ํ ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ธ์
์ค ์ฅ๊ด์ ์ฌํด๋ฅผ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค.
์ง๋ 4์ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ๋ ๊ณ ์์น์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ๋๋ฒ์์ ๋ํ ์ธ์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ฅผ ๋์ก๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฌ ๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์ด๋ผํฌ์ ์ฃผ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์๋ฆฌ์ ๋๋ฏผ ์ต๋ ์์ฉ์์ธ ์๋ฅด๋จ์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ ๋๋ฏผ ์บ ํ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ์ฌ ์ฒซ ํด์ธ์ฌํ์ ๋ ๋ฌ๋ค.
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์ง๋ 6์ ์ ์์ค ์ฝ๋ฏธ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ์์ฌ๊ตญ(FBI) ๊ตญ์ฅ์ 2017๋
5์ ํด์์ฌ๊ฑด์์ ๋ก๋ ๋ก์ฆ์คํ์ธ ๋ฒ๋ฌด์ฐจ๊ด์ ์๋๋ก ์์ ์ด ๋งก์๋ ์ญํ ์ ์ถ๊ถํด ์ธ๋ก ์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ง๋ฌธ์ ๊ฒ์ฐฐ์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ ๋ณด์์ํ์ ๋น์ฐ์ง ์์์ธ ์กด ๋งค์ผ์ธ ์์์์๊ณผ ์์ํ ์์์ฅ์ธ ๋ฆฌ์ฒ๋ ๋ฒ ์์์์์ด ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํดํ๊ณ ์ฆ์ธ์ ์ข ๋ ์กด์คํด ์ค ๊ฒ์ ์์ฒญํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ํ, ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ ํ ์ธ์
์ค ๋ฒ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด์๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ์ ์ ๋ํด ์ง๋ฌธํ๋ค. ์ธ์
์ค๋ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ง๋ฌธ์ด "๋๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ ๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๋ฒ์ด๊ฐ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค์์ ๋ฒ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ชฉํ ๊ฒ์ ์ธ๋ก ๋งค์ฒด์ ๊ทธ์ ํ๋์ด ์ฑ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ์ด๋ผ๋ ์์๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ฌ์ผ์ผ์ผฐ๊ณ , ๋นํ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋ฒ๊ฐ ๋จ์ฑ ์์ ๋๋ฃ์๊ฒ ๋น์ทํ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ๋ํ์ง ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค.
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์ง๋ 12์ ํธ์ํฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด "์ฑ์ถํ๊ณผ ๋น์ํ์๋ ์ด๋ ๋๊ตฌ์๊ฒ๋ ํ์ฉ๋์ด์๋ ์ ๋๋ฉฐ ์ด๋์๋ ์ผ์ด๋์๋ ์ ๋๋ค"๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ฉฐ ์จ ํ๋ญ์ปจ ์์์์์ ์ฌํด๋ฅผ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค.
2018
๊ทธํด 1์ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์จ ํ๋ญ์ปจ์ ์ฌ์์ผ๋ก ์์ ๋ฒ์ฌ์์ ์๋ช
๋๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฌ ๋ง ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์ปค์คํด ๋์จ ๊ตญํ ์๋ณด๋ถ ์ฅ๊ด์๊ฒ ๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด ์ด๋ฏผ์๋ค์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋๋ค๋ณด๋ค ์ ํธํ๊ณ ๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด๊ฐ ์ฃผ๋ก ๋ฐฑ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ผ๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ๋ชฐ๋๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํด ์ง๋ฌธํ๋ค.
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์ง๋ 4์๊ณผ 5์ ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ ๋๋ฆฌํฐ์นด๊ฐ 8700๋ง ํ์ด์ค๋ถ ์ฌ์ฉ์์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ฉํด ํ์ธ ์ ๊ถ์๋ค์ ํ๋ฅผ ์ต์ํ๊ณ ํ์ด์ค๋ถ์ด ์ด์ฉ์์ ์ฌ์ํ์ ์นจํดํ ์ ๋ ๋ฑ์ ๋ํด ๋งํฌ ์ ์ปค๋ฒ๊ทธ ํ์ด์ค๋ถ ์ต๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์์(CEO)์ ๋ด๋ถ๊ณ ๋ฐ์ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ ํผ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ถํ๋ค.
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์ง๋ 5์ ๋์จ ์ฅ๊ด์๊ฒ ๋ถ๋ฒ ์
๊ตญ ํ์๋ก ๋ถ๋ชจ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ๊ธ๋ ๋ ์๋
๋ค์ด ๊ฐ์กฑ๊ณผ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋๋ ํธ๋ผํ ํ์ ๋ถ ๊ฐ์กฑ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ํด ์ด๋ค ์ง๋ฌธ์ ๋์ก๊ณ , 6์์๋ ์๋์์ด๊ณ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ์ธ๊ทผ ๊ตฌ๊ธ์์ค ์ค ํ ๊ณณ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ ๋ค ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๊ฐ ํ๋ํด์ก๋ค.๋์จ์ ์ฌ์์ ์๊ตฌํ ์ฒซ ์์์์
๋ธ๋ ์บ๋ฒ๋
ธ ๋๋ฒ์ ์ธ์ค์ฒญ๋ฌธํ์์ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ๋ธ๋ ์บ๋ฒ๋
ธ์๊ฒ ๋ํต๋ น์ ๊ฐ์ธ ๋ณํธ์ฌ ๋งํฌ ์นด์์์ธ ๊ฐ ์ค๋ฆฝํ ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋ฒ์ธ ์นด์์์ธ ๋ฒค์จ ํ ๋ ์ค์ ์ผ์๊ณผ ๋ฎฌ๋ฌ ์กฐ์ฌ์ ๊ด๋ จํด ์์ ์ด ๊ฐ์ก์ ์ ์๋ ํ์์ ๋ํด ์ง๋ฌธํ๋ค. ์บ๋ฒ๋
ธ๊ฐ ๋๋ตํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ๋น๊ปด๋ค์๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์บ๋ฒ๋
ธ์ ๋ํ FBI ๊ตญ์ฅ์ ์ ํ๋ ์์ฌ ๋ฒ์๋ฅผ ์ฑํญํ ํ์์ ๊ด๋ จํด ์ถ๊ถํ๋ ๋ฐ๋ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ธ์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ฅผ ๋์ก๋ค.
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ 2018๋
10์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฐํธ๋ฌผ ํญํ ์๋์ ํ์ ์ด ๋์๋ค.
2019
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ 3์ 22์ผ 2016๋
์ ๊ฑฐ ๋น์ ๋ฌ์์ ๊ฐ์ญ์ ๊ดํ ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ฅผ ์ ์ถํ ๋ค ๋ก๋ฒํธ ๋ฎฌ๋ฌ ํน๋ณ๊ฒ์ฌ์ ์์ฌ์ ๊ด๋ จํด ์๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด์ด ์ํ์ ์ฆ์ธ์ ์๊ตฌํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ "์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ์์ ํ ํฌ๋ช
์ฑ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฌ ๋ง, ํด๋ฆฌ์ค ์์์ 12๋ช
์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์์์์ ์ค ํ ๋ช
์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ ๋ฒ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด์ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ธฐํ๋ ์ํ์ ์๋ช
ํ์ฌ "๋ํต๋ น์ ํ์๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ฒ๋ฐฉํด์ ํด๋นํ์ง ์๋๋ค๋ ์์ ์ ๊ฒฐ๋ก "์ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฎฌ๋ฌ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ ์์ฝ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์ ์๋ฆฌ์ ๋ํ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค.
๋ฐ ์ฅ๊ด์ 2019๋
5์ 1์ผ ์์ ๋ฒ์ฌ์์์ ์ฆ์ธํ๋ค. ์ฒญ๋ฌธํ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๋ฐ ์ฅ๊ด์ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์๋๊ณ ๊ณต๊ฐํ 4์ชฝ์ง๋ฆฌ ์์ฝ๋ณธ์ ์๋ชป๋ ํํ์ ๋ํด ๊ณ์ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ ํผ์ณค๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ๋ค์ ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋ถ์ ๋ง์ดํด E ์์ฌ๊ด์๊ฒ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค. ํธ๋ก์์ธ ๋ถ์ฅ๊ด์ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด์ด ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ ์ ์ ๋ค์ ์กฐ์ฌํ๋ผ๋ ๋ฐฑ์
๊ด์ ์๋ ฅ์ ์ํ๋์ง ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ 2019๋
11์ ICE ๊ตฌ๊ธ ์ํ์์ ์ฌ๋งํ ์ฑ์ ํ ์ฌ์ฑ์ด์ ์ด๋ฏผ์์ธ ๋ก์ฌ๋ ์๋ฅด๋๋ฐ์ค ์จ์ ์ฃฝ์์ ๋ํ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค.
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์ง๋ 12์ ๋จ๋ถ๋น๊ณค๋ฒ๋ฅ ์ผํฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๊ฐํ dl๋ฉ์ผ์ด ๋ธ๋ผ์ดํธ๋ฐํธ ์น์ฌ์ดํธ ํธ์ง์๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ฆ์ ํ๋ณด๋ฅผ ํญ๋กํ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์์์์๋ค๊ณผ ์๋ฏผ๊ถ ๋จ์ฒด๋ค์ ์ด๋๊ณ ์คํฐ๋ธ ๋ฐ๋ฌ ๋ฐฑ์
๊ด ์ ์๊ณ ๋ฌธ์ ํด์์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค.
2020
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ 2020๋
1์ 16์ผ ๋๋๋ ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น ํํต ์ฌํ ๊ฐํ๋ฅผ ์๋๊ณ ์์ ์๋ด์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ๋ฒ์ ๋์ ์ฒญ๋ ด์ฑ์ ๋ํ ๊ฒฌํด์ ํ์ง ๋ํต๋ น์ ํฌํจํ ๋๊ตฌ๋ ๋ฒ ์์ ์์ง ์๋ค๋ ์์น์ ๋ฐํ๋ ๋ฐ์ธ์ ํ๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์ดํ ๋ฆฐ์ง ๊ทธ๋ ์ด์ ์์ ๋ฒ์ฌ์์์ฅ์๊ฒ ํํต ์ฌํ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ๋ฒ๋ถ ์ง๋ช
์ค๋จ์ ์์ฒญํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ ์ด์์ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฌต์ธํ๋ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ๋ํต๋ น์ ๊ถํ ๋จ์ฉ๊ณผ ์ํ ๋ฐฉํด ํ์๋ก ์ ์ฃ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณ ํ๋ ํฌํ๋ฅผ ํ๋ค.
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ๋ฒ๋ ์๋์ค ์์์์์ด 2021 ํ๊ณ์ฐ๋ 7400์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ๊ท๋ชจ์ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์๊ถ๋ฒ(National Defense Authorization Act) ๊ท๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ถ์ํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ ์์ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ฅผ ๋์ก๋ค.
2020๋
๋์
๋ํต๋ น ์ ๊ฑฐ ์ด๋
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ 2019๋
1์ 27์ผ 2020๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ํต๋ น ์ ๊ฑฐ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ํ๋ณด ๊ฒฝ์ ์ถ๋ง๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ ์ ์ธํ๋ค.
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ 2020๋
๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ๋ํต๋ น ํ๋ณด ์ง๋ช
์์ ์ต๊ณ ์ ๊ฒฝ์์์ด์ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ธ ์ ๋ ์ฃผ์๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์๋ค. 2018๋
6์, ๊ทธ๋
๋ "์ ์ธํ์ง ์๋๋ค"๊ณ ์ธ์ฉ๋์๋ค. 2018๋
7์, ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ์ถ๋ง ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์๋ฆฌ๋ ํ๊ณ ๋ก์ ์ถ๊ฐํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ฐํ๊ฐ ์์๋ค. 2019๋
1์ 21์ผ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ 2020๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ํต๋ น ์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ํต๋ น ์ถ๋ง๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ ์ ์ธํ๋ค.
๋์ ์ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ด๋ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ #KHIVE๋ผ๋ ํด์ํ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์จ๋ผ์ธ ๋น๊ณต์ ๋จ์ฒด๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ถ๋ง๋ฅผ ์ง์งํ๊ณ ์ธ์ข
์ฐจ๋ณ์ฃผ์์ ์ด๊ณ ์ฑ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ดํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ฒฐ์ฑ๋์๋ค.
๋ถํต๋ น ์ ๊ฑฐ ์ด๋
ํด๋ฆฌ์ค์ ์กฐ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ 2020๋
8์ 12์ผ ๋ฌ๋๋ฉ์ดํธ ์ ์ ๋ฐํ ํ ์ฒซ ์ ์ธ ํ์ฌ์ ์ฐธ์ํ๋ค.
2019๋
5์, ์ํ ๋ธ๋์ฝ์ปค์ค ์ค์ง ์์๋ค์ ๋ฐ์ด๋ -ํด๋ฆฌ์ค ํฐ์ผ ๋ฐํ์ ์ง์งํ๋ค.ํด๋ผ์ด๋ฒ์ 3์ ์ด ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์๊ฒ ๋ฌ๋๋ฉ์ดํธ๋ก ํ์ธ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์ ํํ๋ผ๊ณ ์ ์ํ๋ฉด์ "์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ฑ๋ค์ ์ถฉ์ฑ์ฌ์ ๋ํ ๋ณด์์ด ํ์ํ๋ค"๊ณ ์ธ๊ธํ๋ค." 3์์ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ ๋ฌ๋๋ฉ์ดํธ๋ก ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์ ํํ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ฝ์ํ๋ค.
๋ด์ ํ์์ค๋ 12์ผ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๊ฐ ๋ถํต๋ น ํน์ ์ ์ ์น์ ๊ฒฝํ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ ์ผํ ํ์ธ ์ฌ์ฑ์ธ ๋งํผ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ ๋ฌ๋๋ฉ์ดํธ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๋ํ๋ค. 6์ 26์ผ CNN์ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ ์์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด 12๋ช
์ด์์ด ์๋ฆฌ์๋ฒ ์ค ์๋ฐ, ๋ฐธ ๋ฐ๋ฐ์ค, ํค์ค ๋์ค ๋ณดํ
์ค์ ํจ๊ป ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ 4๋ ์ฃผ์๋ก ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๊ฐ ๊ผฝํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๋ํ๋ค. 2020๋
8์ 11์ผ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค๊ฐ ์ ํํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์ผ๋ก์๋ ์ต์ด์ ์ธ๋๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ ๋ด๋ ํ๋ผ๋ก, ์ธ๋ผ ํ์ผ๋ฆฐ์ ์ด์ด ์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฌ์ฑ์ด๋ค.
์ญ๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
1964๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
20์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ๋
21์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ณํธ์ฌ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ์ ์ ์น์ธ
๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น (๋ฏธ๊ตญ)์ ์ ์น์ธ
์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ์ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ์์์์
2020๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ถํต๋ น ํ๋ณด
์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ ์ถ์
ํ์๋ ๋ํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ ๋ํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
์ธ๋๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ
์๋ฉ์ด์นด๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ
์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ
์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ๋น์
ํ์ ์ฌํด์ ์ธ๋ฌผ
์กฐ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ํ์ ๋ถ์ ๊ฐ๋ฃ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ถํต๋ น
์ฌ์ ๋ถํต๋ น
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ํต๋ น ๊ถํ๋ํ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala%20Harris | Kamala Harris | Kamala Devi Harris ( ; born October 20, 1964) is an American politician and attorney who is the 49th and incumbent vice president of the United States under Joe Biden, the 46th president of the United States. She is the first female vice president and the highest-ranking female official in U.S. history, as well as the first African-American and first Asian-American vice president. A member of the Democratic Party, she previously served as the attorney general of California from 2011 to 2017 and as a U.S. senator from California from 2017 to 2021.
Born in Oakland, California, Harris graduated from Howard University and the University of California, Hastings College of the Law. She began her career in the office of the district attorney (DA) of Alameda County, before being recruited to the San Francisco DA's Office and later the City Attorney of San Francisco's office. In 2003, she was elected DA of San Francisco. She was elected AG of California in 2010 and re-elected in 2014. Harris served as the junior U.S. senator from California from 2017 to 2021; she defeated Loretta Sanchez in the 2016 Senate election to become the second African-American woman and the first South Asian American to serve in the U.S. Senate. As a senator, she advocated for healthcare reform, federal de-scheduling of cannabis, a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants, the DREAM Act, a ban on assault weapons, and progressive tax reform. She gained a national profile for her pointed questioning of Trump administration officials during Senate hearings, including Trump's second Supreme Court nominee, Brett Kavanaugh, who was accused of sexual assault.
Harris sought the 2020 Democratic presidential nomination, but withdrew from the race prior to the primaries. She was selected by Joe Biden to be his running mate, and their ticket went on to defeat the incumbent president and vice president, Donald Trump and Mike Pence, in the 2020 election. Harris and Biden were inaugurated on January 20, 2021.
Early life, family, and education (1964โ1990)
Kamala Devi Harris was born in Oakland, California, on October 20, 1964. Her mother, Shyamala Gopalan, was a Tamil Indian biologist, whose work on the progesterone receptor gene stimulated advances in breast cancer research. She came to the United States from India in 1958, as a 19-year-old graduate student in nutrition and endocrinology at the University of California, Berkeley, and received her PhD in 1964. Kamala Harris's Jamaican American father, Donald J. Harris, is of African and Irish ancestry. He is a Stanford University professor of economics (emeritus) who arrived in the United States from British Jamaica in 1961, for graduate study at UC Berkeley, receiving a PhD in economics in 1966. Donald Harris met his future wife Shyamala Gopalan at a college club for African-American students (though Indian, Gopalan was allowed to join).
In 1966, the Harris family moved to Champaign, Illinois (where Kamala's younger sister Maya was born) when her parents took positions at the University of Illinois. The family moved around the Midwest, with both parents working at multiple universities in succession over a brief period. Kamala Harris, along with her mother and sister, moved back to California in 1970, while her father remained in the Midwest. They stayed briefly on Milvia Street in central Berkeley, then at a duplex on Bancroft Way in West Berkeley, an area often called the "flatlands" with a significant black population. When Harris began kindergarten, she was bused as part of Berkeley's comprehensive desegregation program to Thousand Oaks Elementary School, a public school in a more prosperous neighborhood in northern Berkeley which previously had been 95 percent white, and after the desegregation plan went into effect became 40 percent black.
A neighbor regularly took the Harris girls to an African American church in Oakland where they sang in the children's choir, and the girls and their mother also frequently visited a nearby African American cultural center. Their mother introduced them to Hinduism and took them to a nearby Hindu temple, where Gopalan occasionally sang. As children, she and her sister visited their mother's family in Madras (now Chennai) several times. She says she has been strongly influenced by her maternal grandfather P. V. Gopalan, a retired Indian civil servant whose progressive views on democracy and women's rights impressed her. Harris has remained in touch with her Indian aunts and uncles throughout her adult life. Harris has also visited her father's family in Jamaica.
Her parents divorced when she was seven. Harris has said that when she and her sister visited their father in Palo Alto on weekends, other children in the neighborhood were not allowed to play with them because they were black.
When she was twelve, Harris and her sister moved with their mother to Montreal, Quebec, where Shyamala had accepted a research and teaching position at the McGill University-affiliated Jewish General Hospital.
Harris attended a French-speaking primary school, Notre-Dame-des-Neiges, then F.A.C.E. School, and finally Westmount High School in Westmount, Quebec, graduating in 1981. Wanda Kagan, a high school friend of Harris, later told CBC News in 2020 that Harris was her best friend and described how she confided in Harris that Kagan had been molested by her stepfather. She said that Harris told her mother, who then insisted Kagan come to live with them for the remainder of her final year of high school. Kagan said Harris had recently told her that their friendship, and playing a role in countering Kagan's exploitation, helped form the commitment Harris felt in protecting women and children as a prosecutor. After high school, in 1982, Harris attended Howard University, a historically black university in Washington, D.C. While at Howard, she interned as a mailroom clerk for California senator Alan Cranston, chaired the economics society, led the debate team, and joined Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. Harris graduated from Howard in 1986 with a degree in political science and economics.
Harris then returned to California to attend law school at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law through its Legal Education Opportunity Program (LEOP). While at UC Hastings, she served as president of its chapter of the Black Law Students Association. She graduated with a Juris Doctor in 1989 and was admitted to the California Bar in June 1990.
Early career (1990โ2004)
In 1990, Harris was hired as a deputy district attorney in Alameda County, California, where she was described as "an able prosecutor on the way up". In 1994, Speaker of the California Assembly Willie Brown, who was then dating Harris, appointed her to the state Unemployment Insurance Appeals Board and later to the California Medical Assistance Commission. Harris took a six-month leave of absence in 1994 from her duties, then afterward resumed as prosecutor during the years she sat on the boards. Harris's connection to Brown was noted in media reportage as part of a pattern of Californian political leaders appointing "friends and loyal political soldiers" to lucrative positions on the commissions. Harris has defended her work.
In February 1998, San Francisco district attorney Terence Hallinan recruited Harris as an assistant district attorney. There, she became the chief of the Career Criminal Division, supervising five other attorneys, where she prosecuted homicide, burglary, robbery, and sexual assault casesparticularly three-strikes cases. In 2000, Harris reportedly clashed with Hallinan's assistant, Darrell Salomon, over Proposition21, which granted prosecutors the option of trying juvenile defendants in Superior Court rather than juvenile courts. Harris campaigned against the measure, which passed. Salomon opposed directing media inquiries about Prop21 to Harris and reassigned her, a de facto demotion. Harris filed a complaint against Salomon and quit.
In August 2000, Harris took a job at San Francisco City Hall, working for city attorney Louise Renne. Harris ran the Family and Children's Services Division representing child abuse and neglect cases. Renne endorsed Harris during her D.A. campaign.
In 2001, Harris briefly dated Montel Williams. Addressing the relationship, Williams tweeted in 2020, "Kamala Harris and I briefly dated about 20 years ago when we were both single. So what? I have great respect for Sen. Harris".
District Attorney of San Francisco (2004โ2011)
In 2002, Harris prepared to run for District Attorney of San Francisco against Hallinan (the incumbent) and Bill Fazio.
Harris was the least-known of the three candidates but persuaded the Central Committee to withhold its endorsement from Hallinan. Harris and Hallinan advanced to the general election runoff with 33 and 37 percent of the vote, respectively.
In the runoff, Harris pledged never to seek the death penalty and to prosecute three-strike offenders only in cases of violent felonies. Harris ran a "forceful" campaign, assisted by former mayor Willie Brown, Senator Dianne Feinstein, writer and cartoonist Aaron McGruder, and comedians Eddie Griffin and Chris Rock. Harris differentiated herself from Hallinan by attacking his performance. She argued that she left his office because it was technologically inept, emphasizing his 52-percent conviction rate for serious crimes despite an 83-percent average conviction rate statewide. Harris charged that his office was not doing enough to stem the city's gun violence, particularly in poor neighborhoods like Bayview and the Tenderloin, and attacked his willingness to accept plea bargains in cases of domestic violence. Harris won with 56 percent of the vote, becoming the first person of color elected as district attorney of San Francisco.
Harris ran unopposed for a second term in November 2007.
Public safety
Non-violent crimes
In the summer of 2005, Harris created an environmental crimes unit.
In 2007, Harris and city attorney Dennis Herrera investigated San Francisco supervisor Ed Jew for violating residency requirements necessary to hold his supervisor position; Harris charged Jew with nine felonies, alleging that he had lied under oath and falsified documents to make it appear he resided in a Sunset District home, necessary so he could run for supervisor in the 4th district. Jew pleaded guilty in October 2008 to unrelated federal corruption charges (mail fraud, soliciting a bribe, and extortion)
and pleaded guilty the following month in state court to a charge of perjury for lying about his address on nomination forms, as part of a plea agreement in which the other state charges were dropped and Jew agreed to never again hold elected office in California. Harris described the case as "about protecting the integrity of our political process, which is part of the core of our democracy".
For his federal offenses, Jew was sentenced to 64 months in federal prison and a $10,000 fine; for the state perjury conviction, Jew was sentenced to one year in county jail, three years' probation, and about $2,000 in fines.
Under Harris, the D.A.'s office obtained more than 1,900 convictions for marijuana offenses, including persons simultaneously convicted of marijuana offenses and more serious crimes. The rate at which Harris's office prosecuted marijuana crimes was higher than the rate under Hallinan, but the number of defendants sentenced to state prison for such offenses was substantially lower.
Prosecutions for low-level marijuana offenses were rare under Harris, and her office had a policy of not pursuing jail time for marijuana possession offenses.
Harris's successor as D.A., George Gascรณn, expunged all San Francisco marijuana offenses going back to 1975.
Violent crimes
In the early 2000s, the San Francisco murder rate per capita outpaced the national average. Within the first six months of taking office, Harris cleared 27 of 74 backlogged homicide cases by settling 14 by plea bargain and taking 11 to trial; of those trials, nine ended with convictions and two with hung juries. She took 49 violent crime cases to trial and secured 36 convictions. From 2004 to 2006, Harris achieved an 87-percent conviction rate for homicides and a 90-percent conviction rate for all felony gun violations.
Harris also pushed for higher bail for criminal defendants involved in gun-related crimes, arguing that historically low bail encouraged outsiders to commit crimes in San Francisco. SFPD officers credited Harris with tightening the loopholes defendants had used in the past. In addition to creating a gun crime unit, Harris opposed releasing defendants on their own recognizance if they were arrested on gun crimes, sought minimum 90-day sentences for possession of concealed or loaded weapons, and charged all assault weapons possession cases as felonies, adding that she would seek prison terms for criminals who possessed or used assault weapons and would seek maximum penalties on gun-related crimes.
Harris created a Hate Crimes Unit, focusing on hate crimes against LGBT children and teens in schools. In early 2006, Gwen Araujo, a 17-year-old American Latina transgender teenager, was murdered by two men who later used the "gay panic defense" before being convicted of second-degree murder. Harris, alongside Araujo's mother Sylvia Guerrero, convened a two-day conference of at least 200 prosecutors and law enforcement officials nationwide to discuss strategies to counter such legal defenses. Harris subsequently supported A.B. 1160, the Gwen Araujo Justice for Victims Act, advocating that California's penal code include jury instructions to ignore bias, sympathy, prejudice, or public opinion in making their decision, also making mandatory for district attorney's offices in California to educate prosecutors about panic strategies and how to prevent bias from affecting trial outcomes.
In September 2006, California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed A.B. 1160 into law; the law put California on record as declaring it contrary to public policy for defendants to be acquitted or convicted of a lesser included offense on the basis of appeals to "societal bias".
In August 2007, state assemblyman Mark Leno introduced legislation to ban gun shows at the Cow Palace, joined by Harris, police chief Heather Fong, and mayor Gavin Newsom. City leaders contended the shows were directly contributing to the proliferation of illegal guns and spiking homicide rates in San Francisco. (Earlier that month Newsom had signed into law local legislation banning gun shows on city and county property.) Leno alleged that merchants drove through the public housing developments nearby and illegally sold weapons to residents. While the bill would stall, local opposition to the shows continued until the Cow Palace Board of Directors in 2019 voted to approve a statement banning all future gun shows.
Reform efforts
Death penalty
Harris has said life imprisonment without parole is a better and more cost-effective punishment than the death penalty, and has estimated that the resultant cost savings could pay for a thousand additional police officers in San Francisco alone.
During her campaign, Harris pledged never to seek the death penalty.
After a San Francisco Police Department officer, Isaac Espinoza, was shot and killed in 2004, U.S. senator (and former San Francisco mayor) Dianne Feinstein, U.S. senator Barbara Boxer, Oakland mayor Jerry Brown, and the San Francisco Police Officers Association pressured Harris to reverse that position, but she did not. (Polls found that seventy percent of voters supported Harris's decision.) When Edwin Ramos, an illegal immigrant and alleged MS-13 gang member, was accused of murdering a man and his two sons in 2009, Harris sought a sentence of life in prison without parole, a decision Mayor Gavin Newsom backed.
Recidivism and re-entry initiative
In 2004, Harris recruited civil rights activist Lateefah Simon to create the San Francisco Reentry Division. The flagship program was the Back on Track initiative, a first-of-its-kind reentry program for first-time nonviolent offenders aged 18โ30. Initiative participants whose crimes were not weapon- or gang-related would plead guilty in exchange for a deferral of sentencing and regular appearances before a judge over a twelve- to eighteen-month period. The program maintained rigorous graduation requirements, mandating completion of up to 220 hours of community service, obtaining a high-school-equivalency diploma, maintaining steady employment, taking parenting classes, and passing drug tests. At graduation, the court would dismiss the case and expunge the graduate's record.
Over six years, the 200 people graduated from the program had a recidivism rate of less than ten percent, compared to the 53 percent of California's drug offenders who returned to prison within two years of release. Back on Track earned recognition from the U.S. Department of Justice as a model for reentry programs. The DOJ found that the cost to the taxpayers per participant was markedly lower ($5,000) than the cost of adjudicating a case ($10,000) and housing a low-level offender ($50,000). In 2009, a state law (the Back on Track Reentry Act, A.B. 750) was enacted, encouraging other California counties to start similar programs.
Adopted by the National District Attorneys Association as a model, prosecutor offices in Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Atlanta have used Back on Track as a template for their own programs.
Truancy initiative
In 2006, as part of an initiative to reduce the city's skyrocketing homicide rate, Harris led a city-wide effort to combat truancy for at-risk elementary school youth in San Francisco. Declaring chronic truancy a matter of public safety and pointing out that the majority of prison inmates and homicide victims are dropouts or habitual truants, Harris's office met with thousands of parents at high-risk schools and sent out letters warning all families of the legal consequences of truancy at the beginning of the fall semester, adding she would prosecute the parents of chronically truant elementary students; penalties included a $2,500 fine and up to a year in jail. The program was controversial when introduced.
In 2008, Harris issued citations against six parents whose children missed at least fifty days of school, the first time San Francisco prosecuted adults for student truancy. San Francisco's school chief, Carlos Garcia, said the path from truancy to prosecution was lengthy, and that the school district usually spends months encouraging parents through phone calls, reminder letters, private meetings, hearings before the School Attendance Review Board, and offers of help from city agencies and social services; two of the six parents entered no plea but said they would work with the D.A.'s office and social service agencies to create "parental responsibility plans" to help them start sending their children to school regularly. By April 2009, 1,330 elementary school students were habitual or chronic truants, down 23 percent from 1,730 in 2008, and down from 2,517 in 2007 and from 2,856 in 2006. Harris's office prosecuted seven parents in three years, with none jailed.
Attorney General of California (2011โ2017)
Elections
2010
Nearly two years before the 2010 election, Harris announced she planned to run. She also stated she would run only if then-Attorney General Jerry Brown did not seek re-election for that position. Brown instead chose to run for governor and Harris consolidated support from prominent California Democrats. Both of California's senators, Dianne Feinstein and Barbara Boxer, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, United Farm Workers cofounder Dolores Huerta, and mayor of Los Angeles Antonio Villaraigosa all endorsed her during the Democratic primary. In the June 8, 2010, primary, she was nominated with 33.6 percent of the vote, defeating Alberto Torrico and Chris Kelly.
In the general election, she faced Republican Los Angeles County district attorney Steve Cooley, who led most of the race. Cooley ran as a nonpartisan, distancing himself from Republican gubernatorial candidate Meg Whitman's campaign. The election was held November2 but after a protracted period of counting mail-in and provisional ballots, Cooley conceded on November 25. Harris was sworn in on January 3, 2011; she was the first woman, the first African American, and the first South Asian American to hold the office of Attorney General in the state's history.
2014
Harris announced her intention to run for re-election in February 2014 and filed paperwork to run on February 12. The Sacramento Bee, Los Angeles Daily News, and Los Angeles Times endorsed her for re-election.
On November 4, 2014, Harris was re-elected against Republican Ronald Gold, winning 57.5 percent of the vote to 42.5 percent.
Consumer protection
Fraud, waste, and abuse
In 2011, Harris announced the creation of the Mortgage Fraud Strike Force in the wake of the 2010 United States foreclosure crisis. That same year, Harris obtained two of the largest recoveries in the history of California's False Claims Act$241million from Quest Diagnostics and then $323million from the SCAN healthcare networkover excess state Medi-Cal and federal Medicare payments.
In 2012, Harris leveraged California's economic clout to obtain better terms in the National Mortgage Settlement against the nation's five largest mortgage servicersJPMorgan Chase, Bank of America, Wells Fargo, Citigroup and Ally Bank. The mortgage firms were accused of illegally foreclosing on homeowners. After dismissing an initial offer of $2โ4billion in relief for Californians, Harris withdrew from negotiations. The offer eventually was increased to $18.4billion in debt relief and $2billion in other financial assistance for California homeowners.
Harris worked with Assembly speaker John Pรฉrez and Senate president pro tem Darrell Steinberg in 2013 to introduce the Homeowner Bill of Rights, considered one of the strongest protections nationwide against aggressive foreclosure tactics. The Homeowner Bill of Rights banned the practices of "dual-tracking" (processing a modification and foreclosure at the same time) and robo-signing and provided homeowners with a single point of contact at their lending institution. Harris achieved multiple nine-figure settlements for California homeowners under the bill mostly for robo-signing and dual-track abuses, as well as prosecuting instances in which loan processors failed to promptly credit mortgage payments, miscalculated interest rates, and charged borrowers improper fees. Harris secured hundreds of millions in relief, including $268million from Ocwen Financial Corporation, $470million from HSBC, and $550million from SunTrust Banks.
From 2013 to 2015, Harris pursued financial recoveries for California's public employee and teacher's pensions, CalPERS and CalSTRS against various financial giants for misrepresentation in the sale of mortgage-backed securities. She secured multiple nine-figure recoveries for the state pensions, recovering about $193million from Citigroup, $210million from S&P, $300million from JP Morgan Chase, and over half a billion from Bank of America.
In 2013, Harris declined to authorize a civil complaint drafted by state investigators who accused OneWest Bank, owned by an investment group headed by future U.S. treasury secretary Steven Mnuchin (then a private citizen), of "widespread violation" of California foreclosure laws. During the 2016 elections, Harris was the only Democratic Senate candidate to receive a donation from Mnuchin. Harris was criticized for accepting the donation because Mnuchin purportedly profited from the subprime mortgage crisis through OneWest Bank; she later voted against his confirmation as treasury secretary in February 2017. In 2019, Harris's campaign stated that the decision not to pursue prosecution hinged on the state's inability to subpoena OneWest. Her spokesman said, "There was no question OneWest conducted predatory lending, and Senator Harris believes they should be punished. Unfortunately, the law was squarely on their side and they were shielded from state subpoenas because they're a federal bank."
In 2014, Harris settled charges she had brought against rent-to-own retailer Aaron's, Inc. on allegations of incorrect late charges, overcharging customers who paid off their contracts before the due date, and privacy violations. In the settlement, the retailer refunded $28.4million to California customers and paid $3.4million in civil penalties.
In 2015, Harris obtained a $1.2ย billion judgment against for-profit post-secondary education company Corinthian Colleges for false advertising and deceptive marketing targeting vulnerable, low-income students and misrepresenting job placement rates to students, investors, and accreditation agencies. The Court ordered Corinthian to pay $820million in restitution and another $350million in civil penalties. That same year, Harris also secured a $60million settlement with JP Morgan Chase to resolve allegations of illegal debt collection with respect to credit card customers, with the bank also agreeing to change practices that violated California consumer protection laws by collecting incorrect amounts, selling bad credit card debt, and running a debt-collection mill that "robo-signed" court documents without first reviewing the files as it rushed to obtain judgments and wage garnishments. As part of the settlement, the bank was required to stop attempting to collect on more than 528,000 customer accounts.
In 2015, Harris opened an investigation of the Office of Ratepayer Advocates, San Diego Gas and Electric, and Southern California Edison regarding the closure of San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station. California state investigators searched the home of California utility regulator Michael Peevey and found handwritten notes that allegedly showed he had met with an Edison executive in Poland, where the two had negotiated the terms of the San Onofre settlement, leaving San Diego taxpayers with a $3.3billion bill to pay for the closure of the plant. The investigation was closed amidst Harris's 2016 run for the U.S. Senate position.
Privacy rights
In February 2012, Harris announced an agreement with Apple, Amazon, Google, Hewlett-Packard, Microsoft, and Research in Motion to mandate that apps sold in their stores display prominent privacy policies informing users of what private information they were sharing, and with whom. Facebook later joined the agreement. That summer, Harris announced the creation of a Privacy Enforcement and Protection Unit to enforce laws related to cyber privacy, identity theft, and data breaches. Later the same year, Harris notified a hundred mobile-app developers of their non-compliance with state privacy laws and asked them to create privacy policies or face a $2,500 fine each time a non-compliant app is downloaded by a resident of California.
In 2015, Harris secured two settlements with Comcast, one totaling $33million over allegations that it posted online the names, phone numbers and addresses of tens of thousands of customers who had paid for unlisted voice over internet protocol (VOIP) phone service and another $26million settlement to resolve allegations that it discarded paper records without first omitting or redacting private customer information. Harris also settled with Houzz over allegations that the company recorded phone calls without notifying customers or employees. Houzz was forced to pay $175,000, destroy the recorded calls, and hire a chief privacy officer, the first time such a provision has been included in a settlement with the California Department of Justice.
Criminal justice reform
Launch of Division of Recidivism Reduction and Re-Entry
In November 2013, Harris launched the California Department of Justice's Division of Recidivism Reduction and Re-Entry in partnership with district attorney offices in San Diego, Los Angeles, and Alameda County. In March 2015, Harris announced the creation of a pilot program in coordination with the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department called "Back on Track LA". Like Back on Track, first time, non-violent, non-sexual, offenders aged between 18 and 30 โ 90 men participated in the pilot program for 24โ30 months. Assigned a case manager, participants received education through a partnership with the Los Angeles Community College District and job training services.
Wrongful convictions and prison overcrowding
Harris's record on wrongful conviction cases as attorney general has engendered criticism from academics and activists. Law professor Lara Bazelon contends Harris "weaponized technicalities to keep wrongfully convicted people behind bars rather than allow them new trials". After the 2011 United States Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Plata declared California's prisons so overcrowded they inflicted cruel and unusual punishment, Harris fought federal supervision, explaining "I have a client, and I don't get to choose my client." Harris declined to take any position on criminal sentencing-reform initiatives Prop36 (2012) and Prop47 (2014), arguing it would be improper because her office prepares the ballot booklets. John Van de Kamp, a predecessor as attorney general, publicly disagreed with the rationale.
In September 2014, Harris's office argued unsuccessfully in a court filing against the early release of prisoners, citing the need for inmate firefighting labor. When the memo provoked headlines, Harris spoke out against it, saying she was unaware that her office had produced the memo. Since the 1940s, qualified California inmates have the option of volunteering to receive comprehensive training from the Cal Fire in exchange for sentence reductions and more comfortable prison accommodations; prison firefighters receive about $2 a day, and another $1 when battling fires.
LGBT rights
Opposing Prop 8
In 2008, California voters passed Prop8, a state constitutional amendment providing that only marriages "between a man and a woman" are valid. Legal challenges were made by opponents soon after its approval, and a pair of same-sex couples filed a lawsuit against the initiative in federal court in the case of Perry v. Schwarzenegger (later Hollingsworth v. Perry). In their 2010 campaigns, California attorney general Jerry Brown and Harris both pledged to not defend Prop8.
After being elected, Harris declared her office would not defend the marriage ban, leaving the task to Prop8's proponents. In February 2013, Harris filed an amicus curiae brief, arguing Prop8 was unconstitutional and that the initiative's sponsors did not have legal standing to represent California's interests by defending the law in federal court. In June 2013, the Supreme Court ruled, 5โ4, that Prop8's proponents lacked standing to defend it in federal court. The next day Harris delivered a speech in downtown Los Angeles urging the Ninth Circuit to lift the stay banning same-sex marriages as soon as possible. The stay was lifted two days later.
Gay and trans panic defense ban
In 2014, Attorney General Kamala Harris co-sponsored legislation to ban the gay and trans panic defense in court, which passed and California became the first state with such legislation.
Michelle-Lael B. Norsworthy v. Jeffrey Beard et al.
In February 2014, Michelle-Lael Norsworthy, a transgender inmate at California's Mule Creek State Prison, filed a federal lawsuit based on the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation's failure to provide her with what she argued was medically necessary sex reassignment surgery (SRS). In April 2015, a federal judge ordered the state to provide Norsworthy with SRS, finding that prison officials had been "deliberately indifferent to her serious medical need". Harris, representing CDCR, appealed the order to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, arguing that psychotherapy, as well as the hormone therapy Norsworthy had been receiving for her gender dysphoria over the preceding fourteen years, were sufficient medical treatment, and there was "no evidence that Norsworthy is in serious, immediate physical or emotional danger". While Harris defended the state's position in court, she said she ultimately pushed the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation to change their policy. In August 2015, while the state's appeal was pending, Norsworthy was released on parole, obviating the state's duty to provide her with inmate medical care and rendering the case moot. In 2019, Harris stated that she took "full responsibility" for briefs her office filed in Norsworthy's case and others involving access to gender-affirming surgery for trans inmates.
Public safety
Anti-truancy efforts
In 2011, Harris urged criminal penalties for parents of truant children as she did as District Attorney of San Francisco, allowing the court to defer judgment if the parent agreed to a mediation period to get their child back in school. Critics charged that local prosecutors implementing her directives were overzealous in their enforcement and Harris's policy adversely affected families. In 2013, Harris issued a report titled "In School + On Track", which found that more than 250,000 elementary school students in the state were "chronically absent" and the statewide truancy rate for elementary students in the 2012โ2013 school year was nearly thirty percent, at a cost of nearly $1.4billion to school districts, since funding is based on attendance rates.
Environmental protection
Harris prioritized environmental protection as attorney general, first securing a $44million settlement to resolve all damages and costs associated with the Cosco Busan oil spill, in which a container ship collided with San FranciscoโOakland Bay Bridge and spilled 50,000gallons of bunker fuel into the San Francisco Bay. In the aftermath of the 2015 Refugio oil spill, which deposited about 140,000gallons of crude oil off the coast of Santa Barbara, California, Harris toured the coastline and directed her office's resources and attorneys to investigate possible criminal violations. Thereafter, operator Plains All American Pipeline was indicted on 46 criminal charges related to the spill, with one employee indicted on three criminal charges. In 2019, a Santa Barbara jury returned a verdict finding Plains guilty of failing to properly maintain its pipeline and another eight misdemeanor charges; they were sentenced to pay over $3million in fines and assessments.
From 2015 to 2016, Harris secured multiple multi-million-dollar settlements with fuel service companies Chevron, BP, ARCO, Phillips 66, and ConocoPhillips to resolve allegations they failed to properly monitor the hazardous materials in its underground storage tanks used to store gasoline for retail sale at hundreds of California gas stations. In summer 2016, automaker Volkswagen AG agreed to pay up to $14.7billion to settle a raft of claims related to so-called Defeat Devices used to cheat emissions standards on its diesel cars while actually emitting up to forty times the levels of harmful nitrogen oxides allowed under state and federal law. Harris and the chair of the California Air Resources Board, Mary D. Nichols, announced that California would receive $1.18billion as well as another $86million paid to the state of California in civil penalties.
Law enforcement
California's Prop 69 (2004) required law enforcement to collect DNA samples from any adult arrested for a felony and from individuals arrested for certain crimes. In 2012, Harris announced that the California Department of Justice had improved its DNA testing capabilities such that samples stored at the state's crime labs could now be analyzed four times faster, within thirty days. Accordingly, Harris reported that the Rapid DNA Service Team within the Bureau of Forensic Services had cleared California's DNA backlog for the first time). Harris's office was later awarded a $1.6million grant from the Manhattan District Attorney's initiative to eliminate the backlogs of untested rape kits.
In 2015, Harris conducted a 90-day review of implicit bias in policing and police use of deadly force. In April 2015, Harris introduced the first of its kind "Principled Policing: Procedural Justice and Implicit Bias" training, designed in conjunction with Stanford University psychologist and professor Jennifer Eberhardt, to help law enforcement officers overcome barriers to neutral policing and rebuild trust between law enforcement and the community. All Command-level staff received the training. The training was part of a package of reforms introduced within the California Department of Justice, which also included additional resources deployed to increase the recruitment and hiring of diverse special agents, an expanded role for the department to investigate officer-related shooting investigations and community policing. The same year, Harris's California Department of Justice became the first statewide agency in the country to require all its police officers to wear body cameras. Harris also announced a new state law requiring every law enforcement agency in California to collect, report, and publish expanded statistics on how many people are shot, seriously injured or killed by peace officers throughout the state.
Later that year, Harris appealed a judge's order to take over the prosecution of a high-profile mass murder case and to eject all 250 prosecutors from the Orange County district attorney's office over allegations of misconduct by Republican D.A. Tony Rackauckas. Rackauckas was alleged to have illegally employed jailhouse informants and concealed evidence. Harris noted that it was unnecessary to ban all 250 prosecutors from working on the case, as only a few had been directly involved, later promising a narrower criminal investigation. The U.S. Department of Justice began an investigation into Rackauckas in December 2016, but he was not re-elected.
In 2016, Harris announced a patterns and practices investigation into purported civil rights violations and use of excessive force by the two largest law enforcement agencies in Kern County, California, the Bakersfield Police Department and the Kern County Sheriff's Department. Labeled the "deadliest police departments in America" in a five-part Guardian expose, a separate investigation commissioned by the ACLU and submitted to the California Department of Justice corroborated reports of police using excessive force.
Planned Parenthood
In 2016, Harris's office seized videos and other information from the apartment of an antiabortion activist who had made secret recordings and then accused Planned Parenthood doctors of illegally selling fetal tissue. Harris had announced that her office would investigate the activist in the summer of 2015. She was facing increasing criticism for not taking public action by the time Planned Parenthood filed a lawsuit against the activist.
Sex crimes
In 2011, Harris obtained a guilty plea and a four-year prison sentence from a stalker who used Facebook and social engineering techniques to illegally access the private photographs of women whose social media accounts he hijacked. Harris commented that the Internet had "opened up a new frontier for crime". Later that year, Harris created the eCrime Unit within the California Department of Justice, a 20-attorney unit targeting technology crimes. In 2015, several purveyors of so-called revenge porn sites based in California were arrested, charged with felonies, and sentenced to lengthy prison terms. In the first prosecution of its kind in the United States, Kevin Bollaert was convicted on 21 counts of identity theft and six counts of extortion and sentenced to 18 years in prison. Harris brought up these cases when California Congresswoman Katie Hill was targeted for similar cyber exploitation by her ex-husband and forced to resign in late 2019.
In 2016, Harris announced the arrest of Backpage CEO Carl Ferrer on felony charges of pimping a minor, pimping, and conspiracy to commit pimping. The warrant alleged that 99 percent of Backpage's revenue was directly attributable to prostitution-related ads, many of which involved victims of sex trafficking, including children under the age of 18. The pimping charge against Ferrer was dismissed by the California courts in 2016 on the grounds of Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, but in 2018, Ferrer pleaded guilty in California to money laundering and agreed to give evidence against the former co-owners of Backpage. Ferrer simultaneously pleaded guilty to charges of money laundering and conspiracy to facilitate prostitution in Texas state court and Arizona federal court. Under pressure, Backpage announced that it was removing its adult section from all its U.S. sites. Harris welcomed the move, saying, "I look forward to them shutting down completely." The investigations continued after she became a senator, and, in April 2018, Backpage and affiliated sites were seized by federal law enforcement.
Transnational criminal organizations
During her term as attorney general, Harris's office oversaw major investigations and prosecutions targeting transnational criminal organizations for their involvement in violent crime, fraud schemes, drug trafficking, and smuggling. Significant arrests and seizures (of weapons, drugs, cash, and other assets) under Harris targeted the Tijuana Cartel (2011), the Nuestra Familia, Norteรฑos, and the Vagos Motorcycle Club (2011), the Norteรฑos (2015), the Crips (2015), the Mexican Mafia (2016), and businesses in the Los Angeles Fashion District accused of operating a major money-laundering hub for Mexican narcotics traffickers (2014).
In summer 2012, Harris signed an accord with the Attorney General of Mexico, Marisela Morales, to improve coordination of law enforcement resources targeting transnational gangs engaging in the sale and trafficking of human beings across the San Ysidro border crossing. The accord called for closer integration on investigations between offices and sharing best practices. In 2012, Governor Jerry Brown signed into law two bills advanced by Harris to combat human trafficking. In November, Harris presented a report titled "The State of Human Trafficking in California 2012" at a symposium attended by U.S. Secretary of Labor Hilda Solis and Attorney General Morales, outlining the growing prevalence of human trafficking in the state, and highlighting the involvement of transnational gangs in the practice.
In early 2014, Harris issued a report titled, "Gangs Beyond Borders: California and the Fight Against Transnational Crime", addressing the prominent role of drug, weapons, and human trafficking, money laundering, and technology crimes employed by various drug cartels from Mexico, Armenian Power, 18th Street Gang, and MS-13 and offering recommendations for state and local law enforcement to combat the criminal activity. Later that year, Harris led a bipartisan delegation of state attorneys general to Mexico City to discuss transnational crime with Mexican prosecutors. Harris then convened a summit focused on the use of technology to fight transnational organized crime with state and federal officials from the U.S., Mexico, and El Salvador.
U.S. Senate (2017โ2021)
Election
After more than 20 years as a U.S. Senator from California, Senator Barbara Boxer announced in January 2015 that she would not run for reelection in 2016. Harris announced her candidacy for the Senate seat the following week. Harris was a top contender from the beginning of her campaign.
The 2016 California Senate election used California's new top-two primary format where the top two candidates in the primary would advance to the general election regardless of party. In February 2016, Harris won 78% of the California Democratic Party vote at the party convention, allowing Harris's campaign to receive financial support from the party. Three months later, Governor Jerry Brown endorsed her. In the June 7 primary, Harris came in first with 40% of the vote and won with pluralities in most counties. Harris faced congresswoman and fellow Democrat Loretta Sanchez in the general election. It was the first time a Republican did not appear in a general election for the Senate since California began directly electing senators in 1914.
On July 19, President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden endorsed Harris. In the November 2016 election, Harris defeated Sanchez, capturing over 60% of the vote, carrying all but four counties. Following her victory, she promised to protect immigrants from the policies of President-elect Donald Trump and announced her intention to remain Attorney General through the end of 2016.
Tenure and political positions
2017
On January 28, after Trump signed Executive Order 13769, barring citizens from several Muslim-majority countries from entering the U.S. for ninety days, she condemned the order and was one of many to describe it as a "Muslim ban". She called White House Chief of Staff John F. Kelly at home to gather information and push back against the executive order.
In February, Harris spoke in opposition to Trump's cabinet picks Betsy DeVos for Secretary of Education and Jeff Sessions for United States Attorney General. In early March, she called on Sessions to resign, after it was reported that Sessions spoke twice with Russian Ambassador to the United States Sergey Kislyak.
In April, Harris voted against the confirmation of Neil Gorsuch to the U.S. Supreme Court. Later that month, Harris took her first foreign trip to the Middle East, visiting California troops stationed in Iraq and the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan, the largest camp for Syrian refugees.
In June, Harris garnered media attention for her questioning of Rod Rosenstein, the deputy attorney general, over the role he played in the May 2017 firing of James Comey, the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The prosecutorial nature of her questioning caused Senator John McCain, an ex officio member of the Intelligence Committee, and Senator Richard Burr, the committee chairman, to interrupt her and request that she be more respectful of the witness. A week later, she questioned Jeff Sessions, the attorney general, on the same topic. Sessions said her questioning "makes me nervous". Burr's singling out of Harris sparked suggestions in the news media that his behavior was sexist, with commentators arguing that Burr would not treat a male Senate colleague in a similar manner.
In December, Harris called for the resignation of Senator Al Franken, asserting on Twitter, "Sexual harassment and misconduct should not be allowed by anyone and should not occur anywhere."
2018
In January, Harris was appointed to the Senate Judiciary Committee after the resignation of Al Franken. Later that month, Harris questioned Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen for favoring Norwegian immigrants over others and claiming to be unaware that Norway is a predominantly white country.
In May, Harris heatedly questioned Secretary Nielsen about the Trump administration family separation policy, under which children were separated from their families when the parents were taken into custody for illegally entering the U.S. In June, after visiting one of the detention facilities near the border in San Diego, Harris became the first senator to demand Nielsen's resignation.
In the September and October Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court confirmation hearings, Harris questioned Brett Kavanaugh about a meeting he may have had regarding the Mueller Investigation with a member of Kasowitz Benson Torres, the law firm founded by the President's personal attorney Marc Kasowitz. Kavanaugh was unable to answer and repeatedly deflected. Harris also participated in questioning the FBI director's limited scope of the investigation on Kavanaugh regarding allegations of sexual assault. She voted against his confirmation.
Harris was a target of the October 2018 United States mail bombing attempts.
In December, the Senate passed the Justice for Victims of Lynching Act (S. 3178), sponsored by Harris. The bill, which died in the House, would have made lynching a federal hate crime.
2019
In March 2019, after Special Counsel Robert Mueller submitted his report on Russian interference in the 2016 election, Harris called for U.S. Attorney General William Barr to testify before Congress in the interests of transparency. Two days later, Barr released a four-page "summary" of the redacted Mueller Report, which was criticized as a deliberate mischaracterization of its conclusions. Later that month, Harris was one of twelve Democratic senators to sign a letter led by Mazie Hirono questioning Barr's decision to offer "his own conclusion that the President's conduct did not amount to obstruction of justice" and called for an investigation into whether Barr's summary of the Mueller Report and his statements at a news conference were misleading.
On May 1, 2019, Barr testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee. During the hearing, Barr remained defiant about the misrepresentations in the four-page summary he had released ahead of the full report. When asked by Harris if he had reviewed the underlying evidence before deciding not to charge the President with obstruction of justice, Barr admitted that neither he, Rod Rosenstein, nor anyone in his office reviewed the evidence supporting the report before making the charging decision. Harris later called for Barr to resign, and accused him of refusing to answer her questions because he could open himself up to perjury, and stating his responses disqualified him from serving as U.S. attorney general. Two days later, Harris demanded again that the Department of Justice inspector general Michael E. Horowitz investigate whether Attorney General Barr acceded to pressure from the White House to investigate Trump's political enemies.
On May 5, 2019, Harris said "voter suppression" prevented Democrats Stacey Abrams and Andrew Gillum from winning the 2018 gubernatorial elections in Georgia and Florida; Abrams lost by 55,000 votes and Gillum lost by 32,000 votes. According to election law expert Richard L. Hasen, "I have seen no good evidence that the suppressive effects of strict voting and registration laws affected the outcome of the governor's races in Georgia and Florida."
In July, Harris teamed with Kirsten Gillibrand to urge the Trump administration to investigate the allegations of Uyghur genocide by the Chinese Communist Party; in this question she was joined by colleague Marco Rubio.
In November, Harris called for an investigation into the death of Roxsana Hernรกndez, a transgender woman and immigrant who died in ICE custody.
In December, Harris led a group of Democratic senators and civil rights organizations in demanding the removal of White House senior adviser Stephen Miller after emails published by the Southern Poverty Law Center revealed frequent promotion of white nationalist literature to Breitbart website editors.
2020
Before the opening of the impeachment trial of Donald Trump on January 16, 2020, Harris delivered remarks on the floor of the Senate, stating her views on the integrity of the American justice system and the principle that nobody, including an incumbent president, is above the law. Harris later asked Senate Judiciary chairman Lindsey Graham to halt all judicial nominations during the impeachment trial, to which Graham acquiesced. Harris voted to convict the president on charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress.
Harris has worked on bipartisan bills with Republican co-sponsors, including a bail reform bill with Senator Rand Paul, an election security bill with Senator James Lankford, and a workplace harassment bill with Senator Lisa Murkowski.
2021
Following her election as Vice President of the United States, Harris resigned from her seat on January 18, 2021, prior to taking office on January 20, 2021, and was replaced by California Secretary of State Alex Padilla.
Committee assignments
While in the Senate, Harris was a member of the following committees:
Committee on the Budget
Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
Subcommittee on Federal Spending Oversight and Emergency Management
Subcommittee on Regulatory Affairs and Federal Management
Select Committee on Intelligence
Committee on the Judiciary
Subcommittee on the Constitution
Subcommittee on Oversight, Agency Action, Federal Rights and Federal Courts
Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology and the Law
Caucus memberships
Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus
Congressional Black Caucus
Congressional Caucus for Women's Issues
2020 presidential election (2019โ2020)
Presidential campaign
Harris had been considered a top contender and potential frontrunner for the 2020 Democratic nomination for president. In June 2018, she was quoted as "not ruling it out". In July 2018, it was announced that she would publish a memoir, a sign of a possible run. On January 21, 2019, Harris officially announced her candidacy for president of the United States in the 2020 United States presidential election. In the first 24hours after her candidacy announcement, she tied a record set by Bernie Sanders in 2016 for the most donations raised in the day following an announcement. More than 20,000ย people attended her formal campaign launch event in her hometown of Oakland, California, on January 27, according to a police estimate.
During the first Democratic presidential debate in June 2019, Harris scolded former vice president Joe Biden for "hurtful" remarks he made, speaking fondly of senators who opposed integration efforts in the 1970s and working with them to oppose mandatory school bussing. Harris's support rose by between six and nine points in polls following that debate. In the second debate in August, Harris was confronted by Biden and Congresswoman Tulsi Gabbard over her record as attorney general. The San Jose Mercury News assessed that some of Gabbard's and Biden's accusations were on point, such as blocking the DNA testing of a death row inmate, while others did not stand up to scrutiny. In the immediate aftermath, Harris fell in the polls following that debate. Over the next few months her poll numbers fell to the low single digits. At a time when liberals were increasingly concerned about the excesses of the criminal justice system, Harris faced criticism from reformers for tough-on-crime policies she pursued while she was California's attorney general. For example, in 2014, she decided to defend California's death penalty in court.
Prior to and during her presidential campaign an online informal organization using the hashtag #KHive formed to support her candidacy and defend her from racist and sexist attacks. According to the Daily Dot, Joy Reid first used the term in an August 2017 tweet saying "@DrJasonJohnson @ZerlinaMaxwell and I had a meeting and decided it's called the K-Hive."
On December 3, 2019, Harris withdrew from seeking the 2020 Democratic nomination, citing a shortage of funds. In March 2020, Harris endorsed Joe Biden for president.
Vice presidential campaign
In May 2019, senior members of the Congressional Black Caucus endorsed the idea of a BidenโHarris ticket. In late February, Biden won a landslide victory in the 2020 South Carolina Democratic primary with the endorsement of House whip Jim Clyburn, with more victories on Super Tuesday. In early March, Clyburn suggested Biden choose a black woman as a running mate, commenting that "African American women needed to be rewarded for their loyalty". In March, Biden committed to choosing a woman for his running mate.
On April 17, 2020, Harris responded to media speculation and said she "would be honored" to be Biden's running mate. In late May, in relation to the murder of George Floyd and ensuing protests and demonstrations, Biden faced renewed calls to select a black woman to be his running mate, highlighting the law enforcement credentials of Harris and Val Demings.
On June 12, The New York Times reported that Harris was emerging as the frontrunner to be Biden's running mate, as she was the only African American woman with the political experience typical of vice presidents. On June 26, CNN reported that more than a dozen people close to the Biden search process considered Harris one of Biden's top four contenders, along with Elizabeth Warren, Val Demings, and Keisha Lance Bottoms.
On August 11, 2020, Biden announced that he had chosen Harris. She was the first African American, the first Indian American, and the third woman after Geraldine Ferraro and Sarah Palin to be picked as the vice-presidential nominee for a major party ticket. Harris is also the first resident of the Western United States to appear on the Democratic Party's national ticket.
Harris became the vice presidentโelect following the Biden-Harris ticket's victory in the 2020 United States presidential election. After the major networks called the election for Biden/Harris, Harris was recorded calling Biden, saying, "We did it! We did it, Joe. You're going to be the next President of the United States." The quote became one of the top 10 tweets of 2020.
Vice presidency (2021โpresent)
Following the election of Joe Biden as U.S. president in the 2020 election, Harris assumed office as vice president of the United States on January 20, 2021. She is the United States' first female vice president, the highest-ranking female elected official in U.S. history, and the first African-American and first Asian-American vice president. She is also the second person of color to hold the post, preceded by Charles Curtis, a Native American and member of the Kaw Nation, who served under Herbert Hoover from 1929 to 1933. She is the third person with acknowledged non-European ancestry to reach one of the highest offices in the executive branch, after Curtis and former president Barack Obama.
Harris resigned her Senate seat on January 18, 2021, two days before her swearing-in as vice president. Her first act as vice president was swearing in her replacement Alex Padilla and Georgia senators Raphael Warnock and Jon Ossoff, who were elected in the 2021 Georgia runoff elections.
Upon taking office on January 20, 2021, the 117th Congress's Senate was divided 50โ50 between Republicans and Democrats; this meant that Harris had to be frequently called upon to exercise her power to cast tie-breaking votes as president of the Senate. Harris cast her first two tie-breaking votes on February 5, 2021. In February and March, Harris' tie-breaking votes were crucial in passing the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 stimulus package proposed by Biden, since no Republicans in the Senate voted for the package. On July 20, 2021, Harris broke Mike Pence's record for tie-breaking votes in the first year of a vice presidency when she cast the seventh tie-breaking vote in her first six months and cast 13 tie-breaking votes during her first year in office, the most tie-breaking votes in a single year in U.S. history, surpassing John Adams who cast 12 votes in 1790. As of July 2023, Harris has matched the record for most tie-breaking votes cast by a vice president with 31, matching John C. Calhoun, who also cast 31 votes during his nearly eight years as vice president.
In a debunked story by the New York Post in April 2021, it was claimed that Harris' children's book Superheroes Are Everywhere was being distributed en masse through "welcome kits" given to migrant children at a shelter in Long Beach, California. In reality, only a single copy of the book had been donated by a member of the public. The writer of the original story, Laura Italiano, claimed that she was forced to write the story against her will and she resigned from the New York Post as a result.
In April 2021, Harris indicated that she was the last person in the room before Biden decided to remove all U.S. troops from Afghanistan and commented that the president has "an extraordinary amount of courage" and "make(s) decisions based on what he truly believes ... is the right thing to do." National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan said that Biden "insists she be in every core decision-making meeting. She weighs in during those meetings, often providing unique perspectives."
On March 24, 2021, Biden tasked Harris with reducing the number of unaccompanied minors and adult asylum seekers. She is also tasked with leading the negotiations with Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala and El Salvador. Harris conducted her first international trip as vice president in June 2021, visiting Guatemala and Mexico in an attempt to address the root causes of an increase in migration from Central America to the United States. During her visit, in a joint press conference with Guatemalan President Alejandro Giammattei, Harris issued an appeal to potential migrants, stating "I want to be clear to folks in the region who are thinking about making that dangerous trek to the United States-Mexico border: Do not come. Do not come." Her work in Central America led to creation of task forces on corruption and human trafficking; a women's empowerment program, and an investment fund for housing and businesses.
Harris met with French President Emmanuel Macron in November 2021 to strengthen ties after the cancellation of a submarine program.
During her time in office, Harris has had one of the lowest approval ratings of any VPs in recorded history.
On November 19, 2021, Harris served as acting president from 10:10 to 11:35 am EST, while President Biden underwent a colonoscopy. She became the first woman, and the third person overall, to assume the powers and duties of the U.S. presidency under Section 3 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment.
Harris's term in office has seen high staff turnovers that included the departures of her chief of staff, deputy chief of staff, press secretary, deputy press secretary, communications director, and chief speechwriter. An anonymous source said that they resigned because they and other staffers "often feel mistreated" by senior staffers. "Symone Sanders, senior advisor and chief spokesperson for Harris, pushed back against the complaints" and defended their management style, especially for giving opportunities to black women. Sanders herself resigned from her position in December 2021.
Awards and honors
In 2005, the National Black Prosecutors Association awarded Harris the Thurgood Marshall Award. That year, she was included in a Newsweek report profiling "20 of America's Most Powerful Women". A 2008 New York Times article also identified her as a woman with potential to become president of the United States, highlighting her reputation as a "tough fighter".
In 2013, 2020, and 2021, Time included Harris on the Time 100, Time's annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world. In 2016, the 20/20 Bipartisan Justice Center awarded Harris the Bipartisan Justice Award along with Senator Tim Scott. Biden and Harris were jointly named Time Person of the Year for 2020.
Harris was selected for the inaugural 2021 Forbes 50 Over 50; made up of entrepreneurs, leaders, scientists and creators who are over the age of 50.
Personal life
Harris met her husband, attorney Doug Emhoff, through a mutual friend who set up Harris and Emhoff on a blind date in 2013. Emhoff was an entertainment lawyer who became partner-in-charge at Venable LLP's Los Angeles office. Harris and Emhoff were married on August 22, 2014, in Santa Barbara, California. Harris is a stepmother to Emhoff's two children, Cole and Ella, from his previous marriage to the film producer Kerstin Emhoff. As of August 2019, Harris and her husband had an estimated net worth of $5.8million.
Harris is a multiracial American and a Baptist, holding membership of the Third Baptist Church of San Francisco, a congregation of the American Baptist Churches USA. She is a member of The Links.
Harris's sister, Maya, is a lawyer and MSNBC political analyst; her brother-in-law, Tony West, is general counsel of Uber and a former United States Department of Justice senior official. Her niece, Meena, is the founder of the Phenomenal Women Action Campaign and former head of strategy and leadership at Uber.
Publications
Harris has written two non-fiction books and one children's book.
See also
Black women in American politics
List of African-American United States Cabinet members
List of African-American United States senators
List of female state attorneys general in the United States
List of female United States Cabinet members
List of female United States presidential and vice presidential candidates
List of United States politicians of Indian descent
List of United States senators from California
Women in the United States Senate
Notes
References
External links
Official
Other
Kamala Harris at On the Issues
Kamala Harris at PolitiFact
1964 births
Living people
African-AmericanโAsian-American relations
20th-century African-American women
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century African-American women
21st-century American memoirists
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
21st-century American women writers
2020 United States vice-presidential candidates
21st-century vice presidents of the United States
Acting presidents of the United States
Activists from the San Francisco Bay Area
African-American candidates for President of the United States
African-American candidates for Vice President of the United States
21st-century African-American lawyers
African-American members of the Cabinet of the United States
African-American memoirists
African-American people in California politics
African-American United States senators
African-American women in politics
African-American women lawyers
Alpha Kappa Alpha members
American anti-lynching activists
American people of Indian Tamil descent
American politicians of Indian descent
American politicians of Jamaican descent
American prosecutors
American women lawyers
American women memoirists
Asian-American members of the Cabinet of the United States
Asian-American United States senators
Baptists from California
Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign
Biden administration cabinet members
California Attorneys General
California politicians of Indian descent
Candidates in the 2020 United States presidential election
Democratic Party United States senators from California
Democratic Party vice presidents of the United States
District attorneys in California
Female candidates for President of the United States
Female candidates for Vice President of the United States
Female United States senators
Harris family
Howard University alumni
Lawyers from Oakland, California
Members of the United States Congress of Indian descent
Politicians from Oakland, California
Time Person of the Year
University of California College of the Law, San Francisco alumni
Vice presidents of the United States
Women in California politics
Women members of the Cabinet of the United States
Women vice presidents in North America
Writers from Oakland, California
Memoirists from California |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%8C%EC%8A%A4%20%EC%95%84%EC%9B%83 | ๋์ด๋ธ์ค ์์ | ใ๋์ด๋ธ์ค ์์ใ()์ 2019๋
๊ฐ๋ดํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ฏธ์คํฐ๋ฆฌ ์ํ์ด๋ค. ๋ผ์ด์ธ ์กด์จ์ด ๊ฐ๋
๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ณธ์ ๋งก์๊ณ , ๋๋์ผ ํฌ๋ ์ด๊ทธ, ํฌ๋ฆฌ์ค ์๋ฐ์ค, ์๋ ๋ฐ ์๋ฅด๋ง์ค, ์ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฆฌ ์ปคํฐ์ค, ํ ๋ ์ฝ๋ , ๋ง์ดํด ์๋ ๋ฑ์ด ์ถ์ฐํ๋ค. 2019 ํ ๋ก ํ ์ํ์ ์์ ์ ์ธ๊ณ ์ต์ด๋ก ๊ณต๊ฐ๋์๋ค.
์ค๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ถ์ ํ ๋ฒ์ฃ ์์ค๊ฐ ํ ๋ฐ ํธ๋กฌ๋น๋ ์์ ์ 85๋ฒ์งธ ์์ผ ์์น๋ฅผ ์ํด ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฌ๋ชจ์๋ค. ๋ค์๋ ์์นจ ํ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ ํ๋์ ๋ชฉ์ด ์นผ๋ก ๊ทธ์ธ ์ฑ ์ฃฝ์ด ์๋ ํ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๋ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ ํ ๋ฐ์ ์ฃฝ์์ด ์์ด์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ์ ํ์ง๋ง, ์ต๋ช
์ ์๋ขฐ์ธ์ด ์ฌ๋ฆฝํ์ ๋ธ๋์ ๋ธ๋์๊ฒ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ขฐํ๋ค.
๋ธ๋์ ํ ๋ฐ์ด ๊ฐ์กฑ ์ค ์ฌ๋ฟ์ ๋ฐ์ณ๋ด๋ ค ํ์์ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ํ ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ์ ๋ฆฌ์ฒ๋์ ๋ถ๋ฅ์ ๋ธ์๊ฒ ์๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ์ํํ๊ณ , ๋ฉฐ๋๋ฆฌ ์กฐ๋๊ฐ ์์ ์ ๋์ ํ์น ๊ฒ์ ๊นจ๋ซ๊ณ ๋ ์ง์์ ๋์๊ณ , ๋ง๋ด์๋ค ์ํฐ๋ฅผ ์๊ธฐ ์ถํ์ฌ์์ ํด๊ณ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์ ๋์ฌ์๊ฒ๋ ์ ์ฐ์ ํ ํผ๋ ๋จ๊ธฐ์ง ์์ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
๋ธ๋์ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋ ์ฌ์ค์ด์ง๋ง, ์์น๊ฐ ๋๋ ๋ค ํ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ณ์ธ ๋ง๋ฅดํ ์นด๋ธ๋ ๋ผ๊ฐ ์ค์๋ก ํ ๋ฐ์ด ํ์์ ๋ง๋ ์งํต์ ๊ฐ ์๋ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํ์ ๊ณผ๋ค ํฌ์ฌํ๋ฏ๋ก์จ ํ ๋ฐ์ ๋ช ๋ถ ๋ค๋ฉด ์ฃฝ์ ์ฒ์ง๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ํ ๋ฐ์ ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ์์ ์ ์ฃฝ์์ ๋ํ ์ฑ
์์ ํผํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ง๋ฅดํ์๊ฒ ์๋ ค์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ ์นผ๋ก ์๊ธฐ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ทธ์๋ค. ๋ง๋ฅดํ๋ ํ ๋ฐ์ด ์ํจ ๋๋ก ํ์ง๋ง ๋์ค์ ํ ๋ฐ์ ๋์ด๋ ์ด๋จธ๋๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ ๋ณด์๋ค. ํ ๋ฐ์ ์ด๋จธ๋๋ ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ ๋์ฌ์ผ๋ก ์ฐฉ๊ฐํ๋ค.
๋ง๋ฅดํ๋ ๊ฑฐ์ง๋ง์ ํ๋ฉด ์ฆ์ ๊ตฌํ ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ ์ฒด์ง์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ๋ธ๋์๊ฒ ์ทจ์กฐ๋ฐ๋ ๋์ ์ง์ค๋ง์ ๋งํ๋ ์จ์ ํ ์ง์ค์ ๋งํ์ง ์์์ผ๋ก์จ ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์ด๋๋ค. ๋ธ๋์ ๋ง๋ฅดํ์๊ฒ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋์ ๋ฌ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถํํ๋ค. ๋ ์ฌ๋์ด ์ ํ์ ๋ค์ง๋ ๋์ ๋ง๋ฅดํ๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฌผ์ ์์ ๋ ค ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ๋ค.
ํ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ธ์ฅ์ด ๋ญ๋
๋๊ณ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ค์ ํ ๋ฐ์ด ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ์ฐ์ ๋ง๋ฅดํ์๊ฒ ๋จ๊ฒผ์์ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ค์ ๊ฒฉ๋ถํด์ ๋ง๋ฅดํ๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ์๋ถ์ด์ง๋ง ๋์ฌ์ ๋ง๋ฅดํ์ ํจ๊ป ์๋ฆฌ์์ ๋๋ง์น๋ค. ๋์ฌ์ ์์ ์๊ฒ ์๋ฐฑํ๋๋ก ๋ง๋ฅดํ๋ฅผ ์ค๋ํ ๋ค ์๊ธฐ ๋ชซ์ ์ ์ฐ์ ๋๊ฒจ์ฃผ๋ฉด ๋ง๋ฅดํ๋ฅผ ๋๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ค์ ๋ง๋ฅดํ๊ฐ ํ ๋ฐ์ ์ฃฝ์์ ์ฑ
์์ด ์๋ค๋ฉด ์์๊ฒฐ๊ฒฉ ์์น์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ฐ์ ์์ํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋ง๋ฅดํ์๊ฒ ์์์ ํฌ๊ธฐํ๋๋ก ์ข
์ฉํ๋ค. ์ํธ๋ ๋ง๋ฅดํ์ ์ด๋จธ๋๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ฒ ์ฒด๋ฅ์์์ ํญ๋กํ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ฐํ๋ค.
๋ง๋ฅดํ๋ ํ ๋ฐ์ ํ์ก ๋
๊ทน๋ฌผ ๊ฒ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ง ์ฌ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ถ๊ฐ ๋ค์ด ์๋ ์ต๋ช
์ ํ๋ฐ ํธ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋๋ค. ๋ง๋ฅดํ์ ๋์ฌ์ ๋
๊ทน๋ฌผ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ํํ ๊ฒ์๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ์ฐพ์๊ฐ์ง๋ง ๊ทธ๊ณณ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐค์ ํ์ฌ๋ก ๋ถํ ๋ฌด๋์ง ์ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ํ์ฅ์์ ๋ธ๋์ด ๋ง๋ฅดํ์ ๋์ฌ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ์ ๋ง๋ฅดํ๋ ์ฐจ ์๋์ ๊ฑธ๊ณ ๋์ฃผํ๋ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ก์ ๋์ฌ์ ์ฒดํฌํ๋ค. ๋ธ๋์ ํ ๋ฐ์ ์ด๋จธ๋๊ฐ ํ ๋ฐ์ด ์ฃฝ๋ ๋ ๋์ฌ์ด ํ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ฒฝ์ ํ๊ณ ๋ด๋ ค์ค๋ ๊ฑธ ๋ดค๋ค๊ณ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค.
๋ง๋ฅดํ๋ ํ๋ฐ๋ฒ์ด ๋งํ ์ฃผ์๋ก ์ฐพ์๊ฐ ํ๋์ด ์ฝ๋ฌผ์ ํฌ์ฌ๋ฐ๊ณ ์ฐ๋ฌ์ ธ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๋ค. ๋ง๋ฅดํ๋ ํ๋์๊ฒ ์ฌํ์์์ ์ ์ํํ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๊ธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ฅธ๋ค. ๋ง๋ฅดํ๋ ๋ธ๋์๊ฒ ์๋ฐฑํ์ง๋ง, ์ด๋ฏธ ๋์ฌ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์๊ฒ ๋ชจ๋ ํธ์ด๋์ ์ํ์๋ค. ์ ํ์์ ๋ง๋ฅดํ๋ ํ๋์ด ๋๋ง์ด๋ฅผ ์จ๊ฒจ ๋๋ ๊ณณ์์ ๋
๊ทน๋ฌผ ๊ฒ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ง์ ์์ ํ ์ฌ๋ณธ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๋ค. ๋ง๋ฅดํ๊ฐ ํธ๋กฌ๋น ๊ฐ์กฑ์๊ฒ ๋ชจ๋ ํธ์ด๋์ผ๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋ ์๊ฐ, ๋ธ๋์ ๊ฒ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋๋ ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ๋ค.
๋ธ๋์ ๋ง๋ฅดํ, ๋์ฌ, ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๋ค์๊ฒ ์์ ์ ์ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ์ด๋๋๋ค. ๋์ฌ์ ์์น์์ ํ ๋ฐ์ด ๋ชจ๋ ์ ์ฐ์ ๋ง๋ฅดํ์๊ฒ ๋จ๊ฒผ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ์๊ฒ ๋์, ๋ง๋ฅดํ์ ์ฝ๋ณ์ ๋ ์ฝ์ ๋ฐ๊ฟ์น๊ธฐํ๊ณ ํด๋
์ ๋ฅผ ํ์ณ์ ๋ง๋ฅดํ๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํ ๊ณผ๋ค ํฌ์ฌ๋ก ํ ๋ฐ์ ์ฃฝ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค๋๋ก ๊พธ๋ช๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด ์์๊ฒฐ๊ฒฉ ์์น์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ง๋ฅดํ๋ ์ ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ฌ์ค ๋ง๋ฅดํ๋ ์ฝ๋ณ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ผ๋ฒจ์ ์ฝ์ง ์์ ์ฑ ์ฌ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฝ์ ์ฃผ์ฌํ๊ณ ํ ๋ฐ์ ์ฃฝ์์ ์ฑ
์์ด ์์๋ค. ํ ๋ฐ์ด ์์ดํ๋ค๋ ๋ณด๋๋ฅผ ์ ํ ๋์ฌ์ ์ต๋ช
์ผ๋ก ๋ธ๋์ ๊ณ ์ฉํด ๋ง๋ฅดํ์ ์ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ๋ ค ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋์ค์ ํ๋์ ๋์ฌ์ด ๋ง๋ฅดํ์ ์์ฝํ ์์์ ํด๋
์ ๋ฅผ ๋๋ ค๋๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด๊ณ ๊ทธ์๊ฒ ํ๋ฐ ํธ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋๋ค. ๋์ฌ์ ๋ง๋ฅดํ๊ฐ ์ง๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌด์์์ ์ผ๋ก ํ ๋ฐ์๊ฒ ์ฌ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฝ์ ์ฃผ์ฌํ์์ ๊นจ๋ซ๊ณ , ํ๋์ ํ๋ฐ ํธ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋๋ก ๋ง๋ฅดํ์๊ฒ ๋ณด๋๋ค. ๋์ฌ์ ๊ฒ์๊ตญ์ ๋ถ์ ์ง๋ฅด๊ณ ํ๋์ด ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ง ์ฌ๋ณธ์ ๋ถํ์ ๋ง๋ฅดํ์ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฑ์ ์
์ฆํ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ธ๋ฉธํ๋ค. ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ ํ๋์๊ฒ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํ์ ์ฃผ์ฌํ๊ณ ํ๋์ด ์๋ ์์น๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ฅดํ์๊ฒ ๋ณด๋ด ํ๋์ ์ฃฝ์ธ ํ์๋ฅผ ์์ฐ๋ ค ํ๋ค.
๋์ฌ์ ์๋ฐฑ์ ์ ๋ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ง๋ฅดํ๋ ํ๋์ด ๊นจ์ด๋ฌ๊ณ ๋์ฌ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ์ ๋ํด ์ฆ์ธํ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ ๊ฑฐ์ง๋งํ๋ค. ๋์ฌ์ด ๋ฒ์ฃ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ ํ๊ณ ๋ณต์๋ฅผ ๋งน์ธํ์, ๋ง๋ฅดํ๋ ๋์ฌ์๊ฒ ํ ํ๊ณ ๊ฑฐ์ง๋ง์ด ๋๋ฌ๋๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๊ฒฉ๋
ธํ ๋์ฌ์ ์นผ์ ์ฃผ์๋ค์ด ๋ง๋ฅดํ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋ฅด์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ ์นผ์ ๋ ์ด ์ ํ๋ ์ฐ๊ทน ์ํ์ด์๋ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ ๋์ฌ์ ์ฐํํด ๊ฐ๊ณ ๋ง๋ฅดํ๋ ์ด์ ์์ ์ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ ์ ํ ์ฐฝ๊ฐ์์ ํธ๋กฌ๋น ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ๋ด๋ ค๋ค๋ณธ๋ค.
์ถ์ฐ์ง
๋๋์ผ ํฌ๋ ์ด๊ทธ - ๋ธ๋์ ๋ธ๋
ํฌ๋ฆฌ์ค ์๋ฐ์ค - ํด ๋์ฌ ๋๋ผ์ด์ฆ๋ฐ์ผ
์๋ ๋ฐ ์๋ฅด๋ง์ค - ๋ง๋ฅดํ ์นด๋ธ๋ ๋ผ
์ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฆฌ ์ปคํฐ์ค - ๋ฆฐ๋ค ๋๋ผ์ด์ฆ๋ฐ์ผ
๋ง์ดํด ์๋ - ์ํธ ํธ๋กฌ๋น
๋ ์กด์จ - ๋ฆฌ์ฒ๋ ๋๋ผ์ด์ฆ๋ฐ์ผ
ํ ๋ ์ฝ๋ - ์กฐ๋ ํธ๋กฌ๋น
๋ฌํค์ค ์คํ ํ๋ - ์๋ฆฌ์ ํ์ฌ
์บ์๋ฆฐ ๋ญํผ๋ - ๋ฉ ํธ๋กฌ๋น
์ ์ด๋ ๋งํ
- ์ ์ด์ปต ํธ๋กฌ๋น
ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ ํผ ํ๋ฌ๋จธ - ํ ๋ฐ ํธ๋กฌ๋น
๋
ธ์ ์๊ฑด - ํธ๋ฃจํผ ์๊ทธ๋
์ด๋ ํจํฐ์จ - ํ๋
๋ฆฌํค ๋ฆฐ๋ํ - ๋๋ ํธ๋กฌ๋น
K ์บ๋ฐ - ์๋คํ ํธ๋กฌ๋น
ํ๋ญํฌ ์ค์ฆ - ์จ๋ฐ ์คํฐ๋ธ์ค
M. ์๋ฐ ์์ - ํ๋ฃจํ๋ก ์จ
๋ง๋ฆฐ ํฌํ
์ด - ์นด๋ธ๋ ๋ผ ๋ถ์ธ
์
๋ฆฌ ๋ก๋๋ฆฌ๊ฒ์ค - ์๋ฆฌ์์ ์นด๋ธ๋ ๋ผ
๋ผ์ธ ์นด์คํฐ์ - ๊ฒฝ๊ด
์กฐ์
๊ณ ๋ ๋ ๋น - ํ๋๋ก ํ์ฌ (๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ ์ถ์ฐ)
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
2019๋
์ํ
์์ด ์ํ ์ํ
๋ผ์ด์ธ ์กด์จ ๊ฐ๋
์ํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ํ์ ์ํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ถ๋ฆฌ ์ํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ฏธ์คํฐ๋ฆฌ ์ํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ ๋๋ผ๋ง ์ํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ ์ค๋ฆด๋ฌ ์ํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ ์ฝ๋ฏธ๋ ์ํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ธ๋ ์ฝ๋ฏธ๋ ์ํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ค๋ฆด๋ฌ ๋๋ผ๋ง ์ํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฝ๋ฏธ๋ ๋๋ผ๋ง ์ํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฝ๋ฏธ๋ ์ค๋ฆด๋ฌ ์ํ
์๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ์ํ
์ด์ธ์ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ์ํ
๋ถ๋ฒ์ฒด๋ฅ๋ฅผ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ์ํ
์ญ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ์ํ
2018๋
์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ํ
๋งค์ฌ์ถ์ธ์ธ ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ํ
๋ณด์คํด์์ ์ดฌ์ํ ์ํ
๋ผ์ด์ธ์ค ๊ฒ์ดํธ ์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ ์ํ
์ด์ธ ๋ฏธ์คํฐ๋ฆฌ ์ํ
์์์ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ์ํ
๋น์ ํ ์์ฌ ์ํ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knives%20Out | Knives Out | Knives Out is a 2019 American mystery film written and directed by Rian Johnson. Daniel Craig leads an eleven-actor ensemble cast as Benoit Blanc, famed private detective summoned to investigate the death of bestselling author Harlan Thrombey (Christopher Plummer). When police rule Harlan's case a suicide, Blanc suspects foul play and examines a host of clues and dubious red herrings to ascertain his true manner of death. Rian produced Knives Out with longtime collaborator Ram Bergman. Lionsgate managed the film's commercial distribution, and funding was sourced through MRC and a multimillion dollar tax subsidy from the Massachusetts state government.
Rian conceived Knives Out in the mid-2000s. Seeking to modernize the whodunit films of the mid-twentieth century, the director's concept gleaned from his interest in big-screen movie adaptations of Agatha Christie's stories. Rian eventually pivoted to creation of his 2017 film Star Wars: The Last Jedi, halting further progress on Knives Out. Development resumed the following year when Rian wrote the screenplay in six or seven months. He devised a framework of tonal shifts to escalate tension between the characters, and informed elements of the story with his experience coping with intense culture war backlash to The Last Jedi. Principal photography began in October 2018 on a $40 million budget, and wrapped that December. Filming transpired on location in suburban Boston. Nathan Johnson composed Knives Out classical score, which drew on an eclectic array of his favorite symphonic film scores.
Knives Out premiered at the 44th Toronto International Film Festival on September 7, 2019, and was distributed to American theaters on November 27 to major critical and commercial success. It was chosen as one of the year's top films by the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute, and finished the theatrical run grossing $311.9ย million at the global box office. Critics distinguished the actors and film's story for praise, though certain aspects of the writing and performance drew occasional criticism. Knives Out was nominated for multiple awards, among them three Golden Globes, a BAFTA, and an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay. The success of Knives Out spawned a standalone sequel, Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery, released in 2022 on Netflix, and a third film that is in development.
Plot
The family of Harlan Thrombey, a wealthy mystery novelist, attends his 85th birthday party at his Massachusetts mansion. The next morning, Harlan's housekeeper, Fran, discovers him dead with a slit throat. Police detectives Lieutenant Elliot and Trooper Wagner believe Harlan died by suicide, but private detective Benoit Blanc is anonymously hired to investigate. Blanc learns that Harlan had strained relationships with his family members, giving several of them possible motives for murder.
Unknown to Blanc, Harlan's nurse, Marta Cabrera, believes she injected Harlan with a lethal dose of morphine after mixing up his medications the night after the party. Harlan instructed her to create a false alibi and then slit his own throat. Marta cannot lie without vomiting, so she gives accurate but incomplete answers when questioned. She agrees to assist Blanc's investigation and conceals evidence incriminating her. At the reading of Harlan's will, Marta is bequeathed his entire fortune, stunning and enraging the Thrombeys. Harlan's grandson Ransom helps Marta escape the family, but manipulates her into confessing to him. He offers help in exchange for a portion of her inheritance. Meanwhile, the remaining Thrombeys try to persuade and threaten Marta into renouncing the inheritance, to no avail.
Marta receives a blackmail note containing a partial photocopy of Harlan's toxicology report. She and Ransom drive to the medical examiner's office to find it burned down. Marta receives an email proposing a rendezvous with the blackmailer. Blanc and the police spot them, and after a brief car chase, Ransom is arrested. At the rendezvous, Marta finds Fran drugged. She performs CPR and calls an ambulance. She confesses to Blanc, though Ransom has already implicated her, and she decides to admit to causing Harlan's death, which would invalidate the bequest under the slayer rule.
Back at the mansion, Marta finds Fran's copy of the full toxicology report, which shows Harlan had only trace amounts of morphine in his blood. Blanc reveals his deductions to Elliot, Wagner, Marta, and Ransom: that Harlan had told Ransom about his will, and that Ransom had then swapped Harlan's medicines to ensure that Marta would accidentally kill him and thus be ineligible to claim the inheritance. However, Marta actually gave Harlan the correct medication, subconsciously recognizing it; she only thought she had poisoned him after reading the label. As the death was reported as a suicide, Ransom anonymously hired Blanc to expose Marta. Fran saw Ransom tampering with the crime scene and sent him the blackmail note. After Ransom realized Marta was not responsible for Harlan's death, but Marta still thought she was, he forwarded the blackmail letter to Marta and burned down the medical examiner's office to destroy evidence of her innocence. He then overdosed Fran with morphine, intending for Marta to get caught with Fran's corpse.
The hospital calls; Marta relays that Fran survived and will implicate Ransom. He scoffs that since his attempt to kill Fran failed, his lawyers will help him escape arson and attempted murder charges. Marta then vomits on him, revealing that she lied: Fran is dead. Realizing he has confessed to the murder, with Elliot and Wagner having recorded the conversation, Ransom attacks Marta with a knife from Harlan's collection, which turns out to be a retractable stage knife. The police promptly arrest him.
Blanc tells Marta he suspected early on that she played a part in Harlan's death, noting a drop of blood on her shoe. As Ransom is taken into custody, Marta watches from the balcony of what is now her mansion, with the Thrombeys gathered outside.
Cast
Production
Development
Director Rian Johnson conceived Knives Out after the completion of his first major feature, the low budget thriller Brick (2005). Rian had been eager to create a contemporary whodunit mystery gleaning from mid-twentieth century movie adaptations of books by detective fiction writer Agatha Christie, films he enjoyed as a child. He shaped his most incipient vision of Knives Out from Alfred Hitchcock's advice on matters of plot development, since Hitchcock argued that conventional whodunits too often relied on formulaic suspense, especially a climactic twist, to culminate the story. The director began formulating ideas for plot structure once the story's goal had been determined.
Rian developed a framework of tonal shifts as a means of inciting tension in the story. The first shift arranges the plot as a thriller by establishing Marta's reckoning with the manner of Harlan's death, her own implication, and quest to evade the investigation's purview as a cause of conflict, thus framing Blanc as the antagonist. It is in the final shift that, through plausible deniability, Marta's innocence is unequivocal. This posed a significant writing challenge as Rian intended not only that Marta be a sympathetic character, but also be perceived as justified in her behavior. He was also keen to portray the extent an innocent person could go when threatened with incarceration. The greatest challenge for the director was modernizing a genre studios deemed too antiquated for release.
Rian hoped to commit to Knives Out after the release of his science fiction thriller Looper (2012), but suspended the project once Lucasfilm hired him to direct Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017). He embedded elements of the Knives Out story with his experience coping with the intense culture war backlash to his Star Wars work. Rian began the scriptwriting by January 2018, immediately after finishing his press tour for The Last Jedi, in a process lasting six or seven months. When the director showed a finished draft to friends, he recalled the response was cynical: "A few reactions were 'We like this kind of movie, but why do you want to do this?' That did give me pause, but I felt like I knew deep down inside why I wanted to do it." Rian took the film's name from a Radiohead song, saying it was a good title for a murder mystery.
Media coverage of Knives Out give conflicting accounts about the film's funding. One report circulated by Deadline claimed that Creative Artists Agency and FilmNation hosted a heated auctioning of the script at the 43rd Toronto International Film Festival to various investors, including MRC, which it secured by outbidding all offers with a hefty proposal. This account has been disputed by longtime collaborator Ram Bergman, who maintains there was never an auction, but that MRC was always the intended financier because of their sustained success with mass market films by auteursโdirectors that wield significant autonomy over the artistic vision of their projects. Nevertheless, MRC financed the film's $40 million budget, plus generous backend compensation for Bergman, Rian, and Daniel Craig, per the condition of their agreement. For Knives Out commercial distribution, MRC partnered with Lionsgate after Lionsgate, seeking to rebound from a year of mediocre box office showings, purchased a partial share of the distribution rights.
Casting
Employing an ensemble cast of established stars was one of Rian's initial demands. He also drew upon the Agatha Christie movies, and chiefly Peter Ustinov-starred projects ร la Death on the Nile (1978) and Evil Under the Sun (1982), for his casting choices because he felt they possessed a sense of spectacle worth replicating. The filmmakers focused on actors available in the six week interim before shooting for Knives Out began. Actors were chosen based on their ability to stand out in bit speaking parts and master an exaggerated, but not caricatured, comic performance. According to Rian, the film's rapid progress readily facilitated his desired casting ambitions. Most of the Knives Out ensemble were signed in October and November 2018. Rian named each of the characters after musicians he enjoyed because it was a simple practice to rememberโfor example, Joni Mitchell, Richard Thompson, and Steely Dan's Donald Fagen.
Daniel Craig came to Rian's attention for his stage work and non-James Bond film roles. Rian regarded him as a versatile actor yearning to challenge his abilities in a playful comedy role. Craig declined due to his contractual obligations to the then-forthcoming No Time to Die (2021), which was preparing to shoot around the same time, but logistical and creative disputes postponed the film's production by three months, giving the actor enough time to accept the offer. Once he read his mailed copy of the script, Craig agreed to join as the writing's tone and humor captivated him. The treatment of Blanc was not a fruitful task for Rian initially, his first conception being a Hercule Poirot clone "that was just a bunch of crazy quirks". To distinguish the character, Rian outlined Blanc as a slightly pompous man with a flamboyant Southern accent, turning to Craig's ongoing feedback for more unique characterization. Craig undertook speech training with a dialect coach for two to three hours per day, studying playwright Tennessee Williams and author Shelby Foote, via interview footage from C-SPAN and the Ken Burns-helmed docuseries The Civil War (1990), to model Blanc's voice.
Casting director Mary Vernieu was responsible for hiring a suitable actress to portray Marta. She and the filmmakers did not favor one particular person for the part, unlike the other Knives Out characters, and scouted based on Rian's preference for a relatively unknown actress exhibiting an underdog quality. They considered several candidates, including Ana de Armas, whose recent work piqued Vernieu's interest enough to be suggested in the casting discussions. On the other hand, Rian was not familiar with de Armas' repertoire save for her starring role in Blade Runner 2049 (2017). He liked her acting though believed she was too sensual to convincingly vivify Marta. When Rian met the actress for her audition, he was astonished by her piercing eyes. De Armas nearly passed the role because she found Marta's original character description clichรฉd. However, she was persuaded after reading the screenplay fully, which emphasized resilience and strength as fundamental attributes of Marta. Another aspect that resonated with de Armas was Marta's immigrant backstory.
For the self-indulgent Ransom, Rian envisioned Chris Evans after seeing him in the Broadway revival of Kenneth Lonergan's Lobby Hero, having been impressed with his performance as a contemptible villain. Evans was known mainly for his live-action role as Captain America in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), and Rian exploited the actor's everyman persona to ignite tension between moviegoers and Ransom, saying, "You've got to see it not as baggage, but as ammunition. If there was someone in that part who the audience inherently wanted to like, that would help the arc overall." Although Evans was preparing to embark on a hiatus after finishing his duties for Avengers: Endgame (2019), he reconsidered when the producers relayed they would film near his home in Massachusetts.
The impression left by Toni Collette's Joni in news articles was that she parodied Gwyneth Paltrow, but Rian and Collette assert the actress did not sway the characterization. Collette said her biggest purpose was to find the humor in her character. Christopher Plummer, in one of his final film appearances before his death in 2021, described Harlan as a "stern, bright and rough-hewn" father with by a crass sense of humor. Michael Shannon did not audition for the role of Walt and was contracted following an arranged lunch with Rian in Brooklyn. For the part of Linda, Jamie Lee Curtis sympathized with her backstory as a woman fiercely scrutinized for her privilege. She stated, "I've been an actress for a long time, and I am also the daughter of someone famous, and people have a funny way of taking away anything you do creatively and reduce it to your privilege. Linda is very defensive about the assumption that she was given anything, and I've had the same defense." To prepare for her performance, Curtis immersed in activities befitting her character's position as a matriarch, such as cooking meals.
Filming
Bergman was already conducting the location scouting while Rian prepared the script independently. Rian's instruction for the filmmakers was to find an estate that exuded Harlan's mystery writing sensibilities, citing the thriller Sleuth (1972) as a reference for recognizable visual elements. Bergman toured several homes with his scouting team before centralizing the film's production base to a pair of sprawling mansions in suburban Boston; a privately owned nineteenth-century Gothic Revival manor near Lake Waban in Natick doubling for the Thrombey residence in exterior shots, and the Ames Mansion, a 20-room historic landmark anchoring the Borderland State Park in Easton.
Most of the interior shots transpired in the Ames Mansion, from intense confrontational scenes with Harlan and his relatives to conversational scenes of Blanc's investigation. A problem that challenged the production was the logistics of the mansions, for neither had the sufficient space in the upper floors to realize Harlan's office or corresponding scenes. To rectify the issue, production designer David Crank constructed the office set, which included an adjacent hallway, on soundstages, working closely with Rian to coordinate the movement of characters with the configuration of the homes and artificial sets.
Principal photography began on October 30, 2018, under the pseudonym Morning Bell, in Maynard, Massachusetts. Filmmakers converted vacant retail space into a laundromat in preparation for the first shoot. Elsewhere in Greater Boston, filming occurred near a MBTA passenger rail station in downtown Natick, a private mid-century modern estate in Lincoln, Canton, Wellesley, Waltham, Medfield, and an unoccupied state-owned facility in Marlborough chosen for its rotund orientation. The Marlborough shoot was the site for exterior scenes at the scorched medical examiner's office, involving pyrotechnics and a group of local firefighters as extras portraying an active firefighting operation. Filming for the project consumed approximately 38 days, ending on December 20, 2018. Knives Out qualified for a $10 million transferable tax credit on in-state costs from the Massachusetts commonwealth government.
Cinematography
Knives Out was director of photography Steve Yedlin's fifth project with Rian. The two men storyboarded their visual composition ideas ahead of the principal photography, which did not describe the onscreen universe in depth. Rian approached the filming with a double-camera setup, appointing two operators to complete the task. While the camera interactions in this setup were known to yield frustrating results on other shoots, the setup proved reliable for the producers because they had the freedom to experiment with their filmmaking methods. Yedlin shot Knives Out in standard 1.85:1 aspect ratio from Alexa Mini cameras equipped with Zeiss Master Prime lenses. The filmmakers believed wider camera lenses lent a pronounced emphasis to worldbuilding by fixating on individual characters and their peripheral surroundings, and they could test the Zeiss Prime's scaling capability without undermining video quality. They also deployed Panavision's PCZ Primo 19-90 and PZW 15-40 zoom lenses as zooming was customary for Rian's oeuvre. Ultimately, Yedlin and production members adopted action building techniques centered on Robert Altman's cinematic style, through a complex system of whip pans, zooming, and camera dolly movements. Panavision's Hollywood office loaned camera equipment to assist the needs of the production.
Part of Knives Out production was devoted to realizing a specialized process of color grading for the film's visual effects, based on qualitative data collected from Yedlin's field research. The cinematographer's usual strategy prioritized a lookup table (LUT) to augment a film's visual palette, and he observed the science of photochemistry to create his color grading formula. Yedlin collaborated with FotoKem to flesh out properties of halation, gate weave, and granularity. To illuminate interior mansion scenes, Yedlin supplemented sets with an overhead lighting contraption designed from Arri SkyPanels and custom RGBWW strip fixturesโa class of modulated multicolor strip lightsโbundled in foam sheets for light diffusion. As well, he relied on computer software and a spectrometer to gauge the sunlight's chromaticity, its specified color quality, and requisite tones to generate the textural variation produced thereof.
Set design
The scriptwriting contained few details about the design of the Thrombey residence, hence the estate's clearest vision emerged from conversations that Rian, Crank and set decorator David Schlesinger had over aesthetics. The design team were drawn to the Ames Mansion because the original architectural elements had been preserved, endowing sets with an aged quality. Crank and Schlesinger handled the sourcing, then assortment, of props for interior mansion sets. They located the film's decorative items from a range of businesses, souvenir collectors, and ordinary people in Boston and New York. The choice of props corresponded to specifications in the script that they be whimsical and behoove Harlan's character and literary canon. A collection of automata, doll-like mechanical devices that imitate human mannerisms, was chief among the artifacts. The automata were costly, fragile and rare to obtain, requiring thorough scouting from the producers, and additional caveatsโtransportation, storage, rental feesโcomplicated the expense. Schlesinger inquired multiple museums and private collectors before contacting the Morris Museum's Murtogh D. Guinness Collection in Morristown, New Jersey, one of the world's largest automata exhibits, but the Morris Museum prohibited all non-exhibition uses of their pieces. They instead directed Schlesinger and his prop-makers to a local restorer, who owned a private collection, to negotiate. Upon approval, the producers hired another local collector to undertake the automata's transporting and installation to and from set. Also present among the background props were large dollhouses, crime scene dioramas, Harlan's library of books, which were designed and arranged by decade, and a stash clock.
Creation of Knives Out most significant prop, the "Wheel of Knives", a throne chair positioned in front of a ringed display of knives, daunted the art department. Although the chair was conceived as a library piece, the script did not explain any correlation to the story, and Crank said developing an established cause was "a long process". The art department abandoned early concepts until they imagined a design with an armature and a chain from which to hang the display.
Music
Rian pitched Knives Out to composer Nathan Johnsonโcousin and another frequent associateโas early as 2009. Their first conversation concerned the context of music in opening scenes, and they sought a score that evinced the film's key events and drama with an abrasive classical sound. Nathan recorded the Knives Out score with an orchestra at Abbey Road Studios in London. To prepare, the composer engaged the production while principal photography was active, visiting the set to forge a premise for melodic cues and motifs. This was an uncommon experience given the standard industry practice for composers is to work in post-production, after filming has finished. "Knives Out! (String Quartet in G Minor)", the opening string quartet theme and Nathan's earliest contribution, served as the impetus for the album. Nathan and Rian were compelled by an eclectic array of their favorite symphonic movie scores for Knives Out musical direction, such as Death on the Nile, the compositions of Bernard Herrmann, and Lawrence of Arabia (1962). The use of an orchestra distinguishes Knives Out from other Rian-directed films, as filmmakers could only afford to articulate more economical, unorthodox approaches to scoring in previous ventures. It was also Nathan's first large scale orchestral score, being experienced solely with small ensembles.
Cut Narrative Records released the soundtrack on November 27, 2019, in tandem with the film's theatrical launch.
Themes
In interviews organized for the press junket, Bergman, Rian, and some of the actors expressed candid views of themes common in the Knives Out story, lending multiple interpretations of the film. Knives Out has been read as work that investigates class warfare, wealth inequality, immigration, and race in contemporary American society. Rian stated the central story neither condemns nor subscribes to a single ideology, rather it was designed to provoke moviegoers to contemplate. Moreover, the director saw whodunits as best suited to scrutinize institutional power, a belief influenced by Christie's writings, work that he considered indicative of a woman who, while not militant, was attuned to British society politics throughout her life.
Class warfare
Knives Out ranks with other turn-of-the-decade filmsโsuch as Ready or Not, Parasite, Hustlers, and Joker (all 2019)โin which class warfare is the unifying theme. The film makes literal class struggle by framing Harlan's death as an explicit tale of good versus evil, caregiver Marta emerging as the heroine because of her humanity. Whereas Marta is distraught from the moment Harlan dies, the surviving Thrombeys are fractured by greed, succumbing to their stakes in Harlan's publishing fortune. They are ruthless and venal, oblivious of their patriarch's demise for a quest for immense wealth they feel entitled to control and seize by any means. In this sense, it is the Thrombeys, not the elusive suspect per se, that represent the true villains. Yet, in spite of the family's contempt for herself and the working class, Marta resists their coercion thanks to her wit and moral convictions. Much emphasis is placed on the alternating points of view of Marta's ordeal to reinforce antagonism, a device that Fast Company Joe Berkowitz argues forms the film's class consciousness.
Eugene Nulman, the Senior Lecturer of Sociology at Birmingham City University, posits a Marxist interpretation of Knives Out. Marta is analyzed as an analog for healthcare workers made vulnerable in the COVID-19 pandemic by the failures of neoliberalism, and Nulman contends that the film presents the Thrombey family dynamic as an allegory for capitalism, each relative embodying bourgeois archetypes: i.e. the rentier class in Linda, the investor class in Walt, the celebrity class in Joni, trust fund elite in Ransom, right-wing establishment in Jacob, and the liberal establishment in Meg. Harlan is the exception, defined by his modest origins, class consciousness, and his family's exploitation of his labor. For this reason, in Nulman's interpretation, Harlan's deliberate suicide and transfer of wealth to Marta are subversive acts that, alongside the Thrombeys' vilifying of Marta (mirroring the status quo's counterrevolutionary force), suggest credence to the idea that capitalist exploitation can only be addressed by revolution.
Race
Race was also examined in thematic studies of the film. Knives Out concentrates on a critique of white supremacy and liberal paternalism, comically depicting the ThrombeyโMarta relationship through condescending affection and running gags about Marta's country of origin. In his essay for White Supremacy and the American Media, professor Michael Blouin contests the film's analysis of white nationalism. Blouin argues Knives Out resigns to Jeffersonian democratic idealsโliberal universalism, pragmatic reasoning, and an a priori sense of justiceโthat buttress a set of racialized assumptions. In doing so, in Blouin's words, all expressed antagonism is neutralized, therefore "depoliticizing a crisis that has so far proven to be resistant to the ideal prescribed by many white liberals".
Release
Marketing
Knives Out premiered at the 44th Toronto International Film Festival on September 7, 2019, part of the fest's special presentations lineup. The film then headlined the 14th Fantastic Fest in Austin, Texas as the closing title, before concluding its North American festival itinerary at the Chicago International Film Festival's Centerpiece showcase. In Europe, Knives Out debuted at the 63rd BFI London Film Festival as one of the event's gala entries, held October 2โ13, 2019 in London.
Lionsgate supervised the film's advertising campaign. They commenced the promotional cycle in April 2019 with a showcasing preview at CinemaCon, where the first teaser trailer of the film was revealed, followed by another trade show exhibit at CineEurope that June. One critical aspect of the marketing campaign was aggressive social media engagement. Early tactics focused on feel-good messaging, the film's campy humor and Thrombey family enterprisesโthe lattermost featuring Shannon, Collette, and Curtis in characterโthrough video parodies and mock advertisements developed using website building platforms. The campaign resumed in the weeks following Knives Out late November release, when Ransom's off-white knitted Aran sweater went viral, prompting a brief renaming of the film's official Twitter account to "Chris Evans' Sweater Stan Account" as well as a merchandise giveaway to maximize publicity. Ads reportedly intrigued a slightly male audience but showed strong appeal with women of all ages. For licensed artwork, Rian unveiled a set of colorful, brooding character posters in September 2019, each with the tagline, "Nothing brings a family together like murder." The director additionally recorded interactive audio commentary to entice repeated business.
Knives Out opened to theaters in North America and the United Kingdom on November 27, 2019. The film's global rollout expanded to China, France, Australia, Russia, and 48 other overseas territories the second week. Its final market was Japan, released on January 31, 2020. Knives Out was seen by industry professionals as a potential hit based on interest sustained from enthusiastic pre-release reviews, the film's unique self-referentiality, and the ensemble's star power, especially Evans, Craig, and Curtis. The success of the film was considered contingent on its ability to attract a broad audience rather than a niche demographic of adults.
Home media
Lionsgate released Knives Out on digital formats on February 7, 2020, and on DVD, Blu-ray and 4K on February 25. Physical copies include deleted scenes, a behind-the-scenes featurette, audio commentary from Rian, Yedlin, and Noah Segan, an eight-part documentary, advertisements, and previously unaired press interviews. It was the second-best selling DVD and Blu-ray release in its first week of US sales, selling 248,286 copies and earning $4.6 million. By January 2023, the film had sold 1.47 million copies. Knives Out is also available to authenticated Amazon subscribers via the company's Prime Video streaming service.
Reception
Box office
Knives Out endured at the box office as a film targeting adults, in a theatrical season saturated with family blockbusters such as Frozen II, Jumanji: The Next Level, and Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker. It earned $165.4ย million in the United States and Canada (52.8% of its earnings) and $146ย million overseas (47.2%), for a worldwide total of $311.4ย million, making it the 29th-highest-grossing film of 2019. Of this figure, $82million was estimated to have been yielded by the MRCโLionsgate partnership in net profit, factoring in marketing, equipment, royalties, interest, and miscellaneous costs. China was the most lucrative international market, and the film's performance in that country exceeded analysts' expectations by a significant margin, buoyed by positive press. The United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, and France represented some of the film's largest takings.
In North America, after securing $2ย million from advanced screenings, Knives Out received a wide release across 3,391 theaters. The film benefitted from a five-day tracking period thanks to the Thanksgiving holiday Thursday. This enhanced the first week sum to $41.7ย million, ahead of the three-week old Ford v Ferrari and second to Frozen II, which was in its second weekend. Knives Out opening gross nearly doubled the prognosticators' pre-release estimates of $22โ25ย million. CinemaScore conducted during opening night revealed the average grade moviegoers gave the film was Aโ on an A+ to F scale. Screenings attracted a male audience, and approximately 46% were over 25 years of age, 46% over 35, and 63% white. The second weekend saw Knives Out take another $14.2ย million from 3,461 theaters, remaining the number two film, and earnings dropped by about 35% the following week. In the fourth weekend, the film slipped to the number five position with a gross of $6.5ย million, its theater count narrowing to slightly above 2,500, though box office figures improved by 50% for the Christmas holiday week (seventh, with $9.7ย million). The theater count remained well above average for adult-oriented fare at the end of the year. By January 2020, the film's domestic gross topped $130 million. Knives Out was one of the top ten highest-grossing films for 10 weeks, and it finished its North American theatrical run as one of the year's most successful original titles, surpassing the Quentin Tarantino-directed Once Upon a Time in Hollywood and trailing behind Jordan Peele's psychological thriller Us.
Knives Out overall November 27 week rank offshore was second to Frozen II at $28.3 million. China comprised the largest portion of the earnings with $13.5 million, followed by the United Kingdom ($3.8 million from 632 theaters), Russia ($2 million from 1,451 theaters), Australia ($1.9 million from 282 theaters), and France (third, with $1.5 million from 437 theaters). Knives Out sustained the box office momentum in China and the UK into the second weekend, resulting in a 20% drop in revenue in the latter. After four weeks it had earned $27.9 million in China and $13.7 million in Britain. The film's overseas expansion continued into mid-December, marked by key releases in South Korea (fourth, $1.7 million from 686 cinemas), Italy (third, $1.2 million from 362 cinemas), and Mexico (second, $1.1 million from 871 cinemas). Christmas period saw reinvigorated ticket sales in France, Australia, and Britain, and in Russia, the New Year holiday bolstered the film's box office by 152% over the prior week. Knives Out debuted as the top-grossing movie in Brazil when it premiered the weekend of December 12, earning $1.1 million. On its inaugural weekend elsewhere, the film took $2.7 million in Germany and $665,000 in Austria. Within a month, Knives Out international gross exceeded $100 million.
Critical response
Knives Out opened to widely positive reviews, and, by the end of 2019, was considered one of the year's best films by the American Film Institute, National Board of Review, and the mainstream press in ranked lists. A routinely discussed aspect in the media was the scriptwriting. Knives Out received notice for its unusual plot structure, and publications argued the film defied expectations by employing numerous narrative twists and satire of murder mystery tropes. Film critics regarded highly of Rian's comic treatment of a traditional detective story, described as "enjoyably, wackily serpentine", with sardonic humor noted for its "sheen of smugness" by The New Yorker. While comparisons to source material based on tenor, humor, craftmanship, and faithfulness conflicted some professional opinion, the story's play on perspective among the characters produced favorable responses. According to Stephanie Zacharek for Time, the squabbling between characters that were avaricious, untrustworthy, and ostensibly driven by the same interest, provided the film's most entertaining moments. The writing's political consciousness was cited among the strengths of Knives Out, although the handling of ideas received occasional disapproval from others, such as The New York Times Manohla Dargis and Uproxx, for being perceived too vapid to resonate. The least enthusiastic reviews accused the film of being convoluted, self-indulgent, and relying too heavily on exposition-dense dialogue to advance the story.
The actors' performances was another major subject in the critiques. The Knives Out ensemble was warmly received, their work praised as "outstanding" and "wildly charismatic", with rapport Vanity Fair ascribed to a shared conviction to the material. Media were somewhat inclined to focus on Craig and de Armas but dispersed their attention to other castmates whenever possible, giving individual notices to Curtis, Collette, Evans, Don, Shannon, Plummer, and Segan for their acting. In particular, critics delighted in Craig's portrayal of an eccentric sleuth in expression and appearance, the actor noted for emanating an "infectious enjoyment" onscreen. De Armas, whose portrayal was described as "superb" and "wonderful", drew similarly strong assessments of her character work from the likes of San Francisco Chronicle Mick LaSalle and The Atlantic, among others, in what was considered a breakout performance. Though the two actors were often singled out for further praise because of their onscreen chemistry in conversational scenes, neither they nor their costars were spared criticism. Dissenting opinions judged Craig's Southern accent harshly, and Uproxx believed de Armas, as a lesser skilled actor, was at odds with the dramatic depth of her role. A few actors were regarded as underutilized because of the ensemble's large size, which Uproxx argued reduced their interactions to a "constant, white noise-esque drone of overacting".
On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, Knives Out holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critics' consensus reads: "Knives Out sharpens old murder-mystery tropes with a keenly assembled suspense outing that makes brilliant use of writer-director Rian Johnson's stellar ensemble." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 82 out of 100, based on reviews from 52 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".
Accolades
In December 2021, Knives Out screenplay was listed number forty-nine on the Writers Guild of America's "101 Greatest Screenplays of the 21st Century (So Far)".
Sequels
Rian was germinating ideas for a Knives Out sequel while the original film was still in theaters. Lionsgate began the development with a quarterly earnings press announcement in February 2020, and by March 2021, Netflix acquired copyrights for two future sequels for $469ย million. Although the terms of Lionsgate's distribution agreement entitled the company bargaining leverage, Rian and Bergman owned the film's intellectual property and pursued a new distribution deal in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, which severely hampered the immediate profit making viability of theaters. Knives Out was followed by Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery, released on Netflix on December 23, 2022 after a controversial one week platform theatrical rollout the previous November. In the film, Blanc journeys to tech magnate Miles Bron's (Edward Norton) murder mystery-themed retreat to mingle with his circle of friends, but the event turns awry when two partygoers die under suspicious circumstances. Glass Onion fared well in reviews by the media. A third film is in development as of 2023.
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
(archived)
Knives Out
2010s American films
2010s mystery films
2010s English-language films
2010s thriller films
2019 films
American detective films
American nonlinear narrative films
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about illegal immigration to the United States
Films about inheritances
Films about murder
Films about the upper class
Films about writers
Films directed by Rian Johnson
Films produced by Ram Bergman
Films scored by Nathan Johnson (musician)
Films set in 2018
Films set in country houses
Films set in Massachusetts
Films shot in Boston
Films with screenplays by Rian Johnson
Lionsgate films
Media Rights Capital films
Murder mystery films
Poisoning in film |
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ธ๋ํ๋ ์์ , ์๋ฏธ์๋ฏธ ์์๋ฏธ'๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
์์์ฌ ๋ํ์ ๊ถ์ ๋ก ์ ํ๋ธ์ ์์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ์ข์ํ๋ ๊ฐ์ ํ์์ด์ ๋
ธ๋๋ฅผ ํ๋์ฉ ์ปค๋ฒํด ์ฌ๋ฆฐ ํ, ๋์์์ด SNS๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ๊ธ๊ฒฉํ ํผ์ง๋ฉด์ ๋ช
์ฑ์ ์ป์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ํ์์ด์ ๊ฐ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ณ ์ฒญ๋ํ ๊ฐ์ฑ์ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฐ๊น์์ '๋ฆฌํ ํ์์ด'๋ผ๋ ๋ณ์นญ๊น์ง ์ป์๋ค.
์์๋ฏธ๋ ์๋ดํ ํค์ ํฐ ๋, '์ฒํ์ง' ์์๋ ์ ์ ๋ก ๋ฐฐ์ด ๋์ค๋ ์ ๊ต๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋
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๋งํผ์ด๋ ์ฌ๋์ค๋ฝ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ด๋ฐ ๊ท์ฝ๊ณ ๊น์ฐํ ์ธ๋ชจ์ ๋งํฌ, ์ํผ๋ฐ๋ํ ๋ชจ์ต, ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฆ๊ณผ ๊ฒธ์ํจ, ์์งํจ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฐ๋ น์ธต์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํนํ ์ผ์ด ํฌ/์์ฌ ํฌ๋ค์ด ๋ง์ '์คํต๋ น(์ค๋
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๊ทธ๋
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์ ์์ฑ์ ๋ค์ ์ ๋ฐฐ ๊ฐ์๋ค์ '์ผ ๋ ์ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ ๋ด๋?', '๊ด์ฐฎ์~ ํธํ๊ฒ ๋งํด๋ ๋ผ.'๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๊ฑฐ๋, ์ผ๋ถ ํฌ์ '๋๋? ๋ชฉ์ ์์ฑ๋ณ์กฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฌ์์ด์?'๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋๊น์ง๋ ๊ทธ๋
์ ๋ณธ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ ๊ต ์๋ ํ๋ ๋ํ ์๋ ๊ทธ๋ฐ ๊ฒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ค์๋ถํฐ ํผ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๋งํ์ํ ์บ๋ฆญํฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํด ๋ค์ํ ํ์ ์ฐ์ต์ ํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์์ ์ ๋
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ธ๋ํ ๋๊ฐ ์ ์ผ ํ๋ณตํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ค์๋ถํฐ ํ์์ด์ ์ฌ๋์ค๋ฌ์ด ๋
ธ๋๋ฅผ ๋ฃ๊ณ ๊ฐ์์ ๊ฟ์ ํค์ด ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ ์ธ๋ฅ์๊ฒ ํ๋ณต์ ๋ฟ๋ฟํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋๋ฐ๋ ๋ฎค์ง์
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ธ๋๊ฐ ์์ ์ ๋๋ก '์ฐจ์ธ๋ ํธ๋กํธ ์คํ'๋ก์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ค์ํ ์ฅ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ์ํํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ '์์๋ฏธ'๋ผ๋ ์นดํ
๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ์์ ํธ๋กํธ, ๋ฐ๋ผ๋, ๋์ค, POP ๋ฑ ์๊ธฐ ์์ ๋ง์ ๋ค์ํ ์ฅ๋ฅด๊ฐ ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๋ณธ์ธ ์ค์ค๋ก โ์ํผ ๋ฐ๋ ๋
ธ๋ํ๋ ์์ โ์ด๋ผ๋ ํ์ดํ๋ก ํ๋์ ํ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์์๋ฏธ๋ ํ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ถ์ฐํด ํญ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์ฑ๋์ผ๋ก ๋์ค๋ค์ ๋๋์ฅ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค . ๊ทธ๋
๋ "์ฐฝ๋ฒ๋ณด๋ค๋ ๊ฐ์ฑ์ ์ค์์ํ๋ค"๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ์ถค ์ค๋ ฅ๋ ๋ฐ์ด๋๋ฐ ์๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์ง ์๊ณ ํผ์ ๋๋(feel)๋๋ก ์ถ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ํธํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๋
ธ๋ํ ๋๋ ๋ง์น ํ ํธ์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋ฏ ์์ํ๋ฉด์ ๋
ธ๋ํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ํธ๋กํธ ์ฑ์ด์ก๋ผ์ดํฐ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ณธ์ธ ๊ณก ใ๋๋ฅผ ๊ผญ ์์์ฃผ์ธ์ใ,ใ์ผ๋ง๋ ๋ ์ธ์ด์ผ ํ๋ใ,ใ๋๊ฐ ๋ ์ฌ๋ํด์ฃผ๋ฉดใ,ใ์๊ณ ์ถ์ด ๋ ๋ง์์ใ,ใ๊ฐ์ใ๋ฅผ ์์ฌ/์๊ณกํ๋ค. 2018~2020๋
๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ข
์ผ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ๊ณผ ์๋ฅํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ, ๊ด๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ธ, CF, ๋๋ผ๋ง, ์ํ, MC, DJ, ์ค์๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ก ๋ฑ ๋ค์ํ ๋ถ์ผ์์ ์์ฑํ๊ฒ ํ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ต๊ทผ์ ์๊ณก ๊ณต๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ํด ์ฑ
๋ ๋ง์ด ๋ณด๊ณ , ์ผ๋ณธ์ด์๋ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๋จ๋
์ํ์ ํ๋ ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ค์ผ์ค์ ์ํ ํค์ด, ๋ฉ์ดํฌ์
, ์์๋ ์ง์ ์ค๋นํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
์ ํ๋ธ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ์ด์ฑํฌ(ํฌ๋ค)์ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ฅ๋ฅด์ ์๋๋ฅผ ๋๋๋๋ ์ปค๋ฒ๊ณก ์์์ ๋งค์ฃผ ์
๋ก๋ํ๋ฉฐ ์ผ์ฐ๊ฐ์น ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ ๋ง๋์์ธต์ ๋ค์ ธ์๋ค. ๋ฐ์ ์ค์ผ์ค ์์์๋ ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋งค๋ฌ ์ ๊ณก์ ๋ด๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ๊ณต์ฝ๋๋ก ์ฑ๊ธ ์จ๋ฒ์ ๋งค๋ฌ ๋ฐํํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ํ๋ธ์ ์ปค๋ฒ๊ณก์ ๋งค์ฃผ ์/๋ชฉ์์ผ์ ๊พธ์คํ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋งค๋ฌ ์ ๊ณก์ ๋ฐํํด ๊ธฐ๋ค์ค๋ถ์ ์ค๋ฅด๋ ๊ฒ ๋ชฉํ๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค . ์ ๊ณก์ ์ ์ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ๋งค ์๋๊ฐ ์ ์ฃผ ์ด์ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋ ํ ๊ฐ์์ ๊ทธ๊ฒ๋ณด๋ค ๋น ๋ฅธ๋ฐ ๋ณดํต ๋งค์ ์ ๊ณก ๋
น์ ํ 10์ผ์ด๋ฉด ์์์ ๋ฐ๋งคํด์ ๋ํ์ ์์๋ฏธ๋ ๊ฐ์ฑ๋น ๊ฐ ํ์ด๋ฉด์ ํธํก์ด ์ฟต์ง์ฟต์ง ์ ๋ง๋ ํ์์ ๋ณต์์กฐ์ด๋ค. 2022๋
4์ ํ์ฌ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ณก ใ์ด ์ค๋น ๋ญ์ผใ,ใ์ด์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ฌ๋๋
ธ๋(By ์์๋ฏธ)ใ,ใS-LOVEใ,ใ๋ ๋ณด๋ฌ ์์ใ,ใ๋นํ๋ฏผ์จ(Vitamin C)ใ,ใ์๊ธฐ์๊ธฐใ,ใ์ฌ๋์ ์๋ใ,ใ๊ฟ๊ธธใ,ใ๋๋ ค์ใ,ใํ์ฝฉ์ต์คํ๋ ์คใ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค.
2023๋
ํ์ฌ ๋ด์ฉ ์ถ๊ฐ.
๋งค๋ฌ ๊ณก์ ๋ด๋ ์์ ์ด ๋ฐํํ ๊ณก๋ค์ ๋ํด ์ ์ ์ด ๊น์ด์ง์ง ์์ ์ง๊ธ์ ํ๊ณก์ ๋ด๋๋ผ๋ ๋ง์ ์ ์ ์ ๋ด์ ์ ๋๋ก ๋ฐํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด
๋งค๋ฌ ์ ๊ณก๋ฐํ๋ ์ค๋จ๋ ์ํ์ด๋ค.
์์
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ถฉ์ฒญ๋ถ๋ ์ฒญ์ฃผ์์์ 1994๋
10์ 8์ผ ์ถ์ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ์์์ 3๋จ๋งค ์ค ๊ณ ๋ช
๋ธ์ด๋ค. ์ฒญ์ฃผ๋ด๋์ด๋ฑํ๊ต๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ฒญ์ฃผ์ฌ์๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์
ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฑํ๊ต ~ ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต ์ฌํ ์ค ๋
ธ๋์ ์ด๋(๊ณ์ฃผ์ ์)์ ๋ณํํ๋ค. 7์ธ ๋ ๋ถ์น์ ๊ณต์ฐ ํ ๋์์ค๋ ์ฐจ ์์์ ๋น๊ฐ ๋ด๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ถ์๊ธฐ์ ์ด์ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ํ์์ด์ ใ์ 3ํ๊ฐ๊ตใ๊ฐ ํ๋ฌ๋์ค์ '๊น๋๊น๋ํ๊ณ ํฐ ์์ด ๋ง๊ณ ๊นจ๋ํ ์ฅ๊ตฌ์ฌ ๊ตด๋ฌ๊ฐ๋ ์ฌ๋์ค๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ์ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ'์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์์ ๊ฟ์ ๊ฐ์ก๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฑํ๊ต 5ํ๋
๋(2005๋
) KBS ใ์ด๋ ค๋ผ ๋์์ธ์ใ์ '์ธ์ฝค๋ฌ์ฝค'์ด๋ผ๋ ์ค์ฐฝ๋จ์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ๊ฐํด ใ์๋ฆฌ๋ ์ธ์ฝค ๊ธ์ ๋ฌ์ฝคใ์ ๋ถ๋ฌ ์ผ๋ธ์(๋์)์ ์์ํด ์ ๋
์์ ๋ถํฐ ๋จ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ณด์ปฌ ์ค๋ ฅ์ ์ ๋ณด์ฌ ์๋ค. ๊ณต๋ถ ๋นผ๊ณ ๋ค ์ํด์ ๋จํ์๋ค์ 'ํธ์นด'๋ก ๋ถ๋ ธ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์คํ๊ต 1ํ๋
(2007๋
) ๋ ๋ถ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์กฑ์ฌํ ์ค ๋
ธ๋๋ฐฉ์์ ํ์์ด์ ใ์ 3ํ๊ฐ๊ตใ, ์ฌ์๋ด์ ใ๊ทธ๋ ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋ใ์ ๋ถ๋ฅด๊ณ ๋ถ์น์ ์ ์ ํ๋ฝ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์์ ๊ฟ์ ํค์ ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ค์๋ถํฐ ํ์์ด์ ใ์ 3ํ๊ฐ๊ตใ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฒจ ๋ถ๋ฌ์ ์ด ๊ณก์ด '18๋ฒ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๊ฑธ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ๋น๋กฏํ ๋จ์ ์์ด๋์ ๋
ธ๋์ ๋์ค๋ก ๊ต์ฐ๋ค์ ๋ง์์ ์ฌ๋ก์ก์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต 1ํ๋
(2010๋
) ๋ JYP ์ค๋์
์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํด 1์ฐจ์ ํฉ๊ฒฉํ๊ณ 2์ฐจ ์ค๋์
์ ์ค๋นํ๋ค ๋ถ์น์ ๋ฐ๋๋ก ํฌ๊ธฐํ๋ค. 2011๋
์ฒญ์ฃผ์ ์ค์ฉ์์
ํ์์ด ๊ฐ์ตํ ์ฝ์ํธ์ ์น๊ตฌ๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์
ํ๊ณ ์์
ํ์๋ง ๋ค๋ ์ ๋์๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ก ์์
์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์ง ์์๊ณ , ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฐ์์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํด ๊น์ด ์๊ฐํ์ง ์์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ํ์ฌ(์ฃผ)์ค์ฟจ๋ฎค์ง ์์์ ๊ฐ์, ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์ด๋ค. 20๋ ์ด๋ฐ๊น์ง ์ฒญ์ฃผ์์์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ๋ค๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ท ํ ์ธ์ฒ๊ด์ญ์์์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 2020๋
๊ฐ์กฑ ๋ชจ๋๊ฐ ์ธ์ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ฌํ๋ค.
์ฐ์ ์์
2012๋
(19์ธ)์ ๊ณต๊ฐ ์ค๋์
์์ ์ฐ์นํ๊ณ ์ ์ธ๊ฐ์๋ก ๋ฐ๋ทํ๋ค. 2013๋
(20์ธ) '์ฐ์(Yun-A)'๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ํ๋์ ์์ํด 'ํธ๋กํธ๊ณ์ ์ฌ๋์'์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ํ์ฌ์์ ๋
ธ๋๋ ๋ช ๋ฒ ํ๊ณ , '๋ค์์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ(๋ํ ๊น๋์)'์ (์ฌ)์ฒ์์ฐ๋น์ํ์์คํฌ ์กฐ์ง์์ํ๊ฐ ๊ณต๋๊ธฐํํ ใ2013์ฒ์๊ตญ์ ์ฐ๋น์ํ์์คํฌใ๋ก๊ณ ์ก์ธ ใ์ฐ๋น์กใ์ ๋ถ๋ ๋ค. ์ผ๋ง ํ์ ์ค์ค๋ก ๊ณ์ฝ์ ํด์งํ๋ค.
2013๋
'์ฐ์(Yun-A)'์ ์ฒซ ์ฑ๊ธ์จ๋ฒ ใSorry Sorryใ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ๊ณ ์๋ก๊ณก ใSorry Sorryใ๋ ์์ ์ ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฒ๋ง ๋ณด๋, ์์ ์ด ์ข์ํ๋ ์ค๋น ์๊ฒ ํฌ์ ์์ธ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ์ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ด๋ ์ ๊ต์ค๋ฌ์ด ๋ถ์๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋๋ ์ธ๋ฏธ ํธ๋กํธ ๊ณก์ด๋ค.
2017๋
ํ ์์์ฌ์ ๊ณ์ฝ ์ ๊น์ง ๋ฌด๋ช
๊ฐ์๋ก ํ๋ํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๊ณ , ๋ถ์น์ ๋ผ์ด๋ธ ์นดํ์์ '์ค๋ถ๋ฆฌ(DJ)' ์๋ฐ๋ฅผ ํ๋ฉฐ ์ฌ์๋ด์ ใ์ฌ๋๋ฐ์ ๋ ๋ชฐ๋ผใ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๋
ธ๋์ฐ์ต์ ํ๋๋ฐ ์ด ๊ณก์ด '์ฒซ ์ธ์ ํธ๋กํธ'๊ฐ ๋๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
์จ๋ฒ, CM์ก
2013.03.13. CM์กใ2013 ์ฒ์๊ตญ์ ์ฐ๋น์ํ์์คํฌใ ๋ก๊ณ ์ก
2013.07.23. 1st ์ฑ๊ธ์จ๋ฒ ใSorry Sorryใ- ใSorry Sorryใ(์ฅ๋ฅด: ํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ: ์ค์ค, ๊นํ์ง, ์๊ณก: Dr.Q, ํธ๊ณก: ์ต์์), ใ์ฟต์ฟตใ(์ฅ๋ฅด: ํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ: ์ฐ๋ฏธ๋ฆผ, ์๊ณก: Dr.Q, ํธ๊ณก: Dr.Q)
ํ์ฌ
2013.08.31. ใ2013 ์ฒ์๊ตญ์ ์ฐ๋น์์คํฌ ๊ฐ๋ง์ใ์ด๋๊ฐ์ ใ์ฐ๋น์กใ
2013.09.07. ใ2013 ์ฐ๋น์คํ ๊ฐ์์ ใ์ด๋๊ฐ์ ใ์ฐ๋น์กใ
๋ฐ๋ท
(์ฃผ)์ค์ฟจ๋ฎค์ง์์ ใ์ด ์ค๋น ๋ญ์ผใ(์์ฌ ์คํ์น/์์ ๋ชจ, ์๊ณก ์ฅ์ถ์)๋ผ๋ ๊ณก์ ๋ค ์์ฑํด ๋๊ณ , ๋ถ๋ฌ์ค ๊ฐ์๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋ ์ค๋์
์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๋ค. ํ์ญ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฑ 10๋ช
์ ์ง์์์ ๊ฒฝํฉํด 12์ฐจ ์ ๋ฐ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ต์ข
ํฉ๊ฒฉํ๋ค. ํ ์์์ฌ ์ค์ฟจ๋ฎค์ง๊ณผ 2017๋
8์ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋งบ์๋ค. ์ค์ฟจ๋ฎค์ง์์ 7๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ท ์ค๋น์ ๋์
ํ๊ณ , 2017๋
8์ใ์ 14ํ ์ถํ๋ น๊ฐ์์ ใ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํด ใ์ฐ์ญ์ญใ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ฌ ์ฅ๋ ค์์ ๋ฐ์๊ณ , 2018๋
2์ 23์ผ ์ฑ๊ธ ์จ๋ฒ ใ์ฒซ๋ฒ์งธ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ(First Story)ใ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ทํ๋ค.
์ฐ์ ํ๋
2018๋
์์์ฌ ๋ํ(์์ ๋ชจ)์ ๊ถ์ ๋ก ์ ํ๋ธ์ ์์ ์ ๋
ธ๋๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๊ณ , 2018๋
12์ 31์ผ ์์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ์ข์ํ๋ ๊ฐ์ ํ์์ด์ ใ์ 3ํ๊ฐ๊ตใ๋ฅผ ์์์ผ๋ก ํ์์ด์ ๊ณก๋ค์ ํ๋์ฉ ์ปค๋ฒํด ์ฌ๋ฆฐ ํ ์ปค๋ฒ๊ณก์ด SNS๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ๊ธ๊ฒฉํ ํผ์ง๋ฉด์ ์ ๋ช
์ธ๊ฐ ์์๋์๋ค. ์ฌ์ค ์์๋ฏธ๋ ํ์์ด์ ๊ณก์ ์ปค๋ฒ๊ณก์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ ๋ถํฐ ํ์์ด์ ๋
ธ๋๋ฅผ ์ ๋ถ๋ ๋ค. ๋งค๋ฌ ์ ๊ณก์ ๋ด๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ๊ณต์ฝ์ ๋ด๊ฑธ์๊ณ ์ค์ ๋ก ๊ฐ์ ํด(2018๋
) 10์ ์ฑ๊ธ์จ๋ฒ ใ๋๋ฒ์งธ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐใ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋งคํ ํ ๋งค๋ฌ ์์์ ๋ฐํํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ท ์ด์ ๋ก ๋ฐด๋ '๋ถํ'์ ๋๋ฌ๋จธ ์ฑ์ ๋ฏผ์๊ฒ์ ๋๋ผ ๊ฐ์ต์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ํ์์ด์ ๊ฐ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ณ ์ฒญ๋ํ ๊ฐ์ฑ์ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฐ๊น์์ '๋ฆฌํ ํ์์ด'๋ผ๋ ๋ณ์นญ๊น์ง ์ป์๋ค. ์ ํ๋ธ์์ ๊ฐ์ ํ์์ด์ ใ์๋ฒฝ๋นใ๋ฅผ '์์๋ฏธ ์คํ์ผ'๋ก ํธ๊ณก ๋ฐ ์ปค๋ฒํ ์์์ ์กฐํ์๊ฐ 2021๋
8์ 16์ผ ํ์ฌ 500๋งํ๋ฅผ ๋์ด์ฐ๋ค. ์๋ณ์ฒ๋ผ ๋ ์ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋
๋ KBS ์ฒญ์ฃผ์ด๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ ํ๋ธ ํ์
์ ํตํด ์งง์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ์คํ ๋ฐ์ด์ ์ฌ๋ผ ํ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์๋ค.
1004 ํด๋ฝ ๋๋ ๊ณต๋์ฒด ํ๋ณด๋์ฌ๋ก ํ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
2018๋
8์ 8์ผ KBS 1TV ใ์์นจ๋ง๋นใ์ ๊ตญ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ ๋ํ ใ๋์ ๊ฟ์ ๋ฌด๋ใ์ ์ถ์ฐํด 32๋
์งธ(2018๋
๋น์) ๋ฌด๋ช
๊ฐ์์ธ ์๋ฒ์ง ๋ฐ์์์ ํ์ ํ์ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ํด ใ์๊ธฐ์ผใ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ ๋ค.
๋ด์ผ์ ๋ฏธ์คํธ๋กฏ ์ถ์ฐ : 2019๋
2์๋ถํฐ ์์ํ TV์กฐ์ ์ค๋์
ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ ๋ด์ผ์ ๋ฏธ์คํธ๋กฏ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๋ค. 3์ 14์ผ 3ํ ์์ ์ ํ์ญ๋ถ A์กฐ๋ก ์ถ์ฐํด ์๋นํฉ๊ฒฉ์๊ฐ ๋์์ผ๋ ๋ณธ์ 1์ฐจ ์ง์ถ ์ถ๊ฐํฉ๊ฒฉ์ 1๋ช
์ ๋ค์ง ๋ชปํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋
ธ๋ํ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ฐฉ์ก์ ๋์ค์ง ์์๋ค. ์ฒ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์ 100์ธ์ ์๊ฐํ ๋ ์ผ๊ตด์ด ๋์จ ํ ๊ฐ๋ ๋ฆฌ์ก์
์ฅ๋ฉด์ผ๋ก ๋ช ๋ฒ ํ๋ฉด์ ์กํ ๊ฒ ์ ๋ถ๋ค. ํตํธ์ง ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํด์๋ ์์๋ฏธ ์์ ๋ ์๋ฅ์ ๋ง์ด ์ถ์ฐํ ์ ์ด ์๋ค ๋ณด๋ ๊ธด์ฅ์ ํด์ ์ ๋๋ก ์์ ์ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์ง ๋ชปํ ๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋ค๋ฉฐ, ํ์ง๋ง ๋ฏธ์คํธ๋กฏ ๋๋ถ์ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ์์ธ๋ก ๋ฌด๋์ ์์ผ๊ฒ ๋ค๋๊ฑธ ๊นจ๋ฌ์์ ๋ฏธ์คํธ๋กฏ์ ๊ฐ์ฌํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ ํ๋ธ ์ค์๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ก์์ ๋ฐํ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋ ์ธ์ฌ๋ฅผ '์๋
ํ์ธ์~ 10๋๋ค๋ ์ข์ํ๋ ํธ๋กํธ๊ฐ์, ํดํผ๋ฐ์ด๋ฌ์ค ๋
ธ๋ํ๋ ์์ ์๋ฏธ์๋ฏธ ์์๋ฏธ์
๋๋ค~ ์ํฌ! ์์~' ํ๋ฉฐ ๊น์ฐํ๊ฒ ํ๋๋ฐ ๋ง์คํฐ 12์ธ ์ค ๋ฐ๋ช
์๊ฐ '์ผ~ ๋ ์๊พธ ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ ์ ๊ต๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์๋ฝ์์ค๋ค~'๋ผ๊ณ ๋์ค๋ ๋ฅผ ๋จ์๊ณ , ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ์์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ์๋ฅ์ ๋คํ๋ก ๋ฐ์๋ค์ธ ๋๋จธ์ง ์์ข
์ผ๊ด ์ผ์ด์ ๋
ธ๋๋ฅผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. 2023๋
ํ์ฌ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋์ฑ, ํฌ์นดํ ํ์ ์ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋ณธ๋ค๋ฉด ์์๋ฏธ๋ ๋น์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์๋ค ์ค TOP 5 ์์ ๋ค ์ ๋๋ก ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
2019๋
5์ 17์ผ(์
์ฒด ์ ํ๋ธ ์ฑ๋ ์
๋ก๋ ๋ ์ง ๊ธฐ์ค) SBI์ ์ถ์ํ CF์ ๊ฐ์ ํ์์ด์ ๋
ธ๋ ใ์ 3ํ๊ฐ๊ตใ๋ฅผ ๋ ํธ๋ก ์คํ์ผ๋ก ํจ๋ฌ๋ํ ๊ณก ใ์๊ธ์ ํ๋ฌ๊ฐ๋๋คใ, 10์ 25์ผ ใ์์ํ ์น๊ตฌใ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ฌํ ใ์์ํ ์ ์ถใ, ใํ ์์ผ์ ๋ฐค์ด ์ข์ใ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ฌํ ใํ ์์ผ์ ๋ฑ
ํน ์ข์ใ, 11์ 1์ผ ใ๋น์ ์ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ค๊ฑฐ์ผใ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ฌํ ใ๋น์ ์ ๋ชจ์ผ์ค๊บผ์ผใ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ช
์ธ๋ฅผ ํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค.
2019๋
6์ 3์ผ '์ธ์ฒ์ผ๋ณดTV ์ด๋์'์์ ๊ทธ๋
๋ '์ ํ๋ธ์ ๋๊ธ๋ค์ ์ธ์ธํ๊ฒ ๋ค ์ฝ๋๋ค.'๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ค์ '80๋
๋ ๋ฏธ์ธ์','๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์์ ์๊ฐ์ฌํ์ ์จ ๋ฏํ ์์ด','7080๊ณก์ ์ํํ๋ ๊ฒ ๊ธฐํนํ๋ค'๋ ๋๊ธ์ ์๊ฐํ๋ค. '์ปค๋ฒ๊ณก ๋ถ๋ฅด๋๋ฐ ์ฌ์ ์์ด ๋ณด์ด๋ ๋น๊ฒฐ'์ ๋ฌป์ '๊ณก ํด์์ ๋๋ฆ๋๋ก ํ๋๋ฐ ์ํ ์ ํ ์ฅ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ฆ์ด ๋์๊ฐ ๋ฏ์ด ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด ๋์ด ์ฒญ์ค์๊ฒ ์์ ์ ๋
ธ๋๋ก ์ํ ํ ํธ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๋ฏ์ด ๋
ธ๋ํ๋ค.'๊ณ ๋ตํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์๋ฌด๋์๋ ์์ฃผ ๋์จ๋ค. 2019๋
7์ 8์ผ์๋ ์ค์๋ด์ ใ๋๋ ์ด ์ํ ์ด์ด์์ใ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ ๋ค.
2019๋
8์ 14์ผ ์ฑ๋A ๊ต์ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ ํ๋ณตํ ์์นจ์ ์๋ฒ์ง ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ์์๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ฒ์คํธ๋ก ์ถ์ฐํ๋ค.
2019๋
8์ 23์ผ ์ ํ๋ธ ์ค๋ฒ๋ฒํผ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
2019๋
KNN '๊ณจ๋ ๋ง์ดํฌ'์ ์ถ์ฐํ์๋ค.
2019๋
9์ 30์ผ๋ถํฐ FTV์ ๋์ ๋๋ผ๋ง '์กฐ๋ฏธ๋ฃ'์ ๊นํ์ ๋ฑ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋ก ์ฒซ ์ถ์ฐํ๋ค.
2019๋
10์ 4์ผ ์์ฒ์ ํ๋ณด๋์ฌ๋ก ์๋ช
๋์๋ค.
2019๋
11์ 18์ผ KBS 1TV ใ์์นจ๋ง๋นใ '์์ ํ ํฌ์ผ ๋ช
๋ถํ์ '์ ์ ๋ฐฐ ๊ฐ์ ๊ธ์๋์ ํจ๊ป ์ถ์ฐํ์ฌ ์์ ์ ๊ณก ใ์ด ์ค๋น ๋ญ์ผใ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ ๋ค. ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ์ ์ ๋ฐฐ๋ก ์ถ์ฐํ ์ดํธ์ญ ์๊ณก๊ฐ๋ "์์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฐ ์์ ์ ๋ค์ ํ์์ํจ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด๋ ๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋ค. ๋
ธ๋์ ํ์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ, ์ก์
์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์์ ๋์ค๋ ํผํฌ๋จผ์ค๊น์ง ๊ฐ์ด ์์๋น๋์ด ๋ผ์๋ค๋ ์ ๋ง ๋
ํนํ ๊ฐ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค."๊ณ ํธํํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ์ ์ธ ํธ๋กํธ ๊ฐ์ 'ํธ๋กํธ ์ด๋ฌด๊ธฐ' ์ ์ฐ์ฌ ๋๋ถ์ ์ถ์ฐ์ง ์ ์์ด ํ๋ณด๋๋ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํกํกํ ์ป์๋ค.
2019๋
11์ 19์ผ ์ฒญ์ฃผKBS ์์น๋ฎค์ง(ํ ๋ ์ฝ๋๋์ฅDJ)์์ ๊น์ ํธ์ ใํ์๋๋นใ๋ฅผ ๋
น์ํ๋ ์ค ๊ท์ ๋ชฐ๋์นด๋ฉ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋นํ๋ค. ์ธ๋ฒ์งธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์๊ฐ ๋ฎ์น์ ๋ชธ์ ์์ฐํ๋ฉฐ ๊ธ๊ธฐ์ผ๋ ํค๋ํฐ์ ์ง์ด๋์ง๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ๋ฅ์ ์ฃผ์ ์์ ์ธ์์ ํฐํธ๋ ธ๋ค. ์ฐ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ด ๋๋ฌด๋ ์ฌ๋์ค๋ฌ์ ๋ค๋ค ๋ฏธ์ํดํ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ด์๋ค.
2019๋
11์23์ผ๋ถํฐ 12์ 28์ผ๊น์ง ์ฒญ์ฃผ, ๊ด์ฃผ, ์ธ์ฐ, ์์ฐ, ์ฐฝ์, ์ ์ฃผ, ๊ฐ๋ฆ ๋ฑ์์ ใ์์๋ฏธ 1st ์ ๊ตญํฌ์ด์ฝ์ํธใ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ตํ ์์ ์ด์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ฒซ ๊ณต์ฐ์ผ์ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ์๋ 2019๋
11์15์ผ ์์๋ฏธ ์ธก์ โ11์23์ผ ์ฒญ์ฃผ ๊ณต์ฐ ์ธ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ง์ญ ๊ณต์ฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ทจ์๋๋คโ๊ณ ๊ณต์งํ๋ค. ์ด์ ์์๋ฏธ๋ ์ ๊ตญ ํฌ์ด์ ์ฒซ ๊ณต์ฐ์ง์ธ ์ฒญ์ฃผ์์๋ง ์ฝ์ํธ๋ฅผ ์งํํ๊ณ ์ด ์ธ ์ง์ญ์ ๋ชจ๋ ํ๋ถ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ๋ค. 12์ 8์ผ ์ธ์ฐ์์ ใ์์๋ฏธ ์ ๊ตญํฌ์ด์ฝ์ํธใ๋ฅผ ์ด์๋ค.
2019๋
11์ 28์ผ MBC ๊ฐ์๋ฒ ์คํธ์ ์ถ์ฐํ์๋ค. ์ฌ๋ด์ผ๋ก ์ด ํ์ฐจ์ ์ ์ฐ์ฌ์ด ๊ฐ์ด ์ถ์ฐํ์๋ค.(์ ํํ๋ ์์๋ฏธ๋ 1๋ถ, ์ ์ฐ์ฌ์ 2๋ถ ์ถ์ฐ์ด๋ผ ๋ฐฉ์๋ ํ์ฐจ๋ ๋ค๋ฅด์ง๋ง ๋ ๋ค ๊ฐ์๋ ์ ์ถ์ฐํ์๋ค.) ์ดฌ์ํ ์ฅ์๋ ๋ค๋ฆ ์๋ ์์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ํ๋ณด๋์ฌ๋ก ํ๋ ์ค์ธ ์์ฒ์๋ค.
2019๋
12์ 29์ผ, 2020๋
1์ 5์ผ( 29์ผ ๋ด์ฉ์ด 5์ผ์ ์ด์ด์ง๋ค.) SBS '๋ฐ๋๋งจ'์ ๊ฒ์คํธ๋ก ํ๊ฒฝํ, ์ ํจ์ฑ, ๊ฐํ์ค์ ํจ๊ป ์ถ์ฐํ๋ค.
2020๋
2์ 20์ผ ์ฌ์MBC ๋ผ๋์ค ใ์ ๋๋ ์คํใ์ ์ถ์ฐํด ์์ ์ ์ฅ๋ฅด๋ง๋ค ๋ค์ํ '์ฐฝ๋ฒ๋ณด๋ค๋ ๋๋(feel)์ ์ค์์ํ๋ค.','๋ฐ๋ผ๋ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์จ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ง์ด ๋๋ค.','ํธ๋กํธ์์ ๊ฐ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ง์ฑ์ ๋๋๋๋ ํ์ด ์๋ฆฐ ๋๋์ด ์ด๋ ต๋ค.'๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
2020๋
3์ 8์ผ/15์ผ MBC ๋ฏธ์คํฐ๋ฆฌ ์์
์ผ ๋ณต๋ฉด๊ฐ์ 123์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์์ '๊ฐ์ ๋ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ๋ฐ๋ 3๋ถ์ด๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ถํด! ์ปต๋ผ๋ฉด'์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ฐํด์ 2๋ผ์ด๋๊น์ง ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ๊ณ 2๋ผ์ด๋์์ ํ๋ฝํ์ผ๋ MC์ ํ์ ๋จ๋ค์ ์ต์ฝ ์์ฒญ์ผ๋ก ์ค๋นํ 3๊ณก์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ถ๋ ๋ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ก 3๋ผ์ด๋์์ ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์์ ์ด์๋ ๊ณก์ ์กฐ์ฉํ์ ใ์ฐฝ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ์ใ. ์ด๋ ํ์ ๋จ์ผ๋ก ๋์จ ์ก๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ด๋ฏธ 1๋ผ์ด๋์๋ถํฐ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ์
ํ๋ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ก ์ก๊ฐ์ธ๊ณผ ์์๋ฏธ๋ ๋ด์ผ์ ๋ฏธ์คํธ๋กฏ ์ค๋์
ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฌ์ง์ด ๊ฐ์ ํ์ญ๋ถ A์กฐ์๊ณ MC ์ญ์ ๊น์ฑ์ฃผ์๋ค. ์ก๊ฐ์ธ์ ์์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ 'ํธ๋กํธ๊ณ์์ ์ด๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๊ทํ ๋ณด๋ฌผ๊ฐ์ ์กด์ฌ๋ค.'๋ผ๊ณ ํํ๋ค. ใ์ฐฝ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ์ใ๋ฅผ ๋ค์ '๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฝ๊ณจ' ์ด์ค์์ ์์๊ธฐ๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฏ ๋ฒ๋ก ์ผ์ด๋ ํํธํ๋ค.
2020๋
4์ 12์ผ๋ถํฐ 11์ 29์ผ๊น์ง TBS ใ์ต์ผ๊ตฌ์ ํ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ธ ๋ผ๋์คใ '์ด ๋
ธ๋ ์ด๋..์?' ์ฝ๋์ ๊ฐ์๋น๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ณ ์ ๊ฒ์คํธ๋ก ์ถ์ฐํ์๋ค. ๋งค์ฃผ ์ผ์์ผ 4๋ถ์ ๋ฐฉ์๋๋๋ฐ, 'ํ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ธ ์์คํฐ์ค 1ํธ ๊ฐ์๋น, 2ํธ ์์๋ฏธ'(๋์ด์)๋ก ๋ช
๋ช
๋์ด ์ํฉ๊ทน '๋ชจ๋ฝํ๋
ธ'์ ์ ๊ณก๋๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ค. ์ํฉ๊ทน์์ ์์๋ฏธ์ ํฌ๋ฅจ๊ฐ์ค ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋ค์ํ ์บ๋ฆญํฐ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ฏธ์๊ฒ ์ฐ๊ธฐํ๋ค. ์ ๊ณก๋๊ฒฐ์์ ๋งค์ฃผ ์ฃผ์ด์ง ์ฃผ์ ์ ๋ง๋ ๊ณก์ ์ ๊ณกํด์ค๊ณ , '์ ๋ฌ ๊นํ์ฑPD'๊ฐ ํ์ ํ๋ฉฐ, ์น์๋ ๋๊ณก์ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด ๋๋ค.
2020๋
4์ 28์ผ๋ถํฐ 10์ 20์ผ๊น์ง OBS์์ ๋ณธ์ธ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ด ๋ค์ด๊ฐ '์์๋ฏธ์ ์ด๋ค๊ฐ์'(์์์ผ ๋ฐฉ์)์ '์์๋ฏธ์ ์ด๋ฐ๊ฐ์'(์ผ์์ผ ๋ฐฉ์,ใ๋
ํนํ ์ฐ์๋ด์คใ์ ์ฝ๋) ์ฝ๋์ ์งํ์ ๋งก์๋ค. ๊ฐ์๋ค์ ์ฌ์ฐ์ ํ์ํ ์งํ ์์จ๋ก ์๊ฐํ๊ณ , ๋ฐ์ด๋ ๋
ธ๋์ค๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์์ ๋ํ๊ณก์ ์ปค๋ฒ๊ณก์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ ๋ค. ์ ํ๋ธ ์ปค๋ฒ๊ณก ์์
์ ์ํด 10์ 20์ผ ๋
นํ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ์งํ์ ์ข
๋ฃํ๋ค. OBS์์๋ '์์ฒญ์๊ฐ ๋ฝ์ 2020 ํซ ์์ด์ฝ - ํธ๋กํธ ๋ผ์ด์ง์คํ'๋ก ์์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ์ ์ ๋์๋ค๋ฉฐ ํธ๋กํผ๋ฅผ ์์ฌํ๋ค. ์ด์ "๋ง์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์๊ฒ ์ฌ๋๋ฐ๋ ์คํ๋ฎค์ง์
๋๋๊ฒ ๊ฟ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐ์ ๋งํ๋ค.
6์ ๋ด๊ณ ํฅ : 2020๋
5์ 8์ผ๋ถํฐ 9์ 30์ผ ๊น์งย KBS 1TV ใ6์ ๋ด๊ณ ํฅใ '์ดํ๋ ฌ์ ์ฅํฐ์ผ' (๊ธ์์ผ)์ ์ถ์ฐํด ์ฝ๋ก๋19์ฌํ๋ก ์ด๋ ค์์ ๊ฒช๋ ์์ธ๋ค์ ์๋กํ๊ณ , ์์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํด์์์ผ์ฃผ๊ณ , ๋ค์ํ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ํ๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ์์๋ฏธ๋ ์์ธ๋ค์ด ๋ฃ๊ณ ์ถ์ดํ๋ ์ ์ฒญ๊ณก๊ณผ ์ฌ์ฐ์ ์ ํ๊ณ ์์ํ๊ฒ ์ํ์ด๋ฅผ ํ๋ '์ํ์ด์ก'์ ๋ถ๋ ๋ค. ์ฝ๋ฏธ๋์ธ ์ดํ๋ ฌ, ๊ฐ์ ์์๋ฏธ๋ ๊ฐ์ข
๊ฐ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ํ์์ ์ผ๋ฏธ์คํธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ํ๋ค.
๋ถํ์ ๋ช
๊ณก - ์ ์ค์ ๋
ธ๋ํ๋ค : ใ1์ฐจ ์ถ์ฐใ 2020๋
5์ 9์ผ '๊ฐ์กฑํน์ง'์ ์๋ฒ์ง ๋ฐ์์๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ถ์ฐํด ์กฐ์ฉํ์ ใ๋๋ ๋ ์ข์ใ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ ๋๋ฐ, ๋ฐ์์์ ํญ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ฐฝ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์์๋ฏธ์ ์ํผํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋์ค๋ฐ ๋
ธ๋๋ก ๋ง์ ๋ฐ์๊ฐ์ฑ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค. '์คํ์
๋ช
๊ณก ํ์ ๋จ'์ ๋ฐ์์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ์ผ๋ก์์ ์ญํ ์ ์ถฉ์คํ๋ ์ ์๋ ์ฐฌ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋๋ค. ์ค์ง์ ์๋์ด์๋ "์์ฆ ์๋ฆ๋ค์ด ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋๋ฌผ์ด ๋๋๋ฐ, ์ ๋ถ ์
์ฅํ ๋ ์๋น ์ ํจ๊ป ํ ๋๋ ๋๋ฌผ์ด ๋๋ค. ๋ ๋ถ์๊ฒ ๊ทธ๋ฐ ๋๋์ ๋ฐ์๋ค"๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์ ํํจ์ ํจ๊ป ๊ธฐ๋ปค๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๋ฌด๋๊ฐ ๋๋๊ณ ์์๋ฏธ๋ ํ์์ด์ ใ์ 3ํ๊ฐ๊ตใ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ฌ '๋ฆฌํ ํ์์ด'๋ผ๋ ์์์ด๊ฐ ํ์ธ์ด ์๋์ ์ฆ๋ช
ํด๋ณด์๋ค. ์ด๋ '์์๋ฏธ & ๋ฐ์์' ๊ฐ์กฑ์ '๋ฐ๊ฐ์ฑ & ์๋ค ๋ฃจ', '์ก์ค์๋ฐด๋ & ๊ฐ๋์ฒ(๊ฐ์ค์ฐ ์๋ฒ์ง)', '๋
ธ์งํ & ์ด์ํ' ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ๊บพ๊ณ ์ต์ข
์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์น์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค.
๋ถํ์ ๋ช
๊ณก - ์ ์ค์ ๋
ธ๋ํ๋ค : ใ2์ฐจ ์ถ์ฐใ 2020๋
6์ 27์ผ '๋ฆฌํ ์คํ' ํน์ง์ ์ถ์ฐํด ํ์์ด์ ใ์๋ฒฝ๋นใ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณกํด 'ํ์์ด ์ค๋ง์ฃผ'๋ฅผ ๋ค์งํ๋ฉฐ ์ํผ๋ฐ๋ํ๊ฒ ์ด์ฐฝํ๋ค. ์์๋ฏธ ํน์ ์ ์
์ ๊นจ๋ฌผ๊ธฐ+์ด๊นจํธ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ณ ์ฒญ๋ํ ํ์์ด์ ๊ฐ์ฑ์ ์๊ทนํ๋ ํ๋ คํ ๋ฌด๋๋ฅผ ์ ๋ณด์ฌ '์คํ๋ณ ๋ช
๊ณกํ์ ๋จ'์ ์ฐฌ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์์ง๋ง, '๋ฆฌํ ๊น๊ฒฝํธ' ๊ณฝ๋ํ์ 4๋จ ๊ณ ์์ ๋ฒฝ์ ๋์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ ๊ณ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์
จ๋ค. ๋ฌด๋๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฒค์ โ(ํ์์ด์) ์ง์ง ๋ฎ์๋ณด์๋ค. ๋๊ฒ ์ฌ์ธํ๊ณ ๋
ธ๋ ๋๋ฌด ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋ค. ์ฌ์๊ฐ ๋ด๋ ์ฌ๋์ค๋ฝ๋คโ๋ผ๊ณ ํํ๋ค.
๋ถํ์ ๋ช
๊ณก - ์ ์ค์ ๋
ธ๋ํ๋ค : ใ3์ฐจ ์ถ์ฐใ 2020๋
7์ 11์ผ '์๋ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐ์ฐ ์์ค์์ 2๋ถ'์ ์ถ์ฐํด ๋จ์ง์ ใ์ก์ดใ๋ฅผ ์ฌํด์ํด ํธ๋กํธ, ๋ฉ, ์๋ค์ก, ๋ก๋ด์ถค์ผ๋ก ๊พธ๋ฏผ 'ํ์ด๊ธฐ 4์ข
์ธํธ'๊ฐ ๊ฐ์์ ๋ฌผ๋ก , ๋ธ๋ผ์ด๊ด์ ๋์ด ์์ฒญ์๋ค์ ๋ง์๊น์ง ์ฌ๋ก์ก์๋ค. ํดํผ๋ฐ์ด๋ฌ์ค ๋ณ์นญ์ ๊ฑธ๋ง๊ฒ ๋ค์ํ ์์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฏธํด ํ์์กฐ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ๋ณด์ธ ๊ทธ๋
์ ๋ํด MC ์ ์ฌํ์ "์์๋ฏธ์ ํจ๊ป ์ธ๊ณ ์ผ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ ๊ธฐ๋ถ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ์์ ๋จ๊ฒผ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋ฎค์ง์ปฌ๋ฐฐ์ฐ ๋ฏผ์ฐํ์ ํํธ์ ์ญ๋๊ธ ๋ฎค์ง์ปฌ์ ์ฐ์์ผํ๋ ๋ฌด๋์ ์น๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ด์คฌ๋ค. ์์๋ฏธ๋ "์๋ ๋ง์ดํด ์ญ์จ์ ๋ฌธ์ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ค๋นํ๋๋ฐ ๊ตฌ๋ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ชปํ๋ค"๊ณ ์์ฌ์ํ๋ค.
๋ถํ์ ๋ช
๊ณก - ์ ์ค์ ๋
ธ๋ํ๋ค : ใ4์ฐจ ์ถ์ฐใ 2020๋
8์ 22์ผ '๊น์ข
๊ตญXํฐ๋ณดI'์ ์ถ์ฐํด ๊น์ข
๊ตญ์ ใ์ฌ๋์ค๋ฌ์ใ๋ฅผ ์ฒซ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ๋ถ๋ ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ง์ ์ฒญ์ํ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฐ๋ํ ๋์ค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฏธํด ๋ง์์ ์ฌ๋ฅด๋ฅด ๋
น์ฌ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฌ๋์ค๋ฌ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฌด๋๋ฅผ ๋ฏ์๋ค. ์กฐ๊ถ์ "์ด์ฐ~ ๊ท์ผ๋ฝ์ง, ๋~๋ฌด ์๋ป, ๋ฏธ์น ๊ฐ๋ ์์ ์์ค~!"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฎค์ง์ปฌ '์ ์ด๋ฏธ'์ ๋์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งํ๊ณ , MC ๊น์คํ์ "๋์ด ์ฌ๋ฆ๋ ๋ธ๊ธฐ์
๋ฒ์ ํ์
๋ ๋จน์ ๊ธฐ๋ถ์ฒ๋ผ ์ํผํ๋ค"๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐ์ ๋งํ๋ค. ๊น์ข
๊ตญ์ "์ฒ์๋ถํฐ ๋๊น์ง ๋๋ฌด ๋ผ๊ฐ ๋ง์์ ๋ณด๋ ๋ด๋ด ์ฌ๋ฐ์๋ค"๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ํผํ๊ณ ๋ค์ฑ๋ก์ด ๋ณด์ด์ค์ ํ์ํํ ์นผ๊ตฐ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค ๊ฑธ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์๋ฆฌ์ค๋ฅผ ๊บพ๊ณ 1์น์ ๊ณ ์ง๋ฅผ ์ ๋ นํ์ง๋ง, ๋ช
ํ ํ๋ชจ๋๋ฅผ ์๋ํ๋ ํฌ๋ก์ค์ค๋ฒ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ผํฌ์ ์ 2์น์ ๊ณ ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ด์คฌ๋ค.
๋ถํ์ ๋ช
๊ณก - ์ ์ค์ ๋
ธ๋ํ๋ค : ใ5์ฐจ ์ถ์ฐใ 2020๋
11์ 21์ผ 'ํธ๋กฏ์ ๊ตญ์ฒด์ ' ํน์ง 1ํ์ ์ฃผํ๋ฏธ์ ใ์ง์ฌ๋ใ์ ์ ๊ณกํด ๋ง์ง๋ง ์ฃผ์๋ก ๋ฌด๋์ ์ฌ๋๋ค. 'ํดํผํดํผํ ๋ฌด๋๋ฅผ ์ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒ ๋ค'๊ณ ๋ค์งํ ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ด๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋๋ฌ์ง๋ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๋ก ์์ํด ์ฌ๋์ค๋ฝ๊ณ ํ๋ณตํ ๋๋์ด ๋๋ ๋ฌด๋๋ฅผ ํผ์ณค๋ค. ์ค๋ฐ ์ดํ์๋ ํ
ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ค์ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ํ๋ฉด์ ๊น์ฐํ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๋ก ์ค์ฉ์์
๊ณผ ํ์๋ค๊ณผ ์ด๋ฆฐ์ด ํฉ์ฐฝ๋จ์ด ํจ๊ป ์ฐธ์ฌํด ๋ง์น ์ ๋๋ ์ถ์ ํ๋ง๋น ๊ฐ์ ๋ฌด๋๋ฅผ ์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ํฉ์น์ด์ "๋๋ฌด ๊ท์ฝ๊ณ ์๊ณ ์๋ดํ์ง๋ง ๋ฌด๋์์ ๊ต์ฅํ ํฐ ์๋์ง๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค"๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ก๊ฐ์ธ์ "๋๋ฌด ๊ท์ฝ๊ณ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์์๋ฐ์ ์ฅ๊ตฌ์ฌ ๊ฐ์ด ์ฌ๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ถ์ข๊ฒ ํด์ฃผ๋ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ด ์๋ค"๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ฃผํ๋ฏธ ๊ฐ๋
์ "๋ฎค์ง์ปฌ ๊ฐ์๋ค. ์ ๋ง ์ ๋ฌด๋๋ก ๋ฐ์ณ๊ฐ๊ณ ์ถ์ ๋ง์์ด ๋ค์๋ค."๊ณ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ์ค์ธ์ข
์๋์ด์๋ "์์๋ฏธ์จ์ ์ฅ์ ์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋๋๋ผ์ง ๋ฌด๋๊ฐ ์๋์๋. ํก์ฌ ๋ถํฅํ ๊ฐ์๋ค. ์์ฐ์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ ์์ด ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ๋๋ผ."๊ณ ํ๋ค. 3์น์ ์ด์ด์จ '์์ฒด๋ฐ๊ด ๋ฏธ๋จ ๊ฐ์ฑ ์ฅ์ธ' ์ ์ ๋ฅผ ๊บพ๊ณ 1๋ถ ์ต์ข
์ฐ์น์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ฐ์น์ ๋ํด '๋์์ ํ๋ฐ๋กํฐ' ํ
๋ ์กฐ์ฉ๊ฐ์ ๊ทธ์ ์ ํ๋ธ ์ฑ๋์์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ถ์ํ๋ค. "์์๋ฏธ๋ '์ฐฝ๊ฐ์ ์์~' ํ ๋ '์์ฆ์~' ๋ฐ์์ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ ์น์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ก๊ณ , ๋ง์ ๋จ์ฑ๋ค์ ์ฌ์ฟตํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ ๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ๋
ํนํจ์ ์ด๋ ค์ฃผ๋ฉด์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์๊ธฐ์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ ๋
ธ๋๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด ๋
ธ๋๋ฅผ ์๊ธฐํ์์ผ์ ๋ง์น ์๊ธฐ ๋
ธ๋์ธ ์ ๋
ธ๋๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋
ธ๋์ธ์ง ์ ๊ต์ธ์ง ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ ๊ต์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ ๋
ธ๋ํ๋ ๊ฑธ ์์๋ฏธ๋ ๊ทน๋ํ์์ผฐ๊ณ ๊ทธ์ ๋ง๋ ๊ณก์ ์ ์ ๊ณกํด์ ๋ ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ง์ด ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋๋ค."
2020๋
10์ 1์ผ TBSใ์ด๊ฐํฌ์ ๋ฌ๋ธ๋ ํฐใ์์ ๊ฐํ์ฐ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป '๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋นํ๋ฏผ'์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ฐํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ฐํ์ฐ์ '๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ํ์ ' ๋ณ์นญ์ ์ป์๊ณ , ์์๋ฏธ๋ '์ถ์๋ ๋ง์ด ๋์๊ณ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ์ํ์ ๊ฐํ์ฐ ์ธ๋์ ๋
ธ๋ ๋ค์ด์ฃผ์ธ์.'๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
2020๋
10์ 7์ผ ์ ํ๋ธ ๋ผ์ด๋ธ ใ๋ผ๋์ค ๊ฐ๊ฐ TVใ์ ์ถ์ฐํด 2018๋
7์ 20์ผ 'ํฌํด๋ฝ ์ฐฝ๋จ ์ผ์ผ์ด์ค'์์์ ์ผํ๋ฅผ ํธ์ด๋จ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์์๋ฏธ๋ ์์์ 4~5ํ ๊ฐ์์
์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ณก์ ๋
ธ๋ํ๊ณ , ์งํ์ ๋ฐํ์ค์ ๊ด๊ฐ 4๋ช
์์์ '๋ฌด์จ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํด์ผํ ์ง ๋ชฐ๋๋ค.'๋ฉฐ ์ผํ๋ฅผ ์๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ด์ด ๋ฐํ์ค์ ์์๋ฏธ๊ฐ '4๋ช
์์์ ๋ง์น 4๋ง ๋ช
์๋ ๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ ๋
ธ๋ํ๋๋ผ.'๊ณ ํ๋ค.
2020๋
10์ 8์ผ ๊ฐํฉ ๋ํ์์ ใํ
์คํใ ์ปค๋ฒ๊ณก์ ์์ ์ ์ ํ๋ธ ์ฑ๋์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 10์ผ(2020.10.18. )๋ ์๋ผ ์กฐํ์ 100๋งํ๋ฅผ ๋ํํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ง์ ๋
ํนํ ์ฒญ์ํ๊ณ ์ ์ ํ ์์์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅธ ใํ
์คํใ ์ปค๋ฒ๊ณก์ ๋๊ณ ๋์ค๋ค์ '์ ํ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋๋์ ํ
์คํ', 'ํ
์ค ์ค๋น ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฌ์ผ ํ๋ค'๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ๋
๋ฆฐ ์ฌ์ฑ ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ฅธ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋๋์ ใํ
์คํใ์ MBNใ๋ด์ค ํ์ดํฐใ(2020.10.15.)๋ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ๋ค. 2020๋
12์ 27์ผ ์ ๋
์ 200๋ง๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ๋์๋ค. ์ดํ์๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์๋ค์ด 'ํ
์คํ' ์ปค๋ฒ๊ณก์ ๋ถ๋ ๊ณ , ์ธํฐ๋ท ์์ ๋ค์ํ ํํ์ 'ํ
์คํ' ํจ๋ฌ๋์ ๋
ธ๋์ ๊ฐ์ฌ ๋ด์ฉ์ด๋ ๊ฐ๋ฝ์ ์์ฉํด ์ข ๋ ์ต์ด์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ ํํํ ๋ฐ(meme) ์์์ด ์์์ก๋ค.
2020๋
10์ 31์ผ MBN ใ๋ก๋์ฑ์ดใ5ํ์ B์กฐ 27๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ฐํด '๊ฐ์' ์กฐ์ฉํ์ ใ๋น๋ จใ์ ๋ถ๋ ๋ค. ์ข
์๋ฆฌ์ ์
์ฅํ ๊ทธ๋ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ํ ์ฝ๋ฌ์ค๋ก ์์๋๋ ๋ฌด๋์์ ๊ทธ๋
๋ง์ ์ฒญ์ํ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋๋ฌ์ง๋ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๋ก ์ ์ ํ ์ฌํ์ ํฌํจํ๋ฏ ์์๋๋ค. ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ๋ด๋ ์๋ฐฑ์ ๋๋ ์ค๋ฅผ ์
์ ๋ฏธ๋ชจ๋ ์์ ์ ๋์๋ค. ์กฐ์ฅํ์ "ํธํก 7, ์๋ฆฌ 3 ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ธ๋ค"๋ฉฐ ๊ทน์ฐฌํ๋ค. ์์๋ฏธ๋ "๊ท์ฝ๊ณ ๊น์ฐํ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ํ ๋ชจ์ต (๋ณด๋ค๋) ์๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ฌ๋๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ถ์ด ์ ๊ณกํ๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํธํ์ด ์ด์ด์ก๋ค. "๋
ธ๋๊ฐ ์ข ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์์ ์์๋ฏธ์จ๋ ์ ๋ง์ง ์์๋"๋ฉฐ ์ฐ๋ ค์์ธ ํ์ ํ ๊น๊ตฌ๋ผ์๋ ๋ฐ๋๋ก ์ฐจํํ์ "๊ต์ฅํ ๋ฉ์์๋ค."๊ณ ๊ทน์ฐฌํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์๋ฏธ๋ "ํ์์กฐ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ ์ถ์๋ค"๊ณ MBN๋ด์คํ์ดํฐ์์ ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ์์ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์ ์ ํํ๊ณ , 11์ 7์ผ B์กฐ ์ฌ๋์ ๊ณก์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋๋์ ใLike A Virginใ๊ณผ ๋ง์ดํด ์ญ์จ์ ใBillie Jeanใ์ ๋ถ๋ ๋ค. ใLike A Virginใ์์๋ ์ํผํ๊ณ ์์ผํ ๊ด๋ฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฝ๋๊ณ , ใBillie Jeanใ์์๋ ๊ฐ๋ ฌํ ์นด๋ฆฌ์ค๋ง๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ๋๋ค. ๋ฐ์ฑ๊ด์ "๋ฐ๊ณ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ด ๋๋ฌด ์ข๋ค. ๋
ธ๋๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌด ์ ์ด๋ ธ๋ค"๋ฉฐ ๊ทน์ฐฌํ๋ค. ๋ฐ์ํ์ "์ผ ์ ์ธ ์์์ ์๋์ ์ธ ํ์ ์ด ๋ง์ ๋ถ๋ค์ ๋ง์์ ํ๋ค์ง ์์์๊น ์ถ๋ค. ๋ง์ดํด ์ญ์จ๊ณผ ๋ง๋๋์ ์ ๊ณก์ด ๋ง์ ๋ถ๋ค์ ํฝ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋ค"๊ณ ํ๊ฐํ๋ค. ์์ํ ์ค๋ ฅ์๋ค์ด ํฌ์งํ B์กฐ 15์ธ ์ค 8์์(1์ฐจ 2454์ , 2์ฐจ 2625์ ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค) ์ฌ๋๋ค.
2020๋
12์ 4์ผ ์์ธ ๋์น๋ 1.9m ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๊นํ์ฐ๊ฐ ์ฐพ์๊ฐ๋ ๋ชจ๋น๋ฆฌํฐ ์์
์ผ ใGoStarBuStar - ๊ณ ์คํ๋ฒ์คํใ ์ ํ๋ธ ๋ฐฉ์ก์ ์ถ์ฐํด, ๋ฐ์ง์์ ์์๊ณก ใ์ด์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ฌ๋ ๋
ธ๋ใ์ ์ฃผ์ธ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ํ๋ก์ ํธ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ฌ๊ธฐ์๋ ๋ฐ์ง์(JYP)์ด ์ด๋ํ 10๋ช
์ ํ๋ก/์๋ง์ถ์ด ๊ฐ์, ์ ํ๋ฒ๊ฐ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๋ค. ์์๋ฏธ๋ "์์งํ๊ฒ ๋งํ๋ฉด ๋ฐ์ง์ ์ ๋ฐฐ๋์ ๋ต๊ณ ์ถ์ด์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ด์ ๋ ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต 1ํ๋
๋ JYP ์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ ์ค๋์
์ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์์๋ค. 1์ฐจ์ ํฉ๊ฒฉํ๊ณ 2์ฐจ ์ค๋์
์ ์ค๋นํ๊ณ ์์๋๋ฐ ์๋ฒ์ง๊ป์ ํผ๋ด์ ๋ชป ๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. (ใ์ด์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ฌ๋ ๋
ธ๋ใ์ ๋ํด) ๋ค์์ ๋ ๋ฑ ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ ๊ฒ ๊ฐ์๋ค."๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ์์ ๋ง์ ์ ๋ํฌํ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๋ก ใ์ด์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ฌ๋ ๋
ธ๋ใ๋ฅผ ํด์, ํ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง์๋ ์๋ฐ๋๋ ์ ์ ํ ๊ฐ์ฑ์ ์๋ฒฝํ๊ฒ ํํํ๋ค. ย ๋ฐ์ง์์ "์ฝ์ ์ด ์๋ค. ๋ฐ์ฑ์ ๋ฐ์ฑ๋๋ก ๊ฐ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ฑ๋๋ก ๊ทผ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒ ๋๊ตฌ์ฒ๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฅด์ง ์๋๋ค."๊ณ ๊ทน์ฐฌํ๋ค. ใ์ด์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ฌ๋ ๋
ธ๋ใ์ ์ต์ข
์ฃผ์ธ์ ์์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
2020๋
12์ 7์ผ KBS 2TV ใ๊ตฟ๋ชจ๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋ผ์ด๋ธใ 109ํ 3๋ถ '๋
ธ๋๋ ์ธ์์ ์ฃ๊ณ '์ ์ถ์ฐํ๋ค. 18์ธ ๊ณ ๊ต์์ด ๋ค์ด๋ฒ ์ง์์ธ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฐ ์ง๋ฌธ์ ๋ํด "์ด์ฌ๋์ด ๋๊ตฌ๋๊ตฌ์ผ, ์กฐ๊ธ ๋ ๋์ด๊ฐ ๋จน์ผ๋ฉด ์ทจํฅ์ด ๋ฐ๋ ์๋ ์์ด. ๋๋ ์กฐ๊ธ๋ง ์ข์ํด์ฃผ๊ณ ๋์ค์ ๋ ์ด์ ์ฌ๋ ๋ง๋์ ์ฌ๋ํ๋ ด'์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ์ ์ผ ์ขํ๋ ๋ณ๋ช
์ "ํดํผ๋ฐ์ด๋ฌ์ค, ํ๋ฃจํ๋ฃจ ์ฌ๋๊ฒ ํ๋ณตํ๋ค. ํฌ์ด ๋ํ์๊ฒ ๋ฌธ์๋ก '๋๋ถ์ ํ๋ณตํด์ ธ์ ์ฐ์ธ์ฆ์ ๊ณ ์ณค๋ค.'๊ณ ํด์ ๋ ์ ์ฐฉ์ด ๊ฐ๋ค"๊ณ ํ๋ค.
2020๋
12์ 25์ผ '6์ ๋ด๊ณ ํฅ' - '๊ณ์์ฐ์ ํต์์ฅ'ํธ ์ดฌ์ ์ค ์์๋ฏธ๋ ๊ธธ์ ์ง๋๋ ํฌ์ ๋ง๋ฌ๋ค. โ์ ๋ณด๊ณ ์์ด์โ๋ผ๋ ํฌ์ ๋ง์ ๊น์ ๊ทผ ์๋์ด์๋ โ์ด๋์ ๋ณด์
จ์ด์?โ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฌผ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ํฌ์ โ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฉด ๋์ ๋๊ตฌ์ธ์?โ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ฌธํด ์์์ ์์๋๋ค. ์์๋ฏธ๋ ์๊ณ ์์ง๋ง ๊น์ ๊ทผ ์๋์ด์๋ ๋ชฐ๋๋ ๊ฒ. ํฌ์ ๊น์ ๊ทผ ์๋์ด์์๊ฒ โ์์๋ฏธ์จ ์ ๋ชจ์
์โ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ฌ๋ค.
2020๋
12์ 30์ผ 'MBC ๋ฐฉ์ก์ฐ์๋์' ์์์์์ '์ฌ์ ์ ์ธ์' ํ๋ณด๋ก ์์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ์ ์ ๋์์ผ๋ ์์์ ํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ์์์์๋ ์ด๋๋์๋๋ฐ ์ฝ๋ก๋ ์ฌํ๋ก ํ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ถ์๋์ด ์ถ์ฐํ์ง๋ ๋ชปํ๋ค. ์์๋ฏธ๋ MBC 'ํธ๋กํธ์ ๋ฏผ์กฑ', 'ํด๋จผ๋คํ ์ฌ๋์ด ์ข๋ค', '๋ฌธํ์ฝ์ํธ ๋์ฅ', '๋ณต๋ฉด๊ฐ์', '๊ธฐ๋ถ ์ข์๋ ', '๋ํ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ', '๋น๋์ค ์คํ', '๋๋ ํธ๋กํธ ๊ฐ์๋ค', '์ง๊ธ์ ๋ผ๋์ค ์๋' ๋ฑ์ ์ถ์ฐํ๋ฉฐ ๊พธ์คํ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ป๊ณ ์๋ค. 'ํธ๋กํธ์ ๋ฏผ์กฑ'์ด ์์ฒญ๋ฅ ์ด ๋์์ผ๋ฉด ํ๋ ์์ฌ์์ด ํฌ๋ค. 12์ 25์ผ์๋ OBS '์์ฒญ์๊ฐ ๋ฝ์ ใ2020 ํซ ์์ด์ฝใ - ํธ๋กํธ ๋ผ์ด์ง์คํ ๋ถ๋ฌธ'์ ์์ํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
2021๋
2์ 10์ผ ์คํ 6์ ใ์ด์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ฌ๋๋
ธ๋ใ์ ์์๋ฐ๋งค์ ๋ฎค์ง๋น๋์ค๊ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋์๋ค. ใ์ด์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ฌ๋๋
ธ๋ใ๋ ๋ฐ์ง์PD๊ฐ ์์ฌ, ์๊ณก, ํธ๊ณกํ๊ณ JYP์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ ์์์ด ์๋ ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ๋
ธ๋ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์๊ณก๊ฐ ํ๋ก์ ํธ๋ก์จ ๊ทธ 1ํธ ๊ณก์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋งคํ ์ํ์ง์ด๋ค. ํธ๋กํธ ์ ์ ์์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ ์ค๋์
์ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๊ฐ์ฐฝ์๋ก ์ ์ ๋ผ ์ฒซ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฉค๋ฒ์ ์๊ด์ ์์๋ค. ์ด ๊ณก์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ปจํธ๋ฆฌ ์์
๊ณผ ํ๊ตญ์ ํธ๋กํธ๋ฅผ ํฉ์น '์ปจํธ๋กฏ(Controt)' ์ฅ๋ฅด๋ก ๋ฐ์ง์์ด ๋ช
๋ช
ํ๋ค. ์์ ์ฌ์ดํธ์๋ ์ฑ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ฅ๋ฅด๋ก ๋ฑ๋ก๋๋ค. ๋์ ๊ณตํต์ ์ธ ์์ํ๊ณ ์์ ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ฑ์ ๋ฉ๋ก๋์ ๊ฐ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ด๊ฒผ๋ค. ๋ฐ์ฃผ ์ญ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฐด๋ ์
๊ธฐ๋ค๋ก๋ง ๋
น์ํ๊ณ , ์ํฅ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ ๋ชจ๋ 70๋
๋์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์ง๊ณต๊ด ๋ง์ดํฌ์ ํ๋ฆฌ์ฐํ ๋ฑ์ ์ฌ์ฉํด ์๋ ๋ก๊ทธ ๊ฐ์ฑ์ ์๋ฒฝํ ์ฌํํ๋ค. ๋ฎค๋น๋ 7080 ์์
๊ฐ์์ค ใ๋ค์๋ด(N'est Ci Bon)ใ์์ ๋ฐด๋๋ง์คํฐ ๊ฒธ ๊ธฐํ๋ฆฌ์คํธ, ์๊ณก๊ฐ๋ก ๋ณ์ ํ ๋ฐ์ง์๊ณผ ์ ๋ฌํ ์ฌ๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์งํ ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ์์๋ฏธ์ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ด์๋ค. ๋ค์ ํ๊ณ ํฌ๊ทผํ ๋ถ์๊ธฐ์ ์์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ๋ณด๋ ์ด๋ค์๊ฒ ํน๋ณํ ์ถ์ต ์ฌํ์ ์ ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฒ ๋ฎค๋น๋ ์ ์ฒญ์ถ ์ํ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์ ์ฌ๋ฏธ์ ๊ฐ์์ฑ์ ๋์์ ์๊ทนํ๋ค. ๋ฐ์ง์์ ๊นจ์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ์ ์์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ๋
ธ๋๋ก ํ์ด๋ด๋ ๊ฐ์ฑ์ด ์กฐํ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋ค. ๋ฐ์ง์์ ์์
, ๋น์ฃผ์ผ ์ฝ์
ํธ, ๋ฎค๋น ์คํ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์ดํ๊ฒ ํ๋ก๋์ฑํด ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ๋ค.
2021๋
3์ 5์ผ NH๋ํ์ํ์์ '์์๋ฏธ์ ํจ๊ปํ๋ ํํผ ์๋น ์ด์ง ํ๋ณด์์ ใ๊ฝํ๋ นใ'์ ๋ณธ์ธ์ ๋
ธ๋ ใ๊ฝํ๋ นใ์ ๊ฐ์ฌํด ์์ ๊ธฐ๋ถ ๋ฐ ์ฌ๋ฅ๊ธฐ๋ถ๋ฅผ ํ์๋ค. ์์์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ ์์๋ฏธ๋ โ์์ ์ ๋
ธ๋๊ฐ ํํผ๋๊ฐ์ ํ๋ ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ด๊ณ ์๋ ๋ง์ ๋ถ๋ค์๊ฒ ํ์ด ๋๋ค๋ ์๊ฐ์ ์ด์ฌํ ์์ ์ ์์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๊ฒ ๋๋คโ๊ณ ์ํํ๋ค.
2021๋
8์ 16์ผ ์์๋ฏธ์ ๋
ธ๋ ใ์ฐ๊ฐใ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํฐ๋ธ๋ก ๋ด๋ง๋ ๊ฐ๋
์ด ์ํ์ ๋ฎค์ง์ปฌ์ ํผํฉํ ํํ๋ก ์ ์ํ ์จ๋ค์ปฌ '์ฐ๊ฐ - ์ฒ์์ ์ฌ์ฐ'๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐํ์๋ค. ์ฝ 13๋ถ ๋ถ๋์ ์จ๋ค์ปฌ์์ ์ฒ์ ์ฃผ์ฐ์ ๋งก์ ์์๋ฏธ๋ ์ฒ๋
๋ฌต์ ๊ตฌ๋ฏธํธ๋ก ๋ถํด ์ฌ๊ณจ๊ฐ์ ๋จ์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋งํ๋ฉฐ ์ฒ์ ๋ค์ด์จ ๋ผ์ด๋๋ค์ ํฌ์์์ผ๋ก ์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ณตํ๋ค๋ ์ฝ๋ฏนํธ๋ฌ๋ฌผ์ด๋ค.
2022๋
8์ 22์ผ ใ๋ฐ์๋ฏผยทํฉ๊ธฐ์ '์ฌ๋๋ํ๊ธฐ' ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ๊ธใ์ ์ฌ๋ฅ๊ธฐ๋ถ๋ก ๋ชจ๊ธํ๋์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ค.
FCํธ๋กฏํธ์ฆ
2022๋
4์ 8์ผ ํธ๋กํธ ๊ฐ์๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ์ฌ์ ํ์ด(futsal)ํ โFCํธ๋กฏํธ์ฆโ๊ฐ ์ฐฝ๋จ๋๋ค. ํธ๋กํธ ๊ฐ์ ๊นํ์ฐ, ์์ง์ค, ๋ฐ์ฃผํฌ, ์ง์์ด, ๋ณ์ฌ๋, ๋ง์ด์ง, ์ด์๋, ์ฅํ๋ฆฌ, ์์ ๋ฏธ, ์์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ์ฐฝ๋จ ๋ฉค๋ฒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ๋
์ด์์ค, ์ฝ์น ๊น๋ํ, ๊น๋์ญ์ด ๋งก์๊ณ , ํ๋จ์ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ ์์ง์ค๊ฐ ๋งก์๋ค. ์ฌ์ ํธ๋กํธ ๊ฐ์ ์ค์ ํ๊นจ๋ ์ฐ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ด๋๋ถ ์ถ์ ์ด ์ฃผ์ถ์ผ๋ก ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ธ ํ๋ จ๊ณผ ์ฐ์ต์ ํตํด ์ฒด๋ ฅ, ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฑ์ ์ฐ๋งํด ์ ๊ตญ ๊ฐ์ง์ ์ฌ์์ถ๊ตฌํ๋ค๊ณผ์ ๋์ฅ๊นจ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ ์ด์ด์ง๊ฒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํธ๋กํธ๊ฐ์๋ค์ ์น๋ชฉ๋ ๋ค์ง๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์กํ๋๋ ๊ฐ์ด ํ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฑด๊ฐํ ์น๋ชฉ ๋จ์ฒด๋ก์จ ์ด์ํด ๋๊ฐ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ ํ๋ค.
2022๋
8์ 12์ผ FCํธ๋กฏํธ์ฆ ์ํฌ์์ ๊ฐ๊ทธ์ฐ๋จผ ์ถ์ ๊ฐ์ ์์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ํฉ๋ฅํ๋ฉด์ FCํธ๋กฏํธ์ฆ์ ์
๋จํ๋ค. 12์์ ๊นํ์ฐ, ๋ณ์ฌ๋, ์ง์์ด๊ฐ ํํดํ๊ณ , ๊น๋ช
์ , ํธ์๊ฑธ์ค(๊ฐ๋ฏผ์ ,๊ฐ๋ฏผ์ )๊ฐ ์๋ก ์
๋จํ๋ค.
2023๋
1์ 13์ผ์ ์ธ๋๋ค์์ ์์นด๋ฅดํ ํ์ง '์๊ณต์ธ์ ๋ ' ์ถํ๊ณต์ฐ์ด ์์๊ณ , 15์ผ์๋ ํ์ง ์ฌ์ ARENA FC ํ๊ณผ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ก๋ค. 3์์ ์ด์๋๊ฐ ๊ฑด๊ฐ์์ ์ด์ ๋ก ํํดํ๋ค.
์ ํ๋ธ ํ๋ ๋ฐ ํฌ์นดํ
์ ํ๋ธ ์ฑ๋
์์๋ฏธ - YOYOMI ํ๋์ ์ ๋
ํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํธ๋กํธ๋ ๋ฌผ๋ก ๋์ค, ๋ฐ๋ผ๋, ์์ค๋น, POP ๋ฑ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฅ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ์ปค๋ฒ๊ณก์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ปค๋ฒ๊ณก ์์์ ์ค์ผ์ค์ด ๋น ์๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ ์ํ๋๋ฐ, ๋จผ์ ๋
ธ๋ ์ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ฒ ๋
น์ํด์ ๊ทธ ์ค์ ์ ์ผ ๋์ ๋ฒ์ ์ผ๋ก ํธ์ง์์ด ์ ์ ํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ์ ๋ง์ถฐ ํค์ด/์์/๋์ค๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ฐํด ์์์ ์ดฌ์ํด ๋ถ๊ณผ ๋ช ์๊ฐ ๋ง์ ์ ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ฒ์์ ๋
น์&์์์ ๋์์ ์์
ํ์ผ๋ ํ๋ฉด์ด ์์ด๋ป์ ๋ณ๋์ ์์
์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊พธ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ํ ํธ๋ ์์๊ฐ ์ปค๋ฒ ๋ณด๊ธฐ.
์ ํ๋ธ ๊ตฌ๋
์์๋ 2018๋
2์ ๋ฐ๋ท ์ดํ 2019๋
7์ 15์ผ 10๋ง ๋ํ, 2019๋
11์ 16๋ง๋ช
2019๋
12์ 16์ผ 20๋ง๋ช
, 2020๋
11์ 5์ผ 30๋ง๋ช
, 2023๋
9์ 11์ผ 50๋ง๋ช
์ ๋์๋ค.
์ปค๋ฒ๊ณก์ ์์์ฌ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ค์์ ๋ํ์ ์์๋ฏธ ๋์ด์ 2~3์๊ฐ ๋ง์ ์์
ํ๋ค. 2019๋
1์๋ถํฐ 2020๋
12์๊น์ง๋ ๋งค์ฃผ ์/๋ชฉ์์ผ 10์์ ์
๋ก๋ํ์ผ๋, 2021๋
1์ 7์ผ๋ถํฐ ์ดฌ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ ์ผ์์ ๋ด์ V-Log(๋ธ์ด๋ก๊ทธ)๋ฅผ ์๋ก์ด ์ ๋ณด์๋๋ฐ, ๋งค์ฃผ ์์์ผ์๋ ์ปค๋ฒ๊ณก, ๋ชฉ์์ผ์๋ ๋ธ์ด๋ก๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ ธ์ผ๋, 2020๋
3์ 4์ผ๋ถํฐ ์ข์ ํ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฅผ ์ํด์ ๋งค์ฃผ ์์์ผ์๋ง ์ปค๋ฒ์ก ์ฝํ
์ธ ๋ฅผ ์
๋ก๋ํด์ 2022๋
4์ 25์ผ ์ดํ ์ ์ ์ฌ์๋ค๊ฐ 11์ 14์ผ ๋ถํฐ ๋ค์ ์ปค๋ฒ์ก์ ์
๋ก๋ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ฒ์์ ํ์ฌ ์ดฌ์์ง์์ ๋ฎค์ง๋น๋์ค ์ฒ๋ผ ์์์ ์ดฌ์ํ๋ค๊ฐ ํด์ธ๋ก ๋๊ฐ์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ํ์ค๋ฐ ํ์ฅ์ด๋ ์ผ์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ์ดฌ์ํ๋๋ฐ ๋น๊ต์ ํ๋ฆฌํฐ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒ ์์๋ฏธ์ ์์์ฌ ๋ํ ๋์ด์ ์ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ธ๋ฐ, ์์๋ฏธ๋ ์์๊ณผ ํค์ด ๋ฉ์ดํฌ์
์ ๋ด๋นํ๊ณ ์์์ฌ ๋ํ๊ฐ ์์ ์ดฌ์ ํธ์ง์ ๋งก์๋ค. ๋ฐ์ง์์ดใ๋์์์ใ๋ฎค์ง๋น๋์ค๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ ์์๋ฏธ์ ๋ํ ๋จ ๋์ด ํด๋๋ค๋ ๋ง์ ๋๋์ ๊ธํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ์ค์ผ์ฅด์ด ๋ฐ์๊ณ ์ฃผ2ํ ์ปค๋ฒ์ก์ ์ ์ํ๋ฉด์ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ท๋ฐฉ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๋ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ค์์ ์์์ ์ฐ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง์์ก๊ณ , ์ท์ด ์ฌ๋ฌด์ค์ ๊ฝ ์ฐจ์ ๋ ์ด์ ์์์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ด๋ ค์์ง์ ์๋์ธต ์ด๋ํ๋ ๊ณณ์์ ์ปค๋ฒ์ก์ ์ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ฐ๋ท ์ด ์น์ ์ปจ์
์ ์๋ํ๋ค๊ฐ ํํฐ ์ปจ์
์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊ฟจ๋๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒ์ด ์์๋ฏธ์ ์ ๋ง์ ๋จ์ด์ง๋ฉด์ ํฌ๋ค๋ก ๋ถํฐ ์ข์ ๋ฐ์์ ๋ณด์๊ณ , 2021๋
๋ถํฐ๋ ํ๋ฆฌํฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํด ๋ค์ํ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ธ๊ธฐ์ผ 2022๋
์๋ ํ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์น์ ์ปจ์
์ ์ ๊ณก ๋ฎค๋น๋ฅผ ์ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉด์ ํฌ๋ค๋ก ๋ถํฐ ๋
ผ๋์ด ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ผ๋ ๊ณง ์ฒญ์๋ฏธ๋ก ๋ณ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ํ์์กฐ๋ค์ด ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํ์ฌ ์ค๊ตญ, ๋ฌ์์, ์ผ๋ณธ, ๋คํ, ์ ๋ฝ, ๋ฉ์์ฝ์๊น์ง ์ด๋ฆ์ด ์๋ ค์ ธ ํฌ์ด ์๊ฒจ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํฌ์นดํ
๊ฐ์ ์์๋ฏธ ๊ณต์ ํฌ์นดํ ๐๋๋ค์์๋ฏธ๐ - 2020๋
9์์ ๋ค์ ์นดํ, ๋ค์ด๋ฒ ์นดํ, ๋ค์ด๋ฒ ๋ฐด๋ ๋ฑ์ ํตํฉํด ์๋ก์ด ํตํฉ์นดํ๊ฐ ์คํ๋๋ค . ํตํฉ์นดํ ์ถ๋ฒ์ ์นดํ๋ช
์ '[ํตํฉ] ๋๋ค์์๋ฏธ'์์ผ๋ ์๋ก์ด ์ด์์ง์ด ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๊ณ ํ์ฌ์ ๋ช
์นญ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋์๋ค. ํฌ๋ค๊ณผ ์ํตํ๋ ์ธ์ฌ๋ง '์ํ~!', 'โก(ํํธ) ๋จธ๊ฒ
~'('๋ถํ' ๋ฒ ์ด์ค ์ด์ค์ข
์ด ์ค), 'โก(ํํธ) ๋๋ฒ ๋จธ๊ฒ
~'๊ฐ ์๋ค. ํฌ๋ค ์ปฌ๋ฌ๋ ๋ฏผํธ๋ค.
ํฌ(ffan.) ์์๋ฏธ - 2023๋
2์ 13์ผ ๋๋ฒ์งธ ๊ณต์ ํฌ ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ๋ฅผ ์คํํ๋ค. ๊ณต์ ํ๋กํ, ์จ๋ฒ ์ ๋ณด, ํฌํ ๊ฐค๋ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์์
์ ๋ณด, ๊ณต์ ํ๊ธฐ ๋ฑ ์์๋ฏธ์ ๋ค์ํ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ด์ ๊ณต์ ์ํฐ์คํธ ํ์ด์ง๋ค. ์ง์ ์ํฐ์คํธ์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ ๋๋๊ณ , ๋ ๋ง์ ์ฌ์ง๊ณผ ์ผ์์ ๋ง๋๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค.
์จ๋ฒ
์ฑ๊ธ, EP
์จ๋ฒ๋ชฉ๋ก:
2018.02.23. ์ฑ๊ธ ใ์ฒซ๋ฒ์งธ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐใ๋ฐ๋งค - ใ์ด ์ค๋น ๋ญ์ผ (Who's that guy)ใ(์ฅ๋ฅด:์ธ๋ฏธํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ:์์ ๋ชจ/์คํ์น, ์๊ณก/ํธ๊ณก:์ฅ์ถ์), ใํํธ ๋ฟ
๋ฟ
((Heart bbong bbong))ใ(์ฅ๋ฅด:์ธ๋ฏธํธ๋กํธ, ์๊ณก/ํธ๊ณก:์ฅ์ถ์, ์์ฌ:์ ์ธ.K), ใ์์ ๊ฐ์ ๋จ์ (Man like a magnet)ใ(์ฅ๋ฅด:๋์คํธ๋กํธ, ์๊ณก/ํธ๊ณก:์ฅ์ถ์, ์์ฌ:์ ์ธ.K)
2018.10.16. ์ฑ๊ธ ใ๋๋ฒ์งธ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐใ๋ฐ๋งค - ใ์ฌ๋์ ์๋ (Alarm of love)ใ(์ฅ๋ฅด:์ธ๋ฏธํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก:์ ํ์ด, ํธ๊ณก:๊ณ ๊ด๋ฏผ)
2018.11.29. ์ฑ๊ธ ใ์ธ๋ฒ์งธ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐใ๋ฐ๋งค - ใ์ผ์ธ๊ฐ๋ด (Is it one?)ใ(์ฅ๋ฅด:๋ฐ๋ผ๋, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก/ํธ๊ณก:Jay Lee)
2018.12.26. ์ฑ๊ธ ใ๋ค๋ฒ์งธ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐใ๋ฐ๋งค - ใS-Love (์์ค๋ฌ๋ธ)ใ(์ฅ๋ฅด:์์ค๋น/์์ธ, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก/ํธ๊ณก:Jay Lee/์ ์ก์ฐ/JINHYUK)
2019.01.23. ์ฑ๊ธ ใ๋ค์ฏ๋ฒ์งธ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐใ๋ฐ๋งค - ใ์ฐ๊ฐ (STEW)ใ(์ฅ๋ฅด:์ธ๋ฏธํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก/ํธ๊ณก:Jay Lee)
2019.02.25. ์ฌ์ฏ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใ๋ฉ์ถ์ง ๋ง์์ (Please Don't stop)ใ ๋ฐ๋งค (์ฅ๋ฅด:์ธ๋๋ฝ, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก:์ต์ฐ์ญ, ํธ๊ณก:๊ณ ๊ด๋ฏผ)
2019.03.23. ์ผ๊ณฑ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใ๋๋ฅผ ๊ผญ ์์ ์ฃผ์ธ์ (Please hold me tight)ใ ๋ฐ๋งค (์ฅ๋ฅด:์ธ๋ฏธํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก:์์๋ฏธ, ํธ๊ณก:๊ณ ๊ด๋ฏผ)
2019.04.27. ์ฌ๋๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใ๊ผญ๊ผญ๊ผญ (surely)ใ ๋ฐ๋งค (์ฅ๋ฅด:๋์คํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก/ํธ๊ณก:๋ฐ์ฃผํ/์ ์ฐฌ์
/CLICKR)
2019.05.30. ์ํ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใ๊ฟ๊ธธ(A road in my dream)ใ ๋ฐ๋งค (์ฅ๋ฅด:์ธ๋ฏธํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ:ํ์จ212, ์๊ณก:์ถ๊ฐ์ด, ํธ๊ณก:์์ฐฝ์)
2019.06.24. ์ด๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใ์ผ๋ง๋ ๋ ์ธ์ด์ผ ํ๋ (How much more should I cry)ใ ๋ฐ๋งค (์ฅ๋ฅด:๋ฐ๋ผ๋ํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก:์์๋ฏธ, ํธ๊ณก:๊ณ ๊ด๋ฏผ)
2019.07.29. ์ดํ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใ๋๋ ค์ (Attracted)ใ ๋ฐ๋งค (์ฅ๋ฅด:๋์คํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ:์์ ๋ชจ, ์๊ณก:์ ๋์ง, ํธ๊ณก:๊ณ ๊ด๋ฏผ)
2019.08.29. ์ด๋๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใํ์ฝฉ ์ต์คํ๋ ์ค (Hong Kong Express)ใ ๋ฐ๋งค (์ฅ๋ฅด:๋์คํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก/ํธ๊ณก:์ฐฉํ์๋ค)
2019.10.31. ์ด์ธ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฌ๋ ์ํํ ๊น๋ด (Worried Our Love Will Have Pain)ใ ๋ฐ๋งค (์ฅ๋ฅด:๋ฐ๋ผ๋ํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก:๊ณ๋๊ท , ํธ๊ณก:์ ํ์ค)
2019.11.28. ์ด๋ค๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใ๋นํ๋ฏผ์จ (Vitamin C)ใ ๋ฐ๋งค (์ฅ๋ฅด:๋์ค, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก/ํธ๊ณก:ํ์ง์ )
2019.12.30. ์ด๋ค์ฏ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใ๋๊ฐ ๋ ์ฌ๋ํด์ฃผ๋ฉด (If You Love Me)ใ ๋ฐ๋งค (์ฅ๋ฅด:๋์ค, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก:์์๋ฏธ, ํธ๊ณก:์์ ๋ชจ)
2020.01.27. ์ด์ฌ์ฏ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใ์๊ณ ์ถ์ด ๋ ๋ง์์ (I Wanna Know Your Feeling)ใ ๋ฐ๋งค (์ฅ๋ฅด:๋์ค, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก:์์๋ฏธ, ํธ๊ณก:์์ ๋ชจ)
2020.02.27. ์ด์ผ๊ณฑ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใ์ฐ์ญ์ญ (Woo Zu Zu)ใ ๋ฐ๋งค (์ฅ๋ฅด:์ธ๋ฏธํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ:์ด์ฐจ์, ์๊ณก:์กฐ์ฑ์ค, ํธ๊ณก:๊ณ ๊ด๋ฏผ)
2020.03.30. ์ด์ฌ๋๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใUFO๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ๋ ๋๋๊ฑด ์ด๋ (How About Leaving On A UFO)ใ ๋ฐ๋งค (์ฅ๋ฅด:๋์ค/์ผ๋ ํธ๋ก๋์นด, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก/ํธ๊ณก:k.man(๊น์ ์ค))
2020.04.30. ์ด์ํ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใ๋์์์ (Come Back)ใ ๋ฐ๋งค (์ฅ๋ฅด:์ธ๋ฏธํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ:์์๋ฏธ, ์๊ณก:์ด์น๊ฐ์ ์ผ์ค์ผ, ์๊ณก:๋ฏธ์ผ๊ผฌ ํ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ, ํธ๊ณก:๊ณ ๊ด๋ฏผ)
2020.05.25. ์ค๋ฌด๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใMoving On (๋ฌด๋น ์จ)ใ ๋ฐ๋งค (์ฅ๋ฅด:๋์ค, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก/ํธ๊ณก:Jay Lee/์ ์ก์ฐ)
2020.06.29. ์ค๋ฌผํ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใ์๊ธฐ์๊ธฐใ ๋ฐ๋งค (์ฅ๋ฅด:์ธ๋ฏธํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก:์ ํ์ด, ํธ๊ณก:๊ณ ๊ด๋ฏผ)
2020.07.30. ์ค๋ฌผ๋๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใ๋ ๋์ด๊ธธ ๋ฐ๋ใ ๋ฐ๋งค (์ฅ๋ฅด:๋์ค, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก/ํธ๊ณก:๊น์ข
๊ทผ/ํํด์ฑ)
2020.08.31. ์ค๋ฌผ์ธ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใ๋ ๋ณด๋ฌ ์์ใ ๋ฐ๋งค (์ฅ๋ฅด:๋์คํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก/ํธ๊ณก:๋ฐ์ฐฝ๊ณค)
2020.09.15. ์์ฃผ ๊ฟฉ CM์ก ใ๊ฟฉ๊ฟฉใ ๋ฐ๋งค- ์๋ก๊ณก ใ๊ฟฉ๋์ด ๊ฟฉ์์ดใ (์ฅ๋ฅด: ํธ๋กํธ, ์ ํต์ฌ: RIAK)
2020.09.28. ์ค๋ฌผ๋ค๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใ๋นตํฐ์ก์ดใ ๋ฐ๋งค (์ฅ๋ฅด:๋์ค, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก:์ด์ง, ํธ๊ณก:๊ณ ๊ด๋ฏผ)
2020.10.26. ์ค๋ฌผ๋ค์ฏ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใ๋ง์ฝ ํน์๋ ๋ง์ฝ์ใ ๋ฐ๋งค (์ฅ๋ฅด:์ธ๋ฏธํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ:๊น์ผํ/์ ๋ฏผ๊ฒฝ, ์๊ณก:๊น์ ํ, ํธ๊ณก:๊น์ ํ/๊ณ ๊ด๋ฏผ)
2020.11.30. ์ค๋ฌผ์ฌ์ฏ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใ์ฃผ์ฐ๋ฐฐ์ฐใ ๋ฐ๋งค (์ฅ๋ฅด:๋ฐ๋ผ๋ํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก:๊น์ํธ, ํธ๊ณก:์ก๊ธฐ์)
2020.12.31. ์ค๋ฌผ์ผ๊ณฑ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใ์ค๋ฆฌ์ฌ์ฉใ ๋ฐ๋งค (์ฅ๋ฅด:๋์คํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก/ํธ๊ณก: ์ผ์ด๋งจ(๊น์ ์ค))
2021.02.10. ๋ฐ์ง์PD ์ฑ๊ธ - ใ์ด์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ฌ๋ ๋
ธ๋(By ์์๋ฏธ)ใ ๋ฐ๋งค (์ฅ๋ฅด:์ปจํธ๋กํธ, ์คํ์ผ:ํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก/ํธ๊ณก:๋ฐ์ง์)
2021.11.15. ์ค๋ฌผ์ฌ๋๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใ๊ฐ์ใ ๋ฐ๋งค (์ฅ๋ฅด:๋์คํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ:์์๋ฏธ, ์๊ณก:์์๋ฏธ/์ต์ํธ(ํธ์ฌํผํ), ํธ๊ณก:์ต์ํธ(ํธ์ฌํผํ))
2022.05.09. ์ค๋ฌผ์ํ๋ฒ์งธ EP(๋ฏธ๋) - ใ์ํ์ฌใ ๋ฐ๋งค, ์๋ก๊ณก ใ์ํ์ฌ (Rock Mix)ใ (์ฅ๋ฅด:ํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ:๋
ธ์ค/์์๋ฏธ, ์๊ณก/ํธ๊ณก:๋
ธ์ค, ๋ฐ๋งค์ฌ:์ค๊ฐ์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ, ๊ธฐํ์ฌ:SMET), ใ์ํ์ฌ (Dream Like Mix)ใ (์ฅ๋ฅด:ํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ:๋
ธ์ค/์์๋ฏธ, ์๊ณก:๋
ธ์ค, ํธ๊ณก:๊ณ ๊ด๋ฏผ, ๋ฐ๋งค์ฌ:์ค๊ฐ์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ, ๊ธฐํ์ฌ:SMET)
2022.08.08. ์คํ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใ์ค๋๋ผ ์ด๋ฆฌใ ๋ฐ๋งค, ์๋ก๊ณก ใ์ค๋๋ผ ์ด๋ฆฌใ (์ฅ๋ฅด:๋์คํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก/ํธ๊ณก:ํ์ง์ , ๋ฐ๋งค์ฌ:์ค๊ฐ์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ, ๊ธฐํ์ฌ:SMET)
2022.10.03. ์คํํ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใ๋ฐ๋ณด๊ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ใ ๋ฐ๋งค, ์๋ก๊ณก ใ๋ฐ๋ณด๊ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ใ (์ฅ๋ฅด:ํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก:๊น๋ฒ๋ฃก, ํธ๊ณก:์กฐ์ค์ญ, ๋ฐ๋งค์ฌ:์ค๊ฐ์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ, ๊ธฐํ์ฌ:SMET)
2023.05.01. ์คํ๋๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใ๊ทธ๋์๊ฒ ๊ทธ๋๋ง์ ํฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์์ดใ๋ฐ๋งค, ์๋ก๊ณก ใ๊ทธ๋์๊ฒ ๊ทธ๋๋ง์ ํฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์์ดใ๊น๋ฒ๋ฃกx์์๋ฏธ(์ฅ๋ฅด:ํธ๋กํธ/๋ ๊ฒ์คํ์ผ, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก:๊น๋ฒ๋ฃก, ํธ๊ณก:์์ ๋ชจ),ใ๋น์ ๊ณผ ๋ใ๊น๋ฒ๋ฃกx์์๋ฏธ, (์ฅ๋ฅด:ํธ๋กํธ, ์์ฌ:์ด๊ฑด์ฐ, ์๊ณก:๊น๋ฒ๋ฃก, ํธ๊ณก:์์ ๋ชจ), ๋ฐ๋งค์ฌ:์ค๊ฐ์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ, ๊ธฐํ์ฌ:SMET
2023.08.14. ์คํ์ธ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ - ใSwimmingใ๋ฐ๋งค, ์๋ก๊ณก ใSwimmingใ(์ฅ๋ฅด:๋์ค, ์คํ์ผ:K-POP, ์์ฌ/์๊ณก:KinGMaker(ReFleCtioN) / NicklE(PAPERMAKER) / BR(ReFleCtioN), ํธ๊ณก: KinGMaker(ReFleCtioN) / NicklE(PAPERMAKER), ๋ฐ๋งค์ฌ:์ค๊ฐ์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ, ๊ธฐํ์ฌ:SMET)
์ ๊ท
2019.09. ใYOYOMI / ์ด ์ค๋น ๋ญ์ผ / ํ์ฝฉ ์ต์คํ๋ ์ค / ๊ฟ๊ธธใ 1CD, 20๊ณก, (์ฅ๋ฅด: ํธ๋กํธ, ๊ธฐํ์ฌ: smet/๋๊ฐ๊ธฐํ, ์ ํต์ฌ: QMUSIC)
2020.01. ใ์์๋ฏธ / ์ด ์ค๋น ๋ญ์ผ / ๋์์์ใ 2CD, 36๊ณก, (์ฅ๋ฅด: ํธ๋กํธ, ๊ธฐํ์ฌ: smet/๋๊ฐ๊ธฐํ, ์ ํต์ฌ: QMUSIC)
2020.05.29. ใ์ํ๋ (์์๋ฏธ ํ๋ ์ด๋ฆฌ์คํธ)ใ 2CD, 29๊ณก, (์ฅ๋ฅด: ํธ๋กํธ, ๊ธฐํ์ฌ: ๋๊ฐ๊ธฐํ, ์ ํต์ฌ: ์ค๊ฐ์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ)
2020.05. ใ์์๋ฏธ / ์ด ์ค๋น ๋ญ์ผ / ๋์์์ใ SD์นด๋/USB, 51๊ณก, (์ฅ๋ฅด: ํธ๋กํธ, ๊ธฐํ์ฌ: smet/๋๊ฐ๊ธฐํ, ์ ํต์ฌ: QMUSIC)
2021.02.23. ใ์์๋ฏธ ์ฒซ์ฌ๋ ์ฝ์ํธ ์์ใ USB, (์ฅ๋ฅด: ํธ๋กํธ, ๊ธฐํ์ฌ: smet/๋๊ฐ๊ธฐํ, ์ ํต์ฌ: QMUSIC)
์ฑ๊ธ(๊ด๊ณ )
2019.05.31. ์ฑ๊ธ ใ์ ์ถํฉ์๋คใ ์๋ก๊ณก ใ์๊ธ์ ํ๋ฌ๊ฐ๋๋คใ - CF SBI์ ์ถ์ํ ๊ด๊ณ ์ฝ์
๊ณก, (์ฅ๋ฅด: ํธ๋กํธ, ๊ธฐํ์ฌ: ๋ฆฌ์จ์ด๋ฎค์ง์ค๋ฏธ๋์ด, ์ ํต์ฌ: (์ฃผ)๋ฆฌ์จ์ด๋ฎค์ง์ค๋ฏธ๋์ด)
2019.08.02. ์ฑ๊ธ ใ์ ์ถํฉ์๋ค - ์ 2์งใ ์๋ก๊ณก ใ์์ํ ์ ์ถใ - CF SBI์ ์ถ์ํ ๊ด๊ณ ์ฝ์
๊ณก, (์ฅ๋ฅด: ์ด๋ํธ ์ปจํ
ํฌ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ, ๊ธฐํ์ฌ: ๋ฆฌ์จ์ด๋ฎค์ง์ค๋ฏธ๋์ด, ์ ํต์ฌ: (์ฃผ)๋ฆฌ์จ์ด๋ฎค์ง์ค๋ฏธ๋์ด)
2019.11.04. ์ฑ๊ธ ใ์ ์ถํฉ์๋ค - ์ 3์งใ ์๋ก๊ณก ใ๋น์ ์ ๋ชจ์ผ์ค๊บผ์ผใ, ใ์ ์ถ์ ๋ฏธ๋๊ฐ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค(Feat.์์๋ฏธ)ใ(์ํฌํ) - CF SBI์ ์ถ์ํ ๊ด๊ณ ์ฝ์
๊ณก, (๊ธฐํ์ฌ: ๋ฆฌ์จ์ด๋ฎค์ง์ค๋ฏธ๋์ด, ์ ํต์ฌ: (์ฃผ)๋ฆฌ์จ์ด๋ฎค์ง์ค๋ฏธ๋์ด)
2020.04.24. ์ฑ๊ธ ใCATCH ON 2020ใ ์๋ก๊ณก ใ์บ์น์จ ์ญ(์์๋ฏธ Solo)ใ, ใ์บ์น์จ ์ญใ(์์๋ฏธ, ์ ์ํ) (์ฅ๋ฅด: ํธ๋กํธ, ๊ธฐํ์ฌ: ๊ณ ์คํธ๋ฒ์คํฐ, ์ ํต์ฌ: ์ง๋๋ฎค์ง, Stone Music Entertainment)
์ปดํ๋ ์ด์
(์ด๋๋ฒ์ค)
2020.05.09. ใใ๋ถํ์ ๋ช
๊ณก - ์ ์ค์ ๋
ธ๋ํ๋คใ - ๊ฐ์กฑ ํน์งใ ์๋ก๊ณก ใ๋๋ ๋ ์ข์ใ(์๋ฒ์ง ๋ฐ์์๊ณผ ๋์ฃ๊ณก), (์ฅ๋ฅด: ํธ๋กํธ, ๊ธฐํ์ฌ:ํ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์ก๊ณต์ฌ, ์ ํต์ฌ:ใ์นด์นด์คM) - ๊ถ๋ฆฌ์ฌ์ ์์ฒญ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ
2020.06.27. ใใ๋ถํ์ ๋ช
๊ณก - ์ ์ค์ ๋
ธ๋ํ๋คใ - ๋ฆฌํ ์คํ ํน์งใ ์๋ก๊ณก ใ์๋ฒฝ๋นใ (์ฅ๋ฅด: ํธ๋กํธ, ๊ธฐํ์ฌ:ํ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์ก๊ณต์ฌ, ์ ํต์ฌ:ใ์นด์นด์คM) - ๊ถ๋ฆฌ์ฌ์ ์์ฒญ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ
2020.08.22. ใใ๋ถํ์ ๋ช
๊ณก - ์ ์ค์ ๋
ธ๋ํ๋คใ - ๊น์ข
๊ตญXํฐ๋ณด ํธ 1๋ถใ ์๋ก๊ณก ใ์ฌ๋์ค๋ฌ์ใ (์ฅ๋ฅด: ๋์ค/ํ/๋ฐ๋ผ๋, ๊ธฐํ์ฌ:ํ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์ก๊ณต์ฌ, ์ ํต์ฌ:ใ์นด์นด์คM)
2020.11.21. ใใ๋ถํ์ ๋ช
๊ณกใ - ํธ๋กฏ ์ ๊ตญ์ฒด์ ํน์ง 1๋ถใ ์๋ก๊ณก ใ์ง์ฌ๋ใ (์ฅ๋ฅด: ํธ๋กํธ, ๊ธฐํ์ฌ:ํ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์ก๊ณต์ฌ, ์ ํต์ฌ:ใ์นด์นด์คM)
2021.09.04. TV์กฐ์ ๋๋ผ๋ง ใ์ด์ฉ๋ค ๊ฐ์กฑ OST Special Albumใ ์๋ก๊ณก ใ์ฌ๋๊ฒ ๋คใ (์ฅ๋ฅด: OST, ์คํ์ผ: TV๋๋ผ๋ง, ๋ฐ๋งค์ฌ: Dreamus, ๊ธฐํ์ฌ: KG Company)
CM์ก, ๋ก๊ณ ์ก
2019.01.22 ใ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ฆฌ๋ณธํ๊ฒฝ์บ ํ์ธใ์บ ํ์ธ์ก ใgreen songใ
2019. KNN ๋ฌ๋ธFM ใ๊น์ํ ๋๋์ ์ค๋น ๋ค ๋ผ๋์คใ ๋ก๊ณ ์ก
2019.10. ์ฌ์ฆ CM์ก
2019. TBS ใ์ด๊ฐํฌ์ ๋ฌ๋ธ๋ ํฐใ ๋ก๊ณ ์ก
BBS ๋ฐฑํ๊ฐ์ CM์ก
2019.10.31. ์์ฒ์ ํ๋ณด์ก ใ์์ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ใ
2020.01. JTBC ใ๋๊ธธ๋ง ๊ฑธ์ด์ - ์ ์ฐํ๋ดใํฐ์ ์ก ใ๋๋ฐ์ใ
2020.02. ์ฃฝ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ CM์ก
2020.11.17. ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ํต๊ณ์ฒญ ใ2020 ๋๋ฆผ์ด์
์ด์กฐ์ฌใ์บ ํ์ธ์ก/์์ ใ๊ทธ๋๋ง์ด ์ ๋ต์ด์ผ(feat.3์ด)ใ
2020.11.27. ์ ๋ผ๋จ๋ ํ๋ณด์ก/์์ ใ์ผ๋ธ๋จ๋์ฌ~!ใ
2021.03.05. ใNH๋ํ์ํใ ์์๋ฏธ์ ํจ๊ปํ๋ ํํผ ์๋น ์ด์ง ํ๋ณด์์ โ๊ฝํ๋ นโ, ์ฌ๋ฅ๊ธฐ๋ถ
2021.06.11. ์ถฉ๋ถ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ฒญ '2021๋
ํจ๊ปํด์ ์ฐฉํ์ด์ ' ์บ ํ์ธ์ก - [์์๋ฏธ(YOYOMI)์ ํจ๊ปํ๋ ์ฐฉํ์ด์ ] ์ฑ์ํ ๊ตํต๋ฌธํ ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ
2021.06.22. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ถ๋ถ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ฒญ ใ๋ณด์ด์คํผ์ฑ ์๋ฐฉ์กใ์๋ก๊ณก ใ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ (๋ณด์ด์คํผ์ฑ ์๋ฐฉ์ก)ใ(์์๋ฏธ, ์ฒ์ฌ์)
2022.09.01. ๊ณ ์ฉ๋
ธ๋๋ถ ์ผ์ํ๊ทํ ์๋ผ๋ฐธ ์บ ํ์ธ์ก ใ์์๋ฏธ ์๋ผ๋ฒจ์กใ
2023.02.14. ใ์ 3ํ ์ ๊ตญ๋์์กฐํฉ์ฅ์ ๊ฑฐใ ์บ ํ์ธ์ก ใ์ด ์ค๋น ๋ญ์ผ! feat. ์ก์๊ธธใ,ใ์์คํ ํํ!ใ
OST
2019.09.23. FTV ํ๊ตญ๋์์ฑ๋ ์ํ๋๋ผ๋ง ใ์กฐ๋ฏธ๋ฃใ OST Part.1 ๋ฐ๋งค - ์๋ก๊ณก ใ์ด๋ง๋๊ฒใ (์ฅ๋ฅด: ํธ๋กํธ / TV ๋๋ผ๋ง, ๊ธฐํ์ฌ: ๋ํ๋ณตํ์ฌ๋๋ค, ์ ํต์ฌ: ์ค๊ฐ์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ)
2019.10.16. FTV ํ๊ตญ๋์์ฑ๋ ์ํ๋๋ผ๋ง ใ์กฐ๋ฏธ๋ฃใ OST Part.3 ๋ฐ๋งค - ์๋ก๊ณก ใํดํผ ๋ฐ์ด๋ฌ์คใ (์ฅ๋ฅด: ํธ๋กํธ / TV ๋๋ผ๋ง, ๊ธฐํ์ฌ: ๋ํ๋ณตํ์ฌ๋๋ค, ์ ํต์ฌ: ์ค๊ฐ์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ)
2019.12.16. ์ํ ใ์ง๊ธ ์ด ์๊ฐ O.S.Tใ๋ฐ๋งค (์ฅ๋ฅด: OST, ๊ธฐํ์ฌ: ๋ํ๋ณตํ์ฌ๋๋ค, ์ ํต์ฌ: ์ค๊ฐ์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ)
2021.03.28. TV์กฐ์ ๋๋ผ๋ง ใ์ด์ฉ๋ค ๊ฐ์กฑ OST Part.7ใ OST ๋ฐ๋งค - ์๋ก๊ณก ใ์ฌ๋๊ฒ ๋คใ (์ฅ๋ฅด: OST, ์คํ์ผ: TV๋๋ผ๋ง, ๋ฐ๋งค์ฌ: Dreamus, ๊ธฐํ์ฌ: KG Company)
๊ด๊ณ ๋ด์ญ
2019.02 KBS ๊ฑด๊ฐ๋งค๊ฑฐ์งใ๊ฑด๊ฐ 365ใ2์ํธ ํ์ง๋ชจ๋ธ
2019๋
SBI์ ์ถ์ํ ใ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฌ๊ฐ๋๋คใ(5์17์ผ),ใ์์ํ ์ ์ถใ(10์25์ผ),ใํ ์์ผ์ ๋ฑ
ํน ์ข์ใ(10์25์ผ),ใ๋น์ ์ ๋ชจ์ผ์ค๊บผ์ผใ(11์1์ผ)
2019๋
์ฌ์ฆ
2019.07.28. IK๋ค์ด์ฒ, ๋ฆฌํํ
๋ฐด๋ ์ ํ ๋ชจ๋ธ
2020๋
์บ์น์จ
2020.01.20. ์ฃฝ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ
2020.11.07. ์ฌ์์ ํ๋ณด์์ ์ดฌ์
TV
2019๋
TV์กฐ์ ใ๋ด์ผ์ ๋ฏธ์คํธ๋กฏใ
2019.12.29./ 2020.01.05. SBS ใ๋ฐ๋๋งจใ๊ฒ์คํธ (483ํ, 484ํ)
2020.01.24. KBS 2TV ใ์ ํฌ์ด์ ์ค์ผ์น๋ถใ 476ํ, ๊ฒ์คํธ ใ๋น์ ์ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ค๊บผ์ผใ
2020๋
MBC ใํด๋จผ๋คํ ์ฌ๋์ด ์ข๋คใ - ๊ฒ์คํธ ์ถ์ฐ
2020.03.15. MBC ใ๋ฏธ์คํฐ๋ฆฌ ์์
์ผ ๋ณต๋ฉด๊ฐ์ใ 1,553ํ, '๊ฐ์ ๋ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ๋ฐ๋ 3๋ถ์ด๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ถํด! ์ปต๋ผ๋ฉด', ์ฐธ๊ฐ์
2020.04.28. ~ 10.27. OBS ใ๋
ํนํ ์ฐ์๋ด์คใ'์์๋ฏธ์ ์ด๋ฐ๊ฐ์'(์์์ผ)
2020.05.31. ~ 11.15. (25ํ) OBS ใ์์๋ฏธ์ ์ด๋ค๊ฐ์ใ(์ผ์์ผ)
2020.06.03. ์ฑ๋A ใ๊ด์ฐฐ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ 24 ์์ฆ2ใ 140ํ '๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๆฐ๋ฐ๋! - ํธ๋กํธ ๋ฐ์ ๋ ๋ชฐ๋ผ, ์๋๊ฐ ์๋ช
? ์ ์ธ๋ ํธ๋กํธ ์คํ์ ์์กด๋ฒ'์์']
2021.02.18. Mnetใใ์ ์นด์ดํธ๋ค์ดใ 698ํ ์๋ฐฉ์ก, ใ์ด์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ฌ๋๋
ธ๋ใ
2021.02.19. KBS 2TV ใ๋ฎค์ง๋ฑ
ํฌใ 1061ํ ์๋ฐฉ์ก, ใ์ด์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ฌ๋๋
ธ๋ใ
2021.02.19. KBS 2TV ใ์ฐ์ค ๋ผ์ด๋ธใ 27ํ 'ํ๋ ์ด ๋ฆฌ์คํธ' - ๋ฐ์ง์PD X ์์๋ฏธ, ใWhen We Discoใ(with ๋ฐ์ง์), ใ์ด์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ฌ๋๋
ธ๋ใ
2021.02.20. MBC ใ์ผ! ์์
์ค์ฌใ 714ํ ์๋ฐฉ์ก, ใ์ด์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ฌ๋๋
ธ๋ใ
2021.02.21. SBS ใ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ใ 1081ํ ์๋ฐฉ์ก, ใ์ด์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ฌ๋๋
ธ๋ใ
2021.02.24. MBC M(MBC every1) ใ์ผ! ์ฑํผ์ธใ 384ํ, ใ์ด์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ฌ๋๋
ธ๋ใ
2021.06.02. ~ 07.14. JTBC ใ๋ค์ฑ๋ก์ด ์์นจใ '์ด๋์ง๋ฃ์ ์์ง์์ด์!', 3ํ, 7ํ, 11ํ, 15ํ, 19ํ, 23ํ, 27ํ
2020.05.08. ~ 09.30. KBS 1TV ใ6์ ๋ด๊ณ ํฅใ '์ดํ๋ ฌ์ ์ฅํฐ์ผ' (๊ธ์์ผ)
2020.10.04. ~ 2021.07.02. KBS 1TV ใ6์ ๋ด๊ณ ํฅใ '๋ฉ๋! ์ ํต์์ฅ์ด ์์ต๋๋ค.' (๊ธ์์ผ)
2021.07.09. ~ 2022.02.25. KBS 1TV ใ6์ ๋ด๊ณ ํฅใ '60์ด๋ฅผ ์ก์๋ผ' (๊ธ์์ผ)
2020.10.03. ~ 2021.02.11. MBC ใํธ๋กํธ์ ๋ฏผ์กฑใ ๊ฐ์.์ ์ฃผ์ง์ญ ๋ถ๋จ์ฅ
2021.02.11./12. MBC ใํธ๋กํธ์ ๋ฏผ์กฑใ ์คํน์ง
2018๋
~ 2021๋
KBS 1TV ใ์์นจ๋ง๋นใ
2020๋
~ 2021๋
KBS 1TV ใ์ด๋ฆฐ์์
ํใ
2021๋
SBS FIL, MTV ใ๋ ํธ๋กฏ์ผ(The ํธ๋กฏSHOW)ใ
2020๋
~2021๋
KBS 2TV ใ๋ถํ์ ๋ช
๊ณก2 - ์ ์ค์ ๋
ธ๋ํ๋คใ
2018๋
~2020๋
MBC ใ๊ฐ์๋ฒ ์คํธใ
2019๋
~2021๋
KBS 1TV ใ๊ฐ์๋ฌด๋ใ
2018๋
~2020๋
ใ์ ๊ตญ TOP 10 ๊ฐ์์ผใ
2019.07.05. ~ 09.20. KNN ใK-ํธ๋กฏ ์๋ฐ์ด๋ฒ - ๊ณจ๋ ๋ง์ดํฌใ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์
2018๋
~ 2019๋
์ค๋ฒ์์ดTV ใ์ผ!์ฑ์ธ๊ฐ์๋ฒ ์คํธ2ใ
๋๋ผ๋ง, ์ํ
2019๋
ํ๊ตญ๋์์ฑ๋ FTV ๋์๋๋ผ๋ง ใ์กฐ๋ฏธ๋ฃใ - ์ ์ ์ญ
2019.10.17., 10.24. MBC ใ์คํ์
ใ '๋ถ๋งํญ์ 40์ฃผ๋
ํน์ง 1979' - ์ฌ์๋ด ์ญ
2020.12.10. ์ํ ใ์ค์จ๊ทธ(SWAG)ใ (์ฅ๋ฅด: ๋๋ผ๋ง), L์ ํฌ์ญ(๋จ์ญ) - 21๋ถ 55์ด์ ๋ฑ์ฅ
2021.08.16. ์จ๋ค์ปฌ ใ์ฐ๊ฐ - ์ฒ์์ ์ฌ์ฐใ ๋ด๋ง๋ ๊ฐ๋
, ์ฃผ์ฐ, ๊ตฌ๋ฏธํธ ์ญ
๋ฎค์ง๋น๋์ค
2020.01.25. ๋ฎค์ง๋น๋์ค ์ฒ์ฌ์ ใํํ์ ใ- ํน๋ณ์ถ์ฐ
2021.02.10. ๋ฐ์ง์PD ์ฑ๊ธ์จ๋ฒ ใ์ด์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ฌ๋๋
ธ๋(By ์์๋ฏธ)ใ
MC, DJ
2018.08.14. ใ์ 27ํ ์ํธ์ฝ๋ฆฌ์ ์คํ์ผใ ์งํ
2019.09.02/05/09. ๋ถ๊ต๋ฐฉ์ก BTN๋ผ๋์ค ใBTN์ธ๋ฆผ ๋ณด์ด๋ ๋ผ๋์คใ ใ์์๋ฏธ์ ๋์ ํธ๋ถใ - ์คํ์
DJ
2020.05.31. ~ 11.15. (25ํ) OBS ใ์์๋ฏธ์ ์ด๋ค๊ฐ์ใ(์ผ์์ผ) MC
2020.12.05. MBC๊ฒฝ๋จ ใ2020 ์ 1ํ ๆฐฃUP!(๊ธฐ์
)๊ฐ์์ ใ(์ ํ๋ธ ์ค์๊ฐ์ค๊ณ) -ย MC
๋ผ๋์ค
2019.02.08. ~ 02.22. TBS ใ์ต์ผ๊ตฌ์ ํ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ธ ๋ผ๋์คใ '์๋ฐ์ด๋ฒ ํ๋ ์ฑ์ด', ์ฐธ๊ฐ์, 7๋ ๊ฐ์
2020.04.12. ~ 2020.11.29. TBS ใ์ต์ผ๊ตฌ์ ํ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ธ ๋ผ๋์คใ '์ด ๋
ธ๋ ์ด๋..์?' ๊ณ ์ ๊ฒ์คํธ (์์๋ฏธ, ๊ฐ์๋น)
2020๋
~ ํ์ฌ KBS 2๋ผ๋์ค HappyFMใ๊นํ์๊ณผํจ๊ปใ ์ผ์์ผ ์คํ 2์, ๊ณ ์
2020.02.13. ~ ํ์ฌ MBC ํ์คFM ใ์ ์ ํฌ, ๋ฌธ์ฒ์์ ์ง๊ธ์ ๋ผ๋์ค ์๋ใ ์์๋ฏธ์ ํจ๊ปํ๋ '์๋ด ๋ ์ ๋
ธ๋', ๊ณ ์ ๊ฒ์คํธ
2019๋
~ TBN ๊ตํต๋ฐฉ์ก ๋ค์ ์ถ์ฐ
์ธํฐ๋ท ๋ฐฉ์ก
2019.06.27. ์ฑ์ฌ๋ฏผTV ใ๋๊นจ๋น๋ผ๋์คใ
2020.09.19. ์ ํ๋ธใ๋นต์ผTV BBANGYA TVใ'๊น๋ฒ๋ฃก ๋น๋๋ฉด ์ฝ์ํธ'
2020.11.05. ๊น์ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฐ๋ค์TV ใ๊น์ฑ๊ธฐ์ ์กํฌ๊ฒ๋ใ 22ํ
2020๋
'๋ณด์ด์TV x ๊ฒฝ๋ถ์ฝํ
์ธ ์งํฅ์' ใ๋ณด์ด์ TV, BOISO TVใ'TMIํฌ์ด' ๊น์ฒ ํธ, ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ ํธ
2020.12.04. ์ ํ๋ธ ใGoStarBuStar - ๊ณ ์คํ๋ฒ์คํใ '๋ฐ์ง์์ ย ใ์ด์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ฌ๋ ๋
ธ๋ใ ์ฃผ์ธ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ํ๋ก์ ํธ', ์ฃผ์ธ์ ์ ๋ฐ
2021.01.18. ~ 02.09. ์ ํ๋ธ ใJ.Y. Parkใ [#๋ฐ์ง์ํ๋๋๋ฐฉ์ถ] ์ด์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ฌ๋๋
ธ๋ (By ์์๋ฏธ) 1ํ ~ 4ํ
2019๋
~2020๋
๋ฏธ๊ธฐMIGI TV ใ๋ฏธ๊ธฐ์ผใ
2019.12.06. ~ 2020.08.26. BerryTV (๋ฒ ๋ฆฌTV) ใํธ๋กํธ 2030 - ๋๋ฅผ ์์์คใ 1ํ ~ 11ํ
๊ณต์ฐ
2018๋
ใ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ์ด์ค๋ฎค์ง์ผใ
2018.03.22.ใ๋น์ ์ํธ์ฝ์ํธใ์ด๋๊ฐ์ ใ์ด ์ค๋น ๋ญ์ผใ, ๊ฐ๋จ๊ด๊ด์ ๋ณด์ผํฐ Kํ
2019.11.25. ใ์ 27ํ ์ฌ๋์์ฝ์ํธใ'๊นํฌ์ ์ด ์ฌ๋์์ ์์'(๋ฐ๋ ๋์ ํํผํธํ
๊ทธ๋๋๋ณผ๋ฃธ ๋๋์ฝ์ํธ์ฅ) - ์ด๋๊ฐ์ ใ๋น๋์คใ,ใ์ฌ์ค๊น๋ ใ
2019.12.07. ใK ํธ๋กฏ ๊ณจ๋ ๋ง์ดํฌ ํ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ - ๋ถ์ฐใ(๋ถ์ฐ ๋ฒก์ค์ฝ ์ค๋ํ ๋ฆฌ์)
2019.12.29. ใ์ ์๋ก ์ฝ์ํธใ CJB๋ฏธ๋์ด์ผํฐ, ๊ฒ์คํธ ใํ์์ด ๋ฉ๋ค๋ฆฌใ,ใ์ด ์ค๋น ๋ญ์ผใ
2021.06.01. ใ2021 ๋ฐํฌ ์จ ์ฝ์ํธ(MILK ON CONCERT)ใ ์ด๋๊ฐ์ ใ์ฃผ.๋.ํ ๋ฉ๋ค๋ฆฌใ, ใ์ด ์ค๋น ๋ญ์ผใ
2021.07.10. ์ฌ์MBC ใ์ฌ์! ํธ๋กํธ์ ํ๋ฑ ๋น ์ง๋คใ 1๋ถ (์ฌ์์์คํฌ์ปจ๋ฒค์
์ผํฐ), ใ์ด ์ค๋น ๋ญ์ผใ,ใ๋ ๋ณด๋ฌ์์ใ,ใ์ฃผ.๋.ํ ๋ฉ๋ค๋ฆฌใ,ใ18์ธ ์์ดใ์์๋ฏธX์ ์ฑ
2022.06.19. ใ์ 1ํ ๋๋ฆผ์ฝ์ํธ ํธ๋กฏใ (์ ์ค์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ์ฃผ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ฅ) , ใ์ํ์ฌ(Rock Mix)ใ
ใ์์๋ฏธ ์ฝ์ํธใ
2018.02.23. ์์๋ฏธ ์ ๊ท 1์ง ใ์ฒซ๋ฒ์งธ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ(First Story)ใ ๋ฐ๋งค ๊ธฐ๋
์ผ์ผ์ด์ค, ๊ฐ๋จ๊ตฌ Culture Station Mpot, ใ์ด ์ค๋น ๋ญ์ผใ,ใํํธ๋ฟ
๋ฟ
ใ,ใ์์๊ฐ์ ๋จ์ใ,ใ๊ทธ๋ ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋ใ, ์งํ ๊ฒฝ์ธ๋ฐฉ์ก DJ ๋ฐํ์ค
2018.07.20. ์์๋ฏธ ํฌํด๋ฝ ์ฐฝ๋จ ใ์ผ์ผ์ด์ค ์ฝ์ํธใ, ๊ฐ๋จ๊ด๊ด์ ๋ณด์ผํฐ ํ๋ฅ์ฒดํ๊ด Kํ, ใ์์๊ฐ์ ๋จ์ใ ๋ฑ
2019.06.08 ใ์์๋ฏธ ์ฒซ ํฌ๋ฏธํ
ใ (์ธ์ฒ ์๋ฏธ๋ ๊ฟ๋ฒ ์ด์ปค๋ฆฌ), ์งํ ๊น์นํ - ใ์ด ์ค๋น ๋ญ์ผใ,ใ๋๋ฅผ ๊ผญ ์์์ฃผ์ธ์ใ,ใ๊ทธ๋ ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋ใ,ใ์๋ฒฝ๋นใ,ใํ๋ค๋ฆฌ์ง๋งใ(๋ฐ์์), ใ๋๋ ์ข์ํด ๋๋ ์ข์ํดใ(์์๋ฏธ&๋ฐ์์),ใ๊ผญ๊ผญ๊ผญใ,ใ๋๋ฌด ์ํ ์ฌ๋์ ์ฌ๋์ด ์๋์์์ใ,ใ๋ถ์ฅ๋ใ(ํธ๋กฏ๋ฒ์ ),ใ๊ฟ๊ธธใ,ใํ์์ด ๋ฉ๋ค๋ฆฌใ,ใ์์๊ฐ์ ๋จ์ใ(์ต์ฝ)
2019.10.03. ใ์์๋ฏธ ํฌ๋ฏธํ
- ๋๋ฒ์งธใ (์์ฒ๋ง ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์ ๊ฐฏ๋ฒ๊ณต์ฐ์ฅ) - ์ด๋๊ฐ์ ๋ฏธ๊ธฐ, ์ถ๊ฐ์ด, ใ์ด ์ค๋น ๋ญ์ผใ, ใ๊ผญ๊ผญ๊ผญใ, ใ๋๋ฅผ ๊ผญ ์์์ฃผ์ธ์ใ, ใํ์ฝฉ ์ต์ค๋ ์คใ, ใ๋๋ ค์ใ, ใ๊ฟ๊ธธใwith ์ถ๊ฐ์ด, ใ๋ ๊ฐ์๊ฑด ์๋ ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ใwith ์ถ๊ฐ์ด, ใ์ผ๋ง๋ ๋ ์ธ์ด์ผ ํ๋ใ, ใ๋ฅ์งใ, ใ๊ทธ๋ ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋ใ, ใLike a virginใ
2019.11.23. ใ์์๋ฏธ 1st ์ ๊ตญํฌ์ด์ฝ์ํธใ์ฒญ์ฃผ, CJB๋ฏธ๋์ด์ผํฐ
2019.12.08. ใ์์๋ฏธ ์ ๊ตญํฌ์ด์ฝ์ํธใ์ธ์ฐ
2020.12.12. ์ ํ์นด๋์ ํจ๊ปํ๋! YOYO!ME! ใ์์๋ฏธ์ ํ๋ณตLIVE ์ฝ์ํธใ ๋ถ์ฐ ์ํฅ์จ์ดํฐ ์ ํ์นด๋ํ - 12์ 2์ผ ์ฝ๋ก๋19๋ก ์ธํด ์ทจ์๋จ
2021.07.17. ใํ์ด๋ธ ์คํ ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ Vol.1: ์์๋ฏธ ์ฝ์ํธใ ์์ธ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ์๋์๊ทน์ฅ, ์จ์คํ๋ผ์ธ ๋์ ๊ณต์ฐ
2022.03.27. ใ์์๋ฏธ ํฌ๋ฏธํ
- ์ธ๋ฒ์งธใ (์ฒญ์ฃผ ๋ฐ์์๋ผ์ด๋ธ),, ๋๋ค์์๋ฏธ ์ฃผ๊ด, ใ๊ฟ๊ธธใ,ใ๋ ๋ณด๋ฌ์์ใ,ใ๋ง๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ ํ์ใ(๊ฐ์ง),ใ๋ชฉ๋ก์ฃผ์ ใ(์ด์ฐ์ค),ใ์ค๋ผ๋ฒ๋ใwith์ค๋ผ๋ฒ๋,ใ์ด ์ค๋น ๋ญ์ผใwith์ฌ๋,ใ๋๋ ๋ ์ข์ใwith๋ฐ์์,ใํ๋ค๋ฆฌ์ง๋งใwith๋ฐ์์,ใ๊ผญ๊ผญ๊ผญใ,ใ๋๋ฅผ ๊ผญ ์์์ฃผ์ธ์ใ,ใ์๋ฒฝ๋นใ(ํ์์ด)
ํ์ฌ
2019๋
ใ2019 ์ฌ์๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์คํนํ์คํฐ๋ฒใ
2018๋
ใ2018 ๊ดด์ฐ๊ณ ์ถ์ถ์ ใ
2018๋
~ 2019๋
ใ๋ณด์๋์ถ์ถ์ ใ
2019๋
ใ์ 24ํ ์๋ฆฌ์ฐ ๋จํ๊ฐ์์ ใ
2021๋
ใ์ 7ํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์์ ๋ฌธํ ์คํ๋์ ์์์ใ ์ถํ๊ณต์ฐ
๊ฐ์ฐ
2020.10.30. ๊นํฌ์์ฒญ์๋
์ฌ๋จ ์ง๋ก์ฒดํ์ง์์ผํฐ ์ค์๊ฐ ์ ํ๋ธ ๋ฐฉ์กใ์ฒญ์๋
์ง๋กํ ํฌ์ฝ์ํธ&๋ช
์ฌํน๊ฐใ(ํธ๋ฅธ์์คํ๊ต & ๋ง์ก๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต) ์์๋ฏธํน๊ฐ (๊นํฌ์ค๋ด์ฒญ์๋
์๋ จ๊ด ์ธ๋ฏธ๋์ค) - 1๋ถ ์ฒญ์๋
๊ธฐ ์ง๋ก ๊ฐ์. 2๋ถ ๊ฐ์ข
๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ ๋ํ ํ ํฌ& ์ฝ์ํธ
2020.12.04. ๊นํฌ์์ฒญ์๋
์ฌ๋จ ์ง๋ก์ฒดํ์ง์์ผํฐใ์ฒญ์๋
์ง๋กํ ํฌ์ฝ์ํธ&๋ช
์ฌํน๊ฐใ(์๊ณก๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต)
๋ด์ค ๋ณด๋
2019.05.21. MBN ใMBN๋ด์คใ[๊น์ํ์ ๋ด์ค์ค์ด์] - ์์๋ฏธ '์์ฌ ๊ฐ์ฑ' ํญ๋ฐ ์ ํ๋ธ ์คํโฆ"์ปค๋ฒ์ก ์ ๋ฌธ์ด์์"
2020.05.15. MBN ใ๋ด์คํ์ดํฐใ[์ด์ ํํค์น๊ธฐ] - ๋
ธ๋์ ๋ด์ ์ ํ ํจ์ฌ '์ด์ฐฌ์ยท์ ๋์ยท์์๋ฏธ'
2020.05.26. ํจ์
์ก์ง ใ์ฐ๋จผ ์ผ์คใ - '๊ณ ์๋๋ก ์์ด์ ' ์์๋ฏธ
2020.10.15. MBN ใ๋ด์คํ์ดํฐใ[์ด์ ํํค์น๊ธฐ] - 'ํ
์คํ!' ์ธ์น๋ ์คํ๋ค...์?
2020.10.21. MBN ใ๋ด์คํ์ดํฐใ[์ด์ ํํค์น๊ธฐ] - ๋ฐ๋ท 35๋
์ฐจ ์ฃผํ๋ฏธ, ์๋ก์ด ๋์ ๋์ ๋ค?
2020.11.02. MBN ใ๋ด์คํ์ดํฐใ[์ด์ ํํค์น๊ธฐ] - MBN ๋ด์คํ์ดํฐ-๊ตญ์
์์ด๋ vs ํธ๋กํธ ์์ด๋โฆ์?
2020.11.27. MBN ใ๋ด์คํ์ดํฐใ[์ด์ ํํค์น๊ธฐ] - ํธ๋กํธ ์ ์ธ 3์ธ๋ฐฉ์ ์น๋ถ...์?
2020.12.21. ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ฒ ๋๊ณต๋จ ์ก์ง ใ์ฒ ๊ธธ๋ก ๋ฏธ๋๋กใ 2021๋
1~2์ํธ, ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์ผ ํ ํฌ - โ์ ์ธ๋ฅ์๊ฒ ํดํผํ ๊ธฐ์ด์ ๋๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ถ์ด์โ ์ ์ ์คํ ๊ฐ์ ์์๋ฏธ
2020.12.29. KBS์ฒญ์ฃผ 1TV ใKBS ๋ด์ค 7 ์ถฉ๋ถใ [ํ์ฅ e-์ฌ๋] ์ ๊ตญ ๋ฌด๋ ๋๋น๋ ์ถฉ๋ถ์ 'ํธ๋กํธ ์๋ณ'
2020.12.30. OBS ใ๋
ํนํ ์ฐ์๋ด์คใ[์์งํ ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ] ํธ๋กํธ ๋ผ์ด์ง ์คํ ์์๋ฏธ 2021๋
์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ ์ถ์ ๋ชฉํ?
2021.01.11. ๊ธ์๋งค๊ฑฐ์ง No.27, 2021๋
1~2์ - 'ํดํผ๋ฐ์ด๋ฌ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๋ฌํ๋ ๋
ธ๋ํ๋ ์์ ์์๋ฏธ'
2021.01.26. MBN ใ๋ด์คํ์ดํฐใ[์ด์ ํํค์น๊ธฐ] - ๋ฐ์ง์ยท์์๋ฏธ์ '์ด์ค๋ฌ์ด' ๋ง๋จ
2021.02.15. MBN ใ๋ด์คํ์ดํฐใ[์ด์ ํํค์น๊ธฐ] - ๋๋ฌผ์ ์๊ทนํ๋ ์ ๊ณก ๋ฐ๋งคํ ์ํยท์์๋ฏธ
2021.02.14. ์ก์ง ใ๋งฅ์ฌใ 3์ํธ 'ํ์ฆ๋๊ฑธ' - ์์๋ฏธ
2021.03.05. ์คํ๋ด์ค ใSTARNEWS KOREAใ ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ, ๊ธฐ์ฌ (1), (2), (3)
2021.03.14. ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์ผ๋ณด '[์ธํฐ๋ทฐ] ์ ์ธ๋ ํธ๋กํธ ์์ ์์๋ฏธ'
2021.07.21. OBS ใ๋
ํนํ ์ฐ์๋ด์คใ[์์์ผ๊ธฐ] 'ํดํผ ๋ฐ์ด๋ฌ์ค' ์์๋ฏธ
๋ฎค์ง ์ฐจํธ
๊ฐ์จ ๋ฎค์ง ์ฐจํธ - BGM
๊ฐ์จ ๋ฎค์ง์ฐจํธ - Mobile(๋ฒจ)
๊ฐ์จ ๋ฎค์ง์ฐจํธ - Mobile(๋ง)
๊ฐ์จ ๋ฎค์ง์ฐจํธ - ๋ค์ด๋ก๋
์์ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ, ์๊ฒฉ
์์
2005๋
KBS ใ์ด๋ ค๋ผ ๋์์ธ์ใ ์ผ๋ธ์(๋์) ์์
2017.08.26. ใ์ 14ํ ์ถํ๋ น๊ฐ์์ ใ ์ฅ๋ ค์
2017. MBC ใ์ 1ํ ์ ์ฃผ์๋ฏผ๊ฐ์์ ใ ๋์
2018.07.01. ใ์ฌ ํฌ๊ฒ๋ ์์์ ์ด์์ฆใ ์ ํ์
2018.12.18. ใ2018 ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ์ด์ค G์ผ(G-SHOW) ๋ฎค์ง ์ด์๋ใ BEST ํธ๋กฏ์ ์ฌ์๋ถ๋ฌธ
2019.02.22. TBS ใ์ต์ผ๊ตฌ์ ํ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ธ ๋ผ๋์คใ '์๋ฐ์ด๋ฒ ํ๋ ์ฑ์ด' 7๋ ๊ฐ์
2019.12.19. ใ์ 1ํ 2019 ์๋์คํ ์ฐ์๋์ใ ๊ฐ์๋ถ๋ฌธ ์ธ๊ธฐ์
2019.08.23. ์ ํ๋ธใ์ค๋ฒ ๋ฒํผใ ์๋ น
2019.11.25. ใ์ 11ํ 2019 ์์ธ ์์ธ์ค ๋์ใ ๋ฌธํ๋ถ๋ฌธ ์ ์ธ๊ฐ์๋์
2019.11.29. ใ์ 27ํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๋ฌธํ์ฐ์๋์ใ ์ฑ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ธ์
2020๋
ใ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ ํต๊ฐ์ ๋์ใ ์ธ๊ธฐ์
2020.05.09. KBS 2TV ใ๋ถํ์ ๋ช
๊ณก - ์ ์ค์ ๋
ธ๋ํ๋คใ 454ํ '๊ฐ์กฑํน์ง' ์ต์ข
์ฐ์น
2020.10.16. ใ2020 ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์์ดํฐ ๋์ใ ๊ฐ์๋ถ๋ฌธ
2020.11.21. KBS 2TV ใ๋ถํ์ ๋ช
๊ณก - ์ ์ค์ ๋
ธ๋ํ๋คใ 482ํ 'ํธ๋กฏ ์ ๊ตญ์ฒด์ ํน์ง' 1๋ถ ์ต์ข
์ฐ์น
2020.12.04. ์ ํ๋ธ ใGoStarBuStar - ๊ณ ์คํ๋ฒ์คํใ '๋ฐ์ง์์ ใ์ด์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ฌ๋ ๋
ธ๋ใ ์ฃผ์ธ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ํ๋ก์ ํธ' ์ต์ข
์ฐ์น
2020.12.25. OBS '๋
ํนํ ์ฐ์๋ด์ค' 3090ํ, ์์ฒญ์๊ฐ ๋ฝ์ ใ2020 ํซ ์์ด์ฝใ ํธ๋กํธ ๋ผ์ด์ง์คํ ๋ถ๋ฌธ
2021.04.06. ใ์ 7ํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์์ ๋ฌธํ ์คํ๋์ใ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์์
2021.05.28. ใ์ 27ํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ฐ์์์ ์ใ ์ฑ์ธ๊ฐ์๋ถ๋ฌธ ์ฌ์์ ์ธ์
2022.01.21. ใ2022๋
๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ๋ทฐํฐ&์ปฌ์ณ๋์ใ ๊ฐ์๋ถ๋ถ ์ต์ฐ์์
2022.02.22. ใ์ 8ํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์์ ๋ฌธํ ์คํ๋์ใ ํธ๋กฏ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์์
2022.03.31. ใ์ 28ํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ฐ์์์ ๋์ใ ๋คํฐ์ฆ์
2022.08.19. ใ2022 ์ 32ํ ์ธ์ฐ ๊ณ ๋ณต์๊ฐ์์ ใ ์ฌ์ ์ ์ธ์
2023.02.23. ใ2023 ์ 9ํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์์ ๋ฌธํ ์คํ๋์ใ ์คํํธ๋กฏ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์์
2023.03.08. ใ์ 2ํ ๋ณต์งTV ๊ฐ์๋์ใ ์ ์ธ๋ ํธ๋กํธ ๋์
2023.10.20. ใ2023 UNํํ๋์ & ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๋น๋ธ ๋์ใ ๋ฌธํ์์ ๋์ค๊ฐ์ ๋ถ๋ฌธ
๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
2013. ๋ค์์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ ๊ฐ์
2017.08 (์ฃผ)์ค์ฟจ๋ฎค์ง ๊ฐ์
2018.04.29. '(์ฌ)1004ํด๋ฝ ๋๋๊ณต๋์ฒด' ํ๋ณด๋์ฌ
2018.12.10. '๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ฆฌ๋ณธํ๊ฒฝ' ํ๋ณด๋์ฌ
2019.10.03. ์์ฒ์ ๋ช
์ํ๋ณด๋์ฌ
2020.02.27. ๊ธ์์ํฐํ
์ธ๋จผํธ ํ๋ณด๋์ฌ
2020.10.08. ๋์งํธ๋ฐฐ์ํฐ '๋์งํธ์ญ๋๊ฐํ์ฌ์
' ํ๋ณด๋์ฌ
2021.06.15. ์ถฉ๋ถ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ฒญ '2021๋
ํจ๊ปํด์ ์ฐฉํ์ด์ ' ํ๋ณด๋์ฌ
2021.07.02. ์ฅ์ ์ธ์ํ์ ๋ฌธ & ๋ฏธ๋์ด์ํ ํ๋ณด๋์ฌ
2022.01.07. ์ธ์ฒ๊ด์ญ์์ํ ํ๋ณด๋์ฌ
2022.04. ~ ํ์ดํ ใFCํธ๋กฏํธ์ฆใ์ฐฝ๋จ ๋ฉค๋ฒ
2022.09.28. ์ฅ์ฒ๊ตฐ-ํ๊ตญ๊ด๊ด๊ณต์ฌ ใ์ฅ์ฒ๊ตฐ ๋์งํธ ๊ด๊ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ 1ํธใ
2022.12.12. ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ก๊ตฐํํ '2023 ํ๋ณด๋์ฌ'
2023.10.12. ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ฌํฅ๊ฒฝ์ฐํ ํ๋ณด๋์ฌ
์๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฉดํ
2019.06.14. ์ํ ๊ตด์ญ๊ธฐ ๋ฉดํ์ฆ
๊ธฐํ
๊นจ์ ์ ๋ณด
์ข์ฐ๋ช
: ์ธ์์ ์ ํ์ด๋ค
ํน๊ธฐ: ๋๋ผํผ์๋
ธ ์ฐ์ฃผ(์์ฆ์ ๊ธฐํ๋ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค), ์๋ค์ก, ๋์ค
์ทจ๋ฏธ: ๋ฐ๋๋ฏธ์คํธ & ํฅ์ ๋ชจ์ผ๊ธฐ, ์ผํ, ๋จน๊ธฐ, ๋์ฆ๋ ๋ณด๊ธฐ
ํ์กํ: Aํ
์ข์ํ๋ ์: ๋ถํ์
์ ์ฒด: ํค 157cm, 41kg
๋ณ์๋ฆฌ: ์ฒ์นญ์๋ฆฌ
์์๋ฏธ์๊ฒ ํธ๋กํธ๋?: ์๋น ๋ค.
๋ณ๋ช
: ๋ก์์ด(ํ์ฐฝ์์ ), ํดํผ๋ฐ์ด๋ฌ์ค, ์คํต๋ น(์ค๋
๋ค์ ๋ํต๋ น), ์ค๋(๋ถ๊ต๋ฐฉ์ก BTN์์ DJ), ์๋ก๋ฏธ(๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ์๋์ด ์บ๋ฆญํฐ), ๋ฆฌํํ์์ด, ๊ณ ์๋๋ก ์์ด์
์ข์ํ๋ ์์: ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฉด ๋ค ์ข์ํจ.
์ซ์ดํ๋ ์์: ์๋ค๊ณ ํ์ง๋ง, ๊น๋๋ฆฌ์ก์ ์์ก.
๋ณธ์ธ ์ฅ์ : ๋ฐ๋ํ๊ณ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ
์๋ฆฌ: ๊ณ๋ํธ๋ฐ๋ณถ์(๋ค์ด์ดํธ์), ๋ธ๊ธฐ๋ชจ์ฐ, ๋ญ๊ฐ์ด์ด๋ณถ์๋ฐฅ
์ฒญ์ฃผ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ์ด๋ฆฐ์ด์ง์ ๋ค๋
๋ค.
์์๋ฏธ์ ์คํ๋์ค(์ฌ๋ฌด์ค)์์ ์์์ดฌ์์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ๋ SONY ์ํ ๋ฏธ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์ค ๋ฐ๋(FE๋ง์ดํธ)์ ๋ ์ฆ์ด๋ค.
์ด์ํ : ์์๋ฏธ์ ํจ๊ป ๊ฐ์(์์
) ๋ถ์ผ์์ ๊ฟ์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด๊ฐ๊ณ , ์์ ์ ํตํต ํ๋ ๊ธฐ์ด์ ์ปจํธ๋กคํ ์ ์๋ ์ง์คํ ์ฌ๋, ์ผ๊ตด์ด ํ์๊ณ ํค๋ ํฌ๊ณ ๋จ์๋ต๊ณ , ์์ํ๊ณ ์์ ์ ์ ๋ฐฐ๋ คํด์ฃผ๋ ๋จ์๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ 2020๋
12์ 10์ผ ์์ ์ ์ ํ๋ธ ์ค์๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ก์์ '๊ฒฐํผ์ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค'๊ณ ํ๋ค.
์์๋ฏธ์ ์ปค๋ฒ์ก ์ดฌ์์ ์ฐ์ธก์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ธ์ด์ง ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ๋๋ 18.2ห์ด๋ค.
ใ์์๋ฏธํกํกใ ์ค๋งํธํฐ ๊ฒ์ : ์์๋ฏธ ํ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ํด ํฌ(๊ฐ๋ฐ์)์ด ๋ง๋ ์ค๋งํธํฐ ๊ฒ์์ด๋ค.
ํ๋ผ์ MBTI ๊ฒ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ : โ์ค์คํ ๋ฐ์ด์งโ(๊ฝ๋ง ํํ)
๋ฒ๋ฆ : ๋ถ๋๋ฌ์ฐ๋ฉด ์๊ฐ๋ฝ์ผ๋ก ์
๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ง
MBTI : ENFP/ESFP
์ ํ๋ธ ์ฑ๋ ํต๊ณ
๊ตฌ๋
์ 50๋ง ์ญ์ฌ(2023๋
2์ 7์ผ ๊น์ง): ์ฝ 3๋
์์. ใ์ด ์ค๋น ๋ญ์ผใ(2018๋
2์ 23์ผ)๋ก ์์ํด, 10๋ง ๋ํ(2019๋
7์ 15์ผ), 20๋ง ๋ํ(2019๋
12์ 15์ผ), 30๋ง ๋ํ(2020๋
11์5์ผ). 40๋ง ๋ํ(2023๋
2์ 6์ผ), 50๋ง ๋ํ(2023๋
9์ 11์ผ)
์ด ๊ตฌ๋
์์: 50๋ง๋ช
์ด์, ์กฐํ์: 1์ต4300๋งํ, ์
๋ก๋๋์์: 243๊ฐ, ์๊ฐ ์์๋ฏธ ๋ฐํ๊ณก: 31์ง 33๊ณก('์ฐ์'์์ ๊น์ง ํฌํจํ๋ฉด 335๊ณก)
์ต๋ค ์กฐํ์ ๋์์: ์๋ฒฝ๋น (600๋งํ)
200๋ง ์ด์ ์กฐํ์(7๊ฐ): ใ์๋ฒฝ๋นใ 600๋งํ, ใ์ดํผใ 298๋งํ, ใ์ก์ดใ 297๋งํ, ใ๋๋ฌด ์ํ ์ฌ๋์ ์ฌ๋์ด ์๋์์์ใ 223๋งํ, ใ์ด์ ใ 222๋งํ, ใํ
์คํใ 217๋งํ, ใ์๋ฆ๋ค์ด ๊ฐ์ฐใ 212๋งํ
100๋ง ์ด์ ์กฐํ์(17๊ฐ): ใํ์์ด ๋ฉ๋ค๋ฆฌใ, ใ๋
ธ๋ฐ๋ใ, ใํํใ, ใ์ 3ํ๊ฐ๊ตใ, ใ์ค๋ผ๋ฒ๋ใ, ใํ์ใ, ใ๋จ์๋ ๋ฐฐ ์ฌ์๋ ํญ๊ตฌใ, ใ๋ฅ์งใ, ใ๋์ ๋จผ ๊ณณ์ใ, ใ๋๋ฐฑ์๊ฐ์จใ, ใ๋ฐฑ๋ง์ก์ด ์ฅ๋ฏธใ, ใ์ง์ง ์ง์ง ์ข์ํดใ, ใ์ด ์ค๋น ๋ญ์ผใ, ใ๊ฐ์ด์์ดใ, ใํ์๋๋นใ, ใ์๋๋ํ์์ ์ฌ(์ฒจ๋ฐ๋ฐ OST)ใ, ใ๋์ ๋จผ ๊ณณ์ใ
100๋ง ๊ทผ์ : ใGlory Glory Tottenham Hotspurใ 97๋งํ, ใ์ธ์ฐใ 93๋งํ
์ต๊ทผ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํซํ ์ปค๋ฒ์ก: ใํ
์คํใ (28์ผ๋ง์ 151๋ง ์กฐํ์ ๋ํ ์ค)
์ํค๋ฐฑ๊ณผ ํ์ด์ง ๋ทฐ ๋ณด๊ธฐ
๋
ผ๋ ๋ฐ ํด๋ช
์์ ์ฌ์ฌ๊ธฐ ๋
ผ๋
2020๋
4์ 8์ผ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์๋น ์ฒญ๋
๋น๋ก๋ํ ํ๋ณด ๊น๊ทผํ๋ '์ธ๋ ๋ง์ผํ
ํ์ฌ ํฌ๋ ์ดํฐ๋ฒ์ ๋ฆฌ์จํฐ ํ๋ฉ์ค๊ฐ ํดํน ๋ฑ์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์ผ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ID๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋ ํ ๊ณ ์นํ, ๊ณต์์๋
, ๋ฐฐ๋ํค์ฆ, ๋ณผ๋นจ๊ฐ์ฌ์ถ๊ธฐ, ์กํ์, ์ํ, ์์๋ฏธ, ์ํฅ, ์๋ฆฌ, ์ด๊ธฐ๊ด ๋ฑ ๊ฐ์์ ์์๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ํ๋ค'๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ์์๋ฏธ ์์์ฌ ์ธก์์๋ "์์๋ฏธ์ ์์ ์์๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ํ ์ ์ด ์๋ค. ์ฌ์ค๋ฌด๊ทผ์ด๋ค. ์์ ์ฐจํธ 100์ ์์ ๋ ์ ๋ ์๋ค"๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ฐํ๋ค.
'๋ฆฝ์ฑํฌ, ํ๋ ์๋๋'๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋ํ ํด๋ช
์ธํฐ๋ทฐ
"๋
ธ๋๋ฅผ ๋
น์ํ๋ฉด ๋ณด์ ์ ์ ํ ์ํ๋ค. ์ ํ๋ธ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฐ ์์๋ค์ ํ ๋ฒ์ ์ญ ๋ถ๋ฅธ ๊ฑฐ๋ค. ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ฒ ๋ถ๋ฅธ ๊ฒ ์ค์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ง๋ง ์ง๊น๊ธฐ๋ ์ ํ ์ํ๋ค. ์ฌ์ง ๋ํ ๋ณด์ ์ ์ ํ ์ํ๋ค. ๋ํ ์ผ๊ตด๋ ๊ณ ์น ๊ณณ ์๋ ์์ฐ๋ฏธ์ธ์ด๋ค. ์์๊ฒ ๋ณ์์ฃผ์ ๋ถ๋ชจ๋๊ป ๊ฐ์ฌ๋๋ฆฐ๋ค."
'๋ฆฌํ ํ์์ด'๋ ๋ณ์นญ์ ์ค์ค๋ก ๋ถ์๋ค?
2019๋
1์ 10์ผ ์ปค๋ฒ๊ณก ใ๋น์ ์ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ค๊ฑฐ์ผใ์ ๋๊ธ์ ์ฒ์ "์ด๋ถ ๋ฆฌํ ํ์์ด ๊ฐ๋ค. ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค."๋ผ๊ณ ๋์จ๋ค. 2019๋
1์ 11์ผ ์ปค๋ฒ๊ณก ใ์ง์ง์ง์ง ์ข์ํดใ์ ๋๊ธ์์ "๋ฆฌํ ํด์์ด โกโกโกโก"๋ ๋ง์ด ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ค. ๋ ๋ค ์ง์ ๋๊ธ์์ ใ๋ด์ผ์ ๋ฏธ์คํธ๋กฏใ ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ค๋ ๊ฑธ๋ก ๋ด์ ๋ฏธ์คํธ๋กฏ ์์ ์ด ๋๋ 2019๋
3์ 14์ผ ์ดํ์ ๋๊ธ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค. 'ํ์์ด๋ ๋๊ฐ๋ค'๋ ๋๊ธ์ ์๋ ์์ด ๋ง๋ค. 'ํธ๋กฏ๊ณ์ ์์ด์ '๋ผ๋ ๋ณ์นญ๋ ์ด๋ ๋๊ธ์ ๋ํ๋๋ค.
2019๋
3์ 27์ผ ๋ชจ ์ฐ์
ํ ์นดํ ๊ฒ์๋ฌผ์ ์ปค๋ฒ๊ณก ใ๋น๊ฐใ๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ธํ๋ฉฐ "๋ฆฌํ ํ์์ด"๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ค.
2019๋
4์ 10์ผ ๋ชจ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ธฐ์ฌ์ ๋ฆฌํ ํ์์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ธ๋ก ์์๋ ์ฒ์ ์ธ๊ธํ๋ค.
์ ๋ฆฌํด ๋ณด๋ฉด, 2019๋
3์ 14์ผ ~ 4์ 10์ผ ์ฌ์ด์ ๋์ค๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ '๋ฆฌํ ํ์์ด'๋ผ๋ ํํ์ด ๋ฑ์ฅํ๊ณ ์ดํ ์ธ๋ก ์์ ๋๋ฐฐ๋๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค.
'๊ฐ์๋ ๊ฒ ์๋น ์ ๋ํ์ฐ ๋๋ถ์ด๋ค'?
"ใ์ด ์ค๋น ๋ญ์ผใ๋ผ๋ ๊ณก์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ค ๋ง๋ค์ด์ ธ ์์๋ค." ์๊ณก๊ฐ ์ฅ์ถ์์ด ์ด ๊ณก์ ๋ถ๋ฌ์ค ๊ฐ์๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์์๋ฏธ์ ๋ถ์น์ธ ๋ฐ์์์๊ฒ ์ ํํด์ "์ฒญ์ฃผ์ ๋
ธ๋ ์ํ๋ ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ์๋๋?"๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฌผ์๊ณ , ๋ฐ์์์ ์์ ์ ๋ธ์ด๋ ๋ง์ ์ํ๊ณ "์๋ ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ์๋ค."๊ณ ๋ง ํ๊ณ , ์์๋ฏธ์๊ฒ ๊ทธ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ค๋ ์๊ธฐํ์ง ์๊ณ , ๋ค์ ๋ ์๊ณก๊ฐ ์ฅ์ถ์ ์์์ ์ค๋์
์ ๋ณด๊ฒ ๋์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์์๋ฏธ๋ ๋
ธ๋ ๋ ๊ณก ๋ถ๋ฅด๊ณ ๋๋๋ ์ค ์์๋๋ฐ ์๊ณก๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์๊ธฐ ใ์ด ์ค๋น ๋ญ์ผใ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ ค์ฃผ๋ฉฐ "ํ๋ฒ ๋ถ๋ฌ๋ณด๋ผ."๊ณ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ฅ์ถ์์ด ์์๋ฏธ์ "๋
ธ๋ํ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ์ดฌ์ํด ์ค๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ฅ๊ฐ ์ค์ฟจ๋ฎค์ง ๋ํ์๊ฒ ๊ทธ ์์์ ๋ณด๋๋๋ 10์ด๋ง์ ํฉ๊ฒฉ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์์๋ฏธ๋ ๋ํ์๊ฒ "๋
ธ๋ ์ค๋ ฅ์ด ์ข์ ๊ฐ์๋ ์๋๋ฐ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ๋ฝ์๋๋?"๊ณ ๋ฌผ์๋๋ฐ ๋ํ๊ฐ "๋ค๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋
ธ๋๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฒผ๋ค."๋ผ๊ณ ๋ตํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๋น์ ํ์ญ ๊ฐ์ ํฌํจ 10์ฌ ๋ช
์ ์ค๋์
์ฐธ๊ฐ์๋ค์ด ์์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๊ณต์ ํํ์ด์ง
์์๋ฏธ - YOYOMI ์ ํ๋ธ
๊ฐ์ ์์๋ฏธ ๊ณต์ ํฌ์นดํ ๐๋๋ค์์๋ฏธ๐
์์๋ฏธ ํฌ(ffan.)
์์๋ฏธ ํฑํก
์์๋ฏธ ํฑํก2
1994๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
์ฒญ์ฃผ์ฌ์๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
๋์ฑ์ฌ์์คํ๊ต (์ถฉ๋ถ) ๋๋ฌธ
์ฒญ์ฃผ๋ด๋์ด๋ฑํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
์ฒญ์ฃผ์ ์ถ์ ์์
๊ฐ
์ฒญ์ฃผ์ ์ถ์ ๊ฐ์
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํธ๋กํธ ๊ฐ์
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ
์์ฒ ๋ฐ์จ
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌด์ข
๊ต
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ์ ์ฑ์ด์ก๋ผ์ดํฐ
์ถฉ์ฒญ๋ถ๋ ์ถ์ ๊ฐ์
์ถฉ์ฒญ๋ถ๋ ์ถ์ ์์
๊ฐ
๋ด์ผ์ ๋ฏธ์คํธ๋กฏ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์
๋ฏธ์คํฐ๋ฆฌ ์์
์ผ ๋ณต๋ฉด๊ฐ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoyomi | Yoyomi | Park Yun-a (; born October 8, 1994), better known as Yoyomi (), is a South Korean trot singer-songwriter and actress.
Early life
Park was born on October 8, 1994, in Cheongju, North Chungcheong Province, South Korea. She is a graduate of Cheongju Girls' High School.
As a child, she became interested in trot music from her father, who is a trot singer, and from hearing veteran singer Haeeunlee on the radio. In 2005, Park won the grand prize in the KBS Open Children's Song World competition.
Career
Park released her first single, "Sorry Sorry," on July 23, 2013, using the stage name Yun-A, but the song was not successful.
She made her debut as Yoyomi on February 23, 2018, with the single album First Story (), featuring the title track "Who's That Guy" ().
She is said to be'Happy-Virus, Singing Fairy, Yomi yomi Yoyomi'. Her main genre is trot, but she sings various genres of songs such as ballad, dance, R&B, Rock, and POP. Her nickname is referred to as 'Little Haeeunlee()', 'IU of highway()', 'Joong-Tong-Lyeong(The president of the Middle Ages)()'.
She is also a trot(PopTrot) singer-songwriter and wrote/composed her own songs <Please hold me tight> <How much more should I cry> < If You Love Me> < I Wanna Know Your Feeling>.
Since 2018, She is active in various fields such as broadcasting various show programs, entertainment programs, advertising models, commercials, dramas, movies, MCs, and Internet real-time broadcasting.
She became a new star in the entertainment field through her YouTube channel. She is dedicated to the operation of the YouTube channel ' โ YOYOMI', and is posting various genres such as dance, ballad, R&B, POP, as well as trot as cover songs.
Participated in TV Chosun 'Miss Trot Tomorrow'(). She also appeared on the KBS 1TV 'Golden Oldies()' as an invited singer.
Entertainment activities
In 2018, she started posting her own song on YouTube at the recommendation of the agency's representative (Ahn Jeong-mo). On December 31, 2018, Yoyomi's favorite singer Haeeunlee'()s <The 3rd Hangang Bridge> was followed by a cover of Haeeunlee()'s songs one by one, and then rapidly spread through social media. In fact, Yoyomi sang Haeeunlee()'s song well before uploading Haeeunlee()'s song as a cover song. She made a pledge to release a new song every month, and in fact, after the release of his single album ใSecond Storyใ in October of the same year (2018), he releases the music every month. At the beginning of her debut, she took a drum lesson from'resurrection' drummer Chae Je-min. She emerged like a morning star and became a hot topic in a short period of time through YouTube collaboration with the KBS Cheongju General Bureau.
She is devoted to the activities of the YouTube channel '์์๋ฏธ โ YOYOMI'. Not only trot, but also dance, ballad, R&B, POP, and other genres are uploaded as cover songs. The cover song video is mainly produced when the schedule is free, and it is said to be produced in just a few hours.
On August 8, 2018, he appeared on KBS 1TV's ใMorning Groundใ() national story contest < Dream Stage>. For the 32nd year (at the time of 2018), he sang < Sweet Night> to free the hans of his father Park Si-won (Park Hae-gwan), an unknown singer.
'Miss Trot Tomorrow'() appearance: She participated in the TV Chosun audition program 'Miss Trot Tomorrow', which started in February 2019.
On May 17, 2019, SBI Savings Bank CF sang < Wage Flows>(), < Eternal Savings>() on October 25, < I Love Banking on Saturday>(), and < You Will Collect>() on November 1. After that, the popularity rose.
On June 3, 2019, at the 'Incheon Ilbo TV Invitational'(), she said,'I read all the comments on YouTube in detail.' Among them, he introduced comments saying '1980s beautiful woman', 'a child who seems to have traveled in time from the past', and 'it is wonderful to digest 7080 songs'. The host asked, 'The secret to seeing you can afford to sing a cover song'. She replied,'I sing the interpretation of the song as the main character in a movie and show the movie to the audience.'
It often appears on KBS 1TV 'Golden Oldies'(). On July 8, 2019, Yun Si-nae's < I am 19 years old> was sung.
On August 14, 2019, she appeared as a guest with her father, singer Park Si-won(), on the Happy Morning of the Channel A liberal arts program.
On August 23, 2019, she received a YouTube silver button.
Appeared on KNN's'Golden Microphone'() in 2019.
From September 30, 2019, she made her first appearance as an actor in FTV's fishing drama'Seasoning'(), along with Kim Ha-young().
On November 19, 2019, while recording Kim Jung-ho()'s <White Butterfly>() at KBS Anchi Music() in Cheongju(), she was sneaked into a ghost camera. At the third sound of the ghost, she threw her headphones and fell on the floor and cried.
Appeared on MBC 'Gayo Best'() on November 28, 2019. As a side note, 'Yoosanseul'() appeared in this episode together. The filming location is in Suncheon City, where Yoyomi is active as an ambassador.
On December 29, 2019, and January 5, 2020 (the content continues on the 5th), he appeared as a guest on SBS 'Running Man'().
On March 8 and 15, 2020 MBC Mystery Music Show 'The Masked Singer'() 1st~3rd contest,'Singer King is enough to beat you in 3 minutes!'. She appeared as 'Cup Ramyun'() and went up to the second round. Although she was eliminated in the second round, she sang all three songs prepared at the request of the MC and the judges. For reference, the song she was going to sing in the third round was Cho Yong-pil()'s <The Woman Outside the Window>(). Song Ga-in, who came out as a judge on this day, has already identified her identity from the first round. For reference, Song Ga-in and Yoyomi appeared on the audition program 'Miss Trot tomorrow', even in Group A in the same active duty, and the MC was also Kim Sung-joo. Song Ga-in said, ``There is no such voice in the trot world. It's like a precious treasure.' 'Public Weakling' Lee Yun-seok, who heard <The Woman Outside the Window>, jumped up and cheered as if he had received an ordination prayer.
From April 28, 2020, OBS's own name is in the'What Songs of Yoyomi'() ('This Songs of Yoyomi'() in 'Unique Entertainment News') Introducing the stories of the singers and singing the representative song as a cover song. Ends October 20.
On October 8, 2020, she uploaded the cover song for 'Brother Tes'()(Socrates, 470~399 B.C.) by Na Hoon-a() of "Emperor of Trot"() on her YouTube channel. It exceeded ten million views in 10 days. She sang in a distinctive, elegant and sad tone. The public said,"Brother Tes with a completely different feeling" and "I have to call me Brother Tes", and MBN ใNews Fighterใ (2020.10.15.) also paid attention to the 'Brother Tes' with another feeling sung by a delicate female singer.
On October 31, 2020, she appeared in Group B No.27 in MBN's ใLottery Singerใ() in the 5th episode, and sang <The Mistress>() of 'Singer King'() Cho Yong-pil(). On the stage that began with the sound of a bell and a magnificent Gregorian-style chorus, she poured out her sorrow as if she was roaring with her own pure and tender voice. The beauty in a white dress that reveals the atmosphere like a goddess also drew attention. Jo Jang-hyuk() praised her as "breathing 7, making 3 sounds." Yoyomi said, "I wanted to show the charm of eight colors." She sang Madonna's <Like A Virgin> and Michael Jackson's <Billie Jean> in Group B's re-challenge on November 7. In <Like A Virgin>, she boasted a fresh and bewitching sensuality, and in <Billie Jean>, she showed strong charisma. Park Seong-gwang() praised her, saying, "I love the bright and positive energy. I made good use of the song.". Park So-hyun() said, "The show-like elements and overwhelming expressions would have shook the hearts of many people. Michael Jackson and Madonna's selections are likely to receive many people's picks." She was ranked 8th out of 15 in Group B, with outstanding talents.
Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend() - On November 21, 2020, she selected <Unrequited Love>() by Joo Hyun-mi in the first special episode of KBS 'Trot National Festival'() and took the stage as the last runner. She pledged to present a happy stage, and started with a soft voice at the beginning and sang a song that felt lovely and happy. After the middle, the tempo was a little faster, and students of the Department of Practical Music and a children's choir participated together. She showed a stage like an exciting festival. Hwang Chi-yeol(singer, ) said, "She is so cute and small, but she has a lot of great energy on the stage." Song Ga-in() of 'The Goddess of Trot'() said, "She is so cute and her voice is like a jade ball on a silver tray. She has a charm that makes people feel good." The director Joo Hyun-mi(Legendary singer, ) said, "It was like a musical. I really wanted to jump to the stage." Announcer Oh Eon-jong() said, "Yoyomi's merits were the most prominent stage. It was like a revival meeting. I naturally raised my hands." She defeated Shin Yu() of 'Self-luminous emotion-craftsman' who won 3 wins, and finally won.
On December 4, 2020, a soulful 1.9m singer Kim Tae-woo() appeared on the YouTube broadcast of the mobility music show ใGoStarBuStarใ(). This is a project to find the owner of Park Jin-young()'s self-composed song, <Corny Love Song>().โ Ten professional and amateur singers invited by JYP(Park Jin-Young) participated. Yoyomi said, "I wanted to meet Park Jin-young, so I participated. In the first year of high school, I passed the first audition for JYP Entertainment, but my father did not allow me to go for the second one. As soon as I heard the song, I felt like talking about me." She interpreted <Corny Love Song> with her own unique voice, and perfectly expressed sad sensibility, contrary to the usual bright image. Park Jin-young praised her as "Impeccable! I was impressed by your vocalization and sensibility. You didn't mimic any other singers." Yoyomi was the final owner of the <Corny Love Song>.
On February 10, 2020, on-line music file and music video of <Corny Love Song> were released at 6 pm. It was written, composed, and arranged by Park Jin-young() PD. This project is a song by a singer who does not belong to JYP Entertainment. <Corny Love Song> is the album released as its first song. Trot new singer Yoyomi was selected as a singer after an open audition and was honored as the first guest member. This song was named by Park Jin-young as the genre of 'Con-trot' that combines American country music and Korean trot music. It contains the melody and lyrics of a pure and lyrical sensibility, which is the common point of the two. The accompaniment was recorded only with basic band instruments, and all of the sound equipment completely reproduced the analog sensibility using vacuum tube microphones and preamps used in the 1970s. The music video features Park Jin-young, who transformed into a bandmaster, guitarist and composer, and Yoyomi, an exclusive singer who has a sad love story in 7080's music room <N'est Ci Bon>. The visual beauty of a friendly and cozy atmosphere gives us a special memory trip. This M/V stimulates both fun and sensitivity to the composition of old youth films. Park Jin-young's petty acting and Yoyomi's sensibility through songs are in harmony. Park Jinyoung completed the content by producing well connected music, visual concept, and M/V story.
Albums
Single, EP
List of albums:
2018.02.23. Single ใFirst Storyใ โ <Who's that guy>()(Genre:Semi-trot), <Heart bbong bbong>()(Genre:Semi-trot), <Man like a magnet>()(Genre:Dance-trot)
2018.10.16. Single ใSecond Storyใ โ <Alarm of love>()(Genre:Semi-trot)
2018.11.29. Single ใThird Storyใ โ <Is it one!>()(Genre:Ballad)
2018.12.26. Single ใFourth Storyใ โ <S-Love>()(Genre:R&B/Soul)
2019.01.23. Single ใFifth Storyใ โ <STEW>()(Genre:Semi-trot)
2019.02.25. 6th Single โ ใPlease Don't stopใ()(Genre:Indie Rock)
2019.03.23. 7th Single โ ใPlease hold me tightใ()(Genre:Semi-trot)
2019.04.27. 8th Single โ ใsurelyใ()(Genre:Dance-trot)
2019.05.30. 9th Single โ ใA road in my dreamใ()(Genre:Semi-trot)
2019.06.24. 10th Single โ ใHow much more should I cryใ()(Genre:Ballad-trot)
2019.07.29. 11th Single โ ใAttractedใ()(Genre:Dance-trot)
2019.08.29. 12th Single โ ใHong Kong Expressใ()(Genre:Dance-trot)
2019.10.31. 13th Single โ ใWorried Our Love Will Have Painใ()(Genre:Ballad-trot)
2019.11.28. 14th Single โ ใVitamin Cใ()(Genre:Dance)
2019.12.30. 15th Single โ ใIf You Love Meใ()(Genre:Dance)
2020.01.27. 16th Single โ ใI Wanna Know Your Feelingใ()(Genre:Dance)
2020.02.27. 17th Single โ ใWoo Zu Zuใ()(Genre:Semi-trot)
2020.03.30. 18th Single โ ใHow About Leaving On A UFOใ()(Genre:Dance)
2020.04.30. 19th Single โ ใCome Backใ()(Genre:Semi-trot)
2020.05.25. 20th Single โ ใMoving Onใ()(Genre:Dance)
2020.06.29. 21st Single โ ใdo or don'tใ()(Genre:Semi-trot)
2020.07.30. 22nd Single โ ใI always hope you areใ()(Genre:Dance)
2020.08.31. 23rd Single โ ใCome see meใ()(Genre:Dance-trot)
2020.09.28. 24th Single โ ใPop! Burstใ()(Genre:Dance)
2020.10.26. 25th Single โ ใJust what ifใ()(Genre:Semi-trot)
2020.11.30. 26th Single โ ใFeatured Playersใ()(Genre:Ballad-trot)
2020.12.31. 27th Single โ ใA little secretlyใ()(Genre:Dance-trot)
2021.02.10. Park Jin-young PD's Single โ ใCorny Love Song(By Yoyomi)ใ()(Genre: Cuntry-trot, Lyrics/Composition:Park Jin-young)
2021.11.15. 28th Single โ ใLet's goใ()(Genre:Dance-trot, Lyrics:Yoyomi, Composition:Yoyomi/Yeongho Choi)
2022.05.09. 29th EP โ ใCheersใ ใCheers(Dream Like Mix)ใ, ใCheers(Rock Mix)ใ()(Genre:Trot, Lyrics: YOYOMI / Yun Noh, Composition:Yun Noh)
2022.08.08. 30th Single โ ใCome On Wolfใ()(Genre:Dance-trot, Lyrics/Composition:Jiyu Hong)
2022.10.03. 31st Single โ ใFoolish Manใ()(Genre:Trot, Lyrics/Composition:Bumryong Kim)
2023.05.01. 32nd Single โ ใYou have your own scentใ-ใYou have your own scentใ()(Genre:Trot, Lyrics/Composition:Bumryong Kim),ใYou and meใ()(Genre:Trot, Lyrics:Gunwoo Lee, Composition:Bumryong Kim)
2023.08.14. 33rd Single - ใSwimmingใ(Genre: Dance, Style: K-POP, Lyrics/Composition: KinGMaker(ReFleCtioN) / NicklE(PAPERMAKER) / BR(ReFleCtioN))
Original Soundtrack
2019.09.23. FTV Drama ใFTV Seasoning OST Part.1ใ - <Happily>()
2019.10.16. FTV Drama ใFTV Seasoning OST Part.3ใ - <Happy Virus>()
2019.12.16. Film ใRight Now This Moment O.S.Tใ ()
2021.03.28. TV Chosun Drama ใSomehow Family OST Part.7ใ - <Life goes like that>()
Compilation
2020.05.09. ใImmortal Songs: Singing the Legend - Family Specialใ - < I like you> with father ()
2020.06.27. ใImmortal Songs: Singing the Legend - Little Star Specialใ - <Daybreak Rain>()
2020.08.22. ใImmortal Songs: Singing the Legend - Kim Jong-kook X TURBO Part.1ใ - <Lovely>()
2020.11.21. ใImmortal Songs: Singing the Legend - Trot National Festival Special Part.1ใ - <Unanswered Love>()
Advertising
2019. Single ใLet's saveใ - <The salary goes down>()
2019. Single ใLet's save - 2thใ - <Eternal Savings>()
2019. Single ใLet's save - 3rdใ - <You will save>()
2020. Single ใCATCH ON 2020ใ - <CATCH ON Song>()
CM & Logo Songs
2019. ใGreen Ribbon Environmental Campaignใ- <Green Song>()
2019. KNN LoveFM ใKim Sang-hyuk Dindin's brother's Radioใ Logo song()
2019. ใRight Oljeubใ CM song()
2019. TBS ใLee Ga-hee's Love Letterใ Logo song()
2019. Suncheon City PR Song <Let's go to Suncheon>()
2020. ใBroth Storyใ CM song()
2020. Korea Statistics Office ใ2020 Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries General Surveyใ Campaign Song <Only you are the right answer(feat.Uncle)>()
2020. South Jeolla Province PR Song ใThe best provinceใ()
Awards
2005. KBS ใOpen Children's Song Worldใ Grand Prize
2017. ใThe 14th Chupungryeong Song Festivalใ Encouragement Award
2018. ใAll Together Asia Awardsใ Good deed Prize
2018. ใ2018 Green Earth Music Show Awardsใ Best Trot Award โ Women's Category
2019. ใ2019 World Star Awardsใ Trot Category โ Popularity Award
2019. ใ27th Korean Cultural Entertainment Awardsใ Trot Category โ Rookie Award
2019. ใThe 11th Seoul Success Grand Prizeใ Culture Category โ Rookie Singer Grand Prize
2020. ใKorean Traditional Music Awardsใ Popularity Award
2020. ใ2020 Korea Creator Grand Prizeใ Singer Category
2020. KBS 2TV ใImmortal Songs: Singing the Legendใ EP.482, 'Trot National Festival special feature' Part 1, Final Win
2020. Youtube ใGoStarBuStarใ 'Park Jin-young's <Corny Love Song> Finding the Owner Project', Final Win
2021. ใ7th Korea Culture & Art Star Grand Prize Awardsใ Popularity Award
2021. ใ27th Korea Entertainment Arts Awardsใ Trot Category - Rookie Award
2022. ใ2022 Global Beauty & Culture Awardsใ Music Category - Grand Prize
2022. ใThe 8 Korea Art And Culture Star Awardsใ Trot Popularity Award
2022. ใ28th Korea Entertainment Arts Awardsใ Netizen Award
2023. ใThe 9 Korea Art And Culture Star AwardsใStar Trot Popularity Award
Other activities
2018. News Portal ใ1004 Club Sharing Communityใ Ambassador
2018. ใGreen Ribbon Environmentใ Ambassador
2019. ใSuncheon Cityใ Honorary Ambassador
2020. ใKumyoung Entertainmentใ Ambassador
2020. ใEnhancing Digital Capabilitiesใ Ambassador
External links
Official Homepage
YOYOMI Youtube
YOYOMI POP Youtube
References
1994 births
Living people
People from Cheongju
Musicians from North Chungcheong Province
21st-century South Korean women singers
Trot singers
Korean singers
South Korean women singer-songwriters |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EB%84%90%EB%93%9C%20%EB%B8%8C%EB%A3%A9 | ๋๋๋ ๋ธ๋ฃฉ | ๋๋๋ ๋ธ๋ฃฉ(Donald Brook, 1927๋
1์ 8์ผ ~ 2018๋
12์ 17์ผ)์ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ฐ์ด์, ๋ฏธ์ ๋นํ๊ฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ์ ์ด๋ก ๊ฐ์ด๋ค. ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋จ๋ถ ๋ฒ ๋ํฌ๋ ํํฌ์ ํ๋ฆฐ๋์ค ๋ํ ์๊ฐ์์ ํ๊ณผ ๊ต์์ด์ ๋ช
์๊ต์์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ ๋ค๋ ์ด๋ ์คํ๋ฏธ์ ์ฌ๋จ(Experimental Art Foundation)์ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ์์ด๋ค.
์์
๋๋๋ ๋ธ๋ฃฉ์ 1927๋
1์ 8์ผ ์๊ตญ ์ํฌ์
๋ฆฌ์ฆ์์ ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ์ฅํ๊ธ์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ์ํฌ์
์ ์๋ ์ฐ๋ํ์ฐ์ค ๊ทธ๋ก๋ธ ํ๊ต(Woodhouse Grove School)์ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ ๋ํ๊ต๋ฅผ ๋ค๋
๋ค. ์ ๊ธฐ ๊ณตํ์ ๋ํด ๊ณต๋ถํ๋ค๊ฐ ์กธ์
์ง์ ์ ์์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋๊ณ ์ถ์ด ํ๊ต๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ฌ๊ณ , ์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ๋์ ์ด ๋๋๊ฐ ๋ฌด๋ ต ๊ตฐ๋์ ์ง์ง๋์๋ค. 1949๋
์ ๊ต์ก ๋ฐ ํ๋ จ ์ง์๋น๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ ๋ฐ์์ ๋๋ผ ๋ํ๊ต์ ์๋์๋ 7์ธ ๋ฏธ์ ํ๊ต(King Edward VII School of Art)์์ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ ๊ณต๋ถํ๋ค. ํจ๋ฆฌ ๋ฌด์ด์ ์๋ฆฌ์ ์ฝ๋์คํธ๋ฆผ(William Coldstream, 1908~1987)์ ์ฌ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ 1953๋
์ฐ๋ฑ์์ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉด์ ํ์ฌ ์กธ์
์ ํ๊ณ , ์๊ตญ ์์์ด ์์ฌํ๋ ๋ํ์ ์ฅํ๊ธ(Chancellorโs postgraduate award)์ ๋ฐ์ ์ผ ๋
๋์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณ ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ์กฐ๊ฐ๊ณผ ํคํด๋ผ๋ฐ์ค ์๋์ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ค ๊ทธ ์์ ์กฐ๊ฐ๊ฐ๋ก์ ์์
์ ์์ํ๊ณ , ๋ฐ๋ ์ฐ๋์คํก ๊ฐค๋ฌ๋ฆฌ(Woodstock Gallery)์์ ์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์ด์๋ค. ๊ต์ก์ ํจ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค(Henry Morris, 1889~1961)๊ฐ ๊ณ ์ํด๋ธ ๋์ค์ฐ ์์ ์ ํ(Digswell Arts Trust)์ ํตํด ํํธํผ๋์
์ ์์
์ค๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง๋ฅผ ์ป์ ์ ์์๋ค. ํ๋ฆฌ์ง ์๋ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ชฉ๋ง๋ฆ์ด ์์ด์ ๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฐ์ฌ ์ฅํ๊ธ์ ๋ฐ์ 1962๋
์บ๋ฒ๋ผ์ ์๋ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋ํ๊ต ์ฒ ํ๊ณผ์ ์
ํํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ง๊ฐ์ ๋ํ ๋ถ์์ฒ ํ์ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ ์ฉํ์ฌ ํํ์ ์ฌํ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์ ๋นํ์ ํ๋จ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ ๊ทผํ๋ ๋ฐ์ฌ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์จ์ 1965๋
์ ๋ช
ํ ๋ฏธ์ ์ฌํ์ ์๋ฅธ์คํธ ๊ณฐ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์น์ ์ฒ ํ์ ๋ฐ์ด๋น๋ ์์คํธ๋กฑ(David Malet Armstrong, 1926~2014)๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ฌ์ฌ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 2018๋
12์ 17์ผ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ๋ค๋ ์ด๋์์ ๋ง 92์ธ๋ฅผ ์ฝ ์์ ๋๊ณ ์ธ์์ ๋ ๋ฌ๋ค.
ํ๋
์ดํ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ ๋จ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ ํํ ๊ทธ๋ ์กฐ๊ฐ๊ฐ๋ก ๊ณ์ ํ๋ํ๋ฉด์ ์กด ๋๊ธ๋ผ์ค ํ๋ง๊ธ(John Douglas Pringle, 1912~1999)์ด ํธ์ง๊ตญ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ์บ๋ฒ๋ผ ํ์์ค์์ ๋ฏธ์ ์ ๋นํํ๋ ๊ธ์ ์ผ๋ค. 1968๋
๋ถํฐ๋ ์๋๋ ๋ชจ๋ ํค๋ด๋์ ๋ฏธ์ ๋นํ ๊ธฐ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ ํด ์๋๋ ๋ํ๊ต์ ์๋ก ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง ํ์๋ฏธ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์(Power Institute of Fine Arts)์ ์ด๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ๋ช
์ค ํ ๋ช
์ด ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. 1969๋
์ ๋ธ๋ฃฉ์ ํด ์
ฐ๋ ์ํธ ์ํฌ์(Tin Sheds Art Workshops)์ ์ถ์งํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ํตํด ๋น์์๋ ๊ฐ๋
๋ฏธ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ ํฌ์คํธ ์ค๋ธ์ ์ํธ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ฐฝํ๋ฉฐ ์ ์ ์์ ๊ฐ๋ค์๊ฒ ์ํฅ์ ๋ผ์น๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. 1969๋
์์ ๊ฐ์ด์ ํ์์์๋ ์กด ํ์(John Power, 1881-1943)๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋
ํ์ฌ ํ๋๋ฏธ์ ์ ๋ํด ์ด๋ฆฐ ํน๊ฐ์์ ๋ธ๋ฃฉ์ '์ค๋ธ์ ๋ก๋ถํฐ์ ๋ํผ'๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฐํ๋ค. ํด๋ ๋ฉํธ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ฒ๊ทธ(Clement Greenberg, 1909~1994)๊ฐ ์ง์ ํด์ ์กด ํ์ ๊ธฐ๋
ํน๊ฐ์์ ์๋ฐฉ๊ฐ๋ฅด๋์ ํ๋'๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์กฐํ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํด ๋ ๊ธ์ง์ ์ธ ๋์์ ์ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋น์ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ ํ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋๋์ฆ์ ํ๋ฆ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๊ฑฐ๋ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์๋ง์ ์ฐจ๋ณํ๋ ์คํ์ผ์ ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๊ณค ํ๋ค. ๋ธ๋ฃฉ์ 1973๋
ํ๋ฆฐ๋์ค ๋ํ๊ต์ ์ด๋ ๋ฏธ์ ํ๊ณผ์ฅ์ด ๋์๊ณ , ๊ทธ์ ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๋ฏ ํ๋ถ ์ด๋ฆ์ '๋ฏธ์ ํ๊ณผ(Fine Arts)'์์ '์๊ฐ์์ (Visual Arts)'๋ก ๊ณ์ ๋ฐ๋์ด ๋๊ฐ๋ค. ์์ง๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ฆฌํ ๋ฐ ์์ง๊ฐ ์ฒ ํ์ ๋ํ ์ด๋ก ์ ํ๊ตฌ์ ์ฐฉ์ํ ๊ทธ๋ ๋น์ ์ ๋ฝ ๋ฏธ์ ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ง๋ฐฐํ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์์ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์๊ฐ ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ๋น์ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ ์ด๋ค ๋ํ๋ ํ๋ฌธ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ ์์
๋ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์งํํ๋ ๋ฏธ์ ์ค๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ ๊ณตํ์ง ์์๋ค. ๋ธ๋ฃฉ์ 1974๋
๋ถํฐ ์ ๋ค๋ ์ด๋์์ ์ผ๊ตฐ์ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ฐ๋ค๊ณผ ์ด๋ก ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋ชจ์ ์คํ๋ฏธ์ ์ฌ๋จ์ ์ค๋ฆฝํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ํ๋ฌธํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค๊ณผ ์ด๋ก ๊ฐ๋ค ์์ผ๋ก ์ง์
์๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋ค์ด์ฌ ์ ์๊ฒ ํด์ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ฑ๋กํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค. ๋ํ๋์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค๊ณผ ๋ํ์ธ๋ค ๊ฐ์ ํํ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ ๊ฐ์ 'ํ์ด ์ค ๊ฐ์ด(town and gown)' ์์ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ขํ๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ง์
์๊ฐ๋ค์ด ํ๋ถ ์กธ์
ํ ์งํํ ์ ์๋๋ก ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏนํ ๊ณผ์ ๋ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค.
์๋๋๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ ๋ค๋ก ๋ธ๋ฃฉ์ ๋ฏธ์ ๋นํ์ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋์ ์์ค ์๋ ์๊ฒฌ์ ๊ฐ์งํ ์ ์๋ ์ ๋ฌธ์ด๋ ๋์ค์ ์ธ ๋งค์ฒด์ ๊ด๋ฒ์ํ๊ฒ ๊ธ์ ์ผ๋ค. 1989๋
๋ธ๋ฃฉ์ ํ๋ฆฐ๋์ค ๋ํ์์ ์ ๋
ํด์ํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฌํด์ธ 1990๋
์์ 1992๋
๊น์ง ์ง์คํด ๋๋ถ์ ํคํ๋ก์ค์์ ์ง๋๋ค. ํผ์ค์ ์๋ ์จ์คํด์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ํ๊ต์์ ์์์ง์ผ๋ก ์ผ์ ์ ์ ํ ๋ค, ์ ๋ค๋ ์ด๋์ ์์ ํ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ก์ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์์ ๋ด๋ด ๋ง์ ํ๋์ ํ๊ณ , 2018๋
12์ 17์ผ ๋ง 92์ธ๋ฅผ ์ฝ ์์ ๋๊ณ ์ธ์์ ๋ ๋ฌ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
1927๋
์ถ์
2018๋
์ฌ๋ง
์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ฐ
๋๋ผ ๋ํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
๋ฆฌ์ฆ ๋ํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20Brook | Donald Brook | Donald Brook (8 January 1927 โ 17 December 2018) was an Australian artist, art critic, philosopher, and theorist, whose research and publications centre on the philosophy of art, non-verbal representation and cultural evolution. He initiated the Experimental Art Foundation in the 1970s in Adelaide, and was later Emeritus Professor of Visual Arts at Flinders University in Adelaide.
Early life and education
Brook was born in Leeds, Yorkshire, on 8 January 1927.
He was educated on scholarships at Woodhouse Grove School and at the University of Leeds, where he read Electrical Engineering. He left before graduating with the intention of becoming an artist and was conscripted in the army toward the end of WWII. He received a Further Education and Training grant in 1949 to study sculpture at the King Edward VII School of Art in the University of Durham.
After graduating (B.A. Fine arts) with first class honours in 1953 Henry Moore and William Coldstream were his external examiners, he spent a further year on a Chancellor's postgraduate award researching Archaic and Cycladic sculpture in Greece. Thereafter he established a practice as a sculptor, exhibiting at the Woodstock Gallery in London and executing commissions, and was awarded a studio and residence at the Digswell Arts Trust at Welwyn in Hertfordshire, His interest in unresolved theoretical questions about the visual arts led him to accept a further postgraduate scholarship in the Department of Philosophy in the Australian National University in Canberra in 1962. His PhD thesis (1965), examined by Professors E. H. Gombrich and David Armstrong, applied analytic-philosophical theories of perception to questions of pictorial representation and art-critical appraisal.
Professional career
Electing to remain in Australia, Brook continued to work as a sculptor and as art critic of the Canberra Times under John Pringle's editorship. From 1968 he became art critic of the Sydney Morning Herald, when he was appointed as one of the three first academics in the new Power Institute of Fine Arts in the University of Sydney. During this period (1968-1973) he was an energetic initiator of the "Tin Sheds" workshops, where his promotion of what he then called "post-object art" (more generally referred to at the time as "conceptual art") was found liberating by many of the younger artists.
His 1969 John Power Memorial Lecture "Flight from the Object" proposed a radical alternative to the ideas that animated Clement Greenberg's 1968 Power Lecture "Avant-garde Attitudes". Australian painters had generally taken their options to be restricted to the choice of international mainstream modernism or the purposeful construction of a distinctively Australian style.
In 1973 he was appointed to the inaugural chair of Fine Arts at Flinders University in Adelaide, where he contentiously changed the departmental name from "Fine Arts" to "Visual Arts". He initiated theoretical studies in the psychology and philosophy of visual perception and introduced a study of Aboriginal visual culture in a context where European art history had previously dominated. At that time no practical studio courses were offered in any Australian university. From 1974 he initiated the Experimental Art Foundation in Adelaide. This was partly designed to enrol practising artists, along with academics and theorists, to bridge what he called "the gap between town and gown". He also introduced postgraduate academic programs for practising artists.
Brook abandoned art criticism after leaving Sydney, and published extensively thereafter in journals of informed opinion and more popular media as well as in the academic literature. He retired from Flinders at the end of 1989 and lived in Cyprus from 1990โ92, returning temporarily to a part-time role at the University of Western Australia in Perth, before settling again in Adelaide.
Death and legacy
Brooks died in Adelaide in 2018.
Theoretical contributions
Although they are wide-ranging, Brook's philosophical interests have centred on two principal regions of speculation: to understand the nature and place of perception and non-verbal representation in the visual arts, and to elucidate the relationship between art, the histories of works of art and the dynamics of cultural evolution. His early work on perception was first publicly aired in "Perception and the appraisal of sculpture", in which the important distinction he later draws between matching and simulating non-verbal representational practices is introduced as a difference between what he calls the "object accounts" and the "picture accounts" that we spontaneously give of visually perceived things; notably of three-dimensional works of art. Crucial to his thinking is the idea that non-verbal representation is not a quasi-linguistic form of communication. It relies on the de facto socially efficacious substitutability of one thing for another thing even in cases where relevant properties are not shared. He argues that this perceptually mediated substitutive felicity must have been available to pre-linguistic organisms or language itself could not possibly have evolved.
Brook's elucidation of the concept of art, as what he at first called "experimental modelling of actual and possible worlds", is first comprehensively spelled out in his paper "A New Theory of Art". This rather complex theoretical structure underwent continuous modification in numerous publications as his memetic account of cultural evolution developed. He embraced Richard Dawkins' concept of the meme as the potent factor in cultural evolution, analogous to the function of the gene in biological evolution. However, he differed significantly from Dawkins and other meme-theorists in his way of understanding and exemplifying the meme. Instead of offering such examples as the popular song or catchphrase he insisted that these things are items of a cultural kind analogous to the items of biological kinds such as a horse, or a cabbage. Just as a horse is the product of appropriately activated genes, he argues that a popular song or a catchphrase is not itself a meme. It is an item of a predictable cultural kind that is generated by exercising memes. Memes are purposefully directed actions that can be exercised in concerted ways, as contrasted with mere behaviours. This is first unambiguously elucidated in his paper "Art History?".
Brook's account of art as the essentially unexpected recognition of the viability of new memes is spelled out in his book The Awful Truth About What Art Is (2008). It is succeeded by his semi-autobiographical book Get A Life (2014), in which an anthology of his papers on perception, representation, art, evolution and history is threaded together along a string of text that is intended to place them in the context of his personal history and experience.
References
Further reading
1927 births
2018 deaths
20th-century Australian sculptors
Australian art critics
Philosophers of art
Alumni of the University of Leeds
Alumni of Durham University
Australian National University alumni
Academic staff of Flinders University
English expatriates in Australia
21st-century Australian sculptors |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%82%98%EC%9E%90%EC%99%80%20%EB%AC%B8%EA%B3%A0 | ๊ฐ๋์์ ๋ฌธ๊ณ | ๊ฐ๋์์ ๋ฌธ๊ณ (้ๆฒขๆๅบซ, ใใญใใใถใใใใใชใใใถใใ)๋ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฐ๋ง์ฟ ๋ผ ์๋(้ๅๆไปฃ) ์ค๊ธฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์์ ๊ฐ๋์์๋ฅ ํธ์กฐ ์จ(้ๆฒขๆตๅๆกๆฐ) ํธ์กฐ ์ฌ๋คํ ํค(ๅๆกๅฎๆ)๊ฐ ์ธ์ด ์ผ๋ณธ ์ต๊ณ (ๆๅค)์ ๋ฌด๊ฐ๋ฌธ๊ณ (ๆญฆๅฎถๆๅบซ)์ด๋ค. ์์ฌ์ง๋ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ํ(็ฅๅฅๅท็) ์์ฝํ๋ง์(ๆจชๆตๅธ) ๊ฐ๋์์๊ตฌ(้ๆฒขๅบ) ๊ฐ๋์์ ์ (้ๆฒข็บ)142์ด๋ค.
๊ฐ๋์์ ๋ฅ ํธ์กฐ ์จ๊ฐ ์์ง๋ก์จ ๋ค์ค๋ ธ๋, ํ๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ ํ ๋ฐ ๋ณด๋ฆฌ์ฌ(่ฉๆๅฏบ)๊ฐ ๋๋ ์ผ๋ฌ์ง(็งฐๅๅฏบ)๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝํ์ฌ ๋ณธ๊ฑฐ์ง๋ก์จ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๊ณ , ์ง์์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ ๋๊ฐ ๋ ๋
์ธ ๋ฌด์ฌ์๊ตญ(ๆญฆ่ตๅฝ) ๊ตฌ๋ก์ฌํค ๊ตฐ(ไน
่ฏๅฒ้ก) ๋ก์ฟ ๋ผ ์ฅ(ๅ
ญๆตฆ่) ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ ํฅ(้ๆฒข้ท)์ ์์ฌํ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ช
์นญ์ ์ ๋๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ์ค๋๋ ์๋ ใ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ ํ๋ฆฝ ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ใ(็ฅๅฅๅท็็ซ้ๆฒขๆๅบซ)๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ ํ๋ฆฝ ์ญ์ฌ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ๋์ด ๋ค์ํ ์์ฅํ์ ๋ณด๊ด ใป ์ ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ฝ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ํ์ฌ
์ผ๋ณธ์ด๋ก ใ้ๆฒขใ๋ ์ญ์ฌ์ ใป ๊ด๋ก์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ใ๊ฐ๋ค์ฌ์ใ(ใใญใใ)๋ก ์ฝ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌธ๊ณ ๊ฐ ์ค๋ฆฝ๋์๋ ๋ฌด๋ ต์๋ ใ๊ฐ๋ค์ฌ์ ๋ถ์ฝใ(ใใญใใใถใใ) ๋๋ ใ๊ฐ๋ค์ฌ์๋
ธ ํ๋ฏธ์ฟ ๋ผใ(ใใญใใใฎใตใฟใใ)๋ก ๋ถ๋ ธ๋ค. ใ๊ฐ๋์์ใ(ใใชใใ)๋ผ๋ ๋
๋ฒ์ด ํผ์ง๊ฒ ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ ์๋(ๆฑๆธๆไปฃ) ์ด๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฒ(ๅ ่ณ่ฉ)์ ๊ฐ๋์์(้ๆฒข)๊ฐ ์ ๋ช
ํด์ง๋ฉด์ ใ๊ฐ๋์์ใ๋ผ๋ ๋
๋ฒ์ด ๋๋ฆฌ ํผ์ง๊ฒ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ค๋๋ ์๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด์์๋ ๊ฐ๋์์ ๊ตฌ(้ๆฒขๅบ)๋ ๊ฒ์ดํ ๊ธํ ์ ์ฒ ์ ๋
ธ์ ์ญ ใ๊ฐ๋์์๋ถ์ฝ ์ญใ(้ๆฒขๆๅบซ้ง
) ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ฝ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ ํ๋ฆฝ ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ๋ ๋๊ฐ์ด ใ๊ฐ๋์์ ๋ถ์ฝใ(ใใชใใใถใใ)๋ก ์ฝ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๊ฐ์
๊ฐ๋์์ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ์ ์ฑ๋ฆฝ ์๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ ํ ์ ์์ผ๋, ๋์ฒด๋ก ์ฌ๋คํ ํค๊ฐ ๋ง๋
์ ๊ฐ๋์์ ๊ด(้ๆฒข้คจ)์ ์์๋ ๊ฒ์ง(ๅปบๆฒป) ์๋
(1275๋
) ๋ฌด๋ ต์ผ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ํธ์กฐ ์ฌ๋คํ ํค๋ ๋ช
๊ฒฝ๋(ๆ็ต้)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์
์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ๊ธฐ์ํ๋ผ ์จ(ๆธ
ๅๆฐ)๋ก๋ถํฐ ํ๋ฌธ ์์ ์ ํ๋
๋ฒ์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋ ํํธ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ฅ ๊ณํต์ธ ํธ์กฐ ๋ง์ฌ๋ฌด๋ผ(ๅๆกๆฟๆ)์ ์ํฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ตํ ์ ์์กฐ ๋ฌธํ์๋ ์น์ํ ๋ฌธํ์ธ์ด์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ๋ง์ฟ ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋์์ ๊ฐ์ ํ์ํ ์ ์น, ์ญ์ฌ, ๋ฌธํ, ๋ถ๊ต ๊ด๋ จ ์ ์ ์ด๋ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ฌธ์๋ฅผ ์์งํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ์์งํ ์ค๊ตญ ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์์ ๋ค์ ๋ณด๊ดํ ์๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋์์ ํฅ์ ์ง์๋ค.
๊ฐ๋์์ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ๋ ์ฌ๋คํ ํค์ ์ฅ์๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ฒด๋ก ํ์ถฉ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ๋์์ ์ฌ๋ค์ํค(้ๆฒข่ฒ้ก)๊ฐ ๊ตํ ์ด๋
๊ฒฉ์ธ ๋ก์ฟ ํ๋ผ ๋จ๋ค์ด(ๅ
ญๆณข็พ
ๆข้ก)๋ก ์๋ช
๋์ด ๊ตํ ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ์์ ๋ ๊ตฌ๊ฒ(ๅ
ฌๅฎถ) ์ฌํ์๋ ์ ๊ทผํ ํ์์ฑ์ด ์์๊ธฐ์ ์์งํ ๋ฌธํ์ ๋ถ์ผ๋ ๋์ด์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ๋ค์ํค๋ ๊ทธ ์์ ๋ ์ฌ๋ณธ์ ์์ฑํ์ฌ ใ์ ๋ณธใ(ๅๆฌ)์ ์์งํ๋ ๋ฐ์ ํ์ผ๋ค. ๋ํ ์ฌ๋ค์ํค๋ ๋ณด๋ฆฌ์ฌ์ธ ์ผ๋ฌ์ง๋ฅผ ์๋ฆฌํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ๊ฐ ํฉํํด์ง ๊ฒ์ ํํํ๋ ๋ด์ฉ์ ๋ฌธ์๋ฅผ ๋จ๊ฒผ๋๋ฐ, ์ฌ๋คํ ํค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ์ ์ฐฝ๊ฑด์๋ก ์ธ๊ธํ ๋ฌธ์๋ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ฌ๋ค์ํค๊ฐ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ์ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ํํ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ๋ ์ง์ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ฐ๋์์ ์จ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ๋ ํธ์กฐ ์จ๊ฐ ๋ฉธ๋งํ ๋ค์๋ ์ผ๋ฌ์ง๊ฐ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋๊ฒจ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋์๋๋ฐ ๋น์์ ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผ์ ํ์กดํ์ง ์๊ณ ๋ฐ๊ตด์กฐ์ฌ์ ๋น์์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ ์์น๊ฐ ์ถ์ ๋๊ณ ์์ ๋ฟ์ด๋ค.
๋ฌด๋ก๋ง์น ์๋(ๅฎค็บๆไปฃ)์๋ ์ฐ์์ค๊ธฐ ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ์๋ค(ไธๆๆฒๅฎ)๊ฐ ๋ค์ ์ผ์ผ์ผฐ๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ
ํธ์กฐ ์จ๊ฐ ๋ฉธ๋งํ ๋ค ์ผ๋ฌ์ง๋ ์ ํดํ๋ฉด์ ๊ฐ๋์์ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ๋ ํจ๊ป ์ ํดํ์๊ณ , ์์ฅ๋์ด ์๋ ์ฅ์๋ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ด ์ ์ถ๋์ด ๊ณ ํธ์กฐ ์จ(ๅพๅๆกๆฐ)๋ ๋์ฟ ๊ฐ์ ์ด์์ผ์ค(ๅพณๅทๅฎถๅบท), ๅ็ฐ็ถฑ็ด ๋ฑ์๊ฒ๋ก ๋์ด๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ์์ ํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๋ฉ์ด์ง ์๋(ๆๆฒปๆไปฃ)์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ฌ 1897๋
(๋ฉ์ด์ง 30๋
)์ ์ดํ ํ๋ก๋ถ๋ฏธ(ไผ่คๅๆ) ๋ฑ์ด ์กฐ๋ ฅํ์ฌ ๊ฐ๋์์ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ถํฅ์ํค๊ณ ์ผ๋ฌ์ง ๋ค์ดํธ์ธ(ๅคงๅฎ้ข)์ ์ ๋ถ์ง์ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๊ฑดํ์ฌ ์ ์ฅ์์ ํ์๋ ์ถ์งํ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง 1923๋
(๋ค์ด์ผ 12๋
) ๊ฐํ ๋์ง์ง์ ์ํด ๋ฌธ๊ณ ๋ ๋ค์๊ธ ์์ค๋์๋ค. 1930๋
(์ผ์ 5๋
) 8์ 9์ผ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋์๊ด๋ น(ๅณๆธ้คจไปค)์ ๊ธฐ์ดํ์ฌ ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ ํ์ด ์ด์ํ๋ ์ต์ด์ ํ๋ฆฝ ๋์๊ด ใ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ ํ๋ฆฝ ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ใ(็ฅๅฅๅท็็ซ้ๆฒขๆๅบซ)๋ก์จ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ๋ ๋ถํฅํ์๋ค. 1933๋
(์ผ์ 8๋
)์ ๋์๊ด๋ น์ด ๊ฐ์ ๋์ด ํ๋ด ๊ณต๋ฆฝ๋์๊ด ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ํ ๊ณณ์ ์ค์๋์๊ด์ผ๋ก ์ง์ ํ๊ฒ ๋์๋๋ฐ, ์ ์ผํ ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ ํ๋ฆฝ ๋์๊ด์ด์๋ ๊ฐ๋์์ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ ํ์ ์ค์๋์๊ด์ ์ญํ ์ ๋งก๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
์ค์๋์๊ด ์๋์ ๊ฐ๋์์ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ๋ ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ ํ์ ํฅํ ์๋ฃ๋ก์จ ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ 8๊ฒฝ(้ๆฒขๅ
ซๆฏ)์ด๋ ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ ํ ์๋ ๋์๋ ์ญ์ฌ ๊ธฐ๋กํ(ๆญดๅฒ็ตต)ใ์์ฝํ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋กํ(ๆจชๆต็ตต) ๋ฑ ์ฐํค์์(ๆตฎไธ็ตต)๋ฅผ ์์งํ๊ณ ์ค๋๋ ์๋ 2๋ฐฑ์ฌ ์ ์ ์์ฅํ๊ณ ์๋ค. 1951๋
์ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด๋ฒ(ๅ็ฉ้คจๆณ)์ด ๊ณตํฌ ใป ์ํ๋๊ณ 1954๋
์ ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ ํ๋ฆฝ ๋์๊ด์ด ์ธ์์ก๋๋ฐ, ๊ฐ๋์์ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ๋ ๋์๊ด์์ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋๊ฒ ๋์ด 1955๋
์ ๋ฑ๋ก๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ด ๋์๋ค.
1990๋
์ ์ ์ถ ๊ด์ฌ๊ฐ ์์ฑ๋์ด ์ค๋๋ ์๋ ์ผ๋ฌ์ง๊ฐ ์์ ํ๋ ๊ตญ๋ณด๋ ์ค์๋ฌธํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ๊ฐ๋ง์ฟ ๋ผ ์๋์ ๋ฌผํ๋ค์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์์ฅํ์ ๋ณด๊ดํ๊ณ ์ ์ ๊ณต๊ฐํ๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ค์ธ์ญ์ฌ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ด ๋์ด ์๋ค. ์ฃผ์ ์์ฅ์๋ฃ(์ผ๋ฌ์ง๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ธฐํ๋ฐ์ ๋ฌผํ๋ค)๋ก์จ๋ ๊ฐ๋์์ ํธ์กฐ ์จ ์ญ๋์ ์ด์ํ(์ฌ๋คํ ํค ใป ์ํคํ ํค้กๆ ใป ์ฌ๋ค์ํค่ฒ้ก ใป ์ฌ๋ค๋ง์ฌ่ฒๅฐ์ ์ด์์ผ๋ก ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๊ตญ๋ณด์ด๋ค), ๊ณ ์น ๋์ผ(ๅฟๆง)๋ ์ ์นด์ด(ๅฏฉๆตท)์ ์ด์ํ, ๋ชฉ์กฐ ์๊ฐ์ฌ๋์
์(ๆจ้ ้่ฟฆๅฆๆฅ็ซๅ), ๋ชฉ์กฐ์ญ๋์ ์์
์(ๆจ้ ๅๅคงๅผๅญ็ซๅ), ๊ธ๋์ ์ ์ผ๋ช
์์ข์(้้
่ฃฝๆๆๆ็ๅๅ) ๋ฑ์ ๋ถ์, ๊ณต์ํ, ์ ์นด์ด๊ฐ ์ง๋
๋ ๋ฐ๊ต(ๅฏๆ)์ ๋ฒ๊ตฌ์ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค.
๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ ํ๋ฆฝ ๊ฐ๋์์ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ์์ฅ ๋ฌธํ์ฌ
์ค์๋ฌธํ์ฌ (์ผ๋ณธ ์ ๋ถ ์ง์ )
(๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ ํ ์์ ๋ถ)
๊ฒ์๋ชฌ์ธ ์ฃผ๋๊ณค๊ธฐ(ๅปบๆฅ้้ขไธญ็ด่จ่จ)
๋ฌด์ฅ๊ตญํ๊ฒฌ์ฌ๋ฏธํฅํ๋(ๆญฆ่ตๅฝ้ถด่ฆๅฏบๅฐพ้ท็ตตๅณ)
โป์ด๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ฌ์ง ์์ ๋ก์จ ๋ณธ์ฌ์์ ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ ํ ๊ฐ๋์์ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ์ ๊ธฐํํ ๋ฌธํ์ฌ๋ ์๋ค.
๊ฐ๋์์ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ์ ์์ฅ๋ ํ๊ตญ ์์ ๋ค
๊ฐ๋์์ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ์ ์์ฅ๋ ์์ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ๋ ํ๊ตญ์ ์ ๋ผ, ๊ณ ๋ ค ์๋ ๋ถ๊ต ์ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ถ(๊ทธ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ๋ ํ์ฌ ํ๊ตญ์๋ ์ ํ์ง ์๋ ๊ฒ๋ ์๋ค)๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ง์ฟ ๋ผ ์๋ ํ์ฌ๋ณธ์ผ๋ก ์์ฅ๋์ด ์์์ด ํ์ธ๋๋ค. 2017๋
6์ 23์ผ๋ถํฐ 8์ 20์ผ๊น์ง ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ ํ ๊ฐ๋์์ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ์์ ๊ฐ๋์์ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ์ ํ๊ตญ์ ๋๊ตญ๋ํ๊ต ๋ถ๊ต๋ฌธํ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ HK์ฐ๊ตฌ๋จ์ด ๊ณต๋ ์ฃผ์ตํ ใ์๋
ํ์ธ์, ์ํจ๋ฒ์ฌ: ์ผ๋ณธ์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ ์ ๋ผยท๊ณ ๋ ค๋ถ๊ตใ ํน๋ณ์ ์ด ๊ฐ์ต๋์๊ณ , ํด๋น ํน๋ณ์ ์์๋ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฌธ๊ณ ๊ฐ ์์ฅํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ ๋ผ์ ๊ณ ์น ์ํจ์ ์ ์ ใ๋์น๊ธฐ์ ๋ก ๋ณ๊ธฐใ์ ใํ๋น๋๋ก ใ, ๊ณ ๋ ค์ ๋ณด์กฐ์ง๋์ ใํ์๋ก ์ ์ใ(่ฏๅด่ซ็ฏ่ฆ) ๋ฑ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ ์ ์๋์๋ค. ใ๋์น๊ธฐ์ ๋ก ์๋ณ๊ธฐใ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ํ๊ตญ์ ๋จ์์๋ ํ๋ณธ๋ณด๋ค 3๋ฐฑ ๋
์ด ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธ๋๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ๋ง์ฟ ๋ผ ์๋์ ๋ด์(ๆน็ฟ, 1271~1346)๋ผ๋ ์น๋ ค๊ฐ ํ์ฌํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค. ์ง๋์ ใํ์๋ก ์ ์ใ๋ 1920๋
๋ ํ์ ์ ์ ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์์ฌ๊ฐ ํ์ธ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ๊ตญ์๋ ์ผ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ ๋ง 1942๋
์ด์ข
์ต์ด ์ผ๋ณธ ์ ํ ๋์ค์ ๋ณธ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๊ณ ใ์ ๋ถ๊ตใ ์ 36ํธ์ "๋ณด์กฐ๊ตญ์ฌ์ ๆ้์ธ <ํ์๋ก ์ ์>์ ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ"์ด๋ ๊ธ์ ์ฐ๊ณ , ํ์ฌ๋ณธ์ ์๊ฐํ๋ฉด์ ์ฒ์ ์๋ ค์ง๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ดํ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ ํํ ๊น์ง๊ฒฌ์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ์ฌ ๋ค์ ๊ตญ๋ด์ ์๊ฐํ์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ ํ๋ฆฝ ๊ฐ๋์์ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ํํ์ด์ง(์ผ๋ณธ์ด)
๊ฐ๋ง์ฟ ๋ผ ์๋
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ญ์ฌ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด
1990๋
๊ฑด์ถ
๊ฐ๋์์๊ตฌ์ ์ญ์ฌ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanazawa%20Bunko | Kanazawa Bunko | , formally titled the Kanagawa Prefectural Kanazawa-Bunko Museum, is a museum located in Kanazawa Ward, Yokohama, Japan. It features a collection of traditional Japanese and Chinese art objects, many dating from the Kamakura period.
Originally built as a private library, Kanazawa Bunko was one of the two most important centers of learning in medieval Japan, with Ashikaga Gakkล being the other. The library was opened in 1275 by Hลjล Sanetoki (1224โ76), a grandson of Hลjล Yoshitoki, second regent of the Kamakura shogunate. The library's collection has not remained intact, although some original documents remain. The existing building, built in 1990, houses the existing collection.
Kanazawa Bunko shares its name with Kanazawa-Bunko Station, which is a limited express stop station on the Keikyu Main Line of Keikyu Railways.
Western side of the Temple garden with the pond is another open space, whose hill has two tunnels. One is closed with meshed wires. Another leads us to Kanazawa-Bunko Museum. The space at the mouth of the tunnels had a chateau of Kanazawa-Hลjล clan. Hลjล Sanetoki was a skilled politician and a dilettante who was already famous for his intelligence when he was ten years old. Sanetoki started to collect books and in 1275 built the first organized library in Japan (for private use, of course). He built the archive not next to his chateau, but another side of the hill separated by the fireproof hardpan. For the convenience of the book owner, they dug a tunnel to connect two properties which is now covered by the wire-mesh for safety. Sanetoki ๅฎๆ treasured the books and thought the contingency โjust in case.โ His son (Akitoki ้กๆ), his grandson (Sadaโaki ่ฒ้ก), and his great-grandson (Sadayuki ่ฒๅฐ who was killed in 1333) were also functioned as โLord Chamberlainโ for Kamakura Government, which made them study traditional culture of Kyoto deeply as their dad / grandpa. With their power and money, they continued to amass many fine books at the time. Their love for learning and caution were paid off. Even after their family was extinct, the library survived and was maintained by Shลmyลji Temple that became a seminary. From time to time the grandees of Japanese politics supported Shลmyลji Temple to maintain the facility โฆ some of them requested the return for their help. Tokugawa Ieyasu ๅพณๅทๅฎถๅบท moved huge volumes from Kanazawa Bunko to Edo Castle (the current Imperial Palace). The PM Itoh returned the books taken by Ieyasu to Kanazawa Bunko in the late 19th century. In 1930 the place became the Central Library of Kanagawa Prefecture by the national law. In 1954, it became Kanagawa Prefectural Kanazawa-Bunko Museum specialized in historical documents and artefacts. The treasures of the Museum includes 5 National Treasures; portraits of 4 chiefs of Kanazawa-Hลjล clan, and the only remaining copy in the world for The Wen Xuan ๆ้ธ, the 5th century anthology of classic Chinese poems composed in BC. (It is considered that it was hand-copied in the 9th to 10th century.) The place is an information center for researchers of Japanese Middle Age, publishes an academic journal (โ้ๆฒขๆๅบซ็ ็ฉถ Kanazawa Bunko Kenkyu,โ May 1955 -), and organizes numerous symposiums, lecture series, and exhibition for Japanese history. At the moment, they collaborate with Yลซgyลji Temple ้่กๅฏบ in Fujisawa City for an exhibition of a national treasure, Ippen Hijiri-E (ไธ้่็ตต โThe pictured story of Saint Ippenโ) until December 13, 2015.
Notes
Museums in Yokohama
Art museums and galleries in Japan
Libraries established in the 13th century
1270s establishments in Japan
1275 establishments in Asia |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%B6%80%EC%95%BC%20%ED%85%90%EB%A7%88 | ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง | ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง(, 1969๋
1์ 13์ผ ~ )๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์ด๋ค. ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง (์ฑ: ์๋ถ์ผ, ์ด๋ฆ: ํ
๋ง / ์ค๊ตญ๋ช
: ๆพ่ฐทๅคฉ้ฆฌ / ์์ด๋ช
: Shibuyaโ Tenma )ํ์ฌ ์ค๊ตญ์์ ํ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ. ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌด์ฉ๊ฐ. ์ฌ์ดํ๋งํ ์ถ์ . 1989๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ํ. 1993๋
๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ฌ. ์ฐ๊ธฐํ์์ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ผ๋ณธ์์ ํ๋ํ๋ค๊ฐ2006๋
์ค๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ๊ฑด๋๊ฐ. ์ดํ ํ์ฝฉ์ํ โ์ฝ๋ฌธ (์ํ)(The Legend Of Man, 2008)โ, ์ค๊ตญ ๋๋ผ๋ง โ์ด์ ๋น๋ฆฌ๋ค(ๅๆง, 2011๋
์ค๊ตญ ๋๋ผ๋ง ์์ฒญ๋ฅ 1์)โ์์ ๊ฐ์ฑ์ ์ธ ์
์ญ์ ๋งก์ ์ค๊ตญ์์ ์ธ์ง๋๋ฅผ ๋์.2011๋
ํฌ๋ฆฌ์ค์ฐฌ ๋ฒ ์ผ ์ฃผ์ฐ, ์ฅ์ด๋จธ์ฐ ๊ฐ๋
์ The Flowers Of War์ ์ถ์ฐ. 2014๋
๋๋ง์ํ ํฅํ ์์
์ฌ์ 1์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ โKANOโ์ ์ถ์ฐ. 2017๋
๋ฐฉ์กํ ๋ฌ์์ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฐฉ์ก๊ตญ ๋๋ผ๋ง โ์กฐ๋ฅด๊ฒ (Sorge)โ์ ์ถ์ฐ. 2018๋
์๋ ์ก์นํ, ๋ธ๋ฃจ์ค ์๋ฆฌ์ค, ์์ด๋๋ฆฌ์ธ ๋ธ๋ก๋๊ฐ ์ฃผ์ฐํ ํ์ค๋ฏธ 3๊ฐ๊ตญ ํฉ์ ์ํ โ๋ํญ๊ฒฉ(Air Strike)โ์์ ๊ทน์ค ์ ์ผํ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ๋ฉ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์ญ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ก ์ ํฌ๊ธฐ ํ์ผ๋ฟ ์ญ์ ๋งก์๋ค.2019๋
๊ถ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ์ฐ์ ์ํ Saturday Fiction์ ์ถ์ฐ.
์ผ๋ณธ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์ค๊ตญ, ํ์ฝฉ, ๋๋ง, ๋ฌ์์ ๋ฑ์์ 100์ํ ์ด์์ ์ํ, ์ฐ๊ทน, ๋๋ผ๋ง์ ์ถ์ฐํ์ฌ ์์์ ํนํ ์คํ๊ถ์์ ์ ๋ช
ํ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋ก ํ๋ ์ค์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ด์ ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ค๋ ๊ณค ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต์์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์์๋ด์ฌ ๊ต์ฌ ๊ฒฝํ๋ ์์ด ๊ท๊ตญ ํ์๋ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌด์ฉ ๊ต์ค๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌธํ๊ต๋ฅ ์ด๋ฒคํธ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ตํ๋ ๋ฑ 25๋
๊ฐ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌธํ๊ต๋ฅ ํ๋์ ์ง์ํด ์ค๊ณ ์๋ค. 2009๋
์๋ NPO๋ฒ์ธ ์ค์ผ๋ฌธํ๊ต๋ฅ์ถ์งํ๋ฅผ ์ค๋ฆฝํ์ฌ ํ์ฌ๋ NPO์ด์ฌ์ฅ ๊ฒธ ์ค๊ตญ๋ถ๊ฒฝ์ง๋ถ์ฅ์ผ๋ก์ ์ค๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋ฌธํ ๊ฐ๊ต ์ญํ ์ ํด ์ค๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ด๋ ฅ (๋ฐฐ์ฐ ํ๋ ์ค์ฌ)
1993๋
์ฐ๊ทน์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ค์๋ค. ๋ด์์ ์กํฐ์ค ์คํ๋์ค์ ์ฐ๊ณ ๋ United Performers Studio์ ์ฐ์ถ๊ฐ ๋๋ผํ์ ์์ฝ์ ๋ ์จ์ ํตํ์ฌActing Method(์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฒ)์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ํ ์ค๋ซ๋์ Acting Method๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์ํฌ์ต ๋ฑ์์ ํ์ฌ์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ ฅ์ ๋ค์ก๋ค. ๊ทธ ํ ์์ ์ ๋ฌธํ๊ต์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ณผ์ ์ฌ์ , ๋์์นด์ ์นด์ฆ๋ง์๊ฒ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌด์ฉ์ ์ฌ์ฌ ๋ฐ์๋ค. AK ๋ฎค์ง์์๋ ๊ฐ๊ทน, ์น์ก, ํ ๋ฑ์ ๋ณด์ปฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐฐ์ ์ค์ค๋ก๊ฐ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ์ฐ์ฃผ, ์์ฌ์๊ณก์ ํตํ์ฌ ์์ ์ ์ด์ ์ ์์๋ถ์๋ค.
1995๋
โ์ฌ๋์คํธ์ ์ธ ๋
ธ๋(๋์นด๋ฌด๋ผ ๊ฒ์ง ๊ฐ๋
)โ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฐ์ฐ ๋ฐ๋ท. 1997๋
๋์ฟ ๋ฐ๋ ๋จ โ๋ณผ๋ ๋ก(๋ฏธ์กฐ์ํ ์๋ก ์ถ์ฐ)โ ๋์ค ์์๋ธ. ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌด์ฉ ์ฐฝ์๊ณต์ฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฎค์ง์ปฌ์ ์ฐ์ถ๋ถ ์คํํ๋ก ์ฐธ๊ฐ, 1998๋
โ๋ก๋ฏธ์ค์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ฃโ์ ์ถ์ฐ. ์ด์ ๊ฐ์์๊ธฐ 1997๋
๋ถํฐ 1998๋
์๋ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ ๊ตญ 8๊ณณ์์ ๊ณต์ฐ ๋ ํ๊ฒฝ๋ณดํธ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ ๋ก ํ ๋ฎค์ง์ปฌ โ๊ตฌ๋ง๊ณค์ ์ฒโ์์ ์ฃผ์ฐ์ ๋งก์. ์ดํ ์ธ๋ ์ํ, ์๊ทน์ฅ ๋ฌด๋ ๋ฑ ๋ค์ ์ถ์ฐ. 2001๋
โ๋ ๋ฐ๋ ์ํผ๋ค(่ใถใ้ญใใก)โ์์ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ๋ค์ผ๋์นด ๋์คํ ๊ฐ ์ฐ๊ธฐํ๋ ์ผ์ฟ ์์ ๋๋ชฉ ๋ณด์ข์ญ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ฐ. 2004๋
์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ ๋ ํCG ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
์ํ "์ ํ์๋ (์๋ผ๋งํค ์ ์ง ๊ฐ๋
) "์์๋ ๋ชจ์
์บก์ณ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋ก์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ. ํฌ๋ ๋ํธ์ ์ฐ๋ผ๋
ธ์ค ์ฅ๊ตฐ ์ธ์๋ ๋ฉ์นด ๋ฅํฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ญ์ ๋์, ์ ์ง์์ ์ธ์ฐ๋ ๋จ์๋ฅผ ๋งก์๋ค.
2006๋
์ค๊ตญ ๋ถ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ๊ฑด๋๊ฐ ์ค๊ตญ ์ธ์ด๋ํ์์ ์ค๊ตญ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ด๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ฑด๋๊ฐ ์ง ๋ฐ๋
ํ ์ค๊ตญ ๋๋ผ๋งย โ์ด์์ถ๋์กฐโ์์ ๊ฐ๋์ด์ผ์ง ์ญ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ฐํ๋ค. 2007๋
์ํ โ๋นํธ๋์ฒฉ์ โ์์๋ ์กฐ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ฐ.
์ด ์ํ๋ 2๋
ํ ์ค๊ตญ ๊ตญ์๋ฐฉ์ก์ํ ์ ๋ฌธ ์ฑ๋ CCTV6์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ฌ๋ฐฉ์ก์ ๋ง์ด ํ๋ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์ํ๊ฐ ๋๋ค. ์ด ์ํ์ ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ 3๋
๋ค ๋ค์ ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง๋ฅผ ๊ทธ์ ์ํ โ์ฒ๊ตฐ๋จํ์ ๋์ ์ ์บ์คํ
ํ๋ค. ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ด ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง์ ์ผํด ๋ณธ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋ค์ ๊ทธ์ ํจ๊ป ์ผํ๊ณ ์ถ์ดํ๋ค. 2008๋
"์ฝ๋ฌธ1 (์ฝ์์ ๊ฐ๋
)"์์ ์ฌํ ๋๋ น์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ฐ. ์ด ์ํ๋ 2009๋
ํ์ฝฉ ์ํ์ ์์ ์ต์ฐ์ ์ํ์์ ์์ํ๋ฉฐ ์ค๊ตญ ๋ณธํ ์์๋ ๋ง์ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ์ด ์ํ๋ฅผ ํตํ์ฌ ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ๋์ด ํ๊ฐ๋์ด ์ง๋ช
๋๊ฐ ๋์์ก๋ค. ์ฝ์์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ถ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ โ์ฝ๋ฌธโ์ ์์ ์ข
๋ฃ ํ ๊ด๊ฐ๋ค์ด ํฅ๋ถํ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฝ๋ฐ์๋ฅผ ํ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด๊ณ โ์ผ๋นํ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ ์ญํ ์ ๋งก์ ๋๋ ๋น๋ถ๊ฐ ๊ทน์ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ข๋คโ๊ณ ํ ์ ๋๋ก ์ฝ๋ฌธ์์์ ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ์ธ์์ ์ด์๋ค.
์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง๋ ์ญํ ์ ํฌ๊ณ ์์์ ๋ฐ์ง์ง ์๊ณ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ธฐํ๋์ ๊ณ์ ํด ๋๊ฐ๋ ์ค์ด๋ค. 2008๋
๊ฐ์ TV ๋๋ผ๋ง "์์ฌ์ "์์๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ์ค๊ณ์ฌ๋ก 48ํ ์ค 3ํ ์ถ์ฐํ์ฌ ์ค๊ตญ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ ์ฅ์ด์์ ์ ์พํ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ปํ ํธํก์ด ํ์ ๊ฐ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋๋ผ๋ง "๋ํ๋ฒ"์์๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ๋ํนํ ๊ตฐ์ธ ์ญ์ผ๋ก40ํ ์ค 1ํ ์ถ์ฐํ์๋ค. 2009๋
์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง์ ์ฒซ ์๋๊ทน "์๊ท๋น๋ฏธ์ฌ"์์๋ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋๋ผ์๋์ ๊ท์กฑ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ฐํ์ฌ ํธํ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
2010๋
1์ ์ค๊ตญ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์น์นํ์ผ์์ ์ํ 30๋ ์ถ์ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ์ ์ดฌ์ ๋ ์ํ โ์ ํโ์ ์ค์ฌ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ธ ์กฐ๋ฅ ํ์ ์์๋ค ์ญ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ฐ. ๊ฐ์ ํด 5์์๋ TV ๋๋ผ๋ง "์ด์ ๋น๋ฆฌ๋ค"๋ฅผ ํตํ์ฌ ์ค๊ตญ ๋ด ์์ฒญ๋ฅ ์ 1์, ์ค๊ตญ TV ์ญ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ด ํ๋งค๋ ๋๋ผ๋ง๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง๋ ์ด ๋๋ผ๋ง์์ ์นด๋ ์ญ์ ๋งก์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ์๋ค. 2009๋
์ํ โ์ฝ๋ฌธโ์ ์ฌํ ์ญํ ์ ํตํ์ฌ ์ค๊ตญ ๋๋ฅ์์ ์ ๋ช
ํ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. 2012๋
๋๋ผ๋ง โ๋๊ทน๋ฒโ์์๋ ์ง๊ธ๊น์ง์ ์ญํ ๊ณผ๋ ์ ํ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์บ๋ฆญํฐ์ธ ๋ง์ ์ฌ ๋ฌดํ ์ญ์ 20๋๋ถํฐ 40๋๊น์ง์ ์ธ์์ ์ ํํํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ 1์ธ ๋ค์ญ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฑ ๋์, ํ ๋จธ๋, ๋ฏธ์น ๋จ์ ๋ฑ์ ์ค๊ตญ์ด๋ก ์ฐ๊ธฐํ์ฌ ๋๋ผ๋ง ์
๊ณ์์ ํ์ ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
2012๋
๋ชฌํธ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ํ์ ์ Focus on World Cinema ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ ์ถํ ๋ โํ์ฌ๋ ๋ก์(Hushed Roar)โ์์๋ ์กฐ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ ์์ ํธ๋ผ์ฐ๋ง์ ์๋ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ค ์น๋งค์ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ์๋ฒ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ ์๋ค ์ญ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ ๊น์ง์ ์ค๊ตญ ์ถ์ฐ์ํ๊ณผ๋ ์ ํ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์บ๋ฆญํฐ์๋ค. ์์ ๋ ์ ํ๋น์ ์์๊ฐ๋ฉด์ ์๋ฒ์ง์ ๊ฐํธ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ฌ๋ํ๋ ์ฐ์ธ๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฐํผ์ ์ข์ฒ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ๋จํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ์ฐ์ฝํ ๋จ์ฑ์ ์์ด ๋์ฌ๋ก ์ฐ๊ธฐํ์๋ค. ์ง๊ธ๊น์ง์ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ด๊ณ ์
์ญ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง์ ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง๋ฅผ ํ์ฌ๋ ๋ก์์ ์์ํ๊ณ ์ฐ์ฝํ ๋จ์ฑ ์ญ์ ๊ธฐ์ฉํ ์ด์ ๋ก๋ TV ๋๋ผ๋ง โ์์ฌ์ โ์์์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ด ์ํ์ ํ๋ก๋์๋ ๋งํ๋ค. ์ด ์ํ์ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ธ ์ด์
๊ตฐ์ โ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง๋ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ดฌ์ ํ์ฅ์์๋ถํฐ ๊ทธ ์ญ์ ๊น์ด ๋ชฐ์
ํ๊ณ ์์์ต๋๋ค. ์์ ์๊ฒ ์๊ฒฉํ๊ณ ๋งค์ฌ์ ์ฑ์คํ๊ฒ ์ํ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์ ๋ง ๋ฉ์ง๊ณ ์ฐ์ํ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋ผ๊ณ ๋๊ผ์ต๋๋คโ๋ผ๊ณ ํ์๋ค. ์ฌ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ธ ๋ฅ์์ โ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง ์จ๋ ์ค๊ตญ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ํ๋ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์ ์ ์์ด ์ ์๋์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํฉ๋๋คโ ๋ผ๊ณ ํ์๋ค.
2013๋
์๋ ๋๋ง์ํ ์ฌ์ ์ต๊ณ ์ ํฅํ์์
์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ โ์นด๋
ธ (ํ๋ก๋์ : ํฉ์ฆ๋ฐ, ์จ์ด๋์
, ๊ฐ๋
: ๋ง์ง์, ์ถ์ฐ: ๋๊ฐ์ธ ๋ง์ฌํ ์, ์ค์ค์ฌ์ ํ์นด์ค)โ์ ์ถ์ฐ. ์นด๋
ธ์ ๋ง์ง์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ํ์ฝฉ์ํ โ์
๋ฌธโ์ ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ถ์ฐ ์ ์๋ฅผ ํ์๋ค. ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง๋ ๊ฐ๋ณธ์ ์ฝ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ถ์ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ์ฌํ์ฌ ์ค๊ตญ ๋๋ฅ์์ ์ ์ผํ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ์บ์คํฐ๋ก ์ฐ์ ์ถ์ฐ ํ์๋ค. 2014๋
๋ฐฉ์ก โ์๋ฐฐํ๋
ธ์ฌโ๋ก ์ค๊ตญ์์ ์ฒซ ์ฝ๋ฏธ๋ ๋๋ผ๋ง์ ์ถ์ฐํ์๋ค. ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง๋ ๋๋ง ์ํ โ์นด๋
ธโ์ถ์ฐ์ ์ํด ๋๋ง์ ์ฒด์ฌ ์ค์ด์์ผ๋ โ์๋ฐฐํ๋
ธ์ฌโ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ํ๋ฃจ๋ง์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฐ์ ์ถ์ฐ ํด๋ฌ๋ผ๋ ์ฐ๋ฝ์ด ์ ์ ์ ๋ถ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ ์ถ์ฐํ์๋ค. ๋งก์ ์ญ์ ๋ถ๊ณผ 4์ฅ๋ฉด์ ์งง์ ๋ถ๋์ด์์ง๋ง ์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์ ๋ง๊ธฐ ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ฃผ์ฌํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ์ฅ๊ต๊ฐ ํจ์ ์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ ๋งํ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ทน ์ค ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ์ญํ ์ด์๋ค. ์ฝ๋ฏนํ๋ฉด์๋ ์ฌํ๊ณผ ์ ํตํจ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ ์ฐฌ ๊ทธ์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ์ต์ด ์ค๊ตญ BBS ๋ฑ์์ ๋ฐํฅ์ ๋ถ๋ ๋ค. ์ด 46ํ๋ก ์ ์ ๋ ๋๋ผ๋ง์ ์งง์ 4์ฌ์ ์ถ์ฐ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์ธ์ ๊น์ ๊ทธ์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ ๋ขฐ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๊ทธ ํ์๋ ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง๋ ์ค๊ตญ ๋๋ผ๋ง โ๋ดํ์์
(2013):โ, โํฌ์คํธ๋งจ(2014)โ, โ์ฒ ์ฌ์(2015)โ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ค๊ตญ์์์ ์ญํ ์ ํญ์ ๋ํ์ค๊ณ ์๋ค. โ๋ดํ์์
โ์์๋ ์ค๋๋ ์ฐ์ธ์ ์ตํ์ ์ ์ฅ์์ ์ฃฝ๊ฒ ๋ด๋ฒ๋ ค ๋ ์์ ๋ ์๊ฒฐํ๋ ์ฒญ๋
์ฅ๊ต๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ธฐํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ โํฌ์คํธ๋งจโ์์๋ ์ฌ๋ํ๋ ์ฒฉ๋ณด์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์ฃฝ์์ ๋ณต์์ ํ์ค๋ฅด๋ ์ ๋ณด๋ถ ๊ณ ์ ๊ด๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ธฐํ์๋ค. โ์ฒ ์ฌ์โ์์๋ ์คํ์ด์ ์ค๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ฑ์ ๋จ๋์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ํ ์ค๊ตญ์ธ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์ฌ๋ ํ์ฌ ์ฒญํผ๊น์ง ํ์ง๋ง ๊ทธ ์ฌ์ฑ์ด ์คํ์ด์ธ ๊ฒ์ ์๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ฑํ๋ฉฐ ์ด์ ๊ฒจ๋๋ ์ฅ๊ต ์ญ์ ๋งก์๋ค. ์์ฒญ์๋ค์ ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง์ ์ญํ ๋ค์ ๋ณด๊ณ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ๋ ๊ฐ ์ญํ ์ ์ธ๋ฌผ์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ค์ ๋๋ ์ ์์๋ค. ์ด ๋๋ผ๋ง๋ค์ ์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ๋์ ์ด ์๋์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ๊ตฐ์ธ ์ญ์ ๋งก์๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ์ ํญ์ ์ํ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๊น์ด ์ฌ๋ํ๋ค ๋น๊ทน์ผ๋ก ๋๋๋ ๋ด์ฉ๋ค๋ก ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ด๊ณ ๊ด์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฝ๋ฏธ๋์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ญํ ์์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ์ ํญ์ ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
2015๋
์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง๋ ๋ถ๊ฒฝ์ ์ํ์์ ์กธ์
์ํ ์ํ โ๋งํโ์ ์ถ์ฐํ๋ค. ๋ํ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ ์์ผ๋ก ์ํ์ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ๊ฐ, ํ์๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ํ ์ ์์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ค. ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง๋ ์์
์ํ์ ์ฝ๋งค์ด์ง ์๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ณธ๊ณผ ์คํํ์ ์ฌ๋ฅ๊ณผ ์ด์๋ก ์ถ์ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ์ฌ, ์์ฐ ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์ญํ ์ ํฌ๊ณ ์์์ ์ฝ๋งค์ด์ง ์๊ณ ์ฐ์ ์ถ์ฐ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ๋ง๋ค.
2015๋
9์, ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง๊ฐ ์ถ์ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ค์ฏ ์ํ์ ๋๋ผ๋ง๊ฐ ๋ฌด๋ ค 12๊ฐ์ ์ฑ๋์์ ๋์์ ๋ฐฉ์๋์๋ค. โ์ฒ ์ฌ์โ๊ฐ ์ํ์ดTV, ๋ถ๊ฒฝTV, ์ ๊ฐ ์์ฑTV์์ ์ฐ์ผ 2 ํ์ฉ ๋ฐฉ์, โ์ด์ญ์ฌ๋๊ดดโ๋ CCTV-8์ ๊ท์ฃผ ์์ฑ TV์์ ๋ฐฉ์๋์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ ํํธ์ โ๊ฐ์ โ๊ฐ ํฐ๋ฒ ํธ TV, ์ฐ์ TV์ ์ํ์ด ์์ฑ TV์ 3 ๊ตญ์์ ๋ฐฉ์๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง์ ๋ํ์ ์ธ โ์ด์ ๋น๋ฆฌ๋คโ์ โ์คํโ๊ฐ ๋ฉ์ธ ์์ฑ๋ฐฉ์ก๊ตญ์ ๊ท์ฃผ ์์ฑTV์ ํ
์ง ์์ฑTV์ 2๊ตญ์์ ๋ฐฉ์๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ค์์๋ ๋๋ผ๋ง โ์ฒ ์ฌ์โ์์ ์ฐ๊ธฐํ โ๋จ์ฅ ๋ค์นดํคโ๋ ๊ตฐ์ (่ป็ฅ)์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆด๋งํผ ์ ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด์์ผ๋ ์ฌ๋ํ๋ ํ ์ฌ์ฑ๋๋ฌธ์ ํฐ ์ค์๋ฅผ ์ ์ง๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋๊ณ ๋น๊ทน์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๋ง์ ๋ง์ดํ๋ค. ์ด ์ญํ ์ ์
์ญ ์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๊ทน์ค ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋น๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋ก ํ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ํ์ ๊ฐ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์์ฒญ์๋ก๋ถํฐ๋ ์ค๊ตญ์ ํญ์ผ์ํ ์ฌ์ ๋๋ฌธ ์ธ๊ฐ๋ฏธ ์๋ ๊ตฐ์ธ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ฐ๋ฐ์๋ค.
์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง๋ ๊ฐ๋
๊ณผ ์ดฌ์ ์คํํ๋ค๊ณผ์ ์ปค๋ฎค๋์ผ์ด์
์ ์ค์ํ๊ฒ ์๊ฐํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํจ๊ป ์ผํ ๊ฒฝํ์ด ์๋ ์คํํ๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ค์ ์ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค.ย โํ์ฌ๋ ๋ก์(Hushed Roar)โ์ ์ค์คํ ๊ฐ๋
๋ ๊ทธ ์ค ํ ๋ช
์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ธ์ฐ์ผ๋ก 2015๋
โ๋ ํญ๊ฒฉ (Air Strike)โ ์ ์ค์ ์ญํ ๋ก ์บ์คํ
๋์๋ค. ์ด ์ํ์ ์์ฐ 100์ต์์ ํ์ค๋ฏธ ํฉ์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฆฌ์ฐ๋ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์ธ ๋ฉ ๊น์จ์ด ์ํธ ๋๋ ํฐ๋ฅผ ๋งก์๋ค. ์บ์คํ
์ ๋ธ๋ฃจ์ค ์๋ฆฌ์ค, ์ก์นํ, ์ ์ฝ, ํ๋น๋น, ์ฌ์ ๋ด ๋ฑ์ ๋ค์์ ์ค๋ ฅํ ์ ๋ช
๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ฐ ์ถ์ฐํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง๋ ์ ์ผํ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋ก ์ ๋ก ๊ฒฉํฌ๊ธฐ ์นํ ํ์ผ๋ฟ ์ฌํ ๋ก ์ถ์ฐํ์๋ค.
์ดฌ์ ์คํํ๋ก๋ ํ ๋ฆฌ์ฐ๋์ ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ์ ์์์ ๋น๋ชจ์ค ์ง๊ทธ๋ชฌ๋(Close Encounters of the Third Kind, ์ดฌ์ ์), ๋ฆฌ์ฐจ๋ ์ค๋์จ (Star Wars, ์ํฅ ํธ์ง ์), ๋ก๋๋ ๋ฐ์ค (Rain man, ๊ฐ๋ณธ ์), โํธ๋์คํฌ๋จธโ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ํ ์ํฅ ์ ์์ฌ ํ
ํฌ๋์ปฌ๋ฌ์ฌ์ ์ํ ์๋ฐํ์์ 3D ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ด๋น ํ ํ๊ตญ์ ํน์ ์ดฌ์ ํ์ด ์ฐธ์ฌํ์๋ค. ๊ทน์ค ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง์ ์ญํ ์ ์ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ผ๋ฟ์ด์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํ CG๋ก ์ดฌ์๋์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ดฌ์์ ์คํ๋์ค์์ ์กฐ์ข
์์ ์์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ง ์ฐ๊ธฐํด์ผ๋ง ํ์๋ค. ์ค์คํ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ฉ์ดํน ์์์์ ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ฅ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ๋น์์ ์ ๋ก ๊ฒฉํฌ๊ธฐ์ ์กฐ์๋ฐฉ๋ฒ, ํ์ผ๋ฟ์ ์์๊ณผ ์ํ ๋ฑ ๋ํ
์ผํ ๋ถ๋ถ๊น์ง ์ฌ์ ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ์ฌ ์คํํ๋ค๊ณผ ์์ํ๋ ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง์ ์ฑ์คํจ๊ณผ ์ฑ
์๊ฐ์ ์นญ์ฐฌํ์๋ค.
์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง๋ ๊ธฐ์
์ ๊ด๊ณ ์บ๋ฆญํฐ์ ์คํฌํฌ์ค๋งจ์ ํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. 2013๋
7์ โ์ก(่ฃ)โข์ฐ(้)โํ์ ์ ์คํ๋ ์ธ๋ ๋ชจ๋์ ๊ฒ์คํธ ์ถ์ฐํ์ฌ ํ๋ก๋ชจ์
ํ๋ ฅ์ ํ์๋ค. 2014๋
3์ ์คํฐํฌ ์ก์ธ์๋ฆฌ ๋ธ๋๋ โHouse Of Willowโ์ ๊ณต๋์ผ๋ก ์ํ์ ํ๋ก๋ชจ์
์ดฌ์ ๋ฐ ๋ด์ค ๊ด๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ฌ ๋ฐํ์ ๊ด์ฌํ์๋ค.
2014๋
5์ ๋ถ๊ฒฝ ์ฌ๋ถ ์ค์ฌ ๋ฐ๋ ๋์ ๋งจ์
๊ณผ ์ฝ๋ผ๋ณด๋ ์ด์
์ผ๋ก โ์์ ๊ณต๊ฐ๊ณผ ์์ ๋ผ์ดํ ์คํ์ผโ ๋ผ๋ ํ
๋ง๋ก ๋ด์ค ๊ด๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ดฌ์, ๊ด๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ฌ ๋ฐํ์ ๊ด์ฌํ์๋ค. 2015๋
4์ โ์๋
น์ง(้ฃฒ้นฟๆฑ )์์ ๊ตฌ ๊ณตํํ์ โ , 2015๋
7์ โ์ต๊ด์ค์ (่่ฒซไธญ่ฅฟ)- ์กฐํ(ๆ้ดป)ํํ ์์ ์ผ๊ณ๋จ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์ธ ์์ฅ์ โ ์คํ๋ ์ธ๋ ๋ชจ๋์ ๊ฒ์คํธ ์ถ์ฐํ์ฌ ํ๋ก๋ชจ์
์ ์งํํ์๋ค. 2015๋
6์~7์, ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นธ ์ํธ ๋ธ๋๋ โAfrican Symbolโ์ ๊ณต๋์ผ๋ก ๋ด์ค ๊ด๊ณ ์ดฌ์ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ฌ ๋ฐํ์ ๊ด์ฌํ๋ค. 2017๋
2์ ํฅ์ ๋ธ๋๋ RE CLASSIFIED์ ๊ณต๋์ผ๋ก โ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง๊ฐ ํฅ์์์ ๊ณ ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ฒ ํ์ ํด์คํ๋คโ๋ผ๋ ๊ธฐํ ์บ ํ์ธ ๊ด๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ ์, ํ๋ก๋์ค, ์ถ์ฐํ์๋ค. 2018๋
๊น์ง ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง๋ ์ผ๋ณธ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์ค๊ตญ, ํ์ฝฉ, ๋๋ง, ๋ฌ์์์์ 100ํธ ์ด์์ ์ํ์ ์ถ์ฐ, ํนํ ์คํ๊ถ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ช
์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋ก์ ํ์ฝ ์ค์ด๋ค.
์ถ์ฐ์
์ํ
ํฐ๋น ๋๋ผ๋ง
๋ฌด๋๊ทน
์ฐ๊ทน ๋ฌด๋
๋ฎค์ง์ปฌ
๋ฐ๋
์ฑ์ฐใป๋ด๋ ์ด์
ํฐ๋น / ๋ผ๋์ค
๊ด๊ณ ์บ๋ฆญํฐใป์คํฌํฌ์ค๋งจ
2017๋
2์ ํฅ์ ๋ธ๋๋ REใCLASSIFIED โ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง๊ฐ ํฅ์๋ก ๊ณ ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ฒ ํ์ ํด์คโ
2015๋
6~7์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นธ ์ํธ ๋ธ๋๋ โAfrican Symbolโ
2015๋
7์โ์ต๊ด์ค์ (่่ฒซไธญ่ฅฟ)- ์กฐํ(ๆ้ดป)ํํ ์์ ์ผ๊ณ๋จ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์ธ ์์ฅ์ โ
2015๋
4์โ์๋
น์ง(้ฃฒ้นฟๆฑ )์์ ๊ตฌ ๊ณตํํ์ โ
2014๋
5์ ๋ถ๊ฒฝ ์ฌ๋ถ ์ค์ฌ ๋ฐ๋ ๋์ ๋งจ์
์์ ๊ณต๊ฐ๊ณผ ์์ ๋ผ์ดํ ์คํ์ผ
2014๋
3์ ์คํฐํฌ ์ก์ธ์๋ฆฌ ๋ธ๋๋ โHouse Of Willow โ
2013๋
7์โ์ก(่ฃ)โข์ฐ(้)โํ์
๋ฌธํํ๋
๊ตญ์ ๋ฌธํ๊ต๋ฅํ๋
์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง๋ ์์ ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ ํ ๊ฒฝํ์ ํตํ์ฌ ์ด๋ฌธํ ์ฌ๋๋ค๊ณผ์ ๊ต๋ฅ์ ์ํธ ์ดํด๊ฐ ์ค์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋๊ปด ๊ท๊ตญ ํ์๋ ์์ ๋ด์ฌ๋ก ์ผ๋ณธ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฅด์น๊ฑฐ๋ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ์ ์ํ ๋ฌด๋ฃ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌด์ฉ ๊ต์ค์ ์ฌ๋ ๋ฑ ๋ฌธํ ๊ต๋ฅ ํ๋์ ๋ง์ ์๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋ณด๋๋ค.
2006๋
์ค๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ๊ฑด๋๊ฐ ์ดํ์๋ ๋ถ๊ฒฝ์์ ๋ฌธํ ๊ต๋ฅ ํ๋์ ์ฃผ์ต, 2009๋
์ค์ผ ๋ฌธํ ๊ต๋ฅ๋ฅผ ์ด์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ NPO ๋ฒ์ธ ์ค์ผ ๋ฌธํ ๊ต๋ฅ ์ถ์ง์์ํ (JC-CEP)๋ฅผ ์ค๋ฆฝ, ์์ ์ด ๋ํ ์ด์ฌ์ฅ์ ์ญ์ํ๋ฉฐ ๋์ฟ์์ ์ ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ์ธ ์ธ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง๋ ์ด ๋จ์ฒด์ ๋ํ๋ก์ ๋ฌธํ๊ต๋ฅ ์ด๋ฒคํธ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ตํ๋ฉฐ ์ฝ 50๋ฒ ์ด์์ ๋ฌธํ ๊ต๋ฅ ์ด๋ฒคํธ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ฃผ์ค์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ๋์ฌ๊ด, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์ ๊ต๋ฅ๊ธฐ๊ธํ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ ์ผํฐ, ์ค์ผ๊ด๊ณ์ฌํํ ๋ฑ ์ค์ผ ์๊ตญ์ ๊ด๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ด๊ณผ ํ๋ ฅํ๋ฉฐ ํ๋ฐํ๊ณ ํ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํน์ ๋น์๋ฆฌํ๋[NPO]๋ฒ์ธ ์ค์ผ๋ฌธํ๊ต๋ฅ์ถ์งํ
2007๋
๋ถ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ์๊ฐํ๋ ํ๋์ ์์ํ ๊ฒ์ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ทธ ํ๋ ๋ฒ์๋ฅผ ๋ํ 2009๋
ํน์ ๋น์๋ฆฌํ๋[NPO]๋ฒ์ธ ์ค์ผ๋ฌธํ๊ต๋ฅ์ถ์งํ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์คํ์ฌ ํ์ฌ ์ด์ฌ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํน์ ๋น์๋ฆฌํ๋[NPO]๋ฒ์ธ ์ค์ผ๋ฌธํ๊ต๋ฅ์ถ์งํ ์ฃผ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์
2007๋
4์
โํน์ ๋น์๋ฆฌํ๋[NPO]๋ฒ์ธ ์ค์ผ๋ฌธํ๊ต๋ฅ์ถ์งํโ์ ์ ์ ์ธ โ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ๊ต๋ฅํโ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ค๋ฆฝ. ๋ถ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ์ํด ํ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ฐ๋ฝ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ด์ ์ํธ์ดํด๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐฝ์ค. ๋ฐ๊ธฐ์ธ์ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌด์ฉ ๋ํธํ๋ฅผ ์ด์ํ๊ณ ์๋ ์๋ถ์ผ ํ
๋ง์ด๋ฉฐ ์ถ๋ฒ ๋น์์ ๋ฉค๋ฒ๋ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ข
์ฌํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค๋ก ๋ค๋, ๊ฝ๊ฝ์ด, ํฉ๊ธฐ๋, ๊ฐ๋ผํ
, ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌด์ฉ, ๋งํใป์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
, ์คํธ๋ฆฌํธ ๋์ค ๋ฑ ๋ค์ํ ๋ถ์ผ์ ์ฌ๋๋ค๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ
2007๋
5์
์ 1 ํ ๊ต๋ฅํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ต. ์ฐธ์์๋ 13 ๋ช
, ๋ถ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฌธํ ๊ต๋ฅ ํ๋์ ํ๋ฐํ๊ฒ ํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค๊ณผ ํฅํ์ ๋ชจ์ ๋ฐฉ์, ์ด์ ๋ฐฉ์ ๋ฑ์ ๋
ผ์ํ๋ฉฐ ์น๋ชฉ์ ๋๋ชจ
2007๋
6์
์ 2 ํ ๊ต๋ฅํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ต. ์ด ๋ชจ์์ ์ทจ์ง๋ฅผ ์๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ๋ถ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ตญ์ ๊ต๋ฅ ๊ธฐ๊ด, ๋ํ ๊ด๊ณ์, ๊ธฐ์
์ธ, ์ธ๋ก ๊ธฐ๊ด์ด ์ฐธ์. ์ฐธ์์๋ 35๋ช
. ๋ถ๊ฒฝ์์ ํ๋ ์ค์ธ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์๊ฒ ์ค์ฐ(ๅฏฆๆผ)๊ณผ ๊ฐ์๋ฅผ ๋ถํํ์ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌด์ฉ๊ณผ ๋งํยท์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
์ ๋ํด ์๊ฐ
2007๋
7์
์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์ก์ง์ ์ ํดํ์ฌ โ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ์๋ฆฌ์โ๋ผ๋ ํ์ดํ๋ก ํน์ง์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ.
๋ถ๊ฒฝ ๋ํ์๋ค์ ๋ชจ์งํ์ฌ "๊ฝ๊ฝ์ด ์ฒดํ ๊ต์ค"๊ณผ "๊ธฐ๋ชจ๋
ธ ์
๊ธฐ ์ฒดํ ๊ต์ค"๊ฐ์ต
2007๋
11์
์ 3ํ ๊ต๋ฅํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ต. ๋ถ๊ฒฝ์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด๊ณผ ๋ํ์๋ค์ด ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ์ ์๋๋ก ์ผ์์ผ ์คํ ์๊ฐ๋์ ๊ฐ์ต. ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ง์๋ฉฐ ์คํธ๋ฆฌํธ ๋์ค์ ๊ธฐ๋ชจ๋
ธ ์
๊ธฐ ์ฒดํ์ ์งํ. ์ฐธ์์๋ 36๋ช
2008๋
2์
๋ชจ์์ ๋ช
์นญ์โ์ผ์ค ๋ฌธํ ๊ต๋ฅ ์ถ์ง์์ํโ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ช
ํ์ฌ ์กฐ์งํ๋ฅผ ๋๋ชจ.
์ผ๋ณธ ๋์ฌ๊ด ๊ณต๋ณด๋ฌธํ์๊ณผ ์ค๊ตญ๊ตญ์ ์น๊ตฌ์ฐ๊ตฌํ์ ์ฐ๊ณํ์ฌ ํฅํ ๋์ฑ ํ๋ฐํ๊ฒ
ํ๋ํ ๊ฒ์ ์ฝ์
2008๋
2์
์ค๊ตญ ์ฃผ์ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋์ฌ๊ด์ ์๋ขฐ๋ก ๋ถ๊ฒฝ ์ 2 ์ธ๊ตญ์ด ํ์์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋ํ์์ ์ํ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ ํ ์ค๋ช
ํ์์ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฌธํ์ ๋ํ ๊ฐ์ฐ ๋ฐ ์ํฌ์์ ์ค์
2008๋
2์
๋ถ๊ฒฝ์ ์ตํ(ๆก่ฑ)์ผ๋ณธ์ดํ๊ต์์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ ํต์๋ฅ ๋ฐ ์ ํต๋ฌธํ์ ๋ํด ๊ฐ์ฐ ๋ฐ ์ํฌ์์ ์ค์
2008๋
3์๏ฝ4์
์ผ๋ณธ๋์ฌ๊ด ๊ณต๋ณด๋ฌธํ์, ๊ตญ์ ๊ต๋ฅ๊ธฐ๊ธ์ฌ๋จ์ ํ๋ ฅ์ ๋ฐ์ โ์ 1ํ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ์๊ฐ๊ฐ์ขโ
๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ต
์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ์๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ข
<ํ
๋ง>
์ฒซ ๋ ๏ผ๋ณต์ฅ - ๊ธฐ๋ชจ๋
ธ, ํ๋ ํจ์
๋์งธ ๋ ๏ผ๋ฌด์ฉ โ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌด์ฉ, ์คํธ๋ฆฌํธ ๋์ค
์
์งธ ๋ ๏ผ๋ฌด์ โ ๊ฒ๋, ๊ฐ๋ผํ
, ํฉ๊ธฐ๋
๋ท์งธ ๋ : ๋์ค ๋ฌธํ โ ๋งํ, ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
, J-POP
์ด ๊ฐ์ข๋ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ์ ์ ํ ๊ธฐํ๊ฐ ์๋ ํ์, ์ฌํ์ธ์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ๊ฐ๋น๋ ๋ฌด๋ฃ, ๊ฐ์๋ ์์๋ด์ฌ์๋ค๋ก ์งํ
2008๋
7์
์ผ๋ณธ๊ด๊ด์งํฅ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ฃผ์ตํ๋ ์ค๊ตญ์ธ์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ฌํ์ ์ฅ๋ คํ๋ ์ด๋ฒคํธ โ์(0)๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์บ ํ์ธโ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ.
2008๋
9์
์ผ๋ณธ๋์ฌ๊ด ๊ณต์ ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ โ์ค์ผ๊ต๋ฅ๊ณต๋ก์ ๋ฐ ๊ด๊ณ์ ์น๋ชฉ ์ฌ์ํโ์์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ โ๋ด์ค๋๋ฆฌโ์ถค์ ๊ธฐํ, ์ค๋นํ์ฌ ์ค์. ์ด ๋ด์ค๋๋ฆฌ์๋ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋จ๋
์ฝ 40๋ช
์ด ์ฐธ๊ฐ. ์ฐธ์์๋ ์ฝ 250๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ค์ผ๊ด๊ณ์ฌํํ, ์ค์ผ ์ ๋ฌธ ์ฌ์
์ด์งํ, ์ค๊ตญ๊ตญ์ ์น๊ตฌ์ฐ๊ตฌํ, ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ๊ต์ฌ ๋ฑ
2008๋
9์
๋ถ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ํํฌ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๊ด๊ด ์ถ์ ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ
2008๋
9์
๋น ๋จ์ฒด๊ฐ ์ฝ๋๋ค์ดํฐ ํ ์ค๊ตญ, ์ฅ์ถ์ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์ ๊ต๋ฅ๊ธฐ๊ธ ์์ค์์ ๊ธฐ๋ชจ๋
ธ ์ท ์
๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์ข๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ต
2009๋
3์~6์
์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์ ๊ต๋ฅ๊ธฐ๊ธ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ์ผํฐ, ๋น ๋จ์ฒด์ ๊ณต๋ ์ฃผ์ต ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ณธ๋์ฌ๊ด๊ณผ ์ค๊ตญ๊ตญ์ ์น๊ตฌ์ฐ๊ตฌํ์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก โ์ 2ํ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ์๊ฐ๊ฐ์ขโ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ต
<ํ
๋ง>
์ฒซ ๋ ๏ผ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
, J-POP
๋์งธ ๋ ๏ผ์ฐจ๋ฌธํ, ๊ณผ์
์
์งธ ๋ ๏ผํจ์
, ๋ฉ์ดํฌ
๋ท์งธ ๋ : ๊ฑด์ถ, ์ํ ๋์์ธ
๋ค์ฏ์งธ ๋ : ์ผ๋ณธ์ฌ์ผ, ์๋ฆฌ
2009๋
5์
๋ถ๊ฒฝ๋ํ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธํ์ ์ค์ผ ๊ต๋ฅ ํํ์ ๊ณต๋์ฃผ์ต๋ก ์ 2ํ ์ค์ผ๊ต๋ฅ๋ฌธํ์ ์
์์ ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ฑํ ๋ฌด์ฉ ๊ทธ๋ฃน โํ
๋งํ(ๅคฉ้ฆฌไผ)โ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ํ์ฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ
2009๋
6์
๋์ฟ ๋์ฒญ์ NPO๋จ์ฒด(์ค์ผ๋ฌธํ๊ต๋ฅ์ถ์งํ)์ค๋ฆฝ์ ์ํ ์๋ฅ ์ ์ถ
2009๋
7์
์ด์ฌ์ฅ์ ๋น๋กฏํ ๋์ฟ๋ณธ๋ถ์ ๋ฉค๋ฒ์ ๊ต๋ฅํ
2009๋
8์
์์๋ด์ฌ์๋ค๊ณผ ๋นํ ํ์์ ๊ต๋ฅํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ตํ์ฌ ํฅํ ํ๋์ ์ํ ์๊ฒฌ ๊ตํ.
์์๋ด์ฌ์๋ค์ ํ์, ์ฌํ์ธ, ์ ๋
ํด์ง์ ๋ฑ ์ฝ 20๋ช
2009๋
10์
์ก์งWhenever๊ฐ ์ฃผ์ตํ๋ ์ค์ผ ๋ฌธํ ๊ต๋ฅ ์ด๋ฒคํธ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ
2009๋
10์
๋์ฌ ๊ณต์ ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌํ๋ผ ์ฝ๋งํค(ๆ ๅๅฐๅทป)๊ฐ ๋ํ ์ธ์ํ๋ ์ค์ผ๋ฌธํ๊ต๋ฅํํ
๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๋จ๊ณผ ์น๋ชฉํ์ ์ฐธ์
2009๋
11์
์ค๊ตญ์ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฌธํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ผ์ธ์์ธ ์ด๋์(ๆๅพณ็ด)์ ์ผ์ค๋ฌธํ๊ต๋ฅ์ ๊ดํ์ฌ ๋
ผ์
2009๋
11์
์์ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ์ํ โ์ด์ผ๊ตฌ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝโ์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์์๋ฏผ์กฑ ์ง์NPO
๋จ์ฒด ์ ๋ผ์์ ํด๋ฝ์ ์๊ฐํ์ฌ ์ดฌ์ํ์ฅ ์ทจ์ฌ ์ฐ๋ฝ์ ์กฐ์ . ์ผ๋ณธ์์ ์์ ์์ ์ด๋ฒคํธ ๋ฑ์ ์ง์. ์ํ 20๋์ ์ดฌ์ ์ฅ์์ ์๋ฒคํค์กฑ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฌํ ํ ์ธํธ์ฅ์์ ์ ๋ผ์์ ํด๋ฝ ์ด์ฌ์ฅ๊ณผ ์ด ์ํ์ ๊ฐ๋
๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ํฅํ ํ๋ ฅ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์
2012๋
5์17์ผ
๋ถ๊ฒฝ์ ์ด๊ณต๋ํ๊ต๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ์ฌใ์ํ๋ฌธํ๋ง๋ดใ์ด๋ผ๋ ํ
๋ง์ ๊ต๋ฅ๊ฐ์ข ์ด๋ฒคํธ๋ฅผ ์ค์. ์๋ถ์ผ ์์ ์ 20๋
์ด์์ ์ฐ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ ๋ํด ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ ํ๋ฉฐ ํ์๋ค๊ณผ ๊ต๋ฅ
2012๋
7์28์ผ
ใ์ค์ผ ๊ตญ๊ต ์ ์ํ 40์ฃผ๋
ใ ์ค์ผ ๋ฌธํ ๊ต๋ฅ ํ๋ก์ ํธ
โSouka! โ ๆๅก๏ผ(๊ทธ๋ ๊ตฌ๋)โVol.1ใ์ฒดํ๋ด์ ํตํ์ฌ ์ค์ผ ์๊ตญ์ ์ดํด๋ฅผ ๋๋ชจํ๋
๊ต๋ฅํใ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ค์ผ๋ณธ๋์ฌ๊ด๊ณผ ์ค๊ตญ ์ค์ผ๊ด๊ณ์ฌํํ์ ํ์์ ๋ฐ์ ์ฃผ์ต
์ 1ํโSouka! โ ๆๅก๏ผ(๊ทธ๋ ๊ตฌ๋)โ๊ฐ์ฌ
โ์ผ๋ณธ ์ฒด๋ฅ ๊ฒฝํ์ด ์๋ ์ค๊ตญ์ธ ๏ผ๋ฅ์ ํ(ๅๆฐ่ฏ)
ใ[๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ๏ผํ๊ฐ. ํ
์ง ๋ํ ๋ํ์, ๊ตํ ์กฐํ๋ํ ๋ํ์ ์กธ์
. ๋ฏธํ ํ์ฌ
์ผ๋ณธ ์ฒด๋ฅ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ30๋
, ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์์ฃผ๊ถ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ํ์ ์ฃผ์. ํ์ฌ๋ ํ
์ง ๋ํ ๊ณตํ ์ค์ฑ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์์ ์์ฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ๋ฉฐ ํ์๋ค์ ์ง๋]
โ์ค๊ตญ ์ฒด๋ฅ ์ค์ธ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๏ผ๋ฏธ์ผ์ฐ์น ์ ์ง
ใ[๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ๏ผ 1966๋
์ ๋ํ์์ ์ 3์ธ๊ตญ์ด๋ก ์ค๊ตญ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถ. ์ข
ํฉ์์ฌ์์ ์ค๊ตญ ๊ด๊ณ ์
๋ฌด์ ์ข
์ฌ. 1976๋
์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์ค๊ตญ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ์ฌ ๋ถ๊ฒฝ์ 2๋ฒ, ์ํด์ 1๋ฒ ์ฒด์ฌ ๊ฒฝํ์ด ์์. 2007๋
๋ถํฐ ๋๊ฒฝ๋ํ๊ต ๋ถ๊ฒฝ๋ํ์์ฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ทผ๋ฌด ์ค]
2012๋
10์
์ค์ผ ๊ตญ๊ต ์ ์ํ 40์ฃผ๋
์ด๋ฒคํธใ2012์ค์ผ ๊ต๋ฅ ๋ฐ๋ํใ
๏ผ์ฃผ์ต๏ผ์ค๊ตญ๊ตญ์ ์ํ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ด์งํ๏ผ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ
ํน์ค ๋ฌด๋์์ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌด์ฉ์ ๋ฐํ, ์๊ฐ
2013๋
3์
๋นํ ์ฃผ์ต์ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฝ๊ฝ์ด ์ ์ํ ๋ฐ ์ฒดํ ๊ฐ์ข
์ดํ ๋งค ๋
๋ด์ ๋น์ทํ ๋ชจ์์ ์ค์ํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 2015๋
์๋ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋์ฌ๊ด, ์ค๊ตญ ์ค์ผ๊ด๊ณ์ฌํํ์ ํ์์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ต.
CRI ์ค๊ตญ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฐฉ์ก, Web Magazine "Woman of China"์ ์๊ฐ
๋ถ๊ฒฝ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌด์ฉ ๋ํธํ
๋ถ๊ฒฝ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌด์ฉ ๋ํธํ๋ฅผ ์ค๋ฆฝ. 2008๋
5์๋ถํฐ ๋งค์ฃผ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๊ณผ ์ค๊ตญ์ธ์๊ฒ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌด์ฉ์ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์๊ฐ
2008๋
*๋ง๋ณด(ๆผซๆญฉ)์ค์ผ๋ฌธํ๊ต๋ฅ ์ด๋ฒคํธ์์ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌด์ฉ์ ์ ๋ณด์
*์ผ๋ณธ๋์ฌ๊ด ๋์ฌ ๊ณต์ ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ค์ผ๊ต๋ฅ๊ณต๋ก์ ๋ฐ ๊ด๊ณ์ ์น๋ชฉ ์ฌ์ํ์์ โ๋ด์ค๋๋ฆฌโ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐํ, ์ค๋นํ์ฌ ์ค์. ๋จ๋
์ฝ 40๋ช
์ด ์ฐธ๊ฐ
2009๋
*์ค์ผ ๋ฌธํ ๊ต๋ฅ ์ด๋ฒคํธ์์ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌด์ฉ์ ์ ๋ณด์
*๋ถ๊ฒฝ๋ํ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ถ์ ์์ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌด์ฉ์ ์ ๋ณด์
==๊ทธ ์ธ ํ๋==
*๋ถ๊ฒฝ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด์ก์ง Super City5์ํธ์์ ์๊ฐ ๋จ
*์ค์ผ ๋ํ์ ๊ต๋ฅํ(๋ถ๊ฒฝ)์์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ ํต์๋ฅ ์๊ฐ๋ก ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌด์ฉ์ ์ ๋ณด์
*2008๋
๋ถ๊ฒฝ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ด๊ณ์ ์ง์ ๋ณ์์ธ ์ค์ธ์ฐํธ๋ณ์์์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ๊ฐ์ฌ๋ก ํ์ฝ
*๋ถ๊ฒฝ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธํ๊ต ์ด๋ํ์ ์๋ฌด ์ ์๋์ผ๋ก ํ์ฝ. 1๋
๋ค ์์ ์ ๊ฒฝํ๋ด์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฐ์
*๋ถ๊ฒฝ์ ์ค์ ๋ฐฉ์ก๊ตญใ๋ถ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ด์์ใ์ ๊ฒ์คํธ๋ก ์ถ์ฐํ์ฌ ์ค์ผ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฑ์ ๊ดํ์ฌ ์๊ฐ
*์ผ๋ณธ๋์ฌ๊ด ๋ฌธํ๊ณต๋ณด์, ์ 2์ธ๊ตญ์ด ํ์ ๋ฑ์์ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ณ ์ ๋ฌด์ฉ์ ํน๋ณ๊ฐ์ข๋ฅผ ์งํ
*์ผ๋ณธ๊ด๊ด์งํฅ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ต ์ด๋ฒคํธ์์ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌด์ฉ์ ์ ๋ณด์
1969๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋จ์ ์ํ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ
์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋จ์ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ
์ฌ์ดํ๋งํ ์ถ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenma%20Shibuya | Tenma Shibuya | is a Japanese actor, classical dancer, and cultural exchange activist. He began his career as an actor in 1993 after returning from the United States, where he attended college. He made appearances in a number of films, stage productions, and television dramas in his early acting career in Japan. Some of this work includes: Romeo and Juliet (director: Yukio Ninagawa), Agitator (director: Takashi Miike), and Appleseed (director: Shinji Aramaki). In 2006, Shibuya visited China for the first time, leading to his transition into Chinese show business.
From 2008 to 2010, Shibuya starred in a number of productions of various media, including the Hong Kong film Ip Man, as well as the Chinese productions The Flowers of War and Borrow Gun (ๅๆช). He also appeared in the Taiwanese film Kano, the Russian drama Sorge, and the 2018 international production Air Strike (with Bruce Willis, Adrien Brody, and Rumer Willis).
In addition to acting, Shibuya has been a Japanese classical dancer and songwriter for over twenty years. During this time he has also volunteered in international cultural exchange activities and taught Japanese in high schools as a volunteer in Eugene, Oregon. He is a founder of the Japan-China Cultural Exchange Promotion, a Tokyo-based nonprofit organization aiming to promote cultural exchange between Japan and China. He has served as the general director of this organization since its launch in 2009.
Early life
Tenma Shibuya was born on January 13, 1969, in Saitama, Japan. In 1989, he traveled to the United States to study at the University of Oregon. He returned to Japan in 1991, around the time his mother died. While preparing to return to the United States, he had an accident that affected his lower back, forcing him to stay in order to fully recover, which took six years. As his backache was eased by treatment and therapy, he grew determined to become an actor, at which point he entered acting school.
Entertainment career
1993โ2004: Early work in Japan
Shibuya began his acting career in 1993. Determined to become globally active, he felt the need to accumulate experiences in Japan until larger opportunities arose. Besides acting on a daily basis, Shibuya further improved his performing skills by attending: method acting classes taught by Yoko Narahashi, who would later become a prominent figure of the Japanese film industry, which shaped his present acting style; film acting classes at Eizoujukua professional film college founded by Genji Nakamura, a director; Japanese classical dancing classes by Nishikawa Kazumathe master of Nishikawa school; vocal training at AK MUSIC, specializing in opera, chanson, and pop music. Shibuya acted in a number of independent and short films, in addition to his guest appearances for various film productions, which familiarized him with their methods and styles. Meanwhile, he had also taken part in filmmaking and would sing original songs while playing guitar. Shibuya sought improvement day and night.
Shibuya's commercial debut was in Sadistic Song (1995), a film directed by Genji Nakamura. In 1997, he was presented with theatric opportunities. In March, he participated in Bolรฉro, a famous ballet work. The performance, which was choreographed by Maurice Bรฉjart and directed by Shiro Mizoshita of Tokyo Ballet, was presented at the Tokyo culture hall. In July, he performed in Princess Sayo, as both a character and dancer. In August 1997, Shibuya served as an assistant director in Annie Get Your Gun, a Broadway musical, in Nagoya Chunichi Theater. The following year, he played Lord Capulet in Romeo and Juliet, as directed by Yukio Ninagawa. In 2001, Shibuya got a role in Agitator, a film by Takashi Miike, playing a member of the Mafia, who would support his leader played by Naoto Takenaka. During this period, Shibuya played small parts such as detective, gangster, doctor, and lawyer. Shibuya's first experience with computer-generated animation was in Appleseed. His performance of four characters was recorded and later processed into animation through motion capture. The film was directed by Shinji Aramaki and was released globally in 2004.
2006โ2010: Move to China
Shibuya made plans to start performing in China, only deterred by the language barrier. After learning Mandarin in Beijing Language and Culture University for six months, he officially started his acting career in Chinese show business and, in autumn 2006, he starred in his first Chinese TV drama Caoyuanchunlaizao, playing Shouji Kanai. In the following year, he co-led his first movie in China, Feihuduidiezhan. Directed by Li Shu, it was the most rebroadcast film of the year, aired by the predominant movie channel in China, CCTV-6. Although a new face to Chinese audiences, his performances were soon recognized within the industry.
In 2008, Shibuya starred in Ip Man, a kung-fu movie by Wilson Yip, which won the best film award at the 28th Hong Kong Film Awards. Shibuya's role, Colonel Sato, a cold-blooded and crafty villain, not only gained him reputation among professionals but also secured notoriety with the general public. The director, Wilson, half-jokingly warned him to stay away from movie theaters, in reference to the excitement of the audiences.
Shibuya performed in his first television costume drama, Yangguifeimishi, in 2009. Directed by You Xiaogang and starring Yin Tao and Anthony Wong, the show was set in China in the Tang dynasty. Despite being a foreigner, Shibuya successfully portrayed his ancient-Chinese character.
In 2010, Shibuya had a lead role in Shenhe, Minetsugu Yoshida, an ornithologist who went to Zhalong Lake in search of two lost cranes from Japan. The film was shot in Qiqihar, a northeastern city in China where the temperature would drop to .
Shibuya's next TV drama, Jieqiang (Borrow Gun), was a commercial success and critically acclaimed. His part, Kato Keiji, an emotional and cunning antagonist, was remarked by critics as both evil and fascinating. The program broke the record for the highest revenue in the history of Chinese TV shows. Shibuya became one of the most popular Japanese actors in China and, as his works were broadcast globally, his worldwide presence was established.
2011โ2015
In 2011, Shibuya had a chance to act with Christian Bale in The Flowers of War (directed by Zhang Yimou), playing a military officer.
TV drama Daxifa (Chinese Traditional Magic), released in 2012, gave Shibuya a chance to play a complex and unique character. The role of Wutengzhang, a Japanese magician who came to China to steal a secret document of Chinese traditional magic, differed greatly from the military roles that Shibuya had playing in the past. As the story progresses, the character adopts various identities including: an honest young man, a female dancer, a magician performing on stage, an old woman, and a mad middle-aged man. A further challenge for Shibuya was to speak Mandarin fluently in all 40 episodes. Despite this, Shibuya gained praise for his acting skill and professionalism.
In 2012, Shibuya played Ichiro Nakamura, the second male lead in the film Hushed Roar. His character is a simple-minded person who suffers from hypoglycemia, whose marriage with his long-time lover was ended for his fear that his illness was hereditary. The character, rich in emotions, was an unfamiliar type for Shibuya to play. Shibuya spoke English in the filmas required by the setting. Without knowing him in person, the producer said that Shibuya's performance as a comical role gave her the confidence to cast him, and that she was very satisfied with Shibuya's performance. The film officially participated in Montrรฉal World Film Festival
In 2013, Shibuya participated in KANO. The film tells the story of a high school baseball team in Taiwan. Umin Boya, the director, offered the role as he was impressed by Shibuya's performance in Ip Man. It broke the box office record in Taiwan and was also very successful in Japan, Hong Kong, and some other countries. In the same year, Shibuya appeared in Xiaobaohelaocai, his first opportunity to play a comedic role in China. Busy in Taiwan shooting KANO, he was able to join for one day of filming in Beijing. The supporting role of colonel Qingtian was a complicated one, despite only a few appearances. His performance was praised by both the crew members and the audience. He was noted in the main cast despite the size of his part.
Shibuya continued to expand his range in China through TV dramas Fenghuoshuangxiong (2013), Youchai (2015), and Tiezaishao (2015).
By 2015, Shibuya had more freedom in choosing future appearances as his fame and wealth increased. He led in Wanfeng, a graduation project by a group of students from Beijing Film Academy.
2018โpresent
Shibuya had kept in touch with Xiao Feng since they worked on Hushed Roar in 2012. So, when Xiao Feng directed Air Strike four years later, he entrusted Shibuya with the only Japanese main role.
The film was co-produced by Chinese, Korean, and Hollywood teams. Its consultants included Vilmos Zsigmond, Richard Anderson, and Ronald Bass, Oscar winners in cinematography, sound effects, and screenplay, respectively. Mel Gibson contributed to this film as an art director. Telling the story of the Japanese bombings on Chongqing during WWII, the film features stars from four countries: Liu Ye (China), Bruce Willis and Adrien Brody (USA), Song Seung-heon (Korea), and Shibuya. He plays an ace pilot who flies a Zero fighter, fighting against Chinese battle-planes.
Shibuya appeared quite frequently on TV in China in autumn 2015. Five TV series in which Shibuya starred: Tiezaishao, Ershisidaoguai, Jieqiang, Xuanya, and Xuebao, were broadcast on over ten channels in China. A number of Shibuya's fans commented and discussed the roles Shibuya portrayed, especially that of his drama, Tiezaishao.
Shibuya has also collaborated with enterprises as an image character or a spokesman:
In July 2013, he attended an art exhibition.
In March 2014, he collaborated with Antique jewelry brand, House of Willow.
In May 2014, he spoke for Millennium Residences Beijing at the Tenma Shibuya's Art Space & Art Life Style project.
In April 2015, he attended the Yinluchi Art District Fine Brushwork Exhibition.
In July 2015, he spoke at Chao Hong's Painting Art Exhibition, Combining the East and the West.
In JuneโJuly 2015, he did a spokesman of African art brand, African Symbol.
In February 2017, he collaborated with the fragrance frand, RE CLASSIFIED at the project of its promotion, "Tenma Shibuya Comprehends Ancient Greek Philosophy through Perfume."
As of 2019, Shibuya has appeared in over 100 works including films, television dramas, and plays in Japan, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and America. Today, he is recognized as one of famous Japanese actors in Chinese-speaking regions, especially in mainland China.
Filmography
Film
Television
Stage
Theater
Musical
Ballet
Voice Over
TV/Radio Show Program
References
External links
Photozou โ Shibuya Tenma's Photo Site
Living people
1969 births
Actors from Saitama Prefecture
Japanese male film actors
Japanese male television actors
Japanese expatriates in China |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%94%BD%EA%B2%8C%EC%9E%84%EC%A6%88%20%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%EC%96%B4 | ์ํฝ๊ฒ์์ฆ ์คํ ์ด | ์ํฝ๊ฒ์์ฆ ์คํ ์ด()๋ ์ํฝ๊ฒ์์ฆ๊ฐ ์ด์ํ๋ ๋น๋์ค ๊ฒ์ ์ ๋ฌธ ๋์งํธ ์์ ์ด๋ค. ์ํฝ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ด์ํ๋ ํํ์ด์ง์ ์ ์ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ ์ฉ ํด๋ผ์ด์ธํธ๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด๋ฐ์์ ์ด์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค.
2018๋
12์ 6์ผ ๊ฒ์ ์ด์์ฆ์์ ์ํฝ๊ฒ์์ฆ์ CEO ํ ์ค์๋๊ฐ ์ฒ์ ๊ณต๊ฐํ๊ณ , ๋ฌด DRM ์ ์ฑ
๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ฌ์ ๋์ ์์ต๋ฅ ์ ์ฅ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ด์ธ์ฐ๋ฉฐ ์ด์์ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์
์ํฝ๊ฒ์์ฆ ์คํ ์ด๋ ์นํ์ด์ง๋ ๋ฐ์ฒ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ํฝ๊ฒ์์ฆ ์คํ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์๋์ผ๋ก ๊ฒ์์ ์ต์ ๋ฒ์ ์ผ๋ก ์
๋ฐ์ดํธํ๊ณ ํ๋ ์ดํ ์ ์๊ฒํ๋ค. ์ํฝ๊ฒ์์ฆ์์ ์ ์ํ ๊ฒ์์ ์คํํ๋ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ํฝ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ์ฒ์ ํ์ฌ๋ผ์๋ค.
์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ํ ์ํฝ์ด ์ ์ํ ๊ฒ์์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ฐฐํฌ๋ ์์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ํฝ ์คํ ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋
์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒ์์ ๊ณต๊ฐํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ํด๋น ๊ฐ๋ฐ์์๊ฒ ์์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ฉด์ ํ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ง์ํ๋ ์ ์ฑ
์ ํผ์น๋ฉฐ ํด๋น ์คํ ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํ ๋ฐ๋งค๋ฅผ ์ ์นํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ธ์ ํด๋น ํ๋ซํผ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ 12%์ ์์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์์ผ๋, ์ํฝ์ด ์ ์ํ ์ธ๋ฆฌ์ผ ์์ง์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ญ์ ์์ง์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์์ ์๋ฌด์ ์ผ๋ก ์ง๋ถํ๋ 5% ์์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ค.
2019๋
๋ด๋ด ๊ฒฉ์ฃผ๋ง๋ค ์๋ก์ด ๋ฌด๋ฃ ๊ฒ์์ ๋ฐฐํฌํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ํฝ๊ฒ์์ฆ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์๋ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ ๋์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ฌ์๊ฒ ์ง๋ถํ๋ ํํ๋ก ์ธ์ผ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. 2019๋
5์ ์ด์ ์์ ํ ๊ฐ์๋ ์ฒซ๋ฒ์งธ ๋ํ ์ธ์ผ์์ ๋ช๋ช ์์ธ๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ $15 ์ด์์ ๊ฒ์๋ค์ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ $10 ์ด์ ๋ฎ์ถ๋ ํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์งํํ๋ค.
์ด์ ์งํ ์์ ๋ด ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ด ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ค๋ ์ง์ ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ฌ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋์งํธ ์์ ์ ๋ฒ๊ธ๊ฐ๋ ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ฐํ ๊ณํ์ด๋ค. ์์ ์ ์ถ๊ฐ๋ ์ ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ๋ ์ตํธ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์์ ํตํด ํ์ ํญํ ๋ฑ ์
์ฉ๋ ์ฌ์ง๋ฅผ ํผํ ๋ฐฉ์ง์ฑ
์ ๋ง๋ จํ ์์ ์ด๋ค. ๋์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ํด๋ผ์ฐ๋ ์คํ ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ถ๊ฐ๋ ๊ณํ์ ์๋ค. ์ธํฐ๋ท ํฌ๋ผ์ ์ถ๊ฐํ ๊ณํ์ ์๊ณ , ๋์ ์ ์ ๊ฐ ๊ฒช๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ด์ ์ถ์ ์์คํ
๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ฌ๋ค์ด ๋ ๋ง์ด๋ ๋์ค์ฝ๋๊ฐ์ ์ธ๋ถ ์ฌ์ดํธ๋ฅผ ํตํ ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ต๋ฅ๋ฅผ ๊ถ์ฅํ๋ค. VR ํค๋์
์ง์์ ์์ง ์์ ์ ์๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ
์ํฝ๊ฒ์์ฆ ์คํ ์ด๊ฐ ์ฐฝ์ค๋๊ธฐ ์ด์ , PC ๋น๋์ค ๊ฒ์์ ๋์งํธ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ์คํ๊ณผ GOG.com์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ค์ง๊ณ ์์๋ค. ํนํ ์คํ์ 2013๋
๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ๋ชจ๋ ๋์งํธ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ์ 75%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค. ์คํ๊ณผ GOG.com ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ด์์์ธ ๋ฐธ๋ธ ์ฝํผ๋ ์ด์
๊ณผ CD ํ๋ก์ ํธ ๋ ๋๋ ์์ฌ์ ์๋น์ค๋ก ํ๋งค๋ ๊ฒ์์ ์์ต 30%๋ฅผ ์์๋ฃ๋ก ๊ฐ์ ธ๊ฐ๋ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ ์งํ๋ค. 2017๋
8์ ์ํฝ๊ฒ์์ฆ์ CEO ํ ์ค์๋๋ ์ด๋ฐ ์์ต ๋ถ๋ฐฐ๋ฐฉ์์ด ๋์ด์ ํฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด์ง ์๋ค๋ฉด์ ์์ต์ 8%๋ง ๊ฐ์ ธ๊ฐ๋ ํ๋ซํผ์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ด์ํ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค.
2018๋
12์ ์ด, ์ํฝ๊ฒ์์ฆ๋ ์คํ์ ์์ต 30% ์์๋ฃ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ํ ๋ฐํญ์ผ๋ก ์์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋จ 12%๋ง ๋ฐ๋ ์์ฌ ๋์งํธ ์์ ์ ์ด์ํ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ์์ฌ ํ๋ซํผ์๋ ์ด๋ค ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก๋ DRM์ ๊ฑธ์ง์๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ์ฝ์ํ๋ค. 2018๋
12์ 6์ผ, ๊ฒ์ ์ด์๋์์ ๊ณต์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐํ๋ ์ํฝ๊ฒ์์ฆ ์คํ ์ด๋ ๋น์ผ๋ ์ด์์ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค.
๊ทธ ๋ค์๋ ์ํฝ์์ ๊ฒฉ์ฃผ๋ง๋ค ์๋ก์ด ๋ฌด๋ฃ ๊ฒ์์ ๋ฐฐํฌํ๋ ํ์ฌ๋ฅผ 2019๋
๋ด๋ด ์ ์งํ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ์ด์ ์งํ์๋ ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก์ํํธ ์๋์ฐ์ ๋งฅ OS๋ฅผ ์ง์ํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ดํ ์๋๋ก์ด๋๋ฅผ ๋น๋กฏํ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ด์ ์ฒด์ ๋ ์ง์๋ชฉ๋ก์ ์ถ๊ฐํ๋ค. ๋ํ ์ํฝ์ ๊ตฌ๊ธ ์คํ ์ด๊ฐ ์์ต 30%๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐํด ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก 12%๋ง ๋ด๋ ๋๋ ์๋๋ก์ด๋์ฉ ์์ฌ ํ๋ซํผ์ ์ถ๋ฒํ ๊ณํ์ ์ธ์ ๋ค. ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์๋ 2019๋
4์ 12์ผ๋ถํฐ ์ ์ ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ค.
์ํฝ๊ฒ์์ฆ ์คํ ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฐ์๋ ์คํ์ ์ด์ฉ์ ํต๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ด์ฅํ๋ ์ฌ์ดํธ ์คํ ์คํ์ด์ ์ด์์ ์ธ๋ฅด๊ฒ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฆฌ์จํจ์ด ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ฌ์ดํธ๋ฅผ ์ด์ํ๋ฉด์ ์ป์ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํด ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ฌ๋ค์ด ์ํฝ์ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋งํ ์ ์ฑ
(๊ณผ์ ์์
๊ธฐ๋ฅ ์ ์ , ์๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ง๊ด์ ์ธ ๋์์ธ)์ ์ ์ํ๋ค.
์ถ์ ์งํ ์ํฝ๊ฒ์์ฆ ์คํ ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋งค๋๋ ๊ฒ์๋ค์ ์ด์์ง์ด ์ง์ ์ ๋ณํ๋, 2019๋
์ค๋ฐ๋ถํฐ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ฌ๋ค์ ์ง์์ ์ง์ ๋ฐ๋๋ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ํ์ ์ง๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ๋ํด ๊ฒ์ฌํ๊ณ ์ต์ข
์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒ์์ ์น์ธํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์ผ ํ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ์์
์ ํ์ณ์ค๊ณ ๋ด์ฉ์ด ๋ถ์คํ ์ ์ง ๊ฒ์๋ค์ ๋ฐฉ์ถํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ ์ค์๋๊ฐ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค. ๋ํ ์ํฝ์ ์ฑ์ธ์ ์ฉ ๊ฒ์๋ค์ ํ์ฉํ์ง ์๋๋ค.
2019๋
1์ ์ ๋น์ํํธ๊ฐ ใํฐ ํด๋์์ ๋๋น์ 2ใ๋ฅผ ์์์ผ๋ก ์ํฝ ์ง์์ ์์ํ๋ค. ๋ฐฐ๊ธ์ฌ ๋ฅ ์ค๋ฒ๋ ใ๋ฉํธ๋ก ์์๋์คใ๋ฅผ ์ํฝ์ ๋
์ ๋ฐ๋งคํ๋ฉด์ ํ ํ๋ซํผ ํ๊ท ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ $60(๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ค)๋ณด๋ค ๋ฎ์ $50์ ํ๋งคํ๋ค. ์ดํ ํํฑ ๋๋ฆผ๊ณผ ํ๋ผ์ด๋น ๋๋น์ ๊ณผ๋ ใ๋ํธ๋ก์ดํธ: ๋น์ปด ํด๋จผใ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒ์๋ค๋ ์ํฝ๊ฒ์์ฆ ์คํ ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋งคํ๋ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ๋ค.
๋ฐ์
์ํฝ๊ฒ์์ฆ ์คํ ์ด ๊ฐ์ ๋ฉฐ์น ์ , ๋ฐธ๋ธ๊ฐ ์์ฌ์ ๋์งํธ ํ๋ซํผ ์คํ์์ ํ๋งค๋๋ ๊ฒ์์ ์์ต ์ค 30%๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ๊ฐ๋ ์ ์ฑ
์ 25%๋ก ๋ณ๊ฒฝํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ ๋ฐ ์์๋ค. ์ผ๋ถ ์๊ท๋ชจ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ฌ๋ค์ ์ด๋ฐ ์ ์ฑ
๋ณ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋๊ธฐ์
๋ค์๋ง ์ด๋์ด ์๊ณ ๊ทธ ์ธ์๋ ๋ณ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์๋ค๋ ์๊ฒฌ์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ํฝ๊ฒ์์ฆ ์คํ ์ด๊ฐ ๋ฑ์ฅํ์ ๋ ๋ช๋ช ๊ธฐ์๋ค์ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฌ ์คํ์ด ์์ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ง๋ถ์ ๋บ์ด์ฌ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด์๋ค. ์ผ๋ถ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ฌ๋ค์ ์คํ์ ๋ฐ๋งคํ๋ ค๋ ๊ฒ์๋ค์ ์ํฝ๊ฒ์์ฆ ์คํ ์ด๋ก ๋ณ๊ฒฝํด ๋ฐ๋งคํ๊ฑฐ๋, ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋
์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํฝ๊ฒ์์ฆ ์คํ ์ด์๋ง ๋ฐ๋งค ํ ์ผ์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ํ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ๋ซํผ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ฐ๋งคํ๋ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ๋ด๋ ธ๋ค.
์ํฝ๊ฒ์์ฆ ์คํ ์ด์ ๋
์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋งคํ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ์ฌ๋ค์ ์์ง์์ ์ผ๋ถ ์๋น์๋ค์ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ์ฉ ์ฝ์์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋งค๋๋ ๊ฒ์๋ค๊ณผ ๋น๊ตํ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ธ ์๊ฒฌ์ ๋๋ค. 4A ๊ฒ์์ฆ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๊ณ ๋ฅ ์ค๋ฒ๊ฐ ๋ฐฐ๊ธํ๋ 2019๋
๊ฒ์ ใ๋ฉํธ๋ก ์์๋์คใ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ๋ณธ๋ ์คํ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์๊ฐ ์์ ๋ผ์์์ผ๋ ๋ฐ๋งค ๋ช ์ฃผ ์ ์ํฝ๊ฒ์์ฆ ์คํ ์ด์ ๋จผ์ ์ถ์ํ ํ 1๋
ํ์ ์คํ์ ์ถ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ์ผ๋ถ ์คํ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ ์ด์ ๋ํด ์์ ์ ์ฌ๋ผ์จ ใ๋ฉํธ๋กใ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ธ ์๊ฐ์ ๋จ๊ธฐ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ํญ์ํ๋๋ฐ, ์ด์ ๋ํด ๋ฅ ์ค๋ฒ์ 4A ๊ฒ์์ค๋ ์ํฝ๊ฒ์์ฆ ์คํ ์ด ๋
์ ๋ฐ๋งค๋ ๋ฅ ์ค๋ฒ์ ๋ชจํ์ฌ ์ฝํ ๋ฏธ๋์ด๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค.
์คํ ์ด ์ถ์ ์งํ ์ํฝ์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ด ์ ์ ๋ค์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ ์ค๊ตญ์ ํ๋งคํ๋ ์คํ์ด์จ์ด๋ผ๋ ์์ฌ์ด ์ธํฐ๋ท ํฌ๋ผ ๋ฑ์ง์์ ํผ์ก๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ ๋ง์ ํ ์ ์ ๊ฐ ์์ฑํ ๊ธ์ ๋ฐ์ฒ๊ฐ ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์์งํ๋ค๋ ์ ๊ณผ ์ค๊ตญ ์น์ ๋ถ ํ์ฌ ํ
์ผํธ๊ฐ ๋น์ ์ํฝ ์ฃผ์ฃผ์ 40%๋ฅผ ์์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์ ์ ์ฎ์ด ์ ๊ธฐ๋ ์ถ์ธก์์ ์ด๋ฐ๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ด์๋ค. ์ํฝ์ธก์ ํด๋น ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ด ์์งํ ์คํ์ ์น๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ๋ก ๋ฑ์ ์ ๋ณด๋ ์ ์ ์๊ฒ ํธ๋ฆฌํ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๋ณด์กฐํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ง์ ์์คํ
์ ๋์์ ์ฃผ๋ ์ฉ๋๋ก๋ง ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ฉฐ, ์์งํ๋ ์ ๋ณด์ ์ ๋๋ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๋ณด์ ์ค์ ์์ ์กฐ์ข
๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค๋ ๋๋ต์ ๋ด๋จ๋ค. US๊ฒ์ด๋จธ์ ํด๋ฆฌ๊ณค ๋ฑ ์ธ๋ก ์์ ์ํฝ ์คํ ์ด์ ๋
์ ์ถ์๋๋ ๊ฒ์๋ค์ ๋ํ ๋ฐ๊ฐ์ด ์คํ ์ด ์ถ์ ๋น์ ๋ง์ฐฐ์ด ์ฌํ ๋ฏธ์ค ๊ด๊ณ์ ๊ฒน์ณ ์ ํ๋ ๋
ผ์์ด๋ผ ๋ถ์ํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
์ํฝ๊ฒ์์ฆ
2018๋
์ํํธ์จ์ด
์จ๋ผ์ธ ์ ์ฉ ๋น๋์ค ๊ฒ์ ์๋งค์
์ฒด | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic%20Games%20Store | Epic Games Store | The Epic Games Store is a video game digital distribution service and storefront operated by Epic Games. It launched in December 2018 as a software client, for Microsoft Windows and macOS, and online storefront. The service provides friends list management, game matchmaking, and other features. Epic Games has further plans to expand the feature set of the storefront but it does not plan to add as many features as other digital distribution platforms, such as discussion boards or user reviews, instead using existing social media platforms to support these.
Epic began offering digital distribution for game publishers after the success of Fortnite, released in 2017, which Epic distributed using their own software channels to players on Windows and macOS systems. Tim Sweeney, founder and CEO of Epic Games, stated in August 2017 that the revenue cut of Steam, the dominant game storefront from Valve, was unreasonably high at 30%, and suggested that they could run a profitable store with as little as an 8% cut. By launch, Epic Games had settled on a 12% revenue cut for titles published through the store, as well as dropping the licensing fees for games built on their Unreal Engine, normally 5% of the revenue.
Epic Games enticed developers and publishers to the service by offering them time-exclusivity agreements to publish on the storefront, in exchange for guaranteed minimum revenue. Epic also offered users one or two free games each week for the first five years of its operation to help draw users. Criticism from users has been drawn to Epic Games and those developers and publishers opting for exclusivity deals, asserting that these are segmenting the market.
Storefront and software
The Epic Games Store is a storefront for games available via the web and built into Epic Games' launcher application. Both web and application allow players to purchase games, while through the launcher the player can install and keep their games up to date.
Epic's newer games will be exclusively available through its store and the company plans to fund developers to release exclusively through their store, using revenue guarantees to developers that opt for this, with Epic paying the difference should a game underperform. For other developers, Epic takes a 12% share of revenue, the rest going to the developer, and for any games developed using the Unreal Engine, Epic forgoes the 5% revenue-based fee for those games sold through their storefront. After paying for content delivery and other services, Epic's profit is about 5% of gross revenue, though, with economies of scale, this could increase to 6โ7%. By Epic's calculations, the storefront's commission was sufficient to be profitable.
Epic planned to offer one free game every two weeks through 2019; this was increased to one free game every week in June 2019, and on weeks where the free game had a mature content rating and thus locked out if parental controls are enabled, Epic offered a second free game not so rated. Epic since affirmed that they planned to continue the free game program through 2021. Through the first eighteen months of this program, Epic had given out over two thousand dollars of games, as estimated by PCGamesN. Certain free game offerings had been highly popular; in its giveaway for Grand Theft Auto V in May 2020, more than seven millions new users claimed the giveaway in addition to existing ones, and temporarily crashed Epic's servers, and later, over 19 million users obtained a free copy of Star Wars Battlefront II offered in January 2021, with the new influx of players crashing the game's servers briefly. Documents unveiled during the Epic Games v. Apple trial in 2021 showed that in the store's giveaways prior to 2020, Epic paid buyouts to the developers of the free game ranging typically from to , and measured this performance in new users drawn to the storefront on the order of 100,000 new users, with that buyout averaging from per new user. Epic Games also has offered sales, in which Epic absorbs the discount from the sale. For example, its first store-wide sale in May 2019 offered a discount of off any game valued at or more.
The store at launch had barebones set of features, but Epic plans to develop feature subsets comparable to other digital storefronts. Eventually, the storefront will offer user reviews, but this feature will be opt-in by developers to avoid misuse by activities like review bombing. Cloud saving was added in August 2019, while preliminary support for achievements and user modifications were added in July 2020. Full support for achievements were rolled out in October 2021. There are no plans to include internal user forums. The storefront will include a ticket-based support system for users to report bugs and technical problems for games to developers, while developers will be encouraged to link to external forums and social channels of their choosing, like Reddit and Discord, in lieu of storefront-tied forums. However, a party chat system, similar to features of Discord, will be implemented in 2021 to allow friends to chat while in games supported by the store. Information taken from OpenCritic was added to product Store pages in January 2020 to provide users with critical review information. The store added a review system in June 2022, and as to fight review bombing, the system is based on randomized polling of users, and with presentation of random subsets of these reviews to storefront pages.
The store does not have features such as virtual reality headset support, nor is expected to have any "game-shaped features" similar to Steam's trading cards designed to drive sales.
Cloud saving was introduced on a very limited, game-by-game basis in July 2019, though Epic plans to expand this out after validating the feature. In December 2019, Epic gave developers and publishers the option to implement their own in-game storefront for microtransactions and other purchases for a game, while still retaining the option to use the Epic storefront instead.
Where possible, Epic plans to extend its "Support a Creator" program that it had launched in Fortnite Battle Royale to other games offered on the store. With the Support a Creator program, players can opt to indicate a streamer or content creator, selected by Epic based on submitted applications, to support. Supported streamers then receive revenue from Epic Games on microtransactions made through the Epic Games Store from the players that supported them, incentivizing these content creators; within Fortnite, creators had received about 5% of the cash value of the microtransactions.
Following developers discovering that Valve would not allow games on Steam that used blockchain-based elements like cryptocurrency or non-fungible tokens as these items have value outside of Steam, Epic announced that they would allow such games, though this remains part of the review of each game that Epic performs before accepting a game onto its system.
History
Digital distribution of games for personal computers prior to the introduction of the Epic Games Store was through digital storefronts like Steam and GOG.com, with Steam being the dominant channel with an estimated 75% of all digital distribution in 2013. Valve, which operated Steam, took a 30% revenue cut of all games sold through their services, a figure matched by the other services like GOG.com, and console and mobile storefronts. In August 2017, Epic's Tim Sweeney suggested that 30% was no longer a reasonable cut, and that Valve could still profit if they cut their revenue share to 8%.
In early December 2018, Epic Games announced that it would open a digital storefront to challenge Steam by using a 12% revenue split rather than Steam's 30%. Epic also said that it would not impose digital rights management (DRM) restrictions on games sold through its platform. The store opened days later, on December 6, 2018, as part of the Game Awards, with a handful of games and a short list of upcoming titles. The store was open for macOS and Windows platforms before expanding to Android and other platforms. Epic aims to release a storefront for Android devices, bypassing the Google Play Store, where it will similarly only take a 12% cut compared to Google's 30%. While Apple, Inc.'s monopoly on iOS currently makes it impossible for Epic to release an App Store there, analysts believe that if Google reacts to Epic's App Store by reducing their cut, Apple will be pressured to follow suit. Epic has tried to ask Google for an exemption to bypass Google's payment systems for in-app purchases for the Fortnite Battle Royale app, but Google has refused to allow this.
Prior to the store's launch, its Director of Publishing Strategy, Sergey Galyonkin, had run Steam Spy, a website that collected Steam usage data from public profiles to create public sales statistics. He ran the site as a side-project but used it to learn what developers would want from Epic's store, namely fewer social elements and less visual clutter. The store's contents were hand-curated until Epic opened the store to self-publishing, starting with a beta of these features in August 2021. Epic's staff will still need to approve games for the store, a process that "mostly focus[es] on the technical side of things and general quality", according to Tim Sweeney. Sweeney does not expect this vetting process to be as stringent as the approvals needed to publish games on home video game consoles, but will use human evaluation to filter out bloatware and asset flips, among other poor-quality titles. Epic does not plan to allow adults-only mature content on the store.
In January 2019, Ubisoft announced its plans to distribute its games via the Epic Games Store, with its upcoming Tom Clancy's The Division 2 to be sold on the storefront (in addition to Ubisoft's own Uplay storefront) instead of Steam, making it the first major third-party publisher to utilize the Epic Games Store. Ubisoft said that selecting the Epic Games Store for future games was part of a larger business discussion related to Steam. Chris Early, Ubisoft's vice president for partnerships and revenue, described Steam as "unrealistic, the current business model that they have...It doesn't reflect where the world is today in terms of game distribution." Publisher Deep Silver followed suit later that month, announcing that Metro Exodus will be exclusive to Epic Games Store for one year, at a reduced (in North America) compared to when it was offered on other storefronts. Epic has subsequently made partnerships with Private Division and Quantic Dream for publishing on the store.
The storefront started offering non-game applications in December 2020 with the introduction of Spotify; Epic stated that it will not take a cut of any of Spotify's subscriptions for those using it via its storefront app. Other apps added included itch.io, iHeartRadio, Krita, and Brave.
Epic introduced cabined accounts intended for children in December 2022. These accounts have access to certain free games on the store, including Fortnite, Fall Guys, and Rocket League with limited gameplay features to provide a safe environment for children. These accounts also cannot purchase games without the authority of a parent's approval, as well as other parental controls.
Epic added self-publishing options to the store in March 2023. Similar to Steam Direct, a developer pays $100 to list their game. Epic does some minimum oversight of these games, disallowing pornographic titles and those with multiplayer but lacking cross-platform play support for the game on other storefronts. In May, Epic announced a reward program in which users can earn 5% in currency for eligible purchases. A First Run Program, offering developers to waive Epic's revenue share during 6 months store exclusivity, was announced on August 23, 2023. Additionally, a Now on Epic program, offering developers the same conditions for previously releases games, was announced on October 16, 2023.
Reception
The Epic Games Store was announced a few days after Valve had revealed a change in the Steam revenue sharing model that reduced Valve's take, reducing their revenue cut from 30% to 25% after a game made more than , and to 20% after . Several indie game developers expressed concern that this change was meant to help keep larger AAA developers and publishers and did little to support smaller developers. As such, when the Epic Games Store was announced, several journalists saw it as potentially disruptive to Steam's current model. Some developers and publishers have announced plans to release games that they were planning to release through Steam now exclusively through the Epic Games Store, or to have timed exclusivity on Epic's storefront before appearing on other services. Valve's Gabe Newell welcomed the competition, saying it "is awesome for everybody. It keeps us honest, it keeps everybody else honest", but did comment that, in the short-term, the competition was "ugly".
Over its first year in 2019, Epic reported that the Store drew 108 million customers and brought in over in sales, with being spent on third-party games. Of those third-party games, 90% of the sales came from the Epic Games Store's time-limited exclusives. Overall, Epic stated that overall sales were 60% higher than they had anticipated. For 2020, Epic stated the store had reached 160 million players, 31 million daily active players, and annual sales over ( of that for third-party titles). According to data collected by Simon Carless in 2021, of the first wave of Epic storefront-exclusive games in 2019, only Satisfactory had surpassed what Epic paid for that exclusivity, and it along with Dauntless are the only two games expected to make a profit for Epic.
Reactions to storefront exclusivity
To compete against Steam, Epic Games has frequently arranged for time-exclusive releases of games on the Epic Games Store before other storefronts, typically for either six months or a year. Sweeney stated that this strategy was the only way to challenge Steam's dominant position, and would stop seeking exclusivity should Valve reduce its 30% revenue share. Otherwise, Epic will continue to accept offers for exclusivity on the Epic Games Store from any developers or publishers that are interested, regardless of what prior plans they had made with Steam or other storefronts.
Some consumers have reacted negatively towards these exclusivity deals, as it appears to create division in the gaming community similar to games that are released with timed exclusivity on home consoles. Metro Exodus, by developers 4A Games and published by Deep Silver, had been planned as a Steam release. However, Deep Silver announced a few weeks before release that the game would be a timed-exclusive on the Epic Games Store, eventually available on Steam a year after release. Some users were upset by this, review bombing the game on Steam and complaining at 4A Games. Deep Silver backed up 4A Games, and noted the decision for Epic Games Store exclusivity was made by Deep Silver's parent, Koch Media. In the days that followed after Metro Exodus release, players used the Steam review system to praise the game as Epic Games Store lacked user reviews at that time. Phoenix Point, a spiritual successor to X-COM by X-COM lead designer Julian Gollop, was successfully crowdfunded with players given the option of redemption keys on Steam or GOG.com. In March 2019, Gollop announced that they have opted to make Phoenix Point exclusive to the Epic Games Store for a year; backers would get a redemption key for the Epic Games Store as well as for Steam or GOG a year later when the exclusivity period was up, as well as being provided the first year's downloadable content for free. Gollop explained that with the exclusivity deal, his team received additional financial support to finish up Phoenix Point. Several backers were angered by this decision, believing that Gollop's team used their funds to get the game to a point where they could get external investment and then change the direction of the game. Gollop asserted that the deal with Epic Games did not alter Phoenix Points ultimate direction, but did offer full refunds to backers if they wanted.
Glumberland, the developers of Ooblets, announced that the game would be exclusive to the Epic Games Store in late July 2019, citing that Epic's funding support would help to keep the studio afloat until release and provide them a better revenue split. In the announcement by Glumberland's Ben Wasser, he included what he felt had been joking language related to criticisms of Epic Games Store exclusivity, calling those who complained "immature, toxic gamers", but that the situation was "nothing to get worked up about". In the wake of this, Wasser and others at Glumberland began to receive thousands of hostile negative messages related to the announcement, including threats. Wasser had not expected the community to react to the message that way, and tried to clarify Glumberland's position of needing Epic's support rather than any attempt to spurn the gaming community. Sweeney spoke later that the campaign against Ooblets represents a growing trend in the community based on "the coordinated and deliberate creation and promotion of false information, including fake screenshots, videos, and technical analysis, accompanied by harassment of partners, promotion of hateful themes, and intimidation of those with opposing views." Sweeney said that Epic is working with its partners and developers to try to improve the situation and support those targeted in such manners.
Further issues on exclusivity arose after Unfold Games, who were in the final stages of preparing to release their game Darq, reported on their interactions with Epic Games. Darq had been established as a Steam release for several months and the developers announced that they were nearing release in 2019. According to Unfold Games, Epic Games approached them about having the game on the Epic Games Store in addition to providing funding support. However, when asked, Epic Games clarified that Unfold would have to sell the game on the Epic Games Store exclusively, having to withdraw the game from Steam for a period of one year. Unfold decided against going with Epic Games, noting that a large part of their marketing for fundraising was a major emphasis on releasing on Steam, as well as due to the game having been wishlisted by a large number of Steam users. As a result of media attention regarding Epic Games Store, Unfold released Darq as a digital rights management-free game on Steam and GOG.com. Some journalists have expressed concern that Epic's large focus on exclusivity may harm their intent.
Following a number of other time-exclusive planned releases on the Epic Games Store announced during the 2019 Game Developers Conference and further complaints from players about this, Steve Allison, head of the storefront division, admitted that they did not want to cause such disruption in the gaming community. According to Allison, they will try to avoid making such large-scale exclusivity deals so close to a game's release and want to try to respect what the community wants. Following similar complaints from backers of Shenmue III who were upset about the Steam release being delayed, Epic Games announced that with Shenmue III and any future crowd-funded game that ends up with Epic Games Store exclusivity, it will cover the costs of any refund requests from backers.
Other criticisms
In April 2021 in the Epic Games v. Apple lawsuit, Apple submitted a court filing that claimed that the Epic Games Store was running at a significant loss and likely would not be profitable until 2027, based on deposition from Epic's financial management, and thus requiring Epic to assure revenue from its other product streams. Apple asserted that Epic had lost around on the store from 2019 to 2020, primarily due to the minimum guarantees it provides to developers for bringing their game to the store and from its storefront exclusivity deals. In its response to Apple's claim, Epic stated it expected the Epic Games Store to become profitable by 2023 and that it was not yet profitable "because it has front-loaded its marketing and user-acquisition costs to gain market share". Sweeney, in response to this claim via Twitter, stated that the store "has proven to be a fantastic success in reaching gamers with great games and a fantastic investment into growing the business".
In March 2021, PC Gamer discovered that on select laptop configurations Epic Games Store can shorten battery lifespan by up to 20% even when it is not used (Epic Games Store window is closed and application is minimized to tray). On most devices, this impact is milder, at only 5%.
References
External links
Epic Games
Internet properties established in 2018
Online-only retailers of video games |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%AC%EB%9E%80%20%EB%AF%BC%EA%B0%80%EC%A1%B0%ED%94%84 | ๋ฃจ์ฌ๋ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์กฐํ | ๋ฃจ์ฌ๋ ์นด๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์๋น์น ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์กฐํ(, 1991๋
11์ 23์ผ~)๋ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ๋์คํ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๋ก ํ์ฌ ํ์ฝฉ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ํท์น SC์์ ๋ฏธ๋ํ๋๋ก ํ์ฝํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํด๋ฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
FK ์์๊ฐ๋ฐํธ
2007๋
FK ์์๊ฐ๋ฐํธ ์์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ก์ ๋ฐ๋ทํ์ฌ 2009๋
๊น์ง ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 61๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 19๊ณจ์ ํฐ๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ 2007๋
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ๋์คํ ์ํผ์ปต ์ฐ์น, 2008๋
์์นด๋ฆฌ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ฐ์น, 2009๋
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ๋์คํ ํ๋ ์ง๋ํธ์ปต 4๊ฐ ์ง์ถ ๋ฑ์ ์ด๋ฐ์งํ๋ค.
์ ๋ฝ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ
์ดํ 2009๋
์๊ตญ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ ๋ผํธ๋น์ ๋น๋ฅด์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ์ค์ฝํ FC ์ด์ ์ ํตํด ์ ๋ฝ ๋ฌด๋์ ์ง์ถํ์ฌ 2014๋
๊น์ง ํต์ฐ 131๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 38๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ผ๋ก 2010๋
๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฐ์น, 2011-12๋
๋ผํธ๋น์์ปต ์ฐ์น, 2010-11๋
๋ฐํธ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฐ์น, ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 3ํ ์ฐ์ ์ค์ฐ์น(2012๋
, 2013๋
, 2014๋
), 2013-14๋
๋ผํธ๋น์์ปต ์ค์ฐ์น ๋ฑ์ ๊ณตํํ๋ฉฐ ์ ๋ฝ ๋ฌด๋์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฐฉํ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 2014 ์์ฆ์ ๋ง์น๊ณ ์ฒด์ฝ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ FK ์ผ๋ธ๋ก๋ค์ธ ๋ก ์ด์ ํ์ฌ 2015-16 ์์ฆ๊น์ง 55๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 13๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ 2014-15 ์์ฆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 3์, ์ฒด์ฝ์ปต 2ํ ์ฐ์ ์ค์ฐ์น(2014-15, 2015-16)์ ์ด๋ฐ์งํ๊ณ 2016-17 ์์ฆ์ ์๋๊ณ ์ฌ๋ผ๋น์ ํ๋ผํ๋ก ์ด์ ํ์ฌ 2016-17 ์์ฆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฐ์น์ ๋ง๋ณด์์ผ๋ 2017-18 ์์ฆ์๋ ๋จ 3๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถ์ฅ์ ๊ทธ์น ํ FK ๋ฏ๋ผ๋ค๋ณผ๋ ์ฌ๋ผํ๋ก ์๋ ์ด์ ํ์ฌ 8๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 2๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
๊ทธ ๋ค FK ํ๋ฅด์ง๋ธ๋์ผ๋ก 2๋ฒ์งธ ์๋ ์ด์ ์ ๋ ๋ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 20๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 4๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ ํ 2019๋
5๋
๊ฐ์ ์ฒด์ฝ ์ํ์ ๋ง์น๊ณ ์นด์ํ์คํ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ด๋ฅดํฐ์ ํ๋ธ๋ก๋ค๋ฅด๋ก ์ด์ ํ์ฌ 2020 ์์ฆ๊น์ง 13๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 2๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ ๋ค ๊ฐ์ ํด ์คํํ
๋ฅด ์นด๋ผ๊ฐ๋๋ก ์ด์ ํ์ฌ 13๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 3๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 2021 ์์ฆ์ ์๋๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ FC ์นด์คํผ๋ก ๋ฅ์ง๋ฅผ ํ์ด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 20๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 5๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
ํท์น SC
12๋
๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ฝ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ํ์ ๋ง๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ ๋ค 2022-23 ์์ฆ์ ์๋๊ณ ํ์ฝฉ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ๊ฐํธ ํท์น SC๋ก ์ด์ ํ์ฌ ํท์น ์ ๋ํผ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์์
์๋ง์ 2022-23 ์์ฆ ๊ณต์์ 32๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 24๊ณจ์ ํญ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๋์ ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ํ์ ํธ๋ ๋ธ(๋ฆฌ๊ทธ, FA์ปต, ์๋์ด ์ฑ๋ฆฐ์ง ์ค๋ ์ฐ์น) ๋ฌ์ฑ, 2022๋
AFC ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 16๊ฐ ์ง์ถ ๋ฑ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๊ณ ํนํ 2022-23 ์์ฆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 18๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 17๊ณจ์ ๋ง๊ฐํ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๋ ฅ์ ๊ณผ์ํ๋ฉฐ ์ ์ง K๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ์ด์ ํ ๋๋ฃ์ธ ๋ฐ์ ๋ค๋จ๋
ธ๋น์น, ๋ฆฌ๋ง FC์ ๋ธ๋ผ์ง ์ถ์ ์ฉ๋ณ ์๋ฒ ๋ฅดํต ์นด๋ง๋ฅด๊ตฌ์ ํจ๊ป ๊ณต๋ ๋์ ์์ ์ฌ๋๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ๋์คํ U-23 ๋ํํ
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ๋์คํ U-23 ๋ํํ ์์์ผ๋ก ๊ด์ ์ฐ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ 2010๋
์์์ ๊ฒ์์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ฌ 8๊ฐ์ ์ฌ๋๋ 1998๋
์ดํ 12๋
๋ง์ ์์์ ๊ฒ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ 16๊ฐ ์ง์ถ์ด์ U-23 ๋ํํ ์ฒซ 16๊ฐ ์ง์ถ์ ์ผ์กฐํ๋ค.
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ๋์คํ A๋ํํ
2009๋
4์ 14์ผ ๋ชฐ๋๋ธ์์ 2010๋
AFC ์ฑ๋ฆฐ์ง์ปต ์์ B์กฐ 1์ฐจ์ ์์ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ๋์คํ ์ฑ์ธ๋ํํ ์์์ผ๋ก ๊ตญ์ A๋งค์น ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ ๊ณ ์ดํ ํ ๋ถํ๊ณผ์ 2์ฐจ์ ์์ A๋งค์น ๋ฐ๋ท๊ณจ์ ํฐ๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ํ์ 2์ฐ์ AFC ์ฑ๋ฆฐ์ง์ปต ๋ณธ์ ์ง์ถ์ ์ผ์กฐํ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 2010๋
AFC ์ฑ๋ฆฐ์ง์ปต ๋ณธ์ ์ํธ๋ฆฌ์ ํฉ๋ฅํ์ฌ ๋น๋ก ๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ง ๋ชปํ์ง๋ง ํ์ AFC ์ฃผ๊ด ๋ํ ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ต๊ณ ์ฑ์ ์ธ ์ค์ฐ์น์ ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋์๊ณ ์ดํ 2012๋
AFC ์ฑ๋ฆฐ์ง์ปต ๋ณธ์ ์์ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ํ์ 2์ฐ์ ์ค์ฐ์น์ ์ผ์กฐํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋๋ง๊ณผ์ 2019๋
AFC ์์์์ปต 3์ฐจ ์์ E์กฐ 1์ฐจ์ ์์๋ ๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ๋์คํ์ 15๋
๋ง์ ์์์์ปต ๋ณธ์ ์ง์ถ์ ์ผ์กฐํ๋ค.
์์
ํด๋ฝ
FK ์์๊ฐ๋ฐํธ
์์นด๋ฆฌ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ : ์ฐ์น (2008)
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ๋์คํ ์ํผ์ปต : ์ฐ์น (2007)
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ๋์คํ ํ๋ ์ง๋ํธ์ปต : 4๊ฐ (2009)
์ค์ฝํ FC
๋น๋ฅด์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ : ์ฐ์น (2010), ์ค์ฐ์น (2012, 2013, 2014)
๋ผํธ๋น์ ํ๋ณผ์ปต : ์ฐ์น (2011-12), ์ค์ฐ์น (2013-14)
๋ฐํฑ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ : ์ฐ์น (2010-11)
FK ์ผ๋ธ๋ก๋ค์ธ
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ : 3์ (2014-15)
์ฒด์ฝ์ปต : ์ค์ฐ์น (2014-15, 2015-16)
์ฌ๋ผ๋น์ ํ๋ผํ
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ : ์ฐ์น (2016-17)
ํท์น SC
ํ์ฝฉ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ : ์ฐ์น (2022-23)
ํ์ฝฉ FA์ปต : ์ฐ์น (2022-23)
ํ์ฝฉ ์๋์ด ์ฑ๋ฆฐ์ง ์ค๋ : ์ฐ์น (2022-23)
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ
AFC ์ฑ๋ฆฐ์ง์ปต : ์ค์ฐ์น (2010, 2012)
๊ฐ์ธ
ํ์ฝฉ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋์ ์ : 2022-23 (17๊ณจ / ๋ฐ์ ๋ค๋จ๋
ธ๋น์น, ์๋ฒ ๋ฅดํต ์นด๋ง๋ฅด๊ตฌ์ ๊ณต๋ ์์)
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๋ฃจ์ฌ๋ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์กฐํ - National Football Teams
๋ฃจ์ฌ๋ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์กฐํ - ํธ๋์คํผ๋งํฌํธ
1991๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
20์ธ๊ธฐ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ๋์คํ ์ฌ๋
21์ธ๊ธฐ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ๋์คํ ์ฌ๋
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ๋์คํ์ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๋ฏธ๋ํ๋
์ค์ฝํ FC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
FK ์ผ๋ธ๋ก๋ค์ธ ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
SK ์ฌ๋ผ๋น์ ํ๋ผํ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
FK ๋ฏ๋ผ๋ค๋ณผ๋ ์ฌ๋ผํ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
1. FK ํ๋ฅด์ง๋ธ๋์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ๋์คํ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
๋น๋ฅด์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ฒด์ฝ 1๋ถ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์นด์ํ์คํ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
ํ์ฝฉ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ๋์คํ์ ํด์ธ ์ง์ถ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ผํธ๋น์์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ฒด์ฝ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์นด์ํ์คํ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
ํ์ฝฉ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ๋์คํ์ ์์์ ๊ฒ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2010๋
์์์ ๊ฒ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2019๋
AFC ์์์์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
์์๊ฐ๋ฐํธ ์ถ์
์ฒด์ฝ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ๋์คํ์ธ
๋ผํธ๋น์์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ๋์คํ์ธ
์นด์ํ์คํ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ๋์คํ์ธ
ํ์ฝฉ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ๋์คํ์ธ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan%20Mingazow | Ruslan Mingazow | Ruslan Kamilรฝewiรง Mingazow (; born 23 November 1991) is a Turkmen professional footballer who currently plays as a right or left midfielder for Hong Kong Premier League club Kitchee.
Club career
Early career
Ruslan Mingazow started playing football at the age of 6, being taken to the first training by his father, Kamil, who is also a former Turkmeni footballer. At the beginning he had to train with an older group of players because there was none for his age. Mingazow played for FC Aลgabat youth team and was taken to the first team in 2007, aged 16. The same year he helped his club win the Turkmenistan Super Cup. A year later Mingazow became the champion of Turkmenistan, winning the 2008 รokary Liga. In 2009 Mingazow participated in the Turkmenistan President's Cup and helped his club reach the semi-finals, scoring two goals in three matches.
Skonto Rฤซga
Following the impressive performance at the Turkmenistan President's Cup, Mingazow was invited to join the tournament's finalists, Latvian Higher League club Skonto Rฤซga, on trial by their manager Paul Ashworth. Having received another offer from Armenian Premier League, Mingazow, eventually, signed a contract with the Latvian side in June 2009. He scored his first Latvian Higher League goal in a 5โ0 victory over Daugava Rฤซga on 8 July 2009. During his first season at the club Mingazow participated in 20 league matches, scoring twice. In 2010 Mingazow helped Skonto become the champions of Latvia for the first time since 2004 under their new manager Aleksandrs Starkovs. In 2011 Skonto won the Baltic League, beating another Latvian side FK Ventspils in the final's penalty shoot-out. In 2012 Mingazow won the Latvian Cup, as Skonto beat Liepฤjas Metalurgs in the final via penalty shoot-out. On 4 July 2013 Mingazow scored the only goal in 1โ0 away victory over FC Tiraspol, helping Skonto reach the second round of the 2013โ14 UEFA Europa League. In the second round Mingazow provided an excellent assist for his team-mate Artลซrs Karaลกausks as Skonto beat the Synot liga side Slovan Liberec 2โ1 at home. Mingazow was named the best player of the Latvian Higher League in August 2013.
Baumit Jablonec
On 27 August 2014 Mingazow joined the Czech First League club Baumit Jablonec.
Slavia Prague
Mingazow joined another Czech First League team, Slavia Prague, in June 2016. On 2 April 2017, he gained notoriety in Czech press after winning a controversial penalty kick in the Sparta - Slavia derby, allowing Slavia to equalize from the spot in injury time. The disciplinary board of referees later ruled that it had been a dive by Mingazow, but no punishment was issued. He scored his first league goal for Slavia on 17 April 2017 in a 4โ0 home win against Hradec Krรกlovรฉ. On 15 June 2018, Slavia announced that Mingazow will be looking for new opportunities and will no longer play for Slavia. On 7 September 2018, Slavia announced that Mingazow had joined 1. FK Pลรญbram on loan for the first half of the season.
Irtysh Pavlodar
July 23, 2019 Ruslan Mingazow, as a free agent, signed a contract with Kazakhstani FC Irtysh Pavlodar. In December 2019, he extended the contract until the end of 2020. In the spring of 2020, due to financial problems, FC Irtysh Pavlodar withdrew from the championship of Kazakhstan. The footballer spent 13 matches for FC Irtysh Pavlodar, scored 2 goals and gave 3 assists in the Kazakhstan Premier League.
Shakhter Karagandy
On 6 August 2020, Mingazow signed for Kazakh club FC Shakhter Karagandy, making his debut on 19 August, in a 1-0 defeat to FC Kaisar.
Caspiy
On 26 February 2021, FC Caspiy announced the signing of Mingazow.
Kitchee
On 3 March 2022, Kitchee announced the signing of Mingazow. On 23 May 2023, Mingazow was named the player of the season in Hong Kong Top Footballer Awards.
International career
Mingazow made his senior national team debut on 14 April 2009, in an 2010 AFC Challenge Cup Qualification match against Maldives. He scored his first national team goal against Bhutan in the very next match on 16 April 2009, also in AFC Challenge Cup qualifying.
Career statistics
Club
International
Scores and results list Turkmenistan's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Mingazow goal.
Honours
Aลgabat
รokary Liga: 2008
Turkmenistan Super Cup: 2007
Skonto
Latvian Higher League: 2010
Latvian Football Cup: 2011โ12
Baltic League: 2010โ11
Slavia Prague
Czech First League: 2016โ17
Kitchee
Hong Kong Premier League: 2022โ23
Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield: 2022โ23
Hong Kong FA Cup: 2022โ23
Individual
Hong Kong Premier League top goalscorer: 2022โ23
Personal life
Mingazow is an ethnic Tatar. Ruslan Mingazow's father Kamil is also a former Turkmenistani footballer, who played for the national team. He has got two sisters, one of whom is 3 years older and the other one 14 years younger. During his stay in Riga Mingazow was studying business management at the Baltic International Academy.
References
External links
Jablonets profile
1991 births
Living people
Footballers from Ashgabat
Turkmenistan men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Turkmenistan men's international footballers
Turkmenistan expatriate men's footballers
FC Aลgabat players
Skonto FC players
FK Jablonec players
SK Slavia Prague players
FK Mladรก Boleslav players
FK Pลรญbram players
FC Irtysh Pavlodar players
FC Shakhter Karagandy players
Kitchee SC players
Latvian Higher League players
Czech First League players
Kazakhstan Premier League players
Hong Kong Premier League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Latvia
Expatriate men's footballers in the Czech Republic
Expatriate men's footballers in Kazakhstan
Expatriate men's footballers in Hong Kong
Turkmenistan expatriate sportspeople in Latvia
Turkmenistan expatriate sportspeople in the Czech Republic
Turkmenistan expatriate sportspeople in Kazakhstan
Turkmenistan people of Tatar descent
Tatar sportspeople
Footballers at the 2010 Asian Games
2019 AFC Asian Cup players
Asian Games competitors for Turkmenistan |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%98%EB%A7%81%20%ED%99%80%EB%9E%80 | ์๋ง ํ๋ | ์๋ง ๋ธ๋ ์ฐํธ ํ๋(, , , 2000๋
7์ 21์ผ~)์ ๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๋ก ํฌ์ง์
์ ์คํธ๋ผ์ด์ปค์ด๋ค. ํ์ฌ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ FC์ ๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์์ ํ๋ํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋จ์ผ ์์ฆ ์ญ๋ ์ต๋ค ๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ก(36๋์ )์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์์๋ ์ฑ 'Hรฅland'์ ์ด๋ฏธ 'd'๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ํ ์๋ง ํ๋๋๋ก๋ ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค.
๊ตฌ๋จ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
๋ธ๋คผ๋ค FK
๋ธ๋คผ๋ค FK ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ์์ ํ๋ํ๋ค๊ฐ ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ธํ์์ 2015 ์์ฆ๋ถํฐ 2์์ฆ๋์ 4๋ถ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 14๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 18๊ณจ์ ํญ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๋์ ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก 1๊ตฐํ์ ์ ๊ฒฉ ํฉ๋ฅํ๊ณ 1๊ตฐ ํฉ๋ฅ ์ดํ 2๋ถ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 16๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ค.
๋ชฐ๋ฐ FK
2016 ์์ฆ์ ๋ง์น ํ ๋ชฐ๋ฐ FK๋ก ์ด์ ํ ๋ค ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ธํ์์๋ 4๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 2๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ 1๊ตฐํ ์น๊ฒฉ ์ดํ์๋ 2018 ์์ฆ๊น์ง ๊ณต์์ 50๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 20๊ณจ์ ํฐ๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋งนํ์ฝ์ผ๋ก ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2ํ ์ฐ์ ์ค์ฐ์น(2017, 2018), 2017 ์์ฆ ๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด์ปต 4๊ฐ ์ง์ถ ๋ฑ์ ๊ณตํํ๋ค.
๋ ๋๋ถ ์์ธ ๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ
2018-19 ์์ฆ์ ์๋๊ณ ์ค์คํธ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ๋ช
๋ฌธ ๋ ๋๋ถ ์์ธ ๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ์ ํฉ๋ฅํ์ฌ 2019๋
12์๋ง๊น์ง ๊ณต์์ 27๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 29๊ณจ์ ๋๋ผ์ด ๋์ ๋ ฅ์ ๊ณผ์ํ๋ฉฐ 2018-19 ์์ฆ ๋๋ธ ๋ฌ์ฑ(๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฐ์น, ์ค์คํธ๋ฆฌ์์ปต ์ฐ์น)์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ํนํ 2019-20 ์์ฆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์์ ๋ฌด๋ ค 16๊ณจ๋ก ๋์ ๋ญํน 2์์ ์ฌ๋๊ณ 2019-20๋
UEFA ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์์๋ ๋น๋ก ํ์ ์กฐ๋ณ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์์ ํ๋ฝํ์ง๋ง 6๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 8๊ณจ์ ํฐ๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋งนํ์ฝ์ ํผ์ณค๋ค.
๋ณด๋ฃจ์์ ๋๋ฅดํธ๋ฌธํธ
2019-20 ์์ฆ์ด ํ์ฐฝ ์งํ ์ค์ด๋ 2019๋
12์ 29์ผ ๋
์ผ ๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ๋ช
๋ฌธ ๋ณด๋ฃจ์์ ๋๋ฅดํธ๋ฌธํธ ์ด์ ํ 2021-22 ์์ฆ๊น์ง ๊ณต์์ 89๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 86๊ณจ์ ํญ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๋์ ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2ํ ์ค์ฐ์น(2019-20, 2021-22) ๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ 2020-21 3์, DFB-ํฌ์นผ 2020-21 ์์ฆ ์ฐ์น, DFL-์ํผ์ปต 2ํ ์ฐ์ ์ค์ฐ์น(2020, 2021), 2020-21๋
UEFA ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 8๊ฐ ์ง์ถ ๋ฑ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๊ณ ๋๋ฅดํธ๋ฌธํธ ์ด์ ํ 2019-20๋
UEFA ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์์ 2๊ณจ์ ํฐ๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฑ ํด๋น ๋ํ์์๋ง ๋ฌด๋ ค 10๊ณจ์ ํฐ๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋์ ๋ญํน 2์์ ์ค๋ฅด๋ ๊ธฐ์ผ์ ํ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 3์์ฆ ์ฐ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์์๋ง 10๋์ ์ด์์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฑ ๋๋ฅดํธ๋ฌธํธ์ ์์ด์ค๋ก ๋งน์๋ฅผ ๋จ์ณค๋ค.
๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ
2022๋
6์ 13์ผ ์๊ธ๋๋ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ๊ฐํธ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ๊ฐ ๊ณต์ ํํ์ด์ง๋ฅผ ํตํด 7์ 1์ผ๋ถํฐ 'ํ๋์ด ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ์ ์ผ์์ด ๋ ๊ฒ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๊ณต์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐํํ๊ณ ๊ทธ ๋ค ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ์ 5๋
๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ๋ ํ๋์ ์ด์ ๋ฃ๋ก ๋ณด๋ฃจ์์ ๋๋ฅดํธ๋ฌธํธ์ ํ๋์ ๋ฐ์ด์์ ๊ธ์ก์ธ 6000๋ง ์ ๋ก(ํํ ์ฝ 808์ต์)๋ฅผ ์ง๋ถํ๋ค.
22-23 ์์ฆ
2023๋
4์ 11์ผ ์ํฐํ๋ ์คํ๋์์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฐ์ด์๋ฅธ ๋ฎํจ๊ณผ์ 2022-23๋
UEFA ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 8๊ฐ 1์ฐจ์ ์์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ถ์ ํด ํ๋ฐ 25๋ถ ์ผ๋ฐ๋ก ํฌ๋ก์ค๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ ค ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋๋ฅด๋ ์ค๋ฐ์ ํค๋๊ณจ์ด์ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ์ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ๊ณจ์ ์ด์์คํธํ๊ณ 31๋ถ์๋ ์กด ์คํค์ค์ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํตํ ๊ณต์ค๋ณผ์ ์ค๋ฅธ๋ฐ๋ก ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ก ์์ ํด ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ์ ์ธ๋ฒ์งธ ๊ณจ์ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋์ผ๋ฉฐ ์์ฃผ์ ํค๋ฏธํ์๊ฒ ํ์ธ์ ๋ฒํ๋ฉฐ ์๋ํ์ ์ง์ ํ๋ฆฌํฅ์ ํ๋ ์ ๊ณตํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ง๋ง ํ์ 3-0 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ํจ๊ป 4๊ฐ ์ง์ถ์ ์ ๋ฆฌํ ๊ณ ์ง ์ ๋ น์ ์ด๋์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด 22-23 ์์ฆ UEFA ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 11๋ฒ์งธ ๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฌผ๋ก 22-23 ์์ฆ ๊ณต์์ 45๋ฒ์งธ ๋์ ์ ํฐ๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ 2002-03 ์์ฆ ๋คผํธ ํ ๋์คํ
๋ก์ด์ 2017-18 ์์ฆ ๋ชจํ๋ฉ๋ ์ด๋ผ๊ฐ ์ธ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์ ์น๊ณ ๋จ์ผ ์์ฆ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฐ ํด๋ฝ ๋ํญ์ ๊ณผ ์ปต๋ํ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ณต์์ ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ ๋์ ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฐ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ์ด ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ 2023๋
4์ 13์ผ์๋ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 8๊ฐ 1์ฐจ์ ์ด์ฃผ์ ํ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋์๋ค.
๊ทธ ํ ๊ฐ์ ํด 4์ 15์ผ ์ํฐํ๋ ์คํ๋์์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋ ์คํฐ ์ํฐ์์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2022-23 31๋ผ์ด๋(3-1 ์น)์์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ถ์ ํด 10๋ถ ์ํ๋ ๋ ์๋๋์ ํธ๋๋ณผ ํ์ธ๋ก ์ฃผ์ด์ง ํ๋ํฐํฅ์ ์ผ๋ฐ๋ก ๊ณจ๋ ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์๋๋ก ๊ณต์ ์ฐจ ์ฑ๊ณต์ํค๋ฉฐ 13๋ถ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ์ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์๊ณ 24๋ถ ์ผ๋น ๋ ๋ธ๋ผ์๋์ ํจ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ๋ ์คํฐ ์ํฐ์ ๊ณจ๋ฌธ์ ํ๋ค๋ฉฐ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋์ ์ ์ฑ๊ณต์์ผฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ดํ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ด ๋๋ ๋ค ํ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ฐ๋ ์ค์ ๊ต์ฒด๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ข
๋ฃ ํ ํ๋ ์ด์ด ์ค๋ธ ๋ ๋งค์น์ ์ ์ ๋์๋ค.
๋ํ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋ฉํฐ๊ณจ์ ํฐ๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 28๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 32๊ณจ๋ก ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2017-18์์ ๋ชจํ๋ฉ๋ ์ด๋ผ๊ฐ ๋ฌ์ฑํ 38๋ผ์ด๋ ์ฒด์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ ์์ฆ ํต์ฐ ์ต๋ค๊ณจ์ธ 32๊ณจ๊ณผ ๋๋ฅ ์ ์ด๋ฃจ์๊ณ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1993-94์์ ์ค๋ ์ฝ, ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1994-95์์ ์จ๋ฐ ์์ด๋ฌ๊ฐ ์ธ์ด 42๋ผ์ด๋ ์ฒด์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ ์์ฆ ํต์ฐ ์ต๋ค๊ณจ 34๊ณจ์ 2๊ณจ ์ฐจ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ผ์ก์๋ค.
๊ทธ ํ 4์ 19์ผ ์๋ฆฌ์์ธ ์๋ ๋์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฐ์ด์๋ฅธ ๋ฎํจ๊ณผ์ 2022-23๋
UEFA ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 8๊ฐ 2์ฐจ์ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์๋ ์ ๋ฐ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ์ ๋ฐ 35๋ถ ์๋ํ ๋ค์ ์ฐํ๋ฉ์นด๋
ธ์ ํธ๋๋ณผ ํ์ธ๋ก ํ๋ํฐํฅ์ ์ป์ด๋์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๊ณจ๋ ์๋ก ๊ณต์ ๋ ๋ ค๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ค์ถ์ ์ ์ง๋ ๊ณ ํ๋ฐ 3๋ถ์๋ ์์ฃผ์ ํค๋ฏธํ์๊ฒ ํ์ธ์ ์ ์ง๋ฌ ๋ฐ์ด์๋ฅธ ๋ฎํจ์ ํ๋ฆฌํฅ์ ํ๋ ์ ๊ณตํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ๋ฐ 10๋ถ ์ญ ๊ทธ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์์ ํจ์ค๋ฅผ ํจ๋ํฐ ๋ฐ์ค ์์์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ณต์ ์ฐผ์ง๋ง ๊ณต์ ์ ์กฐ๋จธ์ ์ ๋ฉด์ผ๋ก ๋ ์๊ฐ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ๋ฐ 12๋ถ ์ผ๋น ๋ ๋ธ๋ผ์๋์ ํจ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์ฐํ๋ฉ์นด๋
ธ์ ํํด์ ์ ์น๊ณ ๋ฐ์ด์๋ฅธ ๋ฎํจ์ ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์ ๊ณจ๋๋ฅผ ํ๋ค๋ฉฐ ํ์ ์ ์ ๊ณจ์ ๋ง๋ ๋ค ํ๋ฐ 39๋ถ ํ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ฐ๋ ์ค์ ๊ต์ฒด๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 2021๋
4์ ์ดํ 2๋
๋ง์ ํ๋ํฐํฅ์ ์ค์ถํ๊ธด ํ์ผ๋ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ ์์์ผ๋ก 2022-23 ์์ฆ ๊ณต์์ 48๋ฒ์งธ ๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ์์ธ๋ฌ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฐ์ธ ํต์ฐ 27๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ง์ 35ํธ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ต๋จ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ 35ํธ๊ณจ ๋ฌ์ฑ ๋ฐ ์ต์ฐ์ 35ํธ๊ณจ ๋ฌ์ฑ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋๊ธฐ๋ก๋ ์์ ์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ค์ด๋์ผ๋ฉฐ ํด๋น ์์ฆ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 12๊ณจ๋ก 4์ 19์ผ ๊ธฐ์ค 2022-23๋
์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ต๋ค ๋์ ์ ๋ฐ์ด์ ์ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ํ์ 4๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ์์ฐฉ์์ผฐ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 4์ 26์ผ ์ํฐํ๋ ์คํ๋์์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์์ค๋ FC์์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 33๋ผ์ด๋(4-1 ์น)์๋ ์ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ถ์ ํด ์ ๋ฐ 6๋ถ ์กด ์คํค์ค์ ๊ธด ํจ์ค๋ฅผ ํํ๋ผ์ธ ๊ทผ์ฒ์์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ณต์ ๋ ๋ธ๋ผ์๋์๊ฒ ํจ์คํ๊ณ ๋ ๋ธ๋ผ์๋๊ฐ ์์ค๋์ ์๋น์๋ค์ ๋ํํ ๋ค ์์ค๋์ ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์๋ ๊ณจ๋ง์ ํ๋ค๋ฉฐ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ์ ๋ฐ 26๋ถ์๋ ์นด์ผ ์์ปค์ ํจ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ํํ๋ผ์ธ ๊ทผ์ฒ์์ ๋ ๋ธ๋ผ์๋์๊ฒ ๊ณต์ ํจ์คํ์ง๋ง ์์ค๋์ ์๋น์ง์๊ฒ ๋งํ๊ณ ์ดํ ๋ ๋ธ๋ผ์๋์ ํจ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ๊ณจ๋ฌธ ์ผ์ชฝ ์๋๋ก ๊ณต์ ์ฐผ์ง๋ง ์๋ํ ๊ณจํคํผ ์ ๋ฐ ๋จ์ค๋ฐ์ผ์ด ๊ณต์ ์ค๋ฅธ์์ผ๋ก ํ๊ฒจ๋์ผ๋ฉฐ 32๋ถ ๊ทธ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์์ ์ค๋ฅธ๋ฐ ํจ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ๊ณจ๋ ์ผ์ชฝ์์ ์ผ๋ฐ๋ก ๊ณต์ ์ฐผ์ง๋ง ๋จ์ค๋ฐ์ผ์ด ๊ณต์ ๋ค์ ๋ง์๋ค.
36๋ถ์๋ ๋งจ์ํฐ์ ์ญ์ต๊ณผ์ ์์ ๊ทธ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์์ ํจ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ํฐ ๋ฐ์ค ์์์ ์ผ๋ฐ๋ก ๊ณต์ ์ฐผ์ง๋ง ๊ณต์ ๊ณจ๋ ์ผ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ์ด๋ฌ๊ณ 41๋ถ์๋ ํ๋ํฐ ๋ฐ์ค ์์์ ์ผ์นด์ด ๊ท๋์์ ํจ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ฐ ์ํ
์ ๋ ๋ ธ์ง๋ง ๋จ์ค๋ฐ์ผ์ด ๊ณต์ ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋ง์์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ๋ฐ 8๋ถ ํ๋ฒต ๋์์ค์ ํจ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ฐ๋ก ๊ณต์ ์ฐผ์ง๋ง ๋จ์ค๋ฐ์ผ์ด ๊ณต์ ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋ง์๋ค.
1๋ถ ๋ค ๋ ๋ธ๋ผ์๋์๊ฒ ๊ณต์ ํจ์คํ๊ณ ๋ ๋ธ๋ผ์๋๊ฐ ์์ค๋์ ๊ณจ๋ ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์๋๋ก ๊ณต์ ๋ฐ์ด๋ฃ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋๋ฒ์งธ ์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ํ๋ฐ 48๋ถ ํค์ด๋ฐด๋๋ฅผ ํผ ์ดํ 1๋ถ ๋ค ํ ํฌ๋ ์ ํจ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ฐ๋ก ์์ค๋์ ์ผ์ชฝ ์๋ ๊ณจ๋ง์ ํ๋ค๋ฉฐ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ์ 4๋ฒ์งธ ๊ณจ์ ๋ง๋ค์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ 1๊ณจ 2๋์์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ํ๋ ์ด์ด ์ค๋ธ ๋ ๋งค์น์ ์ ์ ๋์๋ค.
๋ํ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 33ํธ๊ณจ์ ํฐ๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋ชจํ๋ฉ๋ ์ด๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ ์น๊ณ 38๋ผ์ด๋ ์ฒด์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋จ์ผ ์์ฆ ์ญ๋ ์ต๋ค ๋์ ์๊ฐ ๋์๊ณ 2023๋
5์ 3์ผ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์จ์คํธํ ์ ๋์ดํฐ๋์์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 28๋ผ์ด๋ ์์ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ ํ๋ฐ 25๋ถ ์ญ ๊ทธ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์์ ํจ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์จ์คํธํ์ ๊ณจ๋ฌธ์ ํ๋ค๋ฉฐ 22-23 ์์ฆ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 35๋ฒ์งธ ๋์ ์ผ๋ก ์จ๋ฐ ์์ด๋ฌ์ ์ค๋ ์ฝ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฌํ๊ฒ ์ ์น๊ณ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋จ์ผ ์์ฆ ์ญ๋ ์ต๋ค ๋์ ์ ๋ฐ์ด์ ์ค๋ฅด๋ ๊ธฐ์ผ์ ํ ํ๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด U-19 ๋ํํ
๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด U-19 ๋ํํ ์์์ผ๋ก 2018๋
UEFA U-19 ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์์ A์กฐ ์กฐ๋ณ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ต์ข
์ ์์ ๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ํ๋ 2019๋
FIFA U-20 ์๋์ปต ๋ณธ์ ์ง์ถ๊ถ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ์๊ธ๋๋์์ ๋จํ ํ๋ ์ด์คํ์์ 3-0 ์์น์ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฉฐ 1993๋
์ดํ 26๋
๋ง์ ํต์ฐ 3๋ฒ์งธ U-20 ์๋์ปต ๋ณธ์ ๋ฌด๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ด๋ฌํด์ ํด๋๋์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ 2019๋
FIFA U-20 ์๋์ปต ๋ณธ์ ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ํ์ ์กฐ๋ณ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ๋ฝ์ ๊ณ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์
จ์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์จ๋๋ผ์ค์์ C์กฐ ์กฐ๋ณ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ต์ข
์ ์์ ๋ฌด๋ ค 9๊ณจ์ด๋ผ๋ FIFA U-20 ์๋์ปต ๋ณธ์ ์ญ์ฌ์ 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ต๋ค ๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ํ์ 12-0 ๋์น์ ์ด๋์๊ณ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด ๋ํ ๊ณจ๋ ์์ ์์๋ฅผ ์์๋ค.
๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด A ๋ํํ
2019๋
FIFA U-20 ์๋์ปต์์์ ๋งนํ์ฝ์ ํ ๋๋ก ๊ฐ์ ํด 8์ 28์ผ ์ฑ์ธ ๋ํํ์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ํฉ๋ฅํ๊ณ 9์ 5์ผ ๋ชฐํ์์ UEFA ์ ๋ก 2020 ์์ F์กฐ 5์ฐจ์ ์์ ๊ตญ์ A๋งค์น ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ฅธ ๋ค 2020๋
9์ 4์ผ ์ค์คํธ๋ฆฌ์์์ 2020-21๋
UEFA ๋ค์ด์
์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ B 1์กฐ 1์ฐจ์ ์์ A๋งค์น ๋ฐ๋ท๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ ํด 10์ 9์ผ ํ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ธ๋ฅด๋น์์์ UEFA ์ ๋ก 2020 ์์ ํ๋ ์ด์คํ C์กฐ 1๋ผ์ด๋์์ ํ์ ์์ ํ๋ฝ์ ์ง์ผ๋ด์ผ ํ์ง๋ง ์ดํ ํ ๋ค์ ํ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฃจ๋ง๋์์์ 2020-21๋
UEFA ๋ค์ด์
์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ B 1์กฐ 3์ฐจ์ ์์ A๋งค์น ๋ฐ๋ท ์ฒซ ํดํธํธ๋ฆญ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ 4-0 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
11์ 15์ผ ๋ฃจ๋ง๋์์์ 5์ฐจ์ ์ ์๋ ์ํฉ์์ ๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด ๋ํํ ๋ด์์ ๋ฐ์ํ ์ฝ๋ก๋19 ํ์ง์๋ก ์ธํด ๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด ์ ๋ถ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ฃจ๋ง๋์๋ก์ ์ถ๊ตญ ๊ธ์ง ํต๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉด์ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 0-3์ ๋ชฐ์ํจ๋ก ๋ง๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋์๊ณ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ๋ 3์น 1๋ฌด 2ํจยท์กฐ 2์๋ก ์ฐจ๊ธฐ ์์ฆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ A ์น๊ฒฉ์ ์คํจํ๋ค.
๊ทธ ํ 2022๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต ์ ๋ฝ ์ง์ญ ์์ ์์ ์ง๋ธ๋กคํฐ์ ํดํธํธ๋ฆญ์ ๋น๋กฏํด ๋ฌด๋ ค 5๊ณจ์ ํฐ๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ ํ์ฝ์ ํผ์ณค์ง๋ง ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๋ถ์์ ๋ฐ๋ชฉ์ด ์กํ๊ณ ํ๋ ๋ค๋๋๋์ ํ๋ฅดํค์์ ๋ฐ๋ ค 24๋
๋ง์ ์๋์ปต ๋ณธ์ ์ง์ถ์ ์คํจํ๋ค.
UEFA ์ ๋ก 2024 ์ง์ญ์์ ์์๋ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ถํฐ ์คํ์ธ์๊ฒ 0-3์ผ๋ก ํจํ ๋ค ์กฐ์ง์์ 1-1๋ก ๋น๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ค์ฝํ๋๋์๊ฒ 1-2๋ก ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ฉด์ ๋ณธ์ ์งํ์๋ ์คํจํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ธ์ฌ
2000๋
7์ 21์ผ ์๋ฒ์ง์ธ ์ํ์์ ํ๋์ด ๋ฆฌ์ฆ ์ ๋์ดํฐ๋์์ ํ๋ํ์ ๋ ํ์ด๋ฌ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ ์ ๋์ดํฐ๋์ ์ํฌํฐ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
์์
ํด๋ฝ
๋ชฐ๋ฐ FK
์๋ฆฌํ
์ธ๋ฆฌ์ : ์ค์ฐ์น (2017, 2018)
๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด์ปต : 4๊ฐ (2017)
๋ ๋๋ถ ์์ธ ๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ
์ค์คํธ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ : ์ฐ์น (2018-19)
์ค์คํธ๋ฆฌ์์ปต : ์ฐ์น (2018-19)
๋ณด๋ฃจ์์ ๋๋ฅดํธ๋ฌธํธ
๋
์ผ ๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ : ์ค์ฐ์น (2019-20, 2021-22)
DFB-ํฌ์นผ : ์ฐ์น (2020-21)
DFL-์ํผ์ปต : ์ค์ฐ์น (2020, 2021)
๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ
์๊ธ๋๋ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ : ์ฐ์น (2022-23)
์๊ธ๋๋ FA์ปต : ์ฐ์น (2022-23)
UEFA ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ : ์ฐ์น (2022-23)
UEFA ์ํผ์ปต : 2023
FA ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ ์ค๋ : ์ค์ฐ์น (2022)
๊ฐ์ธ
์๋ฆฌํ
์ธ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์ธ์ : 2018
์ค์คํธ๋ฆฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฌํด์ ์ ์ : 2019
์ค์คํธ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ฌํด์ ์ ์ : 2019-20
๋
์ผ ๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ฌํด์ ์ ์ : 2020-21
๋
์ผ ๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ฌํด์ ํ : 2020โ21, 2021โ22
๋
์ผ ๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ด ๋ฌ์ ์ ์ : 20๋
1์, 20๋
11์, 21๋
4์, 21๋
8์
๋
์ผ ๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ด ๋ฌ์ ๋ฃจํค : 20๋
1์, 20๋
2์
๋
์ผ ๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ด ๋ฌ์ ๋์ : 21๋
9์
VDV ์ฌํด์ ํ : 2019-20, 2020-21, 2021-22
ํค์ปค ๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ฌํด์ ํ : 2020-21, 2021-22
PFA ์ฌํด์ ํ : 2022-23
PFA ์ฌํด์ ์ ์ : 2022-23
FWA ์ฌํด์ ์ ์ : 2022-23
ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋์ ์ : 2022-23
ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฌํด์ ์ ์ : 2022-23
ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฌํด์ ์ํ๋ ์ด์ด : 2022-23
ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ด ๋ฌ์ ์ ์ : 22๋
8์, 23๋
4์
UEFA ์ฌํด์ ์ ์ : 2022-23
UEFA ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋์ ์ : 2020-21, 2022-23
UEFA ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ต์ฐ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ : 2020-21
UEFA ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ ์ค์ฟผ๋ : 2020-21, 2022-23
UEFA ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ Breakthrough XI : 2019
UEFA ๋ค์ด์
์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋์ ์ : 2020-21, 2022-23
๋ฐ๋กฑ๋๋ฅด 2์ : 2023
์ ๋กํผ์ธ ๊ณจ๋ ์ : 2022-23
FIFA U-20 ์๋์ปต ๋์ ์ : 2019
FIFPRO ์๋ ๋ฒ ์คํธ XI : 2021, 2022
ESM ์ฌํด์ ํ : 2019-20
IFFHS ์ฌํด์ ํ : 2022
๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด ์ฌํด์ ์ถ๊ตฌ์ ์ : 2020, 2021, 2022
๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด ์ฌํด์ ์ด๋์ ์ : 2020
๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ ์ฌํด์ ์ ์ : 2022-23
ํฌ๋์ผ ๋ช
์์ : 2020
๊ณจ๋ ๋ณด์ด : 2020
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
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2000๋
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ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด ๋จ์ U-15 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
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ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด์ ํด์ธ ์ง์ถ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
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์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
2019๋
FIFA U-20 ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
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ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด์ธ
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์ผ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด์ธ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erling%20Haaland | Erling Haaland | Erling Braut Haaland (; ; born 21 July 2000) is a Norwegian professional footballer who plays as a striker for club Manchester City and the Norway national team. Considered one of the best players in the world, he is known for his speed, strength, positioning, and finishing inside the box. In his debut Premier League season, Haaland broke the record for the most goals scored by a player in a single season, with 36.
Coming through the youth system, Haaland played for Norwegian sides Bryne and Molde, before relocating to Austria with Red Bull Salzburg in January 2019. His performances there earned him a move to Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund, where he won the DFB-Pokal in 2021. In the summer of 2022, he transferred to Manchester City for a fee of โฌ60ย million (ยฃ51.2ย million), and was instrumental in the club winning a continental treble in his debut campaign; his 52 goals across all competitions was the most ever for a Premier League player. Haaland was named the league's Young Player and Player of the Season, becoming the first player to win both awards in the same year.
Haaland has won several individual awards and broken various records during his career, including the 2020 Golden Boy award, while in 2021 he was named Bundesliga Player of the Season, in addition to his inclusion in the FIFA FIFPro World11 for both 2021 and 2022. He has also broken multiple Premier League records, including most goals scored in a season, the quickest individual to score two, three, four and five hat-tricks, and the first in league history to score hat-tricks in three consecutive home games. In 2023, he won the Premier League Golden Boot, the European Golden Shoe and the Gerd Mรผller Trophy for his goalscoring success. In the same year, his performances led him to be named UEFA Men's Player of the Year and finish runners-up in the Ballon d'Or.
Haaland has represented Norway at various youth levels. In the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup, he won the tournament's Golden Boot after scoring a record nine goals in a single match. He made his senior international debut in September 2019, and is currently the nation's second-highest all-time top goalscorer.
Early life
Haaland was born on 21 July 2000 in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, as his father Alfie Haaland was playing for Leeds United in the Premier League at the time. In 2004, at the age of three, he moved to Bryne, his parents' hometown in Norway. Along with playing football from an early age, Haaland took part in various other sports as a child, including handball, golf, and track and field. He also reportedly achieved a world record in his age category for the standing long jump when he was five, with a recorded distance of 1.63 metres in 2006.
Club career
Bryne
Haaland started in the academy of his hometown club Bryne at the age of five. During the 2015โ16 season, he played for Bryne's reserve team and impressed, scoring 18 goals in 14 matches. In May 2016, Gaute Larsen was sacked as Bryne manager and youth coach Berntsen was promoted to caretaker boss. Having worked closely with Haaland in other youth teams, the interim manager handed the teenager his first start, three months before his 16th birthday. His debut was a second-tier 1. divisjon match against Ranheim on 12 May.
After having initially being deployed as a winger, Berntsen put Haaland in his favoured central role as a striker after a few matches. Although he failed to score in his breakthrough season at Bryne, Haaland was offered a trial by German club 1899 Hoffenheim before eventually moving to Molde to play under Ole Gunnar Solskjรฆr. Haaland made 16 total senior appearances for Bryne.
Molde
On 1 February 2017, Molde announced the signing of 16-year-old Haaland. He made his debut for the club on 26 April in a Norwegian Cup match against Volda TI, scoring on his debut in a 3โ2 win. Haaland's debut in the Eliteserien came on 4 June, being brought on as a 71st minute substitute against Sarpsborg 08 and receiving a yellow card in just over a minute of play on the pitch. On 6 August 2017, Haaland scored the winner for Molde in the 77th minute against Tromsรธ IL, his first goal in the league. His second strike of the season came on 17 September, as he bagged the decisive goal against Viking FK in a 3โ2 victory. In the aftermath of the game, Haaland received criticism from teammate Bjรถrn Bergmann Sigurรฐarson for celebrating his goal towards Viking supporters. Haaland finished his first season at Molde with four goals in 20 appearances.
On 1 July 2018, Haaland scored four goals in the opening 21 minutes against Brann, securing his team a 4โ0 victory over the unbeaten league leaders at the time. After the match, Molde manager Ole Gunnar Solskjรฆr compared Haaland's style of play to Belgian forward Romelu Lukaku, and said the club had rejected several bids for the striker from different clubs. In the following match a week later, Haaland continued his scoring run with a brace against Vรฅlerenga in a 5โ1 win. He scored his first goal in UEFA competition on 26 July, converting a penalty in Molde's 3โ0 Europa League qualifying victory against KF Laรงi. Due to a sprained ankle, Haaland did not participate in Molde's last three league matches of the season. For his performances in the 2018 Eliteserien, Haaland received the Eliteserien Breakthrough of the Year award. He finished the 2018 season as Molde's top goalscorer, scoring 16 goals in 30 matches across all competitions.
Red Bull Salzburg
On 19 August 2018, Austrian Bundesliga champions Red Bull Salzburg announced that Haaland would join the club on 1 January 2019, signing a five-year contract. The Athletics Phil Hay would later reveal that prior to his move to Salzburg, Haaland was also subject of an offer from his father's former club Leeds United. He made his debut for the club on 17 February, the 2018โ19 Austrian Cup quarter-finals against Wiener Neustรคdter, and scored his first goal on 12 May in the Austrian Bundesliga 2โ1 win over LASK.
On 19 July, he scored his first hat-trick for the club in a 7โ1 Austrian Cup win against SC-ESV Parndorf, and followed this up with his first hat-trick in the league on 10 August, scoring three in a 5โ2 victory against Wolfsberger AC. He got a third hat-trick for Salzburg on 14 September in a 7โ2 victory over TSV Hartberg; this was the sixth consecutive league game Haaland had scored in, with 11 total goals. Three days later, Haaland made his debut in the UEFA Champions League against Genk, where he scored three goals in the first half of an eventual 6โ2 victory, his fourth overall hat-trick for Salzburg.
In his next two matches of the Champions League season, Haaland recorded a goal against Liverpool at Anfield and a further two against Napoli, becoming only the second teenager after Karim Benzema in the history of the competition to score in each of his first three appearances. His six goals were also the most scored by any player in their first three Champions League matches. After converting a penalty in Salzburg's reverse fixture against Napoli, Haaland became the first teenager to score in his first four matches in the competition, and only the fourth player of any age to achieve this feat, following Zรฉ Carlos, Alessandro Del Piero and Diego Costa. He then scored all three goals in Salbzurg's 3โ0 victory at Wolfsberger AC on 10 November, recording his fifth hat-trick of the season and his second against Wolfsberg.
On 27 November, Haaland came off the bench to score another goal against Genk, joining Del Piero, Serhii Rebrov, Neymar, Cristiano Ronaldo and Robert Lewandowski as the only players to score in the first five matches of a Champions League group stage, and becoming the first teenager to score in five consecutive matches in the competition. However, he would fail to find the net in Salzburg's final group match against Liverpool, as his team lost 2โ0 and were eliminated from the competition. This would prove to be Haaland's final game for the club; he departed Salzburg having recorded 29 goals, with 28 of these coming in only 22 appearances made during the 2019โ20 season.
Borussia Dortmund
2019โ20: Debut season
Despite being a reported target of Manchester United and Juventus, Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund confirmed the signing of Haaland on 29 December 2019, three days before the winter transfer window opened, for a fee reported to be in the region of โฌ20ย million, signing a four-and-a-half-year contract.
Haaland made his debut for Dortmund away at FC Augsburg on 18 January 2020, coming on as a second-half substitute and scoring a hat-trick within 23 minutes in a 5โ3 win. This made him only the second player in Dortmund history after Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang to score three goals on their Bundesliga debut. Six days later, Haaland once again came off the bench, making his second club appearance in Dortmund's match against local rivals 1. FC Kรถln. He scored after 12 minutes and got a second goal 10 minutes later, helping his team to a 5โ1 victory. Haaland became the first Bundesliga player to score five goals in his opening two matches, as well as the fastest player to reach that tally (56 minutes played). Despite being on the pitch in the league for only an hour, he won January's Bundesliga Player of the Month award. Haaland got a brace against Union Berlin on 1 February, becoming the first player in history to score seven goals in their first three Bundesliga games.
On 18 February, Haaland scored both Dortmund goals in their 2โ1 first leg victory over Paris Saint-Germain in the Champions League round of 16. This brought his total to 10 Champions League goals for the 2019โ20 campaign in only his eighth overall appearance in the competition, adding to the eight he had scored for Salzburg in the group stage. Dortmund would lose 2โ0 in the return leg on 11 March however, as Haaland saw elimination from the competition for a second time in the same season. Following the Bundesliga's return on 16 May in the midst of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, Haaland scored Dortmund's opener of their 4โ0 Revierderby win over Schalke 04, his tenth goal of the Bundesliga season. On 20 June, he scored both goals in a 2โ0 win against RB Leipzig to secure second place for Dortmund, which would lead to Champions League football in the following season. Haaland concluded his 2019โ20 campaign with 44 goals in 40 club appearances across all competitions played for both Salzburg and Dortmund.
2020โ21: Continued individual success
On 19 September 2020, in Dortmund's first match of the new season, Haaland scored a brace in a 3โ0 win over Borussia Mรถnchengladbach. He scored his team's equaliser in their 2โ3 Der Klassiker defeat to Bayern Munich in the DFL-Supercup on 30 September, and again found the net against Bayern when the sides met in the league on 7 November, with Dortmund losing 2โ3 once more. On 21 November, Haaland scored four goals in 32 minutes of a 5โ2 away victory against Hertha BSC. These five goals in November saw him crowned the Bundesliga Player of the Month for a second time.
Haaland continued his goalscoring feats in the Champions League, scoring six times in the first four matches of the 2020โ21 group stage, with his brace in a 3โ0 win over Club Brugge on 24 November making him the fastest player to record 15 Champions League goals; he had reached this benchmark in 12 games. Hours before Dortmund's fifth group match against Lazio on 2 December, however, the club announced that Haaland had suffered a hamstring injury, which kept him out of action until after the new year.
Haaland made his return against VfL Wolfsburg on 3 January 2021. He scored a brace away against RB Leipzig in a 3โ1 win on 9 January, and another two in a 4โ2 defeat to Mรถnchengladbach on 22 January. On 17 February, he scored two goals in Dortmund's 3โ2 away victory against Sevilla in the first leg of the Champions League round of 16. In Dortmund's reverse league fixture against Bayern at the Allianz Arena on 6 March, Haaland scored twice within the opening 10 minutes to give his team a 2โ0 lead. However, he was substituted off in the second half after picking up a knock, as Bayern rallied to win the match 4โ2. Haaland's second goal was the 100th of his senior career, reaching this milestone in 146 appearances.
Haaland scored another brace against Sevilla in the second leg on 9 March in a 2โ2 draw, advancing to the quarter-finals 5โ4 on aggregate. With only 14 matches played, this made him both the fastest and youngest player to reach 20 goals in the competition, also becoming the first player to score multiple times in four consecutive Champions League appearances. After missing two matches due to deep bruising, Haaland returned to Dortmund's starting line-up on 13 May for the 2021 DFB-Pokal final; he scored a brace in his team's 4โ1 win over Leipzig, securing his first title with the club. He ended the season with 41 goals in all competitions, including 27 in the league, which won him the fan-voted Bundesliga Player of the Season award, and finished the season as the top scorer of the Champions League with 10 goals, later being awarded the competition's best forward.
2021โ22: Injury struggles and departure
Haaland started off the 2021โ22 season with a hat-trick versus Wehen Wiesbaden in the first round of the DFB-Pokal on 7 August 2021. A week later, on matchday one of the Bundesliga, he scored a brace and assisted two goals as Dortmund beat Eintracht Frankfurt 5โ2. During the first months of the season, Haaland was sidelined with a hamstring injury, returning on 16 October and scoring a brace against Mainz in a 3โ1 victory. Shortly after, Haaland suffered a hip flexor injury, which sidelined him for two months. He made his return on 27 November, scoring his 50th Bundesliga goal in a 3โ1 victory over Wolfsburg, setting a new record for the fewest appearances and also became the youngest player to score 50 league goals.
On 10 May, Dortmund announced that Haaland would be leaving at the end of the season to sign for Premier League club Manchester City. Four days later, he bid farewell to the club at the Westfalenstadion prior to Dortmund's final match against Hertha BSC, and scored Dortmund's first goal in a 2โ1 win.
Manchester City
2022โ23: Record-breaking debut season and continental treble
On 10 May 2022, Premier League club Manchester City announced they had reached a deal to sign Haaland after activating his โฌ60ย million (ยฃ51.2ย million) release clause. The deal was formalised on 13 June, with City confirming that Haaland would be joining the club on 1 July on a five-year contract. He made his competitive debut on 30 July, playing 90 minutes of a 3โ1 defeat to Liverpool in the 2022 FA Community Shield.
Haaland scored twice on his league debut against West Ham United on 7 August 2022, the only goals of a 2โ0 away victory. On 27 August, he scored his first Premier League hat-trick in a 4โ2 win against Crystal Palace, and recorded his second, a perfect hat-trick, four days later in a 6โ0 win against Nottingham Forest. This made Haaland the fastest individual in Premier League history to score two hat-tricks, beating the previous record by 14 matches; he was later voted Premier League Player of the Month for August, his first month playing in the league.
On 6 September, Haaland made his Champions League debut for the club, getting a brace against Sevilla and becoming the first player to score 25 goals in their first 20 Champions League appearances. In City's second group stage match a week later against his former club Borussia Dortmund, Haaland scored an acrobatic effort late in the contest to secure his side a 2โ1 comeback victory. His winner was subsequently voted Champions League Goal of the Week by fans, and would later go on to be selected as the competition's Goal of the Season by UEFA's Technical Observer panel.
On 2 October, Haaland became the first player in Premier League history to score a hat-trick in three successive home games during City's 6โ3 derby win against Manchester United, additionally earning two assists. He also became the quickest player in Premier League history to score three hat-tricks, doing so in eight league matches and surpassing the previous record of 48 set by Michael Owen in 1998, as well as halving Alan Shearer's record of scoring three hat-tricks in a ten-match spell set during the 1994โ95 season. Haaland's brace in City's 3โ1 away win over Leeds United on 28 December took his tally to 20 goals in 14 league matches, becoming the fastest player in history to reach 20 Premier League goals and beating Sunderland's Kevin Phillips' previous record by seven games. On 22 January 2023, he scored a fourth hat-trick of the season against Wolverhampton Wanderers, giving him a total of 25 Premier League goals after just 19 matches; this surpassed the top scorers of the previous season, Mohamed Salah and Son Heung-min, who both scored 23 league goals across the entire campaign.
On 14 March, Haaland scored five goals in a 7โ0 round of 16 victory against RB Leipzig, tying Lionel Messi and Luiz Adriano for the most goals scored in a single Champions League match. In doing so, he reached 39 goals across all competitions, breaking Tommy Johnson's club record of 38 goals scored in a single season for City set in 1928โ29. During Manchester City's FA Cup quarter-final against Burnley four days later, Haaland scored his sixth hat-trick of the season, passing the 40-goal mark across all competitions.
On 11 April, Haaland scored the third goal of City's 3โ0 Champions League win against Bayern Munich in the quarter-finals, his 45th goal of the season overall. This broke the previous record of 44 goals across all competitions in a season by a Premier League player held by Ruud van Nistelrooy and Mohamed Salah. Haaland registered two assists and a goal in his side's 4โ1 home victory against league leaders Arsenal on 26 April, closing the gap between them and City in the table to just two points while the latter still had two games in hand. He would then score his 50th goal of the campaign across all competitions on 30 April against Fulham. His six goals and two assists during April saw him win the league's Player of the Month for a second time.
On 3 May, in City's return fixture against West Ham, Haaland scored his 35th league goal of the campaign, surpassing Shearer and Andy Cole's joint record for the most goals scored in a single Premier League season. A week later, he was named FWA Footballer of the Year. He won by a record margin, earning 82% of the vote ahead of Arsenal's Bukayo Saka and Martin รdegaard and becoming only the fourth player to claim the award in their debut season. He would also go on to be voted PFA Players' Player of the Year by his colleagues in August. Haaland won his first trophy with Manchester City after they clinched the 2022โ23 Premier League title on 20 May. By assisting Phil Foden's goal in a draw against Brighton & Hove Albion on 24 May, he reached 44 combined league goals and assists, thereby equaling Thierry Henry's record for most total goal contributions in a 38-game Premier League season. Haaland's debut season in England earned him the Premier League Golden Boot, after finishing as the league's top goalscorer, and the European Golden Shoe, given to the top domestic scorer in Europe. With 36 goals in 35 appearances, he set the new record for highest number of goals scored in a Premier League season.
Haaland played the entirety of City's FA Cup final victory over Manchester United on 3 June, securing his second title with the club. He then played another 90 minutes in the following week's Champions League final against Inter Milan. Despite Haaland struggling to have a large impact on the match, City would win 1โ0 to earn a maiden Champions League title and achieve only the second-ever continental treble by an English side. With 12 goals, Haaland finished as the top scorer of the Champions League season for a second time, joining Lionel Messi as the only players to accomplish this feat twice before turning 23. Haaland would be subsequently named the UEFA Men's Player of the Year in August, ahead of Messi and Manchester City teammate Kevin De Bruyne.
2023โ24: Second season in England
Manchester City began their new Premier League campaign on 11 August 2023, with Haaland scoring a brace in a 3โ0 away win against newly-promoted side Burnley. Just days later, Haaland would win his first trophy of the season following City's victory over Europa League winners Sevilla in the UEFA Super Cup; although not scoring during the match, he did convert the first penalty in the shoot-out following the end of regulation. On 29 August, Haaland was named the PFA Players' Player of the Year, having earlier been included in the PFA Team of the Year for the Premier League.
After registering a seventh club hat-trick plus an assist against Fulham on 2 September, Haaland became the fastest ever player to achieve 50 Premier League goal contributions; with just 39 appearances in the competition, he eclipsed Andy Cole's previous record by four matches.
On 25 October 2023, Haaland scored his first two Champions League goals of the season in a 3โ1 win at BSC Young Boys. On 29 October, he recorded two goals and one assist in a 3โ0 Manchester derby win over Manchester United at Old Trafford.
On 30 October, he was presented with the Gerd Mรผller Trophy at the 2023 Ballon d'Or awards ceremony.
International career
Youth
Haaland plays for Norway, and has represented them at various age groups. On 27 March 2018, while with the Norway under-19 side, Haaland scored a hat-trick against Scotland in a 5โ4 victory, helping his country secure qualification to the 2018 UEFA European Under-19 Championship. On 22 July 2018, Haaland scored a penalty against Italy in a 1โ1 draw during the tournament finals. On 30 May 2019, Haaland scored nine goals in the Norway under-20 team's 12โ0 win against Honduras at the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Lublin, Poland. This was Norway's biggest ever win at U-20 level, as well as Honduras' heaviest ever defeat. Haaland also set a new U-20 World Cup record for most goals scored by a single player in a match, with the result additionally being the biggest win by any team in the history of the tournament. Despite the Norwegians being eliminated in the group stage, and Haaland not scoring in any other matches at the tournament, he still won the Golden Boot as the competition's top scorer.
Senior
Due to being born in Leeds, Haaland was eligible to play for England but manager Gareth Southgate stated Haaland only wished to play for Norway. Haaland was named by manager Lars Lagerbรคck to the Norway senior team squad on 28 August 2019, to face Malta and Sweden in UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying matches; he made his senior national team debut on 5 September 2019 against Malta. On 4 September 2020, Haaland scored his first senior international goal for Norway in a 1โ2 loss against Austria in the 2020โ21 UEFA Nations League B. Three days later, he scored a brace in a 5โ1 victory against Northern Ireland. On 11 October, Haaland scored his first international hat-trick in Norway's 4โ0 win over Romania in a Nations League B match, bringing his tally for the senior team to six goals in six matches played.
During the September 2021 international break, Haaland scored five goals in three World Cup qualification matches, including a second hat-trick for Norway in a 5โ1 victory against Gibraltar. With six goals in League B between June and September 2022, he finished as the joint-top scorer of the 2022โ23 UEFA Nations League.
Haaland's brace in a Euro 2024 qualifier against Cyprus on 12 October 2023 brought his international tally to 27 goals in 27 appearances, surpassing Einar Gundersen as Norway's second-highest all-time top scorer.
Player profile
Style of play
A prolific goalscorer and widely regarded as one of the best players in the world, Haaland has all the attributes of a complete centre-forward. He uses his sizeable frame to hold play up effectively and involve others. He has the pace and clever movement to run in behind, he can dribble and create, and he can finish with both feet and his head. He usually comes deep to collect the ball to help his team build play, often looking to spread the ball wide for a teammate, before turning and sprinting towards goal. He sometimes comes too deep for the defenders to follow him; as such he has the awareness to turn on the ball and create from a forward-facing position. In the penalty area he makes small, sharp movements to spot an opportunity for a teammate to attempt to find him in space, and can change the line on which he is running and accelerate into that space, making him extremely difficult for defenders to read.
Haaland uses his body well when playing with his back to goal, protecting the ball effectively as he tries to bring it under control. He uses his strength to secure possession when under pressure and is also effective in providing his team's defenders with some respite following a clearance. His creativity is most apparent when he drifts into the left inside channel. His primary aim is always to get a shot off, but he also has the vision and skill to pick out a delayed run from midfield in the centre. His ability to carry the ball at pace also helps create for others, especially on the counter-attack. Even though he is less involved in possession than a typical striker, his calmness, patience, timing, and off-the-ball movement have a huge impact in build-up plays.
Haaland idolises Zlatan Ibrahimoviฤ and Cristiano Ronaldo, but also cites Michu, Jamie Vardy, Sergio Agรผero, and Robin van Persie as inspirations, and credits Virgil van Dijk and Sergio Ramos as two of the toughest defenders he has played against.
Reception
After his record breaking first season in England, Gary Neville proclaimed that Haaland is "truly unique" and that he has the skill and strength of Wayne Rooney and the talent and finishing of Harry Kane and Ronaldo Nazรกrio. His manager at City, Pep Guardiola, opined that Haaland has the potential to get even better.
Personal life
Haaland is the son of the Norwegian former footballer Alfie Haaland and former women's heptathlon athlete Gry Marita Braut. In a 2017 interview with Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten, Haaland said that "The dream is to win the Premier League with Leeds". His cousins Jonatan Braut Brunes and Albert Tjรฅland are also professional footballers.
Haaland is a practitioner of meditation.
In 2016, Haaland โ along with his Norway Under-17 teammates Erik Botheim and Erik Tobias Sandberg, under the group name Flow Kingz โ released a single entitled "Kygo jo". The song has been viewed millions of times on YouTube.
Career statistics
Club
International
Norway score listed first, score column indicates score after each Haaland goal
Honours
Red Bull Salzburg
Austrian Bundesliga: 2018โ19
Austrian Cup: 2018โ19
Borussia Dortmund
DFB-Pokal: 2020โ21
Manchester City
Premier League: 2022โ23
FA Cup: 2022โ23
UEFA Champions League: 2022โ23
UEFA Super Cup: 2023
Norway U17
Syrenka Cup: 2016
Individual
European Golden Shoe: 2022โ23
Eliteserien Breakthrough of the Year: 2018
Austrian Footballer of the Year: 2019
Austrian Bundesliga Player of the Season: 2019โ20
FIFA U-20 World Cup Golden Boot: 2019
UEFA Champions League Breakthrough XI: 2019
Bundesliga Player of the Season: 2020โ21
Bundesliga Player of the Month: January 2020, November 2020, April 2021, August 2021
Bundesliga Rookie of the Month: January 2020, February 2020
Bundesliga Goal of the Month: September 2021
Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2020โ21, 2021โ22
VDV Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2019โ20, 2020โ21, 2021โ22
kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2020โ21, 2021โ22
FWA Footballer of the Year: 2022โ23
Premier League Player of the Season: 2022โ23
Premier League Young Player of the Season: 2022โ23
Premier League Golden Boot: 2022โ23
Premier League Player of the Month: August 2022, April 2023
PFA Premier League Fans' Player of the Month: August 2022, September 2022, December 2022
ESM Team of the Year: 2019โ20 2022โ23
IFFHS Men's World Youth (U20) Team: 2020
Golden Boy: 2020
Gullballen: 2020, 2021, 2022
Kniksen's honour award: 2020
Norwegian Sportsperson of the Year: 2020
UEFA Champions League Squad/Team of the Season: 2020โ21, 2022โ23
UEFA Champions League Forward of the Season: 2020โ21
UEFA Champions League top scorer: 2020โ21, 2022โ23
UEFA Men's Player of the Year: 2022โ23
UEFA Nations League top scorer: 2020โ21, 2022โ23
FIFA FIFPRO World 11: 2021, 2022
IFFHS Men's World Team: 2022
Manchester City Player of the Season: 2022โ23
PFA Team of the Year: 2022โ23 Premier League
PFA Players' Player of the Year: 2022โ23
Gerd Mรผller Trophy: 2023
References
External links
Profile at the Manchester City F.C. website
2000 births
Living people
Footballers from Leeds
People from Bryne
Footballers from Rogaland
Norwegian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Bryne FK players
Molde FK players
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Borussia Dortmund players
Manchester City F.C. players
Norwegian First Division players
Norwegian Third Division players
Eliteserien players
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
Bundesliga players
Premier League players
UEFA Champions League winning players
Golden Boy winners
UEFA Champions League top scorers
Norway men's youth international footballers
Norway men's under-21 international footballers
Norway men's international footballers
Norwegian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Austria
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in England
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in Germany |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C25%ED%9A%8C%20%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%20%EC%B0%B8%EC%9D%98%EC%9B%90%20%EC%9D%98%EC%9B%90%20%ED%86%B5%EC%83%81%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0 | ์ 25ํ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ฐธ์์ ์์ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ | ์ 25ํ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ฐธ์์์์ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ()๋ 2019๋
7์ 28์ผ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ฐธ์์ ์ ๋ฐ์ด ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ฃํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ 2019๋
7์ 4์ผ์ ๊ณต์ํ๊ณ 7์ 21์ผ ์ค์๋ ์ฐธ์์์์ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ์ด๋ค.
๊ฐ์
๋ ์ด์ ์ฐํธ ๊ฐ์ ์ดํ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์ค์๋ ์ ๊ตญ ๋จ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ด๋ค. 2019๋
6์ 26์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์์ ๊ฐ์(๊ตญ๋ฌดํ์)์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ์ผ์ ์ด ํ์ ๋์๋ค.
2018๋
7์ 18์ผ์ ๊ณต์ง์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ ์๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์ฌ ์ง๋ 2013๋
์ 23ํ ์ฐธ์์์์ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ ์ถ๋ 121์์ ์ ์ถ์์์ 3์(์ฌ์ดํ๋งํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ 1์, ๋น๋ก๋ํ 2์)์ ๋ํ์ฌ 124์์ ์ ์ถํ์๋ค.
์ง์ 2016๋
์ 24ํ ์ฐธ์์์์ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ ๋ ์ ์ค๋ ๋์ฟ ์๋งํยท๊ณ ์นํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ, ๋ํ ๋ฆฌํยท์๋ง๋คํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์์ง ์ค์๋์ง ์์ 2013๋
์ ์ถ์์๋ถ์ด ์ด๋ฒ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ ์ถ๋์ด ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ ์ ์๋ฅผ ์์ ํ ์ฑ์ฐ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
๋น๋ก๋ํ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ์์ด ์ด์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊น์ง๋ ์ ์ ์์ ๋ช
๋ถ์ ๋น๋ก๋ํ์ ๋ฅผ ์ฑํํ์ฌ ๊ฐ ์ ๋น๋ณ ํ๋ณด ๋ช
๋ถ์์ ๋ง์ ๋ํ๋ฅผ ํ ํ๋ณด์ ์์ผ๋ก ๋น์ ์์๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ์ผ๋, ์ด๋ฒ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํฐ๋ ์ ๋น์ด ์ผ๋ถ ํ๋ณด์์ ๋ํ ๋น์ ์์๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ง์ ํ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ๋ ๊ตฌ์๋ช
๋ถ์ ๋ฅผ ๋์
ํ์ฌ ๋ ์ ๋๊ฐ ํผํฉ๋์๋ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๊ตฌ์๋ช
๋ถ์ ํ๋ณด์๋ ์์ ๋ช
๋ถ์ ํ๋ณด์๋ณด๋ค ์ฐ์ ํ์ฌ ๋น์ ๋๋ค. ๊ตฌ์๋ช
๋ถ์ ๋ ํ๋ณด์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ด ํ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ๊ตฌ์๋ช
๋ถ์ ํ๋ณด์๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ด๋์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ง์ฝ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ํฌํ์ฉ์ง์ ๊ตฌ์๋ช
๋ถ์ ํ๋ณด์๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์
๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ๊ทธ ํ๋ณด๊ฐ ์์๋ ์ ๋น์ ํฌํํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผํ๋ค.
์ ๊ฑฐ ์ ๋ณด
๋ด๊ฐ
์ 4์ฐจ ์๋ฒ ์ ์กฐ ๊ฐ์กฐ ๋ด๊ฐ (์ 98๋ ๋ด๊ฐ)
๊ณต์์ผ
2019๋
7์ 4์ผ
ํฌยท๊ฐํ์ผ
2019๋
7์ 21์ผ
์ ๊ถ์ ์, ํฌํ์จ
์ ๊ถ์ ์
105,886,063๋ช
(๋ง 18์ธ ์ด์์ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ)
ํฌํ์จ
48.8% (์ง์ ์ 24ํ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ ๋๋น 5.9 pp ๊ฐ์)
ํฌํ์จ์ด 50% ๋ฏธ๋ง์ธ ๊ฒ์ ์ค์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ์ญ๋ ์ ๊ตญ ๋จ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ต์ ํฌํ์จ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ธ 1995๋
์ 17ํ ์ฐธ์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ 44.52% ์ดํ 24๋
๋ง์ ์ผ์ด๋ค.
๊ธฐ์ผ์ ํฌํ (์ฌ์ ํฌํ)
๊ธฐ์ผ์ ํฌํ์ ์ : 17,062,771๋ช
(์ ์ฒด ์ ๊ถ์์ 16.01%, ์ง์ ์ 24ํ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ ๋๋น ์ฝ 108๋ง ๋ช
์ฆ๊ฐ, ์ฐธ์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ์ญ๋ ์ต๋ค)
10๋ ํฌํ์จ
31.33% (์ง์ ์ 24ํ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ ๋๋น 15.45 pp ๊ฐ์)
10๋ ํฌํ์จ์ ๋ง 18, 19์ธ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ถ์ด ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์ธ์ ๋ ์ง์ 2016๋
์ 24ํ ์ฐธ์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์ 46.78%๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ ์ด๋, 2017๋
์ 48ํ ์ค์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์๋ 40.49%๋ก ํ๋ฝ, ์ด๋ฒ ์ฐธ์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์๋ 31.33%๋ก ๊ธ๋ฝํด 40%๋ ๋ง์ ๋ฌด๋์ง๋ฉฐ ์ ์ฒด ํ๊ท ์ ํ์ฐธ ๋ชป ๋ฏธ์น๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
์ฐ๋ น๋ณ๋ก๋ ๋ง 18์ธ๊ฐ 34.68% (์ง์ ์ 24ํ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ ๋๋น 16.6 pp ๊ฐ์), ๋ง 19์ธ๊ฐ 28.05% (์ง์ ์ 24ํ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ ๋๋น 14.25 pp ๊ฐ์)์๋ค.
์ ๊ฑฐ ํ๋ณด ๋์ฌ
๊ฐ๋ฏธ์๋ผ์ด์ ๋ชจ์นด
์ฌ์ฌํค ๊ตฌ๋ผ๋
ธ์ค์ผ
์ด๋ฌด์ฑ์ ์ง๋ ์ฐธ์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํฐ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ถ ์ฐ๋ น์ด ๋ง 18์ธ๋ก ๋ฎ์ถฐ์ง์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋ฒ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์๋ ์๋
์ ํฌํ๋ฅผ ๋
๋ คํ๋ ์บ ํ์ธ์ ์ ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์์ญ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์ธ ๊ฐ๋ฏธ์๋ผ์ด์ ๋ชจ์นด์ 50๋ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์ธ ์ฌ์ฌํค ๊ตฌ๋ผ๋
ธ์ค์ผ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐ ํ๋ณด ๋์ฌ๋ก ์ ๊ฑฐ ํฌ์คํฐ ๋ฑ์ ๊ธฐ์ฉํ์๋ค.
๋ํ, ์ด์๋ ๋ณ๊ฐ๋ก ๊ฐ ๋๋๋ถํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ์์ํ์์๋ ๊ทธ ์ง์ญ ์ถ์ ์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ, ๊ฐ์ ๋ฑ์ ํ๋ณด ๋์ฌ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ฉํ์ฌ ํฌ์คํฐ๋ TV ๊ด๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ด ๋ฐฉ์กํ์๋ค.
์บ์นํ๋ ์ด์ฆ
์๊ฐํ๋ ๊ณ๊ธฐ ()
์์ ์ ์ผ, ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ์ผ, ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ผ ()
์ ๊ฑฐ ์ ๋
์ ์ถ ์์ ์
์ด 124๋ช
(์ง์ญ๊ตฌ 74๋ช
, ๋น๋ก๋ํ 50๋ช
)
์์ ์ ์
๊ณต์ง์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ ์ ์๊ฐ ์ฌ์ดํ๋งํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ 1๋ช
, ๋น๋ก๋ํ 2๋ช
์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ์๋ค.
์ง์ญ๊ตฌ
์์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์ : ์ด 32๊ฐ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ, 32๋ช
์ ์ถ
์ค์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์ : ์ด 13๊ฐ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ, 41๋ช
์ ์ถ
๋น๋ก๋ํ
์์ ๋ช
๋ถ์ ๋น๋ก๋ํ์ (์ผ๋ถ ๊ตฌ์๋ช
๋ถ์ ๋์
) : ์ ๊ตญ ๋จ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ๋ก 50๋ช
์ ์ถ
์ถ๋ง ํ๋ณด์ ์
์ฃผ์ ์์
์๋น์ธ ์ธ์(์ฆ์ธ) ์ฌ๋ถ (ํํ 8%์์ 10%๋ก ์ธ์ํ๋ ์ ๋ถ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ํ ๋
ผ์)
์๋ฒ ๋
ธ๋ฏน์ค๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ฑ
์ 9์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋น๋กฏํ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ ํ๋ฒ ๊ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ถ
์๋ฏผ, ๊ณต๋ช
์ฐ๋ฆฝ ์ฌ๋น๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ ํ ๋ฑ์ ๊ฐํ ์ฐฌ์ฑ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ๋ฒ ๊ฐ์ ์์ ๋ฐ์ํ ์ ์๋ ์ ์ฒด ์์์ 3๋ถ์ 2๋ฅผ ํ๋ณดํ ์ ์๋์ง ์ฌ๋ถ
์ฐ๊ธ ์ ๋, ๋
ธํ ๋ถ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ์ฌํ ๋ณด์ฅ
๊ณ ์ฉ, ์ธ๋ ฅ ๋ถ์กฑ, ์๊ธ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐ ๋น๊ณค ๋ฌธ์
๋ฏธ์ผ ๋๋งน์ ๊ฐํ, ํํ
๋ง ๋นํ์ฅ์ ํค๋
ธ์ฝ ์ง์ญ ์ด์ ์ฌ๋ถ ๋ฑ์ ์ธ๊ต, ์๋ณด ์ฌ์
์ฃผ์ ๊ณต์ฝ๊ณผ PR
๊ฐ ์ ๋น์ ์บ์นํ๋ ์ด์ฆ
๊ฐ ์ ๋น์ ๊ณต์(ํน๋ณ) ์ฌ์ดํธ
๊ฐ ์ ๋น, ์ ์น ๋จ์ฒด์ ์์ง์
์ฌ๋น
์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น, ๊ณต๋ช
๋น
์ฐ๋ฆฝ ์ฌ๋น์ธ ์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น๊ณผ ๊ณต๋ช
๋น์ ์ด๋ฒ ์ฐธ์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์๋ ํ๋ ฅ์ ์ด์ด๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์ด์ฌ์ธ ์๋ฒ ์ ์กฐ ์ด๋ฆฌ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฝ ํํธ๋์ธ ๊ณต๋ช
๋น์ ์ผ๋ง๊ตฌ์น ๋์ฐ์ค ๋ํ๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ ์นํจ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๋ํด์ "๋น๊ฐ์ ์์์ธ 70์์ ํฌํจํ ๊ณผ๋ฐ์ 123์์ ์ฐ๋ฆฝ ์ฌ๋น์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ณดํ๊ณ ์ถ๋ค"๋ฉฐ "์๋ฏผ, ๊ณต๋ช
์๋น์ ํฉ์ณ 53์์ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ํ๋ค"๊ณ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค. ์๋ฏผ๋น์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ์ ํ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ฒ, ์ด 49๋ช
์ ํ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ , ๋น๋ก๋ํ์๋ 33๋ช
(๊ตฌ์๋ช
๋ถ 2๋ช
)์ ๊ณต์ฒํด ์ด 82๋ช
์ ํ๋ณด์๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ฒํ๋ค. ๊ณต๋ช
๋น์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์๋ฏผ๋น์ ํ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ ์ถ์ฒ ๋๋ ์ง์ํ๋ฉฐ, 3๋ช
์ด์์ ์์์ ์ ์ถํ๋ ์ค์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ง ํ์นด์ด๋, ์ง๋ฐํ์ ์ ์ธํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์ 7๋ช
์ ๊ณต์ฒํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋น๋ก๋ํ์๋ 17๋ช
์ ๊ณต์ฒํ์ฌ ์ด 24๋ช
์ ํ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ฒํ๋ค.
์ผ๋น
์ผ๊ถ ๋จ์ผ ํ๋ณด
์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณต์ฐ๋น, ์ฌํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น, ์ค์์์ ํํ "์ฌํ ๋ณด์ฅ์ ๋ค์ ์ธ์ฐ๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผํ์"๋ 1๋ช
์ ์ ์ถํ๋ 32๊ฐ์ ์์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์ ํ๋ณด ๋จ์ผํ์ ํฉ์ํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ 1์ธ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ด ๊ณต์ฒํ๊ณ ๊ณต๋ช
๋น์ด ์ง์ํ๋ ์ฌ๊ถ ํ๋ณด์ ์ผ๊ถ ๋จ์ผ ํ๋ณด ๊ฐ์ 1๋ 1 ๋๊ฒฐ ๊ตฌ๋๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ 2013๋
์ 23ํ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ผ๊ถ ํ๋ณด๊ฐ ๋ถ์ด๋๋ฉด์ 1์ธ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์ 2์น 29ํจ๋ก ์ฐธํจํ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํ ์์ฑ์ ์ผํ์ผ๋ก 2016๋
์ 24ํ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ผ๊ถ ํ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋จ์ผํํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 11์น 21ํจ๋ก ๊ทธ๋๋ง ์ ์ ํ ๋งํผ, ์ด๋ฒ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์๋ ๋จ์ผํ๋ฅผ ์ด์ด ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ผ๊ถ ๋จ์ผ ํ๋ณด๋ ์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ๊ณต์ฒ 7๋ช
, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ๊ณต์ฒ 6๋ช
, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณต์ฐ๋น ๊ณต์ฒ 1๋ช
, ์ผ๋น ๊ณ์ด ๋ฌด์์ ํ๋ณด 18๋ช
์ด๋ค. ๋ ์คํค๋์ํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ 4๋น ์ด์ธ์ ์คํค๋์ ์ฌํ๋์ค๋น ๋ฑ์ ์คํค๋์ํ ๋ด ์ง์ญ ์ ๋น์ ์ง์๋ ์์๋ค.
๊ตฌ(่) ๋ฏผ์ง๋น ๊ณ์ด (์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น)
์ง์ ์ 24ํ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ 1์ผ๋น์ ๋ฏผ์ง๋น์ด์๊ณ , ์ด๋ฒ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ๋ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ด๋ ์ํ์์ ์น๋ฌ์ง๋ ์ฒซ ์ฐธ์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์๋ค. ์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ์ 20๋ช
, ๋น๋ก๋ํ์ 22๋ช
์ ๊ณต์ฒํ์ฌ ์ด 42๋ช
์ ๊ณต์ฒํ๋ค. ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ์ ๋น๋ก๋ํ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 14๋ช
์ ๊ณต์ฒํ์ฌ ์ด 28๋ช
์ ๊ณต์ฒํ๋ค. ๋ ๋น์ด 1์ธ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ํ๋ณด ๋จ์ผํ์ ํฉ์ํ์ง๋ง, 2๋ช
์ด์์ ์ ์ถํ๋ ์ค์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์
ํ, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ์๋น์ ํ๋ณด๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ ์
ํ๋ณดํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํ ๋ถ์ด์ด ์ฐ๋ ค๋๋ ์ํฉ์ด์๋ค. ํนํ 2๋ช
์ ์ ์ถํ๋ ์์ฆ์ค์นดํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ ํ์ง ์์์ ๊บพ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ด ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ "์๊ฐ ํ๋ณด"๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ฒํ๋ ๋ฑ ๋น์ ์ ๊ณต์ ๋ค์ด์, ์ด์ ์๋ฏผ๋น์ด ์ ๊ฑฐ ์ดํ๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ค๋ณด๊ณ ์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ํ๋ณด์ ๋น์ ์ ๋ง๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ ํ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋๋ ์ด๊ทน์ด ๋ฒ์ด์ง๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
์ผ๋ณธ๊ณต์ฐ๋น
์ผ๋ณธ๊ณต์ฐ๋น์ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ์ 14๋ช
, ๋น๋ก๋ํ๋ก 26๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ด 40๋ช
์ ๊ณต์ฒํ๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ณต์ฐ๋น์ด ์ผ๊ถ ํ๋ณด ๋จ์ผํ์ ํฉ์ํ๋ฉด์, ์ง๋ 2016๋
์ 24ํ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ ๋์ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก 1์ธ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ณต์ฒํ๋ ค๋ ํ๋ณด์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋น๋ก๋ํ๋ก ๊ณต์ฒํ๋ค.
์ฌํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น
์ฌํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ์ 3๋ช
, ๋น๋ก๋ํ์ 4๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ด 7๋ช
์ ๊ณต์ฒํ๋ค. ๋ํ ์ด๋ฒ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ๊ฐ์ (์ ์ถ) ๋์์ด์๋ ๋งํ์ด์น ์ธ์ด์ง ๋น์๋ ์ง๋ณ์ ์ด์ ๋ก ๋ถ์ถ๋งํ์๊ณ , ์ด ๋๋ฌธ์ TV ํ ๋ก ๋ฐ ์ ๊ฑฐ ์ ์ธ์๋ ์์์นด์ ํ์ง๋ฉ ๊ฐ์ฌ์ฅ์ด ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๋ค.
์ด๋ฒ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ๋ํ์จ์ด 2% ์ด์ ๋์ค์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ๊ณต์ง์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ ์ ์ ๋น ์๊ฑด์ ์์คํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ฌ์ค์ ๋น์ ์กด๋ง์ ๊ฑด ์ ๊ฑฐ์๋ค.
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ ํ
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ ํ๋ ์ง์ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ธ ์ค์ฌ์นด ์ด์ธ์๋ ๋์ฟ์ ์์ด์น ๋ฑ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์๋ ํ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ฒ, ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ์ 8๋ช
, ๋น๋ก๋ํ์ 14๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ด 22๋ช
์ ๊ณต์ฒํ๋ค. ์์ด์นํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๊ฐ์๋ฌด๋ผ ๋ค์นด์ ๋๊ณ ์ผ ์์ฅ์ด ์ด๋๋ ์์ด์นํ์ ์ง์ญ ์ ๋น "๊ฐ์ธ์ผ๋ณธ"๊ณผ ๊ณต๋์ผ๋ก ํ๋ณด์๋ฅผ ์ถ์ฒํ๋ ๋ฑ ์ง์ญ ์ ๋น๊ณผ์ ์ ํด๋ ์์๋ค.
๊ธฐํ
ํ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ฒํ ์ ์น ๋จ์ฒด
์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ธ ๋๋ฌด
์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ธ ๋๋ฌด๋ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ์ 6๋ช
, ๋น๋ก๋ํ์ 4๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ด 10๋ช
์ ๊ณต์ฒํ๋ค.
ํ๋ณต์คํ๋น
ํ๋ณต์คํ๋น์ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ 9๋ช
, ๋น๋ก๋ํ 3๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ด 12๋ช
์ ๊ณต์ฒํ๋ค.
๋
ธ๋ ํด๋ฐฉ์ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ํ๋ ๋
ธ๋์๋น
๋
ธ๋ ํด๋ฐฉ์ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ํ๋ ๋
ธ๋์๋น์ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ 6๋ช
, ๋น๋ก๋ํ 4๋ช
(๊ตฌ์๋ช
๋ถ 1๋ช
)์ผ๋ก ์ด 10๋ช
์ ๊ณต์ฒํ๋ค.
NHK๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ์งํค๋ ๋น
NHK๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ์งํค๋ ๋น์ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ 37๋ช
, ๋น๋ก๋ํ 4๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ด 41๋ช
์ ๊ณต์ฒํ๋ค. ๋น์ ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ๋ ๊ฑธ๋ง์ง ์๋ ๋ค์์ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ ํ๋ณด ๊ณต์ฒ์ ๋น์ ์ด๋ ๋น ์ธ๋ ฅ ํ์ฅ์ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๋จ์ํ ๊ณต์ง์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ ์ ์ ๋น ์๊ฑด์ธ "์ ๊ตญ ๋จ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์์ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ ๋๋ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ์ ๋น ๋ํ์จ 2%"๋ฅผ ๋๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ์ ๋ต์ ๋ฐ์ด๋์ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค.
์๋ฝ์ฌ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ์๊ฐํ๋ ๋ชจ์
์๋ฝ์ฌ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ์๊ฐํ๋ ๋ชจ์์ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ 9๋ช
, ๋น๋ก๋ํ 1๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ด 10๋ช
์ ๊ณต์ฒํ๋ค.
๋ ์ด์ ์ ์ผ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ
๋ ์ด์ ์ ์ผ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ๋ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ 1๋ช
, ๋น๋ก๋ํ 9๋ช
(๊ตฌ์๋ช
๋ถ 2๋ช
)์ผ๋ก ์ด 10๋ช
์ ๊ณต์ฒํ๋ค.
์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌด๋นํ๋น
์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌด๋นํ๋น์ ๋น๋ก๋ํ์๋ ํ๋ณด์๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ฒํ์ง ์๊ณ , ๋์ฟ๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋น๋ํ์ธ ์ค์ฐ์นด ๊ธฐ์ฟ ์ค๊ฐ ์ถ๋งํ๋ค.
ํ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ฒํ์ง ์์ ์ ์น ๋จ์ฒด
ํฌ๋ง์ ๋น
ํฌ๋ง์ ๋น์ ์ด๋ฒ ์ฐธ์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ํ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ฒํ์ง ์์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํฌ๋ง์ ๋น์ ๊ณต์ง์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ ์ ์ ๋น ์๊ฑด์ ์๊ฒ ๋์ง๋ง, ์ด๋ฏธ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๊ณต์ ์ด์ ์ธ 2019๋
6์ 5์ผ์ ๊ณ ๋ ๊ตฌ๋์ฝ ์ฐธ์์์์์ด ํ๋นํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ณต์ง์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ ์ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ๋น ์๊ฑด ์ค ํ๋์ธ "์ค์ฐธ ์์ ๊ตญํ์์ ์์ ์ 5์ ์ด์"์ ์๊ฑด์ด ๋ง์ง ์๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด์ ์ ๋น ์๊ฑด์ ์์คํ๋ค.
์ ๋น๋์ง
์ง์ ์ 24ํ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ ๋น๋ก๋ํ์์ ์ค์ฆํค ๋ฌด๋ค์ค ๋ํ ์ค์ค๋ก ๊ณต์ฒ ์ถ๋งํ ์ ๋น๋์ง๋ ์ค์ฆํค ๋ํ๊ฐ ๋น์ ๋ ๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ ํ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ๊ณต์ฒ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ถ๋งํ๋ฉด์, ๋ฐ๋ก ํ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ฒํ์ง ์๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋ค.
1์ธ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ํฉ
์ด๋ฒ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์ 1๋ช
์ ์ ์ถํ๋ ์์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ, ์ฆ 1์ธ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ด ๊ณต์ฒํ๊ณ ๊ณต๋ช
๋น์ด ์ง์ํ๋ ์ฌ๊ถ ํ๋ณด์ ์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณต์ฐ๋น, ์ฌํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ ์ผ๊ถ ๋จ์ผ ํ๋ณด ์ธ์ ํ๋ณต์คํ๋น์ด๋ NHK๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ์งํค๋ ๋น ๋ฑ ๋ง์ ์์ ์ ๋น ํ๋ณด๊ฐ ์
ํ๋ณดํ๋ค. ์ง์ ์ 24ํ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ด๋ค ์์ ์ ๋น ์ค ํ๋์ธ ํ๋ณต์คํ๋น์ ํ๋ณด๋ค์ ๋น๋ก ๋น์ ์๋ ์คํจํ์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ ํ๋ณด๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ ๋ํ๊ฐ 1์ธ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋น์ ์์ ์ฐจ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ํ์ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ ์ด์์ด์๋ ๊ณณ๋ ๋ง์ ์ฌ์ผ ํ๋ณด์์ ๋น๋ฝ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ ํ ๋งํผ, ์ด๋ค ์์ ์ ๋น์ ํ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
์ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์ฌ
์ ๊ฑฐ ์ ๊ฐ ์ธ๋ก ์์ ๋ฐํํ ์ ๋น๋ณ ์ถ์ ๋น์ ์์ ์์ธก์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์ถ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฌ
7์ 21์ผ ์คํ 8์, ํฌํ ์ข
๋ฃ์ ํจ๊ป ๊ณต์๋ฐฉ์ก NHK ๋ฐ 5๋ ๋ฏผ์๋ฐฉ์ก ๋คํธ์ํฌ(NNN, JNN, FNN, ANN, TXN)๊ฐ ์ผ์ ํ ์์ฒด ์ถ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ์๋ค.
์ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
๊ฐ์
์ฌ๋น
์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น, ๊ณต๋ช
๋น์ ์ฐ๋ฆฝ ์ฌ๋น์ ๊ฐ์ (์ ์ถ)ํ 124์์ ๊ณผ๋ฐ์์ธ 63์์ ๋ฐ์ด๋๋ 71์์ ํ๋ํ์ง๋ง ์ด๋ฒ ๊ฐ์ ๋์์ด์๋ 77์์์๋ 6์์ด ์ค์ด๋ค์๋ค. ๋น๊ฐ์ (๋น์ ์ถ) ์์์ ํฌํจํ ์ฐธ์์ ์ ์ฒด๋ก๋ ์๋ฏผ, ๊ณต๋ช
์ฐ๋ฆฝ ์ฌ๋น์ ํฌํจํด ๊ฐํ์ ์ฐฌ์ฑํ๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ถ ๋ฌด์์ ์์์ ํฌํจํ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ "๊ฐํ ์ธ๋ ฅ"์ ๋น๊ฐ์ ์์์ 79์์ด๋ฏ๋ก ๊ฐํ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ ์ฒด ์์์ 3๋ถ์ 2์ธ 164์์ ํ๋ณดํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ์ด๋ฒ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์ 85์ ์ด์์ ์ป์ด์ผ ํ์ผ๋, 81์์ ์ป๋๋ฐ ๊ทธ์น๋ฉด์ 3๋ถ์ 2 ํ๋ณด์ ์คํจํ๋ค. ์ด์ ์๋ฒ ์ ์กฐ ์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์ด์ฌ๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ ์ผ๋ถ ๊ฐํ ์ฐฌ์ฑ ์ธ๋ ฅ ๋ฑ์ ํ๋ ฅ์ ์ป์ด ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐํ์ ์ถ์งํ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ๋ค๋ง ์ฐ๋ฆฝ ์ฌ๋น์ธ ๊ณต๋ช
๋น์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๊ฐํ ์์ฒด์ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ธ ์ธ์ฌ๋ค๋ ๋ง์ ์๊ธฐ๋ด ์ค์ ๊ฐํ์ด ์ด๋ค์ง๊ธด ์๋นํ ์ด๋ ค์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น
์ง์ญ๊ตฌ 38์, ๋น๋ก๋ํ 19์์ผ๋ก ์ด 57์์ ํ๋ํ์ง๋ง, ์ด๋ฒ ๊ฐ์ ๋์ ์์์ธ 66์์๋ ์ด๋ฅด์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ๋ ์๋ฏผ๋น์ ์ง์ ์ 24ํ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ ์ดํ ํ๋ผ๋
ธ ๋ค์ฐ์ค๊ฐ ์
๋นํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ 1989๋
์ดํ 27๋
๋ง์ ์ฐธ์์ ๋จ๋
๊ณผ๋ฐ์๋ฅผ ํ๋ณดํ์์ผ๋, ์ด๋ฒ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ๋๋ฐ ์คํจํ๋ค.
๊ณต๋ช
๋น
์๋ฏผ๋น ํ๋ณด ๊ณต๋ ์ถ์ฒ์ด ์๋ ๊ณต๋ช
๋น ๋
์ ํ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ฒํ 7๊ฐ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ(์ฌ์ดํ๋ง, ๋์ฟ, ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์, ์์ด์น, ์ค์ฌ์นด, ํจ๊ณ , ํ์ฟ ์ค์นด)์์ ์ง์ ์ 24ํ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ด์ด ๋ชจ๋ ํ๋ณด์๊ฐ ๋น์ ๋๋ ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ค. ๋น๋ก๋ํ์์๋ 7์์ ์ป์ด ์ด 14์์ ํ๋, ์ ์ฒด 28์์ผ๋ก ๊ณต๋ช
๋น ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ฐธ์์์์ ์ต๋ค ์์์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ค.
์ผ๋น
์ผ๊ถ ๋จ์ผ ํ๋ณด (๋ฌด์์ ํฌํจ)
1๋ช
์ ์ ์ถํ๋ 32๊ฐ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์ ๋ฌด์์์ ํฌํจํ ์ผ๊ถ 4๋น ๋จ์ผ ํ๋ณด๋ 10์น 22ํจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
๊ตฌ(่) ๋ฏผ์ง๋น ๊ณ์ด (์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น)
์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ์์ 9์, ๋น๋ก๋ํ์์ 8์์ผ๋ก ์ด 17์์ ์ป์๋ค.
๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ์ ๋น๋ก๋ํ์์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 3์์ ์ป์ด ์ด 6์์ ์ป์๋ค.
์
ํ, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ์๋น์ด ์ป์ ์์์ ํฉํ๋ฉด ์ด 23์์ผ๋ก, ์ง์ ์ 24ํ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ๋ฏผ์ง๋น์ด ํ๋ํ 32์์ ๋ฐ๋์๋ค.
์ผ๋ณธ๊ณต์ฐ๋น
์ง์ญ๊ตฌ 3์, ๋น๋ก๋ํ 4์์ผ๋ก ์ด 7์์ ํ๋ํ๋ค. ์์ด ๊ฐ์ฆ์ค ์์์ฅ์ ํฌํ ๋ค์๋ ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๊ธฐ์ํ๊ฒฌ์์, ์ด๋ฒ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ฝ์งํ ๋ ์ด์ ์ ์ผ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ์ "๋ ๋น์ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ฑ์ด ๋น์ทํ๋ ํจ๊ป ์ธ์ฐ์"๊ณ ํธ์ํ๋ค.
์ฌํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น
์ง์ญ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ ํจํ์๊ณ , ๋น๋ก๋ํ๋ 1์์ ์ป์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ฌ๋ฏผ๋น์ ๊ณต์ง์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ์ด ์ ํ๋ ์ ๋น์ ์๊ฑด ์ค ํ๋์ธ "์ ๊ตญ ๋จ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์์ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ ๋๋ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ์ ๋น ๋ํ์จ 2%" ์ค ์ ๋น ๋ํ์จ 2%๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํ ๋๊ธฐ๋ฉด์ ์ ๋น ์ง์๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ๋ ๋ฐ๋ ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋ค.
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ ํ
์ง์ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ธ ๊ฐ์ฌ์ด ์ง๋ฐฉ์์ ์ค์ฌ์นด 2์, ํจ๊ณ 1์์ ํ๋ํ๊ณ , ๋์ฟ์ ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ ๋ฑ ๊ฐ์ฌ์ด ์ง๋ฐฉ ์ด์ธ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๋น์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ ๋ฑ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ์ ๋น๋ก๋ํ์์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 5์์ ํ๋ํ์ฌ ์ด 10์์ ์ป์ด ๊ฐ์ ๋์ ์์์ธ 7์์ ํฌ๊ฒ ์๋์๋ค.
๊ธฐํ
์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ธ ๋๋ฌด
์์์ ํ๋ํ๋ ๋ฐ ์คํจํ๋ค.
ํ๋ณต์คํ๋น
์์์ ํ๋ํ๋ ๋ฐ ์คํจํ๋ค.
๋
ธ๋ ํด๋ฐฉ์ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ํ๋ ๋
ธ๋์๋น
์์์ ํ๋ํ๋ ๋ฐ ์คํจํ๋ค.
NHK๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ์งํค๋ ๋น
๋น๋ก๋ํ๋ก ๋ค์น๋ฐ๋ ๋ค์นด์ ๋ํ๊ฐ ๋น์ ๋์๋ค. ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ ์์ด ๋์ ํ์ง๋ง ๊ณต์ง์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ ์ ์ ๋น ์๊ฑด์ด ๋๋ "์ ๊ตญ ๋จ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์์ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ ๋๋ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ์ ๋น ๋ํ์จ 2%" ์ค ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ ๋ํ์จ 2%๋ฅผ ์ฑ์ฐ๋ฉด์ ์ ๋น์ ์ง์๋ฅผ ์ป๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
์๋ฝ์ฌ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ์๊ฐํ๋ ๋ชจ์
์์์ ํ๋ํ๋ ๋ฐ ์คํจํ๋ค.
๋ ์ด์ ์ ์ผ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ
์ง์ญ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๋์ฟ๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์ 1๋ช
์ด ์
ํ๋ณดํ์ผ๋ ๋์ ํ๋ค. ๋น๋ก๋ํ์์๋ ๊ตฌ์๋ช
๋ถ์์ 2๋ช
์ด ๋น์ ๋์๊ณ , ๊ณต์ง์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ ์ ์ ๋น ์๊ฑด์ด ๋๋ "์ ๊ตญ ๋จ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์์ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ ๋๋ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ์ ๋น ๋ํ์จ 2%" ์ค ์ ๋น ๋ํ์จ 2% ์ด์์ ํ๋, ์ฐฝ๋น 3๊ฐ์ ๋ง์ ์ ๋น ์ง์๋ฅผ ์ป๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๋น์์ธ ์ผ๋ง๋ชจํ ๋ค๋ก ๋ํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ ๋น์ ๋ถ๊ตฌ์๋ช
๋ถ ํ๋ณด ์ค ์ต๋ค ๋ํ๋ฅผ ํ์ง๋ง ๋น์ ์๋ ์คํจํ๋ค. ์ผ๋ง๋ชจํ ๋ํ๋ ์ฐจ๊ธฐ ์ค์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ถ๋งํ ์๊ฐ์ด ์์์ ์์ฌํ๋ค.
์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌด๋นํ๋น
์์์ ํ๋ํ๋ ๋ฐ ์คํจํ๋ค.
์ผ๋น ๊ณ์ด ์ด์ธ์ ๋ฌด์์
์์์ ํ๋ํ๋ ๋ฐ ์คํจํ๋ค.
1์ธ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
์ด๋ฒ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์ 1๋ช
์ ์ ์ถํ๋ ์์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ์ ์ฒด 32๊ฐ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ ์ค ์๋ฏผ๋น ํ๋ณด๊ฐ 22๊ณณ, ์ผ๊ถ ๋จ์ผ ํ๋ณด๊ฐ 10๊ณณ์ผ๋ก ์ง์ ์ 24ํ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ด์ด ์๋ฏผ๋น์ ์น๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋๋ฌ๋ค.
์ผ๊ถ ๋จ์ผ ํ๋ณด๊ฐ ์น๋ฆฌํ 10๊ณณ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ์ค์ดํํ์์๋ ๋ฌด์์ ์ ์ธ ํ๋ณด๊ฐ ์ ์ง ์ด๋ฆฌ ๋ณด์ข๊ด์ ์น๋ฆฌํ์๊ณ , ์ด์ํ
, ์ผ๋ง๊ฐํ, ์ํคํ, ๋ฏธ์ผ๊ธฐ, ๋๊ฐํ, ์๊ฐํ์์๋ ์ผ๊ถ ๋จ์ผ ํ๋ณด๊ฐ ์๋ฏผ๋น ํ์ง ์์์ ์น๋ฆฌํ๋ค.
์ง์ ์ 24ํ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ์๋ฏผ๋น์ด 1์น 5ํจ๋ก ํฌ๊ฒ ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ ๋ํธ์ฟ ์ง๋ฐฉ 6๊ฐ ํ์์๋ ์ด๋ฒ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์๋ 2์น 4ํจ๋ก ์ผ๊ถ ๋จ์ผ ํ๋ณด๋ค์ ํจ๋ฐฐํ์๋ค.
๋น์ ์
์ง์ญ๊ตฌ
์ด 74๋ช
์ ์ ์ถํ์๋ค. 2๋ช
์ด์์ ์ ์ถํ๋ ์ค์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ๋ 13๊ฐ, 1๋ช
์ ์ ์ถํ๋ ์์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ๋ 32๊ฐ์ด๋ค.
๋ณด๊ถ์ ๊ฑฐ
ํ์ฌ ์ 25ํ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ ์ถ๋ ์์์ ๋ํ ๋ณด๊ถ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ ์น๋ฌ์ง์ง ์์๋ค. ๋ณด๊ถ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ต์ข
์ํ์ 2024๋
9์ 15์ผ๊น์ง์ด๋ค.
๋น๋ก๋ํ
์ด 50๋ช
์ ์ ์ถํ์๋ค.
์์ ์น๊ณ
ํ์ฌ ์ 25ํ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ ์ถ๋ ์์์ ์น๊ณ๋ ๋ฐ์ํ์ง ์์๋ค.
์ํด ๋ฐ ๋ถ์ถ๋ง ์์
์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น
๋คํ
์ฃผ์ด์น (ํ์นด์ด๋)
์์๋ค ํ๋ก๋ฏธ (๋๊ฐ๋
ธํ)
์ผ์ฟ ์์ง ๋ฏธ์น์ (์์ด์นํ)
์ผ๋๊ธฐ๋ชจํ ๋ค์ฟ ์ง (์ค์ฌ์นด๋ถ)
์ดํ๋ผ ๋ค์ฟ ๋ฏธ (์ํ๋ฉํ)
์ด์์ด ๋ฏธ๋๋ฆฌ (๋น๋ก๋ํ)
๋์นด๋
ธ ๋ง์ฌ์ (๋น๋ก๋ํ)
์ํ๋๋ฒ ๋ฏธํค (๋น๋ก๋ํ)
์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น
๊ฐ์๋ง ๋์คํค (๋๊ฐํํ)
์์ดํ๋ผ ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ์ฝ (๋น๋ก๋ํ)
๊ฐ๋ฏธ๋ชจํ ๋ฏธ์์ฝ (๋น๋ก๋ํ)
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ ํ
๊ธฐ๋ง ๋ฏธ์ฐ์ค (๋น๋ก๋ํ)
ํฌ๋ง์ ๋น
๋์นด์ผ๋ง ๊ต์ฝ (๋น๋ก๋ํ)
๊ณต๋ช
๋น
์ฐ์ค์ฆ๋ฏธ ์ ์ด์น๋ก (๋น๋ก๋ํ)
์ฌํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น
๋งํ์ด์น ์ธ์ด์ง (๋น๋ก๋ํ)
์คํค๋์ ์ฌํ๋์ค๋น
์ดํ ์นด์ฆ ๊ฒ์ด์ฝ (์คํค๋์ํ)
๋ฌด์์
์ค๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ฐ์ผ (ํ์นด์ด๋)
๊ณ ๋ค ๊ตฌ๋์ฝ (์ฌ์ดํ๋งํ)
์ํ ๋์ค ์ด๋
ธํค (๋น๋ก๋ํ)
์ฐธ๊ณ
2019๋
์ ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๊ถ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ์ค์๋ 4์ 21์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ 6์ ์ด๋ด๊น์ง ์ฌํด์๊ฐ ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ด๋ ์ฐธ์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ํจ๊ป ๋ณด๊ถ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ๋๋ก ๊ท์ ๋์ด ์์๋ค. ์ฐธ์์ ํจ๊ณ ํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ๋ 2018๋
12์์ ์์ ์ฌ๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ๊ฒฐ์์ด ์๊ฒผ๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์์์ด ์ 25ํ ์ฐธ์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ์ ๋์์ ํฌํจ๋จ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ 2019๋
4์ ๋ณด๊ถ์ ๊ฑฐ์์๋ ์ค์๋์ง ์๊ณ ์๊ธฐ ๋ง๋ฃ์ผ๊น์ง ๊ฒฐ์์ผ๋ก ๋จ์๋ค. ๋ฒ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ํ์ง๋ ์๋ง๋คํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ๋ 2019๋
5์ ์์์ด ์ฌ๋งํ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ์์ด ๋์์ผ๋ ๋ณด๊ถ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ง์ ์ ์ง๋์๋๋ฐ ๋ณด๊ถ์ ๊ฑฐ ์ค์์ผ์ด ์์ด ๊ฒฐ์๋ ์ฑ๋ก ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ํ์ง๋์๋ค. ๊ตฐ๋งํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ผ๋ง๋ชจํ ์ด์นํ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฒ ์ฐธ์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ํจ๊ป ์ค์๋๋ ๊ตฐ๋งํ์ง์ฌ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ์
ํ๋ณดํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์๊ธฐ ๋ง๋ฃ ์ ์ ์ฌ์ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์๊ธฐ ๋ง๋ฃ ์ง์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก 3๋ช
์ ๊ฒฐ์์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ๋น๋ก๋ํ๋ ์๊ธฐ ๋ง๋ฃ๊น์ง 2๋ช
์ ๊ฒฐ์์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค.
์ด๋ฒ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํฐ ์ฐธ์์์์ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ํค์ด์ธ์ด ์๋ ์ถ์์์ ์
ํ๋ณด๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํด์ง๋ฉด์ ํค์ด์ธ์ด ์ถ์ ์ฐธ์์์์์ด ํ์ํ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์์์ง๋ง, ์ค์ ํค์ด์ธ์ด ์ถ์์ ํ๋ณด์๋ ์
ํ๋ณดํ์ง ์์๋ค. ์ค์์์ 2014๋
์ 47ํ ์ค์์์์ ์ด์ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํฐ ํค์ด์ธ์ด ์ถ์์ ์
ํ๋ณด๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํด์ ธ ์ค์ ๋ก ์ถ๋งํ ํ๋ณด์๋ ์์์ผ๋, ๋น์ ์๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์คํจํ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ 2019๋
5์ 1์ผ ํ์ฌ ํค์ด์ธ์ด ์๋์ ํ์ด๋ ๊ตญํ์์์ ์์ง ์๋ค.
๋ํ ์ด ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ 21์ธ๊ธฐ ์ถ์์๊ฐ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ถ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ต์ด์ ์ ๊ตญ ๋จ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ด๋ค(2001๋
7์ 22์ผ ์ด์ ์ถ์์ ๋์).
TV ์ฐ์ค ๋ฐฉ์ก์ ์ง๊ธ๊น์ง๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ์์ํ๊ฐ ๋
์ ์ ์ํด ์์ง๋ง ์ด๋ฒ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํฐ๋ ์ ๋น์ด ์ถ์ฒํ ํ๋ณด์ ๋ํ์ฌ๋ ๊ฐ ์ ๋น์ด ์์์ ์์ฒด ์ ์ํ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ์๋ค.
๋ํ ์ด ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ 12๋
์ ํ ๋ฒ ์ฐพ์์ค๋ ๋ผ์งํด ์ ๊ฑฐ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
์ ๊ฑฐ 2๋
์ ์ธ 2017๋
, ์ ์ง ์ค๋ชจ ์ ์์๋ ํ๋ฃจ๋งํ์ง ๊ณ ํค์ด์ ํญ๋ ฅ ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ์ผ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ค๋ชจ ํํ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก 2018๋
์ค๋ชจ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ํดํ ๊ณ ์ง ๋ค์นด๋
ธํ๋๊ฐ ์ฐธ์์ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ์ถ๋ง๋ก ์ ๊ณ ์ง์ถ์ ๋
ธ๋ฆฐ๋ค๋ ์๋ฌธ์ด ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ผ๋, 2019๋
5์ 19์ผ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์ง์ ์ถ๋ง๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ธํ์๊ณ , ์ค์ ์ถ๋งํ์ง ์์๋ค.
๊ธฐํ
๊ธฐ์ผ์ ํฌํ(์ฌ์ ํฌํ)์์ ๋ฐ์ํ ๋ฌธ์
๋๊ฐ๋
ธํ ๋๊ฐ๋
ธ์์์๋ ๊ธฐ์ผ์ ํฌํ(์ฌ์ ํฌํ) ๋ ํฌํ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ธ์ ์ค์๋ก ์ฐธ์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ทธ ํด 4์์ ์ค์๋ ๋๊ฐ๋
ธ ์์ํ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง๊ฐ ์์ฌ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ ๋ฐ๋์ ์๋ชป๋ ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง๊ฐ 44๋ช
์ ํฌํ์์๊ฒ ์ ๋ฌ๋๋ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฒ์ด์ก๋๋ฐ, ์ด ์ฌ์ค์ ๊ฐํ ๊ณผ์ ์์์ผ ๋๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ค. ์๋ชป๋ ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง๋ก ํฌํ๋ 44ํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฌดํจํ๋ก ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐํ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ฌ์ค์ด ๋๋ฌ๋ ๋งํผ ์ฌํฌํ๋ ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํด์ก๋ค.
์คํค๋์ํ ์๊ตฌ๋์ด์์๋ ๊ธฐ์ผ์ ํฌํ์ ๋ถ์ฌ์ ํฌํ ๋ 58๋ช
์๊ฒ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง์ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง์ ์์๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋ก ์ ๋ฌํ๋ ์ค์๋ ๋ฒ์ด์ก๋ค. ์ด ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ต๋ 54ํ๊ฐ ๋ฌดํจํ๊ฐ ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ ํด์ก๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ฐ์ ์ค์๊ฐ ํจ๊ณ ํ ํ๋ฉ์ง์ (17๋ช
), ์ด์์นด์ํ ๊ณ ๋ง์ฐ์ (4๋ช
), ์ค์ดํํ ๋ฒณํธ์ (12๋ช
), ๋๊ฐํํ ์ฐ์ค๋๋ง์ (1๋ช
), ๋๊ฐํํ ์ฐ๋ฐ๋ฉ์ (3๋ช
), ํจ๊ณ ํ ์์ฌ๊ณ ์ (1๋ช
), ์ค์ฌ์นด๋ถ ๋ค์ง๋ฆฌ์ (1๋ช
), ์ด๋ฐ๋ผํคํ ์กฐ์์ (1๋ช
)์์๋ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค.
๋ฏธ์ํ ์ด๋๋ฒ ์์์๋ ์ ๊ถ์ 1๋ช
์๊ฒ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง๋ง ์ ๋ฌํ๊ณ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง๋ ์ ๋ฌํ์ง ์์ ์ค์๊ฐ ์์๋ค๋ ๋ฐํ๊ฐ ์์๋ค. ๋ง๋ถ์ฌ ์ด ์ ๊ถ์๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ด์ ์ ์ฒญ์ด ์์ด๋, ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ์์ํ๋ "์ธ๋ฌผ์ ํน์ ํ ์ ์๋ค"๋ฉฐ ํฌํ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ผ ์ ์๋ค๋ ์
์ฅ์ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ์ค์๊ฐ ํจ๊ณ ํ ๊ณ ๋ฒ ์์์ 2๋ฒ, ์ค์นด์ผ๋งํ ์ผ์ค์ , ๋์ฟ ์๋งํ ๊ฐ์ด์์ ์์๋ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค.
๋๊ฐ์ฌํคํ ์ดํค์์์๋ ์๋ด ์ด 4๊ณณ์ ํฌํ์์ ๊ธฐ์ผ์ ํฌํ ์์คํ
์ด ๋ชจ๋ ์ผ์ ์ ์ง๋๋ค. ์ด ์์คํ
์ ํฌํ์ ์ ์๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ๋ช
๋ถ ์กฐํ๋ฅผ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก, ์ ์ง๋ ์์ธ์ ๋ถ๋ช
์ด๋ค. ์ฝ ํ ์๊ฐ ๋ง์ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ๊ธด ํ์ง๋ง ์ด ์ฌ์ด์ ํฌํ์๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ 24๋ช
์ด ํฌํํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ ๋์๊ฐ์ผ ํ๋ค.
๊ตํ ๋ถ ๊ตํ๊ณ ์์์๋ ํด๋น ์ง์ญ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ์ง ์์ ๊ทธ ์ง์ญ์์ ์ ์ถํ๋ ์์์ ๋ํ ํฌํ๊ถ์ด ์๋ ์ฌ๋์๊ฒ ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ณดํธ์ ๋ช
์๋ก ํด๋น ์ง์ญ์ ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ต๋ถํ๋ ์ค์๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ์ด ํ๋ ํน์ ํ ์๊ฐ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ณจ๋ผ๋ผ ์๋ ์์ด ๊ทธ๋๋ก ์ ํจํ๋ก ์ธ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
์ํคํํ ์ ์์์์์๋ ์ฐธ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ํฌํ์ ์
์ฅ๊ถ์ 2019๋
3์ ์ค ์ฌ๋งํ 16๋ช
๊ณผ ์์ธ๋ก ์ ์ถํ์ฌ ์ ์์์์์ ํฌํํ ์๊ฒฉ์ด ์๋ 119๋ช
๋ฑ ์ด 135๋ช
์ ์๋ชป ์ก๋ถํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ์ ์ ๊ด์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 2019๋
4์ ์ด์์ ๋ด๋น ์ง์์ด ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ๋ช
๋ถ๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ ๋ 3์ ํ์๋ถํฐ 4์ ์ด์ ์ฌ์ด ์ฝ 2์ฃผ์ผ ๋ถ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋์ฅ์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ฌ๋ง์์ ์์ธ ์ ์ถ์์ ๊ดํ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ด์ง ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ๋ช
๋ถ์ ๋ฐ์๋์ง ์์๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
ํ์ฟ ์๋งํ ์๋ผ์นด์์์์๋ ๋ถ์ฌ์ ํฌํ๋ฅผ ์ ์ฒญํ ์ฟํฌ๋ก์์ ํ ๋จ์ฑ์๊ฒ ํ์ํ ์๋ฅ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ด๋ฉด์ ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฃ์ง ์์ ์ค์๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ฐ์กํ๋๋ผ๋ ํฌ๊ฐํ์ผ ์ ๋ ์ธ 7์ 20์ผ๊น์ง ์ฉ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ค์ ์๋ผ์นด์์ ์ ๊ด์์ ๋ณด๋ผ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด์ ์ด ๋จ์ฑ์ ํฌํํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
๊ตฐ๋งํ์์๋ ํ๋ด ๊ธฐ์ผ์ ํฌํ์์ ๋ฐฐํฌํ ์ฐธ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ํ๋ณด์ ์๊ฐ ์ฅ์ ์ธ์ฉ ์ ์ ๋ช
๋จ์์ ํ๋ณด์ 1๋ช
์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์๋ชป ํ๊ธฐํ๋ค.
์์ด์นํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ์์ํ๋ ์ฐธ์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์๋๊ณ ์๊ฐ ์ฅ์ ์ธ ์ ๊ถ์๋ฅผ ์ํด ์ ์ํ๋ "์๋ฆผ CD(์ ๊ฑฐ ๊ณต๋ณด๋ฌผ์ ์์ฑํ ํ ๊ฒ)"๋ฅผ ์๋ชปํ์ฌ ์ง๋ 2016๋
์ 24ํ ์ฐธ์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๋ ์ฌ์ฉํ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐฐํฌํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ์๋ชป๋ ๋ด์ฉ์ CD๋ ์์ด์นํ ๋ด์ 564์ฅ์ด ๋ฐฐํฌ๋์ง๋ง ์ดํ ์ด๋ฒ ์ฐธ์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ง๋ CD๋ก ๋ชจ๋ ๊ตํํ์๋ค.
์ผ๋ง๊ตฌ์นํ ์ผ๋ง๊ตฌ์น์์์๋ ์์ธ๋ก ์ ์ถํ ์ ๊ถ์ 349๋ช
์ ์ฐธ์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ํฌํ๋ฅผ ์๋ด์์ ํ๋๋ก ์๋ดํ๋ ํต์งํ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ด์ง ์์ ๊ฒ์ด ์ ๊ฑฐ ํ ๋ค๋ฆ๊ฒ ๋๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ค.
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ก์ค์ค์ ค๋ ์ค ์ผ๋ณธ ์ด์์ฌ๊ด์์๋ ์ฌ์ธ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ํฌํ์์ ์ผ๋ถ ํฌํ ๋ถ์ค์ ์ง์ ์ 24ํ ์ฐธ์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ํ๋ณด ๋ช
๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ค์นํ๋ ์ค์๊ฐ ์์๋ค๊ณ ์ธ๋ฌด์ฑ์ด ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ๋ถ์ค๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ ํ ํฌํ์์ ์ ๊ณ ๋ก ์๋ชป๋ ๋ช
๋จ์ด ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋๊น์ง 138๋ช
์ ์ ๊ถ์๊ฐ ๋ค๋
๊ฐ์ง๋ง ๊ณต์ง์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ ๊ท์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋ค์ ์ฌํฌํ๋ ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค.
์ด๋ฆฌ ์ฐ์ค์์ ์ฒญ์ค ๋ฐฐ์ ๋
ผ๋
7์ 15์ผ, ํ์นด์ด๋ ์ฟํฌ๋ก์ ์ฃผ์ค๊ตฌ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์๋ฒ ์ ์กฐ ์ด๋ฆฌ(์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์ด์ฌ)์ ์๋ฏผ๋น ํ๋ณด ์ง์ ์ ์ธ ์ค์ ์ผ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ธ ๋ ๋ช
์ ์๋ฏผ์ ํ์นด์ด๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ํ์ ๊ฝ ๋ถ์ก๋ ๋ฑ์ ๊ฐ์์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ง์ํ๋ฉฐ ํ์ฅ์์ ๋์ด๋๋ค. ์ฌ๊ฑด ๋น์ ์ฅ๋ฉด์ ์ดฌ์ํ ์์์ด SNS ๋ฑ์ ํ๊ณ ํผ์ง๋ฉฐ ๋
ผ๋์ด ํ์ฐ๋์, ํ์นด์ด๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ "์ง์ง์์์ ์ถฉ๋๊ณผ ๋ฒ์ฃ ์๋ฐฉ์ ์ํ ์กฐ์น๋ก ์ ์ ํ ๋์์ด์๋ค"๋ผ๊ณ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค์ "์ด๊ฒ์ ๋ถ๋ช
ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ ์๊ถ ํ์๋ก ํ์ฉ๋ ์ ์๋ ๋ฒ์๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์ด๋ฌ๋ค"๋ฉฐ ํ์นด์ด๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๋น ์ฒด์ ๋ฅผ ๋นํํ๋ค. ํํธ ํ์นด์ด๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ ์ฌ๊ฑด ๋ค์ ๋ ์ธ 7์ 16์ผ์๋ "๊ทธ๋ค์ ํ๋์ด ๊ณต์ง์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ์ด ๊ท์ ํ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐฉํด์ ํด๋น๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ์ง๋ง, 7์ 18์ผ์๋ ๋์ฐ "์ฌ์ค ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ํ์ธ ์ค"์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์
์ฅ์ด ๋ฐ๋์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ํด ํ์นด์ด๋ ๋ด ์๋ฏผ๋จ์ฒด ๋ฐ ์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ํ์นด์ด๋ ์ฐํฉ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ง๋ฅผ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค.
๋ํ ์ด์ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ์๊ฐํ ์ค์ฐ์์์๋ ์๋ฒ ์ด๋ฆฌ์ ์ฐ์ค์ ๋ํด ์ผ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ธ ๋จ์ฑ์ ๊ฒฝ๋น๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋ฐฐ์น๋์ด ์๋ ์๊ฐํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ๊ทธ ์๋ฆฌ์์ ๋์ด๋ด๊ณ ์์์ธ์ ์์ง์ด์ง ๋ชปํ๊ฒ ํ๋ ์ํฉ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค.
๋ถ์ ์ ํ ํธ์ ๊ฒ์ฌ ๋ฌธ์
์ฃผ๋ถ๋ํฐ ๋ฐฉ์ก์ ์ํ์ฌ์ธ CBC TV์ ๋ณด๋๋ถ ๊ณต์ ํธ์ํฐ์ 7์ 13์ผ, ์ฐธ์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๋น๋ก๋ํ์ ์ถ๋งํ ์๋ฏผ๋น ํ์ง ์์์ธ ์๋ค ๋ง์ฌ๋ฌด๋ค์ ๋ํ ํญ๋ ฅ ํ์๋ฅผ ๊ธ์ ํ๋ ๊ธ์ด ๊ฒ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐํ์ก๋ค. CBC์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์๋ค ํ๋ณด๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ ์ฐ์ค ํ๋ ์ค ๋ฐ์ ํญ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ฐ์ค ๋ฐฉํด ํ์๋ฅผ ์ฉ๋ฉํ๋ ๋ด์ฉ์ ํธ์์ด ์
๋ก๋๋์ด ๋น๋์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ํด๋น ํธ์์ ๋ณด๋๋ถ๊ฐ ๊ณต์ ๊ฒ์ฌํ ๊ฒ๋ ์๋์๊ณ , ๋ณด๋๋ถ ๊ณต์ ํธ์ํฐ์ ์ ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๋ณด๋๋ถ์์ด ์ฌ๋ฆฐ ํ์ ๋ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ด ํธ์์ CBC ์งํ๋ถ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ค์ ํ์ธํ์ ๋๋ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ญ์ ๋ ๋ค์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ํด CBC๋ "๋ถ์ ์ ํ ํธ์ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ ๋น์ฌ ๋ณด๋๋ถ ๊ณต์ ํธ์ํฐ ๊ณ์ ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ, ์ด์ฉ์ ์ํํจ์ด ์์ธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํฅํ ์ฌ๋ด ๊ท์น์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ด๊ณ์์ ์ฒ๋ฒ์ ๊ฒํ ํ๊ฒ ๋ค"๊ณ ์ค๋ช
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๊ณผํ๋ค. ๋ํ ํธ์ํฐ ๊ณ์ ์ ๋น๋ฐ๋ฒํธ๋ฅผ ๋ณ๊ฒฝํ๋ ๋ฑ ๊ณ์ ์ด์ฉ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๊ฒํ ํจ๊ณผ ๋์์ ์์ธ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ์ฌ ์ฌ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ง๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
์ ๊ฑฐ ๋น์ผ ๋ฐ์ํ ๋ฌธ์
๊ธฐํํ ๋์นด์ฐ๊ฐ์์์ ๋์นด์ฐ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ๋ถ ์ฒด์ก๊ด ํฌํ์์์ ์ ๊ถ์ 12๋ช
์๊ฒ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ์ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง์ ์์๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋ก ์ฃผ๋ ์ค์๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ๊ณต์ง์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ด 12๋ช
์ ํฌํ๋ ๋ฌดํจ๊ฐ ๋๋ค.
๋ฏธ์ํ ๋ฏธ๋๋ฏธ์ด์ธ์ ์์๋ ์ ๊ถ์ ํ ๋ช
์๊ฒ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ์ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง์ ์์๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋ก ์ฃผ๋ ์ค์๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค.
๋ํ ์๊ฐํ ์ผ์ค์์ ์ผ์ค์ ์ธ๊ถ ์ผํฐ ํฌํ์์์๋ ์ ๊ถ์ 26๋ช
์๊ฒ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ์ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง์ ์์๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋ก ์ฃผ๋ ์ค์๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ๊ณต์ง์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ด 26๋ช
์ ํฌํ๋ ๋ฌดํจ๊ฐ ๋๋ค.
์ค์ฌ์นด๋ถ ์ด์ฆ๋ฏธ์์์๋ ์๋ด 2๊ณณ์ ํฌํ์์์ ํฌํ ์ข
๋ฃ ํ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ์ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง์ ์๋์ด 1์ฅ์ฉ ์ ๊ฒ ๋จ์ ๊ฒ์ด ๋๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง๋ฅผ ์ด์ค ๊ต๋ถํ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ์ ์ ๊ด์๊ฐ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
ํ์ฟ ์๋งํ์์๋ 3๊ฐ ์์ ํฌํ์์์ ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง์ ์ค๋ฅ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ์ค์นด๊ฐ์์์ ๊ณ ๋๊ตฌ ์งํ์์ ํฌํ์์์๋ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ ํฌํ๋ฅผ ๋ง์น ์ ๊ถ์ ํ ๋ช
์๊ฒ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ์ฉ์ง๋ก ์๋ชป ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ค์ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ ์ผ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ์ด ํ๋ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ํฌํํจ์ ํฌํ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฌดํจํ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ๋ ํ์ฟ ์๋ง์์ ํธ๋ผ์ด ํ์ต ์ผํฐ์ ํฌํ์์์๋ ํฌํ ์ข
๋ฃ ํ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง์ ์๋์ด ํ ์ฅ ๋ถ์กฑํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฉ์ง๋ฅผ ์ด์ค ๊ต๋ถํ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์์์ ์ ์ ๊ด์๊ฐ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ์ด์ด ์๋ผ์นด์์์ ํ ํฌํ์์์๋ ๊ธฐ์ผ์ ํฌํ(์ฌ์ ํฌํ)๋ฅผ ๋ง์น 80๋ ์ฌ์ฑ์๊ฒ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๋น์ผ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ ๊ต๋ถํ์ฌ ์ด์ค ํฌํ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ ์ฌ์ค์ด ๋ฐํ์ก๋ค. ์ด ํ๋ ํน์ ํ ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ทธ๋๋ก ์ ํจํ๋ก ์ธ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ํฌํ ๋์ค์ ์ง์์ด ์๋ชป์ ๊นจ๋ฌ์ ๋๋ถ์ ๋น๋ก๋ํ์์๋ ์ด์ค ํฌํ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ์ง ์์๋ค.
ํจ๊ณ ํ ๊ณ ๋ฒ ์ ์ฃผ์ค๊ตฌ์ ์ํคํ๋ง ํ๊ด์ ํฌํ์์์๋ ์ง์์ด ์ ๊ฑฐ์ธ ๋ช
๋ถ ํ์ธ์ ์ํํ ํ์ฌ ๋๋ค๊ตฌ์์ ํฌํํด์ผ ํ ์ฌ์ฑ ํ ๋ช
์๊ฒ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ ์ค์๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ๋ ์ฃผ์ค๊ตฌ์ ํฌํ์์์ ํฌํ๋์์ง๋ง, ํด๋น ํฌํ์์ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ์ฉ์ง ๊ต๋ถ ๋ด๋น์๊ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋์น์ฑ๋ฉด์ ๋น๋ก๋ํ๋ ๋๋ค๊ตฌ์ ํฌํ์์์ ์ ์์ ์ผ๋ก ํฌํ๋์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ฃผ์ค๊ตฌ๋ ๋๋ค๊ตฌ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ณ ๋ฒ ์ ๋ด์ ๊ตฌ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐํ ์์ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐํ์๋ก ๋ชจ์ฌ ๊ฐํ๊ฐ ์งํ๋๋ฏ๋ก ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ์์๋ค.
๋ฏธ์ผ์ํคํ ๋ฏธ์ผ์ํค์์์๋ ํผ์ ํฌํ์๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ ๋จ์๊ฐ ์์ ์ ํฌํ์ ์
์ฅ๊ถ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์๋ด์ ์
์ฅ๊ถ๋ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ด ํฌํ์ ์ง์์ด ์๋ด์ ๊ฒ๋ ๋์ ๋ฐ์์ฃผ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐํ๊ณ ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง๋ฅผ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ์ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ๋ชจ๋ 2์ฅ์ฉ ๊ต๋ถํ๋๋ฐ, ์ค์ ๋ก๋ ์๋ด๊ฐ ํฌํ์์ ์ค์ง ์๊ณ ๋จ์ ํผ์ 2์ฅ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ธฐ์
ํ ๋ค ํฌํํจ์ ๋ฃ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ฐ์ ํ ๊ณ ๋ฐ์ผ์์์์๋ ํ ์ ๊ถ์์๊ฒ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง๋ฅผ 2์ฅ ๊ต๋ถํ๊ณ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ต๋ถํ์ง ์์ ์ค์๋ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค.
์ ๊ฑฐ ํ์ ํ ์ง๊ณ ๋ฌธ์
ํจ๊ณ ํ ์๋ง๊ฐ์ฌํค์์์๋ ์ฌ์ ์ ํ์
๋ ์๋ด์ ํฌํ์ ์๋ณด๋ค ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ์์ 20ํ, ๋น๋ก๋ํ์์ 13ํ๊ฐ ๋ง์ด ๋์ค๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ 7์ 22์ผ 0์๋ถํฐ ๋ชจ๋ ํ๋ฅผ ๊ณ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ค์ ์ธ๋ ๋ฑ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ์์
์ ๊ฑฐ์น๋ฉด์ ๊ฐํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ์ ์ด ์ค์ 3์ 30๋ถ๊น์ง ๋ฆ์ด์ง๋ ์ฌํ๊ฐ ๋ฒ์ด์ก๋ค. ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์์ธ์ ๋ฐํ์ง์ง ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํฌํ์ ์ ์ง๊ณ์ ์ค์๋ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์ง ์์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ์์ํ๋ ํ ๊ณ์ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ถ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํฌํ์ ์๋ณด๋ค ๋ง์ด ๋์จ ์ด 33ํ์ ๋ํ์ฌ "๋ณด๋ฅยท๊ธฐํ"๋ก ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ๋ค.
๋ฏธ์ผ๊ธฐํ ์ผ๋ค์ด์์ ์์นด๋ฐ์ผ์๊ตฌ์์๋ ํฌํ์์์์ ๊ฐ์ข
์ค๋ฅ๋ ๋ฏธ์ผ๊ธฐํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์์ด์น ์ง๋ก์๊ฒ ํฌํ๋ 222ํ๋ฅผ ์ด์๊ฐํค ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ์ ํ๋ก ์ง๊ณํ ์ค๋ฅ๋ฅผ ์์ ํ๋ค๋ ์ด์ ๋ก ๊ฐํ๊ฐ 5์๊ฐ ๋ฐ ์ด์ ์ง์ฐ๋์ด 7์ 22์ผ ์ค์ 7์ ๋ฌด๋ ต์์ผ ๊ฐํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ํ์ ๋์๋ค. ๋ ๋ฏธ์ผ๊ธฐ๋
ธ๊ตฌ, ์ด์ฆ๋ฏธ๊ตฌ์์๋ ํฌํ์ ์์ ํฌํ ์ด์์ ๋ถ์ผ์น๋ ์์๋ค. ๋ฏธ์ผ๊ธฐ๋
ธ๊ตฌ๋ ํฌํ ์ด์๊ฐ ํฌํ์ ์์ ๋นํด 1ํ, ์ด์ฆ๋ฏธ๊ตฌ๋ 5ํ๊ฐ ์ ๊ฒ ๋์ค๋ฉด์ ๋ชจ๋ "๋ถ๋ช
" ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ด์ฆ๋ฏธ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๋น๋ก๋ํ์ ์ต์ข
๊ฐํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์ผ๊ธฐํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ์์ํ์ ๋ณด๋ด์ง ๋ชปํ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ๊ฐํ ์์
์ ์ค์ 4์ ๋ฐ ๋ฌด๋ ต์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋๋ฌ์ง๋ง ํ์ ๋ํ์์ ๋ฐํ๋ ๊ทธ๋ณด๋ค ์ฝ 2์๊ฐ ๋ฐ ๋ง์ธ ์ค์ 7์ ๋ฌด๋ ต์ผ๋ก ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ฆ์ด์ก๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฏธ์ผ๊ธฐํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ค์ 7์ 19๋ถ, ๋น๋ก๋ํ๋ ์ค์ 7์ 20๋ถ์ ๊ฐํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ํ์ ๋์ด ๋ฏธ์ผ๊ธฐํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ ์ฒด 45๊ฐ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ ์ค ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ฆ๊ฒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ํ์ ๋์๋ค.
์์ฆ์ค์นดํ ํ์ง๋
ธ๋ฏธ์ผ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ์์ํ๋ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ๊ฐํ ์์
๋์ค, ์๋ฏผ๋น์ ์ผ๋ง๋ค ๋ค๋ก์ ํ๋ฅผ ๋ ์ด์ ์ ์ผ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ์ ์ผ๋ง๋ชจํ ๋ค๋ก์ ํ๋ก ์๋ชป ์ง๊ณํ ๊ฒ์ด ๋๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ์ง๋
ธ๋ฏธ์ผ์์์ ์ผ๋ง๋ค ๋ค๋ก์ ๋ํ์๋ 0์ด ๋์๋ค. ์ด์ ๊ฐํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ง์ผ ๋ณธ ์ค์ ์ผ๋ง๋ค ๋ค๋ก์ ํฌํํ ์๋ฏผ๋ค์ ๋ฌธ์๊ฐ ์๋ฐ๋ฅด์ ์ ๊ด์๊ฐ ์ฌํ์ธํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ง๋ค์๊ฒ ํฌํ๋ 515ํ๊ฐ ์ผ๋ง๋ชจํ ์ ํ๋ก ์๋ชป ์ง๊ณ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋๋ฌ๋ ๋น์ผ ๋ฐ๋ก ํ์๊ฐ ์์ ๋์ด ์ ๊ฑฐ ๋น๋ฝ์๋ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ์ง ์์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋๊ฐํํ ์กฐ์์ฐ์์์๋ ์์ธก๊ณผ๋ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ผ๋ง๋ค ๋ค๋ก์ ๋ํ์๊ฐ ๋งค์ฐ ์ ๊ณ , ์ผ๋ง๋ชจํ ๋ค๋ก์ ๋ํ์๊ฐ ์์ธ๋ก ๋ง์ ์ ์ด ์ง์ ์ ๋ฐ์์ง๋ง, ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ์์ํ๋ "๊ฐํ์ ์
ํ์ธ์๊ฒ๋ ํ์ธํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐํ ์ค์๋ ์์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ค"๋ฉฐ ์ง๊ณ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์๋ชป์ด ์์์ ๋ฐํ๊ณ , ๋๊ฐํํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ์์ํ๋ "์ฐ์ ์์ ๋์ฒ๋ฅผ ์ง์ผ๋ณด๊ฒ ๋ค"๋ฉฐ ๊ด๋ง์ ์์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์๋ค.
์ง๋ฐํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ์์ํ๋ 4๊ฐ ์ยท์ ์์ ๊ฐํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ค๋ฅ๊ฐ ์์์์ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ์ด์ค๋ฏธ์์ ๊ฐ๋ชจ๊ฐ์์์์๋ "์ผ๋ง๋ชจํ "๋ผ๊ณ ๋ง ์ ํ ํ๋ฅผ ๋์ฑ์ ํ๋ณด์ 6๋ช
์ ์๋ถํ ๋ ์ค์๋ก ์ผ๋ง๋ชจํ ๋ค๋ก๊ฐ ์๋ ์ผ๋ง๋ค ๋ค๋ก๋ฅผ ์ฐ์ ๋์์ ๋ฃ์ผ๋ฉด์ ์ผ๋ง๋ค ๋ค๋ก์ ํ๋ ์ค์ ๋ณด๋ค ์ฝ 4ํ ๋ง์์ก๊ณ , ์ผ๋ง๋ชจํ ๋ค๋ก์ ํ๋ ์ฝ 5ํ ์ค์๋ค. ๋ ๊ณ ์ํค์ ์์๋ "์ผ๋ง๋ชจํ "ํ๋ฅผ ์๋ถํ ๋ ๊ธฐ์ด๊ฐ ๋๋ ํ์ ์ฐ์ถ ์ค์๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ์ต์ข
๋ํ์์์๋ ์ค๋ฅ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ๋๋ฏธ์ฌํ ์์์๋ ๋ค๋์นด ํ์ฌ์ผ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ 25ํ๋ฅผ ๋ฌดํจํ๋ก ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ๋ ์ค์๋ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ 4๊ฐ ์ยท์ ์ ๊ฐํ ์ค์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๋น๋ฝ์๋ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ์ง ์์๋ค.
๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ๋น๋ก๋ํ์์ ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ "์ผ๋ง๋ชจํ "ํ์ ์ค์๊ฐ ๊ตํ ๋ถ ๋ฏธ์ผ์ฆ์์์๋ ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ 7์ 22์ผ ์ค์ 0์ 10๋ถ์ ๊ฐํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ฐํ๋์๋ค๊ฐ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋๋ฌ๋๋ฉฐ ์ค์ 3์ 25๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ ์ ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
์์ด์นํ ์ด์์ฟ ๋ผ์์์๋ ํฌํ๋ฅผ ํ์ง ์์ ์ ๊ถ์๋ฅผ ํฌํํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ ํ๊ฒ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ ์ฌ์ค์ด ๋ฐ๊ฐ๋์๋ค. ์ด์์ฟ ๋ผ์ ์๋
ธ์ด ํฌํ์์์๋ ํฌํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์์ธ ๋จ์ฑ ์ง์์ด ๊ต๋ถ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋์ ์๋ ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง ํ ์ฅ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๋๋ฐ, ์ด ์ง์์ ์ฉ์ง๊ฐ ํฌํ ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ง์น ์ ๊ถ์์๊ฒ ์ ๋ฌ๋์ง ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๋จํด ๋ฐฑํ(็ฝ็ฅจ)๋ก ํฌํํจ์ ์ง์ด๋ฃ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ทธ ํ ์ค์ ํฌํ์์์ ํฌํํ ์ธ์๋ณด๋ค ํฌํ ์ฉ์ง๊ฐ ํ ์ฅ ๋ง๊ฒ ๋์จ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊นจ๋ฌ์ ์ด ์ง์์ ์์ ์ ํ์๊ฐ ๋ฐ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฐ๋ คํด ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ง์์๊ฒ ์ง์ํ์ฌ ํฌํ๋ฅผ ํ์ง ์์ ์ ๊ถ์ ํ ๋ช
์ ํฌํํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ๊ณ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ด ์ง์์ ํฌํ ๋ค์ ๋ ์ธ 7์ 22์ผ ์์ํ์๋ค.
๋ฏธ์ํ ๋ง์ฐ์ฌ์นด์์์๋ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ํฌํ์ ์ด์๋ฅผ ์ค์ ๋ณด๋ค 48๋ช
์ ๊ฒ ์ ๊ด์์ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ ๊ฒ, 40ํ์ ๋ฌดํจํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ณผํ์ฌ ์ง๊ณํ์ง ์์ ์ ๋ฑ ์ด 2์ ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ค. ๋ค๋ง ์ ํจ ํฌํ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๋น๋ฝ์๋ ์ํฅ์ด ์์๋ค.
์ค์นด์ผ๋งํ์ 5๊ฐ ์ยท๊ตฌ(์ค์นด์ผ๋ง์ ๋์นด๊ตฌ, ์ค์นด์ผ๋ง์ ๋ฏธ๋๋ฏธ๊ตฌ, ๋๋ฏธ์, ๋ฏธ๋ง์ฌ์นด์, ์์ฌ์ฟ ์น์)์์๋ ์๋ฏผ๋น, ๋
ธ๋ ํด๋ฐฉ์ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ํ๋ ๋
ธ๋์๋น, ๋ ์ด์ ์ ์ผ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ์ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ๊ตฌ์๋ช
๋ถ์ ํ๋ณด์ 5๋ช
์ด ์ด 63ํ๋ฅผ ์ป์์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ์์ํ์ 0ํ๋ผ๋ ์๋ชป๋ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๊ตฌ์๋ช
๋ถ์ ํ๋ณด์์ ํฌํ๋ ๊ฐ ํ๋ ํ๋ณด์๊ฐ ์์๋ ์ ๋น์ ๋ํ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์๋ ์ํฅ์ด ์์๋ค.
์ฌ์ฑ ๋น์ ์ ๊ด๋ จ
์ด๋ฒ ์ฐธ์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ "์ ์น ๋ถ์ผ์์์ ๋จ๋
๊ณต๋ ์ฐธ์ฌ ์ถ์ง๋ฒ"์ด ์ํ๋ ๋ค ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์ค์๋ ์ ๊ตญ ๋จ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ก, ์ด 104๋ช
์ ์ฌ์ฑ ํ๋ณด์๊ฐ ์ถ๋งํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ค ๋น์ ๋ ์ฌ๋์ 28๋ช
(์ง์ญ๊ตฌ 18๋ช
, ๋น๋ก๋ํ 10๋ช
์ผ๋ก ๋น์ ์ ์ ์ฒด์ 22.6%)์ผ๋ก ์ง์ 2016๋
์ 24ํ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋๋ถ์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋จ์ฑ ํ๋ณด์ ๋น์ ์จ์ 36.1%์ธ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ์ฌ์ฑ ํ๋ณด์ ๋น์ ์จ์ 26.9%๋ก ์ง์ ์ฐธ์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋์๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ์ ๋ถ๋ 2020๋
๊น์ง "์ง๋์ ์ง์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๋น์จ"์ 30%๋ก ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ชฉํ๋ฅผ ๋ด๊ฑธ๊ณ ์์ด ์ด๋ฒ ์ฐธ์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ฌ์ฑ ๋น์ ์๊ฐ ์ด ์์น์ ๋ค๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ง๊ฐ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ์์ง๋ง, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฌด์ฐ๋๋ค.
์ ๋น๋ณ๋ก๋ ์๋ฏผ๋น์ ๊ณต์ฒํ ์ฌ์ฑ 12๋ช
์ค 10๋ช
์ด ๋น์ ๋์๋ค. ๊ณต๋ช
๋น์ ๊ณต์ฒํ 2๋ช
์ ์ฌ์ฑ ํ๋ณด๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ ๋น์ ๋์๋ค. 19๋ช
์ ์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ 6๋ช
์ ๋น์ ์, 10๋ช
์ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ 1๋ช
์ ๋น์ ์, 22๋ช
์ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณต์ฐ๋น์ 3๋ช
์ ๋น์ ์, 7๋ช
์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ ํ๋ 1๋ช
์ ๋น์ ์๋ฅผ ๋๋ค. 5๋ช
์ ๊ณต์ฒํ ์ฌํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ ๋น์ ์๊ฐ ์์๋ค. ๋ ๋ ์ด์ ์ ์ผ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ๋ ๋น๋ก๋ํ ๊ตฌ์๋ช
๋ถ์์ ์ฌ์ฑ 1๋ช
์ด ๋น์ ๋์๋ค. ์ง์ญ๋ณ๋ก๋ 1๋ช
์ ์ ์ถํ๋ 32๊ฐ์ 1์ธ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ 7๊ณณ์์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ด ์น๋ฆฌํ๋ค. 1์ธ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ผ๊ถ ์ฐ๋๋ 15๊ฐ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๊ณต์ฒํ๊ณ ์ด ์ค 5๋ช
์ด ๋น์ ๋์๋ค. ์ฌ์ผ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ์ฑ ํ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ฒํ ํ์ฟ ์๋งํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์๋ฏผ๋น์ ํ์ง ์์์ด ์น๋ฆฌํ๋ค. 2๋ช
์ด์์ ์ ์ถํ๋ 13๊ฐ์ ์ค์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ 6๋ช
์ ๋์ฟ๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ, ๊ฐ์ ์ 4๋ช
์ ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ์ํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ, ์ค์ฌ์นด๋ถ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ, ๊ฐ์ ์ 2๋ช
์ ๊ตํ ๋ถ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ, ํ๋ก์๋งํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์ ๋น์ ์์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ์ฑ๋ค์ด ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค. ์ํคํํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ํ๋ฉํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ 1947๋
์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ ํ๋ฒ ์ํ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฐธ์์์ด ์๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ ์ค๋ ์ดํ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฑ ์ฐธ์์์์์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
์ ์ฒด ์ฅ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ๋น์ ์ ๊ด๋ จ
์ด๋ฒ ์ฐธ์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์๋ ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ์ธ ์ด์ํ
ํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์์ 1๋ช
(์ผ๊ถ ๋จ์ผ ๋ฌด์์ ํ๋ณด, ๋น์ ํ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์
๋น), ๋น๋ก๋ํ์์ 2๋ช
(๋ชจ๋ ๋ ์ด์ ์ ์ผ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ ์์)์ ์ฅ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ๋น์ ์๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค. ์ ์ฒด ์ฅ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ํ๋ณด์์ ๋น์ ์ ์ง๋ 1977๋
์ 11ํ ์ฐธ์์์์ ํต์์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ผ์๋ก ์์ดํ(์ฐธ์์ ์ ๊ตญ๊ตฌ, ๋น์ ๋ฌด์์)์ ๋น์ ์ดํ๋ก ์ฒ์ ์๋ ์ผ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ฒ์ ๋น์ ๋ ๋ ์ด์ ์ ์ผ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ์ 2๋ช
์ ์ด๋ํ ๋ ๋ํ ํ ์ฒด์ด์ ๊ฐ๋ณ์ธ์ ํ์๋ก ํ๋ ์ค์ฆ ์ฅ์ ์ธ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๋ฐ ํ๋ณด๊ฐ ์ค์์, ์ฐธ์์ ๋ฑ ๊ตญํ์ ์
์ฑํ ๊ฒ์ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ ๋ก๊ฐ ์๋ ์ผ์ด๋ค. ์ฐธ์์ ์ฌ๋ฌด๊ตญ์ ์ผ์๋ก ์์ดํ๊ฐ ์์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ํ๋ ๋ฌด๋ ต์ ๊ตญํ์์ฌ๋น ๋ด์ ์ค์น๋ ์ฅ์ ์ธ ์ ์ฉ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํฐ, ํ์ฅ์ค ๋ฑ์ ์์ค๋ค์ ํ์ฉํจ๊ณผ ๋์์ ๋น์ ์์ ์๊ฒฌ์ ๋ค์ด ์ฐธ์์ ์ด์์์ํ์์์ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฐํ๊ฒ ๋์ํด ๋๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋ค.
์ดํ 7์ 25์ผ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ฐธ์์ ์ด์์์ํ ์ด์ฌํ์์ ๊ตญํ์ "๋ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ดํ๋ฆฌ(barrierfree, ์ฅ๋ฒฝ ์ ๊ฑฐ)ํ"๋ฅผ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์งํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํฉ์ํ๋ค. ์ ์ฒด ์ฅ์ ์ธ ํ๋ณด์ ๋น์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฐธ์์ ๋ณธํ์์ฅ์ ํ์ํ ๋ณด์ ๊ณต์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ๋ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ํฉ์๋ฅผ ๋ณด์๋ค. ์ฐธ์์ ์ด์์์ํ๋ ๊ณต์ฌ ์ธ๋ถ๋ค์ ๋ณธํ์์ฅ ์ถ์
์ ํ๊ฐํ๊ณ , ๋ณด์ ๊ณต์ฌ๋ 8์ 1์ผ์ ์์ง๋๋ ์์ ๊ตญํ ๊ฐ์ ๋๊น์ง ๋๋ด๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ 7์ 28์ผ ์ค์ ๋ถํฐ ๊ณต์ฌ๋ฅผ ์์ํ์๋๋ฐ, 28์ผ ์ค์ ๋ถํฐ ๋ฐค๋ฆ๊ฒ๊น์ง ์ฐธ์์ ๋ณธํ์์ฅ์์๋ ๋ํ ํ ์ฒด์ด 2๋๊ฐ ์๋ฆฌํ ์ ์๋ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ถ์
๊ตฌ์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ์์์์ ๋ฏ์ด๋ด๊ณ , ์์์ ๋ฐ๋ฐ์ ์๋ 15cm ์ ๋ ๋์ด์ ํฑ์ ์์ ๋ ๋ฑ์ ๊ณต์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ๋ค. ์ด ๊ณต์ฌ ๋น์ฉ์ ์ฝ 70๋ง ์์ด๋ค. ๋ ์ฐธ์์์ ๋ณธํ์์ฅ์ ์ ๋ ํ ์ฒด์ด๋ ์๋ฃ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฑ์ ์ํ ์ ์ ๊ณต๊ธ ์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ์ค์นํ๊ณ , ๊ตญํ์์ฌ๋น ์ค์ ํ๊ด์ ๊ฒฝ์ฌ๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ง๋๋ ๋ฑ ๋์์ ์๋๋ฅด๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ฐธ์์ ์ฌ๋ฌด๊ตญ ๊ด๊ณ์๋ 28์ผ "๋ ์ฌ๋์ ํ ์ฒด์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ณ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ด๋ฒ์ ๊ทธ ๋์์ ์๋กญ๊ฒ ์๊ฐํด์ผ ํ๋ค"๋ฉฐ "์์์ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ๋ํ์ด๋ฏ๋ก ๊ตญํ์์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ํ๋ํ ์ ์๋๋ก ๋๊ฒ ๋ค. ์์ ๊ตญํ๊ฐ ์์๋๋ 8์ 1์ผ๊น์ง ์ผ๋ง ๋จ์ง ์์์ง๋ง ์ต๋ํ์ ๋์์ ํ๊ฒ ๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
๋ 7์ 30์ผ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ฐธ์์ ์ด์์์ํ ์ด์ฌํ์์๋ ์ค์ฆ ์ฅ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ ์ด์ ์ ์ผ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ ์์ 2๋ช
์ ์์์ ๋ํด ๊ตญํ ๋ด์์์ ๊ฐํธ ๋น์ฉ(๊ฐ๋ณ ๋์ฐ๋ฏธ ์ด์ฉ๋ฃ ๋ฑ)์ ์ฐธ์์์ด ๋ถ๋ดํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋ค. ๋ค๋ง, ์ผ๋ถ๋ ์์ ์ ๋น์ธ ๋ ์ด์ ์ ์ผ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ ์ธก์์ ๋ถ๋ดํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์๋ ๊ฒํ ์ค์ด๋ค. ๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ค์ฆ ์ฅ์ ์ธ์ ๋ํ ์ง์ฅ์ ์ง์์ ๊ดํด์๋ ์กฐ์ํ ์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ๋ถ์ ์ด๊ตฌํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋ค. ํํ ๊ท์ ์์๋ "ํต๊ทผ, ๊ฒฝ์ ํ๋์ ๋ํ ์ง์"์ ์์ ์ธ๋น ๋์์์ ์ ์ธ๋์ด ์๋ค.
์ ๊ฑฐ ๋ฌดํจ ์์ก
์ด๋ฒ ์ฐธ์์์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํฐ ๋์
๋ ๋น๋ก๋ํ์ ๊ตฌ์๋ช
๋ถ์ ์ ๋ํด ๋ณํธ์ฌ ๋จ์ฒด๊ฐ ์ ๊ตญ 14๊ฐ ๊ณ ๋ฑ์ฌํ์์ ๊ณ ๋ฑ์ฌํ์ ์ง๋ถ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๋ฌดํจ ์์ก์ ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฒ ์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ๋ ์ด์ ์ ์ผ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ์ ๋น๋ก๋ํ๋ก ์ถ๋งํ ์ผ๋ง๋ชจํ ๋ค๋ก๊ฐ ์ ์ฒด ํ๋ณด์ ์ค ์ต๋ค ๋ํ์ธ 992,267ํ๋ฅผ ์ป์์์๋ ๋์ ํ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ ๊ตฌ์๋ช
๋ถ์ ์ถ๋งํ ๋ฏธ์ฐ๋ผ ์ผ์ค์๋ ์ ๋น์ ์ ์ค์์ ์ต์ ๋ํ์ธ 3,308ํ๋ฅผ ์ป์๋๋ฐ ๋น์ ๋จ์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ทธ ํ์ฐจ๋ ์ฝ 300๋ฐฐ์ ๋ฌํ๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ํด ๋ณํธ์ฌ ๋จ์ฒด๋ "๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ ๋ฐํ๋ค"๋ ์
์ฅ์ ํ๋ช
ํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
2019๋
๊ตฐ๋งํ์ง์ฌ ์ ๊ฑฐ
์ผ๋ณธ ์ฐธ์์ ์์ ๋ชฉ๋ก
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ฃผํด
์ถ์ฒํด
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
์ด๋ฌด์ฑ ์ ๊ฑฐํน์ง
25
2019๋
์ ๊ฑฐ
2019๋
7์
2019๋
์ผ๋ณธ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%20Japanese%20House%20of%20Councillors%20election | 2019 Japanese House of Councillors election | House of Councillors elections were held in Japan on 21 July 2019 to elect 124 of the 245 members of the House of Councillors, the upper house of the then 710-member bicameral National Diet, for a term of six years.
74 members were elected by single non-transferable vote (SNTV)/First-past-the-post (FPTP) voting in 45 multi- and single-member prefectural electoral districts. The nationwide district elected 50 members by D'Hondt proportional representation with optionally open lists, the previous most open list system was modified in 2018 to give parties the option to prioritize certain candidates over the voters' preferences in the proportional election.
The election saw Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's ruling coalition lose the two-thirds majority needed to enact constitutional reform. The Liberal Democratic Party also lost its majority in the House of Councillors, but the LDP maintained control of the House of Councillors with its junior coalition partner Komeito.
Background
The term of members elected in the 2013 regular election (including those elected in subsequent by-elections or as runners-up) was to end on 28 July 2019. Under the "Public Offices Election Act" (kลshoku-senkyo-hล), the regular election must be held within 30 days before that date, or under certain conditions if the Diet is in session or scheduled to open at that time, between 24 and 30 days after the closure of the session and thus potentially somewhat after the actual end of term.
Going into the election, the Liberal Democratic Party and its coalition partner Komeito controlled a two-thirds super-majority of seats in the House of Representatives but did not control a similar super-majority of seats in the House of Councillors, necessary to initiate amendments of the Constitution of Japan.
Pre-election composition
(as of 15 March 2018)
In the class of members facing re-election, the ruling coalition of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Kลmeitล and Party for Japanese Kokoro (PJK) had a combined 81 of 121 seats (as of March 2018). The governing coalition would have to lose 30 seats or more to forfeit its overall majority in the House of Councillors and face a technically divided Diet. However, as independents and minor opposition groups might be willing to support the government on a regular basis without inclusion in the cabinet, the losses required to face an actual divided Diet may have been much higher. If the Diet is divided after the election, the coalition's two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives can still override the House of Councillors and pass legislation, but certain Diet decisions, notably the approval of certain nominations by the cabinet such as public safety commission members or Bank of Japan governor, would require the cooperation of at least part of the opposition or an expansion of the ruling coalition.
Among the members facing re-election were House of Councillors President Chuichi Date (LDP, Hokkaido), Kลmeitล leader Natsuo Yamaguchi (K, Tokyo) and Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry Hiroshige Seko (LDP, Wakayama at-large district).
District reapportionment
The following districts saw a change in their representation within the House at this election. One set of reforms were introduced in 2012 and first took effect at the 2013 election. The districts below are affected by the 2015 reforms, which started to take effect in the 2016 election.
In May 2018, the government announced that they are planning to introduce a revision into the Public Offices Election Law before the 2019 election. The proposed changes increased the number seats in the House by 6, 2 seats in the Saitama at-large district and 4 in the national PR block. As Saitama currently has the highest voters-to-councillor ratio, the increase would reduce its ratio gap with the least populous district (below the constitutional 3 to 1 limit). Meanwhile, the seat increase in the PR block is aimed to address the absence of representation of prefectures in the merged-prefecture districts (namely Tottori-Shimane and Tokushima-Kลchi) and popular discontent in those prefectures. The plan also introduced a ranking system for the PR lists. This essentially changed it from a most open list system into a less open list system, mirroring the one used in the House of Representatives elections. To reduce the chance of the non-representation of a prefecture, candidates from prefectures not running in the merged districts were to be prioritised on the list.
Under the plan, the new Saitama seat and two new PR seats were contested in 2019, while the other three would be contested in 2022.
Opinion polls
Proportional vote intention
Results
By constituency
Notes
References
Japan
Japan House of Councillors
House of Councillors (Japan) elections
Japan House of Councillors election |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EA%B0%81%20%EC%9E%A5%EC%95%A0 | ํ๊ฐ ์ฅ์ | ํ๊ฐ์ฅ์ (ๅ
่ฆบ้็ค, )๋ ํ๊ฐ์ ์ง์ ๋ณํ ๋๋ ์๊ณก์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ ๋๋ ์ง๋ณ์ด๋ค. ์ง์ ๋ณํ๋ ํ๊ฐ์์ค์ฆ, ํ๊ฐ๊ฐํด์ฆ ๋ฑ์ ํฌํจํ๋ ์์ ๋ณํ์๋ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค.
ํ๊ฐ์ฅ์ ๋ ์ฐฉํ๊ฐ์ด๋ ํํ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ฐฉํ๊ฐ์ ์ฐฉ์ทจ์ (๋์๋ฅผ ๋๊ฒ ํ๋ ๋ฌผ์ง)์ ๋ํ ๋ฐ์์ ์๊ณก์ด๋ค. ์ฐฉ์ทจ์ ๋ ์์ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ตํ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๋์์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ๋๋ค. ํํ(ํ์๋์)๋ ์ฐฉ์ทจ์ ๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ์ง ์์ ๋ ๋์๋ฅผ ๋๋ผ๋ ํ์์ด๋ค. ํ๊ฐ์ฅ์ ์ ์์ธ์ ์ฌ์ ํ ์ด๋ก ์ผ๋ก ๋จ์์๋ค. ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ฒฝ์งํ, ๋ ์ง๋ณ์ ์ผ์ผํค๊ฒ ๋ ์์์ ์ฐ๊ด์ฑ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋๋ค. ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ผ์ด์ค๋ค์ ํน๋ฐ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ ๋๋ฉฐ ์ฐฉํ๊ฐ ๊ด๋ จ ์ฃผ์ ์ ํ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ค๋ก๋ ์๊ธฐ๋๊ฐ์ผ(URTIs), ๋๋ถ์ธ์, ๋น๊ฐ/๋ถ๋น๊ฐ ์ฌ์ด๋์ค ์ง๋ณ์ด ์๋ค. ํ๊ฐ์ฅ์ ๋ ์์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด ์์ผ๋ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์ํ๋ ํ์๋ค์ ์ํ ์น๋ฃ ์ต์
์ด ์๋ค.
์ฆ์
ํ๊ฐ์ฅ์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ค ๋์, ๋
์, ์ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฑ์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ธ ์ํ์ ๊ฐ์งํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ ๋ค. ์์ ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ์์, ์์ต๊ด ๋ํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์ ์๋ ์๋ค. ๋ง์กฑ์ค๋ฝ์ง ๋ชปํ ํฅ๋ฏธ, ์ธ์ ์คํจ์ ๊ณตํฌ๊ฐ, ์ํ ์์์ ์๋นํ๋ค๋ ๋๋ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ์์ ๋ถ์ง์ด ์๋ค. ํ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ ๋๋ ์๊ณก์ ์ถ์ ์ง์ ๋จ์ดํธ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์๊ณก์ ๋ง์ ์์ ๋๋ผ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ณด๋ค ํจ์ฌ ๋ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ธ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ์ด๊ฒ๋ค์ด ๊พธ์คํ ์ง๋ณ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋๊ณ ์๊ณก์ด ์์ต๊ด๋ณด๋ค ํจ์ฌ ๋ ํฐ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
๋ถ๋ฅ ๋ฐ ์ฉ์ด
ํ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ์ฅ์ ๋ ์์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ ์ผ ์๋, ์ง์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ ์ผ ์๋ ์๋ค. ์์ ํ๊ฐ ์ฅ์ ๋ ํ๊ฐ์ ์์ ํ ๋๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ธ ์์ค์ด ์๋ ์งํ์ด๋ค. ํ๊ฐ์ ์จ์ ํ ์๋ ํ๊ฐ์์ค์ฆ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ํ๊ฐ๊ฐํด์ฆ์ ์ธก์ ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค๋ ์ด์ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์์ ํ๊ฐ ์ฅ์ ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅ๋๋ 2๊ฐ์ง ์ง๋ณ์ด๋ค. ์ง์ ํ๊ฐ ์ฅ์ ๋ ์ธก์ ์ด ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ฉฐ ํ๊ฐ์ ๋ณํ์ ์๊ณก์ด ์๋ ์งํ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋๋ค. ์ง์ ์งํ์๋ ์ฐฉํ๊ฐ, ํํ๊ฐ์ด ์๋ค. ์ดํ๊ฐ์ ์ง์ ํ๊ฐ ์ฅ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฐฉํ๊ฐ๊ณผ ํํ๊ฐ์ ๋ ๋ค ํฌํจํ๋ค. ํ๊ฐ์์ค์ฆ, ํ๊ฐ๊ฐํด์ฆ, ์ดํ๊ฐ์ ํฌํจํ๋ ํ๊ฐ ์ฅ์ ๋ ์ฝง๊ตฌ๋ฉ ์ข์ฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ํด๋นํ ์๋ ์๊ณ ์ฝง๊ตฌ๋ฉ ํ๋์๋ง ํด๋นํ ์๋ ์๋ค. ์ผ์ชฝ ์ฝง๊ตฌ๋ฉ์๋ง ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ํ๊ฐ์์ค์ฆ์ unilateral left anosmia๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ฉฐ, ๋ ์ฝง๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ํ๊ฐ ์์ค์ฆ์ ์จ์ ํ ํ๊ฐ์์ค์ฆ(total anosmia)์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅธ๋ค. ์๊ณก์ด ๋ถ๋ง์กฑ์ค๋ฌ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ด ์ง๋ณ์ ์
์ทจ(cacosmia)๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ ์๋ค. ์
์ทจ(cacosmia)์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ์๋ก์, ์
์ทจ๋ ํนํ ๋น๊ฐ ์ฌ์ด๋์ค(nasosinusal) ๊ฐ์ผ, ์ธ๋ ๊ฐ์ผ์ ์ํ ์ฐฉ์ทจ์ ์ ๋ถํธํ ์ง๊ฐ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ๊ฑฐ์ ์ฐ์ด์ง ์๋ ์ฉ์ด๋ torquosmia๋ ์ธ์ง๋๋ ๋์๊ฐ ํํ์ ์ธ ๋๋์ด๊ฑฐ๋ ํ์ค๋ฅด๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ธ์ ๋๋์ด ๋ ๋ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค.
์ฐฉํ๊ฐ
์ฐฉํ๊ฐ์ ์ฐฉ์ทจ์ ์ ์ธ์ง ์๊ณก์ด๋ค. ์ฐฉ์ทจ์ ๋ ์์ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ตํ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๋์์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ๋๋ค.
ํํ๊ฐ
ํํ๊ฐ์ ์ฐฉ์ทจ์ ๊ฐ ์๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์์ ๋์๋ฅผ ๋๋ผ๋ ํ์์ด๋ค. ํํ๊ฐ์ด ์์ด ๋ฏธ๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ง์๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ํํ๋ผ๋ ์ฉ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ณ์ธ
ํ๊ฐ ์ฅ์ ์ ์์ธ์ด ์์ง ๋ถ๋ช
ํ๊ฒ ๋ฐํ์ ธ ์์ง ์์ผ๋ ๋ณ์ธ์ ๊ธฐ์ ํ๋ 2๊ฐ์ง ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ด๋ก ์ด ์๋ค: ์ฃผ๋ณ์ ์ด๋ก , ์ค์ฌ์ ์ด๋ก . ์ฐฉํ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ์ ์ด๋ก ์ ํ์์ฉ๊ธฐ ๋ด๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ์์ค๋ก ๋ง๋ฏธ์์ ์ฐฉ์ทจ์ ์ ์์ ํ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ํ์ฑํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ์ฆ์์ ๋งํ๋ค. ์ค์ฌ์ ์ด๋ก ์ ์๊ณก๋ ๋์๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋ด๋ ๋์ ์ค์ฌ๋ถ๋ค์ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํจ๋ค. ํํ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ์ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋์ ๋น์ด์์ ์ธ ์ ํธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ฐํ๋ ๋ด๋ฐ ๋๋ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅํ๋ ์ต์ ์ธํฌ์ ์์ค์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ํํ์ ์ค์ฌ์ ์ด๋ก ์ ํ๊ฐ์ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋ด๋ ๊ณผ๊ธฐ๋ฅ(hyper-functioning) ๋์ธํฌ์ ํน์ ๋ถ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ด๋ก ๋ค์ ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์๋ ์๊ณก ์ฆ์์ด ์๋ ํ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์๊ฒ์ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋ ๋ด์ฉ์ด ํฌํจ๋๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์๋ฐํ๋ ํ๊ฐ์ ์์ค์ด ์๊ณ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์ฑ์ด ๊ฐ์ํ๋ ์์ ์ ์๊ณก์ด ์
ํ๋๋ค๋ ์ ์ด ์๋ค. ์ฐฉํ๊ฐ ํ์๋ค ์ค์ ์ ๋ฐ ์๊ทน์ ์๋ณํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ์ฌ๋ก๊ฐ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์ ๋ฐ๋ก๋ ๊ฐ์๋ฆฐ, ๋ด๋ฐฐ, ์ปคํผ, ํฅ์, ๊ณผ์ผ, ์ด์ฝ๋ฆฟ์ด ํฌํจ๋๋ค.
ํ๊ฐ ์ฅ์ ์ ๋ณ์ธ์ ์ ํํ ๋ฐํ์ง ๋ฐ ์์ผ๋ ์ ๊ฒฝ ์งํ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จํ ์์์ ์ฐ๊ด์ฑ์ด ์๋ค:
์๊ธฐ๋๊ฐ์ผ(URTIs)
๋น๊ฐ, ํ๋น๊ฐ ์ฌ์ด๋์ค ์ง๋ณ
์ ๋
์ฑ ํํ ๋ฌผ์ง ๋
ธ์ถ
์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ์ด์
๋๋ถ์ธ์
์ฝ ์์
์ ๋์ฝ, ํ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ์ ์ข
์
๋์ ์ฆ
์ผ์ด์ค๋ค ์ค ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ํน๋ฐ์ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฐฉํ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จํ ์ฃผ์ ์ ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ค์ URTIs, ๋๋ถ ์์(head trauma), ๋น๊ฐ/ํ๋น๊ฐ ์ฌ์ด๋์ค ์ง๋ณ์ด ์๋ค. ํ๊ฐ ๊ด๋ จ ์ ์ ์ํ์ ๋ณ์ธ๋ค์ ์กฐํ๋ณ, ์์ฝ์ฌ์ฑ ์ ์ ๋ณ, ์ฐ์ธ์ฆ, ํ๊ฐ๊ด๊ณ์ฆํ๊ตฐ(olfactory reference syndrome)์ ์กด์ฌํ ์ ์๋ค.
์ง๋จ
ํ์๋ค์ด ๋นํจ์จ์ ์ธ ์น๋ฃ์ ์ค๋ง์ ๋๋ผ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ ์ ์งํ์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ์ธ๊ธํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํ์๋ฅผ ์ง๋จํ๋ ์ผ์ ๋ํดํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ถ ํ์๋ค์ ๋ง์ด๋ ๋์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๋์ง์ ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋๋ฐ ์ด๋ ค์์ด ์๋ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์์ ์ ํ์ ๊ดํด ์ง๋ฌธ์ ํด๋ณด๋ฉด ํ์๊ฐ ๋ง, ๋์์ ๊ดํ ์ง๋ณ์ด ์๋์ง์ ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ ํ๋๋ฐ ๋์์ ์ค ์ ์๋ค. ์๊ณก์ด ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ ์
์ ํตํ ์ฐฉ์ทจ์ ์ ์ ์ฉ์ด ๋๋์ง์ ์ฌ๋ถ, ๋ ๋์๊ฐ ์๊ทน ์์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋์ง์ ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์๋ณํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ค์ํ๋ค. ์ฐฉ์ทจ์ ์ ์๊ณก์ ๋ ์ข
๋ฅ๋ก ์กด์ฌํ๋ค: ์๊ทน์ด ์์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ต๊ณผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒ, ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋น์ทํ ๋์๊ฐ ๋๋ ๊ฒ. ๋ณ๋ ฅ ๋ํ ์ง๋ณ์ ์ข
๋ฅ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋๋ฐ ๋์์ ์ค ์๋ ์๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ด์ ๋ ํ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ผ, ๋๋ถ ์์ ๋ฑ์ ์ฌ๊ฑด๋ค์ด ๋ณดํต ์ฐฉํ๊ฐ์ ์กฐ์ง์ผ ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์์ฝ๊ฒ๋ ํ๊ฐ ์ฅ์ ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ ํํ ์ง๋จ ํ
์คํธ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์กด์ฌํ์ง ์๋๋ค. ํ๊ฐ๋ ์ง๋ฌธ์์ ๋ณ๋ ฅ์ ํตํด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ ธ์ผ ํ๋ค.
์น๋ฃ
์๊ฐ์ด ์ง๋จ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํ๊ฐ ์ฅ์ ๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ ์ผ์ด ์ข
์ข
์์ผ๋ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์ํ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ ํ์๋ค์ ์ํ ํ๊ฐ ์ฅ์ ์ ์๋ฃ์ , ์์ ์ ์น๋ฃ๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ์๋ฃ์ ์น๋ฃ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ถ ์ ๋น์ก, ์ฅ์๋ฉํ์กธ๋ฆฐ HCL(์๊ธฐ๋๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋จํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํ๋ฆ์ด ํ์ด๋ถ์ ๋๋ฌํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ฒ ํจ)์ด ํฌํจ๋๋ค. ์ง์ ์ , ํญ์ธ์ , ํญ๊ฐ์ง์ฝ ๋ฑ์ ๊ธฐํ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์ด ์ ์๋ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์ ์ผ๋ถ ํ์์๊ฒ๋ ํจ๋ ฅ์ด ์์ ์๋ ์์ ์๋ ์๋๋ฐ, ๋ถ์์ฉ์ด ์ฐธ์๋งํ์ง ๋ชปํ ์ ๋์ผ ์ ์๋ค. ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ํ์๋ ์ํ์ ์น๋ฃ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋์์ด ๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ ์ผ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์์ ์ ์น๋ฃ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค. ์ต์
์ผ๋ก๋ ์์ด๋ง ๊ฐ๋์ , ํ์ํผ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ํฌํจ๋๋ค. ์ผ๋ถ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ฝ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ด์๊ฒฝ์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ํ์ํผ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์์ ํ๊ณ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ํํ๋ฅผ ์น๋ฃํ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์์ด๋ง ๊ฐ๋์ ์ ์๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ํ๊ฐ์์ค์ ๋ถ๋ฌ์ผ์ผํค๋ฉฐ ์ด ๋ ์์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ผ๋ฐ ์์ ์ ์ฐ๊ณ๋ ์ํ์ ๋ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
์ญํ
ํํ๊ฐ์ ๋น๋๋ ์ฐฉํ๊ฐ์ ๋น๋๋ณด๋ค ๋น๊ต์ ๋๋ฌธ ํธ์ด๋ค. ์ฐฉํ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ฐ ์ฅ์ ํ์ ์ค 10~60%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ฉฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 3๊ฐ์~22๋
์ค ์ด๋ ์์ ์์๋ ์ง์๋ ์ ์๋ค. ๋์, ๋ง์ ๋ํ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ก ์ธํด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์๋ง ์ฐ๊ฐ 200,000๋ช
์ด์์ด ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ๋ค. ์ผ๋ง ์ ์๋ ํํ๊ฐ์ด ํํจ์จ๋ณ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋ฐ์ํ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
ํ๊ฐ๊ณ
์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ์ฆ์ ๋ฐ ์งํ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysosmia | Dysosmia | Dysosmia is a disorder described as any qualitative alteration or distortion of the perception of smell. Qualitative alterations differ from quantitative alterations, which include anosmia and hyposmia. Dysosmia can be classified as either parosmia (also called troposmia) or phantosmia. Parosmia is a distortion in the perception of an odorant. Odorants smell different from what one remembers. Phantosmia is the perception of an odor when no odorant is present. The cause of dysosmia still remains a theory. It is typically considered a neurological disorder and clinical associations with the disorder have been made. Most cases are described as idiopathic and the main antecedents related to parosmia are URTIs, head trauma, and nasal and paranasal sinus disease. Dysosmia tends to go away on its own but there are options for treatment for patients that want immediate relief.
Signs and symptoms
Smell disorders can result in the inability to detect environmental dangers such as gas leaks, toxins, or smoke. In addition to safety, nutritional and eating habits can also be affected. There is a loss of appetite because of unpleasant flavor and fear of failing to recognize and consuming spoiled food. A decreased or distorted sense of smell therefore results in a decreased quality of life. Distortions are believed to have a greater negative impact on people than the complete loss of smell because they are constantly reminded of the disorder and the distortions have a greater effect on eating habits.
Classification and terminology
Olfactory dysfunction can be quantitative and/or qualitative. Quantitative smell disorders are disorders in which there is complete or partial loss of olfaction. Anosmia, the complete loss of olfaction, and hyposmia, the partial loss of olfaction are the two disorders classified as quantitative because they can be measured. Qualitative smell disorders cannot be measured and are disorders in which there is alternation or distortion in the perception of smell. Qualitative disorders include parosmia (also called troposmia) and phantosmia. Dysosmia is a qualitative olfaction disorder and includes both parosmia and phantosmia. Olfactory dysfunction including anosmia, hyposmia, and dysosmia can be either bilateral or unilateral on either nostril. Anosmia only on the left nostril would be termed unilateral left anosmia while bilateral anosmia would be termed total anosmia. If the distortion is unpleasant, the disorder can be referred to as cacosmia. Under an alternative definition, cacosmia is used for an unpleasant perception of an odorant due specifically to nasosinusal or pharyngeal infection. The rare term torquosmia can be used when the perceived smell is chemical, burning or metallic.
Parosmia
Parosmia is a distortion in the perception of an odorant. Odorants smell different from what one remembers.
Phantosmia
Phantosmia is the perception of an odor when there is no odorant present. When a phantom smell lasts less than a few seconds, the term olfactory hallucination can be used.
Cause
Even though the causes of dysosmia are not yet clear, there are two general theories that describe the etiology: the peripheral and central theories. In parosmia, the peripheral theory refers to the inability to form a complete picture of an odorant due to the loss of functioning olfactory receptor neurons. The central theory refers to integrative centers in the brain forming a distorted odor. In phantosmia, the peripheral theory refers to neurons emitting abnormal signals to the brain or the loss of inhibitory cells that are normally present in normal functioning. The central theory for phantosmia is described as an area of hyper-functioning brain cells that generate the order perception. Evidence to support these theories include findings that for the majority of individuals with distortions, there is a loss of sensitivity to smell that accompanies it and the distortions are worse at the time of the decreased sensitivity. It has been reported in parosmia cases that patients can identify triggering stimuli. Common triggers include gasoline, tobacco, coffee, perfume, fruits and chocolate.
The cause of dysosmia has not been determined but there have been clinical associations with the neurological disorder:
Upper respiratory tract infection (URTIs)
Nasal and paranasal sinus disease
Toxic chemical exposure
Neurological abnormalities
Head trauma
Nasal surgery
Tumors on the frontal lobe or olfactory bulb
Epilepsy
Most of cases are described as idiopathic and the main antecedents related to parosmia are URTIs, head trauma, and nasal and paranasal sinus disease. Psychiatric causes for smell distortion can exist in schizophrenia, alcoholic psychosis, depression, and olfactory reference syndrome.
Pathophysiology
Anatomy and physiology
Olfactory receptors
The olfactory neuroepithelium, located in the roof of the nasal chambers, comprises bipolar receptor cells, supporting cells, basal cells, and brush cells.
There are approximately 6 million bipolar sensory receptor neurons whose cell bodies and dendrites are in the epithelium. The axons of these cells aggregate into 30-40 fascicles, called the olfactory fila, which project through the cribriform plate and pia matter. These axons collectively make up the olfactory nerve (CN I) and serve the purpose of mediating the sense of smell.
Characteristics of the bipolar receptor neurons include cilia on the dendritic ends which project into the mucus, regeneration from basal cells after damage, and each receptor neuron is also a first order neuron. The first order neurons project axons directly from the nasal chamber to the brain. Its first neuron characteristic allows direct exposure to the environment, which makes the brain vulnerable to infection and invasion of xenobiotic agents. Supporting cells, called sustentacular cells, provide metabolic and physical support to the receptors by insulating the cell and regulating the composition of the mucus. Basal stem cells give rise to both neurons and non-neuronal cells and allow for constant regeneration of receptor cells and its surrounding cell.
Olfactory transduction
Olfactory transduction begins with the movement of odorants from the air phase to the aqueous phase in the olfactory mucus. Odorants are transported by odorant binding proteins or diffuse through the mucus and reach the cilia on the dendritic ends of bipolar receptor neurons. Stimulation causes action potentials to be initiated and the signals are sent to the brain via the olfactory fila.
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory receptor neuron axons project through the cribriform plate to the olfactory bulb. The olfactory bulb is a structure at the base of the frontal lobe. It comprises neurons, nerve fibers, interneurons, microglia, astrocytes, and blood vessels. It is made up of 6 layers: olfactory nerve layer, glomerular layer, external plexiform layer, mitral cell layer, internal plexiform layer, and granule layer. The terminals of the receptor axons synapse with the dendrites of mitral and tufts cells within the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. The axons of the mitral and tufts cells send signals to the olfactory cortex.
Olfactory cortex
Signals from odor sensation are sent from the olfactory bulb through mitral and tufts cell axons via the lateral olfactory tract and synapse at the primary olfactory cortex. The primary olfactory cortex includes the anterior olfactory nucleus, the piriform cortex, the anterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala, the periamygdaloid complex, and the rostral entorhinal cortex. A unique characteristic of olfaction is its independence from the thalamus. The odor signals are sent directly from the sensory receptor neuron to the primary cortex. However, communication between the primary and secondary olfactory cortex requires connections with the thalamus.
Odor perception
Odor identity, quality, and familiarity are mainly deciphered by the piriform cortex. Consciousness of smell is achieved by projections from the piriform cortex to the medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus and to the orbitofrontal cortex, which the secondary olfactory cortex is part of.
There are approximately 1,000 olfactory receptors coded for in the human genome. Less than 500 receptors are functional in the nasal epithelium. Each receptor neuron is a single type of olfactory receptor and is not specific to any one odorant. An odorant is recognized by more than one type of receptor and thus odorants are recognized by a combination of receptors. The olfactory system relies on different excitation patterns to obtain different codes for different odorants. Nobel prize recipient Linda B. Buck compared this system to combining different letters of the alphabet to produce different words. In this case, each word represents an odor. This coding explains why we can detect more odors than there are receptors in the nasal epithelium.
Olfaction and flavor
Flavor is perceived by the combination of the sense of taste, sense of smell, and the trigeminal nerve (CN V). The gustatory system is responsible for differentiation between sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami. The olfactory system recognizes the odorants as they pass to the olfactory epithelium via a retronasal pathway. This explains why we can identify a variety of flavors in spite of only having five types of taste receptors. The trigeminal nerve senses texture, pain, and temperature of food, and related qualities such as the cooling effect of menthol or the burning sensation of spicy food.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing dysosmia precisely can be difficult due to the variety of causes and symptoms. Often, patients may be unsure whether or not they are having issues with smell or taste specifically. It is important to identify whether the distortion applies to an inhaled odorant or if an odor exists without the stimulus. Distortion of an odorant is presented in two types: when the stimuli are different from what one remembers, and when everything has a similar smell. A clinical history can also help determine what kind of dysosmia one has, as events such as respiratory infection and head trauma are usually indications of parosmia. Phantosmia often occurs spontaneously. Unfortunately, there are no wholly accurate diagnostic tests or methods for dysosmia.; evaluation must be done through questionnaires and medical history.
Treatment
Even though dysosmia often goes away on its own over time, there are both medical and surgical treatments for dysosmia for patients who want immediate relief. Medical treatments include the use of topical nasal drops and oxymetazoline HCL, which give an upper nasal block so that the air flow can't reach the olfactory cleft. Other medications suggested include sedatives, anti-depressants, and anti-epileptic drugs. The medications may or may not work and for some patients, and side effects may not be tolerable. Most patients benefit from medical treatment, but for some, surgical treatment is required. Options include a bifrontal craniotomy and excision of the olfactory epithelium, which cuts all of the fila olfactoria. According to some studies, transnasal endoscopic excision of the olfactory epithelium has been described as a safe and effective phantosmia treatment. The Bifrontal craniotomy results in permanent anosmia, and both surgeries are accompanied with the risks associated with general surgery.
Epidemiology
The frequency of phantosmia is rare in comparison with the frequency of parosmia. Parosmia has been estimated to be in 10-60% of patients with olfactory dysfunction and from studies, it has been shown that it can last anywhere from 3 months to 22 years. Smell and taste problems result in over 200,000 visits to physicians annually in the US. Lately, it has been thought that phantosmia might co-occur with Parkinson's disease. However, its potential to be a premotor biomarker for Parkinson's is still up for debate as not all patients with Parkinson's disease have olfactory disorders
References
External links
Symptoms and signs: Nervous system
Olfactory system |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EA%B8%88%EB%AF%BC | ์ด๊ธ๋ฏผ | ์ด๊ธ๋ฏผ(1994๋
4์ 7์ผ~)์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๋ก ํ์ฌ ์๊ธ๋๋ FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ๋ธ๋ผ์ดํด & ํธ๋ธ ์จ๋น์ธ์์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์๋ก ํ๋ ์ค์ด๋ค.
์ด๊ธฐ ์์
์ด๋ ธ์๋๋ถํฐ ์ด๋์ชฝ์์ ๋งค์ฐ ํฐ ์ฌ๋ฅ์ ๋ณด์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ์๋๋ค์ ์กฐ์ธ์ผ๋ก ์ก์ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ๋๋ฏผํด ๋ฑ์์ ์ ์ ํ๋์ ํ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ค ์ด๋ฑํ์ 4ํ๋
๋ ์น๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๋ณด์ฌ ์ค ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํฐ์๋ ํธ๋ ๋์ ์์์ ๋ณด๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผํ๋ ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์์ํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
๊ตฌ๋จ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
์ด๊ธ๋ฏผ์ ํ๋์ ๋ณด๊ณผํ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต(ํ์ฌ์ ํ๋๊ณต์
๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต)์ ์ธ์ฐ๊ณผํ๋ํ๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์
ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 2014๋
11์ 4์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ WK๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋๋ํํธ์์ 1์์๋ก ์ง๋ช
๋์ด ์์ธ์์ฒญ์ ์
๋จํ๋ค. 2015 WK๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ์์๋ 18๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 6๊ณจ, 2๋์์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ 2016 WK๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ์์๋ 18๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 9๊ณจ, 4๋์์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. 2017 WK๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ์์๋ 21๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 11๊ณจ, 6๋์์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
์ด๊ธ๋ฏผ์ 2018๋
์ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ ํ๊ตญ์๋ ฅ์์๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 2018๋
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7์ 22์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋ณด์ ์๋ฌด์์ WK๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ณ ๋ณ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํดํธํธ๋ฆญ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. WK๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์์๋ 93๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 47๊ณจ 16๋์์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
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8์ 7์ผ์ ์๊ธ๋๋ FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ์ 2๋
๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ๋ค. 2019๋
8์ 13์ผ์๋ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ๊ฐ ๊ณต์ ํธ์ํฐ ๊ณ์ ์ ์ด๊ธ๋ฏผ์ด ๋๋ฃ๋ค ์์์ ๋ฐฉํ์๋
๋จ์ ๋
ธ๋์ ๋ง์ถฐ ์ถค์ ์ถ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ์ดฌ์ํ ๋์์์ ๊ฒ์ฌํ๋ค.
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9์ 7์ผ์ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ์ ์์นํ ์ํฐ ์ค๋ธ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์คํ๋์์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ ๋์ดํฐ๋์์ FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํ๋ฐ์ ์ ๊ต์ฒด ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฐ๋ทํ๋ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ 31,213๋ช
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์ฅํ์ฌ ์ญ๋ FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ต๋ค ๊ด์ค ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์๋ฆฝํ๋๋ฐ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ๋ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ ๋์ดํฐ๋์ 1-0 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. 2019๋
9์ 12์ผ์๋ ๋ฃจ๊ฐ๋
ธ์์ 2019-20 UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 32๊ฐ 1์ฐจ์ ์์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฌด๋์ ๋ฐ๋ทํ๋๋ฐ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ๋ ๋ฃจ๊ฐ๋
ธ์ 7-1 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ๋ฑ ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ํ๋์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๋์์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ์ด๊ธ๋ฏผ์ 2019๋
10์ 12์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฒ๋ฐ์ ์ํฐ์์ FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๊ต์ฒด ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ํ๋ฐ์ 35๋ถ์ ์์ ์ FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ฌ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ์ 3-0 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
์ด๊ธ๋ฏผ์ 2020-21 ์์ฆ์ ๋ง์์ 2020๋
7์ 24์ผ ๋ธ๋ผ์ดํผ์ผ๋ก ์๋๋์๋ค. 2020๋
9์ 6์ผ ๋ฒ๋ฐ์์ ์๋๋ก ํ์์ 2-0์ผ๋ก ์น๋ฆฌํ ์์ฆ ๊ฐ๋ง์ ์์ ๋ธ๋ผ์ดํผ ์์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ทํ๋ค.
2020๋
9์ 27์ผ, ๋ธ๋ผ์ดํผ์ ๋ฒ๋ฐ์ ์ํฐ์์ 8๊ฐ์ ์ FA์ปต ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ ๋ค.
2021๋
2์ 7์ผ, 2-1 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ก ์ฒผ์์ 33๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ฌดํจ ํ์ง์ ๋๋ธ ๋ธ๋ผ์ดํผ ํ์ ์ผ์์ด์๋ค. ๋ธ๋ผ์ดํผ์์์ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ 2021๋
5์ 2์ผ ๋ ๋ฉ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํค๋ ๋์ ์ด์๋ค. ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋์ ์ 35์ด ํ์ ๋ ๋ฉ์ ํฅ์คํ์์ ๊ณต์ ๊ฐ๋ก์ฑ ํ์ ๋ฉ์ง ์ฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ณจ์ด์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ ๋ค์ ์ด๊ธ๋ฏผ์ ํ์์ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์คํจ๊ณผ์ ์์ฆ ๋ง์ง๋ง ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ธ ๋ธ๋ผ์ดํผ์ ๋ค์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
์ด๊ธ๋ฏผ์ 2021๋
8์ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ์์ ๋ธ๋ผ์ดํผ์ผ๋ก ์๊ตฌ ์ด์ ์ ํ๋ค 2021๋
9์ 5์ผ, ์จ์คํธ ํ ์ ๋์ดํฐ๋ ์์ 2021-22 ์์ฆ ๊ฐ๋ง์ ์์ ์๋น์จ์ ์ํด ๋์ ํ๋ค ์ด์ ์์ฆ์ ๋ง์ง๋ง ๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ์ฌ ์ง๋ ์ธ ๋ฒ์ WSL ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๊ทธ๋
์ ๋ค ๋ฒ์งธ ๊ณจ์ด์๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
์ด๊ธ๋ฏผ์ ํ๊ตญ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2009๋
AFC U-17 ์ฌ์ ์์์์ปต์์ 4๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ๋ฏธ์๋ง์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ํธ๋ฆฌ๋๋ค๋ ํ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2010๋
FIFA U-17 ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์์๋ 6๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๊ณ ๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์์์ 8๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ํนํ ์ฌ๋ฏผ์ง ์ ์์ ํจ๊ป ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋ํํ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ๋ด๋นํ๋ฉด์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ 2010๋
FIFA U-17 ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
์ด๊ธ๋ฏผ์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2011๋
AFC U-20 ์ฌ์ ์์์์ปต์์ 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 2๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2012๋
FIFA U-20 ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์์๋ 4๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ 8๊ฐ์ ์ง์ถ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
์ด๊ธ๋ฏผ์ ์ค๊ตญ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2013๋
AFC U-19 ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ญ์์ 5๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ์ค๊ตญ๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 1๊ณจ, ์กฐ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ์บ๋๋ค์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2014๋
FIFA U-20 ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์์๋ 4๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ๋ฉ์์ฝ์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ 8๊ฐ์ ์ง์ถ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
์ด๊ธ๋ฏผ์ 2013๋
3์ 6์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋จ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ๊ณผ์ ํคํ๋ก์ค์ปต ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ฒ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์๋ก ๋ฐ๋ทํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ํด๋น ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์์ ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ 2-0 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
์บ๋๋ค์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์์๋ ์ฝ์คํ๋ฆฌ์นด์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๊ต์ฒด ์ถ์ ํ๋๋ฐ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ฝ์คํ๋ฆฌ์นด์ 2-2 ๋ฌด์น๋ถ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ํ๋์ค์์ 16๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ ์ ๋ฐ ์ถ์ ํ์ผ๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํ๋์ค์ 0-3 ํจ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ฝํ๋ค.
์ด๊ธ๋ฏผ์ ์๋ฅด๋จ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2018๋
AFC ์ฌ์ ์์์์ปต์์ 4๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ๊ณผ์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํด๋น ๋ํ์์ 5์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ 2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ๋ณธ์ ์ง์ถ ์๊ฒฉ์ ํ๋ํ๋ค. 2018๋
์์นด๋ฅดํ-ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ ์์์ ๊ฒ์์์๋ ํ์ฝฉ๊ณผ์ 8๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์คํ ํ์ด๋ฒ ์ด์์ 3ยท4์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๊ณ ํ์ฝฉ๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 1๊ณจ, ์คํ ํ์ด๋ฒ ์ด์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ฌ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๋๋ฉ๋ฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ํ๋์ค์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์์๋ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 3๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ถ์ ํ์ผ๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ์์ 3ํจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ฝํ๋ค.
2023๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
ํ๋ ์ด ์คํ์ผ
์ด๋ ธ์ ๋ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํฐ์๋ ํธ๋ ๋๋ฅผ ์ข์ํด ๊ทธ์ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ ๋์ ์ธ ๋๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ ๋ง์ด ์ฐ์ตํ์ง๋ง, ์๊ตญ์ ์ง์ถํ ์ดํ๋ถํฐ๋ ํ์์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ ๋๋ก ๋๋ฆฌ๋ธ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ต์ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ณผ์ ์ง์ผ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐฐ๊ธํ๋ ๋ฑ์ ํ๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ๋ฉฐ ์ข ๋ ์์ ์ ์ธ ์ฑํฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
์์
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
2009๋
AFC U-16 ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ญ ์ฐ์น
2010๋
FIFA U-17 ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐ์น
2013๋
AFC U-19 ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ญ ์ฐ์น
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
1994๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
20์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ฌ๋
21์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ฌ๋
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์คํธ๋ผ์ด์ปค
์์ธ์์ฒญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๊ฒฝ์ฃผ ํ๊ตญ์๋ ฅ์์๋ ฅ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ WFC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ U-17 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ U-20 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ ๋๋ฒ์์๋ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
WK๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํด์ธ ์ง์ถ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2023๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์์์ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
์์์ ๊ฒ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
2018๋
์์์ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์์์ ๊ฒ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2018๋
์์์ ๊ฒ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2013๋
ํ๊ณ ์ ๋๋ฒ์์๋ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2015๋
ํ๊ณ ์ ๋๋ฒ์์๋ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
๊ฐํ๊ตฐ ์ถ์
๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ ์ถ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ง์์ด๋ฑํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
์ค์ฃผ์คํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
ํ๋๊ณต์
๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
์ธ์ฐ๊ณผํ๋ํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
์๊ธ๋๋์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ธ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Geum-min | Lee Geum-min | Lee Geum-min (, or ; born 7 April 1994) is a South Korean professional footballer who plays as a forward for Women's Super League club Brighton & Hove Albion and the South Korea women's national team. She has previously played for Seoul WFC, Gyeongju KHNP and Manchester City.
Club career
Seoul WFC
On 4 November 2014, Lee was drafted first overall by Seoul WFC. She finished the 2015 season with six goals and two assists in 18 appearances. The following season, she scored nine goals and registered four assists in 18 appearances. In her final season with Seoul, Lee scored eleven goals and had six assists in 21 appearances.
Gyeongju KHNP
In 2018, Lee joined Gyeongju KHNP. On 23 April 2018, she made her debut in a 0โ0 draw with Incheon Hyundai Steel Red Angels. On 14 May 2018, she scored twice in a 3โ0 away victory against Changnyeong WFC. In her final game for Gyeongju KHNP, Lee scored a hat-trick as her team won 3โ0 away at Boeun Sangmu, having previously scored two goals in the previous match, her last at home, a 5โ2 win over Suwon UDC.
Manchester City
On 7 August 2019, Manchester City announced they had signed Lee on a two-year contract. Lee made her WSL debut for Manchester City on 7 September 2019 coming on as a second-half substitute against Manchester United at the Etihad. The match broke the record attendance for a WSL match at 31,213. Lee made her UEFA Women's Champions League debut and first City start in a 7โ1 away win at Swiss team FF Lugano 1976 on 12 September 2019. Lee scored her first goal for Manchester City on 12 October 2019, coming on as a late substitute at home to Birmingham City to seal a 3โ0 victory for City.
Loan to Brighton & Hove Albion
On 24 July 2020 it was announced Lee had joined WSL team Brighton & Hove Albion on loan for the 2020โ21 season with head coach Hope Powell describing the signing as "a real coup." Lee made her debut for Brighton in the season opener, a 2โ0 home win against Birmingham on Sept 6 2020.
Lee made her FA Cup debut on September 27, 2020, starting in Brighton's Quarter-Final also against Birmingham City.
On 7 February 2021 Lee was part of the Brighton team that ended Chelsea's 33-match unbeaten run with a 2โ1 victory for the Seagulls. Her first goal for Brighton, a header, came in the Away fixture at Reading on 2 May 2021. Her second, a spectacular long-range hit, coming just 35 seconds later when she intercepted the ball from Reading's kick-off. It was described as an immediate contender for WSL goal of the season. Lee then went on to score in Brighton's next fixture, an end-of-season game at home to Bristol.
Brighton & Hove Albion
Lee transferred permanently to Brighton from Manchester City in August 2021. She scored for Albion in their 2021โ22 season opener against West Ham United on 5 September 2021. It was her fourth goal in her last three WSL games, including the final two matches of the previous season.
International career
Lee was a member of the under-16 team that won the 2009 AFC U-16 Women's Championship and was in the under-17 squad that claimed the FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup the following year. She made two appearances at the 2011 AFC U-19 Women's Championship, scoring two goals against Australia in a 4โ2 win. In 2013, she helped South Korea win the 2013 AFC U-19 Women's Championship and qualify for the 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup. Lee was selected by South Korea for the 2015 Women's World Cup and the 2019 Women's World Cup.
Career statistics
Club
International
Scores and results list South Korea's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Lee goal.
Honours
South Korea
AFC U-16 Women's Championship: 2009
FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup: 2010
AFC U-19 Women's Championship: 2013
References
External links
Lee Geum-min at the Korea Football Association (KFA)
Lee Geum-min at the Korea Women's Football Federation (KWFF)
1994 births
Living people
South Korean women's footballers
South Korea women's youth international footballers
South Korea women's under-20 international footballers
South Korea women's international footballers
Women's association football forwards
WK League players
Women's Super League players
Manchester City W.F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion W.F.C. players
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players
Footballers at the 2018 Asian Games
Asian Games bronze medalists for South Korea
Asian Games medalists in football
Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games
2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players
South Korean expatriate women's footballers
Expatriate women's footballers in England
South Korean expatriate sportspeople in England
2023 FIFA Women's World Cup players |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%98%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B4%20%ED%95%A0%EB%A6%B4%EC%9E%90%EB%93%9C | ์๋ฉ์ด ํ ๋ฆด์๋ | ์๋ฉ์ด ํ ๋ฆด์๋(, Zalmay Khalilzad, 1951๋
3์ 22์ผ ~ )๋ ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ธ๊ต๊ด์ด์ 2018๋
9์ ์ด๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฌด๋ถ์์ ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ ์กฐ์ ์ ์ํ ํน๋ณ ๋ํ๋ฅผ ์ง๋๋ค. ์ด์ ์ ๊ทธ๋ ์ ๋ต๊ตญ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ผํฐ์ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํฐ ํํธ๋์ค์ ์์ฑํด D. C.์ ๊ธฐ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ ๊ตญ์ ๋น์ง๋์ค ์๋ฌธ ์์ฌ ํ ๋ฆด์๋ ํํ์ ํ์ฅ์ ์ง๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 1980๋
๋ ์ค๋ฐ ์ด๋ ๊ตญ๋ฌด๋ถ์ ํํ๊ณค์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ฑ
์
์์๋ค๊ณผ ์ฐ๋ฃจ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ์ง W. ๋ถ์ ํ์ ๋ถ์์ ์ต๊ณ ๊ณ๊ธ์ ๋ฌด์ฌ๋ฆผ์ด์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ ๋ถ์์ ์ ์ ๋ฒ๋ฝ ์ค๋ฐ๋ง ๋ํต๋ น ์๋ ์ ์ ์ฃผ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋์ฌ์๋ค. ๋ถ์ ํ์ ๋ถ์์ ํ ๋ฆด์๋์ ์ด์ ์ง์๋ค์ ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ(2003๋
~ 05๋
)๊ณผ ์ด๋ผํฌ ์ฃผ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋์ฌ(2005๋
~ 07๋
)๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ์๋ค. 2017๋
๊ทธ๋ ํธ๋ผํ ํ์ ๋ถ์์ ๊ตญ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด์ ์ํ์ฌ ์๊ณ ๋์๋ค.
2018๋
9์ 5์ผ ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ์ ํน๋ณ ๊ต์ญ์ธ์ผ๋ก ์ง๋ด๋ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด ๋ง์ดํฌ ํผํ์ด์ค์ ์ํ์ฌ ์๋ช
๋์๋ค.
์ด๊ธฐ ์์ ์ ๊ต์ก
์๋ฉ์ด ๋ง๋ชจ์ง ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ ๋ง์๋ฆฌ์ค๋ฆฌํ์์ ๋๋ฅด์์ด ์ผ์กฑ์๊ฒ ํ์ด๋ ์นด๋ถ์์ ์๋ผ์๋ค.
ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ ์นด๋ถ์ ์๋ ๊ณต๋ฆฝ ํ๊ต์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฆฌ์ธ์์ ์์ ์ ๊ต์ก์ ์์ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ AFS ๋ฌธํ๊ฐ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ ์ธ๋ ์ค์ ์๋ ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต์ ๊ตํ ํ์์ผ๋ก์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ณด๋๋ค. ํ์ ๊ทธ๋ ๋ ๋ฐ๋
ผ์ ์๋ ๋ฒ ์ด๋ฃจํธ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ํ๊ต์์ ๋ฌธํ์ฌ์ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋ํ์๋ค. ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ ์์ ์ด ํ์ ํ ํต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์ ์ง ์ฌ์๊ฐ์ด์ ์ ๋ต๊ฐ ์จ๋ฒํธ ์์คํฐํฐ์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ๊ณต๋ถํ ์์นด๊ณ ๋ํ๊ต์์ ์์ ์ ์ฒ ํ ๋ฐ์ฌ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ์์คํฐํฐ๋ ์ ๋ถ์ ๋๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์์์ ๊ณ์ฝ๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ จํ์๋ค.
์ด๊ธฐ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
1979๋
๋ถํฐ 1989๋
๊น์ง ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ ์ปฌ๋ผ๋น์ ๋ํ๊ต์ ๊ตญ์ ๋ฏผ์ค ์ ์ธ ๋ํ์์์ ์ ์นํ์ ์กฐ๊ต์๋ก ์ผํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์๊ธฐ ๋์ ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฌด์ํค๋์ ์ฑ์ํ๋ ๋ฐ ์๋ จ์ ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ ์นจ๊ณต์ ์ ํญํ ์ฆ๋น๊ทธ๋ด ๋ธ๋ ์ง์คํค์ ๊ฐ๊น๊ฒ ์ผํ์๋ค.
1984๋
ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ ๋ฆฌ์ฒ๋ W. ๋จธํผ์ ์ํ์ฌ ์์ฅ์ ๊ทผ๋๊ณผ ๋จ์์์ ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ ์์ ์ด ์กฐ์ธ์์๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฌด๋ถ์ ๊ฐ์
ํ๋ ๋ฐ 1๋
์ธ๊ต๊ด๊ณํ์์ ์ง์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค์๋ค.
1985๋
๋ถํฐ 1989๋
๊น์ง ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ ๊ตญ๋ฌด๋ถ์ ์๊ธ ๊ณต๋ฌด์์ผ๋ก์ ๋ก๋๋ ๋ ์ด๊ฑด ํ์ ๋ถ์ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ์ฌ ์๋ จ์ ์นจ๊ณต ํ ์๋ จ-์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ ์ ์์ ์กฐ์ธํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์๊ธฐ ๋์ ๊ทธ๋ ์ ์ฑ
๊ณํ๋ณธ๋ถ์ ํ์์ด์ ๊ตญ๋ฌด ์ฐจ๊ด ๋ง์ดํด H. ์๋งค์ฝ์คํธ๋ก ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ์ ๊ตญ๋ฌด๋ถ์ ํน๋ณ ์กฐ์ธ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ญํ ์์ ๊ทธ๋ ์๋ จ์ ์ ๋ น์ ์ถ์ถํ ๋ฌด์ํค๋์ด ์ด๋๋ ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ์ ๊ณต์ ๋ค์ ์น์ง์ํค๋ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ์ ์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๊ณ ์ง๋ํ์๋ค. 1990๋
๋ถํฐ 1992๋
๊น์ง ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ์์ ์ ์ฑ
๊ณํ์ ์ํ ๋ถ์ฐจ๊ด์ผ๋ก์ ์กฐ์ง H. W. ๋ถ์ ๋ํต๋ น ์๋ ๊ทผ๋ถํ์๋ค.
1993๋
๋ถํฐ 2000๋
๊น์ง ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ ๋๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ฃผ์ํ์ฌ์์ ์ ๋ต ์ ์ฑ
์๋จ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์ ๊ตญ์ฅ์ด์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์๊ธฐ ๋์ ๊ทธ๋ ๋๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ ๊ธฐ ๊ฐํ๋ฌผ "์ ๋ต ํ๊ฐ"๋ ๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ ๋ต ๋๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ค๋ํ์ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ํ "๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ ์ค๋ฅด๋ ์ค๊ตญ"๊ณผ "๋ด์์์ ์ง๊ตฌ์ด ์ง๋๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก? ๋์ ํ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณ"๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ๋ช๋ช์ ์ํฅ์ ์ธ ์ ๊ณต ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ๋๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์์ ๊ทธ๋ ๋ํ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ๋์คํ์์ ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฅํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํํค์คํ์ผ๋ก ์ํํ 1400km (890 ๋ง์ผ), 2์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ, 622mยณ/s (22,000 ftยณ/s)์ ์ ์๋ ํธ๋์ค-์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ ๊ฐ์ค ํ์ดํ๋ผ์ธ ๊ณํ์ ์ํ์ฌ ์ด์ ์
ฐ๋ธ๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ถ์ธ ์ ๋์นผ์ ์ํ์ฌ ์ํํ ๋ถ์์ ์งํํ๋ ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์๋์ง ์ฐ๊ตฌ ํํ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ ์์ ๋ณ์ญ์ ๊ฐ์ก๋ค.
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ง๊ตฌ์ด ์ง๋๋ฅผ ์ํ ํ์
1990๋
๋ ์ค๋ฐ์ ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ง๊ตฌ์ด ์ง๋์ ๊ฐ์น์ ์ฃผ์ ์ ๋ช๋ช์ ๋
ผ์ค์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๋ค. ์ผ์ด๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ์์ ๋ง์ฝ ์ ํดํ๋ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์์ํ ๋ถ์์ ์ํ์ฌ ํน์ ํ ์๋๋ฆฌ์ค๋ค์ ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ธ ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต์ ๋ํ๊ต์ ์ ์ฑ
ํ ๋ก ์์ ๊ทธ์ ํ์ ์ ๊ทน๋จ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธ๊ธฐ์๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค์์ผ๋ฉฐ ํนํ ์ง๊ตฌ์ด์ ๋ถ์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ํจ๊ถ์ ์ํด๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ ๊ทธ์ ํ์ ์ด๋ค. ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ 1998๋
1์ 26์ผ์ ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ํ ํ๋ก์ ํธ์ ํ์๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋น ํด๋ฆฐํด ๋ํต๋ น์๊ฒ ๋ณด๋ธ ํธ์ง์ ์๋ช
์ธ์ด์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ผ์ "์ธ๊ต, ์ ์น์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ๋ค์ ์์ ํ ๋ณด์๋ฌผ"์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์ฌ๋ด ํ์ธ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์ ์ ๊ถ์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ชฐ์๋ด๋ ๋ฐ ํด๋ฆฐํด์ ๋์์ ์๊ตฌํ์๋ค.
์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ ์ฃผ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋์ฌ
2001๋
์กฐ์ง W. ๋ถ์ ๋ํต๋ น์ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋ถ์-์ฒด๋ ์ดํ ํ์ ์งํํ๋ ๋ฐ ํ ๋ฆด์๋์๊ฒ ์๋ฌธํ์๊ณ , ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ ์ ์ ๋๋๋ ๋ผ์ฆํ ๋ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ ์ฅ๊ด์ ์๋ด ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์ ์ง๋๋ค. ๊ทธํด 5์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์๋ณด ๋ณด์ข๊ด ์ฝ๋๋ฆฌ์ ๋ผ์ด์ค๋ ๋ํต๋ น์ ํน๋ณ ๋ณด์กฐ์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์ ๋ณด์ฅํ์์์ ๋๋จ์์์, ๊ทผ๋๊ณผ ๋ถ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ ์ธ์ ์๊ธ ๊ตญ์ฅ์ผ๋ก์ ํ ๋ฆด์๋์ ์๋ช
์ ์ ์ธํ์๋ค. 2002๋
12์ ๋ถ์๋ ์ฌ๋ด ํ์ธ์ธ ํ์ ์ด๋ผํฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ค๋น๋ค์ ํตํฉํ๋ ์๋ฌด์ ํจ๊ป "Large for Free Iraqis"์ ๋์ฌ์ ์ง์๋ก ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ฅผ ์๋ช
ํ์๋ค.
911 ํ
๋ฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ํ ๋ถ์๋ ํ ๋ฆด์๋์ ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์์งํ๋ฌ ์๋ค. ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ํ๋ ๊ณํ์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋จ๊ณ๋ค์ ์ฐ๋ฃจ๋์๊ณ , ๊ทธํด 12์ 31์ผ ๊ทธ๋ ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ์ ์ํ ๋ถ์ ํ์ ๋ถ์ ํน๋ณ ๊ต์ญ์ธ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ฐ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์์ ์ด ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ ์ฃผ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋์ฌ๋ก ์ง๋ด๋ ๋ฐ ์๋ช
๋์์ ๋ 2003๋
11์๊น์ง ๊ทธ ์ง์์ ์ง๋๋ค. ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ 2005๋
6์๊น์ง ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ ์ฃผ์ฌ ๋์ฌ ์ง์ ๋ณด์ ํ์๋ค.
๊ทธ ์๊ธฐ ๋์ ๊ทธ๋ ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ์ ํ๋ฒ์ ๋์์ ์ง์ผ๋ณด๊ณ , ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์ฒซ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ฐ๋ฃจ๋์ด ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ์ ๋ก์ผ ์ง๋ฅด๊ฐ(์ ํต์ ๋์งํ)์ ์ฒซ ํํฉ์ ๊ฒฐ์ฑํ๋ ๋์์ ์ฃผ์๋ค. 2002๋
6์ ๋ก์ผ ์ง๋ฅด ์ฌ์ ๋จ๋ค์ ๋ค์๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ฑ์ํ์์ด๋ ๋ก์ผ ์ง๋ฅด๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์์๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฐํ๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ํ๋ค์ ์ ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ์ ๊ตญ์ 87์ธ์ ์ํ๋ฅด ์ค๊ฐ ์๊ณ ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ฌผ๋ฌ๋๋ ๋ฐ ํ์ ์์ผฐ๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ด๋์ ์นด๋ฅด์์ด ์ ๋ถ์์ ๋ถ๋ถ๋๋งน์ ๋ถ๊ท ํํ ๊ถ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ทผ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ง ํ์ํฐ์ธ๋ค์ ํ๋๊ฒ ํ์๋ค. ๋์ฌ๋ก์ ํ ๋ฆด์๋์ ์ฌ์ง ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ์ ์ ๋ํต๋ น ํ๋ฏธ๋ ์นด๋ฅด์์ด๋ ์ ์น์ ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ค์ ๊ดํ์ฌ ์ ๊ท์ ์ธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ทธ์ ํจ๊ป ๊ฐ๊น์ด ์๋ดํ์๊ณ , ๋์ ์ ๊ท์ ์ผ๋ก ํจ๊ป ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ์๋ค. 2004๋
๊ณผ 2005๋
๊ทธ๋ ๋ํ ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ์์ ์ฒซ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์คํ์ผ์ ๊ณ ๋ฑ ๊ต์ก ํํ์ธ ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ํ๊ต์ ์ค๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๋์์ ์ฃผ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฐ๋ฃจ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๋ค. 2016๋
์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ํ๊ต ์น๊ตฌ ํํ๋ ๊ทธ์๊ฒ ๊ตญ์ ๊ณต๊ณต ๋ด์ฌ ์์ ์์ฌํ์๋ค.
2021๋
10์ CNN์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ ์ฃผ์ฌ ๋์ฌ์ธ ์๋ฉ์ด ์นผ๋ฆด์๋๊ฐ ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ ์ฒ ์๋ฅผ ๋ง์น ํ ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ์์ ์ฌ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณด๋ํ๋ค.
์ด๋ผํฌ ์ฃผ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋์ฌ
2005๋
6์ 21์ผ ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ ์ด๋ผํฌ ์ฃผ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋์ฌ๋ก์ ์์ ์ ์ผ์ ์์ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๊ทธํด 10์ ์ด๋ผํฌ ํ๋ฒ์ ๋น์ค์ ํ์ฉํ ํํ๋ค์ ํ์ํ๋ ๋์ด ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ช
์๋ฅผ ์ป์๋ค. ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ ๋ํ 12์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ์์กฐ๋กญ๊ฒ ์งํ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์ฆํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ผํ์๊ณ , ์ฒซ ์ฌ๋ด ์ดํ์ ์ ๋ถ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑ์์ ๋ณธ์ง์ ์ธ ์ญํ ์ ๋งก์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ํ ์ ๋ผ์ด๋ง๋์ผ์์ ์ด๋ผํฌ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ํ๊ต๋ฅผ ์ค๋ฆฝํ๋ ๋์์ ์ฃผ์๊ณ ๊ทธ ํ์์์ด์๋ค.
๊ทธ์ ์ ์์๋ค ํด ๋ธ๋ ๋จธ์ ์กด ๋ค๊ทธ๋กํฐํฐ์ ๋น๊ตํ๋ฉด ๋ฐ๊ทธ๋ค๋์์ ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋์ฌ๋ก์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ผ๋ก ์๊ณ ๋์๊ณ , ์ด๋ผํฌ์ธ๋ค๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ ๋์ด ์ผ์ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ ๊ตํ์ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ธ์ค๋ฉด์ ์ ์์ ์ป์๋ค.
ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ ์ด๋ผํฌ์ ์์ ์ ์ต๊ณ ์ ์ํ์ผ๋ก์ ์ข
ํ์ ํญ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฐ๋ ํ์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ณ ์์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฒซ ์ต๊ณ ๊ณ๊ธ์ ํ์ ๊ณต๋ฌด์๋ค ์ค์ ํ๋์๋ค. ์ ์์ค์นด๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ์คํฌ์ ํญ๋ฐ ์ฌ๊ฑด ํ, 2006๋
2์ ๊ทธ๋ ํผ์ง๋ ์ข
ํ์ ํญ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ด๋์ผ๋ก, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ๋ ๋์ ๋
ผ์์ผ๋ก๊น์ง ์ด๋์ด ์ด์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ ์ฐ๋ฃจ์ํฌ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ์๋ค. ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ ์ข
ํ์ฌ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ก ์ ์น์ ํด๊ฒฐ๋ค์ ์ถ๊ตฌํ์๊ณ , ํนํ ๊ทธ๋ ์๋ผ๋๋ ์๋ํ์ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์๋น์กฐ๋ก ๋๋ตํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ด๋ผํฌ์ 3๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ฏผ์กฑ๋ค ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ์ ๊ท ํ์ ํฉ๋ฅ์ํค๋ ์ผ์ ํ์๋ค.
์ด๋ผํฌ ์ฃผ์ฌ ๋์ฌ๋ก์ ํ ๋ฆด์๋์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ 2007๋
3์ 26์ผ์ ๋๋ฌ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์ธ๊ต๊ด์ด์ ์ ํํค์คํ ์ฃผ์ฌ ๋์ฌ ๋ผ์ด์ธ ํฌ๋ก์ปค์ ์ํ์ฌ ๋์ฒด๋์๋ค.
์ ์ ์ฃผ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋์ฌ
2007๋
2์ 12์ผ ๋ฐฑ์
๊ด์ ์ ์ ์ฃผ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋์ฌ๊ฐ ๋๋ ๋ฐ ํ ๋์๋์ ์๋ช
์ ์์์ ์ ์ถํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 3์ 29์ผ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ํต์น์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์์์ ์ํ์ฌ ๋ง์ฅ ์ผ์น๋ก ํ์ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ผ์ ์์ ์ด ์์์ ์ํ์ฌ ํ์ ๋๋ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ ๋
ผ์์ ์ค๋๋ ฅ์ด ์คํจํ ์์ธ์ ๊ฐ์ ธ์จ ํ ๋ฆด์๋์ ์ ์์ ์กด R. ๋ณผํด์ ๊ฐํ ๋์กฐ์ ํน์ ์ ์ง์์ผ๋ ํด๊ฒ์ ์๋ช
์ ์ป์๋ค.
์ ์์์ ๋๋ฃ๋ค์ ํ ๋ฆด์๋๊ฐ ๋ณผํด๊ณผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์คํ์ผ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ , ๋์ฑ ํ์ ์ ์ด์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ์๋ค.
2007๋
11์ ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ ์ด๋์ด ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ๊ณผ ์ด๋ผํฌ์์ ํญ๋ ๋จ์ฒด๋ค์ ๋์ด ๊ฒ์ ๋น๋ํ์๋ค. ๊ตญ์ ์์๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ด๋์ ๊ทธ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ธ ํ์ ๊ณง ๊ทธ๋ ์ด๋ ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ๋ช
๋ฐฑํ๊ฒ ๊ทธ ํต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ๊ณผ ์งํํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋์ค๋งค์ฒด์ ๋งํ์๋ค. ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ ์ด๋์ ๋ํญํ๋ ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ ์ ํ์ฅ 7์ ์๋ ์์ ๋ณด์ฅ ์ด์ฌํ์์ ๋๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ์๋ฅผ ํต๊ณผ์ํค๋ ๋ฐ ์๋ํ๋ ค๊ณ ํ ๊ฒ์ ์ค๋ช
ํ์๋ค.
๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ ์น์ธ๋ค์ฒ๋ผ ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ ์ฝ์๋ณด์ ๋
๋ฆฝ ์ ์ธ์ ์ฑ์ํ์๋ค. 2017๋
๊ทธ๋ ์ฝ์๋ณด์ ๋ํต๋ น ํ์ฌ ํ์น๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋
๋ฆฝ ํ์ฅ ๋ฉ๋ฌ์ด ์์ฌ๋์๋ค.
2008๋
8์ ๊ทธ๋ ๊ธด๊ธ ํ์๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ๊ณ , ์กฐ์ง์์ ๋
๋ฆฝ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌ์์์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ๋น๋ํ๋ ๋ฐ ์์ ๋ณด์ฅ ์ด์ฌํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์กฐํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ํ ๋ฌ์์์ ์ธ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด ์ธ๋ฅด๊ฒ์ด ๋ผ๋ธ๋กํ๊ฐ ๋ผ์ด์ค ๊ตญ๋ฌด ์ฅ๊ด์๊ฒ ์กฐ์ง์์ ๋ํต๋ น ๋ฏธํค์ผ ์ฌ์นด์๋น๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋งํ๋ค๊ณ ์ง์ ํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๋ค.
์ต๊ทผ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
2018๋
9์ ๋ง์ดํฌ ํผํ์ค ๊ตญ๋ฌด ์ฅ๊ด์ ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ์์ ๋
ผ์์ผ๋ก ํํ์ ์ธ ํด๊ฒฐ์ ์์ ์ํค๋ ์๋ฌด์ ํจ๊ป ์๋กญ๊ฒ ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ ๊ต์ญ - ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ ์กฐ์ ์ ์ํ ํน๋ณ ๋ํ๋ก์ ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ฅผ ์๋ช
ํ์๋ค. 2009๋
๋ถํฐ 2018๋
๊น์ง ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ ์์
๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ณต์ ์ ์ฑ
๋ค์ ์ฐ๊ณ์์ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ค์ ์์ค๋ค์ด ์ง๊ตฌ์ด ๋น์ง๋์ค๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ฝ์์ ์ด๊ณ ๋์ ์ ์ธ ๊ตญ์ ์์ฅ๋ค์ ์งํ์ํค๋ ๋์์ ์ฃผ๋ ๊ตญ์ ์๋ฌธ ์์ฌ ํ ๋ฆด์๋ ํํ์ ํ์ฅ์ ์ง๋๋ค. ํ ๋ฆด์๋ ํํ์ ๊ทธ ๋ชจํ์ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํฐ ์บํผํธ ํํธ๋์ค๋ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ผ๋ก์ ์ด๋ผํฌ์ ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ์์ ํ๋ ๋น์ง๋์ค์ ์ฃผ๋ก ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ตญ์ ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ์ฌ๋ค์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ํ ๋ฆด์๋์ ์ํ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์๋์ง, ๊ฑด์ค, ๊ต์ก๊ณผ ํ๋ถ ์กฐ์ง์ ๋ถ์ผ๋ค์์ ํ์ฌ๋ค์ ํฌํจํ๋ค.
2014๋
9์ 9์ผ ๋ด์ค ์กฐํญ๋ค์ด ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ ๋์ค๋งค์ฒด์ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ ๋ฆด์๋๊ฐ ๋์ธํ ์ฉ์๋ก ์ค์คํธ๋ฆฌ์์์ ๊ถ์๋ค์ ์ํ์ฌ ์กฐ์ฌ๋์๊ณ , ๊ทธ์ ๋ถ์ธ์ ํต์ฅ๋ค์ด ๋๊ฒฐ๋์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ์ง์ ํ์๋ค. 9์ 10์ผ ์ค์คํธ๋ฆฌ์์ ๋ฒ์์ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋์๊ณ , ํต์ฅ๋ค์ด 1์ฃผ ์ผ์ฐ์ด 9์ 3์ผ์ ๋๊ฒฐ ํด์ ๋๋ ๋ช
๋ น์ ๋ฐ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ ค์ง๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๋์ค์ ์ ํต์ ์์ํ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ์์ ๋ฒ๋ฆผ๋ฐ์ ์จ ๋ฒ์ ์๋ฅ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์๋ค.
ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ ์ ๋ต๊ตญ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ผํฐ์ ์๋ด์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ์ํ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ธฐ์ฆ, ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ํด์ธ ๋ฏธ๋์ด, ๋๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ฃผ์ํ์ฌ์ ์ค๋ ์ํ ์ผํฐ, ์ ํ๋ํฑ ์นด์ด์ค, ์ด๋ผํฌ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ํ๊ต, ์ฟ ๋ฅด๋์คํ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ํ๊ต์ ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ํ๊ต์ ํ์์์ ์ง๋๋ค.
2015๋
๊ทธ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋๋ ์ง๋จ ์ ํ๋ํฑ ์นด์ด์ค์ 100,000 ๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ถํ์๋ค.
ํ ๋ฆด์๋์ ์ ์น์ ์์์ ใ์ฌ์ :์นด๋ถ์์ ๋ฐฑ์
๊ด์ผ๋ก, ์๋์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ธ๊ณ๋ฅผ ํตํ ๋์ ์ฌํใ์ด 2016๋
์ธ์ธํธ๋งํด์ค ํ๋ ์ค์ ์ํ์ฌ ์ถํ๋์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ธ ์ํ
ํ ๋ฆด์๋๋ ์๋ ์ด์ฌ๋ ๊ต๋์ด์ ํ์ํฐ์ธ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ํ์ํ ์ด, ๋ค๋ฆฌ์ด, ์๋์ด, ์์ด์ ์ฐ๋ฅด๋์ด์ ๋ฅํตํ์๋ค.
ํ ๋ฆด์๋์ ๋ถ์ธ์ ์ ์์ด์ ์ ์น ๋ถ์์ ์
ฐ๋ฆด ๋ฒ๋๋์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ 1972๋
๋๋ค ๋ฒ ์ด๋ฃจํธ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ํ๊ต์์ ํ์ ์์ ์ ๋ง๋ฌ์ผ๋ฉฐ, 2๋ช
์ ์๋ค์ ๋์๋ค.
1951๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ธ๊ต๊ด
๊ณตํ๋น (๋ฏธ๊ตญ)์ ์ ์น์ธ
์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ ์ฃผ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋์ฌ
์ด๋ผํฌ ์ฃผ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋์ฌ
์ ์ ์ฃผ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋์ฌ
๋ฒ ์ด๋ฃจํธ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
์์นด๊ณ ๋ํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌด์ฌ๋ฆผ
์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ
๋ฒ๋ฝ ์ค๋ฐ๋ง ํ์ ๋ถ์ ๊ฐ๋ฃ
์์ฑํด D.C.์ ๊ณตํ๋น ๋น์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalmay%20Khalilzad | Zalmay Khalilzad | Zalmay Mamozy Khalilzad (, ; born March 22, 1951) is an American diplomat and foreign policy expert. Khalilzad was U.S. Special Representative for Afghanistan Reconciliation from September 2018 to October 2021. Khailzad was appointed by President George W. Bush to serve as United States Ambassador to the United Nations, serving in the role from 2007 to 2009. Khalilzad was the highest ranking Muslim-American in government at the time he left the position. Prior to this, Khalilzad served in the Bush administration as Ambassador to Afghanistan from 2004 to 2005 and Ambassador to Iraq from 2005 to 2007.
Raised in the Afghan capital of Kabul, Khalilzad came to the United States as a high school exchange student, and later received his doctorate at the University of Chicago. During the Reagan Administration, Khalilzad served in the Department of State, where he advised on the U.S. response to the SovietโAfghan War. Khalilzad later served as a counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and as president of Gryphon Partners and Khalilzad Associates, an international business consulting firm based in Washington, D.C.
Khalilzad was rumored to be a potential candidate in the 2014 Afghan presidential election, but ultimately declined to run. In 2017, he was considered for Secretary of State by President Donald Trump. Khalilzad was appointed by Trump to serve as Special Representative for Afghanistan Reconciliation on September 5, 2018, remaining in the position under President Joe Biden until October 18, 2021. In this position, Khalilzad helped broker the USโTaliban deal and facilitating the final United States withdrawal from Afghanistan.
Early life and education
Khalilzad was born in Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan, and grew up in the country's capital, Kabul. He is an ethnic Pashtun from the Noorzai tribe. Khalilzad began his education at the public Ghazi Lycรฉe school in Kabul.
He first spent time in the United States as a high school exchange student with AFS Intercultural Programs in Ceres, California. Later, he attained his bachelor's and his master's degrees from the American University of Beirut, in Lebanon. Khalilzad received his doctorate at the University of Chicago where he studied closely with Albert Wohlstetter, a prominent nuclear deterrence thinker and strategist. Wohlstetter provided Khalilzad with contacts within the government and RAND. Khalilzad has contributed at least 28 papers to RAND Corporation.
Early career
From 1979 to 1989, Khalilzad worked as an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs. During that time, he worked closely with Zbigniew Brzezinski, the Carter administration's architect of Operation Cyclone to support the Afghan mujahideen, who resisted the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan.
In 1984, Khalilzad accepted a one-year Council on Foreign Relations fellowship to join the US State Department, where he was an adviser to the Near East and South Asia Bureau, headed by Richard W. Murphy.
From 1985 to 1989, Khalilzad served in the Reagan administration, as a senior State Department official, advising on the SovietโAfghan War, after the Soviet invasion. During that time, he was a member of the Policy Planning Staff and the State Department's Special Adviser on Afghanistan to Undersecretary of State Michael H. Armacost. In that role, he developed and guided the international program to promote the merits of a mujahideen-led Afghanistan ousting the Soviet occupation. From 1990 to 1992, Khalilzad served under President George H. W. Bush in the US Defense Department, as Deputy Undersecretary for Policy Planning.
Between 1993 and 2000, Khalilzad was the director of the Strategy, Doctrine, and Force Structure at the RAND Corporation. During that time, he helped found RAND's Center for Middle Eastern Studies as well as "Strategic Appraisal," a RAND periodical. He also authored several influential monographs, including "The United States and a Rising China" and "From Containment to Global Leadership? America and the World After the Cold War." At RAND, he also had a brief stint in consulting for Cambridge Energy Research Associates, which was conducting a risk analysis for Unocal, now part of Chevron, for a proposed 1400ย km (890ย mi), $2-billion, 622 mยณ/s (22,000ย ftยณ/s) Trans-Afghanistan gas pipeline project, which would have extended from Turkmenistan to Afghanistan and then proceeded to Pakistan.
Support for U.S. global leadership
Khalilzad also wrote several articles on the subject of the value of U.S. global leadership in the mid-1990s. The specific scenarios for conflict that he envisioned if a decline in American power occurred have made his writings extremely popular in competitive high school and college policy debate, particularly his writing that links the loss of US hegemony to global instability.
Khalilzad was a signatory of the letter from members of the Project for the New American Century to President Bill Clinton sent on January 26, 1998. It called for Clinton's help in "removing Saddam Hussein and his regime from power" by using "a full complement of diplomatic, political and military efforts."
Views
American politics
Khalilzad has been described as a "lifelong Republican", though he did not support Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign.
United States' role in the world
Khalilzad has sometimes been characterized as a neoconservative, with one profile in The Guardian in 2006 characterizing him as "combin[ing] the commitment of an American neocon with the cultural sensitivity of his Islamic background". At times, Khalilzad has embraced the label, authoring an article titled "The Neoconservative Case for Negotiating With Iran" in Politico magazine in 2006.
In 1995, Khalilzad articulated his views regarding the appropriate role of the United States in the Post-Cold War period:"The United States should be willing to use force if necessary for this purpose. There are currently two regions whose control by a hostile power could pose a global challenge: East Asia and Europe. The Persian Gulf is critically important for a different reasonโits oil resources are vital for the world economy. In the long term, the relative importance of various regions can change. A region that is critical to American interests now might become less important, while some other region might gain in importance."Regarding U.S. military preeminence, Khalilzad argued in favor of maintaining a sufficiently strong military to be able to embark in "two major regional contingencies nearly simultaneously":"For the foreseeable future, this means having the capability for fighting two major regional contingencies nearly simultaneously, e.g., Korea and the Gulf. The United States should also acquire increased capabilities for occasional intervention in lesser regional conflicts, such as humanitarian relief operations, and for countering weapons of mass destruction and ballistic and cruise missiles. For the longer term, it should consider moving toward sizing its forces to be able to defeat the plausible military challenges to critical American interests that might be posed by the two next most powerful military forces in the worldโwhich are not allied with the United States."
Afghanistan
Taliban
In June 2001, Khalilzad argued that the "United States must act now to weaken the Taliban and stem the spread of Talibanism". In a letter, Khalilzad endorsed the following policies to weaken the Taliban's control over Afghanistan:
"change the balance of power by offering assistance to the foes of the Taliban;
oppose the Taliban ideology--giving air time over the Voice of America to Taliban opponents and moderate Islamic leaders;
press Pakistan to withdraw its support;
aid victims of the Taliban;
support moderate Afghans through helping to convene a grand assembly to select a broad transitional government; and
elevate the importance of Afghanistan at home."
Peace Process in Afghanistan
In June 2009, Khalilzad stated the following at a UC Berkeley Event:"I believe and I've told president Karzai few month ago, because he is talking a lot about reconciliation, which is conceptually an absolute necessity, every war must end, but circumstance must be created for that wish to be successful. I've told him [to] get your house in order first, get the corruption issue dealt with, get governance improved, get services improved, then people would say `ahaa ... i want to be on this side, it looks like it is a better side, the side that is producing resolve.' But if they see your judges are corrupt, and your governors are not providing any services, initially people would think `why should I die for this, I'm going to become neutral`, or worse if the other side is providing more security, let's say, it [sic] will be even more difficult."- June 17, 2009. UC Berkeley Events
"If the sanctuary could be put at risk, I think the prospect of Reconciliation will improve."
North Korea
In a published 1993 paper, he advocated for "trade sanctions" against North Korea, "enhancing U.S. and South Korean military readiness", and "direct military attacks"."Use of force by a U.S.โallied coalition has better prospects for achieving the U.S. objective, either by setting back the program or by producing a more compliant North Koreaโdepending on how much and how effectively the force is applied. However, given the risk of triggering a second Korean war, it is unclear whether the South Koreans or Japanese could be induced to agree."
George W. Bush administration (2001-2009)
U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan
In 2001, President George W. Bush asked Khalilzad to head the Bush-Cheney transition team for the Department of Defense, and Khalilzad briefly served as Counselor to Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld. In May 2001, National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice announced Khalilzad's appointment as Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Southwest Asia, Near East, and North African Affairs at the US National Security Council. In December 2002, Bush appointed Khalilzad to the position of Ambassador at Large for Free Iraqis with the task of coordinating "preparations for a post-Saddam Hussein Iraq."
After the terrorist attacks of 9/11, Bush came to rely on Khalilzad's Afghanistan expertise. Khalilzad was involved in the early stages of planning to overthrow the Taliban and on December 31, 2001, he was selected as Bush's Special Presidential Envoy for Afghanistan. He served in that position until November 2003, when he was appointed to serve as US ambassador to Afghanistan. Khalilzad held that position from November 2003 until June 2005.
During that time, he oversaw the drafting of the constitution of Afghanistan, was involved with the country's first elections and helped to organize the first meeting of Afghanistan's Loya Jirga (traditional grand assembly). At the June 2002 Loya Jirga to select the Head of State, representatives of the US convinced the former king of Afghanistan, 87-year-old Zahir Shah, to withdraw from consideration even though a majority of Loya Jirga delegates supported him. That move angered Pashtuns, who were concerned with the disproportionate power of the Northern Alliance in the Karzai government. During Khalilzad's tenure as ambassador, the new Afghan president, Hamid Karzai, consulted closely with him on a regular basis about political decisions, and the two dined together regularly. In 2004 and 2005, he was also involved in helping with the establishment of the American University of Afghanistan (AUAF), which is the first American-style higher learning educational institution in Afghanistan. In 2016, the Friends of the American University of Afghanistan presented him with the International Public Service Award.
U.S. Ambassador to Iraq
Khalilzad began his job as the U.S. Ambassador to Iraq on June 21, 2005. He was credited for helping negotiate compromises which allowed the ratification of the Constitution of Iraq in October 2005. Khalilzad also worked to ensure that the December 2005 elections ran smoothly and played a substantial role in forming the first post-Saddam government. Khalilzad also helped establish the American University of Iraq, in Sulaimaniya, and sits on its board of regents.
In comparison to his predecessors, Paul Bremer and John Negroponte, in Baghdad, Khalilzad was considered a success as an ambassador and credited with bringing a cultural sophistication and human touch to the job that helped connect with Iraqis.
Khalilzad was one of the first high-level administration officials to warn that sectarian violence was overtaking the insurgency as the top threat to Iraq's stability. After the Al Askari Mosque bombing, in February 2006, he warned that spreading sectarian violence might lead to civil war and possibly to even a broader conflict, involving neighboring countries. Khalilzad sought political solutions to the problem of sectarianism, and in particular, he worked to integrate the balance of power between Iraq's three main ethnic groups to head off growing the growing Sunni violence.
Khalilzad's term as ambassador ended on March 26, 2007. He was replaced by Ryan Crocker, a career diplomat and former U.S. ambassador to Pakistan.
U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations
On February 12, 2007, the White House submitted Khalilzad's nomination to the Senate to become the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. He was unanimously confirmed by the Democratic-controlled US Senate on March 29, 2007. That marked a strong contrast to Khalilzad's predecessor, John R. Bolton, whose often-controversial rhetoric caused him to fail to be confirmed by the Senate but obtained a recess appointment.
Colleagues at the UN noted that Khalilzad has a different style from Bolton and was more conciliatory.
In November 2007, Khalilzad charged that Iran was helping the insurgent groups in Afghanistan and Iraq. He also told the media, soon after the International Atomic Energy Agency's release of its report on Iran, that the Iranian government was clearly going ahead with its nuclear program. Khalilzad explained that the US would try to pass another resolution in the Security Council, under Chapter 7, to impose additional sanctions against Iran.
In August 2008, he urged the Security Council to "take urgent action" and to "condemn Russia's military assault on the sovereign state of Georgia". He also stated that Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov had told US Secretary of State Rice that Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili "must go."
Private sector (2009โ2018)
From 2009 to 2018, Khalilzad served as the President of Khalilzad Associates, LLC, an "international advisory firm that serves clients at the nexus of commerce and public policies, helping global businesses navigate the most promising and challenging international markets." Khalilzad Associates and its parent company, Gryphon Capital Partners, have, as clients, international and US companies that interested mainly in doing business in Iraq and Afghanistan. According to Khalilzad, they include companies in the sectors of energy, construction, education, and infrastructure.
Khalilzad served as a Counselor at the Center for Strategic International Studies (CSIS) and sits on the Boards of the National Endowment for Democracy (NED), America Abroad Media (AAM), the RAND Corporation's Middle East Studies Center, the Atlantic Council, the American University of Iraq in Suleymania (AUIS), The American University of Kurdistan (AUK), and the American University of Afghanistan (AUAF).
On September 9, 2014, a news items appeared in the Austrian media, stating that Khalilzad was being investigated by authorities in Austria for suspected money laundering, and that his wife's accounts had been frozen. On September 10, the Austrian court made known that the case had been dismissed and the accounts had been ordered unfrozen a week earlier, on September 3. The leak was the result of court documents having been discarded unshredded in the general trash, and then found by scavenging bloggers.
In 2015, he donated over $100,000 to the Atlantic Council, a US think tank.
Khalilzad's political autobiography, The Envoy: From Kabul to the White House, My Journey Through a Turbulent World, was published by St. Martin's Press in 2016.
Envoy for Afghan Reconciliation and aftermath
In September 2018, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo named Khalilzad as the Special Representative for Afghanistan Reconciliation, a newly created envoy with the mission of securing a peaceful resolution to the conflict in Afghanistan. As of March 2021, he has continued in this role under the new administration of Joe Biden.
On May 18, 2021, at a U.S. House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee hearing on U.S. policy in Afghanistan, Khalilzad downplayed the prospect of a swift Taliban takeover when U.S. forces leave saying, "If they [Taliban] pursue, in my judgment, a military victory, it will result in a long war, because Afghan security forces will fight, other Afghans will fight, neighbors will come to support different forces."
He later added at that same hearing, "I personally believe that the statements that the [Afghan] forces will disintegrate, and the Talibs will take over in short order are mistaken. The real choices that the Afghans will face is between a long war and negotiated settlement." Despite this statement, the 2021 Taliban offensive culminated in a swift Taliban takeover and the dissolution of the Afghan National Army. Ahmad Wali Massoud, a Taliban adversary who was also critical of the government of Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani, accused Khalizad of playing a role in orchestrating the Taliban's return to power in an interview which was published in TRT World on September 21, 2021. Massoud argued that the Taliban did not have the military capacity to retake Kabul without great assistance and also cast suspicion on growing U.S. efforts to use the Taliban to fight the terrorist group ISIS-K.
In 2022, Politico reported that Khalilzad attended a dinner with Russian ambassador to the United States Anatoly Antonov amid the 2022 Ukraine War. Khalilzad reportedly stated "we need an agreement" to end the war in Ukraine, which Antonov was said to have agreed with. Dimitri Simes, president and CEO of the Center for the National Interest, also attended the dinner, where he pitched the idea of starting a new media outlet in Moscow, an idea Khalilzad said could be "very lucrative".
Awards
Khalilzad's service in the government has been recognized by three different secretaries of defense: Robert Gates awarded Khalilzad the Department of Defense medal for outstanding public service for his service in Iraq. Donald Rumsfeld awarded Khalilzad the Department of Defense medal for outstanding public service for his work in Afghanistan. Dick Cheney awarded Khalilzad the Department of Defense medal for outstanding public service for his time as assistant deputy under secretary of defense for policy planning from 1991 to 1992.
Khalilzad has also been awarded the highest national medals by the presidents of Afghanistan, Georgia and Kosovo. In Afghanistan he was awarded the King Amanullah Medal in 2005. The Georgian president awarded Khalilzad the Order of the Golden Fleece in 2016. Kosovo's president awarded Khalilzad the Order of Independence in 2017.
Personal life
Khalilzad is an ethnic Pashtun. Khalilzad's wife is author and political analyst Cheryl Benard. They met in 1972 while they were both students at the American University of Beirut. They have two children.
References
External links
Zalmay Khalilzad on United States Department of State
Articles
Losing the Moment? The United States and the World After the Cold War
The Washington Post โ Afghan Roots Keep Adviser Firmly in the Inner Circle
US Mission to the UN โ United States Ambassadors to the United Nations
Current Biography August 2006 cover story
The New Yorker โ American Viceroy
RFE/RL interview with Zalmay Khalilzad (May 18, 2007)
Profile: Khalilzad, The Center for Cooperative Research
Video: Khalilzad discusses Iraq, Afghanistan and the Middle East
The Long Shadow of a Neocon
What to Read on Afghan Politics 2010
|-
|-
1951 births
Living people
20th-century Muslims
21st-century American politicians
21st-century Muslims
Afghan emigrants to the United States
Afghan Muslims
Ambassadors of the United States to Afghanistan
Ambassadors of the United States to Iraq
American people of Pashtun descent
American Sunni Muslims
American University of Beirut alumni
Columbia University faculty
George W. Bush administration personnel
Obama administration cabinet members
Pashtun diplomats
People from Mazar-i-Sharif
Permanent Representatives of the United States to the United Nations
RAND Corporation people
Reagan administration personnel
United States National Security Council staffers
University of Chicago alumni
Washington, D.C., Republicans
21st-century American diplomats |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure%20Heroine | Pure Heroine | ใPure Heroineใ์ ๋ด์ง๋๋์ ๊ฐ์์ด์ ์ก๋ผ์ดํฐ์ธ ๋ก๋์ ์ฒซ ์ ๊ท ์๋ฐ์ด๋ค. 2013๋
9์ 27์ผ ์ ๋๋ฒ์ค, ๋ผ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ฆฌํผ๋ธ๋ฆญ ๋ ์ฝ๋๋ฅผ ํตํ์ฌ ๋ฐ๋งค๋์๋ค. ๋ช๋ช ์ก๋ผ์ดํฐ์์ ์์
์ ๋ํ ๋ถํํ์์ด ์์ ํ, A&R์ด์๋ ์ค์ฝง ๋งคํด๋ผํด๋ฐ์ ์กฐ์ ๋ฆฌํ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ํ์
ํ ์ ์๋๋ก ํด์ฃผ์๊ณ , ๋ฆฌํ์ ๋ก๋์ ํจ๊ป ์๋ฐ์ ์์
ํ์๋ค. ๋
น์์ ์คํด๋๋์ ์์นํ ๊ณจ๋ ์์ด์ง ์คํ๋์ด์์ ํ์๋ค. ใPure Heroineใ์ ๋๋ฆผ ํ, ์ผ๋ ํธ๋ก๋์นด, ์ผ๋ ํธ๋กํ ์ฅ๋ฅด์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ๋ฑ์ด ๋ง์ด ๋ค์ด๊ฐ์ง ์์ ๋จ์ํจ๊ณผ ๋ฎ์ ์์ ๋ฒ ์ด์ค, ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋๋ฐ๋ ๋ฏํ ๋นํธ๊ฐ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ ์๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ฌ์ฌ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
ใPure Heroineใ์ ์์
ํ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ค ์ค ๋ง์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์์ฌ ๋ฐ ์๊ณก, ํ๋ก๋์ฑ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ก๋์ ๋ณด์ปฌ์ ๊ทน์ฐฌ์ ๋ณด๋๋ค. ์ผ๋ถ ๋นํ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ์ฐ๋ง์ ์ ์ ํ๋ ์ฌํด ์ต๊ณ ์ ์๋ฐ ๋ฆฌ์คํธ์๋ ์ ์ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ 56ํ ๊ทธ๋๋ฏธ ์ด์๋์์ ๊ทธ๋๋ฏธ ์ด์๋ ์ต์ฐ์ ํ ๋ณด์ปฌ ์๋ฐ ํ๋ณด์ ์ฌ๋๋ค. ์ฒญ์๋
๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ฅ ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ๋นํํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฌผ์ง์ฃผ์, ๋ช
์ฑ, ์๋น์ ๋ฌธํ, ์ฌํ์ ์ง์ ๋ฑ์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฃจ์ด, ํ์ฌ์ ๋์ค์์
์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ํ๊ธ๋ ฅ์ด๋ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ๋ ์ํฐ์คํธ๋ค์ ๋ํ ๋์ ์ ํ ์๋ฐ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค.
๋ก๋๋ ์ด ์๋ฐ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฑ๊ธ์ธ ใRoyalsใ๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ ๋ฐ๋งคํ์ฌ ๋นํ๊ณผ ์์
์ฑ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ก์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ ์ฐจ๋ก๋ก ใTennis Courtใ, ใTeamใ, ใGlory and Goreใ๋ฅผ ์ฑ๊ธ ์ปทํ์๋ค. ใPure Heroineใ์ ๋น๋ณด๋ 200 ์ฐจํธ์ 3์๋ก ๋ฐ๋ทํ์ฌ 12๋ง 9์ฒ ์ฅ ์๋ฐ ํ๋งค๊ณ ์ ๋ง๋จน๋ ์ฑ์ ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๊ณ , ๋ค๋ฅธ 12๊ณณ์ ์ฐจํธ์์๋ 1์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ์๋ค. ๋ํ ์๋ฐ ์์ฒด์ ํ๋งค๋๋ 2014๋
์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ด ํ๋ฆฐ ์๋ฐ ์ค ํ๋์ ์ํ ์ ๋๋ก ๋ง์ด ํ๋ ธ๋ค. ์๊ตญ์์๋ ํ๋ํฐ๋, ์บ๋๋ค์์๋ ๋๋ธ ํ๋ํฐ๋, ํธ์ฃผ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์๋ ํธ๋ฆฌํ ํ๋ํฐ๋ ์ธ์ฆ์ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก 300๋ง ์ฅ์ด ๋๊ฒ ํ๋งค๋๋ค.
๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ
๋ก๋๊ฐ 13์ด์ผ ๋, ์ ๋๋ฒ์ค ๋ฎค์ง ๊ทธ๋ฃน์์ ๋งค๋์ ๋ก ์ผํ๊ณ ์์๋ ์ค์ฝง ๋งคํด๋ผํด๋ฐ๊ณผ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ด๋ฌํด๋ถํฐ ์ ๋๋ฒ์ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์์ ์ ์๋ฆฌ์ ์์ ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๋น์ ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ์๋ค. ๋งคํด๋ผํด๋ฐ์ ๋ก๋์๊ฒ ์ก๋ผ์ดํฐ๋ค์ ๋ถ์ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉด์ ์์
๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ํฅ์์ํฌ ์ ์๋๋ก ๋์์ฃผ์์ง๋ง, ๋ฒ๋ฒ์ด ์คํจํ์๋ค. ๋งคํด๋ผํด๋ฐ์ ํํธ์ฟผํฐ์ค์์ "๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ก๋๋ ์์ ์ ์์
์ ์ค์ค๋ก ๋ง๋ค ๊ฒ์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ดํดํ์์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ ์์
์ ์ ์์ ์ํด ๋ค์์ ๋์์ค ๋๊ตฐ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ์ํ์๋ค"๊ณ ์ธ๊ธํ์๋ค. ๋ก๋๋ 13์ด ๋ด์ง 14์ด ๋๋ถํฐ ๊ธฐํ๋ก ์์
์ ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ ์์ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ฒ์ ์ฐฉ์ค ๋์ ๋ด์ง๋๋์ ์๊ฐ ๊ฒธ ํ๋ก๋์์๋ ์กฐ์ ๋ฆฌํ์ 2011๋
12์์ ๋ง๋๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์์
๊ด๊ณ๋ ๊ฑฐ์ ํฉ์ด ์ ๋ง์๊ณ , ๋์ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด์ ๋ก๋์ ์ฒซ ์ต์คํ
๋๋ ํ๋ ์ด(EP)์๋ ใThe Love Club EPใ๋ ์์
ํ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ค์นด์ด ํ๋ ์ด๋ผ, ํ๋ก๋ ์ค ์ค ๋ ๋จธ์ , ๋ผ๋ ๋ธ ๋ ์ด, ๊ทธ๋ผ์์ค์ ๊ฐ์ ์ฌ์ฑ ์ผํฐ๋ํฐ๋ธ ํ ์ํฐ์คํธ๋ค์ ๋น์ ํ๋ฉฐ ์ฐฌ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋๋ค. ์์
์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ด์ง๋๋ ์ฐจํธ 1์์ ์ฌ๋๊ณ , ํธ์ฃผ์์๋ 2์์ ์ค๋ฅด๊ณ 35๋ง ์ฅ์ ํ๋งค๊ณ ๋ก 5๋ฒ์ ํ๋ํฐ๋ ์ธ์ฆ์ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋น๋ณด๋ 200 ์ฐจํธ์์ 23์๊น์ง ์ฌ๋๋ค.
ใPure Heroineใ์ ์์
์ ์์ํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ๋ก๋๋ ์์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ท ์๋ฐ์ด "ํํฉ"์ด ๋๋ ์๋ฐ์ด ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ใThe Love Club EPใ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ใPure Heroineใ๋ ์๊ณ ๊ฐ๋น์ผ ์ฅ๋น ํ๋ ์๋ ์คํด๋๋์ ๊ณจ๋ ์์ด์ง ์คํ๋์ค์์ ํ๋ก๋์ ์กฐ์ ๋ฆฌํ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋
น์ํ์๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ๊ธฐ๊น์ง 1๋
์ด ์ฑ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์์๋ค. ์ฒ์์ ๋ก๋์ ๋ฆฌํ์ A&R์ด์๋ ์ค์ฝง ๋งคํด๋ผํด๋ฐ์๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ชจ๋ก ๋์ด ์๋ ๊ฑธ ๋ค๋ ค์ฃผ์๊ณ , ๋
ธ๋์ ๋ํด ๊ณ์ ๋
ผ์ํ๋ฉด์ ์๊ฒฌ์ ๊ตํํ๊ณ , ์์ฉํ์ฌ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ๋
ธ๋๋ฅผ ์์ ํ์๋ค. ์ดํ ๋ก๋๋ ๋น์ ๋จ์์น๊ตฌ์๋ ์ ์์ค ๋ก์๊ฒ ๋ฌด์ธ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋ฐ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ฐ์ฌ์ ์๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ฉด์ ๊ฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์๋ค. ใPure Heroineใ์ ๋
น์์ ๋ก๋์ ๋ฆฌํ์ด ๊ฐ๋
ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋งคํด๋ผํด๋ฐ์ ์ด ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ํด ์งง๊ฒ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ฉด์ "๋ก๋๊ฐ ๋ก๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋ง๋ค์๋ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์์
์ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์๋ฐ์ ์๋ก๋๊ฒ ๋์๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๋ก๋๋ ์์ ๋ง์ ์์
์ ์ฐ๊ณ ์ถ์ดํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์๋ฐ์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ ๊ณก๋ค์ ๋ฆฌํ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์์
ํ์๋ค. ์ต์ข
์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ ๋ ํธ๋ ๋ฆฌ์คํธ์๋ ์ด 10๊ณก์ด ์๋ก๋์ด ์์๋๋ฐ, 7๊ณก์์ 8๊ณก ์ ๋๋ ์๋ก๋์ง ๋ชปํ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋์ ์๋ฐ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ด ๊ทธ์ "ํธ๋์ ์ฑ์๋๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ฌ๋ฃ"๋ผ๋ฉด ์๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ๋จ์ด์ง๋ ๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ 10๊ณก์ผ๋ก ํ์ ํ์๋ค.
์์
๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ฌ
ใPure Heroineใ์์์ ๋ก๋์ ๋ณด์ปฌ์ ๊ทธ ์๋ฆฌ์ ๋์ ํญ๊ณผ ํ์ํํ ์ ๋ฌ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
ํธ๋ ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
ํ์๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ ํธ๋์ ๋ก๋์ ์กฐ์ ๋ฆฌํ์ด ์๊ณก ๋ฐ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ๋ฆฌํ์ด ํ๋ก๋์ฑํ์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
๋ด์ฉ์ฃผ
2013๋
๋ฐ๋ท ์๋ฐ
์์ด ์๋ฐ
๋ก๋์ ์๋ฐ
๋ฆฌํผ๋ธ๋ฆญ ๋ ์ฝ๋ ์๋ฐ
2013๋
๋ฐ๋ท ์๋ฐ
์กฐ์ ๋ฆฌํ์ด ํ๋ก๋์ฑํ ์๋ฐ
๋ก๋์ ์๋ฐ
๋ฆฌํผ๋ธ๋ฆญ ๋ ์ฝ๋ ์๋ฐ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure%20Heroine | Pure Heroine | Pure Heroine is the debut studio album by New Zealand singer-songwriter Lorde. It was released on 27 September 2013 by Universal, Lava, and Republic Records. After several unsuccessful sessions with songwriters, Lorde was paired with Joel Little by A&R representative Scott Maclachlan, who assisted with the album's production. Recording took place at Golden Age Studios in Auckland. Pure Heroine has been described as an electronica, electropop, dream pop, and gothic pop album with minimalist production, deep bass and programmed beats.
Pure Heroine received generally positive reviews from music critics, many of whom praised its songwriting, production, and Lorde's vocal performance. It appeared on several year-end critics' lists, and was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards. The album deals with themes of youth and critiques mainstream culture, exploring materialism, fame, consumer culture and social status. Pure Heroine has been noted for its influence on modern pop music.
Lorde released the album's lead single, "Royals", to critical and commercial success; it was followed by "Tennis Court", "Team" and "Glory and Gore". The album debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 129,000 album-equivalent units, and topped the charts in Australia and New Zealand. Pure Heroine was one of 2014's best-selling albums. It was certified platinum in the United Kingdom, double platinum in Canada, triple platinum in Australia, as well as quintuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, selling more than 5 million copies worldwide. In November 2021, the extended version of Pure Heroine was pulled from all music streaming services, with the additional songs made available through the re-release of The Love Club EP and other singles on all streaming services.
Background and development
Since she was 14 years old, Lorde worked with Universal to develop her sound and artistic vision. She was signed to Universal by her manager, Scott Maclachlan, at age 13 and was paired with a succession of songwriters in unsuccessful attempts to develop her own music. Maclachlan told HitQuarters, "Fundamentally I think she understood that she was going to write her own music but would need someone to help with the production side of it." Lorde began writing songs on guitar at the age of "13 or 14". She was eventually paired with New Zealand writer and producer Joel Little in December 2011, and their working relationship clicked almost immediately. Lorde's debut extended play (2013's The Love Club EP) was praised by music critics, who compared the EP to work by other female alternative pop artists such as Sky Ferreira, Florence and the Machine, Lana Del Rey, and Grimes. It reached number one in New Zealand, number two in Australia, where it was certified five times platinum for shipments of 350,000 copies, and number twenty-three on the US Billboard 200.
Before beginning work on Pure Heroine, Lorde said that she intended her debut album to be a "cohesive" work. Like The Love Club EP, Pure Heroine was recorded with producer Joel Little at Golden Age Studios, a small studio without expensive technology, in Auckland, and was completed in less than a year. Initially, Lorde and Little played demos to A&R Scott Maclachlan in which they discussed songs, exchanged comments and changed aspects of the songs. She later showed the lyrics to James Lowe, her boyfriend at the time, saying that sharing things with him inspired her to write most of the album. Recording of the album was overseen by Lorde and Little, and was described by Maclachlan as a fairly-short process; most of what Lorde played for him ended up on the album. Lorde wanted to write her own music, and the album's content was co-written with Little. Ten songs were included in the album's final track listing, with seven or eight tracks not making the cut. Lorde and Maclachlan decided to keep the final track listing at ten to avoid "filler material."
Music and lyrics
Lorde's vocals on Pure Heroine have been noted for her range and powerful delivery. She said that she felt it essential for her voice to be the album's focus, since she was unfamiliar with playing instruments. The A.V. Club editor Kevin McFarland called the singer's voice the "alpha and omega of her talent. ... Her voice isn't booming or overpowering, but rather mystifying and alluring, both floating on its own in a sea of reverb and digital blips and awash in an army of chorused overdubs." According to PopMatterss Evan Sawdey described Lorde's vocals as being "unique and powerfully intriguing", while Billboard noted her vocals for being "smoky and restrained".
The album is built around Little's production, which incorporates deep bass, loops, and programmed beats. During its recording, Lorde said that she "didn't really have a specific sound in mind". She cited James Blake and minimalist music as the main inspirations for Pure Heroine. The album's song structures were influenced by hip hop, electronic and pop music as the singer listened to those genres to develop a "real taste" of the direction the production would follow. Several publications noted its minimalist production, and compared its arrangements to singers such as Robyn and Santigold. Pure Heroine has been described by critics as an electronica, dream pop, electropop, and gothic pop album.
The album deals with themes of youth, and critiques mainstream culture, exploring materialism, fame, consumer culture, and social status. Classic teen pop themes such as social anxiety, romance, and "adolescent aggrievance and angst" are also present on the album. According to NME, its lyrics indicate that Lorde is "bored". In an interview with the magazine, she said that she used words of inclusion (such as "we" and "us") throughout the album. The singer's lyrics detail "the mundanity of teenage life" and celebrate the "often ignored intelligence of the next generation." Lorde also uses metaphors involving teeth, describing the "Hollywood smile", which several publications related to social class structures and economic inequality. In an analysis piece from i-D, writer Wendy Syfret states that Pure Heroine presented suburban dreams and a realistic teenage life, saying the record is "perhaps the most direct and eloquent statement about the eternal teen juxtaposition of wanting it all ... but knowing deep down that to leave this stage is to make an exit you can never undo."
Songs
Tracks 1โ5
The album's opening track, "Tennis Court", addresses Lorde's new fame and criticises the "high life." Described by critics as a downtempo hip hop and EDM-influenced alternative pop, art pop and electropop song, it uses synthesisers and electronic pulses in its arrangement. Little and Lorde first wrote the music and beat, and the lyrics were written later. "400 Lux", named for the brightness of a sunrise or sunset, was interpreted by critics as the album's first love song, with lyrics detailing suburban life. Lipshutz of Billboard described its instrumentation as "over canyon-sized bass and popping percussion".
Lorde wrote the lyrics to "Royals" in half an hour, and recorded the song within a week during a school break. She was inspired after seeing a photo by Ted Spiegel in the July 1976 issue of National Geographic of Kansas City Royals player George Brett signing baseballs, with his team name (Royals) emblazoned across his shirt. Although Lorde was also inspired by historic aristocrats and hip hop-influenced artists such as Jay-Z, Kanye West and Lana Del Rey when writing the song, she criticised their "bullshit" references to "expensive" alcohol and cars. Lorde cited her fear of ageing and a party she threw at her house while her parents were away as the main inspirations behind "Ribs", described by critics as a deep house-influenced electronica and electropop song. "Buzzcut Season", influenced by tropical music, uses a xylophone in its instrumentation. Its lyrics, describing the "ridiculousness of modern life", include themes of refuge and reassurance.
Tracks 6โ10
The album's sixth song, "Team", is a hybrid alternative pop and electro-hop song which features synthesiser, bass, and snare drum instrumentation over a handclap-based beat. Written when Lorde was traveling the world, the song was a "tribute to her friends and country". The next song, "Glory and Gore" is a chillwave and hip hop-influenced electropop ballad with pulsing synthesisers. Lorde uses black satire throughout the song to express disdain for the modern emphasis on violence, and compares celebrity culture to gladiatorial combat.
"Still Sane" is a spare ballad, with lyrics grappling with Lorde's "ambition and fears of how fame will affect her." "White Teeth Teens", influenced by doo-wop music, incorporates military drums with lyrics detailing the differences between the appearance and true character of a white-toothed teen. In a PopMatters analysis, Scott Interrante describes the use of teeth in the song's lyrics as "preppy, popular teens, using their white teeth as their defining characteristic." "A World Alone", the album's closing track, was described as a "dark disco diamond". It begins with a "lonely guitar note" before transitioning into a "roaring dance beat". The song's final line, "Let 'em talk", was cited by critics as a call and response to the album's opening line, "Don't you think that its boring how people talk?" in "Tennis Court".
Promotion
Lorde posted the album's release date along with its cover art and track listing to her Twitter account on 12 August 2013. The album's release was preceded by an advertising campaign which had the lyrics of her songs displayed on buses and shop windows and faxed to media outlets. On 23 September 2013, "Buzzcut Season" was released as a promotional single in several iTunes Stores in Asia. "Ribs" was subsequently offered as the free single of the week on the iTunes Store during the week of the album's release. An extended version of the album was released on 13 December 2013, featuring "No Better", previously released as a free promotional single, and five tracks from The Love Club EP.
To promote the album, Lorde did several performances worldwide. She made her first televised performance in the United States on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, performing "Royals" and "White Teeth Teens". Lorde replaced Frank Ocean, who cancelled due to illness, at the 2013 Splendour in the Grass Festival. In September 2013, Lorde appeared on New Zealand's 3rd Degree and performed on Later... with Jools Holland. Two months later, Lorde performed several songs from the album and her EP on Live with Letterman and at a concert the singer held at the Warsaw Venue in Brooklyn. She further promoted the album by performing "Royals" on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on 9 October 2013. The singer also performed "Team" at the 2013 ARIA Awards and opened the 2013 New Zealand Music Awards with "Royals". At the 56th Annual Grammy Awards, Lorde performed a stripped-down version of the song; the performance received praise from rapper Mac Miller and Chrissy Teigen.
Tour
The album received further promotion from her first headlining concert tour, the Pure Heroine Tour, which started on 28 July 2013 in Byron Bay, Australia. It was Lorde's first concert tour with North American shows in August, followed by two dates in Europe. The singer returned to North America to perform in eight additional shows before flying to Australia for six shows. In 2014, Lorde performed an additional 40 shows in North America, 19 in Asia, 6 in Europe and 3 in South America. 9 Oceania dates were cancelled; one due to scheduling conflict and 8 for a chest infection she was diagnosed with.
The set list consisted of songs from The Love Club EP and Pure Heroine. Lorde appeared on stage with new outfits to accommodate the mood of the songs. The singer performed most of her songs in a silhouette; her face was frequently hidden from the crowd. She also premiered an unreleased song called "Good Fights". It received positive critical reception with critics complementing her vocal clarity, stage presence and minimalist setting.
Singles
"Royals" was released as the album's lead single on 3 June 2013, through digital distribution. The song received widespread acclaim with reviewers complimenting its minimalist production and lyrics. It achieved commercial success by topping the charts in New Zealand, Canada, the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom and the United States. She became the youngest artist to top the Billboard Hot 100 chart since Tiffany's "I Think We're Alone Now" (1987) and the first New Zealand act to reach number one as a lead artist. The song received three Grammy nominations for Record of the Year, Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance, winning in the latter two categories.
"Tennis Court" was released as the second single from the album. It was also well-received from critics, most of whom praised the song's production and musical style. To promote the song, Lorde released an accompanying EP of the same name through digital stores in the United Kingdom on 7 June 2013 and a physical CD single on 22 June 2013. It performed modestly on international charts, debuting at number one in New Zealand and charting in Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States.
"Team" was announced as the third single from the album. It was leaked by Australian radio station Triple J on 12 September and as a result, the single was released digitally in Australia and New Zealand on 13 September. The single became available in the United States on 13 September as part of the pre-order for Pure Heroine. The song was critically acclaimed by critics who praised its catchy production and "club-ready" atmosphere. "Team" was a commercial success, reaching the top 10 in New Zealand, Canada, Mexico, and the United States.
"Glory and Gore" was released as the album's fourth and final single on 11 March 2014 after being sent to US modern rock radio. The song received mixed reviews. Some praised its hook while others criticized its forced lyrics and production. It failed to match the success of the previous singles, charting outside the top 10 in New Zealand, and at low-tier positions in Australia and the United States.
Critical reception
Pure Heroine received generally positive reviews from critics; aggregating website Metacritic reports a normalized rating of 79, based on 28 reviews. Jason Lipshutz of Billboard described it as "immaculate" and an "exploration into the soul of a quiet girl in the Internet age, trying to feel something and not envy everything." In his favorable Aโ review, Ray Rahman of Entertainment Weekly said the album's production, vocal performance and lyricism "signals the arrival of a new kind of star." In contrast, Spin reviewer Maura Johnston suggested that Lorde used her age as a "clumsy ploy", declaring her music "aggressively okay" and washed in "(possibly fake) teen-pop-star ennui". Lindsay Zoladz, writing for Pitchfork, described Lorde as a "correspondent on the front lines of elegantly wasted post-digital youth culture and working-class suburban boredom".
James Reed of The Boston Globe said Pure Heroine was similar to the production aesthetic of R&B singers the Weeknd and Jessie Ware. PopMatterss Evan Sawdey suggested that the "album's production... [evokes] an ethereal, nighttime soundscape that just so happens to congeal into sturdy pop songs, sometimes in exciting, unexpected ways." The New Zealand Heralds Lydia Jenkin concluded, "[Lorde's] knack for combining her insights, with strong phrasing, and ear-worm phonaesthetics ... make her a musical heroine ... The impressive level of self-awareness is what makes her youthful commentary so compelling." Conversely, Adam Offitzer of Pretty Much Amazing awarded the album a B grade, asserting it was "no masterpiece", but engaging enough to keep Lorde relevant. Robert Christgau gave the album a two-star honourable mention () and said, "Her ambition's in the right place, but the reason she always co-writes is that 16-year-olds don't just crank out hits."
Pure Heroine was named the best album of 2013 by FasterLouder, The Herald Sun, The Mercury News, and The New York Times. It featured highly in other end-of-year best album lists: at number two by Entertainment Weekly, at number four by Billboard, at number four by Slant, at number seven by Rolling Stone, and at number ten by The A.V. Club. The record featured at number 25 in The Village Voices 2013 Pazz & Jop critics' poll, with 317 points. Metacritic ranked it the fifth best-reviewed album of 2013, with 34 points. In 2014, Pure Heroine was named Album of the Year and Best Pop Album at the New Zealand Music Awards, and was awarded the Taite Music Prize. It was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 56th Grammy Awards.
Commercial performance
The album debuted atop the Official New Zealand Chart, and was certified platinum in its first week; it remained at number one for the following two weeks. After eleven weeks on the chart, Pure Heroine rebounded to number two and was certified triple platinum. At week eighteen, it rose from number three to number one and was certified quadruple platinum. The album also debuted at number one on Australia's ARIA Chart. It then fell to number two, but was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). The album was ninth on ARIA's 10 Albums of 2013, with sales of about 100,000 copies.
Pure Heroine entered the Canadian Albums Chart at number two, with first-week sales of 15,000 copies, and was later certified platinum by Music Canada (MC) for shipments of 80,000 copies. The album sold 18,294 copies in its debut at number four on the Official Charts Company's UK Albums Chart, where it was later certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipments of 100,000 copies.
It debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 129,000 copies. In its second week on the chart the album fell to number six, with a 51-percent drop in sales to 63,000 copies. Pure Heroine fell to number seven in its third week, selling 48,000 copies, but rose to number five the following week and sold 40,000 copies. According to Nielsen Soundscan, the album sold 413,000 copies by 3 December 2013; by 19 December, it was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of 541,000 copies. Pure Heroine had a 14-percent US sales increase during the holiday season, selling 78,000 copies and moving from number eleven to number seven on the Billboard 200. On 9 January 2014, the album rose from seventh to fifth on the chart and sold a further 46,000 copies; it held its position the following week, selling 33,000 copies. In July 2014, Billboard released a mid-year chart; Pure Heroine was number four, selling 641,000 copies in the first half of the year. It was the sixth-bestselling album of 2014, selling 841,000 copies and 6.8ย million tracks.
Pure Heroine had an 86-percent increase in sales after Lorde's performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards, rising from number five back to number three on the Billboard 200 and selling 68,000 copies. After slipping to number eight for the week ending 19 February, Pure Heroine rose to number seven with 39,000 copies sold (a nine-percent increase). It rose to number six the following week, selling 30,000 copies and passing the one-million mark with 1.01ย million copies sold. Pure Heroine was the first debut album to reach the one-million mark since October 2013; Lorde was the first woman whose debut album sold a million copies since April 2011 and Adele's 19. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), the album sold 1.4ย million copies in 2013 and two million copies in 2014, with 3.4 million combined copies for both years.
Impact and legacy
After its release, Pure Heroine was called a "game-changer". It was further praised by critics for its refreshing take on pop, and for challenging present-day music and its performers, including artists such as Miley Cyrus and Rihanna. According to Clash, the "popularity of Pure Heroine suggests all is not lost. It says there's still an intellectual, polished and important place for pop, that doesn't rely on open letters, open legs, Twitter, twerking and obscenely desperate electro hooks." English singer-songwriter David Bowie called her "the future of music", while Dave Grohl saw her as revolutionary.
The success of Pure Heroine affected Joel Little's career. According to The Guardian, the album's international success "thrust Little into the limelight". Milly Petriella, head of member relations for APRA AMCOS, noted that Little's "influence is still heard on local releases". Ashley Page, Little's manager, said: "Since ... Pure Heroines US success, Joel has consistently released songs with major artists in the UK and US be it with Sam Smith, Ellie Goulding, Tove Lo, Fitz and the Tantrums, or Broods." He has also worked on Imagine Dragons' Evolve (2017), Khalid's American Teen (2017), and Taylor Swift's Lover (2019).
Forbes placed Lorde on their 30 Under 30 list of young people "who are changing our world". She was the youngest person in the music category. Lorde also topped Time list of the world's most influential teenagers; according to Time, she was "forging her own path." Forbes called Pure Heroine a "breakout success", with a "larger evolution on the horizon." Billboard also named Lorde "your new alt-rock heroine" in their September 2013 cover story.
Music publications have cited Pure Heroine as an influential album in mainstream pop music. Lindsay Zoladz from The Ringer indicated that Pure Heroines "impact [was] larger and harder to define because it completely rewrote the rules for young women making radio-friendly pop." The New Yorkers Carrie Battan echoed similar statements, arguing that the "pop sceneโparticularly for womenโhas altered radically since Pure Heroine was released", making it "almost unrecognizable from the sugary-sweet, overtly sexual realm of the early aughts."
Lorde's vocal performance on the album was credited by Peter Robinson of The Guardian for contributing to the rise of "whisperpop" in mainstream music, defined as "deceptively understated, intricate vocal performances" in vocalists; Robinson also noted that Lorde was one of several artists that inspired a "raft of major signings". Elle Hunt, writing for The Spinoff said the album's "almost conversational style of singing is now so ubiquitous, it's easy to forget it would not have been associated with pop ten years ago or fewer."
American singer Conan Gray cited Pure Heroine as a major source of inspiration while writing his debut EP Sunset Season (2018) and debut album Kid Krow (2020). He credits the album for starting his "obsession with pop music". In an interview with NME, American singer Olivia Rodrigo stated that the album served as inspiration for her debut single, "Drivers License" (2021).
Decade-end and all-time lists
In 2019, Pure Heroine was ranked as the best record of the 2010s by The Mercury News, ahead of Kanye West's My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy (2010). Insider ranked it at number 11 on their 15 Best Albums of the 2010s list, while Billboard featured it at number 23 in its critics' picks of the 100 Best Albums of the 2010s. The same year, Uproxx included Pure Heroine at number 29 on its Albums of the Decade list, while Slant ranked it at number 31 on their list of the 100 Best Albums of the 2010s. Clash ranked it at number 35 on its list of the Top 100 Albums of Clashs Lifetime (2004โ2014). It was ranked at number 45 in NMEs editorial staff list of the decade's 100 Best Albums, while Paste included the record at 60 on its Top 100 Best Albums of the 2010s catalog. Genius ranked Pure Heroine at number 50 on its list of the 100 Best Albums of the 2010s. The record is included in The Evening Standards 20 Best Albums of the Decade list. In July 2022, Rolling Stone ranked Pure Heroine as the 100th best debut album of all time.
Track listing
All tracks written by Ella Yelich-O'Connor and Joel Little, and produced by Little, except where noted.
Notes
signifies an additional producer
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Pure Heroine.
Ella Yelich-O'Connor โ vocals, additional production
Joel Little โ production, mixing, engineering, instrumentation
Stuart Hawkes โ mastering
Charles Howells โ photography
Mario Hugo โ design, illustration
Ania Nowak โ design support
Charts
Weekly charts
Monthly charts
Year-end charts
Decade-end charts
All-time charts
Certifications and sales
Release history
See also
List of 2013 albums
List of number-one albums of 2013 (Australia)
List of number-one albums from the 2010s (New Zealand)
References
Notes
Citations
Further reading
External links
2013 debut albums
Albums produced by Joel Little
Albums produced by Lorde
Lorde albums
Lava Records albums
Republic Records albums
Virgin EMI Records albums |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back%20to%20Black | Back to Black | ใBack to Blackใ์ ์์ผ๋๋ ๋ ์ฝ๋๊ฐ 2006๋
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๋ถํฐ 2006๋
๊น์ง ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ง์ด์ ๋ฏธ์ ์ธ์คํธ๋ฃจ๋ฉํ ์ฃผ ์คํ๋์ค์์ ๋ ๋ฏธ์ ํจ๊ป, ๊ทธ ํ ๋ด์์ ์ฒญ ํน ์คํ๋์ค์ ๋ํค ๋ ์ฝ๋์์ ๋ก ์จ๊ณผ ๋ํน์ค์ ํจ๊ป ์๋ฐ์ ๊ณก๋ค์ ๋
น์ํ๋ค. ํฐ ์๋จธ์คํธ๋ ๋ฐ๋์ ๋ฉํธ๋กํด๋ฆฌ์ค ์คํ๋์ค์์ ์ด ์๋ฐ์ ๋ฏน์ฑํ๋ค.
ใBack to Blackใ์ ๋ ๋ฏธ์ ๋ก ์จ์ ํ๋ก๋์ฑ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์์ธํ์ฐ์ค์ ์์ฌ, ์๊ณก๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ฑ์ ์ธ ์ฐฝ๋ฒ์๋ ์ฐฌ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋๋ค. ์ด ์๋ฐ์๋ 5๊ฐ์ ์ฑ๊ธ์ด ์๋ก๋์๋๋ฐ, ใRehabใ, ใYou Know I'm No Goodใ, ใBack to Blackใ, ใTears Dry on Their Ownใ, ใLove Is a Losing Gameใ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์๋ธ, ๋ํผ, ์์คํ
๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ํฐ์คํธ๋ค์ ์์
์ ์งํ์ ๊ตฌ์ถํ๋ฉด์, 2000๋
๋ ํ๋ฐ ๋ด๋ด ๋ธ๋ฆฌํฐ์ ์์ ๊ด๋ฒ์ํ ์ธ๊ธฐ์ ์ฃผ์ํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ธ๊ธ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ
2002๋
์์ผ๋๋ ๋ ์ฝ๋์ ๊ณ์ฝํ ํ, ์์ธํ์ฐ์ค๋ 2003๋
10์ 20์ผ ๋ฐ๋ท ์๋ฐ ใFrankใ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋งคํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ ๋จ์์น๊ตฌ์ธ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์ค ํ
์ผ๋ฌ์๊ฒ ์ ์ฐจ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์์ผ๋ฉด์ ์๋ฐ์ ํ์ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ฐ ์ฃผ๋ก ํ๋ก๋์ฑํ ๋ง์ ๊ณก๋ค์ด ์ฌ์ฆ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ปค๋ฒ ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ ์ธํ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ณก์ ์์ธํ์ฐ์ค๊ฐ ๊ณต๋ ์๊ณกํ๋ค. ์ด ์๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ฌ์ "๋ฉ์ง๊ณ ๋นํ์ ์ธ ์์ "์ ๋ํ ์ฐฌ์ฌ์ ํจ๊ป ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋
์ ๋ณด์ปฌ์ ์ธ๋ผ ๋ณธ, ๋ฉ์ด์ ๊ทธ๋ ์ด ๋ฑ๊ณผ ๋น๊ต๋์๋ค. ์ด ์๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋งค ๋น์ ์๊ตญ ์๋ฐ ์ฐจํธ์์ 13์์ ์ฌ๋๊ณ , ์๊ตญ ์ถ์๊ธฐ ํํ๋ก๋ถํฐ ํธ๋ฆฌํ ํ๋ํฐ๋ ์ธ์ฆ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. 2004๋
, ์์ธํ์ฐ์ค๋ ๋ธ๋ฆฟ ์ด์๋์์ ์๊ตญ ์ฌ์ฑ ์๋ก ์ํฐ์คํธ์ ์๊ตญ ์ด๋ฐ ์กํธ ํ๋ณด์ ์ฌ๋๊ณ , ใFrankใ๋ ๋จธํ๋ฆฌ์ ํ๋ณด์ ์ฌ๋๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ํด, ์ด ์๋ฐ์ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฑ๊ธ์ธ ใStronger Than Meใ๋ ์์ธํ์ฐ์ค์ ๋ ๋ฏธ์๊ฒ ์ต๊ณ ์ ์ปจํ
ํฌ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ก ๋ถ๋ฌธ์์ ์์ด๋ฒ ๋
ธ๋ฒจ๋ก ์ด์๋๋ฅผ ์๊ฒจ์ฃผ์๋ค. 2004๋
ใ์ต์ ๋ฒใ์์ ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ์์ ์์ธํ์ฐ์ค๋ ์ด ์๋ฐ์ ๋ํด "์๋ฐ์ ์๋ ์ด๋ค ๊ฒ๋ค์ด ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ ์กด๋ ์์ธํ ๊ณณ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๊ฒ ํ๋ค"๋ฉฐ ๋ถ๋ง์ ํ์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ํ ๋ง์ผํ
์ด "์ํฐ๋ฆฌ"์๊ณ , ํ๋ก๋ชจ์
์ "๋์ฐํ๋ค"๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒ์ด "๋์ฅํ"์ด์๋ค๊ณ ์ธ๊ธํ๋ค.
์์
์ ์ฑ๊ณผ
ใBack to Blackใ์ 2006๋
11์ 5์ผ ์ฒซ ์ฃผ 43,021์ฅ์ ํ๋งค๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์๊ตญ ์๋ฐ ์ฐจํธ์์ 3์๋ก ๋ฐ๋ทํ๋ค. ์ด ์๋ฐ์ 2007๋
1์ 20์ผ ๋ฐ๋งค 11์ฃผ ๋ง์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก 1์์ ์ฌ๋์ผ๋ฉฐ, 35,500์ฅ์ด ๋๊ฒ ํ๋ ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ค์ ์ฃผ, ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๊ฑฐ์ 48,000์ฅ์ด ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์ 1์๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ๋ค. 5์ฃผ ํ, ์ด ์๋ฐ์ ์๊ตญ ์ฐจํธ์์ 3์ฃผ์งธ 1์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ฉฐ 47,000์ฅ์ด ํ๋ ธ๋ค. ใBack to Blackใ์ ์๊ตญ์์ 2007๋
๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ด ํ๋ฆฐ ์๋ฐ์ผ๋ก, 185๋ง ์ฅ์ด ํ๋ ธ๋ค. ์๊ตญ ์ถ์๊ธฐ ํํ๋ 2018๋
3์ 30์ผ 13ํ ํ๋ํฐ๋ ์ธ์ฆ์ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 2018๋
10์๊น์ง 393๋ง ์ฅ์ด ํ๋ ค 21์ธ๊ธฐ ์๊ตญ์์ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ๋ง์ด ํ๋ฆฐ ์๋ฐ์ด์ ์๊ตญ์์ ์ญ๋ 12๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ๋ง์ด ํ๋ฆฐ ์๋ฐ์ด ๋์๋ค.
ใBack to Blackใ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ฒซ ์ฃผ 51,000์ฅ์ ํ๋งค๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋น๋ณด๋ 200์์ 7์๋ก ๋ฐ๋ทํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋ค์ ์ฃผ ๋น๋ณด๋ 200์์ 2์๋ก ๋ฐ๋ทํ ์กฐ์ค ์คํค์ ใIntroducing Joss Stoneใ์ ์ํด ๊นจ์ง ๋น์ ์๊ตญ ์ฌ์ฑ ์๋ก ์ํฐ์คํธ์ ์๋ฐ ์ค ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ท ์ํธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ์์ธํ์ฐ์ค๊ฐ ์ 50ํ ๊ทธ๋๋ฏธ ์ด์๋์์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฐจ๋ก ์์ํ ํ, ์ด ์๋ฐ์ 2008๋
3์ 1์ผ ์ ๋น๋ณด๋ 200์์ 115,000์ฅ์ ํ๋งค๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ 24์์์ 2์๋ก ๋ฐ์ด์ฌ๋๋ค. ์ด ์๋ฐ์ 2008๋
3์ 12์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์๋ฐ ์ฐ์
ํํ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋๋ธ ํ๋ํฐ๋ ์ธ์ฆ์ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ๊ฑฐ์ 300๋ง ์ฅ์ด ํ๋ ธ๋ค.
ใBack to Blackใ์ ์ค์คํธ๋ฆฌ์, ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์, ๋
์ผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค, ์์ผ๋๋, ์ค์์ค์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ช๋ช ์ ๋ฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์ 1์๋ฅผ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ ๋ฝ ํฑ 100 ์๋ฐ ์ฐจํธ์์ 13์ฃผ ์ฐ์ 1์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค. ์ด ์๋ฐ์ 2011๋
๋ง ๊ตญ์ ์๋ฐ ์ฐ์
ํํ๋ก๋ถํฐ 8ํ ํ๋ํฐ๋ ์ธ์ฆ์ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ๋ฝ ์ ์ญ์์ 800๋ง ์ฅ์ ํ๋งค๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ค. 2018๋
9์๊น์ง ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก 1,600๋ง ์ฅ ์ด์์ด ํ๋ ธ๋ค.
๊ณก ๋ชฉ๋ก
๋ชจ๋ ๊ณก๋ค์ ํน๋ณํ ์ธ๊ธ์ด ์๋ ํ ์์ด๋ฏธ ์์ธํ์ฐ์ค์ ์ํด ์์ฌ/์๊ณกํ์๋ค.
์ธ์ฆ
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๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
2006๋
์๋ฐ
์์ด๋ฏธ ์์ธํ์ฐ์ค์ ์๋ฐ
์์ผ๋๋ ๋ ์ฝ๋ ์๋ฐ
๋งํฌ ๋ก ์จ์ด ํ๋ก๋์ฑํ ์๋ฐ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back%20to%20Black | Back to Black | Back to Black is the second and final studio album by English singer and songwriter Amy Winehouse, released on 27 October 2006 by Island Records. Winehouse predominantly based the album on her tumultuous relationship with then-ex-boyfriend and future husband Blake Fielder-Civil, who temporarily left her to pursue his previous ex-girlfriend. Their short-lived separation spurred her to create an album that explores themes of guilt, grief, infidelity, heartbreak and trauma in a relationship.
Influenced by the pop and soul music of 1960s girl groups, Winehouse collaborated with producers Salaam Remi and Mark Ronson, along with Sharon Jones' band The Dap-Kings, to assist her on capturing the sounds from that period while blending them with contemporary R&B and neo-soul music. Between 2005 and 2006, she recorded the album's songs with Remi at Instrumental Zoo Studios in Miami and then with Ronson and the Dap-Kings at Chung King Studios and Daptone Records in New York. Tom Elmhirst mixed the album at Metropolis Studios in London.
Back to Black received unanimous critical acclaim from music critics, who praised Winehouse's songwriting and emotive singing style as well as Remi and Ronson's production. The album spawned five singles: "Rehab", "You Know I'm No Good", "Back to Black", "Tears Dry on Their Own" and "Love Is a Losing Game". It has also been cited as being a key influence to the widespread popularity of British soul throughout the late 2000s, paving the musical landscape for artists such as Adele, Duffy, and Estelle.
At the 2008 Grammy Awards, Back to Black won Best Pop Vocal Album and was also nominated for Album of the Year. At the same ceremony, Winehouse won four additional awards, tying her with five other artists as the second-most awarded female in a single ceremony. The album was also nominated at the 2007 Brit Awards for MasterCard British Album and was short-listed for the 2007 Mercury Prize. Back to Black sold 3.58 million copies in the UK alone, becoming the UK's second best-selling album of the 21st century so far. The album has sold over 16 million copies worldwide.
A deluxe edition of Back to Black was released in November 2007, containing a bonus disc of B-sides and live tracks. Winehouse's debut DVD I Told You I Was Trouble: Live in London, released that same month, includes a live set recorded at Shepherd's Bush Empire in London and a 50-minute documentary detailing the singer's career over the previous four years. In 2020, Back to Black was ranked at number 33 on Rolling Stone's list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time".
Background
After signing with Island Records in 2002, Winehouse released her debut album, Frank, on 20 October 2003. She dedicated the album to her ex-boyfriend, Chris Taylor, as she gradually lost interest in him. Produced mainly by Salaam Remi, many songs were influenced by jazz, and apart from two cover versions, every song was co-written by Winehouse. The album received positive reviews, with compliments over the "cool, critical gaze" in its lyrics, while her vocals drew comparisons to Sarah Vaughan, Macy Gray and others.
The album reached number 13 on the UK Albums Chart at the time of its release, and has been certified triple Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). In 2004, Winehouse was nominated for British Female Solo Artist and British Urban Act at the Brit Awards, while Frank made the shortlist for the Mercury Prize. That same year, the album's first single, "Stronger Than Me", earned Winehouse and Remi an Ivor Novello Award for Best Contemporary Song. In a 2004 interview with The Observer, Winehouse expressed dissatisfaction with the album, stating that "some things on [the] album [made her] go to a little place that's fucking bitter". She further notes that the marketing was "fucked", the promotion was "terrible", and everything was "a shambles".
In 2003, Winehouse dated Blake Fielder-Civil, who was an assistant on music video sets. Around the same time, she rediscovered the 1960s music she loved as a girl, stating in a 2007 Rolling Stone interview: "When I fell in love with Blake, there was Sixties music around us a lot." In 2005, the couple spent a lot of time in a local Camden bar, and during their time there, Winehouse would listen to blues, '60s girl groups, and Motown artists, explaining that "it was [her] local" and "spent a lot of time there [...] playing pool and listening to jukebox music." The music heard in the bar appealed to Winehouse when she was writing songs for her second album.
Around the same year, she went through a period of drinking, heavy drug use, and weight loss. People who saw her during the end of that year and early 2006 reported a rebound that coincided with the writing of Back to Black. Her family believes that the mid-2006 death of her grandmother, who was a stabilising influence, set her off into addiction. Fielder-Civil then left Winehouse to revert to his previous girlfriend. During their break, she would write the bulk of the album on the state of her "relationship at the time with Blake [Fielder-Civil]" through themes of "grief, guilt, and heartache". Winehouse dated musician Alex Clare briefly in 2006, and would later return to and marry Fielder-Civil in the following year.
Recording and production
Most of the songs on Back to Black were solely written by Winehouse, as her primary focus of the album's sound shifted more towards the style of the girl groups from the 1950s and 1960s. Winehouse worked with New York singer Sharon Jones's longtime band, the Dap-Kings, to back her up in the studio and on tour. Her father, Mitch Winehouse, relates in his memoir, Amy, My Daughter, how fascinating watching her process was, especially with witnessing her perfectionism in the studio. She would also put out what she had sung on a CD and play it in his taxi outside to know how most people would hear her music.
In 2005, Winehouse returned to Miami (as she went there previously to produce her debut album) to record five songs at Salaam Remi's Instrumental Zoo Studios: "Tears Dry on Their Own", "Some Unholy War", "Me & Mr Jones", "Just Friends", and "Addicted". The recording process of Remi's album portion was "intimate", consisting of Winehouse singing while on guitar and Remi adding the other instruments played mostly by himself (chiefly played the piano and the main/bass guitars on the album), or by instrumentalist Vincent Henry (primarily played the saxophone, the flute, and the clarinet).
Winehouse and producer Mark Ronson both shared a publishing company, which encouraged a meeting between the two. They conversed in March 2006 in Ronson's New York studio that he used to have. They worked on six tracks together: "Rehab", "Back to Black", "You Know I'm No Good", "Love Is a Losing Game", "Wake Up Alone", and "He Can Only Hold Her". Ronson said in a 2010 interview with The Guardian that he liked working with Winehouse because she was blunt when she did not like his work. She in turn thought that when they first met, he was a sound engineer and that she was expecting an "older man with a beard".
Ronson wrote "Back to Black" the night after he met Winehouse, explaining in a 2010 Mojo interview: "I just thought, 'Let's talk about music, see what she likes.' She said she liked to go out to bars and clubs and play snooker with her boyfriend and listen to the Shangri-Las. So she played me some of those records ... I told her that I had nothing to play her right now but if she [lets] me work on something overnight she could come back tomorrow. So I came up with this little piano riff, which became the verse chords to 'Back to Black.' Behind it I just put a kick drum and a tambourine and tons of reverb."
Mark Ronson later recalled the Back to Black recording sessions in a 2015 The FADER interview:
"Amy was so serious about her words. Working on โBack to Black,โ when she first sang the chorus, she said, We only said goodbye in words/ I died a hundred times. My producer instinct went off and I said, โHey, sorry, itโs got to rhyme. Thatโs weird. Can you fix that?โ And she just looked at me like I was crazy, like, โWhy would I fix that? Thatโs what came out.โ Theyโre some of the most unlikely lyrics you could ever imagine on a massive pop single."
Winehouse's father later recalled the formulation of "Rehab" in his memoir: "One day [Ronson and Winehouse] decided to take a quick stroll around the neighborhood because Amy wanted to buy [her then-boyfriend] Alex Clare a present ... on the way back Amy began telling Mark about being with Blake [Fielder-Civil, her ex], then not being with Blake and being with Alex instead. She told him about the time at my house after she'd been in hospital when everyone had been going on at her about her drinking: 'You know they tried to make me go to rehab, and I told them, no, no, no.' 'That's quite gimmicky,' Mark replied. 'It sounds hooky. You should go back to the studio and we should turn that into a song.'" The majority of the songs produced by Ronson were completed at Daptone Recordsโalong with the instrumental help of The Dap-Kingsโin Brooklyn, New York. Three of the horn players from the group played a baritone saxophone, a tenor saxophone, and a trumpet. Ronson recorded the trio to create the "'60s-sounding metallics" on the album. The drums, piano, guitar, and bass were all done together in one room, with the drums being recorded with one microphone. There was also much spill between the instruments. Additional production of the album was located at Chung King and Allido Studios in New York City, and at Metropolis Records in London. In the Allido studio, Ronson used synthesisers and vintage keyboards to display the sound landscape for the album, including the Wurlitzer electric piano. In May of that year, Winehouse's demo tracks such as "You Know I'm No Good" and "Rehab" appeared on Mark Ronson's New York radio show on East Village Radio. These were some of the first new songs played on the radio after the release of "Pumps" and both were slated to appear on her second album. The 11-track album, completed in five months, was produced entirely by Remi and Ronson, with the production credits being split between them.
Post-production
Tom Elmhirst, who mixed the single "You Know I'm No Good", was enlisted to help with the mixing of the album at Metropolis Records. He first received Ronson's original mix, which he described as being "radical in terms of panning, kind of Beatlesque". He continued, "The drums, for instance, were all panned to one side". He attempted to mix "Love Is a Losing Game" in the same manner he did with "Rehab", but felt it was not right to do so. Elmhirst mixed "Rehab", but when he first received the multitrack of the song, the track amount was minimal. Therefore, Ronson went to London to record strings, brass and percussion in one of Metropolis' tracking rooms.
After these instruments were added, the song had garnered a "retro, '60s soul, R&B" feel to it. Elmhirst added a contemporary sound to the song as well, while Ronson wanted to keep the mix sparse and not overproduced. The album was mastered by Stuart Hawkes at Metropolis.
Music and lyrics
Composition and sound
Back to Black has been cited to have musical stylings of contemporary R&B, neo soul, reggae, classic R&B, and 1960s "pop and soul". According to AllMusic's John Bush, Back to Black finds Winehouse "deserting jazz and wholly embracing contemporary R&B". David Mead of Paste also viewed it as a departure from Frank and said that it sets her singing to Salaam Remi and Mark Ronson's "synthetic Motown-style backdrop". Meanwhile, Ann Powers from NPR Music characterised Back to Black as "a full embrace of classic rhythm and blues." Music journalist Chuck Eddy credits Ronson and Remi's production for resembling Phil Spector's Wall of Sound technique and surrounding Winehouse with brass and string sections, harp, and the Wurlitzer. PopMatters writer Christian John Wikane said that its "sensibilities of 1960s pop and soul" are contradicted by Winehouse's "blunt" lyrics and felt that "this particular marriage of words and music mirrors the bittersweet dichotomy that sometimes frames real relationships". The staff of The A.V. Club emphasized on "the record's status as the pinnacle of the Brit neo-soul wave it ushered in".
Songs 1โ6
The album's first song and single, "Rehab", is an upbeat, contemporary, and autobiographical song about Winehouse's past refusal to attend an alcohol rehabilitation centre after a conversation she had with her father, Mitch Winehouse. Previously, her management team prodded her to go to one.
The song also contains "spring reverbs" on the lead vocals and drums to obtain a "retro feel", live "handclaps", timpanis, bells, and "slight vintage effects" on the piano and bass. Winehouse mentions "Ray" and "Mr. Hathaway", in reference to Ray Charles and Donny Hathaway. However, for some time during live performances, she replaced "Ray" with "Blake", referring to her ex-husband, Blake Fielder-Civil, who served time in prison for charges relating to grievous bodily harm.
"You Know I'm No Good" is an uptempo song about Winehouse cheating on a "good man that loves her", and therefore cheating herself out of a healthy relationship. The lyrics also entail Winehouse as being "helpless" while trying to understand and resist her own self-destructive compulsions.
In the jazz and reggae-influenced "Me and Mr Jones" song, Winehouse sings about accepting that she never made it to a Slick Rick concert, but yet refuses to skip a Nas show as they were both close friends (Nas' last name is Jones). The song's title plays off the 1972 "Me and Mrs. Jones" by Billy Paul. In a 2011 XXL interview, Nas recollects: "I don't really remember if Salaam, who was really close to her [Winehouse], who introduced us, if he told me about it ["Mr Jones" being based on Nas] or not [...] But, I heard a lot about it before I even heard the song." Winehouse cursed about the relationship between her and Nas in the song's first chorus ("What kind of fuckery is this?" / "You made me miss the Slick Rick gig") and in later ones as well. In a Genius commentary, Island Records president Darcus Beese added that the original track was titled "Fuckery" from both Remi and Winehouse. He then continues, "I remember saying to Amy and Salaam, "You can't call this song 'Fuckery' [...] Salaam was more of the grown up of the two but Amy was like, 'Well, why can't I?' [...] That's why I always say, you have to give everything you're thinking and give people something that's exciting."
The fourth song on the album, "Just Friends", is about "[a woman] trying to pull away from an illicit affair", with lyrics indicating, "The guilt will kill you if she don't first". It is a "ska-soul" song with a "pulsing reggae groove" throughout the track. Jon Pareles of The New York Times elaborates that Winehouse makes songs such as "Just Friends" into "games of tone and phrasing [...] withholding a line and then breezing through it, stretching out a note over [her backing band]'s steady beat".
The title track "Back to Black" explores elements of old-school soul music. The song's sound and beat have been described as similar to vintage girl groups from the 1960s. Its production was noted for its Wall of Sound. Winehouse expresses feelings of hurt and bitterness for a boyfriend who has left her; however, throughout the lyrics she "remains strong" exemplified in the opening lines, "He left no time to regret, Kept his wet, With his same old safe bet, Me and my head high, And my tears dry, Get on without my guy". The song was inspired by her relationship with Fielder-Civil, who had left Winehouse for an ex-girlfriend. The breakup left her going to "black", which to the listener may appear to refer to drinking and depression. "Black" has sometimes been considered as a reference to heroin, but this is inaccurate as Winehouse's heroin use did not begin until after her marriage to Blake Fielder-Civil (mid 2007), as confirmed in the Asif Kapadia documentary. The song's lyrical content consists of a sad goodbye to a relationship with the lyrics being frank. John Murphy of musicOMH compared the song's introduction to the Martha and the Vandellas song "Jimmy Mack", adding that it continues to a "much darker place".
"Love Is a Losing Game" is a sentimental ballad that invokes Winehouse's chosen metaphor as a pastime that could be "addictive and destructive". Alexis Petridis of The Guardian further explains, "Over a solitary electric guitar and subtle drums, [Winehouse's] voice takes centre stage to [set] out her resigned viewpoint that, as with gambling, you can only love for so long before ending up the loser".
Songs 7โ11
The song "Tears Dry on Their Own" samples the main chord progression from Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell's 1967 song "Ain't No Mountain High Enough". Remi stated that he thought the album needed something "up-tempo" and suggested to Winehouse that she procure a "slower, sadder conception" of the song. Laura Barton of The Guardian explicated the track as Winehouse giving herself a stern "talking-to" with lyrics such as, "I cannot play myself again, I should be my own best friend" and "Not fuck myself in the head with stupid men".
The HelloBeautiful staff views "Wake Up Alone", written by Winehouse and Paul O'Duffy, as another sentimental ballad that "chronicles [the] time right after a breakup [and] when you're trying not to think of the person by keeping busy." They add, "[B]ut when night time comes, so do [the] thoughts of said person." Winehouse spent a month in O'Duffy's North London studio working on tracks of the album, and "Wake Up Alone" was the first song recorded during the sessions and the only tune that made it onto the album. A "one-take" demo of the song recorded in March 2006 by O'Duffy later appeared on Winehouse's posthumous album, Lioness: Hidden Treasures.
Nick Shymansky, Winehouse's first manager, revealed that the inspiration of "Some Unholy War", a mid-tempo soul song, came into fruition after Winehouse heard a radio broadcast on the War in Afghanistan. As she heard the term "holy war", a war being primarily caused or justified by differences in religion, Winehouse immediately thought of an idea to spin the religious conflict into her own personal issues with Fielder-Civil. The idea is further bolstered with the song's opening lines, "If my man was fighting some unholy war, I would be behind him". Usually in live performances, she would start with the slower version of the song before proceeding into a more uptempo version.
"He Can Only Hold Her" interpolates "(My Girl) She's a Fox" by brothers Robert and Richard Poindexter. Joshua Klein of Pitchfork describes Winehouse in the song as "an objective observer, [and] able to see her personal issues for what they are". The chorus goes, "So he tries to pacify her, 'cause what's inside her never dies". Klein assumes that from "this new vantage [,] Winehouse has moved on". John Harrison, the original demo producer of "He Can Only Hold Her", explained at a BIMM London masterclass that he was "introduced to '(My Girl) She's a Fox' by his sister". He then played the song for Winehouse and, when she expressed interest, made a backing track for her. Harrison was not originally given a writing credit on Back to Black, so he sued Winehouse for copyright infringement. They had a settlement over the song, and eventually, his name was added to the track. The initial Back to Black liner notes only said: "Original demo produced by P*Nut [John Harrison's nickname]."
"Addicted", a bonus track included on the expanded versions of Back to Black, pertains to Winehouse's experiences with marijuana. "I used to smoke a lot of weed", the singer told Rolling Stone in 2007. "I suppose if you have an addictive personality [,] then you go from one poison to the other."
Release and promotion
Back to Black was released on 27 October 2006. A deluxe edition of Back to Black was released in mainland Europe in November 2007 and in the United Kingdom on 3 December 2007. The reissue features the original studio album remastered as well as a bonus disc containing various B-sides and live tracks, including Winehouse's solo rendition of the single "Valerie" on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge; the song was originally available in studio form on Ronson's Version album. Winehouse's debut DVD I Told You I Was Trouble: Live in London was released in the UK on 5 November and in the US on 13 November. It includes a live set recorded at London's Shepherd's Bush Empire and a 50-minute documentary chronicling the singer's career over the previous four years.
The first single released from the album on 23 October 2006 was "Rehab". On 22 October 2006, based solely on download sales, it entered the UK Singles Chart at number 19, and when the physical single was released the following week, it climbed to number seven. Following a performance of "Rehab" at the 2007 MTV Movie Awards on 3 June 2007, the song rose to number 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100 for the week of 23 June, peaking at number nine the following week.
"You Know I'm No Good" was released on 8 January 2007 as the album's second single, reaching number 18 on the UK Singles Chart. Back to Black was released in the United States in March 2007, with a remix of "You Know I'm No Good" featuring rap vocals by Ghostface Killah as its lead single. A third UK single, "Back to Black", was released on 30 April 2007. Having previously peaked at number 25 on the UK chart, the track climbed to number eight in late July 2011, following Winehouse's death. Two further singles were released from the album: "Tears Dry on Their Own" was released on 13 August 2007, and peaked at number 16 in the UK, while "Love Is a Losing Game", released on 10 December 2007, reached number 33.
Touring
Winehouse promoted the release of Back to Black with headline performances in late 2006, including a Little Noise Sessions charity concert at the Union Chapel in Islington, London. On 31 December 2006, Winehouse appeared on Jools Holland's Annual Hootenanny and performed a cover of Marvin Gaye's "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" along with Paul Weller and Holland's Rhythm and Blues Orchestra. She also performed Toots and the Maytals' "Monkey Man". At his request, actor Bruce Willis introduced Winehouse before her performance of "Rehab" at the 2007 MTV Movie Awards in Universal City, California, on 3 June 2007. During the summer of 2007, she performed at various festivals, including Glastonbury Festival, Lollapalooza in Chicago, Belgium's Rock Werchter, and Virgin Festival in Baltimore.
In November 2007, the opening night of a 17-date tour was marred by booing and walkouts at the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham. A critic for the Birmingham Mail said it was "one of the saddest nights of my life [...] I saw a supremely talented artist reduced to tears, stumbling around the stage and, unforgivably, swearing at the audience." Other concerts ended similarly, with, for example, fans at her Hammersmith Apollo performance saying that she "looked highly intoxicated throughout", until she announced on 27 November 2007 that her performances and public appearances were cancelled for the remainder of the year, citing her doctor's advice to take a complete rest. A statement issued by concert promoter Live Nation blamed "the rigours involved in touring and the intense emotional strain that Amy has been under in recent weeks" for the decision. Mitch Winehouse wrote about her nervousness before public performances in his 2012 book, Amy, My Daughter.
Critical reception
Back to Black received widespread acclaim from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 81, based on 26 reviews. AllMusic writer John Bush lauded Winehouse's musical transition from her debut record: "All the best parts of her musical character emerge intact, and actually, are all the better for the transformation from jazz vocalist to soul siren." Dorian Lynskey of The Guardian called Back to Black "a 21st-century soul classic". Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine said that Winehouse and her producers are "expert mood-setters or crafty reconstructionists". The New Yorkers Sasha Frere-Jones praised Winehouse's "mush-mouthed approach [on the album]". Nathan Rabin, writing in The A.V. Club, was impressed by "the incongruity between Winehouse's trifling lyrical concerns and Back To Blacks wall-of-sound richness". Entertainment Weeklys Will Hermes felt that her "smartass" lyrics "raise [the album] into the realm of true, of-the-minute originality". Douglas Wolk, writing for Blender, said that the album "sounds fantasticโpartly because the production nails sample-ready '60s soul right down to the drum sound [...] Winehouse is one hell of an impressive singer, especially when she's not copping other people's phrasing".
Some reviewers were more critical of the album. In a mixed review, Rolling Stones Christian Hoard stated: "The tunes don't always hold up. But the best ones are impossible to dislike." Robert Christgau gave it an "honorable mention" in his consumer guide for MSN Music, citing "You Know I'm No Good" and "Rehab" as highlights and writing, "Pray her marriage lastsโshe's observant, and it would broaden her perspective". Pitchfork critic Joshua Klein criticised Winehouse's "defensive", subjective lyrics concerning relationships, but added that "Winehouse has been blessed by a brassy voice that can transform even mundane sentiments into powerful statements".
Accolades
Back to Black was named one of the 10 best albums of 2006 and 2007 by several publications on their year-end albums lists, including Time (number one), Entertainment Weekly (number two), Billboard (number three), The New York Times (number three), The Austin Chronicle (number four), Slant Magazine (number four), and Blender (number eight). The album was placed at number 40 on Rolling Stones list of The Top 50 Albums of 2007. Entertainment Weekly critic Chris Willman named Back to Black the second best album of 2007, commenting that "Black will hold up as one of the great breakthrough CDs of our time." He adds, "In the end, the singer's real-life heartache over her incarcerated spouse proves what's obvious from the grooves: When this lady sings about love, she means every word." Rolling Stones list of the 100 Best Albums of the 2000s ranked the album number 20.
At the 2007 Brit Awards, Winehouse won British Female Solo Artist, and Back to Black was nominated for MasterCard British Album. In July 2007, the album was shortlisted for the 2007 Mercury Prize, but lost out to Klaxons' Myths of the Near Future. This was the second time that Winehouse was nominated for the Mercury Prize; her debut album Frank was shortlisted in 2004. Back to Black won numerous awards at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards on 10 February 2008, including Record of the Year and Song of the Year for "Rehab"; while the album received nominations for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album, winning the latter. Winehouse herself, for the album, was presented the Grammy for Best New Artist, while Ronson earned the 2008 Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical.
Commercial performance
Back to Black debuted at number three on the UK Albums Chart on 5 November 2006 with first-week sales of 43,021 copies. The album reached number one for the first time during the week ending 20 January 2007, its 11th week on the chart, selling over 35,500 copies. The following week, it remained at number one with nearly 48,000 copies sold. Five weeks later, it returned for a third week atop the UK chart, selling 47,000 copies. Back to Black was the best-selling album of 2007 in the UK, having sold 1.85 million copies. The BPI certified the album 13-times Platinum on 30 March 2018, and by October 2018, it had sold 3.93 million copies, making it the UK's second best-selling album of the 21st century so far, as well as the 12th best-selling album in the UK of all time.
Back to Black debuted at number seven on the Billboard 200 in the United States with first-week sales of 51,000 copies, becoming the highest debut entry for an album by a British female solo artist at the timeโa record that would be broken by Joss Stone's Introducing Joss Stone, which debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 the following week. Following Winehouse's multiple wins at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards, the album jumped from number 24 to a new peak of number two on the Billboard 200 chart issue dated 1 March 2008 with sales of 115,000 copies. The album was certified double-Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on 12 March 2008, and has since sold nearly three million copies in the US.
Back to Black topped the European Top 100 Albums chart for 13 non-consecutive weeks, while reaching number one in several European countries such as Austria, Belgium, Germany, Greece, Ireland, and Switzerland. The album was certified eight-times Platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) in late 2011, denoting sales of eight million copies across Europe. By September 2018, the album had sold over 16 million copies worldwide.
Following Winehouse's death on 23 July 2011, sales of Back to Black drastically increased across the world. The album rose to number one on several iTunes charts worldwide. On 24 July 2011, with fewer than seven hours sales after the announcement of her death counting towards the respective week's chart figures, the album re-entered the UK Albums Chart at number 49 with 2,446 copies sold. The following week, it soared back to number one, marking the fourth time the album had reached the top of the chart. Back to Black held the top spot for two additional weeks. On 26 July 2011, Billboard reported that the album had re-entered the Billboard 200 chart dated 6 August 2011 at number nine with sales of 37,000 copies, although that week's chart only tracked the first 36 hours of sales after her death was announced. The following week, it climbed to number seven with 38,000 copies sold after a full week's worth of sales. In Canada, the album re-entered the Canadian Albums Chart at number 13 on sales of 2,500 copies. It rose to number six the following week, selling an additional 5,000 copies. In continental Europe, Back to Black returned to the number-one spot in Austria, Croatia, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland and Switzerland, while reaching number one for the first time in Italy.
Impact and legacy
After the release of Back to Black, record companies sought out more experimental female artists. Other female artists signed to major labels included Adele, Duffy, V V Brown, Florence and the Machine, La Roux and Little Boots. In the years after Back to Black was released, Dan Cairns of The Sunday Times noted that there was a "notion [by A&R executives, radio playlisters and the public] that women are the driving commercial force in pop". In March 2011, the New York Daily News ran an article attributing the continuing wave of British female artists that have been successful in the United States to Winehouse and her absence. Spin magazine music editor Charles Aaron was quoted as saying, "Amy Winehouse was the Nirvana moment for all these women [...] They can all be traced back to her in terms of attitude, musical styles or fashion." According to Keith Caulfield, chart manager for Billboard, "Because of Amy, or the lack thereof, the marketplace was able to get singers like Adele, Estelle and Duffy [...] Now those ladies have brought on the new ones, like Eliza Doolittle, Rumer and Ellie [Goulding]." Linda Barnard of The Toronto Star finds Winehouse to be amongst "the British women who claimed chart-topping ownership [...] with powerful voices" and that her "impressive" five Grammy wins for Back to Black put her at the "pinnacle of pop music". In 2020, Rolling Stone ranked the album at number 33 on its list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. In a retrospective review for Rolling Stone in 2010, Douglas Wolk gave the album four-and-a-half out of five stars and referred to it as "an unlikely marvel, a desperately sad and stirring record whose hooks and production (by Remi and Mark Ronson) are worthy of the soul hall-of-famers she namedropsโ'Tears Dry on Their Own' is basically 'Ain't No Mountain High Enough' recast as self-recrimination". In a 2019 poll of music writers conducted by The Guardian, "Back to Black" placed first in a ranking of the best albums of the 21st Century.
Documentary
In September 2018, a documentary film based on Back to Black, titled Amy Winehouse: Back to Black, was released. It contains new interviews, as well as archival footage. It was made by Eagle Vision, produced by Gil Cang, and released on DVD on 2 November 2018. The film features interviews by producers Mark Ronson and Salaam Remi, who worked half and half on the album, along with the Dap-Kings, Remi's music team, Ronettes singer Ronnie Spector, and close friends of Winehouse, including Nick Shymansky, Juliette Ashby, and Dionne Bromfield. The film is accompanied by An Intimate Evening in London, footage of a show Winehouse gave at Riverside Studios in London in 2008.
Track listing
Notes
signifies a remixer
"Addicted" is only included on UK and Irish pressings of the standard album, while appearing as a bonus track on all deluxe editions of the album.
Sample credits
"Tears Dry on Their Own" contains a sample interpolation of "Ain't No Mountain High Enough", written by Nickolas Ashford and Valerie Simpson.
"He Can Only Hold Her" contains a sample interpolation of "(My Girl) She's a Fox", written by Richard and Robert Poindexter.
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Back to Black.
Musicians
Amy Winehouse โ vocals ; guitar ; background vocals
Nick Movshon โ bass guitar
Homer Steinweiss โ drums
Thomas Brenneck โ guitar
Binky Griptite โ guitar
Victor Axelrod โ piano ; Wurlitzer, claps
Dave Guy โ trumpet
Neal Sugarman โ tenor saxophone
Ian Hendrickson-Smith โ baritone saxophone
Mark Ronson โ claps ; band arrangements ; tambourine ; snaps
Vaughan Merrick โ claps
Perry Montague-Mason โ violin, orchestra leader
Chris Tombling โ violin
Mark Berrow โ violin
Warren Zielinski โ violin
Liz Edwards โ violin
Boguslaw Kostecki โ violin
Peter Hanson โ violin
Jonathan Rees โ violin
Tom Pigott-Smith โ violin
Everton Nelson โ violin
Bruce White โ viola
Jon Thorne โ viola
Katie Wilkinson โ viola
Rachel Bolt โ viola
Anthony Pleeth โ cello
Joely Koos โ cello
John Heley โ cello
Helen Tunstall โ harp
Steve Sidwell โ trumpet
Richard Edwards โ tenor trombone
Andy Mackintosh โ alto saxophone
Chris Davies โ alto saxophone
Jamie Talbot โ tenor saxophone
Mike Smith โ tenor saxophone
Dave Bishop โ baritone saxophone
Frank Ricotti โ percussion
Gabriel Roth โ band arrangements
Chris Elliott โ orchestra arrangements, orchestra conducting
Isobel Griffiths โ orchestra contractor
Salaam Remi โ upright bass ; drums ; piano ; bass ; guitar
Vincent Henry โ baritone saxophone, tenor saxophone ; guitar ; clarinet ; bass clarinet ; alto saxophone, flute, piano, celeste ; saxophone
Bruce Purse โ bass trumpet, flugelhorn ; trumpet
Troy Auxilly-Wilson โ drums ; tambourine
John Adams โ Rhodes ; organ
P*Nut โ original demo production
Sam Koppelman โ percussion
Cochemea Gastelum โ baritone saxophone
Zalon โ background vocals
Ade โ background vocals
Technical
Mark Ronson โ production ; recording
Tom Elmhirst โ mixing
Matt Paul โ mixing assistance ; recording
Salaam Remi โ production
Franklin Socorro โ recording
Gleyder "Gee" Disla โ recording assistance
Shomari "Sho" Dillon โ recording assistance
Gary "G Major" Noble โ mixing
James Wisner โ mixing assistance
Dom Morley โ recording engineering assistance ; recording
Vaughan Merrick โ recording
Jesse Gladstone โ recording assistance
Mike Makowski โ recording assistance
Gabriel Roth โ recording
Derek Pacuk โ recording
Stuart Hawkes โ mastering
Artwork
Mischa Richter โ photography
Harry Benson โ centre page photography
Alex Hutchinson โ design
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Decade-end charts
All-time charts
Certifications and sales
Release history
See also
Amy Winehouse: Back to Black
List of European number-one hits of 2008
List of number-one albums of 2007 (Poland)
List of number-one albums of 2008 (Ireland)
List of number-one albums of 2008 (New Zealand)
List of number-one albums of 2008 (Spain)
List of number-one albums of 2011 (Poland)
List of number-one hits of 2007 (France)
List of number-one hits of 2008 (Austria)
List of number-one hits of 2008 (Germany)
List of number-one hits of 2011 (Austria)
List of number-one hits of 2011 (Germany)
List of number-one hits of 2011 (Italy)
List of number-one hits of 2011 (Switzerland)
List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 2000s
List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 2010s
List of best-selling albums by women
List of best-selling albums in the United Kingdom
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
2006 albums
Amy Winehouse albums
Albums produced by Mark Ronson
Albums produced by Salaam Remi
Albums recorded at Chung King Studios
Contemporary R&B albums by English artists
Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album
Island Records albums
Universal Republic Records albums |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EB%A5%B4%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4 | ํ๋ฅด์์ค | ํ๋ฅด์์ค(Tharsis)๋ ํ์ฑ ์๋ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ๋ ๋ถ๊ทผ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ํ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ์ฉ์๋์ง์ด๋ค.
์ง๋ฆฌ
ํ๋ฅด์์ค๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฑ์์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์์ชฝ ๋์ ์๋ ๋
์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ง ์ง๋ช
์ธ ํ๋ฅด์์(Tarshish)์์ ์ ๋๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ด๋ค. ํ์๊ณ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ํ์ฐ ์ง๋์ธ ํ๋ฅด์์ค๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก 5๊ฐ์ ์์ ํ์ฐ์ ํฌํจํ๋๋ฐ ์ฌ๋ฆผํธ์ค์ฐ(Olympus Mons), ์๋ฐ์ฐ(Alba Mons), ํ๋ฅด์์ค ํ์ฐ๊ตฐ(Tharsis Montes)์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ง 3๊ฐ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ์์ ํ์ฐ์ธ ์๋ฅด์์์ฐ(Arsia Mons), ํ๋ณด๋์ค์ฐ(Pavonis Mons), ์์คํฌ๋ ์ฐ์ค์ฐ(Ascraeus Mons)์ด ์ด์ ํด๋นํ๋ค.
ํ์ฑ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์ ํ์ฐ์ธ ์ฌ๋ฆผํธ์ค์ฐ์ ์ข
์ข
ํ๋ฅด์์ค ์ง๋์ ์ฐ๊ด๋์ด ์์ง๋ง ์ค์ ๋ก๋ ํ๋ฅด์์ค ์ง๋์ ์์ชฝ ๊ฐ์ฅ์๋ฆฌ์ ์์นํด ์๋ค. ํ๋ฅด์์ค ์ง๋์ ์์นํ ์์ ํ์ฐ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋น๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ค ํจ๋ฃจ์ค(Biblis Tholus), ์ธ๋ผ์ฐ๋์ฐ์ค ํจ๋ฃจ์ค(Ceraunius Tholus), ์กฐ๋น์ค ํจ๋ฃจ์ค(Jovis Tholus), ํ๋ฅด์์ค ํจ๋ฃจ์ค(Tharsis Tholus), ์จ๋ฆฌ์์ค ํจ๋ฃจ์ค(Ulysses Tholus), ์ฐ๋ผ๋์ฐ์ค์ฐ(Uranius Mons), ์ฐ๋ผ๋์ฐ์ค ํจ๋ฃจ์ค(Uranius Tholus)๊ฐ ์๋ค.
๊ท๋ชจ์ ํฌ๊ธฐ
ํ๋ฅด์์ค๋ ์ญ์ฌ์ ๋ฐ ๊ณผํ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค์ํ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋๋ค. ์ด ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์ ์๋ฏธ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ์ฑ ๋๊ฒฝ 265๋ ๋ถ๊ทผ์์ ์ ๋ ๋จ์ชฝ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ๋น์ ์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์ ์งํ์ ๋ค ๋๋ฅ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ ์ง์ญ์ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค. ํ๋ฅด์์ค ๋ฒ์ง(Tharsis Bulge)๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ๋์ ์ต๊ธฐ ์ง์ญ์ ํ์ฑ์ ์๋ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ณ ์๊ณ ์ง๊ตฌ ์ด๋ถ๋ฒ์์๋ ์ง๊ตฌ ๋ค์์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ์งํ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
ํ๋ฅด์์ค๋ ํ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์์ง ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ด ์ง์ญ์ ์ ํํ ๊ท๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํ๋จํ๊ธฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ด๋ ต๋ค. ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถํ์ด ์ฌ๋ผ์จ ๊ณณ์ ์ ์ฒด ๊ธธ์ด๋ ์ฝ 5,000km, ๋์ด๋ ์ต๋ 7km(ํ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋์ ํ์ฐ ์ ์ธ)์ด๊ณ ์์ชฝ์ ์์นํ ์๋ง์กด ํ์(ํ์ฑ ๋๊ฒฝ 215๋)์์ ๋์ชฝ์ ์์นํ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ ํ์(ํ์ฑ ๋๊ฒฝ 300๋)์ด๋ค. ํ๋ฅด์์ค ๋ฒ์ง๋ ๋จ๋ถ์ชฝ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ์กฐ๊ธ ๋ป์ด ์๊ณ ์๋ฐ์ฐ์ ๋ถ์ชฝ ์ธก๋ฉด(ํ์ฑ ๋ถ์ ์ฝ 55๋), ํ์ฐ๋ง์์ ๊ณ ์์ ๋จ๋ถ ํ๋จ(ํ์ฑ ๋จ์ ์ฝ 43๋)๊น์ง ๋ป์ด ์๋ค. ์ด ์ง์ญ์ด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์ ์๋์ด ์๋๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ท๋ชจ๋ ๋ค๋ฅด์ง๋ง ํ๋ฅด์์ค๋ ์ฝ 10,000,000km2์์ 30,000,000km2, ์ฆ ํ์ฑ ์ ์ฒด ํ๋ฉด์ ์ 25%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค.
์ํฅ
ํ๋ฅด์์ค ๋ฒ์ง๋ ํ์ฑ์ ์ค์ฌ์์ ์ธ๊ณฝ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ์๋งํ๊ฒ ๋ด๋ ค๊ฐ์ ๋ ๋ชจ์์ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๊ด๋ํ ๊ณ ์ ์ง๋์ด๋ค. ๋ค์ํ ์ฐ๋์ ํ์ฑ๋ ์ฉ์๋ฅ์ธต์ด ๊ณ ์ ์ง๋์ ๋๊ฒ ๋ถํฌ๋์ด ์๊ณ ๋ง์ ํ์ ๋ ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ฉ์์ ์ค์ฌ์์ ์ฃผ๋ณ์ผ๋ก ๋ป์ด ์๋๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ค ํ๋๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ๋งค๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ณ๊ณก์ ํ์ฑํ๋ค. ๊ณ ์์๋ ๋ง์ ํ์ฐ๋ค์ด ์๋๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ค์์ 5๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋งค์ฐ ํฌ๋ค. ํ๋ฅด์์ค ์ง๋๋ ์ฐ์ฃผ์์ ๋ณผ ๋์ ์ฃผ๋ณ๋ณด๋ค ํจ์ฌ ๋ฐ์๋ฐ ์ด๋ ํ๋ฌด์์ ์ง์ ์์ด ์๋ ์์ ์ฐํ ์์ ๋ชจ๋์ ๋ค๋ฎ์ฌ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
ํ๋ฅด์์ค ๋ฒ์ง์ ํ์ฑ์ ๋ํด์๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ฐ์ค์ด ์๋๋ฐ ์ฒซ์งธ๋ ํ์ฑ์ ์๋์ธต์ ์๋ ๋งจํ์ด ์์นํ๋ฉด์ ํ์ฑ๋์๋ค๋ ๊ฐ์ค์ด๊ณ ๋์งธ๋ ํ์ฑ์์ ๋ถ์ถ๋ ์ฉ์๋ฅ๊ฐ ๊ณ์ํด์ ๊ฒน๊ฒน์ด ์์ด๋ฉด์ ์ฉ์์ธต์์ ์์ธ ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ฐ ์ง๊ฐ์ ์๋์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ํ์ด์ง๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค๋ ๊ฐ์ค์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ๊ฐ์ค์ ๊ดํ ๋งจํ์ ์์น ํ๋ฆ์์ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ํ๋ฅด์์ค ์๋์ชฝ์ ์ฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์์นํ์ฌ ์ด์ ์ ํ์ฑํ๊ณ ์ง๊ฐ์ ์ต๊ธฐ์ํค๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ด์๋์ง์ ์๋ฐ์ธต์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค๋ ์ด๋ก ์ด ์๋ค. ์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๋งจํ์์ ์ผ์ด๋๋ ๋๋ฅ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ผ๋ถ์ด๊ณ ์ฌ์ง์ด ๋๋ฅ๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ทธ๋ ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์์ง ๋ถ๋ช
ํ์ง ์๋ค. ํํธ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ๋
ธ์๊ธฐ๋ถํฐ ๋ถ์ถํด์ ๊พธ์คํ ๋๊ฒ ์์์๊ณ ๋
ธ์๊ธฐ ๋ง๊ธฐ ๋๋ ํค์ค๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์์ค ์ด๊ธฐ์ ํ์ฑ๋ ๋งค๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ณ๊ณก์ ๋์ชฝ์, 5๊ฐ์ ํฐ ํ์ฐ์ ์๋ง์กด๊ธฐ์ ์๋ฐ๋ผ ํ์ฑ๋์๋ค.
ํ๋ฅด์์ค ๋ฒ์ง์ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ฅด์์ค ์ฃผ๋ณ์ ํ์ฑ๋ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์์ ํ, ํ์ฑ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ํ์ฑ๋ ์์ฃผ ์์ ์ต๊ธฐ ์งํ์ธ ์๋ผ๋น์ ๋์ง๋ฅผ ๋น๋กฏํ ํ์ฑ์ ์ง์ง์ ํฐ ์ํฅ์ ์ค๋ค. ํ๋ฅด์์ค์ ๋ฌด๊ฒ๋ ํ๋ฅด์์ค์ ์นจํ๊ฐ ํ์ฑ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ณํ์ ๊ฐ์ ธ์ค๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํ์ฑ๋๋ค. ๋
ธ์๊ธฐ ํ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ฑ๋ ์๋ง์ ํ๊ณก๋ค๋ ์ด๋ค์ ์งํ์ ์ธ ํน์ง๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ ํ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์๋ค. ํ๋ฅด์์ค ํ์ฐ์ ์ํด ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง ์ฉ์๋ฅ์ ์ํด ๋ฐฉ์ถ๋ ์ด์ฐํํ์์ ๋ฌผ์ ํ์ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ปํ๊ณ ์ต๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ง์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์์ ์ค์ํ ์์๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค. ํ๋ฅด์์ค ํ์ฐ์ ๋ง๊ทธ๋ง๋ ์ฝ 1.5 ๊ธฐ์์ ์ด์ฐํํ์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ๋๊ธฐ, ํํํ ํ์ฑ์ ๋ค๋ฎ์ธ 120m ๋๊ป์ ๋ฐ๋ค(๋๋ ์ค์ ์งํ์ ์ ์ธต ์งํฉ)๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค ์ ์๋ ๊ท๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํ๋ฅด์์ค์ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ์ง๋์ ํ์ฑ ์์ ์ถ์ ์ด๋, ์ฆ ์ง๊ทน์ถ ์ด๋์ ์ผ์ผํจ๋ค. ์ด๋ ํ์ ํ๋ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ ํ์ ์ถ์ ์ํด ์ฒ์ฒํ ๋ณํ๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ ๋ ๋ฉด์ ๋์ถ๋ ๋ฌผ์ฒด์ ์ง๋์ด ์ ๋๋ ์๊ทน ๊ทผ์ฒ๋ก ์ด๋ํ์ฌ ๋ ๋ง์ ์์ ์ฑ์ ์ป๋๋ค. ์ฆ ํ๋ฅด์์ค๋ ํ์ฌ์ ์๋๊ฐ ์๋ ์ง๊ธ์ ์ ๋ ๋ถ๊ทผ(์งํ๊ฐ ์๋ ์ด๋์ด ์๋ ํ์ฑ์ ์ ์ฒด ํ์ )์ผ๋ก ํ์ฑ๋์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋จผ ์๋ ์ ํฐ ๋ฐ๋ค๊ฐ ์์๋ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ๊ท๋ชจ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
NASA image and animation of the Tharsis region in true color
Researchers pinpoint region responsible for Mars' heyday
ํ์ฑ์ ์ฐ
ํ์ฑ์ ํ์ฐ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharsis | Tharsis | Tharsis () is a vast volcanic plateau centered near the equator in the western hemisphere of Mars. The region is home to the largest volcanoes in the Solar System, including the three enormous shield volcanoes Arsia Mons, Pavonis Mons, and Ascraeus Mons, which are collectively known as the Tharsis Montes. The tallest volcano on the planet, Olympus Mons, is often associated with the Tharsis region but is actually located off the western edge of the plateau. The name Tharsis is the Greco-Latin transliteration of the biblical Tarshish, the land at the western extremity of the known world.
Location and size
Tharsis can have many meanings depending on historical and scientific context. The name is commonly used in a broad sense to represent a continent-sized region of anomalously elevated terrain centered just south of the equator around longitude 265ยฐE. Called the Tharsis bulge or Tharsis rise, this broad, elevated region dominates the western hemisphere of Mars and is the largest topographic feature on the planet, after the global dichotomy.
Tharsis has no formally defined boundaries, so precise dimensions for the region are difficult to give. In general, the bulge is about across and up to high (excluding the volcanoes, which have much higher elevations). It roughly extends from Amazonis Planitia (215ยฐE) in the west to Chryse Planitia (300ยฐE) in the east. The bulge is slightly elongated in the north-south direction, running from the northern flanks of Alba Mons (about 55ยฐN) to the southern base of the Thaumasia highlands (about 43ยฐS). Depending on how the region is defined, Tharsis covers , or up to 25% of Marsโ surface area.
Subprovinces
The greater Tharsis region consists of several geologically distinct subprovinces with different ages and volcano-tectonic histories. The subdivisions given here are informal and may rise all or parts of other formally named physiographic features and regions.
Tharsis is divided into two broad rises: a northern and a larger southern rise. The northern rise partially overlies sparsely cratered, lowland plains north of the dichotomy boundary. This region is dominated by Alba Mons and its extensive volcanic flows. Alba Mons is a vast, low-lying volcanic construct that is unique to Mars. Alba Mons is so large and topographically distinct that it can almost be treated as an entire volcanic province unto itself. The oldest part of the northern rise consists of a broad topographic ridge that corresponds to the highly fractured terrain of Ceraunius Fossae. The ridge is oriented north-south and forms part of the Noachian-aged basement on which Alba Mons sits. Also located in the northern rise are lava flows of the Ceraunius Fossae Formation, which are somewhat older than the Amazonian-aged flows that make up much of the central Tharsis region to the south.
The larger southern portion of Tharsis (pictured right) lies on old cratered highland terrain. Its western boundary is roughly defined by the high lava plains of Daedalia Planum, which slope gently to the southwest into the Memnonia and Terra Sirenum regions. To the east, the southern Tharsis bulge consists of the Thaumasia Plateau, an extensive stretch of volcanic plains about 3,000ย km wide. The Thaumasia Plateau is bounded to the west by a highly elevated zone of fractures (Claritas Fossae) and mountains (the Thaumasia Highlands) that curves south then east to northeast in a wide arc that has been compared to the shape of a scorpionโs tail. The plateau province is bounded to the north by Noctis Labyrinthus and the western three-quarters of Valles Marineris. It is bounded to the east by a north-south oriented ridge called the Coprates rise. These boundaries enclose a broad high plateau and shallow interior basin that include Syria, Sinai, and Solis Plana (see list of plains on Mars). The highest plateau elevations on the Tharsis bulge occur in northern Syria Planum, western Noctis Labyrinthus, and the plains east of Arsia Mons.
Between the northern and southern portions of the Tharsis bulge lies a relatively narrow, northeast-trending region that may be considered Tharsis proper or central Tharsis. It is defined by the three massive Tharsis Montes volcanoes (Arsia Mons, Pavonis Mons, and Ascraeus Mons), a number of smaller volcanic edifices, and adjacent plains consisting of young (mid to late Amazonian) lava flows. The lava plains slope gently to the east where they overlap and embay the older (Hesperian-aged) terrain of Echus Chasma and western Tempe Terra. To the west, the lava plains slope toward a system of immense northwest-oriented valleys up to wide. These northwestern slope valleys (NSVs) - which debouch into Amazonis Planitia - are separated by a parallel set of gigantic "keel-shaped" promontories. The NSVs may be relics from catastrophic floods of water, similar to the huge outflow channels that empty into Chryse Planitia, east of Tharsis. Central Tharsis is approximately long and includes most of the region covered by the Tharsis quadrangle and the northwestern portion of the adjoining Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle to the south.
Olympus Mons and its associated lava flows and aureole deposits form another distinct subprovince of the Tharsis region. This subregion is about across. It lies off the main topographic bulge, but is related to the volcanic processes that formed Tharsis. Olympus Mons is the youngest of the large Tharsis volcanoes.
Geology
Tharsis is commonly called a volcano-tectonic province, meaning that it is the product of volcanism and associated tectonic processes that have caused extensive crustal deformation. According to the standard view, Tharsis overlies a hot spot, similar to the one thought to underlie the island of Hawaii. The hot spot is caused by one or more massive columns of hot, low-density material (a superplume) rising through the mantle. The hot spot produces voluminous quantities of magma in the lower crust that is released to the surface as highly fluid, basaltic lava. Because Mars lacks plate tectonics, the lava is able to build up in one region for billions of years to produce enormous volcanic constructs.
On Earth (and presumably Mars as well), not all of the magma produced in a large igneous province erupts at the surface as lava. Much of it stalls in the crust where it slowly cools and solidifies to produce large intrusive complexes (plutons). If the magma migrates through vertical fractures it produces swarms of dikes that may be expressed at the surface as long, linear cracks (fossae) and crater chains (catenae). Magma may also intrude the crust horizontally as large tabular bodies, such as sills and laccoliths, that can cause a general doming and fracturing of the overlying crust. Thus, the bulk of Tharsis is probably made of these intrusive complexes in addition to lava flows at the surface.
One key question about the nature of Tharsis has been whether the bulge is mainly the product of active crustal uplifting from buoyancy provided by the underlying mantle plume or whether it is merely a large, static mass of igneous material supported by the underlying lithosphere. Theoretical analysis of gravity data and the pattern of faults surrounding Tharsis suggest the latter is more likely. The enormous sagging weight of Tharsis has generated tremendous stresses in the crust, producing a broad trough around the region and an array of radial fractures emanating from the center of the bulge that stretches halfway across the planet.
Geologic evidence, such as the flow direction of ancient valley networks around Tharsis, indicates that the bulge was largely in place by the end of the Noachian Period, some 3.7 billion years ago. Although the bulge itself is ancient, volcanic eruptions in the region continued throughout Martian history and probably played a significant role in the production of the planet's atmosphere and the weathering of rocks on the planet's surface.
By one estimate, the Tharsis bulge contains around 300 million km3 of igneous material. Assuming the magma that formed Tharsis contained carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor in percentages comparable to that observed in Hawaiian basaltic lava, then the total amount of gases released from Tharsis magmas could have produced a 1.5-bar CO2 atmosphere and a global layer of water 120 m thick. Martian magmas also likely contain significant amounts of sulfur and chlorine. These elements combine with water to produce acids that can break down primary rocks and minerals. Exhalations from Tharsis and other volcanic centers on the planet are likely responsible for an early period of Martian time (the Theiikian) when sulfuric acid weathering produced abundant hydrated sulfate minerals such as kieserite and gypsum.
True polar wander on Mars
The total mass of the Tharsis bulge is approximately 1021 kg, about the same as the dwarf planet Ceres. Tharsis is so large and massive that it has likely affected the planet's moment of inertia, possibly causing a change in the orientation of the planet's crust with respect to its rotational axis over time. According to one recent study, Tharsis originally formed at about 50ยฐN latitude and migrated toward the equator between 4.2 and 3.9 billion years ago. Such shifts, known as true polar wander, would have caused dramatic climate changes over vast areas of the planet. A more recent study reported in Nature agreed with the polar wander, but the authors thought the eruptions at Tharsis happened at a slightly different time.
Volcanism
Spacecraft exploration over the last two decades has shown that volcanoes on other planets can take many unexpected forms. Over the same time period, geologists were discovering that volcanoes on Earth are more structurally complex and dynamic than previously thought. Recent work has attempted to refine the definition of a volcano to incorporate geologic features of widely different shapes, sizes, and compositions throughout the Solar System. One surprising and controversial conclusion from this synthesis of ideas is that the Tharsis region may be a single giant volcano. This is the thesis of geologists Andrea Borgia and John Murray in a Geological Society of America special paper published in 2010.
The key to understanding how a vast igneous province like Tharsis can itself be a volcano is to re-think the notion of volcano from one of simple conical edifice to that of an environment or "holistic" system. According to the conventional view in geology, volcanoes passively build up from lava and ash erupted above fissures or rifts in the crust. The rifts are produced through regional tectonic forces operating in the crust and underlying mantle. Traditionally, the volcano and its magmatic plumbing have been studied by volcanologists and igneous petrologists, while the tectonic features are the subject for structural geologists and geophysicists. However, recent work on large terrestrial volcanoes indicates that the distinction between volcanic and tectonic processes is quite blurry, with significant interplay between the two.
Many volcanoes produce deformational structures as they grow. The flanks of volcanoes commonly exhibit shallow gravity slumps, faults and associated folds. Large volcanoes grow not only by adding erupted material to their flanks, but also by spreading laterally at their bases, particularly if they rest on weak or ductile materials. As a volcano grows in size and weight, the stress field underneath the volcano changes from compressional to extensional. A subterranean rift may develop at the base of the volcano where the crust is wrenched apart. This volcanic spreading may initiate further structural deformation in the form of thrust faults along the volcano's distal flanks, pervasive grabens and normal faults across the edifice, and catastrophic flank failure (sector collapse). Mathematical analysis shows that volcanic spreading operates on volcanoes at a wide range of scales and is theoretically similar to the larger-scale rifting that occurs at mid-ocean ridges (divergent plate boundaries). Thus, in this view, the distinction between tectonic plate, spreading volcano, and rift is nebulous, all being part of the same geodynamic system.
According to Borgia and Murray, Mount Etna in Sicily is a good terrestrial analogue for the much larger Tharsis bulge, which to them is one immense volcano they call Tharsis Rise. Mount Etna is a complex spreading volcano that is characterized by three main structural features: a volcanic rift system that crosses the summit in a north-northeast direction; a peripheral compression belt (thrust front) surrounding the base of the volcano; and an east-northeast trending system of transtensional (oblique normal) faults that connect the summit rift to the peripheral thrust front. The volcano's peak contains an array of steep summit cones, which are frequently active. The entire edifice is also peppered with a large number of small parasitic cones.
The structural similarities of Mount Etna to Tharsis Rise are striking, even though the latter is some 200 times larger. In Borgia and Murray's view, Tharsis resembles a very large spreading volcano. As with Etna, the spreading has produced a rift through the summit of the rise and a system of radial tear faults that connect the rift to a basal compression belt. The tear-fault system on Tharsis is represented by the radial fossae, of which Valles Marineris is the largest example. The thrust front is visible as the Thaumasia Highlands. Unlike on Earth, where the rifting of plates produces a corresponding subduction zone, the thick lithosphere of Mars is unable to descend into the mantle. Instead, the compressed zone is scrunched up and sheared laterally into mountain ranges, in a process called obduction. To complete the analogy, the huge Olympus Mons and the Tharsis Montes are merely summit cones or parasitic cones on a much larger volcanic edifice.
Tharsis in popular culture
In the Dragonlance Chronicles, the City of Tarsis is a port town which has become landlocked after the Cataclysm led to the recession of the sea. Its waterfront district was located on the west side of the city.
In Kim Stanley Robinson's Mars trilogy, three major citiesโCairo, Sheffield, and Nicosiaโare located in this region, as well as many mentions of Noctis Labyrinthus and the surrounding areas.
Tharsis appears in the 2002 Japanese manga and anime Voices of a Distant Star, where the first encounter took place between mankind and an alien race referred to as Tarsians.
In the anime Cowboy Bebop, the headquarters of the Red Dragon Syndicate is in Tharsis City.
The Tharsis plateau is a main setting of the Horus Heresy novel Mechanicum by Graham McNeill, Book 9 of the Horus Heresy book series. The book includes a story-related map of the region (by illustrator Adrian Wood) in its front matter.
In the "Der Dieb" episode of Sealab 2021, Captain Murphy makes references to the Tharsian region on Mars: "Then, as of this moment, I am hereby married to Adrienne Barbeau, queen of Mars from Olympus Mons to Tharsis."
The video game Red Faction: Guerrilla takes place entirely in the Tharsis region. Also in the game, it is proposed that the infamous Ultor Corporation's mining complex was also in Tharsis.
In the 2005 novel Spin by Robert Charles Wilson, the return trip to Earth is launched from Tharsis after 100,000 years since Martian colonization, but before Mars is enveloped by the spin.
In the game Myth II: Soulblighter, Tharsis is the name of a volcano that features heavily in the final level.
Tharsis is the name of an independent game on Steam based on a mission to the region. However, it does not involve landing there.
The video game Destiny has a reference to Tharsis in one of their locations named Tharsis Junction.
One of the Kataphrakts of the anime Aldnoah.Zero is named Tharsis. Its original pilot is part of an organization that serves an empire based on the planet of Mars.
In the Revelation Space series by Alastair Reynolds, the "Battle of Tharsis Bulge" is referenced several times by the Conjoiners.
Interactive Mars map
See also
Geography of Mars
Geology of Mars
Volcanism on Mars
Explanatory notes
References
External links
NASA image and animation of the Tharsis region in true color
Researchers pinpoint region responsible for Mars' heyday
Mountains on Mars
Surface features of Mars
Volcanoes of Mars
Lava plateaus |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN%201572 | SN 1572 | SN 1572 ( ํ์ฝ์ ์ด์ ์ฑ ) ๋๋ ์นด์์คํ์ด์์๋ฆฌ B(B Cassiopeiae, B Cas)๋ ์นด์์คํ์ด์ ๋ณ์๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ Iaํ ์ด์ ์ฑ์ผ๋ก, ์ก์์ผ๋ก ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ 8๊ฐ ์ด์ ์ฑ ์ค์ ํ๋์ด๋ค. 1572๋
11์ ์ด์ ๋ํ๋์ ๋ง์ ์ด๋ค์ ์ํด ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์๋ค.
์ด์ ์ฑ ์ํด๋ ๊ดํ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์ง๋ง, ์ต์ด์๋ ์ ํ ์์ญ์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์ด ์ ํ์์ ๋ช
์นญ์ธ 3C 10์ผ๋ก ์๋ ์๋ ค์ก์ผ๋, ์ ์ฐจ ํ์ฝ์ ์ด์ ์ฑ ์ํด๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ์ ์ธ ์ค๋ช
1572๋
์ ์ํ์ ์ด์ ์ฑ์ ๋ฐ์์ ์ฒ๋ฌธํ ์ญ์ฌ์์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ค์ํ ๊ด์ฐฐ ์ฌ๊ฑด ์ค ํ๋์ด๋ค. "์ ์ฑ"์ ์ถํ์ ๊ณ ๋ ์ฒ๋ฌธํ์ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์์ ํ๊ณ , ๋ ๋์ ์ฒ๋ฌธ ๋ณ ์นดํ๋ก๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ ํ์์ฑ (๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ ์ ๋ฐํ ์ฒ๋ฌธ ๊ด์ธก ์ฅ๋น์ ํ์์ฑ)์ ์ธ์ํ๋ฉด์ ์์๋ ์ฒ๋ฌธํ ํ๋ช
์ ๊ฐ์ํํ๋ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ด๋ฌํ ํ์์ ์ํ์ฌ ์๋ฆฌ์คํ ํ
๋ ์ค๊ฐ ์ฃผ์ฅํ ๋ณ ์์ญ์ ๋ถ๋ณ์ฑ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋๊ทธ๋ง๋ ๋์ ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
1572๋
์ ์ด์ ์ฑ์ "ํ์ฝ์ ์ด์ ์ฑ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ข
์ข
๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ํ์ฝ ๋ธ๋ผํค์ ๊ด๋ฒ์ํ ์ ์์ผ๋ก, ํ์ฝ ๋ธ๋ผํค ์์ ์ ๊ด์ธก๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ง์ ๊ด์ธก์๋ค์ ์ํ ๊ด์ธก๊ณผ ๋ถ์๋ ํฌํจ๋์ด ์๋, ใ๋ ๋
ธ๋ฐ ์ํธ ๋๋ฆฌ์ฐ์ค ์์ด๋น ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ ํ๋ฆฌ์ฐ์ค ๋น์ ์คํ
๋ผ (De nova et nullius aevi memoria prius visa stella)ใ("๋๊ตฐ๊ฐ์ ์์ ์ค์ด๋ ๊ธฐ์ต์์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ณธ ์ ์ธ ์๋ ์๋ก์ด ๋ณ์ ๋ํ์ฌ", 1573๋
์ดํ, 1602๋
๋ฐ 1610๋
์ํ๋ค์ค ์ผํ๋ฌ์ ๊ฐ์์ ์ํ์ฌ ์ฌํ๋จ) ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ํ์ฝ๋ 1572 ์ด์ ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋จผ์ ๊ด์ฐฐ ํ ์ฌ๋์ ์๋์์ง๋ง, ์๋ง๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ํํ๊ฒ ๊ด์ฐฐํ ์ฌ๋์ด์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋์ผํ ์ ๋ฐ๋๋ก ๊ด์ธกํ ์ ๋ฝ์ธ๋ค๋ก๋ ๋ณผํ๊ฐ ์๋ฌ, ํ ๋ง์ค ๋๊ฑฐ์ค, ์กด ๋, ํ๋์ฒด์ค์ฝ ๋ง์ฐ๋กค๋ฆฌ์ฝ, ์ ๋ก๋๋ชจ ๋ฌด๋
ธ์ฆ, ํ๋ฐ์์ค ํ์ํฌ(Tadeรกลก Hajek), ๋๋ ๋ฐ๋ฅดํจ๋ก๋ฉ์ฐ์ค ๋ผ์ด์ํ ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค.
1์ธ๊ธฐ ํ์ ๊ณจ๋ํ์์ธ ์กด ์ค๋ธ๋ฆฌ (Aubrey)๋ ์๊ตญ์ ์๋ฆฌ์๋ฒ ์ค ์ฌ์์ด ์ํ์์ด์ ์ ์ฑ๊ฐ์ธ ํ ๋ง์ค ์๋ (Thomas Allen )์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ "๊ทธ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๊ฒ ์ฌํ์ ํ, ์นด์์คํ์ด์์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ ์๋ก์ด ๋ณ์ ๋ํ ์กฐ์ธ์ ๊ตฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํด" ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ ๋ค๊ณ , ์์ ์ ๋น๋ง๋ก์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค.
์ค๊ตญ ๋ช
๋๋ผ์์๋ ์ด ๋ณ์ด ์ฅ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ณผ ์ ์ ๋ง๋ ฅ์ ์ฌ์ด์์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ก ๋์๋ค. ์ฐ์ฃผ์ ์ ํต์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ํฉ์ ๋ ์๋ก์ด ๋ณ์ด ์
์ ์ง์กฐ๋ก ํด์ ๋์ด, ์๋ชป๋ ํ๋์ ๋ฐ์ฑํด ๋ณด์์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
์ข๋ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ด ์๋ ํ๋์ ๋ณด๊ณ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์๋ก์ด ๋ณ ์์ฒด๋ 1572๋
11์ 2์ผ ์งํ์ ํญ๋ฐํ์ฌ 11์ 11์ผ์๋ ๋ชฉ์ฑ๋ณด๋ค ๋ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. 1572๋
11์ 16์ผ ๊ฒฝ์๋ โ 4.0 ๋ฑ๊ธ์ ์ ์ฌํ ์ต๋์ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ์ ๋๋ฌํ์๋๋ฐ, ์ผ๋ถ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์ํ๋ฉด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ๋ชฉ์ฑ์ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ์ ๋๋ฌํ์๋ค. ์ด ์ด์ ์ฑ์ 1574๋
์ด๋ฐ๊น์ง ์ก์์ผ๋ก ๋ณผ ์ ์์๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธํ ์ ์ฐจ ์๋ฉธํ์๋ค.
์ด์ ์ฑ
์ด์ ์ฑ์ ์คํํธ๋ผ์ ๊ธฐ์ดํ์ฌ Iํ ์ด์ ์ฑ๊ณผ โ
กํ ์ด์ ์ฑ์ด ์ฒ์ ์ ์ ๋ ์งํ, ์ด ์ด์ ์ฑ์ ๊ทธ ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ด๋ ๊ณก์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ดํ์ฌ โ
ํ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅ๋์๋ค. ์ด์ ์ฑ ์ํด์ X-์ ์คํํธ๋ผ์ ์ํ๋ฉด Ia ํ์ธ ๊ฒ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ ํ์คํ๋, 2008๋
์ ๊ด ์์ฝ ๊ฒ์ถ์ ์ํ์ฌ ์ ์ Ia ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ์ต์ข
ํ์ธ์ด ๋ ๋๊น์ง๋ ์ ํํ ๋ถ๋ฅ๊ฐ ๊ณ์ ๋
ผ๋์ด ๋์๋ค.
์ ์ ๊ด๋์ Ia ํ ์ด์ ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅํ๋ฉด SN 1572๊น์ง์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ํํ๊ฒ ์ธก์ ํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ ๋ ๋ฑ๊ธ์ ์ต๋์น๋ B ๋ฐด๋ ๊ฐ์์จ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ์ฐ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ์ต๋ ๊ฒ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ฑ๊ธ ๋ฐ ๋ฑ๊ธ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ง ์๋ฉธ์ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ฉด, ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ kpc์ด๋ค.
์ด์ ์ฑ ์ํด
์ด์ ์ฑ ์ํด๊น์ง์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ 2 ~ 5 kpc (์ฝ 6,500 ๋ฐ 16,300 ๊ด๋
) ์ฌ์ด์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ฐ๋๋๋ฐ, ์ต๊ทผ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ํ๋ฉด 2.5์์ 3 kpc (์ฝ 8,000 ๋ฐ 9,800 ๊ด๋
)์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ ๋ฒ์๊ฐ ์ข์์ง๋ค.
์ต์ด์ ์ ํ ๊ฐ์ง
์ด์ ์ฑ ์ํด์ ๋ํ ๊ฒ์์ ํธ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ ๋ธ๋ผ์ด(Hanbury Brown)๊ณผ ์๋ฆด ํด์ ๋(Cyril Hazard)๊ฐ ์กฐ๋๋ด ๋ฑ
ํฌ ์ฒ๋ฌธ๋์์ ์ฃผํ์๊ฐ 158.5 MHz์ธ ์ ํ๋ฅผ ํ์งํ 1952๋
๊น์ง๋ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ด์๋ค. ์ด๋ 1957๋
์ ๋ณผ๋์๊ณผ ์ฃ์ง๊ฐ m์ ํ์ฅ์์ ์๋ํ๋ ์บ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ ํ ๋ง์๊ฒฝ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ณด๋ค ์ ํํ ์์น๋ฅผ ์ธก์ ํ์ฌ ๋ค์ ํ์ธ๋์๋ค. ์ํด๋ ์ ํ์์ ๋ํ ๋๋ฒ์งธ ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ๋ชฉ๋ก์์ ์ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก "2C 34"๋ผ๋ ์ฒ์ฒด๋ก ๋ค์ ํ์ธ๋์๊ณ , ์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ ์บ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ๋ชฉ๋ก (Edge et al. 1959)์์ "3C 10"์ผ๋ก ํ๊ณ ํ๊ฒ ์๋ณ๋์๋ค. 3C 10์ด 1572-1573๋
์ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋ ์ด์ ์ฑ์ ์ํด๋ผ๋ ์ ์ ๋ํ ๋
ผ์์ ์๋ค. ๋ฏผ์ฝํ์คํค (Minkowski)์ ์ํ 1964๋
์ ๊ฒํ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, B Cas์ ์ ํ ์ํด๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ธ ํ ๋, ๋น๋ก ์ผ๋ถ ์ ์๋ค์ ํ ํํ์ ์ํ ์ขํ์ธ G120.7 + 2.1์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๊ณ ๋ค์์ ์ ์๋ ํ์ฝ์ ์ด์ ์ฑ ์ํด๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ง๋ง, 3C 10์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ช
์นญ์ด ๋ฌธํ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๊ดํ์ ์ด์ ์ฑ ์ํด๊ฐ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๊ธฐ ์ ์ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ ํ ์ํด๊ฐ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ผ๋ถ์์๋ 3C 10์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ช
์นญ์ ๊ฐ์๊ด์ ์ ํฌํจํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ํ์ฅ ์์ญ์์์ ์ํด๋ฅผ ํ๊ธฐํ๋๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค.
X ์ ๊ด์ธก
์ผํ์ฐ์ค X-1 (๋๋ Cep X-1)์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ช
๋ช
๋ X-์ ์์ค๊ฐ 4U 0022 + 63์ ์ฐํ๋ฃจ X-ray ๊ด์ธก์์ ์ํด ํ์ง๋์๋ค. ์ข
์ ์ ์นดํ๋ก๊ทธ ์ง์ ์ X120 + 2 ๋ฐ XRS 00224 + 638์ด์๋ค. ์ผํ์ฐ์ค X-1์ ์ค์ ๋ก ์นด์์คํ์ด์ ์๋ฆฌ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ์ฝ์ ์ด์ ์ฑ ์ํด SN 1572 (Tycho SNR)์ด๋ค.
๊ดํ ๊ฒ์ถ
B Cas์ ์ด์ ์ฑ ์ํด๋ 1960๋
๋์ ํ๋ก๋ง ์ฐ ๋ง์๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ๊ณผํ์๋ค์ ์ํ์ฌ ๋งค์ฐ ํฌ๋ฏธํ ์ฑ์ด์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ ํ ๊ตญ์ ๋ก์ฌํธ (ROSAT) ์ฐ์ฃผ์ ์ ๋ง์๊ฒฝ์ ์ํด ์ดฌ์๋์๋ค. ์ด ์ด์ ์ฑ์ ๋ฐฑ์ ์์ฑ ๋ณ์ด ์ฐฌ๋๋ผ์ธ์นด๋ฅด ํ๊ณ์ ๊ทผ์ ํ์ฌ ํญ๋ฐ ํ ๋๊น์ง ๋๋ฐ์ฑ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ํก์ํ Ia ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธ๋์๋ค. ์ด ์ ํ์ ์ด์ ์ฑ์, ์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒ ์ฑ์ด์ ์์ฑ ํ SN 1054์ ๊ฐ์ IIํ ์ด์ ์ฑ์์๋ค ์ ํ์ ์ธ ์คํํํดํ ์ฑ์ด์ ์์ฑํ์ง๋ ์๋๋ค. ๊ฐ์ค ๊ป์ง์ ์ฌ์ ํ ๊ทธ ์ค์ฌ์์ ์ฝ 9,000 km/s์ ์๋๋ก ํฝ์ฐฝํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ต๊ทผ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 5,000 km/s ์ดํ์ ํ์ฅ ์๋๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค.
๋๋ฐ์ฑ
2004๋
10์, ๋ค์ด์ฒ์ง์ ๋ ํฐ(letter)์์ ํ์๊ณผ ์ ํ์ด ๋น์ทํ๊ณ ํ์ฝ G๋ก ๋ช
๋ช
๋ G2 ๋ณ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ์ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ์๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ๋ฐฑ์ ์์ฑ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ์ฌ ๋ฐฑ์์์ฑ์ด ์ด์ ์ฑ์ด ๋๊ฒ ํ๋ ๋๋ฐ์ฑ์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐ๋๋ค. 2005๋
3์์ ๋ฐ๊ฐ ๋ ํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ด ๋ณ์ ๋ํ ์์ธํ ๋ด์ฉ์ด ๋ฐํ์ก๋ค. ํ์ฝ G๋ ์๋ง๋ ํญ๋ฐ ์ด์ ์ ์ฃผ๊ณ์ด์ฑ ๋๋ ์ค๊ฑฐ์ฑ(subgiant)์ด์์ผ๋, ๊ทธ ์ง๋์ ์ผ๋ถ๊ฐ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋๊ณ ์ธ์ธต์ ์ด์ ์ฑ์ ์ํด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ๊ฐ์ด๋์๋ค. ํ์ฝ G์ ํ์ฌ ์๋๋ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฐฑ์์์ฑ์ ๋๋ฐ์ฑ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ ์ ๋ํ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ผ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ํ์ฝ G๋ ์ด์ 136 km์ ์๋๋ก ์์ง์ด๊ณ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ์ฑ๊ฐ ์ฃผ์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํญ์ฑ์ ํ๊ท ์๋๋ณด๋ค 4 ๋ฐฐ ์ด์ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ด ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ์ ์ต๊ทผ ๋ช ๋
๋์ ๋์ ์ ๋ฐ์์๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ์ด ๋ณ์ด ์ค์ฌ์์ ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฉ๋ฆฌ ๋จ์ด์ ธ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋๋ฐ์ฑ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ์์๋๋ ํ์ ์ ๋ํ๋ด์ง ์๋๋ค๋ ์ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด์ ์ฐ์ฃผ์ ์ 2๋ฒ์งธ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ฐฐํฌ(2nd Data release, DR2)์ ์ํ๋ฉด, ์ด ๋ณ๊น์ง์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ SN 1572์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ ํ๋จ์ ์์นํ๋ ๊ด๋
์ผ๋ก ๊ณ์ฐ๋์๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ก์จ ๊ณ์ฐ๋ ์๋๋ 136 km/s์์ ๊ฒจ์ฐ 56 km/s๋ก ๊ฐ์ํ์๋ค.
๋ฌธํ ์ํ์์
์ ์์ค ์กฐ์ด์ค์ ใ์จ๋ฆฌ์์คใ์ 9 ๋ฒ์งธ ์ํผ์๋์์ ์คํฐ๋ธ ๋๋ฌ๋ฃจ์ค(Stephen Dedalus)๋ ์ด์ ์ฑ์ ๋ชจ์ต์ ์ ์ ์๋ฆฌ์ ์
ฐ์ต์คํผ์ด์ ์ฐ๊ด ์ง์๋ค. ใ์ค์นด์ด ์ค๋ ํ
๋ ์ค์ฝํใ 1998๋
11์ํธ์์, ์ฌ์ฐ์ค์จ์คํธ ํ
์ฌ์ค ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๋ํ๊ต ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ๊ณผ์ ๋ ์ฌ์จ(Don Olson), ๋ฌ์
๋์
(Russell Doescher) ๋ฐ ์๊ตญํ๊ณผ์ ๋ง๋ฆด๋ฆฐ ์ฌ์จ(Marilynn Olson)์ ์ด ์ด์ ์ฑ์ด ์
ฐ์ต์คํผ์ด์ ใํ๋ฆฟใ์์, ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ์ 1๋ง ์ 1์ฅ(Act I, Scene i)์์ ๋ฒ๋๋(Bernardo)์ ์ํ์ฌ ๋ฌ์ฌ๋์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค.
์์ C. ํด๋ผํฌ์ 1955๋
๋จํธ ์์ค ใ๋ ์คํ(The Star)ใ์ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ผ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ ์ฑ์ ๋ํด ์ธ๊ธํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ํ๋ ๋๋ฆญ ํด์ ์ฅ๋ ๊ณผํ ๊ธฐ์ฌ์ธ ใํ์ฑ์ธ ๋ณ ๊ด์ธก์(The Martian Star-Gazers)ใ์ ์ฃผ์ ์์์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๋ 1962๋
ใ๊ฐค๋ญ์ ์ฌ์ด์ธ์ค ํฝ์
๋งค๊ฑฐ์ง(Galaxy Science Fiction Magazine)ใ์ ์ฒ์ ๊ฒ์๋์๋ค.
๋ ๋๊ทธ๋์ค ํ์ด์จ(Neil DeGrasse Tyson)์ 2017๋
ใ๋ถ์ฃผํ ์ด๋ค์ ์ํ ์ฒ์ฒด๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ (Astrophysics for the People in a Hurry)ใ์์ 1572๋
๊ณผ 1604๋
์ฌ๊ฑด์ ์ธ๊ธํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ด์ฐฐ ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ๋๋ฆฌ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋์๋๋ฐ, ๋ณด์ด์ง ์๋ x-์ ๋๋ ๊ฐ๋ง์ ์ ๋ณธ ์ฌ๋์ ์๋ฌด๋ ์๋ค๊ณ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
์ด์ ์ฑ ์ํด ๋ชฉ๋ก
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
ํ์ฝ ์ด์ ์ฑ์ ๊ด๋ ๊ณก์ ๊ณผ ์คํํธ๋ผ
ํ์ฝ ์ด์ ์ฑ ์ํด
solstation.com : Tycho์ ๋ณ
ํฐ์ฝ ๋ธ๋ผํค (Tycho Brahe)์ 1572 ์ด์ ์ฑ์ ๋๋ฐ์ ๋ณ ๊ฒ์
cnn.com : ์ฐ์ฃผ์ ์ญ์ฌ์์ ์ค์ํ ๋ ๋ค
๋ฐ์ด์ด ์ฒ์ฒด
์นด์์คํ์ด์์๋ฆฌ
ํ์ฝ ๋ธ๋ผํค
1572๋
๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ ์ฒ์ฒด
์ด์ ์ฑ์ํด
์ด์ ์ฑ
0092
1572๋
๊ณผํ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN%201572 | SN 1572 | SN 1572 (Tycho's Supernova, Tycho's Nova), or B Cassiopeiae (B Cas), was a supernova of Type Ia in the constellation Cassiopeia, one of eight supernovae visible to the naked eye in historical records. It appeared in early November 1572 and was independently discovered by many individuals.
Its supernova remnant has been observed optically but was first detected at radio wavelengths; it is often known as 3C 10, a radio-source designation, although increasingly as Tycho's supernova remnant.
Historic description
The appearance of the Milky Way supernova of 1572 belongs among the most important observation events in the history of astronomy. The appearance of the "new star" helped to revise ancient models of the heavens and to speed on a revolution in astronomy that began with the realisation of the need to produce better astrometric star catalogues (and thus the need for more precise astronomical observing instruments). It also challenged the Aristotelian dogma of the unchangeability of the realm of stars.
The supernova of 1572 is often called "Tycho's supernova", because of Tycho Brahe's extensive work De nova et nullius aevi memoria prius visa stella ("Concerning the Star, new and never before seen in the life or memory of anyone", published in 1573 with reprints overseen by Johannes Kepler in 1602 and 1610), a work containing both Brahe's own observations and the analysis of sightings from many other observers. Comparisons between Brahe's observations and those of Spanish scientist Jerรณnimo Muรฑoz revealed that the object was more distant than the Moon. This would lead Brahe to approach the Great Comet of 1577 as an astronomical body as well. Other Europeans to sight the supernova included Wolfgang Schuler, Christopher Clavius, Thomas Digges, John Dee, Francesco Maurolico, Tadeรกลก Hรกjek, and Bartholomรคus Reisacher.
In England, Queen Elizabeth had the mathematician and astrologer Thomas Allen come and visit "to have his advice about the new star that appeared in the Swan or Cassiopeia ... to which he gave his judgement very learnedly", as the antiquary John Aubrey recorded in his memoranda a century later.
In Ming dynasty China, the star became an issue between Zhang Juzheng and the young Wanli Emperor: in accordance with the cosmological tradition, the emperor was warned to consider his misbehavior, since the new star was interpreted as an evil omen.
The more reliable contemporary reports state that the new star itself burst forth soon after November 2, and by November 11 it was already brighter than Jupiter. Around November 16, 1572, it reached its peak brightness at about magnitude โ4.0, with some descriptions giving it as equal to Venus when that planet was at its brightest. Contrarily, Brahe described the supernova as "brighter than Venus". The supernova remained visible to the naked eye into early 1574, gradually fading until it disappeared from view.
The supernova
The supernova was classified as type I on the basis of its historical light curve soon after type I and type II supernovae were first defined on the basis of their spectra. The X-ray spectrum of the remnant showed that it was almost certainly of type Ia, but its detailed classification within the type Ia class continued to be debated until the spectrum of its light at peak luminosity was measured in a light echo in 2008. This gave final confirmation that it was a normal type Ia.
The classification as a type Ia supernova of normal luminosity allows an accurate measure of the distance to SN 1572. The peak absolute magnitude can be calculated from the B-band decline rate to be . Given estimates of the peak apparent magnitude and the known extinction of magnitudes, the distance is kpc.
Supernova remnant
The distance to the supernova remnant has been estimated to between 2 and 5 kpc (approx. 6,500 and 16,300 light-years), with recent studies suggesting a narrower range of 2.5 and 3 kpc (approx. 8,000 and 9,800 light-years). Tycho's SNR has a roughly spherical morphology and spreads over an angular diameter of about 8 arcmin. Its physical size corresponds to radius of the order of a few parsecs. Its measured expansion rate is about 11โ12%/year in radio and X-ray. The average forward shock speed is between 4000 and 5000ย km/s, dropping to lower speed when encountering local interstellar clouds. Older source list the gas shell has reached an apparent diameter of 3.7 arc minutes.
Initial radio detection
The search for a supernova remnant was negative until 1952, when Robert Hanbury Brown and Cyril Hazard reported a radio detection at 158.5ย MHz, obtained at the Jodrell Bank Observatory. This was confirmed, and its position more accurately measured in 1957 by Baldwin and Edge using the Cambridge Radio Telescope working at a wavelength of . The remnant was also identified tentatively in the second Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources as object "2C 34", and more firmly as "3C 10" in the third Cambridge list (Edge et al. 1959). There is no dispute that 3C 10 is the remnant of the supernova observed in 1572โ1573. Following a 1964 review article by Minkowski, the designation 3C 10 appears to be that most commonly used in the literature when referring to the radio remnant of B Cas, although some authors use the tabulated Galactic designation G120.7+2.1 and many authors commonly refer to it as Tycho's supernova remnant. Because the radio remnant was reported before the optical supernova-remnant wisps were discovered, the designation 3C 10 is used by some to signify the remnant at all wavelengths.
The X-ray observation
An X-ray source designated Cepheus X-1 (or Cep X-1) was detected by the Uhuru X-ray observatory at 4U 0022+63. Earlier catalog designations are X120+2 and XRS 00224+638. Cepheus X-1 is actually in the constellation Cassiopeia, and it is SN 1572, the Tycho SNR.
Optical detection
The supernova remnant of B Cas was discovered in the 1960s by scientists with a Palomar Mountain telescope as a very faint nebula. It was later photographed by a telescope on the international ROSAT spacecraft. The supernova has been confirmed as Type Ia, in which a white dwarf star has accreted matter from a companion until it approaches the Chandrasekhar limit and explodes. This type of supernova does not typically create the spectacular nebula more typical of Type II supernovas, such as SN 1054 which created the Crab Nebula. A shell of gas is still expanding from its center at about 9,000ย km/s. A recent study indicates a rate of expansion below 5,000ย km/s.
The companion star
In October 2004, a letter in Nature reported the discovery of a G2 star, similar in type to our own Sun and named Tycho G. It is thought to be the companion star that contributed mass to the white dwarf that ultimately resulted in the supernova. A subsequent study, published in March 2005, revealed further details about this star: Tycho G was probably a main-sequence star or subgiant before the explosion, but some of its mass was stripped away and its outer layers were shock-heated by the supernova. Tycho G's current velocity is perhaps the strongest evidence that it was the companion star to the white dwarf, as it is traveling at a rate of 136ย km/s, which is more than four times faster than the mean velocity of other stars in its stellar neighbourhood.
This find has been challenged in recent years. The star is relatively far away from the center and does not show rotation which might be expected of a companion star.
In Gaia DR2, the star was calculated to be light-years away, on the lower end of SN 1572's possible range of distances, which in turn lowered the calculated velocity from 136ย km/s to only 56ย km/s.
In literature
In the ninth episode of James Joyce's Ulysses, Stephen Dedalus associates the appearance of the supernova with the youthful William Shakespeare, and in the November 1998 issue of Sky & Telescope, three researchers from Southwest Texas State University, Don Olson and Russell Doescher of the Physics Department and Marilynn Olson of the English Department, argued that this supernova is described in Shakespeare's Hamlet, specifically by Bernardo in Act I, Scene i.
The supernova inspired the poem "Al Aaraaf" by Edgar Allan Poe.
The protagonist in Arthur C. Clarke's 1955 short story "The Star" casually mentions the supernova. It is a major element in Frederik Pohl's spoof science article, "The Martian Star-Gazers", first published in Galaxy Science Fiction Magazine in 1962.
See also
List of supernova remnants
References
External links
Light curve and spectrum of Tycho's Supernova
solstation.com: Tycho's Star
The Search for the Companion Star of Tycho Brahe's 1572 Supernova
cnn.com: Important days in history of universe
Historical supernovae
Supernova remnants
1572
1572 in science
Tycho Brahe
Cassiopeia (constellation)
Articles containing video clips
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Cassiopeiae, B
0092
Durchmusterung objects
10 |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%A3%A8%EB%8B%A4%20%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%EB%84%A4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%20%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5%20152%ED%8E%B8%20%EC%B6%94%EB%9D%BD%20%EC%82%AC%EA%B3%A0 | ๊ฐ๋ฃจ๋ค ์ธ๋๋ค์์ ํญ๊ณต 152ํธ ์ถ๋ฝ ์ฌ๊ณ | ๊ฐ๋ฃจ๋ค ์ธ๋๋ค์์ ํญ๊ณต 152ํธ ์ถ๋ฝ ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ 1997๋
9์ 26์ผ์ ๋ฉ๋จ์์ ๋ฐ์ํ ํญ๊ณต ์ฌ๊ณ ์ด๋ค. ํญ๊ณต๊ด์ ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ง์๋ฅผ ์๋ชป ๋ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒ์ด ์์ธ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐํ์ก๋ค.
๊ฐ์
1997๋
9์ 26์ผ, ๊ฐ๋ฃจ๋ค ์ธ๋๋ค์์ ํญ๊ณต 152ํธ์ ์ธ๋๋ค์์์ ์์นด๋ฅดํ์์ ์ถ๋ฐํ์ฌ ๋ฉ๋จ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ ์ ๊ธฐ ํญ๊ณตํธ์ผ๋ก ์ดํ๋๊ณ ์์๋ค.
์ฐฉ๋ฅ์ ์ํด ํ๊ฐํ ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ์์ด ๋ฉ๋จ์ ๊ด์ ํ์์ ๋ฉ๋จ ยท ํด๋ก๋์ ๊ณตํญ์ 05๋ฒ ํ์ฃผ๋ก ์ง์
์ ํ๊ฐํ๋ค. ๋ฉ๋จ์์๋ ์ผ๋ง ์ ๋ถํฐ ์ฐ๋ถ ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ก ์์ผ๊ฐ ์
ํ๋๊ณ ์์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์กฐ์ข
์ฌ๋ ๊ด์ ์ฌ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ์์ฒญํ๋ค. 152ํธ์ 3,000ํผํธ(910m) ํ๊ฐํ ๊ณณ์ ๋ฐฉ์ 240๋๋ก ์ผ์ชฝ ์ ํํ๋๋ก ์ง์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ 13์ 28๋ถ ๋ฐฉ์ 215๋๋ก ์ผ์ชฝ ์ ํ๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ํ๋ฉด์ 2,000ํผํธ(610m) ํ๊ฐํ๋๋ก ์ง์ํ๋ค. 13์ 30๋ถ์ ๊ด์ ์ฌ๋ ๋ฐฉ์ 040๋๋ก ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์ ํํ๋๋ก ์ง์๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ 13์ 34๋ถ, 152ํธ์ ๋ฉ๋จ ยท ํด๋ก๋์ ๊ณตํญ์์ 32km ๋จ์ชฝ์ ์๋ ๋์ด 1,500ํผํธ(460m) ์ผ๋ฆผ ์ง๋์ ์ฐ์ต์ ๋ฎ์ถ ์ํ์์ ์ถ๋ฝํด 234๋ช
์ ์น๊ฐ(222๋ช
์ ์น๊ฐ๊ณผ 12๋ช
์ ์น๋ฌด์)์ด ์ฌ๋งํ๋ค.
์์ธ
์ฌ๊ณ ์์ธ์ ๊ด์ ์ฌ๊ฐ 152ํธ์ ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์ ํ๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ์ผ์ชฝ ์ ํํ๋๋ก ์๋ชป ์ง์ํ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋ ์กฐ์ข
์ฌ๊ฐ ์ง์๋ 2,000ํผํธ ์ดํ๋ก ๊ฐํํ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค.
๋ณด์ด์ค ๋ ์ฝ๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ก
โป ๊ตต์ ๊ธ์จ๋ ๋ํ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์ธ์ ๊ผด์ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์ด ๋ํ๋ฅผ ์์ด๋ก ๋ฒ์ญ.
13:29:41: ATC(๋ฉ๋จ): Indonesia 152 traffic clear. Descend to 2,000 feet. (์ธ๋๋ค์์ 152 ํธ๋ํฝ ํด๋ฆฌ์ด. 2000ํผํธ๊น์ง ํ๊ฐํฉ๋๋ค)
13:29:44: GA152 (๋ถ์กฐ์ข
์ฌ): Descend to 2,000 feet. Indonesia 152. (2000ํผํธ๊น์ง ํ๊ฐํฉ๋๋ค. ์ธ๋๋ค์์ 152)
13:30:04: ATC (๋ฉ๋จ): Indonesia 152 turn right heading 046. report established localizer. (์ธ๋๋ค์์ 152 ๋ฐฉ์ 046๋๋ก ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์ ํํ๊ณ ๋ก์ปฌ๋ผ์ด์ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ์ญ์์ค.)
13:30:08: GA152 (๋ถ์กฐ์ข
์ฌ): Turn right heading 040 [์ํฌ]. Indonesia 152 check established. (๋ฐฉ์ 040๋๋ก ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์ ํ. ์ธ๋๋ค์์ 152, ์๋ฃ๋๋ฉด๋ณด๊ณ )
13:30:13: GA152 (๊ธฐ์ฅ): Flaps 8. (ํ๋ฉ 8)
13:30:14: GA152 (๋ถ์กฐ์ข
์ฌ): Speed check... flaps 8. (์๋ ์ฒดํฌ... ํ๋ฉ 8)
13:30:20: GA152 (๊ธฐ์ฅ): It's hot - yes? The cockpit is hot... Please have a look... The cockpit is hot! (๋ฅ๊ตฌ๋... (์์ด์ปจ์ ์ค์ ์) ๋ด์ฃผ๊ณ ... ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์!)
(์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ฅ์ ์ข์ ํ ์ค์. ๋ถ์กฐ์ข
์ฌ๋ ์์ด์ปจ์ ์ค์ ์ ์๋ฃํ ํ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ ์ผ์ชฝ ์ ํํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ค.)
13:30:33: GA152 (๋ถ์กฐ์ข
์ฌ): Turn... turn right! (์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์ ํ์
๋๋ค!)
13:30:35: GA152 (๊ธฐ์ฅ): Indonesia 152 confirm turning left or turning right heading 046? (์ธ๋๋ค์์ 152์
๋๋ค. ๋ฐฉ์ 046๋๋ก ์ผ์ชฝ ์ ํ์ธ์ง ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์ ํ์ธ์ง ํ์ธํด์ฃผ์ญ์์ค.)
13:30:39: ATC (๋ฉ๋จ): Turning right sir. (์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์ ํ์
๋๋ค)
13:30:40: GA152 (๋ถ์กฐ์ข
์ฌ): Sorry Capt. (์ฃ์กํฉ๋๋ค, ๊ธฐ์ฅ๋)
13:30:41: GA152 (๊ธฐ์ฅ): Roger 152. (์ธ๋๋ค์์ 152, ์๊ฒ ์ต๋๋ค.)
13:30:43: GA152 (๋ถ์กฐ์ข
์ฌ): Sorry Capt. (์ฃ์กํฉ๋๋ค, ๊ธฐ์ฅ๋)
13:30:44: GA152 (๋ถ์กฐ์ข
์ฌ): It's already cold. (์์ด์ปจ์ ์ค์ ํ์ต๋๋ค)
(GA152์ ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์ ํํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ๋๊น์ง ์ผ์ชฝ ์ ํํ๊ณ ์์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฉ๋จ ๊ด์ ๋ ์ด๋์์ ํ์ธํฉ๋๋ค.)
13:30:51: ATC (๋ฉ๋จ) : 152 confirm you are making turning left now? (์ธ๋๋ค์์ 152 ์ง๊ธ ์ผ์ชฝ ์ ํํ๊ณ ์์ต๋๊น?)
13:30:56: GA152 (๊ธฐ์ฅ) : We are... turning right now (์ง๊ธ์ ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์ ํ ์ค์
๋๋ค)
13:31:05: ATC (๋ฉ๋จ) : 152... OK. continue left turn now. (์ธ๋๋ค์์ 152, ์ง๊ธ ์ผ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ์ ํํ์ญ์์ค)
13:31:09: GA152 (๊ธฐ์ฅ) : confirm turning left? We are starting turning right now. (์ผ์ชฝ ์ ํ์
๋๊น? ์ง๊ธ ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์ ํ๋ฅผ ์์ํ๊ณ ์์ต๋๋ค)
13:31:13: ATC (๋ฉ๋จ): Aduh! OK, OK. (์... ์๊ฒ ์ต๋๋ค.)
13:31:13: GA152 (๋ถ์กฐ์ข
์ฌ): Just turn right Capt. (์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์ ํํฉ๋๋ค, ๊ธฐ์ฅ๋)
(์ด ํผ๋ ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ณ ๋๊ฐ 1500 ํผํธ ๋ถ๊ทผ๊น์ง ํ๊ฐํ ๊ฒ์ ๋ถ์กฐ์ข
์ฌ๊ฐ ๊นจ๋ฌ์)
13:31:27: GA152 (๋ถ์กฐ์ข
์ฌ): Err... descend! (์... ๊ฐํํ๊ณ ์์ต๋๋ค!)
13:31:29: GA152 (๊ธฐ์ฅ): Eh...? Maaf... (์ด... ๋ฏธ์!)
13:31:31: ATC (๋ฉ๋จ): Indonesia 152 continue turn right heading 015. (์ธ๋๋ค์์ 152๋ ๋ฐฉ์ 015๋๋ก ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์ ํ๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ํ์ญ์์ค)
13:31:32: (๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ ์๋ชฉ๊ณผ ์ ์ดํ๋ ์๋ฆฌ)
13:31:33: (๊ฒฝ๊ณ ์ "PULL UP PULL UP" ๋ ์กฐ์ข
์ฌ์๊ฒ)
13:31:34-13:31:36: (๋ ์กฐ์ข
์ฌ ์๋ฆฌ)
13:31:37: (CVR ๋
นํ ์ข
๋ฃ)
์์ํ
ํญ๊ณต์ฌ๊ณ ์์ฌ๋! : ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ฌ๊ณ ์ ์ง์ค๊ณผ ์ง์ ์ 15์์ฆ 5ํ "Lethal Turn"
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ถ์ฒ
http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php? id = 19970926-0
1997๋
9์
๋ฉ๋จ
์ธ๋๋ค์์์์ ์ผ์ด๋ ํญ๊ณต ์ฌ๊ณ
CFIT ์ฌ๊ณ
์์ด๋ฒ์ค A300 ๊ธฐ์ข
์ ํญ๊ณต ์ฌ๊ณ
1997๋
ํญ๊ณต ์ฌ๊ณ
1997๋
๊ธฐ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda%20Indonesia%20Flight%20152 | Garuda Indonesia Flight 152 | Garuda Indonesia Flight 152 (GA152/GIA152) was a scheduled domestic flight operated by Garuda Indonesia from Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, Tangerang, to Polonia International Airport, Medan, in Indonesia. On 26 September 1997, the aircraft flying the route crashed into mountainous woodlands near the village of Buah Nabar, Sibolangit, killing all 222 passengers and 12 crew members on board. It is the deadliest aviation disaster in Indonesia's history.
Aircraft
The aircraft was an Airbus A300B4 FFCC, or "forward-facing crew concept." The FFCC model is a modified version of the A300B4 in which the flight engineer station is eliminated, and the relevant controls are simplified and relocated to be positioned on the overhead panel between the two pilots. This control arrangement is similar to the Airbus A310 series, the difference being that the FFCC retains most of the analogue flight instrumentation of the original A300. The FFCC would later be developed into the A300-600 series, in which all elements of the flight deck are brought to A310 standards, including the addition of electronic flight instrumentation. The two pilots aboard the accident flight were qualified to fly both the FFCC and the -600 model, however the adequacy of their conversion training between the two would later be called into question.
The aircraft was powered by two Pratt & Whitney JT9D-59A turbofan engines and had flown 26,950 hours (over 16,500 take-off and landing cycles) at the time of the accident.
Accident
At 1:13 pm (local time), air traffic controllers in Medan cleared Flight 152 for an ILS approach to Runway 5 from its 316 degree heading. The crew, led by Captain Hance Rachmo Wiyogo (41), a pilot with 19 years of flying experience at Garuda Indonesia and nearly 12,000 flying hours, and First Officer Tata Zuwaldi (also 41), a former flight engineer who recently upgraded to pilot, were instructed to turn left to a heading of 240 degrees so as to intercept the ILS localizer. Two minutes prior to impact, the crew was asked to turn further left, to 215 degrees. At 1:30 pm, Medan instructed the crew to descend to , and to turn right heading 046 degrees to line up for arrival into runway 05, and asked the crew to report the direction in which the plane was traveling. Air traffic controllers then became confused as to which plane they were talking to, as another flight with the same number (Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 152) was also in the area at the time.
Earlier in the day, another Flight 152, Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 152, was handled by the same air traffic controller. This led to the controller mistakenly saying "Merpati one five two turn left heading 240 to intercept runway zero five from the right side"; as the wrong call sign was used, the Garuda pilots disregarded these instructions. The controller, on not receiving a response, queried the pilots to get their attention, this time using the correct call sign, "Indonesia 152". The controller then repeated most of his instructions, but specifically failing to repeat that the flight would be making its approach on the south side of the runway, or right side. The pilots believed they were flying the approach on the north side of the airport, which reflected the information on the approach chart the pilots were using. Thus, when the pilots were instructed to turn right to a heading of 046 maintaining to capture the localizer for the ILS to runway 05, out of habit โ or possibly due to the detailed approach chart โ the captain initiated a left turn to a heading of 046. The First Officer was distracted during the turn and did not notice for a while that the aircraft was turning left. When he did notice, he told the captain he was turning the wrong way, and the captain questioned the controller over which way they needed to turn, to which the controller confirmed they were to turn right. A confusing conversation took place over which way to turn, with the controller not having a clear picture of what the flight was doing, due to being unaware that he had left out some critical instructions after his "Merpati 152" mistake and due to the Medan radar system having a refresh time of 12 seconds.
Without a constant up-to-date view of the flight's heading, the controller thought the plane was continuing left, when it was actually turning right and over high terrain. During this time the flight descended below 2,000 feet, probably due to the captain inputting the wrong altitude. The pilots did not notice this while they were focused on turning to the correct heading. Five seconds prior to initial impact with the treetops, the First Officer made a comment about the airplane's altitude. The recorded increases in pitch and engine power, likely commanded by the crew in an effort to correct their altitude. Shortly before the recording ended, the cockpit voice recorder registered the sound of the plane striking trees, followed by shouting from the pilots. The aircraft crashed into a ravine from the runway 05 threshold, to the south of the center line. The aircraft hit the ground at 1:32ย p.m., right wing low, turning towards the airport in the process at a heading of 230-240 degrees and an altitude of MSL. All 234 people on board died.
Victims
The passengers were mostly Indonesian, with six Japanese, four German, three Taiwanese, two American, two British, two Canadian, one Australian, one Belgian, one Dutch, one French, one Italian, one Malaysian, and one Swedish national.
Nationalities of the passengers and crew
Passenger remains
Forty-eight of the bodies recovered from the crash were never identified and were buried in a mass grave in a cemetery outside Medan's Polonia Airport, where 61 victims of the 1979 Garuda Fokker F28 crash were also buried. The remaining 186 bodies were identified and returned to their families for private burial.
Investigation
The causes of the crash, according to the official report of the National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC), were:
"There was confusion regarding turning direction of left turn instead of right turn at critical position during radar vectoring that reduced the flight crew's vertical awareness while they were concentrating on the aircraftโs lateral changes. These caused the aircraft to continue descending below the assigned altitude of 2000 ft and hit treetops at 1550 ft above mean sea level."
The report also criticized the airline's conversion training for pilots who fly both the A300-600 and A300B4-FF models. The former is equipped with digital navigation displays, while the latter is equipped with analog equipment. Though both are sufficient for conducting instrument approaches, the captain may have been overwhelmed due to his lack of familiarity with the analog instrumentation.
Contributing to the accident was the failure of the Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) for undetermined reasons and the inadequate vectoring charts used by the controllers at Medan.
Lawsuits
The first lawsuit was filed on September 24, 1998, on behalf of American passengers Fritz and Djoeminah Baden. Additional lawsuits were filed in state and federal courts in Chicago related to 26 more victims. The sole defendant in the lawsuits was Sundstrand Corporation (later Hamilton Sundstrand), the manufacturer of the GPWS. The plaintiffs alleged that the GPWS was defectively designed, that the manufacturer was aware of its deficiencies in mountainous terrain for over a decade, and had the system worked as designed the accident could have been avoided. Sundstrand disputed these claims and did not accept responsibility. Nearly six years after the crash the lawsuit was settled out of court.
A suit against Garuda Indonesia, brought by Joyce Coyle in Oregon (Coyle v. P.T. Garuda Indonesia) was dismissed on the grounds that the US court had no jurisdiction to hear a case about domestic flights operated by a government-owned airline in another country.
Aftermath
Flights between Jakarta and Medan are now operated by flight numbers 118, 182, 184, 186, 188 and 190 (operating to Kualanamu International Airport as a successor for Polonia airport since 2013). As of January 2023, Garuda Indonesia continues to operate the flight number 152, now serving the route between Jakarta and Batam, using a Boeing 737-800.
Dramatization
The crash of Garuda Indonesia Flight 152 is featured in the fifth episode of the Season 17 of Mayday (Air Crash Investigation). The episode is titled "Lethal Turn".
See also
List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
1997 Southeast Asian haze
1997 Indonesian forest fires
Alitalia Flight 404, another plane crash on approach when the GPWS didn't sound
Air China Flight 129
Dan-Air Flight 1008
Korean Air Flight 801
Air Inter Flight 148
Thai Airways International Flight 311
American Airlines Flight 965, another plane crash in which a major navigational error was made
Intercontinental de Aviaciรณn Flight 256
References
External links
()
Pre-crash photos of PK-GAI
National Transportation Safety Committee
Final report (Archive)
1997 in Indonesia
Accidents and incidents involving the Airbus A300
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by weather
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
Airliner accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain
Aviation accidents and incidents caused by air traffic controller error
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1997
Aviation accidents and incidents in Indonesia
Flight 152
September 1997 events in Asia
1997 meteorology |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B1%85%EB%B2%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%98%20%ED%95%98%EA%B7%B9%EC%83%81 | ์ฑ
๋ฒ๋ ์ ํ๊ทน์ | ใ์ฑ
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์ ์๊ฒฐ๋์๋ค. 2013๋
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๋ง์ธ์ด ์ฑ
์ ์ป๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ถ์ธํ๋ค.
์ 1๋ถ
1๋ถ์์๋ ํ๋ฏผ์ ๋ธ ๋ง์ธ์ด ์๊ฟ์น๊ตฌ ์๋
๋ฃจ์ธ ์ ์ข
์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ช
ํ ๋ค ์ ๊ด์ฅ ํ๋ฅด๋๋๋๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ ๋ฌด๋น ๊ฒฌ์ต์ด ๋๊ธฐ๊น์ง ์ด์ผ๊ธฐํ๋ค.
๋ง์ธ์ ์ธ์์์ ์์์ ์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ข์ํ๋ ์ฑ
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์ด๊ฐ ์๊ณ ์ํผ์ง๋ก ๋ง๋ ์ฑ
๋ ๊ฐ๋น์ธ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๊ณ ์ฑ
๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ์ ๋ป์ ๋๋ค.๋ง์ธ์ ๋ณ์ฝํ๊ณ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ ๊ฐ๋ํด ์ข
์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ฌ๋ฃ ๋ชจ์ผ๊ธฐ์๋ ๋ถํธํ์ง๋ง ํ๋์ง์์ ์ด๋ ค ์ ๋ณ์ ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฃจ์ธ ์ ์นํด์ง๋ค.๋ง์ธ์ ์์ธ์ ๋ป์ ๋ ๋ฃป์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฃป์ธ ์ ๊ณต๋์ผ๋ก ์๋ฌผ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ ๊ฒ์ ๋์์ธ ๋ฒค๋
ธ์๊ฒ ์ ์ํ๋ค.๋ฒค๋
ธ๋ ํ๋ฏผ์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ๋ชธ๋งค์ ์ฐ๋ น์ ๊ฑธ๋ง์ง ์์ ์ง์์ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ง์ธ์๊ฒ ํน์ด์ฑ์ ์ฐพ์๋ด ๋ง์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฃจ์ธ ์ ๊ณต๋ฐฉ์ ์ถ์ํด, ์์ธ ๊ฒฌ์ต์ผ๋ก์ ๊ต์กํ๋ค.์ดํ ๋ฒค๋
ธ๋ ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์ํด ์ก์น์ผ๋ก ๋จ๋๋ค.
์ข
์ด๋ ์์ฑ๋์ง๋ง ๋ง์ธ์ ์์ ์ด ๋ชธ๋จน๊ธฐ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ถ์น๋ณ์์ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ค.์์์ ๋ชธ์ ๋ง๋ ฅ์ด ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋์ด ์ถ์ ๋๋ ์ฆ์์ผ๋ก, ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋จ๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ฃฝ๊ณ ์ด์๋จ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ง๋ ฅ์ ํ์๋ก ํ๋ ๊ท์กฑ๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ณต์ข
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์ 2๋ถ
2๋ถ์์๋ ์ ๊ด์ฅ ํ๋ฅด๋๋๋์ ๋นํธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ ์ ์์ ๊ท์กฑ์ฒ๋ผ ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ ๋ง์ธ์ด ์ธ์๊ธฐ์ ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํด ์ฑ
๋ง๋๋ ์ง๋จ ๊ตฌํ
๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ฑํ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ์ฌ๋ํ๋ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ์๋ชจ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์งํค๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ์ฐํ๊ณ ์์ฃผ์ ์๋
๊ฐ ๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ์ ํ๋ค.
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๊ฒฌ์ต์ด ๋ ๋ง์ธ์ ์ ์ ๋ด๋ถ๋ ๊ท์กฑ๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ง๋ง, ๋ง์ธ์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ์ ํ๋ ์ ๊ด์ฅ ํ๋ฅด๋๋๋์ ์นํธ๋ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค.๋ง์ธ์ ๊ณต๋ฐฉ์ฅ์ผ๋ก์ ์ธ์๊ธฐ์ ์ ํ๋ฆฝํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์์ง์๊ณ , ๋ํ ๋์ ๋ง๋ ฅ์ ์ฌ๋ฟ์๊ฒ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ง์์ ๋
์ ํ๋ ค๊ณ ๋ง์ธ์ ๋ฉ์นํ๋ ๊ณํ๋ ์์๋ค.
ํ๋ฅด๋๋๋๋ ๋ง์ธ์ ๋ชธ์ ๊ฑฑ์ ํด ๊ท์กฑ ์
์์ ์์ ํ๋ค.๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ ์์ ์ด๋จธ๋์์ ์
์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋์ฐ์ณค๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ฒ ์์ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ์์คํ๊ฒ ์ฌ๊ธด ๋ง์ธ์๊ฒ ์
์์ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ด ์ ํ์ด์๋ค.๋ง์ธ ์ฃผ์์ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ค์ ๋ง์ธ์ ์งํค๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ๋ ฅํ์ง๋ง ๋ง์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ ๊ท์กฑ์ ํด์๋ ๊ฐ์กฑ์๊ฒ๋ ๋๋ ค์ง๋ค.๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ํธ์์๋ ์ธ์๊ธฐ์ ์ ํ์ ์ฑ์ ์ดํดํ ์์ฃผ ์ง๋ฒ ์คํฐ๊ฐ ๋ง์ธ์๊ฒ ์์กฐ๋ ์ ๋ถ์ ์ค ํ ์์ ์ ์๋
๋ก ์ผ์์ผ๋ก์จ ๋ง์ธ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ์์ ์ ๋ณดํธํ๋ค.๊ทธ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ง์ธ์ ์ฌ๋ํ๋ ๊ฐ์กฑ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ฐ์ ํผํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
์ 3๋ถ
3๋ถ์์ ๋ง์ธ์ ๊ท์กฑ์ผ๋ก์์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ ๋ถ๊ณผ ๋ก์ ๋ง์ธ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ถ์ฌ๋ฐ์ ์์ฃผ์ ์๋
๊ฐ ๋๋ค.์ ์ ์ฅ์ ๋งก์ ์ธ์์
์ด๋ ๋ ์คํ ๋์ ๊ฒฝ์ํ๋ ํํธ ์์ฃผ ๊ฐ์กฑ๊ณผ์ ๋ง๋จ์ด๋ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ง์ ๊ฐ๋ค.๋ ํ์ฝ์ฒด์ง์ ๊ณ ์น ์ ์๋ ๋ง๋ฒ์ฝ ์ ๋ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ ์์๋ณด๊ณ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ ๋ชจํ์ ๋ ๋๋ค.๋ง์ง๋ง์๋ ์๋ชจ๋ก ๋ชฉ์จ์ ์๊ณ 2๋
๋์ ์ ์๋ฆฌ์ ๋ค๊ธฐ๊น์ง ํ๋ค.
ํ๋ฅด๋๋๋์ ์ง์ฐฐ์ ํตํด ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋์ด์ ๋ง์ธ์ด ํ๋ฒ ์ฃฝ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฐํ์ง๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ก ์ธํ ๋ง๋ ฅ ๋ฉ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์น๋ฃํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํน์ํ ๋ง๋ฒ์ฝ ์ ๋ ๋ฒ ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ค์ง๊ฒ ๋๋ค.์์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ์ทจํ๋ ํํธ, ์ ์ ์ฅ์ผ๋ก์ ์ผ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ ์ ์ ์ ์ฅ์ด ๋จ๊ธด ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ง์ฃผ ๋ณธ๋ค.ํ ๋นํ๋ฆฌํธ์๊ฒ ์ฝํ ํ๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๊ต์ฒดํ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ํ๋ฉฐ ๋นํ๋ฆฌํธ๋ ๋ก์ ๋ง์ธ์ด ์ ์ ์ฅ, ๊ณ ์์์ฅ, ๊ณต๋ฐฉ์ฅ์ ์ผ์ ํ์ฐํ๊ฒ ํด๋ด๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ผ๊ณ , ๋ก์ ๋ง์ธ์ ๋นํ๋ฆฌํธ๊ฐ ์๋นํ ์์์ ๋ฐ์ ์จ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ผ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ํค๋ ค๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ค.
๊ฒจ์ธ์ด ๋์ด ๊ท์กฑ์ ์์ด๋ค์ด ๋ชจ์ด๋ ์์ด ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ฑ๊ฒฝ์ ์น์ด ์ผํจ ๋ด์ฉ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ฑ
์ด๋ ์นด๋ฅดํ์ ๋ฐ์์ ๊ณ ๊ธ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์
ํ๋ ๊ท์กฑ์ด ์๋ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ, ๊ตฌ์
ํ ์ ์๋ ๊ท์กฑ์๊ฒ๋ ๋ก์ ๋ง์ธ์ด ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋์ถ๋ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ธฐ๋ปํ๋ ์์ด๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ํ๋ค.๋ด์ด ๋์ด ์ ์ ์ ์ฅ์ ์กฐ์นด๋ธ์ด์ ์์ฃผ์ ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ค์ ๋ด๋ฐฉ์ผ๋ก ์์ฃผ ๋ถ๋ถ์๊ฒ ๊ธด์ฅ์ด ํ๋ฆฌ๋๋ฐ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ์ผ์ด๋์ง ์๊ณ ์ง๋๊ฐ๋ค.๊ฐ์์ ์์ฌ ์ฑ์ทจ์์ ๋ด์์๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋ฅด์น ๋ง๋ ฅ ์์ถ์ด ์๋ ํ์คํธ์ ํ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ์์ฃผ์ ์
์์ ๋งํ๊ณ , ๋ง๋ฒ์ฝ์ ์ ์์ ์ฐ์ ํ๋ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ผ๋ก ๊ต์ํ๋ฉด, ์ด๋ฅธ์๊ฒ๋ ์ ํจํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด์ฆ๋๋ค.๋์ ์ค๋ฅผ๋กฏํ
์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ง์๋ค ๋ง๊ณ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ๋นํ๋ฆฌํธ์๊ฒ ์ค๋จ๋ผ ํ๋ฐํ ์๋์ด ๋ฒ์ด์ง๋ค.
์ 4๋ถ
์ 4๋ถ์์๋ ๊ท์กฑ์์ ์งํํ ๋ก์ ๋ง์ธ์ด ๋์๊ด์ ๋ง์ ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ํด ๋์์์์ ์์นญํ ๊ฒ, ํ๋ฒ์ ๋๋ฆฝ์ ๋์ด ์์ง์ ํ์๋ค์ ํ๋ ฅ์์ผ ์ ๋ ํ๋ฒ์ ์์ด๋ค์๊ฒ ์ ์ฉ์ ์ป์ ๊ฒ, ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ง์ ๊ท์กฑ์ด๋ ์์กฑ๊ณผ ๊ต๋ฅ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ฒ, ๋ ์์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ์ ์์ฒ์ธ ์ฑ์ ๊ทธ๋ฃจํธ๋ฆฌ์คํ์ดํธ๊ฐ ์์ด์ง๊ณ ์์ด ์๋ก์ด ์ ์น๋ถ์์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ์ ์๋ ์ ๊ณผ ์์ง๊ฐ์ ๋๋ฆฝ์ด ์ผ์ด๋ ์ ์๋ค.ํ๋ฅด๋๋๋๋ ๋ก์ ๋ง์ธ๊ณผ์ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ํ ์ ๋ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ์ง๋ง, 4๋ถ ๊ฒฐ๋ง์ ๋๋ฆฝํ๋ ์์ง์ธ ์๋ ์ค๋ฐํ์๊ฒ ์ฌ์๋ฅผ ๋ฃ์ผ๋ผ๋ ์๋ช
์ด ๋จ์ด์ง๋ฉด์ ์๋ก ํค์ด์ง๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
๋
์ฝ์ ๋จน๊ณ ๊นจ์ด๋์ง ๋ชปํ 2๋
๊ฐ ์ฑ์ฅํ ํ ๋นํ๋ฆฌํธ์ ์ฌ๋์ ์ค๋ฅผ๋กํ
์๊ฒ ๋นํน๊ฐ์ ๋๋ผ๋ฉด์๋ ๊ท์กฑ์์ ์
์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ต์ก์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๊ณ , ๋ฌด์ฌํ ์
์ํด๋ ์์กฑ์ด๋ ํ๋ น์ ์์ฃผ ํ๋ณด์์๊ฒ ๋น์๋ฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆผ์ ๋ฃ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.๋์๊ด์ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์ถ์ ๋ก์ ๋ง์ธ์๊ฒ ๋นํ๋ฆฌํธ์ ์ ์์ผ๋ก ์ฒซ๋ ์ ๊ฐ์์์ ์ ์ ํฉ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ํ๊ฒ ๋ ์ 1ํ๋
. ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ ๋ณด๋๋ ์์ด ์ฒซ๋ ์ ์ ํฉ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ฐ๋ด๊ณ ๋์๊ด์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ ๋ก์ ๋ง์ธ์ ๊ธฐ์ ๋๋จธ์ง ๋ง์ ์ถ๋ณต์ ๋ฟ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์์กฑ ์ ์ฉ์ ๋ง๋๊ตฌ ์๋ฐ๋ฅด์ธ ์ ๋ฐ์ด์ค์ ์ฃผ์ธ์ด ๋์ง๋ง, ์์กฑ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋นผ์์๋ค๊ณ ํธ์ง์ ์กํ ํ๋ น๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ผํค๊ณ ๋ง๋ค.๊ทํ๋ช
๋ น์ด ๋ด๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ ํ์คํธ๋ก ๋์์ค๋ ๋ก์ ๋ง์ธ์ ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ถ์ ํ๋ฅด๋๋๋์ ์ค๊ต์ ์ฌ๋ฌธ์ด์๋ค.
๋ค์ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์์ ์ ์ ์ฅ ๋
ธ๋ฆ์ ํ๊ณ ์ธ์ ์์
์ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ง๋ฅผ ์คํธ๋ฆฌ์์ ์์ํ๋ค.๊ท์กฑ์์ผ๋ก ๋์์ ์์กฑ๊ณผ ํ๋ น๊ณผ์ ๋ค๊ณผํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ํ 1๋
์งธ๊ฐ ๋๋๊ณ ๋ก์ ๋ง์ธ์ ๋ง๋ ฅ์์ถ ๊ฐ์ข๋ฅผ ๋ง์น๊ณ ๊ธฐ์์์ ๊ฐ์ง์์ ํํ๋ ์ค, ์ฑ์ ๋๋ก ํํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ง๊ธ๋ณด๋ค ๋ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํ๋ช
๋๋ค.2๋
์ฐจ ๊ท์กฑ์์์๋ ๋ก์ ๋ง์ธ์ ์ํํ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ณํ์ํค๊ณ ํ๋ณต์ฝ ์กฐ์ ์ ์ฐ์ํ ์ฑ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฌ ์ง๋ํด์ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ์ฒซ๋ ์ ์ ํฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์พ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฉํ๋ค.๋ง์ ์ฑ์ทจ ๋์ค, ๋ง์์ ์ต๊ฒฉ์ ๋ฐ์ ํด์นํ ์์ฑ ์ฑ์ทจ ์ฅ์๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์น ์ด์ก๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊นจ๋ซ๊ณ ์ฌ์์์์ ํํ ๋ก์ ๋ง์ธ์๊ฒ ๊ทํ ๋ช
๋ น์ด ๋ด๋ ค์ง๋ค.์์๋ฒ์ง๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ธฐ์์์์ ํํ ์์์ด ์ฑ์ ๊ณผ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฅธ์ง ์์๋ณด๋ผ๋ ๋ช
๋ น์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์ฑ์ทจ ์ฅ์์์ ํํ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฃ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํธ์ถ๋์ด ์ฑ์ ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ก๊น์ง ๋นํ๋๋ค.์๋ช
์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฅด๋๋๋๊ฐ ์๋ ์ค๋ฐํ์ ๋ํธ๋ฆฐ๋ฐ์๊ฒ ์์ง๊ฐ๋๋ก ๋ด๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ ํ์คํธ ์์ ๊ณคํน์ค๋ฝ๋ค.๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ค ์๋ ํ์คํธ ์ ์ ์์ ๋ก์ ๋ง์ธ๊ณผ ํ๋ฅด๋๋๋๋ฅผ ์๋งํ๋ ๊ท์กฑ ์ผํ์ ์ํด ์ฑ์ ์ ํ์ณ๋ด๊ณ ๋ง๋ค.
์ 5๋ถ
5๋ถ์์๋ ํ๋ฅด๋๋๋๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ผ์ง ์ํ์์ ๋ถํฌํ๋ ๋ก์ ๋ง์ธ์ ๋ชจ์ต์ด ๋์จ๋ค.
์์ฒญ์ด ์๋น๊ฒจ์ ธ ๊ท์กฑ์์์๋ ์ ๋ฒ ๋ก๋์นดํ ์๋
๋ค์ด ์ด๋ฆ ๋ฐ์น๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์๋นํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.์ ๋ค์ ๊ฐํธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ ์ค์ต์์ ์๋ ํ์คํธ ํ์์ด ๋ค์ ์ ๋ค์ ๊ฐํธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ก์จ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ค์์ฑ์ด ์ฌ๊ฒํ ๋๊ฒ ๋๋ค.๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์ ๋น์ผ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ฑฐ์ ๊ณต๋์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ๊ฒ ๋๋๋ฐ ๋ ์คํฐ๋ผ์ฐํธ์์ ๋คํผ์ด ๋ฒ์ด์ ธ ๋ก์ ๋ง์ธ๊ณผ ์ฝํผ์ ๊ฑธ๊ณ ๋น์ผ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ฑฐ์ ํผ์ ๋ํฐ๋ฅผ ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.์กธ์
์์ ๋ด๋ฉ๋ฌด๋ก ์ผ์ด๋ ์ฌ๊ณ ์ ์ํด, ๋ํธ๋ฆฐ๋ฐ๊ฐ ์ฐจ๊ธฐ ์ฒธํธ ํ๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ ์ค์ ์ ์ ์ด ๋ฐํํด ๋ฒ๋ฆฐ๋ค.์๋ ํ์คํธ๋ก ๋์์จ ๋ก์ ๋ง์ธ์ ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์ ์์ง๋ก์์ ์ง์๋ ์
์ฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ ์ ์๋ ์๋ด์ ๊ท์กฑ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ค์ ๋ชจ์ต์ด์๋ค.
์์กฑ์ ์์ฒญ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ท์กฑ์ ๋์๊ด์ ์ค๋๋ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ค์ ์ด๋ค๊ฐ ๋ก์ ๋ง์ธ์ด์ผ๋ง๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ฐจ๊ธฐ ์ฒธํธ์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ์กด์ฌ์์ด ๋ฐํ์ง๊ณ ์ง๊ธฐ์ค๋ฐํธ ์์์์ ์ฝํผ์ ๊ฐ์๋นํ๋ค.ํ์ ๋์ 1๋
์ ์๋ฅผ ์์ทจํ ๋ก์ ๋ง์ธ๋ค์ ๊ทธ ์ฌ์ด์ ์๋ด ๊ฐํ์ ์ถ์งํด ์ธ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ๋ค.4ํ๋
๊ท์กฑ์์์ ์ ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ธ ๋ก์ ๋ง์ธ์ ์์์ ์ ์์์ ๋ง๋ ์์ด๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ๋ถ๋ฆ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ก์ฑ์ ์ ์๋ฐ์ค์ ํ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์ฅ์ด ๋ฉ์ท๋ ์ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ก ์ฑ์ฅ์ํฌ ์ ์๋ค.์ด๋ก ์ธํด ๋ก์ ๋ง์ธ์ ๋ณธ๋์ ์ฐ๋ น์ ๊ฑธ๋ง์ ๋ชจ์ต์ผ๋ก ์๋ผ๋ ๋์์ ์ง์ ํ ๊ทธ๋ฃจํธ๋ฆฌ์ค ํ์ดํธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ํ๋ฅด๋๋๋๊ฐ ์๋
์์ ์ ๊ทธ๋ฃจํธ๋ฆฌ์ค ํ์ดํธ๋ฅผ ์ป์ด ์ง์ง ์ฒธํธ์ ์๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์๋ฅด๊ฒ์๋ฏธํธ์ ์ด์์ ์ฑ์ ์ธ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์งํค๋ ์ญํ ์ ๋ด๋นํ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ค.ํ์ง๋ง ๋ถํจํ ์์กฑ์ ์ซ์ดํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์์ ์๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ฐ๋ง ํ๊ณ ์ญํ ์ ๋คํ๋ ค ํ์ง ์๋ ํ๋ฅด๋๋๋์๊ฒ ์์ด๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ฏผ์ ์ด์กฐํด ํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ ๋ค๊ฐ ๋์ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ํ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ช
๋ นํด๋ ๊ฑฐ์ .์๋ ํ์คํธ๋ก ๋์์จ ๋ก์ ๋ง์ธ์ ์๋ด์ ๊ท์กฑ๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์๋ ์ค๋ฐํ๋ก๋ถํฐ์ ์นจ๊ณต์ ๋๋นํ๋ค.๋๋๋ฆฐ๋ฐ๊ฐ ํ๋ฅด๋๋๋์ ๋
์ ๋ด์ ๋ค ๋์ฒด๋๋ฒ ์ ์ง๊ณ ์ค์์ ์นจ๊ณตํ๊ณ ๋์์ ๊ฒ์ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ค๊ฐ ์๋ ํ์คํธ ์นจ๊ณต์ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ์ ๋ก์ ๋ง์ธ์ ํ๋ฅด๋๋๋๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋จ์ผ๋ฅดํ ๊ฐ์ ํ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์๋ ์ค๋ฐํ์ ์ญ์นจ๊ณต์ ๊ฐํ๋ค.์ด ์๋ ์ค๋ฐํ์ ํ๋ ๋ค์๋ ์๋ฅด๊ฒ์๋ฏธํธ ๋ฐ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์๋ ๋์ฒด๋๋ฒ ์ ์กด์ฌ๊ฐ ์์๋ค.
๋์ฒด๋๋ฒ ์ ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ์๋ ์ค๋ฐํ๋ฅผ ํ๋ํ๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ ์ธ์์ ๋๋๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์๋ ์ค๋ฐํ์ ์ฃผ์ถง๋์ ๋ฌผ๋ค์ฌ ์์ฐ๋ธ๊ฐ ๋๊ณ ๋ง๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฌ์ ๋ฉ์คํฐ์ค๋
ธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์์ ์ ๋ชธ์ ์ผ์์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฆผ์ํค๊ฑฐ๋ ์๋ฅด๊ฒ์๋ฏธํธ์ ์ฃผ์ถง๋์ ๋๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ๋ค์ ์ํด ์ ์ฒด์ ๋ง๋ํ ์ ๋ ฅ์ด ์ฃผ์
๋จ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ฌ์ ๋ฉ์คํฐ์ค๋
ธ๋ผ์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฐ๋ค.์ง์ ํ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํธ๋ฆฌ์ค ํ์ดํธ๋ฅผ ์์งํ๊ณ ์ ๋ ฅ์ ๋ณด์ ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์์กฑ๋ณด๋ค ์์๊ถ์ ์ค๋ฅธ ๋ก์ ๋ง์ธ์ ๋ ์ด์ ์ ๋ค์ด ์๊ตฌํ๋ ์ญํ ์ ํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋ ์์กฑ์ ๊ฒฝ์งํจ๊ณผ ๋์์ ์๊ธ๋ํด์ ์๋ก์ด ์ฒธํ ๋ก ์ ์ถ, ์๋ฅด๊ฒ์๋ฏธํธ์ ์ ์ฒด์ ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถํ์๋ค.ํ์ง๋ง ์ฌ๋์ ๋ชธ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ํํ๋ ์ ๋ ฅ์ ์ฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฌ๋ ์ ์๊ณ , ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์๋นํด ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์๋ช
์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ ์๊ธฐ์๋ ๋น ์ง๋ค.ํ๋ฅด๋๋๋์ ํจ๊ป ์ด๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ ๋ก์ ๋ง์ธ์ ๊ทธ์ ์ฝํผํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ค๋ฐํ์ ์ ์ ์์์ผ๋ก ์ทจ์ํ๋ค.์์ ์ ์์ง๊ฐ ๋ ์๋ ์ค๋ฐํ๋ฅผ ์๋ ์ฐ๋๋ฆฌ์๋ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ช
ํ๊ณ ๋์๊ด ๋์ ๊ฑด์ค์ ๋งค์ง. ๋ํ ์์ง๋ก ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ๋ถ๋ฌ๋ค์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋ฌดํจ๋ก ํ ๊ทธ๋
๋, ์์ฃผ๋ก์์ ์ ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ ํํธ, ๋ฐฉํ๋์๋ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ด ์๋ ๊ณณ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋์ด ๋ง์ธ์ด์๋ ์์ ์ ๋ ๋ค๋ ๋์ฐพ์๋ค.
์ฃผ์ ์ธ๋ฌผ
๋ฏธ๋์ด ๋ฏน์ค
๋ผ์ดํธ๋
ธ๋ฒจ
์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
์ผ๋ณธ์ ํํ์ง ์์ค
ํ์์ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ์์ค
์ฑ
์ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ์ํ
์ด์ธ๊ณ๋ฌผ
์์ค๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋์
2015๋
์์ค
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
2019๋
์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
2020๋
์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
2022๋
์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
WOWOW ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
TV ์์ฌํ ๊ณ์ด ์ฌ์ผ ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
์๋ฏธ์ฐ๋ฆฌ TV์ ์ฌ์ผ ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
์ค๋ฆฌ์ง๋ ๋น๋์ค ์ ๋๋ฉ์ด์
์ ๋ํ๋ฌ์ค | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascendance%20of%20a%20Bookworm | Ascendance of a Bookworm | is a Japanese fantasy light novel series written by Miya Kazuki and illustrated by You Shiina. It was serialized online from September 2013 to March 2017 on the user-generated novel publishing website Shลsetsuka ni Narล. It was later acquired by TO Books, who has published thirty-two volumes since January 2015.
A manga adaptation of the first part with art by Suzuka was serialized online via Niconico Seiga website from October 2015 to July 2018. It was collected in seven tankลbon volumes by TO Books. Both the light novel and manga are published in English by J-Novel Club. An anime television series adaptation produced by Ajia-do Animation Works aired the first part from October to December 2019, and the second part aired from April to June 2020. A two-part OVA episode released in March 2020. A third season aired from April to June 2022.
Plot
The story follows Urano Motosu, a book-loving post-secondary college student and soon-to-be librarian who ends up crushed to death beneath a pile of books at her house during an earthquake. With her dying breath, she wishes to be reincarnated in a world where she can read books forever. Urano awakens in the body of a weak, five-year-old girl named Myne in a world where books are scarce and only available to elites. Myne, retaining her memories from her previous life, decides to create and print her own books so that she can read again.
Characters
The titular bookworm, Urano (a college student) was on the cusp of being a librarian when she was ironically crushed to death under a pile of books during an earthquake. She reincarnated as a sickly five-year-old girl named Myne, but in a world where books are only for extremely rich nobles. Her frailty is due to a rare disease known as the "Devouring," which consists of high fevers which flares up whenever the host is stressed or depressed. Now, Myne has to put her book-knowledge to the test in order to become a librarian in her new world.
The High Priest in the city of Ehrenfest.
Myne's elder sister by one year who follows her mother's craft in becoming a seamstress.
Myne and Turi's mother who is a seamstress by trade and works at a dye factory.
Myne and Turi's father who works as a soldier and a guard for the city of Ehrenfest.
Myne's childhood best friend who helps her in her business to make paper and create books. He initially wanted to be a traveling merchant, but after being dissuaded by Otto, he decides to work with Myne and be the muscle to her brain. He is the first to suspect Myne is not who she used to be, and in fact taken over by someone else.
A former traveling merchant and now soldier and military accountant of Ehrenfest. He teaches Myne how to read and write the language of the new world.
A city merchant who takes Myne and Lutz under his wing and helps them grow their bookmaking business. After realizing the potential Myne and Lutz have at their craft, he is insistent on training them to be merchants and argues against others who want the pair for themselves.
An assistant at Benno's store who helps Myne and Lutz on their journey.
The head of the Merchant Guild in Ehrenfest and Benno's senior. He agrees to allow Lutz and Myne to become temporarily registered merchants after seeing the products the duo are able to create.
Gustav's granddaughter who wants to buy one of Myne's hairpins to wear at her baptism. Like Myne, she has the incurable illness known as the "Devouring."
A young grey-robed boy who is placed as Myne's retainer. He is pompous, brash, and believes himself superior to Myne, even though he is beneath her in the temple hierarchy. He eventually comes around and serves Myne faithfully after she shows him kindness and compassion.
A grey-robed young man who is placed as Myne's retainer. He is quiet, follows the rules, and is highly devoted to the temple. He is the first retainer to earn Myne's trust and becomes her right-hand man.
A young grey-robed girl who is placed as Myne's retainer. She is out to annoy and frustrate Myne on the High Bishop's orders, hoping she will grow up to be his concubine if she's successful. After Myne threatens to send her back to the orphanage, she changes her ways and serves Myne faithfully but still retains her snarky attitude.
He is the third of four brothers, and the older brother of Lutz.
Media
Light novels
Ascendance of a Bookworm was originally published by Miya Kazuki as a free-to-read web novel on Shลsetsuka ni Narล in 2013 until it was acquired by TO Books which published the first volume in print in their TO Bunko imprint with illustrations by You Shiina in January 2015. As of May 2023, the series will have accumulated over 32 volumes, divided into five parts. The light novel is published in English by J-Novel Club. In May 2019, J-Novel Club released the first official English translation of Part 1 volume 1.
Volume list
|}
Manga
A manga adaptation was published by TO Books and follows similar format as the novels. Part 1, subtitled , was illustrated by Suzuka, serialized in Comic Corona from October 2015 to July 2018, and was compiled into a total of seven volumes. Suzuka continued to illustrate Part 2 subtitled which began serialization in Comic Corona on September 24, 2018 and currently has a total of nine volumes. Part 3 subtitled is illustrated by Ryo Namino and began serialization in Comic Corona despite Part 1 still being ongoing at the time. Part 3 currently has seven volumes. Part 4 is illustrated by Hikaru Katsuki and began serialization on December 24, 2020 also in Comic Corona and currently has a total of six volumes. The manga adaptation is also published in English by J-Novel Club.
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Anime
An anime television series adaptation was announced on March 7, 2019. The series is animated by Ajia-do Animation Works and directed by Mitsuru Hongo, with Mariko Kunisawa handling series composition, Yoshiaki Yanagida and Toshihisa Kaiya designing the characters, and Michiru composing the series' music.
The first part ran for 14 episodes, which aired from October 3 to December 26, 2019, on ABC, Tokyo MX, Wowow, and BS Fuji, and covers Part 1: Daughter of a Soldier of the light novel. Sumire Morohoshi performed the series' opening theme song , while Megumi Nakajima performed the series' ending theme song . A two-part OVA series (numbered collectively as episode 14.5, both airing on March 9, 2020) consisted of two parts titled "Eustachius's Incognito Operation Downtown" and "Visiting Missus Corinna".
The second part ran for 12 episodes, which aired from April 5 to June 21, 2020, and covers Volumes 1 and 2 of Part 2: Apprentice Shrine Maiden of the light novel. Sumire Morohoshi also performed the second part's opening theme song (Commotion), while Minori Suzuki performs the ending theme "Ephemera wo Atsumete".
The production of a third season was announced on July 12, 2020, which ran for 10 episodes and aired from April 12 to June 14, 2022 on ytv, and covers Volumes 3 and 4 of Part 2: Apprentice Shrine Maiden of the light novel. Nao Tลyama performed the third season's opening theme song , while Maaya Sakamoto performed the ending theme song .
Crunchyroll licensed the series and has partnered with Sentai Filmworks for distribution in North America.
Other
Seven fanbooks were published by TO Books and released on December 20, 2016, December 9, 2017, November 10, 2018, November 9, 2019, November 10, 2020, November 10, 2021, and November 10, 2022. TO Books also published nine Drama CDs released on September 9, 2017, June 9, 2018, June 10, 2019, December 10, 2019, September 10, 2020, August 10, 2021, April 9, 2022, August 10, 2022, and May 10, 2023.
Reception
The series has sold over 8 million copies across physical and digital sales combined as of October 31, 2022. The series ranked fifth in 2017, first in 2018 and 2019, second in 2020 and 2021, third in 2022 and first in 2023, before being added to Hall of Fame in Takarajimasha's annual light novel guide book Kono Light Novel ga Sugoi!, in the tankลbon category.
In 2017, the manga adaptation was ranked seventh at the third Next Manga Awards in the web category.
The 2nd season of anime was nominated for "Best Fantasy" in 2021's Crunchyroll Anime Awards.
Notes
References
External links
at Shลsetsuka ni Narล
2019 anime television series debuts
2020 anime television series debuts
2015 Japanese novels
Ajia-do Animation Works
Anime and manga based on light novels
Asahi Broadcasting Corporation original programming
Crunchyroll anime
Fiction about reincarnation
Isekai anime and manga
Isekai novels and light novels
Japanese webcomics
J-Novel Club books
Light novels
Light novels first published online
Muse Communication
Novels about reincarnation
Television shows about reincarnation
Shลjo manga
Sentai Filmworks
Shลsetsuka ni Narล
Webcomics in print |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%A3%BC%20%EA%B0%B1%EC%8A%A4%EB%B6%80%EB%A5%B4 | ์ธ๋ฅด์ฃผ ๊ฐฑ์ค๋ถ๋ฅด | ์ธ๋ฅด์ฃผ ๊ฐฑ์ค๋ถ๋ฅด(, , 1928๋
4์ 2์ผ ํ๋ฆฌ ~ 1991๋
3์ 2์ผ)๋ ํ๋์ค์ ์ฑ์ด์ก๋ผ์ดํฐ์ด์, ์์ธ, ํผ์๋์คํธ, ํ๊ฐ, ๊ฐ๋ณธ๊ฐ, ์ฐ์ถ๊ฐ, ์๊ฐ, ๋ฐฐ์ฐ, ์ํ์ธ์ด๋ค.
๊ฐฑ์ค๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์์
๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ์๋ํ ์ฑ์ด์ก๋ผ์ดํฐ๋ก์ ํฐ ๋ช
์ฑ์ ์ป์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ํ์ ๋ฌธํ์๋ ๋์ ํ์ฌ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ํ์ ๋น๋์ค ํด๋ฆฝ์ ์ฐ์ถํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, 40๊ณก์ด ๋๋ ์ํ ์์
์ ์๊ณกํ๋ค. ์ธ๋ฅด์ฃผ ๊ฐฑ์ค๋ถ๋ฅด๋ผ๋ ์๋ช
์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ ์ธ 1950๋
๋ ์ค๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ ์ฅ๋ฆฌ์ต ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค(, ํ์ )๋ผ๋ ์๋ช
์ ์ผ๋ค. 1980๋
๋์๋ ์์ ์ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐฑ์ค๋ฐ๋ฅด()๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
๊ฐฑ์ค๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋๋ถํฐ ์ธ๋ฒ์งธ ์์ ์ค๋ฅผ๋กํธ ๊ฐฑ์ค๋ถ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ๋ณ์ ์ ์ธ ๋ฒํจ๊น์ง ๋ฌด์ฒ ์ ๋ช
ํ ์ฌ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์ ์ฌ๊ฐ์๋ค์ ์ธ์์ ๊ดํตํ๋ค. ์ดํผ ํ ๊ทธ๋ โ๋ฐค๋ถโ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ๋ถ๋ฆฐ ํฐ ํ์ธ๋ฃจ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ ๋ค๋ฒ์งธ์ด์ ๋ง์ง๋ง ์์์ผ๋ก โ๋คผ๋คผโ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฐ ๋คผ์์ต ๊ฐฑ์ค๋ถ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ๋ณ๋๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ํ์ ๊ฑธ, ๋ฅด๋
ธ๋ ์ํฐ์ ๋ค๋ก๊ฐ์ ํ๋์ค ์์ ๊ฐ๋ค์๊ฒ ์์ฒญ๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋ผ์ณค์ ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ, ํ๋์ค์ด๊ถ์ด ์๋ ๋ฒก ํ์ผ์ด๋ ๋ง์ดํฌ ํจํผ, ๊ทธ๋ฃน ํฌํฐ์
ฐ๋๋ ์๊ณก๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ด๋น ํ์ค๊ฐ์ ์์ ๊ฐ๋ค์๊ฒ๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋ผ์ณค๋ค.
ํ๋์ค์ด๊ถ์ ๋ฒ์ด๋๋ฉด ๊ทธ์ ๋ช
์ฑ์ ์์
๊ด๋ จ ์ง์
์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ด๋ค์๊ฒ ํ์ ๋์ด ์์ผ๋, ๊ทธ๋ 1968๋
์ ๋น๋ณด๋ 200์์ 12์๋ฅผ ํ ๋ณด๋ ์ค ํด๋ผ์ด๋ (๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋์ ํจ๊ป)์ 1970๋
๋น๋ณด๋ 196์๋ฅผ ํ ์ ์ธ๋ฒํจ/์ธ๋ฅด์ฃผ ๊ฐฑ์ค๋ถ๋ฅด๋ผ๋ ๋ ์ฅ์ ์๋ฐ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์๋ฐฑ๋ง์ฅ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ๋
ธ๋ ๋ ๋ผ๋์ค ๊ณก ์ก์ถ์ ์ ํ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๋น๋ณด๋ ํซ 100์์ 58์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์๊ตญ์์๋ ์๋ฐ ํ๋งค๋ 1์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ๋ ํฐ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์ฐ์ฃผ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ํ๋์ค์ด ๋
ธ๋๋ก ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์ ์ฌ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ฅด ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅด์ ์๋ฐ๋ค๊ณผ ๋น๊ฒฌ๋ ์ ๋์ด๋ค.
์์
์ ๋
๊ธฐ์ ์ฒญ๋
๊ธฐ
๋ฌ์์๊ณ ์ ๋์ธ ์ด๋ฏผ์์ ์๋ค์ด์๋ ๊ทธ๋ ํ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋๊ณ ์ถ์ดํ์ผ๋, ์ฌ๋ฌ ์์
๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ์๋ํ ์ฑ์ด์ก๋ผ์ดํฐ๋ก ๋ช
์ฑ์ ๋จ์ณค๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ํ์ ๋ฌธํ์๋ ๋์ ํ๋ค. 1896๋
3์ 27์ผ (ํ๋ฅดํค์) ์ฝ์คํํฐ๋
ธํ์์ ํ์ด๋ ๊ทธ์ ์๋ฒ์ง ์กฐ์ ํ ๊ฐฑ์ค๋ถ๋ฅด(Joseph Ginsburg, 1971๋
4์ 22์ผ ์ฌ๋ง)๋ ํํ์ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ก๊ณ , ํํธ๋ก๊ทธ๋ผ๋ ์์ ํ๊ต์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ํ ์์
์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ณ ์ ๋ชจ์คํฌ๋ฐ ์์ ํ๊ต์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ํผ์๋
ธ๋ฅผ ํํ๋ค. ์ดํ ํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์์์ ๊ทธ๋ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์(Olia)๋ ์ฌ๊ฐ(Olga)๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ๋ถ๋ฆฐ ๋ฉ์กฐ์ํ๋ผ๋
ธ, ๋ธ๋คผ์ค ๊ณ ๋ค ๋ฒ ์ค๋ง(Brucha Goda Besman) (1894-1985)๋ฅผ ๋ง๋๊ฒ ๋๊ณ ๊ทธ๋
์ 1918๋
6์ 17์ผ ๊ฒฐํผํ๋ค. 1919๋
์กฐ์ ํ์ ์ฌ๊ฐ๋ ์ ๋ฐฑ๋ด์ ๊ณผ ๋ณผ์
ฐ๋นํค ๋
์ฌ๋ฅผ ํผํด (์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋) ์ค๋ฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ ์กฐ์ง์๋ก, ๊ทธํ ์ด์คํ๋ถ๋ก ๋ง๋ช
์ ๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋๊ณ 19121๋
3์ 25์ผ ์ ์ ๋ง๋ฅด์ธ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋ฃจ์ด๋๋ ํ์ค ์ํ์์ ์ผํ๋ ์ฌ๊ฐ์ ๋จ์ ํ์ ๊ฐ ์๋ ํ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์ฐฉํ๋ค. ์กฐ์ ํ๋ ๋ฐ์ ์นด๋ฐ๋ ์ ํผ์๋์คํธ์๊ณ , ์ฌ๊ฐ๋ ๋ฌ์์ ์์ ํ๊ต์์ ๋
ธ๋๋ฅผ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ ํ๋ฆฌ 20๊ตฌ ์ค๊ตญ๋ก (rue de la Chine) 35๋ฒ๊ฐ์์ ์ด์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ 1922๋
16๊ฐ์ ํ ํ๋ ด์ผ๋ก ์์ ํ ๋ง๋ฅด์
์ ๋ณ์๊ณ ๊ทธ ํ 1926๋
๋ธ ์ํด๋ฆฐ์ ๋ณ๋๋ค. ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก 1928๋
์ํ
์ฌ์ ์คํ
๋ ๋ ํ๋ฆฌ(Hรดtel-Dieu de Paris) ์ฐ๊ณผ ๋ณ์์์ ์ด๋์ฑ ์๋ฅ์ด ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ์๊ณผ ๋คผ์์ต์ ๋ณ๋๋ค. (์ฌ๊ฐ๋ ๋ณ์ง ์๊ณ ์ ์ฐํ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ํ๋ค.)) ์์ค๋ถ๋ฅด ๊ฐ์กฑ์ 1932๋
6์ 9์ผ ํ๋์ค ๊ตญ์ ์ ํ๋ํ๋ค.
์ด๋ฆฐ ์์ ๋คผ์์ต์ ํผ์กํ ํ๋ฆฌ 9๊ตฌ ์คํ๋ก (rue Chatal) 20๋ฒ์ง์์, ์ดํ๋ก๋ 11๋ฒ์ง์์ ์ด์๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์๋ฒ์ง๋ ๊ทธ์๊ฒ ํด๋์ ํผ์๋
ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฅด์น๋ ค ํ๊ณ ํํ์ ์ธ๊ณ๋ฅผ ํฅํด ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ด๋์๋ค. ๋
์ผ์ ํ๋์ค ์ ๋ น ์์ , ๊ทธ๋ โ๋
ธ๋ ๋ณโ์ ์ฐจ์ผ๋ง ํ๋ค. (โ๋ณด์๊ด ๋ฑ์งโ, ๊ทธ๋ ํ๋ ๋น์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋งํ๊ธธ, โ๋๋ ์ข์ ๋ฑ์ง ์๋์ ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค...๋
ธ๋์์โ) 1941๋
์ฌ๋ฆ์ด ์์๋์, ๊ทธ๋ ์ฟ ๋ฅด์ ๋๋ฅด ์ฌ๋ฅดํธ์ ๋ฐํฐ์คํธ์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ง ๋ค๋ฎ๋ฅด(Dumur)๋ค โ๋ฐ์คํฐ์๋ฅดโ(La Bassetiรจre)๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฅ์๋ก ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ํจ๊ป ํผ๋๊ฐ๋ค. ์ ๋์ธ๋ค์ด ์์ ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ง์
์ ์ข
์ฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ธ์ง๋นํ๊ณ ์ด๋ ๋๊ตฌ๋ ๊ทธ์ ์๋ฒ์ง๋ฅผ ํผ์๋์คํธ๋ก ๊ณ ์ฉํ๋ ค ํ์ง ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์๋ฒ์ง๋ ์ง์
์ ์ป๊ณ ๊ณค๊ถ์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋๊ณ ์ 1942๋
์์ ์ง์ญ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ผ๋ง ํ๋ค. ์๋ ํ๋ฆฌ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ ๊ฒ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ ๋ง์์ก๊ณ ๊ฐ์กฑ ์ ์ฒด๋ ์์กฐ ์ฌ๊ถ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป 1944๋
1์์ ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ฅฌ ์ง๋ฐฉ์์ ๊ทธ์ ์๋ฒ์ง์ ๋ง์นจ๋ด ์ฌํํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๊น๋ฐ๋ฅด(Guimbard)๋ผ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฑ์จ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋ฉด์ ์คํธ๋น์์ ์์๋ฅด๋ก ๋ง๋ช
ํ๋ค. ๋ธ๋ค์ ์ข
๊ต ํ๊ต์, ์๋ ์ค๋๋ฅด๋๋
ธ๋ธ๋ผ(Saint-Lรฉonard-de-Noblat)์ ์์ํ ์ฝ๋ ์ฅฌ (ํ๋์ค์ ์คํ๊ต)๋ก ๋ณด๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์ ๋ถ์ ๊ธฐ์์์ด์๋ค. ์ด๋๋ ์ ๋
, ๊ฒ์ํํฌ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์์ ์ ๋์ธ ์์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณดํธํ๊ณ ์์ง๋ ์์๊ฐ ํ์ธํ๋ ค๊ณ ๋ค์ด๋ฅ์ณค๋ค. ๊ธฐ์ํ๊ต ์ฃผ์๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ฒ์๊ฐ ํ๋ก ์จ๊ฒผ๊ณ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์์ ๊ทธ๋ ์ฃฝ๊ฑฐ๋ ์กํ๋ ๊ณตํฌ์ ๋จ๋ฉด์ ๋ฐค์ ๋ด๋ด ์ง์์ ๋ค. ์ด ์ฌ๊ฑด ์ดํ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ ์์ ์ด ์์กด์๋ผ๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ์์ํ๋ฉฐ ์ฐ๋ค.
์ ์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์, ์์ค๋ท๋ฅด ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ๋น์ ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ์ค๋ฆฝํ, ๊ทธ๋ค์ โ๊ตญ์ต๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ดํ ์ด์ค๋ผ์์ธโ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผํ ํน๋ณ์์ํ์ ์ํด ํ๋์ค ๊ตญ์ ์ ๋ฐํ๋นํ๋ค. 2010๋
์์ผ ๋ฐํ์ง ์ด ์์ํ์ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ฌธ๊ฑด์์๋์ธ๋ฅด์ฃผ์ ์๋ฒ์ง ์กฐ์ ํ์ ๊ดํด โํผ์๋์คํธ๋ก์ ์์ฃผ ์ด์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ ์์ค๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ํ์ฌ ๋ฆฌ์น์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ค์ด๋ค. [...] ๊ทธ์ ์๋ค ๋คผ์์ต์ ๋ค ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ญ(Du Guesclin) ์ฝ๋ ์ฃผ์ ์ฌํ ์ค์ด๋ค. [...] ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ทธ๊ฐ 1941๋
๊ทธ์ ์ ๋
์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํผํ๊ณ ์ ์์ ๊ตฌ์ญ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์๋๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ฌ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ค. ์์ํ๋ โ์ ๋ฉด ๋ฐํโ์ ์ ๊ณ ํ๋ค.โ๋ผ๊ณ ์ฐ์ฌ์๋ค. ์ธ๋ฅด์ฃผ ๊ฐฑ์ค๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ์ด ๊ตญ์ ๋ฐํ์ ๋ํด ์ ํ ์์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
ํ๋์ค ํด๋ฐฉ ์ดํ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋์์จ ์์ค๋ท๋ฅด ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ํ๋ฆฌ 16๊ตฌ ๋ท์กฐ๊ฐ (avenue Bugeaud) 55๋ฒ์ง์ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ก์๋ค. ๋คผ์์ต์ ๋ฆฌ์ธ ์ฝฉ๋๋ฅด์ธ์์ ๋ฐ์นผ๋ก๋ ์๋ฅผ ์น๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์ ๊น์ง๋ ์ฑ์ ์ด ๋ถ์งํ์ผ๋ ๊ทธ๋ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ณ ๋ฑ ๋ฏธ์ ํ๊ต์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๊ณ , ๊ทธ์ ํํ ๊ต์ ์๋๋ ๋กํธ(Andrรฉ Lhote)์ ํ๋ฅด๋๋ญ ๋ ์ (Fernand Lรฉger)๊ฐ ์๋ ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ๋ ๋ชฝ๋ง๋ฅดํธ์ ์์ฃผ ๋๋๋ค์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ 1947๋
3์ 5์ผ ์ดํ์ค์ฃผ์์๋ค, ํนํ ์กฐ๋ฅด์ฃผ ์๋
ใผ๋ ๋น์ธ ํค ์ด ์ฌ๋์ ์กฐ์์์๋คใผ์ ์น๋ถ์ด ์๋ ๋ฌ์์ ๊ท์กฑ์ ๋ธ์ด์, ํ๋ ๋คผ์์ต ์์ ์ ์๋ด๊ฐ ๋ ์๋ฆฌ์๋ฒ ํธ ๋ ๋น์ธ ํค์ ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ๋ ๋ชฝ๋ง๋ฅดํธ๋ฅด์์ ๋ง๋ฌ๋ค.
์ฒญ๋
์์ ๊ทธ๋ ์๋ฒ์ง์ ํจ๊ป, ์ ์ธ ๋ฒํจ์ด ๋ฉ๋ชจํ ๋ฅด ํฌ์ผ, ์นด๋ถ๋ฅด, ํธ๋ฃจ๋น, ๋๋๋ฅด๋ ์๋ฅด์นด์์ ์ง์ญ๊ฐ์, ํ๋์ค์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์๊ตญ์ธ ํด์์ง๋ก ์ฌํ์ ๊ฐ๋ค.
1948๋
์ ๋คผ์์ต์๊ฒ ์ค์ํ ํด์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ฟ ๋ฅด๋ธ๋ถ์์ ์์ฌํ, ์ดํ ๋ช
๋ น ๋ถ๋ณต์ข
์ผ๋ก ์์ฐฝ์ ์์ฃผ ๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋ , 93 ๋ณด๋ณ์ฐ๋์ ์ง์ง๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ์์ฝ์ฌ์ ๋น ์ง๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ํ๊ฐ ์์ด ๊ทธ๋ ๊ตฐ ๋๋ฃ๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์์ธ์ ์ทจํ๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ด ์๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐํ ์น๋ ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐฐ์ ๋ค.
ํ๋์ค ๊ฐ์ ์ํ ์ ๋ก๋น์
์ฅ๋ฆฌ์ํธ ๊ทธ๋ ์ฝ(Accordรฉon, La Javanaise)์ ํํด๋ผ ํด๋ผํฌ(La Gadoue)๋ฅผ ์ํด ์๊ณกํ ๊ณก๋ค๋ก ์ฒซ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ฐฑ์ค๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ํ๋์์์ฆ ์๋ฅด๋(Comment te dire adieu)์ ํนํ ํ๋์ค ๊ฐ์๊ฒ ์จ์ค ๊ณก๋ค ๋์ผ๋ก ๋ง์นจ๋ด ๋์ค๋ค์ ์ฌ๋ก์ก๋๋ฐ์ ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋ค.
N'รฉcoute pas les idoles, Laisse tomber les filles๊ฐ์ ๋
ธ๋๋ฅผ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํํ ํ๋์ค ๊ฐ์ ์ดํ ๋ง๋ฅดํฐํฐ์์ ์ง๋ฒ ๋ฅด ์นด๋ฅดํฝํฐ์๊ฐ ๊ถํ์ฌ ๊ฐฑ์ค๋ถ๋ฅด๊ฐ ์๊ณกํ ์ด ๊ณก ์ค ์ ํ๋ Poupรฉe de cire, poupรฉe de son๋ผ๋ ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณก์ผ๋ก 1965๋
3์ 20์ผ ์ ๋ก๋น์ ์ฝฉ์ฟ ๋ฅด ๋์์ ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๋์์ ๋ฐ์ ์ด ์น์ก์ ํ๋์ค ๊ฐ์๊ฒ ์ผ๋ณธ์์๊น์ง ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ช
์ฑ์ ๋จ์น๊ฒ ํด์ฃผ์๋ค. ๊ฐฑ์ค๋ถ๋ฅด๋ 1966๋
ํ๋์ค ๊ฐ์๊ฒ ๋ ํ๋ฒ Baby Pop๊ณผ Les Sucettes๋ผ๋ ๊ณก๋ค์ ์จ์ค๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 1966๋
4์ ํ๋์ค ์์ ์คํ(ํ๋์ค ๊ฐ ํฌํจ)๋ค์ด ๋ชจ์ธ <์ธ๊ธฐ์ ์ฌ์ง>์์๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
๊ฐฑ์ค๋ถ๋ฅด์ ๋
ธ๋๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ฅธ ์ฌ๊ฐ์
์ธ๋ฅด์ฃผ ๊ฐฑ์ค๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ๋ง์ ์ฌ๊ฐ์๋ค์๊ฒ ์๊ณก์ ํด์ฃผ์๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค์๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ์๋ค.
๋
ธ๋์ ๊ธฐํ ์์
์ํ
69 annรฉe รฉrotique
Anna, comรฉdie musicale
Je t'aimeโฆ moi non plus
Laisse tomber les filles
N'รฉcoute pas les idoles
Aux armes et cรฆtera
Pauvre Lola
Pourquoi un pyjama ?
Chanson de Prรฉvert
Comic Strip
์๋ฐ
๊ฐ์ฃผ
1928๋
์ถ์
1991๋
์ฌ๋ง
ํ๋์ค์ ์์ธ
ํ๋์ค์ ๋จ์ ๊ฐ์
ํ๋์ค์ ์ฑ์ด์ก๋ผ์ดํฐ
ํ๋์ค์ ํ ๊ฐ์
ํ๋์ค์ ์ฌ์ฆ ๊ฐ์
ํ๋์ค์ ํผ์๋
ธ ์ฐ์ฃผ์
ํ๋์ค์ ์ํ ๊ฐ๋
ํ๋ฆฌ ์ถ์ ์๊ฐ
ํ ํผ์๋
ธ ์ฐ์ฃผ์
ํ๋ฆฌ ์ถ์ ์์
๊ฐ
์ ๋๊ณ ํ๋์ค์ธ
ํ๋์ค์ ์๋ฅ์ด
์ ๋์ธ ๊ฐ์
ํ๋์ค์ ํ๋ชจ๋์นด ์ฐ์ฃผ์
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ผ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge%20Gainsbourg | Serge Gainsbourg | Serge Gainsbourg (; born Lucien Ginsburg; 2 April 1928ย โ 2 March 1991) was a French singer-songwriter, actor, composer, and director. Regarded as one of the most important figures in French pop, he was renowned for often provocative releases which caused uproar in France, dividing public opinion. His artistic output ranged from his early work in jazz, chanson, and yรฉ-yรฉ to later efforts in rock, zouk, funk, reggae, and electronica. Gainsbourg's varied musical style and individuality make him difficult to categorise, although his legacy has been firmly established and he is often regarded as one of the world's most influential popular musicians.
His lyrical works incorporated wordplay, with humorous, bizarre, provocative, sexual, satirical or subversive overtones. Gainsbourg wrote over 550 songs, which have been covered more than 1,000 times by diverse artists.
Since his death from a second heart attack in 1991, Gainsbourg's music has reached legendary stature in France. While controversial in his lifetime, he has become one of France's best-loved public figures. He has also gained a cult following all over the world with chart success in the United Kingdom and Belgium with "" and "Bonnie and Clyde", respectively.
Biography
1928โ1956: Early years
Lucien Ginsburg was born in Paris on 2 April 1928. He was the son of Jewish emigrants of Turkish, Russian and Ukrainian origin, Joseph and Olga Ginsburg, who fled to Paris via Istanbul after the 1917 Russian Revolution. Joseph Ginsburg was a classically trained musician whose profession was playing the piano in cabarets and casinos; he taught his childrenโGainsbourg and his twin sister Lilianeโto play the piano. Gainsbourg's childhood was profoundly affected by the occupation of France by Germany during World War II. The identifying yellow star that Jews were required to wear haunted Gainsbourg; in later years he was able to transmute this memory into creative inspiration. During the occupation, the Jewish Ginsburg family was able to make their way from Paris to Limoges, travelling under false papers. Limoges was in the Zone libre under the administration of the collaborationist Vichy government and still a perilous refuge for Jews, and it became even more dangerous after Germany occupied it in 1942. Gainsbourg attended the Lycรฉe Condorcet high school in Paris but dropped out before completing his Baccalaurรฉat.
In 1945, Gainsbourg's (Ginsburg's) father enrolled him into Beaux-Arts de Paris, a prestigious art school, before he switched to the Acadรฉmie de Montmartre, where his professors included the likes of Andrรฉ Lhote and Fernand Lรฉger. There, Gainsbourg would meet his first wife Elisabeth "Lize" Levitsky, daughter of Russian aristocrats who was also a part-time model. They married on 3 November 1951 and were divorced by 1957. In 1948, he was conscripted by the military for twelve months of service in Courbevoie. He never saw action and spent the time playing dirty songs on his guitar, visiting prostitutes and drinking, later admitting that the service made him an alcoholic. Gainsbourg obtained work teaching music and drawing in a school outside of Paris, in Le Mesnil-le-Roi. The school was set up under the auspices of local rabbis, for the orphaned children of murdered deportees. Here, Gainsbourg heard the accounts of Nazi persecution and genocide, stories that resonated for Gainsbourg far into the future.
1957โ1963: Early work as a pianist and chanson singer
Gainsbourg was disillusioned as a painter, as he lacked talent. He was able to earn a living working odd jobs and as a piano player in bars, usually as a stand-in for his father. He soon became the venue pianist at the drag cabaret club Madame Arthur. Whilst filling in a form to join the songwriting society SACEM, Gainsbourg decided to change his first name to Serge, feeling that this was representative of his Jewish background and because, as his future partner Jane Birkin relates: "Lucien reminded him of a hairdresser's assistant". He chose Gainsbourg as his last name, in homage to the English painter Thomas Gainsborough, whom he admired. Gainsbourg had a revelation when he saw Boris Vian at the Milord l'Arsouille club, whose provocative and humorous songs would influence his own compositions. At the Milord l'Arsouille, Gainsbourg accompanied singer and club star Michรจle Arnaud on the guitar. In 1957, Arnaud and the club's director Francis Claude discovered, with amazement, the compositions of Gainsbourg while visiting his house to see his paintings. The next day, Claude pushed Gainsbourg on stage. Despite suffering from stage fright, he performed his own repertoire, including "Le Poinรงonneur des Lilas", which describes the day in the life of a Paris Mรฉtro ticket man, whose job is to stamp holes in passengers' tickets. Gainsbourg describes this chore as so monotonous, that the man eventually thinks of putting a hole into his own head and being buried in another hole. He was given his own show by Claude and was eventually spotted by Jacques Canetti, who helped propel his career with a spot at the Thรฉรขtre des Trois Baudets and on his tours. In 1958, Arnaud began recording several interpretations of Gainsbourg's songs.
His debut album, Du chant ร la une !... (1958), was recorded in the summer of 1958, backed by arranger Alain Goraguer and his orchestra, beginning a fruitful collaboration. It was released in September, becoming a commercial and critical failure, despite winning the grand prize at L'Academie Charles Cross and the praise of Boris Vian, who compared him to Cole Porter. His next album, Nยฐ 2 (1959), suffered a similar fate. He made his film debut in 1959 with a supporting role in the French-Italian co-production Come Dance with Me, starring his future lover Brigitte Bardot. In the following year, he featured as a Roman officer in the Italian sword-and-sandals epic-film The Revolt of the Slaves. He would continue playing "nasty characters" in similar productions, including Samson (1961) and The Fury of Hercules (1962). Gainsbourg's first commercial success came in 1960 with his single "L'Eau ร la bouche", the title song from the film of the same name, for which he had composed the score. L'รtonnant Serge Gainsbourg (1961), his third LP, included what would become one of his best known songs from this period, "La Chanson de Prรฉvert", which lifted lyrics from the Jacques Prรฉvert poem "Les feuilles mortes". After a night of drinking champagne and dancing with singer Juliette Grรฉco, Gainsbourg went home and wrote "La Javanaise" for her. They would both release versions of the song in 1962, but it is Gainsbourg's rendition that has endured. His fourth album, Serge Gainsbourg Nยฐ 4 was released in 1962, incorporating Latin and rock and roll influences whilst his next, Gainsbourg Confidentiel (1963), featured a more minimalistic jazz approach, accompanied only by a double bass and electric guitar.
1963โ1966: Eurovision and involvement in the yรฉ-yรฉ movement
Despite initially mocking yรฉ-yรฉ, a style of French pop typically sung by young female singers, Gainsbourg would soon become one of its most important figures after writing a string of hits for artists like Brigitte Bardot, Petula Clark and France Gall. He had met Gall after being introduced by a friend as they were Philips Records labelmates, thus beginning a successful collaboration that would produce hits like "N'รฉcoute pas les idoles", the frequently covered "Laisse tomber les filles", and "Poupรฉe de cire, poupรฉe de son", the latter of which was the Luxembourgian winning entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 1965. Inspired by the 4th movement (Prestissimo in F minor) from Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 1, the song featured double entendres and wordplay, a staple of Gainsbourg's lyrics. The controversially risquรฉ "Les sucettes" ("Lollipops"), featured references to oral sex, unbeknownst to the 18-year-old Gall, who thought the song was about lollipops. Gall later expressed displeasure at Gainsbourg's antics, stating she felt "betrayed by the adults around me" in 2001.
Gainsbourg married a second time on 7 January 1964, to Franรงoise-Antoinette "Bรฉatrice" Pancrazzi, with whom he had two children: a daughter named Natacha (b. 8 August 1964) and a son, Paul (born in spring 1968). He divorced Bรฉatrice in February 1966.
His next album, Gainsbourg Percussions (1964), was inspired by the rhythms and melodies of African musicians Miriam Makeba and Babatunde Olatunji. Olatunji later sued Gainsbourg for lifting three tracks from his 1960 album Drums of Passion. Nevertheless, the album has been hailed as being ahead of its time for its incorporation of world music and lyrical content depicting interracial love. Between 1965 and 1966, Gainsbourg composed the music and sang the words of science fiction writer Andrรฉ Ruellan for several songs made for a series of animated Marie-Mathematics shorts created by Jean-Claude Forest. He would reunite with Michรจle Arnaud for the duet "Les Papillons noirs" from her 1966 comeback record.
1967โ1970: Famous muses and duets
In 1967, Gainsbourg wrote the script and provided the soundtrack for the musical comedy television film Anna starring Anna Karina in the titular role. Another Gainsbourg song, "Boum-Badaboum" by Minouche Barelli, was entered by Monaco in the Eurovision Song Contest 1967, coming in fifth place. In that year, Gainsbourg would have a brief but ardent love affair with Brigitte Bardot. One day she asked him to write the most beautiful love song he could imagine and, that night, he wrote the duets "" and "Bonnie and Clyde" for her. The erotic yet cynical "Je t'aime", describing the hopelessness of physical love, was recorded by the pair in a small glass booth in Paris but after Bardot's husband, German businessman Gunter Sachs, became aware of the recording, he demanded it be withdrawn. Bardot pleaded with Gainsbourg not to release it, and he complied.
Bardot's LP Brigitte Bardot Show 67 contained four songs penned by Gainsbourg, including duets such as the playful "Comic Strip" and the string-laden "Bonnie and Clyde", which tells the story of the American criminal couple and was based on a poem written by Bonnie Parker herself. His own Initials B.B. (1968) included these duets and was his first album in nearly four years. It blended orchestral pop with the style of rock characteristic of London in the Swinging Sixties, where the album was largely recorded. Gainsbourg borrowed heavily from Antonรญn Dvoลรกk's New World Symphony for the title track, named after and dedicated to Bardot. Phillips subsidiary Fontana Records also issued the compilation LP Bonnie and Clyde (1968) comprising their duets and other previously recorded material.
His percussion-heavy 1968 single "Requiem pour un con" was performed onscreen by Gainsbourg in the crime film Le Pacha, for which he was the composer. Shortly after being left by Bardot, Gainsbourg was asked by Franรงoise Hardy to write a French version of the song "It Hurts to Say Goodbye". The result was "Comment te dire adieu", which is notable for its uncommon rhymes and has become one of Hardy's signature songs.
In mid-1968 Gainsbourg started a relationship with English singer and actress Jane Birkin, 18 years his junior, whom he met when she was cast as his co-star in Slogan (1969). In the film, Gainsbourg starred as a commercial director who has an affair behind the back of his pregnant wife with a younger woman, played by Birkin. Gainsbourg also provided the soundtrack and dueted with Birkin on the title theme "La Chanson de Slogan". The relationship would last for over a decade. In July 1971 they had a daughter, Charlotte, who would become an actress and singer. Although many sources state that they were married, according to Charlotte this was not the case. After filming Slogan, Gainsbourg asked Birkin to re-record "Je t'aime..." with him. Her vocals were an octave higher than Bardot's, contained suggestive heavy breathing and culminated in simulated orgasm sounds. Released in February 1969, the song topped the UK Singles Chart after being temporarily banned due to its overtly sexual content. It was banned from the radio in several other countries, including Spain, Sweden, Italy and France before 11pm. The song was even publicly denounced by The Vatican. It was included on the joint album Jane Birkin/Serge Gainsbourg, which also contained "รlisa" and new recordings of songs written for other artists including "Les sucettes", "L'anamour" and "Sous le soleil exactement". In 2017, Pitchfork named it the 44th best album of the 1960s. He and Birkin would share the screen in another Gainsbourg-scored film, Cannabis (1970), in which he played an American gangster who falls in love with a girl from a wealthy family.
1971โ1977: Concept albums
Following the success of "Je t'aime... moi non plus", his record company had expected Gainsbourg to produce another hit. But after having already made a fortune, he was uninterested, deciding to "move onto something serious". The result was his 1971 concept album Histoire de Melody Nelson, which tells the story of an illicit relationship between the narrator and the teenage Melody Nelson after running her over in his Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost. The album heavily features Gainsbourg's distinctive half-spoken, half-sung vocal delivery, loose drums, guitar, and bass evoking funk music, and lush string and choral arrangements by Jean-Claude Vannier. Despite only selling around 15,000 copies upon release, it has become highly influential and is often considered his magnum opus. An accompanying television special starring Gainsbourg and Birkin was also broadcast.
He suffered a heart attack in May 1973, but refused to cut back on his smoking and drinking. Gainsbourg's next record Vu de l'extรฉrieur (1973) was not strictly a concept album like its predecessor and follow-ups, despite its focus on scatology throughout. It largely failed to connect with critics and listeners. In that year, Gainsbourg also wrote all of the tracks on Birkin's debut solo album Di doo dah and he would continue to write for her until his death. In 1975, Gainsbourg released the darkly comic album Rock Around the Bunker, performed in an upbeat 1950s rock and roll style and written on the subject of Nazi Germany and the Second World War, drawing from his experiences as a Jewish child in occupied France. The next year saw the release of yet another concept album, L'Homme ร tรชte de chou (The Cabbage Head Man), a nickname used by Gainsbourg himself in reference to his large ears. It included his first foray into the Jamaican genre reggae, a style that Gainsbourg would record his next two albums in.
In 1976, Gainsbourg also made his directorial debut with Je t'aime moi non plus, an offbeat drama named after his song of the same name. It starred Birkin in the lead role, with American actor Joe Dallesandro playing the gay man she falls in love with. The film received positive critical notices from the French press and acclaimed director Franรงois Truffaut. Having previously turned down the offer to score the popular softcore pornography film Emmanuelle (1974), he agreed to do so for one of its sequels Goodbye Emmanuelle in 1977.
1978โ1981: Reggae period
In 1978, Gainsbourg dropped plans to record another concept album and contacted several Jamaican musicians including rhythm section players Sly and Robbie with the intention of recording a reggae album. He set off for Kingston, Jamaica in September to begin recording Aux armes et cรฆtera (1979) with the likes of Sly and Robbie and the female backing singers The I-Threes of Bob Marley and the Wailers; thus making him the first white musician to record such an album in Jamaica. The album was immensely popular, achieving platinum status for selling over one million copies. But it was not without controversy, as the title trackโa reggae version of the French national anthem "La Marseillaise"โreceived harsh criticism in the newspaper Le Figaro from Michel Droit, who condemned the song and opined that it may cause a rise in antisemitism. Gainsbourg also received death threats from right-wing veteran soldiers of the Algerian War of Independence, who were opposed to their national anthem being arranged in reggae style. In 1979, a show had to be cancelled, because an angry mob of French Army parachutists came to demonstrate in the audience. Alone onstage, Gainsbourg raised his fist and answered: "The true meaning of our national anthem is revolutionary" and sang it a capella with the audience.
Birkin left Gainsbourg in 1980, but the two remained close, with Gainsbourg becoming the godfather of Birkin and Jacques Doillon's daughter Lou and writing her next three albums. His first live album Enregistrement public au Thรฉรขtre Le Palace (1980), exhibited his reggae-influenced style at the time. Also in 1980, Gainsbourg dueted with actress Catherine Deneuve on the hit song "Dieu fumeur de havanes" from the film Je vous aime and published a novella entitled Evguรฉnie Sokolov, the tale of an avant-garde painter who exploits his flatulence by creating a style known as "gasograms". His final reggae recording, Mauvaises nouvelles des รฉtoiles (1981), was recorded at Compass Point Studios in The Bahamas with the same personnel as its predecessor. Bob Marley, husband to The I Threes singer Rita Marley, was reportedly furious when he discovered that Gainsbourg had made his wife Rita sing erotic lyrics. New posthumous dub mixes of Aux armes et cรฆtera and Mauvaises Nouvelles des รtoiles were released in 2003. During this period, Gainsbourg also had success writing material for other artists, mostly notably "Manureva" for Alain Chamfort, a tribute to French sailor Alain Colas and the titular trimaran he disappeared at sea with.
1982โ1991: Final years and death
In 1982, Gainsbourg contributed his songwriting to French rockstar Alain Bashung's album Play blessures, which was a left turn creatively for Bashung and is often considered a cult classic despite negative contemporary reviews. His second film as a director, รquateur (1983), was adapted from the 1933 novel Tropic Moon by Belgian writer Georges Simenon and is set in colonialist French Equatorial Africa.
Love on the Beat (1984) saw Gainsbourg move on from reggae and onto a more electronic, new wave inspired sound. The album is known for addressing taboo sexual subject matters, with Gainsbourg dressed in drag on the cover and the highly controversial duet with his daughter Charlotte, "Lemon Incest", which seemed to clearly refer to his fantasy of wanting to make love to his child. The music video for the song featured a half-naked Gainsbourg lying on a bed with Charlotte, leading to further controversy. Nevertheless, it was Gainsbourg's highest-charting song in France. In March 1984, he illegally burned three-quarters of a 500-French-franc bill on television to protest against taxes rising up to 74% of income. In April 1986, on Michel Drucker's live Saturday evening television show Champs-รlysรฉes, with the American singer Whitney Houston, he objected to Drucker's translating his comments to Houston and, in English, stated: "I said, I want to fuck her"โDrucker, utterly embarrassed, insisted that this meant "He says you are great..." That same year, in another talk show interview, he appeared alongside Les Rita Mitsouko singer Catherine Ringer. Gainsbourg spat out at her, "You're nothing but a filthy whore" to which Ringer replied, "look at you, you're just a bitter old alcoholic...you've become a disgusting old parasite."
Gainsbourg's final partner until his death was the model Caroline Paulus, better known by her stage name Bambou. They had a son, Lucien (b. 5 January 1986), who now goes by the name Lulu and is a musician. His 1986 film Charlotte for Ever further expanded on the themes found in "Lemon Incest". He starred in the film alongside Charlotte as a widowed, alcoholic father living with his daughter. An album of the same name by Charlotte was also written by Gainsbourg.
His sixteenth and final studio album, You're Under Arrest (1987), largely retained the funky new wave sound of Love on the Beat, but also introduced hip hop elements. A return to concept albums for Gainsbourg, it tells the story of an unnamed narrator and his drug-addicted girlfriend in New York City. The album's anti-drug message was exemplified by the single "Aux enfants de la chance".
In December 1988, while a judge at a film festival in Val d'Isรจre, he was extremely intoxicated at a local theatre where he was to do a presentation. While on stage he began to tell an obscene story about Brigitte Bardot and a champagne bottle, only to stagger offstage and collapse in a nearby seat. Subsequent years saw his health deteriorate, undergoing liver surgery in April 1989. In his ill health, he retired to a private apartment in Vรฉzelay in July 1990, where he would spend six months. He continued to write for other artists, including the lyrics to "White and Black Blues" by Joรซlle Ursull, the French entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1990, coming in second place. He similarly wrote all of the lyrics for popular singer Vanessa Paradis's album Variations sur le mรชme t'aime (1990), declaring "Paradis is hell" after its release. His final film, Stan the Flasher, starred Claude Berri as an English teacher who engages in exhibitionism. Gainsbourg's last album of original material was Birkin's Amours des feintes in 1990.
Gainsbourg, who smoked five packs of unfiltered Gitanes cigarettes a day, died from a heart attack at his home on 2 March 1991, aged 62. He was buried in the Jewish section of the Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris. French President Franรงois Mitterrand paid tribute by saying, "He was our Baudelaire, our Apollinaireย ... He elevated the song to the level of art."
Legacy and influence
Since his death, Gainsbourg's music has reached legendary stature in France. In his native country, artists like the bands Air, Stereolab and BB Brunes (who named themselves after Gainsbourg's song "Initials B.B."), singers Benjamin Biolay, Vincent Delerm, Thomas Fersen and Arthur H have cited him as an influence. He has also gained a following in the English-speaking world from artists like Jarvis Cocker of Pulp, Beck, Michael Stipe of R.E.M., Alex Turner of Arctic Monkeys, Portishead, Massive Attack, Mike Patton of Faith No More and Neil Hannon of The Divine Comedy. Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds guitarist Mick Harvey has recorded four cover albums sung in English and he is referenced by name in the song "Aloo Gobi" by American rock band Weezer. Gainsbourg's music has been sampled by several hip hop artists, including songs by Nas, Wu-Tang Clan, Busta Rhymes and MC Solaar.
The Parisian house in which Gainsbourg lived from 1969 until 1991, at 5 bis Rue de Verneuil, remains a celebrated shrine, with his ashtrays and collections of various items, such as police badges and bullets, intact. The outside of the house is covered in graffiti dedicated to Gainsbourg, as well as with photographs of significant figures in his life, including Bardot and Birkin. In 2008, Paris' Citรฉ de la Musique held the Gainsbourg 2008 exhibition, curated by sound artist Frรฉdรฉric Sanchez.
Gainsbourg has been described as an unlikely sex symbol and fashion icon, noted for his sharp suits, white Repetto shoes, double-denim, green United States Army shirts and pinstripe jackets.
Comic artist Joann Sfar wrote and directed the biographical film of his life Gainsbourg (Vie hรฉroรฏque) (2010). Gainsbourg is portrayed by Eric Elmosnino as an adult and Kacey Mottet Klein as a child. The film won three Cรฉsar Awards, including Best Actor for Elmosnino, and was nominated for an additional eight.
Discography
Studio albums
Du chant ร la une !... (1958)
Nยฐ 2 (1959)
L'รtonnant Serge Gainsbourg (1961)
Serge Gainsbourg Nยฐ 4 (1962)
Gainsbourg Confidentiel (1964)
Gainsbourg Percussions (1964)
Initials B.B. (1968)
Jane Birkin/Serge Gainsbourg (1969)
Histoire de Melody Nelson (1971)
Vu de l'extรฉrieur (1973)
Rock Around the Bunker (1975)
L'Homme ร tรชte de chou (1976)
Aux armes et cรฆtera (1979)
Mauvaises nouvelles des รฉtoiles (1981)
Love on the Beat (1984)
You're Under Arrest (1987)
Notes and references
Notes
References
Sources
External links
Serge Gainsbourg official site (archived)
1928 births
1991 deaths
20th-century accordionists
20th-century bass guitarists
20th-century French male actors
20th-century French male pianists
Alumni of the Acadรฉmie de la Grande Chaumiรจre
Birkin family
Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery
Cabaret singers
Controversies in France
Television controversies in France
Eurovision Song Contest winners
French accordionists
French contemporary artists
French disco singers
French film directors
French jazz singers
French Jews
French-language film directors
French male jazz musicians
French multi-instrumentalists
French people of Russian-Jewish descent
French poets
French pop guitarists
French male guitarists
French pop singers
French reggae musicians
French rock singers
French male singer-songwriters
French singer-songwriters
Jewish French male actors
Jewish poets
Jewish singers
Jewish songwriters
Male actors from Paris
Philips Records artists
Mercury Records artists
Musicians from Paris
Lycรฉe Condorcet alumni
Pop pianists
French twins
Universal Records artists
20th-century French male singers |
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์ด๋ ๋
ธ์๋ค์ ๋ฐ๋์ด ๋ฐ์ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ๋๋นํ์ฌ ์ฃผ ๋ฏผ๋ณ๋๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฉํ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ดํ๋ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ ๊ฑด์คํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ทธ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ณ ๋ค ์ค ํ๋๊ฐ ๋ ์ฑํด์ ์์นํด ์์๋๋ฐ, ๋ ์ฑํด์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ๋งจ๋ ์ ์ ์ทจํด ํํจ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋ค์ ๋ถ์พํดํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ 1826๋
, ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์งํค๋ ํ ๊ฒฝ๋น์์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ๋น์์ ๋๋ ค ์ฃฝ์์ ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒ ํ๋ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋์ฑ ์์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ง์ผ์ผ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ์๊ฐ์ ํ ๋ง์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์๋ก์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ชจ์ํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ํ 1834๋
์ง์ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ํ์์ธ ํ๋ญํด๋ฆฐ ์์ฌ์ด์ดํฐ์์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ด ๋์๋ค. ๋ ์ฑํด์ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ณ ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ์จ์คํธํฌ์ธํธ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ตฐ์ฌํ๊ต๋ฅผ ์ธ์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋๊ฐ? ์ด ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ํ์์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ๋ชจ๋๊ฐ ๋ง์ฅ์ผ์น๋ก ์ฐฌ์ฑํ์๋ค. ๊ตฐ์ฌํ๊ต๊ฐ ์ค๋ฆฝ๋๋ฉด ํ๊ต์ ์กธ์
์๋ค์ด ์ฅ์ฐจ ์ฃผ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๊ณ , ํ์ํ๋ค๋ฉด ์ฃผ์ ๋ฏผ๋ณ๋ ์ฅ๊ต๋ก์ ํ์ฝํด ์ค ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ํนํ ๋ ์ฑํด์ ๋ณํธ์ฌ์ธ ์กด ํ ๋ง์ค๋ผ๋ ์ฌ๋์ด ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ์ง์ง์์๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์งํค๋ ๊ฒฝ๋น์๋ค์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ ๊ต์ก์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ตฐ์ํ์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ ์๋๋ค๋ก ๋์ฒดํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ข๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ์๋ค. ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ์น ๋ํ์ ์๋ด ํํธ๋ฆฌ์ง ๋ฑ ๋ง์ ์ ๋ช
์ธ์ฌ๋ค์ ๊ณต๊ฐ ์์ ์ ํฌํจํ ์บ ํ์ธ์ด ์งํ๋ ์ดํ 1836๋
, ๋ฒ์ง๋์์ฃผ ์ํ๋ ๋ ์ฑํด์ ์๋ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ณ ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ๊ตฐ์ฌํ๊ต๋ฅผ ์ค๋ฆฝํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์น์ธํ๋ ๋ฒ์์ ํต๊ณผ์์ผฐ๋ค. ์ด๋ก์จ VMI๊ฐ ์ค๋ฆฝ๋์๋ค.
๋จ๋ถ ์ ์
VMI์ ์๋๋ค๊ณผ ์กธ์
์๋ค์ ๋จ๋ถ์ ์์์ ์ค์ํ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ค. VMI์ ์๋๋ค ์ค ๋ค์๊ฐ ์คํค์ ์ญ์จ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ด ์งํํ๋ ๋ณ์ฌ๋ค์ ํ๋ จ์ํค๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฆฌ์น๋จผ๋์ ์๋ ์บ ํ ๋ฆฌ๋ก ํ๊ฒฌ๋์๊ณ , ์กธ์
์๋ค์ ๋จ๋ถ๊ตฐ์ ์ต๊ณ ์ ์ฅ๊ต๋ค๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ ธ ๋ถ๋ถ๊ตฐ์์๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ํ๋ฅญํจ์ ์ ์ ๋์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. 15๋ช
์ ์กธ์
์๋ค์ด ๋จ๋ถ๊ตฐ์์ 1๋ช
์ ์กธ์
์์ ๋ถ๋ถ๊ตฐ์์ ๋์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ง๊ธํ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ญ์จ์ ์ฑ์ฌ๋ฌ๋น ์ ํฌ์์ ์ค๋๋ ๊น์ง ์ ๋ช
ํ ์ธก๋ฉด ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์์ ์ ์คํํ๊ธฐ ์ , ๊ทธ์ ํํ์ ์๋ ์ฌ๋จ์ฅ๋ค๊ณผ ์ฌ๋จ์ฅ๋ค ์ค VMI ์ถ์ ๋ค์ด ๋ง์ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด๊ณ "์ด ํ๊ต์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ง์ด ๋ค๋ฆฌ๊ฒ "๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ์ญ์จ์ด ์งํํ๋ 4๋ช
์ ์ฌ๋จ์ฅ ์ค์์ ๋ฌด๋ ค 3๋ช
์ด VMI ์ถ์ ์ด์๋ค.
์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ๋์
VMI๋ ์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ๋์ ์์๋ ๋ง์ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ์ฌ๋ น๊ด์ ๋ฐฐ์ถํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค ์ค ๊ฐ์ฅ ํต์ฌ์ ์ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ ์ต๊ณ ์ฌ๋ น๊ด์ด์๋ ์กฐ์ง ๋ง์
์ฅ๊ตฐ์ด ์๋ค. ๋ง์
์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์ก๊ตฐ ์ต์ด์ 5์ฑ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ด์ ๋
ธ๋ฒจ ํํ์์ ์์ํ ์ ์ผํ ๊ตฐ ์ฅ๊ต์ด๋ค. ์์คํด ์ฒ์น ์ ๋ง์
์ฅ๊ตฐ์ "์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฑด์ถ๊ฐ"์ด์ "๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ณ ๊ทํ ๋ก๋ง์ธ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ ๋ค.
๋ฏธ2๊ตฐ์ฌ๋ น๊ด, ๋ฏธ15๊ตฐ์ฌ๋ น๊ด, ๋จ์ํํ์ ์ฐํฉ๊ตฐ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์ฌ๋ น๊ด, ์ก๊ตฐ๊ณผ ํด๋ณ๋์ ๋ค์ํ ๊ตฐ๋จ์ฅ๋ค๊ณผ ์ฌ๋จ์ฅ๋ค๋ VMI๋ฅผ ์กธ์
ํ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋ค์ด์๋ค. "๋์์ ๋กฌ๋ฉ"๋ก ์๋ ค์ง ์ค๊ตญ์ ์จ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฅ๊ตฐ๋ VMI๋ฅผ ์กธ์
ํ๋ค.
์ ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ค 1943๋
๋ถํฐ 1946๋
๊น์ง VMI๋ ๋ฏธ ์ก๊ตฐ ํน์ ํ๋ จ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ(ASTP)์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ์๋ค. ASTP๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ ์ญ์ ๋ํ์์ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋ค์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ๊ณตํ ๋ฐ ๊ด๋ จ ํ๋ฌธ์ ๊ต์กํ๋ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ด์๋๋ฐ, ์ ์ ๋์ ๋ฌด๋ ค 2,100๋ช
์ด ๋๋ ASTPํ์๋ค์ด VMI์์ ๊ณต๋ถ๋ฅผ ํ๋ค.
์ฌ์๋ ์
ํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋ถ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์ฐจ๋ณํ๋ค๋ ์์ก์ ์ฝ 7๋
๊ฐ ์ ๊ธฐํ ์ดํ์ธ 1995๋
, VMI์๋ ์ฒซ ์ฌ์๋๊ฐ ์
ํํ์๋ค. ๋น๋ก ๊ทธ ์ฌ์๋๋ ๊ณง ์ํดํ์์ผ๋ 1997๋
30๋ช
์ ์ฌ์๋๊ฐ ์
ํํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋จ๋
๊ณตํ๊ธฐ๊ด์ผ๋ก์์ VMI์ ์๋ก์ด ์์์ ๊ตณํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
์ญ๋ ํ๊ต์ฅ
1839๋
๋ถํฐ ํ์ฌ์ ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊น์ง, VMI๋ 15๋ช
์ ํ๊ต์ฅ์ด ์ญ์ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค ์ค 12๋ช
์ด VMI์ ์กธ์
์์ด๋ค. Francis H. Smith๊ฐ ์ด๋ ํ๊ต์ฅ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค๋ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ญ์ํ ํ๊ต์ฅ์ด๋ค.
Francis H. Smith (1839โ1889), United States Military Academy West Point Class of 1833
Scott Shipp '59 (1890โ1907), wounded leading VMI cadets into The Battle of New Market
Edward W. Nichols '78 (1907โ1924)
William H. Cocke '94 (1924โ1929)
John A. Lejeune (1929โ1937), United States Naval Academy Class of 1888, 13th Commandant of the Marine Corps
Charles E. Kilbourne '94 (1937โ1946), Medal of Honor recipient and first American to earn the United States' three highest military decorations.
Richard J. Marshall '15 (1946โ1952)
William H. Milton, Jr. '20 (1952โ1960)
George R. E. Shell '31 (1960โ1971)
Richard L. Irby '39 (1971โ1981)
Sam S. Walker (1981โ1988), matriculated at VMI transferred to United States Military Academy West Point Class of 1946
John W. Knapp '54 (1989โ1995)
Josiah Bunting III '63 (1995โ2002)
J. H. Binford Peay III '62 (2003โ2020)
Cedric T. Wins '85 (2021โpresent)
์บ ํผ์ค
VMI์ ์บ ํผ์ค ๋ฉด์ ์ 134์์ด์ปค(์ฝ 550km)๋ก ์ฌ์๋ ๋ฉด์ ์ 190๋ฐฐ์ ๋ฌํ๋ ์์ค์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ค 12์์ด์ปค ์ ๋๋ VMI์ ์ญ์ฌ ์ง๊ตฌ๋ก ์ง์ ๋์ด ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ๋ํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ญ์ฌ ๋๋๋งํฌ๋ก ์ง์ ๋์ด ์๋ค. ์บ ํผ์ค๋ ์ ํต์ ์ผ๋ก "ํฌ์คํธ"๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฐ๋ค. ๋ชจ๋ ์๋๋ "๋ฐฐ๋ญ"์ด๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ 5์ธต์ง๋ฆฌ ํฐ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์์ ์ํํ๋ค. VMI๊ฐ ์ค๋ฆฝ๋๊ธฐ ์ด์ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ณ ๊ฐ ์๋ ์๋ฆฌ์๋ ์ ์ํ๊ด์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์ด๋ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ์๋ฆฌ์ก๊ณ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์ญ์ฌ ๋๋๋งํฌ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ก ์ง์ ๋์๋ค. ์ ์ํ๊ด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ๋ํ ๋จ๋ถ ์ ์ ์ค ๋ถ๋ถ๊ตฐ์ด VMI๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ๋ 1864๋
6์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ ํผํด๋ฅผ ์
์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
์๋ก์ด ์ํ๊ด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ 1949๋
์์ผ ์๊ณต๋์๊ณ , ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ํ๊ด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ์๊ณต๋ 2009๋
๋ด์ ์๋๋ค์ด ๊ณต์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ์๋ค. ์ํ๊ด์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ 5๊ฐ์ ์ถ์
๊ตฌ ์ค 4๊ฐ๋ ์กฐ์ง ์์ฑํด, ์ญ์จ ํ ๋จธ์ค, ์กฐ์ง ๋ง์
, ์กฐ๋๋จ ๋ค๋์์ค์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
ํ์ ๊ต์ก
VMI๋ ๊ณตํ, ์ธ๋ฌธ, ๊ต์, ๊ณผํ์ผ๋ก ๋๋์ด์ง 14๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ์ ๊ณต๊ณผ 23๊ฐ์ ๋ถ์ ๊ณต์ด ์๋ค. ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์์
์ ์ ์ ๊ต์๊ฐ ๋ด๋นํ์ฌ ์งํ๋๋ฉฐ ๊ต์๋ค ์ค ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ข
๊ฐ์ฌ ํ์๋ฅผ ์์งํ๊ณ ์๋ค. VMI์ ์กธ์
์๋ค ์ค 97%๋ ์กธ์
ํ 4๊ฐ์ ์ด๋ด์ ๊ตฐ์์ ๋ณต๋ฌดํ๊ฑฐ๋, ์ง์ฅ์ ๋ค๋๊ฑฐ๋, ๋ํ์ ๋๋ ์ ๋ฌธ ํ๊ต์ ์
ํํ๋ค.
VMI์ ์๋๋ค
์๋น ์๋๋ค์ ๋์ด๋ 16์ธ~22์ธ์ฌ์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ฏธํผ์ด๋ฉด์ ๋ฒ์ ๋ถ์๊ฐ์กฑ์ด ์์ด์ผ ํ๋ฉฐ, ์ ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ตฐ๋จ(ROTC)์ ๋ฑ๋กํ๊ธฐ ์ ํฉํด์ผ ํ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต์ธ๋ ์ค๋ฑ๊ต์ก๊ณผ์ ์ปค๋ฆฌํ๋ผ์ ์ด์ํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ก 2022๋
์ ์
ํํ๋ ์๋น ์๋๋ค์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต GPA ์ฑ์ ์ ํ๊ท ์ 3.70์ด์๊ณ SAT ์ฑ์ ์ ํ๊ท ์ 1210์ ์ด์๋ค.
VMI๋ ๋ฒ์ง๋์๊ฐ ์๋ ์ง์ญ์์ ์จ ์๋๋ค์ ๋น์จ์ด 45%๊ฐ ๋์ผ๋ฉด ์๋๋ค๋ ๋ชฉํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ๋ฒ์ง๋์์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ์
ํ์ด ๋์ฑ ์ด๋ ค์ธ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ฃผ์์ ์ง์๋ฐ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ๊ต๋ค์ฒ๋ผ, ๋ฒ์ง๋์์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ํ๋น๋ฅผ ํ ์ธ๋ฐ๋๋ค. 2008-2009ํ๋
๋์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ํ ์ง์ญ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ๋ ์๋๋ค์ 34,000๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ํ๋น๋ฅผ ๋๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ๋ฒ์ง๋์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ 17,000๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ํ๋น๋ฅผ ๋๋ค.
์คํฌ์ธ ํ๋
VMI๋ NCAA ๋๋น์ I์ 14๊ฐ์ ํ์ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ข
๋ชฉ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ผ๊ตฌ, ๋๊ตฌ, ํฌ๋ก์ค์ปจํธ๋ฆฌ, ์ถ๊ตฌ, ๋ผํฌ๋ก์ค, ์์, ๋ค์ด๋น, ์ก์, ๋ ์ฌ๋ง ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค. VMI์ ํ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์๋๋ฅผ ๋ปํ๋ ๋จ์ด 'cadets'์ ๋จ๋ถ์ ์ฌ๋ญ์ธ 'Keydets'์ด๋ค. VMI๊ฐ NCAA ๋๋น์ I์ ๋ฑ๋กํ ์๋์ ์๋ ์ฅ๋ก๊ต ๋ํ์ ์ด์ด ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ์ ์ ์์ด๋ค. ์๋๋ค ์ค ์ฝ 3๋ถ์ 1์ด ์ ์ด๋ ํ๋ ์ด์์ ๋ํ๊ฐ ์คํฌ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ค.
ํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
VMI๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ด๋ค ROTC ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ๋ณด๋ค๋ ๋ง์ ์์ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ๋ฐฐ์ถํ์๋ค. ์๋์ ํ๋ VMI๋ฅผ ์กธ์
ํ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ 4์ฑ ์ฅ๊ตฐ๋ค์ด๋ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ก ์๋ ํ์๋ ์กฐ์ง ํจํผ, ์ ์์ปค ์ฅ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ํ๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์
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๋ฌผ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%20Military%20Institute | Virginia Military Institute | The Virginia Military Institute (VMI) is a public senior military college in Lexington, Virginia. It was founded in 1839 as America's first state military college and is the oldest public senior military college in the United States. In keeping with its founding principles and unlike any other senior military college in the United States, VMI enrolls cadets only and awards bachelor's degrees exclusively. The institute grants degrees in 14 disciplines in engineering, science, and the liberal arts.
While Abraham Lincoln first called VMI "The West Point of the South" because of its role during the American Civil War, the nickname has remained because VMI has produced more Army generals than any ROTC program in the United States. Despite the nickname, VMI differs from the federal military service academies in many regards. For example, as of 2019, VMI had a total enrollment of 1,722 cadets (as compared to 4,500 at the Academies) making it one of the smallest NCAA Division I schools in the United States. Additionally, today (as in the 1800s) all VMI cadets sleep on cots and live closely together in a more spartan and austere barracks environment than at the Service Academies.
All VMI cadets must participate in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) of the United States Armed Forces programs, but are afforded the flexibility of pursuing civilian endeavors or accepting an officer's commission in the active or reserve components of one of the six U.S. military branches upon graduation. Approximately 65% of VMI graduates enter the military upon graduation, making it one of the largest producers of officers for the United States Army and Marine Corps each year.
VMI's alumni include a secretary of state, secretary of defense, secretary of the Army, a Nobel Peace Prize winner, 7 Medal of Honor recipients, 13 Rhodes Scholars, Pulitzer Prize winners, an Academy Award winner, an Emmy Award and Golden Globe winner, a martyr recognized by the Episcopal Church, senators and representatives, governors, lieutenant governors, a Supreme Court justice, and the first American to earn the 3 highest awards in the United States Military.
Governance
The Board of Visitors is the supervisory board of the Virginia Military Institute. Although the Governor is ex officio the commander-in-chief of the institute, and no one may be declared a graduate without his signature, he delegates to the board the responsibility for developing the institute's policy. The board appoints the superintendent and approves appointment of members of the faculty and staff on the recommendation of the superintendent. The board may make bylaws and regulations for their own government and the management of the affairs of the institute, and while the institute is exempt from the Administrative Process Act in accordance with Va. Code (which exempts educational institutions operated by the Commonwealth), some of its regulations are codified at 8VAC 100. The Executive Committee conducts the business of the board during recesses.
The board has 17 members, including ex officio the adjutant general of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Regular members are appointed by the governor for a four-year term and may be reappointed once. Of the sixteen appointed members, twelve must be alumni of the institute, eight of whom must be residents of Virginia and four must be non-residents; and the remaining four members must be non-alumni Virginia residents. The Executive Committee consists of the board's president, three vice presidents, and one non-alumnus at large, and is appointed by the board at each annual meeting.
Under the militia bill (the Virginia Code of 1860) officers of the institute were recognized as part of the military establishment of the state, and the governor had authority to issue commissions to them in accordance with institute regulations. Current law makes provision for officers of the Virginia Militia to be subject to orders of the governor. The cadets are a military corps (the Corps of Cadets) under the command of the superintendent and under the administration of the Commandant of Cadets, and constitute the guard of the institute.
History
Early history
In the years after the War of 1812, the Commonwealth of Virginia built and maintained several arsenals to store weapons intended for use by the state militia in the event of invasion or slave revolt. One of them was placed in Lexington. Residents came to resent the presence of the soldiers, whom they saw as drunken and undisciplined. In 1826, one guard beat another to death. Townspeople wanted to keep the arsenal, but sought a new way of guarding it, so as to eliminate the "undesirable element." In 1834, the Franklin Society, a local literary and debate society, debated, "Would it be politic for the State to establish a military school, at the Arsenal, near Lexington, in connection with Washington College, on the plan of the West Point Academy?" They unanimously concluded that it would. Lexington attorney John Thomas Lewis Preston became the most active advocate of the proposal. In a series of three anonymous letters in the Lexington Gazette in 1835, he proposed replacing the arsenal guard with students living under military discipline, receiving some military education, as well as a liberal education. The school's graduates would contribute to the development of the state and, should the need arise, provide trained officers for the state's militia.
After a public relations campaign that included Preston meeting in person with influential business, military and political figures and many open letters from prominent supporters, in 1836 the Virginia legislature passed a bill authorizing creation of a school at the Lexington arsenal, and the Governor signed the measure into law.
The organizers of the planned school formed a board of visitors, which included Preston, and the board selected Claudius Crozet as their first president. Crozet had served as an engineer in Napoleon Bonaparte's army before immigrating to the United States. In America, he served as an engineering professor at West Point, as well as state engineer in Louisiana and mathematics professor at Jefferson College in Convent, Louisiana. Crozet was also the Chief Engineer of Virginia and someone whom Thomas Jefferson referred to as, "the smartest mathematician in the United States." The board delegated to Preston the task of deciding what to call the new school, and he created the name Virginia Military Institute.
Under Crozet's direction, the board of visitors crafted VMI's program of instruction, basing it off of those of the United States Military Academy and Crozet's alma mater the รcole Polytechnique of Paris. So, instead of the mix of military and liberal education imagined by Preston, the board created a military and engineering school offering the most thorough engineering curriculum in America, outside of West Point.
Preston was also tasked with hiring VMI's first Superintendent. He was persuaded that West Point graduate and former Army officer Francis Henney Smith, then professor of mathematics at HampdenโSydney College, was the most suitable candidate. Preston successfully recruited Smith, and convinced him to become the first Superintendent and Professor of Tactics.
After Smith agreed to accept the Superintendent's position, Preston applied to join the faculty, and was hired as Professor of Languages. Classes began in 1839, and the first cadet to march a sentinel post was Private John Strange. With few exceptions, there have been sentinels posted at VMI every hour of every day of the school year since November 11, 1839.
The Class of 1842 graduated 16 cadets. Living conditions were poor until 1850 when the cornerstone of the new barracks was laid. In 1851 Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson became a member of the faculty and professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy. Under Jackson, then a major, and Major William Gilham, VMI infantry and artillery units were present at the execution by hanging of John Brown at Charles Town, Virginia (now West Virginia) in 1859.
Founding of the Virginia Military Institute Museum
In a letter dated February 27, 1845, addressed to William S. Beale, VMI Class of 1843, Superintendent Francis H. Smith solicited items to create an Institute museum to inspire and educate cadets. Superintendent Smith accepted a donation of a Revolutionary War musket in 1856, thus establishing the first public museum in the Commonwealth of Virginia. On June 12, 1864, the museum was destroyed by General David Hunter, but reopened in 1870. For the first 75 years the museum was a "special collection" administered by the VMI library, a common model still in use by many colleges and universities. In the early 20th century, the collection was organized as a public resource and took the form of a modern museum. In 1970 the VMI Museum was recognized as its own department, and was professionally accredited by the American Alliance of Museums.
Today the VMI Museum System consists of the VMI Museum on the VMI Post, the Virginia Museum of the Civil War located at the 300-acre New Market Battlefield State Historical Park; and the Jackson House, interpreting the life of VMI Professor Thomas J. (later "Stonewall") Jackson and his household on the eve of Civil War.
Civil War period
VMI cadets and alumni played instrumental roles in the American Civil War. On 14 occasions, the Confederacy called cadets into active military engagements. VMI authorized battle streamers for each one of these engagements but chose to carry only one: the battle streamer for New Market. Many VMI Cadets were ordered to Camp Lee, at Richmond, to train recruits under General Stonewall Jackson. VMI alumni were regarded among the best officers of the South and several distinguished themselves in the Union forces as well. Fifteen graduates rose to the rank of general in the Confederate Army, and one rose to this rank in the Union Army. Just before his famous flank attack at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Jackson looked at his division and brigade commanders, noted the high number of VMI graduates and said, "The Institute will be heard from today." Two of Jackson's four division commanders at Chancellorsville, Generals Robert Rodes and Raleigh Colston, were VMI graduates as were more than twenty of his brigadiers and colonels.
Battle of New Market
On May 14, 1864, the governor of Virginia once again called upon the cadets from VMI to participate in the American Civil War. After marching overnight 80 miles from Lexington to New Market, on May 15, 1864, 247 members of the VMI Corps of Cadets fought at the Battle of New Market. This event marks the only time in U.S. history wherein the student body of an operating college fought as an organized unit in pitched combat in battle (as recognized by the American Battlefield Trust). This event was the 14th time VMI Cadets were called into action during the Civil War. The VMI battalion received an institutional battle streamer for its part in the battle of New Market, one of only five American institutions to be awarded such an honor.
At New Market, in a matter of minutes, VMI suffered fifty-five casualties with ten cadets killed; the cadets were led into battle by the Commandant of Cadets and future VMI Superintendent Colonel Scott Shipp. Shipp was also wounded during the battle. Six of the ten fallen cadets are buried on VMI grounds behind the statue "Virginia Mourning Her Dead" by sculptor Moses Ezekiel, a VMI graduate who was also wounded in the Battle of New Market.
General John C. Breckinridge, the commanding Southern general, held the cadets in reserve and did not use them until Union troops broke through the Confederate lines. Upon seeing the tide of battle turning in favor of the Union forces, Breckinridge stated, "Put the boys in...and may God forgive me for the order." The VMI cadets held the line and eventually pushed forward across an open muddy field, capturing a Union artillery emplacement, and securing victory for the Confederates. The Union troops were withdrawn and Confederate troops under General Breckinridge held the Shenandoah Valley.
Burning of the Institute
On June 12, 1864, Union forces, under the command of General David Hunter, shelled and burned the Institute as part of the Valley Campaigns of 1864. The destruction was almost complete, and VMI had to temporarily hold classes at the Alms House in Richmond, Virginia. In April 1865, Richmond was evacuated due to the impending fall of Petersburg and the VMI Corps of Cadets was disbanded. The Lexington campus reopened for classes on October 17, 1865. One of the reasons that Confederate General Jubal A. Early burned the town of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, was in retaliation for the destruction of VMI.
Following the war, Matthew Fontaine Maury, the pioneering oceanographer known as the "Pathfinder of the Seas", accepted a teaching position at VMI, holding the physics chair. Following the war, David Hunter Strother, who was chief of staff to General Hunter and had advised the destruction of the institute, served as Adjutant General of the Virginia Militia and member of the VMI Board of Visitors; in that position he promoted and worked actively for the reconstruction.
World War II
VMI produced many of America's commanders in World War II. The most important of these was George C. Marshall, the top U.S. Army general during the war. Marshall was the Army's first five-star general and the only career military officer ever to win the Nobel Peace Prize. Winston Churchill dubbed Marshall the "Architect of Victory" and "the noblest Roman of them all". The Deputy Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army during the war was also a VMI graduate as were the Second U.S. Army commander, 15th U.S. Army commander, the commander of Allied Air Forces of the Southwest Pacific and various corps and division commanders in the Army and Marine Corps. China's General Sun Li-jen, known as the "Rommel of the East", was also a graduate of VMI.
During the war, VMI participated in the War Department's Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP) from 1943 to 1946. The program provided training in engineering and related subjects to enlisted men at colleges across the United States. Over 2,100 ASTP members studied at VMI during the war.
Post World War II
30 female students enrolled in 1997, cementing VMI's new status as a coeducational institution.
On October 19, 2020, following an exposรฉ in The Washington Post, Governor Ralph Northam and multiple other state officials wrote the VMI Board of Visitors that they had "deep concerns about the clear and appalling culture of ongoing structural racismโ at VMI. They reported that they had received reports from students of a racist culture at VMI. The students reported a threat of lynching, attacks on social media, and a staff member promoting "an inaccurate and dangerous 'Lost Cause' version of Virginia's history." The letter was signed by Northam, Lt. Gov. Justin Fairfax, Virginia House Speaker Eileen Filler-Corn, State Senate President Louise Lucas, Attorney General Mark Herring, and Chairman of the Black Caucus Lamont Bagby. Northam, a 1981 VMI alumnus, ordered a state-led investigation.Six days later, on October 26, 2020, Superintendent Gen. J.H. Binford Peay tendered his resignation, saying in his resignation letter that he'd been told that Governor Northam and other state legislators had "lost confidence in my leadership" and "desired my resignation". Three days later, the VMI Board of Visitors voted unanimously to remove from campus the statue of Confederate general Stonewall Jackson, a former VMI professor, and create a building and naming committee. The school reaffirmed the statue's removal in December and began plans to relocated it to a Civil War museum located on a battlefield where a number of VMI cadets and alumni were killed or wounded.
In October, the board also announced several diversity-related decisions: a diversity officer would be appointed, a diversity and inclusion committee would be created, and diversity initiatives created to include a focus on gender and the adoption of a diversity hiring plan. Nine months later, a report into racial intolerance charged by the State Council of Higher Education for Virginia was delivered. The independent report concluded that VMI "maintained and allowed a racist and sexist culture that, until recently, it had no appetite to address." The authors, employed by the law firm Barnes & Thornburg, also accused the institution's leadership, including its governing board, with an "unwillingness to change or even question its practices."
Superintendents
Since 1839, VMI has had fifteen superintendents. Francis H. Smith was the first and the longest serving, filling the position for 50 years. Twelve of the fifteen superintendents were graduates of VMI.
Francis H. Smith (1839โ1889), United States Military Academy West Point Class of 1833
Scott Shipp '59 (1890โ1907), wounded while leading VMI cadets into the Battle of New Market
Edward W. Nichols '78 (1907โ1924)
William H. Cocke '94 (1924โ1929)
John A. Lejeune (1929โ1937), United States Naval Academy Class of 1888, 13th Commandant of the Marine Corps
Charles E. Kilbourne '94 (1937โ1946), Medal of Honor recipient and first American to earn the United States' three highest military decorations.
Richard J. Marshall '15 (1946โ1952)
William H. Milton Jr. '20 (1952โ1960)
George R. E. Shell '31 (1960โ1971)
Richard L. Irby '39 (1971โ1981)
Sam S. Walker (1981โ1988), matriculated at VMI transferred to United States Military Academy West Point Class of 1946
John W. Knapp '54 (1989โ1995)
Josiah Bunting III '63 (1995โ2002)
J. H. Binford Peay III '62 (2003โ2020)
Cedric T. Wins '85 (2021โpresent)
Campus
The VMI campus covers , 12 of which are designated as the Virginia Military Institute Historic District, a designated National Historic Landmark District. The campus is referred to as the "Post," a tradition that reflects the school's military focus and the uniformed service of its alumni. A training area of several hundred additional acres is located near the post. All cadets are housed on campus in a large five-story building, called the "barracks." The Old Barracks, which has been separately designated a National Historic Landmark, stands on the site of the old arsenal. This is the structure that received most of the damage when Union forces shelled and burned the institute in June 1864. The new wing of the barracks ("New Barracks") was completed in 1949. The two wings surround two quadrangles connected by a sally port. All rooms open onto porch-like stoops facing one of the quadrangles. A third barracks wing was completed, with cadets moving in officially spring semester 2009. Four of the five arched entries into the barracks are named for George Washington, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson, George C. Marshall '01 and Jonathan Daniels '61.
VMI's "Vision 2039" capital campaign raised more than $275 million from alumni and supporters in three years. The money is going to expand The Barracks to house 1,500 cadets, renovate and modernize the academic buildings. VMI is spending another $200 million to build the VMI Center for Leadership and Ethics, to be used by cadets, Washington and Lee University students, and other U.S. and international students. The funding will also support "study abroad" programs, including joint ventures with Oxford and Cambridge Universities in England and many other universities.
In October 2020, VMI Board of Visitors announced that the institute will relocate a statue of Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson, a Confederate general and slave owner, from the front of the historic barracks to the New Market Battlefield State Historical Park. It was taken from view in December 2020.
Academics
VMI offers 14 major and 23 minor areas of study, grouped into engineering, liberal arts, humanities, and the sciences. The engineering department has concentrations in three areas: civil and environmental engineering, electrical and computer engineering, and mechanical engineering. Most classes are taught by full-time professors, 99 percent of whom hold terminal degrees.
Within four months of graduation, an average of 97 percent of VMI graduates are either serving in the military, employed, or admitted to graduate or professional schools.
As of 2010, VMI had graduated 11 Rhodes Scholars since 1921. Per capita, as of 2006 VMI had graduated more Rhodes Scholars than any other state-supported college or university, and more than all the other senior military colleges combined.
Rankings
In 2021 VMI ranked fourth nationally, after the United States Military Academy, the United States Naval Academy and the United States Air Force Academy, in the U.S. News & World Report rankings' "Top Public Schools, National Liberal Arts Colleges" category.
Forbes' 2012 Special Report on America's Best Colleges ranked VMI in the top 25 public universities in the nation, well ahead of any other senior military college in the country. VMI was ranked 14th in the "Top 25 Publics" section, just behind the United States Military Academy, the United States Air Force Academy, and the United States Naval Academy, but ahead of the United States Coast Guard Academy and the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy. Overall, VMI ranked 115th out of the 650 colleges and universities evaluated.
Kiplinger's magazine, in its ranking of the "Best Values in Public Colleges" for 2006, made mention of the Virginia Military Institute as a "great value", although the military nature of its program excluded it from consideration as a traditional four-year college in the rankings.
Military service
While all cadets are required to take four years of ROTC, accepting a commission in the armed forces is optional. While over 50 percent of VMI graduates are commissioned each year, the VMI Board of Visitors has set a goal of having 70 percent of VMI cadets take a commission. The VMI class of 2017 graduated 300 cadets, 172 (or 57 percent) of whom were commissioned as officers in the United States military.
VMI alumni include more than 285 general and flag officers, including the first five-star General of the Army, George Marshall; seven recipients of the highest U.S. military decoration, the Medal of Honor; and more than 80 recipients of the second-highest awards, the Distinguished Service Cross and Navy Cross. VMI offers ROTC programs for five U.S. military branches (Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard).
VMI has graduated more Army generals than any ROTC program in the United States. The following table lists U.S. four-star generals who graduated from VMI. It does not list alumni who did not graduate from the school, such as General George S. Patton and General Sam S. Walker, and the many VMI graduates who served or still serve as four-star generals in foreign nations such as Thailand, China, and Taiwan.
Students
Prospective cadets must be between 16 and 22 years of age. They must be unmarried, and have no legal dependents, be physically fit for enrollment in the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC), and be graduates of an accredited secondary school or have completed an approved homeschool curriculum. The Class of 2022 at VMI had an average high school GPA of 3.70 and a mean SAT score of 1210.
Eligibility is not restricted to Virginia residents, although it is more difficult to gain an appointment as a non-resident, because VMI has a goal that no more than 45 percent of cadets come from outside Virginia. Virginia residents receive a discount in tuition, as is common at most state-sponsored schools. Total tuition, room & board, and other fees for the 2008โ2009 school year was approximately $17,000 for Virginia residents and $34,000 for all others.
The first Jewish cadet, Moses Jacob Ezekiel, graduated in 1866. While at VMI, Ezekiel fought with the VMI cadets at the Battle of New Market. He became a sculptor and his works are on display at VMI. One of the first Asian cadets was Sun Li-jen, the Chinese National Revolutionary Army general, who graduated in 1927. The first African-American cadets were admitted in 1968. The first African-American regimental commander was Darren McDew, class of 1982. McDew is a retired U.S. Air Force General and former Commander, United States Transportation Command, Scott Air Force Base, IL. It is unknown when the first Muslim cadet graduated from VMI, but before the Iranian Revolution of 1979, under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, several Persian cadets attended and graduated from VMI. Other Muslim graduates have included cadets from Bangladesh, Jordan, Indonesia, Somalia and other nations.
Admission of women
In 1990 the U.S. Department of Justice filed a discrimination lawsuit against VMI for its all-male admissions policy. While the court challenge was pending, a state-sponsored Virginia Women's Institute for Leadership (VWIL) was opened at Mary Baldwin College in Staunton, Virginia, as a parallel program for women. The VWIL continued, even after VMI's admission of women.
After VMI won its case in U.S. District Court, the case went through several appeals until June 26, 1996, when the U.S. Supreme Court, in a 7โ1 decision in United States v. Virginia, found that it was unconstitutional for a school supported by public funds to exclude women. (Justice Clarence Thomas recused himself, presumably because his son was attending VMI at the time). Following the ruling, VMI contemplated going private to exempt itself from the 14th Amendment, and thus avoid the ruling.
Assistant Secretary of Defense Frederick Pang, however, warned the school that the Department of Defense would withdraw ROTC programs from the school if privatization took place. As a result of this action by Pang, Congress passed a resolution on November 18, 1997 prohibiting the Department of Defense from withdrawing or diminishing any ROTC program at one of the six senior military colleges, including VMI. This escape clause provided by Congress came after the VMI Board of Visitors had already voted 9โ8 to admit women; the decision was not revisited.
In 1996, VMI was forced to either end its prohibition of the admission of women, or become a private college without federal funding. VMI reluctantly became the last U.S. military college to admit women. Superintendent at the time Josiah Bunting III called this a "savage disappointment".
In August 1997, VMI enrolled its first female cadets. The first co-ed class consisted of thirty women, who matriculated as part of the class of 2001. In order to accelerate VMI's matriculation process, several women were allowed to transfer directly from various junior colleges, such as New Mexico Military Institute (NMMI), and forgo the traditional four-year curriculum required of most. The first female cadets "walked the stage" in 1999 for graduation, although by VMI's definitions they are considered to be members of the class of 2001. Initially, these 30 women were held to the same strict physical courses and technical training as the male cadets, and even were required to shave their heads. In a July 2021 Washington Post Article, it was alleged that derision, misogyny, sexual assault were continuous issues at VMI.
Admission of Black students
Virginia Military Institute was the last public college in Virginia to integrate, first admitting black cadets in 1968, but interracial problems persisted long afterward. According to The Washington Post, even in 2020 "Black cadets still endure[d] relentless racism [in an] atmosphere of hostility and cultural insensitivity".
Student life
Just as cadets did nearly 200 years ago, today's cadets give up such comforts as beds, instead lying upon cots colloquially referred to as "hays". These hays are little more than foam mats that must be rolled every morning and aired every Monday. Further, cadet uniforms have changed little; the coatee worn in parades dates to the War of 1812. New cadets, known as "Rats", are not permitted to watch TV or listen to music outside of an academic setting. Living conditions are considered more austere here than other service academies.
Ratline
During the first six months at VMI, New Cadets are called "Rats," the accepted term (since the 1850s) for a New Cadet. The VMI ratline is a tough, old-fashioned indoctrination-system which dates back to the institute's founding. All "Rats" refer to their classmates, male or female, as "Brother Rats." The term "Brother Rat" is a term of endearment which lasts a lifetime amongst VMI graduates. Legend has it that when Washington College (now Washington and Lee University) students and VMI cadets drilled together in the 1830s, the students called the cadets "Rats" perhaps because of their gray uniforms. The cadets responded in kind calling the neighboring students "Minks" perhaps because many of them were from wealthy backgrounds. The purpose of the Ratline is to teach self-control, self-discipline, time-management, and followership as prerequisites for becoming a VMI cadet.
New freshmen, known collectively as the "Rat Mass," walk along a prescribed line in barracks while maintaining an exaggerated form of attention, called "straining." This experience, called the Rat Line, is intended by the upper classes to instill camaraderie, pride, and discipline into the incoming class. Under this system, the Rats face numerous mental and physical challenges, starting with "Hell Week." During Hell Week, Rats receive basic military instruction from select upper classmen ("Cadre"); they learn to march, to clean their M14 rifle, and to wear their uniforms. During Hell Week, Rats also meet the members of various cadet-run organizations and learn the functions of each.
At the end of the first week, each Rat is paired with a first classman (senior) who serves as their mentor for the rest of the first year. The first classman is called a "Dyke," reference to an older Southern pronunciation of "to deck out," or to get into a uniform, as one of the roles of the rat is to help prepare their "Dyke's" uniform and dress them for parades. While the Dyke watches out for the Rat and the Rat works for the Dyke in accordance with Institute policy, Cadre still enforce all rules for the Rats. The combination of the warm relationship with the Dykes and the harshness of the school system, with countless push-ups, sweat parties, and runs, is calculated to instill the required military outlook and competence on everyday tasks in the Rats.
The Ratline experience culminates with Resurrection Week ending in "Breakout," an event where the Rats are formally "welcomed" to the VMI community. After the successful completion of Breakout, Rats are officially fourth class students and no longer have to strain in the barracks or eat "square meals." Many versions of the Breakout ceremony have been conducted. In the 1950s, Rats from each company would be packed into a corner room in the barracks and brawl their way out through the upperclassmen. From the late 1960s through the early 1980s the Rats had to fight their way up to the fourth level of the barracks through three other classes of cadets determined not to let them get to the top. The stoops would often be slick with motor oil, packed with snow, glazed with ice, greased, or continuously hosed with water. The barracks stairs and rails were not able to take the abuse, so the Corps moved the breakout to a muddy hill, where Rats attempt to climb to the top by crawling on their stomachs while the upper classes block them or drag them back down. The Rats no longer breakout in the mud but instead participate in a grueling day of physical activity testing both physical endurance and teamwork.
The entire body of Rats during the Ratline is called a "Rat Mass." Since Rats are not officially fourth classmen until after Breakout, the Rat Mass is also not officially considered a graduating class until that time either. Prior to Breakout, the Rat mass is given a different style of year identifier to emphasize this difference. The year identifier starts with the year of the current graduating class (their dykes' class), followed by a "+3" to indicate the anticipated year of their own class. For example, cadets that make up the Class of 2022 were considered the "Rat Mass of 2019+3" as the members of their dykes' class graduated in 2019 and they themselves will graduate three years onward from then.
Traditions
In addition to the Ratline, VMI has other traditions that are emblematic of the school and its history including the new cadet oath ceremony, the pageantry of close-order marching, and the nightly playing of "Taps". An event second only to graduation in importance is the "Ring Figure" dance held every November. During their junior year, cadets receive class rings at a ring presentation ceremony followed by a formal dance. Most cadets get two rings, a formal ring and a combat ring; some choose to have the combat ring for everyday wear, and the formal for special occasions.
Every year, VMI honors its fallen cadets with a New Market Day parade and ceremony. These events take place on May 15, the same day as the Battle of New Market in which VMI cadets fought in 1864 during the Civil War. During this ceremony, the roll is called for cadets who "died on the Field of Honor" and wreaths are placed on the graves of those who died during the Battle of New Market. Since 2021, this ceremony has expanded to also include VMI graduates who have died in service to the United States.
The requirement that all cadets wishing to eat dinner in the mess hall must be present for a prayer was the basis for a lawsuit in 2002 when two cadets sued VMI over the prayer said before dinner. The non-denominational prayer had been a daily fixture since the 1950s. In 2002 the Fourth Circuit ruled the prayer, during an event with mandatory attendance, at a state-funded school, violated the U.S. Constitution. When the Supreme Court declined to review the school's appeal in April 2004, the prayer tradition was stopped.
The tradition of guarding the institute is one of the longest standing and is carried out to this day. Cadets have been posted as sentinels guarding the barracks 24 hours a day, seven days a week while school is in session since the first cadet sentinel, Cadet John B. Strange, and others relieved the Virginia Militia guard team tasked with defending the Lexington Arsenal (that later became VMI) in 1839. The guard team wears the traditional school uniform and each sentinel is armed with an M14 rifle and bayonet.
Honor code
VMI is known for its strict honor code, which is as old as the institute and was formally codified in the early 20th century. Under the VMI Honor Code, "a cadet will not lie, cheat, steal, nor tolerate those who do." There is only one punishment for violating the VMI Honor Code: immediate expulsion in the form of a drumming out ceremony of dismissal, in which the entire corps is awakened by drums in barracks and the honor court to hear the formal announcement. VMI is the only military college or academy in the Nation which maintains a single-sanction Honor Code and in recent times, the dismissed cadet is removed from post before the formal announcement is made.
Clubs and activities
VMI currently offers over 50 school-sponsored clubs and organizations, including The Cadet, recreational activities, military organizations, musical and performance groups, religious organizations and service groups. Although VMI prohibited cadet membership in fraternal organizations starting in 1885, VMI cadets were instrumental in starting several fraternities. Alpha Tau Omega fraternity was founded by VMI cadets Otis Allan Glazebrook, Alfred Marshall, and Erskine Mayo Ross at Richmond, Virginia on September 11, 1865 while the school was closed for reconstruction.
After the re-opening, Kappa Sigma Kappa fraternity was founded by cadets on September 28, 1867 and Sigma Nu fraternity was founded by cadets on January 1, 1869. VMI cadets formed the second chapter of the Kappa Alpha Order. In a special arrangement, graduating cadets may be nominated by Kappa Alpha Order alumni and inducted into the fraternity, becoming part of Kappa Alpha Order's Beta Commission (a commission as opposed to an active chapter). This occurs following graduation, and the newly initiated VMI alumni are accepted as brothers of the fraternity.
Athletics
VMI fields 14 teams on the NCAA Division I level (FCS, formerly I-AA, for football). Varsity sports include baseball, basketball, men's and women's cross country, football, lacrosse, men's and women's rifle, men's and women's soccer, men's and women's swimming & diving, men's and women's track & field, and wrestling. VMI is a member of the Southern Conference (SoCon) for almost all sports, the MAAC for women's water polo, and the America East Conference for men's and women's swimming & diving. VMI formerly was a member of the Mid-Atlantic Rifle Conference for rifle, but began the 2016โ2017 season as part of the Southern Conference. The VMI team name is the Keydets, a Southern style slang for the word "cadets".
VMI has the second-smallest NCAA Division I enrollment of any FCS football college, after Presbyterian College. Approximately one-third of the Corps of Cadets plays on at least one of VMI's intercollegiate athletic teams, making it one of the most active athletic programs in the country. Of the VMI varsity athletes who complete their eligibility, 92 percent receive their VMI degrees.
Football
VMI played its first football game in 1871. The one-game season was a 4โ2 loss to Washington and Lee University. There are no records of a coach or any players for that game. VMI waited another twenty years, until 1891, when head coach Walter Taylor would coach the next football team. The current head football coach at VMI, Scott Wachenheim, was named the 31st head coach on December 14, 2014. The Keydets play their home games out of Alumni Memorial Field at Foster Stadium, built in 1962. VMI won the 2020 Southern Conference Football Championship, their first winning football season since 1981.
Men's basketball
Perhaps the most famous athletic story in VMI history was the two-year run of the 1976 and 1977 basketball teams. The 1976 squad advanced within one game of the Final Four before bowing to undefeated Rutgers in the East Regional Final, and in 1977 VMI finished with 26 wins and just four losses, still a school record, and reached the "Sweet 16" round of the NCAA tournament.
The current VMI basketball team is led by head coach Dan Earl and assistant coaches: Steve Enright and Austin Kenon. Tom Kiely is the director of Basketball Operations.
Alumni
VMI's alumni include: former governors of Virginia (Ralph Northam, Westmoreland Davis); the 25th secretary of the Army (Ryan D. McCarthy); a five-star general, secretary of state, secretary of defense, and Nobel Peace Prize recipient (George C. Marshall); Pulitzer Prize winners, 13 Rhodes Scholars, Medal of Honor recipients, an Academy Award winner, an Emmy Award and Golden Globe winner, a martyr recognized by the Episcopal Church, senators and representatives, governors, lieutenant governors, a Supreme Court justice, numerous college and university presidents, many business leaders (presidents and CEOs) and over 285 general and flag officers, including service chiefs for three of the four armed services.
Two recent chiefs of engineers of the Army Corps of Engineers, Lieutenant Generals Carl A. Strock and Robert B. Flowers, as well as Acting Chief of Engineers Major General "Bo" Temple, were VMI Civil Engineering graduates.
Endowment
A 2007 study by the National Association of College and University Business Officers found that VMI's $343 million endowment was the largest per-student endowment of any U.S. public college in the United States. 35.4 percent of the approximately 12,300 living alumni gave in 2006. Private support covers more than 31 percent of VMI's operating budget; state funds, 26 percent.
In popular culture
Ronald Reagan starred in the films Brother Rat and Brother Rat and a Baby, which were filmed at VMI. Originally a Broadway hit, the play was written by John Monks Jr. and Fred F. Finklehoffe, both 1932 graduates of VMI.
Both the novel and film Gods and Generals depict Stonewall Jackson teaching at VMI before Virginia secedes. The film also depicts Jackson's funeral at VMI.
In 2014, the film Field of Lost Shoes premiered in Richmond to the Corps of Cadets and the cast. The film depicts the Battle of New Market in 1864. VMI now owns and operates this historical battlefield museum and site.
The VMI marching song is referenced and in part performed in the documentary film Grey Gardens.
See also
Virginia Defense Force
Virginia National Guard
References
Further reading
Andrew, Rod, Jr. (2001). Long Gray Lines: The Southern Military School Tradition, 1839โ1915. University of North Carolina Press.
Brodie, Laura Fairchild (2000). Breaking Out: VMI and the Coming of Women. New York: Vintage.
Couper, William (1939). One Hundred Years at V.M.I, Volumes One to Four. Richmond, VA: Garrett and Massie.
Davis, Thomas W., ed. (1988). A Crowd of Honorable Youths: Historical Essays on the First 150 Years of the Virginia Military Institute. Lexington, VA: VMI Sesquicentennial Committee.
Green, Jennifer R. (2008). Military Education and the Emerging Middle Class in the Old South. Cambridge University Press.
Miller, Jonson (2020). Engineering Manhood: Race and the Antebellum Virginia Military Institute. Lever Press.
Pancake, John, Virginia Reveres Civil War Bravery, The Washington Post
Strum, Philippa (2002). Women in the Barracks: The VMI Case and Equal Rights. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Wineman, Bradford (2006). "J.T.L. Preston and the Origins of the Virginia Military Institute, 1834โ1842." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 114, no. 2: 226โ261.
Wise, Henry A. (1978). Drawing Out the Man: The VMI Story. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Wise, Jennings C. (1915). The Military History of the Virginia Military Institute, from 1839โ1865. Lynchburg, VA: J. P. Bell.
MARCHING TOWARD INCLUSIVE EXCELLENCE: AN EQUITY AUDIT AND INVESTIGATION OF THE VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE (2021), report by law firm Barnes & Thornburg.
https://richmond.com/news/state-and-regional/for-first-time-in-vmis-181-year-history-a-woman-will-hold-the-highest-ranking/article_9d71f815-968b-5245-98f3-d431a41b7247.amp.html
External links
VMI Athletics website
Wikisource:Virginia Military InstituteโBuilding and Rebuilding Virginia Military Institute Building and Rebuilding.
University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Military academies of the United States
National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Lexington, Virginia
Public universities and colleges in Virginia
United States senior military colleges
Education in Lexington, Virginia
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Educational institutions established in 1839
Buildings and structures in Lexington, Virginia
Tourist attractions in Lexington, Virginia
1839 establishments in Virginia
Military education and training in the United States
Historic American Buildings Survey in Virginia |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%ED%8B%B0%EC%BD%94%EC%96%B4 | ๋งํฐ์ฝ์ด | ๋งํฐ์ฝ์ด(Manticore)๋ ์์ ๋ฝ ์ค์ธ ๋ฏธ์ ์์๋ ๋๋ฆฌ ํผ์ง ์ด์งํธ ์คํํฌ์ค์ ๋น์ทํ ์ด๋์ ์ ์ค์ ์๋ฌผ์ด๋ค. ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ, ์ฌ์์ ๋ชธํต, ํธ์ ์ฒ๋ผ ๋
์ฑ์ด ๊ฐํ ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ๋ฌ๋ฆฐ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌ์ฌ๋ ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ํ์ด์ฒ๋ผ ์ ์ ์์ด ๋งํฐ์ฝ์ด๋ฅผ ์น๋ช
์ ์ธ ํฌ์์๋ก ๋ง๋ค ์ ์๋ค๋ ์ค๋ช
๋ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์น์๋ฅผ ์ธ์ค๋ก ๋์ด๋จ๋ ค ํฌ์์๋ค์ ํต์งธ๋ก ์ก์๋จน์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ผ๋ ๋จ๊ธฐ์ง ์๋๋ค. ํนํ ๋งํฐ์ฝ์ด๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๋จน์ด๋ก ์ก์๋จน๋๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ํํ๋ ํค๋ฉ๋ผ()ํ๊ณ ๋น์ทํ๋ฉฐ ์ค๊ตญ ์ ํ์ ์๋ถ ์ง์ญ์ ์ด์๋ ์ฌํ์ธ ๊ถ๊ธฐ(็ชฎๅฅ)์ ๋น์ทํ๋ค.
๋งํ์ด๊ฑฐ(Mantyger)๋ ์ค์ธ์ ๋ฐ๋ช
์ ๋๋ฌผ๋ก ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ์ ๋ น ํธ๋์ด์ ๋ชธ๋ฑ์ด์ ๋์์ด์ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฉง๋ผ์ง์ ์๋, ๊ธด ๋์ ํ ๋ฟ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ค ์ ๋ น ๋น๊ตญ์ ๋ฟ์ ์์ ๋ฟ์ฒ๋ผ ๋ง๋ค๊ณ , ์๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ ์์ญ์ด์ ๋ฟ์ฒ๋ผ ๋ง๋ ๋ค.
๊ฐ์
๋ง๋ฅดํฐ์ฝ๋ผ์ค(Marticora, Marthicoras)๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋งํฐ์ฝ์ด๋ ๊ธฐ์์ 4์ธ๊ธฐ์ ํฌํ
์์์ค๊ฐ ์ด ์ธ๋์ ๊ดํ ์ง๋ฆฌ์ง์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์์ ๊ณ ๋ ํ๋ฅด์์์ด์ธ 'Martiya-Khwar(์์ธ)'์์ ์ ๋๋์๋ค๊ณ ์ ํด์ง๋ค.
๋จ์์์ยท๋๋จ์์์
์ธ๋๊ฐ ์์ฐ์ง์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ง๋ ์ด์์, ์ธ๋๋ค์์, ์ํฐ์คํผ์ ๋ฑ์ง์ ๋ถํฌ๋์ด ์๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ฌ์์ ๋ชธ์ ๋
ธ์ธ์ ์ผ๊ตด์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋์ค์ ๊ฐ์ด์ฐ์ค ํ๋ฆฌ๋์ฐ์ค ์ธ์ฟค๋์ค()๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ์ง์ ์ ๋ฆฌํ ํน์ง์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค. "ํฑ๋์ฒ๋ผ ์๋ก ์ ํํ๊ฒ ๋ค์ด๋ง๊ฒ ๋์ด ์๋ ๋ ์นด๋ก์ด ์ด๋นจ์ด ์ผ ์ด๋ก ๋์ด์ ์๊ณ , ์ผ๊ตด๊ณผ ๊ท๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒ์ธ๋ฐ ๋์ ํ์์ด๊ณ , ์ ์ฒด๋ ํผ๊ฐ์ด ๋ถ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ์์ ๋ชธ์ ๊ฐ์ก๋๋ฐ ์ ๊ฐ์ฒ๋ผ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์๋ ์๋๋ฐฉ์ ์ฐ๋ฌ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ ์ ์๋ ๋พฐ์กฑํ ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๋ ํ์ ํผ๋ฆฌ์ ํธ๋ผํซ์ ํฉ์น ๊ฒ๊ฐ์ด ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋งค์ฐ ์ฌ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ ์ฌ๋ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ข์ํ๋ค."
๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ํด์๋ ์ด๋ก ์ด ์๋๋ฐ ํ์ธ ํ๋์ค์ ์๊ฐ ๊ท์คํ๋ธ ํ๋ก๋ฒ ๋ฅด()๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ํ์ธ ์ฑ ์ํฌ์์ ์ ํน(Tentation de Saint Antoine)์์ ๋งํฐ์ฝ์ด๋ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์์ ๊ฐ์๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ฐฉ ํ๋ฐฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ ๋ฆด ์๊ฐ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ผ๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ๋์๋ ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ๋ชจ์ฌ ์์ด์ ์ฑ๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ ๋์ด ์๋ค๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ๋ ์๋ค. ๋งํฐ์ฝ์ด๋ ์ต๋ฌด์์ฒ๋ผ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ๋ด๋ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
๋ด์ฉ
๋ชจ๋ ์ด์ ๋๋ ค์์ ๋์์ด์๋ ๊ดด๋ฌผ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ ์์ ์๊ดด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ํ๋ค. ์ ํ ํ์ค์ ์๊ธฐํ๊ณ ์
์ ์ฅ๋ คํ์ฌ ์ ์ธ๊ณผ ์
์ธ์ด ๋คํฌ๋ฉด ์ ์ธ์ ๋ฌผ์ด๋ฏ์ด ์ฃฝ์ฌ๋ฒ๋ฆฐ๋ค.
์
์ธ์๊ฒ๋ ๊ฐ๋น์ผ ์ง์น์ ์ก์๋ค ์์ ํ์ฌํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๋ ๊ฐ ๋ฌ๋ฆฐ ์ฌ์์ ํ์์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ฌ์ง์๋ ๋ฐฑํธ์ ๋น๊ต๋๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ด๋ค.
์ฌํ์ ์ค์ ์ ์ผํ๊ฒ ํ๋์ ๋ ์ ์์ด ๊ณต์ค ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค. ์ฒ์ถ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํฑ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์ด ๋ ์์ฌ๋ผ ๋์ ๋์ด์์ ๋จ์ด๋จ๋ฆฐ๋ค.
์ฌํ์ ์ค์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ฐํ ์กด์ฌ๋ก ์ฌ์
ํ ํ๊ณผ ์ฌ์
ํ ์ ์ ์ ์๋ฒฝํ ์กฐํฉ์ ๊ฐ์ง ํ์์ด๋ค. ์์ด๋ฌ๋ํ๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ฉ์ง ์ธ๋ชจ๋ก ์ธ๊ฐ์๊ฒ ์ถ์์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ฌ๋์ ์
์ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ๋์ด๋ค์ด๋ ํ๋ ์ง๋๊ณ ์๋ ์๋ฌผ์ด๋ค.
์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ ์์์ง๋ ์ฌ๋ง, ๋๋ ๋ฐ๋ฆผ์ธ๋ฐ ๋ชธ๋๋ฆผ์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ์ธ์ก์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ข์ํ๋ค. ์ฌ๋ง์ ์ฌ๋ ๋งํฐ์ฝ์ด๋ ํผ๋ถ์์ด ๋ณดํธ์์ผ๋ก ๋์ด ์๊ณ , ์ฝ์์๋ ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ, ์
์์๋ ์ง๋ณ์ ๋ฑ์ด๋ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ ํ์์ค๋ฌ์์ ๊ตฐ๋ ์ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ค ์ก์๋จน๊ณ ๋ ์ฑ์ด ์ฐจ์ง ์์ ์ ๋๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
์ด๋์ ์ฌ๋ ๋งํฐ์ฝ์ด์ ๊ฐ์์๋ ์ฆ์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ๋ ๋
์ด ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ๋งํฐ์ฝ์ด์ ๋
์์ ์ธ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ฐํ์ค๋
ธํค ๋ฑ์ ๋
์ฑ๋ถ์ด ์๋ ์์ก์ ์น ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ฆผ ์์์ ์ธ๊ฐ์๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋งํ ๋ค๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ ๊ถ ์์ ๋ค์ด์์ ๋ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์์ ๋
์นจ์ ํผ๋ถ๋๋ค. ํฌ์์๋ ์ฆ์ฌํ๋ฉฐ, ๋งํฐ์ฝ์ด๋ ๊ทธํ์ ๋ค๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ๋ผ๋ ์ท์ด๋ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌ์ง ์๊ณ ๋ชธ์ ์ง๋๊ณ ์๋ ๋ฐ๊ฐ์ง๊น์ง ์ ๋ถ ์ด๋นจ๋ก ์น์ด์ ๋จน์ด์น์ด๋ค. ํฌ์์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ์๋ฌด๊ฒ๋ ๋จ์ง ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ฒ ์์ ์๋ ๋ง์์์ ์ด๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์๊ธฐ ๋๊ตฐ๊ฐ ์์ทจ๋ ์์ด ์ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๋งํฐ์ฝ์ด์ ์ง์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๊ณค ํ๋ค.
๋
์นจ์ ๋ง์ด ๋ ๋ฆด ์ ์๋ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ๋งํฐ์ฝ์ด์๊ฒ๋ ๋ง์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ๋ค๋ฒผ๋ด์ผ ํฌ์์๋ง ๋์ด๋ ๋ฟ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋์ ๋ฌด์ฐ๋ฅด์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ๋ง๋ฒ์ฌ์๊ฒ ๋งก๊ธฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํ๋ช
ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ ๋ฝ์ ์
์ฅ
๋งํฐ์ฝ์ด๋ ๊ณ ๋ ์ ๋ฝ์ธ๋ค์ด ๋๋ฐฉ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ด๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ ์์์ ๋๋ฌผ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ํ๋๋ค. ํ๋ฆฌ๋์ฐ์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ์ง์๋ ๊ณ ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ์๊ฐ ํฌํ
์์์ค์ ๋ง์ด ์ธ์ฉ๋์ด ์๋๋ฐ, ํฌํ
์์์ค๋ ๋งํฐ์ฝ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฒ์ ์ ๋ฝ์ ์ ํ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์ค๋ช
์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋งํฐ์ฝ์ด๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๊ตด๊ณผ ๊ท๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋์ ํ์์ด๊ณ , ์
์์๋ ์น์๊ฐ ๋น์ฒ๋ผ ์ด์ดํ๊ฒ ์ธ์ค๋ก ๋์ด์ ์๋ค.
์ฌ์์ ๋ชธ์ ํ๊ณ ์๋๋ฐ ์จํต ๋ถ์์์ด๊ณ , ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๋ ํ์ ํผ๋ฆฌ์ ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๋ํ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํฉ์ณ ๋์ ๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋ค. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ๋์๋ ์ ๊ฐ์ฒ๋ผ ์ ์๊ฒ ์ ์ ์๋ ๋พฐ์กฑํ ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ๋ฌ๋ ค ์๋ค. ์ฌ๋ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ข์ํ๋ฉฐ ๋ชธ๋๋ฆผ์ด ๋งค์ฐ ์ฌ๋น ๋ฅด๋ค.
ํ๋์ฒด์ค์ฝํ ์๋์ฌ์๋ ํ๋์ค์ ์ฒ ํ์ ๋ฐํธ์๋ก๋ฎค ์ต๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ฟ ์ค()๋ ์์ ์ ์ ์ '์ฌ๋ฌผ์ ์ฑ์ง์ ๊ดํ์ฌ'(Deproprietatibus rerum)์ ๋งํฐ์ฝ์ด์ ๋ํ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ด๋์๋ค. ์ธ๋์ ์ฌ๋ ์ด์ํ๊ฒ ์๊ธด ์ด ๊ดด๋ฌผ์ ๊ณฐ์ ๋ชธ๊ณผ ํธ๊ฐ์ฃฝ์ ๋ค ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฌ์์ ๋น์ทํ๋ฐ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๊ตด์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ถ์์ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฌ๋ฆฐ ์๋ป๊ฑด ์
์์๋ ์ธ ์ค๋ก ๋์ด์ ๋พฐ์กฑํ ์ด๋นจ์ด ๋นผ๊ณกํ ๋ค์ด์ฐจ ์๊ณ , ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์๋ ์ ๊ฐ์ฒ๋ผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ๋์ ์๋ค. ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๋ ํธ๊ฐ ์๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ์๋ฐ ๋ฃ๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋๋ ค์์ ๋จ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค๋ฉฐ, ์ธ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ผ์ ์ค ๊ฐ์ฅ ์์ธํ๊ณ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์์ง์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฌ๋ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๋
์ข์ํ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ์์ธ ํ๋ก์คํธ๋ผํ ์ค๋ ๋ก๋์ค์ ์ํด๋ก๋์ค์ค(, )๊ฐ ๋งํฐ์ฝ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฌ์ฌํ ๋ด์ฉ์ ์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด ์๋ฌผ์ 1.2๋ฏธํฐ ์ ๋ ๋๋ ๊ธธ์ด์, ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฌ๋๊ณผ ์ ์ฌํ๊ณ , ๋ชธ์ง์ ์ฌ์๋ง ํ๋ฐ, ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธธ๊ณ ๋ ์นด๋ก์ด ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ๋ฌ๋ ค ์๋ค. ์ด ์๋ฆฌํ ๊ฐ์๋ฅผ ํ์ด์ฒ๋ผ ๋ฐ์ฌํด์ ๋จน์๊ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฅํ๋ค.
์ค์ธ๊ธฐ์ ๋ค์ด ๋งํฐ์ฝ์ด์ ๊ธฐ์์ ๊ดํ ๋ค์ํ ์ค์ด ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ค. ๋ฒต๊ณจํธ๋์ด๋ ๋น๋น๋ฅผ ๊ทธ ์ํ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋๋ฐ, '๋งํฐ์ฝ์ด'(Manticore)๋ผ๋ ๋ช
์นญ์ '์ฌ๋์ ์ก์๋จน๋ค'๋ผ๋ ์๋ฏธ์ ๊ณ ๋ ํ๋ฅด์์์ด '๋ง๋ฅดํฐ์ฝ๋ผ์ค'(Martikhoras)์์ ๋น๋กฏ๋ ๊ฑด ๋ถ๋ช
ํ ์ฌ์ค์ด๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๊ณ ๋ ์ ๋ฝ์ ๊ฑฐ์น๋ฉฐ ์์ฒญ๋ ์์๋ ฅ์ด ๋ํด์ง ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ด๋ฐ ์ฌ์ค์ ์ฆ๋ช
ํด๋ด๊ธฐ๋ ์ฝ์ง ์์ ์ผ์ด ๋์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
ํค๋ฉ๋ผ
ํ๋๋ผ
๋ค๋ฉ์์ ์ฌ์
์คํํฌ์ค
๊ถ๊ธฐ
๊ฐ์ด์ฐ์ค ํ๋ฆฌ๋์ฐ์ค ์ธ์ฟค๋์ค
๊ท์คํ๋ธ ํ๋ก๋ฒ ๋ฅด
์ฑ ์ํฌ์์ ์ ํน
๋ฐํธ์๋ก๋ฎค ์ต๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ฟ ์ค
ํ๋ก์คํธ๋ผํ ์ค
๋ก๋์ค์ ์ํด๋ก๋์ค์ค
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค
์ด๋
์ด์งํธ
ํ๋์ค
์ฌ์
์ ์
์๊ดด
๊ดด๋ฌผ
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
์ ๋ฝ์ ์ ์ค์ ์๋ฌผ
ํ๋ฅด์์์ ์ ์ค์ ์๋ฌผ
์ ํ์ ์ก์ข
์ ํ์ ์ฌ์
์ ํ์ ์ธ๊ฐํ ์๋ฌผ
๊ดด๋ฌผ
๋ฌธ์ฅํ์ ๊ธธ์ง์น | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manticore | Manticore | The manticore or mantichore (Latin: mantichora; reconstructed Old Persian: ; Modern ) is a Persian legendary creature similar to the Egyptian sphinx that proliferated in western European medieval art as well. It has the head of a human, the body of a lion and the tail of a scorpion or a tail of venomous spines similar to porcupine quills. There are some accounts that the spines can be launched like arrows. It eats its victims whole, using its three rows of teeth, and leaves no bones behind.
Etymology
The term "manticore" descends via Latin mantichora from Ancient Greek (martikhรณrฤs) This in turn is a transliteration of an Old Persian compound word consisting of martฤซya 'man' and xuar- stem, 'to eat' (Mod. ; mard + ; khordan), i.e. man-eater.
The ultimate source of manticore was Ctesias, Greek physician of the Persian court during the Achaemenid dynasty, and is based on the testimonies of his Persian-speaking informants who had travelled to India. Ctesias himself wrote that the martichora () was its name in Persian, which translated into Greek as androphagon or anthropophagon (), i.e., "man-eater". But the name was mistranscribed as 'mantichoras' in a faulty copy of Aristotle, through whose works the notion of the manticore was perpetuated across Europe.
Ctesias was also later cited by Pausanias regarding the martichoras or of India.
Classical literature
An account of the manticore was given in Ctesias's lost book Indica ("India"), and circulated among Greek writers on natural history, but has survived only in fragments and epitomes preserved by later writers.
Photius's Myriobiblon (or Bibliotheca, 9th century) serves as base text, but Aelian (De Natura Animalium, 3rd century) preserves the same information and more:
The beast's name means "maneater", as already noted. Aelian citing Ctesias adds that the Mantichora prefers to hunt humans, lying in wait, taking down even 2, 3 men at a time. And the Indians take their young captive, disabling its tail by crushing it with stone before the growth of sting begins.
Pliny's Aethiopian beasts
Pliny described the "mantichora" in his Naturalis Historia (c. 77 AD) having relied on a faulty copy of Aristotle's natural history that contained the misspelling ("martikhoras").
Pliny also introduced the confused notion that the manticore might occur in Africa, because he had discussed this and other creatures (such as the yale) within a passage on Aethiopia. But he also described the crocotta and the mantichora of Aethiopia together, and while the crocotta imitated the voices of men the mantichora of Aethiopia too also mimicked human speech, on authority of Juba II, with a voice like the pipe (panpipe, fistula) mixed with trumpet.
Legacy
Ctesias purportedly saw a martichora presented to the Persian king by the Indians. The Romanised Greek Pausanias was skeptical and considered it an unreliable exaggerated account of a tiger. Apollonius of Tyana also dismissed the mantichore as a tall tale, according to the biography by Philostratus (c. 170โ247).
Pliny did not share Pausanias' skepticism. And for 1500 years afterwards, it was Pliny's account, also copied by Solinus (2nd century), which was held to be authoritative on matters of natural history whether real or mythological. In the advent of Christianity, writings in the Holy Scripture combined with Plinian-Aristotelian learning gave rise to the Physiologus (also c. 2nd century), which later evolved into the medieval bestiaries some of which contained entries on the manticore.
Medieval sources
Bestiaries
The manticore has been included in some medieval bestiaries, with accompanying illustrations, though not all.
The thick-maned (and long-bearded) manticore wearing a Phrygian cap is a commonplace design (fig., top left).
In most instances, the manticora is "coloured red or brown and has clawed feet". Artists took the liberty of coloring the manticore blue at times. One example is depicted "as a long-haired blond" (fig., top right). Another has the face of a woman and the body of a blue manticore (fig., bottom right) .
Most manuscripts do not bother detailing the scorpion tail and simply draw a long cat's tail,
but in Harley MS 3244 the manticore has an "oddly pointed tail" or an "extraordinary spike on the end" of it, and a tail covered in spikes from end to end is shown on the manticore in several other second family manuscripts
The three-rows of teeth are not faithfully represented except in some third family examples.
Manuscripts and text
Second Family
The manticore () occurs in about half of the Second Family Latin bestiaries, The specific source used in this case was probably Solinus (2nd century),
The text here describing the beast differs little from Pliny's Latin version in language, or the Greek version in content (paraphrased above). This is naturally the case, since much of Solinus was recopied out of Pliny, and the manticora is described as "bloody-colored" here rather than "red like cinnabar".
The text concludes by stating that the manticore "seeks human flesh, is active, and leaps so that neither large spaces nor broad obstacles can delay it (neither the broadest space nor the widest barrier can hinder it)".
H text
Actually there are two candidate sources given for the passage, "Solinus 52.37" and "H iii.8"; this "H" being the pseudo-Hugh of Saint Victor De bestiis et aliis rebus, edited by Migne, but this source has been regarded circumspectly as the "problematic De bestiis et aliis rebus" by Clark.
Transitional
The manticore also occurs in the earliest "Transitional" First Family bestiary (c. 1185), and some Third Family codices as well, whose illustrations attempted to reproduce some of the finer details given in its text.
Confounding with other hybrid beasts
As aforementioned, the manticore is one of three hybrids from Aithiopia described together by Solinus, appearing in (nearly) successive chapters of the bestiary. This created the groundwork for the beasts in adjacent chapters being confounded or amalgamated through scribal errors, as described below in the cases of bestiaries produced in France.
French mistransmission
The manticore is basically absent from the French bestiary of Pierre de Beauvais, which exist in the short versions of 38 or 39 chapters, and the long version of 71 chapters. Instead, there is a Chapter 44 on the "centicore" (or santicora, var. ceucrocata), which suggests manticore in name, but which is nothing like the standard manticore. The name is thought to have arisen from misspellings of leucrocotta, compounded by the suffix replaced by -cora by scribal error. Due to further mistransmission, "centicore" became the French misnomer for the yale (eale), a mythic antelope which should be a separate entry in the bestiaries.
Neither manticore nor leucrotta () appears in Philippe de Thaun's bestiary in Anglo-Norman verse.
Heraldry
The likeness of manticore or similar creatures by other names have been used in heraldry, spanning from the late High Middle Ages into the modern period.
The manticore first appeared in English heraldry in c. 1470, as a badge of William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings; and in the 16th century.
The manticore device was later used as a badge by Robert Radcliffe, 1st Earl of Sussex, and by Sir Anthony Babyngton. Radcliffe's device was described as "3 mantygers argent" by one source, c. 1600. Thus in heraldic discourse the term "manticore" became usurped by "mantyger" during the 17โ18th centuries, and "mantiger" in the 19th.
It is noted that the manticore/mantiger of heraldic devices has a beast of prey body as standard, but sometimes chosen to be given dragon feet. The Radcliffe family manticore appears to have human feet, and (not so surprisingly), a chronicler described as a "Babyon" (baboon) the device by John Radcliffe (Lord Fitzwalter) accompanying Henry VIII into war in France. It has also been speculated the Babyngton device is intendented to represent the "Babyon, or baboon, as a play upon his name", and it too also has characteristically "monkey-like feet".
The typical heraldic manticore is supposed to have not only the face of an old man, but spiraling horns as well, although this is not really ascertainable in the Radcliffe family badge, where the purple manticore is wearing a yellow cap (cap of dignity ).
Renaissance period
Edward Topsell, in 1607, described the manticore as:
Randle Holme drew on this description in 1688, when he described the manticore (which he regarded as distinct from the mantyger) as having:
Parallels
Gerald Brenan linked the manticore to the mantequero, a monster feeding on human fat in Andalusian folklore.
The Hindu god Narasimha is often referred to as a Manticore. Narasimha, the man lion, is the fourth avatar of Vishnu and is described as having a manโs torso and the head and claws of a lion.
In fiction
Dante Alighieri, in his Inferno, depicted the mythical Geryon as a manticore, following Pliny's description.
Fine art
The heraldic manticore influenced some Mannerist representations of the sin of Fraud, conceived as a monstrous chimera with a beautiful woman's face โ for example, in Bronzino's allegory Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time (National Gallery, London), and more commonly in the decorative schemes called (grotesque). From here it passed by way of Cesare Ripa's Iconologia into the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century French conception of a sphinx.
Popular culture
In some modern depictions, such as in the tabletop role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) and the card game Magic: The Gathering, manticores are depicted as having wings. They are more specifically given "wings of a dragon" in the implementation of D&Dโฒs 5th edition, according to the Monster Manual (2014), though an earlier version of the manual described them as "batlike wings".
Manticores are depicted in the animated series Adventure Time, most specifically the character โTiny Manticoreโ who lives in Magic Manโs house.
It was claimed in a 1994 book that the manticore, with "bloodshot eyes", devours its prey whole, using its triple rows of teeth, leaving no traces of its victims (including bones) behind, This behavior pattern has been incorporated into various fictional novels which appeared after this date.
Two manticores appear in My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic. They both have a lion head, dragon wings and a scorpion tail.
A manticore is the main antagonist of the concept album Tarkus by Emerson, Lake and Palmer.
A manticore appears in the Dark Souls DLC, Artorias of the Abyss, as the name "Sanctuary Guardian".
In the Ninja Sex Party discography the Manticore is described as an antagonistic being. Initially announced by Danny Sexbang, the vocalist, with his mythical features, the Manticore appears on stage productions and music videos as a humanoid being with a mask, teeth, ears and lion hand-paws. Still, the Manticore holds up to his antagonistic nature, taking delight in stalking and bringing misfortune to Danny.
The BBC 2010 Merlin season 3 episode 9 entitled "Love in the Time of Dragons" features a CGI animated manticore.
The song "Circus Maximus" off of the 2005 album Robot Hive/Exodus by the band Clutch mentions the "unholy stench of the manticore".
One of the playable characters in the video game Smite is Martichoras, an original character with the title โThe Manticore Kingโ.
In the 1995 James Bond film, GoldenEye, the film's female antagonist Xenia Onatopp lures an unsuspecting admiral onto her yacht moored in Monte Carlo harbour, called Manticore. Onboard, she crushes him to death during sex, allowing a hidden compatriot to steal his military credentials.
In the television series Citadel, the main adversary of the spy organisation for which the protagonists work is called โManticoreโ.
In Disney's Pixar film Onward (2020) Corey the Manticore is a major character. She is a restaurant owner who the Lightfoot Brothers (Ian and Barley) go to for help on their quest. She is part bat, part lion, and part scorpion.
Explanatory notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
American edition, Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. 1976
, Aelian, pp. 61โ62; Pausanias, pp. 62โ63
; [ Reprint], C. N. Potter, 1976
Translated from the Latin (Cambridge Univ. Library MS. Ii.4.26).
External links
Mythological felines
Heraldic beasts
Mythological lions
Mythological human hybrids
Persian legendary creatures
Human-headed mythical creatures
Mythological monsters
Sphinxes |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EC%A5%90%EC%99%80%20%EC%9D%B8%EA%B0%84%20%28%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8%EB%B2%A1%29 | ์์ฅ์ ์ธ๊ฐ (์คํ์ธ๋ฒก) | ใ์์ฅ์ ์ธ๊ฐใ์ ์กด ์คํ์ธ๋ฒก์ด ์ด ์คํธ ์์ค์ด๋ค. 1937๋
์ ์ถํ๋ ์ด ์ฑ
์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋๊ณตํฉ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ์๋ก์ด ์ผ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ ๋ก ์ด์ฃผํ ๋ ๋ช
์ ๋ชฉ์ฅ ์ด์ฃผ ์ด์ฃผ ๋
ธ๋์์ธ ์กฐ์ง ๋ฐํด๊ณผ ๋ ๋ ์ค๋ชฐ์ ๊ฒฝํ์ ์์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์คํ์ธ๋ฒก์ 1910๋
๋ ์ญ๋์ ๋์ฅ ์ด์ฃผ ๋
ธ๋์๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ผํ ์์ ์ ๊ฒฝํ์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์์ค์ ์์ฑํ๋ค. ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ก๋ฒํธ ๋ฒ์ค์ ์ " ์ฅ์๊ฒ(To a Mouse)"์์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. (์์ฅ์ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ต์ ์ ๊ณํ์ / ์ข
์ข
์๋ชป๋๋ค. )
ใ์์ฅ์ ์ธ๊ฐใ์ ์ ์ํ ๋ด์ฉ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ถ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ๋ชจ์์ ์ด๊ณ ์ธ์ข
์ฐจ๋ณ์ ์ธ ์ธ์ด๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด์ ๋น๋ฒํ ๋์์ด์๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋์๊ด ํํ์ 21์ธ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์ ์ ์ธ ์ฑ
๋ชฉ๋ก์ ๋ํ๋๋ค.
๊ตฌ์ฑ
๋๊ณตํฉ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ ์๋ ๋์ฅ์์ ์ผํ๋ ๋ ๋ช
์ ํ์ฅ ์ด์ฃผ ๋
ธ๋์(์ง๋ฅ์ ๋์ง๋ง ๊ต์ก์ ๋ฐ์ง ๋ชปํ ์กฐ์ง ๋ฐํด๊ณผ ๋ฉ์น๊ฐ ํฌ๊ณ ๊ฑด์ฅ ํ์ง๋ง ์ ์ ์ฅ์ ๊ฐ ์๋ ๋จ์ ๋ ๋ ์ค๋ชฐ)๋ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ง์ญ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ ๋์ค ์๋ ๋ค๋์ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ธ์ ๊ฐ ์์ ์ ๋
์ ์ ์ฐฉํ๋ ๊ฟ์ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌ๋งํ๋ค. ๋ ๋๊ฐ ๊ฟ๊พธ๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ถ๋๋ฌ์ด ๋๋ฌผ์ ๋ง์ง๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ข์ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํญ์ ์ค์๋ก ํ ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ง๋ง ๋์ฅ์์ ํ ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋๋ณด๊ณ ์ฐ๋ค๋ฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด ๊ฟ์ ๋ ๋๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ข์ํ๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ ์ค ํ๋์ด๋ฉฐ ์กฐ์ง๋ ๋์์์ด ๋ฐ๋ณตํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋ ๋๊ฐ ์ ์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์น๋ง๋ฅผ ์ก๊ณ ๋์ง ์์ ์๋๋ฅผ ํผํด ๋ฌ์ ๋๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๋ ์ฌ๋์ด ์น๋ฐํ๊ณ ์กฐ์ง๊ฐ ๋ ๋์ ์ฅ๋์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๋ ๋์ ๋ณดํธ์๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๊ณง ๋ถ๋ช
ํด์ง๋ค.
๋์ฅ์ ๊ณ ์ฉ๋ ํ ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ํด๋ ์น ์ฝคํ๋ ์ค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ณด์ค์ ์๊ณ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์๋ค์ธ ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ง์ฃผํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ ๋๋ฅผ ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ ๋๋ฐ์ ์ด๊ณ ๋๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ์ฑ๋
์๋ด, ๋ ๋์๊ฒ ๋จ์จ์ ๋๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฒ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ค.
๋ฌธ์ ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ , ์บ๋๊ฐ ์กฐ์ง์ ๋ ๋์ ํจ๊ป ์๋ง์ ๋์ฅ์ ์ด ์ ์๋๋ก 350๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ํจ๊ป ์ด ์ ์๋ ํ๋ฝ์ ๋ฐ๋ ๋๊ฐ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๊ฟ์ ํ์ค์ ํฅํด ๋์ฝํ๋ค. ์ธ ์ฌ๋์ ํฉํํ์ง๋ง, ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ ๋๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๊ธฐ์จ์ ๊ฐ๋ ค์ก๋ค. ๋ ๋๋ ์กฐ์ง์ ์ฌ์ด์ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉด์ ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฃผ๋จน์ ์ฝ๊ฒ ๋ถ์์ด ์์ ์ ๋ฐฉ์ดํ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์กฐ์ง๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ชฉ์ฅ ์๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋ง์๋ก ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ ๋์ ๋ ๋๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ฅ์ ๋จ๊ฒจ ๋ ์ ๋๋ก ๋ง์์ด ํ๊ฒฐ ํธ์ํด์ก๋ค. ๋ ๋๋ ๋ง๊ตฌ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉํฉํ๊ณ ํ์ธ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ด์ ๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋
ธ๋์๋ค๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋ ์์ธํ์ง๋ง ๊ต์ก๋ฐ์ ๋ง๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ซ์ฌ์ด ํฌ๋ฃฉ์ค์ ๋ํ๋ฅผ ๋๋๋ค. ์บ๋๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๊ณ ๋์ฅ์ ๋ํ ๊ณํ์ ๋ํด ํฌ๋ฃฉ์ค์ ์๋
ผํ๋ค. ํฌ๋ฃฉ์ค๋ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ฉธํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ง๋ง ๋์ฅ์ ์ ์ ํจ์น๋ฅผ ๊ดญ์ด์งํ ์ ์๋์ง ๋ฌป์ง ์์ ์ ์๋ค. ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ด๊ฐ ๋ค์ ๋ํ๋ ๋จ์๋ค, ํนํ ๋ ๋์ ์์๋๊ฑฐ๋ฆฐ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์
์์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์ ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์์ก์๋ณด๊ณ ํฌ๋ฃฉ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฆฐ์น ํ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ์ํํ ๋ ๋ํ๋๋ค.
๋ค์๋ ๋ ๋๋ ๊ฐ์์ง๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋ค๋ฌ๋ค๊ฐ ์ค์๋ก ๊ฐ์์ง๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ค. ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ด๋ ํ๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ค์ด๊ฐ ๋ ๋์๊ฒ ์์ ์ด ์ธ๋กญ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค๊ณผ ์ํ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์ ๊ฟ์ด ๋ฌด๋์ง ๊ฒ์ ์ธ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ๋๋ฌ๋ธ๋ค. ๋ ๋์ ์ต๊ด์ ๋ํด ์๊ฒ ๋ ํ, ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ ๋์๊ฒ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋ค๋ฌ์ด ์ฃผ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ์ ์ํ์ง๋ง ๊ทธ์ ํ์ ๋๋ผ์ ๋นํฉํ๊ณ ๋น๋ช
์ ์ง๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ๋ ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ง๋ ค ๋ณธ์ ์๋๊ฒ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ถ๋ฌ๋จ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋๋ง์น๋ค. ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ชฉ์ฅ ์์ด ์์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ค๋ ๋ฆฐ์น ๋ชน์ ํ์ฑํ๊ณ ์์์ ์์ํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ ๋ณด๋ธ๋ค. ์กฐ์ง๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๊ฟ์ด ๋๋ฌ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฌ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊นจ๋ซ๊ณ ๋ ๋๊ฐ ๊ณค๊ฒฝ์ ์ฒํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ฅผ ๋๋นํด ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ์ง์ ํ ๋ง๋จ์ ์ฅ์(์ฑ
์ด๋ฐ์ ์ผ์์ ํ๋ ๊ฐ๋)์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์๋๋ฌ ๋ ๋๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋๋ค.
์กฐ์ง๋ ๋ชฉ์ฅ์ ์ค๊ธฐ ์ ์ ์บ ํ์ฅ์์ ๋ ๋๋ฅผ ๋ง๋๋ค. ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ํจ๊ป ์์ ์๊ณ ์กฐ์ง๋ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ ๊ณต์ ํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์์ ์๋ฉด์๋ ๊ฟ์ ๋ํ ์ฌ๋ํ๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ค์ ๋ค๋ ค์ค๋ค. ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ์๋ ๋ฆฐ์น ๋ชน์ ๋ง์ ๋ค์ ์กฐ์ง๋ ๋ ๋๋ฅผ ์๋๋ฐ, ๋ ๋๋ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด ๋ชน์ ์์ ์ฃฝ๋ ๊ฒ๋ณด๋ค ๋ ์๋น๋ก์ด ์ฃฝ์์์ ์์๋ค. ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ, ์ฌ๋ฆผ ๋ฐ ์นผ์จ์ ๋ช ์ด ํ์ ๋์ฐฉํ๋ค. ์ค์ง ์ฌ๋ฆผ๋ง์ด ๋ฌด์จ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๋์ง ๊นจ๋ซ๊ณ ์์์ ์ผ์ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ๋ค. ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์นผ์จ์ ๋ ๋จ์์ ์ฐจ๋ถํ ๋ถ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ดํดํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๋ฏ์ด ์ณ๋ค๋ณธ๋ค.
์บ๋ฆญํฐ
์กฐ์ง ๋ฐํด: ๋ ๋์ ๋ณดํธ์์ด์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์นํ ์น๊ตฌ์ธ ๋์น๊ฐ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋จ์. ๋ ๋์์ ์ฐ์ ์ ๋ ๋์ ๋ฏธ๋์ ๊ฟ์ ์ ์งํ๋ ๋ฐ ๋์์ด ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ด๋ ธ์ ๋๋ถํฐ ๋ ๋๋ฅผ ๋๋ฆฌ๋ ์ผ์ ๋งค์ฌ ์์๋ค.ย ๊ทธ๋ ์์ค์์ ์คํ์ธ๋ฒก์ ์ํด "์๊ณ ๋น ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ", ๊ทธ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ด ๊ฐ๋๋ค๋ ํ์ ์๊ณ ๊ฐํ ์์ผ๋ก "์ ์๋" ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ฌ์ฌ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ผ๊ตด๊ณผ "์์ ๋ถ์ ๋ชปํ๋ ๋", "๊ฐ๋๊ณ ๋ผ ์๋ ์ฝ"๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ "๋ ์นด๋กญ๊ณ ๊ฐํ ์ด๋ชฉ๊ตฌ๋น"๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ ๋ ์ค๋ชฐ : ์ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฅ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ง๋ง ๊ฑฐ๋ํ๊ณ ์ก์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐํ ๋จ์๋ก ์กฐ์ง์ ํจ๊ป ์ฌํํ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ์ ๋ณํจ์๋ ๋๋ฐ์์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ "ํํ '๋'์ผ๋ก ์ํํ๊ณ ํ ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋๋ณผ ์ ์๋ ๊ฟ์ ๊พผ๋ค. ๋ถ๋๋ฌ์ด ๊ฒ์ ๋ํ ๊ทธ์ ์ฌ๋์ ์ฝ์ ์ด๋ค. ์ฃผ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ ์์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์์ง ๋ชปํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์์ ์ ๋ง์น๊ฒ ๋ง๋ ๋ค. ์คํ์ธ๋ฒก์ ์์ ์ ์ธ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ง์ "๋ฐ๋"๋ก ์ ์ํ์ฌ "๊ฑฐ๋ํ ๋จ์, ํ์ฒด ์๋ ์ผ๊ตด, ํฌ๊ณ ์ฐฝ๋ฐฑํ ๋" ๋ฐ "๋๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์ฌ์ง ์ด๊นจ"๋ผ๊ณ ์ผ๋ค. ๋ ๋๋ "๊ณฐ์ด ์๋ฐ์ ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ" ๋ฐ์ ์ฝ๊ฐ ๋์ด ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ฒ ๊ฑท๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ทธ์ ํ์ ์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ค๋ฆฌ์ง ์๊ณ ๋์จํ๊ฒ ๋งค๋ฌ๋ ค ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ง๋ถ์ด๋ค.
์บ๋ : ๋์ด๊ฐ๋ ๋ชฉ์ฅ ์ก์ญ๋ถ ์บ๋๋ ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ก ์์ ์๊ณ ๋ชฉ์ฅ์์ ์๋ ์ด ๊ฑฑ์ ๋๋ค. ์์ ์ ๋์ด๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ธ๋ชจ์๊ฒ ๋ง๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋๋ ค์ ๊ทธ๋ ์์ ๊ณผ ๋ ๋๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋ ๋์ฅ์ ๋ํ ์กฐ์ง์ ์ค๋ช
์ ๋ถ์ก๊ณ ์กฐ์ง์ ๋ ๋์ ํจ๊ป ํ ์ง๋ฅผ ์์ ํ ์ ์๋ค๋ฉด ํ์์ ์ ์ถ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค.
์ฌ๋ฆผ : "์ ํฌ๋ผ์ธ ์คํค๋", ๋
ธ์ ํ์ ๋ฉ์ธ ๋๋ผ์ด๋ฒ์ด์ "๋ชฉ์ฅ์ ์์". ์ฌ๋ฆผ์ ๋ง์ ๋ฑ์ฅ์ธ๋ฌผ์๊ฒ ํฌ๊ฒ ์กด๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์กด๊ฒฝํ๋ ์ ์ผํ ์บ๋ฆญํฐ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ํต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ, ์ง๊ด, ์น์ ๋ฐ ํ๊ณ ๋ ๊ถ์๋ ์๋์ผ๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ชฉ์ฅ์ ์์ ๊ทธ์๊ฒ ์ด๋๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ ์กฐ์ง์ ๋ ๋ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ์์ ํ ์ดํดํ๋ ์ ์ผํ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋ค.
์ปฌ๋ฆฌ : ๋ณด์ค์ ์๋ค, ์ ๊ณ ์ฌ๋์ด ์บ๋ฆญํฐ, ํ๋ ์ธ๋ฏธ ํ๋ก ๋ณต์. ๊ทธ๋ ์ผ๋ถ ์์ด๋ฌ๋ํ๊ฒ๋ "ํธ๋ฆฌํ" ์ฌ๋์ผ๋ก ๋ฌ์ฌ๋๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ผ์์ ๋ฐ์
๋ฆฐ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ ์ฐฌ ์ฅ๊ฐ์ ๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์๋ด๋ฅผ ๋งค์ฐ ์งํฌํ๊ณ ๋ณดํธํ๋ฉฐ ์ฆ์ ๋ ๋๋ฅผ ์ซ์ดํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ ์์ ์์ ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ ๋๊ฐ ์์ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ ๋ณด์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ๋ฅผ ๋ด๊ณ , ๋ ๋๊ฐ ๊ทธ์ ๋ง์ ์ธ์ด ํ ์์ ๋์ฐํ๊ฒ ์์ฒ๋ฅผ ์
๋๋ค.
์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ด : ์ ๊ณ ์์ ์ฌ์๋ก ๋จํธ์ ๋ถ์ . ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฑ์ฅ์ธ๋ฌผ๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ "์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ด"๋ผ๊ณ ๋ง ๋ถ๋ฅธ๋ค. ์คํ์ธ๋ฒก์ "๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ฌ๋์ด ์๋๋ผ ์์ง์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ํธ์ผ์ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ด ์๋คย โ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ ๋์๊ฒ ์ํํ๋ค." ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ด๊ฐ ์์ ์ ์๋ฆ๋ค์์ ์ง์ฐฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ฃฝ์์ ์ด๋ฐํ๋ ๋ฐ ๋์์ด ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ ๋๊ฐ ๊ฒ๋ณด๊ธฐ์ ๋ฌดํดํ ๋ฐฉ์ข
์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ๋
์ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋ค๋ฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ฉํ์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ ๋๊ฐ ๊ทธ์๊ฒ "์ฌ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ"์ ๋ง์ผ๋ผ๊ณ ์๋ฆฌ์ณค์ ๋๋ง ํ๋ฅผ ๋๋ค. ๋ ๋๋ ๊ทธ๋
์ ๊ณ ํจ์ ๋ฉ์ถ๋ ค ํ๊ณ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ค์๋ก ๊ทธ๋
์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ถ๋ฌ๋จ๋ ค ์ฃฝ์ด๋ค.
ํฌ๋ฃฉ์ค : ๊ฒ์ ๋ง๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์์ธ ํฌ๋ฃฉ์ค๋ ๊ตฝ์ ๋ฑ๋ฐ์ด์์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๊ฑฐ๋งํ๊ณ ๋์์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ํผ๋ถ์ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋จ์๋ค๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋์ด ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์์ ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ํฌ๋ฃฉ์ค๋ ๋ ๋๋ฅผ ์ข์ํ๊ฒ ๋์๊ณ , ์์ ์ ๋
์ ์ฌ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ํ๋ ๊ฟ์ ์ซ๋ ์๋ง์ ๋จ์๋ค์ ๋ณด์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ๋ ๋ ๋์๊ฒ ๊ทธ๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ ์์์ ๊ดญ์ด์ง์ ํด๋ ๋๋์ง ๋ฌป๋ค. ํฌ๋ฃฉ์ค๋ ๋ณด๋ค ํฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๊ณ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ด์ ์์ ์ฌ๋ฌผ์ ๋ณด๋ ๋ณด๋ค ์น๋ฐํ ๊ฐ์ธ์ด๋ค.
์บ๋์ ๊ฐ : "๋์", "๋์ ๋๋", "์ ๋์ด"๋ก ๋ฌ์ฌ๋๊ณ ์นผ์จ์ ์ํด ์ดํด๋ ์๊ฐ ์ฅ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ.
์นผ์จ : "๋๊บผ์ด" ๋ชฉ์ฅ ์์ธ ๊ทธ๋ ์บ๋์ ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ค.
๋ณด์ค : ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ฒ์ง, ๋ชฉ์ฅ์ฅ. ์บ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ชฉ์ฅ์ "ํฐ ํ ์ง ํ์ฌ"๊ฐ ์์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ํธ : ์ ์ ๋ชฉ์ฅ ์.
ํ
๋ง
์คํ์ธ๋ฒก์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ๊ฟ์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ค.ย ์กฐ์ง๋ ๋
๋ฆฝํ๊ณ , ์์ ์ ๋ณด์ค๊ฐ ๋๊ณ , ๋๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์์ ํ๊ณ , ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค์ํ๊ฒ๋ "๋๊ตฐ๊ฐ"๊ฐ ๋๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋งํ๋ค. ๋ ๋๋ ๋
๋ฆฝ๋ ๋๊ฐ์์ ์กฐ์ง์ ํจ๊ปํ๊ณ ๋ถ๋๋ฌ์ด ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ ๋ํ ์ง์ฐฉ์ ํด์ํ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋งํ๋ค. ์บ๋๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ฃฝ์์ผ๋ก ์์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฐ ์์ ์ ์ฑ
์๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง์ ๋๊ฐ์์ ๋
ธ๋
์ ์ํ ์์ ์ ๋ค์ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋งํ๋ค. ํฌ๋ฃฉ์ค๋ ์๊ธ์ฌ, ์์ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ฌด์๋ณด๋ค๋ ์์ฉ์ ํํํ ์ ์๋ ์์ ๋๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋งํ๋ค. ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ด๋ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฟ์ด๊ณ , ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฒฐํผํ๋ฉด์ ์์ด๋ฒ๋ ธ๋ ๋ช
์ฑ์ ๋ํ ์๋ง์ ์ถฉ์กฑ์ํค๊ณ , ์ธ๋ก์์ ๋๋ด๊ธฐ ์ํด.
์ธ๋ก์์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์บ๋ฆญํฐ์ ์ถ์์ ์ค์ํ ์์์ด๋ค. ์บ๋๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ผ์ง ํ ์ธ๋ก์ํ๋ค. ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ด๋ ๊ทธ๋
์ ๋จํธ์ด ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ ์น๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ธ๋กญ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ชฉ์ฅ์ ๋จ์๋ค๊ณผ ์์๋๊ฑฐ๋ฆผ์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ธ๋ก์์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ๊ณ , ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ทธ์ ํ๋์ ์งํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํจ๋ค. ์กฐ์ง์ ๋ ๋์ ๊ต์ ๋ ์ธ๋ก์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋ค. ํฌ๋ฃฉ์ค๋ ์ฃผ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์์งํ๊ฒ ๋งํ๋ค. "๋จ์๋ ์๋ฌด๋ ์์ผ๋ฉด ๋ฏธ์ณ๊ฐ๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋์ด ๋๊ตฐ์ง ์๊ดํ์ง ๋ง์ญ์์ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋น์ ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค." ์ ์๋ ์คํ์ธ์ด๋ก "๊ณ ๋
"์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ Soledad ๋ผ๋ ๋ง์ ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์นํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋ฏธ๋ฌํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํตํด ์ด ์ฃผ์ ๋ฅผ ๋์ฑ ๊ฐํํ๋ค.
๋๋ฃ์ ์ ํ์์ฑ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์คํ์ธ๋ฒก์ ์๋ก์๊ฒ ๋น์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ํ๋์ ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ํ์ฑ๋ ์ฅ๋ฒฝ์ ํตํด ์ธ๋ก์์ด ์ง์๋๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ค. ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ด์ ์ธ๋ก์์ ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์งํฌ์ ์ํด ์ง์ง๋๊ณ , ์ด๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ชฉ์ฅ์์ ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ ํผํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ ๋ค.
์คํ์ธ๋ฒก์ ๋ฑ์ฅ์ธ๋ฌผ์ ์ง์ , ๊ฒฝ์ ์ , ์ฌํ์ ์ํฉ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค. ๋ ๋๋ ์บ๋ฆญํฐ ์ค ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ฒด๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ๋ชฉ์ฅ์์ ์ผํ ๋ ์กด๊ฒฝ์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ฌ์ผ์ผํฌ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ง์ ์ฅ์ ๋ ์ด๊ฒ์ ์ฝํ์ํค๊ณ ๊ทธ์ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํจ์ ์ด๋ํ๋ค. ๋ง์ ๋ชฉ์ฅ ์์ ์ฃผ๊ฐ ๋๊ณตํฉ์ ํฌ์์๊ฐ ๋๋ฉด์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ๊ฐ์ด ํ๋ฆฝ๋์๋ค. ์กฐ์ง, ์บ๋ ๋ฐ ํฌ๋ฃฉ์ค๋ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ด๊ณ ํ๋ ์งํฅ์ ์ธ ์บ๋ฆญํฐ์ด๋ฏ๋ก ๋๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์
ํ๊ณ ์ถ์ง๋ง ๋๊ณตํฉ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๋์ ๋ฒ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ๋ ๋๋ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ ์ ๋๋ณผ ์์๋ ์ ์ผํ ์ฌ๋์ด์ง๋ง ๋ค๋ฅธ ์บ๋ฆญํฐ๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ์ํ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์์์ด ์์
์ ์ํํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ ํ ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ ๋์ ์ ์ ์ ํธ๋์บก์ ์ง์ ํ ์ํ์ด ์ ๋ฉด์ ์จ๋ค.
์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ํธ์์ฉ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จํ์ฌ ์ต์๊ณผ ํ๋์ ์
์ ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ์์๋ ์ฃผ์ ์ด๋ค. ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ฐ์ํ ์ง์๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํด ์๋ฒ์ง์ ๋์ฅ์ ์ฅ์
ํ๋ ค ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋์์์ด ๋์ฅ ์์ ์ง์ฑ
ํ๊ณ ์ผ๋ถ๋ ๊ทธ์ ์๋ด์ ์ฅ๋์ ์ณค๋ค๊ณ ๋น๋ํ๋ค. ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ํด๋ ์น ์ฝคํ๋ ์ค๋ ์ฌ์ํ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๋ํด ๋์ฅ์ ์์ ์ํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์
์ฆ๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ฉด์ ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ด๋ ์ก์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ธ์ด๋ก ์กฐ์ข
ํ๋ ์ฌ๋์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์์ ์ ์ฑ์ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ด์ฉํด ๊ด์ฌ์ ๋๋ฉฐ ๋์ฅ์์ ์์ ๋ง์ง์๊ฑฐ๋ฆฐ๋ค. The Penguin Teacher's Guide for Of Mice and Men ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ปฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ด๋ ์ด๋ฏผ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ํ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ต์ํ๊ณ ํ๋ํ๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ์
์ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค.
์กฐ์ง๊ฐ ๋ ๋(์ง์ง ์ํ์ ์ฒํ ์ฌ๋)๋ฅผ ๋ณดํธํ ์ ์์ ๋ ๋ฑ์ฅ์ธ๋ฌผ๋ค์ ์ผ๋ง์ด ๋ฌด๋์ง๋ฉด์ ์ด๋ช
์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ฒ ๋๊ปด์ง๋ค. ์คํ์ธ๋ฒก์ ์ด๊ฒ์ "์ผ์ด๋ ์ผ"๋ก ํํํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ทธ์ ์น๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋ง๋ค์ด ์ค "๋น๋ชฉ์ ๋ก ์ ์ฌ๊ณ " ๋๋ "์๊ฐํ๋ ์ค"์ผ๋ก ํํํ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ๋นํ๋จ์ ๊ด์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ค.
Of Mice and Men์ ๊ณ ์ ํ ํ๊ณ๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ๊ณ ์จ๊ฐ ๋ชธ๋ถ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ตฐ๋ถํฌ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๋๋๋ก ์กด์ฌ์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ์ํ๋ ๋ํ ๊ฐ์ ์ถ์ ์ด ์ ์๋ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ ํํ๋ค๋ ์๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ด๋ ์ ์๋ค. ์์ค ์ ๋ชฉ ์์ฒด์์๋ "๋ฌผ๋ก ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ก๋ฒํธ ๋ฒ์ฆ์ ์์์ ๋ฐ์ทํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ธ๊ฐ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ ํ๋จ์ด๋ ์ธ๊ฐ ์๋ง์ ํ๋จ์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ ์"๋ผ๊ณ ์ธ๊ธํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋๋ฌผ๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ์์ ์ค์ํ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ค. ์๊ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์์ค์ ์์ ๋ถ๋ถ์์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์๋ฆ๋ค์ด ๋ถ๋ถ์์ ๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์์ ํฌ์์๋ก ์ ํํ๋ค. ์๋ฉ ์ฑํฐ๋ ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ์ธ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ํธ๊ธฐ์ฌ์ด ๋ง์ ๋ฑ์ ์ก์๋จน๋ ํค๋ก ์ ๊ทํ์ผ๋ก, ๋์์์ด ๋นผ์๊ธฐ๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๊ฟ์ ์์งํ๋ค.
ใ์์ฅ์ ์ธ๊ฐใ ์ ์คํ์ธ๋ฒก์ด ํ ํ๋ก ๊ฐ์ ์ํด "๊ทน ์์ค"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ์์ค๊ทน ํํ๋ก ๊ธ์ ์ฐ๋ ค๋ ์ฒซ ์๋์๋ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ 2์ฅ์ฉ 3๋ง์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ์ด ์ํ์ ์์ค์ด์ ๊ทน์ ๋๋ณธ์ด ๋ ์์ ์ด๋ค. ๊ธธ์ด๋ 30,000๋จ์ด์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ค. ์คํ์ธ๋ฒก์ ๋์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋๋ก ์ธ ์ ์๋ ์์ค์ด๋ ์์ค์ฒ๋ผ ์ฝ์ ์ ์๋ ์ฐ๊ทน์ ์ฐ๊ณ ์ถ์๋ค.
์คํ์ธ๋ฒก์ ์๋ ๊ทธ ์ฑ
์ ์ ๋ชฉ์ 'Something That Happened''' (๊ทธ ์ฑ
์ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ "์ผ์ด๋ ์ผ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ธ๊ธํ๋๋ฐ, ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ์์ ํผ์ณ์ง๋ ๋น๊ทน์ ๋ํด ๋๊ตฌ๋ ์ง์ ์ผ๋ก ๋น๋ํ ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ)๋ผ๊ณ ๋ช
๋ช
ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ทธ๋ Robert Burns์ ์ To Mouse๋ฅผ ์ฝ์ ํ ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ๊พธ์๋ค . ๋ฒ์ฆ์ ์๋ ํ์๊ฐ ๋ฐญ์ ๊ฐ๋ค๊ฐ ์ฅ์ ์ง์ ํ๊ดดํ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํด ๋๋ผ๋ ํํ์ ๋ํด ์ด์ผ๊ธฐํ๋ค.
์คํ์ธ๋ฒก์ ์ด ์ฑ
๊ณผ ๋ถ๋
ธ์ ํฌ๋๋ฅผ ์ง๊ธ์ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ ๋ชฌํ
์ธ๋ ๋
ธ์์ ์ผ๋ค. Of Mice and Men ์ ์ด๊ธฐ ์ด์์ ์คํ์ธ๋ฒก์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋จน์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 1936๋
ํธ์ง์์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค.์ด๋ ๋ ๋ฐค ํ๋ก ๋จ๊ฒจ์ง ๋ด ์ธํฐ ๊ฐ์์ง [ํ ๋น]๊ฐ ๋ด [์๊ณ ] ์ฑ
์ ์ ๋ฐ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ์์ข
์ด ์กฐ๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ค์๋ค. ๋ ๋ฌ ๋์ [์๋ฌธ ๊ทธ๋๋ก] ๋ค์ ์์
์ ์ํํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ฅผ ๋ค์ ์ค์ ํ๋ค. ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ด์์ ์์๋ค. ๋๋ ๊ฝค ํ๊ฐ ๋ฌ์ง๋ง ๋ถ์ํ ๊ผฌ๋ง๊ฐ ๋นํ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ํ์ ์ ์๋ค.Penguin์ 1994๋
ํ ์๋ฌธ์์ Susan Shillinglaw๋ ์คํ์ธ๋ฒก์ด Stanford๋ฅผ ์คํดํ ํ ๊ฑฐ์ 2๋
๋์ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์๋ฅผ ๋์๋ค๋๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ๊ณผ ์ฌํ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ํํ Spreckels Sugar์ ๋ชฉ์ฅ์์ ์ผ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์๋ค. ์คํ์ธ๋ฒก์ 1937๋
The New York Times์ ๋ค์๊ณผ๋๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ฌ์๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋๋ผ์์ ์ผํ๋ค. ์บ๋ฆญํฐ๋ ์ด๋ ์ ๋ ํฉ์ฑ์ด๋ค. ๋ ๋๋ ์ค์กด ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ง๊ธ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ ์ ์ ๋ณ์์ ์๋ค. ๋๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฃผ ๋์ ๊ทธ์ ํจ๊ป ์ผํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์๋
๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด์ง ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ชฉ์ฅ ์ฃผ์ธ์ ์ฃฝ์๋ค. ์์ฌ๊ฐ ์น๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํด๊ณ ํ๊ณ ๊ฐํด๋ก ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋ฌ์ ์ํ ๋ค. ๋ช ๋ฒ์ธ์ง ๋งํ๊ธฐ ์ซ๋ค. ๋๋ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ๋๋ฌด ๋ฆ์ ๋๊น์ง ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ ์๋ ์์๋ค.
๋ฐ์
๋น์๊น์ง ๊ทธ์ ์ํ ์ค ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ์์ ์ป์ ์คํ์ธ๋ฒก์ ์์ค ์ ์ถํ๋๊ธฐ ์ ์ ์ด๋ฌ์ ์ฑ
ํด๋ฝ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ ๋์๋ค. ์ด ์ํ์ ๋ํ ์ฐฌ์ฌ๋ Maxine Garrard( Enquirer-Sun ), Christopher Morley, Harry Thornton Moore( New Republic )๋ฅผ ๋น๋กฏํ ๋ง์ ์ ๋ช
ํ ๋นํ๊ฐ๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋์๋ค. New York Times์ ํ๋ก ๊ฐ์ธ Ralph Thompson์ ์ด ์์ค์ "๊ถ๊ทน์ ๋ฉ๋ก๋๋ผ๋ง์ ๋ํ ์
๋ํ๊ณ ์์ ์ฑ
"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฌ์ฌํ๋ค. ์๊ตญ์์๋ BBC์ 2003๋
์กฐ์ฌ The Big Read์์ "์ ๊ตญ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ฌ๋๋ฐ๋ ์์ค" 52์์ ์ฌ๋๋ค.
์ด ์์ค์ " ์๋ฝ์ฌ ์ด์ง", "์ธ์ข
๋น๋ฐฉ ๋ฌต์ธ", "๋ฐ๊ธฐ์
", ์์ค, ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก "์ ์ํ" "๋ชจ์์ ์ธ ์ธ์ด" ๋ฐ ์ธ์ข
๊ณ ์ ๊ด๋
์ ํฌํจํ๊ณ ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ณ ์ ๊ด๋
์ด ํ์๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ธ ์ํฅ. ๊ธ์ง ๋ฐ ์ ํ ์ฌํญ ์ค ๋ง์ ๋ถ๋ถ์ด ํด์ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ง์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ํธ์ฃผ, ์์ผ๋๋, ์๊ตญ, ๋ด์ง๋๋ ๋ฐ ์บ๋๋ค ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต์์ ํ์ ์ฝ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋จ์ ์๋ค.
๊ฒ์ด์ ๋น๋ฒํ ๋์์ด ๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ Of Mice and Men ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋์๊ด ํํ(American Library Association)์ ์์ 100 ๊ธ์ง/๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๋ ๋์ ๋ชฉ๋ก: 2000-2009(5์) ๋ฐ ์์ 100 ๊ธ์ง/๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๋ ๋์ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ ๋ํ๋๋ค. : 2010-2019(28๋ฒ). Of Mice and Men'' ์ 1936๋
์ ์ถํ๋ ์ด๋๋ก 54๋ฒ์ ๋์ ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ Thomas Scarseth๋ฅผ ๋น๋กฏํ ํ์๋ค์ ๊ทธ ๋ฌธํ์ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ฅํ์ฌ ์ฑ
์ ๋ณดํธํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ธ์ ๋ค. Scarseth์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด "์ง์ ํ ์๋ํ ๋ฌธํ์์ ์ถ์ ๊ณ ํต์ ์์ ์ ์๋ฆ๋ค์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋๋๋ค."
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
์กด ์คํ์ธ๋ฒก์ ์์ค
์ํํ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์์ค
์ฅ์ ๋ฅผ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ์์ค
๋์
์ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ์ํ
์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ํ ์์ค
๋๊ณตํฉ ์๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ํ ์์ค
์คํธ์์ค
1937๋
์์ค | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of%20Mice%20and%20Men | Of Mice and Men | Of Mice and Men is a novella written by John Steinbeck. Published in 1937, it narrates the experiences of George Milton and Lennie Small, two displaced migrant ranch workers, who move from place to place in California in search of new job opportunities during the Great Depression in the United States.
Steinbeck based the novella on his own experiences working alongside migrant farm workers as a teenager in the 1910s, before the arrival of the Okies that he would describe in his novel The Grapes of Wrath. The title is taken from Robert Burns' poem "To a Mouse": "The best laid schemes o' mice an' men / Gang aft agley" ("The best laid plans of mice and men / Often go awry").
While it is a book taught in many schools, Of Mice and Men has been a frequent target of censors for vulgarity, and what some consider offensive and racist language; consequently, it appears on the American Library Association's list of the Most Challenged Books of the 21st Century.
Plot
During the Great Depression in California, two migrant field workers โ George Milton, an intelligent but uneducated man, and Lennie Small, a bulky, strong but mentally disabled man โ are on their way from Soledad to another part of the state. They hope to one day attain the dream of settling down on their own piece of land. Lennie's part of the dream is merely to tend and pet rabbits on the farm, as he loves touching soft animals, although he always accidentally kills them. This dream is one of Lennie's favorite stories, which George constantly retells. They had fled from Weed after Lennie grabbed a young woman's skirt and would not let go, leading to an accusation of rape. It soon becomes clear that the two are close and George is Lennie's protector.
After being hired at a farm, the pair are confronted by Curley, the Boss's small, aggressive son with a Napoleon complex who dislikes larger men. Curley starts to target Lennie. Curley's flirtatious and provocative wife, to whom Lennie is instantly attracted, poses a problem as well. In contrast, the pair also meets Candy, an elderly ranch handyman with one hand and a loyal dog, and Slim, an intelligent and gentle jerkline-skinner whose dog has recently had a litter of puppies. Slim gives a puppy to Lennie and Candy, whose loyal, accomplished sheep dog was put down by fellow ranch-hand Carlson.
In spite of problems, their dream leaps towards reality when Candy offers to pitch in $350 with George and Lennie so that they can buy a farm at the end of the month, in return for permission to live with them. The trio are ecstatic, but their joy is overshadowed when Curley attacks Lennie, who defends himself by easily crushing Curley's fist while urged on by George.
Nevertheless, George feels more relaxed, to the extent that he even leaves Lennie behind on the ranch while he goes into town with the other ranch hands. Lennie wanders into the stable, and chats with Crooks, the bitter, yet educated stable buck, who is isolated from the other workers due to being black. Candy finds them and they discuss their plans for the farm with Crooks, who cannot resist asking them if he can hoe a garden patch on the farm, even though he scorns the possibility of the farm happening. Curley's wife makes another appearance and flirts with the men, especially Lennie. However, her spiteful side is shown when she belittles them and threatens to have Crooks lynched. They then hear the ranch hands returning, which prompts her to leave.
The next day, Lennie accidentally kills his puppy while stroking it. Curley's wife enters the barn and tries to speak to Lennie, admitting that she is lonely and how her dreams of becoming a movie star have been crushed. After finding out about Lennie's habit, she offers to let him stroke her hair, but panics and begins to scream when she feels his strength. Lennie becomes frightened, and unintentionally breaks her neck. He then runs away. When the other ranch hands find the corpse, they form into a lynch mob intent on killing him, then send for the police before beginning the search. George quickly realizes that their dream is at an end and hurries to find Lennie, hoping he will be at the meeting place they designated in case he got into trouble.
George meets Lennie at the meeting spot, and the two sit together while George retells the beloved story of the dream, despite knowing it is something that will never happen. Upon hearing the lynch mob near them, George shoots Lennie, knowing it to be a more merciful death than that at the hands of a mob. Curley, Slim, and Carlson arrive seconds after. Only Slim understands what has happened and consolingly leads George away. Curley and Carlson look on, unable to comprehend their emotions.
Characters
George Milton: A quick-witted man who is Lennie's guardian and best friend. His friendship with Lennie helps sustain his dream of a better future. He has been friends with Lennie since they were children. He is described by Steinbeck in the novel as "small and quick," every part of him being "defined," with small strong hands on slender arms. He has a dark face and "restless eyes" and "sharp, strong features" including a "thin, bony nose".
Lennie Small: A gigantic, physically strong imbecile who travels with George and is his constant companion. He dreams of "living off the fatta' the lan and being able to tend to rabbits. His love for soft things is a weakness, mostly because he does not know his own strength, and eventually becomes his undoing. Steinbeck defines his appearance as George's "opposite", writing that he is a "huge man, shapeless of face, with large, pale eyes" and "wide, sloping shoulders". Lennie walks heavily, dragging his feet a little, "the way a bear drags his paws," adding that his arms do not swing at his sides, but hang loosely.
Candy: An aging ranch handyman, Candy lost his hand in an accident and worries about his future on the ranch. Fearing that his age is making him useless, he seizes on George's description of the farm he and Lennie will have, offering his life's savings if he can join George and Lennie in owning the land.
Slim: A "jerkline skinner," the main driver of a mule team and the "prince of the ranch." Slim is greatly respected by many of the characters and is the only character whom Curley treats with respect. His insight, intuition, kindness and natural authority draw the other ranch hands automatically towards him, and he is significantly the only character to fully understand the bond between George and Lennie. Slim is considered the "" of this story by the god-like descriptions of Slim that he is the one that knows best out of the novelโs characters.
Curley: The Boss's son, a young, pugnacious character, once a semi-professional boxer. He is described by others, with some irony, as "handy", partly because he likes to keep a glove filled with vaseline on his left hand. He is very jealous and protective of his wife and immediately develops a dislike toward Lennie. At one point, Curley loses his temper after he sees Lennie appear to laugh at him, and ends up with his hand horribly damaged after Lennie fights back against him.
Curley's wife: A young, pretty woman, who is mistrusted by her husband. The other characters refer to her only as "Curley's wife". Steinbeck explained that she is "not a person, she's a symbol. She has no function, except to be a foilย โ and a danger to Lennie." Curley's wife's preoccupation with her own beauty eventually helps precipitate her death: She allows Lennie to stroke her hair as an apparently harmless indulgence, only for her to upset Lennie when she yells at him to stop him "mussing it". Lennie tries to stop her yelling and eventually kills her accidentally by breaking her neck.
Crooks: Crooks, the black stable-hand, gets his name from his crooked back. Proud, bitter, and cynical, he is isolated from the other men because of the color of his skin. Despite himself, Crooks becomes fond of Lennie, and though he claims to have seen countless men following empty dreams of buying their own land, he asks Lennie if he can go with them and hoe in the garden. Crooks is a more relatable individual who sees things from a more rational and human perspective.
Candy's dog: A blind dog who is described as "old", "stinky", and "crippled", and is killed by Carlson.
Carlson: A "thick bodied" ranch hand, he kills Candy's dog with little sympathy.
The Boss: Curley's father, the superintendent of the ranch. The ranch is owned by "a big land company" according to Candy.
Whit: A young ranch hand.
Themes
Steinbeck emphasizes aspirations throughout the book. George aspires to become independent, to be his own boss, to have a homestead, and, most important, to be "somebody". Lennie aspires to be with George on his independent homestead, and to quench his fixation on soft objects. Candy aspires to reassert his responsibility lost with the death of his dog, and for security for his old ageโon George's homestead. Crooks aspires to a small homestead where he can express self-respect, security, and most of all, acceptance. Curley's wife dreams to be an actress, to satisfy her desire for fame lost when she married Curley, and an end to her loneliness.
Loneliness is a significant factor in several characters' lives. Candy is lonely after his dog is gone. Curley's wife is lonely because her husband is not the friend she hoped forโshe deals with her loneliness by flirting with the men on the ranch, which causes Curley to increase his abusiveness and jealousy. The companionship of George and Lennie is the result of loneliness. Crooks states the theme candidly as "A guy goes nuts if he ain't got anybody. Don't make any difference who the guy is, long's he's with you." The author further reinforces this theme through subtle methods by situating the story near the town of Soledad, which means "solitude" in Spanish.
Despite the need for companionship, Steinbeck emphasizes how loneliness is sustained through the barriers established from acting inhuman to one another. The loneliness of Curley's wife is upheld by Curley's jealousy, which causes all the ranch hands to avoid her. Crooks's barrier results from being barred from the bunkhouse by restraining him to the stable; his bitterness is partially broken, however, through Lennie's ignorance.
Steinbeck's characters are often powerless, due to intellectual, economic, and social circumstances. Lennie possesses the greatest physical strength of any character, which should therefore establish a sense of respect as he is employed as a ranch hand. However, his intellectual handicap undercuts this and results in his powerlessness. Economic powerlessness is established as many of the ranch hands are victims of the Great Depression. As George, Candy and Crooks are positive, action-oriented characters, they wish to purchase a homestead, but because of the Depression, they are unable to earn enough money to fulfill their dream. Lennie is the only one who is basically unable to take care of himself, but the other characters would do this in the improved circumstances they seek. Since they cannot do so, the real danger of Lennie's mental handicap comes to the fore.
Regarding human interaction, the evil of oppression and abuse is a theme that is illustrated through Curley and Curley's wife. Curley uses his aggressive nature and superior position in an attempt to take control of his father's farm. He constantly reprimands the farm hands and accuses some of fooling around with his wife. Curley's Napoleon complex is evidenced by his threatening of the farm hands for minuscule incidents. Curley's wife, on the other hand, is not physically but verbally manipulative. She uses her sex appeal to gain some attention, flirting with the farm hands. According to the Penguin Teacher's Guide for Of Mice and Men, Curley and Curley's wife represent evil in that both oppress and abuse the migrants in different ways.
Fate is felt most heavily as the characters' aspirations are destroyed when George is unable to protect Lennie (who is a real danger). Steinbeck presents this as "something that happened" or as his friend coined for him "non-teleological thinking" or "is thinking", which postulates a non-judgmental point of view.
Of Mice and Men can be associated with the idea that inherent limitations exist and despite all the squirming and struggling, sometimes the circumstances of one's existence limits their capacity to live the fairy tale lives they wish to. Even the title of the novel itself references this "the title is, of course, a fragment from the poem lay Robert Burns, which gives emphasis to the idea of the futility of human endeavor or the vanity of human wishes".
Animals play a role in the story as well; the heron shifts from a beautiful part of the scenery from the beginning of the novel to a predator near the end. The ending chapter has the heron return, preying upon snakes that get too curious in a repetitive nature, symbolic of the dreams of men constantly being snatched away.
Development
Of Mice and Men was Steinbeck's first attempt at writing in the form of novel-play termed a "play-novelette" by one critic. Structured in three acts of two chapters each, it is intended to be both a novella and a script for a play. It is only 30,000 words in length. Steinbeck wanted to write a novel that could be played from its lines, or a play that could be read like a novel.
Steinbeck originally titled it Something That Happened (referring to the events of the book as "something that happened" because nobody can be really blamed for the tragedy that unfolds in the story). However, he changed the title after reading Robert Burns's poem "To a Mouse". Burns's poem tells of the regret the narrator feels for having destroyed the home of a mouse while plowing his field.
Steinbeck wrote this book and The Grapes of Wrath in what is now Monte Sereno, California. An early draft of Of Mice and Men was eaten by Steinbeck's dog. As he explained in a 1936 letter:My setter pup [Toby], left alone one night, made confetti of about half of my [manuscript] book. Two months [sic] work to do over again. It sets me back. There was no other draft. I was pretty mad, but the poor little fellow may have been acting critically.
In the introduction to Penguin's 1994 edition of the book, Susan Shillinglaw writes that Steinbeck, after dropping out of Stanford University, spent almost two years roaming California, finding work on ranches for Spreckels Sugar where he harvested wheat and sugar beets. Steinbeck told The New York Times in 1937:I was a bindlestiff myself for quite a spell. I worked in the same country that the story is laid in. The characters are composites to a certain extent. Lennie was a real person. He's in an insane asylum in California right now. I worked alongside him for many weeks. He didn't kill a girl. He killed a ranch foreman. Got sore because the boss had fired his pal and stuck a pitchfork right through his stomach. I hate to tell you how many times. I saw him do it. We couldn't stop him until it was too late.
Reception
Attaining the greatest positive response of any of his works up to that time, Steinbeck's novella was chosen as a Book of the Month Club selection before it was published. Praise for the work came from many notable critics, including Maxine Garrard (Enquirer-Sun), Christopher Morley, and Harry Thornton Moore (New Republic). New York Times critic Ralph Thompson described the novella as a "grand little book, for all its ultimate melodrama." In the UK, it was listed at number 52 of the "nation's best loved novels" on the BBC's 2003 survey The Big Read.
The novella has been banned from various US public and school libraries or curricula for allegedly "promoting euthanasia", "condoning racial slurs", being "anti-business", containing profanity, and generally containing "vulgar," "offensive language," and containing racial stereotypes, as well as the negative impact of these stereotypes on students. Many of the bans and restrictions have been lifted and it remains required reading in many other American, Australian, Irish, British, New Zealand and Canadian high schools.
As a result of being a frequent target of censors, Of Mice and Men appears on the American Library Association's list of the Top 100 Banned/Challenged Books: 2000โ2009 (number five) and Top 100 Banned/Challenged Books: 2010โ2019 (number 28). Of Mice and Men has been proposed for censorship 54 times since it was published in 1936. However, scholars including Thomas Scarseth have fought to protect the book by arguing its literary value. According to Scarseth "in true great literature the pain of Life is transmuted into the beauty of Art."
Adaptations
Stage
As a "playable novel", it was performed by the Theater Union of San Francisco as written. This version opened on May 21, 1937 โ less than three months after the novel's publication โ and ran for about two months.
To create a Broadway production, Steinbeck adapted and slightly revised his original text and this version, produced by Sam H. Harris and directed by George S. Kaufman, opened on November 23, 1937, in the Music Box Theatre on Broadway and ran for 207 performances. It starred Wallace Ford as George and Broderick Crawford as Lennie. The role of Crooks was performed by Leigh Whipper, the first African-American member of the Actors' Equity Association. (Whipper repeated this role in the 1939 film version.) The production was chosen as Best Play in 1938 by the New York Drama Critics' Circle.
In 1939 the production was moved to Los Angeles, still with Wallace Ford in the role of George, but with Lon Chaney, Jr., taking on the role of Lennie. Chaney's performance in the role resulted in his casting in the movie.
In 1958, a musical theater adaptation by Ira Bilowit (1925โ2016) was produced Off-Broadway in New York City. The cast included several in-demand performers of their day, including Art Lund and Jo Sullivan, re-teamed after performing together in the hit musical The Most Happy Fella, as well as Leo Penn. However, a newspaper strike negatively affected the production and it closed after six weeks. A revival of the work was mounted at the Western Stage in Salinas, California in 2019.
The play was revived in a 1974 Broadway production in the Brooks Atkinson Theatre starring Kevin Conway as George and James Earl Jones as Lennie. Noted stage actress Pamela Blair played Curley's Wife in this production.
In 1970 Carlisle Floyd wrote an opera based on this novella. One departure between Steinbeck's book and Floyd's opera is that the opera features The Ballad Singer, a character not found in the book.
A new version of the play opened on Broadway at The Longacre Theater on March 19, 2014 for a limited 18-week engagement, starring James Franco, Chris O'Dowd, Leighton Meester and Jim Norton.
A ballet adaptation was created by Cathy Marston with original music by Thomas Newman. It debuted on April 27, 2022 at the Joffrey Ballet in Chicago.
Film
The first film adaptation was released in 1939, two years after the publication of the novella, and starred Lon Chaney Jr. as Lennie, with Burgess Meredith as George, and was directed by Lewis Milestone. It was nominated for four Academy Awards.
A TV version, produced by David Susskind in 1968, starred George Segal as George, Nicol Williamson as Lennie, Will Geer as Candy, Moses Gunn as Crooks, and Don Gordon and Joey Heatherton as Curley and his wife, respectively.
In 1981, a TV movie version was released, starring Randy Quaid as Lennie, and Robert Blake as George, and directed by Reza Badiyi.
Another theatrical film version was made in 1992, directed by Gary Sinise, who was nominated for the Palme d'Or at Cannes. Sinise played George, and the role of Lennie was played by John Malkovich, both reprising their roles from the 1980 Steppenwolf Theatre Company stage production.
The 1992 Malayalam film Soorya Manasam directed by Viji Thampi is also based on the novel.
Radio
Of Mice and Men was adapted by Donna Franceschild as a radio play directed by Kirsty Williams starring David Tennant and Liam Brennan broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 7 March 2010. Earlier BBC productions were aired in 1966 and 1992.
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Photos of the first edition of Of Mice and Men
1953 Best Plays radio adaptation of play version at Internet Archive
1937 American novels
American novellas
American novels adapted into films
American novels adapted into plays
Great Depression novels
Novels adapted into operas
Novels by John Steinbeck
Novels set in California
Novels set on farms
Salinas Valley
Covici-Friede books |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EC%B0%8C%EB%AF%BC%20%EB%A3%A8%ED%8A%B8 | ํธ์ฐ๋ฏผ ๋ฃจํธ | ํธ์ฐ๋ฏผ ํธ๋ ์ผ(, ) ๋๋ ํธ์ฐ๋ฏผ ๋ฃจํธ๋ ๋ผ์ค์ค ๋ฐ ์บ๋ณด๋์๋ฅผ ํต๊ณผํ๋ ๋ถ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ๊ณผ ๋จ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ์ด์ด์ฃผ๋ ๋ณ์ฐธ ๋๋ก์ ์ค์๊ธธ์ ๋ณตํฉ๋ง์ด๋ค. ์ด ๋ฃจํธ๋ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ๋ฒ ํธ์ฝฉ๊ณผ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ตฐ์๊ฒ ๋ณ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ตฐ์ํ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. ๋ฃจํธ ๊ฑด์ค์ 1959๋
7์ ๋ถ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ด ๋ผ์ค์ค๋ฅผ ์นจ๊ณตํ ์ด๋ ์์๋์๋ค.
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋น์ ๋ถ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ๋ํต๋ น์ด์๋ ํธ์ฐ๋ฏผ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฃจํธ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ง์๋ค. ์ด ๋๋ก์ ๊ธฐ์์ ์ 1์ฐจ ์ธ๋์ฐจ์ด๋ ์ ์ ๋น์ "ํธ์ฐ๋ฏผ ํญ๋ก"๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ํด์ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ์ ์ด ์์๋ ๋ฐ์ ์ ๋ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค. 1960๋
์งํ ํ๋์ค ํต์ ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋จ๋ถ๋๋ก๊ฐ ๊ฐํต๋์์์ ์๋ฆด ๋ ์ด ๋๋ก๋ฅผ 'Piste de Hแป Chรญ Minh' (ํธ์น๋ฏผ ๋๋ก)๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ ๋ค. ์ด ๋๋ก๋ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ๋ผ์ค์ค์ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ๊ตฐ์ ์ด ๋๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ์ค๋ถ์ ์๋ ์ฐ๋งฅ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ฐ์ ์๋จ์ฐ๋งฅ ์ ๋ต๋ณด๊ธ๋ก()๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ ๋ค. ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ๊ตฐ์ ์ด ๋๋ก๋ฅผ ์์๋จ(๋ผ์ค์ค)์ ๋์๋จ(๋ฒ ํธ๋จ)์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ณํ๊ธฐ๊น์ง ํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์๋ณด๊ตญ์ ๊ณต์ ์ ์์ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ํธ์ฐ๋ฏผ ๋ฃจํธ๋ "20์ธ๊ธฐ์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ ๊ณตํ์ด ์ด๋ฃฉํ ์๋ํ ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ค ํ๋"์๋ค. ํธ์ฐ๋ฏผ ๋ฃจํธ๋ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๋จ๋ถ์์ ์ธ์ฐ๋ ๋ณ๋ ฅ์๊ฒ ํจ์จ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๊ธ์ ์ ๊ณตํ ์ ์์๊ณ , ๋น๊ธธ ๋ฐ ์๋ ๊ตฐ์ฌ์ ์
์ ์ด ๋๋ฐ๋์ด ์ญ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ ๋จ ํ๋์ ๊ณต์ค์ฐจ๋จ ์ ์ญ์ด ์์๋ ๊ณณ์ด๋ค.
๊ธฐ์
ํธ์ฐ๋ฏผ ๋ฃจํธ๊ฐ ๋ ๋๋ก๋ค์ ์์ธ๊ธฐ ๋์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ํ๋ ์์์ ์ธ ์ค์๊ธธ๋ก์ ์กด์ฌํด ์๋ค. ๋ฃจํธ๊ฐ ๊ตฝ์ด๊ตฝ์ด ์ง๋๊ฐ๋ ์ง์ญ์ ๋๋จ์์์์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ด๋ํ๊ธฐ ํ๋ ์ง์ญ ์ค ํ๋์๋ค. ํด๋ฐ 500m์์ 2400m์ ํ์คํ ์ฐ๋ค์ฌ์ด๋ก ๋๋ฌธ๋๋ฌธ ์ฌ๋์ด ์ฌ๋ ์ง์ญ์ธ๋ฐ๋ค๊ฐ, ์๊ด์ธต์ ์ ๊ธ๊ณผ ๋นฝ๋นฝํ๊ฒ ์ฐ๊ฑฐ์ง ์ด๋์ฐ๋ฆผ์ด ์๋ ๊ณณ์ด์๋ค. ์ 1์ฐจ ์ธ๋์ฐจ์ด๋ ์ ์ ์ด์ ์ด ๋๋ก๋ค์ "๋ํฅ", "๋จํฅ", "์ํฅ", "๋ถํฅ"์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ก๋ค. ์ 1์ฐจ ์ธ๋์ฐจ์ด๋ ์ ์ ๋น์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋ฏผ์ ์ค์๊ธธ๊ณผ ๋๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ํ ๋จ๋ถ ํต์ ๊ณผ ๋ณ์ฐธ์ ์ ์งํ๋๋ฐ, ์ด ๋๋ก๋ค์ "๋ฒ์๋ถ ๋ณด๊ธ๋ก" ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ "๋ฒ์ธ๋์ฐจ์ด๋ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง"์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ ๋ค.
1958๋
5์ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ํํ
ํธ ๋ผ์ค๋ ๋ผ์ค์ค 9๋ฒ ๋๋ก์ ์์นํ ์์ก ํ๋ธ์ธ ์ธํฐ์ ํฌ์ํ๋ค. 5์์ ๋ผ์ค์ค ์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ฐ์ต ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ๋ผ์ค์ค์ ๊ถ๋ ฅ์ ์ก์์ผ๋ก์, ๋ผ์ค์ค๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ง์์ ๋์ฑ ์์กดํ๊ฒ ๋์๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ์ ๋์ ์ธ ํ๋๋ฅผ ์ทจํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
1959๋
7์ 28์ผ, ํํ
ํธ๋ผ์ค์ ํจ๊ป ๋ถ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ๋ผ์ค์ค๋ฅผ ์นจ๊ณตํ๊ณ , ๋ถ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ-๋ผ์ค์ค ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ์ง๋์์ ์๋ฆฝ ๋ผ์ค์ค๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์๋ค. 1959๋
9์ ํ๋
ธ์ด ์ ๋ถ๋ ๋ผ์ค์ค ๋ถ๋๋ถ์ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์ง๋์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ํ์ํ์ฃผ ๋๊น์ด์ ๋ณธ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๋ ์ 559์์ก๋จ์ ํธ์ฑํ๋ค. ๋ณด ๋ฐค ์ค๋ น์ด ๋ถ๋๋ฅผ ์งํํ๊ณ , ์ด ๋ถ๋๋ ๋จ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ํ ๋ฒ ํธ์ฝฉ ๋ฐ๋๊ตฐ์ ์์กํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ตํต ์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ณ ์ ์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ค๋ฆฝ๋์๋ค. ์ด๊ธฐ์ ๋ถ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ๋จ๋ถ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ๋ถ๋ฆฌํ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๊ตฐ์ฌ๋ถ๊ณ์ (DMZ) ๋ฐ๋ก ์๋์ ์นจํฌํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ ฅํ๋ค. ์ 559์์ก๋จ์ ์๋จ์ฐ๋งฅ ์์ชฝ ์ง์ญ์ผ๋ก ํต์ ์ ์ "ํ๋ฆฝ"ํ๋ค.
1959๋
์ ์ 559์์ก๋จ์ 70์ฐ๋์ 71์ฐ๋ ๋ฑ 2๊ฐ ์ฐ๋์๋ง 6,000๋ช
์ ๋ณ๋ ฅ์ด ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋ณ๋ ฅ์๋ ๋ณด์ ์ญํ ์ ์ ํฌ ๋ถ๋๋ ๋ถ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ๊ณผ ๋ผ์ค์ค ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ๋
ธ๋์๋ ํฌํจ๋์ง ์์๋ค. ๋ถ์ ์ด๊ธฐ์๋ ์ค๋ก์ง ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ์นจํฌ๋ฅผ ์ํด ํธ์ฐ๋ฏผ ๋ฃจํธ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค. ์ด ์๊ธฐ์ ๋ถ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ๋ฐ๋ค๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ ํจ์จ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋จ์ชฝ์ ๋๋งน ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ์ง์ํ ์ ์์๋ค. 1959๋
๋ถ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ์นจํฌ๋ฅผ ์ํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด 20์ฒ์ ์ฒ ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ณด์ ํ ์ 759์์ก๋จ์ ์ค๋ฆฝํ๋ค.
๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ์ฐ์์์ ๋ง์ผ ํ์ ์์ ์ด๋ผ ์๋ ค์ง ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํด๊ตฐ์ ๋ด์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์์๋ ํ, ํธ์ฐ๋ฏผ ๋ฃจํธ๋ 2๊ฐ์ง ์
๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ํํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ถ์ชฝ์์ ๋ณด๋ด์ง ๋ฌผ์๋ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ์ง์ญ์ ์๋์ฒ์ ์ ์ฅ๋์๊ณ , ๊ณง ์ด ์๋์ฒ๋ค์ "๊ธฐ์ง ์ง์ญ"(BA)์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฆ์ด ๋ฐ๋์๊ณ , ์ด ์ง์ญ์ ์ดํ ํด์์ ์ทจํ๋ ค๋ ๋ฒ ํธ์ฝฉ๊ณผ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ตฐ ๋ถ๋์ ์์ ์ฒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋จ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ์ง์ญ์์ ์์ ์ ์ํํ ๋ค์ ์ฌ๋ณด๊ธ ๊ธฐ์ง๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ์ง
๋ผ์ค์ค์ ๋์ถ๋ถ์๋ 5๊ฐ์ ํฐ ๊ธฐ์ง๋ค์ด ์์๋ค. BA 604๋ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ ์ค์ฌ์ง์๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ณณ์์ ๋ ๋จ์ชฝ์ ๋จ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๊ตฐ๊ด๊ตฌ I๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ง ์ง์ญ์ผ๋ก ๋ณ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ณด๊ธํ์ ์กฐ์ ํ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฐฐํ๋ค.
BA 611์ BA 604์์ BA 609๋ก์ ์์ก์ ์ฉ์ดํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค. ๋ณด๊ธ ์์ก์ฐจ๊ฐ ์๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ํ๋ค. BA607์ ์ฐ๋ฃ์ ํ์ฝ์ ๊ณต๊ธํ๊ณ ๋จ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ์ ์์ค์ฐ ๊ณ๊ณก์๋ ๋ณด๊ธํ๋ค.
BA 612๋ ๋จ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ์ค๋ถ ๊ณ ์ง์์ B-3 ์ ์ ์ ์ง์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค.
BA 614๋ ๋ผ์ค์ค ์ฌ๋ฐ๋์ผ๊ณผ ๋จ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ์บ๋์ ์ด์ด์ฃผ๋ ๊ธฐ์ง๋ก, ์ฃผ๋ก ๋จ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ๊ตฐ๊ด๊ตฌ 2์ B-3 ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์๋ฅผ ์ด๋์ํค๋ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค.
BA 609๋ ์ฅ๋ง์ฒ ์ ๋ฌผ์๋ฅผ ์์กํ ์ ์๊ฒ ํ ํ๋ฅญํ ๋๋ก๋ง ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ค์ํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
ํธ์ฐ๋ฏผ ๊ณ ์๋๋ก
๊ฐ์ฃผ
๋ฒ ํธ๋จ ์ ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%20Chi%20Minh%20trail | Ho Chi Minh trail | The Ho Chi Minh Trail (), also called Annamite Range Trail () was a logistical network of roads and trails that ran from North Vietnam to South Vietnam through the kingdoms of Laos and Cambodia. The system provided support, in the form of manpower and materiel, to the Viet Cong (or "VC") and the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), during the Vietnam War. Construction for the network began following the North Vietnamese invasion of Laos in July 1959.
It was named by the U.S. after the North Vietnamese president Hแป Chรญ Minh. The origin of the name is presumed to have come from the First Indochina War, when there was a Viet Minh maritime logistics line called the "Route of Ho Chi Minh", and shortly after late 1960, as the present trail developed, Agence France-Presse (AFP) announced that a northโsouth trail had opened, and they named the corridor La Piste de Hแป Chรญ Minh, the 'Hแป Chรญ Minh Trail'. The trail ran mostly in Laos, and was called the Trฦฐแปng Sฦกn Strategic Supply Route (ฤฦฐแปng Trฦฐแปng Sฦกn) by the communists, after the Vietnamese name for the Annamite Range mountains in central Vietnam. They further identified the trail as either West Trฦฐแปng Sฦกn (Laos) or East Trฦฐแปng Sฦกn (Vietnam). According to the U.S. National Security Agency's official history of the war, the trail system was "one of the great achievements of military engineering of the 20th century". The trail was able to effectively supply troops fighting in the south, an unparalleled military feat, given it was the site of the single most intense air interdiction campaign in history.
Origins (1959โ1965)
Parts of what became the trail had existed for centuries as primitive footpaths that enabled trade. The area through which the system meandered was among the most challenging in Southeast Asia: a sparsely populated region of rugged mountains in elevation, triple-canopy jungle and dense tropical rainforests. Pre-First Indochina War, the routes were known as the "Southward March", "Eastward March", "Westward March", and "Northward March". During the First Indochina War the Viแปt Minh maintained northโsouth communications and logistics by expanding on this system of trails and paths, and called the routes the "Trans-West Supply Line" (running in south Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand) and the "Trans-Indochina Link" (running in north Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand).
In May 1958 PAVN and Pathet Lao forces seized the transportation hub at Tchepone, on Laotian Route 9. Laotian elections in May brought a right-wing government to power in Laos, increasing dependence on U.S. military and economic aid and an increasingly antagonistic attitude toward North Vietnam.
PAVN forces, alongside the Pathet Lao, invaded Laos on 28 July 1959, with fighting all along the border with North Vietnam against the Royal Lao Army (RLA). In September 1959, Hanoi established the 559th Transportation Group, headquartered at Na Kai, Houaphan province in northeast Laos close to the border. It was under the command of Colonel (later General) Vรต Bแบฉm and established to improve and maintain a transportation system to supply the VC insurgency against the South Vietnamese government. Initially, the North Vietnamese effort concentrated on infiltration across and immediately below the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) that separated the two Vietnams. The 559th Group "flipped" its line of communications to the west side of the Trฦฐแปng Sฦกn mountains.
By 1959, the 559th had 6,000 personnel in two regiments alone, the 70th and 71st, not including combat troops in security roles or North Vietnamese and Laotian civilian laborers. In the early days of the conflict the trail was used strictly for the infiltration of manpower. At the time, Hanoi could supply its southern allies much more efficiently by sea. In 1959 the North Vietnamese created Transportation Group 759, which was equipped with 20 steel-hulled vessels to carry out such infiltration.
After the initiation of U.S. naval interdiction efforts in coastal waters, known as Operation Market Time, the trail had to do double duty. Materiel sent from the north was stored in caches in the border regions that were soon retitled "Base Areas" (BA), which, in turn, became sanctuaries for VC and PAVN forces seeking respite and resupply after conducting operations in South Vietnam.
Base areas
There were five large base areas in the panhandle of Laos (see map). BA 604 was the main logistical center during the war. From there, the coordination and distribution of men and supplies into South Vietnam's Military Region (MR) I and BAs further south was accomplished.
BA 611 facilitated transport from BA 604 to BA 609. Supply convoys moved in both directions. It also fed fuel and ammunition to BA 607 and on into South Vietnam's A Shau Valley.
BA 612 was used for support of the B-3 Front in the Central Highlands of South Vietnam.
BA 614, between Savannakhet, Laos and Kham Duc, South Vietnam was used primarily for moving men and materiel into MR 2 and to the B-3 Front.
BA 609 was important due to a fine road network that made it possible to transport supplies during the rainy season.
Human labour, pushing heavily laden bicycles, driving oxcarts, or acting as human pack animals, moving hundreds of tonnes of supplies in this fashion was quickly supplanted by truck transportโusing Soviet, Chinese, or Eastern Bloc modelsโwhich quickly became the chief means of moving supplies and troops. As early as December 1961, the 3rd Truck Transportation Group of PAVN's General Rear Services Department had become the first motor transport unit fielded by North Vietnamese to work the trail and the use of motor transport escalated.
Two types of units served under the 559th Group: "Binh Trams" (BT) and commo-liaison units. A "Binh Tram" was the equivalent of a regimental logistical headquarters and was responsible for securing a particular section of the network. While separate units were tasked with security, engineering, and communications functions, a "Binh Tram" provided the logistical necessities. Usually located one day's march from one another, communication-liaison units were responsible for providing food, housing, medical care and guides to the next way-station. By April 1965, command of the 559th Group devolved upon General Phan Trแปng Tuแป, who assumed command of 24,000 men in six truck transportation battalions, two bicycle transportation battalions, a boat transportation battalion, eight engineer battalions, and 45 commo-liaison stations. The motto of the 559th became "Build roads to advance, fight the enemy to travel."
There were nine Binh Trams between the dry season of 1967 to August 1968. An example is Binh Tram 31:
The system developed into an intricate maze of dirt roads (paved with gravel and corduroyed in some areas), foot and bicycle paths and truck parks. There were numerous supply bunkers, storage areas, barracks, hospitals, and command and control facilities, all concealed from aerial observation by an intricate system of natural and man-made camouflage that was constantly improved. By 1973, trucks could drive the entire length of the trail without emerging from the canopy except to ford streams or cross them on crude bridges built beneath the water's surface.
The weather in southeastern Laos came to play a large role both in the supply effort and in U.S. and South Vietnamese efforts to interdict it. The southwest monsoon (commonly called the rainy season) from mid-May to mid-September, brought heavy precipitation (70% of per year). The sky was usually overcast with high temperatures. The northwest monsoon (the dry season), from mid-October to mid-March was relatively dry with lower temperatures. Since the road network in the trail system was generally dirt, the bulk of supply transport, and the military efforts that they supported, were conducted during the dry season. Eventually, the bulk of the trail was either asphalted or hard packed, thus allowing large quantities of supplies to be moved even during the rainy season.
Interdiction and expansion (1965โ1968)
In 1961 U.S. intelligence analysts estimated that 5,843 enemy infiltrators (actually 4,000) had moved south on the trail; in 1962, 12,675 (actually 5,300); in 1963, 7,693 (actually 4,700); and in 1964, 12,424. The supply capacity of the trail reached 20 to 30 tonnes per day in 1964 and it was estimated by the U.S. that 12,000 (actually 9,000) PAVN soldiers had reached South Vietnam that year. By 1965 the U.S. command in Saigon estimated that communist supply requirements for their southern forces amounted to 234 tons of all supplies per day and that 195 tons were moving through Laos.
U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) analysts concluded that during the 1965 Laotian dry season the enemy was moving 30 trucks per day (90 tonnes) over the trail, far above the Saigon estimate.
U.S. officials had only estimates of its enemy's capabilities; intelligence collection agencies often conflicted with each other. Thanks to improvements to the trail system (including opening new routes that would connect to the Sihanouk Trail in Cambodia), the quantity of supplies transported during 1965 almost equaled the combined total for the previous five years. During the year interdiction of the system had become one of the top American priorities, but operations against it were complicated by the limited forces available at the time and Laos's ostensible neutrality.
The intricacies of Laotian affairs, and U.S. and North Vietnamese interference in them, led to a mutual policy of each ignoring the other, at least in the public eye. This did not prevent the North Vietnamese from violating Lao neutrality by protecting and expanding their supply conduit, and by supporting their Pathet Lao allies in their war against the central government. U.S. intervention came in the form of building and supporting a CIA-backed clandestine army in its fight with the communists and constant bombing of the trail. They also provided support for the Lao government.
Air operations against the trail
On 14 December 1964, the U.S. Air Force's (USAF) "Operation Barrel Roll" carried out the first systematic bombardment of the Hแป Chรญ Minh Trail in Laos. On 20 March 1965, after the initiation of Operation Rolling Thunder against North Vietnam, President Lyndon B. Johnson approved a corresponding escalation against the trail system. "Barrel Roll" continued in northeastern Laos while the southern panhandle was bombed in "Operation Steel Tiger".
By mid-year the number of sorties being flown had grown from 20 to 1,000 per month. In January 1965, the U.S. command in Saigon requested control over bombing operations in the areas of Laos adjacent to South Vietnam's five northernmost provinces, claiming that the area was part of the "extended battlefield". The request was granted by the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The area fell under the auspices of "Operation Tiger Hound".
Political considerations complicated aerial operations. But the seasonal monsoons that hindered communist supply operations in Laos also hampered the interdiction effort. These efforts were hindered by morning fog and overcast, and by the smoke and haze produced by the slash-and-burn agriculture practiced by the indigenous population. During 1968 the USAF undertook two experimental operations that it hoped would worsen the monsoons. "Project Popeye" was an attempt to indefinitely extend the rainy season over southeastern Laos by cloud seeding. Testing on the project began in September above the Kong River watershed that ran through the Steel Tiger and Tiger Hound areas. Clouds were seeded by air with silver iodide smoke and then activated by launching a fuse fired from a flare pistol. Fifty-six tests were conducted by October; 85% were judged to be successful. President Johnson then gave authorization for the program, which lasted until July 1972.
Testing on the second operation, "Project Commando Lava", began on 17 May: scientists from Dow Chemical had created a chemical concoction that, when mixed with rainwater, destabilized the soil and created mud. The program drew enthusiasm from its military and civilian participants, who claimed that they were there to "make mud, not war." In some areas it worked, depending on the makeup of the soil. The chemicals were dropped by C-130A aircraft, but the overall effect on North Vietnamese interdiction was minimal and the experiment was cancelled.
Defoliation
In December 1965 the USAF began its first Operation Ranch Hand defoliation missions against the trail in Laos using both Agent Blue and Agent Orange defoliants. More than 210
missions took place, spraying approximately 1.8 million litres of defoliants. Unlike Laos, the trail in Cambodia was not systematically targeted for defoliation, although more than ten missions were mounted against the Parrot's Beak area, spraying approximately 155,000 litres of Agent Orange.
Ground operations against the trail
On the ground, the CIA and the RLA had initially been given the responsibility of stopping, slowing, or, at the very least, observing the enemy's infiltration effort. In Laos, the agency began Operation Pincushion in 1962 to accomplish that goal. The operation evolved into Operation Hardnose, in which CIA-backed Laotian irregular reconnaissance team operations took place.
In October 1965, General Westmoreland received authorization to launch a U.S. cross-border recon effort. On 18 October 1965, the first mission was launched "across the fence" into Laos by the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Studies and Observations Group (MACV-SOG). This was the beginning of an ever-expanding reconnaissance effort by MACV-SOG that would continue until the operation was disbanded in 1972. Another weapon in the U.S. arsenal was unleashed upon the trail on 10 December 1965, when the first B-52 Stratofortress bomber strike was conducted in Laos.
A common historical perspective supports the efficacy of the campaigns (despite their failure to halt or slow infiltration), as they did restrict enemy materiel and manpower in Laos and Cambodia. This viewpoint pervaded some official U.S. government histories of the conflict. John Schlight said of the PAVN's logistical apparatus, "This sustained effort, requiring the full-time activities of tens of thousands of soldiers, who might otherwise have been fighting in South Vietnam, seems proof positive that the bombing of the Ho Chi Minh Trail had disrupted the North Vietnamese war effort."
Despite U.S. anti-infiltration efforts, the estimated number of PAVN infiltrators for 1966 was between 58,000 and 90,000 troops, including five full enemy regiments. A June 1966 DIA estimate credited the North Vietnamese with of passable roads within the corridor, at least of which were good enough for year-round use. In 1967 Senior Colonel (later General) ฤแปng Sแปน Nguyรชn assumed command of the 559th Group. In comparison to the above DIA estimate, by the end of the year the North Vietnamese had completed 2,959ย km of vehicle capable roads, including 275 kilometers of main roads, 576 kilometers of bypasses, and 450 entry roads and storage areas.
It was learned by U.S. intelligence that the enemy was using the Kong and Bang Fai Rivers to transport food, fuel, and munitions shipments by loading materiel into half-filled steel drums and then launching them into the rivers. They were later collected downstream by nets and booms. Unknown to the U.S., the North Vietnamese had also begun to transport and store more than 81,000 tonnes of supplies "to be utilized in a future offensive". That future offensive was launched during the lunar new year Tแบฟt holiday of 1968, and to prepare for it, 200,000 PAVN troops, including seven infantry regiments and 20 independent battalions, made the trip south.
Throughout the war, ground operations by conventional units were somewhat limited to brief incursions into border sanctuaries. One notable operation was Dewey Canyon which took place from 22 January to 18 March 1969 in I Corps. During the operation, the 9th Marine Regiment attempted to interdict PAVN activity in the Da Krong River and A Shau Valleys. Ground units briefly entered the border areas of Laos during fighting with elements of the PAVN 9th Regiment.
Operation Commando Hunt (1968โ1970)
In the wake of the Tet Offensive, the North Vietnamese expanded and modernized their logistical effort. The number of supply and maintenance personnel dropped, mainly due to increased use of motor and river transport and mechanized construction equipment. The CIA estimated during the year that the 559th Group was using 20 bulldozers, 11 road graders, three rock crushers, and two steamrollers for maintenance and new road construction.
As many as 43,000 North Vietnamese or Laotians were engaged in operating, improving, or extending the system. In 1969, 433,000 tonnes of ordnance fell on Laos. This was made possible by the end of "Operation Rolling Thunder" and the commencement of "Operation Commando Hunt" in November 1968. U.S. aircraft were freed for interdiction missions and as many as 500 per day were flying over Laos. By the end of 1968, bombing missions over southern Laos had climbed 300 percent, from 4,700 sorties in October to 12,800 in November.
This round-the-clock aerial effort was directed by "Operation Igloo White", run out of Nakhon Phanom, Thailand. It was composed of three parts: strings of air-dropped acoustic and seismic sensors collected intelligence on the trail; computers at the Intelligence Collection Center (ICS) in Thailand collated the information and predicted convoy paths and speeds; and an airborne relay and control aircraft which received the signals from the sensors and routed aircraft to targets as directed by the ICS.
This effort was supported by MACV-SOG recon teams, who, besides carrying out recon, wiretap, and bomb damage assessment missions for "Commando Hunt", also hand-placed sensors for "Igloo White". Personnel interdiction was abandoned by early-1969. The sensor system was not sophisticated enough to detect enemy personnel, so the effort was given up until "Operation Island Tree" in late-1971. A revelation for U.S. intelligence analysts in late 1968 was the discovery of a petroleum pipeline running southwest from the northern port of Vinh.
Fuel pipeline
Initially, fuel was carried by porters, but this was inefficient and time-consuming, and thus highlighted the need to extend the pipeline at a much faster rate. The responsibility to build the pipeline fell to Lieutenant Colonel Phan Tu Quang, who became the first Chief of the Fuel Supply Department, and Major Mai Trong Phuoc, who was the Commander of Road Work Team 18, the secret name for the workers who built the pipeline.
Early in 1969, the pipeline crossed the Lao frontier through the Mu Gia Pass and, by 1970, it reached the approaches to the A Shau Valley in South Vietnam. The plastic pipeline, equipped with numerous small pumping stations, managed to transfer diesel fuel, gasoline, and kerosene all through the same pipe. Due to the efforts of the PAVN 592nd Pipelaying Regiment, the number of pipelines entering Laos increased to six that year.
The 559th Group, still under the command of General ฤแปng Sแปน Nguyรชn, was made the equivalent of a Military Region in 1970 and the group was given the additional name, the "Truong Son Army". It was composed of four units, one division and three equivalent units: the 968th Infantry Division; 470th Group; 565th MAG; and 571st Rear Group. The units controlled fuel pipeline battalions.
In July 1971, the Truong Son Army was reorganized into five divisional headquarters: the 470th, 471st, 472nd, 473rd, and the 571st. The group consisted of four truck transportation regiments, two petroleum pipeline regiments, three anti-aircraft artillery (AAA) regiments, eight engineer regiments, and the 968th Infantry Division. By the end of 1970 the 559th was running 27 "Binh Trams", which transported 40,000 tonnes of supplies with a 3.4% loss rate during the year.
Colonel Quang and Major Phuoc would eventually build 5,000ย km of pipeline and ship over 270,000 tonnes of petrol. Sections of the pipeline were still in use in the 1990s.
Truck relay system
Trucked supplies traveled in convoys from North Vietnam in relays, with trucks shuttling from only one way station to the next. The vehicles were then unloaded and reloaded onto "fresh" trucks at each station. If a truck was disabled or destroyed, it was replaced from the assets of the next northern station and so on until it was replaced by a new one in North Vietnam. Eventually, the last commo-liaison station in Laos or Cambodia was reached and the vehicles were unloaded. The supplies were then cached, loaded onto watercraft, or man-portered into South Vietnam.
Due to the increased effectiveness of "Commando Hunt", North Vietnamese transportation units usually took to the roads only at dusk with traffic peaking in the early morning hours. As U.S. aircraft came on station, traffic would subside until just before dawn, when fixed-wing gunships and night bombers returned to their bases. The trucks then began rolling again, reaching another peak in traffic around 06:00 as drivers hurried to get into truck parks before sunrise and the arrival of the morning waves of U.S. fighter bombers. By the last phase of "Commando Hunt" (October 1970 โ April 1972), the average daily number of U.S. aircraft flying interdiction missions included 182 attack fighters, 13 fixed-wing gunships, and 21 B-52s.
The North Vietnamese also responded to the American aerial threat by the increased use of heavy concentrations of anti-aircraft artillery. By 1968 this was mainly composed of 37ย mm and 57ย mm radar-controlled weapons. The next year, 85ย mm and 100ย mm guns appeared, and by the end of Commando Hunt, over 1,500 guns defended the system.
Of all the weapons systems used against the trail, according to the official North Vietnamese history of the conflict, the AC-130 Spectre fixed-wing gunship was the most formidable adversary. The Spectres "established control over and successfully suppressed, to a certain extent at least, our nighttime supply operations". The history claimed that allied aircraft destroyed some 4,000 trucks during the 1970โ71 dry season, of which the C-130s alone destroyed 2,432 trucks.
A Spectre countermeasure was unveiled on 29 March 1972, when a Spectre was shot down on a night mission by a surface-to-air SA-7 missile near Tchepone. This was the first U.S. aircraft shot down by a SAM that far south during the conflict. PAVN responded to U.S. nighttime bombing by building the 1,000 kilometer-long Road K ("Green Road") from north of Lum Bum to lower Laos. During "Commando Hunt IV" (30 Aprilโ9 October 1971), U.S., South Vietnamese and Laotian forces began to feel the North Vietnamese reaction to General Lon Nol's coup in Cambodia and the subsequent closure of the port of Sihanoukville to its supply shipments. As early as 1969 PAVN had begun its largest logistical effort of the entire conflict.
The Laotian towns of Attapeu and Salavan, at the foot of the Bolaven Plateau were seized by the PAVN during 1970, opening the length of the Kong River system into Cambodia. Hanoi also created the 470th Transportation Group to manage the flow of men and supplies to the new battlefields in Cambodia. This new "Liberation Route" turned west from the trail at Muong May, at the south end of Laos, and paralleled the Kong River into Cambodia. Eventually this new route extended past Siem Prang and reached the Mekong River near Stung Treng.
During 1971 PAVN took Paksong and advanced to Pakse, at the heart of the Bolaven Plateau region of Laos. The following year, Khong Sedone fell to the North Vietnamese. The PAVN continued a campaign to clear the eastern flank of the trail that it had begun in 1968. By 1968, U.S. Special Forces camps at Khe Sanh and Khรขm ฤแปฉc, both of which were used by MACV-SOG as forward operations bases for its reconnaissance effort, had either been abandoned or overrun. In 1970, the same fate befell another camp at Dak Seang. What had once been a supply corridor now stretched for from east to west.
Road to PAVN victory (1971โ1975)
In early-February 1971, 16,000 (later 20,000) ARVN troops crossed the Laotian border along Route 9 and headed for the PAVN logistical center at Tchepone. "Operation Lam Son 719", the long-sought assault on the Ho Chi Minh Trail itself and the ultimate test of the U.S. policy of Vietnamization, had begun. Unfortunately for the South Vietnamese, U.S. ground troops were prohibited by law from participation in the incursion, and the U.S. was restricted to providing air support, artillery fire, and helicopter aviation units.
At first the operation went well, with little resistance from the North Vietnamese. By early March 1971 the situation changed. Hanoi made the decision to stand and fight. It began to muster forces which would eventually number 60,000 PAVN troops as well as several thousand allied Pathet Lao troops and Lao irregulars, outnumbering the ARVN by almost three to one.
The fighting in southeastern Laos was unlike any yet seen in the Vietnam War, since the PAVN abandoned its old hit-and-run tactics and launched a conventional counterattack. The PAVN first launched massed infantry attacks supported by armor and heavy artillery to crush ARVN positions on the flanks of the main advance. Coordinated anti-aircraft fire made tactical air support and resupply difficult and costly, with 108 helicopters shot down and 618 others damaged.
PAVN forces began to squeeze in on the main line of the ARVN advance. Although an airborne assault managed to seize Tchepone, it was a useless victory, as the South Vietnamese could only hold the town for a short period before being withdrawn due to attacks on the main column. The only way the invasion force managed to extricate itself from Laos was through the massive application of U.S. air support. By 25 March 1971, the last ARVN troops recrossed the border, closely followed by their enemy. As a test of Vietnamization, "Lam Son 719" failed; half of the invasion force was lost during the operation.
South Vietnamese troops were poorly led and the elite Ranger and Airborne elements had been decimated. "Lam Son 719" did manage to postpone a planned PAVN offensive against the northern provinces of South Vietnam for one year. By spring 1972 the Americans and South Vietnamese realized that the enemy was planning a major offensive, but did not know where or when. The answer came on 30 March 1972 when 30,000 PAVN troops, supported by more than 300 tanks, crossed the border and invaded Quแบฃng Trแป Province. The "Nguyen Hue Offensive"โbetter known as the "Easter Offensive"โwas underway.
As South Vietnamese forces were on the verge of collapse, President Richard M. Nixon responded by increasing the magnitude of the U.S. air support. Due to the withdrawal of U.S. aviation units from Southeast Asia, squadrons were flown into South Vietnam from Japan and the U.S. itself. The effort failed to halt the fall of Quแบฃng Trแป City on 2 May, seemingly sealing the fate of the four northernmost provinces. The North Vietnamese then launched two further attacks from their base areas in Cambodia, the first aimed to seize Kon Tum in the Central Highlands to cut South Vietnam in two; the second provoked a series of battles in and around An Lแปc, the capital of Bรฌnh Long Province. A total of 14 PAVN divisions were now committed to the offensive. On 13 May 1972, South Vietnam launched a counteroffensive with four divisions backed by massive U.S. air support. By 17 May, Quแบฃng Trแป City was retaken, but the South Vietnamese military ran out of steam. The PAVN thrusts against Kon Tum and An Lแปc were contained. Due to the adoption of a conventional offensive and the logistical effort needed to sustain it, U.S. airpower was particularly effective and PAVN casualties were high. The North Vietnamese suffered approximately 100,000 casualties while the South Vietnamese suffered 30,000 fatalities during the fighting.
The seizure of territory within South Vietnam itself allowed Hanoi to extend the trail across the border with Laos and into that country. The signing of the Paris Peace Accords seemed to bring the conflict in Southeast Asia to an end. The last U.S. forces departed in March 1973. Both North and South Vietnamese were to maintain control in the areas under their influence and negotiations between the two nations, possibly leading to a coalition government and unification, were to take place. Jockeying for control of more territory, both sides flagrantly violated the ceasefire and open hostilities began anew.
By 1973, the PAVN logistical system consisted of a two-lane paved (with crushed limestone and gravel) highway that ran from the mountain passes of North Vietnam to the Chu Pong Massif in South Vietnam. By 1974 it was possible to travel a completely paved four-lane route from the Central Highlands to Tรขy Ninh Province, northwest of Saigon. The single oil pipeline that had once terminated near the A Shau Valley now consisted of four lines (the largest 20ย cm [eight inches] in diameter) and extended south to Lแปc Ninh. In July 1973 the 259th Group was redesignated the Truong Son Command, the regimental sectors were converted to divisions, and the binh trams were designated as regiments. By late 1974 forces under the new command included AAA Division 377, Transportation Division 571, Engineering Division 473, the 968th Infantry Division, and sectoral divisions 470, 471, and 472.
Command then devolved upon PAVN Major General Hoร ng Thแบฟ Thiแปn. In December 1974 the first phase of a limited PAVN offensive in South Vietnam began. Its success inspired Hanoi to try for an expanded but still limited, offensive to improve its bargaining position with Saigon. In March, General Vฤn Tiแบฟn Dลฉng launched "Campaign 275", the success of which prompted the general to push Hanoi for a final all-out offensive to take all of South Vietnam. After an ineffective attempt to halt the offensive, Saigon fell to North Vietnamese forces on 30 April 1975.
See also
Ho Chi Minh Highway
References
History of Laos (1945โpresent)
Military logistics of the Vietnam War
Vietnam War sites |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A4%EB%93%9C%EB%A3%A8%20%EC%96%91 | ์ค๋๋ฃจ ์ | ์ค๋๋ฃจ ์(, 1975๋
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์ผ๋ก ๋์ด๋ฌ๊ณ , ์ฝ๋ผ๋ฒ์ค (์คํ์ด์ค์ฃผ), ๋ง์ด์ ๋ฏธ, ์์ํ ๋์ค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ธ์ธํธ๋ฃจ์ด์ค๋ก ํ๋๋์๋ค.
VFA์ ์ ๋ต์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ด ์ต๊ณ ๋ํ์ ํ์๋ค์ 2๋
๊ฐ ๋ฉด์ ์ ํตํด ์ ๋ฐํ์ฌ ๋์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ๋ต์ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์ ์ ๋๋ํ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ง๋๋ค๋ผ๋ ์ฑ
์์๋, "์๊ณจ์์ ์์ฌ๋ค์ ๋ฝ์ ๋๋์๋ก ์ ์
ํ๋ค"๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. VFA์ ๋ชฉํ๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ฌ๋ฅ์ ์ด๋ ค ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ํ์ํ ๊ฒฝ์์ง์ ๋ง๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
2011๋
๋ถํฐ VFA๊ฐ ์๋ผ๋ฉด์ 2017๋
, ์ฐ๋ด ์์ฐ์ด 600๋ง ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ๋ฌํ๊ณ , 20๊ฐ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋์์ ์ง๋ถ๋ฅผ ํ๊ฒฌํ๋ค. ์บ์์ค์ํฐ, ์ ํ๋ํ, ๋ณผํฐ๋ชจ์ด, ๋ฒ๋ฐ์, ์ฌ๋ฟ, ํด๋ฆฌ๋ธ๋๋, ๋ง์ด์ ๋ฏธ, ์ฝ๋ผ๋ฒ์ค์ ์ด์ด, ๋ด๋ฒ, ๋ด์ฌ๋น์๋ ์ง๋ถ๊ฐ ์๊ฒผ๋ค. VFA๋ ๋ํธ๋ก์ดํธ์์ "Startup Acclerator"๋ฅผ ์ด์ํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๊ณ ํฌ์์๋ค์ ์ง์์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ 2017๋
3์์ VFA์ ์ต๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์์ ์๋ฆฌ์์ ๋ฌผ๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ค.
2020๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ํต๋ น ์ ๊ฑฐ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ํ๋ณด ๊ฒฝ์
2017๋ 11์ 6์ผ์ , ์ค๋๋ฃจ ์์ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ ๊ฑฐ ์ค๋น ์์ํ (๋ฏธ๊ตญ)์ ์์ ์ด 2020๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ํต๋ น ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ถ๋งํ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ธํ๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ์บ ํ์ธ์ ๋๊ท๋ชจ ๋
ธ๋์๋ค์ด ์ผ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์์ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋นํ์ฌ ํ ๋ฌ์ 1000๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ฅผ 18์ธ ์ด์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์๊ฒ ๋๋์ด ์ฃผ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ๊ณต์ฝ์ ๋ด๊ฑธ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋จ์ ๋๊ฐ์ง ๊ณต์ฝ์ "๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์ํ ๋ณดํ"๊ณผ "์ธ๊ฐ ์ค์ฌ์ ์๋ณธ์ฃผ์"์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์บ ํ์ธ ๊ตฌํธ๋ "์ธ๋ฅ ์ฐ์ "์ผ๋ก, ๊ณต์ฅ ์๋ํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๋
ธ๋ ์ค์
์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ์ํ์์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๊ทธ์ ์น์ฌ์ดํธ์๋ ๊ทธ์ 100๊ฐ์ ๊ณต์ฝ์ด ๋์ด๋์ด ์๋ค. ์ค๋๋ฃจ ์์ ํ์์ธ์ ์ง์ง์๋ก, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐํ ๋ณํ ํ์ฝ์ผ๋ก ๋ณต๊ท์ํฌ ๊ฒ์ ์ฝ์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ฑ์ฐจ๋ณ๊ณผ ์ฑ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํ ์ฐจ๋ณ ๊ธ์ง ๋ฒ์์ ์ง์งํ๋ค. ๋ด์ ํ์์ค๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฏธ๋์ด ๊ท์ ์ ์ฑ
, ์ ๊ฑฐ์ผ์ ๊ณตํด์ผํ, ๋ถํจ ์ฒ๊ฒฐ, ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ์์๋ค์ ์๊ธ ์ธ์ ๋ฐ ์์ ์ธ ํ ์ง์
์ ์ ํํ๋ ์ ์ ์ฑ
๋ค์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํํ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ ๋งํด ํฌ๋์ ์๋ํ์ ์ง์
์์ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ธ๊ณต์ง๋ฅํ์ ๊ดํ ๊ทธ์ ์ ์ "๋ก๋ด์ ๋ฑ์ฅ: ๊ธฐ์ ๊ณผ ์ต์ ๊ณ ์ฉ ๋ฏธ๋์ ์ํ"๋ฅผ ์ฝ์ ํ, ์ต์ ์๊ธ์ ์ง์ง์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ ํ๋ ํ๊ณผ ํป์ ๋ฐํฌ์ ์ด์ ์ธ๋ฒ์งธ ๋์์ธ ๋ํต๋ น ํ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ๋ํต๋ น ํ๋ณด ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ฒซ๋ฒ์งธ ๋์์ธ ํ๋ณด์ด๋ค.
2019๋
6์ 28์ผ, ๊ทธ๋ 20๊ฐ ์ฃผ ์ต์ 130,000๋ช
์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ธฐ๋ถ๊ธ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ 1์ฐจ, 2์ฐจ, 3์ฐจ, 4์ฐจ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ๊ฒฝ์ ์์ ๋ชจ๋ ํ ๋ก ํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. The
๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์์ํ๋ ๊ทธ๊ฐ 6์ 27์ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ 1์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ ๋ก ์ ๋๋ฒ์งธ ๋ ์ ๋
์ ํ ๋ก ํ๋๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ์ง์๋ค. ์ฒซ๋ฒ์งธ ํ ๋ก ์์ ๊ทธ๋ 2๋ถ 56์ด๋์ 2๊ฐ์ ์ง๋ฌธ๋ง์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ์ต์ ์๊ฐ์ด์๋ค.๊ทธ๋ ์ฒ์์ ๋ง์ดํฌ์ ๊ฒฐํจ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. NBC์ ๋๋ณ์ธ์ "ํ ๋ก ์ค ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ ๊บผ์ง๊ฑฐ๋ ์ด์์ด ์์ง ์์๋ค"๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ทธ์ ๊ทธ์ ์ง์ง์๋ค์ ๋น๋์ค๋ฅผ ํตํด ์๋ฌด๊ฒ๋ ๋ค๋ฆฌ์ง ์์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค.
์์ ์ง์ง์๋ค์ "์ ๊ฐฑ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋๋ฐ, ๋ ๋ง, ํ์ด์ค๋ถ, ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ, ํธ์ํฐ ๋ฑ์ ํตํ์ฌ ๋ฐ๊ณผ ์บ ํ์ธ ํ๋์ ํผ์น๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ด์ ์์ฅ ํ๋ณด ๊ฒฝ์ , ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ํ๋น
๊ทธ๋ 2021๋
1์ ๋ด์ ์์ฅ ์ ๊ฑฐ ์ถ๋ง๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ ์ ์ธํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ๋ด์ ์์ฅ ํ๋ณด ๊ฒฝ์ ์์ 4์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ฝํ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ 2021๋
10์ 4์ผ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น๊ณผ ๊ณตํ๋น์ผ๋ก ์๋ถ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ ์น ์ํฉ์ ์ง์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์์ด๋ผ๋ ์์ ์ ํ๊ณ์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์์ ํ๋นํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 2021๋
10์ 5์ผ์ ์ ์ง๋น(Forward party) ์ฐฝ๋น์ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ธ ์ถ
๊ทธ๋ ๋ด์์์ ์๋ด ์ ๋ธ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ๋ ์๋
์ ํจ๊ป ์ด๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฐํ๊ตํ ์ ์์ด๋, ์ข
๊ต์ ์ด์ง๋ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
์ ์
๊ฐ์ฃผ
1975๋
์ถ์
2020๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ํต๋ น ํ๋ณด
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ธ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ ์น์ธ
๋ด์์ฃผ ์ถ์
์ปฌ๋ผ๋น์ ๋ํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
๋ธ๋ผ์ด ๋ํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
๋๋ง๊ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
๋ด์์ฃผ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ๋น์
21์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ธ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ํ์บ์คํฐ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ ์น ํ๋ก ๊ฐ
๋ด์ ์ถ์ ๋ณํธ์ฌ
๋ด์ ์ถ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ธ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Yang | Andrew Yang | Andrew Yang (born January 13, 1975) is an American businessman, attorney, lobbyist, and politician. Yang was a candidate in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries and the 2021 New York City Democratic mayoral primary. He is the co-chair of the Forward Party, alongside former New Jersey Governor Christine Todd Whitman.
The son of Taiwanese immigrants, Yang was born and raised in New York. He attended Brown University and Columbia Law School. Yang became a prominent candidate in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries. His signature policy was a universal basic income (UBI) of $1,000 a month as a response to job displacement by automation. Yang has been credited with popularizing the idea of universal basic income through his candidacy and activism.
News outlets described Yang as a dark horse candidate in the 2020 election cycle, going from a relative unknown to a major competitor in the race. Yang qualified for and participated in seven of the first eight Democratic debates. His supporters, informally known as the "Yang Gang", included several high-profile celebrities. Yang suspended his campaign on February 11, 2020, shortly after the New Hampshire primary. After his campaign ended, Yang joined CNN as a political commentator, announced the creation of the political nonprofit organization Humanity Forward, and ran in the 2021 New York City Democratic mayoral primary. Yang conceded the race shortly after the initial ranked choice votes were released, which placed him fourth.
On October 4, 2021, Andrew Yang announced that he was leaving the Democratic Party to become an independent, faulting what he characterized as a system stuck in increasing polarization and saying that he is "more comfortable trying to fix the system than being a part of it". Later in October 2021, Yang founded the Forward Party โ a centrist political action committee and political party.
Early life and education
Andrew Yang was born on January 13, 1975, in Schenectady, New York. His parents emigrated from Taiwan to the U.S. in the 1960s and met in graduate school at the University of California, Berkeley. Yang is of Hoklo Taiwanese descent. His father graduated with a PhD in physics and worked in the research labs of IBM and General Electric, generating over 50 patents in his career. His mother graduated with a master's degree in statistics before becoming a systems administrator at a university, and later an artist. Yang has an older brother, Lawrence, who is a psychology professor at New York University.
Yang grew up in Somers in Westchester County, New York. He attended Phillips Exeter Academy, a boarding school in New Hampshire. Yang was part of the 1992 U.S. national debate team, which competed at the world championships in London. After graduating from Exeter in 1992, he enrolled at Brown University, where he majored in economics and political science, graduating in 1996. He then attended Columbia Law School, earning a Juris Doctor in 1999.
Business career
Early career
After graduating from law school, Yang began his career as a corporate attorney at Davis Polk & Wardwell in New York City. Yang later described the job as "a pie-eating contest, and if you won, your prize was more pie". He left the law firm after five months, which he has called "the five worst months of my life".
In February 2000, Yang joined his office mate, Jonathan Philips, in launching Stargiving, a website for celebrity-affiliated philanthropic fundraising. The startup had some initial success, but folded in 2002 as the dot-com bubble burst. Yang became involved in other ventures, including a party-organizing business. From 2002 to 2005, he served as the vice president of a healthcare startup.
Manhattan Prep
After working in the healthcare industry for four years, Yang left MMF Systems to join his friend Zeke Vanderhoek at a small test preparation company, Manhattan Prep. In 2006, Vanderhoek asked Yang to take over as CEO. While Yang was CEO, the company primarily provided GMAT test preparation. It expanded from five to 69 locations and was acquired by Kaplan, Inc. in December 2009. Yang resigned as the company's president in early 2012. Yang later said it was during his time at Manhattan Prep that he became a millionaire.
In September 2019 testimony before the New York City Commission on Gender Equity, former employee Kimberly Watkins testified that Yang had fired her because he felt that she would not work as hard after getting married. Yang has denied the allegations. In an appearance on The View, Yang said, "I've had so many phenomenal women leaders that have elevated me and my organizations at every phase of my career, and if I was that kind of person I would never have had any success."
In November, a former employee of Yang's at Manhattan GMAT filed a lawsuit against him for allegedly paying her less than her male co-workers and subsequently firing her for asking for a raise. Yang and another female employee at the company disputed the anonymous woman's claim that she was in an equivalent position to the male co-workers she cited.
Venture for America
Following Kaplan's acquisition of Manhattan Prep in late 2009, Yang began to work on creating a new nonprofit fellowship program, Venture for America (VFA), which he founded in 2011. The organization was intended to find and train entrepreneurs to start businesses in economically stressed cities. VFA was launched with $200,000 and trained 40 graduates in 2012 and 69 in 2013. VFA added Columbus, Miami, San Antonio, and St. Louis in 2014, with a class of 106.
VFA quickly received national attention, including from the Obama administration. In 2011, Yang was recognized by "Champions of Change", a White House program that honored 500 people from every state for extraordinary work in their communities. In 2015, Yang was named a Presidential Ambassador for Global Entrepreneurship.
VFA has also been criticized for falling far short of its 100,000 job goal. An ABC News investigation found that VFA's own tally counted only 365 jobs created as of 2020 and of those The New York Times has found only 150 remain. Startup, a documentary film co-directed by Cynthia Wade and Cheryl Miller Houser about six startups in Detroit launched through VFA, was released in 2016. Yang stepped down from his position as CEO of VFA in March 2017 but continued to advise startups aligned with his signature policy of universal basic income during his presidential campaign.
Legendary Ventures
On August 10, 2022, Andrew Yang joined the advisory team at Legendary Ventures, an early stage venture capital firm, to drive strategic value across the firm's portfolio of consumer retail technology investments, alongside Fung Brothers Ventures.
Humanity Forward
On March 5, 2020, following the suspension of his presidential campaign, Yang announced that he was creating the nonprofit organization Humanity Forward Foundation, dedicated to promoting the ideas he campaigned on during his run, such as UBI, ranked voting, and data privacy. Yang also announced that the organization, together with The Spark of Hudson, forming HudsonUP, would give away $500,000 in UBI to the residents of Hudson, New York, to demonstrate UBI's benefits. After the Trump administration said it was considering a form of basic income in response to the pandemic, Yang announced that he had been in touch with the White House and had offered his team's services.
On March 20, CNN reported that Humanity Forward would soon spend $1million on $1,000 monthly payments to 500 low-income households in the Bronx during the crisis. Yang tweeted that the number of households was expected to double with additional funding. On August 3, Yang announced that his organization was partnering with The $1K Project, an online network that helps identify families in need, who will be awarded three months of $1,000 payments. One of the network's founders describes the program as "a bridge to reemployment or other kinds of support."
Humanity Forward stated that it was not supporting or endorsing any candidate after Yang announced his run for mayor of New York City.
Lobby 3
On February 17, 2022, Yang announced the launch of a Web3 community whose membership token fees would be used to fund lobbying work on behalf of Web3, blockchain, and cryptocurrency interests on Capitol Hill. The announcement has been met with some criticism in part due to Yang's continued launches of organizations in addition to the skepticism around cryptocurrency ventures.
Net worth
Media outlets have provided several estimates of Yang's net worth: $1ย million according to Forbes, between $834,000 and $2.4ย million according to The Wall Street Journal, and between $3 million and $4ย million according to Newsweek. In 2020 OpenSecrets estimated it being as low as $584,047.
Political career
Work with the Obama administration
In 2011, Yang was named a "Champion of Change" by the Obama administration. In 2015, he was selected as a Presidential Ambassador for Global Entrepreneurship.
2020 presidential campaign
On November 6, 2017, Yang filed with the Federal Election Commission (FEC) to run for President of the United States in 2020. The campaign began with a small initial staff working out of an apartment owned by Yang's mother. He ran on multiple slogans, including "Humanity First", "Make America Think Harder (MATH)", and "Not Left, Not Right, Forward." Initially considered a longshot, Yang's campaign gained significant momentum in February 2019 following an appearance on the popular podcast The Joe Rogan Experience. He later appeared on other podcasts and shows, including The Breakfast Club, The Ben Shapiro Show, and Real Time with Bill Maher. By March 2019, Yang had met the polling and fundraising thresholds to qualify for the first round of Democratic primary debates. In August 2019, he met the higher thresholds to qualify for the second round of Democratic debates. Later, he qualified for the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth Democratic debates but was unable to meet a polling threshold for the January 2020 debate. He did qualify for the February 2020 debate.
Yang's campaign focused largely on policy, in what Reuters described as a "technocratic approach." Yang regularly called Donald Trump a symptom of a wider problem in the economy, rather than the problem itself. According to The New York Times, Yang was known for doing interviews with conservative news outlets, and "although [Yang] tweets often, he almost never tweets about Mr. Trump." This approach was exemplified by one of Yang's campaign slogans: "Not Left, Not Right, Forward."
Yang's campaign was known for its heavy reliance on Internet-based campaigning. The campaign was also known for its popularity online, with The New York Times calling Yang "The Internet's Favorite Candidate." His campaign supporters, known informally as the Yang Gang, brought attention to his campaign on Reddit, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and other social media platforms, through memes and viral campaigning. Several news outlets called Yang the most surprising candidate of the election cycle, going from relative obscurity to a national contender who outlasted several well-known politicians.
Yang also received several high profile endorsements, such as from Tesla CEO Elon Musk.
Yang was at least the third American of East Asian descent to run for President of the United States, after Hiram Fong and Patsy Mink. According to BBC, he was "one of the first and most recognizable East Asian-Americans in history to run for president." He has said that he hoped his "campaign can inspire Asian Americans to be engaged in [politics]."
Yang dropped out of the presidential race on February 11, 2020. On March 10, 2020, Yang endorsed Joe Biden.
Media coverage
On multiple occasions, news media disproportionally omitted Yang from election coverage or presented misleading data about his standing in polls. Incidents include cases of news outlets excluding Yang from lists of 2020 Democratic candidates. On August 29, 2019, a CNN infographic displaying the results of a poll included candidate Beto O'Rourke but not Yang, even though the poll showed Yang polling three times higher than O'Rourke. Yang supporters criticized media outlets for the disproportionately low coverage, including via Twitter hashtag #YangMediaBlackout.
Post-campaign
Yang dropped out of the presidential race on February 11, 2020, after a disappointing result in the New Hampshire primary. He announced to his supporters, "while we did not win this election, we are just getting started." Former Mayor Michael Bloomberg's counselor Howard Wolfson suggested that Yang "would make a very interesting candidate" for mayor of New York City; Yang said, "it's incredibly flattering to be thought of in that role.... We haven't ruled anything out at this point. I will say I'm more attracted to executive roles than legislative ones because I think you can get more done." On March 3, Yang reiterated his interest in the mayoralty to BuzzFeed News.
On February 19, Yang joined CNN as a political commentator. On March 10, the night of the Michigan Democratic primary, he endorsed Joe Biden. He said he understood Sanders' supporters' frustration, but that beating Trump was the most important objective. After his campaign, Yang created a podcast, Yang Speaks, where he discussed national and global issues with guest commentators. The podcast has since been folded into his newest brand, "Forward". The podcast continues to publish new episodes weekly.
On April 29, 2020, Yang announced that he was taking legal action against the New York State Board of Elections after the state election commission voted to cancel its presidential primary. The filing stated: "This unprecedented and unwarranted move infringes the rights of Plaintiffs and all New York State Democratic Party voters, of which there are estimated to be more than six million, as it fundamentally denies them the right to choose our next candidate for the office of President of the United States." In early May, the judge ruled in Yang's favor.
Initially left out of the list of confirmed speakers for the 2020 Democratic National Convention, Yang expressed his dissatisfaction on Twitter stating that he "kind of expected to speak" at the event. Yang spoke at the DNC on August 20, as the third speaker of the night.
In September 2020, the Biden campaign hired Yang as a member of its small business advisory council. In November 2020, Yang announced that he and his wife were moving to Atlanta to assist Raphael Warnock's and Jon Ossoff's campaigns in the January 2021 Georgia Senate runoff elections.
In August 2020, Yang revealed to The Carlos Watson Show that he had been in contact with Joe Biden's 2020 presidential campaign about a potential role in the Biden cabinet focusing on the issue of technology in society. In Yang's book Forward: Notes on the Future of Our Democracy, he writes that he interviewed with Biden's transition team for the role of United States Secretary of Labor. He also suggested that he serve in a new role, Secretary of Technology and Innovation.
2021 New York City mayoral campaign
After the suspension of his presidential campaign in February 2020, Yang was considered a potential candidate in the 2021 New York City mayoral election to succeed the outgoing Bill de Blasio, with Yang himself expressing interest in seeking the office. Yang had reportedly told city leaders that he intended to run for mayor after polling obtained by the New York Post showed him leading the field, with 20% of New Yorkers saying they would support his candidacy. Yang filed paperwork to raise money for his mayoral campaign on December 23, 2020.
On January 8, 2021, Politico reported that Yang left New York City during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic to stay at his second home in New Paltz, New York. In an interview with The New York Times, he said, "Can you imagine trying to have two kids on virtual school in a two-bedroom apartment and then trying to do work yourself?" Critics saw his comments as tone-deaf, as many Americans had to balance work and family during COVID-19 lockdowns.
Yang formally announced his bid for mayor on January 13, 2021, on Twitter. He himself had not voted in a municipal election since 2001. Yang was endorsed by U.S. Representatives Grace Meng and Ritchie Torres, as well as a number of other New York state and city political figures. He emerged as a front-runner after entering the race, and maintained a steady lead in polls; starting in May 2021, Yang's lead shrank as Eric Adams emerged as another front-runner. After placing fourth in first-place votes on election night, June 22, Yang conceded that he could not win the race and ended his campaign.
Founding of the Forward Party
In Yang's 2021 book Forward: Notes on the Future of Our Democracy, he announced his intention to found a new third party, the Forward Party. On October 4, 2021, Yang announced on his blog that he had changed his voter registration from Democrat to Independent, saying he was "confident that no longer being a Democrat is the right thing"; the next day he announced the formation of the Forward Party.
Yang said the group would start as a social movement and political action committee, and eventually petition the FEC for formal recognition as a political party. On July 27, 2022, the Forward Party announced a merger with the Serve America Movement and the Renew America Movement to form a new political party. The party is officially registered as a minor party in Nevada and legal party status in Maine and Texas.
In June 2023, Yang announced he had donated to Chris Christie's 2024 presidential campaign, in an effort to help qualify him for the upcoming Republican primary debates.
Personal life
Yang has been married to Evelyn Yang () since 2011; the couple have two sons. He has spoken about his older son Christopher, who is autistic, saying: "I'm very proud of my son and anyone who has someone on the spectrum in their family feels the exact same way."
The Yang family lives in a rental apartment in Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan, and also owns a home in New Paltz, New York, that they purchased in 2015. This became the family's primary residence during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, and a focus of controversy during Yang's mayoral campaign. In 2019, Yang reported on his tax return that he rented out this home for 58 days to friends or on Airbnb.
Yang and his family attend the Reformed Church of New Paltz, which is near his home, and has identified Mark E. Mast as their pastor. He considers himself spiritual. Speaking about his faith at an interfaith town hall at Wartburg College, Yang said he "wouldn't be the first to say that [his] own journey is still in progress."
In 2020, Yang received the 2021 Vilcek Prize for Excellence in Public Service, awarded by the Vilcek Foundation.
On February 26, 2021, Yang stopped a physical attack on a journalist on the Staten Island Ferry by placing himself between the attacker and the journalist. The attacker recognized Yang and stopped the assault.
Publications
Forward: Notes on the Future of Our Democracy. Penguin Random House. October 5, 2021. ISBN 978-0-593-23865-3.
The Last Election (co-authored with Stephen Marche). Akashic Books. September 12, 2023. ISBN 978-1636141503.
See also
Basic income in the United States
List of advocates of basic income
Taiwanese Americans
Notes
References
External links
Official campaign website
Forward Party website
1975 births
21st-century American businesspeople
American people of Chinese descent
American people of Taiwanese descent
American podcasters
American political commentators
American political party founders
Asian-American people in New York (state) politics
Brown University alumni
Businesspeople from New York City
Businesspeople from Schenectady, New York
Candidates in the 2020 United States presidential election
Candidates in the 2021 United States elections
Centrism in the United States
CNN people
Columbia Law School alumni
Davis Polk & Wardwell lawyers
Lawyers from New York City
Living people
Members of the Forward Party (United States)
New York (state) Democrats
New York (state) Independents
People from Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan
People from Katonah, New York
People from Schenectady, New York
People from Somers, New York
Philanthropists from New York (state)
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
Reformed Church in America members
Universal basic income activists |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B0%EC%99%95%ED%92%80 | ํฐ์ํ | ํฐ์ํ(giant king grass)์ ๋ค์ดํผ์ดํ(Napier grass), ์ฐ๊ฐ๋คํ(Uganda grass), ์ฝ๋ผ๋ฆฌํ(elephant grass)์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ํ๋ฐญ์ ์๋ผ๋ ๋ค๋
์ ์ด๋ํ์ ์ผ์ข
์ด๋ค. ๋ฌผ, ์์ ์๊ตฌ์น๊ฐ ๋ฎ์์ ์ฒ๋ฐํ ๋
์ ํ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด ์ผ์์ข
์ ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ๋ก ๋ฐฉ๋ชฉ ๊ฐ์ถ์ ๋จน์ด๋ก ์ฐ์๋ค. ์์ฆ์๋ ๋ฐ๋น์ ๋์
ํด์ถฉ ๊ด๋ฆฌ(:en:Push-pull agricultural pest management) ์ ๋ต์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์ธ๋ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ํ๋ ์๋ฌผ ์ฌ์ด์ ํด์ถฉ์ ์ซ๋ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ์๋ฌผ('push' plant)์ ์ฌ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋๊ฒฝ์ง์ ๋๋ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํด์ถฉ์ ๋๊ฒฝ์ง ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ซ์๋ด๋ ๋น๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์๋ฌผ('pull' crop)์ ์ฌ๋๋ค. ํฐ์ํ์ ์ฅ์์์์ ์ค๊ธฐ๋ซ์ด๋๋ฐฉ(stemborer moth, ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์ฃผ์ ์ํ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์์ธ)์ ์ ์ธํ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋น๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์๋ฌผ๋ก ์ฐ์ผ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด ์ ๋ต์ ์ด์ถฉ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ณด๋ค ํจ์ฌ ์ง์๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ฉฐ, ์ฐ์์๊ฐ ๋ ๋ง๊ณ ๋ถ๋ด์ด ๋ํ๋ค. ํฐ์ํ์ ์ด ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ํ ์๋น์ฅ๋๋ ํฅ์์ํค๋ฉฐ ๊ฑด์กฐํ ๋์ง์ ํ ์ ์นจ์(:en:Soil erosion)๋ ๋ฐฉ์งํ๊ณ ๋ฐฉํ๋, ๋ฐฉํ๋, ์ข
์ด ํํ ์์ฐ, ์ต๊ทผ์๋ ๋ฐ์ด์ค ์ค์ผ, ๊ฐ์ค, ์ํ ์์ฐ์๋ ํ์ฉ๋๋ค.
์ค๋ช
ํฐ์ํ์ ๋ฒผ๊ณผ์ ์ํ ์ธ๋ก์์๋ฌผ C4 ๋ค๋
์ํ์ด๋ค. ํค๊ฐ ํฌ๋ฉฐ ๋๋๋ฌด์ฒ๋ผ ์๊ธด ํผํผํ ์ค๊ธฐ ๋ค๋ฐ์ ํ์ฑํ๋ค. ํฐ์ํ์ ์ก์ข
์๋ฌผ์ด์ง๋ง ์จ์์ด ์์ ํ ํ์ฑ๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ๋๋ฌผ๊ณ , ๋ณดํต์ ๋ชจ์ฒด์์ ์ง๋ฉด ์๋ฅผ ๋ป์ด๋๊ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ ์ค๊ธฐ(:en:Stolon) ํํ์ ์์์์์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ์ํ๋ค. ์ด ์ข
์ ์๋ฌผ์ง ์์ฐ๋์ด ๋์ ์ฐ๊ฐ ํฅํ๋ฅด ๋น 40ํค์ ๋ฌํ๋ฉฐ, ํด๋ง๋ค 4-6๋ฒ ์ํํ ์ ์๋ค. ํฐ์ํ์ 100์ผ ๋ง์ 4m๊น์ง ์๋ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ฒ๋ค๊ฐ ๋ฌผ, ์์ ํ์๋๋ ๋ฎ๋ค.
ํฐ์ํ์ ์จ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ์ํ ์๋ ์์ง๋ง, ์จ์ ์์ฐ์ ์ง์์ฑ์ด ๋จ์ด์ง๊ณ ์จ์์ ๋ชจ์ผ๊ธฐ ํ๋ค๋ค. ๊ทธ๋์ ๋ณดํต ๊ธฐ๋ ์ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์๋ผ ๋ฒ์์ํจ๋ค. ์๋ผ๋ธ ์ค๊ธฐ๋ ๊ณ ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ 75cm ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ ๋๊ณ ์ฝ์
ํ๋ค.
๋ฐ๋น ํด์ถฉ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ์ ๋ต
์ค๊ธฐ๋ซ์ด๋ฒ๋ (์ฅ์์๋ง์ฐ๋ซ์ด๋๋ฐฉ(:en:Busseola fusca), ์ ๋ฐ์ด๋ง์ฐ๋ซ์ด๋๋ฐฉ(:en:Chilo partellus))๋ ๋จ๋ถ, ๋๋ถ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด์์ 10%, ์ฌํ๋ผ ์ด๋จ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด์์ 14-15%์ ์ด ์ํ๋ ๊ฐ์์ ์์ธ์ด ๋๋ค. ์ด ๋
์๋ค์ ์ ๋ฒ๋ ๋ ์ฅ์์์ ์์์ ์ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ๋จน์ด๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ฉด์ ์ด๋ง์ด๋งํ ์์์ ๋ผ์น๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ต์ฑ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ฒ๋ ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค๊ณ , ์๋ฌผ ์์ฅ์ ํ์์ ์ธ ๊ด์กฐ์ง๋ ์ํ๋ค. ์ด์ถฉ์ ๋ ์ค๊ธฐ๋ซ์ด๋ฒ๋ (stemborer)๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก๋ ์ ๋จนํ์ง ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด์ถฉ์ ๊ฐ ์ค๊ธฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ์ ์ธํฌ๋ฒฝ์ธต์ ๋ซ๊ณ ์ ๋ฒ๋ ์ ๋ฟ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ด์ถฉ์ ๋ ๊ฐ๋ํ ๋๋ถ๋ค์๊ฒ๋ ๋น์ธ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ฉฐ, ํด์ถฉ์ด ๋ด์ฑ์ ํค์ธ ์๋ ์๋ค. ํํ๋ฌผ์ง์ด ๊ฒฝ์๋ฌผ์ ํจ์ ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋น ์ ๋ต(stimuli-deterrent)์ ๊ฐ์น ์๋ ์๋ฌผ์ ์์์ ๋ฐฉ์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด, ํด์ถฉ์ ์ถํ์ ๋ง์ผ๋ ค ๋๋ ๋์ ํ์ฐ์ ์ธ ์๋ฌผํ์ ์งํ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ํ๋ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ์์ ์์ ๋ณ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ ๋๋ฐฉ์ ๋ด์ซ๋ ๋๋๋์๊ฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅ(:en:Desmodium)(๋ฐ๊ธฐ ์๋ฌผ)์ ์์๋ ์ฅ์์ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ฌ๋๋ค. ๋๋๋์๊ฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅ๋ ์ง๋ฉด์ ๋ฎ์ด์ ์ ์ด์ ๋๋ ๋
ธ๋๋ ฅ์ ์ค์ด๊ณ , ์ง์๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ ์์ผ ๋
์ ์ข ๋ ๋น์ฅํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ์ด ๊ธฐํผ๋ฌผ์ ๊ฒฝ์์ง ๋๋ ์ ํฐ์ํ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์ฌ๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋น ์ ๋ต์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ผ๋์ ๋๋ถ๋ค์ด ๊ธฐ์์๋ฌผ ์คํธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ 89% ๊ฐ์, ํ ์๋น์ฅ๋ 83% ์ฆ๊ฐ, ์ค๊ธฐ๋ซ์ด๋ฒ๋ ํต์ ์ 52% ํจ๊ณผ์ฑ์ ๊ฑฐ๋์๋ค๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์คํธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ, ์ค๊ธฐ๋ซ์ด๋ฒ๋ , ์ ์กฐํ ํ ์๋น์ฅ๋๋ก ์ธํด ์ด 70์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ๋งํผ์ ๊ฒฝ์๋ฌผ ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ์ผ์ด๋๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ 2700๋ง๋ช
์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋จน์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ด ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ํํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ํ ๋ถ์์ ์ฑ(food insecurity)์ ํฌ๊ฒ ์ค์ผ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
๋ฐ๋น ํด์ถฉ ๊ด๋ฆฌ
๋ฐ๋น์ ํด์ถฉ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ์ ๋ต์ด ํ์คํ ์ง์๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ๋ด์ด ๋ฎ๊ธด ํ์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ ์ฑ๊ณต ์ฌ๋ถ๋ ์ ๋ต์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ํ์ ๋ฐฉ์๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ ์ ํ๊ฒ ์ํํ ์ ์๋์ง์ ํฌ๊ฒ ์ข์ฐ๋๋ค. ์ฐ์ , ๋ชจ๋ ํฐ์ํ ํ์ข
์ ์ด ์ ๋ต์ ์ธ ์๋ ์๋ค. ์ฌ๋ ํ์ข
์ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์์ ๋ณ์ ์ฅ์๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋ ์์ปท ๋๋ฐฉ์ด ์ฅ์์๋ฅผ ๋ง๋คํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ ํ์ข
์ ๋ฐ๋(bana), ์ฐ๊ฐ๋ค ํค์ด๋ฆฌ์ค(Ugandan hairless) ๋ฟ์ด์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ ์ค ๋ฐ๋ ํ์ข
๋ง ์ ๋ฒ๋ ์ ์์กด๋ฅ ์ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ฎ์ท๋ค. ํ์ฅ์์๋ ์ ์ฒด ๊ฒฝ์์ง์ ๋๋ ์ ์ธ ์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ ํ์ข
ํฐ์ํ์ ์ฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ถ์ฒํ๋ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์๋ฌผ๋ค์ ์ด์ข
๊ฐ์๋ฌผ์ง์ ์กฐ์ํ๊ณ , ์์ฐ ์ ๋ ํํ๋ฌผ์ง์ ๋ํ ๊ณค์ถฉ์ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์ฑ์ ์กฐ์ฌํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋ค์ํ ์๋ฌผ ์กฐํฉ์ ์ํํ๋ค๋ฉด ๋ฐ๋น ์ ๋ต์ด ํฅ์๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๋ค. ์ค๊ธฐ๋ซ์ด๋ฒ๋ ๊ฐ ๊น์์ด ํผ์ง๊ณ ๋๋ฉด ์ ๋ฒ๋ ๊ฐ ํด๋ฉด ์ํ๋ก ๋จ์์์ ์ ์์ด์ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์์ง๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ฐ๋น ๊ด๋ฆฌ ์ ๋ต์ด ์๊ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ๋งํผ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ง ๋ชปํ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ผ ์ํ๊ฐ ์์ฃผ ์ฌํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ค์ ํด์๋ ์ฅ์์๋ ์์๋ ์ฌ์ด์๋ ์ ๋๋ฉฐ, ๋์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์๋ฌผ์ ์ค์ํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๊ฐ์ผ๋ ์ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถํ์ฐ๊ฑฐ๋, ์ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ธ ์ผ์ด ์๋ค๋ฉด 3์ผ ๋์ ์ด๋์ ๊ฐ๋ ฌํ ํ๋ณ์ ์ฌ์ด๋ ๊ฒ๋ ์ค์ํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋น ํด์ถฉ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ํ๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ป๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ์ ์ ํ ์ํ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ณผ ํจ๊ปํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก, ๋ฐ๋น ์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ์ฒ์์๋ ๋ง์ ๋
ธ๋๋ ฅ์ด ํ์ํ๋ฉฐ, ํน์ฉ์๋ฌผ(:en:Industrial crop)์ ์ฌ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์์ญ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์์๋ค ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐ๋น ์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋จ๋
ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ๋ง๋ค. ์ด๋ค ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ๊ฐ์ถ ์ฌ์ก๊ณผ์ ๋์ ์ ์ฉ ๋ฐฉ์์ ํ๋ณดํ์ฌ, ํฐ์ํ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ๋ถ๊ฐํ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋น ์ ๋ต ์ ์ฉ๋ฅ ์ ํฅ์์ํฌ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ ๋ง์ ์ ๋ณด๋ http://www.push-pull.net/ ์์, ์ ์ฉ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๊ดํ ์์ธํ ์ ๋ณด๋ http://www.push-pull.net/farmers_guide_2012.pdf์์ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฉ๋
ํฐ์ํ์ ๋๋ถ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด์์ ๋๋๋ถ(:en:Dairy farmer)์๊ฒ ์ ์ผ ์ค์ํ ์ฌ๋ฃ ์๋ฌผ(:en:Fodder crop)์ด๋ค. ์์ฐ์ฑ์ด ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์์ ๋ค์์๊ฒ ๋จน์ด๊ธฐ์ ํนํ ์ ํฉํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด์์ ์ฝ๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ก๋ ํํ ์ฐ์ฌ์ ์ฝ๋ผ๋ฆฌํ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ด ๋ถ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ์ฐ๊ฐ๋ค ํค์ด๋ฆฌ์ค์ ๊ฐ์ ํธ์ด ์๋ ํ์ข
์ด ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ก์์ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ํจ์ฌ ๋๋ค. ํฐ์ํ์ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์์๋ถ ์๊ตฌ์น๊ฐ ๋ฎ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฑด์กฐํ ์ง์ญ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ชฉ์ ํตํด ์์ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ฒ๋ค๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ถ์ ๋ฐ๋น ๊ด๋ฆฌ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ํตํฉ๋ ์ ์์ด์ ๋ซ ์๋ฌผ('trap' plant)์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ ์ฉ์ฑ์ ๋ํ ์ ์๋ค. ํฐ์ํ์ ํ ์ ์นจ์์ ๋ฐฉ์งํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์กฐ๊ฒฝ ์ฌ์
์๋ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ๋๊ณ ๋ฐฉํ๋, ๋ฐฉํ๋๋ก๋ ํ์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค. ์ข ๋ ์ต๊ทผ์๋, ํฐ์ํ์ ์์ ์์ฐ์ ๋ํ ์๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง์กฑ์ํค๋ ๋ฐ ์ฐ์ด๋๋ฐ, ์๋์ง ์๋ฌผ(:en:Energy crop) ๋ง๊ณ ๋ ๊ฒฝ์์ด ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ 2Gha์ ๋
์ด ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ด์ ์ด๋ถํด ๋ณํ(Thermal pyrolytic conversion)์ ์ํ, ๋ฐ์ด์ค๊ฐ์ค, ๋ฐ์ด์ค์ค์ผ์ ์์ฐํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฐ์ธ๋ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ํ์ฌ ํ์ฉ๋์ง๋ ์์ง๋ง, ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์ง์ญ์ฌํ์์ ์๋์ง ์์ฐ ์๋จ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฉ๋๋ฉด์ ํ ์๋ ๋น์ฅํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ ๋ค๋ ์ผ์์ด์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ํฐ์ํ์ ์ฐ๋ฃ์ ์๋ฃ๋ก๋ ์ฐ์ธ๋ค. ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์ ์์น์ ๋จน์ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ๋ฆฌํ์ฌ ์ํ์ ์คํ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋๋ ๋ฐ ์ฐ์ธ๋ค.
๋ค๋๋๋์ ๊ธฐ์
๋ํ ํฐ์ํ๋ก ํฌ์ฅ์ฉ ํ๋ผ์คํฑ์ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋๋ค.
์ค์จ๋ด์ ์ฒญ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์คํํธ์
์ธ โ๋ฅ์คํธํจ์ผ(NextFuel)'์ฌ์์ ํฐ์ํ ์กฐ๊ฐํ์ ์์ฐํ๊ณ ์๋๋ฐ, ํฐ์ํ์ ์ํํด ์กฐ๊ฐํ์ ๋ง๋ค ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ํฐ์ํ์ด ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค์์ ํก์ํ ์๋ณด๋ค ํจ์ฌ ์ ์ ์์ ์ด์ฐํํ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ถํ์ฌ ์นํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ์ ์๋ฃ๋ก ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฅ์คํธํจ์ผ์ ํฐ์ํ ์กฐ๊ฐํ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฉด ์ํ ๋๋น 105%์ ์ด์ฐํํ์ ๋ฐฐ์ถ๋์ ์ค์ผ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ํฐ์ํ์ ๋ฐ์๊ธฐ์ ๋ฃ์ผ๋ฉด 30๋ถ ๋ค์ ์กฐ๊ฐํ์ด ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง๋๋ฐ, ์ด ๋ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง๋ ๊ฐ์ค๋ ํ์ง์์ ์ฐ๋ฃ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ค์คํธ๋ฆฌ์์ ํฐ์ํ ์กฐ๊ฐํ์ ์ฐ๋ฃ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๋ฐ์ ์๊ฐ ์ง์ด์ง ๋ฐ ์๋ค.
์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ํ์ง์์๋ ํฐ์ํ์ ์ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๊ตฌ๋(Bolga Basket) ๋ฐ์์ ๊ณต์ํ์ ๋ง๋๋ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค.
ํ๊ตญ์์๋ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์์์
์๋ค์ด ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
Missouri Botanical Garden horticultural treatment โ Pennisetum purpureum
์ผ๋์ ์๋ฌผ์
์ฐ๊ฐ๋ค์ ์๋ฌผ์
๋จ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ์๋ฌผ์
์๋ฌผ์ ๋ฐฉ์
๋ฐ์ด์ค ์ฐ๋ฃ
1827๋
๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ ์๋ฌผ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenchrus%20purpureus | Cenchrus purpureus | Cenchrus purpureus, synonym Pennisetum purpureum, also known as Napier grass, elephant grass or Uganda grass, is a species of perennial tropical grass native to the African grasslands. It has low water and nutrient requirements, and therefore can make use of otherwise uncultivated lands.
Historically, this wild species has been used primarily for grazing, recently, however, it has been used as part of a pushโpull agricultural pest management strategy. Napier grasses improve soil fertility, and protect arid land from soil erosion. It is also utilized for firebreaks, windbreaks, in paper pulp production and most recently to produce bio-oil, biogas and charcoal.
Description
Cenchrus purpureus (or napier grass) is a monocot C4 perennial grass in the family Poaceae. It is tall and forms in robust bamboo-like clumps. It is a heterozygous plant, but seeds rarely fully form; more often it reproduces vegetatively through stolons which are horizontal shoots above the soil that extend from the parent plant to offspring. It requires low water and nutrient inputs. The Elephant grass was crossed with Pearl millet species to form Bajra Nappier. Subsequent work was done to decrease the Internode length of Elephant grass. Napier grass plantations produce about 40 tonnes of dry biomass per hectare per year with an average energy content 18 GJ (5 MWh) per tonne, and the grass can be harvested many times per year.
Generally, the grass is harvested in relatively short intervals (every 1 to 3 months) when it is to be used as fodder for animals (its main use), and relatively long intervals (4โ12 months) when used for bioenergy. Longer intervals increases the stem/leaf ratio, making the forage harder to chew and digest, but in many cases the annual dry yield increases. The grass can reach a height of 7-8 meters after 4 months of growth. It produces best growth between 25 and 40 ยฐC, and little growth below about 15 ยฐC, with growth ceasing at 10 ยฐC. Tops are killed by frost, but plants re-grow with the onset of warm, moist conditions. Napier grass grows from sea level to over 2,000 m elevation.
It can be propagated through seeds, however as seed production is inconsistent, collection is difficult. Alternatively, it can be planted through stem cuttings of the stolons. The cuttings can be planted by inserting them along furrows 75ย cm apart, both along and between rows.
Yield
Yield depends on management techniques (e.g. fertilizer), soil quality, rain, sunshine and temperature. Recognizing its potential as a bioenergy crop, some yield trials have been carried out around the world. In Malaysia, Halim et al. tested 9 different napier variants and found that regular napier grass yielded the most (65 dry tonnes per hectare per year), with the King Grass variant second (62 tonnes). In Colombia, Cardona et al. estimates a yield range of 40โ60 dry tonnes for the napier variant King Grass, under optimal conditions. In drier areas however, yields decline; Gwayumba et al. estimate 15โ40 dry tonnes as the general yield range for Kenya.
At the top end of the range, napier grasses have been shown to yield up to 80 dry tonnes per hectare per year, and commercial napier grass developers advertise yields of roughly 100 dry tonnes per hectare per year, provided there is an adequate amount of rain or irrigation available (100ย mm per month). These yields are high compared to other types of energy crops. For large-scale plantations with pines, acacias, poplars and willows in temperate regions, Smil estimates yields of 5โ15 dry tonnes per hectare per year, and for similarly large plantations, with eucalyptus, acacia, leucaena, pinus and dalbergia in tropical and subtropical regions, his estimate is 20โ25 dry tonnes. In Brazil, the average yield for eucalyptus is 21 t/ha, but in Africa, India and Southeast Asia, typical eucalyptus yields are below 10 t/ha.
Push-pull pest management
The push-pull pest management technique involves the desired crop being planted alongside a 'push' plant, which repels pests, in combination with a 'pull' crop around the perimeter of the plot, which draw insects out of the plot. Napier grass has shown potential at attracting stemborer moths (a main cause of yield loss in Africa) away from maize and hence is the "pull" crop. This strategy is much more sustainable, serves more purposes and is more affordable for farmers than insecticide use. Stemborers (Busseola fusca and Chilo partellus) are the cause of 10% of total yield loss in Southern and Eastern Africa and on average 14-15% in sub-Saharan Africa. The larvae cause immense damage to maize and sorghum by burrowing into their stems and eating from within. This not only makes them difficult to detect and remove but also damages the vascular tissue necessary for plant growth.
Insecticide effectiveness is low against stemborers, as larvae are protected by protective cell wall layers around the stem. Insecticides are also expensive for poor farmers and can build chemical resistance by the pests. In addition, chemicals are carried into final food products. Instead of trying to prevent the occurrence of pests, the push-pull strategy (also known as stimuli-deterrent) aims to guide their inevitable biological evolution to prevent damage to valued crops. The method proposes that sorghum or corn be intercropped with Desmodium (the "push" plant), which repels the moths as they look to lay their eggs. Desmodium also provides a ground cover and is nitrogen fixing, which improves soil fertility while decreasing labour involved with weeding. This deterrent is used in combination with Napier grass planted around the perimeter of the plot. A study of Kenyan farmers using the push-pull strategy reported an 89% reduction in Striga (a parasitic weed), an 83% increase in soil fertility, and 52% effectiveness in stemborer control. Considering that striga, stemborers, and low soil fertility together cause yield losses of an estimated 7 billion US dollars or enough to feed 27 million people, the implementation of this technique could significantly reduce food insecurity.
Although promising as a sustainable and affordable option, the success of push-pull pest management highly depends on proper implementation in combination with other good ecological practices. Firstly, not all varieties of Napier grass function as a trap. In a study of eight varieties, only two bana and Ugandan hairless Napier varieties significantly attracted female moths for egg placement over maize. Of these two, only bana significantly decreased survival rates. In a farmer's field, it is recommended that three rows of bana Napier grass be planted as a border crop around the entire field. Potential exists to improve the push-pull strategy through further trials with different intercrops, by manipulating allelochemicals in each intercrop, as well as by investigating insect sensitivity to natural chemicals. Once prominent in a field, it is difficult to rid the area of the stemborer pests as larvae can remain dormant, and therefore push-pull management will not have the intended effect. It is recommended that if an infestation is particularly severe, neither corn, nor sorghum should be planted in the same field the following year but instead rotated with other crops. It is also important to burn infested stalks or, if they have an intended use, to leave them out in the sun for three days. The use of push-pull pest management must be used in combination with good ecological practices to yield the desired results.
Finally, the establishment of a push-pull system requires increased labour in the primary stages and a large enough land plot to allow space for a non-food crop to be planted; these factors often deter its adoption. A program could increase adoption rates through promoting its use in combination with livestock, giving economic value to the planting of Napier.
Other uses
Napier grass is the most important fodder crop for the dairy farmers in East Africa. Its high productivity makes it particularly suited to feed cattle and buffaloes. Hairless varieties, such as Ugandan hairless, have much higher value as fodder. As it is able to grow with little water and nutrients, grazing has made productive use of arid lands for food production. Furthermore, livestock can be incorporated into the pull-push management system providing another economically viable purpose for the โtrapโ plant. Napier grass is valuable to African landscapes as it prevents soil erosion. It can also serve as a fire break, a wind break, and to improve soil fertility.
More recently, Napier has been used to alleviate pressure on food production by bioenergyZ as there are 2 billion ha of non-arable land suitable for energy crop production. Thermal pyrolytic conversion could be used to produce charcoal, biogas and bio-oil. Although this technology is not currently in use, it could be implemented as a means of providing energy to African communities, while enriching the soils of the local landscape. It is also used as source of fuel. The young leaves and shoots are edible and are cooked to make soups and stews.
A Dutch company has turned the grass into a plastic that can be used for packaging.
References
External links
Missouri Botanical Garden horticultural treatment โ Pennisetum purpureum
More information can be found at http://www.push-pull.net/
purpureus
Bunchgrasses of Africa
Flora of Africa
Flora of Oman
Biological pest control
Phytoremediation plants
Biofuels
Forages
Afromontane flora
Plants described in 1827
Taxa named by Heinrich Christian Friedrich Schumacher |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%80%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%82%98%ED%9D%90%ED%8A%B8%20%28%EC%B7%A8%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88%EC%A3%BC%29 | ํด์ค๋ํํธ (์ทจ๋ฆฌํ์ฃผ) | ํด์ค๋ํํธ()๋ ์ค์์ค ์ทจ๋ฆฌํ์ฃผ ๋ง์ผ๋ ๊ตฌ์ ์๋ ์ง์์ฒด๋ก ๋ฉด์ ์ 12.35km2, ๋์ด๋ 413m, ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ 14,387๋ช
(2018๋
๊ธฐ์ค), ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ๋๋ 1,200๋ช
/km2์ด๋ค. ์ทจ๋ฆฌํํธ ๋ถ๋์ชฝ์ ์์นํ๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ
ํด์ค๋ํํธ๋ 1188๋
์ de Cussenacho๋ก ์ฒ์ ์ธ๊ธ๋์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฅ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ฐฉ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ์ ์๊ธฐ ์๋๋ก ๊ฑฐ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ๋ค. ์ฒญ๋๊ธฐ ์๋์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋ ์๋ค. ๋ก๋ง ์๋์๋ ์ ํ์ด ๊ณต์ ์ง์ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์๋ง๋ ํด์ค๋ํํธ๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ ๋์ผ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. 7์ธ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ Chussenacho๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ก๋์๋ค. ํ์ ์ธํฌ๋ ๋นจ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ ํฉ๊ธ ์ฟ ์
์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์๋ง๋ ํด์ค๋ํํธ ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์ ๊ท์กฑ์ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์์ ํ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ค์ธ ์๋์๋ ํด์ค๋ํํธ์ ๋ถํ์ฑ์ ์ด์๋ ๋ ๊ฒ์ค๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ด ์ด ๋
์ ๋ค์ค๋ ธ๋ค. 1531๋
์ดํ ํด์ค๋ํํธ๋ ์ทจ๋ฆฌํ์ ํต์น๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
์ทจ๋ฆฌํ ํธ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์๋ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ง๋ฐฉ ์์น ๋จ์ฒด์ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ํด์ค๋ํํธ๋ 1896๋
์ฒ ๋ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋๋ฉด์ ์ทจ๋ฆฌํ์์ ๊ต์ธ๊ฐ ๋๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค.
์ ์ ๊ณผ ์์ฌ ์นด๋ฅผ ์ต์ ํด์ค๋ํํธ์ ์์ ์ ์ง๋ฃ์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์๋๋ฐ, ์ ์ธ๊ณ์์ ํ์๋ค์ ๋์ด๋ค์๋ค. ํ ๋ง์ค ๋ง์ ๋์น์ ์ํด ๋
์ผ์ ๋ ๋์ผ ํ๋ ํ์ธ 1933๋
๊ณผ 1939๋
์ฌ์ด์ ํด์ค๋ํํธ์์ ์ด์๋ค. ์ด ๋ง์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ๋ช
ํ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์๋ ํฐ๋ ํฐ๋์ด๋ค.
์ง๋ฆฌ
ํด์ค๋ํํธ์ ๋ฉด์ ์ 12.3 kใก์ด๋ค. ์ด ๋ฉด์ ์ค 34.5%๊ฐ ๋์
์ฉ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๊ณ , 32.1%๊ฐ ์ฐ๋ฆผ์ด๋ค. ๋๋จธ์ง ํ ์ง ์ค 32.8%๋ ์ ์ฐฉ์ง(๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋๋ ๋๋ก)์ด๊ณ ๋๋จธ์ง(0.5%)๋ ๋ถ๋ชจ์ง(๊ฐ, ๋นํ ๋๋ ์ฐ)์ด๋ค. 1996๋
์ฃผํ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ์ ์ฒด ๋ฉด์ ์ 25.6%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ณ ๋๋จธ์ง๋ ๊ตํต ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ค์ด ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค(7%). ์ ์ฒด ๋น์์ฐ ์ง์ญ ์ค ๋ฌผ(์๋๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํธ์)์ ๋ฉด์ ์ 0.4%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค. 2007๋
ํ์ฌ ์ ์ฒด ์๊ฐ์ง์ 33%๊ฐ ์ด๋ค ์ ํ์ ๊ฑด์ค์ ์งํ ์ค์ด๋ค.
๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ํ๋จ์คํธ ์ง์ญ์ ์๋ ์ทจ๋ฆฌํ ํธ์์ ๋ถ๋์ชฝ ์ ๋ฐฉ(๊ณจ๋ํด์คํ
๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ํจ)์ ์์นํด ์๋ค. ํ์ง ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ ์ทจ๋ฆฌ๋ค์น๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
์ธ๊ตฌํต๊ณ
2020๋
12์ 31์ผ ๊ธฐ์ค, ํด์ค๋ํํธ์ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ 14,811๋ช
์ด๋ค. 2007๋
๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฒด ์ธ๊ตฌ์ 19.7%๊ฐ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด๋ค. 2008๋
๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ์ธ๊ตฌ์ ์ฑ๋ณ ๋ถํฌ๋ ๋จ์ฑ 47.4%, ์ฌ์ฑ 52.6%์ด๋ค. ์ง๋ 10๋
๋์ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ 6.6%์ ๋น์จ๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค. 2000๋
๊ธฐ์ค, ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ ๋
์ผ์ด(86.1%)๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฉฐ ์์ด๊ฐ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ๋ง์ด ์ฌ์ฉ(3.6%), ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์ด๊ฐ ์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ(2.5%)๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค.
2007๋
์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์๋ ์ ๋น์ 32.8%์ ๋ํ์จ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ SVP์๋ค. ๋ค์์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์๋ 3๊ฐ ์ ๋น์ FDP (30.5%), SPS (12.4%), CSP (8.9%)์๋ค.
์ธ๊ตฌ์ ์ฐ๋ น ๋ถํฌ(2000๋
๊ธฐ์ค)๋ ์ด๋ฆฐ์ด์ ์ฒญ์๋
(0~19์ธ)์ด ์ ์ฒด ์ธ๊ตฌ์ 17.7%, ์ฑ์ธ(20~64์ธ)์ด 59.1%, ๋
ธ์ธ(64์ธ ์ด์) 23.2%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค. ํด์ค๋ํํธ์์๋ ์ธ๊ตฌ์ ์ฝ 84.6%(25-64์ธ)๊ฐ ๋นํ์ ๊ณ ๋ฑ๊ต์ก ๋๋ ์ถ๊ฐ ๊ณ ๋ฑ๊ต์ก(๋ํ ๋๋ ์์ฉํ๋ฌธ๋ํ)์ ์๋ฃํ๋ค. ํด์ค๋ํํธ์๋ 5,843 ์ธ๋๊ฐ ์๋ค.
ํด์ค๋ํํธ์ ์ค์
๋ฅ ์ 1.51%์ด๋ค. 2005๋
๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก 1์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ 167๋ช
์ด ๊ณ ์ฉ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ ์ฝ 43๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์
์ด ์ฐธ์ฌํ๊ณ ์๋ค. 849๋ช
์ด 2์ฐจ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ ๊ณ ์ฉ๋์ด ์๊ณ ์ด ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ 91๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ด ์๋ค. 3,794๋ช
์ด 3์ฐจ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ ๊ณ ์ฉ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๋ถ๋ฌธ์๋ 664๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ด ์๋ค. 2007๋
๊ธฐ์ค ๋
ธ๋์ธ๊ตฌ์ 40%๊ฐ ์๊ทผ์ง์ด๊ณ 60%๊ฐ ์๊ฐ์ ๊ทผ๋ก์์ด๋ค.
2008๋
ํ์ฌ ํด์ค๋ํํธ์๋ 3578๋ช
์ ๊ฐํจ๋ฆญ ์ ์์ 5417๋ช
์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ต ์ ์๊ฐ ์๋ค. 2000๋
์ธ๊ตฌ ์กฐ์ฌ์์ ์ข
๊ต๋ ๋ช ๊ฐ์ง ๋ ์์ ๋ฒ์ฃผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅ๋์๋ค. ์ธ๊ตฌ ์กฐ์ฌ์์ 49.5%๋ ์ด๋ค ์ข
๋ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ต๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 48%๋ ์ค์์ค ๊ฐํ ๊ตํ์ ์ํ๊ณ 1.5%๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์ ๊ต ๊ตํ์ ์ํ๋ค. ์ธ๊ตฌ์ 26.6%๊ฐ ๊ฐํจ๋ฆญ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋๋จธ์ง ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ค 2%๋ ๋ฌด์ฌ๋ฆผ, 4.4%๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ข
๊ต(๋ชฉ๋ก์ ์์), 3.7%๋ ๋ฌด์ข
๊ต, 15.2%๋ ๋ฌด์ ๋ก ์ ๋๋ ๋ถ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ์์๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ์ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ค์ ํ์ ๋์ ์๋ค.
๊ธฐํ
ํด์ค๋ํํธ์ ์ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฐ๋์ ํ๊ท 136์ผ์ด๋ฉฐ ํ๊ท ๊ฐ์๋์ 1,171mm์ด๋ค. ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ตํ ๋ฌ์ 8์๋ก ํด์ค๋ํํธ์ ๊ฐ์๋์ 139mm์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฌ์ ํ๊ท ๊ฐ์๋์ 12.3์ผ์ด๋ค. ๊ฐ์๋์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ ๋ฌ์ 6์๋ก ํ๊ท 13.3์ผ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์๋์ 138mm์ด๋ค.
๊ตํต
ํด์ค๋ํํธ ์์๋ 4๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ์ญ์ด ์๋ค.
ํด์ค๋ํํธ ZH์ญ
ํด์ค๋ํํธ ๊ณจ๋๋ฐํ์ญ
๋
ธ์ ํฌ์ฌ์ญ
ํฌ์ฌ์ญ
ํด์ค๋ํํธ ZH์ญ๊ณผ ํด์ค๋ํํธ ๊ณจ๋๋ฐํ์ญ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ทจ๋ฆฌํํธ ์ฐ์์ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ทจ๋ฆฌํ S-๋ฐ ์๋น์ค S6 ๋ฐ S16์ด ์ดํ๋๋ค. ๋
ธ์ ํฌ์์ญ๊ณผ ํฌ์์ญ์ ๋ด๋ฅ ํฌ์๋ฐ ๋
ธ์ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ S18 ์๋น์ค๊ฐ ์ ๊ณต๋๋ค.
์ฌ๋ฆ์๋ ์ทจ๋ฆฌํํธ ํด์ด(ZSG)์์ ์ด์ํ๋ ๋ผํผ์ค๋น๊ณผ ํธ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ทจ๋ฆฌํ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ ์ ๊ธฐ ๋ณดํธ๊ฐ ์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
ํด์ค๋ํํธ ๊ณต์ ํํ์ด์ง
์คํ์คํธ๋ฆฌํธ๋งต-ํด์ค๋ํํธ
๋ถํน-ํด์ค๋ํํธ
๋ถํน-๋ง์ผ๋
์ค์์ค์ ๋์
์ทจ๋ฆฌํํธ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCsnacht | Kรผsnacht | Kรผsnacht () is a municipality in the district of Meilen in the canton of Zรผrich, Switzerland.
History
Kรผsnacht is first mentioned in 1188 as de Cussenacho.
Earliest findings of settlement date back to the stone age. There are also findings from the Bronze Age. During Roman times, a mansion was located on the commons. It was called fundus Cossiniacus which is probably the origin of the name of Kรผsnacht. In the 7th century the name was recorded as Chussenacho. The coat of arms shows a golden cushion on a red background. It is probably a derivate of the coat of arms of the aristocrats of Kรผssnacht am Rigi.
In the Middle Ages, the land was governed by the House of Regensberg who lived in the castle of Wulp in Kรผsnacht. After 1531 Kรผsnacht was governed by Zurich.
Like most other municipalities along Lake Zรผrich, Kรผsnacht started to become a suburb of the city of Zรผrich with the development of the railway link in 1896.
The psychiatrist Carl Jung had his clinic in Kรผsnacht, which attracted patients from all over the world. Thomas Mann lived in Kรผsnacht between 1933 and 1939, after he was forced to leave Germany by the Nazis. Recently, the town's most famous resident was Tina Turner, who lived there until her death in 2023.
Geography
Kรผsnacht has an area of . Of this area, 34.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 32.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 32.8% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (0.5%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). housing and buildings made up 25.6% of the total area, while transportation infrastructure made up the rest (7%). Of the total unproductive area, water (streams and lakes) made up 0.4% of the area. 33% of the total municipal area was undergoing some type of construction.
It is located on the north-east bank (also known as Goldkรผste) of the Lake Zurich in the Pfannenstiel region. The local dialect is called Zรผridรผtsch.
Demographics
Kรผsnacht has a population (as of ) of . , 19.7% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. the gender distribution of the population was 47.4% male and 52.6% female. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 6.6%. Most of the population () speaks German (86.1%), with English being second most common ( 3.6%) and Italian being third ( 2.5%).
In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 32.8% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (30.5%), the SPS (12.4%) and the CSP (8.9%).
The age distribution of the population () is children and teenagers (0โ19 years old) make up 17.7% of the population, while adults (20โ64 years old) make up 59.1% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 23.2%. In Kรผsnacht about 84.6% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). There are 5843 households in Kรผsnacht.
Kรผsnacht has an unemployment rate of 1.51%. , there were 167 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 43 businesses involved in this sector. 849 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 91 businesses in this sector. 3794 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 664 businesses in this sector. 40% of the working population were employed full-time, and 60% were employed part-time.
there were 3578 Catholics and 5417 Protestants in Kรผsnacht. In the 2000 census, religion was broken down into several smaller categories. From the , 49.5% were some type of Protestant, with 48% belonging to the Swiss Reformed Church and 1.5% belonging to other Protestant churches. 26.6% of the population were Catholic. Of the rest of the population, 2% were Muslim, 4.4% belonged to another religion (not listed), 3.7% did not give a religion, and 15.2% were atheist or agnostic.
The historical population is given in the following table:
Weather
Kรผsnacht has an average of 136 days of rain per year and on average receives of precipitation. The wettest month is August during which time Kรผsnacht receives of precipitation. During that month, there is precipitation for an average of 12.3 days. The month with the most precipitation days is June, with an average of 13.3 days, and of precipitation.
Transport
There are four railway stations within the municipality of Kรผsnacht. Kรผsnacht ZH and Kรผsnacht Goldbach stations are both on the Lake Zรผrich right-bank line, and are served by S-Bahn Zรผrich services S6 and S16. Neue Forch and Forch stations are on the inland Forchbahn line, and are served by service S18.
In the summer there are regular boats to Zurich as well as along the lake to Rapperswil, run by the Zรผrichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft (ZSG).
Sport
The ZSC Lions' affiliates, the GCK Lions, play in the Swiss League (SL). Their home arena is the 2,200-seat Eishalle Kรผsnacht.
Sites of interest
Apart from Lake Zurich, popular sites to visit include
C. G. Jung Institute
the Cistercian abbey of Kappel am Albis
Kรผsnachter Tobel with hiking trails among glacial moraine with rare flora and fauna
Johanniterkomturei building (today housing the Kantonsschule)
Oberen Mรผhle, a mill that now houses the local museum
Seeclub Kรผsnacht boathouse dating from at least 1290
the dating from the 12th century
Ruins of Wulp Castle
Kรผsnachter Horn, a park close to the lake and the Kรผsnacht ship stop, run by the Zรผrichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft (ZSG)
Notable people
19th century
Conrad Ferdinand Meyer (1825โ1898) a Swiss poet and historical novelist, (Seehof, Hornweg 28)
Julius Maggi (1846โ1912) a Swiss entrepreneur, inventor of precooked soups and Maggi sauce
Eugen Sutermeister (1862โ1931) a Swiss graveur and writer, founded the Sonos Society
Paul Sutermeister (1864 in Kรผsnacht โ 1905) a Swiss theologian, pastor and editor
Meinrad Lienert (1865-1933) a Swiss writer, poet and journalist
Otto Frederick Hunziker (1873โ1959) Swiss-born American educator and innovator in the dairy industry
Thomas Mann (1875โ1955) writer, Nobel Prize in Literature 1929, lived in Kรผsnacht 1933-1939 (Schiedhaldenstrasse 33)
Carl Jung (1875-1961) psychiatrist and founder of Analytical psychology (Seestrasse 228)
Emma Jung (1882-1955) heiress, psychoanalyst and writer
Albin Zollinger (1895โ1941) writer
20th century
Albert Frey-Wyssling (1900 in Kรผsnacht โ 1988) Swiss botanist, initiated the study of molecular biology
Bernard von Brentano (1901โ1964) a German writer, poet and playwright; lived in Kรผsnacht 1933โ1949
Hermann Haller (1914โ2002) composer
Marie-Louise von Franz (1915โ1998) Jungian psychologist and scholar
Tina Turner (1939โ2023) American-born singer and entertainer, lived in Kรผsnacht from 1994 until her death
Ursula Biemann (born 1955 in Kรผsnacht) a Swiss video artist, curator and art theorist
Rolf Dรถrig (born 1957) a Swiss entrepreneur, CEO of the Swiss Life Group and Adecco
Daniel Aegerter (born 1969) chairman of Armada Investment Group
Monisha Kaltenborn (born 1971) the former team principal of the Sauber Formula One team
Georg C. F. Greve (born 1973) physicist, author and entrepreneur
Sport
Severino Minelli (1909 in Kรผsnacht โ 1994) a Swiss footballer, participated in the 1934 and 1938 FIFA World Cup
Martin Studach (1944 in Kรผsnacht โ 2007) a Swiss rower, competed in the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics
Karl Grob (born 1946 in Kรผsnacht) a retired football goalkeeper for FC Zรผrich, 513 club caps
Ari Sulander (born 1969) a retired Finnish professional ice hockey goaltender
Hannu Tihinen (born 1976) a retired Finnish football defender
Kimi Rรคikkรถnen (born 1979) a Finnish racing driver in Formula One
References
External links
Official page (German)
Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of the canton of Zรผrich
Populated places on Lake Zurich |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%EB%85%84%20%EC%97%90%EC%B9%B4%ED%87%B4%EB%A5%B4%EC%A3%BC%20%EC%97%90%EB%B3%BC%EB%9D%BC%20%EC%9C%A0%ED%96%89 | 2018๋
์์นดํด๋ฅด์ฃผ ์๋ณผ๋ผ ์ ํ | 2018๋
์์นดํด๋ฅด์ฃผ ์๋ณผ๋ผ ์ ํ์ 2018๋
5์๋ถํฐ 7์ ์ฌ์ด ์ฝฉ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ์๋ถ๋ถ์ ์๋ ์์นดํด๋ฅด์ฃผ์์ ์ผ์ด๋ ์๋ณผ๋ผ ์ ํ์ด๋ค. ์์นดํด๋ฅด์ฃผ ์ ์ง์ญ์ ์ ํํ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ผ๋ก ์๋ณผ๋ผ ๋ฐ๋ณ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก rVSV-ZEBOV ๋ฐฑ์ ์๋ฐฉ์ ์ข
์ ์ค์ํ ์ ํ์ด๋ค. ์ ํ ๋น์ 3,481๋ช
์ด ์๋ฐฉ ์ ์ข
์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ์ด ์ ํ์ ์ฝฉ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์์ 9๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ๊ฐ์ผ์๊ฐ ๋ง์ ์ ํ์ด๋ค.
์์นดํด๋ฅด์ฃผ์ ์๋ณผ๋ผ ์ ํ์ 2018๋
5์ 8์ผ ์์นดํด๋ฅด์ฃผ์ ๋น์ฝ๋ก ์ธ๊ทผ์์ 17๋ช
์ด ์๋ณผ๋ผ์ ๊ฐ์ผ๋์ด ์ฌ๋งํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋๋ฉด์ ์์๋์๋ค. ์ธ๊ณ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(WHO)๋ ์ด ์ค 2๋ช
์ด ์๋ณผ๋ผ์ ๊ฐ์ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์งํ ํ ์๋ณผ๋ผ ์ ํ ๋ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ธํ์๋ค. 5์ 17์ผ์๋ ์๋ณผ๋ผ๊ฐ ๋ด๋ฅํญ์ด ์๋ ์๋ฐ๋ค์นด์ ํผ์ก์์ด ํ์ธ๋์ ์ธ๊ณ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ฝฉ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ํ์์ค์ "๋์"์์ "๋งค์ฐ ๋์"์ผ๋ก ์ํฅํ์์ผ๋ ๊ตญ์ ๊ณต์ค๋ณด๊ฑด ๋น์์ฌํ๊ฐ ์ ํฌ๋ ์ ๋๋ ์๋๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ์ดํ ๋ฐ๋ฐ 2๋ฌ ํ์ธ 2018๋
7์ 24์ผ ์ธ๊ณ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์๋ณผ๋ผ ์ ํ์ด ๋๋ฌ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
์์นดํด๋ฅด์ฃผ์ ์๋ณผ๋ผ ์ ํ์ด ๋๋ ์งํ, 2018๋
8์ 1์ผ ์ฝฉ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ๋๋ถ์ ๋ถํค๋ถ์ฃผ์์ ์๋ณผ๋ผ ๊ฐ์ผ์ด ํ์ธ๋์๋ค.
์ ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ
์ด๊ธฐ ์ ํ
์์นดํด๋ฅด์ฃผ์ ์๋ณผ๋ผ ์ ํ์ ์ฒซ ๊ฐ์ผ์๋ 2018๋
4์ ๋์จ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๋ค. ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ญ์์ฌยท์ ์ ์์ฌ ์ฐ๋งน์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ผ๋ ์งํ์ฆ๋ก๋ ์์นดํด๋ฅด์ฃผ ๋น์ฝ๋ก ์๊ฐ์ง ๊ทผ์ฒ ์์ ๋ง์์ธ ์ด์ฝ์ฝ์ํ๊ฒ ๋ณด๊ฑด์์์ ์ฌ๋งํ ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด์ด๋ค.
์ฅ๋ก์์ด ๋๋ ํ ๊ฐ์กฑ 11๋ช
์ด ์ํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 7๋ช
์ด ์ฌ๋งํ๋ค. ์ฌ๋งํ 7๋ช
๋ชจ๋ ์ฅ๋ก์์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฒ์ ์ฌ๋งํ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ณ์๋ฐ์ ๋์์ฃผ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด์๋ค. ์งํ์ฆ๋ก๋ก์จ ๊ฐ์ธ ์ ์์ด ๊ฐ์ผ๋ ๊ฐ์ธ ์ ์์ด ๋๊ตฌ์ธ์ง๋ ํ์ธ๋์ง ์์๋ค.
์์นดํด๋ฅด์ฃผ ์ง์ญ๋ณด๊ฑด์๋ ์๋ณผ๋ผ ์ถํ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ด๋ ํ์ 21๋ช
์ ํ์ธํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ์ค 17๋ช
์ด 2018๋
5์ 3์ผ ์ฌ๋งํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ๊ฐ์ผ ์์ฌ์ ์ค 8๋ช
์ ์๋ณผ๋ผ์ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฐํ์ก๋ค. ๋น์ฝ๋ก์ ์๋ ํ์ 5๋ช
์ค 2๋ช
์๊ฒ์ ํ์ก ์ํ์ ์ถ์ถํ๊ณ ๊ฒ์ฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์๋ณผ๋ผ ๋ฐ์ด๋ฌ์ค์ ์์ด๋ฅดํ ๊ฐ์ผ์ด ํ์ธ๋๋ฉด์ 5์ 8์ผ ์๋ณผ๋ผ ์ ํ์ด ์ ํฌ๋์๋ค.
5์ 10์ผ ์ธ๊ณ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ฝฉ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ์๋ณผ๋ผ ๊ฐ์ผ ์์ฌ ์ฌ๋ก๊ฐ 32๊ฑด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ค์๋ 2๊ฑด์ด ์ถ๊ฐ๋ก ๋ ๋ฐํ๋์๋ค. ์๋ณผ๋ผ ๊ฐ์ผ ๋ฐ๋ฐ ์ฌ๋ก 34๊ฑด ๋ชจ๋ ๋น์ฝ๋ก ์ง์ญ์์ ๋์จ ๊ฐ์ผ์๋ค์ด๋ค. ์๋๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์ผ์์ ๋ฐ ์ฌ๋ง์์ ๋ณํ ๋ํ์ด๋ค.
์๋ฐ๋ค์นด๋ก์ ํ์ฐ
1976๋
์ด๋๋ก ์ฝฉ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ์์๋ 8๊ฑด์ ์๋ณผ๋ผ ์ ํ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฐ์ด๋ฌ์ค๊ฐ ์ฃผ์ ๋๋์์ ์ ํํ ์ ์ ์์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง 2018๋
์ผ์ด๋ ์์นดํด๋ฅด์ฃผ ์ ํ์ 2018๋
5์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ๋๋์์ธ ์๋ฐ๋ค์นด๋ก ํ์ฐ๋์์์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค.
5์ 14์ผ, ์์นดํด๋ฅด์ฃผ์ ๋น์ฝ๋ก ์ธ์๋ ์ด๋ณด์ฝ์ ์๊ฐํ ์ง์ญ์์๋ ๊ฐ์ผ ์์ฌ ์ฌ๋ก๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. WHO๋ 5์ 17์ผ ๋น์ฝ๋ก์์ ๋ถ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ์ฝ 160km ์ ๋ ๋จ์ด์ง ์์นดํด๋ฅด์ฃผ์ ์ฃผ๋์ธ ์๋ฐ๋ค์นด์ ์๊ฐํ ์ง๊ตฌ์์ ๊ฐ์ผ์๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ๋ค๋ฉฐ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ๋์ฌ ์ง์ญ์์ ์๋ณผ๋ผ ๊ฐ์ผ์ด ๋์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ์๋ฐ๋ค์นด๋ ์ฝฉ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ๋ผ๊ณ ์๋ ์ธ๊ตฌ 120๋ง์ ํญ๊ตฌ ๋์๋ก ์ ์ผ ์ํ์ด ๋งค์ฐ ๋๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ์ด ๋ค์ ๋ ์ธ๊ณ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋์ฌ ์ง์ญ์์ ๋ฐ์ด๋ฌ์ค ๊ฐ์ผ์ ํ์ธํ๋ค๋ฉฐ ์ฝฉ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ๋ณด๊ฑด ์ํ๋๋ฅผ "๋์"์์ "๋งค์ฐ ๋์"์ผ๋ก ์ํฅํ์๋ค.
์ฝฉ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ์๋ฐ๋ค์นด์์ ์๋์ธ ํจ์ค์ฌ๋ก ์ฝฉ๊ณ ๊ฐ ์ฌ๊ฐ์ ๋ฑ์ ํตํด ์ ์ผ๋ณ์ด ํผ์ง ์ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ ๋๋ค๊ณ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ WHO๋ ์ฝฉ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ค์์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์ ํฌํจํ์ฌ ๊ทผ์ฒ 9๊ฐ๊ตญ ์ง์ญ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฐ๋ ์ํ์ฑ๋ ๋๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
2018๋
5์ 23์ผ๊น์ง ์๋ณผ๋ผ ๋ฐ๋ณ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋น์ฝ๋ก์ ์ด๋ณด์ฝ ์ง์ญ์ ์ง์ค๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ณด์ฝ ์ง์ญ์ ์๋ณผ๋ผ ์ ์ฒด ๊ฐ์ผ ํ์ง์์์ 55%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ณ ๋น์ฝ๋ก ์ง์ญ์ ์๋ณผ๋ผ ์ฌ๋ง์์์ 81.5%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค. ๋น์ฝ๋ก ๋ณด๊ฑด์ง์ญ์์ ๊ฐ์ผ ํํฉ์ ์ด์ฝ์ฝ์ํ๊ฒ 12๊ฑด, ๋น์ฝ๋ก 6๊ฑด, ๋ชธ๋ณด์ 1๊ฑด, ๋ชจํค๋ฆฌ 1๊ฑด์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ณด์ฝ ์ง์ญ์์๋ ์ดํฐํฌ 13๊ฑด, ์ํ๊ธฐ 2๊ฑด, ์๊ฐํ 1๊ฑด, ๋ฃฌ๊ณ 1๊ฑด์ด๋ค.
WHO๊ฐ ๋ฐํํ 5์ฐจ ์๋ณผ๋ผ ์ ํ ๋ณด๊ณ ์์์๋ ์ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์ด ๋๋ต 42.3%๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ๋ํ 5์ 22์ผ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ผ์์๋ 44๋ช
์ผ๋ก ๋จ์ฑ 26๋ช
, ์ฌ์ฑ 18๋ช
์ด๋ฉฐ 7๋ช
์ ๋ง 14์ธ ์ดํ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ์ด์๊ณ 9๋ช
์ ๋ง 60์ธ ์ด์์ ๋
ธ์ธ์ด์๋ค. ๋ํ 5์ 23์ผ ๊ธฐ์ค ์๋ฃ์ข
์ฌ์ 5๋ช
์ด ์๋ณผ๋ผ์ ๊ฐ์ผ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ์ค 2๋ช
์ด ์ฌ๋งํ์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ผ์์ ์ ์ดํ ์ฌ๋์ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ์ด์ ์ถ์ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์ ์ด์๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์๋ค. 5์ 29์ผ ๊ธฐ์ค ์๋ฐ๋ค์นด์์๋ ์ ์ด์๊ฐ 800๋ช
์ ๋ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธ๋์๋ค. ๋ค์๋ ์๋ ๋์ ๋ด ์ ์ด์ ์ค 500๋ช
์ด ์๋ฐฉ ์ ์ข
์ ๋ฐ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋์๋ค.
5์ 29์ผ, WHO๋ ์ด์ํ 9๊ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์๋ณผ๋ผ ๋ฐ์ด๋ฌ์ค ์ ํ ์ํ์ด ๋๋ค๊ณ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ 6์ 4์ผ ์๊ณจ๋ผ๋ ์ฝฉ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์์ ์๋ณผ๋ผ ์ ํ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋ คํ์ฌ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
์ ํ ์ข
๋ฃ
์ฝฉ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ๋ด ์๋ณผ๋ผ ๊ฐ์ผ์๋ 2018๋
7์ 24์ผ ๊ธฐ์ค ์ง๋ 42์ผ๊ฐ ์ถ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ผ์๊ฐ ๋์ค์ง ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋๋ฌ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ์ฝฉ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ๋๋ถ ์ง์ญ์ธ ๋ถํค๋ถ์ฃผ์์ 1์ฃผ์ผ ๋ง์ ์๋ก์ด ์๋ณผ๋ผ ๊ฐ์ผ์๊ฐ ๋ํ๋ฌ์ผ๋ ์ด ๋ ์ ํ์ด ์๋ก ์ฐ๊ด๋์๋ค๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ ์๋ค.
๋ฐ์
2018๋
5์ 10์ผ, ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ๋ ํค๋ถ ์ง์ญ์ ์๋ณผ๋ผ ์ ํ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฝฉ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ์ถ์
๊ตญ์์ ๋ํ ๊ฒ์ญ์ ๊ฐํํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
2018-2019๋
ํค๋ถ ์๋ณผ๋ผ ์ ํ
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
World Health Organization Democratic Republic of the Congo crisis information
World Health Organization Ebola situation reports
์๋ณผ๋ผ
2018๋
5์
2018๋
6์
2018๋
7์
2018๋
์ฝฉ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ
์ฝฉ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ๋ณด๊ฑด์ฌํด
2018๋
4์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%20%C3%89quateur%20province%20Ebola%20outbreak | 2018 รquateur province Ebola outbreak | The 2018 รquateur province Ebola outbreak occurred in the north-west of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) from May to July 2018. It was contained entirely within รquateur province, and was the first time that vaccination with the rVSV-ZEBOV Ebola vaccine had been attempted in the early stages of an Ebola outbreak, with a total of 3,481 people vaccinated. It was the ninth recorded Ebola outbreak in the DRC.
The outbreak began on 8 May 2018, when it was reported that 17 people were suspected of having died from EVD near the town of Bikoro in the Province of รquateur. The World Health Organization declared the outbreak after two people were confirmed as having the disease. On 17 May, the virus was confirmed to have spread to the inland port city of Mbandaka, causing the WHO to raise its assessment of the national risk level to "very high", but not yet to constitute an international public health emergency. The WHO declared the outbreak over on 24 July 2018, with 33 confirmed deaths.
Subsequent to the end of this outbreak, the Kivu Ebola epidemic commenced in the eastern region of the country on 1 August 2018; it was declared over on 25 June 2020 with 2,280 deaths recorded. A further separate outbreak in the Province of รquateur was announced on 1 June 2020 by the Congolese health ministry, described as the eleventh Ebola outbreak since records began. This eleventh outbreak was declared over as of 18 November following no reported cases for 42 days, having caused 130 cases and 55 deaths.
Epidemiology
Early cases
The earliest cases are believed to have occurred in early April 2018. The suspected index case was a police officer, who died in a health center in the village of Ikoko-Impenge, near the market town of Bikoro in รquateur province, according to the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
After his funeral, eleven family members became ill, and seven of them died. All of the seven deceased had attended the man's funeral or cared for him while he was sick. The identification of this individual as the index case has not yet been confirmed.
รquateur province's Provincial Health Division reported 21 cases with symptoms consistent with Ebola virus disease, of whom 17 had died, on 3 May 2018. Of these, eight cases were subsequently shown not to have been Ebola-related. The outbreak was declared on 8 May after samples from two of five patients in Bikoro tested positive for the Zaire strain of the Ebola virus.
On 10 May, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated that the Democratic Republic of the Congo had a total of 32 cases of EVD, and a further two suspected cases were announced on the following day, bringing the total cases to 34, all located in the Bikoro area of DRC.
Spread to Mbandaka
In the eight previous Ebola outbreaks in DRC since 1976, the virus had never before reached a major city. In May 2018, for the first time, four cases were confirmed in the city of Mbandaka.
On 14 May, suspected cases were reported in the Iboko and Wangata areas in รquateur province, in addition to Bikoro. The WHO reported on 17 May 2018 that the first case of this outbreak in an urban area had been confirmed in the Wangata district of Mbandaka city, the capital of รquateur province, about 100 miles north of Bikoro. Mbandaka is a busy, densely populated port on the Congo River with a population of 1.2 million, leading to a high risk of contagion. The following day, the WHO raised the health risk in DRC to "very high" due to the presence of the virus in an urban area.
The DRC government was particularly concerned about the virus spreading by boat transport along the Congo between Mbandaka and the capital, Kinshasa. The WHO also considered that there was a high risk of the outbreak spreading to nine other countries in the region, including the bordering Republic of the Congo and Central African Republic.
, the focus of the outbreak was split between Bikoro and Iboko; Iboko had 55% of the confirmed cases of EVD and Bikoro had 81.5% of the fatalities. The cases in the Bikoro health zone were located in Ikoko Impenge (12), Bikoro (6), Momboyo (1) and Moheli (1); those in the Iboko health zone were located in Itipo (13), Mpangi (2), Wenga (1) and Loongo (1).
According to the fifth situation report released by the WHO, the case fatality rate (CFR) was 42.3%. Demographics had been reported for 44 cases as of 22 May; there were 26 cases of EVD in men and 18 in women; 7 cases were in children 14 years and under, and 9 were in those over 60 years. By 23 May, there had been 5 reported cases in health-care workers, including two who died. Contact tracing was being employed to identify contacts with infected individuals. On 29 May, it was reported that 800 contacts had been identified in the city of Mbandaka; the next day it was reported that 500 people in the city had been vaccinated.
On 29 May, the WHO indicated that nine neighbouring countries had been alerted for being at high risk of spread of EVD, On 4 June, it was reported that Angola had closed its border with the DRC due to the outbreak.
End of the outbreak
This outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo was declared over on 24 July 2018 after 42 days passed without any new confirmed cases. Although it was noted that a new outbreak occurred only one week later in the eastern region of Kivu; and it has been established that they are not linked.
Containment challenges
The Bikoro area had three hospitals, but the area's health services were described by WHO as predominantly having "limited functionality"; they received supplies from international bodies but experienced frequent shortages. More than half of the Bikoro area cases were in Ikoko-Impenge, a village not connected to the road system. Bikoro lies in dense rain forest, and the area's remoteness and inadequate infrastructure hindered treatment of EVD patients, as well as surveillance and vaccination efforts.
Adherence was another challenge: on 20โ21 May, three individuals with EVD in an isolation ward of a treatment center in Mbandaka fled; two later died after attending a prayer meeting, at which they may have exposed 50 other attendees to the virus.
Bushmeat was believed to be one vector of infection, but bushmeat vendors at the Mbandaka market told reporters that they did not believe Ebola was real or serious. Hostility towards health workers trying to offer medical assistance was also reported. On 29 May, the WHO forecast that there would be 100โ300 cases by the end of July.
Virology
Zaire ebolavirus, which was identified in this outbreak, is included in genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae,
The virus was named for the Ebola River, which runs as a tributary of the Congo River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; the Zaire strain was first identified in 1976 in Yambuku.
Response
Mรฉdecins Sans Frontiรจres (MSF) established treatment centers in Bikoro, Ikoko and Wangata. WHO sent an expert team to Bikoro on 8 May, and on 13 May, WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus visited the town. On 18 May, the WHO IHR committee met and decided against declaring a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. , WHO had sent 138 technical personnel to the three affected areas; the Red Cross sent more than 150 people, and UNICEF personnel were also active. Other international agencies sending teams included the UK Public Health Rapid Support Team and the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. The Wellcome Trust donated ยฃ2 million towards the DRC outbreak. Merck donated its experimental vaccine and the GAVI international vaccination alliance helped to support vaccination operations. Several tons of supplies were shipped to the DRC, including protection and disinfection kits and palliative drugs. After the virus spread to the city of Mbandaka, DRC health minister Oly Ilunga Kalenga announced that healthcare would be provided free for those affected.
US President Donald Trump has advocated rescinding Ebola funding and most financing for State Department emergency responses. National Security Advisor John Bolton removed the National Security Council's health security chief on the day that the Ebola outbreak was declared, shutting down the entire epidemic prevention office. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says "about five" of its staff advise the Congolese government. CDC presence appears to be smaller than West African countries'. The U.S. Agency for International Development promised $1 million to WHO for Ebola efforts. Germany has promised $5.8 million.
Surveillance
Surveillance of travelers at Mbandaka's port and airport was performed. The DRC Ministry of Public Health identified 115 areas where movement of people increased the risk of virus transmission, including 83 river ports, nine airports and seven bus stations, as well as 16 markets. Josรฉ Makila, the DRC minister of transport, stated that the Navy would be used to surveil river traffic on the Congo. On 10 May, the Nigerian Ministry of Health reported it would start screening at its borders, and on 18 May 2018, a total of 20 countries had instituted screening of travelers coming from the DRC. WHO sent teams to 8/9 of the neighboring countries to assess their capability to deal with EVD spread and facilitate their surveillance. The DRC Ministry of Public Health worked with surveyors and cartographers from UCLA and OpenStreetMap DRC to improve mapping of the affected area. A laboratory commenced operations in Bikoro on 16 May, enabling local testing of patient samples for Ebola virus.
Burials were organized by MSF and the Red Cross of the Democratic Republic of the Congo to minimize the risk of transmission. The United Nations Radio broadcast EVD awareness information, and posters and leaflets were prepared and distributed. UNICEF warned 143 churches across Mbandaka of the risks of prayer meetings.
Treatment
Ring vaccination with rVSV-ZEBOV
Health authorities including DRC's Ministry of Public Health used recombinant vesicular stomatitis virusโZaire Ebola virus (rVSV-ZEBOV) vaccine โ a recently developed experimental Ebola vaccine, produced by Merck โ to try to suppress the outbreak. This live-attenuated vaccine expresses the surface glycoprotein of the Kikwit 1995 strain of Zaire ebolavirus in a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vector. rVSV-ZEBOV was trialed in Guinea and Sierra Leone during the West African epidemic of 2013โ16, with 5837 people receiving the vaccine; the trial authors concluded that rVSV-ZEBOV provided "substantial protection" against EVD, but subsequent commentators have questioned the degree of protection obtained and the degree of long-term protection conferred is unknown. As the vaccine had not been approved by any regulatory authority, it was used in DRC under a compassionate use trial protocol.
A ring vaccination strategy was used, which involves vaccinating only those most likely to be infected: direct contacts of infected individuals, and contacts of those contacts. Other groups targeted included health workers, laboratory personnel, surveillance workers and people involved with burials. People who were vaccinated were followed up for 84 days to assess whether they were protected from infection and to monitor any adverse events. A total of 4,320 doses of the rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine were delivered to DRC's capital Kinshasa by WHO on 16 May, and a further 3,240 doses arrived three days later; with another 8,000 doses to be made available. The vaccine must be transported and stored at between โ60 and โ80ย ยฐC. A cold chain was established in Kinshasa by 18 May and has been extended to Mbandaka. WHO planned to concentrate on vaccinating three sets of contacts of confirmed EVD cases, two in Bikoro and one in Mbandaka.
Vaccination started on 21 May among health workers in Mbandaka, with 7,560 vaccine doses ready for immediate use, according to WHO. The DRC health minister Oly Ilunga Kalenga stated that vaccination of health workers and Ebola case contacts in the Wangata and Bolenge areas of Mbandaka would take five days, after which vaccination would start in Bikoro and Iboko. , 154 people in Mbandaka had been vaccinated, and preparations were started for vaccinating in Bikoro and Iboko. Up to 1,000 people were expected to have been vaccinated by 26 May, according to WHO. It was the first time that vaccination had been attempted in the early stages of an Ebola outbreak.
The rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine proved effective for the strain of the Ebola virus in this outbreak, having via ring vaccination protected some 3,481 individuals.
Experimental therapeutic agents
Health officials considered trialing experimental treatments, including the antiviral agents favipiravir and GS-5734, and the antibody ZMapp. All three agents were given to patients during the West African epidemic, but none has yet been proved to be effective. The DRC Ministry of Public Health also requested that the US trial mAb114 treatment during the outbreak. The mAb114 monoclonal antibody was developed by the National Institutes of Health and Jean-Jacques Muyembe at the National Institute for Biomedical Research, and is derived from an EVD survivor of the 1995 Kikwit outbreak who still had circulating anti-Ebola antibodies eleven years later; it has been tested in macaques but not in humans.
The ZMapp cocktail was assessed by the World Health Organization for emergency use under the MEURI ethical protocol. The panel agreed that "the benefits of ZMapp outweigh its risks" while noting that it presented logistical challenges, particularly that of requiring a cold chain for distribution and storage. Despite being at earlier stages of development, three other therapies, mAb114, remdesivir and REGN3470-3471-3479, were also approved for emergency use under MEURI and the Ministry of Health in the DRC.
Prognosis
Post-Ebola virus syndrome affects those who have survived EVD infection; the resulting signs and symptoms can include muscle pain, eye problems and neurological problems.
History
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) has had several previous EVD outbreaks since 1976, which are summarised in the Table below. All have been located in the west or north of the country. Three previous outbreaks (in 1976, 1977 and 2014) occurring in former province of รquateur, of which the current รquateur province forms part.
In 2014, the WHO considered that the DRC was lagging behind the rest of Africa in health expenditures, at the relative rate of Intl$32 per head.
For the 2017 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak, the DRC regulatory authorities approved the use of the experimental rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine, but logistical issues delayed its implementation until the outbreak was already under control.
Shortly before the first cases of the 2018 Ebola outbreak, the country experienced a widespread cholera epidemic (June 2017 โ spring 2018), which was the most serious in the country since 1994.
See also
2017 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak
2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak
West Africa Ebola virus epidemic
2018 Kivu Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak
References
Further reading
External links
World Health Organization Democratic Republic of the Congo crisis information
World Health Organization Ebola situation reports
Disease outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2018
รquateur province Ebola outbreak
รquateur province Ebola outbreak
รquateur province
รquateur province Ebola outbreak
รquateur province Ebola outbreak |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC%20%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%20%EB%B6%80%EC%8A%A4 | ๋ฉ๋ฆฌ ๋ฃจ์ด์ค ๋ถ์ค | ๋ฉ๋ฆฌ ๋ฃจ์ด์ค ๋ถ์ค(Mary Louise Booth, 1831๋
4์ 19์ผ~1889๋
3์ 5์ผ)๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ํธ์ง์์ด์ ๋ฒ์ญ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ์๊ฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํํผ์ค ๋ฐ์์ ์ฒซ ์ฌ์ฑ ํธ์ง์ฅ์ด์๋ค.
18์ธ ๋, ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ด์์๋ก ๊ฐ์กฑ ์ง์ ๋ ๋ ์กฐ๋ผ์
์์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ๋ฐฐ์ ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๊ณต๋ถ์ ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋
์๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ณค๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์ก์ง์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ์ ์ค์ผ์น๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๊ณ ํ์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ ๋๊ฐ๋ก ๋์ ๋ฐ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๊ต์ก ๋ฐ ๋ฌธํ ์ ๋์ ๋ํ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ ์ํ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋๋ฐ, ์ฌ์ ํ ๋์ผ๋ก๋ ์๋ฌด๋ฐ ๋ณด์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ง๋ ์์์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๊ฐ๋ ๋ ๋์ ์ฑ
์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์์ ๋ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ๋ณตํดํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋งํ๋ค: "์ด๊ฒ์ ๋์ ๋ํ์ด๊ณ , ๋๋ ๋ณด์๋ฅผ ์๊ตฌํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ๋ด๊ฐ ํ๋ ์ผ์ ๋ฐฐ์์ผ ํ๋ค." 1856๋
, ํ๋์ค์์ ๋ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋๋ฆฌ์ ๋
ธ๋์์ ๋งค๋ด์ผ์ ํธ์ฐฌํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด ์ถํ๋์์ง๋ง ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ค์ ๋ณด์์ผ๋ก ์ฑ
๋ง์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๋น๋ก ์ฌ์ ํ ๋ง์ฐจ๋น๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํด์ 4๋ง์ผ์ ๊ฑธ์ด์ผ ํ ๋๋ ์์์ง๋ง, ์๊ฐ์ด ํ๋ฅผ์๋ก ๊ทธ๋
๋ ํ ์ ์๋ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ธ ์ผ์ ์ ์ ๋ ๋ง์ด ๋ฐ์๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๊พธ์คํ ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ์ ํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์๊ฐ์ด ์ง๋ ์๋ก ๋ง์์ก๋ค. 1859๋
, ๊ทธ๋
๋ 1๋
์์ ๋ด์์ ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋์ํ๊ณ , ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ทธ๋๊น์ง๋ ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์กฐ๋ผ ๋ง๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ํฌ๊ธฐํ๊ณ ํ๋ฃจ์ 12์๊ฐ์ฉ ๊ธ์ ์ฐ๊ณ ์์์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์์ ์ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ ์ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ 30์ด์ด์์ ๋, ๊ทธ๋
๋ J. Marion Sims ๋ฐ์ฌ(ํ๋ ์ฐ๋ถ์ธ๊ณผ์ ์๋ฒ์ง๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ์์ฌ)๋ก๋ถํฐ amanuensis(๊ธ์ ๋ฐ์์ฐ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฎ๊ธฐ๋ ์ง์ฑ
์ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํค๋ ๋ง)์ ์ง์๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฌ ๋ฐ์๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒ์ ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ๊พธ์คํ ๋ณด์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์ข
๋ฅ ์ค ์ฒซ ์ํ์ด์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ด์ ์๋ฒ์ง์ ๋์ ์์ด๋ ํ ์ ์์๊ณ , ์์ฃผ ์๋ฐํ์ง๋ง ๋ด์์์ ์๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ ์ ์์๋ค.
1861๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋จ๋ถ์ ์์ด ์์๋ ๋ฌด๋ ต, ๊ทธ๋
๋ ํ๋์ค์ด๋ก ์ฐ์ธ ์๊ฒ๋
ธ๋ฅด ๋ ๊ฐ์คํ๋ญ์ "์๋ํ ์ธ๋ฏผ์ ๋ด๊ธฐ"์ ๊ฒฌ๋ณธ์ ์
์ํ๊ณ , ์๋๋ฌ ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ธ๋(Scribner)์ ์ง์ผ๋ก ์ด๊ฑธ ๊ฐ์ ธ๊ฐ ์์ ์ด ๋ฒ์ญ์ ํ๋ฉด ๋ฒ์ญ๋ณธ์ ์ถํํ ๊ฒ์ธ์ง ๋ฌผ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ธ๋์๊ฒ ์ฆ์ ๋ฐํํ ์ ์๋ค๋ฉด ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ์๊ฒ ์ง๋ง, ์ ์์ด ํ ๋ฌ ์ด์ ์ง์๋์ง ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ค์ง ํ์ํ์ง ์๊ฒ ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ง์ ๋ค์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ฑ
์ ์ง์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ ธ๊ฐ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ํ๋ฃจ์ 20์๊ฐ์ฉ ์ผํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ๋ ์ ๋์ด ๊ทธ ์ฑ
์ ์ ๋ถ ๋ฒ์ญํ๊ณ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด๋ฆ ๋ง์ ์ถํ๋์๋ค. ์ด ์ฑ
์ ๋ถ๋ถ์ธ๋ค์๊ฒ ํฐ ๋ฐํฅ์ ์ผ์ผ์ผฐ๊ณ , ์ฐฐ์ค ์ฌ๋์ ๋ง์ปจ ๋ํต๋ น์ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ทธ๋
์๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ฌ์ ํธ์ง๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ฌ๋๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋
์๊ฒ ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ํ ์ผ์ "์ธ๊ฐ์ ์์ ๋ฅผ ์ํด ํ ๋ชจ๋ ๋จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์น ์๊ฒ ํ ๊ฒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ผ์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ค์ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ๋ณด์์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ฐ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ ์์ด ๊ณ์๋๋ ๋์, ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ ๊ตญ์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ฌ์ผ์ผํค๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ง์ ํ๋์ค ์ฑ
๋ค์ ๋ฒ์ญํ๊ณ , ํ ๋ ์์ฑํด์ผ๋ก ์ํ๋์ด, ํ ํธํ
์์ ์์๋ง ์ ๊ณต๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ๊ตญ์ ์ํด ์ผํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ํน๊ถ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ํด ๊ธ์ ์ผ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ด ๋ ์๋ฒ์ง๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋ด์ ์ปค์คํ
ํ์ฐ์ค์์ ์ ์ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ป์ ์ ์์๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฐ ํด์๋ ๊ณ ๋ ์ผ๊ฐ ์์
์์ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํด๋ฐฉ์ํฌ ์ ์์๋ค.
๋จ๋ถ์ ์์ ๋ง๋ฐ์ง์ ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์์ ์ด ๊ทธ ์ง์์ ์ ํฉํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ฌด๋ ์ ์ฆ๋ช
ํด ๋ณด์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํํผ๋ 1867๋
๋ถํฐ ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ์ฃฝ์ ๋๊น์ง ํํผ์ ํธ์ง๊ถ์ ๊ทธ๋
์๊ฒ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ฒ์์๋ ์์ ์ ํ์ ๋ํด ํ์ ์ด ์์์ง๋ง, ๋ง์นจ๋ด ๊ทธ ์ฑ
์์ ๋ฐ์๋ค์๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ก์ง๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋๊ฒ ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ทธ๋
๋๋ฌธ์ด์๋ค. ์ก์ง๋ ์ง์์ ์์ํ๊ฒ ๋ณด๋ ์ก์ง์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ์ ์งํจ๊ณผ ๋์์ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ ํต์ด ๊พธ์คํ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ํธ์งํ ์ก์ง์ ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ก ์ฆ๋ช
๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋น์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ด๋ ์ฌ์ฑ๋ณด๋ค ๋ง์ ์๊ธ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ 1889๋
3์ 5์ผ ์งง์ ๋ณ์ ์์ ํ ์ฌ๋งํ๋ค.
์ด๋ฆฐ ์์
๋ฉ๋ฆฌ ๋ฃจ์ด์ค ๋ถ์ค(Mary Louise Booth)๋ ํ์ฌ์ ์ ํฝํฌ์ธ Millville์์ ์๋ฆฌ์ ์ฑํธํ๋ ๋ถ์ค(William Chatfield Booth)์ ๋ธ์ ๋ชฌ์ค์ฐ(Nancy Monswell) ์ฌ์ด์์ ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
์ ์๋ฒ์ง๋ 1649๋
๊ฒฝ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ๊ฑด๋์จ ์กด ๋ถ์ค(John Booth)์ ํ์์ด์๊ณ , ์ด๋จธ๋๋ ํ๋์ค ํ๋ช
(1789~1799)์ ๋๋ฏผ์ ์๋
์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋
๋ ์กฐ์ํ ์์ด์๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ ๊ดํด ๋๋ฌด ๋ง์ ์ง๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐ์, ๊ทธ๋
๋ ํ๋์ค์ด๋ ์์ด๋ฅผ ์ฝ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋งํ๋ ๊ฒ๋งํผ ๋ฐฐ์ด ๊ธฐ์ต์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑํ๋ค. ๊ฑธ์ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์๋ง์ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ด๋จธ๋๋ ์ฑ
์ ์์ ๋ค๊ณ ์ค์ค๋ก ์ฝ๋ ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋ผ๊ณ ์ ์ํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ค๋๊ณ ์์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๊ณง ๊ทธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ๋๋ฌด๋ ์ ์ตํ๊ฒ ์ฝ์ด์ ๋ค์ฏ ์ด์ด ๋๊ธฐ ์ ์ ์ฑ๊ฒฝ์ ์๋
ํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ฑ์ทจ์ ๋ํ ๋ณด์์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ธ์ด๋ก ๋ฒ์ญ๋ ์ฑ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ํ ํ๋ฃจํ๋ฅดํฌ๋ ์ฝ์๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ดํ ๋ค์ ์ฝ์ ๋๋ง๋ค ๊ทธ๋
์๊ฒ ์ฒ์ ์ฝ์์ ๋์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์จ์ ์ฃผ์๊ณ , ์ผ๊ณฑ ์ด์ ๋ผ์ ๋๋ฅผ ์๋ฌธ์ผ๋ก ์ตํ๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ํ๋ก๋ ๋ผํด์ด ๊ณต๋ถ๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ค.
๊ทธ ๋๋ถํฐ ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋์ด์ ๊ฑธ๋ง์ง ์์ ๋
์๊ฐ ๋์ด์ ๋๋์ ๋ง๋ ์ฐ๊ทน๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ค๋ก์ง ์ฑ
์ ๋ํ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ชจ๋์ ๋์ง๊ธฐ๊ฒ ๊ดด๋กญํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
์ ์๋ฒ์ง๋ ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ 11์ด์ด ์ฑ ๋๊ธฐ ์ ํ, ๊น๋ณธ, ์จ๋ฆฌ์จ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ทธ์ ์ ์ฌํ ์๊ฐ๋ค์ ์๊ฒ ๋์์ ๋, ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ์ฝ๊ณ ์์ ํ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฑ
์ ๊ฐ์ง ์๋นํ ๋์๊ด์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์๋ค. ์ด ๋, ๊ทธ๋
๋ ํ๊ต๋ก ๋ณด๋ด์ก๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
์ ์๋ฒ์ง์ ์ด๋จธ๋๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ์ฑ
์์ ธ์ผ ํ ์ง์ฑ์ ๋ณด๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋
์ ๊ต์ก์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๋ชจ๋ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ ๊ธฐ์ธ์๊ณ , ๋คํํ๋ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ฒด๋ ฅ์ ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ์์์ ์ค๋จ ์๋ ๊ณผ์ ๊ณผ ์ง์์ ๋๊ฐ๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ผ๋ จ์ ์์
์ ๊ฑฐ์น๊ฒ ํ๊ธฐ์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ธ์ด์ ์์ฐ๊ณผํ์ ๋ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ผ๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ํ๋ฌธ์ ๋นํด ๋งค์ฐ ๋ฅ์ํ์ง๋ง, ์ํ์์ ํน๋ณํ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์์ ๋๋ผ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ๋ถ์ค์ ์ฐ์ํ ๊ต์ก์ ํ๊ต์์ ๋ฐ์ง ์์๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ณณ์์ ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ค์ค๋ก ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ๋ณด๋ค ๋ ๋ฐฐ์ ๋ค. ์๋ํ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ด๋ฆด ๋๋ถํฐ ์ฅ์ ๋ฌผ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ฉธํ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ์ ๋ํ ํ๊ณ ํ ์ทจํฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ํ๋์ค์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ ์ ๋ ์์ฃผ ์์ ์์ด์๋ค. ๊ธธ์์ ํ๋์ค์ด ์
๋ฌธ์๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์์ ๋จ์ด์ก๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋
๋ ํ๋์ค์ด ๋จ์ด๋ค์ ์์ด ๋จ์ด๋ค๊ณผ ๋น๊ตํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ฒ ๋์๊ณ , ์ด๋ฐ ์์ผ๋ก ๊ณต๋ถ๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ํ๋ค. ๋์ค์ ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ๋
์ผ์ด๋ฅผ ๋
ํ์ผ๋ก ์ต๋ํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ ์ธ์ด๋ ์ง์ ๋ค์ด๋ณด์ง ๋ชปํ ์ํ์์, ๋ช ๋
ํ์ ๋
์ผ์ด๋ ํ๋์ค์ด์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฑ
์ ์์ด๋ก ์๋ฆฌ๋ด์ด ๋ฒ์ญํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ์ฝ 13์ด์ด์์ ๋, ๊ทธ๋
์ ์๋ฒ์ง ์๋ฆฌ์ ์ฑํธํ๋ ๋ถ์ค๋ ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ํ์ด๋ Yaphank์์ ๋ด์ ๋ธ๋ฃจํด๋ฆฐ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ์ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ์ฎ๊ฒผ๊ณ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์์ ๋ถ์ค ์จ๋ ๊ทธ ๋์์ ์ค๋ฆฝ๋ ์ต์ด์ ๊ณต๋ฆฝํ๊ต๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ๋ค. ๋ถ์ค ์จ๋ ๋ธ์ด ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ทธ๋ฐ ์ง์ฑ์ ์ง๋์ ๊ต์ก์ ๋ฉด์ ์์ด์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ํ๋ฅญํ๋ค๊ณ ๊ฒ์ฆ๋ ์ฌ๋์ด์๋ค. Mary๋ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์๋ฒ์ง๊ฐ ํ๊ต์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅด์น๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋์๋ค. ํ๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊น์ด ๊ด์ฌ์ ๊ฐ๊ณ , ํ๊ณ ํ ๋ชฉ์ ์ฑ๊ณผ ๋๋ ค์์ด ์๋ ์ฑ์ค์ฑ์ ์ง๋ ๊ทธ์ ๊ทธ์ ๋ธ์ ์๋ฒฝํ ์๋ก์๊ฒ ๊ณต๊ฐํ๊ณ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋
์ ์๋ฒ์ง๋ ๋ถ๋๋ฌ์ด ๋ฐฐ๋ ค๋ก ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ฑ์ฅ์ ์ง์ผ๋ณด์๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํ์๋ ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ์ด ๊ธ ํ ๋ง๋ ํ ๋ง๋๋ฅผ ์๋์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ ์์คํ ๊ฐ์งํ๊ณ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ทธ๋ ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋
์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฅญํ ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์์ทจํ ํ์๋, ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ์ ๋ง๋ก ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ๋
์ค์ค๋ก ์๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฏฟ์ ์ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํญ์ ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์์คํ ์ ๋ฌผ์ฒ๋ผ ๋ํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ํต๋ น์ด ๊ทธ์ ๋ํด "๋ ์น์ ํ๊ณ ๋ ๋ช
์๋ก์ด ์ ์ฌ๋ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ธ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค."๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ฏ์ด, ๊ทธ๋ ์๋ฒฝํ ์ ์ฌ์๋ค. ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ธ๊ณผ ๋ ์๋ค์ด ๋๋จธ์ง ๊ฐ์กฑ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์์ด์๊ณ , ์๋ค ์ค ๋ง๋ด์ธ ์ฐฐ์ค A ๋๋ น(Colonel Charles A. Booth)์ ๊ตฐ๋์์ 20๋
๊ฐ ๋ณต๋ฌดํ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋
๋ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ด๋จธ๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํ๋์ค๊ณ์๊ณ , ์ด๋จธ๋๋ 80์ธ๊น์ง ์ด์๊ณ์
จ๋ค. ๋ถ์ค์ ์๋ฒ์ง ์๋ฆฌ์ ์ฑํธํ๋ ๋ถ์ค(William Chatfield Booth)๋ 1649๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์จ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๊ธฐ ์ ์ฐฉ๋ฏผ ์ค ํ ์ฌ๋์ธ ์กด ๋ถ์ค(John Booth)์ ํ์์ด์๊ณ , ๊ทธ์ ์น๊ตฌ์๋ ๋ธ๋ผ๋ฉ๋ ๋จ์๊ณผ ์ผ ์๋ฐ์ ์น๊ตฌ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์ค 2์ธ์ ๋ง๋ช
๋๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ฌ๋ค. 1652๋
, ์กด ๋ถ์ค๋ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์๊ฒ 300ํผํธ(91m)์ ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ฝ์ ์ํฐ ์ฌ์ ๊ตฌ์
ํ๋ค. ์ ์ด๋ 200๋
๋์ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ๊ณณ์ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ ๋ค. ๋ถ์ค์ ์๋ฒ์ง๋ ๋ช ๋
๋์ ๋ด์์ ์๋ ๋ช ๊ฐ์ ๋ํ ์๊ฐ์ ์ผ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์์์ ์ ๊ณตํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ ์คํ 9์๋ถํฐ ์์นจ 7์๊น์ง ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋
ํ ์๋ฌด๊ฐ ์์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋์ด๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฉด์ ๋ฌธํ์ ์์ ์ ์ง์
์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ค๋ ค๋ ๊ทธ๋
์ ๊ฒฐ์ฌ์ ๋งค์ฐ ๊ฐํด์ ธ ๊ฐ๊ณ , ์ด๋ค ๋๋ด๋ ๊ทธ๋
์ ๋ชฉํ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊พธ์ง๋ ๋ชปํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ 4๋ช
์ ์์ด๋ค ์ค ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์ด๊ฐ ๋ง์ ์์ด์๊ณ , ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ์ ๋ค๋ ์๋ฒ์ง์ ๋์์ ํ์๋ก ํ ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ์ ๋ค์ ์ง์ํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ณด๋ค ๋ ๋ง์ด ์ง์ ๋ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๊ณตํํ๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ์ง ์์๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก, 18์ด์ด ๋์ด ์์ ์ ์ง๋ก๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋ด์์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ๊ฒฐ์ฌํ์ ๋, ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฒ์ง์๊ฒ ์์กดํ ์ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ์ด๋ค ์๋ง๋ ๋ฌด์ํ์ง ์๊ณ , ์ธ์์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ชฉํ์ ๋ํด ์ค์ค๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ๋ด๋ ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ด์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋ ๋์ผ ํ๊ณ , ์๋ฒ์ง๊ฐ ์ง์ํ ์ ์๋ ๊ธ์ก๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฐ๋ ๋์ ์ฐจ์ด๋งํผ์ ๋ฒ์ด์ผ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ง๋ก๋ฅผ ์ํ ์๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์์ผ ํ๋ค.
์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ง์
์กฐ๋ผ ์ ์กฐ์
์์ธ ํ ์น๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋
์๊ฒ ๊ทธ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅด์ณ ์ฃผ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ์ผ์ ํ ์ ์๋๋ก ๋์์ฃผ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ์ ์ํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ก์จ ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ด์์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ ๊ณํ์ ์คํํ ์ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋์์ ์์ ๋ฐฉ์ ์ก์๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋น์์๋ ์๋ฆฌ์์ค๋ฒ๊ทธ์ ๋ด์ ์ฌ์ด์ ํต์ ์ด ๋งค์ฐ ๋๋ ธ๊ณ , ์ค๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋งค์ฐ ํ๋ค์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ผ์์ผ๋ง ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ค. ๋น๋ก ๊ทธ๋
์ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ๊ทธ๋
์ ๋ฌธํ ํ๋์ ์ง์งํ์ง ์์์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ๋
์ ๋ถ๋ชจ๋ ์ง์๋ ํญ์ ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋ฐฉ ๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ค๋น๋์ด ์์๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋
์๊ฒ๋ ์ง์์์ ๊ทธ ์ผ์์ผ๋ค์ด ํ๋ฆผ์์ด ํฐ ํด์์ด์๊ณ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์์ด์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
1845๋
๊ณผ 1846๋
์ ๋ถ์ค๋ ๋ด์ ์๋ฆฌ์์ค๋ฒ๊ทธ์ ์๋ ์๋ฒ์ง์ ํ๊ต์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅด์ณค์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ๋
์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ์ด์ ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ธฐํ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ ๋
ํ๋ค. ๋ถ์ค๋ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์ก์ง์ ๋ํ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ์ ์ค์ผ์น๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ํ๋์ค์ด๋ก ๋ ๋๋ฆฌ์ ์์
์ ์ค๋ช
์(๋ด์, 1856๋
)์ ์๊ณ์ ์๊ณ ์ ์กฐ์ ์ค๋ช
์๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์ญํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์กฐ์ ํ ๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋๋ ์ฒด๋์์ ์๋๋ชฝ ํ๋์์ ๋ฐ๋ ํ์ ์๋จธ์จ ์ก์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์ญํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋
์์ ์ ๋
์ฐฝ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ ์ถํํ๋ค. ๋ถ์ค๋ ์ดํ ๋น
ํ ๋ฅด ์ฟ ์์ ํ๋์ค ๊ถ์ ์ ๋น๋ฐ ์ญ์ฌ์์ธ ๋ง๋ด ๋ ์ฒด๋ธ๋คผ์ธ(1859)์ ์ถ๊ณผ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฒ์ญํ๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ํด, ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ์ด ๋ด์์์ ์ญ์ฌ(History of the City of New York) ์ดํ์ด ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์์คํ ์์ ๋ฌผ์ด์๋ค. ๋ค์์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ฌ๋๋ ์๋ฆฌ์์ค ์์ดํธ๋ฅผ ๋์ ํ๋์ค ๊ณ ์ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์ญํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์๋๋จผ๋ ์ด๋ฐ์์ ์ ๋ฉ์ธ(๋ณด์คํด, 1860๋
)๋ ๋ฒ์ญํ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋
์ ๋ํ์ ์ค ํ๋์ธ History of the City of New York์ ํ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ ์ด๋ฌํ๋ค.
ํ ์น๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋
์๊ฒ ๋ด์์์ ์์ ํ ์ญ์ฌ๋ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋์ง ์์๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฐ ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ๊ต์ฉ์ผ๋ก ์ค๋นํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ข์์ง๋ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋ค๊ณ ์ ์ํ์ ๋, ๋ถ์ค๋ ๊ฐ ์๋
ํฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์ด๋ ์๊ฐ์จ์๋ค. ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ ์๋ํ๋ ค๋ ์ผ๋ง์ด ์์ผ๋ฉด์๋ ์ฑ๊ณตํ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋ฎ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ๊ฒ๋จน์ง ์๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ฆ์ ์ญ์ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ก ์์
์ ๋ชฐ๋ํ๊ณ , ๋ช ๋
์ ์ค๋นํ๋ฉด์ ๋ณด๋ธ ๋์, ํ ์ถํ์ฌ์ ์์ฒญ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ, ๊ทธ๋
์ ์์
์ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋์ด์ , ํ๋์ ์ํ์ ์์ฑํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ง์ ๊ตญ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ฐ๋์ ์ธ ์ฌ๊ฑด๋ค ์ค ๋ง์ ๊ฒ๋ค์ด ๋ด์์ ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ฐ๊ด๋์ด ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ทธ ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ฝ ์ฌ์ํ ์ผ์ด ์๋๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๊ณ ์์๋ค. ์ญ์ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ก ์์
๊ณผ์ ๋์ ๋ถ์ค๋ ๋์๊ด๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ณด๊ด์์ ์ ๊ทผํ ์ ์์๋ค. ์์ฑํด ์ด๋น์ ๊ทธ๋
์๊ฒ ์ง์ฌ์ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฉ๋ ค ํธ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋๊ณ , D. T. ๋ฐ๋ ํ์ธ, ํจ๋ฆฌ B. ๋์จ, W. J. ๋ฐ์ด๋น์ค, E. B. O'Callahan, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ง์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋
์๊ฒ ์๋ฅ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋์์ ์ฃผ์๋ค. ๋ฒค์จ G. Lossing์ ๋ถ์ค์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ํด ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ๋งํ๋ค. โ๋ด์ ์๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์๋ํ ๋๋์์ ์ถ์ ๋ํ ๋์ค์ ์ธ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ด์ ์ฑ
์ ๊ฐ์ฌํด์ผ ํ ์๋ฌด๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ฑ
์ ์ญ์ฌ์์ ๋๋ฌด๋ ๋ง์ ์ค์ํ ์ฌ์ค๋ค์ ๋ด๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉด์๋, ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์ฝ๊ฒ ์ ๊ทผํ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ๋ค.โ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ญ์ฌ์๋ ํ๋์ ๋๊บผ์ด ์ฑ
์ผ๋ก ์ถํ๋์๊ณ , ํํ ํ์๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์๋นํ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ๋ณด์์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์์๋ค. ์ถํ์ฌ๋ ๊ทธ๋
์๊ฒ ํด์ธ์ ๋๊ฐ ์๋ํ ์ ๋ฝ์ ์๋์ธ ๋ฐ๋, ํ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ, ๋น์๋์ ๋์ค์ ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐ์๊ณ ์ ์ํ ์ ๋๋ก, ๊ทธ ์ฑ
์ ์ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ง์กฑ์ค๋ฌ์ ๋ค. ์ ์ ์๊ฐ์๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์ธ ๋ฐ์ ์ง์
์ ์ ๋ง์ ์ ์๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ ์ฐ์ฐํ ์ํฉ๋ค๋ก ์ธํด ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด ํ์ค์ด ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ง์๋ค.
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋จ๋ถ์ ์ ์๊ธฐ ํ๋
์ด ์ํ์ ์ดํ์ด ์ถํ๋ ์งํ, ๋ด์ ์ด ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ๋ถ์ค๋ ์ธ์ ๋ ๋
ธ์์ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ํ๋ ๋นํ์๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ์ง์ ํ ์ง๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํ ์ด๋์ ๋์กฐ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ด ์๊ธฐ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์๊ฒ ์ฃผ์ด์ง ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ณ ๊ทํ ์ ๋ถ์ ํ๊ดด๋ฅผ ๋ง๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ด์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถํ๊ณ ์์๋ค. ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๊ทธ ํฌ์์ ๋ณด์์ผ๋ก ๊ฑฐ์ง์ผ๋ก ๊ณผ์ํ๋ ์์ ๊ฐ ์๋ ์ง์ ํ ๋ณดํธ์ ์์ ๋ฅผ ์ป๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค.
๋ถ์ค๋ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ฐ๋ฐฉ์ธก์ ๊ฐ๋ดํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ๊ทธํ ๋ก ์ด๋ ฌํ ๋ฏฟ๋ ๋์๋ฅผ ์คํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฌด์ธ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ์ถ์ ๋ง์์ด ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋น๋ก ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ๋์๊ณผ ํ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ์ ธ์ฌ ์ ์๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์๋ จ๋ค์ ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ๊ฒฌ๋๋ด๋ ค๊ณ ํ์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ์ผ์์ ๋๋ฌด ๊ฒฝํ์ด ๋ถ์กฑํ์ฌ, ๊ตฐ๋ณ์์์ ๊ฐํธ์ฌ๋ก ํ๋ํ ์๊ฒฉ์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ๋๊ผ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์
์ ์๋ช
์ ๋ํ ์ํ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ฌด์ธ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ํด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๊ณ , ์ด์ ์ ๋ถํ์ ์๊ฒ๋
ธ๋ฅด ๋ ๊ฐ์คํ๋ฆฐ ๋ฐฑ์์ "์๋ํ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋ด๊ธฐ(Uprising of a Great People"์ ๊ฒฌ๋ณธ์ ์
์ํ์ ๋, ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๊ทธ ๋์ฐํ ํฌ์์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ์ฌ๋๋ค์๊ฒ ์ฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ ๋ง์ ํ ์ ์๋ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ๋จ๋ฒ์ ๋ณด์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋
๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ญ๋นํ์ง ์๊ณ ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ธ๋์๊ฒ ๊ทธ ์ํ์ ์ถํํ์๊ณ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฒ์ญ์ด ์ค๋น๋๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ ํ๊ฒ ์ผ๋, ์ฑ
์ด ๋์ค๊ธฐ ์ ์ ์ ์์ด ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ฉด์ ์ฝ๊ฐ ์ด์๋ฅผ ์ ๊ธฐํ๋๋ฐ, ์์๋๋ ๋จํธํ ์์
๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ๋ช ์ฃผ๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ๋ฉฐ์น ๋ก ์ ํํ๋ค. ์คํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ธ๋๋ ๋ง์ฝ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ์์ ์ค๋น๋ ์ ์๋ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์ถํํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ์๋ค. "์ผ ์ฃผ์ผ ์์ ์์ฑ ๊ฐ๋ฅํฉ๋๋ค."๋ผ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋
์ ๋๋ต์ด์๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ง์ ๊ฐ์ 24์๊ฐ๋ง๋ค 20์๊ฐ์ฉ ์ผํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฐค์ ๊ต์ ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์์นจ์ ์๋ก ์ฌ๋ณธ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ ค๋ณด๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ง๊ฐ ๊ธฐํ ๋ช ์๊ฐ ์ ์ ์์
์ ์์ฑํ๊ณ , ๋ณด๋ฆ ๋ง์ ์ฑ
์ด ๋์๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ๋ฉ์์ง๊ฐ ๋ฉ์ธ์์ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์๊น์ง ์ธ๋ ค ํผ์ก๋ค.
์ ์ ์ค์ ์ถํ๋ ์ฑ
์ ์์ฒญ๋ ๋ฐํฅ์ ์ผ์ผ์ผฐ๋ค. ๋น ๋๋ณ์ธ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋น๋์ ์ ๋ฌธ๋ค์ ์ด ์ฑ
์ ๋ํ ๋
ผํ๊ณผ ํต์ง, ์ฐฌ๋ฏธ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ ์ฐจ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ฑ
์ ์ฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋์ฐ๊ณ ํฌ๋ง์ ๋ค์ ๋ถ๋ฌ์ผ์ผ์ผฐ๋ค. ์ฐฐ์ค ์ฌ๋๋ "์ธ๊ฐ์ ์์ ๋ฅผ ์ํด ํ ๋ชจ๋ ๋จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์น ์๊ฒ ํ ๊ฒ"๊ณ ์ผ๊ณ , ์์ด๋ธ๋ฌํ ๋ง์ปจ์ ๋ง์คํ ์
๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ ๋ฉ์ถ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋
์๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ฌํธ์ง์ ๊ณ ๋งคํ ํํธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋๋ค.
์ด ์ฑ
์ ์ถํ์ ๋ถ์ค๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ๋ณธ์ ์์ฑํ ์์ ๊ทธ์ ์๋ด์ ์ํตํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์๋จ์ด์๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ ์๋ ๋ถ์ค์๊ฒ ์ค์์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ๋๋ก ๊ฐ์ฒญํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํ์ ์ค๊ฑฐ์คํด ์ฝ์น, ์๋์๋ฅด ๋ผ๋ถ๋ ์ด, ํจ๋ฆฌ ๋งํด, ์๋ชฌ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์๊ฐ๋ค๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ ์์๋ ์ข
๊ต์ , ์ ์น์ ์ ๋
์ ํํํ์ง ์์ง๋ง, ๋
ธ์์ ๋์ ๋ํ ์ฆ์ค๋ก ๋ญ์น ์ฌ๋๋ค๊ณผ ์์ ์ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ด ์ ์ฌ๋ถ๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฌธ์๋ค์ ๋๊ฐ ์์ด ๋ฒ์ญํ์ฌ ์ผ๊ฐ์ง์, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ ๋์จ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํด๋ฝ์ ์ ๊ณตํ์ฌ ์ถํํ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ๋ ๋ ์ ๋ง์ถฐ ๋ฌธ์๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ด๊ณ ์๋ฌธ์ ๊ตฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์๋ง์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ, ํธ์ง, ํํ๋ ์ ๋ณด๋ด๋ฉด์ ์๋ก ๋คํฌ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ด ๊ณ ๊ทํ ํ๋์ค์ธ๋ค์๊ฒ ๊ทธ๋
์๊ฒ ๋ฌผ์ด๋ณธ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๋ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ ํํ๊ฒ ์๋ ค์ฃผ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ค์๊ฒ ๋์์ด ๋ ์ ์๋ ๊ทธ๋ฐ ๊ฐํ๋ฌผ์ ๋ณด๋๋ค.
1867๋
์ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ญ์ฌ์ 2ํ์ด ์ถํ๋์๊ณ , 1880๋
์ ๊ฐ์ ๋์ด ํ์ฌ๊น์ง ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ 3ํ์ด ๋์๋ค. ์ด ์ํ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ์๋ณธ์ ์ ๋ช
ํ ์์ ์์ง๊ฐ๋ค์ด ๊ฐ์ ธ๊ฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ค์ ์ํด ์ฐ์ฅ๋๊ณ ์ฝํ๊ฐ ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ง ํ์ด์ง์๋ ๋ณด์กฐ ์ธ์๋ฌผ, ์ด์ํ, ์ฌ์ธ ๋ฑ์ด ์ค๋ ค ์์๋ค. ์ ์ฒ ๊ฐ์ ์ง๋, ํธ์ง ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํ ์ฝํ๋ค์ ์ํด 9๊ถ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฅ๋ ํ ๊ถ์ ์ฌ๋ณธ์ ๋ด์์ ์์ ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ์ ์ถ์ข
์ ๋ถํํ๋ ๋ณด๋ฌผ์ฐฝ๊ณ ๋ค. ๋ถ์ค๋ ์ ๋ช
ํ ํฌ๊ท๋ณธ ์์ง๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋
์๊ฒ ์ ๋ฌผํ ์ฌ๋ณธ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋ณธ์ ์ฝ์
๋ ์ฑ
์ ๋ฑ์ฅ์ 2์ฒ ๊ฐ ์ด์์ ์ฝํ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ถ์ฌ์ ธ ์์๋ค.
๋ฒ์ญ๊ฐ๋ก์์ ์ถ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋จ๋ถ์ ์(1861โ1865๋
) ๋น์ ๋ถ์ค๋ ํ๋์ค์ ์ ๋ช
ํ ์๊ฐ๋ค์ ์ ์๋ค์ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ๋์์ ์ ๋ฆฌํ๊ฒ ๋ฒ์ญํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ํ์ ์ฐ์ํด์ ๋ฒ์ญํ๋ค: ์๊ฒ๋
ธ๋ฅด ๊ฐ์คํ๋ญ์ ์ ๋ฝ ์ด์ ์ ์๋ํ ๋ฏผ์กฑ๊ณผ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ๋ด๊ธฐ(๋ด์, 1861๋
), ์๋์๋ฅด ๋ฅด๋ค ๋ ๋ผ๋ถ๋ผ์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ๋ฆฌ(๋ด์, 1865๋
), ์ค๊ท์คํฑ ์ฝ์ฑ์ ๋
ธ์ ํด๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ(๋ณด์คํด, 1862๋
). ์ด ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ํต๋ น ์์ด๋ธ๋ฌํ ๋ง์ปจ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์์์์ ์ฐฐ์ค ์ฌ๋, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ์น์ธ๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ์นญ์ฐฌ๊ณผ ๊ฒฉ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ์ ์ ๋ด๋ด ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ฝ์ฑ, ๊ฐ์คํ๋ญ, ๋ผ๋ถ๋ผ์, ์๋ฆฌ ๋ง๋ฅดํฑ, ์ค๋ฅผ ํฌ๋ฅด๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ค ๋ ๋ชฝํ๋ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ๋ฝ ๋์กฐ์๋ค๊ณผ์ ์ฐ๋ฝ์ ์ ์งํ๋ค. ํ๋์ค์ธ ์น๊ตฌ๋ค์ด ๊ทธ๋
์๊ฒ ๋ณด๋ธ ๋ฌธ์๋ ํธํ๋ฆฟ์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ์ญ ์ถ๊ฐ๋๊ฑฐ๋ ์ ๋์ธ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํด๋ฝ์์ ๋ฐํ๋๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ด์ ์ ๋์ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋์๋ค.(์์์ ๊ทธ๋
์๊ฒ ๋ณด๋ด๋ ค๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์ํ๋ ๋ฐ๋ก ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์๋ค์ด๋ค.) ๋ถ์ค๋ ์๋ฆฌ ๋ง๋ฅดํฑ์ ํ๋์ค ์ญ์ฌ์๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์ญํ๋ค. ๋ฃจ์ด 14์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฃฌ ๋ ๊ถ์ 1864๋
์ ์ถํ๋์๊ณ , ๋๋จธ์ง ๋ ๊ถ์ 1866๋
์ ํ๋์ค ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ ์ ์ ํด๋ผ๋ ์ ๋ชฉ์ผ๋ก ์์ 17๊ถ ์ค ๋ง์ง๋ง ๊ถ์ผ๋ก ๋ ๊ถ์ด ์ถํ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๊ฐ ๋ง๋ฅดํฑ์ ํ๋์ค์ฌ ์์ฝ๋ณธ์ ๋ฒ์ญํ ๊ฒ์ 1880๋
์ ์ถํ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ผ๋ถ๋ผ์์ ์์ ์ ์ฑ
, ์ฅ ๋ง์ธ์ ์์ ์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ, ๋ธ๋ ์ฆ ํ์ค์นผ์ ใ์๊ณจ ๋ฒ์๊ฒ ๋ถ์น๋ ํธ์งใ์ ๋ฒ์ญํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. "์๋ํ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ๋ด๊ธฐ"๋ ๊ฐ์คํ๋ญ์ "์ ๋ฝ๋ณด๋ค ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋จผ์ "๊ฐ, ๋ผ๋ถ๋ผ์์ "๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ํ๋ฆฌ"๊ฐ, ์ค๊ท์คํฑ ์ฝ์ฑ์ด ์ด "ํด๋ฐฉ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ"์ "๋
ธ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ"๊ฐ 2๊ถ์ด์๋ค. ์ฝ์น์ ์ํ์ ๊ฐ์คํ๋ญ์ด ํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ณด๋ค ํจ์ฌ ๋ ๋ง์ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ฃผ์ ๊ณตํ๋น ์ ์น์ธ์ธ ํจ๋ฆฌ ์ํฐ ๋ฐ์ด๋น์ค, ๋๋ฆฌํ ์์์์, ๊ฐ๋ฃจ์ค A.๊ทธ๋ก๋ก๋ถํฐ ์๋ฐฑ ํต์ ๊ฐ์ฌ ํธ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ๋ฐ์ฌ, ๋ฒจ ๋ฐ์ฌ, ์์ ์์ํ ํ์ฅ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ทธ ์ค์์๋ ์กฐ์ง ์ฌ๋, ์นด์์ฐ์ค M. ํด๋ ์ด์ ์คํผ๋ ๋ฒ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด ์ฐฐ์ค ์ฌ๋๋ "์ฝ์น์ ์
์ ์ ํ๋๋ฐ์๊ฒ ๋๋ฏธ๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ณ๋๋ณด๋ค ๋ ํฐ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ์์๋ค"๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค." ๊ทธ ์ฌ์ด ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ฒ์ญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌํ์ฌ ๋ผ๋ถ๋ ์ด์ <์ ํ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ>์ ์ฅ ๋ฉ์ด์ค์ <์์ ์>์ ๋ฐฑ์ ๋ ๊ฐ์คํ๋ฆฐ, ์ ์์ ์ํ <ํ๋ณต> ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ์์ ์ํ <์นด๋ฐ๋ >์ <๋ฒ ์คํผ> ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ <์ธ๊ฐ ์ฌํ>์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ข
๊ต ์ํ๋ค์ ์ถ๊ฐํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
์ ๊ฑฐ์ 40๊ถ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ฒ์ญํ๋ค.
ํํผ์ค ๋ฐ์
1867๋
, ๋ถ์ค๋ ์ง๊ธ๊น์ง ํด์๋ ํ๋๊ณผ ์ ๋ฐ๋์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์์ง๋ง ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ธ์์์ ๋ฌธํ์ด๋ ๋ฒ์ญ ํ๋๋งํผ์ด๋ ์ค์ํ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ผ์ ๋งก์๋๋ฐ, Harperโs Bazaar์ ๊ตญ๋ด ์ฌํ์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์๊ณผ ํฅ์์ ํ์ ํ๋ ์ฃผ๊ฐ์ง์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ค๋ซ๋์ ์์๋ค๊ณผ ์ข์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋งบ๊ณ ์์๋ค. ํํผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ค ํ์ ๋ ์์ ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ทธ ์๋ํ ํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ฌ์
์ ํ๋ฅญํ๊ฒ ํด๋์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ํ ์ต์ด์ ์ฌ์ฑ ํจ์
์ก์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ฌํ์ ๋, ์ฆ์ ๊ทธ๋
์๊ฒ ํธ์ง๊ถ์ ์ฅ์
ํด ๋ฌ๋ผ๊ณ ์์ฒญํ๋ค.
๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ๋ฌธ์ฌ๋ค์ ์ฒ์์๋ ๊ทธ๋
์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ ํ๊ฐํ์ฌ ์์ค์ ๋ฐ์์ ๋น์ฐํ๊ฒ ์๊ฐํ์์ผ๋, ๊ทธ๋
์ ํธ์ง ๊ด๋ฆฌ ํ์ ์ก์ง๋ ๊ตฌ๋
์๋ฅผ 10๋ง ๋ช
๊น์ง ํค์๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ ๋๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ฆ๋ช
ํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด๋ ์๊ตญ์ ์ด๋ค ๊ณ๊ธ์ ์์ธ, ๋๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ ์๊ฐ, ์์ค๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ทธ ํ์ด์ง์ ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ๊ฑฐ์ ์์๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์์์ฑ, ์์กด๊ฐ, ๋์ ์์ค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ฐ์์ฑ์ ์ ๊ธฐ ๊ฐํ๋ฌผ๋ค ์ฌ์ด์์ ํ์ ์ถ์ข
์ ๋ถํํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฐ์ ๋ด์์ ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ์ก์ง์ ์ํฅ์ ์์ฒญ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ก์ง๋ ํญ์ ์ข๊ณ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ด ๋ด์ฉ๋ค์ ๋ค๋ฃจ์๋ค; ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์ฌ์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ํ๋ณต, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋์ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ๊ณ ๋ ค์ฌํญ์ผ๋ก ๋ค๊ณ , ์ก์ง๊ฐ ์ฝํ๋ ๊ณณ์ด๋ฉด ์ด๋๋ ๊ฑด์ ํ ๋ถ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋๋ค. ์นผ๋ผ์ ํตํด, ํธ์ง์๋ ๊ฑฐ์ 16๋
๋์ ์๋ง์ ๊ฐ์ ์์ ๊ทธ๋
์ ์์ ๋๋ผ๊ฒ ํ๊ณ , ํ ์ธ๋์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋์ ํํ์ ์๋ก ๋ง๋๋ ๋ฐ ๋์์ ์ฃผ์๋ค.
์ฌ์ํ
์๋ง๋ ๋ถ์ค๋ ๋ง์ ์ฌ์ฑ๋ค์ฒ๋ผ ์์ ์ด ์ ํํ ๊ธธ ์ธ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ ์์๋ค์ ๋ฐฉํด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ฒฝํ ์ง์ ์๋ฝํจ์ด ์์๋๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ ๋ง์ ๊ฒ์ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ ์์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ์ผํธ๋ด ํํฌ ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ๋ด์ ์์ ์ด์๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋
์ ์ฌ๋์๊ณผ ํจ๊ป, ์๋
ธ ๋ผ์ดํธ ๋ถ์ธ์ ์๋
๊ฐ ๋์ด ์ด์๋๋ฐ, ๋ถ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋
์์ ์ฌ์ด์๋ ํ์ ๋์ ์ ์ง๋ ์น๋ฐํ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ง์๋ ๊ฐ๋ณ๊ณ ์ฌ๋์ค๋ฐ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋ง์ ๊ฒ์ ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ ์๋ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ด ์์๋ค. ์ธ์ ๋ ์๋๋ค์ด ์์๊ณ , ๋ฏธ์ฉ์ค์์๋ ํ ์์ผ ๋ฐค๋ง๋ค ์ ๋ช
ํ ์๊ฐ๋ค, ํ๋ฅญํ ๊ฐ์๋ค, ์ฐ์ฃผ์๋ค, ์์
๊ฐ๋ค, ์ ์น๊ฐ๋ค, ์ฌํ์๋ค, ์ถํ์ฌ๋ค, ์ธ๋ก ์ธ๋ค์ด ๋ชจ์ฌ ์์๋ค. ๋ถ์ค๋ ๋ณํจ์๋ ์น๊ตฌ๋ค์๊ฒ ์ถ๋ณต๋ฐ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋์ ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ข
์๋์ง ์๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ค์ ํ๋ณต์ ๋ง์กฑํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋
๋ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ๊ณ ๋์ ์ฌ์ด ๋ง๊ณ ์ฌ์ธํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฌ์ฌ๋์๋ค. ๋ถ์ค๋ 1889๋
3์ 5์ผ ๋ณ์ ์๋ค ์ฌ๋งํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ฐธ๊ณ ์์
์ ๊ธฐ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
1831๋
์ถ์
1889๋
์ฌ๋ง
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์๊ฐ
19์ธ๊ธฐ ์ญ์ฌ๊ฐ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Louise%20Booth | Mary Louise Booth | Mary Louise Booth (April 19, 1831March 5, 1889) was an American editor, translator, and writer. She was the first editor-in-chief of the women's fashion magazine, Harper's Bazaar.
At the age of eighteen, Booth left the family home for New York City and learned the trade of a vest-maker. She devoted her evenings to study and writing. Booth contributed tales and sketches to various newspapers and magazines but was not paid for them. She began to do reporting and book-reviewing for educational and literary journals, still without any pay in money, but happy at being occasionally paid in books.
As time went on, she received more and more literary assignments. She widened her circle of friends to those who were beginning to appreciate her abilities. In 1859, she agreed to write a history of New York, but even then, she was unable to support herself wholly, although she had given up vest-making and was writing twelve hours a day. When she was thirty years old, she accepted the position of amanuensis to Dr. J. Marion Sims, and this was the first work of the kind for which she received steady payment. She was now able to do without her father's assistance, and live on her resources in New York, though very plainly.
In 1861, at the beginning of the Civil War, she procured the advance sheets, in the French language, of Agรฉnor de Gasparin's Uprising of a Great People. By working twenty hours a day, she translated the whole book in less than a week, and it was published in a fortnight. The book created a sensation among Unionists, and she received letters of thanks for it from U.S. Senator Charles Sumner and President Abraham Lincoln. But again, she received little compensation for her work. While the war lasted, she translated many French books into English, calculated to rouse patriotic feeling, and was, at one time, summoned to Washington, D.C. to write for the statesmen, receiving only her board at a hotel. She was able at this time to arrange for her father the position of clerk in the New York Custom House.
At the end of the civil war, Booth had proved herself so fit as a writer that Messrs. Harper offered her the editorship of Harper's Bazaarheadquartered in New York City a position in which she served from its beginning in 1867 until her death. She was at first diffident as to her abilities, but finally accepted the responsibility, and it was principally due to her that the magazine became so popular. While keeping its character of a home paper, it steadily increased in influence and circulation, and Booth's success was achieved with that of the paper she edited. She is said to have received a larger salary than any woman in the United States at the time. She died, after a short illness, on March 5, 1889.
Early life and education
Mary Louise Booth was born in Millville, in present-day Yaphank, New York, April 19, 1831. Her parents were William Chatfield Booth and Nancy Monswell.
Booth's mother was of French descent, the granddaughter of a refugee from the French Revolution. Booth's father was descended from an early settler, John Booth, who came to the United States in 1649, a kinsman of English politician Sir George Booth. In 1652, John Booth purchased Shelter Island from the Native Americans, for of calico. For at least 200 years, the family stayed close by. William Chatfield Booth, for some years, provided night-watchmen for several large business houses in New York. Along with Mary Louise, another daughter and two sons comprised the remainder of his family, the younger of the sons being Colonel Charles A. Booth, who later spent twenty years in the army.
Mary Louise Booth was characterized as a precocious child, so much so that, on being asked, she once confessed she had no more recollection of learning to read either French or English than of learning to talk. As soon as she could walk, her mother said, Booth was following her about, book in hand, begging to be taught to read stories for herself. Before she was five years old, she had finished reading the Bible. She also read Plutarch at a young age, and at age seven, had mastered Racine in the original language, upon which she began the study of Latin with her father. From that time onward, she was an indefatigable reader, devoted to books rather than play. Her father had a considerable library. Before her eleventh birthday, she had acquainted herself with Hume, Gibbon, Alison, and similar writers.
At this point, Booth was sent away to school. Her parents took all possible pains with her education, and her physical strength was sufficient to carry her through an uninterrupted course in different academies and a series of lessons with masters at home. She cared more for languages and natural sciences, in which she was very proficient, than for most other studies, and took no special pleasure in mathematics. At school, Booth learned less than she did by herself. She was only a tiny child when she taught herself French, having come across a French primer. She became interested in spelling out the French words and comparing them with the English ones and continued to study in this way. Later, she acquired German in the same manner. Being self-taught, and not hearing either language, she never learned to speak them but made herself so proficient in them in later years that she could translate almost any book from either German or French, reading them aloud in English.
When Booth was about thirteen years of age, the family moved to Brooklyn, New York, and there her father organized the first public school that was established in that city. Mary helped her father teach at school. He could never quite bring himself to believe that she was capable of her own financial support, and always insisted upon giving her generous gifts. In 1845 and 1846, she taught in her father's school in Williamsburg, New York, but gave up that pursuit on account of her health, and devoted herself to literature.
As Booth grew older, her determination to make literature her profession became very strong. As she was the oldest of four children, her father did not feel that it would be fair to the others to give her more than her just proportion of aid, since the others might also, in time, require assistance. Consequently, when she was eighteen years old, Booth decided that it was necessary for her work that she should be in New York as she could not depend entirely upon her father.
Early career
A friend who was a vest-maker offered to teach Booth the trade, and this enabled her to carry out her plan of going to New York. She took a small room in the city and went home only for Sundays, as the communication between Williamsburg and New York was very slow in those days, and the journey could not be made in less than three hours. Two rooms were always kept ready for her in her parents' house. But her family felt so little sympathy in her literary work that she rarely mentioned it at home.
Booth wrote tales and sketches for newspapers and magazines. She translated from the French The Marble-Worker's Manual (New York, 1856) and The Clock and Watch Maker's Manual. She translated Joseph Mรฉry's Andrรฉ Chรฉnier and Edmond Franรงois Valentin About's The King of the Mountains for Emerson's Magazine, which also published Booth's original articles. She next translated Victor Cousin's Secret History of the French Court: or, Life and Times of Madame de Chevreuse (1859). That same year, the first edition of her History of the City of New York appeared, which was the result of great research. It was her prized possession. Next, she assisted Orlando Williams Wight in making a series of translations of the French classics, and she also translated About's Germaine (Boston, 1860).
A friend had suggested to Booth that no complete history of New York City had ever been written and that it might be well to prepare such a one for the use of schools. She began the undertaking, and, after some years finished a draft which, on the request of a publisher, became the basis of a more important work upon the same subject. During her work, Booth had full access to libraries and archives. Washington Irving sent her a letter of cordial encouragement, and D. T. Valentine, Henry B. Dawson, William John Davis, Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan, and numerous others provided her with documents and assistance. "My Dear Miss Booth," wrote historian Benson John Lossing, "the citizens of New York owe you a debt of gratitude for this popular story of the life of the great metropolis, containing so many important facts in its history, and included in one volume accessible to all. I congratulate you on the completeness of the task and the admirable manner in which it has been performed." Booth's history of New York City appeared in one large volume. It was so well-received that the publisher proposed Booth should go abroad and write popular histories of the great European capitals, London, Paris, Berlin, and Vienna. Though the future appeared bright for the young writer, the approach of the civil war and other circumstances prevented her travel.
Civil War era
Shortly after the publication of the first edition of this work, the civil war broke out. Booth had always been an anti-slavery partisan and a sympathizer with movements for what she considered progress. Booth was enlisted on the side of the Union and longed to do something to help the cause. However, she did not feel qualified to act as a nurse in military hospitals.
After she received an advance copy of Count Agรฉnor de Gasparin's Un Grand Peuple Qui Se Releve ("Uprising of a Great People"), she at once saw her opportunity in how she could be of assistance. She took the work to Charles Scribner, proposing he should publish it. He stated that he would gladly do so if the translation were ready, but that the war would be over before the book was out; but if it could be ready in a week, he would publish it. Booth went home and went to work, receiving the proof-sheets at night and returning them with a fresh copy in the morning. Within a week, the translation was finished, and in a fortnight, the book was published. Nothing else published during the war made such a sensation as this volume. The newspapers of the day were full of reviews and notices, eulogistic and otherwise, according to the party represented. "It is worth a whole phalanx in the cause of human freedom," wrote Senator Sumner.
The publication of the translation put Booth into communication with Gasparin and his wife, who begged her to visit them in Switzerland. A second edition of the history was published in 1867, and a third edition, revised, appeared in 1880. A large paper edition of the work was taken by well-known book-collectors, extended and illustrated by them with supplementary prints, portraits, and autographs. One copy, enlarged to folio and extended to nine volumes by several thousand maps, letters, and other illustrations, was owned in the city of New York. Another was owned by Booth, enriched by more than two thousand illustrations on inserted leaves.
In rapid succession appeared Booth's translations of Gasparin's America before Europe (New York, 1861), รdouard Renรฉ de Laboulaye's Paris in America (New York, 1865), and Augustin Cochin's Results of Emancipation and Results of Slavery (Boston, 1862). For this work, she received praise and encouragement from President Lincoln, Senator Sumner, and other statesmen. During the entire war, she maintained a correspondence with Cochin, Gasparin, Laboulaye, Henri Martin, Charles Forbes Renรฉ de Montalembert, and other European sympathizers with the Union. At that time, she also translated the Countess de Gasparin's Vesper, Camille, and Human Sorrows, and Count Gasparin's Happiness. Documents forwarded to her by French friends of the Union were translated and published in pamphlets, issued by the Union League Club, or printed in the New York journals. Booth translated Martin's History of France. The two volumes treating of The Age of Louis XIV were issued in 1864, and two others, the last of the seventeen volumes of the original work, in 1866 under the title of The Decline of the French Monarchy. It was intended to follow these with the other volumes from the beginning, but, although she translated two others, the enterprise was abandoned, and no more were printed. Her translation of Martin's abridgment of his History of France appeared in 1880. She also translated Laboulaye's Fairy Book, Jean Macรฉ's Fairy Tales, and Blaise Pascal's Lettres provinciales (Provincial Letters). She received hundreds of appreciative letters from statesmen โ Henry Winter Davis, Senator James Rood Doolittle, Galusha A. Grow, Dr. Francis Lieber, Dr. Bell, the president of the Sanitary Commission, and a host of others, among them Cassius M. Clay, and Attorney-General James Speed. Her translations ran to nearly forty volumes. She had thought of adding to this number, at the request of James T. Fields, an abridgment of George Sand's voluminous Histoire de ma vie; circumstances, however, prevented the completion of the work.
Harper's Bazaar
In the year 1867, Booth undertook another enterprise in assuming the management of Harper's Bazaar, a weekly journal devoted to the pleasure and improvement of the home. For a long time, she had good relations with the Harpers, the four brothers who founded the magazine which bears their name, and who conducted its business.
Under her editorial management, it was very successful, numbering its subscribers by the hundred thousand. While she had assistants in every department, she was herself the inspiration of the whole corps. The influence of such a paper within American homes was highly regarded. Through its columns, its editor made her hand felt in countless families for nearly sixteen years and helped to shape the domestic life of a generation.
Personal life
She lived in New York City, in the neighborhood of Central Park, in a house which Booth owned, with her longtime companion, Mrs. Anne W. Wright, a friendship that was begun in childhood. Their house was well-adapted to entertaining. There were always guests, and in the salon, every Saturday night, there was an assemblage of authors, singers, players, musicians, statesmen, travelers, publishers, and journalists.
Booth died in New York after a short illness on March 5, 1889.
References
Attribution
External links
1831 births
1889 deaths
19th-century American journalists
19th-century American women journalists
19th-century American translators
19th-century American women writers
19th-century American historians
American literary editors
American magazine editors
American women historians
FrenchโEnglish translators
Harper's Bazaar
Historians of New York City
Journalists from New York City
People from Yaphank, New York
Writers from Manhattan
Historians from New York (state)
Women magazine editors |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%20%EB%8D%94%20%EB%A6%AC%ED%9D%90%ED%8A%B8 | ๋งํ
์ด์ค ๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ | ๋งํ
์ด์ค ๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ(, ; 1999๋
8์ 12์ผ~)๋ ํ์ฌ ๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ด์๋ฅธ ๋ฎํจ๊ณผ ๋ค๋๋๋ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ค๋๋๋์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๋ก, ํฌ์ง์
์ ์ผํฐ๋ฐฑ์ด๋ค.
๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ๋ 2016๋
9์ 21์ผ ๋น๋ผ II์์ KNVB์ปต 1์ฐจ์ ์์ ์์ฝ์ค ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ๊ฐ์ก๊ณ 25๋ถ ํํด ์ง์์์ ์ฝ๋ํฅ์ ํค๋๊ณจ๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ๋ฉฐ ํด๋ผ๋ ์ค ์ธ์ด๋๋ฅดํ์ ๋ค๋ฅผ ์ด์ด ์์ฝ์ค์์ ๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ต์ฐ์ ์ ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. 2017๋
5์ 24์ผ, ๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ๋ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ ๋์ดํฐ๋์์ 16-17 UEFA ์ ๋กํ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์์ 17์ธ 285์ผ์ ๋์ด์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ ๋ฌํผ์ธ ๋ํ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์ ์ถ์ ํ ์ญ๋ ์ต์ฐ์ ์ ์๊ฐ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ 2017๋
3์ 25์ผ 17์ด์ ๋์ด์ ๋ค๋๋๋ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ๋ฐ๋ทํ๋ฉด์ 1931๋
์ด๋๋ก ๋ค๋๋๋ ๋ํํ์์ ๋ฐ๋ทํ ์ต์ฐ์ ์ ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
2018๋
12์ 17์ผ, ๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ๋ ๊ณจ๋ ๋ณด์ด ์์ ์์ํ๋ฉฐ ๊ณจ๋ ๋ณด์ด ์์ ๋ฐ์ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์๋น์๊ฐ ๋์๊ณ ์ธ๋ฆฌ์ A์ ์ ๋ฒคํฌ์ค๋ก ์ด์ ํ ํ 2019๋
ํธ๋กํ ์ฝํ ์์ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
์ด๊ธฐ ์์
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์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ์ ํฉ๋ฅํ์๋ค. ์ฒ์์ ์ ์๋
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ํ์๋ค.
๊ตฌ๋จ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
์์ฝ์ค
2016-17: ์ฉ ์์ฝ์ค์ ๋ฐ์
2016๋
8์ 8์ผ, ๊ทธ๋ FC ์๋จผ๊ณผ์ ์์ด๋ฅด์คํฐ ๋๋น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ฉ ์์ฝ์ค ์์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ทํ์ฌ ์ ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น๋ ๋ค. ์์ฆ ๋์ ๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ๋ ์ฉ ์์ฝ์ค์์ 17๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์๋ค.
9์ 21์ผ, ๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ๋ ๋น๋ผ II๊ณผ์ ์ปต ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์์ฝ์ค ์ฑ์ธ ํ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ทํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 25๋ถ ๋ง์ ์ฝ๋ํฅ ์ํฉ์์ ๋์ ํ์ฌ ํด๋ผ๋ ์ ์ธ์ด๋๋ฅดํ์ ์ด์ด ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ํ ๋ด ์ต์ฐ์ ๋์ ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ํ์ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋์ ์ ํ์
์ด 5-0 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋์๋ค. 10์ 24์ผ, ์์ฝ์ค๋ ํธ์ํฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ๊ฐ ์์ฝ์ค 1๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ ์น๊ฒฉ๋์์์ ๋ฐํํ์๋ค.
๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ๋ 1๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก ์น๊ฒฉ ํ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ก์๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 11๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋กํ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 9๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์๋ค. 2017๋
5์ 24์ผ, ๊ทธ๋ 2017 UEFA ์ ๋กํ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์์ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ ๋์ดํฐ๋๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก ์ ๋ฐ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ ๋ฝ๋ํญ์ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์ ์ถ์ ํ ์ญ๋ ์ต์ฐ์ ์ ์(17์ธ 285์ผ)๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
2017-19: ์์ฒญ๋ ๋ฐ์ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ
2017๋
8์, ๋ค๋น์ ์ฐ์ฒด์ค๊ฐ ํ ํธ๋ ํ์คํผ๋ก ์ด์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ๋ 1๊ตฐ ์ฃผ์ ์๋น์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. 2018๋
3์์๋ ํ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ ์์ ํ ํธ๋ง์ ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์์ฝ์ค์ ์ต์ฐ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์๋ช
๋์๋ค.
๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ํ์์ 37๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํด 3๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 31๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ถ์ ํ์๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ค ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 90๋ถ ํํ์์ ์ํํ์๋ค. (ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ SBV ํผํ
์์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ก, ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํด 33๋ถ์ ๊ต์ฒด๋์๋ค.) ๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ๋ ์์ฝ์ค์์์ ํ์ฝ์ผ๋ก ์๋ง์ ์ ๋ฝ์ ๋น
ํด๋ฝ๋ค๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋์๋ค.
2018๋
12์ 17์ผ, ๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ๋ ๊ณจ๋ ๋ณด์ด ์์ ์์ํ์ฌ ์ด ์์ ์์ํ ์ต์ด์ ์๋น์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. 2019๋
2์ 13์ผ, ๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ๋ ๋ ์ ๋ง๋๋ฆฌ๋์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 19์ธ 186์ผ์ ๋์ด๋ก UEFA ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ ๋๋จผํธ์์์ ์ญ๋ ์ต์ฐ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ด ๋์๋ค. 2019๋
2์ 27์ผ, ๊ทธ๋ ํ์๋
ธ๋ฅดํธ๋ฅผ 0-3์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ KNVB์ปต ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์์ฝ์ค ์์์ผ๋ก 100๋ฒ์งธ ๊ณต์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น๋ ๊ณ , ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์ธ์ด ์ต์ฐ์ ์์ฝ์ค ์ ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
2019๋
4์ 16์ผ, ๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ๋ ์ ๋ฒคํฌ์ค์์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 8๊ฐ์ ์์ ๊ฒฐ์น๊ณจ์ ํฐ๋จ๋ ค 1996-97๋
๋ํ ์ดํ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์์ฝ์ค๋ฅผ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ์ ์ง์ถ์์ผฐ๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ๊ณจ์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ 1996๋
๋
ธ๋ฅด๋ ์ฐํฐ๋ฅด ์ดํ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ ๋๋จผํธ์์ ๋์ ํ ์ต์ฐ์ ๋ค๋๋๋ ์ ์๊ฐ ๋์๊ณ , ์กฐ์ ๋งํฐํ์ ์ด์ด ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ์ด๋ฆฐ ์๋น์ ๋์ ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
์ ๋ฒคํฌ์ค
2019๋
7์ 18์ผ, ๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ๋ ์ธ๋ฆฌ์ A์ ์ฑํผ์ธ ์ ๋ฒคํฌ์ค์ 5๋
๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋งบ์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฃ๋ ์ฝ 7,500๋ง ์ ๋ก์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 1,050๋ง ์ ๋ก์ ์ถ๊ฐ ๋น์ฉ์ 5๋
ํ ๋ถ๋ก ์ง๋ถํ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ณ์ฝํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 8์ 31์ผ ๋ํด๋ฆฌ์์ ์ธ๋ฆฌ์ A ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 4-3์ผ๋ก ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฉฐ ๊ณต์ ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ ๋ค. 11์ 3์ผ, ๋ผ์ด๋ฒํ ํ ๋ฆฌ๋
ธ์์ ํ ๋ฆฌ๋
ธ ๋๋น ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๊ทธ๋ ์ ๋ฒคํฌ์ค์์์ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ฌ 1-0 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋์๋ค.
๋ฐ์ด์๋ฅธ ๋ฎํจ
2022-23 ์์ฆ
2023๋
3์ 11์ผ, ๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ๋ ๋ฐ์ด์๋ฅธ ๋ฎํจ์ด ์๋ฆฌ์์ธ ์๋ ๋์์ FC ์์ฐํฌ์ค๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฅผ 5-3์ผ๋ก ์ด๊ธด ๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ 24๋ผ์ด๋์์ 3๋ฐฑ์ ์ผ์ชฝ ์ผํฐ๋ฐฑ ์๋ฆฌ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ถ์ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 35๋ถ ํฌ๋ก์ค๋ฅผ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋ฐ์ ๊ณจ๋ฌธ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ๋ฐ๊พธ๋ฉด์ ์ง์ ๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์ง ๋ชปํ์ง๋ง ๋ฑ
์๋งน ํ๋ฐ๋ฅด์ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ๊ณจ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ด์ฌํ๋ค. 59๋ถ์๋ ๋ฐ์ด์๋ฅธ ๋ฎํจ์ ํจ๋ํฐ๋ฐ์ค ์์์ ๋จธ๋ฅด๊น ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ฅผ ๋์ด๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์์ฐํฌ์ค๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ ํจ๋ํฐํฅ์ ์ป์ด ํ์ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ๋๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ดํ 83๋ถ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฆฌ ๋ธ๋ฆฐํธ์ ๊ต์ฒด๋์๋ค.
2023๋
3์ 19์ผ, ๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ๋ ๋ฐ์ด์๋ฅธ ๋ฎํจ์ด ๋ฐ์ด์๋ ๋์์ ๋ฐ์ด์ด ๋ ๋ฒ์ฟ ์ ์๊ฒ 1๋ 2๋ก ํจ๋ฐฐํ ๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ 25๋ผ์ด๋์์ 3๋ฐฑ์ ์ผ์ชฝ ์ค์ ์๋น์ ์๋ฆฌ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ถ์ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 38๋ถ ์ ๋ ๋ฏธ ํ๋ฆผํ๊ณผ ์ผํฐ ๋ผ์ธ์์ ์ถฉ๋ํ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ฆผํ์ด ํ์ธ์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ก์นด๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ ์ํฉ์ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค. 95๋ถ ํน์ฌ๋ ์ฝ๋ง์ ํฌ๋ก์ค๋ฅผ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋ฐ์์ง๋ง ๊ณต์ ๊ณจ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ฌ๋ค.
2023๋
4์ 8์ผ, ๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ๋ ๋ฐ์ด์๋ฅธ ๋ฎํจ์ด ์ ๋กํํํฌ ์ํ๋์จ์์ ํ๋ผ์ด๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฅผ 1๋ 0์ผ๋ก ์น๋ฆฌํ ๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ 27๋ผ์ด๋์์ 4๋ฐฑ์ ์ผ์ชฝ ์ค์ ์๋น์ ์๋ฆฌ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ถ์ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 51๋ถ ์๋ง ๋ฌด์์๋ผ์ ํจ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ๊ณจ๋์์ 20์ผ๋(์ฝ 18.3๋ฏธํฐ) ๋จ์ด์ง ๊ณณ์์ ์ค๋ฅธ๋ฐ๋ก ๊ณต์ ์ฐจ ํ๋ผ์ด๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ์ ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์ ๊ณจ๋ง์ ํ๋ค๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ์ด์๋ฅธ ๋ฎํจ์ ์ ์ ๊ณจ์ด์ ๊ฒฐ์น๊ณจ์ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค.
2023๋
4์ 20์ผ, ๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ๋ ๋ฐ์ด์๋ฅธ ๋ฎํจ ํฌ๋ค์ด ์ ์ ํ ๋ฐ์ด์๋ฅธ ๋ฎํจ 2023๋
3์์ ์ ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
2023๋
5์ 11์ผ, ๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ๋ ๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ 4์์ ์ ์ธ์ ์ ์ ๋์๊ณ 5์ 12์ผ ๋ฐ์ด์๋ฅธ ๋ฎํจ ํฌ๋ค์ด ์ ์ ํ ๋ฐ์ด์๋ฅธ ๋ฎํจ 2023๋
4์์ ์ ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
2017๋
3์ 25์ผ, ๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ๋ 2018๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต ์์ ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฆฌ์์์ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 2-0์ผ๋ก ํจํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๋ค๋๋๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ ๋ค. ๋น์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ง ์ ๋ฐ ์ถ์ ํ์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์์ง๋์ด 17์ธ์ ๋์ด์ 1931๋
์ด๋๋ก ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์ ๋ฐ ์ถ์ ํ ์ต์ฐ์ ์ ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
UEFA ๋ค์ด์
์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ๋ฐ ๋ฆฌํํธ๋ ๋
์ผ, ํ๋์ค์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ 4๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ถ์ ํด 90๋ถ์ ๋ฐ๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ์์ผ๋ก ํ์ฝํ๊ณ , ๋ค๋๋๋๋ ์กฐ๋ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์์ ์น๋ฆฌํ๊ณ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ๋ค์ด์
์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์ ์ง์ถํ๋ค.6์ 5์ผ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์์ ๊ทธ๋ ์๊ธ๋๋๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก ํค๋ฉ์์ ์ฑ๊ณต์์ผ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์ง์ถ๊ถ์ ํ๋ณดํ์น๋ง, ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์๊ฒ 0-1๋ก ํจํ๋ฉฐ ๋ํ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ๋ค.
2021๋
6์ 27์ผ, ๊ทธ๋ ์ฒด์ฝ์์ UEFA ์ ๋ก 2020 16๊ฐ์ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋์ค ํด์ฅ๋นํ๊ณ , ๋ค๋๋๋๋ ์ดํ 2๊ณจ์ ๋ด์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ๋ํ์์ ํ๋ฝํ๋ค.
2023๋
3์ 17์ผ, ๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ๋ UEFA ์ ๋ก 2024 ์์ ์์ ํ๋์ค ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ๊ณผ ์ง๋ธ๋กคํฐ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์๋ํ ๋ค๋๋๋ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์ ์ ๋ช
๋จ์ ๋ฐํ๋์์ผ๋ 2023๋
3์ 23์ผ ์์นจ ๋ฐ์ด๋ฌ์ค ๊ฐ์ผ ์ฆ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๋ํํ์์ ํ์ฐจํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ 2์ผ ๋ค 3์ 25์ผ, ๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ๋ ๋ฐ์ด๋ฌ์ค ๊ฐ์ผ์์ ๋์๋ค๋ ์ง๋จ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅดํธ ํ๋ฅด๋ธ๋คผํ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋ค์ ๋ํํ์ ๋ณต๊ทํ๋ค.
ํ๋ ์ด ์คํ์ผ
์ด๋ฆฐ ์์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ ๋ฏธ๋ํ๋๋ก ๋ฐ์๋ ๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ๋ ์ ์ฒด์ , ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฅ์ด ์๋ ์ค๋ฅธ๋ฐ์ก์ด ์ผํฐ๋ฐฑ์ผ๋ก ๊น๋ํ ํํด, ์์, ๋งํน, ๋์ด, ํ, ์๋ ๋ฐ ์ ํํ ํจ์ค๋ก ์ ๋ช
ํ๋ค. ํ๋ฐฉ์์๋ถํฐ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ํ๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ์์ํ ์ ์๋ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ง๋
์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํฐ ํค๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ ์ธํธํผ์ค ์ํฉ์์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์ ํ์ ํฐ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์ด๋ฌํ ํ๋ ์ด ์คํ์ผ์ ์ข
์ข
๋ฐ๋ฅด์
๋ก๋ ์๋น์ ์ ๋ผ๋ฅด ํผ์ผ์ ๋น๊ต๋๋ค.๊ทธ๋ ๋ํ "์ ๋ฐฉ ์๋ฐ, ์ค์ ์ฐธ์ฌ ์ฑํฅ, ๊ณต์ ๋ํ ์นจ์ฐฉํจ"์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ ํ๋ฅดํต์ธ๊ณผ "๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ์๊ณผ ํผ์ง์ปฌ"๋ก ์ธํด ๋ก๋ ํธ ์ฟ ๋ง๊ณผ๋ ๋น๊ต๋์๋ค. "
2019๋
UEFA.com ํ๋กํ์์๋ ๋ ๋ฆฌํํธ๋ฅผ "์ฐ์ํ ์ค์ ์๋น์์ธ ํ๊ณ ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋"๋ก ๋ฌ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋๋ก ์ถ์คํ ๋ฆฌ๋์ญ ๋ํ ์ง๋๊ณ ์์ด 18์ธ ๋ ์์ฝ์ค์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์๋ช
๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ธ์๋ ๊ณต์ค๋ณผ์ ์ง๋ฐฐํ๋ ํ, ํ๋ฅญํ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ๋ ฅ, ์นจ์ฐฉํจ์ ๊ฐ์ถ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง๋ฅ์ ์ธ ํฌ์ง์
๋์ ์๋์ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ ์งํ๋ ๋ฐ ๋์์ด ๋๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฝ๋ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๋ํ๋์์๋ ๋ธ ์ ์๋ค.
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒํ๊ณผ ์๊ธ๋๋ ๋ํํ์์ ์๋น์๋ก ๋ฐ์๋ ์ ์ด๋ฏธ ์บ๋ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ฐ ๋ฆฌํํธ์ ํผ์ง์ปฌ๊ณผ๋ฆฌ๋์ญ์ ๋ํด ์นญ์ฐฌํ๋ค๊ทธ์ ๋ํด ์ ๋ค๋๋๋ ์ผํฐ๋ฐฑ ์ผํ ์คํ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๋งํ๋ค. "๊ทธ๋ ๊ณต์ ๋ค๋ฃฐ ๋ ์นจ์ฐฉํ๊ณ , ์ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ , ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ฝ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์์ ์๊ฒ๋ ํ์ํ ์๋๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค."
ํต์ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ก
๊ตฌ๋จ
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
์์ ๋ด์ญ
์์ฝ์ค
์๋ ๋๋น์: 2018โ19
KNVB์ปต: 2018โ19
UEFA ์ ๋กํ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ค์ฐ์น: 2016โ17
์ ๋ฒคํฌ์ค
์ธ๋ฆฌ์ A: 2019โ20
์ฝํ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฐ์น: 2020โ21
์ฝํ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์ ์ค์ฐ์น: 2019โ20, 2021โ22
์ํ๋ฅด์ฝํ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์๋: 2020
๋ฐ์ด์๋ฅธ ๋ฎํจ
DFL-์ํผ์ปต: 2022
๋ค๋๋๋ ๋ํํ
UEFA ๋ค์ด์
์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ค์ฐ์น: 2019
๊ฐ์ธ
ABN AMRO ํจ์ฒ ์ปต ์ต์ฐ์ ์ ์: 2015
์ฝํ ์์คํ
๋ฅด๋ด ์ต์ฐ์ ์ ์: 2015
์์ฝ์ค ๋ฏธ๋์ ์ฌ๋ฅ(์คํฌ ์ค๋ฐ๋ฅดํธ ์): 2016
UEFA U-17 ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ํ ๋๋จผํธ์ ํ: 2016
์์ฝ์ค ์ฌํด์ ์ฌ๋ฅ(๋ง๋ฅด์ฝ ํ ๋ฐ์คํด ์): 2018
UEFA ์ ๋กํ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ์ ์ค์ฟผ๋: 2016โ17
UEFA ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ์ ์ค์ฟผ๋: 2018โ19
์๋ ๋๋น์ ์ฌํด์ ํ: 2017โ18, 2018โ19
์ํ ํฌ๋ผ์ํ ํธ๋กํผ: 2017โ18
์ฌํด์ ๋ค๋๋๋ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์: 2018โ19
๊ณจ๋ ๋ณด์ด: 2018
๊ตญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐ๋งน ๊ตญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ํํ ์ธ๊ณ์ 11: 2019
๊ตญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ์ญ์ฌํต๊ณ์ฐ๋งน ์ฌํด์ ์ ์ธ๊ณ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ํ: 2019
ํธ๋กํ ์ฝํ: 2019
UEFA ์ฌํด์ ํ: 2019
๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฌ์ ์ ์ธ: 2023๋
4์
๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์์ฆ์ ํ: 2022-23
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
1999๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
๋ ์ด๋ฐ๋ฅด๋๋ฅดํ ์ถ์
๋ค๋๋๋์ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ผํฐ๋ฐฑ
์์ด๋ฅด์คํฐ ๋๋น์์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์๋ ๋๋น์์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ธ๋ฆฌ์ A์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
AFC ์์ฝ์ค์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ ๋ฒคํฌ์ค FC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
FC ๋ฐ์ด์๋ฅธ ๋ฎํจ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ค๋๋๋ ๋จ์ U-15 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
๋ค๋๋๋ ๋จ์ U-16 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
๋ค๋๋๋ ๋จ์ U-17 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
๋ค๋๋๋ ๋จ์ U-19 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
๋ค๋๋๋ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
UEFA ์ ๋ก 2020 ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2022๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ๋ค๋๋๋์ธ
์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋
์ผ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋
์ผ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ๋ค๋๋๋์ธ
20์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ค๋๋๋ ์ฌ๋
21์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ค๋๋๋ ์ฌ๋ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthijs%20de%20Ligt | Matthijs de Ligt | Matthijs de Ligt (born 12 August 1999) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for club Bayern Munich and the Netherlands national team. Considered one of the best defenders in the world, De Ligt is known for his strength, leadership, powerful headers and aerial ability.
De Ligt made his debut for Ajax's senior team in September 2016 in a cup game against Willem II. He scored from a corner after 25 minutes, making him the club's second-youngest goalscorer ever behind Clarence Seedorf. On 24 May 2017, De Ligt became the youngest ever player (aged 17 years and 285 days) to appear in a major European final when he started against Manchester United in the Europa League final. In December 2018, he won the Golden Boy award given to the year's best footballer in Europe under the age of 21, becoming the first defender to do so. The following season, De Ligt helped Ajax capture a domestic double and reach the semi-finals of the Champions League.
De Ligt's performances earned him a move to Serie A club Juventus in 2019, shortly before being awarded the Kopa Trophy for world's best under-21 player of the year. He would go on to help the Turin side retain the league title in his first season and reclaim the Italian Cup in his second. After three years in Italy, De Ligt would then join Bundesliga champions Bayern Munich in 2022, again capturing a league title in his inaugural campaign.
In 2017, De Ligt made his debut for the Netherlands at the age of 17, making him the youngest player to start for the national team since 1931. He featured for the side at UEFA Euro 2020 and the 2022 FIFA World Cup.
Club career
Ajax
De Ligt joined the Ajax youth academy when he was nine years old from his local club in Abcoude, just outside of Amsterdam. At first, the coaches at the youth academy thought he was too slow and out of shape, but he was given a chance to develop in the academy and went on to prove his quality.
2016โ17: Jong Ajax and development
He made his debut for Jong Ajax on 8 August 2016 in an Eerste Divisie game against FC Emmen, playing the full game. During the season, De Ligt played in 17 matches for Jong Ajax.
On 21 September, De Ligt made his debut for Ajax's senior team in a cup game against Willem II. He scored from a corner after 25 minutes, making him the second-youngest goalscorer ever behind Clarence Seedorf; Ajax won the game 5โ0. On 24 October, Ajax announced through Twitter that De Ligt had been promoted to the senior squad.
De Ligt quickly established himself in the first team after being promoted and went on to play in 11 league matches and nine in the Europa League. On 24 May, he became the youngest player ever (17 years and 285 days old) to play in a major European final when he started against Manchester United in the 2017 UEFA Europa League Final.
2017โ19: Breakthrough and captaincy
After the sale of Davinson Sรกnchez to Tottenham Hotspur in August 2017, De Ligt became a first-team starter. He was named the youngest captain of Ajax in March 2018 after injury to club captain Joรซl Veltman.
De Ligt appeared in 37 matches in all competitions and scored three goals. He started in all of his 31 league matches and played 90 minutes in all but one of them (he was substituted in the 33rd minute against SBV Vitesse due to an injury). Due to De Ligt's performances for Ajax, he was linked with many of Europe's top clubs.
On 17 December 2018, De Ligt won the Golden Boy award, becoming the first defender to win the award. On 13 February 2019, De Ligt became the youngest ever captain in a Champions League knockout game at 19 years and 186 days old, in a game against Real Madrid. On 27 February 2019, he played his 100th official game for Ajax in a 0โ3 Klassieker win against Feyenoord in the Dutch national cup, becoming the youngest Ajax player ever to reach this milestone.
On 16 April 2019, De Ligt scored the winning goal in the Champions League quarter-final against Juventus to send Ajax on to the semi-finals of the competition for the first time since the 1996โ97 edition of the tournament. His goal also saw him become the youngest Dutch player to score in the knockout stages since Nordin Wooter in 1996 and the second-youngest ever defender to score after Joรซl Matip.
Juventus
On 18 July 2019, De Ligt signed for Serie A champions Juventus on a five-year contract for a fee of โฌ75ย million, to be paid in five annual installments, with additional costs of โฌ10.5ย million. He made his official debut for the club in a 4โ3 home win over Napoli in Serie A on 31 August. On 3 November, he scored his first for the club in a 1โ0 away win over cross-city rivals Torino in the Derby della Mole.
Bayern Munich
On 19 July 2022, De Ligt signed for Bundesliga champions Bayern Munich on five-year contract for a reported initial fee of โฌ67ย million, potentially rising to โฌ77ย million in add-ons. On 21 August, he scored his first Bundesliga goal in a 7โ0 away win over Bochum.
On 8 March 2023, at the Champions League round of 16 second leg, he made a goal-line clearance against Paris Saint-Germain, after goalkeeper Yann Sommer lost the ball under pressure, to keep the goalless draw and scoreline at 1โ0 on aggregate. The match ended in a 2โ0 victory and qualification to the quarter-final. On 8 April, he scored the only goal from in a 1โ0 away win over Freiburg, four days after a 2โ1 defeat against the same opponent in the DFB-Pokal quarter-finals. This goal was voted goal of the season in the Bundesliga.
International career
On 25 March 2017, De Ligt made his debut for the Dutch national team in a 2โ0 away defeat to Bulgaria in a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification match. National team coach, Danny Blind, called De Ligt up for the national team despite having only started two league games for Ajax. At the age of 17, he became the youngest player to start for the national team since 1931.
During the UEFA Nations League, De Ligt started and played 90 minutes in all four group matches against Germany and France as the Netherlands won the group and qualified for the inaugural Nations League Finals. In the semi-finals on 5 June, he scored a header against England as his team secured a spot in the final, where the Netherlands would be defeated 0โ1 by Portugal.
On 27 June 2021, he was sent off for handball in the UEFA Euro 2020 round of 16 against Czech Republic, in which the Netherlands later conceded two goals and were eliminated from the competition.
Style of play
De Ligt is considered by pundits to be among the most highly regarded young prospects in world football, as demonstrated by his victory in the 2018 Golden Boy award, which is assigned to the most impressive young player in European football.
Having played as an attacking midfielder in his youth, De Ligt is both a physical and technically gifted right-footed centre-back, who is known for his clean tackling, anticipation, marking, height, strength, speed and accurate passing, which enables him to start attacking plays from the back. His height allows him to be a major threat from set pieces, while his strength means that he is unlikely to be pushed off the ball, particularly in aerial duels. His playing style is often compared to that of Barcelona defender Gerard Piquรฉ; he has also been likened to Jan Vertonghen, due to his "similar forward surges, a propensity to create an extra man in midfield, and calmness on the ball," and to compatriot Ronald Koeman, courtesy of his "powerful shot and body strength."
A 2019 UEFA.com profile described De Ligt as a "natural leader [who] is an elegant two-footed central defender. Dominant in the air, he is blessed with strength, fine distribution and composure, and is able to play out from the back thanks to his confidence in possession, while his intelligent positioning helps him deny pacy forwards. With his ability to read the game, he could even play in midfield. His leadership also stands him out: he was 18 when he was made Ajax skipper." That same year, Paul Wilkes of The Independent wrote that "De Ligt's ability to play out from the back and organise his fellow teammates are valuable commodities in a time when the lack of quality defenders has been highlighted."
Former Liverpool and England defender Jamie Carragher praised De Ligt for his "physical attributes" and "leadership qualities". Carragher also said he plays "like he's 24 or 25" indicating maturity and strength. Of De Ligt, former Netherlands centre-back Jaap Stam said: "He's got composure on the ball, he's aggressive tactically, he sees the game, he reads the game well and he's got that driving force for himself as well in what you need to achieve and where you want to go to." Upon signing with Juventus, Marcello Lippi, one of the club's former managers, said of the defender's precocious performances: "I've seen plenty of greats, like Alessandro Nesta, Franco Baresi, Paolo Maldini, Ciro Ferrara, Fabio Cannavaro, and Marco Materazzi. I've never seen anyone like that at his age."
In 2019, Giacomo Chiuchiolo described De Ligt as a "complete" and talented young defender, saying that although he is not exceptionally quick, he possesses excellent positioning and an ability to read the game, among his other technical and physical qualities. Despite his talent, he has at times come under criticism in the media for being inconsistent due to his tendency to commit occasional lapses or errors. In October 2019, his Juventus defensive teammate Leonardo Bonucci said he believes that De Ligt will overcome these weaknesses with time, as he matures and gains more experience with age, and successfully adapts to the team's new defensive strategy under manager Maurizio Sarri, who uses a zonal marking system rather than man-to-man marking.
Personal life
De Ligt is in a relationship with Dutch model Annekee Molenaar, daughter of Keje Molenaar.
Career statistics
Club
International
Scores and results list the Netherlands' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each De Ligt goal.
Honours
Ajax
Eredivisie: 2018โ19
KNVB Cup: 2018โ19
UEFA Europa League runner-up: 2016โ17
Juventus
Serie A: 2019โ20
Coppa Italia: 2020โ21; runner-up: 2019โ20, 2021โ22
Supercoppa Italiana: 2020
Bayern Munich
Bundesliga: 2022โ23
DFL-Supercup: 2022
Netherlands
UEFA Nations League runner-up: 2019
Individual
ABN AMRO Future Cup Best Player: 2015
Copa Amsterdam Best Player: 2015
Ajax Talent of the Future (Sjaak Swart Award): 2016
UEFA European Under-17 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2016
Ajax Talent of the Year (Marco van Basten Award): 2018
UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season: 2016โ17
UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season: 2018โ19
Eredivisie Team of the Year: 2017โ18, 2018โ19
Johan Cruyff Trophy: 2017โ18
Dutch Footballer of the Year: 2018โ19
Golden Boy: 2018
FIFA FIFPro World11: 2019
IFFHS Men's World Team: 2019
Kopa Trophy: 2019
UEFA Team of the Year: 2019
Bundesliga Rookie of the Month: April 2023
Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2022โ23
VDV Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2022โ23
References
External links
Profile at the FC Bayern Munich website
Profile at the Royal Dutch Football Association website (in Dutch)
1999 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Leiderdorp
Footballers from South Holland
Dutch men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Jong Ajax players
AFC Ajax players
Juventus FC players
FC Bayern Munich footballers
Eerste Divisie players
Eredivisie players
Serie A players
Bundesliga players
Netherlands men's youth international footballers
Netherlands men's international footballers
UEFA Euro 2020 players
2022 FIFA World Cup players
Golden Boy winners
Dutch expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Italy |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%EB%85%84%20%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98%20%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%20%EC%A0%9C%ED%92%88%20%EB%B6%88%EB%A7%A4%20%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99 | 2019๋
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ ํ ๋ถ๋งค ์ด๋ | 2019๋
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ ํ ๋ถ๋งค ์ด๋(Korean boycotts of Japanese products in 2019)์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋ด์์ 2019๋
7์๋ถํฐ ์์ํ์ฌ ํ๋ฐ๊ธฐ์ ๊ณ์๋ ์ผ๋ณธ, ๋๋ ๊ด๋ จ ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ ํ์ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ๊ฑฐ๋, ์๋นํ์ง ์๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ์ทจ์ง์ ์ด๋์ด๋ค.
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋๋ฒ์์ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ๊ฐ์ ์ง์ฉ ๊ด๋ จ ํ๊ฒฐ ์ดํ, ์ผ์ฑ์ ์๋ SKํ์ด๋์ค ๋ฑ์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ด ๊ธฐ์
์์ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์์ฐ์ ํ์ํ ์์์ฌ ์์ถ์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ๊ท์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฐ์ํ ํ์ผ ๋ฌด์ญ ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํด์ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฐ๋์๋ค. ๋ถ๋งค์ด๋์ด ๊ธธ์ด์ง๋ฉด์ ํ๋งค๋์ด ๊ธ ๊ฐ์ํ ํ๊ตญ๋์ฐ์ 8๋
๋ณด์ฆ์ ์ฝ์ํ๊ณ ์ฒ ์ํ์๋ค.
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๋ฐ์
7์ 3์ผ, ์ธํฐ๋ท ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ ํด๋ฆฌ์์ ํ ์ ์ ๊ฐ โNO, BOYCOTT JAPANโ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ก๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ด ๋น์๋ฆฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ผ๋ก ์์ ๋กญ๊ฒ ์ธ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ์ฌ ๋ฐฐํฌํ์๋ค. ์ด ๋ก๊ณ ๋ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ช
ํ๊ฒ ์ ๋ฌํ๋ ์ ์ด ์ธํฐ๋ท ์์์ ํฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋๋ฉฐ ๋ค์ํ๊ฒ ํจ๋ฌ๋๋์๊ณ , ์ดํ ์คํ๋ผ์ธ๊ณผ ์จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ชจ๋์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ์์ง์ผ๋ก ์๋ฆฌ์ก์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ๋ , ๋ณด๋ฐฐ๋๋ฆผ ์์ ๊ฒ์ํ์ '์ผ๋ณธ ์ ํ ๋ถ๋งค ๋ชฉ๋ก' ์ฌ์ดํธ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์๊ธ์ด ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ฉฐ ๋ํ์ ์ ๋น๊ฒผ๊ณ , ์ด ์ฌ์ดํธ์๋ ํ์ฌ๊น์ง ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด ๊ฐฑ์ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
7์ 4์ผ, ์ฝ 9๋ง ๋ช
์ ํ์์ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ ์ง์ญ ๋๋ฏผ๋จ์ฒด๋ค์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์์ฌ์ ํ๊ตญ ์ธก์ ๋ํ ์์ถ ๊ท์ ์กฐ์น๋ฅผ ๋นํํ๋ฉด์, ์ผ๋ณธ ์ ํ ๋ถ๋งค ๋ฐ ๊ด๊ด๊ฑฐ๋ถ ์ด๋์ ๋์
ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
7์ 8์ผ, ์๊ฒฝ๋ ๊ต์๋ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ โ์์๋ถโ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋์์ ๋ถ์ ํ๋ ์ํํธํ
(APA ํธํ
) ์ด์ฉ ๋ถ๋งค ๋ฑ ์ญ์ฌ ์๊ณก ๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ ๋ํ ๋ถ๋งค ์ด๋์ ํธ์ํ์๋ค.
7์ 11์ผ์๋ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ ํ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋์ฒดํ ์ ์๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์ ํ์ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ ์๋ ค์ฃผ๋ ๋
ธ๋
ธ์ฌํฌ์ด๋ผ๋ ์น ์ฌ์ดํธ๊ฐ ์๊ฒจ๋ฌ๋ค. 7์ 17์ผ์๋ ํ์ ์๊ฐ 133๋ง ๋ช
์ ๋ฌํ๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ต๋์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ฌํ ์ปค๋ฎค๋ํฐ์ธ โ๋ค์ผ๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ฌํ์น๊ตฌโ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋งค ์ด๋์ ๋์ฐธํ๋ฉด์ ์นดํ๋ฅผ ์ ์ ํ์ํ์๋ค.
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์๋ฅ ์
์ฒด์ธ ์ ๋ํด๋ก๋ ์ด ๋ถ๋งค ์ด๋์ ํต์ฌ ํ๊น์ด ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. 7์ 11์ผ ์ ๋ํด๋ก์ ์ง๋ถ 100%๋ฅผ ์์ ํ ํจ์คํธ ๋ฆฌํ
์ผ๋ง(์ฃผ)์ ์ต๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ฑ
์์(CFO) ์ค์นด์ํค ๋ค์ผ์๊ฐ โ๋ถ๋งค ์ด๋์ ์ํฅ์ ์ค๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.โ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐ์ธํ ์ดํ ์ผ๋ถ ๋๋ฆฌ๊พผ๊ณผ ์๋น์๋ค์ ์ฌ๋ก ์ด ๊ฒฉํ๋์๊ณ , 7์ 16์ผ ์ ๋ํด๋ก์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ง์ฌ์ธ ์ํ์์์ฝ๋ฆฌ์(์ฃผ)๊ฐ ๋ช ์ธ๋ก ์ ํตํ์ฌ ํด๋ช
๊ณผ ์ฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ด๋์์ผ๋ ๊ณต์์ ์ธ ์
์ฅ์ด ์๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 7์ 22์ผ์ด ๋์ด์์ผ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ณธ์ฌ ์ฌ์ฅ ์ผ๋์ด ๋ค๋ค์์ ์์ค์ด ๋ฐ์๋ ์ฌ๊ณผ๋ฌธ์ด ์ ์์ผ๋ก ๊ฒ์๋์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋
ธ์ด, ํ๊ตญ์ง๋ณด์ฐ๋, ํ๊ตญYMCA ๋ฑ 680์ฌ ๊ณณ์ ์๋ฏผ๋จ์ฒด๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง โ์๋ฒ ๊ทํ ์๋ฏผํ๋โ์ ๋ถ๋งค ์ด๋์ ๋์ฐธํ๊ณ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๊ทํํ๋ โ์๋ฒ ๊ทํ ์ด๋ถ ๋ฌธํ์ โ๋ฅผ 7์ 20์ผ๋ถํฐ ๋งค์ฃผ ํ ์์ผ๋ง๋ค ์ด๊ณ ์๋ค. 7์ 20์ผ, ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ธ โ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ณด๋ณต ์๋ฒ ๊ทํ ์ด๋ถ์งํโ๊ฐ ์์ธํน๋ณ์ ์ข
๋ก๊ตฌ์ ์ ์ฃผํ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋์ฌ๊ด ์ ํํ์ ์๋
์ ๋ถ๊ทผ์์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์ 1์ฒ์ฌ ๋ช
์ ๊ท๋ชจ๋ก ์งํ๋์๋ค. 7์ 27์ผ, ์์ธํน๋ณ์ ๊ดํ๋ฌธ๊ด์ฅ์์ 5์ฒ์ฌ ๋ช
์ ๊ท๋ชจ๋ก ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋ฌธํ์ ๊ฐ ์ด๋ ธ๋ค. 8์ 3์ผ, ์ฃผ์ต ์ธก ์ถ์ฐ 1๋ง 5์ฒ์ฌ ๋ช
์ ๊ท๋ชจ๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋์ฌ๊ด ์์์ โ์๋ฒ ๊ทํ 3์ฐจ ์ด๋ถ ๋ฌธํ์ โ๊ฐ ์งํ๋์๋ค.
7์ 24์ผ, ์ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋
ธ๋์กฐํฉ์ด์ฐ๋งน ์๋น์ค์ฐ๋งน ๋งํธ์ฐ์
๋
ธ๋์กฐํฉ ์์ ๋กฏ๋ฐ๋งํธยท์ด๋งํธยทํํ๋ฌ์ค ๋
ธ๋์๋ค๊ณผ ์ ๊ตญํ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋๋
ธ๋์กฐํฉ ๋ฑ ์์ ํ๋ฐฐ ๋
ธ๋์๋ค์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ณด๋ณต์ ์ํ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ ํ ๋ถ๋งค ์ด๋์ ๋์ฐธํ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋งค์ฅ ๋ด ์ผ๋ณธ ์ ํ ์๋ด์ ์ ๋ํด๋ก ์ ํ ๋ฐฐ๋ฌ์ ์ค๋จํ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฒฐ์ํ์๋ค.
์๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์์๊ณต์ธ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ์ ์์ ํผํด์๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ง๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์๋ ์ผ์๋น์ ์์ ๊ฐ์ง ์๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ฐ ์ ์ ๋ง์๊ณ , ์์๊ณต์ธ๋ค์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ฐ ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ๊ต์ฒดํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๋ํ ์ผ์์ด๋ก ํํ๊ฒ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ดํฌ ๋ฑ๋ง์ ์ํํ์ฌ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋๊ฐ ํ๋ฉด, SNS ๊ณ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด๊ฐ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ ์ ๋ช
์ธ๋ค์ ๊ณ์ ๋ช
์ ๋ณ๊ฒฝํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๋ค. ์ด์์ ์ธ์ฒ๋ํ๊ต ์๋น์ํ๊ณผ ๊ต์๋ ์ด๋ฅผ โ์๋ฏผ๋ค์ด ์๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฌด์์ด ๊ฑด๊ฐํ ๋ถ๋งค์ด๋์ผ์ง ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ ๊ณ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒโ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ โ์์๊ณต์ธ ํผํดยทํญ๋ ฅ ์ด๋ ๋ฑ์ ์ต์ํํ๋ฉด์ ๋ถ๋งค ์ด๋์ ์ ์ด ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๋ฌ์ฑํ๋ ค๋ ์๋โ๋ผ๊ณ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ฐํ์๋ค.
8์ 15์ผ, SNS์ '์ผ๋ณธ ๋ถ๋งค ์ด๋' ์ธ๊ธ๋ ๋ณํ ์ถ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ๊ณผ ํธ์ํฐ์์ 'NoJapan', '๋ถ๋งค์ด๋', 'boycott'๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ถ๋งค ์ด๋ ๊ด๋ จ ํค์๋ ๋ฒ์ฆ๋์ด ์ต๊ณ ์ ์ ์ฐ์ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธ ํ ์ ์์๋ค. 8์ 15์ผ์ธ ๊ด๋ณต์ ์ ์ํฅ์ด ํฐ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๋จ๋๋ฉฐ, ๊ด๋ณต์ ์ดํ์๋ ๋ฒ์ฆ๋์ด ์ ์ฐจ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ ์ถ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์๋ค.
8์ 21์ผ, ๋ฐ์์ ์์ธ์์ฅ์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์๋ฏผ๋จ์ฒด โ์ผ๋ณธ ํฌ๋ง์ฐ๋โ ํ์๋ค๊ณผ ๋ง๋ฌ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋, ๋ฐ ์์ฅ์ โํ๊ตญ ์๋ฏผ์ฌํ๋ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ๋ถ๋งค์ด๋์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ฉด์๋ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ทธ ์์ฒด์ ๋ํ ์ ๋๊ฐ ์๋ ์๋ฒ ์ ๊ถ๊ณผ ๋ถ๋นํ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ณด๋ณต, ๊ทธ ์กฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ๊ตฐ๊ตญ์ฃผ์์ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ฃผ์๊ฐ ํ๊น์์ ๋ถ๋ช
ํ ํ๋คโ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ๋ ์ผ๋ณธ๋งฅ์ฃผ ์์ถ์ 60%๊ฐ๋์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ํด์ธ์์ฅ์ด์์ง๋ง ์ง๋ 9์ 99.9% ๊ฐ์ํ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์ฐ ์๋์ฐจ๋ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ถ๋งค์ด๋ ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ํผํ์ง ๋ชปํ์๋๋ฐ, ํ๊ตญ์์
์๋์ฐจํํ๊ฐ ๋ฐํํ ์๋ฃ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ฌํด 9์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ฐจ(๋์ํยท๋ ์์คยทํผ๋คยท๋์ฐยท์ธํผ๋ํฐ)๋ 1103๋๊ฐ ํ๋งค๋๋ค. ๋ถ๋งค์ด๋ ์ง์ ์ธ 6์(3946๋)๋ณด๋ค 72% ์ค์ด๋ ์์น๋ค.
์ผ๋ณธ ๋น๊ตญ์ ๋ฌด์ญํต๊ณ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ง๋ 10์์ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋งฅ์ฃผ์ ํ๊ตญ ์์ถ์ก์ '0์'์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ค์ ์์ถ์ด ์ค๋จ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ ๋ํด๋ก์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ํํธํ
10๋ง์ฅ ์ฆ์ ์ด๋ฒคํธ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋งค๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋ชฐ๋ ธ๊ณ ์ผ๋ณธ ์๋์ฐจ ๋ธ๋๋์ ํ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ํ ์ธ์ 10์๋ถํฐ ํ๋งค๋์ ํ๋ณตํ๋๋ 11์์๋ 19%๊ฐ ์์นํ์ฌ ๋ถ๋งค์ด๋์ด ์๋คํด์ง ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋๋ ๋ฐ์์ด ๋์ค๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํ์ง๋ง 11์์ ์ค์๋ ์์ฌ์ ๋์ ์ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์ฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ผ๋ณธ๋ถ๋งค์ด๋์ ์ง์ง์จ์ 78.9%์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ๋งค์ด๋์ ์ง์ํด์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ์๋ต๋ฅ ๋ 75.8%์ ๋ฌํ๋ค. ํฅํ์ ๋ง์ ๊ดํดโ์ผ๋ณธ ์์ถ๊ท์ ๊ฐ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ด๋ค ์ํฅ์ ์ค ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณด๋๋โ๋ ์ง๋ฌธ์ โ๋ณ ์ํฅ์ด ์์ ๊ฒโ์ด๋ผ๋ ์๋ต์ด 22.8%๋ก ์กฐ์ฌ๋์๋๋ฐ, ์ด์ ์กฐ์ฌ(8.9%)๋ณด๋ค ๋ ๋ฐฐ ๋๊ฒ ์ฆ๊ฐํ ์์น์ด๋ค. โ๋ง๋ํ ํผํด๊ฐ ์์๋๋คโ๋ ๋๋ต๋ 24.6%๋ก ์ด์ (36.4%)์ ๋นํด ๋์ ๋๊ฒ ์ค์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ ์๋ฏ์ด ํ๊ตญ๋ด์ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ก ํฅํ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ถ๋งค์ด๋์ ๊ณ์ ์ง์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ฌ์ง๋ค.
์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋ฐ์
ํ๊ตญ์์ ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ถ๋งค์ด๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์๋
๋๊ธฐ์ ๋น๊ต ํ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์
์ ๋ํ ์์ถํ์ด 99.9% ๋งค์ถ ํ๋ฝ์ด ๋ฐ์ ํ๊ฒ๋ฑ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๋งค์ถ ํญ๋ฝ์ด ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํด์, ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ณต์ ๋ฐฉ์ก NHK ๋ฐฉ์ก์ ํตํ์ฌ, ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ด๋ฐฉ ์ฅ๊ด์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณต์ ํ๋ช
ํ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ํ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ๊ต ์ํฉ์ด ๋น๋ก ์์คํ์ง๋ง,์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์
์ ํผํด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ ํ ๋ถ๋งค ์ด๋์ ๋ํด์, ํ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ํ๋ช
ํ ๋์์ ์ด๊ตฌ ํ์๋ค.
์ผ๋ณธ ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ง์ฉ ํผํด์ ๋ฐฐ์ ํ๊ฒฐ์ด๋ ์์ถ ๊ท์ ๊ฐํ ๋ฑ ์ต๊ทผ ํ์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ด ํ์ฐํ๋ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ ํ์์ ๊ดํด์๋ โํ๊ตญ์ด ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ์ ์๋ฐํ๊ณ ์๋คโ โ์์ถ ๊ท์ ๋ ์ง์ฉ ํ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ดํ๋คโ๋ฉฐ ํ๊ตญ์ ์ฑ
์์ ๋๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์กฐ๊ตญ ์ฌํ ์ดํ
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์์ ์ด ์์ค์ ์กฐ๊ตญ ์ฌํ ์ดํ ์ผ๋ถ์์๋ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ถ๋งค์ด๋์ด ์ฃผ์ถค ํ๊ฒ ์๋๊ฐ ํ๋ ์ํน์ด ์์์ผ๋ ์คํ๋ ค ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ถ๋งค ์ด๋์ ์ํํ๋์๋ค๋ ๋ถ์์ ํ์๋ค. ์ฒญ์๋ ๋ฏผ์ ์์์์ ๋ง๊ธฐ ํด์ํ ์กฐ๊ตญ ๊ต์์ ๊ทธ์ ๋ธ์ ํ๋ ฅ ๋ฑ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฑ์ด ๋
ผ๋๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฐ๋ฃจ๋๊ณ ํ๊ตญ ์ฌํ์ ์์ ์ด ์กฐ๊ตญ ์ฅ๊ด์๊ฒ๋ก ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ๋๊ฒ์ ์ด์ฉ ํ์ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ์์๋ ํ๊ตญ์ ๋ํ ์๊ณก ๋ณด๋๋ ์ง์ ๋๊ณ ์๊ณ , ๋ฐ์ผ ์ข
์กฑ ์ฃผ์๊ฐ ๋ถ๊ฐ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ ํ์ง์์๋ ์กฐ๊ตญ ์ฌํ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฝ ํํ๋ก ์ด์ํ๋๋ฉด์ ์ผ๋ถ์์๋ ์ด๋ก ์ธํด์ ํ๊ตญ์ ๋ฐ์ผ ๋ฐ ๋ถ๋งค์ด๋์ด ๋๊ทธ๋ฌ์ง๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋๋ ์ถ์ธก๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ผ๋ณธ ์ง๋ฐฉ์์๋ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ถ๋งค ์ด๋์ด ์๋นํ ํฐ ์ํฅ์ด ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์๋ค. ํนํ ๊ท์์ ํ์นด์ด๋์ง์ญ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ง์ญ์ ๋นํด์ ํ๊ตญ์ธ ๊ด๊ด๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ์จ์ด ๋ง๊ฐํ ๋์์ ํ๊ตญ์ธ์ด ์ ์ค๋ฉด ์ฌ์ค ๋งํ๋ ๋ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ ๋ด์ฉ์ ๋ณด๋ ํ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋, ์กฐ๊ตญ ์ฅ๊ด์ ์ง์งํ๋ ์ง๋ณด์ธต์์๋ ์กฐ๊ตญ ์ฅ๊ด์ ์ํธํจ๊ณผ ๋์์ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ถ๋งค์ด๋๋ ๋ณํํ๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ์
์ฅ์ ๋ฐํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๋ค.
ํ๊ตญ์ ์ํฅ
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋ด์ ์์ฅ ๋ฐ์ ์ธก๋ฉด์ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ํฅ
๋ถ๋งค์ด๋์ด ํ๊ตญ์ ๋ผ์น ์ํฅ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ์ผ๋ณธ๋งฅ์ฃผ์ ํ๋งค๋์ ์ ๋
๋๋น 99.9% ๊ฐ์ํ๋ฉด์ ํ๊ตญ์ฐ ๋งฅ์ฃผ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ฌ์ด์ต์ ์ป๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ก ์ธํ์ฌ ๊ตญ๋ด ํธ์์ ๋งฅ์ฃผํ๋งค๋์ 7์ 39%์์ 8์ 48.7%๊น์ง ์์นํ์๋ค. ์ด์ ์ด์ด์ 10์ ์ผ๋ณธ๋งฅ์ฃผ์ ํ๊ตญ์์ถ์ก์ด 1999๋
6์ ์ดํ 20๋
๋ง์ ์ผ๋ณธ๋งฅ์ฃผ์์ถ์ก 0์์ผ๋ก ์ง๊ณ๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์์น๋ 2009๋
์ดํ๋ก ํ๋ฒ๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋งฅ์ฃผ ํ๋งค๋์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋ด ํด์ธ ๋งฅ์ฃผ์ ์ ์จ์์ 1๋ฑ์ ๋ด์ฃผ์ง ์์์๋งํผ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ด์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ต์ฅํ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์์น๋ก ๊ฐ์ํ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ ์๋ค. ์ดํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋งฅ์ฃผ ์ ์ ์จ ์์๋ 13์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ํ์ ๋ํ ๋ถ๋งค ์ด๋์ด ๊ณ์๋๊ณ ์์์ ์ฆ๋ช
ํด์ฃผ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก๋ ์๋ฅ์ฐ์
์์ ์ ๋ํด๋ก์ ๋งค์ถ์ด 30%๊ฐ์ํ์๊ณ ์ด๋ก ์ธํ์ฌ ์ผ๋ถ ๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ด ์ฝ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ฌ์ด์ต์ ์ป์๋ค. ํนํ ํ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์
์ธ โํํ
โ์ 7์ ๋งค์ถ์ 20%๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์๋ค.
์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์๋์ฐจํ์ฌ๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์์ ๋งค์ถ์ด ๊ธ๊ฐํ์ฌ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ซ๋ ์ ์์ฅ์ด ๊ณ์ํด์ ๋์ด๋๊ณ ์๊ณ 2020๋
๋ถํฐ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์์ ๋ชจ๋ ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ฐํ ๋ธ๋๋๋ ๋ํ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ฐ์
ํต์์์๋ถ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 8์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋ด์์ ํ๋ฆฐ ์์
์ฐจ๋ ์ ๋
๋๊ธฐ ๋๋น 4.6% ๊ฐ์ํ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ์ฐ์ด ๋ฌด๋ ค 56.9%๋ ๊ธ๊ฐํ๋ค. ๋์ฐ(-87.4%), ํผ๋ค(-80.9%), ์ธํผ๋ํฐ(-68.0%), ๋์ํ(-59.1%) ๋ฑ์ด ๋๋ํ ์ง๊ฒฉํ์ ๋ง์๋ค. ๋ถ๋งค์ด๋ ์ ์ธ 6์๋ง ํด๋ ์ด 20.4%์๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ฐ ์ฐจ์ ํ๊ตญ ๋ด ์์ฅ์ ์ ์จ์ 8์ 7.7%๋ก ๋ ๋จ์ด์ก๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฐ์์น ๋๋ถ์ ์๋์ฐจ ๋ด์๋ 8๊ฐ์๋ง์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ธ๋ก ์ ํ๋์๋ค.
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ด ๊ธฐ์
๋ฑ์ ๋ฏธ์น ๋ถ์ ์ ์ํฅ
๋ฐ๋๋ก ์
์ํฅ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ์ผ๋ณธ ์ฌํ์ ๋ํ ๋ถ๋งค์ด๋์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ตญ์ ํญ๊ณต์ฌ๋ค์ด ์ง๊ฒฉํ๋ฅผ ๋ง๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ํญ๊ณต์ฌ์ 3๋ถ๊ธฐ ์ค์ ์ ๋ํํญ๊ณต์ ์ ์ธํ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋ ์ ์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ตญ๋ด ํญ๊ณต์ฌ๋ค์ด ์ต๋ ์ฑ์๊ธฐ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ 3๋ถ๊ธฐ(7~9์)์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ํญ๊ณต์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋
ธ์ ๋น์ค์ 20%์ธ ๊ฒ์ ๋นํด ์ ๊ฐํญ๊ณต์ฌ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋
ธ์ ๋น์ค์ด 42.7%์ ๋ฌํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ฐํญ๊ณต์ฌ๋ค์ด ๋์ฑ ํฐ ํ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ฐ๋ ์ํฉ์ด๋ค. ๊ตญ๋ด ํญ๊ณต์ฌ์ธ ๋ํํญ๊ณต, ์์์๋ํญ๊ณต. ์ ์ฃผํญ๊ณต์ 3๋ถ๊ธฐ ์์
์ด์ต ํฉ๊ณ๋ 543์ต ์์ธ๋ฐ ์ด๋ ๊ธ์ต์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์๋ 2009๋
3๋ถ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค๋ ๋ฎ์ ์์น๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ์์ ์ ๋๋ก ํฐ ํ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ์ฐ์๋ง์ฌ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ํ๊ตญ์ธ๋ค์ ํผํด๊ฐ ์๋ค. 2018๋
์ ์ฐ์๋ง์ฌ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ ๊ด๊ด๊ฐ์ 41๋ง๋ช
์ด์๋๋ฐ ์ด ์ค 99%๊ฐ ํ๊ตญ์ธ์ผ ์ ๋๋ก ํ๊ตญ์ธ ๊ด๊ด๊ฐ์ ์์น๊ฐ ๋๋ค. ๋ถ๋งค์ด๋์ผ๋ก ์ธํ์ฌ ์ง๋ํด ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋น๊ตํ์ฌ 70.3%๋ ๊ฐ์ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด์ ์ฐ์๋ง์ฌ์ ํ๊ตญ์ธ ๊ด๊ด๊ฐ์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์๋ฐ์
์ ํ๋ ํ์ธ๋ค์๊ฒ ํฐ ํ๊ฒฉ์ ์
ํ๊ณ ๋ถ์ฐ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ค๊ฐ๋ ์ ๋ฐํ์ฌ 3๊ณณ์ ์์ ํด์
ํ ์ํ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ก ์ธํ์ฌ ๋ถ์ฐํญ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ๊ฐํฐ๋ฏธ๋ ์
์ฃผ์
์ฒด๋ค๋ ๋ฐ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ด์ต์ ๋ฐ๋ ์ํฉ์ด๋ค.
์๊ฒฌ
์ผ๋ณธ ํ์ง์์๋ ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ถํ์์ ๋ฑ์ ์์ถ๊ท์ ๋ ์ผ์ ์ง์ฉ ํผํด์ ๋ฐฐ์ ํ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ธํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ธก์ ๋ํ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋ณด๋ณต์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ค์์ ์๊ฒฌ์ด์ง๋ง, ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ถ๋งค ์ด๋์ ๋ํด์, ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ฐ์์ธ ๋ฑ "์ฌ์ผ๊ตํฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ด๋ณด๋ด๋ผ" ๋๋ "ํ๊ตญ์ ์ฝ์๊ตญ"์ด๋ฏ๋ก ์ผ๋ณธ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ค ๊ฒ์ด ์๋ค๋ ๊ณผ๊ฒฉํ ๋ฐ์์ด๋ค.
๊ตญ์ ์ ๋ฐ์
7์ 18์ผ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์์คํธ๋ฆฌํธ์ ๋์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ถ๋งค ์ด๋์ด 5๋ง๊ณณ์ ์์ ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ ๋ฑ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฌ๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด์ ์์ธํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋ด์ ๋ถ๋งค์ด๋ ์ํฉ์ ๋ณด๋ํ์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
2019๋
ํ์ผ ๋ฌด์ญ ๋ถ์
๋
ธ๋
ธ์ฌํฌ
์ ์ผ์ฒ ์ฃผ๊ธ ๊ฐ์ ์ง์ฉ ์์ก
๊ฐ์ฃผ
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ฌํ ์ด๋
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ-์ผ๋ณธ ๊ด๊ณ
2019๋
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ
2019๋
์ผ๋ณธ
์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋ฐํ ๊ฐ์
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๋ฐ์ผ ๊ฐ์
๋ฌธ์ฌ์ธ ์ ๋ถ
์๋ฒ ์ ์กฐ
์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋ํ ๋ณด์ด์ฝง
ํ์ผ ๋ฌด์ญ ๋ถ์
2020๋
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ
2021๋
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ
๋ถ๋งค ์ด๋ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%20boycott%20of%20Japanese%20products%20in%20South%20Korea | 2019 boycott of Japanese products in South Korea | In 2019, the boycott of Japanese products and travel began in South Korea due to trade disputes between South Korea and Japan.
History
In 2019, a new wave of boycotts were started in South Korea as a response to the JapanโSouth Korea trade dispute. People participating in the movement stopped buying Japanese products and services, travelling to Japan, and watching Japanese-made films.
Boycotts of Japanese products and services in South Korea have affected Japanese brands and tourism to Japan. On July 29, 2019, a Korean credit card company reported that credit card sales from Muji fell by 33.4%, ABC Mart sales fell by 11.4% and Daigaku Honyaku Center fell by 55.3%. Uniqlo sales dropped by 40% and the company announced it will close down its Jongno 3-ga store in central Seoul. Similarly, credit card spending from South Koreans in Japan have also declined. JTB Corporation reported that the number of Koreans visiting Japan declined by about 10%. Some South Korean airlines announced they will reduce flights or suspend direct routes between major Japanese and South Korean cities.
The boycott of Japanese products spread into the cultural sector, with the latest release of the Doraemon film series Doraemon: Nobita's Chronicle of the Moon Exploration, which was originally scheduled for release on August 14, had been postponed indefinitely even after the film's Korean dubbing was finished. In July, two other anime films, Butt Detective the Movie and Detective Conan: The Fist of Blue Sapphire, was subjected to unfavourable online reviews on internet and sold only 134,000 and 200,000 tickets respectively.
A poll conducted by Realmeter involving 504 adults reveal that, as of July 24, 62.8% of respondents say they are boycotting Japanese goods. Another poll conducted by Gallup Korea involving 1,005 adults found that only 12% held favourable views on Japan, while 77% have negative views. Likewise the poll found that 61% of respondents blame the Japanese government for the conflict, while 17% hold the South Korean government responsible.
A new poll conducted by Embrian involving 1000 adults reveal that, as of December 2, 2020, 71.8% of respondents say they are participating in boycotting Japanese goods.
References
Boycotts of Japan
Social movements in South Korea
Anti-Japanese sentiment in South Korea
2019 in South Korea
2020 in South Korea
2021 in South Korea |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%84%EC%9D%98%20%EC%83%9D%EB%AA%85 | ํ์ดํ์ ์๋ช
| ํ์ดํ์ ์๋ช
์ฒด ์กด์ฌ ์ฌ๋ถ๋ ํ์ฌ ํด๊ฒฐ๋์ง ์์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ด๋ค. ํ์ดํ์ ์ง๊ตฌ๋ณด๋ค ํจ์ฌ ์ถฅ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ก์ฒด ์ํ์ ๋ฌผ์ด ์กด์ฌํ์ง ์๋๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ผ๋ถ ๊ณผํ์๋ค์ด ํ์ดํ์ ์๋ช
์ฒด ์กด์ฌ ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐํ๋ ์์ธ ์ค ํ๋์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ฉด์, ํ์ดํ์ ๋๊บผ์ด ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํํ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ํ์ํํฉ๋ฌผ์ด ๋งค์ฐ ๋ง๋ค. ํ๋ฉด์๋ ๋ฉํ
์ธ๊ณผ ์ํ
์ธ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ํธ์๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ์ ๊ป์ง ๋ฐ์๋ ์ก์ฒด์ํ์ ๋ฌผ์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ ์ธต์ด ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์์ธก๋๋ค. ๋ช๋ช ๊ณผํ์๋ค์ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ก์ฒด์ ํผํฉ๋ฌผ์์ ์ง๊ตฌ์๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์๋ช
์ฒด๊ฐ ํ์ํ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
2010๋
6์, ์นด์๋-ํ์ํ์ค ํธ์์ ๋ณด๋ด๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ๋ ๊ณผํ์๋ค์ ํ๋ฉด ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ๋๊ธฐ์์ ๋ฉํ
์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ์๋ช
์ฒด ์กด์ฌ๋ฅผ ์์ํ ์๋ ์๋ ์ด์์งํ๋ฅผ ํฌ์ฐฉํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง, ์๋ช
์ฒด์ ์กด์ฌ๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋ ํํ์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ธฐ์ํ์ ํ์์ผ ์๋ ์๋ค.
ํํ์ ํน์ฑ
ํ์ดํ์ด ์๋ช
์ ๊ธฐ์์ ๊ดํ ํํ์ ์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์๋ช
์ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ ์ ์๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ ๋ ค๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋๊ธฐ์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ์ ๊ธฐ ํํฉ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ค์ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๋ค์์ ์นด์๋-ํ์ํ์คํธ์ ์ง๋ ๋ถ์์ ํตํด ํ์ดํ์ ๋๊ธฐ ์์ธต๋ถ์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋ ๋ฌผ์ง๋ค์ด๋ค.
์ง๋ ๋ถ์์ ํํฉ๋ฌผ ์์์ ์ง๋์ ๊ตฌ๋ณํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด์ง ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณํ ์๋ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋ ํํฉ๋ฌผ์ ์ ํํ ๊ตฌ๋ณ์ ์ํ ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์๊ตฌ๋๋ค.
ํ๋ฉด ์จ๋
ํ์ดํ์ ํ์์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ฉ๋ฆฌ ๋จ์ด์ ธ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ง๊ตฌ๋ณด๋ค ํจ์ฌ ์ถฅ๋ค. ํ์ดํ์ ํ๋ฉด ์จ๋๋ ์ฝ 90 K (-179 ยฐC)๋ก ๋งค์ฐ ๋ฎ๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ์จ๋์์๋ ์ผ์์ด(์กด์ฌํ๋ค๋ฉด) ๋
น๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฆ๋ฐ, ์นํํ์ง ์๊ณ ๊ณ ์ฒด์ํ๋ก ๋จ์์๋๋ค. ๊ทน๋๋ก ์ถฅ๊ณ ๋๊ธฐ์ ์ด์ฐํํ์๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ ํ๊ฒฝ๋๋ฌธ์ Jonathan Lunine๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณผํ์๋ค์ ์ธ๊ณ ์๋ช
์ฒด ์กด์ฌ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋ฎ๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ค. ํ์ดํ์ ํ๊ท ํ๋ฉด ์จ๋๋ ์ก์ฒด ์ํ์ ๋ฌผ์ด ์กด์ฌํ๊ธฐ์ ์ ํฉํ์ง ์์ง๋ง, Lunine๊ณผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผํ์๋ค์ ๊ณ์ฐ์ ์ด์ ์ถฉ๋์ด ๊ฐ๋ ๋ฌผ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ ์๋ช
์ฒด๊ฐ ์ด ์ ์๋, ์ก์ฒด์ํ์ ๋ฌผ์ด ์๋ฐฑ๋
ํน์ ๋ ๊ธด ์๊ฐ๋์ ์กด์ฌํ ์ ์๋ ํฌ๋ ์ดํฐ์ ๊ฐ์ "์ค์์์ค"๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ Lunine์ ์ก์ฒด ์ํ์ ๋ฉํ
์ธ๊ณผ ์ํ
์ธ์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์๋ช
์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ ์ธ์ํค์ง ์์๋ค.
ํ๋ฉด ์จ๋์ ๊ดํ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ฐ์ค
1970๋
๋์ ์ฒ๋ฌธํ์๋ค์ ํ์ดํ์์ ์์์น ๋ชปํ ์ ์ธ์ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์ถ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๋ค. ๊ณผํ์๋ค์ ์ด ํ์์ ์ค๋ช
ํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฐ์ค ์ค ํ๋๋ก ํ๋ฉด์ด ์จ์ค ํจ๊ณผ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ณผํ์๋ค์ด ์๊ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ณด๋ค ๋ฐ๋ปํ๋ค๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ์ ๊ธฐํ๋ค. ์ฌ์ง์ด ์ผ๋ถ๋ ์ง๊ตฌ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ถ์ด ๊ณณ๊ณผ ์จ๋๊ฐ ๋น์ทํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์์ธกํ๋ค. ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์ค ์ค ํ๋๋, ํ์ดํ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ถฅ์ง๋ง, ๋๊ธฐ ์์ธต๋ถ๊ฐ ์ํ
์ธ, ์ํธ๋ , ์์ธํธ๋ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ์๊ฐ ์์ธ์ ์ ํก์ํ์ฌ ๋ฐ๋ปํด์ง๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
1979๋
9์, ํ ์ฑ๊ณผ ํ ์ฑ์ ์์ฑ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ฌ๋ ์ต์ด์ ์ฐ์ฃผ ํ์ฌ์ ์ธ ํ์ด์ด๋์ด 11ํธ๋ ํ์ดํ์ด ์ง๊ตฌ์ ํ๊ท ์จ๋๋ณด๋ค ๊ทน๋๋ก ์ถฅ๊ณ , ํ์ฑ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ ์จ๋๋ณด๋ค ๋งค์ฐ ๋ฎ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์กํ๋ค.
๋ฏธ๋์ ํ๋ฉด ์จ๋
ํ์ดํ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ ๋ ๋ฐ๋ปํด์ง ์๋ ์๋ค. ์ง๊ธ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ 5~60์ต๋
ํ์๋ ํ์์ด ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฑ์ด ๋จ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ, ํ์ดํ์ ํ๋ฉด์จ๋๋ ํ๋ฉด์ ์์ ํ ๋ฌผ-์๋ชจ๋์ ํผํฉ๋ฌผ์ด ์กด์ฌํ ์ ์๋ ์จ๋์ธ ์ฝ 200 K (-70 ยฐC)๊น์ง ์ค๋ฅผ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด ํ์์ ์์ธ์ ๋ฐฉ์ถ๋์ด ๊ฐ์ํ๋ฉด์ ํ์ดํ ๋๊ธฐ์ ์์ธต๋ถ์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ์ฐ๋ฌด๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ํ์ฌ ํ๋ฉด์ ์จ์ค ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ํ๊ณ ๋๊ธฐ ์ค์ ๋ฉํ
์ธ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ์จ์ค ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ ํฐ ์ญํ ์ ํ๊ฒ ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋ง๋๋ฉด ์ ๋ฐฑ๋ง๋
๋์ ์ง์๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ธ๊ณ ์๋ช
์ฒด๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ๊ธฐ์ ์ด์์ ์ธ ํ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
ํ๋ฉด์ ์ก์ฒด์ํ ๋ฌผ์ ๋ถ์ฌ
ํ์ดํ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ก์ฒด์ํ์ ๋ฌผ์ด ์๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ NASA์ ์ฐ์ฃผ ์๋ฌผํ์์ธ Andrew Pohorille๋ 2009๋
ํ์ดํ์ ์๋ช
์ฒด๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋ํญํ์ฌ ์ธ๊ธ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฌผ์ด "์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๋ ์ ์ผํ ์๋ช
์ฒด"๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์ฉ์ก์ผ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ๋ฌผ์ ํํ์ ์ฑ์ง์ "์ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์ ์๊ธฐ ์กฐ์งํ"๋ฅผ ์ด์งํ๋ ๋ฐ๋ ํน๋ณํ๊ฒ ์ ํฉํ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค ๋๋ฌธ์๋ ์ค์ํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ํ์ดํ ํ๋ฉด์์ ์๋ช
์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ง์ด ์๋ช
์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋ ์๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ ๋ฐ ๋๋ ๋น์ฉ์ ์ ๋นํํ๊ธฐ์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ์ง์ ๋ํด ์๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ธฐํ๋ค.
๋ณต์กํ ๋ถ์์ ํ์ฑ
ํ์ดํ์ ํ์๊ณ์์ ์ ์ผํ๊ฒ ๋ฏธ๋์ ๊ฐ์ค๊ฐ ์๋ ์ฑ์ํ ๋๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ก๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ค์ง ์์ฑ์ด๋ค. ํ์ดํ์ ๋๊ธฐ๋ ๋๊ป๊ณ ํํ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ ๊ธฐํํฉ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ง๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฌ์ค๋ค์ ํ์ดํ์์ ์๋ช
์ฒด๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ์ถ์ธก์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค. ๋ํ, ๋๊ธฐ์๋ ์์ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ๊ณ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฒ์ ์ง๊ตฌ์ ๋ฉํ
์ธ ์ธ๊ท ๊ณผ ๋น์ทํ ์๋ฌผ๋ค์ด ์ ๊ธฐ ํํฉ๋ฌผ์ ์ผ๋ถ(์: ์์ธํธ๋ )์ ๊ฒฐํฉํ์ฌ ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ์ป์ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ฐ๋ฌ ์คํ๊ณผ ํ์ ์คํ๋ค์ ํ์ดํ์ ๋๊ธฐ์ ๋น์ทํ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์์ธ์ ์ ๋ํด์ฃผ๋ฉด ํจ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณ ๋ถ์ ํํฉ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ๋ฐ์์ ์ง์์ ๋ฉํ
์ธ์ ๋ถํด์์ผ ์ฌ์ด์ํ ์์์ ์์ธํธ๋ ์ ๋ง๋ ๋ค.
2010๋
10์, ์ ๋ฆฌ์กฐ๋ ๋ํ๊ต์ Sarah Hรถrst๋ ํ์ดํ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋๊ธฐ์ ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐํ์ ๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ํํฉ๋ฌผ๋ค ์ฌ์ด์์ DNA์ RNA์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ์์์ธ ํต์ผ๊ธฐ์ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋จ์์ธ ์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ ์ ์์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. Hรถrst๋ ๋ฌผ์ด ์๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ต์ด๋ก ํต์ผ๊ธฐ์ ์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ฐ์ด ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋ ์คํ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
2013๋
4์, NASA๋ ํ์ดํ์ ๋๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ํ์ดํ์ ๋ณต์กํ ์ ๊ธฐํํฉ๋ฌผ์ด ์กด์ฌํ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ๋ํ, 2013๋
6์, ๋คํ ๋ฐฉํฅ์กฑ ํํ์์๊ฐ ํ์ดํ์ ๋๊ธฐ ์์ธต๋ถ์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ค
์ฉ๋งค๋ก์์ ํํ์์
์ง๊ตฌ์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์๋ฌผ๋ค์ ์ฉ๋งค๋ก์ ๋ฌผ์ ์ด์ฉํ์ง๋ง, ํ์ดํ์์ ๋ฉํ
์ธ๊ณผ ์ํ
์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ํํ์์๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ ๋์ ์ด์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ฌผ์ ํํ์์๋ณด๋ค ๋ ๊ฐํ ์ฉ๋งค์ง๋ง, ๋ฌผ์ ๋ฐ์์ฑ์ด ํฌ๊ณ ์ ๊ธฐ ํํฉ๋ฌผ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ถํด์ํฌ ์๋ ์๋ค. ํํ์์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์๋ช
์ฒด๋ ์์ฒด ๋ถ์๊ฐ ์ด๋ฐ ์์ผ๋ก ๋ถํด๋ ์ํ์ด ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
ํ์ดํ์ ํ๋ฉด์๋ ์ก์ฒด ์ํ์ ์ํ
์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฉํ
์ธ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ํธ์์ ๊ฐ, ๋ฐ๋ค๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฌํ ํ๊ฒฝ์์ ๋ฌผ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ์ง ์๋ ๊ฐ์์ ์๋ช
์ฒด๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ฌผ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์ง๊ตฌ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์ ๊ฐ์ด ์ก์ฒด ๋ฉํ
์ธ๊ณผ ์ํ
์ธ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋กํ๋ ์ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ํ ์กด์ฌํ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ธก๋์ด ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฐ์์ ์๋ช
์ฒด๋ค์ O2 ๋์ H2 ๋ก ํธํกํ๊ณ , ํฌ๋๋น ๋์ ์์ธํธ๋ ๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ฐํ ํ์ ๋์ ๋ฉํ
์ธ์ ์์ฐํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ง๊ตฌ ์์ ์ผ๋ถ ๋ฉํ
์ธ ์ธ๊ท ๊ณผ ๋น๊ตํด ๋ณด์๋ฉด, ๋ฉํ
์ธ ์ธ๊ท ์ ๋ฉํ
์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์ ์์ฐํ๋ฉด์ ์์์ ์ด์ฐํํ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์์์ผ ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ์ป๋๋ค.
2005๋
, ์ฐ์ฃผ์๋ฌผํ์์ธ Chris McKay์ Heather Smith๋ ๋ง์ฝ ๋ฉํ
์ธ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์๋ช
์ฒด๊ฐ ๋๊ธฐ์ค์ ์์๋ฅผ ์๋นํ๋ค๋ฉด, ํ์ดํ์ ๋๋ฅ๊ถ์ ์๋นํ ์ํฅ์ ์ค ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์์ธกํ๋ค. ์์ธก๋ ํจ๊ณผ์๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ธก๋ณด๋ค ํจ์ฌ ์ ์ ์์ ์์ธํธ๋ ๊ณผ ์์ ๋๋์ ์ ํ๊ฐ ํฌํจ๋์ด ์๋ค.
2010๋
6์, ์กด ํํจ์ค ๋ํ์ Darrell Strobel์ ์ด๋ฌํ ์์ธก๋ค๊ณผ ์ผ์นํ๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. Strobel์ ๋๊ธฐ ์์ธต๋ถ์ ์์ ๋๋๊ฐ ์งํ๋ฉด ๋ถ๊ทผ๋ณด๋ค ํจ์ฌ ์ปค์ 1์ด์ ์ฝ 1025๊ฐ์ ์์ ๋ถ์๊ฐ ์งํ๋ฉด ๋ถ๊ทผ์ผ๋ก ๋ด๋ ค์ค๊ณ , ์งํ๋ฉด ๊ทผ์ฒ๊น์ง ๋๋ฌํ ์์ ๋ถ์๋ ์ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๋ค. ๋ํ, Strobel๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฌ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ํ์ดํ ํ๋ฉด์ ์์ธํ๋ ๋๋๊ฐ ๋งค์ฐ ๋ฎ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.Chris McKay๋
์ธํฌ๋ง
2015๋
2์, ์ก์ฒด ์ํ์ ๋ฉํ
์ธ์์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฐ์์ ์ธํฌ๋ง์ด ์ ์๋์๋ค. ์ด ๋ง์ ํํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ด ๋๋ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ์ํฌ๋ฆด๋ก๋ํธ๋ฆด๋ก ํ์ดํ์์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์ด ๋ง์ ์์กฐํ ์์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋๋ฐ, ์ง๊ตฌ์ ์๋ช
์ฒด์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ์ธ์ง์ง๊ณผ ๋น๊ตํ์ฌ ์ธ๊ณผ ์ฐ์๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ์ง๋ง ์ง์๋ฅผ ํจ์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋์ ํํ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ธ๋ถ ํ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋งค์ฐ ๋ค๋ฅด์ง๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์ ์ฐ์ฑ๊ณผ ์์ ์ฑ ๋ฑ์ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ๋ณด์์ ๋ ๋๋ผ์ธ ์ ๋๋ก ์ ์ฌํ๋ค.
2017๋
์ ์์ฑ๋ ์นด์๋-ํ์ํ์คํธ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ์ดํ์ ๋๊ธฐ ์ค์๋ ์๋นํ์์ ์ํฌ๋ฆด๋ก๋ํธ๋ฆด์ด ์์์ด ํ์ธ๋์๋ค.
์๋์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ
๋ค์ํ ํ์ฑ๊ณผ ์์ฑ์์ ์๋ช
์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋๊ฒ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ํ๊ฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์, Dirk Schulze-Makuch์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผํ์๋ค์ ํ๋ฉด๊ณผ ๋๊ธฐ์ ํน์ฑ, ์๋์ง์ ๊ณต๊ธ๋ฅ๋ ฅ, ์ฉ๋งค์ ์ ๊ธฐ ํํฉ๋ฌผ์ ํฌํจ ์์ธ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ ํ์ฑ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์งํ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค. 2011๋
๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ์ด ์งํ๋ฅผ ์ ์ฉํด ๋ณด์์ ๋, ๊ด์ธก ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ฐ์ฃผ ๋ด์์ ํ์ดํ์ ์ง๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํ
์คํธ ์ผ์ด์ค๋ก์์ ํ์ดํ
์นด์๋-ํ์ํ์ค ํธ์ ์๋ฌด๊ฐ ์๋ ์๋ช
์ฒด์ ์ ๊ธฐํํฉ๋ฌผ์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ค๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์์งํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋์์ง๋ง, ์นด์๋-ํ์ํ์ค ํธ๋ ํ์ดํ์ด ์ด๊ธฐ ์ง๊ตฌ์ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋น์ทํ๋ค๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค ์ ์๋ค. ๊ณผํ์๋ค์ ํ์ฌ ํ์ดํ์ ๋๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์ด ์์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ ๋ ์ด๊ธฐ ์ง๊ตฌ์ ๋๊ธฐ์ ๋น์ทํ๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ค. ๋ง์ ๊ฐ์ค์ ํํ์ ์ธ ํ์์ด ์๋ฌผํ์ ์ธ ์งํ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๋ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ผ๋ ค๋ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ ํ๋ค.
ํ์ดํ (์์ฑ) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life%20on%20Titan | Life on Titan | Whether there is life on Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, is currently an open question and a topic of scientific assessment and research. Titan is far colder than Earth, but of all the places in the Solar System, Titan is the only place besides Earth known to have liquids in the form of rivers, lakes, and seas on its surface. Its thick atmosphere is chemically active and rich in carbon compounds. On the surface there are small and large bodies of both liquid methane and ethane, and it is likely that there is a layer of liquid water under its ice shell. Some scientists speculate that these liquid mixes may provide prebiotic chemistry for living cells different from those on Earth.
In June 2010, scientists analyzing data from the CassiniโHuygens mission reported anomalies in the atmosphere near the surface which could be consistent with the presence of methane-producing organisms, but may alternatively be due to non-living chemical or meteorological processes. The CassiniโHuygens mission was not equipped to look directly for micro-organisms or to provide a thorough inventory of complex organic compounds.
Chemistry
Titan's consideration as an environment for the study of prebiotic chemistry or potentially exotic life stems in large part due to the diversity of the organic chemistry that occurs in its atmosphere, driven by photochemical reactions in its outer layers. The following chemicals have been detected in Titan's upper atmosphere by Cassinis mass spectrometer:
As mass spectrometry identifies the atomic mass of a compound but not its structure, additional research is required to identify the exact compound that has been detected. Where the compounds have been identified in the literature, their chemical formula has been replaced by their name above. The figures in Magee (2009) involve corrections for high pressure background. Other compounds believed to be indicated by the data and associated models include ammonia, polyynes, amines, ethylenimine, deuterium hydride, allene, 1,3 butadiene and any number of more complex chemicals in lower concentrations, as well as carbon dioxide and limited quantities of water vapour.
Surface temperature
Due to its distance from the Sun, Titan is much colder than Earth. Its surface temperature is about 94 K (โ179ย ยฐC, or โ290ย ยฐF). At these temperatures, water iceโif presentโdoes not melt, evaporate or sublime, but remains solid. Because of the extreme cold and also because of lack of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, scientists such as Jonathan Lunine have viewed Titan less as a likely habitat for extraterrestrial life, than as an experiment for examining hypotheses on the conditions that prevailed prior to the appearance of life on Earth. Even though the usual surface temperature on Titan is not compatible with liquid water, calculations by Lunine and others suggest that meteor strikes could create occasional "impact oases"โcraters in which liquid water might persist for hundreds of years or longer, which would enable water-based organic chemistry.
However, Lunine does not rule out life in an environment of liquid methane and ethane, and has written about what discovery of such a life form (even if very primitive) would imply about the prevalence of life in the universe.
Past hypothesis about the temperature
In the 1970s, astronomers found unexpectedly high levels of infrared emissions from Titan. One possible explanation for this was the surface was warmer than expected, due to a greenhouse effect. Some estimates of the surface temperature even approached temperatures in the cooler regions of Earth. There was, however, another possible explanation for the infrared emissions: Titan's surface was very cold, but the upper atmosphere was heated due to absorption of ultraviolet light by molecules such as ethane, ethylene and acetylene.
In September 1979, Pioneer 11, the first space probe to conduct fly-by observations of Saturn and its moons, sent data showing Titan's surface to be extremely cold by Earth standards, and much below the temperatures generally associated with planetary habitability.
Future temperature
Titan may become warmer in the future. Five to six billion years from now, as the Sun becomes a red giant, surface temperatures could rise to ~, high enough for stable oceans of a waterโammonia mixture to exist on its surface. As the Sun's ultraviolet output decreases, the haze in Titan's upper atmosphere will be depleted, lessening the anti-greenhouse effect on its surface and enabling the greenhouse effect created by atmospheric methane to play a far greater role. These conditions together could create an environment agreeable to exotic forms of life, and will persist for several hundred million years. This was sufficient time for simple life to evolve on Earth, although the presence of ammonia on Titan could cause the same chemical reactions to proceed more slowly.
Absence of surface liquid water
The lack of liquid water on Titan's surface was cited by NASA astrobiologist Andrew Pohorille in 2009 as an argument against life there. Pohorille considers that water is important not only as the solvent used by "the only life we know" but also because its chemical properties are "uniquely suited to promote self-organization of organic matter". He has questioned whether prospects for finding life on Titan's surface are sufficient to justify the expense of a mission that would look for it.
Possible subsurface liquid water
Laboratory simulations have led to the suggestion that enough organic material exists on Titan to start a chemical evolution analogous to what is thought to have started life on Earth. While the analogy assumes the presence of liquid water for longer periods than is currently observable, several hypotheses suggest that liquid water from an impact could be preserved under a frozen isolation layer. It has also been proposed that ammonia oceans could exist deep below the surface; one model suggests an ammoniaโwater solution as much as 200ย km deep beneath a water ice crust, conditions that, "while extreme by terrestrial standards, are such that life could indeed survive". Heat transfer between the interior and upper layers would be critical in sustaining any sub-surface oceanic life. Detection of microbial life on Titan would depend on its biogenic effects. For example, the atmospheric methane and nitrogen could be examined for biogenic origin.
Data published in 2012 obtained from NASA's Cassini spacecraft, have strengthened evidence that Titan likely harbors a layer of liquid water under its ice shell.
Formation of complex molecules
Titan is the only known natural satellite (moon) in the Solar System that has a fully developed atmosphere that consists of more than trace gases. Titan's atmosphere is thick, chemically active, and is known to be rich in organic compounds; this has led to speculation about whether chemical precursors of life may have been generated there. The atmosphere also contains hydrogen gas, which is cycling through the atmosphere and the surface environment, and which living things comparable to Earth methanogens could combine with some of the organic compounds (such as acetylene) to obtain energy.
The MillerโUrey experiment and several following experiments have shown that with an atmosphere similar to that of Titan and the addition of UV radiation, complex molecules and polymer substances like tholins can be generated. The reaction starts with dissociation of nitrogen and methane, forming hydrogen cyanide and acetylene. Further reactions have been studied extensively.
In October 2010, Sarah Hรถrst of the University of Arizona reported finding the five nucleotide basesโbuilding blocks of DNA and RNAโamong the many compounds produced when energy was applied to a combination of gases like those in Titan's atmosphere. Hรถrst also found amino acids, the building blocks of protein. She said it was the first time nucleotide bases and amino acids had been found in such an experiment without liquid water being present.
In April 2013, NASA reported that complex organic chemicals could arise on Titan based on studies simulating the atmosphere of Titan. In June 2013, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected in the upper atmosphere of Titan.
Research has suggested that polyimine could readily function as a building block in Titan's conditions. Titan's atmosphere produces significant quantities of hydrogen cyanide, which readily polymerize into forms which can capture light energy in Titan's surface conditions. As of yet, the answer to what happens with Titan's cyanide is unknown; while it is rich in the upper atmosphere where it is created, it is depleted at the surface, suggesting that there is some sort of reaction consuming it.
Hypotheses
Hydrocarbons as solvents
Although all living things on Earth (including methanogens) use liquid water as a solvent, it is conceivable that life on Titan might instead use a liquid hydrocarbon, such as methane or ethane. Water is a stronger solvent than hydrocarbons; however, water is more chemically reactive, and can break down large organic molecules through hydrolysis. A life-form whose solvent was a hydrocarbon would not face the risk of its biomolecules being destroyed in this way.
Titan appears to have lakes of liquid ethane or liquid methane on its surface, as well as rivers and seas, which some scientific models suggest could support hypothetical non-water-based life.
It has been speculated that life could exist in the liquid methane and ethane that form rivers and lakes on Titan's surface, just as organisms on Earth live in water. Such hypothetical creatures would take in H2 in place of O2, react it with acetylene instead of glucose, and produce methane instead of carbon dioxide. By comparison, some methanogens on Earth obtain energy by reacting hydrogen with carbon dioxide, producing methane and water.
In 2005, astrobiologists Chris McKay and Heather Smith predicted that if methanogenic life is consuming atmospheric hydrogen in sufficient volume, it will have a measurable effect on the mixing ratio in the troposphere of Titan. The effects predicted included a level of acetylene much lower than otherwise expected, as well as a reduction in the concentration of hydrogen itself.
Evidence consistent with these predictions was reported in June 2010 by Darrell Strobel of Johns Hopkins University, who analysed measurements of hydrogen concentration in the upper and lower atmosphere. Strobel found that the hydrogen concentration in the upper atmosphere is so much larger than near the surface that the physics of diffusion leads to hydrogen flowing downwards at a rate of roughly 1025 molecules per second. Near the surface the downward-flowing hydrogen apparently disappears. Another paper released the same month showed very low levels of acetylene on Titan's surface.
Chris McKay agreed with Strobel that presence of life, as suggested in McKay's 2005 article, is a possible explanation for the findings about hydrogen and acetylene, but also cautioned that other explanations are currently more likely: namely the possibility that the results are due to human error, to a meteorological process, or to the presence of some mineral catalyst enabling hydrogen and acetylene to react chemically. He noted that such a catalyst, one effective at โ178ย ยฐC (95 K), is presently unknown and would in itself be a startling discovery, though less startling than discovery of an extraterrestrial life form.
The June 2010 findings gave rise to considerable media interest, including a report in the British newspaper, the Telegraph, which spoke of clues to the existence of "primitive aliens".
Cell membranes
A hypothetical cell membrane capable of functioning in liquid methane was modeled in February 2015. The proposed chemical base for these membranes is acrylonitrile, which has been detected on Titan. Called an "azotosome" ('nitrogen body'), formed from "azoto", Greek for nitrogen, and "soma", Greek for body, it lacks the phosphorus and oxygen found in phospholipids on Earth but contains nitrogen. Despite the very different chemical structure and external environment, its properties are surprisingly similar, including autoformation of sheets, flexibility, stability, and other properties. According to computer simulations azotosomes could not form under the weather conditions found on Titan.
An analysis of Cassini data, completed in 2017, confirmed substantial amounts of acrylonitrile in Titan's atmosphere.
Comparative habitability
In order to assess the likelihood of finding any sort of life on various planets and moons, Dirk Schulze-Makuch and other scientists have developed a planetary habitability index which takes into account factors including characteristics of the surface and atmosphere, availability of energy, solvents and organic compounds. Using this index, based on data available in late 2011, the model suggests that Titan has the highest current habitability rating of any known world, other than Earth.
Titan as a test case
While the CassiniโHuygens mission was not equipped to provide evidence for biosignatures or complex organics, it showed an environment on Titan that is similar, in some ways, to ones theorized for the primordial Earth. Scientists think that the atmosphere of early Earth was similar in composition to the current atmosphere on Titan, with the important exception of a lack of water vapor on Titan. Many hypotheses have developed that attempt to bridge the step from chemical to biological evolution.
Titan is presented as a test case for the relation between chemical reactivity and life, in a 2007 report on life's limiting conditions prepared by a committee of scientists under the United States National Research Council. The committee, chaired by John Baross, considered that "if life is an intrinsic property of chemical reactivity, life should exist on Titan. Indeed, for life not to exist on Titan, we would have to argue that life is not an intrinsic property of the reactivity of carbon-containing molecules under conditions where they are stable..."
David Grinspoon, one of the scientists who in 2005 proposed that hypothetical organisms on Titan might use hydrogen and acetylene as an energy source, has mentioned the Gaia hypothesis in the context of discussion about Titan life. He suggests that, just as Earth's environment and its organisms have evolved together, the same thing is likely to have happened on other worlds with life on them. In Grinspoon's view, worlds that are "geologically and meteorologically alive are much more likely to be biologically alive as well".
Panspermia or independent origin
An alternate explanation for life's hypothetical existence on Titan has been proposed: if life were to be found on Titan, it could have originated from Earth in a process called panspermia. It is theorized that large asteroid and cometary impacts on Earth's surface have caused hundreds of millions of fragments of microbe-laden rock to escape Earth's gravity. Calculations indicate that a number of these would encounter many of the bodies in the Solar System, including Titan. On the other hand, Jonathan Lunine has argued that any living things in Titan's cryogenic hydrocarbon lakes would need to be so different chemically from Earth life that it would not be possible for one to be the ancestor of the other. In Lunine's view, presence of organisms in Titan's lakes would mean a second, independent origin of life within the Solar System, implying that life has a high probability of emerging on habitable worlds throughout the cosmos.
Planned and proposed missions
The proposed Titan Mare Explorer mission, a Discovery-class lander that would splash down in a lake, "would have the possibility of detecting life", according to astronomer Chris Impey of the University of Arizona.
The planned Dragonfly rotorcraft mission is intended to land on solid ground and relocate many times. Dragonfly will be New Frontiers program Mission #4. Its instruments will study how far prebiotic chemistry may have progressed. Dragonfly will carry equipment to study the chemical composition of Titan's surface, and to sample the lower atmosphere for possible biosignatures, including hydrogen concentrations.
See also
References
Astrobiology
Titan
Titan (moon) |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C%201%EC%9E%A5 | ๋๋์ 1์ฅ | ๋๋์ 1์ฅ์ ์ ์ฝ ์ฑ์ ์ค ๋๋์์ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฅ์ด๋ค. ์ด ํธ์ง๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ง์ผ๋๋์ ์์ฃผ์ ๋์ฝํด๋ฆฌ์ค์์ ์ฌ๋ ๋ฐ์ธ์ ์ํด, ํฌ๋ ํ ์ฌ์ ๋๋์๊ฒ ์ฐ์ฌ์ง ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋์ง๋ง, 1์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ์ธ์ด ์ฌ๋งํ ํ์ ์ต๋ช
์ ์ ์์ ์ํด ์ฐ์ฌ์ก๋ค๋ ์์ฌ์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ์ด ์ฅ์ ๋๋์ ๋ํ ๋ฌธ์์ธ์ฌ์, ์์ด๋์๋ค์ ๋ํ ๋ฐฉ์นจ์ด ๋ด๊ฒจ์๋ค.
๋ณธ๋ฌธ
์๋ฌธ์ ์ฝ์ด๋ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ด๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ก๋์๋ค. 16๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ก ๋๋์ด์ก๋ค.
๋ฌธํ ์๋ฃ
์ด ์ฅ์ด ํฌํจ๋ ์ด๊ธฐ ์๊ณ ๋ค์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
ํํผ๋ฃจ์ค 32 (~AD 200)(11~15 ์ )
์ฝ๋ฑ์ค ์๋์ดํฐ์ฟ ์ค (330-360)
์๋ ์ฐ๋๋ฆฌ์ ์ฌ๋ณธ (400-440)
์๋ธ๋ผ์ ์ฌ์ ์ฌ๋ณธ (~450)(3-16์ )
ํ๋ฆฌ์ด ์ฌ๋ณธ (~ 450)(1-3, 10-11์ )
ํด๋ผ๋ก๋ชฌํ๋์ค ์ฌ๋ณธ (~550)
์ฝ์ด์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋์๋์ค ์ฌ๋ณธ (~ 550)(1-3, 15-16์ )
๊ฐํ ์ธ์ฌ (1:1-4)
๋๋์๋ ๋ฐ์ธ ์์ ์ค์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ธธ๊ณ ๋ณต์กํ ์๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
1~3์
ํ๋๋์ ์ข
์ด์ ์์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค๋์ ์ฌ๋์ธ ๋ ๋ฐ์ธ์ด ์ฌ๋ ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ๋๋์ด ํํ์ ์๋ค์ ๋ฏฟ์๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ฑดํจ์ ์ํ ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ง์๊ณผ ์์์ ์๋ง์ ์ํจ์ด๋ผ ์ด ์์์ ๊ฑฐ์ง์ด ์์ผ์ ํ๋๋์ด ์์ ์ ๋ถํฐ ์ฝ์ํ์ ๊ฒ์ธ๋ฐ ์๊ธฐ ๋์ ์๊ธฐ์ ๋ง์์ ์ ๋๋ก ๋ํ๋ด์
จ์ผ๋ ์ด ์ ๋๋ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์ฃผ ํ๋๋์ด ๋ช
ํ์ ๋๋ก ๋ด๊ฒ ๋งก๊ธฐ์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ.
๋ฐ์ธ์ ์ด ์๋์ ๋ณต์์ ์์ฝ์ ๋ด๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ๋๋์ ๊ตฌ์์ ๊ณํ์ 'ํ๋๋์ ๊ฑฐ์ง๋งํ์ง ์์ผ์ ๋ค'๋ ์ฌ์ค๋ก ๋ฐฉ์ ์ ์ฐ๋๋ค.
4์
๊ฐ์ ๋ฏฟ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋์ ์ฐธ ์๋ค ๋ ๋๋์๊ฒ ํธ์งํ๋
ธ๋ ํ๋๋ ์๋ฒ์ง์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์ฃผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ํ์ ํ๊ฐ์ด ๋ค๊ฒ ์์์ง์ด๋ค.
"์ฐธ ์๋ค"(KRV, KJV : "mine own son", ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ด : , gnฤsiล teknล): ๋๋ชจ๋ฐ์ ์ 1:2, ๋น๋ ๋ชฌ์ 1:10์ ๋ณด๋ผ.
"๊ฐ์ ๋ฏฟ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ"(KRV, KJV : "After the common faith", ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ด : ยท; kata koinฤn pistin ) : ๋ฐ์ธ์ "ํ๋๋์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์๊ฒ ๊ณตํต๋ ๋ฏฟ์"์ ๋์ผ๋ก, ์ ๋์ธ์ด ์๋ ์ด๋ฐฉ์ธ ๋๋๋ฅผ "์ฐธ ์๋ค"๋ก ์ผ์๋ค.(๋ฒ ๋๋กํ์ 1:1, ์ ๋ค์ 1:3).
"์ํ์ ํ๊ฐ"(KJV : "Grace, mercy, and peace", ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ด : ; charis, eleos, eirฤnฤ ) : ์ด๊ธฐ ์๊ณ ์ผ๋ถ๋ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ์๋น(mercy)๋ผ๋ ๋จ์ด๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ๊ณ ์๊ณ (๋๋ชจ๋ฐ์ ์ 1:2, ๋๋ชจ๋ฐํ์ 1:2 ์ฐธ์กฐ), ํน ์ ์์ค ์ฑ๊ฒฝ ์ญ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋๋ค๋ฅธ ์๊ณ ๋ค์ ์ด๋ฅผ ์๋ตํ๊ณ ์๋๋ฐ, ํ๊ตญ์ ์ญ๋ณธ๋ค๊ณผ ESV, NIV, RSV, NASB ๋ฑ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์์ญ๋ณธ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ๋ค. ๋ชฉํ์๊ฐ(๋๋์, ๋๋ชจ๋ฐ์ ์, ๋๋ชจ๋ฐํ์)์ ์ด์ ์ ์ฌํ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ๋ค์ด ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ค.
์ง๋ถ์ ์๋ช
(1:5-9)
๋๋์ ๋ํ ๋ฐ์ธ์ ์ง์์ฌํญ์ ๋๋ชจ๋ฐ์ ์ 3์ฅ์์ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ ๋๋ชจ๋ฐ์ ๋ํ ์ง์์ฌํญ๊ณผ ์ ์ฌํ์ง๋ง, ํฌ๋ ํ์ ๋
ํนํ ์ํฉ์ ๊ธฐ์ดํ ๋ช ๊ฐ์ง ์ค์ํ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ค.
5์
๋ด๊ฐ ๋๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๋จ๊ฒจ ๋ ์ด์ ๋ ๋จ์ ์ผ์ ์ ๋ฆฌํ๊ณ ๋ด๊ฐ ๋ช
ํ ๋๋ก ๊ฐ ์ฑ์ ์ฅ๋ก๋ค์ ์ธ์ฐ๊ฒ ํ๋ ค ํจ์ด๋
"๊ทธ๋ ๋ฐ(ํฌ๋ ํ)": ๋ฐ์ธ์ด ๋ก๋ง๋ก ํฅํ ๋ ์ฌ๋ํ์ 27์ฅ์ ์ธ๊ธ๋ ์ง์คํด์ ํ ์ฌ.
์์ด๋์๋ค์ ๋ํ ์ง์์ฌํญ (1:10-16)
12์
๊ทธ๋ ๋ฐ์ธ ์ค์ ์ด๋ค ์ ์ง์๊ฐ ๋งํ๋ ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฐ์ธ๋ค์ ํญ์ ๊ฑฐ์ง๋ง์์ด๋ฉฐ ์
ํ ์ง์น์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฐฐ๋ง ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ฆ๋ฑ
์ด๋ผ ํ๋.
"๊ทธ๋ ๋ฐ์ธ ์ค์ ์ด๋ค ์ ์ง์": ์ํผ๋ฉ๋๋ฐ์ค๊ฐ ๊ทธ์ ์์์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ์ธ์ฉํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก , ์ํผ๋ฉ๋๋ฐ์ค๊ฐ ํฌ๋ ํ ์ฌ์ ํฌ๋
ธ์์ค ์ถ์ ์ด์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ "๊ทธ๋ ๋ฐ์ธ ์ค"์ด๋ผ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ ์ค์ ์ํ๋ฉด ์ด๋๋ ์ํผ๋ฉ๋๋ฐ์ค์ ์๋ฒ์ง๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋คํ์ ์๋ผ์๊ฒ ๋ณด๋๋๋ฐ, ์ ์ค์ ์ํผ๋ฉ๋๋ฐ์ค๊ฐ ๋๊ตด๋ก ๋ณํด์ 57๋
๋์ ์ ๋ค์ด์์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. "์ ์ง์"๋ผ๋ ๋ช
์นญ์ ํฌ๋ ํ์ ์ ํํ
๋ฅด์ ์์ธ์(์ ์ง์)๋ค์ด ์์๊ณ , ์ํผ๋ฉ๋๋ฐ์ค๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ค ์ค ํ๋์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ ์ง์์ด๋ผ๋ ๋จ์ด๋ ์ข
์ข
์ด๊ต๋์ ์ฌ์ ๋ค์ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํค๋ ๋ช
์นญ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋๋ฐ, ์ด์๊ธฐ์ 18:19๋ฐ์๊ณผ ์์ธ๋ผ์ ์ฌ์ ๋ค์ ์ ์ง์๋ผ๊ณ ์ผ์ปซ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค. ์ํผ๋ฉ๋๋ฐ์ค๋ ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ๋์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ก์๋๋ฐ, ์ํ๋ ์ด์ฐ์ค(Apuleius)๋ ๊ทธ์ ์๋ค์ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํ๋ฅญํ ์ ์์ด๋ก, ๋ผ์๋ฆฌํฌ์ค(Laeritus)๋ ์์ผ๋ก ์ฌ ๋ง์ ์ผ๋ค์ ์์ธกํ ์์ฃผ ์ ๋ฅํ ์์ธ๊ฐ๋ก ํ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ฒ ๋๋กํ์ 2:16์์ ๋ฐ๋์ ์ ์ง์๋ผ ๊ธฐ์ ํ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก, ์ด๋ฐฉ์ ์ ์ด์ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค๊ณ ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ก๋ ์ํผ๋ฉ๋๋ฐ์ค๋ฅผ ์ ์ง์๋ผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ํด ์ด ์ธ์ฉ๋ฌธ์ "ํฌ๋ ํฐ์นด(ฮฯฮทฯฮนฮบฮฌ)"๋ผ๋ ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์์์ ์ธ์ฉ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๋น์์๋ ์์ธ์ ์ ์ง์๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ๊ฒ์ ํํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋ฐ์ธ์ ์ด๋ฌํ ๊น๋ญ์์ ์ ์ง์๋ผ๋ ๋จ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
"๊ทธ๋ ๋ฐ์ธ๋ค์ ํญ์ ๊ฑฐ์ง๋ง์์ด๋ฉฐ": ์ํผ๋ฉ๋๋ฐ์ค๋ ์ธ๊ฐ ๋ณธ์ฑ์ด ๊ณตํต์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ์
ํจ์ ์์๋ก ํฌ๋ ํ์ธ์ ์ถ์ ๋ค์๋ค. ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฑฐ์ง๋ง์ด "ํญ์" ํฌ๋ ํ์ธ์ ์ถ์ ์ง๋ฐฐํ๊ณ ์์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์๋ก, ์ ํผํ
๋ฅด์ ์๋ค์ธ ๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ค์ ๋ฌด๋ค์ ์ ํผํ
๋ฅด์ ๋ฌด๋ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ฉฐ ์์ ๋ค์๊ฒ ์ ํผํ
๋ฅด์ ๋ฌด๋ค์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ ๋ค. ์ด๋ ํฌ๋ ํฐ์นด์์ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค. ์นผ๋ฆฌ๋ง์ฟ ์ค(Callimachus)๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ด์ ๋ก ์ํผ๋ฉ๋๋ฐ์ค์ ํํ์ ๋น๋ ค ํฌ๋ ํ์ธ๋ค์ ๊ฑฐ์ง๋ง์์ด๋ผ ํ๋๋ฐ, ์ ํผํ
๋ฅด๋ ๋ถ๋ฉธ์์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ทธ์ ๋ฌด๋ค์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฐ๋ก ๊ทธ ๊น๋ญ์ด๋ค. ์นผ๋ฆฌ๋ง์ฟ ์ค๋ ํฌ๋ ํ์ธ์ ๊ฑฐ์ง๋ง์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ ์ธ ์ฃ์
์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ํผ๋ฉ๋๋ฐ์ค๋ณด๋ค๋ ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋น๋ํ๋ค. ์๋น๋(Ovid)๋ ํฌ๋ ํ๋ฅผ "mendax Creta"๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ '๊ฑฐ์ง๋งํ๋ ํฌ๋ ํ'๋ผ๋ ์๋ฏธ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ธ๋ค์๊ฒ "ํฌ๋ ํ"๋ ๊ฑฐ์ง๋ง์์ด์ ๋๋ช
์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก, ์ด๋ณด๋ค ๋ ์
ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ํ ์ฆ์ค๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ ์ฃ์
์ ์์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊น๋ญ์์ ์ํฐ์คํผ์์์๋ "๊ทธ๋ ๋ฐ์ธ" ๋์ ์ "์์ ์"๋ผ๊ณ ์ฝ๋๋ค.
"์ฌ์
ํ ์ง์น": ๋งน์๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌ์ฉํ ํํ์ผ๋ก, ์ฐฝ์ธ๊ธฐ 37:20, 37:33์ ์
ํ ์ง์น๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์๋ฏธ์ด๋ค. ์ํฌ๋ ํ์ธ๋ค์ด ์ฌ๋ฅ์ ๋ฅํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๊ฐ๋ฐ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ ๋, ์๋ง๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ง์น๋ค์ด ํฌ๋ ํ์์ ์์ํ์์ง๋ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊น๋ญ์ ํฌ๋ ํ์ถ์ ์ ํ ์ ์ง์๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ํํจ์ ๋งน์์ ๋น๊ตํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ณ ๋ฆฐ๋์ ์ 15:30 ์ญ์ ๋ฐํด์๋ค์ ์ง์น์ ๋น์ ํ๊ณ ์๋๋ฐ, ๊ฑฐ์ง์ ์ง์๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ์ ์ํํ๊ฒ ํ๊ดดํ๊ณ ์ค๋
์ํจ๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋น์ ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ ์ ํ๋ค.
"๋ฐฐ๋ง ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ฆ๋ฑ
์ด": ๋ฐ์ธ์ ์ํผ๋ฉ๋๋ฐ์ค์ ํํ์ ๋น๋ ค ์์๊ฐ ์๋ ์์ ์ ์์ฅ์ด ๋ง์น ์ ์ธ ๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ ํญ์๊ณผ ํญ์, ์ ์ทจํจ์ ์ ์ง๋ฅด๊ณ , ์ผ์ ํ์ง ์๊ณ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋์ ๋นต์ ๋จน๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ฅธ ํฌ๋ ํ์ธ๋ค์๊ฒ ์ฌ์ฉํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
ํฌ๋ ํ
์ฅ๋ก (๊ธฐ๋
๊ต)
๋๋
๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ฑ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ์ : ๋๋ชจ๋ฐ ์ ์ 3์ฅ
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
์ถ์ฒ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๋๋์ 1
๋๋์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus%201 | Titus 1 | Titus 1 is the first chapter of the Epistle to Titus in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The letter is traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle, sent from Nicopolis of Macedonia (Roman province), addressed to Titus in Crete. Some scholars argue that it is the work of an anonymous follower, written after Paul's death in the first century AD. This chapter contains the greetings and instructions for Titus on dealing with deceivers.
Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 16 verses.
Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:
Papyrus 32 (~AD 200; extant verses 11โ15)
Codex Sinaiticus (330โ360)
Codex Alexandrinus (400โ440)
Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (~450; extant verses 3โ16)
Codex Freerianus (~450; extant verses 1โ3, 10โ11)
Codex Claromontanus (~550)
Codex Coislinianus (~550; extant verses 1โ3, 15โ16)
Opening greeting (1:1โ4)
The opening of the epistle to Titus is the longest and most intricate of the epistles traditionally held to be written by Paul, exceeding the openings of most other Pauline epistles.
Verse 1โ3
Included in this opening a summary of the gospel message, expounding the God's plan of salvation punctuated by the assertion that "God never lies".
Verse 2 asserts that God is , a single word meaning 'cannot lie', comparable to ('God cannot lie', or 'it is impossible for God to lie') in Hebrews 6:18.
In verses 2โ3, the author highlights that Paul's mission is rooted in the certainty of God's promise of eternal life.
Verse 4
"A true son" (NKJV; KJV: mine own son"; Greek: ): Also "my genuine child" (as in 1 Timothy 1:2), that is, "converted by my instrumentality" (1 Corinthians 4:17; Philemon 10).
"In our common faith" (NKJV; KJV: "After the common faith"; Greek: ): the author treats Titus as "a genuine son" by virtue of "the faith common to all the people of God", a common brotherhood of Gentiles as well as Jews, thus embracing Titus who is a Gentile (2 Peter 1:1; Jude 1:3).
"Grace, mercy, and peace" (Greek: ): The word "mercy" is omitted in some of the oldest manuscripts, but one of the best and oldest manuscripts supports it (see 1 Timothy 1:2; 2 Timothy 1:2). There are many similarities of phrase in all the 'Pastoral Epistles' (the Epistles to Titus, 1 and 2 Timothy).
The appointment of church officers (1:5โ9)
The instructions for Titus run parallel to those for Timothy in 1 Timothy 3, but with some significant variations based on the distinct situation in Crete.
Verse 5
"Crete": an island in the Mediterranean which was mentioned in Acts 27, when Paul's ship sailed past on his way to Rome.
Instructions on dealing with deceivers (1:10โ16)
Verse 12
"One of them, a prophet of their own": refers to Epimenides, who wrote the cited words in one of his poems. The author calls him "one of them" (one of the Cretans), since Epimenides was a Cretian by birth, of the city of Gnossus, and according to a legend was sent by his father to his sheep in the field, when he at noon turned aside into a cave, and slept 57 years. The designation as a "prophet" is because in Crete there were prophets of Jupiter, and Epimenides might be one of them, but the word 'prophets' can also refer to the priests among other cults. for examples, Baal's priests were called the prophets of Baal, and the prophets of the groves (1 Kings 18:19). Epimenides was thought to be inspired by the gods in writing his poems that he is called by Apuleius, a famous fortune teller; and is said by Laertius to be very skillful in divination, and to have foretold many things which came to pass; also by the Grecians were supposed to be very dear to the gods; likewise, Balaam, the soothsayer and diviner, is called a prophet (2 Peter 2:16). Add to this, that the passage next cited stands in a poem of this writer, entitled, "Concerning Oracles"; and it is easy to observe, that poets in common were usually called "vates", or prophets; so that the author speaks here with great propriety.
"Cretans are always liars": Epimenides wrote of the living of the inhabitants of the Crete as a sin common to human nature, that lying was "always" a governing vice among them, for instances, for saying that Jupiter's sepulchre was with them, when it was the sepulchre of Minos his son, which they had fraudulently obliterated; and for which Callimachus charges them with lying, and uses these very words of Epimenides; though he assigns a different reason from that now given, which is, that Jupiter died not, but always exists, and therefore his sepulchre could not be with them, but more than that, seemingly the Cretians regard lying as their national sin; and beside Epimenides, also said by others. Crete is called "mendax Creta", 'lying Crete' by Ovid. Hence, with the Grecians, to "cretize", is proverbially used for to lie; this is a sin, than which nothing makes a man more like the devil, or more infamous among men, or more abominable to God. The Ethiopian version, instead of Cretes, or Cretians, reads "hypocrites".
"Evil beasts": are meant beasts of prey, savage and mischievous ones (Genesis 37:20; Genesis 37:33), to distinguish them from other beasts, as sheep, and the like.
"Lazy gluttons" (NKJV; KJV: "slow bellies"): This expression by Epimenides is partly for the intemperance, gluttony and drunkenness of the Cretans, whose god was their belly, not the Lord Jesus, and partly for their laziness, eating other people's bread without working.
Verse 13
Verse 14
See also
Crete
Elder (Christianity)
Saint Titus
Related Bible parts: 1 Timothy 3
References
Sources
External links
King James Bible - Wikisource
English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate
Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
Multiple bible versions at Bible Gateway (NKJV, NIV, NRSV etc.)
01 |
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์๋ ๋ฏธ์ผ๊ธฐํ์ ์์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ "๋ฏธ์ผ๊ธฐ ๋ผ์ด์ ๋ ์ด๋"์ 6๋ ๋ ์ด๋๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ๋ํ ์กธ์
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4์ FM ์ผ๋ค์ด์ ์
์ฌํ์๋ค. ์๋์ด์๋ก์ ์ฝ 100๊ฐ์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ข
์ฌํ๋ค. ์ง๊ธ์ ์ผ๋ค์ด์์ ์ํ์์ ์ฅ๋
์ ํจ๊ป ์ด๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ฐธ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ์ถ๋ง
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4์ 7์ผ, ๋น์ด ์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ๋ฏธ์ผ๊ธฐํ ์ฐํฉ์ด ์ 25ํ ์ฐธ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ถ๋ง๋ฅผ ์์ฒญํ๋ ์ง์ญ ํ๋ฆฌ ์๋์ด์์ธ ์ค๊ฐ์๋ผ ๋ฏธ์๊ฐ ์
ํ๋ณด๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ธฐํ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ ๋ค์ ํ๋ณด์ ๋ฌผ์์ ๋์
ํ๊ณ , 4์ 24์ผ, ์ด์๊ฐํค ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ๋ฅผ ํ๋ณด๋ก ๋ด์ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ฐฉ์นจ์ ์ ํ๋ค. ์ด์๊ฐํค๊ฐ 5์ 7์ผ์ ์ ์ ์ถ๋ง ํ๋ช
์ ํ์, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ ์ด์๊ฐํค์ ๋ํ ์ง์ง๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ๋ค. 5์ 31์ผ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณต์ฐ๋น์ ์ ์ง ์ผ๋ค์ด์ ์ํ ์์์ธ ํ๋์ผ๋ง ์ ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์ผ๊ธฐํ ์ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ณต์ฒํ๋ ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฒ ํํ๊ณ ๋น๋ก๋ํ๋ก ๊ณต์ฒํ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณต์ฐ๋น ๋ฏธ์ผ๊ธฐํ ์์์ฅ์ "์ด์๊ฐํค๋ฅผ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ํ๊ฒ ๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. 6์ 6์ผ, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณต์ฐ๋น๊ณผ ์ฌํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น์ด ์ด์๊ฐํค๋ฅผ ์ถ์ฒํ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ณต์ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ค.
7์ 6์ผ, ๋ฏธ์ผ๊ธฐํ์ ํ์ง ์ฐธ์์ ์์์ธ ์์ด์น ์ง๋ก(์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น)์ ๋ํด ํ๋ด ์ด 35๋ช
์ ์์ ์ด์ฅ ์ค 29๋ช
์ด ์ง์งํ๋ค๋ ์กฐ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ณด๋๋์๋ค. ์ด์๊ฐํค๋ฅผ ์ง์งํ๋ ์์ ์ด์ฅ์ ํ ๋ช
๋ ์์๋ค. ์ด์ ์ด์๊ฐํค๋ SNS๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ํ๋ณด ์ ๋ต์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ์ถ๋ง ์ ์ธ ์ ์๋ ์ฝ 100๋ช
์์ค์ด๋ ํธ์ํฐ ํ๋ก์ด ์๊ฐ ์ฐธ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๋น์ผ์ธ 7์ 21์ผ์๋ ์ฝ 1๋ง 7000๋ช
์ ๋๋ฌํ๋ค. ์ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์์ด์น ์ง๋ก๋ ํ๋ด 35๊ฐ ์์ ์ด ์ค 24๊ฐ์ ์์ ์ด์์ ์ด์๊ฐํค์ ๋ํ๋ฅผ ๋์์ง๋ง, ์ ๊ถ์๊ฐ ๋ชฐ๋ฆฐ ์ผ๋ค์ด์ ๋ฑ ๋์ ์ง์ญ์์ ์ด์๊ฐํค๊ฐ ์ฐ์ธํ๋ฉด์ ์์ด์น ์ง๋ก๋ฅผ ์ฝ 9์ฒ ํ ์ฐจ๋ก ๊บพ๊ณ ๋น์ ๋์๋ค. ํ๋ด 35๊ฐ ์์ ์ด ์ค ์ด์๊ฐํค๊ฐ ์ฐ์ธํ 11๊ฐ์ ์์ ์ด์ ์ผ๋ค์ด์, ๋ํ ๋ฆฌ์, ์ด์๋๋ง์, ๋๋ฉ์, ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌํ๋ผ์, ์ค์ฌํค์, ์ค๊ฐ์๋ผ์ , ๋ฆฌํ์ , ๊ฐ๋ฏธ์ , ์์ฟ ์ผ์ , ๋ฏธ์ฌํ ์ ์ด๋ค.
์ ์ฑ
๋ฐ ์ฃผ์ฅ
์๋น์ธ
์๋น์ธ์ ๋ํด์๋ ์ฅ๋์ ํ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. 2019๋
7์ 1์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ 25ํ ์ฐธ์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ ํ ๋ก ํ์์๋ "์๋น์ธ๋ ์ ์๋์ธต์ผ์๋ก ๋ถ๋ด์ด ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์์ง๋ค. ์๋น์ธ๋ฅผ ์ฌํ ๋ณด์ฅ์ ์ฌ์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณธ๋ง์ด ์ ๋๋ ๊ฒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๊ณต์์ผ์ธ 7์ 4์ผ์๋ "์๊ธ์ ์ค๋ฅด์ง ์๋๋ฐ, ์ธ๊ธ๋ง ์ค๋ฅธ๋ค. ์์ฌํ๊ณ ์์ด๋ฅผ ํค์ธ ์ ์๋ค"๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ๊ฐํธ์ฟ ์ ๋ณด์ ์ค๋ฌธ ์กฐ์ฌ์์๋ "์ผ์๋จ๊ด(ๆฅ้็ญ่ฆณ, ์ผ๋ณธ์ํ์ด 3๊ฐ์ ๋ง๋ค ๊ณตํํ๋ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ํฅ์ ๊ดํ ํต๊ณ ์กฐ์ฌ)"์ ํตํด ์ฒด๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ ์ผ์ด ๋ถ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์ ์ ์ง์ ํ๊ณ "๋ด์์ ํํ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ธ ์๋น๋ฅผ ์์ถ์ํค๋ ์ฆ์ธ๋ ํญ๊ฑฐ"๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ถํ์ํค๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ์๋น์ธ ์ฒ ํ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ธ์ ๊ฐํ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์๊ธ
๋ค๋ฅธ G7 ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค๊ณผ ๋น๊ตํ์ฌ ์นจ์ฒด๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์๊ธ์ด ์์ฐ์ฑ๊ณผ ์๋น๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์์ํค๋ ์์ธ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ ์์ ์๊ธ ์ธ์์ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ต์ ์๊ธ์ ์ ๊ตญ์์ 2000์์ผ๋ก ์ผ๋ฅ ์ธ์, ์๊ธ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก 20๋
์ ์๊ธ์ 1.5๋ฐฐ ์๊ธ์ ์งํฅํด์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ํ๋ด๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ฐ๊ธ ๋ฌธ์
"์ฌ์ค๊ณผ ํ์ค์ ์ง์ํ ์ฐ๊ธ ๋
ผ์"์ ๋ํด ๊ธ์ต์ฒญ์ ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ฅผ ์ธ์ ํ์ง ์์ ์ ๋ถ ์ฌ๋น์ ๋์์ ๋ํด "์ด ๋๋ผ์ ์ฐ๊ธ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ถ๋ช
ํ๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๋ "๋
ธํ ์์ฌ์ ํ๋ฆฝํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๊ธฐ ์ฑ
์์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ ์น์ ์ผ"์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฐ๊ธ ์ ๋์ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ๊ฐํ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋์
์ ์ฑ
๋๋ฆผ์์ฐ์
์ ๋ํด ์์ฐ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ง์ญ ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ์งํฑํ๋ ์กด์ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ "๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ๋ณด๋ฌผ", "์ฌํ์ ๊ทผ๊ฐ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๊ฐํ๋ค. "์ด๊ธ๋ฆฌ ํผ์คํธ" ์์ฃผ์ ์ 1์ฐจ ์ฐ์
์ ์งํฅ, ๋ณดํธํด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ธ๊ถ ๋ฌธ์
๋ค์์ฑ์ ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ๊ฐ์ ์ฌํ์ ์ฌ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์์ ์ ๋ค์์ฑ์ ์ธ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ "๊ฒ์น๋ "๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ํ๋ด๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ฉด ๋ค์์ฑ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ๊ณ ์ฐจ๋ณ์ ๋ฐฉ์นํ๋ ํ์๊ฐ ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ์ทจ์ฝํ๊ฒ ํ๊ณ ์ฌํ์ ํฉํ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์๋ ์ฌ์ฑ ์ฐจ๋ณ, ์ฑ์์์ ์ฐจ๋ณ, ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฐจ๋ณ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋จ์ ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก, ๊ต์ก์ ํตํด ์ผ๋ณธ์๋ ์ธ๊ณ ํ์ค์ ์ธ๊ถ ์์์ด ๋ฟ๋ฆฌ ๋ด๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ํ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
์ ํ์ ๋ถ๋ถ ๋ณ์ฑ์ ๋์
์ ๋ํด "์ฐฌ์ฑ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
์์ ๋ฐ ์๋์ง ๋ฌธ์
๊ธฐ์ , ๋น์ฉ, ํ์ , ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฉด์์ ํ ์ํ์์๋ ์์๋ ฅ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ฌ๊ฐ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ํ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๊ณต๋ฌธ์ ์กฐ์, ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์์ฅ์ ์ ๋ถ ์ฃผ๋๋ก ํ๊ณ ์๋ "ํ์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋๋ฌด๋ ๋ฎ์" ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ผ๋ ์ ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก "์์ ์ ์์ ํ๊ฒ ์ด์ํ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์์ ์ฌ๊ฐ๋์ ๋
ผํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ์ ํํ ์ ๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐ, ์์๋ ฅ ์ผ๋ณ๋์ ์๋์ง ์ ์ฑ
๋ถํฐ ์ฌ๊ฒํ ํด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ ์ค๋๊ฐ์ ์์๋ ฅ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ฌ๊ฐ๋์ ๋ฌป๋ ์ฃผ๋ฏผํฌํ ์กฐ๋ก๊ฐ ๋ฏธ์ผ๊ธฐํ ์ํ์์ ๋ถ๊ฒฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํด์๋ "๋์ ์๋ช
์ ํ 11๋ง ๋ช
์ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๋ ์ํ์ ๋ค๋ฆฌ์ง ์์๋๊ฐ"๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋นํ์ ์
์ฅ์ ์ทจํ๋ค.
ํ๋ฒ
์ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์ฌ์์ ๊ฐํ์ ์ฐฌ์ฑํ๋ ๋น์จ์ด ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋์ ์ ์ ์๋ค๋ ์ ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก "์ผ๋ถ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ๊ฐํ์ ๋ถ์ถ๊ธฐ๋ ์ง๊ธ์ ์ํฉ์ ๋น์ ์์ "์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์
ํ์ฃผ์์ ์
์ฅ์์ ๊ฐํ์ ์๋ฏผ ๋
ผ์๊ฐ ์ถฉ๋ถ์ด ์ด๋ค์ง๊ธฐ๊น์ง ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ ค์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ์
์ฅ์ด๋ค.
์ง์ง ํผํด ์ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฐ ์ง์ญ ์งํฅ
๋์ผ๋ณธ ๋์ง์ง ํผํด ์ง์ญ์ ์ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฐ ๋ถํฅ์ 2019๋
์ ์์ ์์๋ ์์ง ์ด๋ค์ง์ง ์์๋ค๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ์ง๊ธ๊น์ง์ ๋ถํฅ ๋์ฑ
์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ ๊ด์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํ์ํ๊ณ , ์ด์ฌ๋ฏผ์ด ์๊ณ ์๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋ค์ํ๋๊ณ ์์์ ์ง์ ํ๋ค. ํผํด ์ง์ญ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ์ํด ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ง์์ ์ ๋ํ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ฑํ์ ํ์ฐ๋ ๋์์ ๊ฑด์ ํ ์ง์ ์ฒด์ ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ธ์ฌ ์ก์ฑ, ์์ฐ ํ๋ณด๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ ๋๋ฆผ์์ฐ์
์ "๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ๋ณด๋ฌผ"๋ก์จ ๋ํธ์ฟ ์ง๋ฐฉ ๊ฐ ํ์ ์ 1์ฐจ ์ฐ์
์ ๋ํด "์ธ๊ณ์ ์๋ํ ๋งํ ์ถ์ ๊ณผ ์ ํต์ด ์๋ค"๋ฉฐ ๋ํธ์ฟ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ง์ญ ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฒคํธ์ฑ์ด ์๋ ์ง์ฌ์ผ๋ก ๋ง์ฃผํ๋ค๋ฉด "๋์ ๋ณ๋ ์ฐ์
"์ผ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๋ป์ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
์๋ฒ ๋
ธ๋ฏน์ค์ ๋ํ ํ๊ฐ
์๋ฒ ๋
ธ๋ฏน์ค์ ๋ํด์๋ "ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ก์ด ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ก ๋ด์ค ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ํธ๋ํ๋ ์๋ฒ์ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ๊ธฐ๋ง"์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋นํ์ ์
์ฅ์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ๋ ์๋ฒ ์ ์กฐ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ดํดํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ฉฐ ํ๊ฐ์ ํํ๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฅผ ์งํฑํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฐ์ธ ์๋น๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ฉฐ "๊ฐ์ธ ์๋น๋ฅผ ์ด์ง์ํค๋ ๋์ฑ
์ ์ฐ์ง ์๋ ํ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ ํธ์ ๋์ง ์๋๋ค"๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค.
์ธ๊ต
์ฟ ๋ฆด ์ด๋ ๋ถ์์์ ๋ฌ์์๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ฐฉ ์ํ ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ ๋ ๋ฐํํ์ง ์๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ๋์์ ํ๊ณ ์๊ณ , ์กฐ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋กฑํ๋ ์ฑ๋ช
์ ๋ด๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ค๋ฉฐ ์๋ฒ ์ ๊ถ์ ์ธ๊ต์ ๋ํด "๊ต์ญ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก ๋ฌด์ ํ๋ ์ป์ ๊ฒ์ด ์์๋ค"๊ณ ํ๊ฐํ๋ค. ๋ ์๋ฒ ์ ๊ถ์ ์ธ๊ต ์ ์ฑ
์ "๋งค๊ตญ์ ์๋ฒ "๋ก ๋น์ ํ๋ค.
"์ผํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ๊ฐํ"์ ๋ํ ํ๊ฐ
๋
ธ๋๋ฒ์ ๋ํด "๊ณ ์ฉ์ฃผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ผํ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์งํจ๋ค"๋ ์ฌ์์ด ์ ์ ๊ฐ ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์๋ฒ ์ ๊ถ์ด ์ถ์งํ "์ผํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ๊ฐํ"์ ๋ํด์๋ ์ผํ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์๊ฐํ์ง ์๋ "๊ณ ์ฉํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ๊ฐํ" ๋ฐ์ ๋์ง ์๋๋ค๋ฉฐ ๋ถ์ ์ ๊ฒฌํด๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ๋๋ค.
๋
ผ๋
์๋ฒ ์ด๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์์ ๋ํ ๋ฐ์ธ
2020๋
8์ 28์ผ, ์๋ฒ ์ ์กฐ ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์์ ์ ์ง๋ณ์ธ ๊ถค์์ฑ ๋์ฅ์ผ ์
ํ๋ฅผ ์ด์ ๋ก ์ฌ์๋ฅผ ํ๋ช
ํ์, ์ด์๊ฐํค๋ ์์ ์ ํธ์ํฐ์์ "์ด๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฌ๋์ด๋ค. ๊ฑด๊ฐ ์
ํ๋ฅผ ์ด์ ๋ก ์ฌ์ํ ์๋ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๋น์ฐํ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ์ด๋ค. ํ๋ณต์ ๊ธฐ์ํ๋ค"๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ฉด์๋ ํํธ์ผ๋ก๋ ์๋ฒ ์ ๋ํด "์ค์ํ ์๊ธฐ(์ฝ๋ก๋19 ๋ฒ์ ํ)์ ๋ชธ์ ๋ง๊ฐ๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฒ๋ฆ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์๊ธฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๊ฐํ๋ฉฐ "์ด๋ฐ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ด๊ฐ์ด๋ฆฌ๋์ , ๋น ์ด์ฌ๋ก ์ํ๋์ ์๋ฏผ๋น์ ์ฑ
์์ ์๊ฒฉํ ์ถ๊ถํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ฑ
์์ ๋ฌป๊ณ ํ์ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์ ์ด๋ํ์ง ์๊ธฐ ์ํด ์กฐ์ํ ์์ผ ๋ด์ ๊ตญํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํ ๊ฒ์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค"๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํด ๋
ผ๋์ด ๋์๋ค. ์ด์๊ฐํค๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ธ์์๋ "์๋ฒ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ 1์ฐจ ์ง๊ถ ์๊ธฐ(2006~2007) ๋๋ '์ปจ๋์
์
ํ'๋ฅผ ์ด์ ๋ก ๋ฌผ๋ฌ๋ ์ ์ด ์๊ณ , ์ดํ์๋ ๋์์์ด ๊ฑด๊ฐ ์ด์์ค์ด ํ๋ฌ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ๋ ์๋ฏผ๋น์ '์ญ์ ์๋ฒ ๋ฐ์ ์๋ค'๋ฉฐ ๊ณ์ ์๋ฒ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ด๋ถ์ธ ์
์ด๋ค. ๋ง์ฝ ์๋ฏผ๋น์ด ๊ธฐ์
์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด๋ฐ '๋ธ๋ ๊ธฐ์
'๋ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค"๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ฉฐ ์๋ฏผ๋น์ ์ฑ
์์ ์ง์ ํ๋ ๋ฐ์ธ์ ํ๋ค.
์ด๋ฐ ์ด์๊ฐํค์ SNS ๊ธ์ ๋ํด "์ง๋ณ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ถ๋ค์ ๋ํ ๋ชจ์", "์ง๋ณ์ด ์
ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํด '๋ฒ๋ฆ'์ด๋ผ๋ ํํ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ๊ฑด ๋ฌธ์ "๋ผ๋ ๋นํ์ด ์๋ํ๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ํด ์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์๋ค๋
ธ ์ ํค์ค ๋ํ๋ "๋๋ ๊ทธ ๋ด์ฉ์ ์ ์ ํ์ง ์๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ค"๋ฉฐ ์๋๋ฌ ์ด์๊ฐํค๋ฅผ ๋นํํ๊ณ , ์์ ์ SNS์์๋ "์ฃ์ก์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ ์๊ฐํ๋ค. ๋น ์ง๋๋ถ๊ฐ ๋ถ์ ์ ํ๋ค๋ ์๊ฒฌ์ ๋น์ฌ์์๊ฒ ์ ๋ฌํ๊ณ ์ ์ ํ ๋์์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค"๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด์๊ฐํค๋ 8์ 28์ผ ๋ฆ์ ๋ฐค์ด ๋์ด์์ผ "์ง๋ณ์ ์ํ์ ์๊ณ ์ผํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋ํ ๋ฐฐ๋ ค๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ์ฑํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ฌ๊ณผ์ ๋ง์์ ๋๋ฆฐ๋ค"๋ผ๋ ๊ธ์ ํธ์ํฐ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ค. 8์ 31์ผ์๋ ์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ํ์ฟ ์ผ๋ง ๋ฐ์ฐ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฌ์ฅ๊ณผ ๋๊ฐํ๋ง ํ๋ก์ ํค ์ฐธ์์ ์์ํ์ฅ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ '์์ค ์ฃผ์' ์ฒ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ํธ์ํฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์ ์ฌ์ฐจ ๋ฐ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ฌ์ฃ์ ๋ป์ ํ๋ช
ํ๋ค.
์ญ๋ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๊ณต์ ์น์ฌ์ดํธ
์ด์๊ฐํค ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ - ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ
์ด์๊ฐํค ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ - ํธ์ํฐ
์ด์๊ฐํค ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ - ํ์ด์ค๋ถ
์ด์๊ฐํค ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ์ฝ - ์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น ์๊ฐ๋
1974๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
์ผ๋ค์ด์ ์ถ์
์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น (์ผ๋ณธ, 2017๋
)์ ์ ์น์ธ
์
ํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋น (์ผ๋ณธ, 2020๋
)์ ์ ์น์ธ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noriko%20Ishigaki | Noriko Ishigaki | Noriko Ishigaki (born Noriko Ogawa on August 1, 1974, in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese politician who has served as a member of the House of Councillors of Japan since 2019. She represents the Miyagi at-large district and is a member of the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan.
References
Living people
1974 births
Politicians from Miyagi Prefecture
21st-century Japanese women politicians
Members of the House of Councillors (Japan)
Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan politicians
21st-century Japanese politicians |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A1%B0%20%EB%9E%98%EB%B9%97 | ์กฐ์กฐ ๋๋น | ใ์กฐ์กฐ ๋๋นใ()์ 2019๋
๊ฐ๋ด๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ธ๋ ์ฝ๋ฏธ๋ ์ํ์ด๋ค. ํ์ด์นด ์์ดํฐํฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋
๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ณธ์ ๋งก์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํด ๋ฃจ๋จ์ค์ ์์ค Caging Skies ๊ฐ ์ํ์ ์์์ด๋ค. 2019 ํ ๋ก ํ ์ํ์ ์์ ์ ์ธ๊ณ ์ต์ด๋ก ๊ณต๊ฐ๋์๋ค. ์ 92ํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ์์์์์ ๊ฐ์์์ ์์ํ์๋ค.
์ค๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ
๋๋ ์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์ ์ด ๋๋๊ฐ ์ฆ์์ ๋์น ๋
์ผ. 10์ด ์๋
์ํ๋ค์ค '์กฐ์กฐ' ๋ฒ ์ธจ๋ฌ๋ ์ด๋จธ๋ '๋ก์ง'์ ํจ๊ป ์ด๊ณ ์๋ค. ์กฐ์กฐ์ ์๋ฒ์ง๋ ๊ตฐ์ธ์ผ๋ก ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์ ์ ๋๊ฐ์ผ๋ ์๋ฌด๋ฐ ์์๋ ์๊ณ , ๋๋ ์๊ฒ๋ ์ผ๋ง ์ ๋
๊ฐ์ ์๋ค ํ๋๋๋ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ๋น๋ํ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ์กฐ์กฐ๋ ๋ฉ์ฒญํ์ง๋ง ์ธ์์ ๋๋ ์๋ ์์ ์น๊ตฌ, ์๋ํ์ ํจ๊ป ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ด ํ๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ค.
๋
์ผ์๋
๋จ์ ๊ฐ์
ํ ๋์ด๊ฐ ๋ ์กฐ์กฐ๋ ์ ์ผ ์นํ ์น๊ตฌ '์ํค'์ ํจ๊ป ํํ๋ฌ ์ ์๋
๋จ ํ๋ จ์บ ํ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ๊ณ , ์ธ๋๋ฐ์ด ํด๋ ์ ๋๋ฅดํ ๋์์ ๋งฅ๋น ์ง๋ ์ฒซ๋ฒ์งธ ์์
์์ ์ ์๋
๋จ์ ์์งํ๋ ๋จ๋๋ฅผ ์์ฌ๋ฐ๋๋ค. ์์
์ค ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋จ์ ํ์๊ฒ์ ํ ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ฌ๋ณด๋ผ๋ ์ํ์ ๋ค์ง๋ง ์ฐจ๋ง ๊ทธ๋ด ์ ์์ด ํ ๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ์ด์ฃผ๋ ค ํ๋ค๊ฐ, ๊ทธ ํ์ด ๋จ์จ์ ๋์์ฑ ๋ชฉ์ ๊บพ์ด ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ '์กฐ์กฐ ๋๋น'์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋๋ฆผ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋์ ์ธ๋ฉด์ ๋ฐ์ณ๋์จ๋ค. ์๋ํ์ ๋ค๋
์์ ๊ธฐ์ด์ ๋์ฐพ์ ์กฐ์กฐ๋ ์๋ฅํ ํฌ์ฒ ์์
ํ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ฌ๋ ค๊ฐ ๋์๊ฐ ๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ์๋ฅํ์ ๋บ์ด ๋์ง๋ค. ๋๋ ์ด๋งํผ ์ฉ๊ฐํ๋ค๋ฉฐ ๋ฟ๋ฏํดํ๋ ๊ทธ ์๊ฐ, ๋ ์๊ฐ ์๋ฅํ์ด ๋๋ฌด์ ํ๊ฒจ ์กฐ์กฐ๊ฐ ์ ์๋ ์๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋๋์์ ๋ฐ๋ฐ์์ ํญ๋ฐํ๊ณ ๋ง๋ค. ์กฐ์กฐ๋ ์ฆ์ ๋ณ์์ผ๋ก ์ด์ก๋์ด ๊ฒจ์ฐ ์ด์๋ฌ์ง๋ง, ์ผ๊ตด ํํฐ์ ์ ๋๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋ ํ์์ ์์ฒ๊ฐ ๋จ๊ฒ ๋์ด๋ฒ๋ ธ๋ค. ์๋ง ๋ก์ง๋ ํด์ํ ์กฐ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฌ๊ณ ์ฑ
์์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฑ๋ ํด๋ ์ ๋๋ฅดํ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์๊ฐ, ์๊ธฐ ์๋ค์ด ๋ค์น๊ธด ํ์ง๋ง ๊ทธ๋๋ ์์๊ฐ์ ๋๋ ์ ์๋๋ก ์ ๋ณด์ดํด๋ฌ๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค. ์ด์ ์กฐ์กฐ๋ ํ๋กํ๊ฐ๋ค ์ ๋จ์ง๋ฅผ ๋๋ค ๊ณณ๊ณณ์ ๋ฐฐํฌํ๊ณ , ์ ์๋ฌผ์ ์ง์์ ์ํด ๊ณ ์ฒ ๋ฉ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ผ๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์์ผ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
์ง์ ํผ์ ๋จ์ ์ด๋๋ , ์กฐ์กฐ๋ ์์ธต ๋๋ ๋ฐฉ ๊ตฌ์๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ์์ 10๋ ์ ๋์ธ ์๋
'์์ฌ ์ฝ๋ฅด'๊ฐ ์จ์ด์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฐ์ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๋ค. ์กฐ์กฐ์ ๋ง์ฃผ์น ์์ฌ๋ ์ ๋์ ์ธ ํ๋๋ก ๊ณตํฌ์ ์ง๋ฆฐ ์กฐ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ๋ชฐ์์ธ์ด ๋ค ๋จ๋๋ฅผ ๋นผ์์๊ฐ๋ค. ์กฐ์กฐ๋ ์์ฌ์๊ฒ ๊ฒ์ํํฌ์ ๋๊ฒจ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ์ฝ๋ฐ์ง๋ฌ ๋ณด์ง๋ง, ์์ฌ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฉด ๋ํฌ ์๋ง๋ ์์ ์ ์จ๊ฒจ์ค ์ฃ๋ก ์ฒํ๋นํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ง์๊ฒ ์ผ๋ฌ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด "๋์น ()์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋ค"๊ณ ์ํํ์, ๊ฒ์ด ๋ ์กฐ์กฐ๊ฐ ์ผ๋ฌ๋ฐ์น์ง ์๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ์ฝ์ํ๋ค. ์ดํ ์กฐ์กฐ๋ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํด '์ ๋์ธ์ ๋น๋ฐ'์ ์์๋ด์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ง๋ค์ด ํด๋ ์ ๋๋ฅดํ์๊ฒ ์ ๋ฌํ๋ฉด ๋๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ์ฌ๋ฐ๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋
๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์๊ฐ๋ค. ์์ฌ๋ "์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์๋ก๊ฐ์ ์๊ฐ์ ์ฝ์ ์ ์๋ค"๋ ๋ฑ ์ ๋์ธ์ ๊ดํ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง์ด๋ด ๋ค๋ ค์ฃผ๋ฉด์ ์ด์ธ๋ ค ์ค๋ค.
์ถ์ฐ
๋ก๋จผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ ๋ฐ์ด๋น์ค - ์ํ๋ค์ค "์กฐ์กฐ" ๋ฒ ์ธจ๋ฌ ์ญ
ํ ๋จธ์ ๋งค์ผ์ง - ์์ฌ ์ฝ๋ฅด ์ญ
์ค์นผ๋ ์ํ์จ - ํ๋ผ์ฐ ๋ก์ง ๋ฒ ์ธจ๋ฌ ์ญ
ํ์ด์นด ์์ดํฐํฐ - ์๋ํ ํํ๋ฌ ์ญ
์ ๋ก์ฐ - ํด๋ ์ฒธ๋๋ฅดํ ๋์ ์ญ
๋ฆฌ๋ฒจ ์์จ - ๋ ์ฌ์ฌ
์คํฐ๋ธ ๋จธ์ฒํธ - ํค๋ฅด๋ง ๋ฐ๋ฅด์ธ ์ญ
์จํผ ์จ๋ฐ - ํ์ผ ์ญ
์์น ์์ด์ธ - ์ํค ์ญ
๋ฃจํฌ ๋ธ๋๋ ํ๋ - ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ ํ ์ญ
๋ธ๋ผ์ด์ธ ์นด์คํผ - ๋ฎฌ๋ฌ ์ญ
์ปคํฐ์ค ๋งคํ - ์์ฌ ์ญ
์ ํค์ด๊ฑฐ์ค - ํ์ค ์ญ
๋ก๋ฒํธ ์ด์คํธ - ๊ทธ๋ฃจ์ฌ ์ญ
์์ ์ ๋ณด
2019๋
์ 32ํ ์์นด๊ณ ๋นํ๊ฐ ํํ์ ํ๋ณด ๊ฐ์์, ์ ๋ง์ฐ๊ธฐ์
2019๋
์ 32ํ ๋์ฟ๊ตญ์ ์ํ์ ํ๋ณด ํน๋ณ์ด๋์
2019๋
์ 38ํ ๋ฒค์ฟ ๋ฒ๊ตญ์ ์ํ์ ํ๋ณด ํน๋ณ์๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ฌธ
2019๋
์ 44ํ ํ ๋ก ํ ๊ตญ์ ์ํ์ ํ๋ณด ํน๋ณํ ๋ฐํ๋ถ๋ฌธ ์์ ๊ด๊ฐ์(ํ์ด์นด ์์ดํฐํฐ)
2019๋
์ 55ํ ์์นด๊ณ ๊ตญ์ ์ํ์ ํ๋ณด ์คํ์
ํ๋ ์ ํ
์ด์
, ์ฝ๋ฏธ๋
2019๋
์ 56ํ ๊ธ๋ง์ฅ ํ๋ณด ํ๋
ธ๋ผ๋ง
2019๋
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2019๋
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์ 73ํ ์๊ตญ ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ์์์ ํ๋ณด ๋ฏธ์ ์, ์ฌ์ฐ์กฐ์ฐ์, ์์์, ์ํ์, ํธ์ง์ ์์ ๊ฐ์์(ํ์ด์นด ์์ดํฐํฐ)
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์ 26ํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ ์กฐํฉ์ ํ๋ณด ์ํ๋ถ๋ฌธ ์์๋ธ์, ์ํ๋ถ๋ฌธ ์ฌ์ฐ์กฐ์ฐ์
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์ 72ํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฐ๋
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2020๋
์ 25ํ ํฌ๋ฆฌํฑ์ค ์ด์ด์ค ์์์ ํ๋ณด ๊ฐ์์, ์ ์ธ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์, ์ฌ์ฐ์กฐ์ฐ์, ์ํ์, ์ฝ๋ฏธ๋์ํ์ ์์ ์ ์ธ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์(๋ก๋ง ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ ๋ฐ์ด๋น์ค)
2020๋
์ 31ํ ํ์ค์คํ๋ง์ค ๊ตญ์ ์ํ์ ํ๋ณด ํ ํน ํฝ์ณ์ค: ๋ถ ํฌ ์คํฌ๋ฆฐ
์ ๊ณต
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/๋ฐฐ๊ธ : ์ํธ๋์ฆ๋์ปดํผ๋์ฝ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ํ์ฑ
์ํ์ฌ
์ ์ : ํญ์ค ์์น๋ผ์ดํธ ํฝ์ฒ์ค
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
2019๋
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์์ด ์ํ ์ํ
ํ์ด์นด ์์ดํฐํฐ ๊ฐ๋
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฑ์ฅ ์ํ
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ธ๋ ์ฝ๋ฏธ๋ ์ํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฝ๋ฏธ๋ ๋๋ผ๋ง ์ํ
๋ฐ์ ์ํ
์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์ ์ํ
๋์น ๋
์ผ์ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ์ํ
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์๋ํ ํํ๋ฌ๋ฅผ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ์ํ
1945๋
์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ํ
ํ๋ผํ์์ ์ดฌ์ํ ์ํ
ํญ์ค ์์น๋ผ์ดํธ ํฝ์ฒ์ค ์ํ
์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ๊ฐ์์ ์์์
์๊ตญ ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ์ ์์์
์ ์ ์ฝ๋ฏธ๋ ์ํ
๋ชจ์๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ์ํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ ์น ์ฝ๋ฏธ๋ ์ํ
๋ฐ์ ์ํ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jojo%20Rabbit | Jojo Rabbit | Jojo Rabbit is a 2019 comedy-drama film written and directed by Taika Waititi, adapted from Christine Leunens's 2008 book Caging Skies. Roman Griffin Davis portrays the title character, Johannes "Jojo" Betzler, a ten-year-old Hitler Youth member who finds out that his mother (Scarlett Johansson) is hiding a Jewish girl (Thomasin McKenzie) in their attic. He must then question his beliefs while dealing with the intervention of his imaginary friend (Waititi), a fanciful version of Adolf Hitler with a comedic stance on the politics of the war. The film also stars Sam Rockwell, Rebel Wilson, Stephen Merchant, and Alfie Allen.
Waititi wrote the screenplay in 2011, a year after his mother described the premise of Caging Skies. He rewrote the first draft, which as a rough adaptation of the dark-toned source material did not contain much comedy; it was also in the rewritten version that Adolf's character was included. Waititi recalled the pitching process as exhausting. In 2012, it landed on the Black List, where it remained in a development limbo until several years later when Fox Searchlight Pictures showed interest in it. A tight casting schedule started in 2018, and the film started principal photography in the Czech Republic in May 2018, finishing two months later. Post-production included adding the visual effects, editing done by Tom Eagles, as well as a score composed by Michael Giacchino.
Jojo Rabbit had its world premiere at the 44th Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2019, where it won the Grolsch People's Choice Award. It was later released theatrically in the United States on October 18. It was chosen by the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute as one of the ten best films of the year. The film mostly received critical acclaim, though there were a few polarized critical reviews due to its comedic treatment of the subject of Nazism. Among its numerous accolades, the film won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, while also being nominated for five other awards, including Best Picture, at the 92nd Academy Awards.
Plot
During the collapse of Nazi Germany in the city of Falkenheim, ten-year-old Johannes "Jojo" Betzler joins the Deutsches Jungvolk, the junior section of the Hitler Youth (HJ). Heavily indoctrinated with Nazi ideals, he has an imaginary friend named Adolf, a buffoonish version of Adolf Hitler. The local HJ training camp is run by the conflicted Captain Klenzendorf. Though a fanatic, Jojo is nicknamed "Jojo Rabbit" after refusing to kill a rabbit to prove his worthiness. Pepped up by Adolf, he returns to prove himself, throwing a Stielhandgranate by himself that explodes at his feet, leaving him scarred and limping. His mother Rosie insists to the now-demoted Klenzendorf that Jojo still be included, giving him small tasks like spreading propaganda leaflets and collecting scrap for the war effort.
Alone at home one day, Jojo discovers Elsa Korr, a teenage Jewish girl and his late sister Inge's former classmate, hiding behind the walls of Inge's attic bedroom. Jojo is both terrified of and aggressive towards Elsa. The two are left at an impasse, as the revelation of Rosie's hiding of Elsa would lead to the execution of all three of them. Inspired by an offhand rant by Klenzendorf, Jojo continues to interact with her to uncover her "Jew secrets" and make a picture book titled Yoohoo Jew, allowing people to easily recognize her kind. Despite this, he finds himself clashing with innocence, and slowly forming a friendship with her. Elsa is both saddened and amused by Jojo's radical beliefs, using surreal antisemitic canards to challenge his dogmatism. Jojo slowly becomes infatuated with the strong-willed and kind Elsa, frequently forging love letters from her fiancรฉ Nathan, and begins questioning his beliefs, causing Adolf to scold him over his diminishing patriotism.
Gradually, Rosie is revealed to be part of the German resistance to Nazism, spreading anti-Nazi messages around town. One day while she is out, the Gestapo come to investigate; Klenzendorf arrives and helps Jojo and Elsa deceive the Gestapo regarding Elsa's identity. Later, Jojo finds Rosie has been executed at a gallows in the public square. Devastated, he returns home and tries to stab Elsa before breaking down in tears. Elsa comforts him and also reveals that Jojo's lost father has been working against Hitler from abroad. Jojo's beliefs on Nazism quickly shift, as he sees the regime's inhumanity. With no money, the pair scavenge food from waste bins around the city.
Following Hitler's suicide, the Allies initiate an offensive on Falkenheim. Weakened, the civilian population including the Jungvolk is pressed into combat service. Jojo hides until it ends with an Allied victory. As a Jungvolk, he is seized by Soviet soldiers alongside Klenzendorf, who tells him to look after Elsa, tears off his Jungvolk coat while calling him a Jew so the soldiers do not harm him. Klenzendorf is then executed by firing squad. Fearing that Elsa will leave him, Jojo tells her Germany won the war. Recognizing her despair, he forges a letter from Nathan, claiming that he and Jojo have figured out a way to smuggle her to Paris. Elsa confesses that Nathan died of tuberculosis the previous year. Jojo tells her he loves her, but she tells him she loves him as a brother. A disheveled Adolf angrily confronts Jojo for siding with Elsa, but Jojo kicks him out a window. Outside, Elsa sees American soldiers and realizes the truth, slapping Jojo in the face for lying. They then dance, now free.
Cast
Roman Griffin Davis as Johannes "Jojo" Betzler, a young German boy who is a member of the Deutsches Jungvolk
Thomasin McKenzie as Elsa Korr, a Jewish girl whom Rosie hides in her home
Scarlett Johansson as Rosie Betzler, Jojo's mother who is secretly anti-Nazi
Taika Waititi as Adolf, Jojo's imaginary friend
Sam Rockwell as Captain Klenzendorf, an army officer who runs a Jungvolk camp
Rebel Wilson as Frรคulein Rahm, an instructor of the League of German Girls in the Jungvolk camp
Alfie Allen as Freddy Finkel, the second-in-command to Captain Klenzendorf
Stephen Merchant as Herman Deertz, a Gestapo agent
Archie Yates as Yorki, Jojo's best friend and a fellow member of the Jungvolk
Gabriel Andrews as Herr Klum, Gestapo agent
Joe Weintraub as Herr Junker, Gestapo agent
Brian Casper as Herr Mueller, Gestapo agent
Billy Rayner as Herr Frosch, Gestapo agent
Robert East as Herr Grusch.
Gilby and Hardy Griffin Davis as Hitler Youth doubles in the care of Frรคulein Rahm
Victoria Hogan as Unnamed woman
Luke Brandon Field as Jungvolk senior Christoph
Sam Haygarth as Christoph's friend Hans
Stanislav Callas as Soldier
Christian Howlings
Curtis Matthew as Jojo's doctor.
Rachel House as American soldier (deleted scene)
Production
Development and writing
Waititi had the idea for Jojo Rabbit in 2010, when his mother, Robin Cohen, introduced him to Christine Leunens' 2008 novel Caging Skies. Bored with generic World War II stories that were told through the perspectives of soldiers and survivors, and aided by the background of his grandfather once fighting against the Nazis, he decided to adapt the novel. The taboo subject matter did not prevent him from pursuing the project: he looked at it as a motivation and thought of it as a challenge to be bold in filmmaking. He also considered the film a "love letter to all mothers", with a loving mother character present in the film. Waititi compared the premise of the screenplay with the Nickelodeon cartoon Rugrats, which portrays violence through the fantastical lens of a child: "In a lot of ways I wanted to keep some sort of innocence around that stuff." A juvenile lens also meant an honest depiction of Nazism for Waititi: "Children, they don't fuck around. They will straight-up say to you, 'You are ugly.' Or, 'You are a bad dad,' or 'you betrayed me.' Some of it makes no sense, but at least they're being honest about their feelings." Another inspiration came from reading that 66% of American millennials had never heard of or had no knowledge of the Auschwitz concentration camp; with Jojo Rabbit, he hoped the memories of the victims would remain forever and that conversations about the topic would not stop.
Shortly after Waititi had the idea for the adaptation, he sent an email to Leunens, and the screenplay was written in 2011. Waititi thought it was good timing, with various prejudices and extremism on the rise at the time. He insisted that slapstick was a fine way of telling a story with dark themes like World War II: "The world needs ridiculous films, because the world is ridiculous." The first draft did not contain Hitler, but Waititi rewrote the whole thing again shortly thereafter; the first draft lacked comedy, due to it being a rough adaptation from Caging Skies, which Waititi described as a complete drama. Waititi decided not to make Jojo Rabbit a "straight-out drama" as it would make the film clichรฉ: he instead used humor to build the narrative, then introduced drama to shock the audience. Some of the characters' names were taken from Waititi's friends, he noted. Leunens described it as faithful to the source material, yet original, comparing it to the painting Guernica. Cohen praised the creation of Adolf and the cartoonish depiction of Nazis. Badlands (1973) was an inspiration for the relationship between Jojo and Elsa, while Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974) inspired Rosie's character. Colorized documentaries such as World War II in Colour (2008โ2009) helped Waititi "to get a sense of how things really looked": colorful and vibrant. Regarding storyboards, Waititi instructed artist Andrej Kostic only if the scene had a number of actors; this includes the final battle scene.
The premise of the film meant difficulty in garnering interest from the film industry. Waititi stated that he did not do pitches: "I just sent the script out and let that do the talking. It's very hard to start a conversation with, 'It's about a little boy in the Hitler Youth.' [...] And then when I say, 'Oh, but don't worry, it's got humor in it,' it just gets worse." Nearly losing hope, he initially thought of just producing it independently in New Zealand. The project gained attention when it landed on the Black List of top unproduced screenplays in 2012. In February of that year at the International Film Festival Rotterdam, CineMart showed interest in the script. Despite this, the film remained in development limbo; Waititi went on with other projects like What We Do in the Shadows (2014) and Hunt for the Wilderpeople (2016). While Waititi's film Thor: Ragnarok (2017) began production, Fox Searchlight Pictures showed interest in Jojo Rabbit after searching for "more auteur-driven movies with challenging concepts." Contrary to popular belief that Ragnarok sparked interest in Waititi, Searchlight looked at his earlier works, such as Boy (2010). TSG Entertainment later joined the project with a budget of $14 million, $800,000 of which was directed towards the art department. In total, pre-production took two months.
Waititi initially wanted to film Jojo Rabbit in Berlin, a place with which he had a deep connection, with financing from Studio Babelsberg. However, due to human rights and filming restrictions in Germany, with minors only able to work three hours a day, he decided to move filming to the Czech Republic. Babelsberg was credited with assisting development alongside the New Zealand Film Commission. The Czech Film Fund was credited for giving the film's crew production incentives. Production services throughout filming were provided by Czech Anglo Productions. Waititi-affiliated Defender Films and Piki Films were also credited as production companies. The film was thus credited as a co-production between the United States, New Zealand, and the Czech Republic.
Casting
In 2018, casting associates were dispatched to schools in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Germany, the United States, and Canada to find the right actor to portray Jojo Betzler. Waititi wanted an actor "who could embody the character's pinwheeling mix of blind gusto and untamed emotions in stride", while also depicting Jojo's coming-of-age transformation in a way that blended well with the film's "deep" themes. Waititi and the casting team, led by casting director Des Hamilton, watched about 1,000 audition tapes, and later accepted Roman Griffin Davis, who was initially being auditioned for Ford v Ferrari, but later also auditioned for Jojo Rabbit. According to producer Carthew Neal, Davis had the charisma and enthusiasm Jojo's character projects, but was also able to mix a variety of emotions, further enriching the film's "deep" themes. Davis stated that portraying Jojo was a challenge as he is a conflicted character. He guided himself by researching the Hitler Youth. As a newcomer, he received immense support from the cast members. Davis joined the project six weeks before filming; he was one of the latest actors to be cast despite being in the lead role.
Waititi created Elsa Korr as a character with "the steely strength and self-possession that defuses Jojo's distrust", a mysterious yet humane outlook. Thomasin McKenzie, a New Zealand-born actress Waititi had known for a long time, was chosen to portray Elsa as a "really pretty, very cool girl who has this hard attitude", which hopefully would make Jojo's infatuation towards her in the film understandable. McKenzie did research on World War II from the perspective of a Jewish girl, and she created the character of Elsa by herself, with Waititi giving her only a teaser of how he imagined Elsa. Waititi also asked her to watch the film Heathers (1988), which has a character he envisioned Elsa to be.
In March 2018, it was revealed that Waititi would direct, write, co-produce, and co-star in the film as Adolf. Speaking of the context of the role, Waititi stated, "It's my version of [...] a lonely boy's best version of his hero, which is really his dad," referring to the fact that in the film, Jojo is desperate to join Hitler's ranks during World War II. Searchlight decided that they would only make the film if Waititi portrayed Adolf; Waititi reluctantly agreed and recalled being embarrassed on set. He also stated he did not do much research on Hitler "because I just didn't think he deserved [the effort]." The cast members recalled being shocked the first time they saw Waititi dressed as Adolf.
Also in March, Scarlett Johansson was cast as Rosie for what Waititi described as "this sort of goofy quality about her that I always really wanted to see in a film". Although the film's premise was new to her, Johansson stated that she immediately fell in love with the character. and said that the screenplay "has a lot of humanity." The following month, Sam Rockwell was cast as Captain Klenzendorf. He was "reticent" at the time, like most of the other actors, but he chose to join the project because he said the role "has a juxtaposition", specifically pointing at the Klenzendorf's homosexuality, which according to him is an oxymoron. Rockwell looked for inspiration from comedians like Bill Murray and Walter Matthau (from the 1976 film The Bad News Bears), as he felt they resembled his assigned character. He also looked to the film's other characters for inspiration.
In June 2018, Alfie Allen was cast as Klenzendorf's companion Freddy Finkel. Though Finkel was a new and risky role for Allen, the familial dynamic of the set made it easier for him. The same month, Stephen Merchant was cast as Captain Herman Deertz. He said that he became interested in the film due to its coming-of-age nature, and thought that Waititi's blend of humor and tragedy was seamless, comparing its satirical style with that of Dr. Strangelove. Soon, Rebel Wilson joined the project as Frรคulein Rahm.
Casting in Prague was led by Maya Kvetny, with Kristรฝna Poliฤek assisting. Additional casting was done by Shayna Markowitz, Stephanie Gorin, and Stu Turner. Casting for the extras were done by Deedee Casting Management; children extras were cast by A-Casting.
Filming
Principal photography for Jojo Rabbit occurred between May 28 and July 21, 2018, at various places in Prague, ลฝatec, รลกtฤk, Kytรญn, Dolnรญ Beลkovice, Hoลรญn, Leneลกice, and the Petschek Palace. The former Leneลกice sugar refinery was used to film the war scenes. Production designer Ra Vincent chose these pre-war, unbombed places "because it had so much character and it felt like the most German of all the Czech towns we visited, with lots of German-style baroque architecture" The Barrandov Studios were also used for filming most of the interior scenes, which Vincent thought of as a great choice, considering Nazi propaganda used to be filmed there. Vincent chose รลกtฤk to film the exterior due to the "ornate" color palette of the architecture, said to connect with Jojo's character.
Waititi prohibited cell phone usage on set in order to retain focus and create a calming environment. He allowed the crew and actors to experiment with their work or characters by themselves, as he had no strict edicts for how the film should unfold. This was also stated to be a third reason for the cell phone prohibition. Other directors, including Quentin Tarantino, have used this rule before. By minimizing directions for the cast members, Waititi hoped to avoid stiff performances. He also did not show the full picture of Rosie when she was hanged, thinking it was unethical to showcase the deaths of family members.
Due to labor laws on child actors, the crew was only able to film eight or nine hours a day, causing stress for the adult actors as they would have to work with body doubles for certain periods of time. The actors described having a fun experience on set, saying Waititi was engaging to work with. McKenzie further elaborated that it was "easy-going and fun", as it allowed her to "explore the character and try different things". These, along with doing rehearsals, were part of an effort to make the child actors feel comfortable so they would act more naturally.
Reshoots were done starting in February 2019. They mainly focused on scenes set during winter.
Cinematography and visual effects
Mihai Mฤlaimare Jr. was enlisted as the film's cinematographer while he was doing reshoots for The Hate U Give in Atlanta, and he joined the project five days later. He agreed to depict Jojo Rabbit in a colorful and vibrant way, a primary motif of the film, taking inspiration from several colorized documentaries. He also took inspiration from a film he had previously worked on, Youth Without Youth (2007), which featured colorful World War II footage, contrasting the typical desaturated and grayscale historical footage. Cabaret (1972) was also a visual reference used for the cinematography. Despite this, Mฤlaimare arranged for the melancholic scenes to look more desaturated, corresponding to Jojo's emotions and showing the passage of time. He and Waititi also agreed not to visually exaggerate scenes with Adolf. Henri Cartier-Bresson and Robert Capa's images of children during World War II also served as inspiration for the cinematography style: "They were still playing, and they were still doing normal kid stuff, [but] the closer you look at the photo, [...] you realize something is wrongโlike, 'Oh, in this one, they are wearing gas masks,' or 'They are playing close to a pile of bomb'โall these situations that we felt were very close to [Jojo Rabbit]." Around 60 similar stills from Magnum Photos and Flickr were also printed to be analyzed for inspiration.
Mฤlaimare and Waititi also agreed on the decision not to use hand-held cameras, in order to retain the film's classical style. Equipped with a dolly (a golf cart for scenes in the forest), an Arri Alexa SXT and Mini with Super 35 format was used. Around five tests were implemented to determine the aspect ratio for the film; a 1.85:1 anamorphic format was chosen, considering that there were lots of scenes with two people indoors. The anamorphic format was favored due to its "velvety" tone, focus breathing, as well as authentic bokeh. Lenses include the Hawk V-Lite 1.3x anamorphic, Vantage One T1 spherical, and Leitz Summilux-C. The stopped down T1 was used for scenes in small or low-light areas, in order to give them a wide feel. Mฤlaimare worked with digital imaging technician (DIT) Eli Berg to seamlessly transition between scenes using different lenses. Though point-of-view shots were used, the main approach in making the film first-person on Jojo is to lower the camera to Davis's height. Waititi also allowed the actors to also give cinematographic advice, some of which were better than Waititi's suggestions, per Mฤlaimare. Symmetry and horizons are the main composition approaches to the cinematography, a major contributor to the narrative flow. The film was mostly shot using a multiple-camera setup so that close-up and wide shots could be done simultaneously.
Exterior scenes rarely used artificial lighting: scenes in the forest, for example, solely used the sun. The final sequence of the battle scene, which took five or six takes to accomplish, used three extra lights, but they were merely supplements to the sun. The scene where Jojo is having dinner with Rosie used an extensive lighting kit, mainly consisting of a chandelier and two practical lights, lighting the entirety of the setting; one of them dimmed, and tungsten lights to give the characters a softer and warmer lighting in the close-up shots. Small five-watt LED lights were used as lighting for the actors in scenes at Elsa's secret room. In that setting, Mฤlaimare decided to use a medium-bright petrol lamp as the key light, whereas a lighting was used to indicate dusk; candles act as supplements.
Visual effects supervisor Jason Chen had previously worked with Waititi. He joined the project after working on Bumblebee. The goal was to create a "seamless illusion", balancing realism and surrealism. In total, there were about 200 visual effects shots, "about half of which were big invisible set extensions and often done by a [...] team of in house compositors" led by previous Chen collaborator Kenneth Quinn Brown. Chen worked with Clear Angle Studios to set up 3D scanners on tripods at ลฝatec. The scanners shoot laser beams, rotating 360 degrees, scanning the surrounding architecture in order to give an accurate representation of them. They also scanned Czech streets with historical relevance to Jojo Rabbit, especially the square used for Jojo's town, which was once a frequent place for Hitler to hold rallies. A major contributor to the visual effects was Luma Pictures, which split work between Los Angeles and Melbourne. Luma used blue screens to incorporate elements like explosions, tanks, smoke, and gunfire in post-production. The glow of bombs going off in the distance, meanwhile, used matte paintings. They also incorporated snow into scenes that were actually shot during the summer, but were supposed to depict winter in Jojo Rabbit's universe. This was achievable by photographing snow on the streets and adding it to the film, a technique known as "background plate." Additional effects were done by Picture Shop VFX. In total, visual effects took a year to finish.
Fashion design
Mayes C. Rubeo, who had previously collaborated with Waititi in Ragnarok, became Jojo Rabbit's costume designer. In an "intensive" conversation about the costumes, Waititi favored "formal, elegant" fashion, as it matched the kind of clothing people wore in that era, according to his research. He also wanted a design that symbolized the joy of childhood: bright, vivid colors, stressing the ambition to contrast typical historical films. Rubeo interpreted these as Italian neorealism, a filmmaking style popular in the 1940s.
Rubeo thought of Rosie's character as open: "She represents [...] life, [and] she doesn't want to hide [that]." Rubeo started by scouring vintage Italian houses for Rosie's wardrobe, though she also created several blouses and dresses by herself. She wanted Rosie's clothing to be distinctive so it would resonate with the audience throughout the film and assist them in the scene where Rosie is found hanged. Concerning that specific scene, Rubeo chose a pair of single lace-up red and white spectator shoes made by the Toronto shoemaker Jitterbug, based on a sketch she made. Imagining Rosie as "the friend of Elsa Schiaparelli", Rubeo flew to New York City, where she discussed the costume with actor Johansson. Rosie's short-sleeved sweater was characterized by "plaid and zigzag Missoni-style patterns". She was completed with high-waist baggy pants and several other accessories, offering her character a "chic" look. This is in stark contrast to Elsa's clothing palette which, being a confined character, was made monochromatic.
Jojo's Jungvolk uniform was based on the assumption that he is "trying to be the policeman of his household", especially when he wears it even in his house. Though Rubeo found vintage Jungvolk uniforms in Berlin, she noted the need for more sizes for the extras, causing her and the clothing department to sew them, a total of 250, themselves. For Adolf, Rubeo chose the typical brown Nazi Party style, in order to highlight the absurdities of his character, though a "voluminous" pair of riding pants was used to highlight his imaginary state and insecurities. The Hollywood Reporter described it as "paper-bag colored", "khaki", and "safari-style". In total, three Adolf uniforms were sewn. Portraying Captain Klenzendorf, Rockwell reached out to Rubeo and showed her a photo of Murray on Saturday Night Live, saying that he wanted such design. For an experimental uniform Klenzendorf was written to wear in the screenplay, Rubeo went for a "glitzier", "heroic", and "flamboyant" approach, creating for him an "unorthodox" outfit, showcasing the character's creativity despite "know[ing] almost nothing about the rules of design." She said that creating Klenzendorf's outfit "was fun to do".
Rubeo made six different versions for a paper uniform Yorki wears in the final battle scene. She made it out of paper and cardboard, with some cotton. As the war ensues, Yorki's uniform degrades, with only a vest left as the war concludes.
The film's make-up artist was Danelle Satherley, also a frequent collaborator of Waititi's. On Adolf's looks, she envisioned them to be those of a 10-year-old imagination and not an exact replica of Hitler's looks. Despite this, they had some similarities for familiarity purposes. The hair, mustache, and ears shared similarities with Hitler's, whereas the skin and eyes had some alterations. Waititi's skin, specifically, was toned down a bit to not make his character look Caucasian. Blue eyes were chosen to match the propaganda Jojo saw.
Production design
Vincent, who lived in New Zealand, was flabbergasted to be offered the role of the film's production designer, but he had read the script when it was still unproduced and already had some ideas for the set design. He stayed in the Czech Republic for some time to get a feel for European architecture, and took to locals who told generational stories about World War II in order to depict wartime Europe authentically, whilst giving aesthetic touches to symbolize the joy Jojo's character feels about Nazi Germany. Vincent recalled that the interaction with locals was easier than one might think because they see their Nazi history as something it is important to remember, not cover up. He also said that he thinks the locals might have even felt sad when the set decorations were torn away, since his team had "transformed the village back into its former glory days, when it was a beautifully unsullied town." Mฤlaimare commented that the practice in the Czech Republic of being very cautious about installing air conditioners and antennas on historical buildings โ things that would have ruined the historical look of the film โ allowed for a 360-degree set without having to remove much other than cars and street signs. Helping the research were military advisors and specialists; Filip Stiebitz was officially credited as one.
The fully handcrafted set design for the Betzler's house, a Baroque stone cottage filmed at a Barrandov Studios soundstage, is characterized by elegant details, such as thick door frames, windows recessed deeply into the stone walls, a wood-paneled hallway, and a curved staircase. Broadly, it features Art Deco architecture popular in the 1930s. Victorian architecture and a muted color palette were used for Inge's bedroom in order to provide a neutral space in which Jojo and Elsa could bond. According to Vincent's research, Inge's bedroom being in the attic is historically accurate, because certain families in World War II had new types of insulation replacing the method of pitched roofs, meaning they could build rooms up to the attic. This makes Elsa's hideout "obvious, but not-so-obvious". It is conceptualized that the Betzlers are a middle-class family, wealthy enough to own a two-floored, three-bedroom house. With a more modernized interior, another notion is also formed that the house was at some point renovated. Creating the house was said to be the trickiest thing throughout the film's production design. To not make it claustrophobic, the house was given an open layout plan, "and one with viewing portals through to other spaces so that you never felt like you were going to individual little sets. We wanted you to feel you were journeying through a proper house." The house was built on a stage to allow for adequate space to film using a multi-camera setup.
According to Vincent, a woman named Cheng Liang, who was the film's art department assistant, drew Yoohoo Jew. She took inspiration from some of the artwork from the screenplay, as well as Waititi and Vincent's descriptions. Though the book was planned to be about 12 pages long, Liang ended up drawing 42 pages. Her drawings also became inspirations for the cast's acting style, according to Vincent.
Editing
Editor Tom Eagles said that Waititi had been talking to him about the project "for a long time", though he read the screenplay much later. He recalled that Waititi did not sit by his side to judge his editing while it was ongoing. "He's interested in what you have to say and what you might bring to the edit," Eagles said. Eagles was given two weeks to edit Jojo Rabbit after being given some initial suggestions, which Eagles "cautiously" implemented. The film was edited using Avid Media Composer. Eagles used ScriptSync to compare scenes with the screenplay. He stated that the main challenge in editing the film was to give it a tonal balance for every transition between scenes: The rough cut was 165 minutes, with the director's cut being the finalized, 108-minute version. Eagles said that "We didn't want it to look like Titanic". Trimming took eight months, with test screenings implemented: "We needed to test different versions of things and iterations of jokes." It was also observed that some audiences were shocked by a scene when Hitler is scolding Jojo over his degrading patriotism; one person began quietly reciting a prayer. Dailies were also screened to the entire film team once or twice a week in a "small" screening room to let everyone judge the film's qualities, something said to be rare in modern filmmaking.
The film's title sequence was created by the New Zealand production company Assembly. It features footage from the 1935 Nazi propaganda documentary Triumph of the Will. The text letterforms were handcrafted to correspond to the film's historical aesthetic. The film's end titles were created by Scarlet Letters.
Ai-Ling Lee was the film's sound editor, designer, and mixer. With the digital audio workstation (DAW) Pro Tools, she used "subliminal sonic enhancements" to strengthen the sense that the film was portraying Jojo's point of view. In an interview with Variety, she referenced a scene in Jojo's kitchen where Waititi wanted to evoke the sound of Adolf rallying. To increase the tension in the scene, she added reverb to Adolf's dialogue. Accompanying Lee as sound editor was Tobias Poppe. Paul Apelgren was the film's music editor. Steve Baine of Foley One was the Foley artist, with Peter Persaud and Gina Wark mixing and assisting with the Foley, respectively. Bob Industries was credited for post-production services.
Digital intermediate work, specifically color grading, was done by Company 3's senior colorist Tim Stipan.
Music
Jojo Rabbit's original score is composed by Michael Giacchino, in his maiden collaboration with Waititi. Giacchino used the approach of a melodious fairy-tale like score, evoking themes of love and losses after Waititi insisted to score similarly to what he did in Up, Giacchino pledged to use music to emphasize the film's deep emotions instead of its humor, in order to retain the film's message, and to try to musicalize Nazi Germany from Jojo's perspective, who recalled this being a challenge. The score was recorded in December 2018 at the Abbey Road Studios, London, with the choir portions for the 11-minute suite (which was the film's theme music), composed by Giacchino, was the first to be recorded. Caludia Vaลกekovรก coordinated the choir, while the vocals, done by Trinity Boys Choir, were contracted by Susie Gillis for Isobel Griffiths Ltd. Freddie Jamison, part of Trinity Boys, was the vocal soloist in another version of the suite and adult vocalists were from London Voices.
Apart from contemporary German music, the score consisted of old-time European classical music, such as that of Frรฉdรฉric Chopin, Franz Liszt, and Erik Satie. Instead of a 100-piece orchestra, the score was composed with a 22-piece orchestra, featuring string quartet and various instruments including guitar, brass and percussion, as according to Giacchino, "the smaller the orchestra, the more emotional the sound."
Incorporated music in the film was packaged as a soundtrack album, notably "Helden", the German version of "Heroes" by David Bowie, and "Komm, gib mir deine Hand", the German version of "I Want to Hold Your Hand" by the Beatles. While watching documentaries on the Hitler Youth during research, Waititi noted "similarities between the crowd at Hitler's rallies and the frenzy at Beatles concerts". Giacchino helped secure the rights to the song by contacting Paul McCartney, with whom he had previously worked. Both this soundtrack and the original score soundtrack were released on October 18, 2019, the day of Jojo Rabbit's theatrical release, by Hollywood Records, Fox Music, and Universal Music Canada, with the vinyl version of the soundtrack released on November 22.
Themes and analysis
Waititi described the moral of Jojo Rabbit as "about learning to think for yourself and not falling into the trap of just following the group".
The dominant theme of the film is Nazism. According to GradeSaver, a study guide, the film uses humor to increase the stakes of the regime's impact on the characters and their freedom. Specifically in Jojo, whose loyalty towards Nazism shifts throughout the film due to a clash with innocence, the film also shows the dangers of propaganda to those who blindly abide by it, especially children. Then, the film focuses on the individual characters and their traits, highlighting their bravery and strength to show "how strong they were even in the face of horror"; this is most distinct in Elsa's character, who has been compared to Anne Frank. Thus, the film centers upon the concept of how ideologies can affect people and society. It is also a message that fascist groups like the Nazis are harmful to everyone, supporters and opposition. It also sends a message that war takes joy away from people and is "painstakingly ugly"; the Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology described it as "a moral to the present uncertainties in the modern world."
Hegemonic and toxic masculinity are also themes expressed in Jojo Rabbit. The main example lies in Jojo's desire to be a Nazi, which to do so he was taught to act fierce. It also shows how such mentality harms everyone, men and women. Jojo's clumsy attitude as seen throughout the film shows how he is inherently incompatible with the ideology. This also allows the other characters as well as the audiences who "eventually overlook his avowed Nazism and instead view him as a sympathetic, misguided character who should be allowed redemption." Adolf's buffoonish attitude is a way of showcasing how hegemonic masculinity can attack itself subversively. There's also the suggestion that "Komm, gib mir deine Hand" is used to compare the obsessive behavior of the Beatles' fans (Beatlemania) to that of the prejudicial behavior of the Nazis.
Irony runs throughout the film. In the opening scene, Jojo motivates himself to be "a man," yet is nervous. According to Tony S.L. Michael of the Journal of Religion and Film, the way Falkenheim literature is German but the character dialogues are mostly English "sets up the dichotomy between the fact that what is outside may separate us, but what is inside should bring us altogether." This leads to another suggested theme of the film: human interaction. For example, as Elsa and Rosie began stressing to Jojo the importance of love and compassion in various dialogues, his viewpoint of Nazism begin to subtly shift, shown by the darkening attitude of Adolf. Klenzendorf's character, meanwhile, most embodies the film's use of hyperbole and sarcasmโseen in his distinct use of dry humorโwhich makes him important to the over-the-top portrayals of Nazism.
A main motif of Jojo Rabbit is shoes. They feature frequently in the film, either visually or audibly. According to Michael, it is a metaphor symbolising Jojo's coming-of-age journey. During the scene where Jojo finds Rosie hanged, it suggests to Jojo that he should become more mature. Other motifs include the rabbit, symbolising Jojo's inability to live up to the Nazis' expectations, and the dagger, symbolising toxic masculinity. Meanwhile, dancing represents "pleasure in the face of adversity, relief when it is over, and hope for the future", as well as freedom. Nulman compares this to the misquoted phrase by Emma Goldman, "If I can't dance, it's not my revolution."
Marketing and release
In March 2019, distributor Fox Searchlight's parent company 21st Century Fox was acquired by Disney. As Jojo Rabbit featured mature themes, several Disney executives worried that releasing the film would ruin their reputation as a family-friendly studio; it was also said to be "too edgy" for Disney, as stated in Variety. However, they remained optimistic about the film's success, with CEOs Bob Iger and Alan Horn arguing that it has a good message and would diversify their scope.
To market the film, Fox Searchlight released a scene from the German World War II film Downfall, which had been a popular asset for memes, wherein subtitles would mistranslate the dialogue to something humorous, mostly known as the Angry Hitler meme. In the Jojo Rabbit version, Hitler is driven insane with the news of Waititi, a Polynesian Jew, creating a film poking fun at Hitler. Additionally, a teaser was released on July 24, 2019, and a trailer was released on September 3, 2019. Smith Brothers Media was in charge of making visual advertisements, including posters and web banners, primarily for Australia. Due to the film's quirky nature, a "vibrant" theme was chosen to "make the character images 'pop' for potential audiences." The poster was unveiled on September 5.
Jojo Rabbit had its world premiere at the 44th Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2019. It also screened at festivals at Austin, San Diego, Chicago, Philadelphia, Hawaii, New Orleans, Chapel Hill, Middleburg, Tokyo, and the United Kingdom. It was also the closing film for the 30th Stockholm International Film Festival on November 16, 2019, which was also the film's Nordic premiere. The film was theatrically released in the United States on October 18, 2019, opening in several cities before expanding in the following weeks. By November 8, 2019, it was playing in 798 theaters in the U.S. Jojo Rabbit was released in New Zealand on 24 October 2019. In other countries, it was released within the vicinity of January and February 2020. In the United States, it remained in theaters for around 70 weeks and was last screened on March 19, 2020. A scheduled theatrical release of Jojo Rabbit in China of February 12, 2020 was confirmed, following restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, to be postponed, alongside various other films by the National Arthouse Alliance of Cinemas (the film's distributor). It later saw a limited release from July 31 to August 27, 2020.
20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the film as a digital download on February 4, 2020, and on DVD and Blu-ray disc formats in the United States on February 18. In international territories, the film was released on DVD and Blu-ray by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment. The Blu-ray release contains several special features, including three deleted scenes ("Imaginary Gรถring", "Little Piggies", "Adolf Dies Again"), outtakes, a featurette titled "Inside Jojo Rabbit", an audio commentary, and two of the film's trailers. The film was later released on Hotstar, HBO Max, Sky Cinema, Now TV, and Hulu. It was also released on Disney+'s Star sub-brand on February 23, 2021.
Reception
Box office
Jojo Rabbit grossed $33.4ย million in the United States and Canada, and $57ย million in other territories (including $4ย million in New Zealand), for a worldwide total of $90.3ย million.
In its domestic limited opening weekend, the film made $349,555 from five theaters, an average of $69,911 per venue (the fourth-best of 2019). On its opening day alone it earned an average of $70,000, The film expanded to 55 theaters in 10 cities the following week, making $1ย million, and in its third weekend it grossed $2.3ย million from 256 theaters. It went wide the following weekend, making $4ย million from 802 theaters. The film's theater count peaked the fifth weekend of its release, making $2.8ย million from 995 theaters, before making $1.6ย million in its sixth weekend. Viewership expansions were credited to Christmas and the attention it began to receive among the accolades community, surpassing $20 million as of December 19, 2019, its tenth week, at which point it was showing in 230 theaters.
In the immediate aftermath of its Academy Award for Best Picture nomination, the film experienced a box office boost, with 895 more theaters screening it. On January 19, 2020, it was being screened at 1,005 American theaters, "the largest expansion of any Oscar contender" according to TheWrap. During the weekend, it earned $1.8 million, bringing its total to $23.8 million. Over the Oscar weekend, the film's 17th week of release, it made $1.5ย million from 1,096 theaters, for a running total of $30.3ย million. Demand dropped during the rise of the COVID-19 pandemic by as much as 68%, with its rank at the box office dropping from 21 to 32 between February 21, 2020 and its closing date. Its peak period was November 8โ14, its fourth weekend, when it earned $5,603,616 (average: $7,022) from 798 theaters, experiencing a 70.3% increase in demand and ranking 11th place at the U.S. box office.
On February 23, 2020, its third week of release on home video, 14,277 DVD copies were sold ($208,046) and 47,036 Blu-ray copies were sold, making a total profit of $1,365,588. The latter type saw fewer purchases the following month.
Outside of the United States and Canada, Jojo Rabbit did the best in the United Kingdom, where it grossed $10,450,169, followed by Australia ($7,020,681) and Mexico ($4,952,293), as well as Italy, New Zealand, Japan, Spain, France, Germany, and the Netherlands. It performed the worst in Bulgaria, where it earned a total of $39,181 as of March 11, 2020. In India, the film opened earning โน 1.2-1.5 million on the first day, โน6 million in the first 3 days, and closed after 28 days with a total of โน34.3 million. As of July 15, 2020, the film had earned $36,000 (โฌ30,614) in Italy from 37 theaters with a total of $4.4 million (โฌ3,741,719), earning first place at the box office. In China, where it was released the latest, it earned more: a total of $1,590,000 from 7,099 theaters, with an opening weekend gross of $730,000.
Critical response
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of with an average score of , based on reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Jojo Rabbits blend of irreverent humor and serious ideas definitely won't be to everyone's tasteโbut either way, this anti-hate satire is audacious to a fault." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 58 out of 100 based on 57 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, and those at PostTrak gave the film a 96% overall positive score, with 87% saying they would definitely recommend it.
Brian Truitt, writing for USA Today called it "brilliant Nazi-mocking satire", praising the performances, and writing: "As much as it makes you laugh, Waititi's must-watch effort is a warm hug of a movie that just so happens to have a lot of important things to say." In a positive review, Steve Pond of TheWrap wrote that "there's real heart in Jojo Rabbit, too. This is a dark satire that finds a way to make a case for understanding. As circumstances slowly chip away at Jojo's hate-driven worldview, the black comedy finds room for some genuinely touching moments."
Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times lauded it as "uncomfortably funny, unapologetically insensitive, cheerfully outrageous" and concluding that writer-director Waititi "delivers a timely, anti-hate fractured fairy tale." In another positive review, Stephanie Zacharek of Time wrote: "It's Waititi's ability to balance unassailable goofy moments with an acknowledgment of real-life horrors that makes the movie exceptional." Adam Graham of The Detroit News called it an "enchanting, whimsical satire about the absurdity of war as seen through a child's eyes" as well as "a smart, accessible, inclusive film that opens doors at a time when many are slamming them shut." Benjamin Franz of Film & History praised the film for its use of symmetrical cinematography and exaggerated German accents, equivalent to the styles of Wes Anderson films. The film also does not show liberating shots of the skies, offering a sense of tightness to the setting equivalent to the works of Fritz Lang.
Varietys Owen Gleiberman said that the film "creates the illusion of danger while playing it safe" and wrote that "it lacks the courage of its own conventionality. It's a feel-good movie, all right, but one that uses the fake danger of defanged black comedy to leave us feeling good about the fact that we're above a feel-good movie." Eric Kohn of IndieWire wrote that "Despite a few flashes of tragedy, Jojo Rabbit lingers in a charming muddle of good vibes without really confronting their implications. [Waititi] may be one of the few working directors capable of injecting quirky scenarios with real depth, but in this case, he reduces the underlying circumstancesโyou know, that Holocaust thingโto a superficial prop."
A.ย O. Scott of The New York Times wrote that "The particulars of the evil can seem curiously abstract, and the portrayal of goodness can feel a bit false, and forced" and that "Elsa's Jewishness has no real content. She exists mainly as a teaching moment for Johannes. Her plight is a chance for him to prove his bravery." Keith Uhlich of Slant Magazine criticized the film's premise, lack of historical accuracy and realism, and use of anti-semitic canards and stereotypes, and wrote that Waititi's performance as Hitler is "aiming for The Great Dictator but barely hitting Ace Ventura." Little White Lies Hannah Woodhead criticized the film for its inclusion of a sympathetic Nazi character, Captain Klenzendorf, writing that it "feels oddly impartial, keen to note that actually, there were some Nice Nazis Too. That's not really something we need to hear in 2019, with white nationalism back in vogue and on the march across much of western civilisation."
The film received a negative critical reception in the UK, with Robbie Collin saying that he was "aghast": the scenes at the camp were "the laziest rip-off of Moonrise Kingdom I've seen in my life", and "there's no sense that anything is at stake [...] it sentimentalises and trivialises the Holocaust [...] the stuff that JoJo is indoctrinated with is made up of old Borat lines, and that's not what anti-Semitism is." Peter Bradshaw agreed: "There are no insights to be had โ and no laughs", and calling it "strangely redundant". Mark Kermode was slightly more positive, but still said that it was "neither sharp enough nor funny enough to cut to the heart of its subject matter."
Historical accuracy
Despite being a loose depiction of World War II, Jojo Rabbit accurately depicts various aspects of the era. Boys in the Hitler Youth did spread propaganda and collect scrap like Jojo does, and Stielhandgranaten were popularized during World War II. Several mentions of the Axis powers are also said to be accurate, although the film fictionalized a convergence of American and Soviet soldiers in the same battle. The "free Germany" sign style used in the film is also fictional, though other styles were present.
Bundling various historical sources, Time stated that the film depicted the Nazi regime, as seen from a child's perspective, accurately. Many Jungvolk children recalled the experience as being fun and looked upon the regime from an innocent perspective. A memoir by former member Alfons Heck described the program as "an exciting life, free from parental supervision, filled with 'duties' that seemed sheer pleasure." Though female members did not do many physical activities, as seen in the film, they were given traditionally feminine duties, such as farming, cooking, cleaning, singing, swimming, gymnastics, and running, which had the purpose of keeping their bodies fit so they could find a husband and spread the Nazi ideology to their future children.
Jojo Rabbit divided experts of the Holocaust at a panel discussion following a screening at the Museum of Tolerance. Rick Trank, producer of The Long Way Home, felt that, while it has a creative premise, the lack of historical context makes the film detrimental to young viewers, who may misunderstand the premise and think the film's farcical elements are depicting historical reality. However, Claudia Wiedeman, director of education at the USC Shoah Foundation, said that, with the right educational methods and tools, the film could be a useful resource for young people who are learning about World War II. Brian Levin, director of the Center for the Study of Hate & Extremism and professor of criminal justice at California State University, San Bernardino, applauded the film for using sarcasmโan easy-to-understand modern languageโto depict Nazi Germany.
Jojo Rabbit had an impact on teaching of the Holocaust on December 19, 2019, when the USC Shoah Foundation announced it worked together with Searchlight to develop a classroom curriculum regarding the depiction of Nazism in the film. According to the Foundation, it "demonstrates how individuals can overcome ingrained prejudices and hate" and significantly expands their catalog of Holocaust scholarly resources. This curriculum was combined with Holocaust survivors testimony videos from their Visual History Archive (VHA). These are all bundled into a landing page at the Foundation's IWitness website.
Accolades
Jojo Rabbit and its cast and crew won 14 awards. Including the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay that was won by Waititi, the film received a total of six nominations at the 92nd Academy Awards, including Best Supporting Actress for Johansson and Best Picture. Newcomer Davis received various accolades, including a nomination for Best Actor โ Motion Picture Musical or Comedy at the 77th Golden Globe Awards and a win as Best Young Performer at the 25th Critics' Choice Awards, a category in which McKenzie and Yates were also nominated. At the Costume Designers Guild Awards 2019, Rubeo won the award for Excellence in Period Film; at the Academy Awards, she was nominated for Best Costume Design. Eagles, Vincent, and set decorator Nora Sopkovรก also received Academy Award nominations. Jojo Rabbit was chosen by the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute as one of the ten best films of 2019.
See also
List of World War II films
Adolf Hitler in popular culture
Rainer Maria Rilke, a figure frequently heard in the film
A Hidden Life, another 2019 Searchlight film about Nazi Germany
Notes
References
External links
2019 black comedy films
2010s coming-of-age comedy-drama films
2010s satirical films
2010s war comedy-drama films
American black comedy films
American coming-of-age comedy-drama films
American satirical films
American war comedy-drama films
American World War II films
Anti-war comedy films
BAFTA winners (films)
Cultural depictions of Adolf Hitler
Czech coming-of-age comedy-drama films
Czech war comedy-drama films
Czech World War II films
Films about antisemitism
Films about Nazi Germany
Anti-war films about World War II
Films directed by Taika Waititi
Films with screenplays by Taika Waititi
Films produced by Taika Waititi
Films scored by Michael Giacchino
Films set in 1945
Films set in Germany
Films shot in Prague
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Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award
Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay BAFTA Award
Fox Searchlight Pictures films
Hitler Youth
New Zealand black comedy films
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Toronto International Film Festival People's Choice Award winners
Works about children in war
Films about motherโson relationships
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8์ 29์ผ ๋ฒ ๋์ค ์ํ์ ์์ ์ ์ธ๊ณ ์ต์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ๋์๋ค. 2019๋
11์ 6์ผ๋ถํฐ๋ ์ ํ ์์์ ํ์์ผ๋ก ์์์ ๊ทน์ฅ ๊ฐ๋ด๋ ์ด๋ค์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ, 12์ 6์ผ์ ์ ์ธ๊ณ ๋ทํ๋ฆญ์ค์์ ๋์งํธ ์คํธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋์ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋์๋ค.
๊ฒฐํผ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ก ๊ณ์ ๊ทน์ฐฌ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๋ฐ์๋ฐฑ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๊ฐ๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ฐ์ถ, ๊ณต๊ฐ๋๋ ๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ฃผ์ฐ์ธ ์ค์นผ๋ ์ํ์จ, ์ ๋ค ๋๋ผ์ด๋ฒ, ๋ก๋ผ ๋์ ๋ช
์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ํธํ ์์๋ก ๊ผฝํ๋ค. ๋์ ํ๊ฐ์ ํ์
์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ ๋ฏธ ๋นํ๊ฐ ํํ๋ ๊ฒฐํผ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ 2019๋
์ต๊ณ ์ ์ํ 10ํธ ์ค 1์๋ก ์ ์ ํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์๋ค. ์ 92ํ ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ์์์๋ ์ํ์, ๋จ์ฐ์ฃผ์ฐ์(๋๋ผ์ด๋ฒ), ์ฌ์ฐ์ฃผ์ฐ์(์ํ์จ), ์ฌ์ฐ์กฐ์ฐ์(๋), ๊ฐ๋ณธ์ ํ๋ณด ๋ฑ ์ด 6๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์์ ํ๋ณด๋ก ์ง๋ช
๋์๋ค. ์ 77ํ ๊ณจ๋ ๊ธ๋ก๋ธ์์์๋ ์ํ ์ํ์ ๋๋ผ๋ง ๋ถ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์ฌ์ฐ์ฃผ์ฐ์(๋)์ ๋น๋กฏํด ์ด 6๋ถ๋ฌธ ํ๋ณด์ ์ฌ๋์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ 73ํ ๋ฐํํ ์ํ์์์๋ ํ๋ณด๋ก ์ง๋ช
๋์๋ค.
์ค๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ
์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ๋ฒ๋ ๋ด์์์์ ํ๋ํ๋ฉฐ ์ฑ๊ณต๊ฐ๋๋ฅผ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฎค์ง์ปฌ ๊ฐ๋
์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ด ๋์ฝ์ ํ๋ ์ญ๋์ํ ์ฌ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋ก์, ์ง๊ธ์ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณต์ฐ๊ธฐํ์ฌ ์์์ผ๋ก ๋ค์ด๊ฐ ๋ฎค์ง์ปฌ ์ฃผ์ฐ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋ก ๋์๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋์ ์ธ์๋ค์ ๋ ํ๋ชฉํ ๋ถ๋ถ์์ง๋ง, ์๊ฐ์ด ํ๋ฌ ๊ณ ๋ ๊ฒฐํผ์ํ์ ์ง์น๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์ค์ฌ์ธ์ ์ฐพ์๊ฐ๊ณ , ์๋ด์ ์ผํ์ผ๋ก ์๋ก์ ๋ํด ์ข์ ์ ์ ์ ์ด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋์ฝ์ด ์ฐฐ์ค์ ๋ํด ์ ์ ๊ธ์ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ๋ฒ๊ฑฐ์ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์๋ด์ ํฌ๊ธฐํ๋ค.
๋์ฝ์ TV ๋๋ผ๋ง์ ์ฃผ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ฐํด๋ฌ๋ผ๋ ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ณ , ํ ๋ฆฌ์ฐ๋์ ์น์ ๋์ ์ ์ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ค ๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฉฐ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ ๋ก์ค์ค์ ค๋ ์ค๋ก ํฅํ๋ค. ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์๋ค ํจ๋ฆฌ๋ ์๋ง ์์ ์ก๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋์ ๋ค. ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์์
์ค์ธ ์ํ์ ๋จธ์ง์์ ๋ธ๋ก๋์จ์ด ๋ฌด๋์ ์ฌ๋ฆด ์์ ์ด์ด์ ๋ด์์ ๋ ๋ ์ ์๋ ์ฒ์ง์๋ค. ๋์ฝ์ ์๋ก ์ผ๊ตด ๋ถํ ์ผ ์๋๋ก ๋ณํธ์ฌ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฑฐ ์ฐ์ง ๋ง๊ณ ๊น๋ํ ํค์ด์ง์๊ณ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ง์ ๋ง์ท์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ , ๋๋ฃ์ ๊ถ์ ์ LA์์ ์ ์ผ ์ ๋๊ฐ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ฑ ๊ฐ์ ๋ณํธ์ฌ '๋
ธ๋ผ'๋ฅผ ๋ง๋๋ค. ์๋ด์์ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ ํจ๊ปํ๋ ์ง๋๋ ์ ๋์๊ฒจ ๋ณด๋ ๋์ฝ์ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋งค๋ฒ ์์ ์ ๋ฑํ์ํด์๋ค, ์๋ง ๋ด ์๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ํฅ์ ์ ํด๋ดค์ ๋งค๋ฒ ๊ฑฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ผ์ค์๋ค, ์ฌ์ง์ด๋ ๊ธฐํ์ฌ์ ๋ฌด๋ ๋งค๋์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ํ ๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋ค๋ฉฐ ์ต์ธํจ์ ํ ๋กํ๊ณ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋
ธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ณํธ์ธ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ ์ฉํ๋ค. ์ดํ ๋์ฝ์ ๋ง์นจ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ๋ง๋๋ฌ LA๋ก ๊ฑด๋์จ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์๊ฒ ์ดํผ์๋ฅ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋จ๋ค. ๋์ฝ์ ๋
๋จ์ ๊ด์ธํด์ง ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ค๋ ฅํ ๋ณํธ์ฌ '์ ์ด'๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์๊ฐ๋ค. ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ค์ ์ ์ด๋ ์ง๋
ํ ์ธ์์ ๋ฒ์ผ ์๋ฐ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ์๋ฌธํ๋, ๋ถ๋ด์ค๋ฐ ์์ ๋น์ฉ๊ณผ ํจ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ผ์น ์
์ํฅ์ ์๊ฐํด ๋จ๋
ํ๊ณ ๋ด์์ผ๋ก ๋ณต๊ทํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋
ธ๋ผ๊ฐ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์๊ฒ ์ ํ๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์ด, ์ด๋ฅธ ์์ผ ๋ด์ ๋ณํธ์ธ์ ๊ณ ์ฉํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ํจ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ก๊ถ์ ๋ฐ์๊ฐ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ฌ์ดํ๋ฉด์, LA๋ก ๋ค์ ๋์ด์ ์ ์คํ๋ฉด์๋ ํ์ ์ ์ธ ์คํ์ผ์ ์ ํธํ๋ ์ ์ง ๊ฐ์ ๋ณํธ์ฌ ๋ฒํธ ์คํผ์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋ณํธ์ธ์ผ๋ก ๋ด์ธ์ด๋ค.
๋ฒํธ๋ ๋ฒ์ ์์ ๊ฐ์กฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ๊ด๊ณ์์ ์ฆ๋ช
ํ๋ ๋์์ ์์ก๊ถ ์์ก์์ ์ ๋ฆฌํด์ง๋ ค๋ฉด LA์ ๋๋ฌ์์์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ์ ๋ต์ ๋ด์ธ์ฐ๊ณ , ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ๋ LA์ ์ํํธ ํ ๊ณณ์ ์๋ํด ์ด๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ฌํ๊น์ง ๋์ด๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์น ์๋๋ค๋ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ฌ์ ๋ฒํธ๋ ๋
ธ๋ผ, ๋์ฝ๊ณผ์ 4์ ๋๋ฉด์ ์ฃผ์ ํ๋ค. ์ด ์๋ฆฌ์์ ๋
ธ๋ผ๋, ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ LA๋ก ๋์๊ฐ๊ณ ์ถ๋ค๋ ๋์ฝ์ ๋ฐ๋์ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค๊ณผ, ์๋ค ํจ๋ฆฌ๋ ์๋น ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ด์๊ณผ LA๋ฅผ ๋งค๋ฒ ์๋ค๊ฐ๋คํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์๋ง์ ํจ๊ป ์๋ ์ชฝ์ ํํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ด์ธ์ด๋ค. ํ์ด ๋ถ๋ฆฌํ๊ฒ ๋์๊ฐ์ ๋ฒํธ๋ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์๊ฒ ๋ด์ ์ชฝ ์ง์ ํ๋ ์ง ํด์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์์ ์๊ณ ๋์ง์ ์ ์ํ๋, ์ข์ ๊ฐ์ ๋๋ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฒํธ์ ์ ์์ ๊ฑฐ์ ํ๋ ๋์์ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํด๊ณ ํ๋ค.
์ดํ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋งฅ์๋ ํ ๋ก์ฐ์์ ์์ฌํ ์๊ธ์ ์ฑ๊ฒจ ์ ์ด์ ์์ ๋น์ฉ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ค. ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์ดํผ ์์ก์ ๋ฒ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์ด๊ฐ๊ณ , ๋
ธ๋ผ์ ์ ์ด๋ ์๋ขฐ์ธ์ ๋์ ํ์ฌ ์๋ํธ์ ํฅํด ๊ฒฉ๋ก ์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ฉฐ ์กฐ๊ธ์ด๋๋ง ๋ถ๋ฆฌํ ๋ฉด์ ๋ค์ง์ด์์ฐ๋ ค๊ณ ์จ ์ ์ฑ์ ๋คํ๋ค. ๋
ธ๋ผ๋ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ถ๋ฅ์ ์ ์ง๋ฅธ ์ฌ์ค๊ณผ ์ ์์์ผ๋ก ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ด ์๋ค๋ ์ ์ ํ๊ณ ๋ค๊ณ , ์ ์ด๋ ๋์ฝ์ ์ ๋ฒ๋ฆ์ ์์ฝ์ฌ ์ค๋
์ผ๋ก ๋ถํ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋์์ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๋ฉ์ผ์ ํดํนํ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ฌ์์ก๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ํํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ ์์ค์ ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ์์ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ ๋์ฝ์ ๋ค์ ํ ์ธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋๋๊ณ ํจ๋ฆฌ์ ํจ๊ป ์๊ฐ์ ๋ณด๋ธ๋ค. ํจ๋ฆฌ ์ญ์ ์๋ค๊ฐ๋คํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ง์ณ์ ์ง์ฆ์ ๋ถ๋ฆฐ๋ค.
์์ก์ ์ฐจ์ ์ง์ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋๋ ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ณํธ์ฌ ๋ชฐ๋ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ํํธ์์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋ค. ์ฒ์์๋ ๋ฌด๋ํ๊ฒ ์์ํ๋ ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ํ๋ ์๋ก ํ๋๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ง์ธ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ์ง๊ณ ๋ง๋ค. ๋์ฝ์ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ด์ ์์ ํ ์ด๊ธฐ์ฌ์ ํน ๋น ์ง ๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋ค๋ฉฐ ์์๋ถ์ด๊ณ , ํ๊ฐ ๋ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฒฝ์ ์ณ์ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ ๋ด๊ณ ๋ ๋์ฝ์ด ์ฃฝ์ด๋ฒ๋ ธ์ผ๋ฉด ์ข๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ํญ์ธ์ ๋ฑ๋๋ค. ๋ฌธ๋ ์ด๋ฐ ๋ง์ ์ด ๋ค ์๋ ํ๋ ๋ง์์ด ๋ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋์ฝ์๊ฒ ์ฌ๊ณผํ๊ณ , ๋์ฝ์ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์๊ฒ ์๋ก๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋จ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฐค ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฒ์์์ ์จ ์ ๋ฌธ ํ๊ฐ๊ด์ ์
ํ ํ์ ํจ๋ฆฌ์ ๋์์ฃผ๋ค๊ฐ ์ค์๋ก ํ์ ๊น๊ฒ ๋ฒ ์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ง๋ค. ๋จธ์ง์์ ๋ ์ฌ๋์ (๋
ธ๋ผ๊ฐ ๋์ฝ์ ๋์ ํด ์์ก๊ถ์ ์ฝ๊ฐ ๋ ์ป์ด์ค๊ธด ํ์ผ๋) ์๋ก๊ฐ์ ์๊ตฌ ์ฌํญ์ ์๋ณดํ๊ณ ๊ณตํํ ํฉ์๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ ์ดํผ ์์ก์ ๋๋ธ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ก๋ถํฐ 1๋
๋ค, ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ค์ ํ๋ฒ ์กฐ์ฐํ์ฌ ์๋ก์ ์๋ถ๋ฅผ ๋ฌป๋๋ค. ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณต์ฐ์ ๋ธ๋ก๋์จ์ด์์ ํฅํ์ ๊ฑฐ๋๊ณ ์์๊ณ , ๋์ฝ์ ์ ๋จ์์น๊ตฌ์ ์ฌ๊ท๋ ํํธ ์์ ์ด ๊ฐ๋
ํ ๋๋ผ๋ง๊ฐ ์๋ฏธ์ ํ๋ณด์ ์ง๋ช
๋์๋ค๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค. ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋์ฝ์๊ฒ UCLA ๊ด๋ จ ์ผ ๋๋ฌธ์ LA๋ก ์ด์ฌ์ค๊ฒ ๋์๋ค๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ ํจ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ ๋ ์ง ๋ณด๋ฌ์ฌ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ์ดํ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ํจ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ด๋ค ์ข
์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์๋ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฝ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๋๋ฐ, ์๋ ์๋ด ๋ ๋์ฝ์ด ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ข์ ์ ์ ์ ์ด๋ ๋ฆฌ์คํธ์๋ค. ํจ๋ฆฌ์๊ฒ ํฐ ์๋ฆฌ๋ก ์ฝ์ด๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ ์์ผ ์ฐฌ์ฐฌํ ๋ฃ๋ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ด ๋ถ๋ฐ์ณ ์ค๋ฅด๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฐ ๊ด๊ฒฝ์ ๋์ฝ์ด ๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ณธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ ๋
, ๋ค ํจ๊ป ํ ๋ก์ ํํฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ค์จ ์ธ ์ฌ๋. ๋์ฝ์ ์ค๋ ํจ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฐ์ด ์์ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ณธ์ธ์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌ, ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ํจ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ ค๋ค์ค ์ ์๋๋ก ์๋ณดํ๋ค. ์ ๋ ํจ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ์ฐ๋ ค ์ฐจ๋ก ๊ฑธ์ด๊ฐ๋ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋์ฝ์ด ์ ๊น ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ฉ์ถฐ์ธ์์ ํ๋ฆฐ ์ ๋ฐ๋์ ๋ฌถ์ด์ค๋ค. ๊ณ ๋ง๋ค๋ ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ง๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ค์ ํ๋ฒ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๊ฐ๊ธธ์ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์ถ์ฐ
์ค์นผ๋ ์ํ์จ - ๋์ฝ ๋ฐ๋ฒ
์ ๋ค ๋๋ผ์ด๋ฒ - ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ๋ฒ
๋ก๋ผ ๋ - ๋
ธ๋ผ ํฌ์ผ
์จ๋ฐ ์๋ค - ๋ฒํธ ์คํผ์ธ
๋ ์ด ๋ฆฌ์คํ - ์ ์ด ๋จธ๋กํ
์ ์ง ๋ก๋ฒํธ์จ - ํจ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ๋ฒ
์ค๋ฆฌ ํด๊ฑฐํฐ - ์๋๋ผ
๋ฉ๋ฆฟ ์๋ฒ - ์บ์
๋งํฌ ์ค๋ธ๋ผ์ด์ธ - ์นดํฐ
๋งค์ ์์ด - ํ
๋ฆฌ
๋ธ๋ฃฉ ๋ธ๋ฃธ - ๋ฉ๋ฆฌ ์ค
์นด์ผ ๋ณธํ์ด๋จธ - ํ
๋
๋ฏธํค ์ฌ๋ - ๋ฒ ์ค
์๋ฆฌ์ค ์
๋ง์ฌ ์ผ๋ฆฌ
๋ ๋ณด๊ธฐ
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๋ทํ๋ฆญ์ค ์ค๋ฆฌ์ง๋ ์ํ ๋ชฉ๋ก
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
2019๋
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์์ด ์ํ ์ํ
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ธ์ ๋ฐ์๋ฐฑ ๊ฐ๋
์ํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒ๋ฅ ์ํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋๋ผ๋ง ์ํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋
๋ฆฝ ์ํ ์ํ
์๊ตญ์ ๋๋ผ๋ง ์ํ
์๊ตญ์ ๋
๋ฆฝ ์ํ ์ํ
๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋ฅผ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ์ํ
์ฐ๊ทน์ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ์ํ
์ดํผ์ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ ์ํ
๋ด์์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ํ
๋ก์ค์ค์ ค๋ ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ํ
๋ด์์์ ์ดฌ์ํ ์ํ
๋ก์ค์ค์ ค๋ ์ค์์ ์ดฌ์ํ ์ํ
๋ทํ๋ฆญ์ค ์ค๋ฆฌ์ง๋ ์ํ
์๊ตญ ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ์ ์์์
์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ์ฌ์ฐ์กฐ์ฐ์ ์์์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage%20Story | Marriage Story | Marriage Story is a 2019 drama film written and directed by Noah Baumbach, who also produced the film with David Heyman. It stars Scarlett Johansson and Adam Driver as a warring couple going through a coast-to-coast divorce. Laura Dern, Alan Alda, Ray Liotta, Julie Hagerty, and Merritt Wever appear in supporting roles.
The film was announced in November 2017, with the cast joining that same month. Filming took place in New York City and Los Angeles from January to April of the following year. Released by Netflix, the film premiered at the 76th Venice International Film Festival on August 29, 2019, and began a limited theatrical release on November 6, followed by digital streaming on December 6.
Marriage Story received critical acclaim, particularly for Baumbach's screenplay and direction and the performances of Johansson, Driver and Dern. Among its numerous accolades, the film received six nominations at the 92nd Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actor (Driver), Best Actress (Johansson) and Best Original Screenplay. For her performance, Dern won the Academy Award, the Golden Globe, the Screen Actors Guild Award, the BAFTA Award and the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Supporting Actress.
Plot
Exit Ghost, the theater company owned by Charlie Barber, a successful theater director in New York City, is helming a play that stars his wife, Nicole, a former actress who is very happy to not act anymore. The couple are experiencing marital troubles and see a mediator, who suggests that they each write down what they love about one another, but Nicole is too embarrassed to read hers aloud and they decide to forgo the counseling.
When Nicole is offered a starring role in a television pilot in Los Angeles, she decides to leave the company and temporarily live with her mother in West Hollywood, taking her son Henry. Charlie decides to stay in New York, as the play is moving to Broadway. Despite the couple agreeing to split amicably and forgo lawyers, Nicole hires Nora Fanshaw, a family lawyer, and tells her about how she gradually felt neglected by Charlie and how he rejects her ideas and desires. Nicole also suggests that Charlie slept with Mary Ann, the stage manager of his theater company. Charlie visits his family, revealing that he has won a MacArthur Fellowship grant, but Nicole declares divorce. Charlie meets with Jay Marotta, a brash and expensive lawyer who urges Charlie to fight dirty, but Charlie returns to New York without hiring him. He receives a phone call from Nora, who warns him to get a lawyer soon or risk losing custody of Henry. Charlie returns to Los Angeles and hires Bert Spitz, an empathetic and retired family lawyer who favors a civil and conciliatory approach.
Henry spills to Charlie that Nicole wishes to live in Los Angeles and not move back to New York. A confused Charlie then calls Nicole, angrily interrogating her. Nicole then calls him out, revealing that she hacked his emails and learned of his affair with Mary Ann. Charlie later rents an apartment in Los Angeles, on Bert's counsel, to be closer to his family and strengthen his custody case. Charlie wishes to avoid court, so Bert arranges a meeting with Nora and Nicole. Nora argues that Charlie refused to respect Nicole's wishes to move back to Los Angeles and that Henry would prefer to stay with his mother rather than fly back and forth between coasts. Bert advises Charlie to drop his New York residency altogether, but a frustrated Charlie refuses and fires him.
Using the first payout of his fellowship grant, Charlie hires Jay. The case moves to court, where Nora and Jay argue aggressively on behalf of their clients, leading to a series of character assassinations; Nora highlights Charlie's emotional distance and past infidelity, while Jay exaggerates Nicole's drinking habits and threatens criminal action for hacking Charlie's emails. Meanwhile, Nicole and Charlie remain friendly out of court and share time with Henry, who is increasingly annoyed with the back-and-forth. Disillusioned with the legal process, the pair decide to meet in private. However, their initially friendly discussion turns emotionally vicious; Nicole claims that Charlie has now fully merged with his own selfishness, and Charlie wishes death upon her. He then breaks down in tears and apologizes; Nicole comforts him. Soon after, they agree to relax their demands and reach an equal agreement to finalize the divorce, although Nora negotiates slightly better terms for Nicole, against the latter's wishes.
A year later, Charlie's play enjoys a successful Broadway run, while Nicole has a new boyfriend and is nominated for an Emmy Award for directing an episode of her television series. Charlie informs Nicole that he has taken a residency at UCLA and will be living in Los Angeles full-time to be closer to Henry. Later, he discovers Henry reading Nicole's list of things she loves about Charlie that she had written down during counseling. Henry asks Charlie to read it aloud to him, and Charlie does so, becoming emotional as Nicole watches from afar. After a Halloween party that evening, Nicole offers to let Charlie take Henry home even though it is her night. Charlie walks out to his car carrying Henry, and they part ways once more.
Cast
Jasmine Cephas Jones, Mary Wiseman, Matthew Maher, Gideon Glick, Raymond J. Lee, and Becca Blackwell appear as members of Nicole and Charlie's theater group.
Production
The premise for the film first came to Baumbach in 2016, while in post-production on The Meyerowitz Stories. He began to research the subject, and met with three-time collaborator Driver to discuss the role. In November 2017, it was announced Driver, Scarlett Johansson, Laura Dern, Merritt Wever and Azhy Robertson were set to star in the film. David Heyman produced the film under his Heyday Films banner, and Netflix produced and distributed. In March 2018, Kyle Bornheimer joined the cast of the film, and in June 2018, it was announced that Ray Liotta had also been added.
Principal photography began on January 15, 2018, and lasted 47 days through April 2018, taking place in both New York City and Los Angeles.
Speaking of writing the film following his divorce from actress Jennifer Jason Leigh, as well as his parents' divorce (which served as inspiration for his earlier film The Squid and the Whale), Baumbach said: Following the release of the film, Baumbach said, "I showed [Leigh] the script and then I showed her the movie a little bit ago. She likes it a lot."
Music
The music is composed by Randy Newman in his second collaboration with Baumbach, after previously composing for The Meyerowitz Stories (2017). The score was recorded at Newman Scoring Stage in the 20th Century Fox Studios, featuring a 40-piece chamber orchestra with limited instruments. The first track "What I Love About Nicole" was released as a lead single from the album on November 1, 2019, and the score was digitally released on November 15, 2019, followed by a physical release on December 13, 2019, by Lakeshore Records.
Release
Marriage Story had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on August 29, 2019, and also screened at the Telluride Film Festival on August 31, 2019, and the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2019, where it was first runner-up for the People's Choice Award. It also served as the Centerpiece selection at the New York Film Festival on October 4, 2019, and the BFI London Film Festival on October 6, 2019. Netflix gave it a limited release in theatres beginning November 6, 2019, before streaming the film starting December 6, 2019.
Home media
The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray by The Criterion Collection on July 21, 2020.
Reception
Box office
Although Netflix does not publicly disclose the theatrical grosses of all of its films, IndieWire estimated Marriage Story grossed around $160,000 from five theaters in its opening weekend (and a total $200,000 over its first five days). The site wrote that "normally, these (estimated) numbers would be disappointing," but "given the theaters and more limited seating, as well as awareness of imminent streaming access within the month" it was sufficient for Netflix. Playing at 16 theaters the following weekend, the film made an estimated $140,000, and then $340,000 from 85 theaters in its third. Expanding to 130 theaters in its fourth weekend of release the film made $360,000, for a month-long running total of $1.2 million. The following weekend, despite being released digitally onto Netflix starting the Friday, the film made an estimated $300,000 from 120 theaters, and then $120,000 from 80 theaters the following week.
Marriage Story grossed an estimated $2 million in North America and $333,686 in other territories, for a worldwide total of $2.3 million.
Critical response
Critic Owen Gleiberman of Variety wrote, "At once funny, scalding, and stirring, built around two bravura performances of incredible sharpness and humanity, it's the work of a major film artist, one who shows that he can capture life in all its emotional detail and complexity โ and, in the process, make a piercing statement about how our society now works." Alonso Duralde of TheWrap praised the acting and Baumbach's screenplay, saying, "One wonders if Baumbach left references to Kramer vs. Kramer (1979) or Two for the Road (1967) on the cutting-room floor, but either way, Marriage Story is a film that deserves to be mentioned in their company. It's devastating, essential, and destined to be remembered long after this awards cycle ends." In his review for The Hollywood Reporter, Jon Frosch concurred, writing: "Other American films about divorce have portrayed this phenomenon โ the legal process driving and shaping the couple's feelings rather than vice versa โ but none with the force and clarity of this one [...] It's also funny and, when you least expect it (and most need it), almost unbearably tender, thanks in large part to the sensational leads, who deliver the deepest, most alive and attuned performances of their careers." Rating the film 5 stars out of 5, Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian called it a "wonderfully sweet, sad and funny film" that serves as a "glorious laugh-out-loud, cry-out-loud portrait of a relationship in its death throes" and praised the performances of the cast. Writing for The Washington Post, Ann Hornaday gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4 and praised Johansson and Driver as the "two-person fulcrum around which this funny-sad, happy-harrowing film revolves."
In a mixed review, GQs David Levesley opined that the film was "fundamentally, a good piece of cinema", but disliked the unacknowledged upper-class privilege that the characters possessed, commenting: "The world of third-wave coffee, delicatessens and Upper West Side therapy has been done to death and does not speak to as much of the human condition as the people wading through it themselves seem to think." Armond White of The National Review also panned the film's bourgeois themes and the lead actors' performances, writing: "This story is really about class rivalry clouded by a sex-and-cinema surface. The obnoxious sentimentality of Marriage Story forces a filmmaker's self-righteousness on us ... It is Johansson and Driver who suffer Baumbach's superficiality. This is his least-bad film only because the quality of the performances [of the supporting cast] is improved."
Internet memes
Despite its tone and themes, Marriage Story has spawned Internet memes. According to Wired, a meme of Adam Driver punching a wall during Charlie and Nicole's argument scene has contributed to "re-contextualizing Charlie and Nicole's fight into something light and silly". Driver punching a wall has been repurposed to represent general arguments over trivial matters in which a participant becomes angry and overreacts.
Accolades
Marriage Story was chosen by the American Film Institute, the National Board of Review, and Time magazine as one of the ten best films of the year. The film received a leading six nominations at the 77th Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture โ Drama, with Dern winning Best Supporting Actress โ Motion Picture. The film received eight nominations at the 25th Critics' Choice Awards, three nominations at the 26th Screen Actors Guild Awards for the performances of Driver, Johansson, and Dern, five nominations at the 73rd British Academy Film Awards, and six nominations at the 92nd Academy Awards. Time Magazine's annual best performances of the year list by Stephanie Zacharek listed Driver as the third best film acting performance of 2019. Laura Dern won Best Supporting Actress at the 92nd Academy Awards.
References
External links
2019 films
2019 drama films
2019 independent films
American independent films
American legal drama films
BAFTA winners (films)
British drama films
British independent films
Films about actors
Films about divorce
Films about lawyers
Films about theatre
Films about dysfunctional families
Films directed by Noah Baumbach
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award-winning performance
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe-winning performance
Films produced by David Heyman
Films scored by Randy Newman
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in New York City
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in New York City
English-language Netflix original films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
2010s British films |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%91%90%20%EA%B5%90%ED%99%A9 | ๋ ๊ตํฉ | ใ๋ ๊ตํฉใ()์ 2019๋
๊ฐ๋ดํ ์ ๊ธฐ ์ํ๋ก, ๊ตํฉ ๋ฒ ๋ค๋ํ 16์ธ์ ๊ทธ ํ์ ๊ตํฉ ํ๋์น์ค์ฝ์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฃจ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ค์๋ ๋งค์นดํผ์ด ์์ ์ 2017๋
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์ด ์ฐ์ถํ์๋ค. ๊ตํฉ ๋ฒ ๋ค๋ํ 16์ธ ์ญ์ ์ค์๋ ํํจ์ค, ๊ตํฉ ํ๋์น์ค์ฝ ์ญ์ ์กฐ๋์ ํ๋ผ์ด์ค๊ฐ ๋งก์๋ค.
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11์์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์๊ตญ์์ ๊ฐ๋ดํ์๊ณ , ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์๋ 12์ 11์ผ์ ์ผ๋ถ ๊ทน์ฅ์์ ์์๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํด ๊ณจ๋ ๊ธ๋ก๋ธ์, ์๊ตญ ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ์ํ์, ์ 92ํ ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ์ ํ๋ณด์ ์ฌ๋๋ค.
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4์, ๋ถ์๋
ธ์ค์์ด๋ ์ค ๊ต๊ตฌ์ ๋์ฃผ๊ต๋ฅผ ์ญ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ ํธ๋ฅดํค ๋ง๋ฆฌ์ค ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ณจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ์ ์ํ ๋ฐ์ค๋ก 2์ธ๊ฐ ์๊ฑฐํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ๊ตํฉ์ ์ ์ถํ๋ฌ ๋ฐํฐ์นธ ์๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ์ํ๋๋ค. ์ธ ์ฐจ๋ก์ ๊ฑธ์น ์ฝํด๋ผ๋ฒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์์ ํ ๋ผ์นญ๊ฑฐ ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ์ ์ถ๋์ด ๊ตํฉ ๋ฒ ๋ค๋ํ 16์ธ๊ฐ ๋๋ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ณจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ํ์์์ 2์์ ๋จธ๋ฌธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ก๋ถํฐ 7๋
๋ค์ธ 2012๋
, ๋ก๋ง ๊ฐํจ๋ฆญ๊ตํ๋ ๋ฐํฐ์นธ ๋ฌธ์์ ์ถ ์ค์บ๋ค์ ํ๋ง๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋๊ณ , ๋ฒ ๋ค๋ํ 16์ธ ๊ตํฉ์ด ์ค์บ๋ค์ ์ํํ๋ค๋ ์ํน์ด ์์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋๋ฉด์ ์ฌ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ์ค์ ์ ๋จ๊ธฐ๊ณ ๋ง๋ค. ๊ตํฉ์ฒญ ์ธก์ด ์๋์ฑ์ถํ์ ์ํํ ์ ๋ถ๋ค์ ๋ง์ฐํ ์ฒ๋ถํ์๊ณ , ํนํ ํผํฐ ํ๋ฌ๋ง์ ๋ผ์นญ๊ฑฐ ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ์ง์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ต๊ตฌ๋ก ๋ฐฐ์นํ์์๋ ๊ณ์ํด์ ์๋ํ๋๋ฅผ ์ ์ง๋ ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ด ๋๋ฌ๋๋ฉด์ ์ฌ๋ก ์ ๋์ฑ ์
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๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ณจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ์ ๋์ฃผ๊ต ์๋ฆฌ์์ ์ฌํดํ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ์์ฒญ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐํฐ์นธ์ ๋ณด๋ด์ง๋ง ์๋ฌด๋ฐ ์๋ต์ด ์์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ก๋ง๋ก ์ง์ ๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๊ตํฉ์๊ฒ ์ฌ์ง์๋ฅผ ์ง์ ์ ํ ์ฑ๋น๋ฅผ ํ๋ค๊ฐ, ๋ง์นจ ๋ฐํฐ์นธ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฌ๋ผ๋ ์์ ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ณจ๋ฆฌ์ค์ ๋ฒ ๋ค๋ํ ๊ตํฉ์ ๊ตํฉ์ฒญ ์์ ์ฌ๋ฆ ๋ณ์ฅ์ธ ์นด์คํ
๊ฐ๋ํฌ ๊ถ์ ์์ ํ๋ํ๋ค. ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์ ๊ณผ ๊ตํ์ ์ญํ ์ ๋ํด ๋
ผํ๋ค. ๋ฒ ๋ค๋ํ ๊ตํฉ์ ์์ ์ด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ ๋์๋๋ฅผ ํธ์ด๋๋ค๊ฐ ๋ฌธ๋ ๊ฐ์ธ ๊ด์ฌ์ฌ์ ๋ํ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋์ด๊ฐ๋ค. ๋ฒ ๋ค๋ํ ๊ตํฉ์ด ์ข์ํ๋ TV๋๋ผ๋ง <๊ฒฝ๊ฐ ๋ ์ค> (Kommissar Rex)๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ณจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฌ์ง ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ดํ์ฌ ๋ ํ ์ฐจ๋ก ํ ๋ก ์ ๋ฒ์ธ๋ค.
๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ณจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ ์์ ์์ ์ด ์ฑ๋น์ผ๋ก ํฅํ๊ฒ ๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋์ง์ด๋ณธ๋ค. ๋ณธ๋ ์ฝํผ์์ ๊ฒฐํผ์ ํ ์๊ฐ์ด์๋ ๊ทธ๋ ์ฑ๋น ์ ๋ถ๋๊ณผ์ ๊ณ ํด์ฑ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ก ์์ํ์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๊ณ , ํ๋์ฆ ํ ๋ฆญ์ค ์ ๋ถ์ ์ค๋ฅผ๋๋ ์๋ฆฌ์ค ์ ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ ์ ์์ ์น์ฐ๊ฐ ๋๋ค. ๋ฒ ๋ค๋ํ ๊ตํฉ์ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ณจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฌ์ง์๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ ํ๋ฉด์, ์์ ์ด ์ฌ์ง์ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด๋ฉด ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ง์ ๊ตํฉ์ ์ ์ํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํด์ํด์ ๊ฐํจ๋ฆญ๊ตํ๋ฅผ ์์ถ์ํฌ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฒ ๋ค๋ํ ๊ตํฉ๊ณผ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ณจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ์ ์๋ก์ ์๊ฒฌ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ฎ์ด๋๊ณ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ธ ๋ํ๋ฅผ ๋๋๋ฉด์ ์ ์ฐจ ์น๊ทผํ ์ฌ์ด๊ฐ ๋๋ค.
๋ค์๋ ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์ฝฅํฐ๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ๋ฐํฐ์นธ์ผ๋ก ํฅํ๋ค. ํฌ๊ธฐ ์์์๋ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ณจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฌ์ง์ ์๋ฆฌ์ ๋ํด ๋ค์ ์๊ฐํด๋ฌ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ ค ํ์ง๋ง ๋ฒ ๋ค๋ํ ๊ตํฉ์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ ์์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ๋ค. ์ดํ ์์คํฐ๋ ์ฑ๋น ๋ด์ ์๋ ๋๋ฌผ์ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ค์ ์ ๊ฒฌํ ๋ฒ ๋ค๋ํ ๊ตํฉ์ ์ฌ์ง์ ์๋ฆฌํ์ง ์๋ ์ด์ ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ค ์์ ์ด ๊ตํฉ์ง์์ ๋ฌผ๋ฌ๋ ์๊ฐ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํธ์ด๋๋๋ค. ๊ฐ์์ค๋ฐ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑ์ ๋๋ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ณจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ตํ์ ์ ํต๊ณผ ์น๊ณ์ ์๋ฐฐ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ๋ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ํํ๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฒ ๋ค๋ํ ๊ตํฉ์ ์ด์ ๋ ์ ํต์ ๋ํ ์์ ์ ๊ฒฌํด๋ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌํ ๋๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณํ๋ ํ์์ ์ธ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๋ ์์ ์ ํ์ ๊ตํฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ณจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋์ค ๋งํ๋ค๊ณ ์์งํ๊ฒ ๋ฐํ์ง๋ง, ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ณจ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋ ๊ตฐ๋ถ ์ฟ ๋ฐํ์ ์ผ๋ถ ํ๋ ฅํ ๋ฐ๋ค, ์น์ฐ๋ค์ ์งํค๊ณ ๊ตฐ๋ถ๋
์ฌ์ ๋ง์์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค๋ ์ธ์์ด ์์ ์ ํํ์ ๋จ์ด๋จ๋ฆด ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ตํฉ์ด ๋์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ณจ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ ๋๋ฌ์ด ์ ์ ์๊ธฐ ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋ ์์ํ ๊ด๊ตฌ์ฅ์ง์์ ์ถ์ถ๋์๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋ฒํ ๊ต๊ตฌ ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ ๋์ด ๊ฐ๋ํ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ํด 10์ฌ๋
๊ฐ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ํผ์น๋ค.
์ดํ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ณจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ ๋ถ๋ ํ ๋ฆญ์ค ์ ๋ถ์๋ ํํดํ์ง๋ง ์๋ฆฌ์ค ์ ๋ถ์๋ ์์ ํํดํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค๋ ์ฃ์ฑ
๊ฐ์ ์๊ณ ์ด์๊ฐ๋ค. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์ ๋
์ฌ์ ๊ถ ์๊ธฐ ์์ ์ด ์ ์ง๋ฅธ ํ๋๊ณผ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ๊ฐ์ ๋ํ ๊ธฐ์ต์ด ๊ทธ์ ๋จธ๋ฆฟ์์ ๊ณ์ํด์ ๋๋์ธ๋ค. ๋ฒ ๋ค๋ํ ๊ตํฉ์ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ณจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ์ ์๋กํ๋ฉฐ ์ฌ๋ฉด์ ๋ด๋ฆฐ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ ๊ทธ ์ญ์ ์์ ์ ์ด์ ๋ ์ด์ ์ ์ ์์ฑ์ด ๋ค๋ฆฌ์ง ์๋๋ค๊ณ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑํ๋ฉฐ ์ด์ ๊ทธ๋ง ๋ฌผ๋ฌ๋๊ณ ์ถ๋ค๊ณ ๋จ์ธํ๋ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ณจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ ์ญ์ ๊ตํฉ์ ์๋กํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฉด์ ๋ด๋ ค์ค๋ค. ๋ ์ฌ๋์ด ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋์ค์ ์์คํฐ๋ ์ฑ๋น์ ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝํ๋ ๊ด๊ด๊ฐ๋ค์ ๊น์ง ๋๋๋ค. ๋ฒ ๋ค๋ํ ๊ตํฉ์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋ฐ๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋ง์ดํ๊ณ ์
์นด๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋๋ค. ๊ตํฉ์ ๋ป์ ํ์ธํ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ณจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ์ ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋๋ก ํฅํ๋ค.
1๋
๋ค ๋ฒ ๋ค๋ํ 16์ธ ๊ตํฉ์ ์ ์ธ๊ณ๋ฅผ ํฅํด ๊ตํฉ์ง์์ ๋ด๋ ค์ฌ ๊ฒ์์ ๊ณต์ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ์ด์ด ์น๋ฌ์ง ์ฝํด๋ผ๋ฒ ์์ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ณจ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ํ๊ณ ๊ตํฉ์ผ๋ก ๋น์ ๋์ด ํ๋์น์ค์ฝ ๊ตํฉ์ด ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ ํ ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ค์ ๋ง๋ 2014๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์์ ์๊ตญ์ธ ๋
์ผ๊ณผ ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์์ฒญํ๋ค.
์ถ์ฐ์
์กฐ๋์ ํ๋ผ์ด์ค - ํธ๋ฅดํค ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ณจ๋ฆฌ์ค / ํ๋์น์ค์ฝ ๊ตํฉ
ํ์ ๋ฏธ๋ํ (์ ์ ์์ )
์ค์๋ ํํจ์ค - ๋ฒ ๋ค๋ํ 16์ธ ๊ตํฉ
๋ฃจ์ด์ค ๊ทธ๋ค์ฝ - ํด๋ผ์ฐ์ง์ฐ ์ฐ๋ฉ์ค ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ
์๋๋ ์ฝ - ํผํฐ ํฑ์จ ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ
๋ฆฌ์ฐ๋๋ก ํฝ์ค - ํ๋์ธ ํ ๋ฆญ์ค ์ ๋ถ
๋ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ฐ์ธ๋ - ์์คํ
๋ฅด ๋ฐ์์คํธ๋ฆฌ๋
ธ
์๋ฆฌ ์กฐ๋ - ํ๋์์ค ์๋ฆฐ์
ํ ๋จธ์ค D. ์๋ฆฌ์์ค - ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ๊ธฐ์
์ํฌ๋ ๋ธ๋ฃจ๋๋ - ๋ง๋ฅดํฐ๋ ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ
ํ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฝ ํ ๋ - ์์คํ
๋ฒ ์ค ์ ๋ถ
ํค๋ฅด๋ง ๋ฐ์ค๋ฐ - ์๋ฆฌ์ค ์ ๋ถ
ํธ์ธ์ ๋ฒ ์ผ - ๋ง์ธ๋ผ ์ ๋
์์ ๋ชฉ๋ก
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
๋ทํ๋ฆญ์ค ์ค๋ฆฌ์ง๋ ์ํ ๋ชฉ๋ก
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
2019๋
์ํ
์์ด ์ํ ์ํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ ๊ธฐ ์ํ
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋๋ผ๋ง ์ํ
์๊ตญ์ ์ ๊ธฐ ์ํ
์๊ตญ์ ๋๋ผ๋ง ์ํ
์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์ ์ ๊ธฐ ์ํ
์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์ ๋๋ผ๋ง ์ํ
์ข
๊ต ์ํ
ํฌ๊ณก์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ํ
1950๋
๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ํ
1976๋
์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ํ
2005๋
์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ํ
2012๋
์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ํ
2013๋
์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ํ
2014๋
์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ํ
๋ฐํฐ์นธ ์๊ตญ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ํ
๋ถ์๋
ธ์ค์์ด๋ ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ํ
๋ถ์๋
ธ์ค์์ด๋ ์ค์์ ์ดฌ์ํ ์ํ
๋ทํ๋ฆญ์ค ์ค๋ฆฌ์ง๋ ์ํ
๋๋ฌ์ด ์ ์ (์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋) ์ํ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Two%20Popes | The Two Popes | The Two Popes is a 2019 biographical drama film directed by Fernando Meirelles and written by Anthony McCarten, adapted from McCarten's play The Pope which premiered at Royal & Derngate Theatre in 2019. Predominantly set in Vatican City in the aftermath of the Vatican leaks scandal, the film follows Pope Benedict XVI, played by Anthony Hopkins, as he attempts to convince Jorge Mario Cardinal Bergoglio, played by Jonathan Pryce, to reconsider his decision to resign as an archbishop as he confides his own intentions to abdicate the papacy.
The film premiered at the Telluride Film Festival on August 31, 2019. It began a limited theatrical release in the United States on November 27, 2019, and in the United Kingdom on November 29, 2019, and started digital streaming on December 20, 2019, by Netflix. The performances of Pryce and Hopkins, as well as McCarten's screenplay, received high praise from critics, and all three men received nominations for their work at the Academy Awards, Golden Globes and British Academy Film Awards.
Plot
In April 2005, Jorge Mario Cardinal Bergoglio, Archbishop of Buenos Aires, is called to the Vatican after the death of Pope John Paul II to elect a new pope. Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, a prominent German prelate, is elected Pope Benedict XVI; Cardinal Bergoglio receives the second-highest vote count. Seven years later, the Catholic Church is embroiled in the Vatican leaks scandal, and Benedict's tenure has been tainted by public accusations regarding his role in the coverup.
Jorge Cardinal Bergoglio has submitted his resignation as archbishop, but the Vatican has not responded. As he prepares to go to Rome and personally deliver his resignation, he is summoned to the Vatican. Bergoglio and Benedict meet at the Palace of Castel Gandolfo, the Pope's summer residence. The two debate the roles of God and the Church. Benedict recounts what led him to the priesthood and talks about his interests. The two watch Benedict's favorite TV show, Inspector Rex, which further delays their discussion about Bergoglio's resignation.
Bergoglio recounts his early life and path into the church. He ended his marital engagement and joined the Jesuits. He was met by Father Franz Jalics and Father Orlando Yorio, who become his spiritual friends. Benedict rejects Bergoglio's resignation, saying the world would perceive it as a vote of no confidence in his leadership and weaken the Catholic Church. Benedict and Bergoglio put aside their differences and chat informally, gradually warming to each other.
The next day, the two go to the Vatican by helicopter. Benedict continues to avoid discussing Bergoglio's resignation. Benedict meets with Bergoglio in the Room of Tears within the Sistine Chapel, where he confides his intention to resign the papacy. Shocked, Bergoglio objects and argues for church tradition and continuity. Benedict says his opinions regarding tradition are different now and believes change is essential. Benedict says Bergoglio could be his successor, but Bergoglio rejects the idea, citing the perception that he had collaborated with the Argentine military dictatorship, and his failure to protect his friends and confront the junta may have damaged his reputation. Following the "Dirty War", Bergoglio was removed as head of the Argentinian Society of Jesus and exiled to serve as an ordinary parish priest to the poor for the next ten years.
Over time, Father Jalics reconciled with Bergoglio, but Bergoglio regrets never reconciling with Father Yorio. Memories of his actions and inaction during the dictatorship continually haunt him. Benedict comforts Bergoglio, reminding him that the freedom to choose to help is often stifled; he gives Bergoglio absolution. Then Benedict confesses he was aware of Father Marcial Maciel's long-term sexual misconduct and regrets staying silent, implying that this is the reason why he wants to resign: Benedict no longer hears God's words and affirms his wish to abdicate. Bergoglio comforts Benedict and offers him absolution as well. The two emerge from the room, surprising tourists. Benedict goes outside to greet the masses and take selfies with them. Bergoglio departs for Argentina.
One year later, Pope Benedict XVI delivers his resignation to the world. Bergoglio is elected as his successor in the 2013 papal conclave and becomes Pope Francis; in his first Urbi et Orbi, he prays for Benedict, who watches the speech on television from Castel Gandolfo. The two popes watch the 2014 FIFA World Cup Final between their national home teams, Germany and Argentina, together.
Cast
Production
On September 6, 2017, Netflix announced that it would produce the film, directed by Fernando Meirelles and written by Anthony McCarten. Jonathan Pryce and Anthony Hopkins would play Cardinal Bergoglio and Pope Benedict XVI, respectively. Filming was set to begin that November in Argentina. The film began production in Rome in April 2018.
Filming locations included a refugee camp in Rome, a full-size reproduction of the Sistine Chapel interior created at the Cinecittร studios in Rome, an area outside Castel Gandolfo (the pope's summer palace), various locations in Rome as stand-ins for scenes at the Vatican, and poor areas of Buenos Aires. The St. Peter's Square plaza was recreated using computer-generated imagery. Some scenes were shot in Royal Palace of Caserta and in villa Farnese in Caprarola, near Rome. The poster image is the hunting lodge of villa Farnese.
Much of the coverage of the film in the news media has centered on the reconstructed Sistine Chapel, built in a studio during an eight-week period. To create a realistic look for the artwork, the producers hired a company that produced a "stick-on tattoo" of the walls and ceiling. "The ink from the tattoo is absorbed into the plaster so [...] we got all the texture and the vibrancy", said production designer Mark Tildesley.
Release
The film had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on August 31, 2019. It also was screened at the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival on September 9. Netflix gave the film a theatrical limited release in the United States beginning November 27, 2019, and in the United Kingdom beginning November 29, 2019. It then started streaming it on its service on December 20, 2019.
Reception
Box office
Although Netflix does not publicly disclose the theatrical box office of its films, IndieWire estimated The Two Popes grossed around $32,000 from four theaters in its opening weekend (and a total $48,000 over its five-day Thanksgiving opening weekend). The site wrote that "the drama is starting more modestly than other recent Netflix titles. Attendance at the two high-end Landmark theaters in New York and Los Angeles has been modest. Neither small-scale auditorium sold out." The film then made an estimated $50,000 from 19 theaters in its second weekend, and $200,000 from 150 in its third. In its fourth week, upon being released digitally onto Netflix, the film made $90,000 from 44 theaters.
Critical response
According to Variety, The Two Popes was "an unexpected hit" at its premiere at the Telluride Film Festival, receiving praise for its humor and the two lead actors' performances. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 90% based on 229 reviews, with an average of . The site's critics consensus reads, "Led by outstanding performances from its well-matched leads, The Two Popes draws absorbing drama from a pivotal moment in modern organized religion." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 75 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."
Accolades
Historical authenticity
Although much of the content is based on historic events, including speeches and philosophical debates that were published, most other aspects were fictionalized: "What you always do is you speculate", McCarten said in an interview with TheWrap. "Hopefully that speculation is based in facts and the truth, and hopefully it's inspired", he added.
In its coverage of the film, Time pointed out that the two popes' relationship has not been as smooth as in the fictionalized version. In April 2019, Pope Benedict released a 6,000-word letter blaming the clergy sex abuse scandal on factors including the "dangerously liberal theological ideas" within the Church. While the letter did not criticize Francis' papacy, its content was described by The New York Times as "the most significant undercutting yet of the authority of Pope Francis". The Guardian also discussed a letter that Benedict had written, complimentary of Cardinal Joachim Meisner, who was an outspoken critic of Pope Francis, and added that a 2020 book partly authored by Benedict "was intervening to halt Pope Francis relaxing celibacy rules".
There remains a scene in the film which has sparked some debate among Catholic publications which includes an imagined confession from Pope Benedict to Bergoglio (Francis), where he mentions Marcial Maciel before the audio fades out and the audience sees but do not hear his confession. J. Peter Nixon, in the publication U.S. Catholic, decried "the film's implication that it was Benedict who allowed Father Marcial Maciel Degollado to remain leader of the Legionaries of Christ despite mounting evidence that he was a sexual predator. It was during the papacy of Pope John Paul II, however, that efforts to investigate Maciel were repeatedly frustrated. It was Benedict who ultimately removed him." However, publications including National Catholic Reporter and Slate Magazine have disagreed, with Slate writing: "For years, Joseph Ratzinger also refused to act against Maciel. As the prefect responsible for enforcing church doctrine, he chose to handle the church's sexual abuse through secrecy rather than transparency. For almost a quarter-century, Ratzinger failed to push for the detachment of Marcial Maciel from the position of privilege he enjoyed for so long. He finally did so in 2006, when, as Pope, he found the courage to remove Maciel from the priesthood and send him to Mexico to supposedly focus on a 'discreet life of penance and prayer'. If Maciel followed Benedict's spiritual marching orders, it certainly did not lead to atonement. He never admitted any wrongdoing, much less showed remorse. He died in 2008 without ever asking for forgiveness."
Bishop Robert Barron criticized the film for its characterization of Benedict in an article on the Word on Fire website titled "The One Pope."
References
External links
2019 films
2019 biographical drama films
American biographical drama films
American films based on plays
British biographical drama films
British films based on plays
Cultural depictions of Pope Benedict XVI
Dirty War films
Italian-language Netflix original films
Films about popes
Films directed by Fernando Meirelles
Films produced by Dan Lin
Films set in the 1950s
Films set in 1976
Films set in 2005
Films set in 2012
Films set in 2013
Films set in 2014
Films set in Buenos Aires
Films set in Vatican City
Films shot at Cinecittร Studios
Films shot in Buenos Aires
Films with screenplays by Anthony McCarten
Italian biographical drama films
Italian films based on plays
English-language Netflix original films
Works about Pope Francis
American nonlinear narrative films
British nonlinear narrative films
Italian nonlinear narrative films
2019 drama films
Spanish-language Netflix original films
2010s American films
2010s British films
Catholic Church in popular culture |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%83%9D%EC%9D%84%20%EC%9C%84%ED%95%9C%20%EC%95%BC%EA%B6%8C%EC%97%B0%EB%8B%A8 | ์ธ์์ ์ํ ์ผ๊ถ์ฐ๋จ | ์ธ์์ ์ํ ์ผ๊ถ์ฐ๋จ(, )์ ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋์ ์ ๋น์ด๋ค. 2018๋
12์์ ์ฐฝ๋น๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 2019๋
๋์ ๊ณผ ์ด์ ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ค.
๋น์๋ค์ ๊ตฌ ์ธ์์ ์ํ ๋น, ์ผ๊ถ์ ์ , ๋ํ๋ฆฌ์ผ ์ฝ๋กค๋ ์ฐ์ค์นด์ ๋น, ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋น, ์ ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ์ฌํ์ด๋ ์ถ์ ์ด๋ค. ๋ฒ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ธ์์ ์ํ ๋น()์ ํ๊ณ์ ๋น์ธ๋ฐ, 1999๋
๋ถํฐ 2016๋
๊น์ง ์กด์ฌํ๋ ์ ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ์ฐํฉ "์ค๋" ์ ๋น์ ์ผ์์ด๋ฉฐ 1999๋
12์ 9์ผ ์ฐฝ๋นํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ก๋์ด ์๋ค. 2019๋
์ด์ ๋น์ ์์์ 43์์ ์ป์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ์ค 11.4%์ธ 5์์ด ์ฌ์ฑ์ด๋ค.
2022๋
3์ 19์ผ ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋์ ๋ํต๋ น ๋ณผ๋ก๋๋ฏธ๋ฅด ์ ค๋ ์คํค๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์ ๋ณด์ฅํ์๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ณ์๋ น์ด ์งํ๋๋ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ์ผ๊ถ์ฐ๋จ์ ํ๋์ ๊ธ์งํ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ค. ์ ๊ณต๋๋น์์ธ ๋น
ํ ๋ฅด ๋ฉ๋๋ฒ ๋์ถํฌ๊ฐ ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋๊ตฐ์๊ฒ ์ฒดํฌ๋๋ ๋ฑ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ก 2022๋
4์ 14์ผ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋น ํด์ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ์๋ค. 4์ 21์ผ์๋ ๋น๋ํ ๋ณด์ด์ฝ ๋ฐ ๋จ์ 26๋ช
์ ์์๋ค์ ์ฌ์ค์์ ํ๊ณ์ ๋น์ธ ์๋ด๊ต์ญ๋จ์ฒด ์ธ์๊ณผ ํํ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ฐ๋จ()์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฐฝ๋นํ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ํ์๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ
์ ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ์ฐํฉ "์ค๋"
2002๋
์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ์ด์ ์์ ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ๋จ๊ฒฐ์ธ๋ฏผ์ด๋๊ณผ ํจ๊ป "์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ์ธ๋ฏผ ์ด๋ ๋ธ๋ก"์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ์ผ๋ 0.16%๋ง ๋ํํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ ์๋ ์ป์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
2006๋
์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ์ด์ ์์๋ ์ผ๊ถ์ ์ "๋ค ํํฌ" ์์์ผ๋ก ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๋ธ๋ก์ 1.01%์ ๋ํ๋ฅผ ์ป๊ณ ํ ์๋ ์ป์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. 2007๋
์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ์ด์ ์์๋ ์ฟ ์น๋ง ์ ๊ฑฐ ๋ธ๋ก์ผ๋ก ๋์์ผ๋ 0.10%์ ๋ํํ๊ณ ํ ์๋ ์ป์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
2012๋
์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ์ด์ ์๋ ์ฐธ์ฌํ์ง ์์๋ค.
2014๋
์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ์ด์ ์์๋ 5๊ฐ ์ ๋น๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ผ๊ถ์ ์ ์ ํฉ๋ฅํ์ฌ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์น๋ ๋ค. ์ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 29์์ ์ป์๋ค.
์ธ์์ ์ํ ๋น
2016๋
7์ ์ผ๊ถ์ ์ ์ ์์์ธ ๋ฐ๋ค ๋ผ๋น๋
ธ๋น์น์ ์์ฐํค๋ ๋ฌด๋ผ์์ฐ ์์์ด "์ธ์์ ์ํ ๋น"์ด๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋น์ ์ฐฝ๋นํ๋ค.
2018๋
9์ ๋ฌด๋ผ์์ฐ ์์์ด ์ธ์์ ์ํ ๋น์ ํ๋นํ๊ณ 5์ผ ํ์ ๋์๋น์ ์ฐฝ๋นํ๋ค.
์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ๋ฒ๋ฌด๋ถ์๋ ์ ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ์ฐํฉ "์ค๋"๋น์ ๊ฐ๋ช
์ด ๋ฑ๋ก๋์ด ์์ง ์์๋ค.
์ผ๊ถ์ฐ๋จ์ ์๋ฆฝ
์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ธ์ค์นด ํ๋ผ์ฐ๋ค์์๋ 2018๋
์ฌ๋ฆ๋ถํฐ ์ธ์์ ์ํ ๋น๊ณผ ์ผ๊ถ์ ์ ์ ์ฌ๊ฒฐํฉ์ด ๋
ผ์๋๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๋ํ๋ค. ํ๋ผ์ฐ๋ค ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ผ๊ถ์ ์ ์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ ๊ณํ ์ค ํ๋์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋ํธ ์ํ๋ฉํ ํ ๊ณ์ด, ๋๋ฏธํธ๋ก ํผ๋ฅดํ์ ๊ณ์ด๊ณผ ์ธ๋ฅดํ ๋ฃ๋ณด์นํจ ๋์ด ์ด ์ผ์ ๋
ผ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. 2018๋
11์ ์ด์๋ ์ผ๊ถ์ ์ ์ ์ํ๋ฉํ ํ ๊ณํ๊ฐ ํฉ๋น ๋
ผ์๋ฅผ ์ค์งํ์๋ค.
2018๋
11์ 5์ผ ๋ฌ์์์ ๋ํต๋ น ๋ธ๋ผ๋๋ฏธ๋ฅด ํธํด๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊น๊ณ ์นํ๋ค๋ ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ์ ๋ํต๋ น์ธ ๋ ์ค๋๋ ์ฟ ์น๋ง์ ๋น
ํ ๋ฅด ๋ฉ๋๋ฒ ๋์ถํฌ๊ฐ ๋น์์ํ์์ ์ธ์์ ์ํ ๋น์ ๋ํ๋ก ์ ์ถ๋์๋ค. ๋ฉ๋๋ฒ ๋์ถํฌ๋ ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ๋ด์์ ์ฌํ๋ณด์์ ์ด์ ์น๋ฌํ์ ํด๋นํ๋ ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋์ ์ ํ NGO์ ๋ํ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
11์ 9์ผ, ์ผ๊ถ์ ์ ์ ๋ํ์ธ ์ ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด์ด์ฝ๋ ์ธ์์ ์ํ ๋น๊ณผ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๋ ฅ ๊ฐ์์ธ "์ธ์์ ์ํ ์ผ๊ถ์ฐ๋จ"์ ์๋ช
ํ์ฌ 2019๋
์์ 2019๋
์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ๋ํต๋ น ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ด์ ๊ฑฐ์ ํ๋ ฅํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ๋ ์ผ๊ถ์ ์ ์ ์ค์ง์ธ ๋ฐ๋ค ๋
ธ๋น์คํค์ ๋ณด๋ฆฌ์ค ์ฝ๋ ์ค๋์ฝ์ฐ๋ ๋ณด์ด์ฝ ๋ํ๊ฐ ์์์ , ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ง๋ฌ ๋ฒ๋ฆฐ ์ผ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๊ถ์ ์ ์ ์ธ์์ ์ํ ๋น๊ณผ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๋ ฅ์ ๋ํด์ ์ด๋ ํ ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ ํ ์ ์ด ์์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค.
11์ 17์ผ์๋ ์ผ๊ถ์ ์ ์ผ๋ถ ๋น์๋ค๊ณผ ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋-์ ์ง! ๋น, ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ์ง๋ณด๊ฐ๋ฐ๋น์ด ์ธ์์ ์ํ ์ผ๊ถ์ฐ๋จ์ ํฉ๋ฅํ์๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ๋ ์ผ๊ถ์ฐ๋จ์ 2019๋
์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ๋ํต๋ น ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ถ๋งํ ํ๋ณด๋ก ์ ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด์ด์ฝ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ช
ํ์๋ค.
์ด๋ฌํ ์ผ๋ จ์ ๊ณํ ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ด์ฝ ํ๋ณด๊ฐ ์ผ๊ถ์ ์ ์ํ ํํ์์ ์ถ์ถ๋ ํ, 11์ 20์ผ ๋ณด์ด์ฝ๋ "์ธ์์ ์ํ ์ผ๊ถ์ฐ๋จ"์ด๋ผ๋ ํํ๋ฅผ ๊พธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ์๋ค. ๋ณด์ด์ฝ๋ ์ผ๊ถ์ ์ ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์์์ด ์ผ๊ถ์ฐ๋จ์ ํฉ๋ฅํ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, "๊ธฐํ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํํ์ ์์๋ค์๊ฒ๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ ์์ ๋ฐ์๋ค"๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
2018๋
12์ 13์ผ, ๋ณด์ด์ฝ๋ "์ธ์์ ์ํ ์ผ๊ถ์ฐ๋จ"์ด๋ผ๋ ์๋ก์ด ์ ๋น์ ์ฐฝ๋นํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
๋ณด์ด์ฝ์ ๊ณต์ ํ๋ณด ์ง๋ช
์ 11์ 17์ผ ์ด๋ค์ก๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง 2019๋
1์ ๊ธฐ์ค ์ธ์์ ์ํ ์ผ๊ถ์ฐ๋จ ์ ๋น์ด ์ ์์ผ๋ก ์ ๋น๋ฑ๋ก์ด ๋์ง ์์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋น ์์์ผ๋ก ์ถ๋งํ ์ ์์๊ณ ๋ฌด์์์ผ๋ก ์ถ๋งํ๋ค. 2019๋
1์ 17์ผ ๋ณด์ด์ฝ ํ๋ณด๋ ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ์ค์์ ๊ฑฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ์์ํ์ ๋ฌด์์ ํ๋ณด๋ก ๋ฑ๋ก์ ๋ง์ณค๋ค.
2019๋
์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ์ด์ ์์๋ ๋น๋ก๋ํ 37์, ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ 6์ ๋ฑ ์ด 43์์ ์ป์ด ์ต๊ณ ๋ผ๋ค ์๋ด2๋น์ด ๋์๋ค.
์ฑํฅ๊ณผ ์ ์ฑ
2019๋
์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ์ด์ ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ผ๊ถ์ฐ๋จ์ ํ๊ณต์ฐํ, ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ์ ํ ์ด๋, ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ํ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ค์ง์ํค๋ฉฐ ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋-์ ๋ฝ ์ฐํฉ ํ์ ์ ๋ํ ์ฌํ์์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ฉฐ ๋
๋ฆฝ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ฐํฉ(CIS)์ ๊ต์ญ์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ๋ํ "์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋์ ์ ์น๊ตฐ์ฌ์ ์ค๋ฆฝํ"๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ตฌํ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ํ ์ ์น๊ตฐ์ฌ์ ์ฐ๋งน์๋ ๊ฐ๋งนํ์ง ์๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค.
๋น๊ณค ํด์น๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋ฌ์์๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ณต๊ธ๋ฐ๋ ์ฒ์ฐ๊ฐ์ค ์๊ธ์ 1,000mยณ๋น 3,800-4,000 ํ๋ฆฌ์ฐ๋๋ก ๊ฐ์ธํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
์ผ๊ถ์ฐ๋จ์ ๋๋ฐ์ค ์ ์ ์ข
๊ฒฐ์ ์ํด ๋๋ค์ธ ํฌ ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ๋ฐ ๋ฃจ๊ฐ์คํฌ ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ง์ ์ ์ธ ํ์์ ํด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ๋ค๋ง ํฌ๋ฆผ๋ฐ๋์ ๋ํด์๋ ์ด๋ ํ ์ฃผ์ฅ๋ ํ๊ณ ์์ง ์๋ค.
์ ๊ฑฐ ์ด๋ ฅ
์ด์ ๊ฑฐ
๊ฐ์ฃผ
๋ด์ฉ์ฃผ
์ถ์ฒ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
์ธ์์ ์ํ ์ผ๊ถ์ฐ๋จ ๊ณต์ ํํ์ด์ง
์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋์ ์ ๋น
2018๋
์ค๋ฆฝ๋ ์ ๋น
1999๋
์ค๋ฆฝ๋ ์ ๋น | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition%20Platform%20%E2%80%94%20For%20Life | Opposition Platform โ For Life | The Opposition Platform โ For Life (; , OPZZh) was a pro-Russian and Eurosceptic political party in Ukraine.
The party was the successor of For Life (, Russian: ะะฐ ะถะธะทะฝั) formerly All-Ukrainian Union "Center" from 1999 to 2016, a small pro-Russian political party. It was registered in December 1999. In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election, the party won 37 seats on the nationwide party list and six constituency seats. Although it espoused pro-Russian policies, the party publicly denounced the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine on 8 March 2022.
On 20 March 2022, its activities were suspended by the National Security and Defense Council for the period of martial law due to allegations of having ties to Russia made by the Council. On 14 April, the party's parliamentary group was dissolved in Ukraine's parliament. On 21 April, twenty-five of the party's former deputies formed a new parliamentary group called "Platform for Life and Peace" (). On 20 June, the party was banned by court. On 15 September 2022, the final appeal against this ban was dismissed by the Supreme Court of Ukraine.
History
All-Ukrainian Union "Center"
At the 2002 Ukrainian parliamentary election the party won only 0.16% of the votes as part of National Movement Bloc along with People's Movement of Ukraine for Unity. During the legislative elections of 26 March 2006, the party was part of the Opposition Bloc "Ne Tak". In the 30 September 2007 elections, the party failed as part of the Electoral Bloc of Political Parties "KUCHMA" to win parliamentary representation. The party did not participate in the 2012 parliamentary elections. For the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election, the party joined Opposition Bloc along with other five parties; in these elections Opposition Bloc won 29 seats.
For life
In July 2016, former members of Opposition Bloc Vadim Rabinovich and Yevhen Murayev reconstituted the party under the name For Life. In September 2018, Murayev left For Life and five days later created the new political party Ours (Nashi). The Ministry of Justice of Ukraine did not register the name change of All-Ukrainian Union "Center".
Foundation of Opposition Platform โ For Life
According to Ukrayinska Pravda, the negotiations on the unification of the parties For Life and Opposition Bloc started in the summer of 2018. Ukrayinska Pravda claims these talks were instigated by Serhiy Lyovochkin who, along with Dmytro Firtash, controlled one of the wings of Opposition Bloc, whereas Rinat Akhmetov controlled the other wing of Opposition Bloc. In early November 2018, the Opposition Bloc members loyal to Akhmetov decided to take pause the negotiations.
On 5 November 2018, one of Russian President Vladimir Putin's closest associates and chief of staff to former Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma, Viktor Medvedchuk was elected chairman of the party For Life political party's council. Medvedchuk was also leader of the Ukrainian Choice NGO, a socially conservative pro-Russian political group and partially prohibited in Ukraine as openly anti-Ukrainian.
On 9 November 2018, Opposition Bloc chairman Yuriy Boyko and For Life signed an agreement (called Opposition Platform โ For Life) for cooperation in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election and the parliamentary election of the same year. The same day, Opposition Bloc leading members Vadym Novynskyi and Borys Kolesnikov claimed the agreement was a "personal initiative" of Boyko and that the party had not taken any decisions on cooperation with For Life.
Opposition Bloc members, Ukraine โ Forward! and Party of Development of Ukraine joined the Opposition Platform โ For Life alliance on 17 November 2018. The same day, Opposition Platform โ For Life nominated Boyko as its candidate in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election.
After Boyko was excluded from the parliamentary faction of the Opposition Bloc (the reason given was "because they betrayed their voters'" interests), on 20 November 2018 he announced the creation of a new parliamentary group called Opposition Platform โ For Life. According to Boyko, part of Opposition Bloc is to join this new parliamentary group and he claimed "we have several offers from MPs belonging to other groups".
On 13 December 2018, it was announced that a new party, called Opposition Platform โ For Life, had been formed.
Boyko's official nomination was announced on 17 November. Because Opposition Platform โ For Life was not yet registered as a party in January 2019, it could not nominate him as a presidential candidate. Hence on 17 January 2019 Boyko submitted documents to the Central Election Commission of Ukraine for registration as a self-nominated candidate. In the election Boyko took fourth place with 11.67% of the total vote.
2019 parliamentary election and 2020 local elections
In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election the party won 37 seats (13.05% of the total votes) on the nationwide party list and 6 constituency seats. 11.4% of the party's elected deputies were women.
In the October 2020 Ukrainian local elections Opposition Platform โ For Life took third place with 11.75% of all votes being cast to the party. (The highest number of seats in the election was won by Servant of the People with 17.59% of local deputies nominated in the election by this party. Second place was for Fatherland with 12.39%.) The party was successful in South and Eastern Ukraine, although the local parties of city mayors (in particular in Odesa, Mykolaiv and Sloviansk) cost them support compared with its predecessor Opposition Bloc in the 2015 Ukrainian local elections. Oleksandr Popov, former head of the Kyiv City State Administration, was a candidate for Mayor of Kyiv nominated by OPFL. In the election he received 68,757 votes, securing second place but losing the election to incumbent Mayor Vitali Klitschko. from the OPFL won the election for mayor of Kryvyi Rih.
Grenade attack and call for impeachment
On 3 July 2020, a grenade was thrown into the party's office in Poltava, and one person was injured as a result of the explosion.
Following the enactment of Ukrainian sanctions imposed on fellow party member Taras Kozak and his media outlets on 2 February 2021, the party's deputies began moving to initiate an impeachment of President Volodymyr Zelensky.
2022 Russian invasion and banning
As of early 2022, its leadership consisted of Rabinovich and Boyko (co-chairs), Medvedchuk (head of Political Council, chair of Strategic Council) and Serhiy Lovochkin (chair of the Executive Committee).
On 24 February 2022, Russia launched a full scale invasion of Ukraine. On this day party member Illia Kyva expressed support for the invasion and blamed the war on Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and urged him to resign. On 3 March 2022, Kyva was expelled from the party. On 15 March 2022, parliament deprived Kyva of his mandate as a People's Deputy.
On 7 March 2022, the party deprived Medvedchuk, who was charged with high treason in May 2021, of the post of co-chairman of the party; making Yuriy Boyko the sole chairman. Medvedchuk had escaped his house arrest on 28 February 2022. On 14 April, he was apprehended once again.
On 7 March 2022, the party also demanded "from the leadership of the Russian Federation to stop the aggression against Ukraine and calls on the participants of the negotiation process to immediately decide on a ceasefire and withdrawal of all Russian troops from Ukraine." The party also decided to support the participation of members of the Territorial Defense Forces to protect critical infrastructure, housing and looting and to support humanitarian corridors for the withdrawal of civilians.
Opposition Platform โ For Life was one of several political parties suspended by the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine on 20 March 2022, along with Derzhava, Left Opposition, Nashi, Opposition Bloc, Party of Shariy, Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine, Socialist Party of Ukraine, Union of Leftists, and the Volodymyr Saldo Block.
At the 24 March 2022 parliamentary sitting five MPs announced their resignation from the Opposition Platform โ For Life faction. Meanwhile parliament itself was consulting with the Ministry of Justice on actions against the party's remaining deputies, as Ukrainian law did not provide for a single mechanism for suspending the activities of the party represented in parliament.
On 26 March 2022, the faction Opposition Platform โ For Life in the Odesa Oblast Council ceased to exist. 18 deputies joined the newly formed deputy group Our Home is Ukraine.
On 14 April 2022, the party's parliamentary group was dissolved in Ukraine's parliament.
On 21 April 2022, the Opposition Platform โ For Life deputies in Ukraine's national parliament formed a new parliamentary group. The group was named "Platform for Life and Peace" () and headed by Boyko and consisted of 25 MPs. On 11 May 2022 The Opposition Platform โ For Life faction in Kharkiv City Council ceased to exist. 16 of the parties 18 deputies created the parliamentary group "Restoration of Ukraine".
On 20 June 2022, the Eighth Administrative Court of Appeal banned the party. The property of the party and all its branches were transferred to the state. The decision was open to appeal at the Supreme Court of Ukraine within 20 days. At the time Opposition Platform โ For Life was one of two of the 20 March 2022 suspended parties that was subject to an attempt of getting banned in court, Opposition Platform โ For Life was the only party to defend and participate in the case. (The other party was the Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine.) On 15 September 2022, the final appeal against the party's ban was dismissed by the Supreme Court of Ukraine, meaning that the party was fully banned in Ukraine.
Policies
In the party election program for the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election, the party promised to undo decommunization, lustration, Ukrainization policies, and renegotiate the UkraineโEuropean Union Association Agreement while reviving trade with the CIS countries. The group wanted the "neutrality of Ukraine in the military-political sphere and non-participation in any military-political alliances." As a means of fighting poverty, the party advocated the "reduction of gas tariffs for the population of Ukraine to โด3,800โ4,000 per thousand cubic meters due to direct gas supplies from the Russian Federation." The party wanted to end the War in Donbass by negotiating directly with the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic. Other positions set out in its electoral programme include granting "autonomous status to Donbas as an integral part of Ukraine" by amending the Constitution and laws of Ukraine; the right to speak, communicate, study in Russian; decentralisation of governance; stronger mechanisms against corrupt politicians; "an end to deindustrialization, degradation and deintellectualization"; a stronger social state; constitutional amendment to ensure neutrality; and "revision of the bondage conditions" of Ukraine's participation in the World Trade Organization; and a free trade agreement with the European Union.
At a conciliation council among leaders of parliamentary factions on 17 February 2020, Vadim Rabinovych urged the sending of a Ukrainian delegation to participate in the 9 May victory parade in Moscow and started to sing the Soviet song "The Sacred War" ("Rise Up, the Mighty Country). The party celebrates Red Army veterans by marking occasions like the Victory Day over Nazism in World War II and the Day of Liberation of Ukraine from Fascist Invaders.
During hostile relations between Russia and Ukraine, the parliamentary deputy group of Opposition PlatformFor Life sent its delegation as official parliamentary delegation of Ukraine to Russia's State Duma on 10 March 2020. The OPFL delegation was met with a standing ovation in the State Duma. Soon after information about the trip appeared, the press service office of the Verkhovna Rada denied that the parliament had commissioned the delegation to conduct any negotiations with Duma representatives and no official documents had been issued for the foreign visit of the delegation.
After Russia invaded Ukraine on 24 February 2022 on 8 March 2022 the party voiced its stance on this. The party stated that it "demands from the leadership of the Russian Federation to stop the aggression against Ukraine and calls on the participants of the negotiation process to immediately decide on a ceasefire and withdrawal of all Russian troops from Ukraine." The party also decided to support the participation of members of the Territorial Defense Forces to protect critical infrastructure, housing and looting and to support humanitarian corridors for the withdrawal of civilians.
Election results
Verkhovna Rada
All-Ukrainian Union Center
Opposition PlatformFor Life
Presidential elections
Notes
References
External links
2018 establishments in Ukraine
Banned political parties in Ukraine
Centrist parties in Ukraine
Eurosceptic parties in Ukraine
Parliamentary factions in Ukraine
Political parties disestablished in 2022
Political parties established in 2018
Political party alliances in Ukraine
Regionalist parties in Ukraine
Russian political parties in Ukraine
Russophilic parties |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%98%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%20%EB%8B%A4%EB%A9%B4%EC%B2%B4%20%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95 | ์ฝ์จ์ด ๋ค๋ฉด์ฒด ํ๊ธฐ๋ฒ | ์ฝ์จ์ด ๋ค๋ฉด์ฒด ํ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ์กด ํธํด ์ฝ์จ์ด๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ ๋ค๋ฉด์ฒด์ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ด๋ค.
๊ธฐํํ์์, ์กด ํธํผ ์ฝ์จ์ด๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ช
ํ๊ณ ์กฐ์ง W. ํํธ๊ฐ ์ฅ๋ คํ ์ฝ์จ์ด ๋ค๋ฉด์ฒด ํ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ๋ค์ํ ์ ๋์ฌ ์ฐ์ฐ์ ์ํด ์์ ๋ ์จ์ ๋ค๋ฉด์ฒด์ ๊ธฐ์ดํ ๋ค๋ฉด์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฌ์ฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค.
์ฝ์จ์ด์ ํํธ๋ ์ผํ๋ฌ๊ฐ ์ ์ํ ์ ๋จ ์ฐ์ฐ์๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋์ผํ ๋์นญ์ ๊ด๋ จ ๋ค๋ฉด์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ง๋๋ ์์ด๋์ด๋ฅผ ํ์ฅํ๋ค. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด tC๋ ์๋ฆฐ ํ๋ธ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด๊ณ taC๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ ๋ถ์ํ๋ค.
์คํ์ผ T(aC)๋ฅผ ํ์ํ๋ค.}, ๋ (์์์ ์ผ๋ก) ๊น์ ์ ์ก๋ฉด์ฒด์ด๋ค. ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ฐ๋จํ ์ฐ์ฐ์ ์ด์ค ๊ผญ์ง์ ๊ณผ ๋ฉด ์์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊พผ๋ค. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด, ์ด์ค ํ๋ธ๋ 8๋ฉด์ฒด์ด๋ค. dC=O. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฐ์ฐ์๋ ์ง๋ ฌ๋ก ์ ์ฉ๋์ด ๋ง์ ๊ณ ์ฐจ ๋ค๋ฉด์ฒด๊ฐ ์์ฑ๋ ์ ์๋ค. Hart๊ฐ r๊ณผ p๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ ๋์ Conway๋ ์ฐ์ฐ์ abdegjkmost๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ์ดํ ๊ตฌํ์์๋ ์ถ๊ฐ ์ฐ์ฐ์๋ฅผ ๋ช
๋ช
ํ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ "ํ์ฅ" ์ฐ์ฐ์๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ํ๋ค. ์ฝ์จ์ด์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ฐ์ฐ์ ํ๋ผํค์ ๋ค๋ฉด์ฒด์์ ์๋ฅดํค๋ฉ๋ฐ์ค ๋ค๋ฉด์ฒด์ ์นดํ๋ฃจ๋ ๋ค๋ฉด์ฒด๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ๊ธฐ์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ๋ค. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด, ๋ ๋ฒ ์ ์ฉ๋๋ ์ฐ๋ณด๋ ํ์ฅ ์ฐ์ฐ์ธ aa = e์ธ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ์ฐ๋ณด ํ ์๋ผ๋ด๋ฉด ๋ฒ ๋ฒจ(ta = b)์ด ์์ฑ๋๋ค.
๋ค๋ฉด์ฒด๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๊ผญ์ง์ , ๋ชจ์๋ฆฌ, ๋ฉด์ด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋๋์ง๋ฅผ ์์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ณต๊ฐ์์์ ์์ ๋ฐฐ์น์ ๊ด์ ์์ ๊ธฐํํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฐ์ฐ์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌํ์ ๊ธฐํํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ค๋ฅด์ง๋ง ์์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์ผํ ๋ค๋ฉด์ฒด๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฑํ ๋ค๋ฉด์ฒด๋ ๊ตฌ์ ๋ค๋ฉด์ฒด ๊ทธ๋ํ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ด ๋ด์ฅํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ช
์๋์ง ์์ ํ, ๋ณธ ๋ฌธ์(๋ฐ Conway ์ฐ์ฐ์์ ๋ํ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ)์์๋ ํ ํด๋ก์ง๊ฐ ์ฃผ์ ๊ด์ฌ์ฌ์ด๋ค. ์์ด 0์ธ ๋ค๋ฉด์ฒด๋ ๋ชจํธํจ์ ํผํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ข
์ข
์ ์ ํํ๋ก ๋์ด๋ค.
์์ ํ ํ๋
์๋(S), ๋๋ค(n), zip(z)์ ์๋ฐํ ๋งํ๋ฉด ์กด ํธํด ์ฝ์จ์ด์์ ํฌํจํ์ง ์์์ง๋ง, ์๋ ์กด ํธํด ์ฝ์จ์ด ์์
๊ณผ ์ด์ค์ฑ์ผ๋ก ๊ด๋ จ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ํฌํจ๋๋ค.
์ง๊ธ๋ถํฐ, ํ๋ธ ํ๋ฉด์ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง ํ๋ธ ์จ์ ๋ํ ์์
์ด ์๊ฐํ๋๋ค. ํ๋์ ๋ฉด์ ์จ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ก์ง๋ฅด๊ณ ๋ถํ์ ๋ฉด์ ์จ์์ ๊ผญ์ง์ ์์ ๋์ฌ ์๋ค. ํนํ ํค๋ ์ฐ์ฐ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ ์ ์ ์ ํํ๊ฒ ๋ฐฐ์นํ ๋ ์ ์ฐ์ฑ์ด ์๋ค.
์์
์ ํ์ฅ
์ฝ์จ์ด์ ์๋ ์ธํธ ์ดํ์ ์์ฑ๋ ์์
์ด๋ค. ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ์์
์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ํด์ ์์
์ด ์กด์ฌํ์ง ์๊ฑฐ๋ LSP ๋๋ LOPSP๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ฏธํ์ง๋ ์๋๋ค. ๋จ์ํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ด ๋ชฉ๋ก์๋ ํ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ฐ์ฐ์๋ง ํฌํจ๋๋ฉฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฐ์ฐ์๋ ์ฐ์ฐ์๋ฅผ ํจ๊ป ๊ตฌ์ฑํ์ฌ ์์ฑํ ์ ์๋ค.
์ธ๋ฑ์ฑ๋ ํ์ฅ ์์
์ผ๋ถ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฐ์ฐ์๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฃนํํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ธ๋ฑ์ค์ ์ํด ๋์์ด ์์ ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ค์n x๋ผ๋ ์ฒจ์๋ก ์ฐ์ฐ์๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ก๋๋ค.
ํ๋
์ฆ๊ฐ ์์
์ ์๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ๋ฉด์ ์ด๋ค ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๋ถ๋ถ์งํฉ์ ์ ์ฉ๋ ์๋ ์๊ณ , ์๋์ ๊ฐ์ฅ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐํ์ฌ ๊ฒฐํฉ ํํ๋ก ๋ณํ๋ ์๋ ์๋ค. ์ฝ์จ์ด ํ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฐ์ฐ์์ ๋ํ ์ ํ์ ์ง์๋ฅผ ์ง์ํ๋ค. ์ฆ, ๊ฒฐํฉ ์์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ 0 ๋๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฉด์ด ๋ช ๊ฐ์ธ์ง์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ 3 ์ด์์ด๋ค. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด, kY44=O: ์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋๋ฅผ ์ทจํ๊ณ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋๋ฅผ ์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๋ฒ ์ด์ค์ ๋ถ์ด๋ฉด 8๊ฐํ์ด ๋๋ค.
๋ฉํ/๋น๋ฒจ
๋ฉํ๋ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ ์, ๋ฒ ๋ฒจ์ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ, ์๋ ์ ์ , ๊ฐ์ฅ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ ์ ์ถ๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ง์๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ ๋๋ ๋ฉด์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ฉํ(๋น์ธ๋ฑ์ค ํํ)๋ ์บํธ๋ฐ์ง(cantitruncation) ๋๋ ์ด๋ํธ๋ฐ์ง(hunitruncation)๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ํ๋ค. ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ 0์ ํ๋ ์ฐ์ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ฏธํ์ง ์๋๋ค๋ ์ ์ ์ ์ํ ๊ฒ. ์ฆ, ๊ฐ์ฅ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ (๋๋ ๋ฉด)์ด 0์ผ๋ก ์ถ๊ฐ๋๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
๋ฉ๋์
์ค์ฌ์์ ๊ฐ ์๋ ์ ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ฐํ์ง ์๋๋ค๋ ์ ์ ์ ์ธํ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋์์ ๋ฉํ์ ๊ฐ๋ค. ์ง์ 1 ํํ๋ ์ฝ์จ์ด์ ์ ํ์ธ๊ณผ์ ํ์ฅ ์ฐ์ฐ์์ ๋์ผํ๋ค. ํ์ฅ(expansion)์ ํ์ฅ๊ณผ ํ์ฅ(cantellation)์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ํ๋ค. o์ e๋ ์๋์ ์ค๋ช
๋ ์์ฒด ์ธ๋ฑ์ฑ๋ ์์์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์ ์ ์ ์ํ ๊ฒ. ๋ํ ์ผ๋ถ ๊ตฌํ์์๋ 1์ด ์๋ 0์์ ์ธ๋ฑ์ฑ์ ์์ํ๋ค๋ ์ ์ ์ ์ํ ๊ฒ
๊ณจ๋๋ฒ๊ทธ์ฝ์ํฐ
๊ณจ๋๋ฒ๊ทธ-์ฝ์ธํฐ(GC) ์ฝ์จ์ด ์ด์์๋ ๊ณจ๋๋ฒ๊ทธ-์ฝ์ธํฐ ๊ฑด์ค์ ์ฐ์ฅ์ ์ธ ๋ ๋ฌดํ ์ฐ์ฐ์ ๊ณ์ด์ด๋ค. GC ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ ์ผ๊ฐ ๊ฒฉ์์ ์ผ๊ฐํ ๋ถ๋ถ ๋๋ ์ฌ๊ฐ ๊ฒฉ์์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ทจํ์ฌ ๋ค๋ฉด์ฒด์ ๊ฐ ๋ฉด ์์ ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ ์ผ๊ฐํ์ด๋ ์ฌ๊ฐํ์ ์ฑ๋ฒ("๋ง์คํฐ ํด๋ฆฌ๊ณค")๋ฅผ ์๋ณํ์ฌ ์ด๋ค ๋ฉด์ผ๋ก๋ ํ์ฅํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ผ๊ฐํ ๊ณ์ด์ ์ฐ์ฐ์๋ Goldberg Polyedra์ Geodesic Polyedra๋ฅผ ์์ฐํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ์ ์๋ค: ๊ณต์์ Geodesic Polyedra์ Goldberg Polyedra ๋ชฉ๋ก์ ์ฐธ์กฐํ๋ค.
๋ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ ์ผ๊ฐํ GC ๊ณ์ด, c์a,b ua,b, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 4๊ฐํ GC ๊ณ์ด, e์a,b o์ด๋คa,b. ๋ GC ํจ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์๋ก ์ง์ํ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋ง์ ํ๋ฅญํ ์์ง๋ค์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
๊ทธ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ์ง์๋ ๋ณต์กํ ์ซ์์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ํน์ ํ ์ ํด๋ฆฌ๋ ์์ญ๊ณผ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๋ค: ์ผ๊ฐํ GC ๊ณ์ด์ ์์ด์ ์ํ์ธ ์ ์์ 4๊ฐํ GC ๊ณ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ฐ์ค ์ ์.
๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์กฑ ๋ด xxd๊ธฐ๋ฅ๊ณผ dxd๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์ด์์๋ค์ด ์๋ก ํต๊ทผํ๋ค.
์ด์์๋ 3๊ฐ์ง ๋ฑ๊ธ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋๋ค(์๋ c๋ก ์์ฑ๋์ง๋ง 4๊ฐ ์ด์์ ๋ชจ๋์๊ฒ ์ ์ฉ).
ํด๋์ค I:. ์์น๋, ์๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ๋ค. 0 ์ง์๋ฅผ ์ต์ ํ ์ํ๋ก ์์ฑํ ์ ์๋ค(์a,0: c = ca).
ํด๋์ค II:. ๋ํ ์์น๋. ca,a = cc๋กa1,1 ๋ถํดํ ์ ์์
ํด๋์ค III: ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฐ์ฐ์. ์ด๊ฒ๋ค์ ์น๋์ด๊ณ , c์a,b c๋b,a ์๋ก ์น๋ ์์ด๋ค.
์๋ ์ฝ์จ์ด ์์ ์ค GC ๊ณ์ด์ ์ํ์ง ์๋ ๊ฒ์ g์ s(์์ด๋ก์ ์ค๋๋ธ)๋ฟ์ด๋ค. ๋ฉํ(meta)์ ๋ฒ ๋ฒจ(m๊ณผ b)์ ์ผ๊ฐํ ๊ณ์ด์ ์ฐ์ฐ์ 1๋ช
๊ณผ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๊ณ์ด์ ์ฐ์ฐ์ 1๋ช
์ผ๋ก ํํํ ์ ์๋ค.
์๋ฅดํค๋ฉ๋ฐ์ค ๋ค๋ฉด์ฒด์ ์นดํ๋ฃจ๋ ๋ค๋ฉด์ฒด
์ํ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฒ
๋ค๋ฉด์ฒด
์ด๋ฑ ๊ธฐํํ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway%20polyhedron%20notation | Conway polyhedron notation | In geometry, Conway polyhedron notation, invented by John Horton Conway and promoted by George W. Hart, is used to describe polyhedra based on a seed polyhedron modified by various prefix operations.
Conway and Hart extended the idea of using operators, like truncation as defined by Kepler, to build related polyhedra of the same symmetry. For example, represents a truncated cube, and , parsed as , is (topologically) a truncated cuboctahedron. The simplest operator dual swaps vertex and face elements; e.g., a dual cube is an octahedron: . Applied in a series, these operators allow many higher order polyhedra to be generated. Conway defined the operators (ambo), (bevel), (dual), (expand), (gyro), (join), (kis), (meta), (ortho), (snub), and (truncate), while Hart added (reflect) and (propellor). Later implementations named further operators, sometimes referred to as "extended" operators. Conway's basic operations are sufficient to generate the Archimedean and Catalan solids from the Platonic solids. Some basic operations can be made as composites of others: for instance, ambo applied twice is the expand operation (), while a truncation after ambo produces bevel ().
Polyhedra can be studied topologically, in terms of how their vertices, edges, and faces connect together, or geometrically, in terms of the placement of those elements in space. Different implementations of these operators may create polyhedra that are geometrically different but topologically equivalent. These topologically equivalent polyhedra can be thought of as one of many embeddings of a polyhedral graph on the sphere. Unless otherwise specified, in this article (and in the literature on Conway operators in general) topology is the primary concern. Polyhedra with genus 0 (i.e. topologically equivalent to a sphere) are often put into canonical form to avoid ambiguity.
Operators
In Conway's notation, operations on polyhedra are applied like functions, from right to left. For example, a cuboctahedron is an ambo cube, i.e. , and a truncated cuboctahedron is . Repeated application of an operator can be denoted with an exponent: j2 = o. In general, Conway operators are not commutative.
Individual operators can be visualized in terms of fundamental domains (or chambers), as below. Each right triangle is a fundamental domain. Each white chamber is a rotated version of the others, and so is each colored chamber. For achiral operators, the colored chambers are a reflection of the white chambers, and all are transitive. In group terms, achiral operators correspond to dihedral groups where n is the number of sides of a face, while chiral operators correspond to cyclic groups lacking the reflective symmetry of the dihedral groups. Achiral and chiral operators are also called local symmetry-preserving operations (LSP) and local operations that preserve orientation-preserving symmetries (LOPSP), respectively.
LSPs should be understood as local operations that preserve symmetry, not operations that preserve local symmetry. Again, these are symmetries in a topological sense, not a geometric sense: the exact angles and edge lengths may differ.
Hart introduced the reflection operator r, that gives the mirror image of the polyhedron. This is not strictly a LOPSP, since it does not preserve orientation: it reverses it, by exchanging white and red chambers. r has no effect on achiral polyhedra aside from orientation, and rr = S returns the original polyhedron. An overline can be used to indicate the other chiral form of an operator: = rsr.
An operation is irreducible if it cannot be expressed as a composition of operators aside from d and r. The majority of Conway's original operators are irreducible: the exceptions are e, b, o, and m.
Matrix representation
The relationship between the number of vertices, edges, and faces of the seed and the polyhedron created by the operations listed in this article can be expressed as a matrix . When x is the operator, are the vertices, edges, and faces of the seed (respectively), and are the vertices, edges, and faces of the result, then
.
The matrix for the composition of two operators is just the product of the matrixes for the two operators. Distinct operators may have the same matrix, for example, p and l. The edge count of the result is an integer multiple d of that of the seed: this is called the inflation rate, or the edge factor.
The simplest operators, the identity operator S and the dual operator d, have simple matrix forms:
,
Two dual operators cancel out; dd = S, and the square of is the identity matrix. When applied to other operators, the dual operator corresponds to horizontal and vertical reflections of the matrix. Operators can be grouped into groups of four (or fewer if some forms are the same) by identifying the operators x, xd (operator of dual), dx (dual of operator), and dxd (conjugate of operator). In this article, only the matrix for x is given, since the others are simple reflections.
Number of operators
The number of LSPs for each inflation rate is starting with inflation rate 1. However, not all LSPs necessarily produce a polyhedron whose edges and vertices form a 3-connected graph, and as a consequence of Steinitz's theorem do not necessarily produce a convex polyhedron from a convex seed. The number of 3-connected LSPs for each inflation rate is .
Original operations
Strictly, seed (S), needle (n), and zip (z) were not included by Conway, but they are related to original Conway operations by duality so are included here.
From here on, operations are visualized on cube seeds, drawn on the surface of that cube. Blue faces cross edges of the seed, and pink faces lie over vertices of the seed. There is some flexibility in the exact placement of vertices, especially with chiral operators.
Seeds
Any polyhedron can serve as a seed, as long as the operations can be executed on it. Common seeds have been assigned a letter.
The Platonic solids are represented by the first letter of their name (Tetrahedron, Octahedron, Cube, Icosahedron, Dodecahedron); the prisms (Pn) for n-gonal forms; antiprisms (An); cupolae (Un); anticupolae (Vn); and pyramids (Yn). Any Johnson solid can be referenced as Jn, for n=1..92.
All of the five Platonic solids can be generated from prismatic generators with zero to two operators:
Triangular pyramid: Y3 (A tetrahedron is a special pyramid)
T = Y3
O = aT (ambo tetrahedron)
C = jT (join tetrahedron)
I = sT (snub tetrahedron)
D = gT (gyro tetrahedron)
Triangular antiprism: A3 (An octahedron is a special antiprism)
O = A3
C = dA3
Square prism: P4 (A cube is a special prism)
C = P4
Pentagonal antiprism: A5
I = k5A5 (A special gyroelongated dipyramid)
D = t5dA5 (A special truncated trapezohedron)
The regular Euclidean tilings can also be used as seeds:
Q = Quadrille = Square tiling
H = Hextille = Hexagonal tiling = dฮ
ฮ = Deltille = Triangular tiling = dH
Extended operations
These are operations created after Conway's original set. Note that many more operations exist than have been named; just because an operation is not here does not mean it does not exist (or is not an LSP or LOPSP). To simplify, only irreducible operators are
included in this list: others can be created by composing operators together.
Indexed extended operations
A number of operators can be grouped together by some criteria, or have their behavior modified by an index. These are written as an operator with a subscript: xn.
Augmentation
Augmentation operations retain original edges. They may be applied to any independent subset of faces, or may be converted into a join-form by removing the original edges. Conway notation supports an optional index to these operators: 0 for the join-form, or 3 or higher for how many sides affected faces have. For example, k4Y4=O: taking a square-based pyramid and gluing another pyramid to the square base gives an octahedron.
The truncate operator t also has an index form tn, indicating that only vertices of a certain degree are truncated. It is equivalent to dknd.
Some of the extended operators can be created in special cases with kn and tn operators. For example, a chamfered cube, cC, can be constructed as t4daC, as a rhombic dodecahedron, daC or jC, with its degree-4 vertices truncated. A lofted cube, lC is the same as t4kC. A quinto-dodecahedron, qD can be constructed as t5daaD or t5deD or t5oD, a deltoidal hexecontahedron, deD or oD, with its degree-5 vertices truncated.
Meta/Bevel
Meta adds vertices at the center and along the edges, while bevel adds faces at the center, seed vertices, and along the edges. The index is how many vertices or faces are added along the edges. Meta (in its non-indexed form) is also called cantitruncation or omnitruncation. Note that 0 here does not mean the same as for augmentation operations: it means zero vertices (or faces) are added along the edges.
Medial
Medial is like meta, except it does not add edges from the center to each seed vertex. The index 1 form is identical to Conway's ortho and expand operators: expand is also called cantellation and expansion. Note that o and e have their own indexed forms, described below. Also note that some implementations start indexing at 0 instead of 1.
Goldberg-Coxeter
The Goldberg-Coxeter (GC) Conway operators are two infinite families of operators that are an extension of the Goldberg-Coxeter construction. The GC construction can be thought of as taking a triangular section of a triangular lattice, or a square section of a square lattice, and laying that over each face of the polyhedron. This construction can be extended to any face by identifying the chambers of the triangle or square (the "master polygon"). Operators in the triangular family can be used to produce the Goldberg polyhedra and geodesic polyhedra: see List of geodesic polyhedra and Goldberg polyhedra for formulas.
The two families are the triangular GC family, ca,b and ua,b, and the quadrilateral GC family, ea,b and oa,b. Both the GC families are indexed by two integers and . They possess many nice qualities:
The indexes of the families have a relationship with certain Euclidean domains over the complex numbers: the Eisenstein integers for the triangular GC family, and the Gaussian integers for the quadrilateral GC family.
Operators in the x and dxd columns within the same family commute with each other.
The operators are divided into three classes (examples are written in terms of c but apply to all 4 operators):
Class I: . Achiral, preserves original edges. Can be written with the zero index suppressed, e.g. ca,0 = ca.
Class II: . Also achiral. Can be decomposed as ca,a = cac1,1
Class III: All other operators. These are chiral, and ca,b and cb,a are the chiral pairs of each other.
Of the original Conway operations, the only ones that do not fall into the GC family are g and s (gyro and snub). Meta and bevel (m and b) can be expressed in terms of one operator from the triangular family and one from the quadrilateral family.
Triangular
By basic number theory, for any values of a and b, .
Quadrilateral
Examples
Archimedean and Catalan solids
Conway's original set of operators can create all of the Archimedean solids and Catalan solids, using the Platonic solids as seeds. (Note that the r operator is not necessary to create both chiral forms.)
Composite operators
The truncated icosahedron, tI, can be used as a seed to create some more visually-pleasing polyhedra, although these are neither vertex nor face-transitive.
On the plane
Each of the convex uniform tilings and their duals can be created by applying Conway operators to the regular tilings Q, H, and ฮ.
On a torus
Conway operators can also be applied to toroidal polyhedra and polyhedra with multiple holes.
See also
Symmetrohedron
Zonohedron
Schlรคfli symbol
References
External links
polyHรฉdronisme: generates polyhedra in HTML5 canvas, taking Conway notation as input
Elementary geometry
Polyhedra
Mathematical notation
John Horton Conway |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EB%B2%94%EB%8F%84%EB%A7%88%EB%B1%80%EB%B6%99%EC%9D%B4 | ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด | ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด(Eublepharis macularius)๋ ๋ ์คํ๋ ๊ฒ์ฝ, ์ปค๋จผ ๋ ์คํ๋ ๊ฒ์ฝ(Common leopard gecko)๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ์์ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์์, ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ์ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ธ๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ ๊ณ ์ง๋์ ์์ํ๋ ํํ์ฑ(:en:Cathemerality) ์ก์ ๋๋ง๋ฑ์ด๋ค. ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์ ์ ์ฒด๊ฐ ๋๊บผํ์ด ์๊ณ , ๋ฐ์ ๋นจํ์ด ์์ด ๋งค๋๋ฌ์ด ํ๋ฉด์ ๊ธฐ์ด์ค๋ฅด์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ์ ์ผ ๋๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์ก๋๋ ๋๋ง๋ฑ ์ค ํ๋์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ ํธ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋ ์คํ๋ ๊ฒ์ฝ๋ฅผ ์ค์ฌ์ ๋ ๊ฒ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅธ๋ค.
๋ถ๋ฅ
ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ 1854๋
์ ๋๋ฌผํ์ ์๋์๋ ๋ธ๋ผ์ด์ค(:en:Edward Blyth)๊ฐ Eublepharis macularius๋ผ๋ ํ๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ต์ด๋ก ๊ธฐ์ ํ์๋ค. ์๋ช
Eublepharis ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ด ๋จ์ด eu (์ข์) ๊ณผ blepharos (๋๊บผํ)๋ฅผ ํฉ์ฑํ ๊ฒ์ธ๋ฐ, ๋๊บผํ์ด ๋ฐํ(:en:lamellae)์ ๋ถ์ฌ, ์ธํ๋ถํํ ํผ๋ถ, ๊ฐ๋ ๋ฎ์๋ ๋์๋ค๋๊ธด ํ์ง๋ง ํํ์ฑ(:en:Crepuscular animal) ์ต์ฑ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์ ๊ตฌ๋ถํ๋ ๋๋ ทํ ํน์ง์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ข
๋ช
์ "์ " ์ด๋ "ํ "์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ ๋ผํด์ด ๋จ์ด macula์์ ๋ฐ์๋๋ฐ, ํผ๋ถ์ ์์ฐ์ ์ธ ์ ๋ฐ์ด๋ฌด๋ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํจ๋ค. ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด์ด์ฐ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ์ค๋ฌด๋ฌ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ ๋ฑ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ค์ํ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ๋ ๊ด๋ จ๋์ด์๋ค. ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์์๋ ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด ๋ง๊ณ ๋ ๋ค ์ข
์ด ์๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค ํ๋๋ ์์ ์๋ ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ ์์ข
์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅ๋์๋ค.
์์
ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ ์์ฐ์ง๋ ๋จ์์์์ ์ํ๊ฐ๋์คํ, ํํค์คํ, ์ธ๋ ๋ถ์๋ถ, ์ด๋์ ์ผ๋ถ ์ง์ญ์ ๋ฐ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฎ์ธ ๊ฑด์กฐํ ์ด์ง์ด๋ค. ์ด ์ง์ญ์ ๊ฒจ์ธ์ ๋ค์ ์์ํ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๋ง์ผ๋ก ๋ด๋ ค๊ฐ๋๋ฐ, ๋๋ฌผ๋ค์ ์งํ์์ ๋ฐ๋๋ฉด, ์ฆ ํด๋ฉด(:en:brumation)์ ๋์
ํ์ฌ ์ ์ฅํ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ผ๋ก ๋ฒํด๋ค. ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ํํ์ฑ ํ์ถฉ๋ฅ๋ค; ์ผ์์์๋ ๋ฎ์๋ ์ฃผ๋ก ๊ตด ์์ด๋ ๊ทธ๋์ง ์์ญ์์ ์ง๋ด๋ฉฐ, ํด๊ฐ ๋จ๊ณ ์ง ๋ฌด๋ ต์ ์จ๋๊ฐ ์ ๋นํ์ฌ ์ ์ผ ํ๋์ ์ด๊ณ , ์ฌ์ก ์์๋ ์๋นํ ๊ฐํ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ํ๋ค. ์ด ๋
์๋ค์ ํ๋ก ์ง๋ด๋ ์ต์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ด์ ๋ณดํต ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋๋ฌผ๋ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์ง๋ด์ง ์๋๋ค.
์์ฑ
ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ๋ณดํต ์๋ณ๊ท๋๋ผ๋ฏธ, ๋ฐํด๋ฒ๋ , ๋ฐ์, ์ํผ๋ฐ์(:en:Super worm) ๋ฑ๋ฑ์ ๊ณค์ถฉ์ ๋จน๋๋ค. ์ฌ์ก ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ฅํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ข์ํ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃฝ์ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณ๋ก ๋จน์ง ์๋๋ค. ์๋ณ๊ท๋๋ผ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ฉด ์ผ์์์์ฒ๋ผ ์ฌ๋ฅํ ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ผ ๋ง์ด ๋จน์ด์ง๋ง, ๋ฐ์, ์์ค์(:en:Waxworm), ๋๋น์๋ฐํด๋ฒ๋ (:en:Dubia roach)(๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์กฐ๊ธ ๋๋ฌผ๊ฒ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐํด๋ฒ๋ ์ข
๋ฅ)๋ ์์ฃผ ๋จน์ธ๋ค. ๋จน์ด๊ฐ ๋ชจ์๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์ฅํ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. ์๋จ์ ์นผ์๊ณผ ๋นํ๋ฏผD3์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ฒจ๊ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ ๊ต์ฅํ ์ค์ํ๋ค. ์ผ์์์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์นผ์๊ณผ ๋นํ๋ฏผD3์ ๋ณด์ถฉํ๋์ง๋ ์ฌ์ ํ ์๋ ค์ง์ง ์์์ง๋ง, ์๋ง๋ ๋๋ฐฉ, ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ, ๊ฐ๋ฏธ ๋ฑ๋ฑ์ ๋ค์ํ ๋ฒ๋ ๋ฅผ ์ญ์ทจํ๋ฉด์ ๋ณด์ถฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์ฌ์ก ์์๋ ๋ค์ํ ๊ณค์ถฉ์ ๊พธ์คํ ์ญ์ทจํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ฏ๋ก, ์ ์ผ ์์๋ถ์ด ํ๋ถํ ๊ณค์ถฉ์ ๊ธ์ฌํ๋ฉฐ, ๋นํ๋ฏผD3์ด ์ฒจ๊ฐ๋ ๊ณ ์ด ์นผ์ ๊ฐ๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๋ฌปํ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋, ๋๋ก๋ ์์์ ๋ฅผ ๋จน์ธ ๋จน์ด๋๋ฌผ์ ๊ธ์ฌํ๋ค.(:en:Gut loading) ๋ ๊ฒ๋ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ ์ฐจ๋ฉด ๋ ์ด์ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน์ง ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๊ณ , ์ฌ์ก์ฅ์ ๋จ์์๋ ๊ณค์ถฉ์ ๋ ๊ฒ์๊ฒ ํด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์น ์ ์๋๋ฐ, ํนํ ์๋ณ๊ท๋๋ผ๋ฏธ๋ ๋๋ง๋ฑ์ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์๋จน์ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด ๋
์๋ค์ ์ผ์์์ ๋ ์นด๋ก์ด ํ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์๊ฐ์ ๋์ํด, ๋ง์น ํ๋ฒ์ฒ๋ผ ๋จน์ด์ ๋ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ณ , ํ์ ์ ์ซ๋ค๊ฐ, ์ ์ ํ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฎ์น๋ค.
ํน์ฑ
ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ ์ค์์ ํฐ ํธ์ด๋ค. ์ ์ฒด์ ์ฒด์ฅ์ 7์์ 10 ์ผํฐ๋ฏธํฐ, ๋ฌด๊ฒ๋ 2์์ 5 ๊ทธ๋จ์ ๋ฌํ๋ค. ์ฑ์ฒด ์์ปท์ ์ฒด์ฅ์ 18์์ 20 ์ผํฐ๋ฏธํฐ, ๋ฌด๊ฒ๋ 50์์ 70ย ๊ทธ๋จ ์ ๋์ด๊ณ , ์ฑ์ฒด ์์ปท์ ์ฒด์ฅ์ 20์์ 28 ์ผํฐ๋ฏธํฐ, ๋ฌด๊ฒ๋ 60์์ 80 ๊ทธ๋จ ์ ๋์ด๋ค.
์ผ์ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ ์ฌ์ก ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ณด๋ค ๋ ์ด๋ก๊ณ ์น์นํ ์๊น์ ๋๋ค. ์ฌ์ก ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ค์ ๋๊ฐ ๋ค์ํ ์๊น๊ณผ ๋ฌด๋ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋๋ค. ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ ํผ๋ถ๋ ๊ต์ฅํ ํผํผํ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฑด์กฐํ ์์์ง์ ๊ฑฐ์น ๋ชจ๋์ ์์์ผ๋ก ๋ค๋ฎ์ธ ์ธ๋์์ ์ ๋ฒํธ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ฑ์ ์์ ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ก ๋ฎ์ฌ์์ด ์ธ์๊ณผ ์ง๊ฐ์ด ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ณ , ์๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์ ํผ๋ถ๋ ์๊ณ ํฌ๋ช
ํ๊ณ ๋ถ๋๋ฝ๋ค. ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ์ถฉ๋ฅ๋ค์ฒ๋ผ ํ๋ฌผ์ ๋ฒ๋๋ค. ํผ๋ถ๋ ํ๋ฌผ์ ๋ฒ๊ธฐ ๋ฉฐ์น ์ ์ ๋ฐํฌ๋ช
ํ๊ณ ํฌ๋๋ฌด๋ ํ ํ์์ผ๋ก ๋ณํ๋ค. ์ฑ์ฒด๋ ํ ๋ฌ์ ํ ๋ฒ ํ๋ฌผ์ ๋ฒ๊ณ , ์์ฑ์ฒด๋ ๋๋๋ก ํ ๋ฌ์ ๋ ๋ฒ์ฉ ํ๋ฌผ์ ๋ฒ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ๋ฒ์ ํ๋ฌผ์ ๋จน์ด์น์ฐ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ คํ ํผ๋ถ๊ฐ ๋๋ฌ๋๋ค. ์ ํ๋ฌผ์ ๋จน๋์ง์ ๋ํ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์ด๋ก ์ด ์๋ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ ์ผ์์์ ํ๋ฌผ์ ๋จน์ด์น์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ ์ ์์ ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ ํ๋ฌผ ์์ ์ฑ์ฅ์ ํ์ํ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง๊ณผ ๋นํ๋ฏผ์ ํก์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ์ธ์จ์ฑ(:en:ectothermic) ๋๋ฌผ์ด๋ค. ์ด ๋
์๋ค์ ๋ฎ์ ์ ์๋ฉด์ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ํก์ํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐค์ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ฅํ๊ณ ์ํํ๋ค. ๊ฒ๋ค๊ฐ ์งง์ ๋ค๋ฆฌ ๋ํ์ ๋ฏผ์ฒฉํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์์ง์ผ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์งง์ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋๋ญ๊ฐ์ง์ ๋ฐ์๋ฅผ ํ ์ ์๋ค. ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์ ์์๋ ๊ท๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณ ๋ง์ผ๋ก ๋ฎ์ฌ์๋ค. ๋
์ฑ์ด ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋์ด์ ์ฌ๋ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์ด์ ์ฃผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ฌํ ์ฒญ๊ฐ์ ์ด์ฉํ๋ค. ๋ฐฉ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ค์ค๋ก ์ ๋จํ ์ ์๋๋ฐ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฐ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ถ์ฐํ์ง ํ๋ฃจ๊ฐ ์ง๋ ์๋ผ ์์ฅ, ์ฆ ํํค(Pinkie)๋ฅผ ๋จน์ผ ์๋ ์๋ค. ๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋๋ค์ ์ฐ ๊ฒ์ด๋ ์ฃฝ์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ ์๋ณ๊ท๋๋ผ๋ฏธ์ ์์์ ๊ฐ๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๋ฌปํ ๊ธ์ฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ถ์ฒํ๋ค. ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฌ์ํ ์ ์์ง๋ง, ์๋ก ์๋ผ๋ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ญํญํ๊ณ ์๋์ ๋๊ฐ์ ํํ๋ฅผ ๋ ์ง ์๋๋ค.
๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์๋ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ, ํ์ง๋ง ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๊ณผ์ ์ํ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์ฒ๋ผ, ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ ๋ฐ์๋ ์ ์ฐฉ์ฑ ๋ฐํ(:en:lamellae)์ด ์์ด์ ๋งค๋๋ฌ์ด ์์ง๋ฒฝ์ ์ค๋ฅด์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
์ด๋นจ
ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ๋คํ์น๋๋ฌผ(:en:polyphyodont)์ด๋ฉฐ 100๊ฐ์ ์ด๋นจ์ ์๋๋ฌ๋ง๋ค ๊ต์ฒดํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ค ์๋ ์ด๋นจ์ ์์์, ์น์ (:en:dental lamina)์ ์นํ์ฑ์ค๊ธฐ์ธํฌ(:en:tooth development)์์ ์์ ์ด๋นจ์ด ์์๋์จ๋ค.
๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ
ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ๋ถ์์ ๋ฉด์ญ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ์์ฃผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๋ฐ๋๋ค. ์ผ์์์๋ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์ ํฐ ๋ถ์์ ์
์ผ๋ฉด ๋ถ์ ์
์ ๋ถ๋ถ์ด ๋จ์ด์ ธ๋๊ฐ ๋๊น์ง ๋ง๋ผ ๋นํ์ด์ง๋ค. ์ฌ์ก ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ผ๋ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์ ํฐ ๋ถ์์ ์
์ผ๋ฉด ์ชผ๊ทธ๋ผ๋ ๋ค.๋,ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์์๋ถ์ ์ ์ฅํ๋ค.
์์ํฌ์ ์ฐฉ์
ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ ๋ฑ์ ์์์ ๋ฒ์๋ ๋
ธ๋์, ์ฃผํฉ์, ๊ฐ์์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ์ ์ด ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฉด์ ์ ๋ฎ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด ๋
์๋ค์ ์ฒด์์ ์์ํฌ๋ผ๊ณ ์๋ ค์ง ์์๋ฅผ ํจ์ ํ ์ธํฌ์์ ์ ๋ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด ์ธํฌ๋ค์ ๋ชจ๋ ํ์ถฉ๋ฅ, ์กฐ๋ฅ, ์์๋ฅ, ์ผ๋ถ ๊ณค์ถฉ์ ์ฒด์์ ๊ทผ์์ด๋ค. ์์ํฌ๋ ์๊น์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํฉ์์ํฌ, ์ ์์ํฌ, ํ์์ํฌ(์ง์ฃผ์(:en:goniochromism)), ๋ฐฑ์์ํฌ, ํ์์ํฌ, ์ฒญ์์ํฌ ๋ฑ์ ๋ค์ํ ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅ๋๋ค. ์ผ์์ ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ ํผ๋ถ๋ ํฉ์์ํฌ์ ํ์์ํฌ๋ฅผ ํจ์ ํ๋ค. ์์
์ ์ธ ํ์ข
๊ฐ๋์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ์ ์์ํฌ์ ๋ฐฑ์์ํฌ๋ฅผ ํจ์ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ฐฉ์ด๊ธฐ์
์ฌ์ฐ, ๋ฑ, ๋ฉ์น ํฐ ํ์ถฉ๋ฅ๋ค์ด ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅผ ๋
ธ๋ฆฐ๋ค. ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ์๊ฐ, ์ฒญ๊ฐ์ด ๋ ์นด๋ก์์ ๋ฐค์ ํฌ์์๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋๋ง์น๋ ๋ฐ ์ ๋ฆฌํ๋ฉฐ, ํผ๋ถ์์ ์ฃผ๋ณ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ง๋ฌผ๋ ค ๋์ ์ ๋์ง ์๊ฒ ํด์ค๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ฐ๊ณผ ํ๊ฐ๋ ์์กด์ ๋์์ด ๋๋ค. ๋ฎ์๋ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ํฌ์์๋ฅผ ํผํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋
๊ตด์ ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅธ๋ค.
ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ์ค์ค๋ก ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ฅผ ์ ์๋ ์์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์๋๋ฐ, ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๋ฐ๊ฑฐ๋, ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ถ์กํ๊ฑฐ๋, ์ง์ง๊ธฐ ๋์ค์ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋, ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน๋ค๊ฐ ๊ผฌ์งํ ๋ ์์ ํ๋ค. ์๋ฆฐ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ต๋ 30๋ถ ๋์ ๊ฟํ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ฐ, ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ํฌ์์์ ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ๋ ๋์ ๋๋ง์น๋ค. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ํผ์ง๋งํ๋ฉฐ, ์ต์ํ ๋๋ฆฌ์๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ผ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๋ชธ๋๋ฆผ์ด ๋ ๋นจ๋ผ์ง๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฐํ์ก๋ค. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ผ์ ํ์ด์ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ฝ๊ฒ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋๊ณ , ์ฌ๋น ๋ฅธ ํ๊ด์์ถ์ ํ์ก ์์ค์ ์ค์ฌ์ค๋ค. ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋์ด์ง๋ฉด ํฐ ์คํธ๋ ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋๋ฐ, ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ชจ์๋๋ ์์คํ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ์์คํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ์์กด์ ํ์ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋์ด์ง ์ฆ์ ์ฌ์์ ์์ํ๋ค. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์ํ ํ๋ฅ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ , ์์ฃผ ๋๋ฌผ๊ฒ๋ ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ์ฌ์๋ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ์๋์ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฌด๋ฌ๋ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ ธ๋ ์๊น์ด ๋น์ทํ์ง๋ง, ๋ณดํต ์ด์ ๋งํผ ํผํผํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ ์งง๊ณ ํตํตํ๊ณ ๋ง๋๋ง๋ํ๋ค.
์ฑ์ ์ดํ์ฑ
์ฑ์ ์ดํ์ฑ์ ์ด๋ค ์ข
์ ์์ ๊ฐ์ ํํํ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์๋ฏธํ๋ฉฐ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋๋ฌผ๋ค์๊ฒ์ ํํ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค. ์ฑ์ฒด ๊ฐ์๋ ์ดํ์ฑ์ด ๋๋ ทํ์ง๋ง ์ ์ฒด๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ๋ถํ๊ธฐ๋ ์ด๋ ต๋ค. ์ฑ๋ณ์ ํ์คํ๊ฒ ๊ตฌ๋ถํ๊ณ ์ถ๋ค๋ฉด ๋ฐ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ณด๋ ๊ฒ ์ข๋ค. ์์ปท์ ํญ๋ฌธ ์์ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ๋ค๊ณผ ๋ฐ์๊ฒฝ์ด ์๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด ์์ปท์ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ๋ค์ด ์๊ณ ๋ฐ์๊ฒฝ์ด ์๋ค.
์์ปท์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ ํผ๋ถ์ ํ๋ก๋ชฌ ๋์๋ฅผ ๋งก์ ์ฑ๋ณ์ ๊ตฌ๋ณํ ์ ์๋ค. ์์ปท์ ์์ปท์๊ฒ ๊ตฌ์ ํ ๋๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ปท์๊ฒ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ์์ปท์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ปท์ ํฅํด ์ง๋ฉด์์ ๋ชธ์ ์ผ์ผํค๊ณ , ํ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ญ ๋ป๊ณ , ๋ฑ์ ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ํ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถํ๋ฆฐ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๊ณ ๋ ์งง๊ฒ ๋์งํด์ ์ฌ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ ๊ฑฐ์ธ๊ฒ ๋ฌผ์ด๋ฏ๋๋ฐ, ๋ณดํต์ ํผ๋ถ๊ฐ ์ฐข์ด์ง๊ณ ๋๋๋ก ์ฌํ ๋ถ์์ ์
ํ๋ค. ์์ปท์ ํ๋ฌผ์ ๋ฒ์ ๋๋ ์์ปท์๊ฒ๋ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค.
๋ฒ์
ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ์จ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฑ๋ณ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ ๋๋ค(:en:temperature-dependent sex determination TSD)๊ณ ์๋ ค์ ธ์๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ค์ ๊ธฐํ๊ฐ ๋น๊ต์ ์์ํ๋ค๋ฉด (์ฝ ) ์์ปท์ด ๋ ๋ง์ด ํ์ด๋๊ณ , ๊ทธ์ ๋นํด ์๋นํ ๋ฐ๋ปํ๋ค๋ฉด (์ฝ ) ์์ปท์ด ๋ ๋ง์ด ํ์ด๋๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์๋ค. ์ฑ๋ณ์ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์์ ํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ ๋๋ถํฐ 2์ฃผ ๋์์ ์ ํด์ง๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๋์ ์จ๋์์ ํ์ด๋ ์์ปท์ ๋ฎ์ ์จ๋์์ ํ์ด๋ ์์ปท๊ณผ ํธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์กฐ์ฑ๋, ํ๋๋ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ์ข ๋ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ํ๋์ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๋์ ์จ๋์์ ํ์ด๋ ์์ปท์ "hot females"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ์์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค.
ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ๋ณดํต ์ฌ๋ฆ์ ๋ฒ์ํ๋ค. ์์ปท์ ๋ฒ์๊ธฐ ๋์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ์ ์ฅํ ์ ์์ด์, ํ๋ ๋ฒ์ ์ง์ง๊ธฐ๋ก ์๋ฌด๋๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ธ ๋ฒ ๋ณ์ ์ ์์ด์, ์์ปท์ ํ๋ ๋ฒ๋ง ์ง์ง๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ๋ฉด ๋ฒ์์ ์๋ฐ๊ฐ์ ์๋ฌ๋ฆด ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์์ปท์ด ์ง์ง๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉด, ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ์ ์งํ๊ณ ์์๊ฒ ์นผ์์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๊ณต๊ธํ๊ธฐ์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์นผ์์ด ํ์ํ๋ค. ์์ปท์ ์ฌ์ฏ์์ ์ฌ๋๊ฐ์ ์๋ฌด๋๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณ์ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์๋ฌด๋๊ธฐ๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ค. ์ง์ง๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ์ง 3 - 4์ฃผ ์ ๋ ํ์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์์ ๋ณ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ ๋ฌ ๋ฐ์์ ๋ ๋ฌ์ด ์ง๋๋ฉด ์๊ป์ง์ ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ด ๋งบํ๊ณ , ์์ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ค์ด๋ค๊ณ ์กฐ๊ธ์ฉ ํํ๊ฐ ๋ฌด๋์ง๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ณง ๋ถํํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ง์กฐ๋ค. ๊ฐ ํ์ด๋ ์๋ผ ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ์๊ป์ง์ ๋ถ์๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฃผ๋ฅ์ด์ ์ํ์ง ๋์น๊ฐ ๋์๋์๋ค. ๋์น๋ ํ๋ฃจ์ดํ ์์ ๋จ์ด์ง๋ค. ์๋ผ๋ ๋ถํ ํ 24์๊ฐ ์์ ํ๋ฌผ์ ํ ๋ฒ ๋ฒ๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ ์๋ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน์ ์ ์๋ค.
์ง๋ณ
์ฌ์ก ์ํ์์ ํ์ด๋๊ณ ๊ธธ๋ฌ์ง ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ์์ธ๊ณตํต์ง๋ณ์ ์ฎ๊ธฐ์ง ์๋๋ค. ์ด๋ชจ๋ฌ๋ผ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋์ง ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด ๋
์๋ค์ ์์ํ๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ฑด์กฐํ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ชจ๋ฌ๋ผ๋ ๋น์์์ ์ธ ์ฌ์ก ์กฐ๊ฑด์์ ๊ธธ๋ฌ์ง๋ ์์, ๋ฐ์์ ์ข
๋ค์๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ์ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๊ฐ ๊ฒช์ ์ ์๋ ๋ช ๊ฐ์ง ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์ง๋ณ์ด ์๋ค.
์์ฅ์ผ(:en:Gastroenteritis) : ๋น์์์ ์ธ ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ์ธ๊ท ์ด๋ ์์๋๋ฌผ(ํนํ ์ํฌ์์ถฉ๋ฅ)์ ๊ฐ์ผ์ด ์์ธ์ด ๋๋ฉฐ, ์ค์ฌ ๊ฐ์ ์ฆ์์ ์ผ์ผํฌ ์ ์๋ค. ์ง๋ณ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก ๋ฌผ๋ฅ์ด๋ ํผ๋ฅ์ ์ ์ ์๋๋ฐ, ๋ณธ๋ ๋ฅ์ ๊ฑด์กฐํ๋ฉฐ ์์ ํฐ์ ๋ฉ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํด์ผ ์ ์์ด๋ค. ์ด ์ง๋ณ์ ์ ์ผ์ฑ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฝ๊ฒ ํผ์ง ์ ์๋ค. ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฆ์์ผ๋ก๋ ์ฒด์ค ๊ฐ์, ๋ง๋ฅธ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ, ์ํ๋์ง ์์ ์์๋ฌผ ์ฐ๊บผ๊ธฐ ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค. ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์น๋ฃํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ด ๋
์๋ค์ ์์์ ์ ํํ๊ณ ํ์ ์ฆ์๊ณผ ๊ทน์ฌํ ์ฒด์ค ๊ฐ์๋ก ๊ณ ํต๋ฐ๋ค ์ฃฝ์ ์ ์๋ค.
๋์ฌ์ฑ๊ณจ์งํ(MBD) : ์๋จ์ ์นผ์๊ณผ ๋นํ๋ฏผD3์ด ๋ชจ์๋ผ์ ์๊ธฐ๋ ์์๊ฒฐํ์งํ์ด๋ค. ์นผ์๊ณผ ๋นํ๋ฏผD3์ ์ฑ์ฅํ๊ธฐ ์ํด, ์์ ๋ฐด ์์ปท์ด ์์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์นผ์์ ๊ณต๊ธํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ผญ ํ์ํ๋ค. MBD๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๋ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ๋ ํ์ฝ, ๊ณจ๋ค๊ณต์ฆ, ์ฌ์ง์ ์ฒ์ถ์ ๊ธฐํ, ๊ฒฝ๋ จ, ์์๋ถ์ง์ ๊ฒช๋๋ค. ํ ๋ฒ ๋ฐ๋ณํ๋ฉด ์น๋ฃ๊ฐ ๊ต์ฅํ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
์์๋ถ์ง(:en:Anorexia) : ์คํธ๋ ์ค, ๋น์์์ ์ธ ํ๊ฒฝ, ์์์ฑ์งํ ๋ฑ๋ฑ์ ์์ธ์ด ์๋ค. ์์์ด ๋ถ์ง์ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ ์ด์ด ๋น ์ง๊ณ , ํนํ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์์ฉ ๋ง๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, ์ ์ ์ฝํด์ง๊ณ ๋๋ฆฟํด์ง๋ฉฐ, ์์์ ์
์ ๋์ง ์๊ณ , ๋ณดํต ์น๋ฃํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ฃฝ๋๋ค.
ํํผ๋ถ์ (Dysecdysis) : ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๊ฐ ์์ ์ํ๊ฐ ๋์๊ฑฐ๋, ์ต๋์ ์๋ถ์ด ๋ง์ง ์๋ ๋ฑ ํ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋ง์ง ์์ ํ๋ฌผ์ ๋ฒ๋ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๊ธด ์ํ๋ค. ๋จธ๋ฆฌ, ์๊ตฌ, ์ฌ์ง, ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฐํฑ ๋ฑ์ ๋ชธ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์ ๋จ์ด์ง์ง ์์ ํ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ชธ์ ์ด์์ด ์๊ธฐ๊ฒ ํ์ฌ ํํผ๊ฐ ๊ณ์ ์ ๋๋ก ์งํ๋์ง ์๋๋ค๋ฉด ํ๋ฌผ์ด ์์ฌ ๋ชธ์ ์กฐ์ฌ์ ๊ดด์ฌ๊ฐ ์งํ๋ ์๋ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋, ๊ฑท๊ธฐ ํ๋ค๊ฑฐ๋, ์น๋ฃํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ๊ท ์ ๊ฐ์ผ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
ํ๋ ด(:en:Pneumonia) : ํ์ ๋ฐํ
๋ฆฌ์๊ฐ ์ผ์ผํจ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ํธํก๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์ผ์ด๋ค. ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋๋ฌด ์ถฅ๊ณ ์ตํ๋ฉด ๋ฉด์ญ๊ณ๊ฐ ์ฝํด์ ธ ํ๋ ด์ ์ฝ๊ฒ ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ์ ์๋ค. ํ๋ ด์ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์ ์ฝง๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ ์ ์ก ๊ฑฐํ์ด ์๊ฒจ๋๊ณ ์จ์ฌ๊ธฐ ํ๋ค์ด์ง๋ค. ์จ๋๋ฅผ ์ญ์จ 28๋๊น์ง ๋ง์ถฐ๋๋ฉด ๋ณดํต ๋ซ๋๋ค.
๋ชจ๋ ๊ฐ์
(impaction), ํ์ถ์ฆ(:en:prolapse)๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฐ์์ ์ฌ์ก์ฅ ์์ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ์ผํค๋ฉด ๋๋๋ก ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค.
์ฌ์ก
ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ์ ์ผ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์๋ ์ ์๋๋ฌผ ๋๋ง๋ฑ ์ค ํ๋๋ค. ์ ๋นํ ํฌ๊ธฐ, ํผํผํจ, ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ด ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๋์ ํ๋ฅญํ ๋๋ง๋ฑ์ด๋ ๋ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ํ์ถฉ๋ฅ๋ฅผ ์ฒ์ ํค์๋ณด๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์๊ฒ ์ ์ฉ๋ฐ๋ ์ ์๋๋ฌผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค. ์ฌ์ก ์์ ๋ฒ์์ด ์ฌ์ฐ๋ฏ๋ก, ์ค๋๋ ์๋ ๋๊ฐ ์ผ์์์ ํฌํํ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ์๋ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ค์ ํ๋งคํ๋ค.
๋ง์ ๋ชจํ - ์์์ด๋ ๋ฌด๋ฌ ๋ณํ, ๋๋๋ก๋ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋ณํ - ๋ค์ด ์ก์ข
๋์ด์๋ค. ์ด๋ค ๋ชจํ๋ค์ ์๋น๋
ธ(albino), ํจํด๋ฆฌ์ค(patternless), ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์๋(blizzard), ์ ๊ธ(jungle), ํ์ดํฌ๋ฉ๋ผ๋์คํฑ(hypomelanistic), ํ์ ๋ฆฐ(tangerine), ์์ด์ธํธ(giant), ์ค๋
ธ์ฐ(snow) ์ค ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ณํ์ ํฌํจํ๋ค. ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ชจํ๋ค์ด ์ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒน์น์ง ์์์, ํจํด๋ฆฌ์ค ์๋น๋
ธ(patternless albino)์ ๋งฅ ์ค๋
ธ์ฐ ์๋น๋
ธ(mack snow albino) ๋ฑ์ ๋ค์ํ ์กฐํฉ์ด ์ก์ฑ๋์ด์๋ค. ํจํด๋ฆฌ์ค, ํ์ดํฌ๋ฉ๋ผ๋์คํฑ, ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์๋ ๋ชจํ๋ ๋ณดํต ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ด ๋๋ฌผ๊ฑฐ๋ ์๋ค ์์ด์ธํธ๋ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ชจํ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ค๋ณด๋ค ํฌ๋ค. ์ ๊ธ(Jungle) ๋ชจํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์ญ์ ๋์ด๋ ๋ฌด๋ฌ๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค. ์ค๋
ธ์ฐ ๋ชจํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์์ง๋ง ๋
ธ๋์์ ์๋ค. ํ์ ๋ฆฐ๋ชจํ๋ ๋ชธ์ ์ผ๋ถ์ ์ฃผํฉ์์ด ์๋๋ฐ, ๋ณดํต ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์/๋๋ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ค. ๋ ๋ชฌ ํ๋ก์คํธ(lemon frost)๋ ์ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์์ํฌ์ ์ด์์ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ชจํ์ธ๋ฐ, ์
์ฑ ์ข
์์ด ์ ์ฒด์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ถ์์ ๋ฐ๋ณํ๋ ๊ฒฐํจ์ ์ง๋๊ณ ์์ด ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ์์ด ๊ธฐํผ๋๋ค. ๋์๋ฅด(Noir) ๋ชจํ๋ ๋ฐฑ๋ด์ฅ๊ณผ ์๊ตฌ ๋ฐ๋ฌ ๋ถ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๊ณ , ์ด๋๊ทธ๋ง(enigma) ๋ชจํ๋ ๊ท ํ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ด์์ด ์๊ฒจ ์ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋น๋น ๋๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ํ์ดํธ์ค์๋ก์ฐ(WY) ๋ชจํ๋ ์ ์ ๋ณ์ด ์กด์ฌํ์ง๋ง ์์กด์ ์ง์ฅ์ด ์์ ์ ๋๋ก ์ฌํ์ง๋ ์๋ค.
ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ์ถฉ์๋๋ฌผ(:en:insectivore)์ด๋ฏ๋ก ์๋ณ๊ท๋๋ผ๋ฏธ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณค์ถฉ์ ๊ธ์ฌํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ ํฑ์์ผ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์๋ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ค๊ณผ๋ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ์๋ฌผ์ฑ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ๋จน์ง ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ธ์ฌํด์๋ ์ ๋๋ค. ์ข ๋ ์์ธํ ์๊ณ ์ถ๋ค๋ฉด ์ด ๋ฌธ์์ ์์ฑ ๋ฌธ๋จ์ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ๋ผ.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
ํ๋ฒ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์
1854๋
๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ ํ์ถฉ๋ฅ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard%20gecko | Leopard gecko | The leopard gecko or common leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) is a ground-dwelling lizard native to the rocky dry grassland and desert regions of Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, India, and Nepal. The leopard gecko has become a popular pet, and due to extensive captive breeding it is sometimes referred to as the first domesticated species of lizard.
Taxonomy
Leopard geckos were first described as a species by zoologist Edward Blyth in 1854 as Eublepharis macularius. The generic name Eublepharis is a combination of the Greek words eu (good) and blepharos (eyelid), as having eyelids is the primary characteristic that distinguishes members of this subfamily from other geckos, along with a lack of lamellae. The specific name macularius derives from the Latin word macula meaning "spot" or "blemish", referring to the animal's natural spotted markings.
There are five subspecies of E. macularius:
Eublepharis macularius afghanicus
Eublepharis macularius fasciolatus
Eublepharis macularius macularius
Eublepharis macularius montanus
Eublepharis macularius smithi
Distribution and habitat
The native habitat of the leopard gecko includes the rocky, dry grassland, and desert regions of south-Asian Afghanistan, Pakistan, north-west India, western Nepal, and some parts of Iran. Leopard geckos inhabit arid and semi-arid areas with sparse vegetation and clay or sandy soils, as well as rocky habitat where crevices can be used as shelter. They reportedly avoid areas where the primary substrate is sand. Leopard geckos may also be found in arid forests of Nepal and Pakistan, and are reported to shelter under loose bark of trees in these environments. Winter temperatures within the range of the leopard gecko can be quite low, below , forcing the animals underground into semi-hibernation, called brumation, living on fat reserves.
Behaviour and ecology
Wild leopard geckos are generally considered to be nocturnal by field biology sources, academic herpetology sources, and some animal husbandry guides. During the day they retreat to burrows and sheltered hiding spots, becoming active at dusk when the temperature is favorable. Naturalist David Attenborough asserts in the wildlife documentary series Life in Cold Blood: "A leopard geckoโlike most geckosโis nocturnal, and it manages to get all the heat it needs from rocks, which retain something of their warmth for several hours after the sun has set." Similarly, Nepalese biologist Yam Rawat writes: "Leopard Geckos remained undetected in Nepal until [2016]. This could be attributable to the secretive nocturnal nature of the species." In contrast, some sources focused on husbandry of captive leopard geckos have asserted leopard geckos are crepuscular or even cathemeral reptiles. This assertion has been used to explain the ability of leopard geckos to use UVB exposure to synthesize vitamin D3 in captivity, and as a rationale for providing captive leopard geckos with access to UVB lighting. John Courtney Smith, the brand manager for UVB light manufacturing company Arcadia Reptile, asserts in Bio-activity and the Theory of Wild Re-Creation: "The leopard gecko is quite crepuscular in its home range ... there are many reports of them being seen even in full daytime desert sunlight openly basking".
There is also debate as to the degree that leopard geckos interact with conspecifics in the wild. Academic sources have asserted that leopard geckos live in loose colonies in the wild. Pet keeping guides often claim these geckos are solitary and do not usually live with other animals. Acknowledging the latter as a myth propagated by pet keepers, Philippe de Vosjoliโa prominent leopard gecko breeder and author of dozens of books on reptile husbandryโhas asserted that "The claims of some internet 'experts' that leopard geckos in the wild live singly... is not supported by facts".
Diet
Leopard geckos are opportunistic predators that eat a variety of prey items. Invertebrates are presumed to make up the majority of wild geckos' diets, but they will also eat small vertebrate prey if given the opportunity, including mouse pups, smaller reptiles, and even hatchling leopard geckos. Breeders of captive leopard geckos report that sufficiently fed leopard geckos will not cannibalize young, and that the cannibalistic behavior appears to take place only in poorly fed animals.
Characteristics
Leopard geckos are small lizards that derive their name from their spotted coloration. Hatchlings are on average in length and weigh about 2 to 5ย grams. Adult females are about in length and weigh about 50 to 70ย grams, while adult male geckos are about in length and weigh about 60 to 80ย grams.
Unlike many other geckos, but like other Eublepharids, their toes do not have adhesive lamellae, so they cannot climb smooth vertical walls.
Teeth
Leopard geckos are polyphyodonts and able to replace each of their 100 teeth every 3 to 4 months. Next to the full grown tooth there is a small replacement tooth developing from the odontogenic stem cell in the dental lamina.
Tails
Leopard geckos have distinctly thick tails that store fat; similar to the way in which camels' humps serve as reservoirs of fatty tissue, the fat stored in the tails of leopard geckos acts as an energy reserve that the geckos can use as nourishment if there is not an available food supply. When hunting, a leopard gecko may lift its tail in a twitching or wagging motion as it approaches its prey; after the gecko eats its prey, the tail will then return to a relaxed position.
Like most geckos, leopard geckos have an ability called autotomy: their tails can regenerate when lost; however, the regenerated tails appear stumpy and never have the same appearance as the original tail.
Defense mechanisms
Wild leopard geckosโ primary defense against predators is to avoid detection. This is accomplished with cryptic coloration serving as camouflage. They also remain hidden during daytime, to avoid heat and the risk of being spotted and captured by diurnal predators. If a leopard gecko is confronted by a potential predator, it may vocalize in an attempt to ward off this predator.
Leopard geckos also possess caudal autotomy; this is the ability to voluntarily detach their tail when attacked. After detachment the tail can continue to twitch for as long as 30 minutes, providing a distraction to buy time for the gecko to escape from its predator. The tail is large and at least in one related species (Christinus marmoratus) it has been reported that the tail-less fleeing gecko makes for a quicker getaway. Fractures in the tailbone allow the tail to separate easily and rapid vasoconstriction allows the gecko to suffer minimal blood loss. This detaching of the tail causes a high level of stress on the gecko due to the loss of the valuable storage of fat it once had. It will start to regenerate its tail immediately after detachment. Regenerated tails often retain similar colors to the original tail. However, they are often smooth and generally shorter and wider than the original tail.
Chromatophores and color pigmentation
Leopard geckos range in color from a yellow to brownish-orange base with spots covering all or mostly half of the dorsal region of the body. Their color is derived from pigment-containing cells known as chromatophores. These cells are responsible for an array of coloration seen in all reptiles, amphibians, birds and some species of insects. Chromatophores come in a variety of types based on the color they correspond to. Chromatophore types include xanthophores (responsible for yellow coloration), erythrophores (responsible for red coloration), iridophores (responsible for iridescence), leucophores (responsible for white coloration), melanophores (responsible for black coloration), and cyanophores (responsible for blue coloration). The skin of wild leopard geckos contains xanthophores (yellow) and melanophores (black spots). Designer leopard geckos may possess erythrophores and leucophores since commercial breeding and artificial selection have allowed novel coloration to arise.
Sexual dimorphism
Sexual dimorphism is defined as a phenotypic difference between males and females of a species. It can be commonly found in animals, such as the leopard gecko and other reptiles. It exists in adult males and females, but can be difficult to determine in young geckos. The underside of a gecko truly determines the sex of the gecko. Males have pre-anal pores and hemipenal bulges while females have smaller pores and do not have external bulges.
Males can determine the sex of other leopard geckos by smelling pheromones on their skin. Males respond to males with aggressive behavior while they demonstrate courtship behavior towards females. Towards other males, the male would raise itself up from the ground, extend his limbs, and arch his back with the swelling of the tongue in aggression. He will then make short dashes and quick, vigorous bites, which frequently lacerate the skin and sometimes severely injure his opponent. Males behave the same way towards females while females are shedding their skin. Before and after the shedding of the skin, the males still express courtship behavior towards the females.
Reproduction
Leopard geckos typically breed in the summer. Females can store sperm over the course of their breeding season, and produce up to three clutches from one or two copulations. Females can lay about six to eight clutches of two eggs; eggs are laid approximately 21 to 28 days after mating. The average amount of time it takes for a newborn to hatch is anywhere between 35 and 89 days, although it is usually closer to the latter. Baby leopard geckos will have an "egg tooth", a calcareous tip at the end of its snout to help break their egg shell. Their "egg tooth" will fall off within one to two days. In addition to this, their skin will usually shed within 24 hours of hatching. The leopard gecko hatchling will not be able to eat until after the first shedding.
Leopard geckos are also known to have temperature-dependent sex determination. Embryos incubated in predominantly cool temperatures (about ) or very warm temperatures (about ) will develop as females, while embryos incubated at intermediate temperatures (about ) will develop as male. Determination of sex is believed to be set during the first two weeks of incubation. Females born in the higher temperatures differed from those who were born in the lower temperatures hormonally and behaviorally. Those born in the warmer temperatures expressed more aggressive behavior. These are known as "hot females" and are often determined to be infertile.
Leopard geckos as pets
Leopard geckos are one of the most popular lizard pets, second only to the bearded dragon. They are possibly the first domesticated lizard species. They are easy to breed under captive conditions, so most sold are captive-bred rather than wild-caught. Due to extensive captive breeding and artificial selection, captive animals display a range of colors and patterns. Those found in the wild typically have more dull colorations than those kept in captivity as pets.
See also
African fat-tailed gecko
References
External links
Eublepharis
Lizards of Asia
Reptiles of Pakistan
Reptiles of India
Geckos of Iran
Reptiles described in 1854
Articles containing video clips
Taxa named by Edward Blyth
Reptiles as pets |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C%20%ED%98%B8%ED%81%AC%EB%8B%88 | ๋ฐ์ด๋น๋ ํธํฌ๋ | ๋ฐ์ด๋น๋ ํธํฌ๋(, 1937๋
7์ 9์ผ ~ )๋ ์๊ตญ์ ํ๊ฐ, ์๋ฌ๊ฐ, ํํ๊ฐ, ๋ฌด๋ ๋์์ด๋, ์ฌ์ง๊ฐ์ด๋ค. 1960๋
๋ ํ ์ํธ ์ด๋์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ 20์ธ๊ธฐ ์๊ตญ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ฐ ์ค ํ ๋ช
์ผ๋ก ํ๊ฐ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํธํฌ๋๋ ์๊ตญ ์ด์คํธ๋ผ์ด๋ฉ์ค๋ธ์ํฌ์
์ฃผ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ค๋งํค(Bridlington)๊ณผ ๋ฐ๋์ ์ํ๊ณผ ์คํ๋์ค๋ฅผ ์์ ํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์์๋ 1964๋
๋ถํฐ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ ๊ณณ์ ํ ๋ฆฌ์ฐ๋ ํ์ค์, ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ ๊ณณ์ ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋ถ์ ์์นํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ํ๋ชจ๋์นด์ ์จ์คํธํ ๋ฆฌ์ฐ๋์๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ฌด์ค๊ณผ ์์นด์ด๋ธ๊ฐ ์๋ค.
2018๋
11์ 15์ผ์ ํธํฌ๋์ 1972๋
์ โช์์ ๊ฐ์ ์ด์โซ(Portrait of an Artist - Pool with Two Figures)์ด ๋ด์ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํฐ ๊ฒฝ๋งค์์ 9์ฒ๋ง ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ๋์ฐฐ๋์๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ก์จ ์ ํ ์ฟค์ค์ โชํ์ ๊ฐโซ(Balloon Dog - Orange)๊ฐ ์ธ์ด 5์ฒ 8๋ฐฑ 4์ญ๋ง ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ์ง๊ธ๊ป ๊ฒฝ๋งค์์ ํ๋ฆฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋น์ผ ์์กด ์๊ฐ์ ์ํ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฆ์ ์๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก์ 2019๋
5์ 15์ผ์ ์ ํ ์ฟค์ค์ โชํ ๋ผโซ(Rabbit)๊ฐ 9์ฒ ๋ฐฑ๋ง ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ํ๋งค๋๋ฉด์ ๋ค์ ๊ฐฑ์ ๋์๋ค.
์์
๋ฐ์ด๋น๋ ํธํฌ๋๋ ์๊ตญ ์๊ธ๋๋ ๋ถ๋ถ ์จ์คํธ์ํฌ์
์ฃผ์ ์์นํ ๋ธ๋๋ํผ๋(Bradford)์์ ๋ก๋ผ์ ์ผ๋ค์ค ํธํฌ๋์ ๋ท์งธ ์๋ค๋ก ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ์ฐ๋งํด ์ด๋ฑํ๊ต, ๋ธ๋๋ํผ๋ ์ค๋ฑํ๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์
ํ๊ณ ๋ธ๋๋ํผ๋ ๋ฏธ์ ๋ํ์ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋ฐ๋์ ์์ฌํ ๋ก์ด ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ค๋ธ ์ํธ์์ ์ํํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ณณ์์ ๊ทธ๋ ํ์์ ์น๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๋ R. B. ํคํ์ด(R. B. Kitaj)๊ณผ ์กฐ์ฐํ๋ค. ๋ฐ์ด๋น๋ ํธํฌ๋๋ ๋ฐ๋์์์ ์ํ์ด ์ง์ฒ๋ผ ํธ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๊ณ ํ๊ณ ๋น์ ์์ ์ ์ํ์ ๋ํด ์๊ธ์ฌ์ ๋๊ผ๋ค๊ณ ๋ ๋งํ๋ค.
๋ก์ด ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ค๋ธ ์ํธ ์ฌํ ๋น์, ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ตดํ๊ณ ๋์ค์ ์๊ฐํ๋ ๋จ์ฒด์ธ '์ ์ปจํ
ํผ๋ ๋ฆฌ์ค'(Young Contemporaries)๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ทธ์ ์ ์ํ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์ ์๊ตญ ํ ์ํธ์ ์์์ ์๋ ธ๋ค. ํธํฌ๋๊ฐ ํ ์ํธ์ ํ๋ฆ์ ๋์ฐธํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ง๋ง ์ด์ฐฝ๊ธฐ ์ํ์๋ ์ธ์์ฃผ์ ์์๊ฐ ๋ ๋ง์ด ๋๋ฌ๋ฌ๊ณ , ์๊ตญ์ ํํ์ฃผ์ ํ๊ฐ ํ๋์์ค ๋ฒ ์ด์ปจ์ ์ํ๊ณผ๋ ์ ์ฌํ ๋ฉด์ด ๋ง๋ค. 1962๋
ํ๊ต์์ ๋ผ์ดํ ๋๋ก์ ๊ณผ์ ๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์กธ์
์ฅ์ ์ค ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ํ์, ํธํฌ๋๋ ๊ทธ์ ๋ํ ํญ์์ ํ์๋ก "์กธ์
์ฅ์ ์ํ ๋ผ์ดํ ํ์ธํ
(Life Painting for a Diploma)"์ ๊ทธ๋ ค ์ ์ถํ๋ค. ๊ธฐ๋ง๊ณ ์ฌ์ ํ์ํ ์์ธ์ด ์์ฑ๋ ๊ฑฐ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์์ ์ ์ค๋ก์ง ์ํ์ผ๋ก๋ง ํ๊ฐ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ํ๊ต๋ ํธํฌ๋์ ์ฌ๋ฅ๊ณผ ์ ์ ๋ ๋์๊ฐ๋ ๋ช
์ฑ์ ์ธ์ํ๋ฉฐ ํ๊ต์ ๊ท์ ์ ๋ฐ๊พธ์๊ณ ๊ทธ์๊ฒ ์กธ์
์ฅ์ ์์ฌํ๋ค. ์กธ์
ํ ํธํฌ๋๋ ๋ฉ์ด๋์คํค ๋ฏธ์ ๋ํ์์ ์ ์ ๊ต์ํ๋ค.
1964๋
๋ก์ค์์ ค๋ ์ค๋ก ๊ฑด๋๊ฐ ํธํฌ๋๋ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์ ์ด๊ตญ์ ๋ถ์๊ธฐ์ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ ฌํ ์๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ํํ๋ ์ํฌ๋ฆดํ ์ํ ์์์ฅ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ค. ๋ก์ค์์ ค๋ ์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ค๊ฐ๋ฉฐ 1960๋
๋์ 1970๋
๋๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ธ ํธํฌ๋๋ 1974๋
๋ถํฐ ์ฐ์ธ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ ํ ๊ทธ๋ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ์๋ฐ์ค์ 1976๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ํจ๊ป ๊ฑด๋์จ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์๋ 2018๋
๊น์ง ์ฌ์
ํํธ๋๋ก์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ๊ณ ์๋ค. 1978๋
ํธํฌ๋๋ ํ ๋ฆฌ์ฐ๋ ํ์ค์ ์ง์ ์์ฐจํ ๋ค ํ์ผ ๊ตฌ๋งคํด์ ํ์ฅ ํ ์์
์ค์ ์ถ๊ฐํ๊ณ , ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋ถ์ ์์นํ 1,643 ํ๋ฐฉํผํธ์ ํด์ ๋ณ์ฅ์ ์์ ํ์๋ค๊ฐ 1999๋
์ฝ 150๋ง ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ๋งค๊ฐํ๋ค.
์ํ ์ธ๊ณ
ํธํฌ๋๋ ํ์ธํ
, ๋๋ก์, ํํ, ์์ฑํ, ์ฌ์ง ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ํฉ์๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ข
์ด ํํ, ์ปดํจํฐ์ ์์ดํจ๋์ ๋๋ก์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ ๋ฑ์ ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊น์ง ๋ค์ํ ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ์คํํ๋ฉฐ ์ํ์ ํ๋ค. ์ ๋ฌผ, ํ๊ฒฝ, ์น๊ตฌ๋ค์ ์ด์ํ๋ ์ ์๊ฒฌ ๋ฑ์ ์ฃผ๋ก ๋ง์ด ๊ทธ๋ ธ์ง๋ง, ๋ด์์์ ๋ฉํธ๋กํด๋ฆฌํ ์คํ๋ผ ํ์ฐ์ค๋ ์๊ตญ ๋ฃจ์ด์ค์ ๊ธ๋ผ์ธ๋๋ณธ(Glyndebourne) ์คํ๋ผ ๊ทน์ฅ, ๋ฐ๋์ ๋ก์ด ์ฝํธ ๊ทน์ฅ(Royal Court Theatre) ๋ฑ ๋ฌด๋ ๋์์ธ์๋ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๋ณด์๋ค.
์ด์ํ
์ด๋ค ์๋ก์ด ์์
์ ํ๋ ํธํฌ๋๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ ์ด์ํ ์์
์ผ๋ก ๋์์๋ค. 1968๋
๋ถํฐ ์ดํ ๋ช๋
๋์ ํธํฌ๋๋ ์น๊ตฌ, ์ฐ์ธ, ์น์ฒ๋ค์ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ก ํด์ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ ํน์ง์ ์ฌ์ค์ฃผ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ก์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๋ฑ์ ๋ ์ด์ํ์ 2์ธ ์ด์ํ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋ค. ํธํฌ๋๋ ๋์ผํ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋ค์ ๋ฐ๋ณตํด ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ์ ๊ฐ์กฑ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ฉ์ธ๋ค๋ ๊ทธ๋ ธ์ง๋ง ์น๊ตฌ์ด์ ์กฐ์์๋ ๋ชจ ๋งฅํฐ๋ชจํธ(Mo McDermott)์ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค ํจ์ธ(Maurice Payne)์ ์์ฃผ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๊ณ , ๊ทธ์ ์ ๋ช
ํ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ใํด๋ผํฌ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ํผ์ใ(Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy)(1970~1971)์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ํจ์
๋์์ด๋ ์
๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฒํธ์ฐ(Celia Birtwell, 1941~)๊ณผ ์ค์ ํด๋ฝ(Ossie Clark, 1942~1996)๋ ์์ฃผ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋ค. ํ๋ ์ดํฐ ํจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒํธ์๋ฌ(Henry Geldzahler, 1935~1994)๋ ์ํธ ๋๋ฌ ๋์ฝ๋ผ์ค ์์ผ๋(Nicholas Wilder)์ ์กฐ์ง ๋ก์จ(George Lawson)์ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๋ ๋ง๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์ฐ์ธ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋
ธ์๋ ์จ์ธ ์ฌ๋ฆฝ(Wayne Sleep, 1948~)๋ ํธํฌ๋์ ์ด์ํ์ ์์ฃผ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ์ฌ๋์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ค ํธํฌ๋์ ๋ก๋งจํฑํ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๋์์ด์๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ํ๊ฐ ํผํฐ ์ฌ๋ ์ง์ (Peter Schlesinger)์ ํ๋ ์ดํฐ์ด์ ์ค๋ ์น๊ตฌ์๋ ๊ทธ๋ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ์๋ฐ์ค(Gregory Evans)๋ ํธํฌ๋์ ์ด์ํ์ ๋จ๊ณจ๋ก ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ด๋ค ์ด์ํ๋ณด๋ค ์์ ์ ๋ ๋ง์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ํธํฌ๋๋ ์ํ์๋ง 300์ ์ด ๋๋๋ค.
1999๋
๋ถํฐ 2001๋
๊น์ง ํธํฌ๋๋ ๋ฏธ์ ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ๋ฉด์ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์์ ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๋๊ตฌ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๊ดํ ์ฅ์น ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ ๋ฃจ์๋ค์ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ก๋ค. ์๊ธฐ ์ํ์ ์ ์ํ๋ ๋ฐ๋ ๊ทธ ์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํด์ 200์ฌ์ ์ด ๋๋ ๋๋ก์์ ๋จ๊ฒผ๋ค.
2016๋
์๊ตญ์๋ฆฝ์์ ์์ ํธํฌ๋์ ใ82์ ์ ์ด์ํ์ 1๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ฌผใ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ํ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ํ๋ค์ 2013๋
๋ถํฐ ํธํฌ๋๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์ ์ด์ํ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ก, ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ค์ด ํธํฌ๋๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋งค์ผ 6-7์๊ฐ์ฉ ์์ 3์ผ ์ฐ์ ํฌ์ฆ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํธํฌ๋๊ฐ "24์๊ฐ ๋
ธ์ถ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ์๋ฆฝ์์ ์์ ๊ทธ ์ ์๋ 2017๋
๋ฒ ๋ค์น์์ ์นด ํ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฏธ์ ๊ด(Ca' Pesaro)์์ ๋ค์ ์ ์๋์๊ณ , ๋น๋ฐ์ค ๊ตฌ๊ฒํ์ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ด์ผ๋ก๋ ์ํ๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํด์ธ 2018๋
์๋ ๋ก์ค์ค์ ค๋ ์ค ์นด์ดํฐ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ด์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ํด ์ ์๋์๋ค.
ํํ
ํธํฌ๋๋ 1954๋
์ ์ผ์ฐ์ด ์ํํ๋ฅผ ์๋ํ๋ฉฐ ์ํ์์ ๋จ๊ฒผ๋ค. ๋ก์ด ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ค๋ธ ์ํธ(1959~1962๋
)์ ๋ค๋๋ ์์ ์๋ ๋ํ ์์
๋ ํ๋ค. 1965๋
๋ก์ค์ค์ ค๋ ์ค ์์ฌ ์์ ์์
์ฅ์ด์ ํํ ๋ฐ ์กฐ๊ฐ ์ํ์ ํ์ ํ์ ๋ค๋ฃจ๋ ์ถํ์ฌ์ธ '์ ๋ฏธ๋ G.E.L'(Gemini G.E.L.)์์ ํธํฌ๋์๊ฒ LA๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ ๋ก ํ ์ํํ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํด๋ณด๋ ๊ฒ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋์ง ๋ฌผ์๋ค. ํธํฌ๋๋ ๊ทธ ์ ์์ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ฌ ์ด๋ ํ๋ฆฌ์ฐ๋ ์คํ์ ์์ฅ ๋ฏธ์ ํ์ ํ ์ ํ ์ ์์์ผ๋ก ์ฌํํด ใํ๋ฆฌ์ฐ๋ ์ฝ๋ ์
ใ์ด๋ผ ์ด๋ฆ ๋ถ์ธ ์ํํ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ํธํฌ๋๋ ์ดํ์๋ ๊ณ์ํด์ ใ์น๊ตฌ๋ค, ๋ ์จ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ(Friends, The Weather Series)ใ์ ใํํ ์ ์๋ค(Some New Prints)ใ์ ํฌํจํ ๋ง์ ์ํ์ง์ ์ ๋ฏธ๋ G.E.L๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ ์ํ๋ค.
1960๋
๋์ ํธํฌ๋๋ '์๊ฐ์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ'๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ ์ผ๋ จ์ ํํ ์ํ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ฅผ ์์ฐํ๋ค. ์๋ฆฌ์ ํธ๊ฐ์ค์ ์ํ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ 1961๋
๋ถํฐ 1963๋
๊น์ง ์ ์ํ ใ๋๋ด๊พผ์ ํ๊ฐ(A Rakeโs Progress)ใ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ 1966๋
์ ์ ์ํ ใ์ฝ์คํํด ํผํฐ ์นด๋ฐํผ์ 24๊ฐ ์๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ฝํ(Illustrations for Fourteen Poems from C.P. Cavafy)ใ๊ฐ ๊ทธ์ ํฌํจ๋๋ค. 1969๋
์ ์ ์ํ 39์ฅ์ ์์นญ ์ฐ์ ใ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ํ์ ์ ์ฌ์ฏ ํธ์ ๋ํ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ฝํ(Illustrations for Six Fairy Tales from the Brothers Grimm)ใ๋ ์๋ค.
1973๋
์ ํธํฌ๋๋ ํผ์นด์๊ฐ ์ข์ํ๋ ํํ๊ฐ์ด๋ฉด์ ์ ๋ฝ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ ๋ช
์์ ๊ฐ๋ค๊ณผ ํ์
ํด ์ฐํ ์ธ์๋ฌผ์ ๋ง๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ ๋ช
ํ ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์์ ์๋ ํฌ๋กฌ๋ํฌ(Aldo Crommelynck, 1931~2008)์ ํ์
์ ์์ํด ์๋นํ ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์์
์ฅ์์ ํธํฌ๋๋ ํฌ๋กฌ๋ํฌ์ ํธ๋ ์ด๋๋งํฌ์ธ "์๊ฐ ๋ฆฌํํธ"(sugar lift)๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฐ, ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ๋ํํ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ์ฑํํด ์์
ํ๋ค. ํฌ๋กฌ๋ํฌ๊ฐ ์์ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ๋ณดํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ํ์ ๋ชฉ์ฌ ํ์ ์น์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ์ญ์ ๊ทธ๋๋ก ์ฑํํ๋ค. ๋์ ์ด๊ธฐ ์์
์ผ๋ก๋ 1973๋
๋ถํฐ 1974๋
๊น์ง ์ ์๋ ใํ๊ฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ธใ(Artist and Model), 1974๋
์ ์ ์๋ ใํ๋์ค์ ์ญ๊ดใ(Contrejour in the French Style)์ด ์๋ค. 1976๋
์ ํธํฌ๋๋ ํฌ๋กฌ๋ํฌ์ ์์
์ฅ์์ ใํธ๋ฅธ ๊ธฐํ: ํ๋ธ๋ก ํผ์นด์๋ก๋ถํฐ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ ์๋ฆฌ์ค ์คํฐ๋ธ์ค๊ฐ ์๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ์ด ๋ฐ์ด๋น๋ ํธํฌ๋๊ฐ ์ ์ํ ๋ํํ ์ํ๋ค(The Blue Guitar: Etchings By David Hockney Who Was Inspired By Wallace Stevens Who Was Inspired By Pablo Picasso)ใ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ ๋ชฉ์ 20์ ์ ๋ํํ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ํํ ์ํ๋ค์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์์ธ ์๋ฆฌ์ค ์คํฐ๋ธ์ค(Wallace Stevens, 1879~1955)๊ฐ ์ด ใํธ๋ฅธ ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ๋ ๋จ์ใ(The Man with the Blue Guitar)๋ผ๋ ์์๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์๋ ํผํฐ์ค๋ฒ๊ทธ ์ถํ์ฌ(Petersburg Press)์์ 1977๋
10์์ ์์ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ค์ด ํจ๊ป ๋ค์ด๊ฐ ํํ์ ๊ฐํ๋ณธ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊ฐ๋์๋ค.
ํธํฌ๋์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํํ ์ํ์ง์ผ๋ก๋ 1986๋
์ ์ ์๋ ใ์ง์ ๋ง๋ ํํ(Home Made Prints)ใ์ 1998๋
์ ์ ์๋ ใ์ต์ ๋ํํ(Recent Etchings)ใ, 1984๋
๋ถํฐ 1986๋
์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ ์๋ ใ์์ง์ด๋ ์ด์ (Moving Focus)ใ ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค. ใ์์ง์ด๋ ์ด์ ใ์๋ ํธํฌ๋๊ฐ ๋ฉ์์ฝ์ํฐ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ ๋์ค ์ฐจ๊ฐ ๊ณ ์ฅ ๋ ์ฐ์ฐํ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค๋ ์์นดํธ๋(Acatlรกn)์ ํ ํธํ
์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ํ์ธํ
ใ์์นดํธ๋์ ์ฝํธ์ผ๋ ํธํ
์ฃผ๋ณ ์ฐ์ฑ
(A Walk Around the Hotel Courtyard, Acatlรกn)ใ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ ์๋ ์ํํ ์ํ๋ค์ด ๋ด๊ฒจ ์๋ค. ํธํฌ๋์ ํํ ์ํ๋ค์ ํฉ์ค๊ธฐ์ ์ํฌ์ ฏ ํ๋ฆฐํฐ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ฝ์ ๊ทธ์ '์ปดํจํฐ ๋๋ก์'๋ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ฐ๋์ ๋์์น ๋ฏธ์ ๊ด(Dulwich Picture Gallery)์์ 2014๋
์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ํ๊ณ ์ ์ ์ ์๋ ๋ฐ ์๋ค.
์ฌ์ง ์ฝ๋ผ์ฃผ
1980๋
๋ ์ด, ํธํฌ๋๋ ์์ ์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ธ ์ฌ์ง ์จ๋ฒ์ ๋ค์ ธ ์์
๋ฐฉ์์ ํฐ๋ํด ๊ฐ, ํ์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ "์กฐ์ด๋์ค(joiners)"๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅธ ์ฌ์ง ์ฝ๋ผ์ฃผ ์ํ์ ์ ์ํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. ์ฒ์์๋ ํด๋ผ๋ก์ด๋๋ก ์ธํํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋ค์์๋ 35mm ํ๋ฆ์ ์์
์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฒ๋ฆฌํด์ ์นผ๋ผ๋ก ์ธํํ๋ค. ํด๋ผ๋ก์ด๋ ์ฌ์ง์ด๋ ํ์์์์ ์ธํํ ์ฌ์ง๋ค์ ์ด์ฉํด์, ํธํฌ๋๋ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง ์กฐ๊ฐ๋ค์ ์ ๋ฐฐ์ดํด์ ํ๋์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋๋ค. ์ฝ๊ฐ์ ์๊ฐ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ด์ ์์ ์ดฌ์๋ ์ฌ์ง๋ค์ ์ด์ฉํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ์
์ฒดํ ์ํ๋ค๊ณผ ์ ์ฌํ ๋ฐ๊ฐ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์์ฒด๊ฐ ํธํฌ๋๊ฐ ๋ชฉํํ ๋ฐ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ํธํฌ๋๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์๊ฐ์ด ์๋ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ํด ์ด์ผ๊ธฐํ๊ณ ์ถ์๋ค. "ํ์ด๋ธ๋ก์ 2๋ฒ ๊ณ ์๋๋ก(Pearblossom Highway #2)" ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ฒฝ ์ํ๋ ์๊ณ , ใ๋ฐ์ด๋ฏธ๋ธ ์นด์ค๋ฏผ(David Kasmin)ใ(1982)์ด๋ ใ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ์๋ง ๋ณผํด ์ ๋น(My Mother, Bolton Abbey)ใ(1982) ๊ฐ์ ์ด์ ์ํ๋ ์๋ค.
"์กฐ์ด๋์ค"๋ ์ด์ฉ๋ค ์ฐ์ฐํ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ก๋ค. ๋น์ 60๋ ๋ง์ด์๋ ํธํฌ๋๋ ์ฌ์ง์๊ฐ๋ค์ด ๊ด๊ฐ ๋ ์ฆ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํด ์ฐ๋ ์ฌ์ง๋ค์ ์๊ณก์ด ์ฌํด์ ๋ณ๋ก ์ข๊ฒ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ง ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ด๋๋ LA์ ์ง ๊ฑฐ์ค๊ณผ ํ
๋ผ์ค๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ค, ํด๋ผ๋ก์ด๋๋ก ๊ฑฐ์ค ์ฌ์ง์ ๋ช ์ฅ ์ฐ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒ๋ค์ ํ๋ก ๋ถ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์์ฒด๋ก ๋ญ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๋ ค๋ ์๋๋ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฌ๊ณ ๋์ ์ฌ์ง๋ค์ ๋ณด๋, ๊ด๊ฐ์ด ๋ฐฉ์ ํตํด ์์ง์ด๊ธฐ๋ผ๋ ํ๋ ์ ํฉ์ณ์ง ๊ทธ๊ฒ๋ค์ด ๋ฌด์ธ๊ฐ์ ๋ํด ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋ด๊ณ ์์๋ค. ํธํฌ๋๋ ์ด ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ ์ดํ ์ฌ์ง๋ค๋ก ๋ ๋ง์ด ์์
ํ๊ณ , ์ด ์๋ก์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ํ ๋ป ๋น ์ ธ ํ๋์ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฉ์ถ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ฌ์ง์ ๋ ์ฆ๋ผ๋ ํ๋์ ๋์ผ๋ก๋ง ๋์์ ์ ๊ทผํ๋ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์์ด ํธํฌ๋๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ํฌ๊ธฐํ๊ณ ๋ค์ ํ์ธํ
์ผ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ๋ค.
ํ๊ฒฝํ
1990๋
๋์ ํธํฌ๋๋ ์ํฌ์
์ ์ ๋ณด๋ค ๋ ์์ฃผ ๋์์๋ค. 1999๋
์ ์ด๋จธ๋๊ฐ ์ฌ๋งํ๊ธฐ ์ ๊น์ง 3๊ฐ์์ ํ๋ฒ์ฉ์ ์ํฌ์
์ ์๋ ์ด๋จธ๋๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์๊ฐ๋ค. ์ํฌ์
๋ก ๋์์๋ 2์ฃผ ์ด์ ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๋ ์ผ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ ์์์ง๋ง, 1997๋
์ ๋ถ์น๋ณ์ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ์ ์น๊ตฌ ์กฐ๋๋จ ์ค๋ฒ(Jonathan Silver)๊ฐ ์ํฌ์
์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ ๊ฒฉ๋ คํ์ ์ดํ์๋ ์ข ๋ ๊ธธ๊ฒ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ ๋ค. ํธํฌ๋๋ ์ฒ์์๋ ์ด๋ฆฐ์์ ์ ํฌํจํด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ต๋ค์ ๋๋ฌ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ ์ ๋ ์ค๋ ์ํฌ์
์ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ธฐ ์์ํ์, 2003๋
๊ฒฝ์๋ ์ํฌ์
๊ทผ๊ต์ ๋๊ฐ ์ฅ์ธ์์ ์ง์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ณด๊ณ () ์ ํ์ ์์ฑํ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋ค. ํธํฌ๋๋ ์์ ์ด ํ์ด๋ ๊ณณ์์ 75๋ง์ผ ๋จ์ด์ง, ๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ค๋งํด(Bridlington)์ด๋ผ๋ ํด๋ณ ๋ง์์ ํ ๋ฏผ๋ฐ์ง์ ์์๋ฅผ ์ก๊ณ ์์
๊ณต๊ฐ์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ค. 2005๋
์ดํ์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์ ํ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๋ค์ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ใํ์ฌ๋ฆ์ ์ด์คํธ ์ํฌ์
(Midsummer: East Yorkshire)ใ(2003~2004)๋ผ๋ ์์ฑํ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ฉด์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ง์ค์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ฑํ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ํ๋ จํ ์ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ฟ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 2x50 ์ง๋ฆฌ ์์ ์บ๋ฒ์ค๋ค์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ ์ด์ด ๋ถ์ธ ํฐ ํํ๋ค์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ ๊ท๋ชจ๋ก ์ํ์ ์๊ฐํ ํ๊ธฐ๋ ์ฝ์ง ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํธํฌ๋๋ ๊ทธ ๋ ์ ์์
์ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋์งํธ ์นด๋ฉ๋ผ๋ก ์ฐ์ ์ฌ์ง๋ค์ ์ด์ฉํด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋ค.
2007๋
6์์ 15x40 ํผํธ์ ๋ฌํ๋ ํธํฌ๋์ ๋์ ใ์ํฐ ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ๋ ํฐ ๋๋ฌด๋ค ๋๋ ์๋ก์ด ํฌ์คํธ-์ฌ์ง ์๋๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ผ์ธ์์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ํํ(Bigger Trees Near Warter or/ou Peinture sur le Motif pour le Nouvel Age Post-Photographique)ใ๊ฐ ์๋ฆฝ์์ ์์ ์ฌ๋ฆ ์ฐ๋ก์ ์ ์ํด ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ๋ฐฉ์ ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๋ค. ์ด ์ํ์ 2006๋
๊ฒจ์ธ์ 5์ฃผ๊ฐ ์ฅ์ธ์ ๋๊ฐ 50๊ฐ์ ์บ๋ฒ์ค ์์ ์ ํ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์์ ์กฐ๊ฐ ํ์ธํ
์ ์ด์ด์ ๋ถ์ธ ๋์์ผ๋ก, "ํธํฌ๋๊ฐ ๋๊ณ ์๋ ์ํฌ์
์ ์ก๋ชฉ๋ฆผ์ ๊ธฐ๋
๋น์ ์ธ ์ค์ผ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ ์ํ"์ด๋ค. 2008๋
์ ํธํฌ๋๋ ์ด ์ํ์ ๋ฐ๋์ ํ
์ดํธ ๋ชจ๋์ ๊ธฐ์ฆํ๋ฉด์ ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ๋งํ๋ค. "ํ
์ดํธ์ ๋ญ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ค๋ค๋ฉด, ์ ๋ง๋ก ์ข์ ์ํ์ ์ฃผ๊ณ ์ถ๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ด ์ํ์ ์ ์ ๋์๋ง ์ด๊ณณ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋๋ ๋ด๊ฐ ์ ๋ง๋ก ์๋ถ์ฌ์ ์์ฒญ๋๊ฒ ๋๋ผ๋ ๊ฑด ์๋ ์ํ์ ๋๊ตฌ์๊ฒ๋ ์ฃผ๊ณ ์ถ์ง ์๋ค. ... ์ด ์ํ์ ์๊ตญ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ์ ์ข์ ์ํ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ค. ... ํ ๋งํ ์์
์ด์๋ ๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋ค." ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ์๊ตญ ๋ฐฉ์ก๊ตญ BBC 1์ ์์ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ '์ด๋งค์ง(Imagine)'์์ ๋ฐฉ์๋, ๋ธ๋ฃจ๋
ธ ๋ณผํ์(Bruno Wollheim) ๊ฐ๋
์ 2009๋
๋คํ๋ฉํฐ๋ฆฌ ์ํ ใ๋ฐ์ด๋น๋ ํธํฌ๋: ๋ ํฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผใ์ ์์ฌ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋คํ๋ ์ง์ 2๋
๋์ ์ฅ์ธ์ ๋๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ํธํฌ๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ค๋๋ฉด์ ์ดฌ์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ค์ด์ก๋ค.
๊ณต์ฐ ๋ฌด๋
ํธํฌ๋์ ์ฒซ ๋ฌด๋๋์์ธ์ 1966๋
๋ฐ๋ ๋ก์ด ์ฝํธ ๊ทน์ฅ์์ ์์ฐํ โช์๋น์โซ(Ubu Roi)์ด๋ค. 1975๋
์๊ตญ ๊ธ๋ผ์ธ๋๋ณธ ์คํ๋ผ ํ์คํฐ๋ฒ์์ ์ด๊ณ ๋ฅด ์คํธ๋ผ๋น์คํค์ ์คํ๋ผ โช๋๋ด๊พผ์ ํ๊ฐโซ(The Rake's Progress), 1978๋
๊ธ๋ผ์ธ๋๋ณธ์์ ๊ณต์ฐ๋ โช๋ง์ ํผ๋ฆฌโซ์ ๋ฌด๋๋์์ธ๋ ๋ด๋นํ ๋ฐ ์๋ค. 1980๋
๋ด์ ๋ฉํธ๋กํด๋ฆฌํ ์คํ๋ผ ๊ทน์ฅ์์ ๊ณต์ฐ๋ 20์ธ๊ธฐ ํ๋์ค์ โชํธ๋ฆฌํ ๋น ํผ๋ ์ด๋โซ(triple bill Parade)์ ์ธํธ์ ์์๋ ๋์์ธํ๋ค. ํธ๋ฆฌํ ๋น์ ์ธ ์ํ์ ์ฐ์ด์ด ์์ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก, ๊ทธ ๊ณต์ฐ์ ํ์ดํ์ด ๋ ์๋ฆญ ์ฌํฐ(Erik Satie) ์์
์ ๋ฐ๋ โชํผ๋ ์ด๋โซ์ ๊ธฐ์ค ์ํด๋ฆฌ๋ค๋ฅด(Guillaume Apollinaire) ํฌ๊ณก์ ํ๋์์ค ํ๋ํฌ(Francis Poulenc)๊ฐ ์๊ณกํ ์คํ๋ผ โชํฐ๋ ์ง์์ ์ ๋ฐฉโซ(Les mamelles de Tirรฉsias), ์ฝ๋ ํธ ๋๋ณธ์ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ค ๋ผ๋ฒจ์ด ์๊ณกํ ์คํ๋ผ โช์ด๋ฆฐ์ด์ ๋ง๋ฒ๋คโซ(L'enfant et les sortilรจges)์ด ์๋ฌ์ ์์ฐ๋์๋ค.
ใํธํฌ๋์ ๋ฌด๋ ๋์์ธ(Hockney Paints the Stage)ใ์ด๋ ์ ๋ชฉ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฆฐ 1983๋
์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์ํด ใ์ด๋ฆฐ์ด์ ๋ง๋ฒ๋คใ์ ๋ฌด๋๋ ๋ค์ ์์์ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ ์๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ํธ๋๋ฃฐ๋ฃจ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ด(Honolulu Museum of Art)์ ๋ถ๊ด์ธ ์คํ๋ฉ ํ์ฐ์ค(Spalding House)์ ์๊ตฌํ ์ค์น๋์ด ์๋ค. ํธํฌ๋๋ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ 'ํธ๋ฆฌํ ๋น'์ ๋งก์๋๋ฐ, 1981๋
๋ฉํธ๋กํด๋ฆฌํ ์คํ๋ผ์์ ๊ณต์ฐ๋ ์คํธ๋ผ๋น์คํค์ ใ๋ด์ ์ ์ ใ๊ณผ ์คํ๋ผ ใ๋์ดํ
๊ฒ์ผ(Le rossigno)ใ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ใ์ค์ด๋ํธ์ค์(Oedipus Rex)ใ์ ์ํด ๋ฌด๋๋ฅผ ๋์์ธํ๋ค. 1987๋
๋ก์ค์์ ค๋ ์ค ๋ฎค์ง ์ผํฐ์ ์ฌ๋ ค์ง ๋ฐ๊ทธ๋์ ใํธ๋ฆฌ์คํ๊ณผ ์ด์กธ๋ฐใ๋ ๋ฌด๋๋ฅผ ๋ด๋นํ๋ค. 1991๋
์์นด๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฆญ ์คํ๋ผ(Chicago Lyric Opera)๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ฆฐ ํธ์น๋์ ์คํ๋ผ ใํฌ๋๋ํธใ์ 1992๋
๋ฐ๋์ ๋ก์ด ์คํ๋ผ ํ์ฐ์ค์์ ๊ณต์ฐ๋ ์ํธ๋ผ์ฐ์ค์ ์คํ๋ผ ใ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ์๋ ์ฌ์ธ(Die Frau ohne Schatten)ใ์ ๋ฌด๋๋ ํธํฌ๋๊ฐ ๋์์ธํ๋ค. 1994๋
๋ฉ์์ฝ์ํฐ์์ ์คํ๋๋ฆฌ์(Operalia) ๊ตญ์ ์ฝฉ์ฟ ๋ฅด๊ฐ ์ด๋ ธ๊ณ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด TV๋ก ๋ฐฉ์๋์๋๋ฐ, ํธํฌ๋๋ ๊ทธ ์ค ํ๋ผ์๋ ๋๋ฐ๊ณ ์ 12๊ฐ์ ์คํ๋ผ ์๋ฆฌ์๋ฅผ ์ํ ์์๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ ๋์์ธํ๋ค. ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ง๋ณด ๋๋ถ์ ํธํฌ๋๋ ์ผ๋ง๋ ์ง ๋ณต์กํ๊ฒ ๊ณต์ฐ์ฅ์ ๋ชจํ ์ ์์ ์๋ํด๋ณผ ์ ์์๋ค. ํธํฌ๋๋ ์์ ์ ์์
์ค์์ 1:8 ์ค์ผ์ผ๋ก 4 x 6ํผํธ ์ง๋ฆฌ ์๋ฌด๋์ ์ธํธ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค๊ณ ์กฐ๋ช
์ด ์ ํธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ์ด๋ํธ๋์ ์ ํํ ๋ง์ถฐ ์ผ์ง๊ณ ๊บผ์ง ์ ์๋๋ก ์ปดํจํฐ๋ก ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จํ ํด์ ์๋๋๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค.
2017๋
์ ํธํฌ๋๋ ใํฌ๋๋ํธใ ์ฌ๊ณต์ฐ ๋ฌด๋ ๋์์ธ์ผ๋ก ์ํ๋์์ค์ฝ ์คํ๋ผ ์์ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
ํธํฌ๋์ ๋ฌด๋ ์ํ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๋ ๋์์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ์ด๋น๋ ํธํฌ๋ ์ฌ๋จ์ ์์ฅ๋์ด ์๋ค.
์ ์
๋ฐ์ด๋น๋ ํธํฌ๋๋ 400ํ ์ด์์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 500ํ ์ด์์ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์ด์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 1963๋
26์ธ์ ๋์ด๋ก Kasmin Limited ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์์ ์ฒซ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ 1970๋
๋ฐ๋์ Whitechapel Gallery์์ ๊ทธ์ ์ฒซ๋ฒ์งธ ํ๊ณ ์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์๊ณ ๊ทธ ์ดํ ๋ช ์ฐจ๋ก ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณณ์์ ํ๊ณ ์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ํ์๋ค. ์ด์ ์ด์ด ์ ๋ฝ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ธ ๊ณณ์์๋ ํ๊ณ ์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์๋ค. 1988๋
๋ก์ค์์ ค๋ ์ค ๋ฏธ์ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด (Los Angels County Museum of Art, LACMA)์ ์ด์ด ๋ด์ ๋ฉํธ๋กํด๋ฆฌํ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ด (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Met), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๊ตญ ๋ฐ๋ ํ
์ดํธ(The Tate)์์ ์ฐ์์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ณ ์ ์ ํ์๋ค. 2004๋
์๋ Whitney Biennial์ ์ธ๋๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ๋ ์๊ฐ์ ํฌํจ๋์๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ์ ์ด์ํ๋ ๊ทธ์๊ฒ ์๊ฐ์ ์ป์ ์ ์ ์์ ๊ฐ์ธ Elizabeth Peyton์ ํจ๊ป ๊ฐค๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์๊ฐ๋์๋ค.
2006๋
10์ ๋ฐ๋์ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ์ด์ํ ๊ฐค๋ฌ๋ฆฌ (National Portrait Gallery)๋ ์ง๋ 50๋
๊ฐ ๋ฌ์ฑํ ํธํฌ๋์ ์ด์ํ ์์
์ค ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ์ ์ ์ค ํ๋๋ฅผ ๊ธฐํํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ์ ์์๋ 150 ๊ฐ์ง์ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ, ๋๋ก์, ํํ, ์ค์ผ์น๋ถ ๋ฐ ํฌํ ์ฝ๋ผ์ฃผ๊ฐ ํฌํจ๋์๋ค. ์ด ์ปฌ๋ ์
์ ๊ทธ์ ์ด๊ธฐ ์ํ์๋ถํฐ 2005๋
์ ์์ฑ ๋ ์ํ๊น์ง ๋ค์ํ๋ค. Hockney๋ ์ํ์ ์ ์ํ๋ ๋ฐ ๋์์ ์ฃผ์์ผ๋ฉฐ 2007๋
1์๊น์ง ๊ฐ์ต๋ ์ ์ํ๋ ์ด ๊ฐค๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ ์ํ ์ค ํ๋์๋ค. 2009๋
"David Hockney: Just Nature"๋ ๋
์ผ Schwรคbisch Hall์ Kunsthalle Wรผrth์์ ์ฝ 10๋ง๋ช
์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ฐ์ ๋์ด ๋ชจ์๋ค.
2012๋
1์ 21์ผ๋ถํฐ 2012๋
4์ 9์ผ๊น์ง ๋ก์ด ์์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ (Royal Academy)๋ 150์ฌ ์ ์ ์ํ์ ํฌํจํ โช๋ ํฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผโซ(A Bigger Picture)์ ๊ฐ์ตํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค ๋ง์ ์ํ์ด ๊ฐค๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ์กฐ๋ช
๋ ๋ฐฉ์ ์ ์ฒด ๋ฒฝ์ ์ฐจ์งํ ์ ๋๋ก ํฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด์๋ค. ์ด ์ ์ํ๋ ํนํ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์๋ผ๋ ์ํฌ์
์ ๋๋ฌด์ ๋๋ฌดํฐ๋์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ํ๊ฒฝํ์ ์ด์ ์ ๋ง์ถ์๋ค. ์ ์๋ ์ํ์๋ ์ ํ, ์์ฑํ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์์ดํจ๋๋ก ์ ์๋์ด ์ข
์ด์ ์ธ์๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด ํฌํจ๋์๋ค. ํธํฌ๋๋ 2012๋
์ธํฐ๋ทฐ์์ "ํฐ ์ผ์ ๊ดํ ๊ฒ์ด๊ณ , ๋น์ ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ๋ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค ์ ์๊ณ , ์ฌ์ง์ ๋ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆด ๋ ๋ ํฐ ๋น๋์ค๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ญ๋๋ค."๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค." ์ด ์ ์ํ๋ 3๋ฌ ๋ง์ 60๋ง๋ช
์ด์์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ฐ์ ๋์ด๋ค์๋ค. ์ด ์ ์ํ๋ 5์ 15์ผ๋ถํฐ 9์ 30์ผ๊น์ง ์คํ์ธ ๋น๋ฐ์ค ๊ตฌ๊ฒํ์ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ด์ผ๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒจ์ ธ ๊ณ์๋์๊ณ , 2012๋
10์ 27์ผ๋ถํฐ 2013๋
2์ 3์ผ๊น์ง ๋
์ผ ์พฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฃจ๋๋นํ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ผ๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒจ์ ธ ๊ณ์ ์งํ๋์๋ค.
2017๋
2์ 9์ผ๋ถํฐ 5์ 29์ผ๊น์ง ์งํ๋ ๋ฐ์ด๋น๋ ํธํฌ๋์ ํ
์ดํธ ๋ธ๋ฆฌํผ์์์ ์ ์ํ๋ ๊ทธ ๊ฐค๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ฐ์ด ๋ชจ์ธ ์ ์ํ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ์ด ์ ์ํ๋ ํธํฌ๋์ 80๋ฒ์งธ ์์ผ์ ๊ธฐ๋
ํ๊ณ "๋ฐ์ด๋น๋ ํธํฌ๋์ 60์ฌ ๋
์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ ์ํ ํํ, ๋๋ก์, ํํ, ์ฌ์ง ๋ฐ ๋น๋์ค์์์ ์
์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋
ํ๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ๋ช
ํ ์ํ์ด ์ ์๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ ํ ์ด ์ ์ํ๋ ํ๋ฆฌ์ ์กฐ๋ฅด์ฃผ ํํผ๋ ์ผํฐ(Centre Georges Pompidou)์ ๋ฉํธ๋กํด๋ฆฌํ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ด(Metropolitan Museum of Art)์ผ๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒจ์ ธ ๊ณ์๋์๋ค. ์ธ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ ์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ ๋ ์ด ํ๊ณ ์ ์ ํ
์ดํธ์์ ํ๋ฃจ์ 4,000๋ช
์ด์์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ๋ฆฌ์์ ํ๋ฃจ์ 5,000๋ช
์ด ๋๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์๊ฐ ์์๊ณ 2017๋
๋ฐ๋๊ณผ ํ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ 10๊ฐ ํฐ์ผํ๋งค๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ ์ ์ํ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
2017๋
์ ์ง๋ ์ ์ญ๋
๊ฐ์ ์ํ์ ์ ์ํ ๋ธ๋ก๋ฒ์คํฐ ์ ์ํ ์ดํ ํธํฌ๋๋ 2018๋
ํ์ด์ค ๊ฐค๋ฌ๋ฆฌ(Pace Gallery)์์ 6๊ฐํ ์บ๋ฒ์ค๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ๋ฒฝํ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ 3D ์ฌ์ง๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ๋ํ ์ต์ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฐ๋ก๋น ํ(Garrowby Hill), ๊ทธ๋๋ ์บ๋์ธ(Grand Canyon) ๋ฐ ๋์ฝ์ค ์บ๋์ธ ๋ก๋(Nichols Canyon Road)์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์์ํ์๊ณ , ์ด๋ฒ์๋ ์ด๋ค ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ 6๊ฐํ ์บ๋ฒ์ค์ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ ๊ทธ๋ ค ์ญ์๊ทผ๋ฒ์ ์ธก๋ฉด์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ์๋ค.
2019๋
3์ 22์ผ๋ถํฐ 8์ 4์ผ๊น์ง ์์ธ์๋ฆฝ๋ฏธ์ ๊ด๊ณผ ํ
์ดํธ๊ฐ ๊ณต๋์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐํํ ๋ฐ์ด๋น๋ ํธํฌ๋์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ด ์์ธ์๋ฆฝ๋ฏธ์ ๊ด์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋์๋ค. ์์ธ์๋ฆฝ๋ฏธ์ ๊ด์ 7์ 21์ผ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ ๊ด๋๊ฐ์ด 30๋ง 2์ฒ628๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ง๊ณ๋๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ์๋ค.
์ฌ์ํ
ํธํฌ๋๋ ๋์ฑ์ ์๋ก, ์ด์ํ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์ ๋์ฑ์ ์ ๋ณธ์ง์ ๋ํด ํ์ํ๊ณ ํํํ๋ค. ์ํธ ํํธ๋จผ์ ์๋ฅผ ์ธ์ฉํ 1961๋
์ "์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฌ๋ผ๋ถ์ ๋ ์๋
(We Two Boys Together Clinging)"๊ฐ์ ์ํ์์๋ ๋จ์ฑ์ ํฅํ ๊ทธ์ ์ ์ ์ด ๊ณ ์ค๋ํ ๋๋ฌ๋๋ค. 1963๋
ํธํฌ๋๋ โ์ด๋ ๊ฐ์ , ๋ก์ค์ค์ ค๋ ์ค(Domestic Scene, Los Angeles)โ๋ผ๋ ์ํ์์ ์ค์๋ฅผ ํ๋ ๋จ์์ ๋ฑ์ ์ป์ด์ฃผ๋ ์๋ชธ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋จ์๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋ค. 1966๋
์ฌ๋ฆ, UCLA์์ ๊ฐ์๋ฅผ ํ๋ ๋์ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ก ์ผํ ๋ฏธ์ ํ๊ณผ ํ์, ํผํฐ ์ฌ๋ ์ง์ (Peter Schlesinger)๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ ๋ก๋งจํฑํ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
2013๋
3์ 18์ผ ์์นจ, ํธํฌ๋๊ฐ ์์
์ค ์กฐ์๋ก ๊ณ ์ฉํ๋ 23์ธ์ ๋๋ฏธ๋ ์๋ฆฌ์(Dominic Elliott)์ด ์จ์ง ์ฑ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์๋ค. ์๋ฆฌ์์ ์ด์คํธ๋ผ์ด๋ฉ์ค๋ธ์ํฌ์
์ฃผ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ค๋งํค(Bridlington) ๋ญ๋น ํด๋ฝ์ 1๊ตฐ ๋ฐ 2๊ตฐ ์ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ํธํฌ๋์ ์ ์ฐ์ธ์ด์ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์
์ค ์กฐ์์๋ 48์ธ์ ์กด ํผ์ฒ๋ฒํธ(John Fitzherbert)์ ํธํฌ๋์ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ค๋งํคํธ ์ํ์์ ๋ฐค์ ํํฐ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ์ ์ ๋ง์
จ๋ค. ํผ์ฒ๋ฒํธ๋ 4๋
์ ํธํฌ๋์ ๊ฒฐ๋ณํ ํ์๋ ์ฌ์ ํ ๊ทธ์ ์น๊ตฌ๋ก ๋จ์ ์์
์ค์์ ๋ณด์กฐ ์ผ์ ๊ณ์ํ๊ณ , ์๋ฆฌ์๊ณผ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํธํฌ๋์ ์ง์์ด์ ์๋ฆฌ์์ ํ๊ต ์น๊ตฌ์ธ ๋งํฌ ์
ฐํผ๋(Mark Shephard)์ ์๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์น๋ ์ฐ์ธ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ์๋ฆฌ์๊ณผ ํผ์ฒ๋ฒํธ๋ ๋ฐค์์ ๋๋ฉด์ ์ฝ์นด์ธ๊ณผ ์์คํฐ์ ๋ฑ ๋ง์ฝ์ ๋ณต์ฉํ๊ณ ๋๋ง์ด๋ฅผ ๋๋ ํผ์ด ๋ค ์๋ก์ ํ์์ ์ ๋ค์๊ณ , ํผ์ฒ๋ฒํธ๊ฐ ๊นผ์ ๋ ์๋ฆฌ์์ ํ์ฅ์ค ๋ณ๊ธฐ์ฉ ์ธ์ ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ง์๊ณ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ฐ๊ณ ์์๋ค. ํผ์ฒ๋ฒํธ๊ฐ ์๋๋ฌ ๋ณ์์ผ๋ก ์ฃ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ผ๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์๋ฆฌ์์ ์ฌ๋งํ๊ณ , ํผ์ฒ๋ฒํธ๋ ๋น์ ํธํฌ๋๊ฐ ๋ณต๋ ๋ ์์ ์ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ ๋ค์ด ์์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํ์ฌ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ด ์ค์บ๋ค์ ํ๋ง๋ฆด๊น ๋ด ๋ณ์์์ ๊ธํ ์ ํ๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์ด ์ฌ๋๋ค๋ก ํ์ฌ๊ธ ์ง์์ ์น์ฐ๊ฒ ์์ผฐ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ฑ
์ ๋๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ฐฑํ๋ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ ๋๋ฏธ๋์ด ์์ด์ด๋ ํ์ด์ด ์๋๋ผ ๋ถ์ดํ๊ฒ ์ฃฝ์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ง์๊ณ , ํธํฌ๋๋ ์ฐ๋ฃจ๋์ง ์์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ์ด ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ก ํธํฌ๋๋ 2015๋
11์ 5๊ฐ์ ์นจ์ค์ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ค๋งํด ์ ํ์ 625,000 ํ์ด๋์ ๋งค๊ฐํ์ฌ ๊ทธ ์ง์ญ๊ณผ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ๋์๋ค.
๋์ค ๋ฌธํ
1966๋
, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ์์ธ ์นด๋ฐํผ(Constantine P. Cavafy)์ ์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ผ๋ จ์ ์์นญ ์ํ์ ์์
ํ๋ ๋์, ํธํฌ๋๋ ์ ์์ค ์ค์บ(James Scott)์ ๋คํ๋ฉํฐ๋ฆฌ ใ๋ฌ๋ธ์ค ํ๋ ์ ํ
์ด์
โซ(Love's Presentation)์ ์ถ์ฐํ์๋ค. ํธํฌ๋์ 1967๋
์ํ ใ๋ ํฐ ์ฒจ๋ฒโซ์์ ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ด ์ญ ํค์ด์ (Jack Hazan)์ 1974๋
์ํ ใ๋น๊ฑฐ ์คํ๋ ์โซ๋ ํธํฌ๋์ ๋ํ ์ ๊ธฐ์ด๋ค. ๋ํ ํธ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ ์นด ์ํ์ ์์ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ํํ๋ฉํฐ๋ฆฌ ์ํ ใ์จ์ดํ
ํฌ ํธํฌ๋โซ(Waiting for Hockney)์์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ์์ ๊ฐ ๋น๋ฆฌ ํจํผ์ค(Billy Pappas)๋ ํธํฌ๋์๊ฒ์ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ํ
1997๋
์ปดํจ๋์ธ ์ค๋ธ ์๋(CH; Order of the Companions of Honour)
2012๋
๋ฉ๋ฆฌํธ ํ์ฅ(OM)
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
The David Hockney Foundation
David Hockney's Long Road From Los Angeles to Yorkshire, The New York Times, 15 October 2009
Hockney Yorkshire Wolds Art Locations
1937๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ฌ์ง๊ฐ
์๊ธ๋๋์ ํํ๊ฐ
์๊ธ๋๋์ ํ๊ฐ
์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ฑ์์์ ์ธ๋ฌผ
๊ฒ์ด ์์ ๊ฐ
์๊ตญ์ ์์ฌ์ ๋ณ์ญ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์
๋ฉ๋ฆฌํธ ํ์ฅ
๋ค์นด๋ง์ฐ๋
ธ๋ฏธ์ผ ์ ํ๊ธฐ๋
์ธ๊ณ๋ฌธํ์ ์์์
์๊ตญ์ ์ฑ์์์ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ฐ
20์ธ๊ธฐ ์ฑ์์์ ์ฌ๋
21์ธ๊ธฐ ์ฑ์์์ ์ฌ๋ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Hockney | David Hockney | David Hockney (born 9 July 1937) is an English painter, draftsman, printmaker, stage designer, and photographer. As an important contributor to the pop art movement of the 1960s, he is considered one of the most influential British artists of the 20th century.
Hockney has owned residences and studios in Bridlington, and London, as well as two residences in California, where he has lived intermittently since 1964: one in the Hollywood Hills, one in Malibu, and an office and archives on Santa Monica Boulevard in West Hollywood, California.
On 15 November 2018, Hockney's 1972 work Portrait of an Artist (Pool with Two Figures) sold at Christie's auction house in New York City for $90 million (ยฃ70 million), becoming the most expensive artwork by a living artist sold at auction. This broke the previous record, set by the 2013 sale of Jeff Koons's Balloon Dog (Orange) for $58.4 million. Hockney held this record until 15 May 2019 when Koons reclaimed the honour selling his Rabbit for more than $91 million at Christie's in New York.
Early life and education
David Hockney was born in Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, the fourth of five children of Kenneth Hockney (1904-1978), an accountant's clerk who later ran his own accountancy business, and who had been a conscientious objector in the Second World War, and Laura (1900-1999), nรฉe Thompson, a devout Methodist and strict vegetarian. He was educated at Wellington Primary School, Bradford Grammar School, Bradford College of Art (where his teachers included Frank Lisle and his fellow students included Derek Boshier, Pauline Boty, Norman Stevens, David Oxtoby and John Loker) and the Royal College of Art in London, where he met R. B. Kitaj. While there, Hockney said he felt at home and took pride in his work.
At the Royal College of Art, Hockney featured โ alongside Peter Blake โ in the exhibition New Contemporaries, which announced the arrival of British Pop art. He was associated with the movement, but his early works display expressionist elements, similar to some works by Francis Bacon. When the RCA said it would not let him graduate if he did not complete an assignment of a life drawing of a live model in 1962, Hockney painted Life Painting for a Diploma in protest. He had refused to write an essay required for the final examination, saying he should be assessed solely on his artworks. Recognising his talent and growing reputation, the RCA changed its regulations and awarded the diploma. After leaving the RCA, he taught at Maidstone College of Art for a short time. He taught at the University of Iowa in 1964. Hockney also taught at the University of Colorado, Boulder in 1965. He then taught at the University of California, Los Angeles from 1966 to 1967, followed by the University of California, Berkeley in 1967.
Career
In 1964, Hockney moved to Los Angeles, where he was inspired to make a series of paintings of swimming pools in the comparatively new acrylic medium using vibrant colours. He lived back and forth among Los Angeles, London, and Paris in the late 1960s to 1970s. In 1974 he began a decade-long personal relationship with Gregory Evans who moved with him to the US in 1976 and as of 2019 remains a business partner. In 1978 he rented a house in the Hollywood Hills, and later bought and expanded it to include his studio. He also owned a 1,643-square-foot beach house at 21039 Pacific Coast Highway in Malibu, which he sold in 1999 for around $1.5ย million.
In the 1990s, Hockney returned more frequently to Yorkshire, usually every three months, to visit his mother who died in 1999. Until 1997, he rarely stayed for more than two weeks, when his friend Jonathan Silver, who was terminally ill, encouraged him to capture the local surroundings. He did this at first with paintings based on memory, some from his boyhood. In 1998, he completed the painting of the Yorkshire landmark, Garrowby Hill. Hockney returned to Yorkshire for increasingly longer stays, and by 2003 was painting the countryside en plein air in both oils and watercolour. He set up residence and studio in a converted bed and breakfast, in the seaside town of Bridlington, about from where he was born. The oil paintings he produced after 2005 were influenced by his intensive studies in watercolour, a series titled Midsummer: East Yorkshire (2003โ2004). He created paintings made of multiple smaller canvasesโtwo to fiftyโplaced together. To help him visualise work at that scale, he used digital photographic reproductions to study the day's work.
In spring 2020 Hockney stayed at La Grande Cour, a farmhouse and studio in Normandy, during the global COVID-19 pandemic.
Work
Hockney has experimented with painting, drawing, printmaking, watercolours, photography, and many other media including a fax machine, paper pulp, computer applications and iPad drawing programs. The subject matter of interest ranges from still lifes to landscapes, portraits of friends, his dogs, and stage designs for the Royal Court Theatre, Glyndebourne, and the Metropolitan Opera in New York City.
Portraits
Hockney has returned to painting portraits throughout his career. From 1968, and for the next few years, he painted portraits and double portraits of friends, lovers, and relatives just under life-size in a realistic style that adroitly captured the likenesses of his subjects. Hockney has repeatedly been drawn to the same subjects โ his family, employees, artists Mo McDermott and Maurice Payne, various writers he has known, fashion designers Celia Birtwell and Ossie Clark (Mr. and Mrs. Clark and Percy, 1970โ71), curator Henry Geldzahler, art dealer Nicholas Wilder, George Lawson and his ballet dancer lover, Wayne Sleep, and also his romantic interests throughout the years, including Peter Schlesinger and Gregory Evans. Perhaps more than all of these, Hockney has turned to his own figure year after year, creating over 300 self-portraits.
From 1999 to 2001 Hockney used a camera lucida for his research into art history as well as his own work in the studio. He created over 200 drawings of friends, family, and himself using this antique lens-based device.
In 2016, the Royal Academy exhibited Hockney's series entitled 82 Portraits and 1 Still-life which traveled to Ca' Pesaro in Venice, Italy, and the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, in 2017 and to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 2018. Hockney calls the paintings started in 2013 "twenty-hour exposures" because each sitting took six to seven hours on three consecutive days.
Printmaking
Hockney experimented with printmaking as early as a lithograph Self-Portrait in 1954 and worked in etchings during his time at RCA. In 1965, the print workshop Gemini G.E.L. approached him to create a series of lithographs with a Los Angeles theme. Hockney responded by creating The Hollywood Collection, a series of lithographs recreating the art collection of a Hollywood star, each piece depicting an imagined work of art within a frame. Hockney went on to produce many other portfolios with Gemini G.E.L. including Friends, The Weather Series, and Some New Prints. During the 1960s he produced several series of prints he thought of as 'graphic tales', including A Rake's Progress (1961โ63) after Hogarth, Illustrations for Fourteen Poems from C.P. Cavafy (1966) and Illustrations for Six Fairy Tales from the Brothers Grimm (1969).
In 1973 Hockney began a fruitful collaboration with Aldo Crommelynck, Picasso's preferred printer. In his atelier, he adopted Crommelynck's trademark sugar lift, as well as a system of the master's own devising of imposing a wooden frame onto the plate to ensure colour separation. Their early work together included Artist and Model (1973โ74) and Contrejour in the French Style (1974). In 1976โ77 Hockney created The Blue Guitar, a suite of 20 etchings, each utilising Crommelynck's techniques and filled with references to Picasso. The frontispiece to the suite mentions Hockney's dual inspiration; "The Blue Guitar: Etchings By David Hockney Who Was Inspired By Wallace Stevens Who Was Inspired By Pablo Picasso". The etchings refer to themes in a poem by Wallace Stevens, The Man with the Blue Guitar. It was published by Petersburg Press in October 1977. That year, Petersburg also published a book in which the images were accompanied by the poem's text.
In the summer of 1978, David Hockney stayed for six weeks with his friend the printer Ken Tyler at Tyler's studio in New York, Tyler Graphics Ltd. Tyler invited Hockney to try a new technique with liquid paper. The process is painting with the paper itself, so the artist had to do it himself by hand. Each image becomes a unique work between printmaking and painting. In six weeks, Hockney created a total of 29 artworks with a series of 17 sunflowers and swimming pools. Many of the works are very similar, differentiated by changes in colour choice and application of the colour. Some are solely coloured using paper pulp, while some use spray paint to achieve certain details.
Some of Hockney's other print portfolios include Home Made Prints (1986), Recent Etchings (1998) and Moving Focus (1984โ1986), which contains lithographs related to A Walk Around the Hotel Courtyard, Acatlan. A retrospective of his prints, including 'computer drawings' printed on fax machines and inkjet printers, was exhibited at Dulwich Picture Gallery in London 5 February โ 11 May 2014 and Bowes Museum, County Durham 7 June โ 28 September 2014, with an accompanying publication, Hockney, Printmaker, by Richard Lloyd.
Photocollages
In the early 1980s, Hockney began to produce photo collagesโwhich, in his early explorations within his personal photo albums, he referred to as "joiners"โfirst using Polaroid prints and subsequently 35mm, commercially processed colour prints. Using Polaroid snaps or photolab-prints of a single subject, Hockney arranged a patchwork to make a composite image. Because the photographs are taken from different perspectives and at slightly different times, the result is work that has an affinity with Cubism, one of Hockney's major aimsโdiscussing the way human vision works. Some pieces are landscapes, such as Pearblossom Highway #2, others portraits, such as Kasmin 1982, and My Mother, Bolton Abbey, 1982.
Creation of the "joiners" occurred accidentally. He noticed in the late 1960s that photographers were using cameras with wide-angle lenses. He did not like these photographs because they looked somewhat distorted. While working on a painting of a living room and terrace in Los Angeles, he took Polaroid shots of the living room and glued them together, not intending for them to be a composition on their own. On looking at the final composition, he realised it created a narrative, as if the viewer moved through the room. He began to work more with photography after this discovery, stopping painting for a while to pursue this new technique exclusively.
Over time, however, he discovered what he could not capture with a lens, saying: "Photography seems to be rather good at portraiture, or can be. But, it can't tell you about space, which is the essence of landscape. For me anyway. Even Ansel Adams can't quite prepare you for what Yosemite looks like when you go through that tunnel and you come out the other side." Frustrated with the limitations of photography and its 'one-eyed' approach, he returned to painting.
Other technology
In December 1985 Hockney used the Quantel Paintbox, a computer program that allowed the artist to sketch directly onto the screen. The resulting work was featured in a BBC series that profiled several artists. In 1999โ2001, David's sister, Margaret, began experimenting with digital photography, scanning and computer printing, particularly making images of flowers scanning a small Japanese vase and fresh flowers. In 2003, she was experimenting with Photoshop, scanning summer flowers and building up images in layers which Margaret printed out on an A3 printer. In 2004, David went to stay with Margaret and she helped him scan his sketchbook of Yorkshire landscape and David soon began using a Wacom pad and pen directly into Photoshop.
Since 2009, Hockney has painted hundreds of portraits, still lifes and landscapes using the Brushes iPhone and iPad application, often sending them to his friends. In 2010 and 2011, Hockney visited Yosemite National Park to draw its landscape on his iPad. He used an iPad in designing a stained glass window at Westminster Abbey which celebrated the reign of Queen Elizabeth II. Unveiled in September 2018, the Queen's Window is located in the north transept of the Abbey and features a hawthorn blossom scene which is set in Yorkshire.
From 2010 to 2014, Hockney created multi-camera movies using three to eighteen cameras to record a single scene. He filmed the landscape of Yorkshire in various seasons, jugglers and dancers, and his own exhibitions within the de Young Museum and the Royal Academy of Arts.
Hockney's earlier photocollages influenced his shift to another medium, digital photography. He combined hundreds of photographs to create multi-viewpoint "photographic drawings" of groups of his friends in 2014. Hockney picked the process back up in 2017, this time using the more advanced Agisoft PhotoScan photogrammetric software which allowed him to stitch together and rearrange thousands of photos. The resulting images were printed out as massive photomurals and were exhibited at Pace Gallery and LACMA in 2018.
Plein air landscapes
In June 2007, Hockney's largest painting, Bigger Trees Near Warter or/ou Peinture sur le Motif pour le Nouvel Age Post-Photographique, which measures , was hung in the Royal Academy's largest gallery in its annual Summer Exhibition. This work "is a monumental-scale view of a coppice in Hockney's native Yorkshire, between Bridlington and York. It was painted on 50 individual canvases, mostly working in situ, over five weeks last winter." In 2008, he donated it to Tate in London, saying: "I thought if I'm going to give something to the Tate I want to give them something really good. It's going to be here for a while. I don't want to give things I'm not too proud of... I thought this was a good painting because it's of England... it seems like a good thing to do." The painting was the subject of a BBC1 Imagine film documentary by Bruno Wollheim called David Hockney: A Bigger Picture (2009) which followed Hockney as he worked outdoors over the preceding two years.
Theatre works
Hockney's first stage designs were for Ubu Roi at London's Royal Court Theatre in 1966, Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress at the Glyndebourne Festival Opera in England in 1975, and The Magic Flute for Glyndebourne in 1978. In 1980, he agreed to design sets and costumes for a 20th-century French triple bill at the Metropolitan Opera House with the title Parade. The works were Parade, a ballet with music by Erik Satie; Les mamelles de Tirรฉsias, an opera with libretto by Guillaume Apollinaire and music by Francis Poulenc, and L'enfant et les sortilรจges, an opera with libretto by Colette and music by Maurice Ravel. The reimagined set of L'enfant et les sortilรจges from the 1983 exhibition Hockney Paints the Stage is a permanent installation at the Spalding House branch of the Honolulu Museum of Art. He designed sets for another triple bill of Stravinsky's Le sacre du printemps, Le rossignol, and Oedipus Rex for the Metropolitan Opera in 1981 as well as Richard Wagner's Tristan und Isolde for the Los Angeles Music Center Opera in 1987, Puccini's Turandot in 1991 at the Chicago Lyric Opera, and Richard Strauss's Die Frau ohne Schatten in 1992 at the Royal Opera House in London. In 1994, he designed costumes and scenery for twelve opera arias for the TV broadcast of Plรกcido Domingo's Operalia in Mexico City. Technical advances allowed him to become increasingly complex in model-making. At his studio he had a proscenium opening by in which he built sets in 1:8 scale. He also used a computerised setup that let him punch in and program lighting cues at will and synchronise them to a soundtrack of the music.
In 2017, Hockney was awarded the San Francisco Opera Medal on the occasion of the revival and restoration of his production for Turandot.
The majority of Hockney's theatre works and stage design studies are found in the collection of The David Hockney Foundation.
Exhibitions
David Hockney has been featured in over 400 solo exhibitions and over 500 group exhibitions. He had his first one-man show at Kasmin Limited when he was 26 in 1963, and by 1970 the Whitechapel Gallery in London had organised the first of several major retrospectives, which subsequently travelled to three European institutions. LACMA also hosted a retrospective exhibition in 1988 which travelled to The Met, New York, and Tate, London. In 2004, he was included in the cross-generational Whitney Biennial, where his portraits appeared in a gallery with those of a younger artist he had inspired, Elizabeth Peyton.
In October 2006, the National Portrait Gallery in London organised one of the largest ever displays of Hockney's portraiture work, including 150 paintings, drawings, prints, sketchbooks, and photocollages from over five decades. The collection ranged from his earliest self-portraits to work he completed in 2005. Hockney assisted in displaying the works and the exhibition, which ran until January 2007, was one of the gallery's most successful. In 2009, "David Hockney: Just Nature" attracted some 100,000 visitors at the Kunsthalle Wรผrth in Schwรคbisch Hall, Germany.
From 21 January 2012 to 9 April 2012, the Royal Academy presented A Bigger Picture, which included more than 150 works, many of which take entire walls in the gallery's brightly lit rooms. The exhibition is dedicated to landscapes, especially trees and tree tunnels of his native Yorkshire. Works included oil paintings, watercolours, and drawings created on an iPad and printed on paper. Hockney said, in a 2012 interview, "It's about big things. You can make paintings bigger. We're also making photographs bigger, videos bigger, all to do with drawing." The exhibition drew more than 600,000 visitors in under 3 months. The exhibition moved to the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain from 15 May to 30 September, and from there to the Ludwig Museum in Cologne, Germany, between 27 October 2012 and 3 February 2013.
From 26 October 2013 to 30 January 2014 David Hockney: A Bigger Exhibition was presented at the de Young Museum, one of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. The largest solo exhibition Hockney has had, with 397 works of art in more than 18,000 square feet, was curated by Gregory Evans and included the only public showing of The Great Wall, developed during research for Secret Knowledge, and works from 1999 to 2013 in a variety of media from camera lucida drawings to watercolours, oil paintings, and digital works.
From 9 February to 29 May 2017 David Hockney was presented at the Tate Britain, becoming the most-visited exhibition in the gallery's history. The exhibition marked Hockney's 80th year and gathered together "an extensive selection of David Hockney's most famous works celebrating his achievements in painting, drawing, print, photography and video across six decades". The show then travelled to Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris and The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The wildly popular retrospective landed among the top ten ticketed exhibitions in London and Paris for 2017 with over 4,000 visitors per day at the Tate and over 5,000 visitors per day in Paris.
After the blockbuster exhibitions in 2017 of the works of decades past, Hockney went on to display his newest paintings on hexagonal canvases and mural-size 3D photographic drawings at Pace Gallery in 2018. He revisited paintings of Garrowby Hill, the Grand Canyon, and Nichols Canyon Road, this time painting them on hexagonal canvases to enhance aspects of reverse perspective. In 2019, his early work featured in his native Yorkshire at The Hepworth Wakefield.
In AprilโJune 2022 an exhibition "Hockney's Eye: The Art and Technology of Depiction" was held at the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge and at the city's Heong Gallery.
Personal life
Hockney came out as gay at the age of 23, while studying at the Royal College of Art in London. Britain decriminalised homosexual acts seven years later in the Sexual Offences Act 1967. Hockney has explored the nature of gay love in his work, such in as the painting We Two Boys Together Clinging (1961), named after a poem by Walt Whitman. In 1963 he painted two men together in the painting Domestic Scene, Los Angeles, one showering while the other washes his back. In the summer of 1966, while teaching at UCLA, he met Peter Schlesinger, an art student who posed for paintings and drawings, and with whom he became romantically involved. Another of Hockney's romantic partners who was the subject of his work was Gregory Evans; the two met in 1971 and began a relationship in 1974. While no longer romantically involved, they still work together, with Evans managing the David Hockney Studio. Hockney's current partner is longtime companion Jean-Pierre Gonรงalves de Lima. Also known as JP, he also works with Hockney in his studio as his chief assistant.
On the morning of 18 March 2013, Hockney's 23-year-old assistant, Dominic Elliott, died as a result of drinking drain cleaner at Hockney's Bridlington studio; he had also earlier drunk alcohol and taken cocaine, ecstasy and temazepam. Elliott was a first- and second-team player for Bridlington Rugby Club. It was reported that Hockney's partner drove Elliott to Scarborough General Hospital where he later died. The inquest returned a verdict of death by misadventure and Hockney was never implicated. In November 2015 Hockney sold his house in Bridlington, a five-bedroomed former guest house, for ยฃ625,000, cutting all his remaining ties with the town.
He subsequently moved to Normandy, and lives near the village of Beuvron-en-Auge.
He holds a California Medical Marijuana Verification Card, which enables him to buy cannabis for medical purposes. He has used hearing aids since 1979, but realised he was going deaf long before that. As of 2018, he kept fit by spending half an hour in the swimming pool each morning, and could stand for six hours at the easel.
Hockney has synaesthetic associations between sound, colour and shape.
Collections
Many of Hockney's works are housed in the 1853 Gallery at Salts Mill in Saltaire, near his hometown of Bradford. Another large group of works are held by The David Hockney Foundation. His work is in numerous public and private collections worldwide, including:
Honolulu Museum of Art
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
National Gallery of Australia, Canberra
Art Institute of Chicago
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Humlebรฆk, Denmark
National Portrait Gallery, London
Tate, U.K.
J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
Walker Art Center, Minneapolis
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Museum of Modern Art, New York
Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris
Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco
Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo
Aboa Vetus & Ars Nova, Turku, Finland
Mumok, Ludwig Foundation, Vienna
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.
Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.
Muscarelle Museum of Art, Williamsburg, VA
Recognition
In 1967, Hockney's painting, Peter Getting Out of Nick's Pool, won the John Moores Painting Prize at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool. Hockney was offered a knighthood in 1990 but declined, before accepting an Order of Merit in January 2012. He was awarded The Royal Photographic Society's Progress medal in 1988 and the Special 150th Anniversary Medal and Honorary Fellowship in recognition of a sustained, significant contribution to the art of photography in 2003. He was made a Companion of Honour in 1997 and awarded The Cultural Award from the German Society for Photography (DGPh). He is a Royal Academician. In 2012, he was appointed to the Order of Merit, an honour restricted to 24 members at any one time for their contributions to the arts and sciences.
He was a Distinguished Honoree of the National Arts Association, Los Angeles, in 1991 and received the First Annual Award of Achievement from the Archives of American Art, Los Angeles, in 1993. He was appointed to the board of trustees of the American Associates of the Royal Academy Trust, New York in 1992 and was given a Foreign Honorary Membership to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1997. In 2003, Hockney was awarded the Lorenzo de' Medici Lifetime Career Award of the Florence Biennale, Italy.
Commissioned by The Other Art Fair, a November 2011 poll of 1,000 British painters and sculptors declared him Britain's most influential artist of all time. In 2012, Hockney was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork โ the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover โ to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires.
He is an honorary member of the Printmakers Council.
Art market
On 21 June 2006, Hockney's painting The Splash sold for ยฃ2.6ย million. It was offered for auction again on 11 February 2020, with an estimate of ยฃ20โ30ย million and sold, to an unknown buyer, for ยฃ23.1ย million.
His A Bigger Grand Canyon, a series of 60 canvases that combined to produce one enormous picture, was bought by the National Gallery of Australia for $4.6ย million.
Beverly Hills Housewife (1966โ67), a 12-foot-long acrylic that depicts the collector Betty Freeman standing by her pool in a long hot-pink dress, sold for $7.9ย million at Christie's in New York in 2008, the top lot of the sale and a record price for a Hockney. This was topped in 2016 when his Woldgate Woods landscape made ยฃ9.4ย million at auction.
The record was broken again in 2018 with the sale of Piscine de Medianoche (Paper Pool 30) for $11.74 million and then doubled in the same Sotheby's auction when Pacific Coast Highway and Santa Monica sold for $28.5 million.
On 15 November 2018, David Hockney's 1972 painting Portrait of an Artist (Pool with Two Figures) sold at Christie's for $90.3 million with fees, surpassing the previous auction record for a living artist of $58.4 million, held by Jeff Koons for one of his Balloon Dog sculptures. He had originally sold this painting for $20,000 in 1972.
The HockneyโFalco thesis
In the 2001 television programme and book Secret Knowledge, Hockney posited that the Old Masters used camera obscura as well as camera lucida and lens techniques that projected the image of the subject onto the surface of the painting. Hockney argues that this technique migrated gradually from Northern Europe to Italy, and is the reason for the photographic style of painting we see in the Renaissance and later periods of art. He published his conclusions in the 2001 book Secret Knowledge: Rediscovering the Lost Techniques of the Old Masters, which was revised in 2006.
Public life
Like his father, Hockney was a conscientious objector, and worked as a medical orderly in hospitals during his National Service, 1957โ1959.
Hockney was a founder of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, in 1979. He was on the advisory board of the political magazine Standpoint, and contributed original sketches for its launch edition, in June 2008, as well as agreeing to allow Standpoint to publish his previous views and pictures over the years.
He is a staunch pro-tobacco campaigner. In 2005 he fought to stop the ban on smoking in pubs and restaurants. At the Labour Party conference he held up a card saying "DEATH awaits you all even if you do smoke". He was invited to guest-edit BBC Radio's Today programme on 29 December 2009 in which he aired his views on the subject. In 2013 he wrote a foreword and provided illustrations for a book by John Staddon, Unlucky Strike.
In October 2010, he and a hundred other artists signed an open letter to the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport, Jeremy Hunt, protesting against cutbacks in the arts.
In popular culture
In 1966, while working on a series of etchings based on love poems by the Greek poet Constantine P. Cavafy, Hockney starred in a documentary by filmmaker James Scott, entitled Love's Presentation. He was the subject of Jack Hazan's 1974 biopic, A Bigger Splash, named after Hockney's 1967 pool painting of the same name. Hockney was also the inspiration of artist Billy Pappas in the documentary film Waiting for Hockney (2008), which debuted at the Tribeca Film Festival in 2008.
Hockney was inducted into Vanity Fairs International Best-Dressed Hall of Fame in 1986. In 2005, Burberry creative director Christopher Bailey centred his entire spring/summer menswear collection around the artist and in 2012, fashion designer Vivienne Westwood, a close friend, named a checked jacket after Hockney. In 2011, British GQ named him one of the 50 Most Stylish Men in Britain and in March 2013, he was listed as one of the Fifty Best-dressed Over-50s by The Guardian.
Hockney was commissioned to design the cover and pages for the December 1985 issue of the French edition of Vogue. Consistent with his interest in cubism and admiration for Pablo Picasso, Hockney chose to paint Celia Birtwell (who appears in several of his works) from different views for the cover, as if the eye had scanned her face diagonally.
David Hockney: A Rake's Progress (2012) is a biography of Hockney covering the years 1937โ1975, by writer/photographer Christopher Simon Sykes.
In 2012, Hockney featured in BBC Radio 4's list of The New Elizabethans to mark the diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. A panel of seven academics, journalists and historians named Hockney among the group of people in the UK "whose actions during the reign of Elizabeth II have had a significant impact on lives in these islands and given the age its character".
The 2015 Luca Guadagnino's film A Bigger Splash was named after Hockney's painting.
In 2022, he was portrayed by Laurence Fuller in the 7th episode of the 1st season of Minx.
In BoJack Horseman, a caricature of Portrait of an Artist (Pool with Two Figures) hangs on the wall of the title character's home office. In this version, horses replace the two human figures of the original.
David Hockney Foundation
The David Hockney Foundationโboth the UK registered charity 1127262 and the US 501(c)(3) private operating foundationโwas created by the artist in 2008. In 2012, Hockney, worth an estimated $55.2ย million (approx. ยฃ36.1ย m), transferred paintings valued at $124.2ย million (approx. ยฃ81.5ย m) to the David Hockney Foundation, and gave an additional $1.2ย million (approx. ยฃ0.79ย m) in cash to help fund the foundation's operations.
The foundation's mission is to advance appreciation and understanding of visual art and culture through the exhibition, preservation, and publication of David Hockney's work. Richard Benefield, who organised David Hockney: A Bigger Exhibition in 2013โ2014 at the de Young Museum in San Francisco, became the first executive director in January 2017.
The foundation owns over 8,000 works โ paintings, drawings, watercolours, complete editioned prints, stage design, multi-camera movies, and other media. They also hold 203 sketchbooks and Hockney's personal photo albums from 1961 to 1990. The foundation manages various loans to museums and exhibitions around the world, including Happy Birthday, Mr. Hockney! at the Getty celebrating his 80th birthday, and the retrospective exhibitions of 2017โ2018 at the Metropolitan Museum, Centre Georges Pompidou, and Tate Britain.
Books
By Hockney
In October 2016 Taschen published David Hockney: A Bigger Book, costing ยฃ1,750 (ยฃ3,500 with an added loose print). The artist curated the selection of more than 60 years of his work reproduced within 498 pages. The book, weighing 78 lbs, had gone through 19 proof stages. The book came with an (optional) substantial wooden lectern. He unveiled the book at the Frankfurt Book Fair where he was the keynote speaker at the opening press conference.
Contributions by Hockney
References
Further reading
Weschler, L. Cameraworks (with David Hockney โ photographer) (1984) Alfred A. Knopf, (portions of the essay by Weschler appeared in the New Yorker in a slightly different form),
Geldzahler, H.; Knight, C.; Kitaj, R. B.; Schiff, G.; Hoy, A.; Silver, K. E.; and Weschler, L. David Hockney: A Retrospective (Painters & sculptors) (1988), Thames and Hudson, London,
Shanes, E. Hockney Posters (with David Hockney), (1988), Crown Publishing Group,
Luckhardt, U. and Melia, P. David Hockney: A Drawing Retrospective (1995), Thames and Hudson, London,
Livingstone, M. David Hockney: Space and Line (1999), Annely Juda Fine Art, London,
Livingstone, M. David Hockney: Painting on Paper (2002), Annely Juda Fine Art, London,
Livingstone, M. David Hockney: Egyptian Journeys (2002), American University in Cairo Press, Cairo,
Frรฉmon, J. David Hockney, Close and far (2001)
Howgate, S. David Hockney Portraits (2006), National Portrait Gallery,
Melia, P. and Luckhardt, U. David Hockney: Paintings (2007), Prestel, Munich,
Becker, C. and Livingstone, M. David Hockney (2009), Swiridoff Verlag, Kรผnzelsau,
Sykes, C. S. Hockney: The Biography (2011), Century,
Seckiner, S. South (Gรผney), published July 2013, consists of 12 article and essays. One of them, American Collectors, re-focus on David Hockney's importance in the philosophy of art. .
Dagen, P. David Hockney, The Arrival of Spring in Woldgate (2015)
Didier Ottinger, Pictures of Daily Life, Galerie Lelong & Co. (2018)
Frรฉmon, J. David Hockney en pays d'Auge, L'Echoppe (2020)
External links
The David Hockney Foundation
David Hockney's Long Road From Los Angeles to Yorkshire, The New York Times, 15 October 2009
Hockney Yorkshire Wolds Art Locations
1937 births
Living people
20th-century British painters
20th-century British photographers
20th-century English painters
21st-century British photographers
21st-century English painters
20th-century English male artists
21st-century English male artists
Academics of the University for the Creative Arts
Alumni of Chelsea College of Arts
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
Artist authors
Artists from Bradford
Artists from California
British conscientious objectors
British artists with disabilities
British pop artists
Deaf artists
English contemporary artists
English deaf people
English expatriates in the United States
English male painters
English printmakers
Gay painters
Gay photographers
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LGBT people from Yorkshire
Members of the Order of Merit
Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour
Neo-expressionist artists
The New Yorker people
Opera designers
People educated at Bradford Grammar School
Photographers from Yorkshire
Postmodern artists
Recipients of the Praemium Imperiale
Royal Academicians |
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์ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋์๊ณ , 2015-16 ์์ฆ ํ๋ฐ์ 1๊ตฐ ์ ์๋จ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ํ๋ จํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. 2016๋
5์ 11์ผ, ๋ฆฌ๋ฒํ๊ณผ์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 74๋ถ์ ๊ต์ฒด ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ฒผ์ ์์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.์ด์ด์ ๊ทธ ๋ค์ ์ฃผ์๋ ์คํฌํฌ๋ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง์์ ๋ ์คํฐ ์ํฐ๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก ํ๋ฐ์ ๊ต์ฒด ํฌ์
๋๋ฉด์ ํ ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ ๋ค.
2016-17: ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์คํจ ์ํฐ
2016๋
8์ 5์ผ, ์์ด๋ธ๋ฌํ์ ์ฒผ์๋ก๋ถํฐ ํ ์์ฆ ๊ฐ์ ์๋ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ํตํด์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ญ ์์ ๊ตฌ๋จ์ธ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์คํจ ์ํฐ์ ํฉ๋ฅํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ค์๋ ์๋ ์๊ฑด ์ ์ฌ๋ ํฑ์ ์๋๋ก ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์คํจ ์ํฐ ์์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ทํ๋ฉฐ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํด ๊ตฌ๋จ์ 2-1 ์ญ์ ์น์ ๋์๋ค.
๋ํ 9์ ํ ๋ฌ ๋์ ๊ตฌ๋จ์ ํต์ฌ ์ ์๋ก ํ์ฝํ๋ฉด์ 9์ ์ด๋ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ญ ์ ์๋ก ์ ์ ๋ฐ EFL ์ด๋ฌ์ ์ ๋ง์ฃผ์์ ์์ํ๋ค.
2017๋
1์ 31์ผ์๋ ์
ฐํ๋ ์ฌ์ฆ๋ฐ์ด์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 16๋ฒ์งธ ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋์ ์ผ๋ก EFL ์ฑํผ์ธ์ญ์์ ๋ฌด์ฌ ๋๋ฒจ๋ ์ 10๋ ์ ์๋ก์์ ์ต๋ค ๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์์ด๋ธ๋ฌํ์ ๊ฐ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ผ๋ก๋ ์ด 23๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์ด ๋์ 2์๋ก ์์ฆ์ ๋ง๊ฐํ๊ณ , ๊ตฌ๋จ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 17์๋ก ์์ฆ์ ๋ง๋ฌด๋ฆฌํด ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ ๋ฉดํ๋ค. ๋ํ ํด๋น ์์ฆ์์์ ํ์ฝ์ผ๋ก ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์คํจ ์ํฐ ์ฌํด์ ์ ์, ์ฌํด์ ์ ๋ง์ฃผ, ์ต๋ค ๋์ ์๊น์ง ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ก์จ ๊ฐ์ ์์ฆ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ์์ ๋ชจ๋ ํ๋ํ ์ต์ด์ ์ ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
2017-18: ์ค์์ง ์ํฐ
2017๋
7์ 4์ผ, ์ฒผ์๋ ์์ด๋ธ๋ฌํ์ด ๊ตฌ๋จ๊ณผ ์๋กญ๊ฒ 5๋
๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฆ๊ฒ ๋๋ฃ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ๋จ์ธ ์ค์์ง ์ํฐ๋ก ํ ์์ฆ ๋์ ์๋๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
8์ 12์ผ, ์ฌ์ฐ์คํํํด๊ณผ์ 0-0 ๋ฌด์น๋ถ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๊ตฌ๋จ ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ ๋ค. 10์ผ ํ์๋ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1์ ๋ฐํด ์ผ์ธ์ฆ ๋์ค๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ปต์์ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์ด ๊ตฌ๋จ์ 4-1๋ก ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ด์ง ๋ค์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ ํฐ๋ฆฌ์ค๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์ด ํ์ 2-0 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋์๋ค.
์ดํ ์ค๋ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค๊ฐ 2018๋
2์ 6์ผ, FA ์ปต 4๋ผ์ด๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ฝ 825๋ถ๋ง์ ๋
ธ์ธ ์นด์ดํฐ๋ฅผ 2๊ณจ 1๋์์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ๋จ์ 8-1 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํด๋น ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ์ค์์ง ์ํฐ์ ๋ํ ์ญ๋ ์ต๋ ์น๋ฆฌ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ก๋์๋ค.๋ํ ์ค์์ง ์ํฐ์์ ํ ์์ฆ ๋์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ํ์์ 39๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํด ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์๋ก์ 8๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ์๋๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ๋ค.
2018-19: ์ ์คํด ๋น๋ผ
์ค์์ง ์ํฐ์์ ์๋์์ ๋ณต๊ทํ ํ, ์ฒผ์์ ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ธ ๋ง์ฐ๋ฆฌ์น์ค ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ์์ด๋ธ๋ฌํ์ ์ฒผ์์ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ฒ ํ ๊ณํ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ 8์ 31์ผ, ๊ทธ๋ ๋ค์ ํ ๋ฒ ์๋๋ก ๋ณด๋ด์ก๊ณ ๋จ์ ์์ฆ ๋์ ์ ์คํด ๋น๋ผ ์์์ผ๋ก ์ฑํผ์ธ์ญ์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.9์ 15์ผ ๋ธ๋๋ฒ ๋ก๋ฒ์ค์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ๋จ์์ ๋ฐ๋ทํ๊ณ , 4์ผ ํ ๋ก๋๋ผ ์ ๋์ดํฐ๋๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก ํ ๋ฐ๋ท์ ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. 11์ 28์ผ, ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์์ ๋
ธํ
์ ํฌ๋ ์คํธ์ 5-5 ๋ฌด์น๋ถ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 4๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ํด๋น ์ ์์ ๋ฌด์น๋ถ๋ ๋น๋ผ ํํฌ์์ ์ฒ์ ์์๋ ์ผ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋์์ ์์ด๋ธ๋ฌํ์ 21์ธ๊ธฐ ๋จ์ผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 4๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์ ์ต์ด์ ์ ์คํด ๋น๋ผ ์ ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ๋ํ, ์ดํ ํ ๋ฌ ๋์ 4๋ฒ์ ์ถ์ ์์ 6๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์ ํ 11์ ์ด๋ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ญ ์ ์์ ์ ์ ๋์๋ค.
์์ฆ ์ค๋ฐ๊น์ง ๊ทธ๋ 20๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํด 16๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ณต๋ 1์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ด๋ฌํ ํ์ฝ์ผ๋ก ์ฒผ์๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋จ์ผ๋ก ๋ค์ ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ค๊ฒ ๋์์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ๋ ์ ์คํด ๋น๋ผ์์ ๋จ์ ์์ฆ์ ๋ณด๋ด๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ค.
1์ 26์ผ, ์
์ค์์น ํ์ด์ ์๋๋ก ๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ๋จ์ 2-1 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋์๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด 1933๋
ํฐ ์๋ง ์ดํ ์ ์คํด ๋น๋ผ์์ 7์ฐ์์ผ๋ก ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋์ ํ ์ ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ๋ค์ ๋ฌ, ์
ฐํ๋ ์ ๋์ดํฐ๋์์ 3-3 ์ญ์ ๋ฌด์น๋ถ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ ๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ 1981๋
ํผํฐ ์๋ ์ดํ ๋จ์ผ ์์ฆ์ ๋น๋ผ์์ 20๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์ ์ต์ด์ ์ ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. 3์ 30์ผ์๋ ๋ธ๋๋ฒ์ ์๋๋ก 2-1 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ํต์ฐ 50๋ฒ์งธ ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
4์, ๋ณผํด ์๋๋ฌ์ค๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก 2-0์ผ๋ก ์น๋ฆฌํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ ํ, 1977๋
์ค๋ ๊ทธ๋ ์ด ์ดํ ์์ญ๋
๋ง์ ์ ์คํด ๋น๋ผ์์ ํ ์์ฆ์ 25๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์ ์ ์๊ฐ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ,๊ตฌ๋จ์ 1910๋
์ดํ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก 9์ฐ์ ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ์ดํ์๋ ์ ์คํด ๋น๋ผ์ ์น๊ฒฉ์ ๋์ PFA ์ฌํด์ ํ์ ์ ์ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 40๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํด 26๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์์ฆ์ ๋ง๊ฐํ๋ค.
2019-20: ์ฒผ์๋ก์ ๋ณต๊ท
์๋ ๋ณต๊ท ํ ๊ทธ๋ ์ฒผ์๋ก ๋์์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์๋ฅผ ์์งํ๋ ๋ฒํธ์ธ 9๋ฒ์ ๋ฌ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
8์ 14์ผ, ๋ฆฌ๋ฒํ์ ์๋๋ก ํ 2019 UEFA ์ํผ์ปต ์ฐ์ฅ์ ์์ ํ๋ํฐํฅ์ ์ป์ด ๋ด์๊ณ , ์กฐ๋ฅด์ง๋ด๊ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฑ๊ณต์ํค๋ฉฐ ์น๋ถ์ฐจ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์น๋ถ์ฐจ๊ธฐ์์ ์ค์ถํ๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด์ ์ฒผ์๊ฐ 5-4๋ก ํจํ๊ฒ ๋์, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ํ ํธ์ํฐ์์ ์ธ์ข
์ฐจ๋ณ์ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ์ดํ ํ, ๋
ธ๋ฆฌ์น ์ํฐ์์ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ฒผ์ ์์์ผ๋ก ์ฒซ ๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ์ฒผ์๊ฐ 3-2๋ก ์น๋ฆฌํ ์ ์๋๋ก ๋์๋ค. ๋ค์ ๋ฌ, ์ธ๋ฒํํํด์ ์๋๋ก ์ฒผ์ ์์์ผ๋ก ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ํดํธํธ๋ฆญ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ๋จ์ 5-2๋ก ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋์๊ณ , ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ 21์ธ 347์ผ์ ๋์ด๋ก ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ๋จ์์ ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 3๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์ ์ต์ฐ์ ์ ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ์ดํ 10์ 2์ผ ๋ฆด๊ณผ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฐ๋ท๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
2020๋
9์ 23์ผ, 2020-21 ์์ฆ์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ถ์ ํด EFL ์ปต 3๋ผ์ด๋์์ ๋ฐ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก ์์ฆ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์๊ณ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ 6-0 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋๋ฌ๋ค. 2021๋
1์ 24์ผ, FA์ปต 4๋ผ์ด๋์์ ํดํธํธ๋ฆญ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํด ๋ฃจํด ํ์ด์ 3-1๋ก ์ด๊ฒผ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ 2007๋
ํ๋ญํฌ ๋จํ๋ ๊ฐ๋
์ดํ FA์ปต์์ ์ฒผ์ ์์์ผ๋ก ํดํธํธ๋ฆญ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ ์ต์ด์ ์๊ตญ์ธ์ด ๋์๋ค.
AS ๋ก๋ง
2021๋
8์ 17์ผ, ์์ด๋ธ๋ฌํ์ ์ธ๋ฆฌ์A ๊ตฌ๋จ์ธ AS ๋ก๋ง์ ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐฑ ์กฐํญ์ด ํฌํจ๋ 5๋
๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋งบ์๋ค.
2021-22 ์์ฆ
8์ 22์ผ, ๊ทธ๋ ์ธ๋ฆฌ์A ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ ๊ณ , ๋ก๋ง๊ฐ ํผ์ค๋ ํฐ๋๋ฅผ 3-1๋ก ์น๋ฆฌํ๋ ๋์ ๋ ๋ฒ์ ๋์์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ๋ํ ํ ๊ทธ๋ ํธ๋ผ๋ธ์กด์คํ๋ก๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก UEFA ์ ๋กํ์ปจํผ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ๋ฅด๋ํ๋๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก ๋ก๋ง ์์ ์ฒซ ๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
9์ 16์ผ, ๊ทธ๋ CSKA ์ํผ์๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก ์ปจํผ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์์ ์ฒซ ๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ๋จ์ 5-1 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋์๊ณ , 2022๋
1์ 20์ผ์๋ ์ฝํ ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์ ์ฒซ ์ถ์ ํด ๋์ ๊ณผ ๋์์ ๋ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก ํ์์ 3-1 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ฌํ ํ, ์ ํด๋ฆฌ์์ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ ๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํด 30๋
๋ง์ ์ธ๋ฆฌ์A์์ ํ ์์ฆ ๋์ 10๊ณจ ์ด์์ ๋ฃ์ ์๊ตญ ์ ์๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. 5์ 25์ผ, ํ์๋
ธ๋ฅดํธ๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก ํ ์ปจํผ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ์ ์ถ์ ํด ๋ก๋ง์ ๋ํ ์ฐ์น์ ๋์๋ค.
2022-23 ์์ฆ
2023๋
1์ 8์ผ, ์ด์ ์์ฆ ์ธ๋ฆฌ์ A์ ์ฐ์นํ์ธ AC ๋ฐ๋๊ณผ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ถ๊ฐ ์๊ฐ์ ๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ 2-2 ๋ฌด์น๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ข
๋ฃ๋์๋ค. ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ํ์ธ 1์ 15์ผ์๋ ์ธ๋ฆฌ์ A ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์์ ํผ์ค๋ ํฐ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ธ๋ก ๋๋ฐ๋ผ ์๊ฒ 2๊ฐ์ ๋์์ ์ฃผ์ด ๊ตฌ๋จ์ 2-0 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ๋ค.
์ดํ ์์ด๋ธ๋ฌํ์ ์ด์ ์์ฆ 17๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ ๊ฒ์ ๋นํด ํด๋น ์์ฆ ์ธ๋ฆฌ์ A์์ 8๋์ ์ ๊ทธ์น ๊ฒ์ ๋๊ณ ์ธ๋ก ๊ณผ ํฌ๋ค์๊ฒ ๋นํ์ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 2023๋
6์์๋ ์คํ์น์์์ ์์ฆ ๋ง์ง๋ง ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ ๋ฐฉ ์ญ์์ธ๋๊ฐ ์ฐข์ด์ง๋ ๋ถ์์ ๋นํ๋ ๋ถ์ด์ ๊ฒช์ด์ผํ๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
์์ด๋ธ๋ฌํ์ ๊ทธ์ ์๋ฒ์ง๋ก ์ธํด ๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ผ๋ก ๋ธ ์ ์๋ ์๊ฒฉ์ ์ง๋๊ณ ์์์ง๋ง,
2017๋
11์, ์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ฝ์
์ ๋ฐ์ ์์ด๋ธ๋ฌํ์ ์์ ์ด ๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์์์ ๋ธ ์ผ์ ์ ํ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
์ฐ๋ น๋ณ ๋ํํ
์์ด๋ธ๋ฌํ์ U-18๊ณผ U-19 ๋ชจ๋์์ ์๊ธ๋๋ ์์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 2015๋
3์ ์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ฐ๋ น๋ณ ๋ํํ ์ฒซ ๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
2016๋
7์ 6์ผ, U-19 ์ ๋ฝ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ์ ์ถ์ ํ ๋ํํ ๋ช
๋จ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๊ณ , ํด๋น ๋ํ์์ 4๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ค 3๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์๊ธ๋๋์ ๋ํ 4๊ฐ ์ง์ถ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
2016๋
9์ 29์ผ์๋ ์ฒซ ์๊ธ๋๋ U-21 ๋ํํ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋์ด 10์ 6์ผ์ U-21 ์ ๋ฝ ์ ์๊ถ ์์ ์์ ์นด์ํ์คํ์ ์๋๋ก 8๋ถ์ ๋จ๊ธฐ๊ณ ๊ต์ฒด ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ ๋ค.
๋ค์ ํด, ํด๋๋์์ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ 2017๋
UEFA ์ ๋ฝ U-21 ์ ์๊ถ๋ํ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ ์๊ธ๋๋ ๋ํํ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ค. ๋
์ผ๊ณผ์ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ์์๋ ๋ํ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ด์ ์ ์ผํ ๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ๊ฒ ๋์์ง๋ง, ์๊ธ๋๋๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์น๋ถ ์ฐจ๊ธฐ ๋์ ํจํ๊ณ , ์์ด๋ธ๋ฌํ์ ์น๋ถ์ฐจ๊ธฐ์์ ์ค์ถํ ์ ์ ์ค ํ ๋ช
์ด ๋์๋ค.
A๋ํํ
2017๋
11์ 2์ผ, ์์ด๋ธ๋ฌํ์ ๋
์ผ๊ณผ ๋ธ๋ผ์ง๊ณผ์ ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ํด ์๊ธ๋๋ A ๋ํํ์ ์์ง๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 11์ 10์ผ ์ธ๋ธ๋ฆฌ ์คํ๋์์์ ๋
์ผ๊ณผ 0-0 ๋ฌด์น๋ถ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ ๋ค.
์ดํ ์ ๋ก 2020 ์์ ์์ ๋ชฌํ
๋ค๊ทธ๋ก๋ฅผ A๋ํํ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์ ๋ฃ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ ์๊ธ๋๋์ 7-0 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋ง๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋์๋ค.
2019๋
10์์ ์์ด๋ธ๋ฌํ์ ์๊ธ๋๋ A๋ํํ ์์์ผ๋ก ํ๊ฐ์ ์ด ์๋ ๊ณต์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ ์์ง ์ถ์ ํ์ง ์์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์ ๋ํํ์ผ๋ก ๋ธ ์ ์๋ ์๊ฒฉ์ด ๋จ์ ์์๊ณ , ์์ด๋ธ๋ฌํ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ ์ ์์ ์ ๋ฏธ๋์ ๋ํด ์์ง ๊ฒฐ์ ํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ทธ ๋ฌ ๋ง์ UEFA ์ ๋ก 2020 ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ํด ์๊ธ๋๋ ๋ํํ์ ์์ง๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 10์ 11์ผ์ ์์ด๋ธ๋ฌํ์ ์ฒด์ฝ๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก ์๊ธ๋๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ ์์์ผ๋ก ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ๊ณต์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด์ ์๊ธ๋๋ ๋ํํ ์์์ผ๋ก๋ง ์ถ์ ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ธ์ฌ
์ด๋ฆฐ ์์ ์์ค๋ FC์ ํฌ์ด์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค.
ํ์ฌ ๊ทธ์ ๋จ๋์์ธ ํฐ๋ฏธ ์์ด๋ธ๋ฌํ ๋ํ ๋ณด์ด๋ผ ์ฐ๋ FC ์์์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๋ก ํ๋ ์ค์ด๋ค.
2017๋
1์, ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์คํจ ์ํฐ์์ ์๋ ์ํ์ ํ๋ ์ค ์๋์ฐจ ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋นํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ๊ณ ๋น์ ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฉดํ๋ ๋ณดํ ์์ด ์ด์ ์ ํ๋ค๋ ์ํน์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฒ์์ ์ํ๋๊ณ , ์ดํ ๊ฐ์ ํด 3์ ๋ฉดํ๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋ํ๋ค.
์์
๊ตฌ๋จ
์ ์คํด ๋น๋ผ
EFL ์ฑํผ์ธ์ญ ํ๋ ์ด์คํ : ์ฐ์น (2019)
์ฒผ์ FC
ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ : 4์ (2019-20, 2020-21)
FA์ปต : ์ค์ฐ์น (2019-20, 2020-21)
UEFA ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ : ์ฐ์น (2020-21)
UEFA ์ํผ์ปต : ์ฐ์น (2021), ์ค์ฐ์น (2019)
AS ๋ก๋ง
UEFA ์ ๋กํ์ปจํผ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ : ์ฐ์น (2021-22)
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
1997๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
์๊ธ๋๋์ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ฒผ์ FC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ ์คํด ๋น๋ผ FC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ค์์ง ์ํฐ AFC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์คํธ๋ผ์ด์ปค
๋ฐ๋ ์ถ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์๊ธ๋๋ ๋จ์ ์ฒญ์๋
์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
์๊ธ๋๋ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
์๊ธ๋๋ ๋จ์ U-18 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
์๊ธ๋๋ ๋จ์ U-19 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
์๊ธ๋๋์ ํด์ธ ์ง์ถ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
AS ๋ก๋ง์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ธ๋ฆฌ์ A์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ดํ๋ฆฌ์์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ์๊ธ๋๋์ธ
์๊ธ๋ฆฌ์ ํ๋ณผ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammy%20Abraham | Tammy Abraham | Kevin Oghenetega Tamaraebi Bakumo-Abraham (born 2 October 1997), known as Tammy Abraham, is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Serie A club Roma and the England national team.
A Chelsea academy graduate, Abraham made his first-team debut for the club in 2016 before spending a season on loan with Championship club Bristol City. There, he enjoyed a successful campaign which culminated in him winning the club's Player of the Season, Young Player of the Season and top goalscorer awards, becoming the first player ever to do so in a single season. A further loan spell at Swansea City followed for Abraham but the season ended with the club suffering relegation from the Premier League. He then joined Aston Villa in 2018 and became the first player since 1977 to score 25 goals in a single campaign for the club.
Formerly an England youth international, Abraham represented the nation from under-18 level, and featured at the 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship in Poland. He made his senior debut in November 2017.
Club career
Chelsea
2004โ2016: Youth career
Abraham joined Chelsea at under-eight level and progressed through the club's academy system. He was part of the Chelsea youth team which recorded consecutive triumphs in both the UEFA Youth League and the FA Youth Cup in 2015 and 2016. In the 2015โ16 edition of the UEFA Youth League, Abraham pitched in with a return of eight goals in nine matches, making him the tournament's second highest goal scorer behind Roberto. He carried his form into the FA Youth Cup and netted the winning goal in Chelsea's victory over Manchester City in the final in April. During the 2014โ15 and 2015โ16 seasons, Abraham scored 74 goals in 98 matches across all competitions for Chelsea's various youth teams.
His form at youth level caught the attention of interim manager Guus Hiddink who invited him to train with the first team at the back end of the 2015โ16 season. On 11 May 2016, Hiddink handed Abraham his Chelsea debut in a 1โ1 Premier League draw with Liverpool, bringing him on to replace Bertrand Traorรฉ in the 74th minute. Abraham then made his home debut at Stamford Bridge the following week, once again coming on as a second-half substitute for Traorรฉ in a 1โ1 draw with newly crowned Premier League Champions Leicester City.
2016โ17: Loan to Bristol City
On 5 August 2016, Abraham signed for Championship club Bristol City on a season-long loan from Chelsea. He made his debut for the club the following day, coming off the bench for fellow debutant Josh Brownhill to score City's first goal in a 2โ1 come-from-behind win over Wigan Athletic, although the goal was later credited to Hรถrรฐur Magnรบsson instead. He started in his second game and scored the only goal of the match in a 1โ0 win over Wycombe Wanderers, helping Bristol City advance to the Second Round of the EFL Cup. The following week, on 13 August, he scored his first professional brace in a 2โ1 victory over newly promoted Burton Albion, including the last-minute winner. In September, Abraham scored his second brace against Sheffield Wednesday, although Bristol City ultimately lost 3โ2. He scored a further two goals during the month which saw him named Championship Player of the Month for September. He was also awarded the EFL Young Player of the Month award for September.
On 31 January 2017, Abraham scored his 16th Championship goal in a 2โ2 draw against Sheffield Wednesday, which saw him break the record of former Fulham striker Moussa Dembรฉlรฉ for the most goals scored by a teenager since the beginning of the Football League Championship era. Abraham ended the season with 23 goals to his name, second only to Chris Wood of Leeds United, as City completed the campaign in 17th position, thereby avoiding relegation. His performances throughout the season also earned him Bristol City's Player of the Year, Young Player of the Year and Top Goalscorer awards. In doing so, he became the first ever player to earn all three awards in the same season.
2017โ18: Loan to Swansea City
On 4 July 2017, Chelsea announced that Abraham had signed a new five-year contract with the club and later that day he joined fellow Premier League club Swansea City on a season-long loan. He made his debut for the club on 12 August, starting in a 0โ0 draw with Southampton. Ten days later, he scored his first goal in a 4โ1 League Cup win over League One team Milton Keynes Dons before scoring his first Premier League goal in his next match, opening the scoring in a 2โ0 victory over Crystal Palace. On 14 October 2017, he scored his first brace for his club in a 2โ0 win over newly promoted Huddersfield Town which secured Swansea their first home win of the season. Both club and player struggled for form thereafter, however, and by the end of the year Abraham had failed to add to his goal tally.
On 6 February 2018, having gone 825 minutes without a goal, Abraham returned to the scoresheet when he netted twice and assisted a further two in an 8โ1 FA Cup Fourth Round replay win over Notts County. The result was also Swansea's biggest ever win in the competition. On 7 April, he scored his first league goal since his double in October. His goal earned Swansea a late draw against West Brom and edged the club a point closer to safety from the relegation zone, though they were ultimately relegated on the final day of the season following a defeat to Stoke City. Abraham scored eight goals in 39 appearances across all competitions during his loan spell with the club.
2018โ19: Loan to Aston Villa
Following his return from loan at Swansea, new Chelsea manager Maurizio Sarri indicated that he planned to keep Abraham at Chelsea and included him in the squad for the club's Community Shield defeat to Manchester City. On 31 August, however, he was sent out on loan once again, returning to the Championship to sign for Aston Villa for the remainder of the season. He made his debut for the club on 15 September, starting in a 1โ1 draw with Blackburn Rovers, and scored on his home debut four days later in a 2โ0 win over Rotherham United. On 28 November, he scored four goals in a 5โ5 draw with Nottingham Forest in the league; the first time a draw of that score had ever been played out to at Villa Park. In doing so, he became the first Aston Villa player to score four goals in a single match in the 21st century. He was later named Championship Player of the Month for November after scoring six goals in four appearances for the month.
By the turn of the year, Abraham had scored 16 goals in 20 appearances and was the joint-top goalscorer in the league. His strong form sparked speculation that he would be recalled by Chelsea, who retained the option until 14 January 2019, given the club's own goal scoring troubles. It later became apparent that Premier League side Wolverhampton Wanderers had also made an approach for his signature, although FIFA's rules prohibiting a player from representing three clubs in a season cast doubt over any potential move. Following a week of media speculation surrounding his future, he reportedly rejected a loan move to Wolves in favour of staying with Villa for the remainder of the season.
On 26 January, he scored a brace in a 2โ1 win over Ipswich Town and in doing so became the first player since Tom Waring in 1933 to score in seven consecutive home games for the club. The following month, he became the first player since Peter Withe in 1981 to score 20 goals for the club in a single season when he scored in a 3โ3 comeโfromโbehind draw with Sheffield United. On 30 March, he scored his 50th career league goal when he opened the scoring in a 2โ1 win over Blackburn. In April, after scoring in a 2โ0 win over Bolton Wanderers, Abraham became the first Villa player to score 25 goals in a season since Andy Gray in 1977. His goal also helped the club equal its record of nine successive wins, set back in 1910. He was later named in the PFA Team of the Year before helping Aston Villa secure promotion to the Premier League, scoring once in the play-off semi-final against West Brom. He ended the campaign with 26 goals in 40 appearances, the second-most by any player in the league behind Norwich City's Teemu Pukki.
2019โ20: Return to Chelsea
Following the expiration of his loan, Abraham returned to Chelsea where he was given the No. 9 shirt, previously worn by the likes of Radamel Falcao, Steve Sidwell, รlvaro Morata, Fernando Torres, Gonzalo Higuaรญn and Chris Sutton.
In the 2019 UEFA Super Cup against Liverpool on 14 August, he won a penalty in extra-time, from which Jorginho scored to level the scores at 2โ2 and send the match to a penalty shoot-out. Abraham then took the deciding penalty in the shootout but saw his effort saved by Adriรกn resulting in Chelsea losing the tie 5โ4. Following the match, he was victim of racial abuse on Twitter. Ten days later, Abraham scored his first Chelsea goals when he netted a brace in a 3โ2 away win over Norwich City. The following month, during a 5โ2 win over Wolves, he scored his first Chelsea hat trick, before netting an own goal during the latter stages of the match. In doing so, at the age of 21 years and 347 days, he became the youngest player to score three goals in a match for the club in the Premier League era. He scored his first Champions League goal in a 2โ1 win away to Lille on 2 October.
2020โ21 season
On 23 September 2020, Abraham played as a starter for the first time in 2020โ21 season and scored his first goal of the season against Barnsley in the third round of the EFL Cup, which ended in a 6โ0 win. Abraham scored a goal in two consecutive matches including his most recent against West Brom on 26 September, where he scored a stoppage-time equaliser in a 3โ3 draw at The Hawthorns. In November, he scored in three successive games, wins against Sheffield United, Rennes and Newcastle United.
Abraham scored a hat-trick in the fourth round of the FA Cup on 24 January 2021, as Chelsea overcame Championship club Luton Town by a score of 3โ1. In doing so, Abraham became the first Englishman to score a hat-trick for Chelsea in the FA Cup since manager Frank Lampard in 2007, and he also became the first Chelsea youth team product to score 10 or more goals in back-to-back seasons since Mike Fillery in 1982โ83.
Roma
Abraham signed for Serie A club Roma on 17 August 2021 on a five-year contract, with the transfer fee reported to be ยฃ34ย million, with Chelsea including a ยฃ68ย million buy-back clause which can only be triggered after the player has completed two seasons with Roma.
2021โ22 season
Abraham made his Serie A debut on 22 August, assisting twice as Roma defeated Fiorentina 3โ1. Four days later, he made his UEFA Europa Conference League debut in a 3โ0 home win over Trabzonspor. On 29 August, he scored his first goal for Roma in a 4โ0 win against Salernitana. On 16 September, he scored his first goal in the Conference League, completing the Giallorossis 5โ1 victory against CSKA Sofia. On 20 January 2022, he made his first appearance in the Coppa Italia, contributing to 3โ1 home win over Lecce with a goal and an assist. Three days later, he scored a brace in the victorious away match against Empoli, becoming the first English player in thirty years to score more than 10 goals in a Serie A season. On 25 May, he played in the Conference League final which ended in a 1โ0 victory for Roma over Feyenoord.
2022โ23 season
On 8 January 2023, in the league match against Milan, Abraham scored in injury time, earning Roma a 2-2 draw against the Serie A champions. A week later on 15 January, he provided two assists for Paulo Dybala in a 2-0 win against Fiorentina in the Serie A. On 31 May, Abraham featured in the Europa League final, which Roma lost against Sevilla 4โ1 on penalties after a 1โ1 draw; hence, he missed the opportunity to win all existing UEFA competitions. Abraham received criticism for his goalscoring form, having scored only 8 goals in the Serie A compared to 17 the previous season. On the final matchday of the season against Spezia, he suffered a sprain which caused a tear to his anterior cruciate ligament.
International career
Prior to receiving his first competitive cap for the England senior team in October 2019, Abraham was eligible to represent Nigeria through his paternal lineage and was sounded out by the Nigerian Football Association. Abraham's father is close friends with Nigeria Football Federation President, Amaju Pinnick and on 21 September 2017, Pinnick claimed that Abraham had switched his allegiance to Nigeria. Abraham issued a statement the same day denying the claim and reaffirming his availability for England selection. Upon receiving his first England call-up in November 2017, Abraham stated that there was never any prospect of him choosing to play for Nigeria.
Youth
Abraham has represented England at both under-18 and under-19 level. He scored his first goals at age group level for England in March 2015, netting a brace as England U18 defeated Switzerland 6โ1. Later that year, while representing the U19 team in a friendly against Japan, Abraham and teammate Patrick Roberts played a game of rock paper scissors on the pitch to decide who would take a penalty. Abraham was triumphant but missed the resultant spot-kick. Just a minute later, however, Roberts assisted Abraham for the second goal of the match, which ultimately ended 5โ1 in England's favour.
On 6 July 2016, Abraham was one of four Chelsea players named in Aidy Boothroyd's squad for the U19 European Championship. He featured in three out of four matches as England were eliminated by Italy in the semi-final. Abraham also received his first England U21 call-up on 29 September 2016. He made his first appearance for the team on 6 October, coming on as a substitute with eight minutes remaining against Kazakhstan in a qualifier for the U21 European Championships to help England to a 1โ0 victory which secured the nation's progression to the tournament proper. He made his full debut for the U21s in their final group stage match against Bosnia and Herzegovina and netted twice in a 5โ0 victory for England.
The following year, he was named in the England squad for the 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship in Poland. He scored his first, and only goal for the tournament in the semi-final against Germany. England ultimately lost the match after a penalty shoot-out, with Abraham one of the players who missed his spot-kick.
On 18 May 2018, having been omitted from England's squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, Abraham was recalled to the under-20 side for the Toulon Tournament in France where they had been drawn in a group alongside Qatar, China and Mexico. On 27 May, England opened their title defence with a 2โ1 win over China in which Abraham scored the winning goal. He did not feature in the subsequent match against Mexico but returned to score in a 4โ0 win over Qatar which saw England qualify for the semi-finals where they were drawn against Scotland. Abraham was only used as a late substitute as England defeated Scotland but was selected to start in the final where they met Mexico. There he was unlucky not to score, hitting the post in the second half, but helped England claim their third successive title with a 2โ1 win.
On 27 May 2019, Abraham was included in England's 23-man squad for the 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship.
Senior
On 2 November 2017, Abraham was one of three uncapped players called up to the senior England team for friendlies against Germany and Brazil. He made his debut against the former on 10 November, starting in a 0โ0 draw at Wembley Stadium.
In October 2019, he said he remained undecided on his international future, as he remained eligible for Nigeria as he had not played a competitive fixture for England's senior side. Later that month he received a call-up to the England squad for forthcoming UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying matches. On 11 October, Abraham made his first competitive appearance for England against the Czech Republic, appearing as a substitute and committing himself to England in the process. Abraham scored his first goal for England on 14 November 2019 in a 7โ0 win over Montenegro in Euro 2020 qualifying.
Personal life
Abraham was born in Camberwell, Greater London to Nigerian parents. He was an Arsenal fan growing up. He has a younger brother, Timmy Abraham, who is also a footballer and plays for Boreham Wood F.C.
In January 2017, Abraham was involved in a motor vehicle accident while on loan at Bristol City. At the time of the accident, he was alleged to have been driving without a licence or insurance, and was summoned to court as a result. He later obtained his licence, passing the test in March of the same year.
Career statistics
Club
International
England score listed first, score column indicates score after each Abraham goal
HonoursAston Villa EFL Championship play-offs: 2019Chelsea UEFA Champions League: 2020โ21
UEFA Super Cup: 2021
FA Cup runner-up: 2019โ20Roma UEFA Europa Conference League: 2021โ22
UEFA Europa League runner-up: 2022โ23England U21 Toulon Tournament: 2018Individual'
EFL Championship Player of the Month: November 2018
Bristol City Player of the Season: 2016โ17
Bristol City Young Player of the Season: 2016โ17
PFA Team of the Year: 2018โ19 Championship
UEFA Europa Conference League Team of the Season: 2021โ22
References
External links
Tammy Abraham at the A.S. Roma website
Tammy Abraham at the Football Association website
1997 births
Living people
Footballers from Camberwell
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Chelsea F.C. players
Bristol City F.C. players
Swansea City A.F.C. players
Aston Villa F.C. players
AS Roma players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Serie A players
UEFA Europa Conference League winning players
England men's youth international footballers
England men's under-21 international footballers
England men's international footballers
English expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
English expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Black British sportsmen
English sportspeople of Nigerian descent |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%AA%85%EA%B6%81 | ๋๋ช
๊ถ | ๋๋ช
๊ถ(ๅคงๆๅฎฎ)์ ์ฅ์์ ์์๋ ๋น๋๋ผ ์๋์ ํฉ๊ถ์ด๋ค. 220๋
์ด ๋๋ ์ธ์ ๋์์ ๋น๋๋ผ ํฉ์ ๋ค์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ง์ ๋์๋ค. ํ์ฌ์ ์ค๊ตญ ์ฐ์์ฑ ์์์์ ๋ถ๋์ชฝ์ ์์นํด ์๋ค.
์ด๋ฆ
๋ณธ๋ ๋๋ช
๊ถ์ ์ฉ์๊ถ์ด๋ผ ๋ถ๋ ธ์ผ๋, 2020๋
์ ๋๋ช
๊ถ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฆ์ด ๊ฐ์นญ๋์๋ค. 2022๋
์ ๋๋์ ์ธ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋๋ธ ํ์๋ ๋ด๋๊ถ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ์ ๋ ํจ์๊ถ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ ์ด๋ฆ์ด ๋ฐ๋์๋ค. 701๋
์ ์์์ผ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ค์ ๋๋ช
๊ถ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ
๋๋ช
๊ถ์ ๋ณธ๋ ์๋๋ผ์ ์ ๊ถ์ด๋ ํ๊ทน๊ถ์ ๋์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ง๋ค์ด์ก๋ค. 632๋
์, ์ ํ๋ค์ ํด์ํ ๋น ๊ณ ์กฐ๊ฐ ์ตํ๊ณ ๋ฒ๋ ๊ฐ ๋ง์ ์ฅ์์ ๋์๊ถ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํด ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ธฐํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์๊ฒฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ์ข
์ด ์ฌ๋ฆ๋์ ํผ์์ฉ ํด์์ง๋ก ๋ ๋์๋ ๋์ ๊ณ ์กฐ๋ ๋ฅ๊ณ ์ตํ ์ฅ์์์ ๊ณ ์ํ๊ณ ์์๋ค. ์ด๋ก ์ธํด ํ์ข
์ด ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ํ์ฌ ์๋ก์ด ์ฌ๋ฆ์ฉ ๊ถ์ ์ ์ง์ด์ฃผ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ํ์ข
์ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ , ํ์ข
์ด ์ฟ ๋ฐํ๋ก ์์ ์ ์ซ์๋ด๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ๋ก ํฉ์์ ์ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํด ๋ถ๋ง์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ ๊ณ ์กฐ๋ ํ์ข
๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ฌ๋ฆ์ ๋ณด๋ด๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ์๊ณ , ๋ถ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ๋ค์ ์ ์ํ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํด ๋ณด์๋ค. 634๋
์ ๋น ํ์ข
์ ๋๋ช
๊ถ์ ๊ฑด์ค์ ์ง์ํ์์ผ๋, 635๋
์ ๋น ๊ณ ์กฐ๊ฐ ๋ณํ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋งํ๋ฉด์ ์๋ก์ด ๊ถ์ ์ ๊ฑด์ค์ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์ด์ก๋ค.
๊ตฌ์กฐ
๋๋ช
๊ถ์ ๋จ๋ถ์ ์๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ์ค์ฌ์ถ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ์ง์ด์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ค์ฌ์ถ์ ํจ์์ , ์ ์ ์ , ์์ ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ถ๊ถ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค์ํ ์ ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ๋ฐฐ์ด๋์ด ์์๋ค. ์ด ์ธ ์ ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋น์ ์ ๊ตญ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค์ํ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋ค์ด์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ธ์กฐ, ์ค์กฐ, ๋ด์กฐ์ ์ค์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์๋ค. ๋๋ช
๊ถ์ ์ ๋ฌธ์ธ ๋จ๋ด๋ฌธ์ ๋๋ช
๊ถ์ ๋จ์ชฝ์ ์์๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋จ๋ด๋ฌธ์๋ ๋ชจ๋ 5๊ฐ์ ์ถ์
๋ฌธ์ด ์์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
์ธ์กฐ
๋จ๋ด๋ฌธ์ ์ง๋๋ฉด ์ฝ 630m์ ๋ฌํ๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ๊ด์ฅ์ด ์์๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋์ ํจ์์ ์ด ์๋ฆฌํ๋ค. ํจ์์ ์ ์์๋ ์ผ์ชฝ์๋ ์๋๊ฐ, ์ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์๋ ์๋ด๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ๋๊ฐ๋ค์ด ์์๊ณ , ํจ์์ ๊ณผ ํ๋์ ํตํด ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋์ด ์์๋ค. ํจ์์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋จ์ ์์ง๊น์ง๋ ๋จ์ ์๋๋ฐ, ๋์ด ์ฝ 15m์ด๊ณ , ๊ฐ๋ก ์ฝ 200m๋ ๋๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ๊ท๋ชจ์ด๋ค. ํจ์์ ์์๋ ์ธ๊ตญ ๋์ฌ์ ์ ๊ฒฌ, ํฉ์ ์ ์ฆ์์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์ค๋ํ ํ์ฌ๋ค์ด ์ด๋ ธ๋ค.
์ค์กฐ
์ ์ ์ ์ ํจ์์ ์์ ๋ถ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ์ฝ 300m์ ๋ ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ๋ฉด ๋ณผ ์ ์์๋ค. ๊ตญ์ ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ์ด ๊ณณ์์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ๋ง์ ์ ๋ถ ๊ธฐ๊ด๋ค์ด ์ ์ ์ ์ฃผ์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋ค์ ์
์ฃผํด ์์๋ค. ์ ์ ์ ์ ๋์ชฝ์๋ ์ฌ๊ด, ๋ฌธํ์ฑ์ด ์
์ฃผํ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์ชฝ์๋ ์ค์์ฑ, ์ ์ค์ฑ์ด ๋ค์ด์ ์์๋ค. ์ฆ ์ ์ ์ ์ฃผ์์ ๋น๋๋ผ์ 3์ฑ 6๋ถ๊ฐ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ๋ค์ด์ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ๊ตญ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋์์ฌ๊ฐ ์ด ๊ณณ์์ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋์๋ค.
๋ด์กฐ
์์ ์ ์ ์ ์ ์ ์์ ๋ถ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก 95m์ ๋ ์์ ์์นํด ์๋ค. ์ต๊ณ ์ค์ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ค์ด ์ด ๊ณณ์ ์๋ฆฌ์ก๊ณ ์์๊ณ , ์ ํ๋ค์๊ฒ ์ด ๊ณณ์์ ์ผํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋งค์ฐ ํฐ ์๊ด์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ก๋ค. ์์ ์ ์ ๋ถ์ชฝ์๋ ํ์ก์ง๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ํธ์๊ฐ ์์๋๋ฐ, ํ์ฌ ์ด ํธ์๋ ๊ณ ๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ณต์๋์ด ์๋ค. ์ด ํธ์ ์ฃผ์์๋ ๋๋๋ฌด, ๋ณต์ญ์, ์๋ชฌ๋ ๋๋ฌด์ ๊ฐ์ ๋๋ฌด๋ค์ด ์ฌ๊ฒจ์์๊ณ , ํธ์ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ์๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ์ฌ์ด ์์ด ํฉ์ค ์ผ์๋ค์ด ์ด ๊ณณ์์ ํด์์ ์ทจํ ์ ์์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
์ธ๋์ ์ ํ์ก์ง ์์ชฝ์ ์๋ฆฌ์ก๊ณ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ฐํ, ๊ณต์ฐ, ์ข
๊ต์ ์์๋ค์ด ๋ชจ๋ ์ด ๊ณณ์์ ์น๋ฃจ์ด์ก๋ค. 3๊ฐ์ ํ๋ค์ด ์๋ก ์ธ์ ํ๊ฒ ๋ถ์ด ์๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์๋ค.
ํฉ๊ถ์ ๋ถ์ชฝ์๋ ๋๊ต ์ฌ์์ด ์์๋๋ฐ, ํฉ์ค ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ค์ด ์ด ๊ณณ์์ ์ ์ฌ์ ๊ธฐ์์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ค.
ํฉ๊ถ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ
ํ์ฌ ํฉ๊ถ ํฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋๋ฌด, ๋ค๋ถ, ๊ฝ๋ค์ด ์ฌ๊ฒจ์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค.
๋ฐ๊ตด
๋๋ช
๊ถ ํฐ๋ 1957๋
๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์๋ค. 1959๋
๊ณผ 1960๋
์ฌ์ด์ ์ค๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ๋ ํจ์์ ์ ๋ํ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์กฐ์ฌ์ ๋ฐ๊ตด์ ์งํํ์๋ค.
1993๋
์ ๋๋ช
๊ถ ์ ์ ๋ค์ ๋ณด์กด, ๋ณต๊ตฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์์ง์์ด ์๊ฒจ๋ฌ๊ณ , 1994๋
์์ 1996๋
๊น์ง ๋๋ช
๊ถ์ ๋ณต๊ตฌ, ๋ฐ๊ตดํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์๋ง์ ์กฐ์ฌ ํ๋ก์ ํธ๋ค์ด ์งํ๋์๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ ๋ฌธํ๋ถ์ ์ ๋ค์ค์ฝ๊ฐ ํจ์์ ๊ธฐ๋จ์ ๋ณดํธํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ณํ์ ์๋ฆฝํ์๊ณ , 1995๋
์ ์ค๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฐ๊ตด ์กฐ์ฌ๋จ๊ณผ ์ ๋ค์ค์ฝ, ๊ฐ์ข
์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ์ฐธ์ฌํ์๋ค. ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์์
๋ค์ด 2003๋
์ ์๋ฃ๋์๋ค.
2010๋
10์์ ๋๋ช
๊ถ ํฐ๊ฐ ๋์ค๋ค์๊ฒ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋์๊ณ , ๋ฐ๊ตด๋ ์ ์ ๋ค์ ๊ด๊ด๊ฐ๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ, ์ ์ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์ ๊ด๋ จ ์ ์์ค๊ณผ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด์ด ์์นํด์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
๋น๋๋ผ
์ธก์ฒ๋ฌดํ
๋น ํ์ข
๋น ๊ณ ์ข
์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ถ์
์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ณต์
์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด
์์์์ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด
์๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง
๋น๋๋ผ
์ ๊ตญ์ค์ ๋ฌธ๋ฌผ๋ณดํธ๋จ์
662๋
์๊ณต๋ ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daming%20Palace | Daming Palace | The Daming Palace was the imperial palace complex of the Tang dynasty, located in its capital Chang'an. It served as the imperial residence of the Tang emperors for more than 220 years. Today, it is designated as a national heritage site of China, and part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor". The area is located northeast of present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi Province.
Name
The palace was originally known as Yong'an Palace but was renamed to Daming Palace in 635. In 662, after renovations to the palace, it was renamed Penglai Palace. In 670, it was renamed Hanyuan Palace or Yuan Palace. Eventually, in 701, the name was changed to Daming Palace again.
History
The former royal residence was the Taiji Palace (), built in the previous Sui dynasty.
In 632, chancellor Ma Zhou charged that the retired Emperor Gaozu was living in Da'an Palace () to the west, which he considered an inhospitable place as it was built on low-lying lands of Chang'an that was plagued by dampness and heat during the summer. According to him, ever since Emperor Taizong moved to the countryside during the summers, his retired father was left behind in Chang'an to suffer in the summer heat. However, his father would always decline any invitation from Emperor Taizong to spend the summer together. Ever since the bloody palace coup of the Xuanwu Gate Incident in 626, it seemed that father and son had drifted apart to an extent that their relationship never healed.
In 634, Emperor Taizong launched the construction of the Daming Palace at Longshou Plateau. He ordered the construction of the summer palace for his retired father, Emperor Gaozu, as an act of filial piety. However, Emperor Gaozu grew ill and never witnessed the palace's completion before his death in 635, and construction halted thereafter.
Empress Wu commissioned the court architect Yan Liben to design the palace in 660 and construction commenced once again in 662. In 663, the construction of the palace was completed under the reign of Emperor Gaozong. Emperor Gaozong had launched the extension of the palace with the construction of the Hanyuan Hall in 662, which was finished in 663. On 5 June 663, the imperial family began to relocate from the Taiji Palace into the yet to be completed Daming Palace, which became the new seat of the imperial court and political center of the empire.
Layout and function
Beginning from the south and ending in the north, on the central axis, stand the Hanyuan Hall, the Xuanzheng Hall, and the Zichen Hall. These halls were historically known as the "Three Great Halls" and were respectively part of the outer, middle, and inner court. The central southern entrance of the Daming Palace is the Danfeng Gate. The gate consisted of five doorways.
The present site covers more than 4,800 mu, making it 3.5 times more expansive than the Forbidden City, 3 times more than Versailles, and 13 times more than the Louvre.
Outer court
After passing through the Danfeng Gate, there is a square of long with at the end the Hanyuan Hall. The Hanyuan Hall was connected to pavilions by corridors, namely the Xiangluan Pavilion in the east and the Qifeng Pavilion in the west. The pavilions were composed of three outward-extending sections of the same shape but different size that were connected by corridors. The elevated platform of the Hanyuan Hall is approximately high, wide, and long. The Hanyuan Hall, where many state ceremonies were conducted, would serve as the main hall for hosting foreign ambassadors during diplomatic exchanges.
Middle court
The Xuanzheng Hall is located at a distance of about north of the Hanyuan Hall. State affairs were usually conducted in this hall. The office of the secretariat was located to the west of the Xuanzheng Hall and the office of the chancellery was located to the east. From this area, structured in a Three Departments and Six Ministries system, the Department of State Affairs, the Chancellery, and the Secretariat handled the central management of the Tang empire.
Inner court
The Zichen Hall, located in the inner court, is approximately north of the Xuanzheng Hall. It housed the central government offices. For officials, it was considered a great honor to be summoned to the Zichen Hall. The Taiye Pool, also known as the Penglai Pool, is north of the Zichen Hall. The former gardens that surround the pond and island have been recreated, based on the historical record, with peony, chrysanthemum, plum, rose, bamboo, almond, peach, and persimmon gardens.
The Linde Hall is located to the west of the lake. It served as a place for banquets, performances, and religious rites. It consisted of three hallsโa front, middle, and rear hallโadjacent to each other. An imperial park could be found north of the palace complex. The Sanqing Hall was located in the northeast corner the Daming Palace and served as a Taoist temple for the imperial family.
Border
The area around the palace complex grounds is currently planted with locust trees, willows, flowers, and bushes on all sides.
Heritage
The site of the Daming Palace was discovered in 1957. Between 1959 and 1960, the earliest surveys and excavations of the Hanyuan Hall site were carried out by the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Preventive conservation measures of the Hanyuan Hall site began in 1993. From 1994 to 1996, for the restoration and preservation of the site, numerous surveys and excavations were conducted. The State Administration of Cultural Heritage (SACH) and UNESCO drew up and adopted a two-phased plan by 24 July 1995 to safeguard the Hanyuan Hall site. Work on the project started in 1995 by the joint effort of the Chinese government, Chinese and Japanese institutes, UNESCO, and various specialists. Most of the conservation work concluded in 2003.
On 1 October 2010, the Daming Palace National Heritage Park was opened to the public. There are many exhibition halls located throughout the site of the palace complex to showcase the excavated cultural relics of the site.
Gallery
See also
Huang Chao, whose revolt caused the destruction of the palatial complex
References
Archaeological museums in China
Tang dynasty architecture
Palaces in China
Royal residences in China
Buildings and structures in Xi'an
National archaeological parks of China
Museums in Xi'an
Buildings and structures completed in 662
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Shaanxi |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%8B%A4%20%EC%85%B0%EB%A6%AC%EB%8D%98 | ์ธ์ค ์
ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ | ์ธ์ค ์
ฐ๋ฆฌ๋(Cecil Sheridan, 1910๋
12์ 21์ผ ~ 1980๋
1์ 4์ผ)์ ์์ผ๋๋์ ํฌ๊ทน๋ฐฐ์ฐ์ด์ ์ฐ๊ทน๋ฐฐ์ฐ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ํ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์ด๋ค. 40๋
๋์ ์์ผ๋๋์ ์๊ตญ์์ ๋ค์ํ ๋ฌด๋์ ์ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ํํ ๋ง์๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฅผ ์งํํ๊ณ ๋ช ํธ์ ์ํ์๋ ์ถ์ฐํ๋ค.
์์
์ธ์ค ์
ฐ๋ฆฌ๋์ 1910๋
12์ 21์ผ ๋๋ธ๋ฆฐ์์ ์ํ ์ฒ๊ฐ์ด๋ฅผ ํ ๋๋ช
์ ์ธ์ค ์
ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๊ณผ ์ด๋จธ๋ ์บ๋๋ฆฐ ๋ฒ
ํด๋ฆฌ(Catherine Buckley) ์ฌ์ด์์ 1๋จ 2๋
์ค ๋ง๋ด๋ก ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ์ด๋จธ๋ ์บ๋๋ฆฐ์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ 6์ด ๋ ํ๊ฒฐํต์ผ๋ก ์ผ์ฐ ์ธ์์ ๋ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ์ ๊ทธ์ ์์ ๋์ด ์บ์ฌ๋ฆฐ(Kathleen)๊ณผ ์๋ธ(Ethel(Sherry))์ ์๋ฒ์ง ์์์ ์๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ฑ์คํธ๋ฆฌํธ CBS(Synge Street CBS)์์ ๊ต์ก์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ํ์ ๋ง๋๋ฌ์ ์์๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์น๋ฃํ๋ ค๊ณ ๋์ค ์์ ์ค ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋ค๊ฐ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. 20์ธ ๋ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์๋์ ๋๊ฐ 100 ํ์ด๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ด๋ฉด์ ๋ฌด๋์ ๋ฐ๋ทํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ฌ์ ํ ์๋ฒ์ง๋ฅผ ๋์ ์ํ ์ฒ๊ฐ์ด ์ผ์ ๊ณ์ํ๊ณ , 27์ธ ๋๋ 1937๋
์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์๋์์ ๋ ์์์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ง์
์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฐ์ฐ ํ๋์ ์์ํ๋ค. ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์๊ฒ ๋ง๋ ๋ค๊ณ ์ธ์ค์ ํ๋กํฌ์ฆ์ ์ํ ๋ธ ๋์ผ(Nan Doyle)์ 1978๋
์ ์ธ์ค๋ณด๋ค 2๋
์ผ์ฐ ๋จผ์ ์ธ์์ ๋ ๋ฌ๋ค. ๋ง๋
์ ์ธ์ค์ ์ด๊ฐ ๋ ๋ฒ๋ ธ๋ ์นดํจ๋ฆญ ์ ์์ ๋์ฐพ๊ฒ ํด์ค ์ฌ๋์ด ๋ฐ๋ก ์๊ธฐ ์๋ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ธ์ค๊ณผ ๋ธ์ ๋ ๋ธ ์ค(Ann)๊ณผ ๋ฐ๋ฐ๋ผ(Barbara)์ ์ ๋ช
ํ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ฐ์ด์ ๊ต์ก์๋ฉฐ ๋ฌธํํ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ ์๋ค ๋
ธ์์ ๋์๋ค. ์ธ์ค์ 1980๋
1์ 4์ผ 69์ธ๋ก ์ธ์์ ๋ด๋ค. ๋๋ธ๋ฆฐ์ ๋ง์ดํธ ์ ๋ผ ๊ณต์๋ฌ์ง(Mount Jerome Cemetery)์ ๋ฌปํ ์๋ค.
ํ๋
๋
ธ์ ์
ฐ๋ฆฌ๋์ ์์ฌ ํ์๊ทน(revue)๊ณผ ํํ ๋ง์์ ํฌํจ ๋ค์ํ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ์ผ์ ์ถ์ฐํ๋ฉฐ 19์ธ๊ธฐ ํ๋ฐ์์ 20์ธ๊ธฐ ์ด ๋๋ธ๋ฆฐ์์ ์ ํํ ๋
ธ๋ยท์ถคยท๊ณก์ยท์ด๊ทน ๋ฑ ๋ค์ํ ๋ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ก ๊พธ๋ฉฐ์ง ๊ณต์ฐ(vaudeville) ๊ณ์์ ํ๋ฐํ ํ๋ํ๋ค. ํ
๋ ๋น์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์ด๊ฐ๋ ์๋์๋ ๋๊น์ง ํ๋์ ๊ณ์ํ๋ฉฐ '๋ฎค์งํ'์ ์ ์ ์ ์ง์ผฐ๋ค.
1940๋
๋ถํฐ ๋๋ธ๋ฆฐ์ ์์นํ ํธ์ค ๊ทน์ฅ(Queen's Theatre, ํ์ฌ๋ Sondheim Theatre)์์ ์ฃผ๋ก ํ๋ํ๊ณ , ๋๋ธ๋ฆฐ ์๋ฆฝ๊ทน์ฅ(Theatre Royal)์๋ ์ข
์ข
์ฌ๋๋ค. 1976๋
3์์ ๋
ธ์ ํผ์ด์จ(Noel Pearson)์ด ์ ์ํ ใ๋น์ ์ ์์ง ์๋ฌด๊ฒ๋ ๋ฃ์ง ๋ชปํ์ด(You Ain't Heard Nuttin' Yet)ใ๊ฐ ๋๋ธ๋ฆฐ์ ๊ฒ์ดํฐ ๊ทน์ฅ(Gaiety Theatre)์ ์ฌ๋ ค์ก์ ๋, ์ธ์ค์ ๊ทธ ๊ทน์ ์ถ์ฐํ๋ฉด์ ์์ ์ด ์์ฌ์๊ณกํ ๋
ธ๋๋ค์ ๋ถ๋ ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด ์ ํ์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋์๋ค. ๋น์ ์์ด๋ฆฌ์ ํ์์ค๋ ์ธ์ค์ ๋๊ณ ์ฌ์คํธ๋ฌ("have stolen the show")๋ผ๊ณ ํธํํ๋ค. ๋
ธ์์ ๋๋ธ๋ฆฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฆผํผ์ ๊ทน์ฅ(Olympia Theatre)์ ์ ์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์๊ณ , 1974๋
๊ทธ ๊ทน์ฅ์์ ๋ฌด๋์ ๊ด๊ฐ ์ฌ์ด์ ์์น๊ฐ ๋ก์ ๋ถ๊ดด๋์์ ๋๋ ๊ทน์ฅ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ ํ์๊ธ ๋ชจ๊ธ ์บ ํจ์ธ๋ ์์ฅ ์์ ์ด๋์๋ค. ๊ณต์ฌ๊ฐ ์๋ฃ๋์๋ง์ ์ฌ๋ ค์ง 1977๋
3์์ ์ฒซ ๊ณต์ฐ์ ์ถ์ฐํ๋ค.
๋
ธ์์ ํํ ๋ง์์ ํฌํจํด์ ์์ ์ ๊ณต์ฐ์ ์ํ ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ์ฐพ์ ์ค๋นํ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ณธ์ ์งฐ๋ค. ใ๋ฐฑ์ค๊ณต์ฃผ์ ์ผ๊ณฑ๋์ฅ์ดใ์ ํฌ๊ทน ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ค๋นํด์ ์ฒซ ๊ณต์ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ 3์ผ ์ , ๋์ฆ๋์์ ๋๋ช
์ ๋งํ์ํ(1937)๋ฅผ ์ ์ํด ๊ทผ์ฒ ๊ทน์ฅ์์ ๊ณง ์์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ์์์ ๋ฃ๊ณ ๋ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ค๋นํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ก์ด ํํ ๋ง์ ใ์๋ง ๊ฑฐ์(Mother Goose)ใ๋ฅผ ์ค๋นํด์ 3์ผ ๋ค ๊ณต์ฐ์ ํ๋ค. ์์ฃผ ์๋ฆฌํ๊ฒ ๋ง์ฅ๋์ ์ด์ฉํด ์ํ์ ํ๊ณ , ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ "ํจ๋ฌ๋์ ์"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ ๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ํจ๋ฌ๋ ์ค ๋ง์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ๊ธฐ์ตํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋
ธ๋ "๋๋จธ์ง ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋ฌด์ํด์(Let The Rest of the World Go By)"๊ฐ ๋ค์ด ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค. ์ธ์ค์ ์ ๋จธ๋ฌ์คํ ๋
ธ๋๋ค์ ๋ง์ด ๋ง๋ค์๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ค ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ๋ช
ํ ๊ฒ์ "ํด๋๊ฐ์ ํํฐ"์ด๋ค.
์ธ์ค์ ์์
๊ฐ ์ค๋ ์คํ์ดํธ(Andy Stewart)์ ํจ๊ป ์ค์ฝํ๋๋๋ก ๊ฐ์ ํฌ์ด๊ณต์ฐ์ ํ๊ณ , ์๊ตญ ๋ฐ๋์ ๋ฉํธ๋กํด ๊ทน์ฅ(Metropole Theatre)์์๋ ๊ณต์ฐ ํ๋ค.
์ธ์ค์ ๊ฒ์ดํฐ ๊ทน์ฅ์์ ํํผ ์๋์์ฆ(Hilton Edwards)๊ฐ ์ ์ํ, ๋ธ๋ผ์ด์ธ ํ๋ฆฌ์์ ์ฐ๊ทน ใํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ๊ณผ ์ฌ์ฐ(Crystal and Fox)ใ๊ฐ ์ธ๊ณ ์ต์ด๋ก ๊ณต์ฐ๋ ๋ ํ๋๋ก(Pedro)๋ก ๋ถํ์ฌ ์กฐ์ฐ์ ๋งก๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ์์ผ๋๋์์ ์ ์๋ ๋ช ํธ์ ์ํ, ใ์จ๋ฆฌ์์ค(Ulysses)ใ(1967), ใ๋ฐ์ดํน ํธ(The Viking Queen)ใ(1967), ์ํ ใ๊ฐ๋ฑ(Conflict)ใ(1973) ๋ฑ์๋ ์ถ์ฐํ๋ค. ์ธ์ค๋ก๋ ์ข ์ด์์ ์ธ ์ญํ ์ ๋งก์ ์ ๋ ์๋๋ฐ, 1966๋
๋๋ธ๋ฆฐ์ ํฌ๋กํฌ ํํฌ์์ ์์ผ๋๋ ๋
๋ฆฝ์ด๋์ ๊ธฐ๋
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ณต์ฐ๋ ์ผ์ธ๊ทน์์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ค์กด ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด์๋ ์์ผ๋๋ ๊ณตํ๋น์ ๋
ธ๋์กฐํฉ ์ง๋์ ์ ์์ค ๋ผํจ(James Larkin, 1876~1947)์ ์ฐ๊ธฐํ์ ๋๋ค.
์กด ๋ฐ๋งํด ์ฑ์ ใ์๊ตฌ์ธ๊ณ์ ํ๋ ์ด๋ณด์ดใ๋ฅผ ์์์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ํ ๋ฎค์ง์ปฌ ใ๋ ํ์ธ ์ด ์๋(The Heart's A Wonder)ใ๊ฐ 1978๋
9์ ๋ฆฌ๋จธ๋ฆญ์ค ํฌ๋ ์ผํธ ๊ทน์ฅ(Limerick's Crescent Theatre)์ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ ๊ทธ ๊ณต์ฐ์ ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ธ์ค์ ๋ผ์ด๋ธ ๊ณต์ฐ์ ๋ ์ด์ ์ถ์ฐํ์ง ์์๋ค.
์ธ์ค ์
ฐ๋ฆฌ๋์ ๊ทน๋ณธ๊ณผ ์๊ณ ๋ค์ ์์ผ๋๋ ๊ณต์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์ค์ํ ์ผ๋ถ๋ก์ ๋๋ธ๋ฆฐ์๋ฆฝ๋์๊ด์๋ฃ์ค(Dublin City Public Libraries and Archive)์ ๋ณด๊ด๋์ด ์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
์ธ์ค ์
ฐ๋ฆฌ๋จ์ ๋ํ์ ๋
ธ๋ "ํด๋๊ฐ์ ํํฐ(Hannigan's Hooley)"
๋
ธ์ ์
ฐ๋ฆฌ๋
๊ฐ์ฃผ
1910๋
์ถ์
1980๋
์ฌ๋ง
์์ผ๋๋์ ๋จ์ ์ํ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ
์์ผ๋๋์ ๋จ์ ์ฐ๊ทน ๋ฐฐ์ฐ
์์ผ๋๋์ ๋จ์ ํฌ๊ทน์ธ
์์ผ๋๋์ ๋จ์ ์ฑ์ด์ก๋ผ์ดํฐ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil%20Sheridan | Cecil Sheridan | Cecil Sheridan (21 December 1910 โ 4 January 1980) was an Irish comedian and actor who performed in variety shows and pantomimes in Ireland and Great Britain during a versatile career spanning over forty years.
Early life
Born at 31 Queen's Square, Sheridan was the son of a Dublin upholsterer, also named Cecil, and his wife, Catherine (Kate) Buckley. His mother died of tuberculosis when he was six and he and his siblings were raised by his father. He was educated at Synge Street CBS. In a bid to cure a stammer he sought opportunities to perform in public. He made his stage debut at the age of twenty when he won ยฃ100 in a talent show. However, he continued to work in his father's business until 1937 when, after winning another talent contest, he decided to become a full-time stage performer.
Career
Sheridan's performances in revues, variety shows, and pantomimes kept the spirit of the old music hall and vaudeville alive on the Dublin stage well into the era of television.
He performed frequently at Dublin's Queen's Theatre from 1940 onwards, and he appeared also on the stage of the Theatre Royal, Dublin. In 1976, he was deemed by The Irish Times to have "stolen the show" when he performed his own songs in Noel Pearson's production of You Ain't Heard Nuttin' Yet at the Gaiety Theatre, Dublin. He was a regular at the Olympia Theatre, Dublin, and was one of the leaders of the campaign to raise funds for the theatre's restoration following the collapse of the proscenium arch in 1974. He appeared in the first show to be staged at the Olympia when it reopened in March 1977.
Sheridan wrote his own material, including pantomimes. Three days before his version of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was due to begin its run, he learnt that Walt Disney's feature-length cartoon of the same name was about to open at a nearby cinema. He set to work immediately on a new pantomime, Mother Goose, and had it ready for its first performance on the date planned for Snow White. His clever use of wordplay earned him the title of "Parody King". One of his most famous parodies was a play on the song "Let The Rest of the World Go By". He also wrote humorous songs, notably "Hannigan's Hooley".
Sheridan toured Scotland with Andy Stewart and performed at the Metropole Theatre in London.
As an actor Sheridan appeared in a number of stage plays including the world premiรจre of Brian Friel's Crystal and Fox, in which he played the supporting role of Pedro in a Hilton Edwards production at the Gaiety Theatre. He was also among the cast of several films shot in Ireland, for instance, Ulysses and Where's Jack?. One of his more unusual acting roles came in 1966 when he portrayed the trade union leader, James Larkin, in a pageant staged in Croke Park to commemorate the Irish struggle for independence.
One of Sheridan's last live appearances was in The Heart's A Wonder, a musical based on John Millington Synge's Playboy of the Western World, which was staged at Limerick's Crescent Theatre in September 1978.
Sheridan's writings form part of the Irish Theatre Archive held at the Dublin City Archive.
Personal life
Sheridan's wife, Ann ("Nan") Doyle, predeceased him in 1978. Towards the end of his life he credited her with restoring his Catholic faith, which had lapsed during his bachelor days. They had three children, a son, Noel, who was director of Dublin's National College of Art and Design, and two daughters, Ann and Barbara. Cecil Sheridan died aged 69 and is buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery.
Filmography
Sources
External links
Cecil Sheridan at Irish Playography
Maureen Potter performing
1910 births
1980 deaths
Burials at Mount Jerome Cemetery and Crematorium
Irish male film actors
Irish male comedians
20th-century Irish songwriters
Irish male stage actors
Music hall performers
20th-century Irish male actors
People educated at Synge Street CBS
20th-century Irish comedians
Male actors from County Dublin |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%82%AC%ED%8A%B8%20%EC%98%A4%EC%87%BC%EC%95%8C%EB%9D%BC | ์์์ฌํธ ์ค์ผ์๋ผ | ์์์ฌํธ ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋ ์ค์ผ์๋ผ(, 1994๋
10์ 9์ผ ~ )๋ ๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๋ก ํฌ์ง์
์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์์ด๋ค. ํ์ฌ๋ ์คํ์ธ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๋ผ ๋๋น์์จ ํ๋ฉ๋๋์ FC ๋ฐ๋ฅด์
๋ก๋ ํ๋ฉ๋์์ ํ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํด๋ฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
์ค์ผ์๋ผ๋ 2009๋
์ FC ๋ก๋ณด์ ์
๋จํ๋ฉด์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๋ก ๋ฐ๋ทํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 2013๋
์ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ์ค ์์ธ์ ์ค๋ก ์ด์ ํ๋ค. 2014 ์์ฆ์์๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ์ค ์์ธ์ ์ค์ ๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ฌ์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฐ์น, ๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ฌ์์ปต ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
์ค์ผ์๋ผ๋ 2015๋
1์์ ์๊ธ๋๋ FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํด๋ฝ์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒํ๋ก ์ด์ ํ์ง๋ง ๋ฌด๋ฆ ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ์ธํด 2๊ฐ์ ๋์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 9๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๊ทธ์ณค๋ค. 2016๋
1์์๋ ์์ค๋๋ก ์ด์ ํ๊ณ 2015-16 ์์ฆ์์ ์์ค๋์ FA ์ฌ์์ปต ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
์ค์ผ์๋ผ๋ 2017๋
2์์ ์ค๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํด๋ฝ์ธ ๋ค๋ก ์ทจ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ ํ๊ณ 2017 ์์ฆ์์ ๋ค๋ก ์ทจ์์ ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. 2019๋
1์์๋ ์คํ์ธ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๋ผ ๋๋น์์จ ํ๋ฉ๋๋ ์์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํด๋ฝ์ธ ๋ฐ๋ฅด์
๋ก๋๋ก ์ด์ ํ๋ค. 2019๋
5์ 18์ผ์ ํ๊ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ๋คํ์คํธ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ฌ๋ญํผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์น๊ณผ์ UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ถ์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๋ก๋ ์ต์ด๋ก UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋๋ฐ ๋ฐ๋ฅด์
๋ก๋๋ ์ฌ๋ญํผํฌ ๋ฆฌ์น์ 1-4๋ก ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ฉด์ ์ค์ฐ์น์ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
์ฒญ์๋
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
์ค์ผ์๋ผ๋ 2010๋
์ ๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ฌ์ U-20 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์๋ก ๋ฐํ๋์๋ค. ์ค์ผ์๋ผ๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2012๋
FIFA U-20 ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์์ 5๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์๋ ํด๋น ๋ํ์์ 4์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค.
์ค์ผ์๋ผ๋ ์บ๋๋ค์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2014๋
FIFA U-20 ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์์ ์๊ธ๋๋์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 1๊ณจ, ๋ด์ง๋๋์์ 8๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 2๊ณจ, ์กฐ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ๊ณผ์ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 4๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ํด๋น ๋ํ์์ 7๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. ๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์๋ ๋
์ผ๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 0-1๋ก ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ฉด์ 2014๋
FIFA U-20 ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์์ ์ค์ฐ์น์ ์ฐจ์งํ๋๋ฐ ์ค์ผ์๋ผ๋ ํด๋น ๋ํ์์ ์ต์ฐ์ ์ ์์ ํด๋นํ๋ ๊ณจ๋ ๋ณผ, ๋์ ์์ ํด๋นํ๋ ๊ณจ๋ ์๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ค. 2014๋
9์์๋ ๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์์ ๊ตฟ๋ญ ์กฐ๋์ ๋ํต๋ น์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋์ด์ ๊ฐ ํ์ฅ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
์ฑ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
์ค์ผ์๋ผ๋ 2011๋
10์ 22์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์นด๋ฉ๋ฃฌ๊ณผ์ 2012๋
๋ฐ๋ ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ง์ญ ์ต์ข
์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ฒ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์๋ก ๋ฐ๋ทํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋ช
๋จ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ค. ์ค์ผ์๋ผ๋ ์ค์จ๋ด๊ณผ์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ(๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์๋ ์ค์จ๋ด๊ณผ 3-3 ๋ฌด์น๋ถ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํจ)์์ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ์ง๋ง ๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์๋ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ์์ 1๋ฌด 2ํจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ฝํ๊ณ ๋ง๋ค.
์ค์ผ์๋ผ๋ ํ๋์ค์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋ช
๋จ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ค. ํนํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์์ 2-0 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์๋ ํด๋น ๋ํ์์ 16๊ฐ์ ์ ์ง์ถํ๋ ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
์ฌ์ํ
์ค์ผ์๋ผ๋ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ ์๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ๊ต๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ง๋๋ฉด์ ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ๋ถ๋
ธ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ผ์ผฐ๋ค. ์ค์ผ์๋ผ๋ ๋ฌด์ฌ๋ฆผ์ด๋ค.
์์
ํด๋ฝ
๋ฆฌ๋ฒ์ค ์์ธ์ ์ค
๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ฌ์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1ํ ์ฐ์น (2014)
๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ฌ์์ปต 2ํ ์ฐ์น (2013, 2014)
์์ค๋
FA ์ฌ์์ปต 1ํ ์ฐ์น (2015-16)
๋ค๋ก ์ทจ์์
์ค๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1ํ ์ฐ์น (2017)
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
2014๋
FIFA U-20 ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ค์ฐ์น
2014๋
์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์ฐ์น
2016๋
์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ฌ์ ๋ค์ด์
์ค์ปต ์ฐ์น
2018๋
์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ฌ์ ๋ค์ด์
์ค์ปต ์ฐ์น
๊ฐ์ธ
2014๋
FIFA U-20 ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ๊ณจ๋ ๋ณผ ์์
2014๋
FIFA U-20 ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ๊ณจ๋ ์ ์์
2014๋
์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐ๋งน(CAF) ์ ์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ฌํด์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ์์
2014๋
์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐ๋งน(CAF) ์ ์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ฌํด์ ์ฌ์ ์ฒญ์๋
์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ์์
2014๋
์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ๊ณจ๋ ๋ณผ ์์
2015๋
์๊ตญ ๋ฐฉ์ก ํํ(BBC) ์ ์ ์ฌํด์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ์์
2016๋
์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐ๋งน(CAF) ์ ์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ฌํด์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ์์
2017๋
์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐ๋งน(CAF) ์ ์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ฌํด์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ ์์
2017 ์ค๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ ๋์ ์ ์์
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๊ณต์ ํํ์ด์ง
1994๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์
2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์์ ๋ฌด์ฌ๋ฆผ
FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ฆฌ๊ฐ F์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์๊ธ๋๋์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ๋์ด์ง๋ฆฌ์์ธ
๋ฆฌ๋ฒํ FC ์๋ฏผ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์์ค๋ WFC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
FC ๋ฐ๋ฅด์
๋ก๋ ํ๋ฉ๋์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
2023๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
์คํ์ธ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asisat%20Oshoala | Asisat Oshoala | Asisat Lamina Oshoala MON (born 9 October 1994) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Spanish Liga F club FC Barcelona and the Nigeria women's national team. Widely regarded as one of the greatest African female footballers of all time and one of the best in the world, she is one of the most celebrated African female footballers of all time, having won African Women's Footballer of the Year a record five times.
Asisat previously played for English clubs Arsenal and Liverpool, Chinese club Dailan, and Nigerian clubs
Rivers Angels and FC Robo. She won the 2015 FA Women's Cup with Arsenal; two league championships and a cup title with Dalian; and the 2019โ20 Copa de la Reina and 2019โ20 Supercopa de Espaรฑa Femenina with Barcelona. She was the first African (and Nigerian) player to score a goal in a UEFA Women's Champions League final and has helped Barcelona reach the semi-finals three consecutive years, and one final. On 16 May 2021, Asisat became the first African woman to win the UEFA Champions League, after Barcelona defeated Chelsea 4โ0 in the finals. The following season, she became the first African woman to win the Primera Divisiรณn's Pichichi Trophy, and in August 2022 became the first African woman nominated to the Ballon d'Or.
Asisat was the highest goal scorer at the 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup and was named best player at the tournament. She was also named best player and second top goalscorer with the Super Falcons team who won the 2014 African Women's Championship.
In September 2014, Oshoala was made a Member of the Order of the Niger by President of Nigeria Goodluck Jonathan. In 2021, she was named in the Forbes 30 Under 30. She is popularly called โรgba Ballerโ, which means in her local parlance, โLegendary Footballerโ.
In July 2023, after her group stage heroics against Australia in the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup, Oshoala saw a massive increase in her Instagram followership which made her become the first African female footballer to have a million followers on the social media platform.
Club career
Liverpool: 2015โ2016
On 23 January 2015, Oshoala joined Liverpool in England's Women's Super League. The club's manager, Matt Beard, called her "one of the best young players in the world". Although rumours had linked her with other clubs, she was very happy to join Liverpool. She was the first player from an African nation to compete in the top women's league in England.
Despite missing two months of the 2015 season with a knee injury, Oshoala scored three goals in the nine games in which she played as defending champions Liverpool finished in seventh place. Her first goal of the season was the game-opener of a 2โ1 win against Birmingham City on April 1. During the club's 2โ1 win over Manchester City, she scored the game-opening goal in the tenth minute. She scored the club's third goal of a 3โ1 win against Arsenal on 12 July.
In January 2016, Liverpool reported that a transfer bid from Arsenal had activated the release clause in Oshoala's contract and that she was discussing personal terms with the London club.
Arsenal: 2016โ2017
In March 2016, Oshoala signed with Arsenal. Arsenal manager, Pedro Losa said of her signing, "Asisat is a fantastic talent and will be a great addition to our squad. She is quick, with excellent feet and has proven she can score goals so it's very positive she has decided to join us."
Oshoala helped Arsenal win the 2016 FA Women's Cup Final on 14 May. The win marked the club's 14th title. Oshoala made 13 appearances for the club during the 2016 season and scored two goals. She scored the game-winning goal in the 2โ0 win against Notts County on 28 August. Arsenal finished in third place with a record.
Dalian Quanjian: 2017โ2019
On 10 February 2017, Oshoala signed with Chinese club Dalian (ๅคง่ฟๅฅณๅญ่ถณ็ไฟฑไน้จ). During the 2017 season, she scored 12 goals helping Dalian Quanjian win the league championship. She was awarded the league's Golden Boot award for most goals scored. The same year, she scored four goals during the 2017 Women's Super Cup and helped the club defeat Shanghai 5โ3 to win the championship. In October 2018, she helped the club win the league championship for the second consecutive year.
FC Barcelona: 2019โpresent
On 31 January 2019, Spanish club FC Barcelona Femenรญ signed Oshoala on a loan deal until the end of the season. On May 31, 2019, Barcelona announced her full transfer to the club and extension until 2022. She scored seven goals in her seven appearances for the club during the 2018-19 season. Barcelona finished in second place during the regular season with a record.
Oshoala scored Barcelona's only goal in a 4โ1 defeat to Lyon in the 2019 UEFA Women's Champions League Final. She was the first African (and Nigerian) to score in a Champions League Final.
During the 2019-20 season, Oshoala scored 20 goals in her 19 appearances for Barcelona. She scored her first goals of the season with a brace against Atlรฉtico Madrid on 19 September 2019. In October, she scored another brace against Madrid lifting Barcelona to a 4โ0 win. On January 11, 2020, Oshoala scored four goals in a 6โ0 win against CD Tacon. Barcelona finished in first place during the regular season with an undefeated record. Oshoala's 20 goals ranked second in the league following teammate Jenni Hermoso with 23.
Oshoala scored the game-opening goal in the fourth minute of the 2019โ20 Copa de la Reina semi-finals against Seville. She provided assists on two the goals to lift Barcelona to a 6โ0 win. Barcelona defeated Logroรฑo 3โ0 to clinch the championship.
On 21 August 2020, Oshoala provided the assist for Kheira Hamraoui's game-winning goal in the 2019โ20 UEFA Women's Champions League quarter-final against Atlรฉtico Madrid lifting Barcelona to the semi-final.
On 24 March 2021, Oshoala scored the game-winning goal in the team's 3โ0 win over Manchester City during the first leg of the 2020โ21 UEFA Women's Champions League quarterfinals. On 16 May 2021, Oshoala became the first African woman to win the UEFA Champions League, after coming on in the 71st minute of the finals with Barcelona defeating Chelsea 4โ0.
On 10 March 2022, Oshoala signed a two-year contract extension that would keep her at Barcelona until 30 June 2024.
Style of play
Oshoala found success as a forward for Nigeria's youth teams but made most of her early appearances for the senior national team as an attacking midfielder. She was nicknamed "Seedorf" after male footballer Clarence Seedorf and has also been referred to as "Superzee" by her teammates.
International career
Oshoala's club coach Edwin Okon was serving as the national team interim manager when he gave her a debut senior cap in a friendly defeat by world champions Japan in September 2013.
Oshoala was named as the best player at the 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup and was the top goalscorer at the tournament with seven goals. She was also named best player and second top goalscorer with the Super Falcons team who won the 2014 African Women's Championship. She also won the BBC Women's Footballer of the Year 2015. In September 2014, Oshoala was made a Member of the Order of the Niger by President of Nigeria Goodluck Jonathan.
On 8 June 2015, Oshoala scored her first 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup goal when she scored the team's second goal in a 3โ3 draw with Sweden in Winnipeg. After the team was defeated 2โ0 by Australia and 1โ0 by the United States, they did not advance to the knockout stages.
Oshoala was also a member of the Super Falcons team who won the African Women's Championship in 2016 and 2018. She scored three goals in the 2018 Edition in Ghana.
Oshoala vice-captained the Super Falcons at the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup in France. During the team's second group stage match against South Korea, she scored in the 75th minute lifting Nigeria to a 2โ0 win. Oshoala was named Player of the Match. Her goal was nominated for Goal of the Tournament by FIFA. Nigeria finished third in Group A and advanced to the knockout stages where they faced two-time champions Germany and were defeated 3โ0 in a controversial match heavily influenced by video assistant referee (VAR).
On 16 June 2023, she was included in the 23-player Nigerian squad for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup.
In the Super Falcons second group stage game against host nation Australia, Oshoala came in as substitute for fellow teammate, Uchenna Kanu, in the 63rd minute of regulation time and scored the third goal of the match for her team after ten minutes of play. This goal made her the first Super Falcons' player to score at three consecutive FIFA World Cups, having scored in the 2015 and 2019 editions and also the first African (and Nigerian) to score at three different FIFA Women's World Cups.
Personal life
Oshoala recounts that her parents were not supportive when she dropped out of school to pursue a football career. She is a Muslim.
Oshoala launched the Asisat Oshoala Foundation in 2019 focused on empowering girl footballers in Africa. The foundation hosts the annual Asisat Oshoala Foundation Football4girls tournament in Lagos. She is a NIKE Ambassador. In 2021, she was named to Forbes 30 Under 30. In October 2021, she was appointed unto FIFA's technical advisory group on the growth and advancement of women's football. The grouped is headed by Jill Ellis and has fellow African Doreen Nabwire also as a member.
Career statistics
International
Honours
Rivers Angels
Nigerian Women's Championship: 2014
Nigerian Women's Cup: 2013, 2014
Arsenal
FA Women's Cup: 2015โ16
Dalian Quanjian
Chinese Women's Super League: 2017 2018
FC Barcelona
Primera Divisiรณn: 2019โ20, 2020โ21, 2021โ22, 2022โ23
UEFA Women's Champions League: 2020โ21, 2022โ23
Supercopa de Espaรฑa Femenina: 2019โ20, 2021โ22, 2022โ23
Copa de la Reina: 2019โ20, 2020โ21, 2021โ22
Nigeria
African Women's Championship: 2014, 2016, 2018
FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup runner-up: 2014
Individual
BBC Women's Footballer of the Year: 2015
African Women's Footballer of the Year: 2014, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2022
African Women's Youth Player of the Year: 2014
African Women's Championship Golden Ball: 2014
African Women's Championship Golden Boot: 2016
FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Golden Boot: 2014
FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Golden Ball: 2014
Primera Divisiรณn Top scorer: 2021โ22
Chinese Women's Super League Top scorer: 2017
IFFHS CAF Best Woman Player of the Decade 2011โ2020
IFFHS All-time Africa Women's Dream Team: 2021
IFFHS CAF Women's Team of the Decade 2011โ2020
Queen of The Pitch Award: 2014
See also
List of Nigeria women's international footballers
List of Africa Women Cup of Nations hat-tricks
List of Nike sponsorships
List of Yoruba people
References
External links
Asisat Oshoala at FC Barcelona
Asisat Oshoala at Arsenal Women
Asisat Oshoala at BDFutbol
1994 births
Living people
Footballers from Lagos
Rivers Angels F.C. players
Nigeria women's international footballers
Liverpool F.C. Women players
Arsenal W.F.C. players
Nigerian Muslims
Women's association football forwards
Yoruba sportswomen
Women's Super League players
Nigerian women's footballers
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players
Dalian Quanjian F.C. players
Chinese Women's Super League players
2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players
FC Barcelona Femenรญ players
Liga F players
Nigerian expatriate women's footballers
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate women's footballers in England
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in China
Expatriate women's footballers in China
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate women's footballers in Spain
FC Robo players
African Women's Footballer of the Year winners
2023 FIFA Women's World Cup players |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%ED%9E%88%EA%B1%B4%EC%A1%B1 | ๋ชจํ๊ฑด์กฑ | ๋ชจํ๊ฑด์กฑ(Mohegan Tribe)์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ๊ณต์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธ์ ํ ์ธ๋์ธ ๋ถ์กฑ์ด์ ์ฃผ๊ถ๊ตญ์ด๋ค. ๋ชจํ๊ฑด์กฑ์ ์ธ๋์ธ ๋ณดํธ๊ตฌ์ญ์ธ ๋ชจํ๊ฑด์กฑ ์ธ๋์ธ ๋ณดํธ๊ตฌ์ญ(Mohegan Indian Reservation)์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ ์ธ์บ์ค๋น์ ํฌ์ฆ๊ฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ์ ์์ฌํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ชจํ๊ฑด์กฑ์ ๋
๋ฆฝ ๊ณผ์ ์ 350๋
์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ฒด๊ฒฐใ์๋ฆฝ๋ ์กฐ์ฝ๊ณผ ๋ฒ๋ฅ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ๋์ด ์๋ค. 1638๋
ํํธํผ๋ ์กฐ์ฝ์ด ํ ์์ธ๋ฐ, ์
์นด์ค ์ถ์ฅ์ด ์๊ตญ๊ตฐ๊ณผ์ ๋๋งน์ ํตํด ํผ์ฟผํธ ์ ์(1637-1638)์์ ์์ทจํ ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋งบ์ด์ง ๋ณธ ์กฐ์ฝ์ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ก ์๊ตญ์ 1638๋
๋ชจํ๊ฑด์กฑ์๊ฒ ์ฃผ๊ถ์ ๋ถ์ฌํ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์๋ฏผ์ง ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ์ํ ์ ์ค์ด ์ง์๋๋ฉด์, ๋ชจํ๊ฑด์กฑ์ ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ์ ์ ์งํ๋๋ฐ ๋ง์ ์ด๋ ค์์ ๊ฒช๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ค์ ๋ก ๋ฐฑ์ธ ๊ฐ์ฒ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์ ๋ฐฑ๋
์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ชจํ๊ฑด์กฑ์ด ์ฃผ๋ฅ ๋ฌธํ์ ํก์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ํ๋ค.
๋ชจํ๊ฑด์กฑ์ 20์ธ๊ธฐ ํ๋ฐ ๋ด๋ถ์ ์ธ ์ฌ์ ๋น ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ง์น๊ณ , ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ ๋ถ์ ํ ์ง ๊ด๋ จ ์์ก์ ์ ๊ธฐํ๋ค. ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ฒ ๋งค๊ฐํ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ํ ํ์๋ฅผ ์ถ์งํ๊ณ , ํฉ์๋ฅผ ํตํด 1994๋
๋ฏธ ์ ๋ถ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ธ๋์ธ ์ฃผ๊ถ๊ตญ์ผ๋ก์ ๊ณต์ ์ธ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋๋ค. ๊ฐ์ ํด, ๋ฏธ ์ํ๋ โ๋ชจํ๊ฑด๊ตญ (์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท) ํ ์ง ์์ก ํด๊ฒฐ๋ฒโ(Mohegan Nation (Connecticut) Land Claim Settlement Act)์ ํต๊ณผ์์ผฐ๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ ํ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ ๊ตฌ ํต์์ค ๋ถ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ๋ณดํธ๊ตฌ์ญ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋๋ก ์ธ๊ฐํ๊ณ ๋ ๋ถ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ถ์กฑ ๋ช
์์ ์ ํ ์ค์ ํ์ฌ ์ด์ ํ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ค. ๋ค์ ๋งํด ๋ชจํ๊ฑด์กฑ์ ์ฃผ๊ถ๊ตญ์ผ๋ก์์ ๊ณ ์ ๋ณดํธ๊ตฌ์ญ์ด ์๊ฒผ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์์ ํ ๋ถ์ง ๋ด์์ ๋๋ฐ ์ฌ์
์ ์์ํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ก์จ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ํ์์ ๋๋ณด๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์ํฌ ์์ต ์ฐฝ์ถ์ ํ ๋๊ฐ ํ์ฑ๋์ด 1996๋
10์ 12์ผ, ํฌ์ฆ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์จํก ์์ ๋ถ๊ทผ์ โ๋ชจํ๊ฑด ์ ์นด์ง๋
ธโ(Mohegan Sun Casino)๋ฅผ ์ค๋ฆฝ, ๊ฐ์ฅํ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ค.
๋ชจํ๊ฑด ๋ถ์กฑ์ ๋น์
1997๋
๋ชจํ๊ฑด ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์๋ก์์ํ๋ ์๋์ ๊ฐ์ ๋น์ ์ ํฌ๋ฌธ์ ์ฑํํ๋ค.
์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋๋ ๋ถ์กฑ์ด์, ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ฃผ์ ์์์ด๋ฉฐ, ์๋ช
๋๋ฌด์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์์ด๋ค. ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์ ์กฐ๋ ๋ฟ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ, ๋น๋๋ ์ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ, ๋ ํ์์ ์์น์ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ ์กฐ์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ตํ๊ณ , ์ ์ํ๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ณด๊ณ , ๋ฃ๊ณ , ๋ฐฐ์ด๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋์์ฐ๊ณผ, ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์๋ก์, ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ฃผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ํ์๋๋ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์กด์คํ๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ค๋๋ ์ํ๊ณผ ์๋ก ๋ ์์ฒ๋ฅผ ์น์ ํ๋ฉด์, ํํ ์ํธ๋ฅผ ์ํด ํ์ด์ ๋ถ๋ฌ๋จ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค.
์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ค์๋ฅผ ๋์๋ณด๊ณ , ๊นจ๋ฌ์์ ์ป๋๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ํ ์ํผ์ด ๋์ด ์๋ช
์ ์ค์๊ธธ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ฑท๋๋ค.
๋ ์ญ์ผ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ค๋ฅธ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ ์กฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅด์นจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ญ์ผ๋์ ๊ฑธ์น ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ํ์์ ์ฑ
์์ง๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ์ถ์ ๋ ์งํ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ก์ ์์กดํ๋ค. ๋์๊ฐ ์ํ์ ์ค์๊ธธ์ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์จ์ ํจ์ ํ๋ณตํ๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ
17์ธ๊ธฐ ์ด์ ๋ชจํ๊ฑด์กฑ์, ์ง๊ธ์ ๋จ์ค๋ถ ๋ด์๊ธ๋๋์ฃผ ์ง์ญ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ๋ ์๊ณคํธ์กฑ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ํ์ํ ํผ์ฟผํธ์กฑ์ ์ผ๋ถ์๋ค.
์
์นด์ค
1600๋
๋ ์ด ๋ค์ด์ ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ์๊ณคํจ์ด์กฑ ์ฌ์ฉ ๋ถ์กฑ๋ค์๊ฒ ๋งค์ฐ ์ค์ํ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ์ฐพ์์๋ค. ๊ธ์ํ ํ์ฅํ๋ ์ ๋ฝ ์ ์ฐฉ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ์ ์๋ฐ์ ํ ์ง์ ์์ ํ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ํ ๊ฒฝ์์ ๋ถ์ถ๊ฒผ๊ณ , ์ ์ข
์ ์ผ๋ณ์ด ์ฐ๋ คํ ๋งํ ์๋๋ก ํผ์ง๋ฉด์ ์ธ๋์ธ์ ์ ์ํด๊ฐ๋ค.
๋น์ ํผ์ฟผํธ์กฑ ๋ด๋ถ์์๋ ์ฌ์ธ์ฟ ์ค(Sassacus) ์ถ์ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ค ํ ๋ช
์ด์๋ ์
์นด์ค ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋์ด ์ผ์๊ณ , ์ดํ ์
์นด์ค๋ ์ถ์ข
์๋ค์ ์ด๋๊ณ ๋ถ์กฑ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋
๋ฆฝํ์ฌ ์ ์ ์กฐ๋ค๊ณผ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ์ค์ค๋ก๋ฅผ โ๋ชจํ๊ฑดโ ๋๋๋ถ์กฑ์ผ๋ก ๋ช
๋ช
ํ๋ค. ๋น์ ์ธ๋์ธ ๋ถ์กฑ๋ค์ ์๊ตญ์ธ ๋ฐ ์ ๋ฝ์ธ๋ค๊ณผ์ ๋ถ์ ๋์ฒ๋ฒ์ ๊ฐ์๊ฐ์์ด์๋๋ฐ, ๋ชจํ๊ฑด์กฑ์ ์ถ์ฅ์ด ๋ ์
์นด์ค(1598-1683)๋ ์๊ตญ ์ ์ฐฉ๋ฏผ๋ค๊ณผ์ ํ๋ ฅ์ ์ ํธํ ๋ฐ๋ฉด ์ฌ์ธ์ฟ ์ค ์ถ์ฅ์ ์ ๋ด์ผ๋ก ํ ํผ์ฟผํธ์กฑ์ ์ ์ฐฉ๋ฏผ๊ณผ์ ํฌ์์ ํํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ด ๋ถ์กฑ๋ค์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ํธ์ผ๋ก ๋๋์ด 1637๋
์์ 1638๋
๊น์ง ์ด์ด์ง ํผ์ฟผํธ ์ ์์ ๊ฐ๋ดํ๋ค.
๊ฐ๋ฑ์ ๋ฒ๋ณต์ด ํค์ด ๋ง๋ํ ์์ค์ ์ง์ผ๋ณธ ์
์นด์ค ์ถ์ฅ์ ์ ๋ฝ์ธ ์นจ๋ต์๋ค๊ณผ ์ฐํธ์ ์ธ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค. ๋
ผ๋์ ์ฌ์ง๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ด์์ง๋ง, ์ด๋ ์
์นด์ค ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ๊ฑด์กฑ์ด ํผ์ฟผํธ์กฑ๊ณผ์ ์ ์์์ ์ ๋ฝ์ธ๋ค๊ณผ ์์์น๋ง์ ์์ ๋๋งน์ ๊ฒฐ์ฑํ ์ ์๊ฒ ํ๊ณ ์๊ตญ๊ตฐ์ ๋ชจํ๊ฑด์กฑ์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํผ์ฟผํธ์กฑ์ ์ ์ํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
์
์นด์ค ์ถ์ฅ์ ํฌ์ฆ๊ฐ ์๋ฅ์ ๋ถ์กฑ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์ ์ฐฉ์ํค๊ณ , ์ ๋ฝ์ธ๋ค๊ณผ ์ธ๋์ธ ๋ถ์กฑ๋ค ์ฌ์ด์ ๋ถ์์ ๋จ์ด๊ฐ ๋ ๋ด๋ฌ๊ฐ ์
์กฑ(Narrangansett)์กฑ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์งํจ๋ค. ๋์๊ฐ ์๊ตญ์ธ๊ณผ์ ๋๋งน์ ํ์
์ด ๋ชจํ๊ฑด์กฑ์ ํ๋ฆฝ์ ์ ์ ๋ฐ ์ดํ ๊ณ์๋ ์๋ฏผ๊ตฐ์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋น๊ต์ ์์ ํ ์ ์์๋ค.
์ ๋ถ
๋ชจํ๊ฑด ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์ ๋ฝ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋ถ๋ฏธ๋๋ฅ ์ ์ฐฉ ์ด์ ๋ถํฐ ์์น์ ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ๋ฐ ์ ์งํด์๋ค. ๋ชจํ๊ฑด ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์์น์ ๋ถ๋ 20์ธ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ ๋ ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ ๋ชจํ๊ฑด ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋ถ์กฑ ํ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํด๋น ์ง์ญ์ ๋ํ ๋ฏผํ์ฌ์ฌํ๊ถ์ ํ์ฌํ ์ ์๋๋ก ๋ณ๋ชจํด์๋ค.
๋ชจํ๊ฑด ๋ถ์กฑ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ ๋ชจํ๊ฑด ๋ถ์กฑ์ด ํต์นํ๋ค. 9๋ช
์ ์ ์ถ์ง ์์์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ๋ชจํ๊ฑด๋ถ์กฑ์์ํ ๋ฐ 7๋ช
์ ์ ์ถ์ง ์์์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ์๋ก์์ํ๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ์กฑ์์น์ ๋ถ์ ์
๋ฒ๊ถ ๋ฐ ์ฌ๋ฒ๊ถ์ ๋ถ์กฑ์์ํ์ ์๋ก์์ํ๊ฐ ๋ณด์ ํ๋ค.
๋ถ์กฑ์๋ฌธ์์ํ์์๋ ์ฌ๋ฒ ๋ฐ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ๋ฌธํ์ ๊ฐ์น ๋ณด์กด์ ๋ด๋นํ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์ง์ ๋ถ์ฌ ๊ด๋ จ ์
๋ฒ๊ถ์ ํ์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ชจํ๊ฑด๋ถ์กฑ๋ฒ์์์๋ ๊ฐ์ข
์นด์ง๋
ธ ์ธ ์ฌ์์ ๋ํ ํ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ด๋ฆฐ๋ค.
1988๋
์ธ๋์ธ ๋๋ฐ๊ท์ ๋ฒ์ด ์ํ์ ํต๊ณผ๋ ํ ๋ชจํ๊ฑด ๋ถ์กฑ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ ์ ๋ถ์์ ํ๋ ฅ์ ๊ด๊ณ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํด ๋๋ฐ ๊ด๋ จ ํ์ ํ์์ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ 1994๋
๋ชจํ๊ฑด๊ตญ (์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท) ํ ์ง ์์ก ํด๊ฒฐ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ๋ถ์ ์ธ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ํ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก๋ค. ๋ฏธ ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ํต์คํ ๋ถ์ง๋ฅผ ์ ํ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ์ฌ ๋ชจํ๊ฑด ๋ถ์กฑ์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋๋ก ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋ณดํธ๊ตฌ์ญ์ ํฌํจํ๋ค.
1996๋
๊ฐ์ฅํ ๋ชจํ๊ฑด ๋ถ์กฑ ์์ ์ ๋ชจํ๊ฑด ์ ์นด์ง๋
ธ๋ ๊ทธ๋ก๋ถํฐ 2๋
ํ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ๋ถ์ ์ธ์ ์ ์ป์๋ค. ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ชจํ๊ฑด ๋ถ์กฑ ๊ฐ์ ๋งบ์ ํ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฌ๋กฏ๋จธ์ ์์ต์ 25%๋ฅผ ํด๋น ์ฃผ์ ๋ถ ์ฌ์ ์ง์์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ ๋นํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์ถ๊ฐ ํ์ ์ด ๊ณ์ ๋งบ์ด์ก๋ค. ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท ๋ด์ ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ ๋ถ ์์ค๋ฌผ์ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ ๋ ํด๋น ์ฃผ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์ ์์ต์ ๋ฌ์ฑํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท ์ฃผ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ชจํ๊ฑด๋ถ์กฑ ๊ฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ค๋ด ํก์ฐ, ์์ฝ์ฌ ์ ๊ณต, ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๋ฑ ๋ค์ํ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ํ ๋น ๋ฅธ ํด๊ฒฐ ๋์ถ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅํด์ก๋ค.
์ง์ญ์ฌํ ๊ธฐ์ฌ
๋ชจํ๊ฑด ๋ถ์กฑ์ ๋ชฌํธ๋น ๋๋ก ์ ์ ์ฒด๊ตฌ๊ฐ์ด ์๋๋ก ๋ชจํ๊ฑด ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๋ ์ง์
๋ก๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์คํ๊ณ ์ ๋ฏธํ 3์ฒ5๋ฐฑ๋ง ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ๋ถ์กฑ ๊ธฐ๊ธ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. ๋ํ ์ด์์ฃผ๋ฏผ๊ณผ์ ๊ธด๋ฐํ ํ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ง์ญ ๋ด ์์ ํ๋ฉฐ ๊นจ๋ํ ์์๊ฐ ์ ๊ณต๋ ์ ์๋๋ก ๋ฏธํ 1์ฒ1๋ฐฑ๋ง ๋ฌ๋ฌ ๊ท๋ชจ์ ๋ฌผ ์ฌ์
์ ์ฌ์ ์ ์ง์์ ์ฃผ์๋ค.
๋ชจํ๊ฑด์กฑ์ ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท ์ง์ญ์ฌํ์ ๋์ฑ ๋ง์ ์ฌ๋กฏ๋จธ์ ์์ต์ด ํ ๋น๋ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ์จ์๋ค. ์นด์ง๋
ธ์ ์ํด ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ ์ง์ญ์ ํผ์ฟผํธ ์กฑ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ๊ฑด ๋ถ์กฑ ์ถ์ ์๊ธ์ด ์ถ๊ฐ ํ ๋น๋ ์ ์๋๋ก ์์ฐ์ง์ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์์ ํ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค.
๋ํ ๋ชจํ๊ฑด ๋ถ์กฑ์ ๋งค๋
๋ฏธํ 5์ญ๋ง ๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชฌํธ๋น์ ์ธ๊ธ ๋์ ๋ฉ๋ถํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ชจํ๊ฑด ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์ง์ญ์ฌํ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๊ธฐ๊ธ (CEDF)์ ์ผ์์ด๋ค. ํ์ ์ต์ ๊ธฐ๊ธ์ ์๊ท๋ชจ ์
์ฒด์ ์ง์ญ ๋ด ์ผ์๋ฆฌ ์ฐฝ์ถ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๋ชจํ๊ฑด ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์ค ํ ๋ช
์ ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท ๋ํ๊ต ์ด์ฌํ ์์์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
๊ฒฝ์
๋ชจํ๊ฑด ๋ถ์กฑ์ ๋๋ฐ ์ฌ์
์ ํตํด ๋ถ์กฑ, ๋ถ์กฑ์ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ ์ง์ญ์ฌํ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ํ ์์ต์ ์ฐฝ์ถํด์๋ค. ๋ชจํ๊ฑด ์ ์ ์ฝ 1๋ง๋ช
์ ๋ด๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ ์ฉํ๋ฉฐ ์์ฒ๋ช
์๊ฒ ์ผ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ์ค์๊ท๋ชจ์ ํ๋ ฅ์
์ฒด ๋ฐ ์ง์ญ ๋ด ํ์ฌ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ฉ์ญ ๋ฐ ์ํ์ ๊ณต๊ธ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ถ์กฑ ๋ฐ ์นด์ง๋
ธ ์์ง์์ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ๋ถ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ ์ ๋ถ ๋์ ์๋์ธ ํญ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํ ๊ณ ์ฉ์ธ ๋ฑ์ ๋ฉ๋ถํ์ฌ ์ฃผ ์ ๋ถ ๋ฐ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ฏธํ ์ฝ ์์ฒ๋ง ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ๋ฌํ๋ ์ฌ์ ์ ์ง์์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ๊ฑด ๋ถ์กฑ ํ๋ฒ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ๋ฅ ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ ์นด์ง๋
ธ ์์ต์ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์์น์ ๋ถ์ ์๋ฃ, ๊ต์ก, ๋ณต์ง ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์์ค ์ง์ ๋น์ฉ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฉ๋๋ค. ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ๋ถ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธ ์ํ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ์์ผ๋ 1997๋
๋น์ ๋ชจํ๊ฑด ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์๊ธ์ ๋ฐํ ๋๋ ๊ฑฐ์ ํ ์ ์๋ ์์น์ ์ค ์ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ ํด, ๋ชจํ๊ฑด ๋ถ์กฑ์ ๋ฏธํ 2๋ฐฑ2์ฒ๋ง ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ๋ฌํ๋ ์ ๋ถ ์ง์๊ธ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฃผํ๋์๊ฐ๋ฐ๋ถ(HUD)์ ๋ฐ๋ฉํด ์ฌํ์ ๋ฏธ ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋ถ์กฑ๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ฐฐ๋ถํ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ๋ค.
1996๋
10์ ๊ฐ์ฅํ ๋ชจํ๊ฑด ์ ์ ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท ์ฃผ์ ํฐ ์์ต์ ์ฐฝ์ถํ๋ค.
์ฌ๋กฏ๋จธ์ ์์ต ์ฝ ๋ฏธํ 25์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท ์ฃผ์ ๋ฉ๋ถ.
์์ง์ ๊ธ์ฌ, ์๊ธ, ์๋น ๋ฐ ํํ ๋ฏธํ 40์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ์ด์.
์ฉ์ญ ๋ฐ ์๋น์ค ์ฌํ ๋ฏธํ 60์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ์ด์.
๋ฏธํ 2์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ์ด์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ถ ์ธ๊ธ ๋ฉ๋ถ.
์ฃผ์ ๋ถ ๊ณต๊ณต์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ์ํ ๊ธฐ๊ธ ๋ฉ๋ถ ๋ฏธํ 6์ฒ5๋ฐฑ๋ง ๋ฌ๋ฌ ์ด์.
๊ธฐ๋ถ๊ธ ๋ฏธํ 1์ฒ8๋ฐฑ๋ง ๋ฌ๋ฌ ์ด์.
๋ถ์กฑ์ ๋ด์
๋ ๋ผํฌ๋ก์ค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ๋ด์๊ธ๋๋ ๋ธ๋์ธ๋ธ์ค ํ๋์ฐจ์ด์ฆ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ถ ์์ ํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ WNBA ์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท ์ ์ ๋ํ ์ ์ฒด ์์ ๊ถ์ ์ง๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ ๋ช
์ธ์ฌ
์ ๋ง ๋ฒ ์ด์ปค (Emma Baker): ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์ฅ์์ ์ถ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ถํ์ํด. ๋ถ์กฑ์์ฅ ์ญ์.
ํผ๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ ํธ์ค์ฝง ํ๋ฉ (Fidelia Hoscott Fielding) (1827โ1908): ๋ชจํ๊ฑด-ํผ์ฟผํธ ๋ถ์กฑ ์ธ์ด์ ์ตํ ์ฌ์ฉ ์ธ๋ฌผ.
์กด ํด๋ฐํด (John E. Hamilton) (1897-1988): ๋กค๋ง ํด๋ผ์ฐ๋ ์ถ์ฅ. ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ๊ถ ์ด๋๊ฐ.
์ผ์ ์ค์ฝค (Samson Occom) (1723โ1792): ๋ธ๋ผ๋ํ์ด์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ๊ณ ์๋ ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ(Brothertown Indians)์ ๋ด์์ฃผ๋ก์ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋์ด ์ฅ๋ก๊ต ๋ชฉ์ฌ.
๊ธ๋๋์ค ํ ํฐํด์ (Gladys Tantaquidgeon) (1899โ2005): ์ธ๋ฅํ์, ์ฝ์ด ์ฌ๋ฐฐ์, ํ ํฐํด์ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด ๊ณต๋ ์ค๋ฆฝ์.
์
์นด์ค (Uncas) (c. 1588 โ c. 1683): ๋ชจํ๊ฑด ๋ถ์กฑ์ ์ฒซ ์ถ์ฅ.
๋งํธ๋ฉง ์จ์ค๋
ธ๋ชฌ (Mahomet Weyonomon): 1735๋
, ๋ถ์กฑ์ด ๋์ฑ ๋์ ๋์ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์๋๋ก ์๊ธ๋๋๋ก ์ด๋ ์ถ์ฅ.
ํ์ด์ค ๋ฐ์ด๋จผ ๋ฐ์ด๋น์จ (Faith Damon Davison): ๋ชจํ๊ฑด ๋์๊ด ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ด, ํฌ๊ท ์๋ฃ, ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐ ์ง๋ ๋ฑ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ๋
๋ฐ ๋ถ์กฑ์ 1997๋
๋ถํฐ 2010๋
๊น์ง์ 3D ์์ฅ์๋ฃ์ ๋ํ ์ฑ
์์.
๋ ๋ณด๊ธฐ
๋ชจํ๊ฑด์ธ
๋ชจํ์นธ์กฑ - ์ ์ฌํ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ถ์กฑ
๋ผ์คํธ ๋ชจํ์นธ - ์ ์ฌํ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ถ์กฑ ๊ด๋ จ ์ญ์ฌ์ ํฝ์
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๋ชจํ๊ฑด ๋ถ์กฑ ๊ณต์ ํํ์ด์ง
์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋ณดํธ๊ตฌ์ญ
์ฝ๋คํฐ์ปท์ฃผ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohegan%20Tribe | Mohegan Tribe | The Mohegan Tribe () is a federally recognized tribe and sovereign tribal nation of the Mohegan people. Their reservation is the Mohegan Indian Reservation, located on the Thames River in Uncasville, Connecticut.
Mohegan's independence as a sovereign nation has been documented by treaties and laws for over 350 years, such as the Treaty of Hartford, secured by their Sachem (Chief) Uncas after his cooperation and victory with the English in the Pequot War (1637โ1638). Although the Treaty of Hartford established English recognition of the tribe's sovereignty in 1638, after the colonial period and loss of lands, the tribe struggled to maintain recognition of its identity.
The tribe reorganized in the late 20th century and filed a federal land claims suit, seeking to regain land that the state of Connecticut had illegally sold. As part of the settlement, the Mohegan Nation gained federal recognition by the United States government in 1994. That year the US Congress passed the Mohegan Nation (Connecticut) Land Claim Settlement Act. The US authorized the cleaned-up United Nuclear site for use as Mohegan reservation lands, and the property was transferred to the United States in trust for the tribe.
Gaining a sovereign reservation enabled the Mohegan to establish gaming operations on their lands to generate revenue for welfare and economic development of their tribe. They opened the Mohegan Sun casino on October 12, 1996, near the former Fort Shantok site above the Thames River.
Mohegan Tribe's vision
In 1997 the Mohegan Tribe's Council of Elders adopted the following Vision Statement:
We are the Wolf People, children of Mundo, a part of the Tree of Life. Our ancestors
form our roots, our living Tribe is the trunk, our grandchildren are the buds of our future.
We remember and teach the stories of our ancestors.
We watch. We listen. We learn.
We respect Mother Earth, our Elders, and all that comes from Mundo.
We are willing to break arrows of peace to heal old and new wounds. We acknowledge and learn
from our mistakes.
We walk as a single spirit on the Trail of Life. We are guided by thirteen generations
past and responsible to thirteen generations to come.
We survive as a nation guided by the wisdom of our past. Our circular trail returns
us to wholeness as a people.
History
Before the seventeenth century, the Mohegan were part of the Pequot Tribe, which emerged among Algonquian peoples located in present south central New England.
Uncas
The early 1600s were a critical period of change for Connecticut tribes. The pressure from rapidly expanding European settlements created competition for land and resources, while new infectious diseases were decimating Indian populations. Within the Pequot Tribe at that time, a dispute erupted between the Pequot Sachem Sassacus and the leader Uncas.
Uncas left with his followers, who called themselves the Mohegan, or Wolf People, like their ancestors. Each tribe had its own idea of how to deal with conflicts with the English and other Europeans. Uncas (1598โ1683) became Sachem of the Mohegan Tribe, which favored collaboration with the English colonists. The Pequot under Sassacus chose to fight the colonists, and other local tribes took sides in the Pequot War, which lasted from 1637โ1638.
Seeing the great losses brought on by continued fighting, Uncas had befriended the European invaders. This controversial decision brought Uncas and the Mohegan people into an uneasy alliance with the English in the ensuing war with the Pequot (1637โ1638). The Mohegan helped the English defeat the Pequot.
Uncas settled his people in a village at Shantok on the Thames River, which the Tribe defended from a Narragansett invasion. It was sparked by related European as well as Indian conflicts. Finally, the Mohegan Tribe's alliance with the English kept its people relatively safe during the colonists attacks on Native Americans during King Philip's War and afterward.
Government
The Mohegan Tribe has created and maintained an independent governmental structure since before Europeans arrived in North America. The Mohegan Government has evolved to exercise full civil and criminal jurisdiction over their lands using the Constitution of the Mohegan Tribe of Indians of Connecticut, which they wrote in the 20th century.
The Mohegan Nation is governed by the Mohegan people. They elect a Tribal Council of nine Tribal Members and a Council of Elders, composed of seven Tribal Members. All legislative and executive powers of the Tribe not granted to the Council of Elders are vested with the Tribal Council. Marilynn Malerba was named the 18th lifetime chief of the Mohegan Tribe on August 15, 2010, and is the first female chief in modern history to hold this position.
The Council of Elders oversees judicial matters and the tribe's cultural integrity. The Council of Elders also exercises legislative powers with respect to rules governing tribal membership and enrollment. The Tribal Court adjudicates on all non-gaming matters.
Following Congressional passage of the 1988 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, the Mohegan Nation used its cooperative relationship with the State of Connecticut to negotiate a gaming compact, after it had gained federal recognition in 1994 and receiving land in settlement under the Mohegan Nation (Connecticut) Land Claim Settlement Act (1994). The US took into trust the cleaned-up United Nuclear site for use by the Mohegan as a sovereign reservation.
The Tribe opened the Mohegan Sun casino in 1996, two years after gaining federal recognition. The compact created between Connecticut and the Mohegan Tribe secured 25 percent of slot revenues to the state to help fund services. It became a model agreement. Connecticut's Native American tribes have generated the highest revenues for the state aside from federal government installations. The government-to-government relationships that have developed between Connecticut and Mohegan have enabled quick resolutions to issues that have been raised, such as: regulation of indoor smoking, alcohol service, and state police presence at the reservation.
Community contributions
The Mohegan Tribe used its own funds to pay for the $35 million access road that enables visitors to reach Mohegan Sun without tying up Montville roads. The tribe has worked closely with its neighbors and provided the funding for an $11 million regional water project in order to ensure safe, clean drinking water.
The tribe has been a strong advocate in the effort to ensure that Connecticut's communities get a greater share of slots revenues. It proposed a successful initiative to modify the funding formula so that communities most affected by the casinos receive additional funds from the Pequot-Mohegan Fund.
In addition, the Mohegan Tribe pays $500,000 each year to the Town of Montville in lieu of taxes. The Mohegan Tribe is a partner in the Community Economic Development Fund. The revolving loan program will help regional small businesses create jobs. The tribe is the first and only non-bank investor in such a program in Connecticut.
A member of the Mohegan Tribe sits on the board of trustees for the University of Connecticut.
Economy
The Mohegan Tribe has used gaming to generate revenue for economic development of the Tribe, its members, and the surrounding communities. Mohegan Sun employs about 10,000 individuals internally, while buying supplies and services from hundreds of small and medium-sized vendors and local companies that also employ thousands of individuals. Employees of the Tribes and Casinos pay all federal and state income taxes as well as other employment taxes, providing tens of millions of dollars to the state and federal governments.
As mandated by federal law and the Mohegan Tribe's Constitution and laws, profits from Native American gaming go to support the health, education, welfare, and infrastructure of tribal governments. Although tribes are entitled to certain federal grants, by 1997 the Mohegan Tribe was in a position to return or reject funds. That year, it turned back $2.2 million in grant funds to the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to be redistributed to other Native American nations.
Since its opening in October 1996, the Mohegan Sun has generated substantial revenues for Connecticut's economy:
Approximately $2.5 billion in slot revenue contributions to the State of Connecticut
Over $4 billion is salaries, wages and benefits for employees
Over $6 billion in goods and services
Over $200 million in state taxes
Over $65 million in state services
Over $18 million in charitable donations
The tribe is a part owner of the New England Black Wolves National Lacrosse League franchise, and full owner of the WNBA's Connecticut Sun. It is the first Native American tribe to own a professional sports franchise. A tribe-affiliated company also owns Resorts Casino Hotel in Atlantic City, New Jersey.
In 2018, Mohegan Gaming and Entertainment was awarded the management contract for the Niagara Fallsview Casino Resort and Casino Niagara in Niagara Falls, Ontario under a 21-year contract beginning in June 2019. This marked its first properties in Canada. In September 2019, it was awarded a contract to operate the casino at the new Virgin Hotels Las Vegas, on the site of the former Hard Rock Hotel and Casino. It is the first Native American tribe to operate a Las Vegas casino.
Notable Mohegan
Emma Baker, revived the Green Corn Ceremony and served as tribal chairperson
Fidelia Hoscott Fielding (1827โ1908), last native speaker of the Mohegan-Pequot language
John E. Hamilton (1897โ1988), Grand Sachem Chief Rolling Cloud, Indian rights activist
Samson Occom (1723โ1792), Presbyterian minister who helped move the Brothertown Indians to New York state
Gladys Tantaquidgeon (1899โ2005), anthropologist, herbalist, co-founder of the Tantaquidgeon Museum
Harold Tantaquidgeon (1904-1989), sailor, airman, soldier, scout and co-founder of the Tantaquidgeon Museum
Uncas (c. 1588 โ c. 1683), first sachem of the Mohegan
Mahomet Weyonomon, a sachem who traveled to England in 1735 to seek better and fair treatment of his people
Marilynn Malerba, the first Native American to be appointed as Treasurer of the United States
See also
Mohegan people
Mahican โ tribe with similar name
The Last of the Mohicans, historical fiction of a tribe with similar name
Notes
External links
The Mohegan Tribe, official website
Mohegan Nation (Connecticut) Land Claims Settlement, Pub. L. No. 103-377, 108 Stat. 3501 (codified at )
Native American tribes in Connecticut
American Indian reservations in Connecticut
Federally recognized tribes in the United States
Algonquian peoples
Mohegan |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%B6%81-%EC%BC%80%EC%9E%84%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%A7%80%20%EC%95%A0%EB%84%90%EB%A6%AC%ED%8B%B0%EC%B9%B4%20%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4%20%EC%9C%A0%EC%B6%9C%20%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4 | ํ์ด์ค๋ถ-์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ ๋๋ฆฌํฐ์นด ์ ๋ณด ์ ์ถ ์ฌ๊ฑด | ํ์ด์ค๋ถ-์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ ๋๋ฆฌํฐ์นด ์ ๋ณด ์ ์ถ ์ฌ๊ฑด(์์ด: Facebook-Cambridge Analytica Data Breach)์ 2016๋
์ด์ ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ ๋๋ฆฌํฐ์นด ํ์ฌ๊ฐ ์๋ฐฑ๋ง ํ์ด์ค๋ถ ๊ฐ์
์์ ํ๋กํ์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋์์์ด ์๊ฑฐํด์ ์ ์น์ ์ ์ ์ ํ๋ ค๋ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ด ์ธ์์ ๋ฐํ์ง๋ฉด์ ์ผ์ด๋ ์ฌํ์ ๋ฌผ์ ๋ฐ ์ ์น์ ๋
ผ์์ด๋ค. ์ด ์ฌ๊ฑด์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๊ฐ์ธ ์ ๋ณด์ ๋ํ ์ดํด์ ์ธ์์ด ๋์์ก๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์ ๊ด๋ จ ๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๋ํด ์๊ฒฉํ ๊ท์ ๋ฅผ ์์ฒญํ๋ ๋ถ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์๊ฒผ๋ค.
๊ฐ์
๊ฐ๋์ธ์ ๊ธฐ์ ํด๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ์ด๋น์ค(Harry Davies)๊ฐ 2015๋
12์์ ์ฒ์ ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ ๋๋ฆฌํฐ์นด๊ฐ SNS ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ ๊ฐ์ธ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ฒ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํํ์์ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๋ฐ์ด๋น์ค๋ ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ ๋๋ ํฐ์นด๊ฐ ๋น์ฌ์๋ค์ ๋์ ์์ด ์๋ฐฑ๋ง ๋ช
์ ํ์ด์ค๋ถ ๊ณ์ ์์ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํด์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์์์์ ํ
๋ ํฌ๋ฃจ์ฆ(Ted Cruz)๋ฅผ ์ํด ์ผํ๋ค๊ณ ํญ๋กํ๋ค. ํ์ด์ค๋ถ ์ธก์ ๊ทธ์ ๋ํด "์กฐ์ฌ ์ค"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ง ๋งํ๋ฉฐ ๊ณ์ ๋
ธ์ฝ๋ฉํธ ํ๋ค. 2016๋
12์ ์ค์์ค์ [๋ค์ค ๋ง๊ฐ์ง(Das Magazin)]์ ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ํ๋ค์ค ๊ทธ๋ผ์ธ๊ฑฐ(Hannes Grasseger)์ ๋ฏธ์นด์ ํฌ๋ก๊ฒ๋ฃจ์ค(Mikael Krogerus)์ ์ํด ๋ ์์ธํ ๋ณด๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋ณด๋๋์๊ณ , 2017๋
2์์๋ ๊ฐ๋์ธ์ ์บ๋กค ์บ๋์๋ ์ด(Carole Jane Cadwalladr)๊ฐ ๊ทธ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. 3์์๋ ์จ๋ผ์ธ ์ ๋ฌธ [์ธํฐ์
ํธ(The Intercept)]์ ๋งคํ์์์ค ์์์ธ (Mattathias Schwartz) ๊ธฐ์๊ฐ ๊ทธ์ ๋ํด ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ค. ํ์ด์ค๋ถ์ ๊ทธ ์ค ์ด๋ ๊ธฐ์ฌ์ ๋ํด์๋ ๋
ธ์ฝ๋ฉํธ ์
์ฅ์ ๊ณ ์ํ๋ค.
2018๋
3์, ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ ๋๋ฆฌํฐ์นด์ ์ ์ง์์ธ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ ํผ ์์ผ๋ฆฌ(Christopher Wylie)๊ฐ ๋ด๋ถ๊ณ ๋ฐ์๋ก ๋์๊ฒ ๋์ ๋ง์นจ๋ด ์ค์บ๋ค์ด ํฐ์ก๋ค. ์์ผ๋ฆฌ๋ 2017๋
์๊ตญ ์ผ์์ ๋ฌธ ์ต์ ๋ฒ(The Observer)์ ์บ๋์๋ ์ด๊ฐ ์ด "๋ธ๋ ์ํธ ๊ฐ๋์ฌ๊ฑด(The Great British Brexit Robbery)"์ด๋ผ๋ ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ์ ์ต๋ช
์ ์ถ์ฒ์๋ก ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ์ฌ๋์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๊ฐ ๊ธ๋ฐฉ ์
์๋ฌธ์ผ๋ก ํผ์ง์ ์ผ๋ถ์์๋ ๊ทธ ์ฌ์ค์ ๋ฏฟ์ ์ ์์ด ํ๊ณ , ๋ด์ํ์์ค๋ ๊ทธ์ ๋ํด ํ์์ ์ธ ๋ฐ์๊น์ง ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ก ์ค์๋ค. ์บ๋์๋ ์ด๋ ์์ผ๋ฆฌ์ 1๋
๊ฐ ์ ์ดํ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ค๋ํด์ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ถ๊ณ ๋ฐ์๋ก ์์ฅ ์ธ์ ๋ค. ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ ๋๋ฆฌํฐ์นด์ ๋ฒ๋ฌดํ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ฐ๋์ธ๊ณผ ์ต์ ๋ฒ๊ฐ ์ํ์ ๋ฐ์, ์บ๋์๋ ์ด๋ ์๊ตญ์ ์ฑ๋ 4 ๋ด์ค์ ๋ด์ํ์์ค๋ฅผ ๋์ด๋ค์ฌ ํ์ ํฉ์น๊ฒ ํ๋ค. ๊ฐ๋์ธ, ์ฑ๋ 4, ๋ด์ํ์์ค๊ฐ 2018๋
3์ 17์ผ์ ๋์์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ด๋ จ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ด์ ๋์ค์ด ํฌ๊ฒ ๋์ํ๊ณ ๋ถ๋
ธํ๋ค. ํ๋ฃจ ์์นจ์ ํ์ด์ค๋ถ์ ์ฃผ๊ฐ๋ 1000์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ์ด์ ํญ๋ฝํ๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์๊ตญ์ ์ ์น๊ฐ๋ค์ ํ์ด์ค๋ถ์ ๋ํ์ด์ฌ์ธ ๋งํฌ ์ ์ปค๋ฒ๊ทธ์๊ฒ ๊ทธ์ ๋ํ ๋ต๋ณ์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ ์ปค๋ฒ๊ทธ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ํ์์ ๊ทธ์ ๋ํด ์ฆ์ธํ ๊ฒ์ ๋์ํ๋ค.
์ด ์ค์บ๋ค์ ์์
๋ฏธ๋์ด ํ์ฌ, ์ ์น ์ปจ์คํ
๊ธฐ๊ด, ์ ์น์ธ๋ค์ ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ๋ น ๋ํ ๋์ค์ ํ ๋ก ์ ์ ๋ํ๋ ์ค์ํ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์๊ณ , ์๋น์ ๊ถ์ต์นํธ ๋จ์ฒด๋ค์ ์จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฏธ๋์ด์์ ๋ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์๋น์๋ฅผ ๋ณดํธํ๊ณ ์ฌ์ํ์ด ์นจํด ๋ฐ์ง ์๊ฒ ํด์ค ๊ฒ์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ฉฐ ํ๋กํ๊ฐ๋ค์ ์ค๋ณด์ ๋ํด์๋ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ๊ฒ ํต์ ํด์ค ๊ฒ์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค.
์ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ
์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ๋ํ์์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๊ณผํ์๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค์ด๋ ์๋ ์ฐ๋๋ฅด ์ฝ๊ฐ(Aleksandr Kogan)์ "๋น์ ์ ๋์งํธ ์ํ(This Is Your Digital Life, ์ข
์ข
'Thisisyourdigitallife'๋ผ๊ณ ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ํจ)"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ด๋ฆ ๋ถ์ฌ์ง ์ฑ๊ฒฉ ํด์ฆ ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํด ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ ๋๋ฆฌํฐ์นด์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์๋๋ฆฌํฐ์นด๋ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ์ ์์ ํ ํ๋ฌธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด์ ์์ญ๋ง ํ์ด์ค๋ถ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ด ์ค๋ฌธ์ง๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ๊ฒ ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋์์ ์์ฑ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ผ๊ด ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ๊ทธ์ ๋์ํ ํ์ด์ค๋ถ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ ์ ํํ ์์ง ๋ชปํ ์ฑ ๊ทธ ์ฑ์ ํตํด ์์ ๋ค์ ๊ฐ์ธ ์ ๋ณด๊ฐ ์์ง๋๊ณ ํ์ด์ค๋ถ์์ ์์ ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๊ฐ์ธ ์ ๋ณด๊น์ง ์ ๋ถ ์์ง๋๊ฒ ํ๋ฝํ ์
์ด์๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ์์ผ๋ก ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ ๋๋ ํฐ์นด๋ ์๋ฐฑ๋ง ํ์ด์ค๋ถ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ํ๋ํ๋ค.
๊ฐ๋์ธ๊ณผ ๋ด์ํ์์ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋์ธ์ ์๋งค ์ ๋ฌธ์ง๋ก 'theguardian.com'์์ ์จ๋ผ์ธ์ผ๋ก๋ง ๊ฐํ๋๋ ์ต์ ๋ฒ๋ 5์ฒ๋ง ํ์ด์ค๋ถ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๊ฐ ์์ง๋์๋ค๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ก ๋ณด๋ํ๋ค. ํ์ด์ค๋ถ ์ธก์ ์ฐจํ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๊ฐ ์์ง๋ ์ค์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์๊ฐ 8์ฒ 7๋ฐฑ๋ง์ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ค๊ณ ์์ธํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ค ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ 7์ฒ 6์ญ๋ง ๋ช
์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ํ์ด์ค๋ถ์ ์ถ์ ์ ์ํ๋ฉด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํ๊ฒฉ์ ์ฌํ๊ฒ ์
์ ์ง์ญ์ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์๋ก, ํผํด ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ 670๋ง ๋ช
์ ์ด๋ฅด๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋ค์์ ํ
์ฌ์ค๋ก 560๋ง ๋ช
, ํ๋ก๋ฆฌ๋ค๋ 430๋ง ๋ช
์ผ๋ก ํผํด๊ฐ ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ ๋๋ฆฌํฐ์นด๋ 3์ฒ๋ง ๋ช
์ ํ์ด์ค๋ถ ์ฌ์ฉ์์ ํ๋กํ์ ์์งํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ์ผ๋, ํ์ด์ค๋ถ์ ์ถ์ ์น๋ ๊ทธ์ ๋ฌ๋๋ค.
ํ์ด์ค๋ถ์ ํผํด๋ฅผ ์
์๋ค๊ณ ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ด, ์์ง๋ ์ ๋ณด๋ ์๋ง๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ '๊ณต๊ฐ๋ ํ๋กํ'๊ณผ '์ข์์' ๋ฐ์ํ ํ์ด์ง๋ค, ์์ผ๊ณผ ํ ์ฃผ์์ง ์ ๋์ผ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์์ฌ์์ผฐ๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ฑ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค ์ค ์ผ๋ถ๋ ์์ ๋ค์ ๋ด์คํผ๋, ํ์๋ผ์ธ, ๋ฉ์์ง๊น์ง ์์งํด๊ฐ ์ ์๊ฒ ํ์ฉํ์์ด ๋ค์ ๋ ๋ฐํ์ก๋ค. ์์ง๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ ๋๋ฆฌํฐ์นด๊ฐ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ฃผ์ธ๋ค์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉํน์ฑ๋(psychographic profiles)๋ฅผ ๋ฝ์๋ผ ์ ์์ ๋งํผ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ธ๋ถ์ ์ด์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ก ๊ฐ ์ฌ๋์ด ์ด๋์ ์์นํด ์๋์ง๊น์ง ํ์
ํ ์ ์์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ณณ์์ ์ ์น ์บ ํ์ธ์ ์ํด ํ์ฉ๋์ด ์ ์น ํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์ผ ๋๋ง๋ค ์ด๋ค ์ข
๋ฅ์ ๊ด๊ณ ๊ฐ ์ด๋ ํน์ ํ ๊ณณ์ ์๋ ๋๊ตฌ์๊ฒ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ์ง ์ ๋ณํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค.
2015๋
๊ณผ 2016๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ณตํ๋น ์์ ์์์์ ํ
๋ ํฌ๋ฃจ์ฆ(Ted Cruz)์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ์บ ํ์ธ์์ ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ฆ ์ ๋๋ฆฌํฐ์นด์ ๋ถ๋ฒ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ถํ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ณด๋๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ํฌ๋ฃจ์ฆ ํ์ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๊ฐ ์ ๋ฒํ๊ฒ ์ป์ด์ง ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ ๋๋ฆฌํฐ์นด๊ฐ ์์งํ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ 2016๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ํต๋ น ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ์๊ตญ์ ๋ธ๋ ์ํธ ๊ตญ๋ฏผํฌํ ์ธ์๋ ์ธ๋, ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์, ๋ธ๋ผ์ง ๋ฑ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ณณ์์ ํฌํ์๋ค์๊ฒ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค.
์งํ ์ํฉ
2015๋
10์ ๊ฐ๋์ธ์ ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ ๋๋ฆฌํฐ์นด๊ฐ ํ
๋ ํฌ๋ฃจ์ฆ์ ์ง๋ น์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๋ํ๋ค. ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ ๋๋ฆฌํฐ์นด๋ ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ์บ ํ์ธ์ ์ํด์๋ ํ๋ ฅํ๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ค์ก๋ค.
2018๋
3์ 17์ผ์ ์ต์ ๋ฒ์ ๋ด์ํ์์ค๋ ๋์์ ๊ทธ ์คํ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํฐ๋จ๋ ธ๋ค. ์ต์ ๋ฒ๋ ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ ๋๋ฆฌํฐ์นด์ ์ ์ง์์ธ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํ ํผ ์์ผ๋ฆฌ์ ํจ๊ป 1๋
์ด์ ์์
ํ๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ๊ทธ ์คํ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ด์ํ์์ค๋ฅผ ๋์ด๋ค์ธ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค. The New York Times reported that as of March 17, 2018, the data was still available online.
๋ฉํ ๋งค์ผ์ธ(Meghan McCain) ๊ฐ์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ 2012๋
๋ฒ๋ฝ ์ค๋ฐ๋ง ์ ๊ฑฐ ์บ ํ์ธ๊ณผ ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์๋๋ฆฌํฐ์นด์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ฌ์ฉ ๊ฐ์๋ ์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ด ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ์ธ๋ฒ ์คํฐ์ค ๋น์ฆ๋์ค ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฆฌ(Investor's Business Daily)์ ๋ณด๋์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ค๋ฐ๋ง ์ ๊ฑฐ ์บ ํ์ธ๋ "ํ์์๋ค์๊ฒ '์ค๋ฐ๋ง 2012 ํ์ด์ค๋ถ ์ฑ'์ ๋ค์ด๋ก๋ํ ๊ฒ์ ๊ถ๊ณ ํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด ํ์ฑํ๋๋ฉด, ์บ ํ์ธ ์ธก์์ ํ์ด์ค๋ถ ์ฌ์ฉ์์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์น๊ตฌ๋ค์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์์งํ ์ ์์๋ค"๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. PolitiFact (a "fact checking" organization) has rated this "Half-True" since "in Obamaโs case, direct users knew they were handing over their data to a political campaign" whereas with Cambridge Analytica users thought they were only taking a personality quiz for academic purposes, and while the Obama campaign used the data "to have their supporters contact their most persuadable friends, allowing him to become the first US presidential candidate to abuse the hive mind of social media to directly influence voters[,] Cambridge Analytica in 2015 only targeted users, friends and lookalikes with easily overlooked digital ads."
2018๋
3์ ํ์ด์ค๋ถ์ ๋ํ์ด์ฌ ๋งํฌ ์ฃผ์ปค๋ฒ๊ทธ๋ CNN์ ๋์ ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ ๋๋ฆฌํฐ์นด์ ํจ๊ป ๋ฒ์ธ ๊ทธ ์ํฉ์ ๋ํด ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ณผํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๊ทธ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ "์ด์"๋ผ๊ฑฐ๋ "์ค์" ํน์ "๋ฐฐ์(่ไปป)"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ธ๊ธํ๊ณ , ํ์ด์ค๋ถ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ '๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋ณด์ ๋ํ ์ ๊ทผ ๊ถํ'์ด ์์ ๋ค์๊ฒ ์์์ ์๊พธ ์๊ธฐ์ํค๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ํ์ด์ค๋ถ์ ์ง์๋ค์ ๊ทธ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ "๋ฐฐ์"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํด ๋
ผ์์ ๋ฒ์๊ณ , ๋ฌธ์ ์ '์ฑ๊ฒฉ ์ง๋จ ํด์ฆ'๋ฅผ ์ ์ด์ ํ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ์ฑ์ ๋ค์ด ๋ฐ์ ๊ฒ์ ์์ ์ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ๋์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋์ํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ์ฃผ์ปค๋ฒ๊ทธ๋ ๋น์ทํ ๋ฐฐ์์ด ์ผ์ด๋์ง ์๊ฒ ํ์ด์ค๋ถ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ณ๊ฒฝ, ๊ฐํํ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฝ์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 2018๋
3์ 25์ผ์๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ ๋ฌธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ํ์ด์ค๋ถ์ ๋ํด ์ฌ๊ณผํ๋ ๊ฐ์ธ ํธ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. 2018๋
4์์ ํ์ด์ค๋ถ์ ํ์ด์ค๋ถ์ด ์๋ํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ง์ญ์์ ์ ๋ฝ์ฐํฉ ์ผ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ณดํธ ๊ท์น์ ์ํํ ๊ฒ์์ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ค.
์๋ง์กด์ ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ ๋๋ฆฌํฐ์นด๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ธ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์์งํด๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์์ ๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ์๋ง์กด ์น ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋๋ก ๊ณต์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐจ๋จ์์ผฐ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ๋ค. ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์ ์ํ์ธ ์ฐ๋ํฌ๋ ๋ง(UniCredit)๋ ํ์ด์ค๋ถ์ ํตํด ๊ด๊ณ ํ๊ณ ๋ง์ผํ
ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ค๋จํ๋ค.
์ธ๋ ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ธ๋ผ์ง ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ ๋๋ฆฌํฐ์นด์ ์ ์น ์บ ํ์ธ์ ์ํด ๋ถ๋ฒ ์์ง๋ ๊ทธ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋๊ฐ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋์ง ๋ฐํ๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ง์ญ ์ ๋ถ๊ธฐ๊ด๋ค์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ํดํน์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์์ก์ด ์ค์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํด์ผ๋ง ํ๋ค.
2018๋
4์ 25์ผ, ํ์ด์ค๋ถ์ ์ค์บ๋ค์ด ๋ณด๋๋ ์ดํ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ์์ต๋ณด๊ณ ์๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐํ๊ณ , ์ง๋ ๋ถ๊ธฐ์ ๋นํด ์์
์ด ๊ธ๊ฐํ์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ , ํ๋ฝ์ฒ ์ด ํฌํจ๋๋ฉด ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฐ ์์ด์๋ค๊ณ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค.
2018๋
7์ ์ด์ ์๊ตญ ์ ๋ณด์์ํ(Information Commissioner's Office)๋ ํ์ด์ค๋ถ์ด "์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณดํธํ๋ ๋ฐ ์คํจํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋ฒ์ ์๋ฐํ๋ค"๊ณ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ , ๋ณธ์ฌ์ 50๋ง ํ์ด๋์ ๋ฒ๊ธ์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ ๊ฒ์์ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.
2019๋
3์, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ ์๋ ๊ณ ์๊ฑด์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ ์ปฌ๋ผ๋น์ ํน๋ณ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ์ฐฐ์ด์ฅ(Attorney General)์ 2015๋
12์์ ๋ณธ ์ค์บ๋ค์ ๋ํ ๋ณด๋๊ฐ ๋์ค๊ธฐ ์ ํ์ด์ค๋ถ์ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ ๋๋ฆฌํฐ์นด์ "๋ถ์กฑ์ ํ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์์ง ๊ดํ"์ ๋ํด ์๊ณ ์์๋ค๊ณ ํ์๋ฅผ ์ ๊ธฐํ๋ค.
2018๋
4์ 10์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ํ์ ์ถ์ํด์ ์ฆ์ธ์ ํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ฃผ์ปค๋ฒ๊ทธ๋ ํ์ด์ค๋ถ์ด ์
์ฉ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ง๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ต์ ์ ๋ค ํ์ง ๋ชปํ์์ ์์ธํ๋ฉฐ, "๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด ๊ฐ์ง ๋ด์ค์ ์ด์ฉ๋๊ณ , ์ธ๋ถ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ฐ์
ํ๊ณ ํธํ์ ๋ฐ์ธ์ ํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ๊ฒ(That goes for fake news, foreign interference in elections and hate speech.)"์ ํ์ด์ค๋ถ์ด ๋ง์ง ๋ชปํ ๊ฒ์ ์์ ์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ค์๋ผ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ณด๊ฐ ํ์ ํ๊ฒ ์ ์ถ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํด ์ฃผ์ปค๋ฒ๊ทธ๋ ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ์ฌ๊ณผํ๋ค.
์ฃผ์ปค๋ฒ๊ทธ๋ ์ํ์์ 2013๋
์ ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ๋ํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์๋ ์ฐ๋๋ฅด ์ฝ๊ฐ์ด ์ฑ๊ฒฉ ํด์ฆ ์ฑ์ ๋ง๋ค์๊ณ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด 30๋ง ๋ช
์ ํ์ด์ค๋ถ ์ฌ์ฉ์์ ์ํด ์ค์น๋์๋ค๊ณ ์์ธํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ฑ์ ๋น์ ํ์ด์ค๋ถ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์ ์ ๋ณด์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ํ์ด์ค๋ถ ์น๊ตฌ๋ค์ ๊ฒ๊น์ง ํ์ํ ์ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฝ๊ฐ์ด ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์๊ฑฐํด๊ฐ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ ๋ณด๊ฐ ์ฝ๊ฐ์ ์ํด ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ ๋๋ฆฌํฐ์นด์ ๊ณต์ ๋๊ณ ์๋์ง์ ๋ํด์๋ ์์ ์ 2015๋
์ ์๋ ์์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ฉฐ, ์์์ ๋๋ ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ ๋๋ฆฌํฐ์นด์๊ฒ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์ญ์ ํด๋ฌ๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ํ์ ๊ฐ๋์ธ๊ณผ ๋ด์ํ์์ค ๋ฐ ์ฑ๋ 4 ๋ด์ค๋ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ค์ ์ญ์ ๋์ง ์์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๋ํ๋ค.
2019๋
7์, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ๊ฑฐ๋์์ํ๋ ํฌํ๋ฅผ ์ํํด 3:2์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก, ํ์ด์ค๋ถ์ 5์ญ์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ๋ฒ๊ธ์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ ๊ฒ์ ์น์ธํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ก์จ ๋ณธ ์ค์บ๋ค์ ์ง์ ์กฐ์ฌ์ ๋ง์นจ๋ด ์ข
์ง๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ฐ์๋ค.
์ดํ ์ํฉ
AP ํต์ ์ ์ํ๋ฉด, ์ผ์๋ธ๋ฆฌ์ง ์ ๋๋ฆฌํฐ์นด์ ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ์ง์์ด ๋
๋ฆฝํด์ ์ฐจ๋ฆฐ '๋ฐ์ดํฐ ํ๋กํ๋ฆฌ์(Data Propria)'๊ฐ ๋ค์ ๋ ํธ๋ผํ ๋ํต๋ น์ 2020๋
๋ํต๋ น ์ถ๋ง ์ ๊ฑฐ ์บ ํ์ธ์ ์ํด ์ผํ๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๋ํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
BBC ํด๋น ๋ฐฉ์ก
๊ฐ๋์ธ ํด๋น ๋ด์ค
์ค๋ฆฌ์ง๋ ๋คํ๋ฉํฐ๋ฆฌ ใ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ํดํน(The Great Hack)ใ
๊ธฐ์
์ค์บ๋ค
์ ์น ์ค์บ๋ค
๋น
๋ฐ์ดํฐ
๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ ์ถ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook%E2%80%93Cambridge%20Analytica%20data%20scandal | FacebookโCambridge Analytica data scandal | In the 2010s, personal data belonging to millions of Facebook users was collected without their consent by British consulting firm Cambridge Analytica, predominantly to be used for political advertising.
The data was collected through an app called "This Is Your Digital Life", developed by data scientist Aleksandr Kogan and his company Global Science Research in 2013. The app consisted of a series of questions to build psychological profiles on users, and collected the personal data of the usersโ Facebook friends via Facebook's Open Graph platform. The app harvested the data of up to 87 million Facebook profiles. Cambridge Analytica used the data to provide analytical assistance to the 2016 presidential campaigns of Ted Cruz and Donald Trump. Cambridge Analytica was also widely accused of interfering with the Brexit referendum, although the official investigation recognised that the company was not involved "beyond some initial enquiries" and that "no significant breaches" took place.
Information about the data misuse was disclosed in 2018 by Christopher Wylie, a former Cambridge Analytica employee, in interviews with The Guardian and The New York Times. In response, Facebook apologized for their role in the data harvesting and their CEO Mark Zuckerberg testified in front of Congress. In July 2019, it was announced that Facebook was to be fined $5 billion by the Federal Trade Commission due to its privacy violations. In October 2019, Facebook agreed to pay a ยฃ500,000 fine to the UK Information Commissioner's Office for exposing the data of its users to a "serious risk of harm". In May 2018, Cambridge Analytica filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy.
Other advertising agencies have been implementing various forms of psychological targeting for years and Facebook had patented a similar technology in 2012. Nevertheless, Cambridge Analytica's methods and their high-profile clients โ including the Trump presidential campaign and the UK's Leave.EU campaign โ brought the problems of psychological targeting that scholars have been warning against to public awareness. The scandal sparked an increased public interest in privacy and social media's influence on politics. The online movement #DeleteFacebook trended on Twitter.
Overview
Aleksandr Kogan, a data scientist at the University of Cambridge, was hired by Cambridge Analytica, an offshoot of SCL Group, to develop an app called "This Is Your Digital Life" (sometimes stylized as "thisisyourdigitallife"). Cambridge Analytica then arranged an informed consent process for research in which several hundred thousand Facebook users would agree to complete a survey for payment that was only for academic use. However, Facebook allowed this app not only to collect personal information from survey respondents but also from respondentsโ Facebook friends. In this way, Cambridge Analytica acquired data from millions of Facebook users.
The collection of personal data by Cambridge Analytica was first reported in December 2015 by Harry Davies, a journalist for The Guardian. He reported that Cambridge Analytica was working for United States Senator Ted Cruz using data harvested from millions of people's Facebook accounts without their consent. Further reports followed in November 2016 by McKenzie Funk for the New York Times Sunday Review, December 2016 by Hannes Grasseger and Mikael Krogerus for the Swiss publication Das Magazin (later translated and published by Vice), in February 2017 by Carole Cadwalladr for The Guardian (starting in February 2017), and in March 2017 by Mattathias Schwartz for The Intercept. According to PolitiFact, in his 2016 presidential campaign, Trump paid Cambridge Analytica in September, October, and November for data on Americans and their political preferences.
Information on the data breach came to a head in March 2018 with the emergence of a whistleblower, an ex-Cambridge Analytica employee Christopher Wylie. He had been an anonymous source for an article in 2017 in The Observer by Cadwalladr, headlined "The Great British Brexit Robbery". Cadwalladr worked with Wylie for a year to coax him to come forward as a whistleblower. She later brought in Channel 4 News in the UK and The New York Times due to legal threats against The Guardian and The Observer by Cambridge Analytica. Kogan's name change to Aleksandr Spectre, which resulted in the ominous "Dr. Spectre", added to the intrigue and popular appeal of the story.
The Guardian and The New York Times published articles simultaneously on March 17, 2018. More than $100 billion was knocked off Facebook's market capitalization in days and politicians in the US and UK demanded answers from Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg. The negative public response to the media coverage eventually led to him agreeing to testify in front of the United States Congress. Meghan McCain drew an equivalence between the use of data by Cambridge Analytica and Barack Obama's 2012 presidential campaign; PolitiFact, however, alleged that this data was not used in an unethical way, since Obama's campaign used this data to "have their supporters contact their most persuadable friends" rather than using this data for highly targeted digital ads on websites such as Facebook.
Data characteristics
Numbers
Wired, The New York Times, and The Observer reported that the data-set had included information on 50 million Facebook users. While Cambridge Analytica claimed it had only collected 30 million Facebook user profiles, Facebook later confirmed that it actually had data on potentially over 87 million users, with 70.6 million of those people from the United States. Facebook estimated that California was the most affected U.S. state, with 6.7 million impacted users, followed by Texas, with 5.6 million, and Florida, with 4.3 million. Data was collected on at least 30 million users while only 270,000 people downloaded the app.
Information
Facebook sent a message to those users believed to be affected, saying the information likely included one's "public profile, page likes, birthday and current city". Some of the app's users gave the app permission to access their News Feed, timeline, and messages. The data was detailed enough for Cambridge Analytica to create psychographic profiles of the subjects of the data. The data also included the locations of each person. For a given political campaign, each profile's information suggested what type of advertisement would be most effective to persuade a particular person in a particular location for some political event.
Data use
Ted Cruz campaign
In 2016, American senator Ted Cruz hired Cambridge Analytica to aid his presidential campaign. The Federal Election Commission reported that Cruz paid the company $5.8 million in services. Although Cambridge Analytica was not well known at the time, this is when it started to create individual psychographic profiles. This data was then used to create tailored advertisements for each person to sway them into voting for Cruz.
Donald Trump campaign
Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign used the harvested data to build psychographic profiles, determining users' personality traits based on their Facebook activity. The campaign team used this information as a micro-targeting technique, displaying customized messages about Trump to different US voters on various digital platforms. Ads were segmented into different categories, mainly based on whether individuals were Trump supporters or potential swing votes. As described by Cambridge Analytica's CEO, the key was to identify those who might be enticed to vote for their client or be discouraged to vote for their opponent. Supporters of Trump received triumphant visuals of him, as well as information regarding polling stations. Swing voters were instead often shown images of Trump's more notable supporters and negative graphics or ideas about his opponent, Hillary Clinton. For example, the collected data was specifically used by "Make America Number 1 Super PAC" to attack Clinton through constructed advertisements that accused Clinton of corruption as a way of propping up Trump as a better candidate for the presidency.
However, a former Cambridge Analytica employee, Brittany Kaiser, was asked "Is it absolutely proven that the Trump campaign relied on the data that had been illicitly obtained from Facebook?" She responded: "It has not been proven, because the difficult thing about proving a situation like that is that you need to do a forensic analysis of the database".
Potential usage
Russia
In 2018, the Parliament of the United Kingdom questioned SCL Group director Alexander Nix in a hearing about Cambridge Analytica's connections with Russian oil company, Lukoil. Nix stated he had no connections to the two companies despite concerns that the oil company was interested in how the company's data was used to target American voters. Cambridge Analytica had become a point of focus in politics since its involvement in Trump's campaign at this point. Democratic officials made it a point of emphasis for improved investigation over concerns of Russian ties with Cambridge Analytica. It was later confirmed by Christopher Wylie that Lukoil was interested in the company's data regarding political targeting.
Brexit
Cambridge Analytica was allegedly hired as a consultant company for Leave.EU and the UK Independence Party during 2016, as an effort to convince people to support Brexit. These rumors were the result of the leaked internal emails that were shared with the British parliament. Brittany Kaiser declared that the datasets that Leave.EU used to create databases were provided by Cambridge Analytica. These datasets composed of the data obtained from Facebook were said to be work done as an initial job deliverable for them. Although Arron Banks, co-founder of Leave.EU, denied any involvement with the company, he later declared "When we said we'd hired Cambridge Analytica, maybe a better choice of words could have been deployed." The official investigation by the UK Information Commissioner found that Cambridge Analytica was not involved "beyond some initial enquiries" and the regulator did not identify any "significant breaches" of data protection legislation or privacy or marketing regulations "which met the threshold for formal regulatory action".
Responses
Facebook and other companies
Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg first apologized for the situation with Cambridge Analytica on CNN, calling it an "issue", a "mistake" and a "breach of trust". He explained that he was responding to the Facebook community's concerns and that the company's initial focus on data portability had shifted to locking down data; he also reminded the platform's users of their right of access to personal data. Other Facebook officials argued against calling it a "data breach," arguing those who took the personality quiz originally consented to give away their information. Zuckerberg pledged to make changes and reforms in Facebook policy to prevent similar breaches. On March 25, 2018, Zuckerberg published a personal letter in various newspapers apologizing on behalf of Facebook. In April, Facebook decided to implement the EU's General Data Protection Regulation in all areas of operation and not just the EU.
In April 2018, Facebook established Social Science One as a response to the event. On April 25, 2018, Facebook released their first earnings report since the scandal was reported. Revenue fell since the last quarter, but this is usual as it followed the holiday season quote. The quarter revenue was the highest for a first quarter, and the second overall.
Amazon said that they suspended Cambridge Analytica from using their Amazon Web Services when they learned in 2015 that their service was collecting personal information. The Italian banking company UniCredit stopped advertising and marketing on Facebook in August 2018.
Governmental actions
The governments of India and Brazil demanded that Cambridge Analytica report how anyone used data from the breach in political campaigning, and various regional governments in the United States have lawsuits in their court systems from citizens affected by the data breach.
In early July 2018, the United Kingdom's Information Commissioner's Office announced it intended to fine Facebook ยฃ500,000 ($663,000) over the data breach, this being the maximum fine allowed at the time of the breach, saying Facebook "contravened the law by failing to safeguard people's information".
In March 2019, a court filing by the U.S. Attorney General for the District of Columbia alleged that Facebook knew of Cambridge Analytica's "improper data-gathering practices" months before they were first publicly reported in December 2015.
In July 2019, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) voted 3-2 to approve fining Facebook $5 billion to finally settle the investigation into the data breach. The record-breaking settlement was one of the largest penalties ever assessed by the U.S. government for any violation. In the ruling, the FTC cited Facebook's continued violations of FTC privacy orders from 2012, which included sharing users' data with apps used by their friends, facial recognition being enabled by default, and Facebook's use of user phone numbers for advertising purposes. As a result, Facebook was made subject to a new 20-year settlement order.
In July 2019, the FTC sued Cambridge Analytica's CEO Alexander Nix and GSRApp developer Aleksandr Kogan. Both defendants agreed to administrative orders that restrict their future business dealings and to destroy both any collected personal data and any work product made from the data. The GSRApp collected information initially on up to 270,000 GSRApp users, then harvested data on up to 65 million Facebook friends. Cambridge Analytica declared bankruptcy.
Again, in July 2019, Facebook has agreed to pay $100 million to settle with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for "misleading investors about the risks it faced from misuse of user data". The SEC's complaint alleged that Facebook did not correct its existing disclosure for more than two years despite discovering the misuse of its usersโ information in 2015.
Impact on Facebook users and investors
Since April 2018, the first full month since the breaking of the Cambridge Analytica data breach, the number of likes, posts and shares on the site had decreased by almost 20%, and has decreased ever since, with the aforementioned activity only momentarily increasing during the summer and during the 2018 US midterm elections. Despite this, user growth of the site has increased in the period since increased media coverage, increasing by 1.8% during the final quarter of 2018.
On March 26, 2018, a little after a week after the story was initially published, Facebook stock fell by about 24%, equivalent to $134 billion. By May 10, Wall Street reported that the company recovered their losses.
#DeleteFacebook movement
The public reacted to the data privacy breach by initiating the campaign #DeleteFacebook with the aim of starting a movement to boycott Facebook. The co-founder of WhatsApp, which is owned by Facebook, joined in on the movement by declaring it was time to delete the platform. The hashtag was tweeted almost 400,000 times on Twitter within a 30-day period after news of the data breach. 93% of the mentions of the hashtag actually appeared on Twitter, making it the main social media platform used to share the hashtag. However, a survey by investment firm Raymond James found that although approximately 84% of Facebook users were concerned about how the app used their data, about 48% of those surveyed claimed they wouldn't actually cut back on their usage of the social media network. Additionally, in 2018, Mark Zuckerberg commented that he didn't think the company had seen "a meaningful number of people act" on deleting Facebook.
An additional campaign and hashtag, #OwnYourData, was coined by Brittany Kaiser. The hashtag was created by Kaiser as a Facebook campaign that pushed for increased transparency on the platform. #OwnYourData was also used in Kaiser's petition for Facebook to alter their policies and give users increased power and control over their data, which she refers to as usersโ assets and property. In addition to the hashtag, Kaiser also created the Own Your Data Foundation to promote increased digital intelligence education.
The Great Hack
The FacebookโCambridge Analytica data scandal also received media coverage in the form of a 2019 Netflix documentary, The Great Hack. This is the first feature-length media piece that ties together the various elements of the scandal through a narrative. The documentary provides information on the background information and events related to Cambridge Analytica, Facebook, and the 2016 election that resulted in the overall data scandal. The Great Hack communicates the experiences and personal journeys of multiple individuals that were involved in the event in different ways and through different relationships. These individuals include David Carroll, Brittany Kaiser, and more. David Carroll is a New York professor in the field of media that attempted to navigate the legal system in order to discover what data Cambridge Analytica had in possession about him. Meanwhile, Brittany Kaiser is a former Cambridge Analytica employee that ultimately became a whistleblower for the data scandal.
Witness and expert testimony
The United States Senate Judiciary Committee called witnesses to testify about the data breach and general data privacy. They held two hearings, one focusing on Facebook's role in the breach and privacy on social media, and the other on Cambridge Analytica's role and its impact in data privacy. The former was held on April 10, 2018, where Mark Zuckerberg testified and Senator Chuck Grassley and Senator Dianne Feinstein gave statements. The latter occurred on May 16, 2018, where Professor Eitan Hersh, Dr. Mark Jamison, and Christopher Wylie testified, while Senators Grassley and Feinstein again made statements.
Mark Zuckerberg
During his testimony before Congress on April 10, 2018, Zuckerberg said it was his personal mistake that he did not do enough to prevent Facebook from being used for harm. "That goes for fake news, foreign interference in elections and hate speech". During the testimony, Mark Zuckerberg publicly apologized for the breach of private data: "It was my mistake, and Iโm sorry. I started Facebook, I run it, and Iโm responsible for what happens here".
Zuckerberg said that in 2013 Aleksandr Kogan had created a personality quiz app, which was installed by 300,000 people. The app was then able to retrieve Facebook information, including that of the users' friends, and this was obtained by Kogan. It was not until 2015 that Zuckerberg learned that these users' information was shared by Kogan with Cambridge Analytica. Cambridge Analytica was subsequently asked to remove all the data. It was later discovered by The Guardian, The New York Times and Channel 4 that the data had in fact not been deleted.
Eitan Hersh
In 2015, Professor Eitan Hersh published Hacking the Electorate: How Campaigns Perceive Voters, which analyzed the databases used for campaigns between 2008 and 2014. On May 6, 2018, Eitan Hersh, a professor of political science at Tufts University testified before Congress as an expert on voter targeting.
Hersh claimed that the voter targeting by Cambridge Analytica did not excessively affect the outcome of the 2016 election because the techniques used by Cambridge Analytica were similar to those of presidential campaigns well before 2016. Further, he claimed that the correlation between user "likes" and personality traits were weak and thus the psychological profiling of users were also weak.
Mark Jamison
Dr. Mark Jamison, the director and Gunter Professor of the Public Utility Research Center at the University of Florida, testified before Congress on May 6, 2018, as an expert. Jamison reiterated that it was not unusual for presidential campaigns to use data like Facebook's data to profile voters; Presidents Barack Obama and George W. Bush also used models to micro-target voters. Jamison criticized Facebook for not being "clear and candid with its users" because the users were not aware of the extent that their data would be used. Jamison finished his testimony by saying that if the federal government were to regulate voter targeting to happen on sites like Facebook, it would harm the users of those sites because it would be too restrictive of those sites and would make things worse for regulators.
Christopher Wylie
On May 16, 2018, Christopher Wylie, who is considered the "whistleblower" on Cambridge Analytica and also served as Cambridge Analytica's Director of Research in 2013 and 2014, also testified to the United States Senate Judiciary Committee. He was considered a witness to both British and American authorities, and he claims he decided to whistle-blow to "protect democratic institutions from rogue actors and hostile foreign interference, as well as ensure the safety of Americans online." He claimed that at Cambridge Analytica "anything goes" and that Cambridge Analytica was "a corrupting force in the world." He detailed to Congress how Cambridge Analytica used Facebook's data to categorize people into groups based on political ideology. He also claimed that Eitan Hersh contradicted "copious amounts of peer-reviewed literature in top scientific journals, including the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Psychological Science, and Journal of Personality and Individual Differences" by saying that Facebook's categorizing of people were weak.
Christopher Wylie also testified about Russian contact with Cambridge Analytica and the campaign, voter disengagement, and his thoughts on Facebook's response.
Aftermath
Following the downfall of Cambridge Analytica, a number of related companies have been established by people formerly affiliated with Cambridge Analytica, including Emerdata Limited and Auspex International. At first, Julian Wheatland, the former CEO of Cambridge Analytica and former director of many SCL-connected firms, stated that they did not plan on reestablishing the two companies. Instead, the directors and owners of Cambridge and its London-based parent SCL group strategically positioned themselves to be acquired in the face of bankruptcy procedures and lawsuits. While employees of both companies dispersed to successor firms, Cambridge and SCL were acquired by Emerdata Limited, a data processing company. Wheatland responded to news of this story and emphasized that Emerdata would not inherit SCL companiesโ existing data or assets and that this information belongs to the administrators in charge of the SCL companiesโ bankruptcy. David Carroll, an American professor who sued Cambridge, stated that Emerdata was aiming to conceal the scandals and minimize further criticism. Carroll's lawyers argued that Cambridge's court administrators were acting unlawfully by liquidating the company's assets prior to a full investigation being performed. While these administrators subjected SCL Group to criminal injury and a $26,000 fine, a U.K. court denied Carroll's lawsuit, allowing SCL to disintegrate without turning over his data.
In October 2021, following Facebook employee Frances Haugen whistleblowing Facebook activities, NPR revisited the Cambridge Analytica data scandal by observing that Facebook neither took responsibility for their behavior there nor did consumers get any benefit of reform as a result. In August 2022, Facebook agreed to settle a lawsuit seeking damages in the case for an undisclosed sum. In December 2022, Meta Platforms agreed to pay $725 million to settle a private class-action lawsuit related to the improper user data sharing with Cambridge Analytica and other third-party companies.
See also
AggregateIQ
BeLeave
The Great Hack, 2019 documentary film
Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum
State-sponsored Internet propaganda
Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (2019)
References
External links
BBC Coverage
The Guardian Coverage
Carole Cadwalladr @TED2019: Facebook's role in Brexit โ and the threat to democracy
New York Times Coverage
The Guardian Article; Revealed
Data breaches
Big data
Cambridge Analytica
Facebook criticisms and controversies
2018 scandals
Political scandals in the United Kingdom
Political scandals in the United States
Corporate scandals |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%94%EC%A3%BC%EC%A0%81%20%EC%A7%80%EA%B0%81 | ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ง๊ฐ | ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ง๊ฐ(็ฏ็็็ฅ่ฆบ, )์ ์ฐ์์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ์์ ์ ์ง์ ์ธ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ๊ตฌ๋ณ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ๋ํ ์ง๊ฐ ํ์์ด๋ค. ๋น์ด ์ด๋ ์ฒญ๊ฐ์๊ทน์ ๊ด๋ จํ์ฌ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์์ง๋ง, ํ์ฌ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ง๊ฐ์์์๋ ์ ์ฉ๋ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค.
๋ง์๋ฆฌ ์ง๊ฐ์ ์ด๋์ด๋ก
์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฒ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ช
๋ช
ํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์ธ์ด์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์์์ธ ๋ง์๋ฆฌ(speech-sounds; /ba/, /da/, /ga/ ๋ฐ์)๋ ์ฒ๋ถ์ ์ธ๊ฐ ํ์ฒ์ ์ธ๊ฐ. ์ฐ์ ์์์ผ ํ ๊ฒ์, ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ๋จ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ์ฃผํ๋ ๊ฒ์ธ์ง, ์๋๋ฉด ๋จ์ง ์ฐ์์ฒด ์์ ์์์ ์ ์ง๋์ง ์๋์ง์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผํ
๋ฉด, ๋๊ตฐ๊ฐ ba์ pa์ ์์ฑ ์คํํธ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ๋ถ์ํ ๋, ๋ ๋ค ใ์์ฑ๊ฐ์์๊ฐใ(VOT)์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ํฅ์ฐ์์ฒด ์์ ๋ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์๊ฐ์ ํ์์ ์๋ก ์ฐ์์ ์ผ๋ก ใ๋ชจํใ(morphing)ํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฐ์ด๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ์ ์ฌํ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก, ์์ฑ ๋งค๊ฐ๋ณ์๋ฅผ ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํด์ผ๋ก์จ /ba/๋ฅผ ์์ํ /pa/๋ก ๋ชจํํ ์ ์๋ค.
์จ๋น ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ง๊ณผ ๋๋ฃ(๊ทธ์ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ VOT์ ๊ดํ ๋ด์ฉ์ ์๋ค)๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์ ์ฑ์ ์ฐ์์ฒด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ณํํ๋ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ค์ ๋, ๊ทธ๋ค์ /ba/์ /pa/๋ง ๋ค์ ๋ฟ, ๊ทธ ์ฌ์ด์๋ ์๋ฌด๊ฒ๋ ๋ฃ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋, ์ด ์ธ์ง๋ ์์ง์ด ์ ์ง์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณํํ์ง ์๊ณ , ์ฐ์์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํน์ ์ง์ ์์ ๊ธ๊ฒฉํ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ์ฃผ๋ก ์ด๋ํ๋ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ใ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ง๊ฐใ(CP)์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์นญํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ CP๊ฐ ๋ง์๋ฆฌ์ ๋
ํนํ๋ฉฐ, CP๊ฐ ๋ง์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํน๋ณํ๊ฒ ํ๊ณ , ใ๋ง์๋ฆฌ ์ง๊ฐ์ ์ด๋์ด๋ก ใ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํ์ฌ CP์ ์ค๋ช
์ ๋ง์๋ฆฌ ์์ฑ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์์์ ์์ฌํ๋ค.
์ง๊ธ์ ํ๊ธฐ๋ ๋ง์๋ฆฌ ์ง๊ฐ์ ์ด๋์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด /ba/์ /pa/ ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ฐ์์ค๋ฌ์ด ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ง๊ฐํ๋ ์ด์ ๋, ๋ง์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ฃ๋๋๋ ๋ฐํ ์์ ์กฐ์๋ฐฉ์์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ด ์ฐ์์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ณํ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์ฑ๊ฐ์์๊ฐ์ด๋ค: /ba/์ "b"๋ ์ ์ฑ์์ด๋ฉฐ, /pa/์ "p"๋ ๊ทธ๋ฌํ์ง ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ํฉ์ฑ๋๋ ใ๋ชจํใ ์ฅ์น์ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์ธ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ณ ๋ ๋ฐ์ฑ๊ธฐ๊ด์ ba์ pa ์ฌ์ด์ ์ด๋ ํ ๊ฒ๋ ์์ฑํด๋ผ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋๊ตฐ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ ์ฑ์ ์ฐ์์ฒด ์์ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ค์ ๋, ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋๋ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์์ฑํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ๋ฌด์์ ํ์ด์ผ ํ๋์ง๋ฅผ ์ผ์น์ํค๋ ค๊ณ ๋
ธ๋ ฅํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์ง๊ฐํ๋ค. ์์ฑํด๋ผ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ /ba/์ /pa/๋ฐ์ ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก, ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ฐ์์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์์นํ๋ ํฉ์ฑ์๊ทน(synthetic stimuli) ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ์ด๋ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ ๊ฐ์ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด ๋ ๊ฐ๊น์ด /ba/ ๋๋ /pa/๋ก ์ง๊ฐํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ ์ฌํ CP ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ /ba/์ /da/์ ๋๋ฆฝ์์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ง๋ค. ์ด๋ค ์ญ์ ์ํฅ์ฐ์์ฒด ์์ ์์นํ์ง๋ง ์ ์ฑ์์ด๋ฉฐ, /ba/๋ ์์์์ธ ๋ฐ ๋ฐํด /da/๋ ์น๊ฒฝ์์ด๋ค. ํด๋ถํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ ์ค๊ฐ์ ํ์ฉ๋์ง ์๋๋ค.
๋ง์๋ฆฌ ์ง๊ฐ์ ์ด๋์ด๋ก ์ ๋ง์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ด์ฐํ์ฌ ํน๋ณํ๊ณ ์ด์งธ์ ๋ง์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ง๊ฐ๋๋์ง๋ฅผ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ง๊ฐ์ ์ด๋์ง๊ฐ์ ์ํด ๋งค๊ฐ๋๋ค. ์ฐ์ถ์ด ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ด๋ฉด ์ง๊ฐ ๋ํ ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ฐ์ถ์ด ์ฐ์์ ์ด๋ฉด ์ง๊ฐ ์ญ์ ์ฐ์์ ์ด๋ค. ์ค์ ๋ก a/u์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ชจ์๋ฒ์ฃผ๋ ba/pa ๋๋ ba/da๋ณด๋ค ํจ์ฌ ๋ ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค.
์ต๋๋ ๋ณ๋ณ
์ด๋์ฐ์ถ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ง๊ฐ์ ๋งค๊ฐํ๋ค๋ฉด, ์ด CP ํจ๊ณผ๋ ๋ง์๋ฆฌ ์์ฑ ํ์ต์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋, ํผํฐ ์์ด๋ง์ค์ ๋๋ฃ(1971)๋ ์์ ์๊ฐ ๋ฐํ ์ ์ ์ด๋ฏธ CP๋ฅผ ์ง๋๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ฌ๋์ด ๋ง์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋๋ก ์งํํ ์ฒ๋ถ์ ์ธ ํจ๊ณผ์์ ์์ฌํ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ํจํธ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ฟจ(1987)์ ์น์น ๋ผ๋ ๋ง์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์ง ๋ชปํ๋๋ฐ๋ ใ๋ง์๋ฆฌ CPใ๋ฅผ ์ง๋์ ๋ฐํ๊ณ , ๋ค๋ง ๋ง์ ํ๋๋ก ์งํํ์ง ์์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ํ์๋ค. Lane, H. L (1965)์ ์ง๊ฐ์ ๋ถ์ฐ์์ฑ์ ๋งค๊ฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ด๋์์ฑ ๋ถ์ฐ์์ฑ์ด ์กด์ฌํ์ง ์๋ ์์ํ๊ฒ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ธ(์๊ฐ์ ์ธ) ์ฐ์์ฒด๋ก์จ ํ์ต๋ง์ผ๋ก CPํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ํ ์ ์์์ ์์ฌํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋, ๋ง์๋ฆฌ CP๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํน๋ณํ์ง ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ๋ด๋ ธ์ง๋ง, ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ์์ ๋ง๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ตํ๋ ์๊ทน์ ๋ณด๋ค ํน์ง์ ์ด๊ฒ ๋๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ์์ ํ์ตํ๋ ์๊ทน์ ๋ณด๋ค ์ ์ฌํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค๋ ๋ก๋ ์ค์ ๊ณ ์ ์ ์
์ฆ์ ํน๋ณํ ์ฌ๋ก์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ค๊ณ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ง์๋ค.
๋ชจ๋ /pa/๊ฐ ๊ตฌ๋ณ๋ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ฉฐ ๋ํ ๋ชจ๋ /ba/๊ฐ ๊ตฌ๋ณ๋ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, CP๋ ๋น์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ง์ด ์๊ฐํ๋ ์ค๋ฌด์จ(ๆ็กๅพ) ํจ๊ณผ์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ง ๋ถํฉํ์ง ์๋๋ค๋ ์ ์ด ๋ช
๋ฐฑํด์ก๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผํ
๋ฉด, ๋ถ์์์ ๋๋ด(ๆฟๆทก)์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธ์ํ ์ ์๋ฏ์ด, ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ค์ ์๋ ์๋ค. ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฐจ์ด(์ ์ฑ์, ํ์ฅ)์ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์์ง๋ผ๋, ๋ฒ์ฃผ ๊ฐ ์ฐจ์ด(pa1/pa2 ๋๋ red1/red2)๋ณด๋ค ๋ฒ์ฃผ ๋ด ์ฐจ์ด(pa2/ba1 ๋๋ red2/yellow1)๊ฐ ํจ์ฌ ์๊ฒ ์ง๊ฐ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์๋ณ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ณ๋ณ๊ณผ์
๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ง๊ฐ์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋, ์ฐธ๊ฐ์๋ค์ ์๋ฆฌ์ ๋ํ ์ธ์์ ๋ถ๋ฅํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ์ฐจ๋ณ๊ณผ์ ์ ์๋ณ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ดํ ์คํ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค. ์์ฑ๊ฐ์์๊ฐ(VOT)๋ binary ๋์ ์ฐ์์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ธก์ ๋๋ค. ์์ด์ ์์ํ์ด์ /b/์ /p/๋ ๊ฐ์ ์กฐ์์์น์ ์กฐ์๋ฐฉ์์ ์ ์ฑ์๊ณผ ๋ฌด์ฑ์์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฆฝํ์ง๋ง, ์์ด ํ์๋ ์ฃผ๋ก VOT ์ฐ์์ฒด์ ์ด๋์ ์์นํ๋์ง์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฌ๋ณํ๋ค. ์ด ์คํ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์๋ค์, ์ฐ์์ฒด์์ ๋ช
ํํ ์์๊ฒฝ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ค์ ํ๋ค. ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ VOT์ ๋ ์๊ฐ๋, ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ชฝ์ ์์นํ๋ฉด ๋์์๋ก ์ธ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ฐธ๊ฐ์๋, VOT์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ๋์ผํ ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์๋ ๋ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ๋ ํฌ๋๋ผ๋, ๋ ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์์๊ฒฝ๊ณ์์ ๋ฐ๋๋๋ ์ชฝ์ ์์นํ ๋๋ณด๋ค ๊ฐ์ VOT ๋ฒ์ฃผ ์์ ์์นํ ๋ ์๋ณํ๋ ๋ฐ ๋ ์ค๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ค์ธ๋ค.
์๋ณ
๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ง๊ฐ ์๋ณ๊ณผ์ ์์, ์ฐธ๊ฐ์๋ค์ ๋ง์๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฐ์ ์๊ทน์ ์๋ณํด์ผ ํ๋ค. /p/์ /b/ ์ฌ์ด์ VOT ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ๋ํ ์ง๊ฐ์ ์ํํ๋ ์คํ์๋, VOT ์ฐ์์ฒด์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋์ธ ๋ช ๊ฐ์ง ์์ฑ์ ์ฌ์ํ ๋ค, ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์์ฑ์ /p/ ๋๋ /b/๋ก ๋ค์๋์ง ์คํ์ง์์์๊ฒ ๋ฌป๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์คํ์์๋, ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ํ ์ชฝ ๋ ์์ ๋์ธ ์์ฑ์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ท ์ผํ๊ฒ /p/๋ก, ๋ฐ๋์ชฝ์ /b/๋ก ๋ค๋ ธ๋ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ์๊ทน์ ์๋ณํ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๋ ์ค๋ ์๊ฐ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๊ณ , ์คํ์ง์์๋ง๋ค ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋์๋ค. ์ด ๋, /b/์ /p/ ์ฌ์ด ์ด๋๊ฐ์ ์๋ฆฌ๋ก๋ณด๋ค๋, ๊ทธ ์ด๋์ชฝ ์ค ํ๋๋ก ์ง๊ฐ๋์๋ค.
๋ณ๋ณ
๋จ์ํ AB ๋ณ๋ณ๊ณผ์ ๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์ ํ์ง๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์์๊ฒ ์ ์ํ๊ณ , ์ฐธ๊ฐ์๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ๋์ผํ์ง ๊ฒฐ์ ํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ์คํ์์ ๋ณ๋ณ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ํ ์์ธก์ ์ข
์ข
์ ํํ ์๋ณ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ดํ๋ค.
ํ์ด์์ ๋ํ ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ธ์์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ ์ด์์ ์ธ ๋ณ๋ณ์คํ์, ์์์๋ค์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ๊ฐ์ํธ์์ ์๊ทน์ ์ฐ์ฐํ ์์ค์ผ๋ก ๋ณ๋ณํ๋ ํํธ, ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ๋ฐ๋ํธ์ ์๋ ์๊ทน์ ๋ ์ ํํ๊ฒ ๋ณ๋ณํจ์ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
ABX ๋ณ๋ณ๊ณผ์ ์์๋, ์ง์์๋ค์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ์๊ทน์ ๋
ธ์ถ๋๋ค. A์ B๋ ๋๋ ทํ ์๊ทน์ด์ด์ผ ํ๋ฉฐ, ์ง์์๋ค์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ ์๊ทน X์ ์ผ์นํ๋์ง ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ณ๋ณ๊ณผ์ ๋ ๋จ์ํ AB ๊ณผ์ ๋ณด๋ค ํํ๋ค.
์ํ ๊ฐ์ค
์ฌํผ์ด-์ํ ๊ฐ์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, (๋ก๋ ์ค์ ์ต๋๋ ์ ์ฌ์ฑ/๋ณ๋ณ์ฑ ํจ๊ณผ๋ ๋จ์ํ ํน๋ก๊ฐ ๋๋ค), ์ธ์ด๋ ์ฌ๋์ด ์ธ์์ ์ธ์ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผํ
๋ฉด, ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋จ์ง ์๊น์ ๋ช
์นญ์ด ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ช
๋ช
๋์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธ์งํ๋ค. ์ฌ๋๋ง๋ค์ ์ํ ์คํํธ๋ผ์ ์ธ๋ถํ๋ ์์์ (ๆฃๆ็)์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ์ต๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด๊ณ , ๋ฌธํ๊ถ๊ณผ ์ธ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ธ๋ ํธ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ํด ์ผ์ด ๊ณต์ ์ ใBasic Color Termsใ(1969)์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ธ์ด๋ ๋น ์คํํธ๋ผ์ ์ ์ฌํ๊ฒ ์ธ๋ถํํ์ฌ ๋ช
๋ช
ํ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ, ๊ทธ๋ฌํ์ง ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ์์ถ๊ณผ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ญ์ ๊ฐ๋ค. ์ฐจ์ด์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ง ์๋๋ผ๋, ์ฒญ์๊ณผ ๋
น์์ ๋ฎ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ฌ์ด์๋ ๋ชจํธํ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ด ๊ฒฌํด๋, ๋ค์์ ์ง๋ฌธ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋
ผํ๋ Regier & Kay(2009)์ ๊ฒํ ๋
ผํ์์ ์ํ๋ฐ์์๋ค:
์์ ์ฉ์ด๊ฐ ์์ ์ธ์์ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ๋๊ฐ?
์์ ๋ฒ์ฃผ๋ ๋์ฒด๋ก ์์์ ์ธ ์ธ์ด๊ด์ต์ ์ํด ๊ฒฐ์ ๋๋๊ฐ?
๊ทธ๋ค์, ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ฌ๋์๊ฒ ์์ด์ ์ข๋์ ๊ฒฉ๋ฉ๋์ด ์๋ ์ธ์ดํ์ ๋ฒ์ฃผ๊ฐ ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ง๊ฐ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น์ง๋ง, ์ฃผ๋ก ์ค๋ฅธ๋์ ์์ผ์ ์ด ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๊ณต์กดํ๋ ์ธ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ญ๊ณผ์ (verbal interference task)๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ค๋ ์ ์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ค.
๋ณดํธ์ฃผ์๋ ์ฌํผ๋ฅด-์ํ ๊ฐ์ค๊ณผ๋ ๋์กฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ง๊ฐ๋ฒ์ฃผ๋ ์ฒ๋ถ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ์ด(ๅฃ่ช)์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์ง ์๋๋ค๊ณ ๋จ์ธํ๋ค.
๋ท๋ฐ์นจ
์ฌํผ์ด-์ํ ๊ฐ์ค์ ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ๋ ๊ฒ์, ์ด๋ ์ธ์ด์ ํ์๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ด์ ํ์์๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ง๊ฐ์ ๋ํ๋ด๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ฅผ ๋งํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ ์๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
Regier & Kay(2009)๋ ์ธ์ด ๋ฒ์ฃผ๊ฐ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ค๋ฅธ๋์ ์์ผ์์ ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ง๊ฐ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ผ์น๋ค๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ๋ค.
์ค๋ฅธ๋์ ์์ผ๋ ์ข๋์ ์ํด ์ ์ด๋๋ฉฐ, ์ข๋๋ ๋ํ ์ธ์ด๋ฅ๋ ฅ๋ ์ ์ดํ๋ค. Davidoff (2001)๋ ์(่ฒ) ์๋ณ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์์ด๋ฏผ ์์ด ํ์๋, ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ชฝ์ ์๋ ์์์๊ทน๋ณด๋ค ํ์ ๋ ์ฒญ-๋ก ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ์๋ ์์์๊ทน์ ๋ ์ ์๋ณํ์ผ๋, ๋ฒ ๋ฆฐ๋ชจ์ด(Berinmo) ใnolใ๊ณผ ใworใ๋ก ๋์ฒด๋ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณผ์ ์์๋ CP๊ฐ ๋ณด์ด์ง ์์๋ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฆฐ๋ชจ์ด ํ์๋ ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋๋ก ๊ณผ์ ๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ค.
ํ์ฌ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ง์ง๋ฅผ ์ป๋ ์ด๋ก ์ weak-Whorfianism์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฒ์ ์ง๊ฐ์๋ ๊ฐํ ๋ณดํธ์ ์์๊ฐ ์์ง๋ง, ๋ฌธํ์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์ฌ์ ํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค๋ ์ด๋ก ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผํ
๋ฉด, 1998๋
์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ธ์ธ ์๋์ด ํ์์ ์์ด ํ์ ์ฌ์ด์ ์์ ๋ํ ๋ณดํธ์ ์ธ ์ธ์์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ์๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ๋ ์ธ์ด ์ฌ์ด์๋ ๋๋ ทํ ์ฐจ์ด์ ๋ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๋ค.
์งํ์ ๋ฐ ํ์ต์ ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ง๊ฐ
์งํ์ ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ง๊ฐ
์ฐ์ ๋ชจ์์ผ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ๋ฉด, ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ง๊ฐ์ ํน์ง์ ๋ฒ์ฃผ ๋ด์ ์์ถ ๋ฐ ํน์ ๋ฒ์ฃผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ์ด๋ค. ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ง๊ฐ ํจ๊ณผ์ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ ๋จ์ง ์ฒ๋์ธ์(scaling factor)์ ์ง๋์ง ์๋๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ง๊ฐ์ ๋ณ๋ณ์ ์์ง์ธ ์์ถ/๋ถ๋ฆฌ์ ใ์์ฝ๋์ธ ํจ๊ณผใ์ด๋ค. ์ด ์ ์ ์์ด์, the "weaker" CP effect for vowels, whose motor production is continuous rather than categorical, but whose perception is by this criterion categorical, is every bit as much of a CP effect as the ba/pa and ba/da effects. But, as with colors, it looks as if the effect is an innate one: Our sensory category detectors for both color and speech sounds are born already "biased" by evolution: Our perceived color and speech-sound spectrum is already "warped" with these compression/separations.
ํ์ต์ ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ง๊ฐ
๊ณ์ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ & ์ ๊ฒฝ ๋ชจ๋ธ
Tijsseling & Harnad (1997)์ Damper & Harnad (2000)์์, ๊ณ์ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง(Computational modeling)์ (์ญ์ ํ์ ๊ฒฝ์์ ๋คํธ์ํฌ์ ๊ฐ์) ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ ํ์ ๋ฒ์ฃผํ์ต ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ด ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ง๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ ์ฌํ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ์ํจ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์คฌ๋ค. ์ญ์ ํ ๋คํธ์ํฌ์์, ์
๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํค๋ ์๋์ ๋ ํ์ฑํ ํจํด์, ํ์ต๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋ฒ์ฃผ ๋ด์ ์์ถ๊ณผ ๋ฒ์ฃผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๊ณ , ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ๋คํธ์ํฌ ์ญ์ ๋น์ทํ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ์
๋ ฅ๋ค์ด, ๋ชจ๋ ๋์ผํ ์ถ๋ ฅ์ ์์ฑํด์ผ ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ์ ์ฌํ ๋ด๋ถํ์(internal representation)์ผ๋ก ใ์์ถใ๋๊ณ , ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ถ๋ ฅ์ ์์ฑํด์ผ ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ์๋๋ณด๋ค ๋ ํฐ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ํ์ฑ๋๋ฏ๋ก, ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ง๊ฐ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๋ฌ์ฑํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์๋จ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋คํธ์ํฌ์ ํธ์ค์ด ์
๋ ฅ์ ์ฌ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ถ๋ ฅ๋ฒ์ฃผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅํ๋ค. ๋คํธ์ํฌ๋, ๋์ผ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ํ๋ ๋ณต์ ํญ๋ชฉ์์ ๊ณต์ ๋์ง๋ง ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ํ๋ ํญ๋ชฉ๊ณผ๋ ๊ตฌ๋ณ๋๋ ๋ถ๋ณ์์ง(invariant features)์ ์ ๋ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์งํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฑ์ทจํ๋ค. ๋คํธ์ํฌ๋ ๋ถ๋ฅ์ ๋ฌด๊ดํ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ณ๋(variation)์ ๋ฌด์ํ๋๋ก ํ์ตํ๋ค.
๋ ๊ธฐ์
์ ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ CP์ ํ์ต ์ฌ์ด์ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. ๋์์ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ ์ฌ๊ฑด๊ด๋ จ์ ์ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ฐจ์ด๋, ํผํ์์ ์ํด ๋ณด์ฌ์ง ์๊ทน์ ์ธ์ง๋ ๋ฒ์ฃผ์์์ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐํ์ก๋ค. ์ ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋, ์ด๋ฌํ ํจ๊ณผ๋ ํด๋น ๋ฒ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ตํ ํผํ์์ ๋๋ด ํน์ ์์ญ์ ๊ตญํ๋๊ณ ์ฌ์ง์ด ํธ์ธกํ๋๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ ์ง ์์ ํผํ์์๊ฒ์๋ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์ง ์์์ ๋ฐํ๋๋ค.
๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ์ง๊ฐ์ ์ผ์ชฝ ์ ์ ๋์ฝ ํผ์ง์์ ์๋ณ๋๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ์์ฑ๋จ์์ ๋ํ ํด๋น ์ง๊ฐ์ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ์ด๋ ์ผ์ชฝ ์์ญ ๋ฑ, ์ฒ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๊ธฐ๋จ๊ณ์ posterior areas์ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ค.
Language-induced
Emotion
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
This article is based on material from the article Categorical Perception in the Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science, used here with permission of the author, S. Harnad.
Goldstone, R. L. (1999). "Similarity". In Robert Andrew Wilson; Frank C. Keil (eds.). The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp.ย 763โ765. ISBNย 978-0-262-73144-7.
Steels, L.; Kaplan, F. (1999). "Bootstrapping Grounded Word Semantics". In Briscoe, T. (ed.). Linguistic evolution through language acquisition: formal and computational models. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
์ง๊ฐ
์์ฑํ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical%20perception | Categorical perception | Categorical perception is a phenomenon of perception of distinct categories when there is a gradual change in a variable along a continuum. It was originally observed for auditory stimuli but now found to be applicable to other perceptual modalities.
Motor theory of speech perception
And what about the very building blocks of the language we use to name categories: Are our speech-sounds โ/ba/, /da/, /ga/ โinnate or learned? The first question we must answer about them is whether they are categorical categories at all, or merely arbitrary points along a continuum. It turns out that if one analyzes the sound spectrogram of ba and pa, for example, both are found to lie along an acoustic continuum called "voice-onset-time." With a technique similar to the one used in "morphing" visual images continuously into one another, it is possible to "morph" a /ba/ gradually into a /pa/ and beyond by gradually increasing the voicing parameter.
Alvin Liberman and colleagues (he did not talk about voice onset time in that paper) reported that when people listen to sounds that vary along the voicing continuum, they hear only /ba/s and /pa/s, nothing in between. This effectโin which a perceived quality jumps abruptly from one category to another at a certain point along a continuum, instead of changing graduallyโhe dubbed "categorical perception" (CP). He suggested that CP was unique to speech, that CP made speech special, and, in what came to be called "the motor theory of speech perception," he suggested that CP's explanation lay in the anatomy of speech production.
According to the (now abandoned) motor theory of speech perception, the reason people perceive an abrupt change between /ba/ and /pa/ is that the way we hear speech sounds is influenced by how people produce them when they speak. What is varying along this continuum is voice-onset-time: the "b" in /ba/ is voiced and the "p" in /pa/ is not. But unlike the synthetic "morphing" apparatus, people's natural vocal apparatus is not capable of producing anything in between ba and pa. So when one hears a sound from the voicing continuum, their brain perceives it by trying to match it with what it would have had to do to produce it. Since the only thing they can produce is /ba/ or /pa/, they will perceive any of the synthetic stimuli along the continuum as either /ba/ or /pa/, whichever it is closer to. A similar CP effect is found with ba/da; these too lie along a continuum acoustically, but vocally, /ba/ is formed with the two lips, /da/ with the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge, and our anatomy does not allow any intermediates.
The motor theory of speech perception explained how speech was special and why speech-sounds are perceived categorically: sensory perception is mediated by motor production. Wherever production is categorical, perception will be categorical; where production is continuous, perception will be continuous. And indeed vowel categories like a/u were found to be much less categorical than ba/pa or ba/da.
Acquired distinctiveness
If motor production mediates sensory perception, then one assumes that this CP effect is a result of learning to produce speech. Eimas et al. (1971), however, found that infants already have speech CP before they begin to speak. Perhaps, then, it is an innate effect, evolved to "prepare" us to learn to speak. But Kuhl (1987) found that chinchillas also have "speech CP" even though they never learn to speak, and presumably did not evolve to do so. Lane (1965) went on to show that CP effects can be induced by learning alone, with a purely sensory (visual) continuum in which there is no motor production discontinuity to mediate the perceptual discontinuity. He concluded that speech CP is not special after all, but merely a special case of Lawrence's classic demonstration that stimuli to which you learn to make a different response become more distinctive and stimuli to which you learn to make the same response become more similar.
It also became clear that CP was not quite the all-or-none effect Liberman had originally thought it was: It is not that all /pa/s are indistinguishable and all /ba/s are indistinguishable: We can hear the differences, just as we can see the differences between different shades of red. It is just that the within-category differences (pa1/pa2 or red1/red2) sound/look much smaller than the between-category differences (pa2/ba1 or red2/yellow1), even when the size of the underlying physical differences (voicing, wavelength) are actually the same.
Identification and discrimination tasks
The study of categorical perception often uses experiments involving discrimination and identification tasks in order to categorize participants' perceptions of sounds. Voice onset time (VOT) is measured along a continuum rather than a binary. English bilabial stops /b/ and /p/ are voiced and voiceless counterparts of the same place and manner of articulation, yet native speakers distinguish the sounds primarily by where they fall on the VOT continuum. Participants in these experiments establish clear phoneme boundaries on the continuum; two sounds with different VOT will be perceived as the same phoneme if on the same side of the boundary. Participants take longer to discriminate between two sounds falling in the same category of VOT than between two on opposite sides of the phoneme boundary, even if the difference in VOT is greater between the two in the same category.
Identification
In a categorical perception identification task, participants often must identify stimuli, such as speech sounds. An experimenter testing the perception of the VOT boundary between /p/ and /b/ may play several sounds falling on various parts of the VOT continuum and ask volunteers whether they hear each sound as /p/ or /b/. In such experiments, sounds on one side of the boundary are heard almost universally as /p/ and on the other as /b/. Stimuli on or near the boundary take longer to identify and are reported differently by different volunteers, but are perceived as either /b/ or /p/, rather than as a sound somewhere in the middle.
Discrimination
A simple AB discrimination task presents participants with two options and participants must decide if they are identical. Predictions for a discrimination task in an experiment are often based on the preceding identification task. An ideal discrimination experiment validating categorical perception of stop consonants would result in volunteers more often correctly discriminating stimuli that fall on opposite sides of the boundary, while discriminating at chance level on the same side of the boundary.
In an ABX discrimination task, volunteers are presented with three stimuli. A and B must be distinct stimuli and volunteers decide which of the two the third stimulus X matches. This discrimination task is much more common than a simple AB task.
Whorf hypothesis
According to the SapirโWhorf hypothesis (of which Lawrence's acquired similarity/distinctiveness effects would simply be a special case), language affects the way that people perceive the world. For example, colors are perceived categorically only because they happen to be named categorically: Our subdivisions of the spectrum are arbitrary, learned, and vary across cultures and languages. But Berlin & Kay (1969) suggested that this was not so: Not only do most cultures and languages subdivide and name the color spectrum the same way, but even for those who don't, the regions of compression and separation are the same. We all see blues as more alike and greens as more alike, with a fuzzy boundary in between, whether or not we have named the difference. This view has been challenged in a review article by Regier and Kay (2009) who discuss a distinction between the questions "1. Do color terms affect color perception?" and "2. Are color categories determined by largely arbitrary linguistic convention?". They report evidence that linguistic categories, stored in the left hemisphere of the brain for most people, do affect categorical perception but primarily in the right-eye visual field, and that this effect is eliminated with a concurrent verbal interference task.
Universalism, in contrasts to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, posits that perceptual categories are innate, and are unaffected by the language that one speaks.
Support
Support of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis describes instances in which speakers of one language demonstrate categorical perception in a way that is different from speakers of another language. Examples of such evidence are provided below:
Regier and Kay (2009) reported evidence that linguistic categories affect categorical perception primarily in the right-eye visual field. The right-eye visual field is controlled by the left hemisphere of the brain, which also controls language faculties. Davidoff (2001) presented evidence that in color discrimination tasks, native English speakers discriminated more easily between color stimuli across a determined blue-green boundary than within the same side, but did not show categorical perception when given the same task with Berinmo "nol" and "wor"; Berinmo speakers performed oppositely.
A popular theory in current research is "weak-Whorfianism,' which is the theory that although there is a strong universal component to perception, cultural differences still have an impact. For example, a 1998 study found that while there was evidence of universal perception of color between speakers of Setswana and English, there were also marked differences between the two language groups.
Evolved categorical perception
The signature of categorical perception (CP) is within-category compression and/or between-category separation. The size of the CP effect is merely a scaling factor; it is this compression/separation "accordion effect", that is CP's distinctive feature. In this respect, the "weaker" CP effect for vowels, whose motor production is continuous rather than categorical, but whose perception is by this criterion categorical, is every bit as much of a CP effect as the ba/pa and ba/da effects. But, as with colors, it looks as if the effect is an innate one: Our sensory category detectors for both color and speech sounds are born already "biased" by evolution: Our perceived color and speech-sound spectrum is already "warped" with these compression/separations.
Learned categorical perception
The Lane/Lawrence demonstrations, lately replicated and extended by Goldstone (1994), showed that CP can be induced by learning alone. There are also the countless categories cataloged in our dictionaries that, according to categorical perception, are unlikely to be inborn. Nativist theorists such as Fodor [1983] have sometimes seemed to suggest that all of our categories are inborn. There are recent demonstrations that, although the primary color and speech categories may be inborn, their boundaries can be modified or even lost as a result of learning, and weaker secondary boundaries can be generated by learning alone.
In the case of innate CP, our categorically biased sensory detectors pick out their prepared color and speech-sound categories far more readily and reliably than if our perception had been continuous.
Learning is a cognitive process that results in a relatively permanent change in behavior. Learning can influence perceptual processing. Learning influences perceptual processing by altering the way in which an individual perceives a given stimulus based on prior experience or knowledge. This means that the way something is perceived is changed by how it was seen, observed, or experienced before. The effects of learning can be studied in categorical perception by looking at the processes involved.
Learned categorical perception can be divided into different processes through some comparisons. The processes can be divided into between category and within category groups of comparison
. Between category groups are those that compare between two separate sets of objects. Within category groups are those that compare within one set of objects. Between subjects comparisons lead to a categorical expansion effect. A categorical expansion occurs when the classifications and boundaries for the category become broader, encompassing a larger set of objects. In other words, a categorical expansion is when the "edge lines" for defining a category become wider. Within subjects comparisons lead to a categorical compression effect. A categorical compression effect corresponds to the narrowing of category boundaries to include a smaller set of objects (the "edge lines" are closer together). Therefore, between category groups lead to less rigid group definitions whereas within category groups lead to more rigid definitions.
Another method of comparison is to look at both supervised and unsupervised group comparisons. Supervised groups are those for which categories have been provided, meaning that the category has been defined previously or given a label; unsupervised groups are groups for which categories are created, meaning that the categories will be defined as needed and are not labeled.
In studying learned categorical perception, themes are important. Learning categories is influenced by the presence of themes. Themes increase quality of learning. This is seen especially in cases where the existing themes are opposite. In learned categorical perception, themes serve as cues for different categories. They assist in designating what to look for when placing objects into their categories. For example, when perceiving shapes, angles are a theme. The number of angles and their size provide more information about the shape and cue different categories. Three angles would cue a triangle, whereas four might cue a rectangle or a square. Opposite to the theme of angles would be the theme of circularity. The stark contrast between the sharp contour of an angle and the round curvature of a circle make it easier to learn.
Similar to themes, labels are also important to learned categorical perception. Labels are โnoun-likeโ titles that can encourage categorical processing with a focus on similarities. The strength of a label can be determined by three factors: analysis of affective (or emotional) strength, permeability (the ability to break through) of boundaries, and a judgment (measurement of rigidity) of discreteness. Sources of labels differ, and, similar to unsupervised/supervised categories, are either created or already exist. Labels affect perception regardless of their source. Peers, individuals, experts, cultures, and communities can create labels. The source doesnโt appear to matter as much as mere presence of a label, what matters is that there is a label. There is a positive correlation between strength of the label (combination of three factors) and the degree to which the label affects perception, meaning that the stronger the label, the more the label affects perception.
Cues used in learned categorical perception can foster easier recall and access of prior knowledge in the process of learning and using categories. An item in a category can be easier to recall if the category has a cue for the memory. As discussed, labels and themes both function as cues for categories, and, therefore, aid in the memory of these categories and the features of the objects belonging to them.
There are several brain structures at work that promote learned categorical perception. The areas and structures involved include: neurons, the prefrontal cortex, and the inferotemporal cortex. Neurons in general are linked to all processes in the brain and, therefore, facilitate learned categorical perception. They send the messages between brain areas and facilitate the visual and linguistic processing of the category. The prefrontal cortex is involved in โforming strong categorical representations.โ The inferotemporal cortex has cells that code for different object categories and are turned along diagnostic category dimensions, areas distinguishing category boundaries.
The learning of categories and categorical perception can be improved through adding verbal labels, making themes relevant to the self, making more separate categories, and by targeting similar features that make it easier to form and define categories.
Learned categorical perception occurs not only in human species but has been demonstrated in animal species as well. Studies have targeted categorical perception using humans, monkeys, rodents, birds, frogs. These studies have led to numerous discoveries. They focus primarily on learning the boundaries of categories, where inclusion begins and ends, and they support the hypothesis that categorical perception does have a learned component.
Computational and neural models
Computational modeling (Tijsseling & Harnad 1997; Damper & Harnad 2000) has shown that many types of category-learning mechanisms (e.g. both back-propagation and competitive networks) display CP-like effects. In back-propagation nets, the hidden-unit activation patterns that "represent" an input build up within-category compression and between-category separation as they learn; other kinds of nets display similar effects. CP seems to be a means to an end: Inputs that differ among themselves are "compressed" onto similar internal representations if they must all generate the same output; and they become more separate if they must generate different outputs. The network's "bias" is what filters inputs onto their correct output category. The nets accomplish this by selectively detecting (after much trial and error, guided by error-correcting feedback) the invariant features that are shared by the members of the same category and that reliably distinguish them from members of different categories; the nets learn to ignore all other variation as irrelevant to the categorization.
Brain basis
Neural data provide correlates of CP and of learning. Differences between event-related potentials recorded from the brain have been found to be correlated with differences in the perceived category of the stimulus viewed by the subject. Neural imaging studies have shown that these effects are localized and even lateralized to certain brain regions in subjects who have successfully learned the category, and are absent in subjects who have not.
Categorical perception is identified with the left prefrontal cortex with this showing such perception for speech units while this is not by posterior areas earlier in their processing such as areas in the left superior temporal gyrus.
Language-induced
Both innate and learned CP are sensorimotor effects: The compression/separation biases are sensorimotor biases, and presumably had sensorimotor origins, whether during the sensorimotor life-history of the organism, in the case of learned CP, or the sensorimotor life-history of the species, in the case of innate CP. The neural net I/O models are also compatible with this fact: Their I/O biases derive from their I/O history. But when we look at our repertoire of categories in a dictionary, it is highly unlikely that many of them had a direct sensorimotor history during our lifetimes, and even less likely in our ancestors' lifetimes. How many of us have seen a unicorn in real life? We have seen pictures of them, but what had those who first drew those pictures seen? And what about categories I cannot draw or see (or taste or touch): What about the most abstract categories, such as goodness and truth?
Some of our categories must originate from another source than direct sensorimotor experience, and here we return to language and the Whorf Hypothesis: Can categories, and their accompanying CP, be acquired through language alone? Again, there are some neural net simulation results suggesting that once a set of category names has been "grounded" through direct sensorimotor experience, they can be combined into Boolean combinations (man = male & human) and into still higher-order combinations (bachelor = unmarried & man) which not only pick out the more abstract, higher-order categories much the way the direct sensorimotor detectors do, but also inherit their CP effects, as well as generating some of their own. Bachelor inherits the compression/separation of unmarried and man, and adds a layer of separation/compression of its own.
These language-induced CP-effects remain to be directly demonstrated in human subjects; so far only learned and innate sensorimotor CP have been demonstrated. The latter shows the Whorfian power of naming and categorization, in warping our perception of the world. That is enough to rehabilitate the Whorf Hypothesis from its apparent failure on color terms (and perhaps also from its apparent failure on eskimo snow terms), but to show that it is a full-blown language effect, and not merely a vocabulary effect, it will have to be shown that our perception of the world can also be warped, not just by how things are named but by what we are told about them.
Emotion
Emotions are an important characteristic of the human species. An emotion is an abstract concept that is most easily observed by looking at facial expressions. Emotions and their relation to categorical perception are often studied using facial expressions. Faces contain a large amount of valuable information.
Emotions are divided into categories because they are discrete from one another. Each emotion entails a separate and distinct set of reactions, consequences, and expressions. The feeling and expression of emotions is a natural occurrence, and, it is actually a universal occurrence for some emotions. There are six basic emotions that are considered universal to the human species across age, gender, race, country, and culture and that are considered to be categorically distinct. These six basic emotions are: happiness, disgust, sadness, surprise, anger, and fear. According to the discrete emotions approach, people experience one emotion and not others, rather than a blend. Categorical perception of emotional facial expressions does not require lexical categories. Of these six emotions, happiness is the most easily identified.
The perception of emotions using facial expressions reveals slight gender differences based on the definition and boundaries (essentially, the โedge lineโ where one emotion ends and a subsequent emotion begins) of the categories. The emotion of anger is perceived easier and quicker when it is displayed by males. However, the same effects are seen in the emotion of happiness when portrayed by women. These effects are essentially observed because the categories of the two emotions (anger and happiness) are more closely associated with other features of these specific genders.
Although a verbal label is provided to emotions, it is not required to categorically perceive them. Before language in infants, they can distinguish emotional responses. The categorical perception of emotions is by a "hardwired mechanism". Additional evidence exists showing the verbal labels from cultures that may not have a label for a specific emotion but can still categorically perceive it as its own emotion, discrete and isolated from other emotions. The perception of emotions into categories has also been studied using the tracking of eye movements which showed an implicit response with no verbal requirement because the eye movement response required only the movement and no subsequent verbal response.
The categorical perception of emotions is sometimes a result of joint processing. Other factors may be involved in this perception. Emotional expression and invariable features (features that remain relatively consistent) often work together. Race is one of the invariable features that contribute to categorical perception in conjunction with expression. Race can also be considered a social category. Emotional categorical perception can also be seen as a mix of categorical and dimensional perception. Dimensional perception involves visual imagery. Categorical perception occurs even when processing is dimensional.
See also
Symbol grounding problem
References
Further reading
Perception |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%8B%9D%20%EB%85%BC%EB%A6%AC | ์ธ์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ | ์ธ์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ(่ช่ญ่ซ็, epistemic logic)๋ ์์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ํ๋ด๋ ์์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ผ์ข
์ด๋ค. ๋ณธ๋ C. I. Lewis ๋ฑ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌํ ๋ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ ํฌ๋ฆฝํค์ ๋ฑ์ฅ ์ดํ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ํ๋์๋ค. ์ฒ ํ์ ๋น๋กฏํ์ฌ ์ปดํจํฐ ๊ณผํ, ๊ฒฝ์ ํ, ์ธ์ดํ ๋ฑ ๋ค์ํ ๋ถ์ผ์์ ์ฒด๊ณํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์งํ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ค๋ง ์ด๊ฒ์ด ์ค์ง์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธ์๋ก ์ ์ ์ฉ๋ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ฐ์๋ ํ์๋ฅผ ํํ๋ ํ์๋ค๋ ์๋ค.
๊ตฌ์ฑ
์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธ์(์)์ ์์์ ๊ตฌ์กฐํํ๋ ๋ฐ์๋ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ธ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ธ๊ณ์ ์๋ฏธ๋ก ์ด ์ฐ์ธ๋ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ธ๊ณ์ ์งํฉ์ ์ธ์์(agent)์ ์๊ณผ ์๋ฆฝํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ ์ง ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋๋์ด์ผ ํ๋๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฒ์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์ง๊ด์ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ฒ์ด๋์ง ์๋ ๊ฐ๋
์ด๋ค.
์ธ์์ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ๋ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ์ด์ธ์๋ ํ๋ฅ ๋ก ์ '์ฌ๊ฑด'์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ด์ฉํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ์ฌ๊ฑด๋ค์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ธ๊ณ์ ์งํฉ์ด๋ฉฐ ์์ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๋ํ ์์ฉ์๊ฐ ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์๋ก ๊ฐ๊น์ด ๊ฒ์ด์ง๋ง, ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํฌ๋ฆฝํค ์๋ฏธ๋ก ์ผ๋ก ํ์ํ๋์ด ์๋ ๋ฐ ๋ฐํด ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ Aumann ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก์จ ์์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์์ ์ ํ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์ง ์๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ ๊ทผ์ ๊ฒ์ ์ด๋ก ๋ฑ์์ ์์ฉ๋๋ค. ๋ค๋ง ๋ค์ ์ค๋ช
์ ์์๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ๊ทผ์ ๊ดํ ๋ด์ฉ์ด๋ค.
๊ตฌ๋ฌธ๋ก
์ธ์๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์์ ์์ฉ์(modal operator)๋ ํํ ๋ก ํ๊ธฐ๋๋ฉฐ, "~ ๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค", "~ ๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ธ์๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฐ์ด๋ค", "~ ์ ๋ถ์ ์ ์๋ ค์ง ๋ฐ์ ์ผ์นํ์ง ์๋๋ค" ์ ๋๋ก ํด์๋๋ค. ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ์์(agent)๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ์๋์ฒจ์๋ฅผ ์์ฉ์์ ๋ง๋ถ์ฌ (ใ ๋ฑ๏ผ์ด๋ค ์ธ์ง์์ ๋ํด ์์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ธ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ผ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ "์ธ์ญ์ ๋ ๋ฅผ ์๋ค" ๊ณ ํด์ํ ์ ์๋ค. ์์ ๊ฐ์ด ์ธ์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ง์ํํ(knowledge representation)์ ์ ์ฉ๋๋ ๋ค์ค ์์๋
ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋๋ค.
์ผ๋ฐ ์์๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฐ ์ ๊ฐ์ด K ์ ์๋๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์์ฉ์๋ ์์ ํ
๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ํด์ง ํ๊ธฐ๋ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ง ์์ผ๋ ๋ก ํ์๋์ด "์ธ์์ ๋ ๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์ง ์๋๋ค" ๋๋ "์๊ฒ ์์ด์ ์์ด ๊ทธ์ ์ธ์์ ๋ชจ์๋์ง๋ ์๋๋ค" ๊ณ ํด์๋ ์ ์๋ค. "๋ ์ธ์ง ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋ค"๋ ๋ฌธ์ฅ์ ๋ผ๊ณ ์ฐ์ธ๋ค.
์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๊ณตํต ์ง์(common knowledge)๊ณผ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ ์ง์(distributed knowledge)์ ํํํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ 3์ข
๋ฅ์ ์์์์ฉ์๊ฐ ๋ ์ถ๊ฐ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ "๊ทธ๋ฃน G์ ์ํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ธ์์๊ฐ ฯ๋ฅผ ์๊ณ ์๋ค", ๋ "ฯ๋ G์ ์ํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ธ์์์ ๊ณต์ ์ง์์ด๋ค", ๋ "ฯ๋ G์ ์ํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ธ์์์ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ์ง์์ด๋ค"๋ผ๊ณ ํด์๋๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ฐ ์ด ์ธ์ด์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์์ผ ๋ , , ๋ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์์ด๋ค. ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๊ณตํต์ง์์ด๋, ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ธ์์๊ฐ ์๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋๊ฐ ์๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค๋ ๊ทธ๋ค ๋ชจ๋๊ฐ ์๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ... , ์ด๊ฒ์ด ๋ฌดํํ ์ด์ด์ ธ๋๊ฐ๋ ์ํฉ์ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ถ๋ฐฐ์ง์์ ์ธ์์๋ค์ด ์๋ ์ง์์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ดํฉํ์ ๋ ์ ์ ์๋ ์ง์์ด๋ค.
์๋ฏธ๋ก
์๊ธฐํ ๋๋ก ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํ๋ ์ ๊ทผ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ธ๊ณ์ ๋ชจ๋ธ(possible worlds model)์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ์ฌ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ํฌ๋ฆฝํค ๋ชจ๋ธ(Kripke model)๋ก์จ ํ์ํ๋๋ค. ์ ๋ํ ๋ช
์ ์ธ์ง์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํค๋ ํฌ๋ฆฝํค ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ ํํ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋ '์ํ' ๋๋ '๊ฐ๋ฅ์ธ๊ณ'์ ๋น๊ณต์งํฉ, ๋ 'ํด์' (์ ์ํ๋ ๊ฐ ์ํ์ ์์ ๊ธฐ์ด ๋ช
์ ์ ๋ํ ์ง๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฐฐ์ ), ๋ ๋ช
์ ์ธ์ง์์ ๋ํ ์์ ์ดํญ๊ด๊ณ์ด๋ค. ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ์์์์ฉ์ ๋ ์ ๊ทผ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ ๊ด๊ณ(accessiblity relation) ์๋ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค.
๋ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์์์ ๋ผ๋ ์ํ์์์ ์ ์ง๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ์๋ ค์ฃผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ง๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์๋ง ์์กดํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ํ์ฌ ๋
ผํ๋ ์ธ๊ณ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์๋ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋๋ฐ, ํ์ฌ ์ธ๊ณ์์ ์ฐธ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ณ์์ ์ฐธ์์ ์๋ฏธํ์ง๋ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ค ์ธ๊ณ์์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด ์ฐธ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ผ๊ณ ์ฐ๊ณ "๋ ์์ ์ฐธ์ด๋ค" ๋๋ "๋ ๋ฅผ ๋ง์กฑ์ํจ๋ค"๊ณ ์ฝ๋๋ค.
์ด์ ์ดํญ๊ด๊ณ ๋ ์ธ์์ ๊ฐ ์ด๋ ํ ์ธ๊ณ๋ ์ํ์์ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋จํ๋์ง๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ฏ๋ก ์ด๋ฅผ '๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ ๊ด๊ณ'(possibility relation)๋ก ๋งํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ฌ์ฑ, ๋์นญ์ฑ, ์ถ์ด์ฑ์ ๋ง์กฑํ๋ ๋์น๊ด๊ณ๋ก ์๊ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ฐ, ์ ๊ทผ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ ๊ด๊ณ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ์ฑ์ง์ ๊ฐ์ง์ง ์์ ์๋ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์ฉ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌด์์ด ์ ์ ํ์ง๋ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง ์ ์๋ค.
์์ฑ
์ ๋์น๊ด๊ณ๋ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ณ ์ธ์ง์๊ฐ ์์ ํ ์ด์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ถ์๋ค๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ฉด, '์ธ์'์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์์ฑ์ ๋์ถํด๋ผ ์ ์๋ค. ์๋์ ์์ฑ๋ค์ "S5 ์์ฑ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๋ถ๋ฐฐ ๊ณต๋ฆฌ
๋ถ๋ฐฐ ๊ณต๋ฆฌ(distribution axiom)์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์์ K ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ณต๋ฆฌ์ ํด๋นํ๋ค. ์ธ์๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ธ์ง์๊ฐ ์๊ณผ ์์ ์ ๋ ๊ทธ ์ธ์ง์๋ ๋ ์๋ค๋ ์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ๋๋ค.
์ง์ ์ผ๋ฐํ ๊ท์น
์ง์ ์ผ๋ฐํ ๊ท์น(knowledge generalization rule)์ ๊ฐ ํ๋น(valid)ํ๋ค๋ฉด ๋ ์ฑ๋ฆฝํ๋ค๋ ์์ฑ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ฐ ์ฐธ์ผ ๋ ์ธ์ง์ ๊ฐ ๋ฅผ ์๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ์๋๊ณ , ๊ฐ ์ธ์ง์๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ธ๊ณ๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ธ๊ณ์์ ์ฐธ์ผ ๋ ๊ทธ ์ธ์ง์๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ธ๊ณ์์ ๋ฅผ ์๊ณ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ๋๋ค. ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก N์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ถ๋ก ๊ท์น์ด๋ค.
If then
์ง์ ๊ณต๋ฆฌ
์ง์ ๊ณต๋ฆฌ(knowledge axiom) ๋๋ ์ง๋ฆฌ ๊ณต๋ฆฌ(truth axiom)๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก T ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ณต๋ฆฌ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ด๋ค ์ธ์ง์๊ฐ ์ด๋ค ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ์๋ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ฌ์ค์ ๋ฐ๋์ ์ฐธ์ด๋ผ๋ ์๋ฏธ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ ์์๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์์ '์ง์'๊ณผ '์ ๋
' ๊ฐ์ ํต์ฌ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์ด๋ก, ์ธ์ง์๋ ๊ฑฐ์ง์ธ ๊ฒ์ '์' ์๋ ์์ผ๋ '๋ฏฟ์' ์๋ ์๋ค.
์์ ์์ฑ ๊ณต๋ฆฌ
์์ ์์ฑ ๊ณต๋ฆฌ(positive introspection axiom)๋ KK ๊ณต๋ฆฌ๋ก๋ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋๋ฐ, ์ธ์ง์๊ฐ ์์ ์ด ์๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ๋ ์๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๋ค. ์ด ๊ณต๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์ธ์ง์๊ฐ ์์ ์ ์ง์์ ๋ํ ์์ฑ(่ช็)์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ๊ณต๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 4 ๋ฐ 5 ๊ณต๋ฆฌ์ ํด๋นํ๋ค. ๋ค๋ง ์์ ์์ฑ ๊ณต๋ฆฌ๋ ์ด๋ ๊ณต๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋ณด๊ธฐ์๋ ๋ค์ ๋น์๋ช
ํ ์ง์ ๋ก Timothy Williamson์ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ฆฌ์ ํฌํจ์ํค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
์์ ์์ฑ ๊ณต๋ฆฌ
์์ ์์ฑ ๊ณต๋ฆฌ(negative introspection axiom)๋ ์ธ์ง์๋ ์์ ์ด ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํด ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ค์ค๋ก ์๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๋ค.
๊ณต๋ฆฌ๊ณ
์ด๋ฌํ ๊ณต๋ฆฌ๋ค ์ค ์ด๋ค ๊ฒ๋ค์ ์ฑ์ฉํ๋๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค์ํ ์์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ฒด๊ณ๊ฐ ๋์ถ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ณต๋ฆฌ๊ณ KT45๋ ์์ K, T, 4, 5 ๋ฐ ์ง์ ์ผ๋ฐํ ๊ณต๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐํฉํ ์์๋
ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ฏธํ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณดํต์ S5 ๊ณต๋ฆฌ๊ณ์ ํด๋นํ๋ค.
์ธ์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ง์ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์ ๋
๋ ๋ค๋ฃฐ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์์ ์์ฉ์๋ B ๋ก ํ๊ธฐ๋๋๋ฐ, ์ธ์ง์๊ฐ ๋ฏฟ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ฐธ์ผ๋ก ์ ํด์ ธ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ธ์ ๊ณต๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฑ๋ฆฝํ์ง ์๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฃจ๋ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ๋
๋
ผ๋ฆฌ(doxastic logic)์ด๋ผ ํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
์์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ
์ง์, ์ ๋
์ธ์๋ก
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ
์ธ์๋ก
์ง์
์ปดํจํฐ ๊ณผํ ๋ด ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemic%20modal%20logic | Epistemic modal logic | Epistemic modal logic is a subfield of modal logic that is concerned with reasoning about knowledge. While epistemology has a long philosophical tradition dating back to Ancient Greece, epistemic logic is a much more recent development with applications in many fields, including philosophy, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, economics and linguistics. While philosophers since Aristotle have discussed modal logic, and Medieval philosophers such as Avicenna, Ockham, and Duns Scotus developed many of their observations, it was C. I. Lewis who created the first symbolic and systematic approach to the topic, in 1912. It continued to mature as a field, reaching its modern form in 1963 with the work of Kripke.
Historical development
Many papers were written in the 1950s that spoke of a logic of knowledge in passing, but the Finnish philosopher G. H. von Wright's 1951 paper titled An Essay in Modal Logic is seen as a founding document. It was not until 1962 that another Finn, Hintikka, would write Knowledge and Belief, the first book-length work to suggest using modalities to capture the semantics of knowledge rather than the alethic statements typically discussed in modal logic. This work laid much of the groundwork for the subject, but a great deal of research has taken place since that time. For example, epistemic logic has been combined recently with some ideas from dynamic logic to create dynamic epistemic logic, which can be used to specify and reason about information change and exchange of information in multi-agent systems. The seminal works in this field are by Plaza, Van Benthem, and Baltag, Moss, and Solecki.
Standard possible worlds model
Most attempts at modeling knowledge have been based on the possible worlds model. In order to do this, we must divide the set of possible worlds between those that are compatible with an agent's knowledge, and those that are not. This generally conforms with common usage. If I know that it is either Friday or Saturday, then I know for sure that it is not Thursday. There is no possible world compatible with my knowledge where it is Thursday, since in all these worlds it is either Friday or Saturday. While we will primarily be discussing the logic-based approach to accomplishing this task, it is worthwhile to mention here the other primary method in use, the event-based approach. In this particular usage, events are sets of possible worlds, and knowledge is an operator on events. Though the strategies are closely related, there are two important distinctions to be made between them:
The underlying mathematical model of the logic-based approach are Kripke semantics, while the event-based approach employs the related Aumann structures based on set theory.
In the event-based approach logical formulas are done away with completely, while the logic-based approach uses the system of modal logic.
Typically, the logic-based approach has been used in fields such as philosophy, logic and AI, while the event-based approach is more often used in fields such as game theory and mathematical economics. In the logic-based approach, a syntax and semantics have been built using the language of modal logic, which we will now describe.
Syntax
The basic modal operator of epistemic logic, usually written K, can be read as "it is known that," "it is epistemically necessary that," or "it is inconsistent with what is known that not." If there is more than one agent whose knowledge is to be represented, subscripts can be attached to the operator (, , etc.) to indicate which agent one is talking about. So can be read as "Agent knows that ." Thus, epistemic logic can be an example of multimodal logic applied for knowledge representation. The dual of K, which would be in the same relationship to K as is to , has no specific symbol, but can be represented by , which can be read as " does not know that not " or "It is consistent with 's knowledge that is possible". The statement " does not know whether or not " can be expressed as .
In order to accommodate notions of common knowledge and distributed knowledge, three other modal operators can be added to the language. These are , which reads "every agent in group G knows" (mutual knowledge); , which reads "it is common knowledge to every agent in G"; and , which reads "it is distributed knowledge to the whole group G." If is a formula of our language, then so are , , and . Just as the subscript after can be omitted when there is only one agent, the subscript after the modal operators , , and can be omitted when the group is the set of all agents.
Semantics
As mentioned above, the logic-based approach is built upon the possible worlds model, the semantics of which are often given definite form in Kripke structures, also known as Kripke models. A Kripke structure for n agents over , the set of all primitive propositions, is an -tuple , where is a nonempty set of states or possible worlds, is an interpretation, which associates with each state a truth assignment to the primitive propositions in , and are binary relations on for n numbers of agents. It is important here not to confuse , our modal operator, and , our accessibility relation.
The truth assignment tells us whether or not a proposition is true or false in a certain state. So tells us whether is true in state in model . Truth depends not only on the structure, but on the current world as well. Just because something is true in one world does not mean it is true in another. To state that a formula is true at a certain world, one writes , normally read as " is true at ," or " satisfies ".
It is useful to think of our binary relation as a possibility relation, because it is meant to capture what worlds or states agent i considers to be possible; In other words, if and only if , and such 's are called epistemic alternatives for agent i. In idealized accounts of knowledge (e.g., describing the epistemic status of perfect reasoners with infinite memory capacity), it makes sense for to be an equivalence relation, since this is the strongest form and is the most appropriate for the greatest number of applications. An equivalence relation is a binary relation that is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive. The accessibility relation does not have to have these qualities; there are certainly other choices possible, such as those used when modeling belief rather than knowledge.
The properties of knowledge
Assuming that is an equivalence relation, and that the agents are perfect reasoners, a few properties of knowledge can be derived. The properties listed here are often known as the "S5 Properties," for reasons described in the Axiom Systems section below.
The distribution axiom
This axiom is traditionally known as K. In epistemic terms, it states that if an agent knows and knows that , then the agent must also know . So,
This axiom is valid on any frame in relational semantics. This axiom logically establishes modus ponens as a rule of inference for every epistemically possible world.
The knowledge generalization rule
Another property we can derive is that if is valid (i.e. a tautology), then . This does not mean that if is true, then agent i knows . What it means is that if is true in every world that an agent considers to be a possible world, then the agent must know at every possible world. This principle is traditionally called N (Necessitation rule).
This rule always preserves truth in relational semantics.
The knowledge or truth axiom
This axiom is also known as T. It says that if an agent knows facts, the facts must be true. This has often been taken as the major distinguishing feature between knowledge and belief. We can believe a statement to be true when it is false, but it would be impossible to know a false statement.
This axiom can also be expressed in its contraposition as agents cannot know a false statement:
This axiom is valid on any reflexive frame.
The positive introspection axiom
This property and the next state that an agent has introspection about its own knowledge, and are traditionally known as 4 and 5, respectively. The Positive Introspection Axiom, also known as the KK Axiom, says specifically that agents know that they know what they know. This axiom may seem less obvious than the ones listed previously, and Timothy Williamson has argued against its inclusion forcefully in his book, Knowledge and Its Limits.
Equivalently, this modal axiom 4 says that agents do not know what they do not know that they know
This axiom is valid on any transitive frame.
The negative introspection axiom
The Negative Introspection Axiom says that agents know that they do not know what they do not know.
Or, equivalently, this modal axiom 5 says that agents know what they do not know that they do not know
This axiom is valid on any Euclidean frame.
Axiom systems
Different modal logics can be derived from taking different subsets of these axioms, and these logics are normally named after the important axioms being employed. However, this is not always the case. KT45, the modal logic that results from the combining of K, T, 4, 5, and the Knowledge Generalization Rule, is primarily known as S5. This is why the properties of knowledge described above are often called the S5 Properties. However, it can be proven that modal axiom B is a theorem in S5 (viz. ), which says that what an agent does not know that they do not know is true: . The modal axiom B is true on any symmetric frame, but is very counterintuitive in epistemic logic: How can the ignorance on one's own ignorance imply truth? It is therefore debatable whether S4 describes epistemic logic better, rather than S5.
Epistemic logic also deals with belief, not just knowledge. The basic modal operator is usually written B instead of K. In this case, though, the knowledge axiom no longer seems rightโagents only sometimes believe the truthโso it is usually replaced with the Consistency Axiom, traditionally called D:
which states that the agent does not believe a contradiction, or that which is false. When D replaces T in S5, the resulting system is known as KD45. This results in different properties for as well. For example, in a system where an agent "believes" something to be true, but it is not actually true, the accessibility relation would be non-reflexive. The logic of belief is called doxastic logic.
Multi-agent systems
When there are multiple agents in the domain of discourse where each agent i corresponds to a separate epistemic modal operator , in addition to the axiom schemata for each individual agent listed above to describe the rationality of each agent, it is usually also assumed that the rationality of each agent is common knowledge.
Problems with the possible world model and modal model of knowledge
If we take the possible worlds approach to knowledge, it follows that our epistemic agent a knows all the logical consequences of their beliefs (known as logical omniscience). If is a logical consequence of , then there is no possible world where is true but is not. So if a knows that is true, it follows that all of the logical consequences of are true of all of the possible worlds compatible with as beliefs. Therefore, a knows . It is not epistemically possible for a that not- given his knowledge that . This consideration was a part of what led Robert Stalnaker to develop two-dimensionalism, which can arguably explain how we might not know all the logical consequences of our beliefs even if there are no worlds where the propositions we know come out true but their consequences false.
Even when we ignore possible world semantics and stick to axiomatic systems, this peculiar feature holds. With K and N (the Distribution Rule and the Knowledge Generalization Rule, respectively), which are axioms that are minimally true of all normal modal logics, we can prove that we know all the logical consequences of our beliefs. If is a logical consequence of (i.e. we have the tautology ), then we can derive with N, and using a conditional proof with the axiom K, we can then derive with K'''. When we translate this into epistemic terms, this says that if is a logical consequence of , then a knows that it is, and if a knows , a knows . That is to say, a knows all the logical consequences of every proposition. This is necessarily true of all classical modal logics. But then, for example, if a knows that prime numbers are divisible only by themselves and the number one, then a knows that 8683317618811886495518194401279999999 is prime (since this number is only divisible by itself and the number one). That is to say, under the modal interpretation of knowledge, when a knows the definition of a prime number, a knows that this number is prime. This generalizes to any provable theorem in any axiomatic theory (i.e. if a knows all the axioms in a theory, then a knows all the provable theorems in that theory). It should be clear at this point that a is not human (otherwise there would not be any unsolved conjectures in mathematics, like P versus NP problem or Goldbach's conjecture). This shows that epistemic modal logic is an idealized account of knowledge, and explains objective, rather than subjective knowledge (if anything).
Epistemic fallacy (masked-man fallacy)
In philosophical logic, the masked-man fallacy (also known as the intensional fallacy or epistemic fallacy) is committed when one makes an illicit use of Leibniz's law in an argument. The fallacy is "epistemic" because it posits an immediate identity between a subject's knowledge of an object with the object itself, failing to recognize that Leibniz's Law is not capable of accounting for intensional contexts.
Examples
The name of the fallacy comes from the example:
Premise 1: I know who Bob is.
Premise 2: I do not know who the masked man is
Conclusion: Therefore, Bob is not the masked man.
The premises may be true and the conclusion false if Bob is the masked man and the speaker does not know that. Thus the argument is a fallacious one.
In symbolic form, the above arguments are
Premise 1: I know who X is.
Premise 2: I do not know who Y is.
Conclusion: Therefore, X is not Y.
Note, however, that this syllogism happens in the reasoning by the speaker "I"; Therefore, in the formal modal logic form, it'll be
Premise 1: The speaker believes he knows who X is.
Premise 2: The speaker believes he does not know who Y is.
Conclusion: Therefore, the speaker believes X is not Y.Premise 1 is a very strong one, as it is logically equivalent to . It is very likely that this is a false belief: is likely a false proposition, as the ignorance on the proposition does not imply the negation of it is true.
Another example:
Premise 1: Lois Lane thinks Superman can fly.
Premise 2: Lois Lane thinks Clark Kent cannot fly.
Conclusion: Therefore Superman and Clark Kent are not the same person.
Expressed in doxastic logic, the above syllogism is:
Premise 1:
Premise 2:
Conclusion:
The above reasoning is invalid (not truth-preserving). The valid conclusion to be drawn is .
See also
Epistemic closure
Epistemology
Dynamic epistemic logic
Logic in computer science
Philosophical ExplanationsNotes
References
Anderson, A. and N. D. Belnap. Entailment: The Logic of Relevance and Necessity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975. ASIN B001NNPJL8.
Brown, Benjamin, Thoughts and Ways of Thinking: Source Theory and Its Applications. London: Ubiquity Press, 2017. .
van Ditmarsch Hans, Halpern Joseph Y., van der Hoek Wiebe and Kooi Barteld (eds.), Handbook of Epistemic Logic, London: College Publications, 2015.
. A classic reference.
Ronald Fagin, Joseph Halpern, Moshe Vardi. "A nonstandard approach to the logical omniscience problem." Artificial Intelligence, Volume 79, Number 2, 1995, p.ย 203-40.
Hendricks, V.F. Mainstream and Formal Epistemology. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
.
Meyer, J-J C., 2001, "Epistemic Logic," in Goble, Lou, ed., The Blackwell Guide to Philosophical Logic. Blackwell.
Montague, R. "Universal Grammar". Theoretica'', Volume 36, 1970, p.ย 373-398.
.
. See Chapters 13 and 14; downloadable free online.
External links
"Epistemic modal logic"โHo Ngoc Duc.
Modal logic
Artificial intelligence
Formal epistemology
Epistemic logic |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTP%27 | GTP' | GTP' (GTP ํ๋ผ์ ๋๋ GTPP)๋ GSM ๋ฐ UMTS ๋คํธ์ํฌ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ IP ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ํ๋กํ ์ฝ์ด๋ค. UDP ๋๋ TCP์ ํจ๊ป ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค. GTP'๋ GTP (GTP-C, GTP-U)์ ๋์ผํ ๋ฉ์์ง ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ง๋ง ๋๋ถ๋ถ ๋ณ๋์ ํ๋กํ ์ฝ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผํ๋ค. GTP'๋ ๋ฑ๋ก๋ UDP / TCP ํฌํธ 3386์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค.
GTP'๋ GSM ๋๋ UMTS ๋คํธ์ํฌ์ "๊ณผ๊ธ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ฅ๋น"(CDF)์์ "๊ณผ๊ธ ๊ฒ์ดํธ์จ์ด ์ฅ๋น"(CGF)๋ก ๊ณผ๊ธ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฌํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ด๋ GGSN๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ง์ ๊ฐ๋ณ ๋คํธ์ํฌ ์์์์ ์ค์ ์ง์ค์ ์ปดํจํฐ๋ก ์ ์ก๋ ๋ค์ ๊ณผ๊ธ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ๋คํธ์ํฌ ์ด์์์ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ ์ผํฐ๋ก ๋ณด๋ค ํธ๋ฆฌํ๊ฒ ์ ๋ฌํ๋ค.
GTP'๋ 3GPP GPRS ์ฝ์ด ๋คํธ์ํฌ ์ ์ ๋ด Ga ์ธํฐํ์ด์ค์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค.
GTP'๋ 3GPP TS 32.295 "GTP์ ์๊ทธ๋๋ง ํ๋ ์ธ๋ง ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค"๊ณ ์ธ์ฉํ์ง๋ง GTP์ ์ธก๋ฉด์ ์ฌ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. GTP'๋ CGF ๋๋ SGSN / GGSN ์คํจ ์ CDR์ ์์ค ๋๋ ์ค๋ณต์ ํผํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋๊ธฐํ ํ๋กํ ์ฝ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํค๋, ์ถ๊ฐ ๋ฉ์์ง, ํ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ์ ๋ฌ ๋ CDR์ 3GPP ํ์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ASN.1 ๋ก ์ธ์ฝ๋ฉ๋๋ค.
ํค๋
GTP์ v1 ๋ฐ v2 ํค๋์๋ ๋ค์ ํ๋๊ฐ ํฌํจ๋์ด ์๋ค.
๋ฒ์
GTP' ํจํท์ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ํค๋ ํ๋๋ 3 ๋นํธ ๋ฒ์ ํ๋์ด๋ค. GTP' v2์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ด ๊ฐ์ 2์ด๋ค (๋ฐ๋ผ์ GTP' v2๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆ).
ํ๋กํ ์ฝ ์ ํ (PT)
GTP'(๊ฐ 0)์ GTP (๊ฐ 1)๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณํ๋ 1 ๋นํธ ๊ฐ
๋์ค์ ์ํด ๋จ๊ฒจ๋ ๋นํธ
3 ๋นํธ ์์ฝ ํ๋ (1์ด์ด์ผ ํจ)
ํค๋ ๊ธธ์ด (Hdr len)
GTP ๋ฒ์ 0์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ 1 ๋นํธ ๊ฐ์ 20 ๋ฐ์ดํธ ํค๋ (๊ฐ 0) ( GTP ๊ธฐ์ค ) ๋๋์ด 6 ๋ฐ์ดํธ ํค๋๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋์ง ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค. ์ด ๋นํธ๋ ํ์ GTP ๋ฒ์ ์ ๋ํด ์ค์ ๋์ง ์์์ผํ๋ฉฐ (๊ฐ 0), ์ด๋ค์ ํญ์ 6 ๋ฐ์ดํธ ์ฌ์ผํ๋ฏ๋ก ํค๋ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด์ง ์๋๋ค.
๋ฉ์์ง ์ ํ
๋ฉ์์ง ์ ํ์ ๋ํ๋ด๋ 8 ๋นํธ ํ๋์ด๋ค. ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ฐ :
๊ธธ์ด
GTP'์ ์ํด ์บก์ํ๋๋ ํจํท์ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด๋ 16 ๋นํธ ํ๋ (GTP'ํค๋ ์์ฒด๋ ํฌํจํ์ง ์์).
์ํ์ค ๋ฒํธ
์ด ํจํท์ ๊ณ ์ ํ๊ฒ ์๋ณํ๊ณ ์์ค ๋๋ ๋ณต์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ํ ์ ์๋ 16 ๋นํธ ํ๋
๋ฉ์์ง ์ ํ
GTP'๋ ์ง์๋์ง ์๋ GTP ๋ฒ์ , ์์ฝ ์์ฒญ ๋ฐ ์์ฝ ์๋ต ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ง๋ง ๋ค์ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ฐํ๋ค.
๋
ธ๋ ํ์ฑํ ์์ฒญ
๋
ธ๋ ์๋ ์๋ต
๋ฆฌ๋๋ ์
์์ฒญ
๋ฆฌ๋๋ ์
์๋ต
๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ ์ฝ๋ ์ ์ก ์์ฒญ
๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ ์ฝ๋ ์ ์ก ์๋ต
๋
ธ๋ ์๋ ์์ฒญ / ์๋ต
Node Alive ๋ฉ์์ง๋ ๋
ธ๋๊ฐ ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ์์ํ์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋คํธ์ํฌ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ์์์ ์๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค. ์์ฒญ์ ๋
ธ๋ ์์์์ ์ ์ก๋๋ฏ๋ก ์์ฝ ์์ฒญ / ์๋ต์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ํด๋ง ๋ณด๋ค ์๋น์ค๋ฅผ ๋ค์ ํ์ฑํํ๋ ๋ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. ์ด ๋ฉ์์ง๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋
ธ๋๊ฐ ์๋น์ค๋ก ๋์ ์ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ฆฌ๊ณ (GTP ๋ฒ์ 2์์) CGF์ IPv6 ์ฃผ์๋ฅผ ์๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ฆฌ๋๋ ์
์์ฒญ / ์๋ต
๋ฆฌ๋๋ ์
๋ฉ์์ง๋ ๋ค์ ์ฉ๋๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค.
๋ฐ์ ์๊ฐ ์๋น์ค์์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ๋ ๋ (์ ์ง ๋ณด์ / ์คํจ) CDF ( SGSN / GGSN )์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ CGF๋ก CDR์ ํ๋ฆ์ ์ ํํ๋ค.
CGF๊ฐ ๋ค์ด ์คํธ๋ฆผ ์์คํ
๊ณผ์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋์ด ์ก์์ ์๋ ค์ค๋ค.
๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ชจ๋ CDF์ ์์ฝ ์์ฒญ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ CDF๊ฐ ํด๋ง ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ณด๋ค ์๋ฐํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์คํจ์ ๋ํ ์์ธํ ์ ๋ณด๊ฐ CDF์ ์ ๊ณต๋๋ค.
์ด ๋ฉ์์ง์๋ ์์ธ์ ๋ํ ์ธ๋ถ ์ ๋ณด์ ์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์ฒด CGF์ ์ฃผ์๊ฐ ํฌํจ๋๋ค.
๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ ์ฝ๋ ์ ์ก ์์ฒญ / ์๋ต
๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ ์ฝ๋ ์ ์ก ๋ฉ์์ง๋ CDR์ ์์ฑ ์ง์ ( SGSN / GGSN )์์ CGF์ ๋น ํ๋ฐ์ฑ ์ ์ฅ์๋ก ์์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์กํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค.
๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ ์ฝ๋ ์ ์ก ์์ฒญ
๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ ์ฝ๋ ์ ์ก ์์ฒญ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ ๋ค์ ๋ค ๊ฐ์ง ์ ํ ์ค ํ๋์ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ํฌํจ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ ์ฝ๋ ํจํท ๋ณด๋ด๊ธฐ-์ด ๋ฉ์์ง์๋ 0 ๊ฐ ์ด์์ CDR์ด ํฌํจ๋ฉ๋๋ค. CDR์ BER ๋๋ ๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก PER์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ASN.1 ๋ก ์ธ์ฝ๋ฉ ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
์ค๋ณต ๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ ์ฝ๋ ํจํท ๋ณด๋ด๊ธฐ-์ด ๋ฉ์์ง์๋ ํ๋ ์ด์์ CDR์ด ํฌํจ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๋ฉ์์ง๋ ์ด์ ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ CGF๋ก ์ ์ก๋๋ค.
๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ ์ฝ๋ ํจํท ์ทจ์-์ด ๋ฉ์์ง๋ CGF๊ฐ "๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๋ณต์ ๋"๋ณด๋ฅ ํ์์ ํ๋ ์ด์์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ ์ฝ๋ ํจํท์ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๋๋ก CGF์ ์ง์ํ๋ค.
Release Data Record Packet-์ด ๋ฉ์์ง๋ CGF์ "๋ณต์ ๋"๋ณด๋ฅ ํ์์ ํ๋ ์ด์์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ ์ฝ๋ ํจํท์ ๋ด์ฉ์ ์ฐ๋๋ก CGF์ ์ง์ํ๋ค.
์ค๋ณต CDR์ ์์ด ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฐ์ง ์๋๋กํ๋ ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ด ์๋๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒ์ 3GPP TS 32.295์ ์์ธํ ์ค๋ช
๋์ด ์๋ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ ์ ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ํจํท์ด ์ํ์ฑ๋๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์น์ธ๋์ง ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ CGF๊ฐ ์น์ธ ํ ๋๊น์ง ์ฌ์ ์ก๋๋ค์ด๋ค. ์ผ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ ์ฝ๋ ํจํท์ ์ฆ์ ๋น ํ๋ฐ์ฑ ์ ์ฅ์ (์ย : ๋์คํฌ)์ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋์ง๋ง ์ฌ์ ์ก ๋ ํจํท์ "๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๋ณต์ ๋จ"์ผ๋ก ํ์๋๊ณ ๋น ํ๋ฐ์ฑ ์ ์ฅ์์ ์ฆ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋์ง ์๋ ํน์ ๋๊ธฐ์ด์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ฉฐ CDF์ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ํ์ธ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
์ ๋ก CDR์ ํฌํจํ๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ ์ฝ๋ ์ ์ก ์์ฒญ์ ์ ์กํ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ CGF๊ฐ ํด๋น ์ํ์ค ๋ฒํธ์ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ ๋ ์ฝ๋๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ๋์ง ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์งํ๋ ํ
์คํธ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ฉฐ ์ ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ ์ค์ํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ด๋ค.
๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ ์ฝ๋ ์ ์ก ์๋ต
๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ ์ฝ๋ ์ ์ก ์๋ต์ ํ๋ ์ด์์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ ์ฝ๋ ์ ์ก ๋ฉ์์ง ์์ ์ ํ์ธํ๋ค. ์๋ต์ ํจ์จ์ฑ์ ์ด์ ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ฃนํ ๋ ์ ์์ง๋ง ์ ์ก CDF ์๊ฐ ์ด๊ณผ๋ณด๋ค ๋ ์์ฃผ ์ ์ก๋์ด์ผํ๋ค.
ACK์๋ cause๊ฐ ํฌํจ๋๋ฉฐ ํฌํจ๋ ๋ ์ฝ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๋ฒํธ๊ฐ ๋งค๊ฒจ์ง 3GPP ์ฌ์์ ์ง์ ์ก์ธ์ค
์คํ ์์ค ๊ณผ๊ธ ๊ฒ์ดํธ์จ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฅ (CGF)
ํต์ ์์ค
3GPP ํ์ค
์ด๋ ํต์ ํ์ค | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTP%27 | GTP' | GTP' (GTP prime) is an IP based protocol used within GSM and UMTS networks. It can be used with UDP or TCP. GTP' uses the same message structure as GTP (GTP-C, GTP-U), but it is largely a separate protocol. GTP' uses registered UDP/TCP port 3386.
GTP' can be used for carrying charging data from the "Charging Data Function" (CDF) of the GSM or UMTS network to the "Charging Gateway Function" (CGF). In most cases, this should mean from many individual network elements such as the GGSNs to a centralised computer which then delivers the charging data more conveniently to the network operator's billing center.
GTP' is used on the Ga interface within the 3GPP GPRS Core Network definition.
GTP' reuses aspects of GTP, although to quote 3GPP TS 32.295, "only the signalling plane of GTP is partly reused". GTP' defines a different header, additional messages, field values, as well as a synchronisation protocol to avoid losing or duplicating CDRs on CGF or SGSN/GGSN failure. Transferred CDRs, if following 3GPP standards, are encoded in ASN.1.
Header
GTP' v1 and v2 headers contain the following fields
Version The first header field in a GTP' packet is the 3-bit version field. For GTP' v2, this has a value of 2 (hence the name GTP' v2).
Protocol Type (PT) a 1-bit value that differentiates GTP' (value 0) from GTP (value 1).
Reserved a 3-bit reserved field (must be 1's).
Header Length (Hdr len) a 1-bit value that for GTP' version 0 indicates if using a 20 byte header (value 0) (as per GTP) or this 6 byte header. This bit must be unset (value 0) for subsequent GTP' versions and in these does not indicate the header length as this must always be 6 bytes.
Message Type An 8-bit field that states the message type. Possible values:
Length A 16-bit field that states the length of the packet being encapsulated by GTP' (not including the GTP' header itself).
Sequence Number A 16-bit field that uniquely identifies this packet and allows detection of loss or duplication
Message Types
GTP' uses the GTP Version Not Supported, Echo Request and Echo Response messages unchanged, but adds the following messages
Node Alive Request
Node Alive Response
Redirection Request
Redirection Response
Data Record Transfer Request
Data Record Transfer Response
Node Alive Request / Response
The Node Alive messages are used to advise other network components that a node has started service. The request is sent from the node starting and so provides a faster method to re-enable service than polling using Echo Request/Response does. This message can also be used to advise of other nodes coming back into service, and (in GTP' version 2) to advise of the IPv6 address of the CGF.
Redirection Request/Response
The Redirection messages are used to:
divert the flow of CDRs from the CDFs (SGSN/GGSN) to another CGF when the sender is being removed from service (for maintenance/failure).
advise that the CGF has lost its connection to a downstream system
In either case the CDFs are given more information about an impending or immediate failure than would be the case if the CDF was polling using Echo Request messages.
This message contains details about the cause, and optionally address(es) of an alternate CGF.
Data Record Transfer Request/Response
The Data Record Transfer messages are used to reliably transport CDRs from the point of generation (SGSN/GGSN) to non-volatile storage in the CGF.
Data Record Transfer Request
Each Data Record Transfer Request message can contain a message of one of four types:
Send Data Record Packet - This message contains zero or more CDRs. CDRs may be encoded in ASN.1 using BER or, less commonly, PER.
Send possibly duplicated Data Record Packet - This message contains one or more CDRs, and this message has previously been sent to another CGF.
Cancel Data Record Packet - This message orders the CGF to remove one or more Data Record Packet from the CGF "possibly duplicated" pending queue.
Release Data Record Packet - This message orders the CGF to write the contents of one or more Data Record Packets from the CGF "possibly duplicated" pending queue.
There is a mechanism to attempt to avoid losing or writing any duplicate CDRs. This is described in some detail in 3GPP TS 32.295. The basic premise is that every packet is sequenced and if not individually acknowledged then it will be resent until it is acknowledged by any CGF. Normal Data Record packets are immediately written to non-volatile storage (e.g. disk), but resent packets are marked as "possibly duplicated" and enter a special queue that is not immediately written to non-volatile storageโa second confirmation from the CDF is required.
The ability to send a Data Record Transfer Request containing zero CDRs is used as a test to detect the success or failure of the CGF to have already written records assigned to that sequence number and is an important part of the above mechanism.
Data Record Transfer Response
The Data Record Transfer Response acknowledges receipt of one or more Data Record Transfer messages; responses can be grouped for reasons of efficiency but must be sent more frequently than the sending CDFs timeout.
The acknowledgement includes a cause and can be a rejection of the contained records.
References
External links
Direct access to the numbered 3GPP specifications
Open source Charging Gateway Function (CGF)
Mobile telecommunications standards
3GPP standards
Telecommunications infrastructure |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%88%EC%84%B1%EB%9C%A8%EB%9D%BD%EB%98%90%EB%A5%B4%EA%B3%B5%EC%9E%A5 | ๊ธ์ฑ๋จ๋ฝ๋๋ฅด๊ณต์ฅ | ๊ธ์ฑ๋จ๋ฝ๋๋ฅด๊ณต์ฅ(้ๆํธ๋ํฐ็ถๅๅทฅๅ ด) ๋๋ ๊ฐ๋จํ ๊ธ์ฑ ํธ๋ํฐ ๊ณต์ฅ์ ์กฐ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ํ์๋จ๋ ๊ฐ์๊ตฐ์ ์๋ ์กฐ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ ์ต๋์ ํธ๋ํฐ ์์ฐ ๊ณต์ฅ์ด๋ค. ๊ณต์ฅ์ ๋ถ์ง ๋ฉด์ ์ 132๋งm2(์ฝ 40๋งํ)์ด๋ค.
1953๋
๊ฐ๋จํ ๋๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์์ฐํ๋ ํ์ ๋๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์ ์์๋ก ์ถ๋ฐํ์ฌ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐ๊ณ ๊ณต์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์ฅํ์๊ณ 1959๋
์ผ๋ถ ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ค๋น์ ์ฌ๋ฐฐ์น์ ์ฆ์ค์ ๊ธฐํ๊ณ ๋ช
์นญ์ ๊ธฐ์ ํธ๋ํฐ ๊ณต์ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊พธ์๋ค.
1963-64๋
๊ฐ์ ๊ฑดํ 3๋งm2์ ๋ํ ๊ฐ๊ณต ์กฐ๋ฆฝ ์ง์ฅ์ ๊ฑด์คํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 1971๋
๋ถํฐ ๋๋์ ์ธ ํ์ฅ ๊ณต์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ์งํ์ฌ ์๋ํ์ ์๊ฒฉ์กฐ์ข
ํ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ ธ ์๋ 1973๋
7์ ์ฐ์ฐ3๋ง๋ ์์ค์ ์์ฐ ์์ค์ ํ๋ณดํ๊ณ ๊ณต์ฅ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๊ธ์ฑ ํธ๋ํฐ ๊ณต์ฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์นญํ์๋ค.
์์ฐ ๋จ์๋ ์ฃผ๊ฐ ์ง์ฅ, ์ฃผ๋ฌผ ์ง์ฅ, ์๋ฃ ์ค๋น ์ง์ฅ, ์์ฌ ์ง์ฅ, ์ฃผ๋ฌผ ์ง์ฅ(์กฐํ ์์
๋ฐ, ์ ์ฃผํ ์ ๋๋ก ์์
๋ฐ ๋ฑ), ๋จ์กฐ ์ง์ฅ, ์ด์ฒ๋ฆฌ ์ง์ฅ, ์ ๊ด ์ง์ฅ, 1,2,3๊ฐ๊ณต ์ง์ฅ, ๊ธฐ๊ด์ง์ฅ, ์กฐ๋ฆฝ ์ง์ฅ, ๋ณ์๊ธฐ ์ง์ฅ, ์ฐจ์ฒด ์ง์ฅ, ์ ๋จ ์ง์ฅ, ์น์ฐจ ์ง์ฅ, ํํ ์ง์ฅ, ๋ชจํ ์ง์ฅ, ๊ณต๊ตฌ ์ง์ฅ, ๊ณต์๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ง์ฅ, ์๋ํ ์์ ์ง์ฅ, ๊ณต๋ฌด ์ง์ฅ, ๊ฑด์ค ์ง์ฅ, ์ค๊ณ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์, ์กฐ๋ช
๋ฑ๋ถ๊ณต์ฅ์ด๋ค.
1973๋
์กฐ์
๋น์ ๋ถํ์ ๋ฐํ์ ์ํ๋ฉด ์ด ๊ณต์ฅ์ ์์ค ๊ท๋ชจ๋ ๊ฐ๊ณต ๋ฐ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ ์ง์ฅ, ์ฃผ๊ฐ ์ง์ฅ, ๋จ์กฐ ์ง์ฅ, ์น์ฐจ ์ง์ฅ, ์ฐจ์ฒด ์ง์ฅ, ๊ธฐ๊ด ์ง์ฅ, ๋ณ์ํจ ์ง์ฅ ๋ฑ์ ์์ฒ๋์ ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ค๋น๋ฅผ ๋น๋กฏํ์ฌ 16๊ฐ์ ์๋ ๊ฐ๊ณต ๋ผ์ธ, 57๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ์๋ ๊ฐ๊ณต ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฐ 16๊ฐ์ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ ๋ผ์ธ์ด ์ฐ์
TVํ์ ์ํด ์ด์๋๊ณ ์๋ ๋ฑ ์ข
ํฉ์ ํธ๋ํฐ ์์ฐ ๊ณต์ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์กฑํ๊ฒ ๋์๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์์ฐ ๊ณต์ ์๋ ๊ฐ๊ณต ์ญ๋๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์ปจ๋ฒ ์ด์ด ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋์
ํ์๋ค๊ณ ๊ฐ์กฐ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ก๋์ ๋ฌธ์ 1984๋
์ด ๊ณต์ฅ์ ์์ฐ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์กฐ์
๋น์์ ๋นํด์ ์์ฐ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด 10๋ฐฐ๋ก ํฅ์๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฐ๊ฐ ์๋ง ๋์ ํธ๋ํฐ๋ฅผ ์์ฐํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๋ํ์๋ค.
์ฃผ๋ฌผ ๊ณต์ ์๋ํ
ํนํ ์ฃผ๋ฌผ ๊ณต์ ์ ์๋ํ๊ฐ ํ๋ฐํ๊ฒ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๊ณ ์์์ ์์๊ฐ ์๋ค.
1988๋
์ ๊น์ ์ผ์ 200์ผ ์ ํฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ค์ 1, 2ํธ ์๋ ์ฃผ๋ฌผ ์กฐํ ๋ผ์ธ์ ๊ฑด์คํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 1990๋
์ 3ํธ ์๋ ์ฃผ๋ฌผ ์กฐํ ๋ผ์ธ์, 1992๋
์ 4ํธ ์๋ ์ฃผ๋ฌผ ์กฐํ ๋ผ์ธ์ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 1993๋
์ 5ํธ ์๋ ์ฃผ๋ฌผ ์กฐํ ๋ผ์ธ์ด ์ค์น ๋์๋ค.
1996๋
ํ์ฌ ์ฃผ๊ฐ, ์ฃผ๋ฌผ ๊ณต์ ์ 7๊ฐ์ ์๋ ์กฐํ ๋ผ์ธ์ด ์ค์น๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ ํ๊ธฐ์ ์๋ ์กฐํ ๋ผ์ธ์ ์ ์์ค์ด๋ค.
1ํธ ์๋ ์ฃผ๋ฌผ ์กฐํ ๋ผ์ธ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด ๊ด์ฑ์ฐจ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐํต์ ๋น๋กฏํ ์์ญ ์ข
์ ์ฃผ๋ฌผ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ์์ฐํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 2ํธ ์๋ ์ฃผ๋ฌผ ์กฐํ ๋ผ์ธ์ ํ ์์ ์ฌ๊ณผ๊ธฐ ๋ณธ์ฒด ๋ฑ ์ํ ์ฃผ๋ฌผ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋๋ ์์ฐํ๋ค.
1, 2ํธ ์๋ ์ฃผ๋ฌผ ์กฐํ ๋ผ์ธ์ ์ค์นํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ์๋ํ ์์ค์ด ๋์ ํ์กฐ๋ฆฝ๊ธฐ, ์ค์ถ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ๊ธฐ, ์๋ ์กฐ์ข
์ฒด๊ณ ๋ฑ์ ๋น๋กฏํ์ฌ 64์ข
์ 100์ฌ ๋์ ์๋ ์ค๋น๋ค์ ์์ฒด์ ํ์ผ๋ก ์ ์, ์ค์นํ์๋ค.
๊ฐ๊ณต ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฌด์ธํ ๊ณผ์
๋ก๋ ์ ๋ฌธ์ 1987๋
์ ๋ค์ ์ด ๊ณต์ฅ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์๊ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ด ๊ณต์ฅ์ ์๋ํ ์์ ๋ถ๊ณต์ฅ, ์ ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ๊ณต์ฅ ๋ฑ 10์ฌ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ๊ณต์ฅ์ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ๋์ ์ธ ๊ณต์ ๊ธฐ๊ณ๊ฐ 4,000์ฌ๋ ์๋ ๊ฐ๊ณต ์ข
ํฉ ์ง์ฅ ํน์ ๊ฐ๊ณต๋ถ๊ณต์ฅ์์
๋ ๊ธฐ๊ด ์ง์ฅ๋ค๊ณผ ์น์ฐจ, ๋ณ์๊ธฐ, ์กฐ๋ฆฝ ์ง์ฅ ๋ฑ 10์ฌ ๊ฐ์ ์ง์ฅ์ด ์ํด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์ง ํค๋ ๊ฐ๊ณต ๋ผ์ธ, ์ถ๊ฐ๊ณต ๊ฐ๊ณต ๋ผ์ธ์ ๋น๋กฏํ์ฌ 16๊ฐ์ ์๋ ๊ฐ๊ณต ๋ผ์ธ์ด ์ค์น๋์ด ์๋ค. ์์ ํ๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ ํ์ ์ ๋ถ ๊ฐ๊ณต ๋ผ์ธ๊ณผ ์ปจ๋ฒ ์ด์ด ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ํ์ฌ ์์ง์ธ๋ค.
์ดํ 90๋
๋ ์ค๋ฐ ์์ ๊ณ ๋์ ํ๊ตฐ ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น๋ฉด์ ๊ณต์ฅ ๊ฐ๋์ด ์ด๋ ค์์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ช
์นญ ๋ํ ์ข
ํฉ ๊ณต์ฅ์์ ๊ณต์ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋์๋ค.
์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ฏ ์์ฐ ๋จ์์๋ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ์์๋ค. 2000๋
์ดํ ์ ์ ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ณด๋๋ ์กฐ์ง์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ํ๋ฉด ๊ฐ๊ณต ์ข
ํฉ ์ง์ฅ ํน์ ๊ฐ๊ณต ๋ถ๊ณต์ฅ์ด ํด์ฒด๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์์ง๋ถ๊ณต์ฅ, ์๋ํ ์์ ๋ถ๊ณต์ฅ์ด ๋จ์ ์ง์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ ๋์๋ค.
ํนํ ์ฌํ ๋ถ๊ณต์ฅ๋ค์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ๋์ง ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ ์ง์ฅ ์ ํ๋ด์ง๋ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ง์ฅ์ ํตํฉ๋์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋๋ค.
๊ฐ๊ฑด ํ๋ํ ๊ณผ์
์ค๋น ํ์ถฉ์ด๋ ๊ฐ๊ฑด ํ๋ํ ์ธก๋ฉด์์๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋๋๋ฌ์ง๋ ๊ฒ์ด 2002๋
๊ฒฝ ์๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฐํ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ง 2000ํธ ํธ๋ํฐ ์ปจ๋ฒ ์ด์ด ์์ฐ ๋ผ์ธ์ ์ค์นํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค.
2003๋
๋ถํฐ ๊ณ์ด ์์ฐ ์ค๋น ์์
์ ์ฐฉ์ํ์ฌ 2005๋
๋ถํฐ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ๋ ์ด์ฌ์
์ ํฌ์ฒ ๊ณต์๊ธฐ๊ณ ๊ณต์ฅ์์ ์ ์๋ FMS ์ค์น ์กฐ์
ํ๋ฉด์ ๊ฐ์ํ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ 2 ๊ฐ๊ณต ์ง์ฅ์ ์ถ ๊ฐ๊ณต ์ ๋ฌธ ๊ณต์ ์ ์ค์นํ๊ณ 2009๋
์ ์ฃผ๋ฌผ ์ง์ฅ, ์น์ฐจ ๊ฐ๊ณต ๊ธฐ์ง์ ์ฐ๋ง ๊ธฐ์ง๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ์ฌ 5์์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ง - 2000ํธ ์์ฐ ๋ชฉํ๋ฅผ ์์ ํ์๋ค ํ๋ค.
ํนํ ํฌ์ฒ ์ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณ ๊ณต์ฅ์์๋ ๋ ํธ๋ํฐ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ฐ๋ฃ ํํ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ๋ฐ ํผ์คํค ์ ๋ฌธ ์์ฐ ๊ณต์ ๋ ์ค์นํ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ดํ์๋ ๋ ์์ฐ ๋ผ์ธ์ด ์ ์ฐฉ ๋์ง ๋ชปํด ์ด๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ง์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
๋ํ ์์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ค์นํ ํจ์ ์ฐ ์์ฐ ์ฒด๊ณ๋ 2014๋
์ด๋ฐ๊น์ง๋ ์๋นํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ ๊ธฐ์ธ์ด๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ ์์ง ์ ์ ๊ฐ๋์ด ์ด๋ ค์ด ์ํ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ด๋ฏธ 2009๋
์ ์ ์ ๊ฐ๋์ด ์๋ฃ๋์๋ ์ฅ๋ฉด์ด 2009๋
์กฐ์ ์ค์ํ
๋ ๋น์ฃค์ ํตํ์ฌ ๋ฐฉ์์ด ๋์๊ณ ํนํ ๊น์ ์ ์ ์ฉ ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ํ์๋ ํจ์ ์ฐ๊ฐ๊ณต๋ผ์ธ์ด ์๋๊ณ ์๋ ์์์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์์์ ์์๊ฐ ์์๋ค.
2000๋
์๋ ์ค๋ ์ธ์ ๋์๋ ์ฉ์ ๋ก๋ฅผ ์ฌ๊ฐ๋ํ์ฌ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ํ๊ณ ์์์ ์์๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ 2001๋
์๋ ๊ธฐ๊ด ์ง์ฅ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ณ ์๋ 57๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ์๋ ๊ฐ๊ณต ๋ผ์ธ๊ณผ 16๊ฐ์ ์๋ ๊ฐ๊ณต ๋ผ์ธ์ค ์ผ๋ถ๋ฅผ ํ๋ณต์ํค๋๋ฐ ๋์์ ์ฃผ์์์ ์์๊ฐ ์์๋ค.
2005๋
์๋ ์ฒ ํ ์ฃผ์กฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ ์์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ๊ฐ ์ง์ฅ์์ ์ฒ ํ์ ๋ง๋ค์ด ์์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐํ์ ํธ๋ํฐ์ ์ ์ฉ์ ์ํค๊ณ ์์์ ์์๊ฐ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์๊ฐ ์๋ค.
2009๋
์๋ ์๋ฐ๊ธฐ๋ด ์ฃผ๋ฌผ ์ง์ฅ ์กฐํ ๋ผ์ธ ์ปดํจํฐํ์ ํํ๋ณ ๊ฐ๊ณต ๊ธฐ์ง ์กฐ์ฑ ์ถ์ง ์น์ฐจ ๊ฐ๊ณต, ์์ฑ ์ฐ์ญ ๊ธฐ์ง ์กฐ์ฑ ์ฌ์
์ ๊ทน ์ถ์ง์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์๊ฐ ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋งํผ ๋ถํ์ ๋ง์ ์๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ฅผ ์ถํ์ผ ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ํนํ ๋ถํ์ 2009๋
์๋ ๊น์ ์ผ์ด ํ์ง์ง๋๋ฅผ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ 2017๋
์๋ ๊น์ ์์ด ํ์ง์ง๋๋ฅผ ์์ ๊ฐ๊ฑด ํ๋ํ ์ค์์๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค์ํ ๋ก๋ดํ์ ํนํ ๋ฌด์ธํ๋ฅผ ์ค์ฒํ๋ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ๊ฑด ํ๋ํ์ ๋ช
๋ น์ ์ฃผ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ง๊ธ ๋์ํ๊ณ ๋ง์ ๊ฐ๊ฑด์ ํ๊ณ ์์์ ์์๊ฐ ์๋ค.
๊ธ์ฑ๋จ๋ฝ๋๋ฅด๊ณต์ฅ ๊ตฐ์ ์ผ์ฉํ ์ง์ฅ
๊ธ์ฑ๋จ๋ฝ๋๋ฅด๊ณต์ฅ์ ์ 2๊ฒฝ์ ์์ํ์์ ์์ฐํ๋ ๊ตฐ์ ์ผ์ฉํ ์ง์ฅ๋ ๋ณด์ ๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ์์์ ์์๊ฐ ์๋๋ฐ ์กฐ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์์ ๋ฏผ์๋ก ์์ฐํ๋ ์ง์ ๊ณต์ฅ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ๊ฐ๊ณต๋ผ์ธ์ ๋ฌด์ธํ๊ฐ ๋์ด ์๋ค๋ฉด ์ญ์ ๊ตฐ์ ์ค๋น๋ ๋์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๋ ๊ฒ ์๋ง๋ค๊ณ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค.
ํนํ ์ธ๋ฏผ๋ฌด๋ ฅ๋ถ ์์ ๊ณต์ฅ๊ณผ ๋ด๊ฐ ์ฐํ ๊ณต์ฅ๋ค์์ ํ๋์ผ๋ก ์์ฐํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ถํ์ด ๋์ผํ๋ค๋ ์ด์ ์ด ์๋๋ฐ๋ค๊ฐ ํ์ฌ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ตฐ์ ๊ณต์ฅ๋ค์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ๋ถํ์ด ์ผ์ ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์๊ฐ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ตฐ์ ์ค๋น๊ฐ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ๋ผ์ธ์ด ๋๋ถ๋ถ ์ปจ๋ฒ ์ด์ดํ๋ก ๋์ด ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๋นํ ๋๊ณ ์์ฃผํฌ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋๋ ์์ฐํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ์น๋ฆฌ์๋์ฐจ๋ จํฉ๊ธฐ์
์๋ ํน์ ๊ธ์ฑ๋จ๋ฝ๋๋ฅด๊ณต์ฅ์์ ์์ฐํ๊ณ ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ๋ ์๋นํ ๋๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์กฐ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ์ ์๋์ฐจ ์ ์กฐ ๊ธฐ์
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumsong%20Tractor%20Factory | Kumsong Tractor Factory | The Kลญmsลng Tractor Factory, located in Kiyang-dong, Kangsล-guyลk, Namp'o, is North Korea's largest manufacturer of tractors, bulldozers, and other agricultural equipment. Employing around 10,000 workers, the factory has a floor area of on a total area of . Peak production capacity is 10,000 tractors per year. The factory's current products include the Ch'ลllima 28 , Ch'ลllima 32 , Ch'ลllima 40 , P'ungnyลn 75 , Sonyลn and Ch'ลllima 2000 tractors, and the P'ungnyลn bulldozer. As of 2017, the factory was producing the new 80-hp Ch'ลllima 804 tractor model. Claims have been made this factory also produces TEL mobile missile platforms.
The facility is served by the Korean State Railway via Kangsล Station on the P'yลngnam Line.
History
The plant was opened in 1954, rebuilt from the ruins of a chemical fertiliser plant destroyed during the Korean War, producing various agricultural implements. The first tractor, the 'Ch'ลllima 28, entered production in 1958. The prototype of this tractor, which was reverse engineered from a Soviet design, was built up in forty days, but only ran in reverse gear. Production capacity was expanded significantly in the following years; between 1970 and 1978, output increased 8.7 times, and by 1979, only 30% of production was of the 28-horsepower model, with the other 70% being accounted for by the 75-hp P'ungnyลn model. Automation is also extensive; for example, the process of making the gearbox and the engine blocks are each overseen by a single person. Both Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il visited the factory numerous times to offer on-the-spot guidance; there is a large monument commemorating the first of Kim Il Sung's visits.
References
Manufacturing companies of North Korea
Agriculture companies of North Korea |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A8%20%ED%8E%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%85%EA%B1%B0 | ๋ ์จ ํ์คํ
๊ฑฐ | ๋ ์จ ํ์คํ
๊ฑฐ(Leon Festinger, 1919๋
5์ 8์ผ~1989๋
2์ 11์ผ)๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌํ์ฌ๋ฆฌํ์๋ก์ ์ธ์ง๋ถ์กฐํ(cognitive dissonance)์ ์ฌํ๋น๊ต์ด๋ก (social comparison theory)์ผ๋ก ์ ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ํ๋์ ๋ํ ์๊ทน๊ณผ ๋ฐ์์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค์ผ๋ก์จ ์ฌํ ์ฌ๋ฆฌํ์ ์ง๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ํ๋ ์ฃผ์์ ๊ฒฌํด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์์
ํ์คํ
๊ฑฐ๋ 1919๋
5์ 8์ผ ๋ธ๋ฃจํด๋ฆฐ ๋ด์์์ ๋ฌ์์ ์ ๋์ธ ์ด๋ฏผ์ Alex Fetinger์ Sara Solomon Festinger ์ฌ์ด์์ ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ํ์คํ
๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ธ๋ฃจํด๋ฆฐ์ Boys High School์ ๋ค๋
์ผ๋ฉฐ City Colloege์์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌํ ํ์ฌ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ์ดํ ๊ทธ๋ ์์ด์ค์ ๋ํ๊ต์ Kurt Lewin์๊ฒ์ ๊ณต๋ถํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, 1940๋
์ MA๋ฅผ, 1942๋
์ ์๋ํ๋๋ถ์ผ์ ๋ฐ์ฌํ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์์ด์ค์์ ๋์ฐฉํ์ ๋ ์ฌํ์ฌ๋ฆฌํ์ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ์์๊ณ , ์ฌํ์ฌ๋ฆฌํ ์ ๊ณต๊ณผ์ ์ ์ฒ ์ ํํ์ง ์์๋ค. ๋์ ๊ทธ๋ Lewin์ ๊ธด์ฅ ์์คํ
์ ๋ํ ์ด๊ธฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ์์๋ค. ์ดํ Festinger๋ ํต๊ณํ์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ, ์์ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์์ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐ๋ฐ, ์ฌ์ง์ด ๋ํธ์ ๋ํ ์คํ์ค ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ถํ๊น์ง ์์ ์ ์๋ ๊ด์ฌ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ ์ถ๊ตฌํ๋ฉด์ ์ด๋ง์ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ๋ค. ์กธ์
ํ ํ์คํ
๊ฑฐ๋ 1941๋
๋ถํฐ 1943๋
๊น์ง ์์ด์ค์์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ผ๋ก ์ผํ ํ ์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ๋์ ๋น์ 1943๋
๋ถํฐ 1945๋
๊น์ง ๋ก์ฒด์คํฐ ๋ํ๊ต ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ข
์ฌ ์ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ ํ๋ จ์์ํ์ ํต๊ณํ์๋ก ์ผํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 1943๋
, ํ์คํ
๊ฑฐ๋ ํผ์๋์คํธ์ธ Mary Oliver Ballou์ ๊ฒฐํผํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ธ ์๋
, Catherine, Richard, Kurt๊ฐ ์์๋ค. ํ์คํ
๊ฑฐ์ Ballou๋ ๋์ค์ ์ดํผํ๊ณ , 1968๋
New York University์ ์ฌํ ๋ณต์งํ๊ณผ ๊ต์์ธ Trudy Bradley์ ์ฌํผํ๋ค.
์ฃผ์์ด๋ก
๊ทผ์ ํจ๊ณผ
ํ์คํ
๊ฑฐ(Festinger), ์คํ ๋ฆฌ ์คํํฐ(Stanley Schachter) ๋ฐ ์ปคํธ ๋ฒก(Kurt Back)์ MIT์ ๊ธฐ์์ฌ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ๋ ๋ํ์๋ค ์ฌ์ด์์ ์น๊ตฌ์ ์ ํ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌํ์ ์น๋ฐ๊ฐ, ์ฆ ํ์๋ค์ด ์ด์๋ ์ฅ์์์ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ทผ์ ์ฑ, ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์ทจํฅ๊ณผ ๋น์ทํ ์ทจํฅ์ด๋ ์ ๋
์ ์ํด์๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ๋์ ํ์ฑ์ด ์์ธก๋๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์๋ค. ์ฆ, ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋จ์ํ ์ด์๊ณผ ์น๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๋๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋ํ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์์ธกํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๋ค. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด, 2์ธต์ง๋ฆฌ ์ํํธ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์์๋ ๊ณ๋จ ์์ ์ ์ธต์ ์ฌ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ ์ธต์ ์๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋๋ค๋ณด๋ค ์์ธต ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์์ ๋ ๊ฐ๊น๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ณ๋จ ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ๋ฎ์ ์ธต ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์๋ ๋ฎ์ ์ธต์ ์ด์๋ณด๋ค ์์์ธต์ ์ฌ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค๊ณผ ์น๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ํฌ๋ค. ํ์คํ
๊ฑฐ์ ๊ทธ์ ๊ณต๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ค์ ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์น๊ตฌ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์๋์ ์ธ ์ ์ด์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋๋ค๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋ณด์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ์๋์ ์ ์ด์ ์ฌ๋๋ค ์ฌ์ด์ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ ๊ฐ๊น์ด์ ๋ฐ์ํ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋ ๋๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํ ๋ฐ ์๋ค.
๋นํ์์ ์ธ ์ฌํ์ ์ปค๋ฎค๋์ผ์ด์
๊ทธ์ 1950๋
๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์ ํ์คํ
๊ฑฐ๋ ์์ฌ ์ํต์ ์ฃผ์ ์๋ ฅ ์ค ํ๋๋ ์ฌํ ํ์ค๊ณผ ์ง๋จ ์ด๋์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ทผ์์ง์์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ์ง๋จ ๋ด์์์ ํต์ผ์ฑ์์ ๋น๋กฏ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ํ์คํ
๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ค์ ํ๋์ ์๊ฒฌ์ ์ฃผ๊ด์ ํ๋น์ฑ์ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌํ์ ํ์ค์ ์์กดํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก ๊ทธ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ตฌ์ฑ์๋ค ์ฌ์ด์ ์๊ฒฌ์ด๋ ํ๋์ ๋ถ์ผ์น๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ ๋ ์์ฌ ์ํต์ ์๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๊ณ , ์ง๋จ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์์ด ์์ฌ์ํตํ๋ ์๊ธฐ, ์์ฌ์ํตํ๋ ๋์, ํต์ ์๋๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๊ทธ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ก์ ์ ์ํ๋ค.
์ฌํ ๋น๊ต ์ด๋ก
ํ์คํ
๊ฑฐ์ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์๋ ์ฌํ ๋น๊ต ์ด๋ก (social comparison theory, 1954)์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์์ญ์ ๋ํ ํ๋์ ์๊ฒฌ์ ํ๊ฐํ๋ ์ฌํ์ ํ์ค์ ์์กดํ๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ด์ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ฐ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค. ํ์คํ
๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฌ๋์ด ์์ ์ ์๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ ํํ๊ฒ ํ๊ฐํ ์ ์๋ ์ ์ฒ์ ์ธ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์๋ค๋ ์ ์ ๋ก ์์ํ์ฌ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๋น๊ตํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์์ ์ ์๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ํ๊ฐํ๋ ค๊ณ ๋
ธ๋ ฅํ๋ค๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ค. ๋ํ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ํ๋์ ๋ถ์ผ์น๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ํ ํ๋์ ์ทจํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ํ์ธ์ ์์ ์๊ฒ ๋ ๊ฐ๊น๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ณํ์ํค๊ฑฐ๋ ์์ ์ ํ๋๋ฅผ ๋ณ๊ฒฝํ์ฌ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋๋ค๊ณผ ๋ ๊ฐ๊น๊ฒ ๋ง๋ ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๋ถ์ผ์น๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ๋์ ์ทจํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ํฅ์์ ์ํ ์ํฅ์ ์ด๋์ด ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ํ์คํ
๊ฑฐ๋ "์ฌํ์ ์ํฅ ๊ณผ์ ๊ณผ ์ด๋ค ์ข
๋ฅ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ๋์ ๋์ผํ ์ฌํ - ์ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ ํํ์ด๋ค"๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ์ฆ, ์๊ธฐ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ถ์ง๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ํ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋๋ค๊ณผ์ ๋น๊ต๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ ํ์์ฑ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ํ์คํ
๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฌํ๋น๊ต์ด๋ก ์ด ์ฌํ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋
ผ์ํ๋ฉด์, ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์์ ์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๋์ํ๋ ์๊ฒฌ์ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ํ๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
์ ๊ตํ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ ๋ชจ๋ธ
์ฐธ๊ณ
1919๋
์ถ์
1989๋
์ฌ๋ง
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌํ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon%20Festinger | Leon Festinger | Leon Festinger (8 May 1919 โ 11 February 1989) was an American social psychologist who originated the theory of cognitive dissonance and social comparison theory. The rejection of the previously dominant behaviorist view of social psychology by demonstrating the inadequacy of stimulus-response conditioning accounts of human behavior is largely attributed to his theories and research. Festinger is also credited with advancing the use of laboratory experimentation in social psychology, although he simultaneously stressed the importance of studying real-life situations, a principle he practiced when personally infiltrating a doomsday cult. He is also known in social network theory for the proximity effect (or propinquity).
Festinger studied psychology under Kurt Lewin, an important figure in modern social psychology, at the University of Iowa, graduating in 1941; however, he did not develop an interest in social psychology until after joining the faculty at Lewin's Research Center for Group Dynamics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1945. Despite his preeminence in social psychology, Festinger turned to visual perception research in 1964 and then archaeology, history, and the human evolutionary sciences in 1979 until his death in 1989. Following B. F. Skinner, Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, and Albert Bandura, Festinger was the fifth most cited psychologist of the 20th century.
Life
Early life and education
Festinger was born in Brooklyn New York on May 8, 1919 to Russian-Jewish immigrants Alex Festinger and Sara Solomon Festinger. His father, an embroidery manufacturer, had "left Russia a radical and atheist and remained faithful to these views throughout his life." Festinger attended Boys' High School in Brooklyn, and received his BS degree in psychology from the City College of New York in 1939.
He proceeded to study under Kurt Lewin at the University of Iowa, where Festinger received his MA in 1940 and PhD in 1942 in the field of child behavior. By his own admission, he was not interested in social psychology when he arrived at Iowa, and did not take a single course in social psychology during his entire time there; instead, he was interested in Lewin's earlier work on tension systems, but Lewin's focus had shifted to social psychology by the time Festinger arrived at Iowa. However, Festinger continued to pursue his original interests, studying level of aspiration, working on statistics, developing a quantitative model of decision making, and even publishing a laboratory study on rats. Explaining his lack of interest in social psychology at the time, Festinger stated, "The looser methodology of the social psychology studies, and the vagueness of relation of the data to Lewinian concepts and theories, all seemed unappealing to me in my youthful penchant for rigor." Festinger considered himself to be a freethinker and an atheist.
After graduating, Festinger worked as a research associate at Iowa from 1941 to 1943, and then as a statistician for the Committee on Selection and Training of Aircraft Pilots at the University of Rochester from 1943 to 1945 during World War II. In 1943, Festinger married Mary Oliver Ballou, a pianist, with whom he had three children, Catherine, Richard, and Kurt. Festinger and Ballou were later divorced, and Festinger married Trudy Bradley, currently a professor of social work emeritus at New York University, in 1968.
Career
In 1945, Festinger joined Lewin's newly formed Research Center for Group Dynamics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as an assistant professor. It was at MIT that Festinger, in his own words, "became, by fiat, a social psychologist, and immersed myself in the field with all its difficulties, vaguenesses, and challenges." It was also at MIT that Festinger began his foray into social communication and pressures in groups that marked a turning point in his own research. As Festinger himself recalls, "the years at M.I.T. [sic] seemed to us all to be momentous, ground breaking, the new beginning of something important." Indeed, Stanley Schachter, Festinger's student and research assistant at the time, states, "I was lucky enough to work with Festinger at this time, and I think of it as one of the high points of my scientific life."
Yet, this endeavor "started as almost an accident" while Festinger was conducting a study on the impact of architectural and ecological factors on student housing satisfaction for the university. Although the proximity effect (or propinquity) was an important direct finding from the study, Festinger and his collaborators also noticed correlations between the degree of friendship within a group of residents and the similarity of opinions within the group, thus raising unexpected questions regarding communication within social groups and the development of group standards of attitudes and behaviors. Indeed, Festinger's seminal 1950 paper on informal social communication as a function of pressures toward attitude uniformity within a group cites findings from this seemingly unrelated housing satisfaction study multiple times.
After Lewin's death in 1947, Festinger moved with the research center to the University of Michigan in 1948. He then moved to the University of Minnesota in 1951, and then on to Stanford University in 1955. During this time, Festinger published his highly influential paper on social comparison theory, extending his prior theory regarding the evaluation of attitudes in social groups to the evaluation of abilities in social groups. Following this, in 1957, Festinger published his theory of cognitive dissonance, arguably his most famous and influential contribution to the field of social psychology. Some also view this as an extension of Festinger's prior work on group pressures toward resolving discrepancies in attitudes and abilities within social groups to how the individual resolves discrepancies at the cognitive level. Festinger also received considerable recognition during this time for his work, both from within the field, being awarded the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award by the American Psychological Association in 1959, and outside of the field, being named as one of America's ten most promising scientists by Fortune magazine shortly after publishing social comparison theory.
Despite such recognition, Festinger left the field of social psychology in 1964, attributing his decision to "a conviction that had been growing in me at the time that I, personally, was in a rut and needed an injection of intellectual stimulation from new sources to continue to be productive." He turned his attention to the visual system, focusing on human eye movement and color perception. In 1968, Festinger returned to his native New York City, continuing his perception research at The New School, then known as the New School for Social Research. In 1979, he closed his laboratory, citing dissatisfaction with working "on narrower and narrower technical problems."
Later life
Writing in 1983, four years after closing his laboratory, Festinger expressed a sense of disappointment with what he and his field had accomplished:
Forty years in my own life seems like a long time to me and while some things have been learned about human beings and human behavior during this time, progress has not been rapid enough; nor has the new knowledge been impressive enough. And even worse, from a broader point of view we do not seem to have been working on many of the important problems.
Festinger subsequently began exploring prehistoric archaeological data, meeting with Stephen Jay Gould to discuss ideas and visiting archaeological sites to investigate primitive toolmaking firsthand. His efforts eventually culminated in the book, The Human Legacy, which examined how humans evolved and developed complex societies. Although seemingly the product of a disillusioned, wholesale abandonment of the field of psychology, Festinger considered this research as a return to the fundamental concerns of psychology. He described the goal of his new research interests as "see[ing] what can be inferred from different vantage points, from different data realms, about the nature, the characteristics, of this species we call human," and felt bemused when fellow psychologists asked him how his new research interests were related to psychology.
Festinger's next and final enterprise was to understand why an idea is accepted or rejected by a culture, and he decided that examining why new technology was adopted quickly in the West but not in the Eastern Byzantine Empire would illuminate the issue. However, Festinger was diagnosed with cancer before he was able to publish this material. He decided not to pursue treatment, and died on February 11, 1989.
Work
Proximity effect
Festinger, Stanley Schachter, and Kurt Back examined the choice of friends among college students living in married student housing at MIT. The team showed that the formation of ties was predicted by propinquity, the physical proximity between where students lived, and not just by similar tastes or beliefs as conventional wisdom assumed. In other words, people simply tend to befriend their neighbors. They also found that functional distance predicted social ties as well. For example, in a two-storey apartment building, people living on the lower floor next to a stairway are functionally closer to upper-floor residents than are others living on the same lower floor. The lower-floor residents near the stairs are more likely than their lower-floor neighbors to befriend those living on the upper floor. Festinger and his collaborators viewed these findings as evidence that friendships often develop based on passive contacts (e.g., brief meetings made as a result of going to and from home within the student housing community) and that such passive contacts are more likely to occur given closer physical and functional distance between people.
Informal social communication
In his 1950 paper, Festinger postulated that one of the major pressures to communicate arises from uniformity within a group, which in turn arises from two sources: social reality and group locomotion. Festinger argued that people depend on social reality to determine the subjective validity of their attitudes and opinions, and that they look to their reference group to establish social reality; an opinion or attitude is therefore valid to the extent that it is similar to that of the reference group. He further argued that pressures to communicate arise when discrepancies in opinions or attitudes exist among members of a group, and laid out a series hypotheses regarding determinants of when group members communicate, whom they communicate with, and how recipients of communication react, citing existing experimental evidence to support his arguments.
Festinger labeled communications arising from such pressures toward uniformity as "instrumental communication" in that the communication is not an end in itself but a means to reduce discrepancies between the communicator and others in the group. Instrumental communication is contrasted with "consummatory communication" where communication is the end, such as emotional expression.
Social comparison theory
Festinger's influential social comparison theory (1954) can be viewed as an extension of his prior theory related to the reliance on social reality for evaluating attitudes and opinions to the realm of abilities. Starting with the premise that humans have an innate drive to accurately evaluate their opinions and abilities, Festinger postulated that people will seek to evaluate their opinions and abilities by comparing them with those of others. Specifically, people will seek out others who are close to one's own opinions and abilities for comparison because accurate comparisons are difficult when others are too divergent from those of oneself. To use Festinger's example, a chess novice does not compare his chess abilities to those of recognized chess masters, nor does a college student compare his intellectual abilities to those of a toddler.
People will, moreover, take action to reduce discrepancies in attitudes, whether by changing others to bring them closer to oneself or by changing one's own attitudes to bring them closer to others. They will likewise take action to reduce discrepancies in abilities, for which there is an upward drive to improve one's abilities. Thus Festinger suggested that the "social influence processes and some kinds of competitive behavior are both manifestations of the same socio-psychological process...[namely,] the drive for self evaluation and the necessity for such evaluation being based on comparison with other persons." Festinger also discussed implications of social comparison theory for society, hypothesizing that the tendency for people to move into groups that hold opinions which agree with their own and abilities that are near their own results in the segmentation of society into groups which are relatively alike.
In his 1954 paper, Festinger again systematically set forth a series of hypotheses, corollaries, and derivations, and he cited existing experimental evidence where available. He stated his main set of hypotheses as follows:
1. There exists, in the human organism, a drive to evaluate his opinion and abilities.
2. To the extent that objective, nonsocial means are available, people evaluate their opinions and abilities by comparison respectively with the opinions and abilities of others.
3. The tendency to compare oneself with some other specific person decreases as the difference between his opinion or ability and one's own increases.
4. There is a unidirectional drive upward in the case of abilities which is largely absent in opinions.
5. There are nonsocial restraints which make it difficult or even impossible to change one's ability. These nonsocial restraints are largely absent for opinions.
6. The cessation of comparison with others is accompanied by hostility or derogation to the extent that continued comparison with those persons implies unpleasant consequences.
7. Any factors which increase the importance of some particular group as a comparison group for some particular opinion or ability will increase the pressure toward uniformity concerning that ability or opinion within that group.
8. If persons who are very divergent from one's own opinion or ability are perceived as different from oneself on attributes consistent with the divergence, the tendency to narrow the range of comparability becomes stronger.
9. When there is a range of opinion or ability in a group, the relative strength of the three manifestations of pressures toward uniformity will be different for those who are close to the mode of the group than those who are distant from the mode. Specifically, those close to the mode of the group will have stronger tendencies to change the positions of others, relatively weaker tendencies to narrow the range of comparison, and much weaker tendencies to change their position compared to those who are distant from the mode of the group.
When Prophecy Fails
Festinger and his collaborators, Henry Riecken and Stanley Schachter, examined conditions under which disconfirmation of beliefs leads to increased conviction in such beliefs in the 1956 book When Prophecy Fails. The group studied a small apocalyptic cult led by Dorothy Martin (under the pseudonym Marian Keech in the book), a suburban housewife. Martin claimed to have received messages from "the Guardians," a group of superior beings from another planet called 'Clarion.' The messages purportedly said that a flood spreading to form an inland sea stretching from the Arctic Circle to the Gulf of Mexico would destroy the world on December 21, 1954. The three psychologists and several more assistants joined the group. The team observed the group firsthand for months before and after the predicted apocalypse. Many of the group members quit their jobs and disposed of their possessions in preparation for the apocalypse. When doomsday came and went, Martin claimed that the world had been spared because of the "force of Good and light" that the group members had spread. Rather than abandoning their discredited beliefs, group members adhered to them even more strongly and began proselytizing with fervor.
Festinger and his co-authors concluded that the following conditions lead to increased conviction in beliefs following disconfirmation:
1. The belief must be held with deep conviction and be relevant to the believer's actions or behavior.
2. The belief must have produced actions that are arguably difficult to undo.
3. The belief must be sufficiently specific and concerned with the real world such that it can be clearly disconfirmed.
4. The disconfirmatory evidence must be recognized by the believer.
5. The believer must have social support from other believers.
Festinger also later described the increased conviction and proselytizing by cult members after disconfirmation as a specific instantiation of cognitive dissonance (i.e., increased proselytizing reduced dissonance by producing the knowledge that others also accepted their beliefs) and its application to understanding complex, mass phenomena.
The observations reported in When Prophecy Fails were the first experimental evidence for belief perseverance.
Cognitive dissonance
Festinger's seminal 1957 work integrated existing research literature on influence and social communication under his theory of cognitive dissonance. The theory was motivated by a study of rumors immediately following a severe earthquake in India in 1934. Among people who felt the shock but sustained no damage from the earthquake, rumors were widely circulated and accepted about even worse disasters to come. Although seemingly counter-intuitive that people would choose to believe "fear-provoking" rumors, Festinger reasoned that these rumors were actually "fear-justifying." The rumors functioned to reduce the inconsistency of people's feelings of fear despite not directly experiencing the effects of the earthquake by giving people a reason to be fearful.
Festinger described the basic hypotheses of cognitive dissonance as follows:
1. The existence of dissonance [or inconsistency], being psychologically uncomfortable, will motivate the person to try to reduce the dissonance and achieve consonance [or consistency].
2. When dissonance is present, in addition to trying to reduce it, the person will actively avoid situations and information which would likely increase the dissonance.
Dissonance reduction can be achieved by changing cognition by changing actions, or selectively acquiring new information or opinions. To use Festinger's example of a smoker who has knowledge that smoking is bad for his health, the smoker may reduce dissonance by choosing to quit smoking, by changing his thoughts about the effects of smoking (e.g., smoking is not as bad for your health as others claim), or by acquiring knowledge pointing to the positive effects of smoking (e.g., smoking prevents weight gain).
Festinger and James M. Carlsmith published their classic cognitive dissonance experiment in 1959. In the experiment, subjects were asked to perform an hour of boring and monotonous tasks (i.e., repeatedly filling and emptying a tray with 12 spools and turning 48 square pegs in a board clockwise). Some subjects, who were led to believe that their participation in the experiment had concluded, were then asked to perform a favor for the experimenter by telling the next participant, who was actually a confederate, that the task was extremely enjoyable. Dissonance was created for the subjects performing the favor, as the task was in fact boring. Half of the paid subjects were given $1 for the favor, while those of the other half received $20. As predicted by Festinger and Carlsmith, those paid $1 reported the task to be more enjoyable than those paid $20. Those paid $1 were forced to reduce dissonance by changing their opinions of the task to produce consonance with their behavior of reporting that the task was enjoyable. The subjects paid $20 experienced less dissonance, as the large payment provided consonance with their behavior; they therefore rated the task as less enjoyable and their ratings were similar to those who were not asked to perform the dissonance-causing favor.
Legacy
Social comparison theory and cognitive dissonance have been described by other psychologists as "the two most fruitful theories in social psychology." Cognitive dissonance has been variously described as "social psychology's most notable achievement," "the most important development in social psychology to date," and a theory without which "social psychology would not be what it is today." Cognitive dissonance spawned decades of related research, from studies focused on further theoretical refinement and development to domains as varied as decision making, the socialization of children, and color preference.
In addition, Festinger is credited with the ascendancy of laboratory experimentation in social psychology as one who "converted the experiment into a powerful scientific instrument with a central role in the search for knowledge." An obituary published by the American Psychologist stated that it was "doubtful that experimental psychology would exist at all" without Festinger. Yet it seems that Festinger was wary about burdensome demands for greater empirical precision. Warning against the dangers of such demands when theoretical concepts are not yet fully developed, Festinger stated, "Research can increasingly address itself to minor unclarities in prior research rather than to larger issues; people can lose sight of the basic problems because the field becomes defined by the ongoing research." He also stressed that laboratory experimentation "cannot exist by itself," but that "there should be an active interrelation between laboratory experimentation and the study of real-life situations." Also, while Festinger is praised for his theoretical rigor and experimental approach to social psychology, he is regarded as having contributed to "the estrangement between basic and applied social psychology in the United States." He "became a symbol of the tough-minded, theory-oriented, pure experimental scientist," while Ron Lippitt, a fellow faculty member at Lewin's Research Center for Group Dynamics with whom Festinger often clashed, "became a symbol of the fuzzy-minded, do-gooder, practitioner of applied social psychology."
One of the greatest impacts of Festinger's studies lies in their "depict[ion] of social behavior as the responses of a thinking organism continually acting to bring order into his world, rather than as the blind impulses of a creature of emotion and habit," as cited in his Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award. Behaviorism, which had dominated psychology until that time, characterized man as a creature of habit conditioned by stimulus-response reinforcement processes. Behaviorists focused only on the observable, i.e., behavior and external rewards, with no reference to cognitive or emotional processes. Theories like cognitive dissonance could not be explained in behaviorist terms. For example, liking was simply a function of reward according to behaviorism, so greater reward would produce greater liking; Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment clearly demonstrated greater liking with lower reward, a result that required the acknowledgement of cognitive processes. With Festinger's theories and the research that they generated, "the monolithic grip that reinforcement theory had held on social psychology was effectively and permanently broken."
Works
Allyn, J., & Festinger, L. (1961). Effectiveness of Unanticipated Persuasive Communications. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62(1), 35โ40.
Back, K., Festinger, L., Hymovitch, B., Kelley, H., Schachter, S., & Thibaut, J. (1950). The methodology of studying rumor transmission. Human Relations, 3(3), 307โ312.
Brehm, J., & Festinger, L. (1957). Pressures toward uniformity of performance in groups. Human Relations, 10(1), 85โ91.
Cartwright, D., & Festinger, L. (1943). A quantitative theory of decision. Psychological Review, 50, 595โ621.
Coren, S., & Festinger, L. (1967). Alternative view of the "Gibson normalization effect". Perception & Psychophysics, 2(12), 621โ626.
Festinger, L. (1942a). A theoretical interpretation of shifts in level of aspiration. Psychological Review, 49, 235โ250.
Festinger, L. (1942b). Wish, expectation, and group standards as factors influencing level of aspiration. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 37, 184โ200.
Festinger, L. (1943a). Development of differential appetite in the rat. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32(3), 226โ234.
Festinger, L. (1943b). An exact test of significance for means of samples drawn from populations with an exponential frequency distribution. Psychometrika, 8, 153โ160.
Festinger, L. (1943c). A statistical test for means of samples from skew populations. Psychometrika, 8, 205โ210.
Festinger, L. (1943d). Studies in decision: I. Decision-time, relative frequency of judgment and subjective confidence as related to physical stimulus difference. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32(4), 291โ306.
Festinger, L. (1943e). Studies in decision: II. An empirical test of a quantitative theory of decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32(5), 411โ423.
Festinger, L. (1946). The significance of difference between means without reference to the frequency distribution function. Psychometrika, 11(2), 97โ105.
Festinger, L. (1947a). The role of group belongingness in a voting situation. Human Relations, 1(2), 154โ180.
Festinger, L. (1947b). The treatment of qualitative data by scale analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 44(2), 149โ161.
Festinger, L. (1949). The analysis of sociograms using matrix algebra. Human Relations, 2(2), 153โ158.
Festinger, L. (1950). Informal social communication. Psychological Review, 57(5), 271โ282.
Festinger, L. (1950b). Psychological Statistics. Psychometrika, 15(2), 209โ213.
Festinger, L. (1951). Architecture and group membership. Journal of Social Issues, 7(1โ2), 152โ163.
Festinger, L. (1952). Some consequences of de-individuation in a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47(2), 382โ389.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117โ140.
Festinger, L. (1955a). Handbook of social psychology, vol 1, Theory and method, vol 2, Special fields and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 39(5), 384โ385.
Festinger, L. (1955b). Social psychology and group processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 6, 187โ216.
Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Festinger, L. (1959a). Sampling and related problems in research methodology. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 64(2), 358โ369.
Festinger, L. (1959b). Some attitudinal consequences of forced decisions. Acta Psychologica, 15, 389โ390.
Festinger, L. (1961). The psychological effects of insufficient rewards. American Psychologist, 16(1), 1โ11.
Festinger, L. (1962). Cognitive dissonance. Scientific American, 207(4), 93โ107.
Festinger, L. (1964). Behavioral support for opinion change. Public Opinion Quarterly, 28(3), 404โ417.
Festinger, L. (Ed.). (1980). Retrospections on Social Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Festinger, L. (1983). The Human Legacy. New York: Columbia University Press.
Festinger, L. (1981). Human nature and human competence. Social Research, 48(2), 306โ321.
Festinger, L., & Canon, L. K. (1965). Information about spatial location based on knowledge about efference. Psychological Review, 72(5), 373โ384.
Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58(2), 203โ210.
Festinger, L., Cartwright, D., Barber, K., Fleischl, J., Gottsdanker, J., Keysen, A., & Leavitt, G. (1948). A study of rumor transition: Its origin and spread. Human Relations, 1(4), 464โ486.
Festinger, L., Gerard, H., Hymovitch, B., Kelley, H. H., & Raven, B. (1952). The influence process in the presence of extreme deviates. Human Relations, 5(4), 327โ346.
Festinger, L., & Holtzman, J. D. (1978). Retinal image smear as a source of information about magnitude of eye-movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance, 4(4), 573โ585.
Festinger, L., & Hutte, H. A. (1954). An experimental investigation of the effect of unstable interpersonal relations in a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49(4), 513โ522.
Festinger, L., & Katz, D. (Eds.). (1953). Research methods in the behavioral sciences. New York, NY: Dryden.
Festinger, L., & Maccoby, N. (1964). On resistance to persuasive communications. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68(4), 359โ366.
Festinger, L., Riecken, H. W., & Schachter, S. (1956). When Prophecy Fails. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Festinger, L., Schachter, S., & Back, K. (1950). Social Pressures in Informal Groups: A Study of Human Factors in Housing. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Festinger, L., Sedgwick, H. A., & Holtzman, J. D. (1976). Visual-perception during smooth pursuit eye-movements. Vision Research, 16(12), 1377โ1386.
Festinger, L., & Thibaut, J. (1951). Interpersonal communication in small groups. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46(1), 92โ99.
Festinger, L., Torrey, J., & Willerman, B. (1954). Self-evaluation as a function of attraction to the group. Human Relations, 7(2), 161โ174.
Hertzman, M., & Festinger, L. (1940). Shifts in explicit goals in a level of aspiration experiment. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27(4), 439โ452.
Hochberg, J., & Festinger, L. (1979). Is there curvature adaptation not attributable to purely intravisual phenomena. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2(1), 71โ71.
Hoffman, P. J., Festinger, L., & Lawrence, D. H. (1954). Tendencies toward group comparability in competitive bargaining. Human Relations, 7(2), 141โ159.
Holtzman, J. D., Sedgwick, H. A., & Festinger, L. (1978). Interaction of perceptually monitored and unmonitored efferent commands for smooth pursuit eye movements. Vision Research, 18(11), 1545โ1555.
Komoda, M. K., Festinger, L., & Sherry, J. (1977). The accuracy of two-dimensional saccades in the absence of continuing retinal stimulation. Vision Research, 17(10), 1231โ1232.
Miller, J., & Festinger, L. (1977). Impact of oculomotor retraining on visual-perception of curvature. Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance, 3(2), 187โ200.
Schachter, S., Festinger, L., Willerman, B., & Hyman, R. (1961). Emotional disruption and industrial productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 45(4), 201โ213.
See also
Belief perseverance
Cognitive dissonance
Elliot Aronson
Kurt Lewin
Propinquity
Social comparison theory
Social psychology
Stanley Schachter
The Great Disappointment
When Prophecy Fails
Notes
References
American Psychological Association. (1959). Distinguished Scientific Contribution Awards. The American Psychologist, 14(12), 784โ793.
Aronson, E. (1980). In L. Festinger (Ed.), Retrospections on Social Psychology (pp.ย 236โ254). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Aronson, E. (1991). Leon Festinger and the art of audacity. Psychological Science, 2(4), 213โ217.
Cartwright, D., & Festinger, L. (1943). A quantitative theory of decision. Psychological Review, 50, 595โ621.
Deutsch, M. (1999). A personal perspective on the development of social psychology in the twentieth century. In Rodriguez, A. and Levine, R. V. (Eds.), Reflections on 100 Years of Experimental Social Psychology (pp.ย 1โ34) New York, NY: Basic Books.
Greenwald, A. G., & Ronis, D. L. (1978). Twenty years of cognitive dissonance: Case study of the evolution of a theory. Psychological Review, 85(1), 53โ57.
Festinger, L. (1942). A theoretical interpretation of shifts in level of aspiration. Psychological Review, 49, 235โ250.
Festinger, L. (1943a). A statistical test for means of samples from skew populations. Psychometrika, 8, 205โ210.
Festinger, L. (1943b). An exact test of significance for means of samples drawn from populations with an exponential frequency distribution. Psychometrika, 8, 153โ160.
Festinger, L. (1943c). Development of differential appetite in the rat. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32(3), 226โ234.
Festinger, L. (1950). Informal social communication. Psychological Review, 57(5), 271โ282.
Festinger, L. "Laboratory Experiments." In L. Festinger, & D. Katz (Eds.). (1953). Research methods in the behavioral sciences (pp.ย 137โ172). New York, NY: Dryden.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117โ140.
Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Festinger, L. (1980) "Looking Backward." In L. Festinger (Ed.), Retrospections on Social Psychology (pp.ย 236โ254). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Festinger, L. (1983). The Human Legacy. New York: Columbia University Press.
Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58 (2), 203โ210.
Festinger, L., Schachter, S., & Back, K. (1950). Social Pressures in Informal Groups: A Study of Human Factors in Housing. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Gazzaniga, M. S. (2006). Leon Festinger: Lunch With Leon. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(1), 88โ94.
Schachter, S. "Leon Festinger." (1994). In Biographical Memoirs V.64 (pp.ย 97โ110). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Schachter, S., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (Eds.). (1989). Extending Psychological Frontiers: Selected Works of Leon Festinger. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
Zanjonc, R. B. (1991). Obituaries: Leon Festinger (1919โ1989). The American Psychologist, 45(5), 661โ662.
Zukier, H. (1989). "Introduction." In Schachter, S., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (Eds.), Extending Psychological Frontiers: Selected Works of Leon Festinger (pp. xiโxxiv). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
External links
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
1919 births
1989 deaths
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
University of Iowa alumni
Jewish American social scientists
Jewish American atheists
American social psychologists
20th-century American psychologists
The New School faculty
University of Michigan faculty
University of Minnesota faculty
Boys High School (Brooklyn) alumni
City College of New York alumni
20th-century American non-fiction writers |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%8B%88%20%EB%A1%9C%ED%8E%98%EC%8A%A4 | ํธ๋ ๋กํ์ค | ๋ง๋ฅด์ฟ ์ค ํ์ธ๋ฃจ ๋ฉ์คํคํ โํธ๋โ ๋กํ์ค(, 1995๋
12์ 28์ผ ~ )๋ ๋ธ๋ผ์ง ์ถ์ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๋ก ํ์ฌ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ์ด๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ SC ๋ธ๋ผ๊ฐ์์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ ๋ฏธ๋ํ๋๋ก ํ๋ ์ค์ด๋ค.
์ด๊ธฐ ์์
๋ธ๋ผ์ง ํ๋ผ์ฃผ ๋ฒจ๋ ์์ ๋ธ๋ผ์ง์ธ ์๋ฒ์ง์ ์๊ณจ๋ผ ์ถ์ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ธ ์ด๋จธ๋ ์ฌ์ด์์ ํ์ด๋ 4์ด์ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ๋ก ์ด์ฃผํ ๋ค 2006๋
๋ถํฐ 2011๋
๊น์ง 5๋
๊ฐ SL ๋ฒคํผ์นด ์ ์คํ์์ ํ๋ํ๊ณ 2011๋
๋ถํฐ 2๋
๊ฐ์ ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ ์ ์คํ์์ ํ๋ํ๋ค.
ํด๋ฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ
2013๋
๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ ์ฑ์ธํ ์
๋จ์ ํตํด ํ๋ก์ ์
๋ฌธํ ๋ค ํ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ธ ์ํผ๋ FC์์ 2012-13 ์์ฆ ์๊ธ๋๋ FA์ปต 3๋ผ์ด๋์์ ํ๋ฐ 43๋ถ ๋ค๋น๋ ์ค๋ฐ ๋์ ๊ต์ฒด ํฌ์
๋์๋ง์ ํ๋ฐ ์ถ๊ฐ ์๊ฐ์ ํ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ท๊ณจ์ ํฐ๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ํ์ 3-0 ์์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ํ ์ด ๊ณจ๋ก ๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ ๊ตฌ๋จ ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ต์ฐ์ ๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ก(17์ธ 9์ผ)์ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์จ์คํธํ ์ ๋์ดํฐ๋์์ 2013-14 ์์ฆ EFL์ปต 4๊ฐ 2์ฐจ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ์ธ๋ฅดํ์ค ์๊ถค๋ก, ์๋ฐ๋ก ๋ค๊ทธ๋ ๋์ ๋์ ์ ์ด์์คํธํ๋ฉฐ ํ์ ๊ฒฐ์น ์ง์ถ์ ์ด๋ฐ์งํ๊ณ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ท 2์์ฆ๋ง์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ๊ณต์ ๋ํ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์จ์ ๋ง๋ณด์๋ค.
๋ฆด OSC
2014-15 ์์ฆ์ด ์งํ ์ค์ด๋ 2014๋
7์ 7์ผ ํ๋์ค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์์ ๋ฆด OSC๋ก ์๋ ์ด์ ํ๊ณ 1๊ฐ์ ํ ์ด๋ฆฐ FC ๋ฉ์ค์์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ํ๋์ค ๋ฐ๋ท ๋ฌด๋๋ฅผ ์น๋ ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ดํ 2014-15 ์์ฆ ๊ณต์์ 27๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 3๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ์ฟ ํ ๋ ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 4๊ฐ ์ง์ถ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
๊ทธ ํ 2015-16 ์์ฆ์ด ์งํ ์ค์ด๋ 2015๋
8์ 8์ผ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ AS ๋ชจ๋์ฝ๋ก ์ด์ ํ๋ค๊ฐ ์ด๋ฌํด์ธ 2016๋
1์ ์๋ ์ด์ ์ ํตํด ๋ฆด OSC๋ก ๋ค์ ๋ณต๊ทํ์ฌ 4๊ฐ์๋์ ๊ณต์์ 16๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 3๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ 2015-16 ์์ฆ ์ฟ ํ ๋ ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ค์ฐ์น์ ์ผ์กฐํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 2016-17 ์์ฆ์์๋ ๊ณต์์ 29๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 6๊ณจ์ ์ค์ํ ์ฑ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฆด์ ์ฃผ์ถ ๋ฏธ๋ํ๋๋ก ํ์ฝํ๋ค.
AS ๋ชจ๋์ฝ
2016-17 ์์ฆ์ ๋์ผ๋ก ๋ฆด์ ๋ ๋ AS ๋ชจ๋์ฝ๋ก ๋ณต๊ทํ์ฌ 2018-19 ์์ฆ๊น์ง 79๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 21๊ณจ์ ํฐ๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ํธ๋กํ ๋ฐ ์นํผ์น 2ํ ์ฐ์ ์ค์ฐ์น(2017, 2018), ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1 2017-18 ์ค์ฐ์น, 2017-18 ์์ฆ ์ฟ ํ ๋ ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ค์ฐ์น, 2018-19 ์์ฆ ์ฟ ํ ๋ ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 4๊ฐ ์ง์ถ ๋ฑ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ๋ฅดํค์ ์ฌํ๋ฅด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ๋ฒ ์ํ์ JK์์ 2017-18๋
UEFA ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ G์กฐ ์กฐ๋ณ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 4์ฐจ์ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ ์์ ์ฒซ ์ ๋ฝ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ง๋ง ํ์ 2๋ฌด 4ํจยท์กฐ ์ตํ์์ ์ฒ์ฐธํ ์ฑ์ ๋ง ๋จ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ์กฐ๋ณ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ๋ฝ์ ๊ณ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์
จ๋ค.
์ธ๋น์ผ FC
2019๋
8์ ์คํ์ธ ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ์ธ๋น์ผ FC์ 5๋
๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋น๋ก ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์๋ ๋ง์ด ์ถ์ ํ์ง๋ ๋ชปํ์ง๋ง 2019-20๋
UEFA ์ ๋กํ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์์๋ ๋ฌด๋ ค 7๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ํ์ ์ ๋กํ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํต์ฐ 6๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ์น์ ์ผ์กฐํ๋ค.
OGC ๋์ค
2019-20 ์์ฆ์ ๋์ผ๋ก ์ธ๋น์ผ๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์์ OGC ๋์ค ์ด์ ์ ํตํด 1์์ฆ๋ง์ ํ๋์ค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋ก ๋ณต๊ทํ์ฌ 2020-21 ์์ฆ ๊ณต์์ 33๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 5๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ค์๊ถ(9์)์ ์ฑ์ ์ ์ด๋์๋ค.
์ฌ๋ฆผํผ์์ฝ์ค FC
2021-22 ์์ฆ์ ์๋๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ํ๋ฅด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๋ผ๋ค์ ๋ช
๋ฌธ ์ฌ๋ฆผํผ์์ฝ์ค FC๋ก ์ด์ ํ์ฌ 2021-22 ์์ฆ ๊ณต์์ 27๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 4๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฐ์น, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ปต 4๊ฐ ์ง์ถ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
ํธ๋ฃจ์ AC
2021-22 ์์ฆ์ ๋ง์น ํ ํ๋์ค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์์ ํธ๋ฃจ์ AC๋ก ์ด์ ํ์ฌ 2022-23 ์์ฆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 32๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 7๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ์ ํ์ง๋ง ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2 ๊ฐ๋ฑ๊น์ง๋ ๋ง์ง ๋ชปํ๋ฉด์ 1์์ฆ๋ง์ ํธ๋ฃจ์๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ฌ๋ค.
SC ๋ธ๋ผ๊ฐ
2023-24 ์์ฆ์ ์๋๊ณ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ์ด๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ SC ๋ธ๋ผ๊ฐ๋ก ์ด์ ํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฌด๋ ค 12๋
๋ง์ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ ๋ฌด๋๋ก ๋ณต๊ทํ๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ ์ฒญ์๋
๋ํํ
2010๋
๋ถํฐ 2017๋
๊น์ง ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ ์ฐ๋ น๋๋ณ ์ฒญ์๋
๋ํํ์์ 65๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 20๊ณจ์ ํฐ๋จ๋ ธ๊ณ ํนํ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ U-19 ๋ํํ ์์์ผ๋ก 2014๋
UEFA U-19 ์ฑํผ์ธ์ญ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 5๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 2๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ํ์ ์ค์ฐ์น๊ณผ ํจ๊ป 3ํ ์ฐ์์ด์ ํต์ฐ 10๋ฒ์งธ U-20 ์๋์ปต ๋ณธ์ ์ง์ถ์ ์ด๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ 2015๋
FIFA U-20 ์๋์ปต ๋ณธ์ ์์๋ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ํ์ ํต์ฐ 6๋ฒ์งธ U-20 ์๋์ปต 8๊ฐ ์ง์ถ์ ์ด๋์๋ค.
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ A๋ํํ
2017๋
11์ 14์ผ ๋ถ์ค๋ฏธ์ ๊ฐํธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์ ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํ๋ฐ์ ๊ต์ฒด ํฌ์
์ ํตํด ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ A๋ํํ ์์์ผ๋ก ๊ตญ์ A๋งค์น ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ ๊ณ 2018๋
5์ ๋ฐํ๋ 2018๋
FIFA ์๋์ปต 35์ธ ์๋น์ํธ๋ฆฌ์ ํฌํจ๋์์ง๋ง ์ต์ข
์ํธ๋ฆฌ์๋ ๋ค์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
์์
ํด๋ฝ
๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ
์๊ธ๋๋ FA์ปต : ์ค์ฐ์น (2012-13)
EFL์ปต : ์ฐ์น (2013-14)
๋ฆด OSC
์ฟ ํ ๋ ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ : ์ค์ฐ์น (2015-16), 4๊ฐ (2014-15)
AS ๋ชจ๋์ฝ
๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1 : ์ค์ฐ์น (2017-18)
์ฟ ํ ๋ ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ : ์ค์ฐ์น (2017-18), 4๊ฐ (2018-19)
ํธ๋กํ ๋ฐ ์นํผ์น : ์ค์ฐ์น (2017, 2018)
์ธ๋น์ผ FC
๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ : 4์ (2019-20)
UEFA ์ ๋กํ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ : ์ฐ์น (2019-20)
์ฌ๋ฆผํผ์์ฝ์ค FC
์ํ๋ฅด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๋ผ๋ค : ์ฐ์น (2021-22)
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ปต : 4๊ฐ (2021-22)
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ U-19
UEFA U-19 ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ : ์ค์ฐ์น (2014)
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
1995๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ ๋จ์ ์ฒญ์๋
์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
๋งจ์ฒด์คํฐ ์ํฐ FC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ฆด OSC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
AS ๋ชจ๋์ฝ FC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ธ๋น์ผ FC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
OGC ๋์ค์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
ํ๋์ค์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ชจ๋์ฝ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์คํ์ธ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๋ฏธ๋ํ๋
์๊ณจ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ธ๋ผ์ง์ธ
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ๊ณ ๋ธ๋ผ์ง์ธ
๋ธ๋ผ์ง๊ณ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ธ
์๊ณจ๋ผ๊ณ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ธ
ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ ํด์ธ ์ง์ถ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ชจ๋์ฝ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ธ
ํ๋์ค์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ธ
์๊ธ๋๋์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ธ
์คํ์ธ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ธ
์ฌ๋ฆผํผ์์ฝ์ค FC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ํ๋ฅด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๋ผ๋ค์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ํฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ์ธ
ํธ๋ฃจ์ AC์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
SL ๋ฒคํผ์นด์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
SC ๋ธ๋ผ๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ์ด๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rony%20Lopes | Rony Lopes | Marcos Paulo Mesquita "Rony" Lopes (born 28 December 1995) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or right winger for Primeira Liga club Braga.
Early life
Born in Belรฉm, Parรก, Brazil to a Brazilian father and a Portuguese mother, Lopes moved to Portugal at the age of four.
Club career
Manchester City
Lopes played youth football for Benfica from ages 10 to 15, signing for Manchester City in 2011. He was a surprise addition to the first team's pre-season the following year, but had to wait until 7 January 2013 to make his competitive debut, when he came as an 88th-minute substitute for David Silva in a FA Cup third-round tie against Watford and scored the final goal in the 3โ0 win, which made him the youngest ever scorer for the club at the age of 17 years and 9 days.
Lopes was a regular for City's Elite Development Squad in the 2012โ13 season, and went on to claim the inaugural Academy Player of the Year award after winning a public vote. He was included in the team that featured in the first match of the UEFA Youth League, netting twice in a 4โ1 victory at Viktoria Plzeล. He added a hat-trick in the 6โ0 home rout of Bayern Munich.
On 21 January 2014, Lopes started against West Ham United in the second leg of the semi-finals of the Football League Cup. In the game, he assisted Sergio Agรผero and รlvaro Negredo to a goal each, in a 3โ0 away win (9โ0 on aggregate).
On 7 July 2014, Lopes was loaned to Lille until the end of the campaign. His maiden appearance in Ligue 1 occurred on 9 August, in a goalless home draw against Metz. He scored his first goal on 14 September, in a 2โ0 victory over Nantes also at the Stade Pierre-Mauroy.
Lopes was included in City's squad for their pre-season tour in Australia. On 5 August, he was promoted to the first team alongside Jason Denayer and Kelechi Iheanacho.
Monaco
On 28 August 2015, Lopes joined Ligue 1 side Monaco for ยฃ9 million, sharing teams with a host of compatriots including manager Leonardo Jardim. In early January 2016, he was loaned again to Lille until June.
In July 2016, still owned by Monaco, Lopes re-signed at Lille for one season. He scored a brace in the league opener, but in a 3โ2 away loss against Metz.
Lopes scored his first competitive goal for the club on 16 September 2017, when he opened a 3โ0 league home defeat of Strasbourg. He started for the first time in the UEFA Champions League on 1 November, and scored in the 1โ1 group stage away draw with Beลiktaล.
Sevilla
On 14 August 2019, Lopes signed a five-year contract at Sevilla of the Spanish La Liga in part exchange for Wissam Ben Yedder. In his first season, he appeared in only 14 official matches.
On 29 July 2020, Lopes joined Nice on a season-long loan deal with option to buy. On 16 August 2021, in a similar move, he signed with Olympiacos. He scored his first goal for the latter club on 4 December, in a 3โ1 away win against OFI.
Lopes served another loan in the 2022โ23 campaign, at Troyes in the French top division.
Braga
On 2 August 2023, Lopes signed for Primeira Liga club Braga on a three-year contract and a free transfer, potentially rising to โฌ500,000 depending on clauses being met.
International career
Lopes chose to represent Portugal internationally, winning caps at every youth level. He appeared with the under-20 side at the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup, playing all matches in New Zealand and helping his country reach the quarter-finals.
On 5 January 2014, still aged 18, Lopes made his debut with the under-21s, playing roughly 20 minutes in a 2โ0 win over Macedonia for the 2015 UEFA European Championship qualifiers. He first appeared with the full side on 14 November 2017, replacing Gonรงalo Guedes late in the second half of a 1โ1 friendly draw against the United States.
Lopes was named in a preliminary 35-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, but did not make the final cut.
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Manchester City
Football League Cup: 2013โ14
FA Cup runner-up: 2012โ13
Lille
Coupe de la Ligue runner-up: 2015โ16
Monaco
Coupe de la Ligue runner-up: 2017โ18
Trophรฉe des Champions runner-up: 2017, 2018
Sevilla
UEFA Europa League: 2019โ20
Olympiacos
Super League Greece: 2021โ22
Portugal U19
UEFA European Under-19 Championship runner-up: 2014
References
External links
1995 births
Living people
Brazilian people of Angolan descent
Brazilian people of Portuguese descent
Brazilian emigrants to Portugal
Portuguese sportspeople of Angolan descent
Portuguese men's footballers
Footballers from Belรฉm
Men's association football midfielders
Primeira Liga players
S.L. Benfica footballers
S.C. Braga players
Manchester City F.C. players
Ligue 1 players
Lille OSC players
AS Monaco FC players
OGC Nice players
ES Troyes AC players
La Liga players
Sevilla FC players
Super League Greece players
Olympiacos F.C. players
UEFA Europa League winning players
Portugal men's youth international footballers
Portugal men's under-21 international footballers
Portugal men's international footballers
Portuguese expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in Monaco
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in England
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in France
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Monaco
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Greece |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%94%BD%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1 | ์ธํฝ์ด์กฑ | ์ธํฝ์ด์กฑ์ ํํธ์๋ด๊ธฐ๋ ๋ถ๋ถ ์ธํฝ๊ฐ ์ ์ญ์์ ์ฐ์ด๋ ์ฝ 50๊ฐ ์ธ์ด๊ฐ ์ํ ์ด์กฑ์ด๋ค. ์ธ์ดํ์ ๋๋๋ ๋ ์ด์ฝ์ด 1965๋
์ ์ฒ์ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ์ธํฝ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ ์์ด๋ก ์ด ๋จ์ํ ํธ์ผ๋ก, ์์ ์๊ฐ ์ ๊ณ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์กฐ๊ฐ ์๋ค.
์ธํฝ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ์ด์ํ ์ธํฝํ๋ฅ๋ผ๋ฌด์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ค๊ณผ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ๋ชจ์์ ๋์ด๋ง์ ๊ตฌ๋ถํ๋ ์์ง 3๋ชจ์์ฒด๊ณ()๋ฅผ ์ง๋
๋ค. ์ด๋ค ๋ชจ์์๋ ์ด์ํ ์์์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ์ํ ๋ฐ ์์ํ๋์ด ์์ฑ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ก ์คํ๋๋ค.
๋ถ๋ฅ
๊ด์์ ์ธํฝ์ด์กฑ์ ๊ฐ์ค์ ์ธ ์ธํฝ๋ผ๋ฌด์ด์กฑ์ ์ํ๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ๊ธฐ๊ตฐ์ธ ๋ ์จํ๋ฅดํธ ์์ฒด์ด์กฑ๊ณผ ํ์์ ์ธํฝ์ด์กฑ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ ธ ์๋ค. ๋งฌ์ปด ๋ก์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ธํฝ์ด์กฑ๊ณผ ๊ณํต๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์ ์ด์กฑ์ ๋ ์ด์ฝ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ฒ๋ผ ๋ผ๋ฌด์ด์กฑ์ด ์๋๋ผ ํ ๋ฆฌ์ฒผ๋ฆฌ์ด์กฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
Palmer (2018)๋ ๋ ์จํ๋ฅดํธ ์์ฒด์ด์กฑ์ ๋ณ๊ฐ์ ์ด์กฑ์ผ๋ก ๋ณธ๋ค.
์๋ ๊ณํต๋์์ ๊ฐ์ง ๋์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์์ ์ธ์ด๊ตฐ๋ค์ ๋ถ๋ช
ํ ๊ณํต๊ตฐ์ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋ค. ๋ณด๋ค ํฐ ์์์ ์ธ์ด๊ตฐ(์ธํฝ์๋ฅ์ดํ, ์ธํฝ์ค๋ฅ์ดํ, ์ธํฝ๊ตฌ๋ฆ์ดํ)์ ๋น๊ต์ ๋ถํ์คํ๋ค. Foley (2005)๋ ์ธํฝ์ค๋ฅ์ดํ์ ์ธํฝ๊ตฌ๋ฆ์ดํ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ ํ๋ค.
Foley (2018)
์๋ฆฌ์ ํด๋ฆฌ(2018)๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ๋ฅ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ค.
์ธํฝ์ด์กฑ
์ธํฝ์ค๋ฅ์ดํ
์๋์ด๊ตฐ: ์๊ฐ๋ผ์ด, ๋ง๋จ๋ถ์ด, ์นด์
๊ฐ์ด (์๋ก๊ตฌ์ด), ์ฌ์์ค์ด, ์ผํธ๋ฏ์ด (๋์ฐ๋ผ์ด), ์๋ถ๋ผ์ค์ด (์๋ฒจ๋์ด), ๋ณด์ด์ผ์ด
๋์ฟ ๋ง์ด๊ตฐ: ์ฟผ๋ง์ด (์์์ฟ ํฌ์ด); ์ธ์์ด, ์พ
๊ฐ์ด
์๋ผ์นด์ด์ด (๊ฐ๋ผ๋ง๋ถ์ด)
์๋ก๊ฐ์ด๊ตฐ: ๋๋ฏธ์์ด (๋๋ฏธ์์ด), ์ํฌ์ด, ์์ด์ด
ํ๋ง์ด๊ตฐ
์นผ๋ก์ฐ์ด
์์ด์ด
ํํ์ด, ๋ฉํคํฌ์ด (๋งํฌ๋ฃจ์ด)
ํ์์ด, ์์ฐ๋ง์์ด (์ผ๋ง๋
ธ์ด)
์ธํฝ๊ตฌ๋ฆ์ดํ
๋๋ถ: ์๋๋ธ๋ฝ์ด, ์นด๋๊ทธ๋ผ์ด
์ค๋ถ: ๋นํ๋ผ์ด (๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ๋
ธ๋ชจ์ด), ๋ฐํ๋ค๋ชจ์ด (๊ฐํ์ด), ๋ง๋ฆฌ์ด, ๋น์์ค์ด, ์ฌ๋ ์ด (์นดํ๋ฆฌ๋ง์ด), ์ํ์นดํ์ฐ์ด์ด, ์๋ง๋ฆฌ์ฐํ์ด
์๋ถ: ์ฌ๋์คํ์์จ์ด, ํ์นด์ด (์ธํฐ์๋ฆฌ์ด), ๊ฐ๋น์๋
ธ์ด (๋์น์ด), ํผ์๋ฉ์ด, ๋น์นด๋ฃจ์ด, ์ฐ๋ง์ด๋กํ์ด, ํค์์ด
๋์ดํ: ์์ฐํฌ์ด, ๋ณด์ฐ์์ด (ํฌ์ฐ์์ด), ์นด๋ผ์์ด
์ธํฝ์๋ฅ์ดํ
์๊ฐ๋ฌด์ค์ด๊ตฐ: ์๊ฐ๋ฌด์ ์ด, ์ฒด๋ํผ์์ด
์ด์์ด๊ตฐ: ์ธํฝ ์ด์์ด, ๋ฉ์ด๊ฐ ์ด์์ด
์๋ฐ์ฐ์ด
์๋ง์ด
๋๋ช
์ฌ
๋งฌ์ปด ๋ก์ค๋ ์ธํฝ์กฐ์ด์ ๋๋ช
์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์ฌ๊ตฌํ๋ค.
{| class=wikitable
|-
| ๋ || *wan || ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ || *na-nd, *na-p || ์ฐ๋ฆฌ || *na-m
|-
| ๋ (๋จ์ฑ) || *mษจ-n || rowspan=2|๋ํฌ ๋ || rowspan=2|*kwษ-p || rowspan=2|๋ํฌ || rowspan=2|*kwษ-m
|-
| ๋ (์ฌ์ฑ) || *yษจ-n, *nyษจ-n
|-
| ๊ทธ || *ษtษ-d, *dษ || rowspan=2|๊ทธ ๋ || rowspan=2|*ษtษ-p, *tษจ-p || rowspan=2|๊ทธ๋ค || rowspan=2|*ษtษ-m, *tษจ-m
|-
| ๊ทธ๋
|| *ษtษ-t, *tษจ
|}
์์์ ๋ณต์ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ๊ฐ ํ ๋ฆฌ์ฒผ๋ฆฌ์ด์กฑ์ ๊ทธ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๋น์ทํจ์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ๋ผ.
๋ก์ค๋ โ์ธํฝ์๋ฅ์กฐ์ดโ(์ค์ ๋ก๋ ์๋ฐ์ฐยท์ด์์ด๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ์๊ฐ๋ฌด์ ์ด)์ ๋ํด 2๊ฐ์ ๋๋ช
์ฌ ์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๊ตฌํ๋ค. ํ๋๋ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ฒด๊ณ์ด๊ณ , ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ๋๋ โํน์ ํ ์ธ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ๋ฐ ํ์ฉ๋ก ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅโ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฒด๊ณ์ด๋ค(ํ 1.27).
{| class=wikitable
|+ ๋๋ช
์ฌ 1
|-
| ๋ || *an || ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ || *nษ-d || ์ฐ๋ฆฌ || *nษ-n
|-
| ๋ (๋จ์ฑ) || *nษจ || rowspan=2|๋ํฌ ๋ || rowspan=2|*nษ-p || rowspan=2|๋ํฌ || rowspan=2|*nษ-m
|-
| ๋ (์ฌ์ฑ) || (*nษจ-n)
|-
| ๊ทธ || *tษ- || rowspan=2|๊ทธ ๋ || rowspan=2|(*rษ-p) || rowspan=2|๊ทธ๋ค || rowspan=2|*ra-m
|-
| ๊ทธ๋
|| *tษจ-
|}
{| class=wikitable
|+ ๋๋ช
์ฌ 2
|-
| ๋ || *ka || ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ || *krษ-d || ์ฐ๋ฆฌ || *krษ-m
|-
| ๋ (๋จ์ฑ) || *kษจ || rowspan=2|๋ํฌ ๋ || rowspan=2|*kษ-p || rowspan=2|๋ํฌ || rowspan=2|*kษ-m
|-
| ๋ (์ฌ์ฑ) || ?
|-
| ๊ทธ || *si || rowspan=2|๊ทธ ๋ || rowspan=2|*sษ-p || rowspan=2|๊ทธ๋ค || rowspan=2|(*sษ-m)
|-
| ๊ทธ๋
|| (*sae)
|}
๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ธํฝ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด์๋ ์ธํฝ์กฐ์ด์ 1์ธ์นญ ๋จ์ *na ~ *an , 1์ธ์นญ ๋ณต์ *no, 2์ธ์นญ ๋จ์ *ni์์ ์ ๋ํ ํํ๊ฐ ๋จ์ ์๋ค.
๋๊ทผ์ด
Foley (2018)๊ฐ ์ฌ๊ตฌํ ๋ค์ ์ธํฝ์กฐ์ด ์ด๊ทผ์ ์ธํฝ์ด์กฑ ์ ์ฒด์ ๋๋ฆฌ ํผ์ ธ ์๋ค.
{|
! ๋ป !! ์ธํฝ์กฐ์ด
|-
| โ๊ฐ์ดโ || *muk
|-
| โํโ || *ta(w)r
|-
| โ๋๋ฌดโ || *mi
|-
| โ๊ฐโ || *wara
|-
| โ์ด (๊ณค์ถฉ)โ || *nim
|-
| โ๋ฅโ || *ri
|-
| โ๊ฐ๋คโ || *(y)i
|-
| โ์ค๋คโ || *ya
|-
| โ1์ธ์นญ ๋จ์โ || *na ~ *an
|-
| โ2์ธ์นญ ๋จ์โ || *ni
|-
| โ1์ธ์นญ ๋ณต์โ || *no
|-
| โ์ฌ๊ฒฉ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌโ || *-ni
|-
| โ์ฒ๊ฒฉ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌโ || *-kV
|}
์ ํ๋ก ์ ํน์ง
์ธํฝ์ด์กฑ์ ๋จ์ผ ๋ถ๊ธฐ๊ตฐ ๋ด์์๋ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์ด์์ ๊ต์ฐฉ์ด์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ ๋ค์ํ ์ธ์ด์ ํํ์ ์ ํ์ ์ํ๋ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ค ์ ์๋ค.
{| class="wikitable"
! ๋ถ๊ธฐ๊ตฐ !! ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์ด !! ๊ต์ฐฉ์ด
|-
| ์๋์ดํ || ์๋ถ๋ผ์ค์ด || ๋ง๋จ๋ถ์ด
|-
| ์ธํฝ๊ตฌ๋ฆ์ดํ || ์ฌ๋์คยทํ์ค์จ์ด || ์๋๋ธ๋ฝ์ด
|-
| ํ๋ง์ดํ || ์์ฐยท๋ง์์ด || ๋ฉํฅ์ด
|}
์ด์ ๋์กฐ์ ์ผ๋ก, ๋ผ๋ฌด์ด์กฑ, ์ธํฝํ๋ฅ์ด์กฑ, ์ ์์ด์กฑ์ ์ํ๋ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ๋์ฒด๋ก ๋น์ทํ ์ ํํ์ ํน์ง์ ๊ณต์ ํ๋ค.
์ฑ
๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์ด์ธ ํ์์ด์ ์ ์ฌํ๊ฒ, ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ธํฝํ๋ฅ๋ผ๋ฌด์ด์กฑ, ์ ์์ด์กฑ, ์ ์์๋ฅ์ด์กฑ๊ณผ๋ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ, ์ธํฝ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ๋จ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์ฑ ๊ตฌ๋ถ์ด ์๊ณ , ์ฌ์ฑ์ด ๋ณด๋ค ํํ ๋ฌดํ์ ์ฑ์ด๋ค. Foley (2018)๋ ์ธํฝ์กฐ์ด์ ์ฑ ํ์ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์ฌ๊ตฌํ๋ค.
{| class="wikitable"
! !! ๋จ์ !! ์์ !! ๋ณต์
|-
! ๋จ์ฑ
| *-r
| rowspan="2" | *-f
| rowspan="2" | *-m
|-
! ์ฌ์ฑ
| *-t ~ *-s
|}
์ธํฝ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด์์ ์ฑ ํ์ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ๋ ํญ์ ํต์ด ๋ช
์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๊ณ , ๊ฐ์ ๊ตฌ ์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ด๊ทผ์๋ ๋ถ์ ์ ์๋ค.
์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก, ํ๋ฑํ ๋๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์๋ฌผ์ ์ฑ์ ๋ชจ์๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ํด์ง๋ค. ํฌ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ธด ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ ๋ณดํต ๋จ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅ๋๊ณ (ํ๋ฃจ์ค์ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง), ์๊ฑฐ๋ ์งง์ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ ๋ณดํต ์ฌ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ค ์ธ์ด์์๋ ํด๋น ๋ฌผ์ฒด์์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๊ณ ์ถ์ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฑ์ง์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋จ์ฑ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ฌ์ฑ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ถ๋ฅํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ค์์ ์ธํฝ์๋ฅ ์ธ์ด์ธ ์๋ฐ์ฐ์ด ์๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
youk se โpaddle โ ๋
ธ์ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์กฐ
youk ke โpaddle โ ๋
ธ์ ๋ฉ์ํจ์ ๊ฐ์กฐ
์ธํฝ์ค๋ฅ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ์ ์ธํ๋ฉด ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ธํฝ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ ๋ช
์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ช
์ฌ์ ์ฑ ํ์๋ฅผ ํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
ํํธ์ ์ ์ด
์ธํฝ๋ผ๋ฌด์ด์กฑ
์ด์กฑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepik%20languages | Sepik languages | The Sepik or Sepik River languages are a family of some 50 Papuan languages spoken in the Sepik river basin of northern Papua New Guinea, proposed by Donald Laycock in 1965 in a somewhat more limited form than presented here. They tend to have simple phonologies, with few consonants or vowels and usually no tones.
The best known Sepik language is Iatmul. The most populous are Iatmul's fellow Ndu languages Abelam and Boiken, with about 35,000 speakers each.
The Sepik languages, like their Ramu neighbors, appear to have three-vowel systems, , that distinguish only vowel height in a vertical vowel system. Phonetic are a result of palatal and labial assimilation to adjacent consonants. It is suspected that the Ndu languages may reduce this to a two-vowel system, with epenthetic (Foley 1986).
Classification
The Sepik languages consist of two branches of Kandru's Laycock's SepikโRamu proposal, the Sepik subphylum and Leonhard Schultze stock. According to Malcolm Ross, the most promising external relationship is not with Ramu, pace Laycock, but with the Torricelli family.
Palmer (2018) classifies the Leonhard Schultze languages as an independent language phylum.
Usher (2020)
In the cladogram below, the small, closely related families in bold at the ends of the branches are covered in separate articles.
Foley (2018)
Foley (2018) provides the following classification, with 6 main branches recognized.
Sepik family
Middle Sepik languages
Ndu languages
Nukuma languages
Yerakai (Garamambu)
Yellow River languages
Tama languages
Sepik Hill languages
Eastern (Alamblak)
Central (Bahinemo)
Western: Saniyo-Hiyewe, Paka (Setiali), Gabiano (Niksek), Piame, Bikaru, Umairof, Hewa
Ram languages
Upper Sepik languages
Wogamus languages
Iwam languages
Abau
Amal
Like the neighboring Torricelli languages, but unlike the rest of the Sepik languages, the Ram and Yellow River languages do not have clause chaining constructions (for an example of a clause chaining construction in a Trans-New Guinea language, see Kamano language#Clause chaining). Foley (2018) suggests that many of the Ram and Yellow River-speaking peoples may have in fact been Torricelli speakers who were later assimilated by Sepik-speaking peoples.
Foley classifies the Leonhard Schultze languages separately as an independent language family.
Pronouns
The pronouns Ross reconstructs for proto-Sepik are:
{| class=wikitable
|-
| I || *wan || we two || *na-nd, *na-p || we || *na-m
|-
| thou (M) || *mษจ-n || rowspan=2|you two || rowspan=2|*kwษ-p || rowspan=2|you || rowspan=2|*kwษ-m
|-
| thou (F) || *yษจ-n, *nyษจ-n
|-
| he || *ษtษ-d, *dษ || rowspan=2|they two || rowspan=2|*ษtษ-p, *tษจ-p || rowspan=2|they || rowspan=2|*ษtษ-m, *tษจ-m
|-
| she || *ษtษ-t, *tษจ
|}
Note the similarities of the dual and plural suffixes with those of the Torricelli languages.
Ross reconstructs two sets of pronouns for "protoโUpper Sepik" (actually, AbauโIwam and Wogamusin (Tama)). These are the default set (Set I), and a set with "certain interpersonal and pragmatic functions" (table 1.27):
{| class=wikitable
|+Pronoun Set I
|-
| I || *an || we two || *nษ-d || we || *nษ-n
|-
| thou (M) || *nษจ || rowspan=2|you two || rowspan=2|*nษ-p || rowspan=2|you || rowspan=2|*nษ-m
|-
| thou (F) || (*nษจ-n)
|-
| he || *tษ- || rowspan=2|they two || rowspan=2|(*rษ-p) || rowspan=2|they || rowspan=2|*ra-m
|-
| she || *tษจ-
|}
{| class=wikitable
|+Pronoun Set II
|-
| I || *ka || we two || *krษ-d || we || *krษ-m
|-
| thou (M) || *kษจ || rowspan=2|you two || rowspan=2|*kษ-p || rowspan=2|you || rowspan=2|*kษ-m
|-
| thou (F) || ?
|-
| he || *si || rowspan=2|they two || rowspan=2|*sษ-p || rowspan=2|they || rowspan=2|(*sษ-m)
|-
| she || (*sae)
|}
Most Sepik languages have reflexes of proto-Sepik *na ~ *an for 1sg, *no for 1pl, and *ni for 2sg.
Cognates
Proto-Sepik forms reconstructed by Foley (2018) that are widespread across the family:
{|
! gloss !! proto-Sepik
|-
| โbreastโ || *muk
|-
| โtongueโ || *ta(w)r
|-
| โtreeโ || *mi
|-
| โdogโ || *wara
|-
| โlouseโ || *nim
|-
| โfecesโ || *ri
|-
| โgoโ || *(y)i
|-
| โcomeโ || *ya
|-
| โ1sgโ || *na ~ *an
|-
| โ2sgโ || *ni
|-
| โ1plโ || *no
|-
| โdative suffixโ || *-ni
|-
| โlocative suffixโ || *-kV
|}
Typological overview
Even internally within Sepik subgroups, languages in the Sepik family can have vastly different typological profiles varying from isolating to agglutinative, with example languages listed below.
{|
! group !! isolating !! agglutinative
|-
! Ndu
| Ambulas || Manambu
|-
! Sepik Hill
| Sanio-Hiowe || Alamblak
|-
! Tama
| Yessan-Mayo || Mehek
|}
In contrast, languages within the Ramu, Lower Sepik, and Yuat families all have relatively uniform typological profiles.
Gender
Like the isolate Taiap, but unlike the Lower Sepik-Ramu, Yuat, and Upper Yuat families, Sepik languages distinguish masculine and feminine genders, with the feminine gender being the more common default unmarked gender. Proto-Sepik gender-marking suffixes are reconstructed by Foley (2018) as:
{| class="wikitable"
! !! singular !! dual !! plural
|-
! masculine
| *-r
| rowspan="2" | *-f
| rowspan="2" | *-m
|-
! feminine
| *-t ~ *-s
|}
In Sepik languages, gender-marking suffixes are not always attached to the head noun, and can also be affixed to other roots in the phrase.
Typically, the genders of lower animals and inanimate objects are determined according to shape and size: big or long objects are typically classified as masculine (as a result of phallic imagery), while small or short objects are typically classified as feminine. In some languages, objects can be classified as either masculine or feminine, depending on the physical characteristics intended for emphasis. To illustrate, below is an example in Abau, an Upper Sepik language:
youk se โpaddle โ focuses on the length of the paddle
youk ke โpaddle โ focuses on the flat nature of the two-dimensional paddle blade
Except for the Middle Sepik languages, most Sepik languages overtly mark nouns using gender suffixes.
See also
Papuan languages
SepikโRamu languages
Donald Laycock
William A. Foley
References
External links
Sepik languages database at TransNewGuinea.org
Language families
Languages of Momase Region
Papuan languages
Vertical vowel systems |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%88%98%20%EC%9D%98%EC%95%BD%ED%92%88%20%EC%A0%9C%EC%A1%B0%20%EB%B0%8F%20%ED%92%88%EC%A7%88%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC%20%EA%B8%B0%EC%A4%80 | ์ฐ์ ์์ฝํ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐ ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ค | ์ฐ์ ์์ฝํ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐ ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ค(Good manufacturing practices: GMP)์ด๋ ์ํ, ์์ฝํ, ํ์ฅํ ๋ฐ ์๋ฃ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฑ์ ์ ์กฐยทํ๋งค๋ฅผ ์ํด ์ธํ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด์์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ ํ์ง ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก์, ํด๋น ์ ์กฐ์
์๋ค์ด ์ฌ์ฉ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๋ง๊ฒ ์ ํ์ ์ ์กฐํจ์ ์์ด์ ์ผ๊ด์ฑ์๋ ํ์ง์์ค์ ์ ์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ์ํ ์ต์ํ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค. ์ฐ์
๋ถ์ผ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์๊ตฌ ์์ค์ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง ์ ์๊ฒ ์ผ๋, GMP์ ๊ณตํต๋ ๋ชฉํ๋ ์ ํ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ฐ์ํ ์ ์๋ ํผํด๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ต์ข
์๋น์๋ฅผ ๋ณดํธํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ต์ข
์์ฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์ค์ผ๋์ง ์๊ณ , ์ ์กฐ์ ์ผ๊ด์ฑ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ์กฐ๊ณผ์ ์ด ์ ๋ฌธ์ํ ๋๊ณ , ๋ด๋น์๋ค์ ํ์ํ ๊ต์ก์ ์ ๋ฐ์๊ณ , ๋ํ ํ์ง์ ๋ํ ํ์ธ์ด ์์ฐ์ ๋ง์ง๋ง ๋จ๊ณ ์ธ์์๋ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์ฅํด์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. GMP๋ ๋๊ฐ ํ์ง๊ฒฝ์์์คํ
(QMS)๋ฅผ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํจ์ผ๋ก์ ๋ฌ์ฑํ ์ ์๋ค.
GMP ๊ฐ์ด๋๋ผ์ธ
GMP ๊ฐ์ด๋๋ผ์ธ์ ์ฌ๋์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ธฐ์ ์์ ํ ์ ํ์์ฐ์ ๋ณด์ฅํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ์กฐ, ์คํ, ํ์ง๋ณด์ฆ์ ๋ํ ๊ฐ์ด๋๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ ์ ์กฐ์
์๋ค์ด ๋ฐ๋ผ์ผ ํ GMP ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์ ํํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด๋๋ผ์ธ์ ๋ค์์ ์์น์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ๋ค.
์ ์กฐ์์ค์ ๊นจ๋ํ๊ณ ์์์ ์ธ ์ ์กฐํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์งํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
์ ์กฐ์์ค์ ๋ถ์๋ฌผ์์ ์๋ฌ์ง ์ ๋ฐ ํญ์์ ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊น์ง ์ ํ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์์ ํ์ง ์๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค ์ ์๋ ์ค์ผ์ ๋ฐฉ์งํ๋๋ก ํต์ ๋ ํ๊ฒฝ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ ์งํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
์ ์กฐ๊ณต์ ์ ๋ช
๋ฃํ๊ฒ ์ ์๋๊ณ ํต์ ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ชจ๋ ์ฃผ์ ๊ณต์ ์ ์ผ๊ด์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ฅํ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ค(specifications)์ ๋ถํฉํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ฒ์ฆ(validation)๋๋ค.
์ ์กฐ๊ณต์ ์ ํต์ ๋๊ณ ๊ณต์ ์ ๋ํ ์ด๋ค ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋ ํ๊ฐ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค. ์์ฝํ์ ํ์ง์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๋ณ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒ์ฆ๋๋ค.
์ค๋ช
๊ณผ ์ ์ฐจ๋ ๋ช
ํํ๊ณ ๋ชจํธํ์ง ์์ ์ธ์ด๋ก Good Documentation Practices (GDP) ์์น์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์์ฑ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
์์
์๋ค์ ์์
์ํ๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์์ ์ฐจ์ ๊ดํ ๊ต์ก์ ์ด์ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
์ ์กฐ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์๊ธฐ ํน์ ์ปดํจํฐ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ก๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์ ํด์ง ์ ์ฐจ์ ์ง์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์๊ตฌ๋๋ ๋จ๊ณ๊ฐ ์ ์กฐ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ค์ ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณํ๋ ํ์ง์ ์ํ๊ณผ ์ฝํ์ด ๊ณํ๋ ์๋๋งํผ ์์ฐ๋์์์ ์ฆ๋ช
ํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ์ผํ์ ์กฐ์ฌ๋๊ณ ๋ฌธ์ํ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
์ ์กฐ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ๋ฐฐ์น ์ด๋ ฅ ์ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ ์ ์๋๋ก ์๊ธฐ์ฝ๊ณ ์ฌ์ฉ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์์์ ๋ณด๊ด๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
์ ํต๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ ํ ํ์ง์ ๋ฏธ์น ์ํฅ์ ์ต์ํํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
ํ๋งค๋ ๊ณต๊ธ๋ ๋ฐฐ์น์ ๋ฆฌ์ฝ์ ์ํ ์์คํ
์ด ์ค๋น๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
์ถ์๋ ์ ํ์ ๋ํ ๋ถ๋ง์ฌํญ์ ๊ฒํ ํ๊ณ , ํ์ง ๊ฒฐํจ์ ์์ธ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฐํจ์๋ ์ ํ์ ๋ํ ์ ์ ํ ๋์ฑ
์ ๊ฐ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฐ๋ฐฉ์ง๋ฅผ ์ํด ์กฐ์น๋ฅผ ์ทจํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
์ฆ, GMP๋ ์์ง์ ์ ํ์ ์์ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์๋น์์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ๋ณดํธ๋ผ๋ ๋ชฉํ ๋ฌ์ฑ์ ์ํด ๊ถ์ฅ๋๋ ์ ์กฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ด๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์๋ ์ํ์ด๋ ์์ฝํ์ด ์ ํ๊ท๊ฒฉ์๋๋ก ์์ฐ๋์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋๋ผ๋ ์ ์กฐ์์ค์ด๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์ด cGMP ๊ฐ์ด๋๋ผ์ธ์ ๋ถํฉํ์ง ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ถ๋ํ์ผ๋ก(adulterated) ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
GMP ๊ฐ์ด๋๋ผ์ธ์ ์ ํ์ ์ ์กฐํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ง์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๊ณ , ์ ์กฐํ๋ ๋์ ์ง์ผ์ ธ์ผ ํ ์ผ๋ จ์ ์ผ๋ฐ ์์น์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ํ์ฌ๊ฐ ํ์ง ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ด๋ ์ ์กฐ ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ค๋นํ ๋ GMP ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ถฉ์กฑ์ํฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋งค์ฐ ๋ค์ํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ฌ์
์ ํ์์ ๊ท์ ๋น๊ตญ์ ์๊ฑด์ ๋ถํฉํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ฐ์ฅ ํจ์จ์ ์ด๊ณ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ํ์ง ๊ณต์ ์ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ฌ์ ์ฑ
์์ธ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๋์
๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ
์์์ ์ดํด๋ณธ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ด GMP๋ ์ ํ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์ ์กฐ ๊ณผ์ ๊น์ง ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ผ๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ์ ํ์ ์ง ์ธ์๋ ์๋น์์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ ๋ณดํธ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ด๋ฌํ GMP์ ์ฑ๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ง๋ ์ญ์ฌ ์์์ ์ ํ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ ๋น๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ฌ๊ฑด๋ค๊ณผ ๊น์ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์๋ค.
ํ๋ฆฌ๋๋ง์ด๋ ์ฌ๊ฑด
ํ๋ฆฌ๋๋ง์ด๋๋ 1950๋
๋ ํ๋ฐ๋ถํฐ 1960๋
๋๊น์ง ์์ฐ๋ถ๋ค์ ์
๋ง ๋ฐฉ์ง์ฉ์ผ๋ก ํ๋งค๋ ์ฝ์ผ๋ก, ๊ฐ์ข
๋๋ฌผ ์คํ์์ ๋ถ์์ฉ์ด ๊ฑฐ์ ๋๋ฌ๋์ง ์์ ์ ๋ฝ์์ ๋ง์ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ป์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ด ์ฝ์ ๋ณต์ฉํ ์์ฐ๋ถ๋ค์ด ์ฌ์ง๊ฐ ์งง์์ง๋ ๊ธฐํ์ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ธฐํ์๋ฅผ ์ถ์ฐํ๋ฉด์ ํ๋งค๊ฐ ์ค์ง๋์๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์๋ 17๊ฑด์ ๊ทธ์ณค์ผ๋ ์ ๋ฝ์์๋ง ๋ง์ฌ ๊ฑด์ ์ฌ๋ก๊ฐ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์๋ ์ด ๋น๊ทน์ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๋ํด์ ์ฌ๋ก ์ด ๋์ํ์๊ณ ๋ณด๋ค ์๊ฒฉํ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ ์ฉํ ์
๋ฒํ๊ฐ ์งํ๋์๋ค. 1963๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ํ์์ฝ๊ตญ(FDA)์ ์ธ๊ณ ์ต์ด๋ก GMP ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ ์ ยท๊ณตํฌํ์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ํ์ ์์ ํ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์๋ํ๋ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๋ถํฉํ๋ ํจ๋ฅ์ด ์์ด์ผ ํ๊ณ , ์์ฝํ์ ์์ ๋จ๊ณ์์ ๋๋ฌผ์คํ์ ์งํํ ํ ์ธ์ฒด์ํ์ ํ๊ณ , ์์ฝํ์ ๋ํ ์กฐ์ฌ๊ฐ ํ์ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋น๊ตญ์ ๊ณ ์งํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ ์์ฅ์ ์ถ์๋๊ธฐ ์ ์ ์ ๋๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ฅํจ์ ์ฆ๋ช
ํ๊ณ , ์ถ์๋ ์ ํ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์์ ๋ฐ์ํ ์์์น ๋ชปํ ํผํด(์ด์๋ฐ์)์ ๋ํด ๋ณด๊ณ ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
1970๋
๋๋ ์ ํ๊ท์ ๊ท์ ์ ๋ถ์๋ น์ด ๋๋ ์๊ธฐ์ด๋ค. 1978๋
์์ฝํ GMP์ธ ๋ฏธ์ฐ๋ฐฉ๊ท์ ์ง(Code of Federal Regulations) ํ์ดํ 21 Part 210๊ณผ 211 (21 CFR Part 210, 211) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ฃ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ GMP 21 CFR 820์ด ์ต์ข
ํ์ ๋์๋ค. 1979๋
์๋ ๋น์์์ํ๊ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์ค (Good Laboratory Practice: GLP)๊ฐ ๊ท์ ๋์๋ค.
์์นด๊ณ ํ์ด๋ ๋ ์ด์ธ ์ฌ๊ฑด
1982๋
12์ธ ์๋
๋ฉ๋ฆฌ ์ผ๋ฌ๋ง์ด ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ด์ ๋๋ผ๊ณ ์์คํธ๋ผ ์คํธ๋ ์ค ํ์ด๋ ๋ ์์ธํธ์๋ฏธ๋
ธํ ์ผ์์ ๋ณต์ฉํ ํ ๋ช ์๊ฐ ์์ ์ฌ๋งํ๋ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ์ด ์ธ์๋ ํด๋น ์ ํ์ ๋ณต์ฉํ ์ฌ์ฏ๋ช
์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์ฌ๋งํ์๊ณ , ์ ์กฐ์ฌ์ธ ์กด์จ์ค๋์กด์จ์ ์ ๊ตญ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ผ์ฒ ๋ฐฑ๋ง๋ณ์ ํ์ด๋ ๋์ ๋ฆฌ์ฝํ์๋ค. ์กฐ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋๊ตฐ๊ฐ ์์นด๊ณ ๋์๊ถ ์ง์ญ์์ ์๋งค๋ก ํ๋งค์ค์ธ ์ ํ์ ์ฌ์ด์ํ ์นผ๋ฅจ์ ์ฃผ์
ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐํ์ก๋ค. FDA๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์์ฝํ์ ๋ถ์ ์กฐ์๋ฐฉ์งํฌ์ฅ์ ๋์
ํ์๊ณ ์ด๋ฅผ GMP์ ํฌํจ์์ผฐ๋ค. ์ด ๋น๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๊ฒช์ผ๋ฉฐ ์
๊ณ๋ GMP ๊ต์ก์ ํตํด ์ง์์ด ์ ์ ํ ๊ต์ก๋ฐ๊ณ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ ๊ฒ ์ธ์๋, ์ด์ธ์๋ค์ด ์ ํ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ๋์ค์๊ฒ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ํผํด๋ฅผ ์
ํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํด์๋ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค. FDA๋ ๊ฐํ๋ ์์ฝํ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐ ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ค(์ ์งGMP, cGMP)์ ๋ํ ํด์์ ๋ง์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น ์ผ๋ จ์ ์ง์นจ์๋ค์ ๋ฐํํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ค ํ ์๊ฐ 1983๋
์ ๋ฐํ๋ ์์ฝํ ๊ณต์ ์ ์ปดํจํฐ ์์คํ
์ ๋ํ ์ค์ฌ ์ง์นจ(Guide to Inspection of Computerized Systems in Drug Processing)์ด๋ค. ์ดํ 1987๋
๊ณต์ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์
์ ์ผ๋ฐ ์์น์ ๊ดํ ๊ฐ์ด๋๋ผ์ธ(Guideline on General Principles of Process Validation)์ด ๋ฐํ๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ฒ์ ๊ตฌ์๋ ฅ์ด ์๋ ๋ฌธ์๋ ์๋์์ผ๋ ์ปดํจํฐ ์์คํ
์ ์
๊ณ ์ฌ์ฉ ํ์ฅ์ ๋ํ ๊ท์ ๋น๊ตญ์ ์ ๋ง์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค.
L-ํธ๋ฆฝํ ํ ์ฌ๊ฑด
1989๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์์ด๋ณด์กฐ์ ๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ณ ๋ฐฑํ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ ๊ทผ์กํต์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ํธ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ทผ์กํต์ฆํ๊ตฐ(Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome: EMS)์ด ๋ฐ์ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ง๋ณ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ผํฐ๋ ์ต์ 38๋ช
์ ์ฌ๋ง์๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ์ฌ 1,500๋ช
์ด์์ ํ์๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ์๋ค๊ณ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ๊ท์ ๋น๊ตญ์ ์ญํ ์กฐ์ฌ์์ EMS ๋ฐ์ ์ค 95%๊ฐ ์ผ์๋ด์ฝ์์ ๊ณต๊ธ๋ L-ํธ๋ฆฝํ ํ(L-tryptophan)์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฑ๋ถ์์ ์ ๋ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ 1989๋
์ฌํ ์ด์ ํน์ ์ดํ์ ๋ ํ์ฌ์ L-ํธ๋ฆฝํ ํ์ ๋ณต์ฉํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์๊ฒ๋ EMS๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ์ง ์์ ํธ๋ฆฝํ ํ ์์ฒด์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ณด๋ค ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ค์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ค์ฌ์ ๋๊ณ ์กฐ์ฌ๊ฐ ์งํ๋์์ผ๋ ์ค์ผ์์ ์์ง ๋ฐํ์ง์ง ์์๋ค.
๊ณต๊ต๋กญ๊ฒ๋ ๊ธ์ํ ์ฑ์ฅํ 1980๋
๋ ๊ตญ์ ์ ๋ฌด์ญ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ ์ฝ์
๊ณ์์๋ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์ด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ด์์ ์์ฐ๋๋ ์ ํ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ์๋ฃ์์ฝํ(APIs)์ ์ฝ 70-80% ์ด์์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์์
๋๊ณ ์์๋ค. ํฐ ํ์์๋ ์ ์ฌํ ์ ์กฐ๊ณต์ ์ ๋ณด์ด๋ ์์ ์์ฝํ๊ณผ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ APIs๋ ํฉ์ฑ, ๋ฐํ ๋๋ ์ถ์ถ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ์กฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด ์ ํ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์์ ์์ฝํ์ ์ ์ฉ๋๋ GMP๋ฅผ APIs์ ๊ทธ๋๋ก ์ ์ฉํ๊ธฐ์๋ ์ ์ ์น ์์๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ฌ์ค์ด๋ค. ๋ํ ๋น์์ ์ฐ์
๊ธฐ์ ์์ค์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ ๋, APIs์ ์์
์์ด ๋๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋นํด ์๊ฒฉํ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๊ฐ์ง ์์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํ์ง์์ค์ ๋ํ ๊ฐ์ด๋๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค. ์ด์ ์ ๋ฝ์ฐํฉ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฑ์ด ํจ๊ปํ๋ ์์ฝํ๊ตญ์ ์กฐํํ์(ICH)๋ 2000๋
์๋ฃ์์ฝํ์ ๊ดํ GMP ๊ฐ์ด๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฒ์ด ํ์ฌ API ์ ์กฐ์ ํ์ค์ด ๋ ICH Q7์ด๋ค.
1990๋
๋์๋ ๋ํ ์์ฝํ๊ณผ ์๋ฌผํ์ ์ ์ ์ ๋ํ GMP ๊ฐ์ ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ์๊ธฐ๋ก์ ๋ํ ๊ท์ (21 CFR Part 11)์ด ๋์
๋๋ฉฐ ์์ฝํ, ์๋ฃ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์๋ช
๊ณตํ ํ์ฌ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์ ์ปดํจํฐ ์์คํ
์ ์ ํ์ฑ๊ณผ ์์ ์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ฅํ ๊ฒ์ด ์๊ตฌ๋๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค.
๋ณต์ ์ฝ ์ค์บ๋ค
1992๋
์ผ๋จ์ ๋ณต์ ์ฝ ์ ์กฐ ํ์ฌ ์์๋ค์ด FDA ๊ฒํ ์์๊ฒ ๋๋ฌผ์ ์ค ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์์๋ค. ํด๋น ํ์ฌ๋ค์ ๋ณต์ ์ฝ ๋์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ง๋ ์ฝํ์ ์คํํ๊ณ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์ ์ฝ ์น์ธ ์ฌ์ฌ์ ์ ์ถํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ก ์ธํด ๋ฏธ ์ํ๋ ๋ณต์ ์ฝํ๋ชฉํ๊ฐ์ ์ฒญ(Abbreviated New Drug Application)์ ์์ด์ ๋ฐ์ํ ๋ถ๋ฒํ์์ ๋ํด ์
๊ณ ์ถ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ๊ณผํ๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฒ์์ธ ๋ณต์ ์ฝ์ํ๋ น(Generic Drug Enforcement Act of 1992)์ ํต๊ณผ์์ผฐ๋ค.
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ GMP
๋์
๋ฐ ๋ฐ์
1963๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ FDA๊ฐ ์ต์ด๋ก GMP ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ ์ ํ๊ณ , 1969๋
์๋ ์ธ๊ณ๋ณด๊ฑด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ GMP๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ๋ฉฐ ํ์๊ตญ์๊ฒ GMP์ ๋ ๋์
๋ฐ ์์ฝํ์ ๊ตญ์ ๊ฑฐ๋์ ์์ด์ 'GMP ์ฆ๋ช
์ ๋' ์ค์๋ฅผ ๊ถ๊ณ ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ๋ ์์ฝํ ์ ์กฐ์ ์์ด GMP์ ์ค์์ฑ์ด ์์นํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ, 1977๋
GMP ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ ์ ยท๊ณ ์ํ์๋๋ฐ, 1977๋
3์ 15์ผ ๊ณตํฌ๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋ณด๊ฑด์ฌํ๋ถ ์๊ท ์ 373ํธ, ใ์ฐ์์์ฝํ ์ ์กฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์คใ(KGMP)๊ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด์ด 1978๋
7์ ๋ณด๊ฑด์ฌํ๋ถ๋ ใKGMP ์ํ์ง์นจใ์ ๋ฐํํ์ฌ ์ ์กฐ์
์๊ฐ ์์จ์ ์ผ๋ก GMP๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ๋๋ก ๊ถ์ฅํ์๋ค.
์ดํ ์ ๋์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ฆ์ ๋ถ์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด GMP์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ ๋ ๋์
๊ณผ ์ ์ฐฉ์ ์ํด 1984๋
์ผ๋ณธ์ ์๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก 1992๋
๊น์ง ๋๋ง, ์ ๋ฝ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์กฐ์ฌ๋จ์ ํ๊ฒฌํ์๋ค. ๋์์ ์ ๋ถ, ํ๊ณ ๋ฐ ์ ์ฝ์
๊ณ ์ธ์ฌ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง KGMP ํ๊ฐ์์ํ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ์ฌ 1984๋
๋ถํฐ ๊ตญ๋ด ์ ์ฝ๊ณต์ฅ์ GMP ์ค์์ํฉ์ ํ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ๋ณด๋ค ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ GMP์ํ์ ์ํด ๊ถ์ฅ์ฌํญ์ด์๋ KGMP์ค์๋ฅผ ์๋ฌด์ฌํญ์ผ๋ก ์ ํํ์ฌ 1991๋
12์ 31์ผ๊น์ง KGMP ์ค์์ ๊ฒฉ์
์ ์ง์ ์ ์๋ฃํ๋๋ก ์ ํํ๊ณ ใ์ฐ์์์ฝํ ์ ์กฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์คใ๋ 1992๋
ใ์ฐ์์์ฝํ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐ ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์คใ์ผ๋ก, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 1994๋
ใ์์ฝํ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐ ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์คใ์ผ๋ก ๊ท์ ๋์๋ค.
cGMP
c(Current)GMP (๊ตญ๋ด, ์GMP)๋ ์ ์กฐ์๋ค์ด ์ต์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ณผ ์์คํ
์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ GMP์ ๋ถํฉํ๋ ์ ํ์ ์์ฐํด์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ์ ํ์ ์ค์ผ์ด๋ ํผํฉ, ์ค์ ๋ฑ์ ๋ฐฉ์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด 20๋
์ ์ ๊ตฌ๋นํ ์์คํ
์ด๋ ์ฅ๋น๋ณด๋ค ํ์ฌ์ ํ์ค์ ์ ์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ณด๋ค ์ ํฉํ ๊ฒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์
(Validation)์ด ์ฃผ์ํ ๊ฐ๋
์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ๋ค. ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์
์ด๋ "ํน์ ํ ๊ณต์ , ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ, ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ค๋น ๋๋ ์์คํ
์ด ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ค์ ๋์ด ์๋ ํ์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๋ง๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ผ๊ด๋๊ฒ ๋์ถํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๊ณ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฌธ์ํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋งํ๋ค."
2003๋
์์ฝ์ฒญ์ '21์ธ๊ธฐ ๊ตญ์ ๊ฒฝ์๋ ฅ ํ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ํ KGMP ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ ์ง๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ'๋ผ๋ ์ฉ์ญ๊ณผ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ชจ, ํ๊ตญ์ ์ฝํํ๊ฐ ์ฃผ๊ด๊ธฐ๊ด์ผ๋ก์ ์ ์ง๊ตญ GMP์์ค์ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์์ฑํ์ฌ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด 2008๋
์ฝ์ฌ๋ฒ ์ํ๊ท์น ์ 24์กฐ [๋ณํ 2]๋ก ๊ฐ์ GMP๊ฐ ๊ณตํฌ๋์๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒ์ด ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์
์ด ์ต์ด๋ก ํฌํจ๋ ์GMP๊ฐ ๋์๋ค.
๋ํ 2011๋
์์ฝ์ฒญ์ ICH Q7์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ์ฌ ใ์๋ฃ์์ฝํ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฐ ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ์ด๋๋ผ์ธใ์ ๋ฐํํ์๋ค. ์์ ์์ฝํ์์ ์๋ฃ์์ฝํ, ์๋ฌผํ์ ์ ์ , ์๋ฃ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฒ์๋ฅผ ํ์ฅํ๊ณ ์ ์ง๊ตญ GMP์ ๋์ผ ์์ค์ผ๋ก ๊ตญ๋ด ๊ท์ ์ ์ ๋ฉด ๊ฐ์ ์ํํ๋ฉด์, 2014๋
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ํธ์ค์ฌํ๋ ฅ์ ์ํ ๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ธ PIC/S ์ ์ ํ์์ด ๋์๋ค.
๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ฌด๊ฒฐ์ฑ
๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๋ฌด๊ฒฐ์ฑ(data integrity)์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์ ์์ ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ผ๊ด์ฑ ๋ฐ ์ ํ์ฑ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ์ฆ, ์ ์กฐ์ ๊ด๋ จํ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๊ฐ ๊ทธ ์์ฑ, ์์ , ์ฒ๋ฆฌ, ์ ์ง, ๋ณด๊ด, ๊ฒ์, ์ ์ก์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์ ๋ผ์ดํ ์ฌ์ดํด ์ ๋ฐ์์ ์ผ๋จ ์์ฑ๋๋ฉด ๋ ์ด์ ์์๋ก ์กฐ์ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ญ์ ํ ์ ์๊ณ ์ง์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ณด๊ดํ๊ณ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋์ด ์ ๋ขฐํ ๋งํ๊ณ ์ ํํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ ALCOA๋ฅผ ๋ง์กฑ์์ผ์ผ ํ๋ค.
ALCOA
Attributable (์ถ์ฒ): ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ ์ฌ๋, ๋ ์ง, ์๊ฐ ๋ฑ์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์ด์ผ ํจ.
Legible (๊ฐ๋
์ฑ): ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ํญ๋ชฉ์ ์ฝ๊ณ ์ดํดํ ์ ์์ด์ผ ํจ.
Contemporaneous (๋์์ฑ): ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ ํ๋์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ ๋น์์ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋์ด์ผ ํจ.
Original (์๋ณธ): ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ ์ต์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋๋ ์ง๋ณธ์ด์ด์ผ ํจ.
Accurate (์ ํ์ฑ): ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ ์ผ์ด๋ ์ผ์ ๋ฐ์ํด์ผ ํจ.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
Pharmaceutical Inspection Cooperation Scheme: GMP Guides
World Health Organization GMP Guidelines
European Union GMP Guidelines
US CFR Title 21 parts 210 (GMP, general), 211 (GMP, finished pharmaceuticals), 212 (GMP, positron emission tomography drugs), 225 (GMP, medicated feeds), 226 (GMP, type A medicated articles).
์์ด ๋ณด์ถฉ์
์ ์ฝ์
์ํ ์์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good%20manufacturing%20practice | Good manufacturing practice | Current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) are those conforming to the guidelines recommended by relevant agencies. Those agencies control the authorization and licensing of the manufacture and sale of food and beverages, cosmetics, pharmaceutical products, dietary supplements, and medical devices. These guidelines provide minimum requirements that a manufacturer must meet to assure that their products are consistently high in quality, from batch to batch, for their intended use. The rules that govern each industry may differ significantly; however, the main purpose of GMP is always to prevent harm from occurring to the end user. Additional tenets include ensuring the end product is free from contamination, that it is consistent in its manufacture, that its manufacture has been well documented, that personnel are well trained, and that the product has been checked for quality more than just at the end phase. GMP is typically ensured through the effective use of a quality management system (QMS).
Good manufacturing practices, along with good agricultural practices, good laboratory practices and good clinical practices, are overseen by regulatory agencies in the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Europe, China, India and other countries.
High-level details
Good manufacturing practice guidelines provide guidance for manufacturing, testing, and quality assurance in order to ensure that a manufactured product is safe for human consumption or use. Many countries have legislated that manufacturers follow GMP procedures and create their own GMP guidelines that correspond with their legislation.
All guideline follows a few basic principles:
Manufacturing facilities must maintain a clean and hygienic manufacturing area.
Manufacturing facilities must maintain controlled environmental conditions in order to prevent cross-contamination from adulterants and allergens that may render the product unsafe for human consumption or use.
Manufacturing processes must be clearly defined and controlled. All critical processes are validated to ensure consistency and compliance with specifications.
Manufacturing processes must be controlled, and any changes to the process must be evaluated. Changes that affect the quality of the drug are validated as necessary.
Instructions and procedures must be written in clear and unambiguous language using good documentation practices.
Operators must be trained to carry out and document procedures.
Records must be made, manually or electronically, during manufacture that demonstrate that all the steps required by the defined procedures and instructions were in fact taken and that the quantity and quality of the food or drug was as expected. Deviations must be investigated and documented.
Records of manufacture (including distribution) that enable the complete history of a batch to be traced must be retained in a comprehensible and accessible form.
Any distribution of products must minimize any risk to their quality.
A system must be in place for recalling any batch from sale or supply.
Complaints about marketed products must be examined, the causes of quality defects must be investigated, and appropriate measures must be taken with respect to the defective products and to prevent recurrence.
Good manufacturing practices are recommended with the goal of safeguarding the health of consumers and patients as well as producing quality products. In the United States, a food or drug may be deemed "adulterated" if it has passed all of the specifications tests but is found to be manufactured in a facility or condition which violates or does not comply with current good manufacturing guideline.
GMP standards are not prescriptive instructions on how to manufacture products. They are a series of performance based requirements that must be met during manufacturing. When a company is setting up its quality program and manufacturing process, there may be many ways it can fulfill GMP requirements. It is the company's responsibility to determine the most effective and efficient quality process that both meets business and regulatory needs.
Regulatory agencies have recently begun to look at more fundamental quality metrics of manufacturers than just compliance with basic GMP regulations.ย US-FDA has found that manufacturers who have implemented quality metrics programs gain a deeper insight into employee behaviors that impact product quality. In its Guidance for Industry "Data Integrity and Compliance With Drug CGMP" US-FDA states โit is the role of management with executive responsibility to create a quality culture where employees understand that data integrity is an organizational core value and employees are encouraged to identify and promptly report data integrity issues.โ Australia's Therapeutic Goods Administration has said that recent data integrity failures have raised questions about the role of quality culture in driving behaviors. In addition, non-governmental organizations such as the International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering (ISPE) and the Parenteral Drug Association (PDA)ย have developed information and resources to help pharmaceutical companies better understand why quality culture is important and how to assess the current situation within a site or organization.
Guideline versions
GMPs are enforced in the United States by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), under Title 21 CFR. The regulations use the phrase "current good manufacturing practices" (CGMP) to describe these guidelines. Courts may theoretically hold that a product is adulterated even if there is no specific regulatory requirement that was violated as long as the process was not performed according to industry standards. However, since June 2007, a different set of CGMP requirements have applied to all manufacturers of dietary supplements, with additional supporting guidance issued in 2010. Additionally, in the U.S., medical device manufacturers must follow what are called "quality system regulations" which are deliberately harmonized with ISO requirements, not necessarily CGMPs.
The World Health Organization (WHO) version of GMP is used by pharmaceutical regulators and the pharmaceutical industry in over 100 countries worldwide, primarily in the developing world. The European Union's GMP (EU-GMP) enforces similar requirements to WHO GMP, as does the FDA's version in the US. Similar GMPs are used in other countries, with Australia, Canada, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Philippines], Vietnam and others having highly developed/sophisticated GMP requirements. In the United Kingdom, the Medicines Act (1968) covers most aspects of GMP in what is commonly referred to as "The Orange Guide," which is named so because of the color of its cover; it is officially known as Rules and Guidance for Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Distributors.
Since the 1999 publication of GMPs for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), GMPs now apply in those countries and trade groupings that are signatories to ICH (the EU, Japan and the U.S.), and applies in other countries (e.g., Australia, Canada, Singapore) which adopt ICH guidelines for the manufacture and testing of active raw materials.
Enforcement
Within the European Union GMP inspections are performed by National Regulatory Agencies. GMP inspections are performed in Canada by the Health Products and Food Branch Inspectorate; in the United Kingdom by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA); in the Republic of Korea (South Korea) by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS); in Australia by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA); in Bangladesh by the Directorate General of Drug Administration (DGDA); in South Africa by the Medicines Control Council (MCC); in Brazil by the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA); in India by state Food and Drugs Administrations (FDA), reporting to the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization; in Pakistan by the Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan; in Nigeria by NAFDAC; and by similar national organizations worldwide. Each of the inspectorates carries out routine GMP inspections to ensure that drug products are produced safely and correctly. Additionally, many countries perform pre-approval inspections (PAI) for GMP compliance prior to the approval of a new drug for marketing.
CGMP inspections
Regulatory agencies (including the FDA in the U.S. and regulatory agencies in many European nations) are authorized to conduct unannounced inspections, though some are scheduled. FDA routine domestic inspections are usually unannounced, but must be conducted according to 704(a) of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (21 USCS ยง 374), which requires that they are performed at a "reasonable time". Courts have held that any time the firm is open for business is a reasonable time for an inspection.
Other good practices
Other good-practice systems, along the same lines as GMP, exist:
Good agricultural practice (GAP), for farming and ranching
Good clinical practice (GCP), for hospitals and clinicians conducting clinical studies on new drugs in humans
Good distribution practice (GDP) deals with the guidelines for the proper distribution of medicinal products for human use.
Good laboratory practice (GLP), for laboratories conducting non-clinical studies (toxicology and pharmacology studies in animals)
Good pharmacovigilance practice (GVP), for the safety of produced drugs
Good regulatory practice (GRP), for the management of regulatory commitments, procedures and documentation
Collectively, these and other good-practice requirements are referred to as "GxP" requirements, all of which follow similar philosophies. Other examples include good guidance practices, and good tissue practices.
See also
Best practice
Corrective and preventive action (CAPA)
EudraLex
Food safety
Good automated manufacturing practice (GAMP) in the pharmaceutical industry
Site Master File
Washdown
References
External links
Pharmaceutical Inspection Cooperation Scheme: GMP Guides
World Health Organization GMP Guidelines
European Union GMP Guidelines
US CFR Title 21 parts 210 (GMP, general), 211 (GMP, finished pharmaceuticals), 212 (GMP, positron emission tomography drugs), 225 (GMP, medicated feeds), 226 (GMP, type A medicated articles).
Report on Optimizing and Leaning GMP Batch Record Design
Dietary supplements
Food safety
Pharmaceutical industry
Pharmaceuticals policy
Good practice
Life sciences industry |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%8D%ED%98%84%EC%84%9D | ํํ์ | ํํ์(1999๋
6์ 16์ผ~)์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๋ก ํ์ฌ ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์ ํ๋ก ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ KAA ํจํธ์์ ๋ฏธ๋ํ๋๋ก ํ์ฝํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ 2022๋
์์์ ๊ฒ์ ๊ธ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ์ด๋ค.
ํด๋ฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
์ธ์ฐ ํ๋ & SpVgg ์ดํฐํํ
์์ธํน๋ณ์ ๊ฐ์๊ตฌ ํ๊ณก๋ ์ถ์ ์ผ๋ก 2018๋
์ธ์ฐ ํ๋๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต ์กธ์
ํ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1์ ์ธ์ฐ ํ๋ ์
๋จ ์งํ ๋
์ผ 3. ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ SpVgg ์ดํฐํํ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ์ด์ ํ์ฌ 2017-18 ์์ฆ์๋ U-19ํ ์์์ผ๋ก 10๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, 2018-19 ์์ฆ์๋ ์ฑ์ธํ์์ 10๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
LASK & FC ์ ๋์ค์ฆ
2019-20 ์์ฆ์ ์๋๊ณ ์ค์คํธ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ LASK์ ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ธํ์ด์ ์ค์คํธ๋ฆฌ์ 2. ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์์ํ์ธ FC ์ ๋์ค์ฆ๋ก ์๋ ์ด์ ์ ํ์ ์ง์ ํ 2019-20 ์์ฆ ๊ณต์์ 30๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 5์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค.
์ดํ 2020๋
8์ LASK๋ก ์์ ์ด์ ํ ๋ค 2019-20 ์์ฆ๋์ ํ๋ํ๋ FC ์ ๋์ค์ฆ๋ก ๋ ๋ค์ ์๋ ์ด์ ํ์ฌ 2020-21 ์์ฆ ๊ณต์์ 24๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 2๊ณจ 4์ด์์คํธ๋ก ๋งนํ์ฝํ๋ฉฐ LASK 1๊ตฐํ๊ณผ์ 2๋
์ฌ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 2021-22 ์์ฆ์ ์๋๊ณ 1๊ตฐํ์ธ LASK์ ํฉ๋ฅํ์ฌ 2021-22 ์์ฆ ๊ณต์์ 40๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 1๊ณจ 8์ด์์คํธ์ ๋งนํ์ฝ์ผ๋ก ํ์ 2021-22๋
UEFA ์ ๋กํ์ปจํผ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 16๊ฐ ์ง์ถ, 2021-22 ์ค์คํธ๋ฆฌ์์ปต 8๊ฐ ์ง์ถ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๊ณ ํนํ ์ฌ๋ผ๋น์ ํ๋ผํ์์ 2021-22๋
UEFA ์ ๋กํ์ปจํผ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 16๊ฐ 2์ฐจ์ ์์ ํ์ 3๋ฒ์งธ ๋์ ์ ์ด์์คํธํ๋ฉฐ 4-3 ์น๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋์์ผ๋ 1์ฐจ์ ์์ ๋นํ 1-4 ๋ํจ์ ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ 2๊ณจ์ฐจ(1ยท2์ฐจ์ ํฉ๊ณ 5-7)๋ก ํจํ๋ฉฐ 8๊ฐ ๋ฌธํฑ์์ ๊ณ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์
จ๋ค.
KAA ํจํธ
2022-23 ์์ฆ์์๋ LASK ์์์ผ๋ก 4๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 2์ด์์คํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉฐ ํ์ฝ์ ์ด์ด๊ฐ๋ค๊ฐ 2022๋
8์ 9์ผ ๊ณ์ฝ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ 3๋
, ์ด์ ๋ฃ 20์ต์์ ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์ ํ๋ก ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ํ์ธ KAA ํจํธ์ ์
๋จ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ๊ณ ํจํธ ์ด์ ํ KV ์ค์คํ
๋์์ 2022-23 ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์ ํ๋ก ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 4๋ผ์ด๋ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ฅด์๋ง์ ์ ๋ฐ 29๋ถ๊ฒฝ ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฐ๋ท๊ณจ์ ํ์์ ์ธ ๋ฐ์ด์ํด ํฅ์ผ๋ก ์ฅ์ํ๋ฉฐ ํ์ 3-1 ์์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
์ดํ 2022-23 ์์ฆ ํ์ฌ๊น์ง ๊ณต์์ 54๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 9๊ณจ 8์ด์์คํธ๋ก ์ ๋ฝ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ง์ถ ์ด๋ ๊ฐ์ธ ์ปค๋ฆฌ์ด ํ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ํ์ ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์ ์ปต 8๊ฐ ์ง์ถ, 2022-23๋
UEFA ์ ๋กํ์ปจํผ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 8๊ฐ ์ง์ถ์ ์ด๋์๊ณ ์ด์ ๋๋ถ์ด 2022๋
10์์๋ ํ๋ด ์ด๋ฌ์ ๊ณจ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฌ์ ์ ์์์ ๋ชจ๋ ํฉ์ธ๋ฉด์ ํจํธ์ ํ์คํ ์ฃผ์ ๋ฏธ๋ํ๋๋ก ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตณํ๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ฒญ์๋
์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ
2014๋
8์ ์ค๊ตญ ๋์ง์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ 2014๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฒญ์๋
์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๋ํํ์ ์ผ์์ผ๋ก 4๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ์๋ฉ๋ฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ฑธ์๋ค.
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ U-17
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ U-17 ๋ํํ์ ์ผ์์ผ๋ก 5๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ง๋ง 2016๋
AFC U-16 ์ฑํผ์ธ์ญ ๋ณธ์ ์ํธ๋ฆฌ์๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ U-23
2022๋
AFC U-23 ์์์์ปต ๋ณธ์ 3๊ฐ์ ์ ์ธ 2022๋
3์ U-23 ๋ํํ ๋๊ณ ํ๋ จ์ ํฉ๋ฅํ ๋ค 2๊ฐ์ ํ์ธ ๊ฐ์ ํด 5์์ ๋ฐํ๋ U-23 ์์์์ปต ๋ณธ์ ์ํธ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ ธ๋ค.
์ดํ 2018๋
๋ํ ์ค์ฐ์นํ์ธ ๋ฒ ํธ๋จ๊ณผ์ C์กฐ ์กฐ๋ณ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2์ฐจ์ ์์ ํ๋ฐ 15๋ถ ๊ต์ฒด ํฌ์
๋์๋ง์ ์กฐ์์ฑ์ ๋์ ์ ์ด์์คํธํ๊ณ ์ ๋ํ์์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก 8๊ฐ์ ์ค๋ฅธ ํ๊ตญ๊ณผ์ ์ต์ข
์ ์์๋ ํ๋ฐ 45๋ถ ์ํ์ค๊ณผ ๊ต์ฒด๋ ๋๊น์ง ๊ฑฐ์ ํํ์์ ์ํํ๋ฉฐ ํ์ 5ํ ์ฐ์ U-23 ์์์์ปต 8๊ฐ ์ง์ถ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
๋น๋ก ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์ 8๊ฐ์ ์์ 0-3์ผ๋ก ์ํจ๋ฅผ ๋นํ๋ฉด์ ์ฌ์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก U-23 ์์์์ปต ์ค๊ฒฐ์น ์ง์ถ ์คํจ์ ๊ณ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง์
จ์ง๋ง ํด๋น ๋ํ 4๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋๊ฐ์ ๋๋ฌ๋ธ U-23 ๋ํํ ์ ์ ์ค ํ๋๋ก ์๊ผฝํ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด ๋ํ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ๋ฏธ๋๋ฅผ ์ด์ด๊ฐ ์ ๋ง์ฃผ๋ก ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ด๋ฌํด์ ์ด๋ฆฐ 2022๋
์์์ ๊ฒ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ๋ฐํ๋์ด ์ด ๋ํ 7๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 3๊ณจ์ ํฐ๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์์์ ๊ฒ์ 3์ฐํจ์ด์ ํต์ฐ 6๋ฒ์งธ ์์์ ๊ฒ์ ๊ธ๋ฉ๋ฌ ํ๋์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ A๋ํํ
2023๋
6์ 5์ผ ํ๋ฃจ์ ์์ด๋ฐ๋๋ฅด์์ 2์ฐจ๋ก ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์๋๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ 23์ธ ์ํธ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์์ ์ฒซ A๋ํํ์ ๋ฐํ๋์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ดํ ํ์ด์ ์์ ์ ์์ผ์ธ 6์ 16์ผ ๋ถ์ฐ์์์๋์ฃผ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ฅ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ํ๋ฃจ์์ ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ํ๋ฐ 17๋ถ๊ฒฝ ์ด์ฌ์ฑ๊ณผ์ ๊ต์ฒด ํฌ์
์ ํตํด ๊ตญ์ A๋งค์น ๋ฐ๋ท์ ์ ์น๋ ์ผ๋ ํ์ 0-1์ ์์ฌ์ด ์ํจ๋ฅผ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์๋ฅด๊ฒ ํด๋ฆฐ์ค๋ง ๊ฐ๋
๋ถ์ ์ดํ ์ฒซ ์น์ ๋ ๋ค์ ์คํจํ๋ค.
์์ ๋ด์ญ
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ U-17
์ฒญ์๋
์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ : ์๋ฉ๋ฌ (2014)
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ U-23
์์์ ๊ฒ์ : ๊ธ๋ฉ๋ฌ (2022)
๊ฐ์ธ
KFA ์์์ ๋จ์์ด๋ฑ๋ถ ์ต์ฐ์์ ์์ : 2011
์ฐจ๋ฒ๊ทผ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋์ : 2012
KAA ํจํธ ์ด๋ฌ์ ๊ณจ : 2022๋
10์
KAA ํจํธ ์ด๋ฌ์ ์ ์ : 2022๋
10์
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
ํํ์ - ํธ๋์คํผ๋งํฌํธ
ํํ์ - Olympedia
1999๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
20์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ฌ๋
21์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ฌ๋
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๋ฏธ๋ํ๋
์ธ์ฐ ํ๋ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
SpVgg ์ดํฐํํ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
KAA ํจํธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋จ์ U-17 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
3. ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
2. ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ (์ค์คํธ๋ฆฌ์)์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ค์คํธ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์ ํ๋ก ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๋
์ผ ์ง์ถ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์ค์คํธ๋ฆฌ์ ์ง์ถ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์ ์ง์ถ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋
์ผ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ค์คํธ๋ฆฌ์์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋จ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์์์ ๊ฒ์ ๊ธ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
์์์ ๊ฒ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
2022๋
์์์ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ์์์ ๊ฒ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2022๋
์์์ ๊ฒ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2014๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฒญ์๋
์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2016๋
ํ๋ก์๋ง ๊ตญ์ ์ฒญ์๋
์ถ๊ตฌ๋ํ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
์์ธํน๋ณ์ ์ถ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๊ฐ์๊ตฌ (์์ธํน๋ณ์) ์ถ์
์์ธ์ ์ ์ด๋ฑํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
ํ๋์คํ๊ต ๋๋ฌธ
ํ๋๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต (์ธ์ฐ) ๋๋ฌธ
๋
์ผ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ธ
์ค์คํธ๋ฆฌ์์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ธ
๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ธ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong%20Hyun-seok | Hong Hyun-seok | Hong Hyun-seok (; born 16 June 1999) is a South Korean professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Jupiler Pro League club Gent and The South Korea national football team.
Club career
In January 2018, Hong moved from the youth team of Ulsan Hyundai to SpVgg Unterhaching. He made his professional debut for Unterhaching in the 3. Liga on 27 February 2019, coming on as a substitute for Lucas Hufnagel in the 84th minute against VfR Aalen.
After a loan spell at Juniors Oร, Hong played one season in the Austrian Bundesliga for LASK before moving to Gent in the Belgian Pro League in August 2022 in the aftermath of an ACL injury suffered by Buffalos striker Tarik Tissoudali, becoming the first Korean to play for the club.
On moving to Belgium, Hong was brought into the Gent first team immediately, scoring a spectacular overhead kick goal 28 minutes into his debut away to Oostende on 12 August 2022, which Gent won 3โ1.
International career
Hong was included in South Korea's under-15 squad for the boys' football tournament at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics in Nanjing, China. He started in all four matches earning a silver medal as runners-up.
Career statistics
Club
Honours
South Korea U17
Summer Youth Olympics silver medal: 2014
South Korea U23
Asian Games: 2022
Notes
References
External links
FC Juniors Oร profile
1999 births
Living people
South Korean men's footballers
South Korea men's youth international footballers
South Korea men's under-23 international footballers
South Korean expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Ulsan Hyundai FC players
SpVgg Unterhaching players
FC Juniors Oร players
LASK players
K.A.A. Gent players
3. Liga players
2. Liga (Austria) players
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
Belgian Pro League players
Footballers at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics
South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Germany
South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Austria
South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Austria
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Footballers at the 2022 Asian Games
Asian Games medalists in football
Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea
Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%95%85%EB%94%B8%EC%9D%B4%EB%8F%84%EB%A7%88%EB%B1%80%EB%B6%99%EC%9D%B4%EC%86%8D | ๋
๋ธ์ด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ | ๋
๋ธ์ด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์(Least gecko)์ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ๋๋ฅ์ ์์ํ๋ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์ ์ผ์์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ฅ์๋ ์์ฃผ ์์ ํฌ๊ธฐ, ์ฐข์ด์ง์ง ์๊ณ ๋ฅ๊ทผ ๋๊ณต, ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๊ฐ๋ฝ์ ๋จ ํ ๊ฐ์ฉ ๋ ๋ฅ๊ทผ ๋นจํ ํน์ ๋น๋๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ณํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด ์์ ํ๋ช
์ ๋ฐ๊ฐ๋ฝ์ ๋ฅ๊ทผ ๋น๋์์ ์ ๋ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.(Sphaero = ๋ฅ๊ทผ, dactylus = ์๊ฐ๋ฝ) ์ด ์์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ข
๋ค์ ์๋นํ ์์ง๋ง ์๋ผ๊ตฌ์๋
๋ธ์ด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด, ๋ฒ์ง์์ผ๋๋๋
๋ธ์ด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์ ๋ ์ข
์ ์ ๋ง๋ก ์์์, ์ฃผ๋ฅ์ด-ํญ๋ฌธ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ 1.6cm์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ฉฐ ์ ์ธ๊ณ์์ ์ ์ผ ์์ ํ์ถฉ๋ฅ๋ก ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค. ํ๋ช
์ ์ผ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋๋ก ๋ฐ์ ์คํ๋ก(Sphaero)๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
ํ์ ์ข
๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ 105 ๊ฐ์ ์ข
์ด ์ธ์ ๋์๋ค.
Sphaerodactylus alphus
Sphaerodactylus altavelensis - Alto Velo least gecko, Alto Velo sphaero
Sphaerodactylus argivus - Cayman least gecko
Sphaerodactylus argus - ocellated gecko, ocellated sphaero, stippled sphaero
Sphaerodactylus ariasae - Jaragua sphaero, Jaragua dwarf gecko
Sphaerodactylus armasi - Guantanamo least gecko, Guantanamo coastal gecko
Sphaerodactylus armstrongi - Armstrong's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus asterulus - Haitian least gecko
Sphaerodactylus beattyi - Saint Croix's sphaero, Beatty's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus becki - Beck's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus bromeliarum - El Yunque least gecko
Sphaerodactylus caicosensis - Caicos banded sphaero, Caicos least gecko
Sphaerodactylus callocricus - rough-banded sphaero, callous least gecko
Sphaerodactylus celicara - Baracoan eyespot sphaero
Sphaerodactylus cinereus - gray gecko
Sphaerodactylus clenchi - peninsula least gecko
Sphaerodactylus cochranae - Cochran's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus continentalis
Sphaerodactylus copei - Cope's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus corticola - central Bahamas sphaero, Rum Cay least gecko
Sphaerodactylus cricoderus - Turquino collared sphaero
Sphaerodactylus cryphius - Bakoruco least gecko
Sphaerodactylus dacnicolor - Jamaican tailspot sphaero, eastern Jamaican sharpnosed sphaero
Sphaerodactylus darlingtoni - Darlington's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus difficilis - Hispaniolan eyespot sphaero, difficult least gecko
Sphaerodactylus dimorphicus
Sphaerodactylus docimus - Cabo Cruz banded sphaero
Sphaerodactylus dunni - Dunn's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus elasmorhynchus - Marche Leon least gecko, snout-shield sphaero
Sphaerodactylus elegans - ashy gecko
Sphaerodactylus elegantulus - Antigua least gecko
Sphaerodactylus epiurus - Hispaniolan tailspot sphaero
Sphaerodactylus exsul
Sphaerodactylus fantasticus - fantastic least gecko
Sphaerodactylus gaigeae -chevronated sphaero, Gaige's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus gilvitorques - Jamaican collared sphaero, Jamaican least gecko
Sphaerodactylus glaucus - collared dwarf gecko, least gecko
Sphaerodactylus goniorhynchus - Jamaican forest sphaero, Cakoarita least gecko
Sphaerodactylus graptolaemus - Costa Rica least gecko
Sphaerodactylus guanajae
Sphaerodactylus heliconiae
Sphaerodactylus homolepis - Caribbean least gecko
Sphaerodactylus inaguae - Inagua sphaero, Inagua least gecko
Sphaerodactylus intermedius - Mantanzas least gecko
Sphaerodactylus kirbyi - Bequia dwarf gecko, Bequia sphaero, Grenadines sphaero
Sphaerodactylus klauberi
Sphaerodactylus ladae - Martin Garcia least gecko
Sphaerodactylus lazelli - Cap-Haitien least gecko
Sphaerodactylus leonardovaldesi
Sphaerodactylus leucaster - eastern least gecko
Sphaerodactylus levinsi - Desecheo gecko, Isla Desecheo least gecko
Sphaerodactylus lineolatus - Panama least gecko
Sphaerodactylus macrolepis - big-scaled least gecko, big-scaled dwarf gecko, cotton ginner
Sphaerodactylus mariguanae - southern Bahamas sphaero, Mayaguana least gecko
Sphaerodactylus microlepis - little-scaled least gecko
Sphaerodactylus micropithecus - Monito gecko
Sphaerodactylus millepunctatus - spotted least gecko
Sphaerodactylus molei - Tobago least gecko
Sphaerodactylus monensis - Mona least gecko
Sphaerodactylus nicholsi - Nichols least gecko, Nichol's dwarf sphaero, Puerto Rican crescent sphaero
Sphaerodactylus nigropunctatus - black-spotted least gecko, three-banded sphaero
Sphaerodactylus notatus - reef gecko, brown-speckled sphaero
Sphaerodactylus nycteropus - Morne Dubois least gecko
Sphaerodactylus ocoae - Peravia least gecko
Sphaerodactylus oliveri - Juventud least gecko
Sphaerodactylus omoglaux - Fond Parisien least gecko
Sphaerodactylus oxyrhinus - Jamaican sharpnosed sphaero
Sphaerodactylus pacificus - Pacific least gecko
Sphaerodactylus parkeri - Parker's least gecko, southern Jamaica banded sphaero
Sphaerodactylus parthenopion - Virgin Islands dwarf sphaero, Virgin Gorda least gecko, Virgin Islands dwarf gecko
Sphaerodactylus parvus
Sphaerodactylus perissodactylius - Dominican least gecko
Sphaerodactylus phyzacinus
Sphaerodactylus pimienta - pepper sphaero, Cuban pepper sphaero
Sphaerodactylus plummeri - Barahona big-scaled sphaero
Sphaerodactylus poindexteri
Sphaerodactylus ramsdeni - Ramsden's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus randi - Pedernales least gecko
Sphaerodactylus rhabdotus - two-striped sphaero, Vallede Neiba least gecko
Sphaerodactylus richardi - Richard's banded sphaero, Zapata big-scaled sphaero
Sphaerodactylus richardsonii - Richardson's least gecko, northern Jamaica banded sphaero
Sphaerodactylus roosevelti - Roosevelt's beige sphaero, Roosevelt's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus rosaurae - Bay Island least gecko
Sphaerodactylus ruibali - Ruibal's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus sabanus - Saba least gecko
Sphaerodactylus samanensis - Samana least gecko
Sphaerodactylus savagei - Altagracia speckled sphaero, Savage's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus scaber - double-collared sphaero, Camaguey least gecko
Sphaerodactylus scapularis - Boulenger's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus schuberti - Neiba Agave sphaero
Sphaerodactylus schwartzi - Guantanamo collared sphaero
Sphaerodactylus semasiops - Cockpit eyespot sphaero, Cockpit least gecko
Sphaerodactylus shrevei - Shreve's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus siboney
Sphaerodactylus sommeri - TerreNueve least gecko
Sphaerodactylus sputator - island least gecko
Sphaerodactylus storeyae - Isle of Pines sphaero, Los Canarreos sphaero
Sphaerodactylus streptophorus - Hispaniola least gecko, Hispaniolan small-eared sphaero
Sphaerodactylus thompsoni - Thompson's least gecko, Barahona limestone sphaero
Sphaerodactylus torrei - Barbour's least gecko, Cuban broad-banded sphaero
Sphaerodactylus townsendi -Townsend's least gecko, Townsend's dwarf sphaero
Sphaerodactylus underwoodi - Underwood's least gecko, Turks Islands sphaero
Sphaerodactylus vincenti - Vincent's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus williamsi - Williams's least gecko, Haitian striped sphaero
Sphaerodactylus zygaena - Dame-Marie least gecko
์ฃผ์์ฌํญ: ์ฝ์
์ด๊ตฌ์ ์ด๋ช
๋ช
๋ช
์(:en:Binominal nomenclature)๋ ์๋ ํด๋น ์ข
์ ๋
๋ธ์ด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด์(Sphaerodactylus)๊ณผ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ ํ์์ง๋ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
Schwartz A, Thomas R (1975). A Check-list of West Indian Amphibians and Reptiles. Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication No. 1. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Carnegie Museum of Natural History. 216 pp. (Sphaerodactylus, pp.ย 142โ164).
Wagler J (1830). Natรผrliches System der AMPHIBIEN, mit vorangehender Classification der SรUGTHIERE und VรGEL. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Zoologie. Munich, Stuttgart and Tรผbingen: J.G. Cotta. vi + 354 pp. + one plate. (Sphaerodactylus, new genus, p.ย 143). (in German and Latin).
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
๋
๋ธ์ด๋๋ง๋ฑ๋ถ์ด๊ณผ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphaerodactylus | Sphaerodactylus | Sphaerodactylus is a genus of geckos from the Americas that are distinguished from other Gekkota by their small size, by their round, rather than vertical, eye pupils, and by each digit terminating in a single, round adhesive pad or scale, from which their name (Sphaero = round, dactylus = finger) is derived. All species in this genus are rather small, but two species, S. ariasae and S. parthenopion, are tiny, and โ with a snout-vent length of about โ the smallest reptiles in the world.
Fossil record
Fossil remains referred to Sphaerodactylus have been recovered from Dominican amber.
Species
The following 108 species are recognized as being valid.
Sphaerodactylus alphus - Guanaja large-scaled geckolet
Sphaerodactylus altavelensis - Alto Velo least gecko, Alto Velo sphaero
Sphaerodactylus argivus - Cayman least gecko
Sphaerodactylus argus - ocellated gecko, ocellated sphaero, stippled sphaero
Sphaerodactylus ariasae - Jaragua sphaero, Jaragua dwarf gecko
Sphaerodactylus armasi - Guantanamo least gecko, Guantanamo coastal gecko
Sphaerodactylus armstrongi - Armstrong's least gecko, southern forest geckolet
Sphaerodactylus asterulus - Haitian least gecko
Sphaerodactylus beattyi - Saint Croix's sphaero, Beatty's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus becki - Beck's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus bromeliarum - El Yunque least gecko
Sphaerodactylus caicosensis - Caicos banded sphaero, Caicos least gecko
Sphaerodactylus callocricus - rough-banded sphaero, callous least gecko
Sphaerodactylus celicara - Baracoan eyespot sphaero
Sphaerodactylus cinereus - gray gecko
Sphaerodactylus clenchi - peninsula least gecko
Sphaerodactylus cochranae - Cochran's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus continentalis - upper Central American geckolet
Sphaerodactylus copei - Cope's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus corticola - central Bahamas sphaero, Rum Cay least gecko
Sphaerodactylus cricoderus - Turquino collared sphaero
Sphaerodactylus cryphius - Bakoruco least gecko
Sphaerodactylus dacnicolor - Jamaican tailspot sphaero, eastern Jamaican sharpnosed sphaero
Sphaerodactylus darlingtoni - Darlington's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus difficilis - Hispaniolan eyespot sphaero, difficult least gecko
Sphaerodactylus dimorphicus - Santiago de Cuba geckolet
Sphaerodactylus docimus - Cabo Cruz banded sphaero
Sphaerodactylus dunni - Dunn's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus elasmorhynchus - Marche Leon least gecko, snout-shield sphaero
Sphaerodactylus elegans - ashy gecko
Sphaerodactylus elegantulus - Antigua least gecko
Sphaerodactylus epiurus - Hispaniolan tailspot sphaero
Sphaerodactylus exsul - Swan Islands geckolet
Sphaerodactylus fantasticus - fantastic least gecko
Sphaerodactylus gaigeae -chevronated sphaero, Gaige's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus gilvitorques - Jamaican collared sphaero, Jamaican least gecko
Sphaerodactylus glaucus - collared dwarf gecko, least gecko
Sphaerodactylus goniorhynchus - Jamaican forest sphaero, Cakoarita least gecko
Sphaerodactylus grandisquamis - big-scaled least gecko, big-scaled dwarf gecko, cotton ginner
Sphaerodactylus graptolaemus - Costa Rica least gecko
Sphaerodactylus guanajae - Guanaja head-spotted geckolet
Sphaerodactylus heliconiae
Sphaerodactylus homolepis - Caribbean least gecko
Sphaerodactylus inaguae - Inagua sphaero, Inagua least gecko
Sphaerodactylus inigoi - Isla Vieques dwarf gecko
Sphaerodactylus intermedius - Mantanzas least gecko
Sphaerodactylus kirbyi - Bequia dwarf gecko, Bequia sphaero, Grenadines sphaero
Sphaerodactylus klauberi - Klauber's dwarf gecko, Klauber's least gecko, Puerto Rican highland sphaero
Sphaerodactylus ladae - Martin Garcia least gecko
Sphaerodactylus lazelli - Cap-Haitien least gecko
Sphaerodactylus leonardovaldesi
Sphaerodactylus leucaster - eastern least gecko
Sphaerodactylus levinsi - Desecheo gecko, Isla Desecheo least gecko
Sphaerodactylus lineolatus - Panama least gecko
Sphaerodactylus macrolepis - big-scaled least gecko, big-scaled dwarf gecko, cotton ginner
Sphaerodactylus mariguanae - southern Bahamas sphaero, Mayaguana least gecko
Sphaerodactylus microlepis - little-scaled least gecko
Sphaerodactylus micropithecus - Monito gecko
Sphaerodactylus millepunctatus - spotted least gecko
Sphaerodactylus molei - Tobago least gecko
Sphaerodactylus monensis - Mona least gecko
Sphaerodactylus nicholsi - Nichols least gecko, Nichol's dwarf sphaero, Puerto Rican crescent sphaero
Sphaerodactylus nigropunctatus - black-spotted least gecko, three-banded sphaero
Sphaerodactylus notatus - reef gecko, brown-speckled sphaero
Sphaerodactylus nycteropus - Morne Dubois least gecko
Sphaerodactylus ocoae - Peravia least gecko
Sphaerodactylus oliveri - Juventud least gecko
Sphaerodactylus omoglaux - Fond Parisien least gecko
Sphaerodactylus oxyrhinus - Jamaican sharpnosed sphaero
Sphaerodactylus pacificus - Pacific least gecko
Sphaerodactylus parkeri - Parker's least gecko, southern Jamaica banded sphaero
Sphaerodactylus parthenopion - Virgin Islands dwarf sphaero, Virgin Gorda least gecko, Virgin Islands dwarf gecko
Sphaerodactylus parvus - Anguilla Bank geckolet
Sphaerodactylus perissodactylius - Dominican least gecko
Sphaerodactylus phyzacinus - Les Saintes geckolet
Sphaerodactylus pimienta - pepper sphaero, Cuban pepper sphaero
Sphaerodactylus plummeri - Barahona big-scaled sphaero
Sphaerodactylus poindexteri - Utila small-scaled geckolet
Sphaerodactylus ramsdeni - Ramsden's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus randi - Pedernales least gecko
Sphaerodactylus rhabdotus - two-striped sphaero, Vallede Neiba least gecko
Sphaerodactylus richardi - Richard's banded sphaero, Zapata big-scaled sphaero
Sphaerodactylus richardsonii - Richardson's least gecko, northern Jamaica banded sphaero
Sphaerodactylus roosevelti - Roosevelt's beige sphaero, Roosevelt's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus rosaurae - Bay Island least gecko
Sphaerodactylus ruibali - Ruibal's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus sabanus - Saba least gecko
Sphaerodactylus samanensis - Samana least gecko
Sphaerodactylus savagei - Altagracia speckled sphaero, Savage's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus scaber - double-collared sphaero, Camaguey least gecko
Sphaerodactylus scapularis - Boulenger's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus schuberti - Neiba agave geckolet, Neiba agave sphaero, Schubert's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus schwartzi - Guantanamo collared sphaero, Monitongas collared geckolet, Schwartz's dwarf gecko
Sphaerodactylus semasiops - Cockpit eyespot sphaero, Cockpit least gecko
Sphaerodactylus shrevei - Shreve's least gecko
Sphaerodactylus siboney - Siboney gray-headed geckolet
Sphaerodactylus sommeri - TerreNueve least gecko, Terre-Neuve least gecko, northwest Haitian banded geckolet
Sphaerodactylus sputator - island least gecko
Sphaerodactylus storeyae - Isle of Pines sphaero, Los Canarreos sphaero
Sphaerodactylus streptophorus - Hispaniola least gecko, Hispaniolan small-eared sphaero
Sphaerodactylus thompsoni - Thompson's least gecko, Barahona limestone sphaero
Sphaerodactylus torrei - Barbour's least gecko, Cuban broad-banded geckolet
Sphaerodactylus townsendi - Townsend's least gecko, Townsend's dwarf sphaero, Puerto Rican sandy geckolet
Sphaerodactylus underwoodi - Underwood's least gecko, Turks Islands geckolet
Sphaerodactylus verdeluzicola - Puerto Rican karst gecko
Sphaerodactylus vincenti - Vincent's least gecko, Central Lesser Antillean sphaero, Windward geckolet
Sphaerodactylus williamsi - Williams's least gecko, Haitian striped geckolet
Sphaerodactylus zygaena - Dame-Marie least gecko, Tiburon coastal geckolet
Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Sphaerodactylus.
References
Further reading
Schwartz A, Thomas R (1975). A Check-list of West Indian Amphibians and Reptiles. Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication No. 1. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Carnegie Museum of Natural History. 216 pp. (Sphaerodactylus, pp.ย 142โ164).
Wagler J (1830). Natรผrliches System der AMPHIBIEN, mit vorangehender Classification der SรUGTHIERE und VรGEL. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Zoologie. Munich, Stuttgart and Tรผbingen: J.G. Cotta. vi + 354 pp. + one plate. (Sphaerodactylus, new genus, p.ย 143). (in German and Latin).
External links
Lizard genera
Lizards of North America
Lizards of South America
Taxa named by Johann Georg Wagler |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%95%EB%A6%BD%20%EC%A1%B0%ED%8F%90%EA%B5%AD | ์๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ๊ตญ | ์๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ๊ตญ()์ ์๊ตญ์ ์ฃผํ๋ฅผ ์ ์กฐํ๋ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ด๋ค. 2010๋
์ ๊ธฐํด ์กฐํ ์
๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ก์ด ๋ฏผํธ์ ์ด๊ดํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ด์์ ์ ํต๋๋ ๋ชจ๋ ํํ์ ์ ์กฐ์ ๊ดํ ๋
์ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์๊ตญ ์ฌ๋ฌด๋ถ๋ 100% ์ํ์ฌ์ธ ๋ก์ด ๋ฏผํธ์ ์ฃผ์์ ์์ ํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ์ ์ฃผ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ก์ด ๋ฏผํธ์ ์ฃผ์์ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ๋ค.
์๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ๊ตญ์์ ์ ์กฐํ ์๊ตญ์ ๋ค์ํ ์ฃผํ, ๋ฉ๋ฌ, ๊ธฐ๋
์ฃผํ๋ ์ธ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ง์์ ๋์ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ๊ตญ์ ํ๊ฒฌ๋ ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ ํํ ์ ์กฐ ํ์ฅ์์ ๋ณด์์ ๋ด๋นํ๋ค. ์๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ๊ตญ์ด ์์ ํ ๊ณต์ฅ ์ฉ์ง๋ 15 ํฅํ๋ฅด(ha)์ ๋ฌํ๊ณ ์ง์์ 900๋ช
์ด์์ ๋ฌํ๋ค. ์๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ๊ตญ์์ ์ ์กฐ๋ ์ฃผํ๋ ๋งค๋
์ฃผํ ๊ฒ์ฌํจ ์ฌ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ํฌ๊ธฐ, ๋ฌด๊ฒ, ํํ ์ฑ๋ถ์ ๊ดํ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
์ญ์ฌ
์๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ๊ตญ์ 886๋
์ ์๊ธ๋๋ ์๊ตญ์ ์จํ๋ ๋ ๋์ ์๋์ ๋ค์์ ์กฐํ๊ตญ์ ํ๋๋ก ํตํฉํ๋ฉด์ ํ์ฑ๋์๋ค. 1279๋
์ ๋ฐ๋ํ ๋ค์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ ํ ์ด๋ 500๋
๋์์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์๊ธ๋๋ ์๊ตญ, ๊ทธ๋ ์ดํธ๋ธ๋ฆฌํผ ์๊ตญ์ ์ฃผํ๋ฅผ ์ ์กฐํ๊ณ 16์ธ๊ธฐ๋ถํฐ๋ ์๊ตญ์ ์ฃผํ ๋ฐํ์ ๋
์ ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์์ด์ ๋ดํด์ 1696๋
์ ์๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ๊ตญ์์ ํํ ์์กฐ ๋จ์๊ตญ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ์๋ช
๋์๊ณ 1727๋
์ ์ฌ๋งํ ๋๊น์ง ํด๋น ๊ด์ง์ ์ญ์ํ๋ค. ํนํ ์์ด์ ๋ดํด์ 1717๋
์ ๋น๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ํ์ด๋ ์คํธ๋ง์ ์๋ณธ์์ ์์ ๊ธ๋ณธ์์ ๋ก ์ ํํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
์์ด์ ๋ดํด์ด ๋ถ์ํ ์ดํ์ ์๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ๊ตญ์ ํํ ์ ์กฐ ์์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ํ ์ฃผ๋ณ์ ์๋ ๋ก์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ๋ถ์ฐ๋์๋ค. 18์ธ๊ธฐ์๋ ํํ์ ์ ์กฐ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ํ ๊ธฐ๊ณํ๊ฐ ์งํ๋์๊ณ ์์ฐ ์ฅ์น, ์์ถ ์ฅ๋น๊ฐ ๋์
๋์๋ค. ์๋ก์ด ์ค๋น์ ๋ฑ์ฅ, ํ๋์ค์์ ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ํฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ ํ์ ์ผ๋์ ๊ณต์ฅ์ด ๋น์ข์์ง๋ฉด์ ์กฐํ๊ตญ์ ์ธ์ ํ ์ด์คํธ์ค๋ฏธ์คํ๋๋ก ์ด์ ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ ์์ค ์กด์จ๊ณผ ๋ก๋ฒํธ ์ค๋จธํฌ๊ฐ ์ค๊ณํ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ 1809๋
์ ์ค๊ณต๋์๋๋ฐ ์ค๋น๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๊ณ ์กฐํ๊ตญ ์ง์์ด ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ๋ ์ฒญ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ จ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํน์ง์ด๋ค.
์๋ก์ด ์ค๋น์ ๋์
์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณต์ฅ์ 1880๋
๋์ ๊ฐ์ถ๋๋ฉด์ ์์ฐ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํฅ์๋์๋ค. ์ ๋ ฅ ์ฅ๋น์ ๋์
, ์์์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ด ์งํ๋๋ฉด์ ๊ณต์ฅ์ ๊ฐ๋ณด์๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ญํ๋ค. 1960๋
๋์๋ ์ค๋จธํฌ๊ฐ ์ค๊ณํ๋ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์์ค์ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ ๋ 1809๋
์ ์ ์คํ๋ ๋น์์ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋จ์ง ์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์๋ ๋
์ผ ๊ตฐ๋์ ๊ณต์ต์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ํฐ ์์ค์ ์
์๊ณ 3์ฃผ ๋์ ์กฐ์
์ด ์ค๋จ๋๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
์๊ตญ์ ํํ ์ ๋๊ฐ ์ญ์ง๋ฒ์ ์ดํํ๊ธฐ ์ด์ ๋ถํฐ ๋ฐ๋์ ์๋ ์๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ๊ตญ์ ์์ฐ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ํ๊ณ์ ๋ฌํ๊ณ 1967๋
์๋ ์จ์ผ์ค ์นด๋ํ์์ ๋ถ์์ชฝ์ผ๋ก 16km ์ ๋ ๋จ์ด์ง ๊ณณ์ ์์นํ ํ๋ํธ๋ฆฌ์ฐํธ(Llantrisant)๋ก ์ด์ ํ๋ค๋ ๊ณํ์ ๋ฐํํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. 1968๋
12์ 17์ผ์๋ ์๊ตญ์ ์๋ฆฌ์๋ฒ ์ค 2์ธ ์ฌ์์ด ์๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ๊ตญ ์ ์ฒญ์ฌ์ ๊ธฐ๊ณต์์ ์ฐธ์ํ๊ณ 7๋
๋์์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์กฐํ๊ตญ ์ด์ ๊ณต์ฌ๊ฐ ์งํ๋์๋ค. ์๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ๊ตญ์ ์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ์๋ฐฑ๋ง์ฅ์ ์ ํํ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ ์ ์๊ณ ํด์ธ ์์๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑํ ์ ์๋ ๊ท๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
์๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ๊ตญ์ ๋
๋ฆฝ ์ฑ์ฐ์ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ๋ด๊ฑธ์๊ณ 1975๋
4์ 1์ผ์๋ ์ฃผ์์ ๊ณต๊ฐํ๋ค. 2009๋
3์์๋ ์๊ตญ์ ์จ๋ฆฌ์คํฐ ๋ฌ๋ง ์ฌ๋ฌด์ฅ๊ด์ด ์๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ๊ตญ์ ๋งค๊ฐ์ ๊ฒํ ํ๊ณ 2009๋
12์ 31์ผ์ ๊ธฐํด ์งํ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ผ๋ก์์ ์๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ๊ตญ์ด ์๋ฉธ๋์๋ค. ์๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ๊ตญ์ ์์ฐ์ ๋ก์ด ๋ฏผํธ(Royal Mint)๊ฐ ์น๊ณ๋ฐ์๊ณ ์์ฅ ๊ธฐ์
์ผ๋ก์์ ์๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ๊ตญ์ ์๊ตญ ์ฌ๋ฌด๋ถ๊ฐ ์์ ํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
์
๋ฌด
์๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ๊ตญ์ ์ฃผ์ ์
๋ฌด๋ ์๊ตญ์ ์ํ ๋ด์์ ์ ํต๋๋ ์ฃผํ์ ์ ์กฐ์ด๋ฉฐ ์๊ตญ ๊ตฐ๋์ ๊ฐ์ข
๋ฉ๋ฌ, ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋จ ํ์ฅ, ์์ง๊ฐ์ฉ ์ฃผํ๋ ์ ์กฐํ๋ค. ์๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ๊ตญ์ ์ฃผํ ์์ฐ๋์ 2013๋
๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ฃผํ ์์ฐ๋ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ์ฝ 15%์ ๋ฌํ๋ค. ์๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ๊ตญ์ 2012๋
๋ฐ๋ ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ, 2012๋
๋ฐ๋ ํ๊ณ ํจ๋ด๋ฆผํฝ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ๊ธ๋ฉ๋ฌ, ์๋ฉ๋ฌ, ๋๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ ์ ์กฐํ๋ค.
์๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ๊ตญ์ 1970๋
๋๋ถํฐ 2009๋
๊น์ง ๋์ ์ ๊ตญ ํ์ฅ์ ์ฅ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ๋ฐฐ์ง๋ฅผ ์ ์กฐํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์
๋ฌด๋ ๋์ค์ ์๊ตญ ์์ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ฉํ ์๊ฒฉ์ ์ทจ๋ํ ๋ฐฐ์ง ์ ์กฐ ์ ๋ฌธ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ด๊ด๋์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ ์๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ๊ตญ์ 1908๋
์ ์คํ์ ์ง๊ตญ์ ์ด ๋๊น์ง ์บ๋๋ค์ ์ฃผํ๋ฅผ ์ ์กฐํ๋ค. 1931๋
์ ์บ๋๋ค์์์ ์กฐํ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ด ์บ๋๋ค ์ ๋ถ๋ก ๋์ด๊ฐ๋ฉด์ ์๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ๊ตญ ์คํ์ ์ง๊ตญ์ ๋ช
์นญ๋ ์๋ฆฝ ์บ๋๋ค ์กฐํ๊ตญ(Royal Canada Mint)์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
ํํ ๊ฒ์ฌํจ ์ฌ์ฌ
ํํ ๊ฒ์ฌํจ ์ฌ์ฌ๋ ์๊ตญ์์ ์๋ก ๋ฐํ๋ ์ฃผํ๊ฐ ์กฐํ๊ตญ์์ ๋ช
์๋ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ถฉ์กฑํ๋ ์ง์ ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ๋ ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ค. ์ฌ์ฌ ๊ณผ์ ์ 12์ธ๊ธฐ๋ถํฐ 1๋
๋ง๋ค ํ ๋ฒ์ฉ ์งํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก์ 1282๋
์ดํ๋ถํฐ ์ด์ด์ ธ ์จ ๊ด์ต์ ํ์ฌ๊น์ง ์งํค๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํํ ๊ฒ์ฌํจ ์ฌ์ฌ๋ ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ ์ ์ ์ฌํ ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก์ ๊ท๊ธ์ ๊ฒ์ฌ์ ๊ดํ ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ์ง์์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฌํ๊ด์ด ์ฌ์ํ๋ค. ์ฌ์ ์ฅ์๋ 1870๋
์ ์จ์คํธ๋ฏผ์คํฐ ์ฌ์์์ ๊ธ์ธ๊ณต์ฌ ๊ณต์ธ ํ๋์กฐํฉ ํ๊ด์ผ๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒผ๋ค. ํ๋์ ์กฐํ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ ํดํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณผ ์ ์์ง๋ง ์ผ์ฐ์ด ๋ง์คํฐ ์ค๋ธ ๋ฏผํธ(Master of Mint)๊ฐ ๊ท๊ธ์์ ํก๋ น์ ๋ง์์ ์์ง์ด๋๋ํ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์์๋ค.
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์ ๋ฌํ๋ ๊ธ์ต๊ณ ์ง๋ ์ธ์ฌ, ์ต์ 6๋ช
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์๋ฆฝ ์กฐํ๊ตญ ๊ณต์ ํํ์ด์ง
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๋ฐ๋์ ๊ฒฝ์
์์ค ํ์์ ๋ฐ๋ ์จ์ผ์ค์ ๋จ์ฒด | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Mint | Royal Mint | The Royal Mint is the United Kingdom's official maker of British coins. It is the oldest company in the United Kingdom and is currently located in Llantrisant, Wales, where it moved to in 1968.
Operating under the legal name The Royal Mint Limited, it is a limited company that is wholly owned by His Majesty's Treasury and is under an exclusive contract to supply the nation's coinage. As well as minting circulating coins for the UK and international markets, The Royal Mint is a leading provider of precious metal products.
The Royal Mint was historically part of a series of mints that became centralised to produce coins for the Kingdom of England, all of Great Britain, the United Kingdom, and nations across the Commonwealth.
The Royal Mint operated within the Tower of London for several hundred years before moving to what is now called Royal Mint Court, where it remained until the 1960s. As Britain followed the rest of the world in decimalising its currency, the Mint moved from London to a new 38-acre (15 ha) plant in Llantrisant, Glamorgan, Wales, where it has remained since.
Since 2018 The Royal Mint has been evolving its business to help offset declining cash use. It has expanded into precious metals investment, historic coins, and luxury collectibles, which saw it deliver an operating profit of ยฃ12.7 million in 2020โ2021.
In 2022 The Royal Mint announced it was building a new plant in South Wales to recover precious metals from electronic waste. The first of this sustainably sourced gold is already being used in a new jewellery division โ 886 by The Royal Mint โ named in celebration of its symbolic founding date.
History
Origin
The history of coins in Great Britain can be traced back to the second century BC when they were introduced by Celtic tribes from across the English Channel. The first record of coins being minted in Britain is attributed to Kentish tribes such as the Cantii who around 80โ60 BC imitated those of Marseille through casting instead of hammering. After the Romans began their invasion of Britain in ADย 43, they set up mints across the land, which produced Roman coins for some 40 years before closing. A mint in London reopened briefly in 383 until closing swiftly as Roman rule in Britain came to an end. For the next 200 years, no coins appear to have been minted in Britain until the emergence of English kingdoms in the sixth and seventh centuries. By 650, as many as 30 mints are recorded across Britain.
1279 to 1672
In 1279, the country's numerous mints were unified under a single system whereby control was centralised to the mint within the Tower of London. Mints outside London were reduced, with only a few local and episcopal mints continuing to operate. Pipe rolls containing the financial records of the London mint show an expenditure of and records of timber bought for workshops.
Individual roles at the mint were well established by 1464. The master worker was charged with hiring engravers and managing moneyers, while the Warden was responsible for witnessing the delivery of dies. A specialist mint board was set up in 1472 to enact a 23 February indenture that vested the mint's responsibilities into three main roles: a warden, a master and comptroller.
In the early 16th century, mainland Europe was in the middle of an economic expansion, but England was suffering from financial difficulties brought on by excessive government spending. By the 1540s, wars with France and Scotland led Henry VIII to enact The Great Debasement, which saw the amount of precious metal in coins significantly reduced. In order to strengthen control of the country's currency, monasteries were dissolved, which effectively ended major coin production outside London.
In 1603, the Union of Crowns of England and Scotland under King James I led to a partial union of the two kingdoms' currencies, the pound Scots and the pound sterling. Because Scotland had heavily debased its silver coins, a Scots mark was worth just pence while an English mark was worth 6 shillings 8 pence (80 pence). To bridge the difference between the values, unofficial supplementary token coins, often made from lead, were made by unauthorised minters across the country. By 1612, there were 3,000 such unlicensed mints producing these tokens, none of them paying anything to the government. The Royal Mint, not wanting to divert manpower from minting more profitable gold and silver coins, hired outside agent Lord Harington who, under license, started issuing copper farthings in 1613. Private licenses to mint these coins were revoked in 1644, which led traders to resume minting their own supplementary tokens. In 1672, the Royal Mint finally took over the production of copper coinage.
Civil War mints
In 1630, sometime before the outbreak of the English Civil War, England signed a treaty with Spain that ensured a steady supply of silver bullion to the Tower mint. Additional branch mints to aid the one in London were set up, including one at Aberystwyth Castle in Wales. In 1642, parliament seized control of the Tower mint. After Charles I tried to arrest the Five Members, he was forced to flee London and established at least 16 emergency mints across the British Isles in Carlisle, Chester, Colchester, Cork, Dublin, Edinburgh, Exeter, Newark, Pontefract, Salisbury, Scarborough, parts of Cornwall including Truro, Weymouth, Worcester, and York (see also siege money).
After raising the royal standard in Nottingham, marking the beginning of the civil war, Charles called on loyalist mining engineer Thomas Bushell, the owner of a mint and silver mine in Aberystwyth, to move his operations to the royalist-held Shrewsbury, possibly within the grounds of Shrewsbury Castle. However, this mint was short-lived, operating for no more than three months before Charles ordered Bushell to relocate the mint to his headquarters in the royal capital of Oxford. The new Oxford mint was established on 15 December 1642 in New Inn Hall, the present site of St Peter's College. There, silver plates and foreign coins were melted down and, in some cases, just hammered into shape to produce coins quickly. Bushell was appointed the mint's warden and master-worker, and he laboured alongside notable engravers Nicholas Briot, Thomas Rawlins and Nicholas Burghers, the last of whom was appointed Graver of Seals, Stamps, and Medals in 1643. When Prince Rupert took control of Oxford that same year, Bushell was ordered to move to Bristol Castle, where he continued minting coins until it fell to parliamentary control on 11 September 1645, effectively ending Bushell's involvement in the civil war mints.
In November 1642, the king ordered royalist MP Richard Vyvyan to build one or more mints in Cornwall, where he was instructed to mint coins from whatever bullion could be obtained and deliver it to Ralph Hopton, a commander of royalist troops in the region. Vyvyan built a mint in Truro and was its Master until 1646, when it was captured by parliamentarians. In December 1642, the parliamentarians set up a mint in nearby Exeter, which had been under parliamentary control since the beginning of the war and was under constant threat of attack by loyalist troops. In September 1643, the town was captured by the Cornish Royalist Army led by Prince Maurice, leading Vyvyan to move his nearby mint in Truro to the captured town. The exact location of the mint in Exeter is unknown; however, maps from the time show a street named Old Mint Lane near Friernhay, which was to be the site of a 1696 Recoinage mint. Much less is known about the mint's employees, with only Richard Vyvyan and clerk Thomas Hawkes recorded.
Following Charles I's execution in 1649, the newly formed Commonwealth of England established its own set of coins, which for the first time used English rather than Latin and were more plainly designed than those issued under the monarchy. The government invited French engineer Peter Blondeau, who worked at the Paris Mint, to come to London in 1649 in the hope of modernising the country's minting process. In France, hammer-stuck coins had been banned from the Paris Mint since 1639 and replaced with milled coinage. Blondeau began his testing in May 1651 in Drury House. He initially produced milled silver pattern pieces of half-crowns, shillings and sixpences; however rival moneyers continued using the old hammering method. In 1656, Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell ordered engraver Thomas Simon to cut a series of dies featuring his bust and for them to be minted using the new milled method. Few of Cromwell's coins entered circulation; Cromwell died in 1658 and the Commonwealth collapsed two years later. Without Cromwell's backing of milled coinage, Blondeau returned to France, leaving England to continue minting hammer-struck coins.
1660 to 1805
In 1662, after previous attempts to introduce milled coinage into Britain had failed, the restored monarch Charles II recalled Peter Blondeau to establish a permanent machine-made coinage. Despite the introduction of the newer, milled coins, like the old hammered coins they suffered heavily from counterfeiting and clipping. To combat this the text Decus et tutamen ("An ornament and a safeguard") was added to some coin rims.
After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, when James II was ousted from power, parliament took over control of the mint from the Crown, which had until then allowed the mint to act as an independent body producing coins on behalf of the government.
Under the patronage of Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax, Isaac Newton became the mint's warden in 1696. His role, intended to be a sinecure, was taken seriously by Newton, who went about trying to combat the country's growing problems with counterfeiting. By this time, forgeries accounted for 10% of the country's coinage, clipping was commonplace and the value of the silver in coins had surpassed their face value. King William III initiated the Great Recoinage of 1696 whereby all coins were removed from circulation, and enacted the Coin Act 1696, making it high treason to own or possess counterfeiting equipment. Satellite mints to aid in the recoinage were established in Bristol, Chester, Exeter, Norwich, and York, with returned coins being valued by weight, not face value.
The Acts of Union 1707 united England and Scotland into one country, leading London to take over production of Scotland's currency and thus replacing Scotland's Pound Scots with the English Pound sterling. As a result, the Edinburgh mint closed on 4 August 1710. As Britain's empire continued to expand, so too did the need to supply its coinage. This, along with the need for new mint machinery and cramped conditions within the Tower of London, led to plans for the mint to move to nearby East Smithfield.
1805 to 1914
Tower Hill
Construction started in 1805 on the new purpose-built mint on Tower Hill, opposite the Tower of London, and it was completed by 1809. In 1812, the move became official: the keys of the old mint were ceremoniously delivered to the Constable of the Tower. Facing the front of the site, stood the Johnson Smirke Building, named for its designer James Johnson and builder Robert Smirke. Construction was supervised by the architect John Lidbury Poole (father of the famous singer, Elizabeth Poole). This building was flanked on both sides by gatehouses behind which another building housed the mint's new machinery. Several other smaller buildings were erected, which housed mint officers and staff members. The entire site was protected by a boundary wall patrolled by the Royal Mint's military guard.
By 1856, the mint was beginning to prove inefficient: there were irregularities in minted coins' fineness and weight. Instructed by Prime Minister Lord Palmerston, the Master of the Mint Thomas Graham was informed that unless the mint could raise its standards and become more economical, it would be broken up and placed under management by contractors. Graham sought advice from German chemist August Wilhelm von Hofmann, who in turn recommended his student George Frederick Ansell to resolve the mint's issues. In a letter to the Treasury dated 29 October 1856, Ansell was put forward as a candidate. He was appointed as a temporary clerk on 12 November 1856, with a salary of ยฃ120 per year.
Upon taking office, Ansell discovered that the weighing of metals at the mint was extremely loose. At the mint, it had been the custom to weigh silver to the nearest and gold to a pennyweight (0.05ย oz); however, these standards meant losses were being made from overvalued metals. In one such case, Ansell delivered 7920.00ย oz of gold to the mint, where it was weighed by an official at 7918.15ย oz, a difference of 1.83ย oz. Requesting a second weighing on a more accurate scale, the bullion was certified to weigh 7919.98ย oz, far closer to the previous measurement, which was off by 960 grains. To increase the accuracy of weights, more precise weighing equipment was ordered, and the tolerance was revised to 0.10ย oz for silver and 0.01ย oz for gold. Between 1856 and 1866, the old scales were gradually removed and replaced with scales made by Messrs. De Grave, Short, and Fanner; winners of an 1862 International Exhibition prize award for work relating to balances.
Ansell also noticed a loss of gold during the manufacturing process. He found that 15 to 20 ounces could be recovered from the sweep, that is, the leftover burnt rubbish from the minting process, which was often left in open boxes for many months before being removed. Wanting to account for every particle and knowing that it was physically impossible for gold just to disappear, he put down the lost weight to a combination of oil, dust, and different types of foreign matter amongst the gold.
In 1859, the Royal Mint rejected a batch of gold found to be too brittle for the minting of gold sovereigns. Analysis revealed the presence of small amounts of antimony, arsenic and lead. With Ansell's background in chemistry, he persuaded the Royal Mint to allow him to experiment with the alloy, and was ultimately able to produce 167,539 gold sovereigns. On a second occasion in 1868, it was again discovered that gold coins, this time totalling ยฃ500,000 worth, were being produced with inferior gold. Although the standard practice at the mint was for rejected coins (known as brockages) to be melted down, many entered general circulation, and the mint was forced to return thousands of ounces of gold to the Bank of England. Although Ansell offered to re-melt the substandard coins, his offer was rejected, causing a row between him and senior mint chiefs, which ultimately led to him being removed from his position at the mint.
After the high-level practice as deputy engraver in the Royal Mint, Charles Wiener went then to Lisbon in 1864 as chief engraver to the Mint of Portugal. In 1863 he made a commemorative medal for Prince Albert (1819-1861), consort of Queen Victoria. (Victoria and Albert Museum).
Royal Mint Refinery
After relocating to its new home on Tower Hill, the Mint came under increased scrutiny of how it dealt with unrefined gold that had entered the country. The Master of the Mint had been responsible for overseeing the practice since the position's inception in the 1300s. However, the refinery process proved too costly and suffered from a lack of accountability from the master. A Royal Commission was set up in 1848 to address these issues; it recommended that the refinery process be outsourced to an external agency, thereby removing the refining process from the mint's responsibilities. The opportunity to oversee the Mint's refinery was taken up by Anthony de Rothschild, a descendant of the Rothschild family and heir to the multinational investment banking company N M Rothschild & Sons. Rothschild secured a lease from the government in January 1852, purchasing equipment and premises adjacent to the Royal Mint on 19 Royal Mint Street under the name of Royal Mint Refinery.
Colonial expansion
As Britain's influence as a world power expanded, with colonies being established abroad, a greater need for currency led to the Royal Mint opening satellite branches overseas. This need first arose in the then-Colony of New South Wales, as the black-market trade in gold during and following the 1851 Australian gold rush threatened to undermine the colony's economy. In 1851 the colony's Legislative Council sent Queen Victoria a petition seeking a local mint for Sydney, and in 1853 the Queen issued an Order in Council providing for the establishment of the Sydney Branch of the Royal Mint. The Royal Mint's Superintendent of Coining travelled to Australia to oversee its establishment on Macquarie Street within the southern wing of Sydney Hospital, where it opened in 1855. Production increased quickly: assayer's notes from 29 October 1855 indicate that the mint's Bullion Office had purchased of unrefined gold in the preceding week alone, and the mint's overall coin output averaged over ยฃ1,000,000 yearly in its first five years of operation. In 1868, gold sovereigns minted in Sydney were made legal tender in all British colonies, and in February 1886 they were given equal status in the UK itself.
The success of the Sydney branch led to the opening of similar branches in Melbourne and Perth, on 2 June 1872 and 20 June 1899 respectively. Following the Federation of Australia in 1901 and the establishment of a separate Australian pound in 1910, all three branches were used by the Commonwealth government to mint circulating coins for Australia. The Melbourne and Perth branches had capabilities superior to those in Sydney, and they took over production responsibilities for Australia when the Sydney branch closed after 72 years of operation at the end of 1926. Following the establishment of the Royal Australian Mint as a central mint for Australian coinage, the Melbourne and Perth mints were divested by the Royal Mint on 1 July 1970.
In Canada, which had been under British rule since 1763, British coins circulated alongside those of other nations until 1858, when London started producing coins for the newly established Canadian dollar. As Canada developed in 1890, calls were made for a mint to be built in Ottawa to facilitate the country's gold mines. The new mint was opened on 2 January 1908 by Lord Grey, producing coins for circulation, including Ottawa Mint sovereigns. In 1931, under the Statute of Westminster, the mint came under the control of the Government of Canada and was subsequently renamed the Royal Canadian Mint.A fifth branch of the Royal Mint was established in Mumbai (Bombay), India on 21 December 1917 as part of a wartime effort. It struck sovereigns from 15 August 1918 until 22 April 1919 but closed in May 1919. A sixth and final overseas mint was established in the Union of South Africa in Pretoria on 1 January 1923, producing ยฃ83,114,575 worth of sovereigns in its lifetime. As South Africa began cutting ties with Britain, the mint closed on 30 June 1941 but was later reopened as the South African Mint.
Although London's Royal Mint officially controlled just six mints, many more independent mints were set up in parts of the British Empire. At New Westminster in British Columbia, the British Columbia gold rushes led to a mint being established in 1862 by Francis George Claudet, under Governor James Douglas. It produced a few gold and silver coins before being shut down in 1862 to aid the city of Victoria in becoming the region's provincial capital. On 26 February 1864, an Order in Council requested the founding of an independent mint (Hong Kong Mint) in British Hong Kong to issue silver and bronze coins. But this mint was short-lived, due to its coins being heavily debased, causing significant losses. The site was sold to Jardine Matheson in 1868, and the mint machinery was sold to the Japanese Mint in Osaka.
1914 to 1966
In 1914, as war broke out in Europe, Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George instructed that gold coins be removed from circulation to help pay for the war effort. The government started to issue ยฃ1 and 10-shilling Treasury notes as replacements, paving the way for Britain to leave the gold standard in 1931.
From 1928, the Irish Free State (later the Republic of Ireland) issued its own coins. The Royal Mint produced these until Ireland established its own Currency Centre in Dublin in 1978.
During World War II, the Mint was important in ensuring people were paid for their services with hard currency rather than banknotes. Under Operation Bernhard, the Nazis planned to collapse the British economy by flooding the country with forged notes, leading the Bank of England to stop issuing banknotes of ยฃ10 and above. To meet these demands, the Mint doubled its output so that by 1943 it was minting around 700 million coins a year despite the constant threat of being bombed. The Deputy Master of the Mint, John Craig, recognised the dangers to the Mint and introduced several measures to ensure the Mint could continue to operate in the event of a disaster. Craig added emergency water supplies, reinforced the Mint's basement to act as an air-raid shelter and even accepted employment of women for the first time. For most of the war, the mint managed to escape most of the destruction of the Blitz, but in December 1940 three members of staff were killed in an air raid. Around the same time, an auxiliary mint was set up at Pinewood Studios, Buckinghamshire, which had been requisitioned for the war effort. Staff and machinery from Tower Hill were moved to the site, which started production in June 1941 and operated for the duration of the war. Over the course of the war, the Royal Mint was hit on several occasions, and at one point was put out of commission for three weeks. As technology changed with the introduction of electricity and demand continued to grow, the rebuilding process continued so that by the 1960s, little of the original mint remained, apart from Smirke's 1809 building and its gatehouses at the front.
1966 to present
Relocation to Wales
On 1 March 1966, the government announced plans to decimalise the nation's currency, thereby requiring the withdrawal and re-minting of many millions of new coins. At its current site on Tower Hill, the mint had suffered from lack of space for many years, and it would be inadequate to meet the anticipated high demand a recoinage would entail. A possible move to a more suitable site had been discussed as far back as 1870 when Deputy Master of the Mint Charles Fremantle had recommended it in his first annual report. At the time, it had been suggested that the valuable land at Tower Hill could be sold to finance the purchase of land nearby Whitefriars, London and pay for a new mint building. However, after many years of subsequent debate by parliament it had been decided that improvements could be made to the existing site at Tower Hill. With Decimal Day set for 1971, the government quickly decided where to establish the new mint.
Over twenty sites were considered, including suggestions for Scotland and Northern Ireland; however, the small Welsh town of Llantrisant, ten miles (16ย km) northwest of Cardiff, was eventually chosen. Work on the new mint began in August 1967 with the construction of a blank treatment plant and a plant for striking. This first phase of the mint was formally opened on 17 December 1968 in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Philip, and Prince Charles. There had been fears that the Royal family would face protests because of the Investiture of Prince Charles as the Prince of Wales; however, no such protests materialised. The second phase of construction began in 1973 and included the addition of a means to mint coins from raw metals; thus completing the full minting process. Upon completion the final cost for the land, buildings and plant came to ยฃ8ย million. Coin minting gradually shifted to the new site over the next seven years, and the last coin, a gold sovereign, was struck in London in November 1975.
Financial difficulties
After moving to Wales, the mint struggled to be profitable as the Western world fell into a deep recession during the early 1970s. To combat a rising national debt, the mint was established as a trading fund on 1 April 1975, which required it to become self-financing. This measure proved successful, and the mint became more profitable through heavy exports. In April 1990, the mint became an Executive Agency; however, by 2001, the mint had reported its first annual loss: a result attributed to only securing 5% of new Euro coin production rather than the projected 20%. Despite this, the mint began diversifying its product range by offering items outside its usual coin-related merchandise. Around this time, the mint was selling different types of jewellery, commemorative plates and figurines, eventually creating its own Royal Mint Classics range of collectible goods. This part of the business proved popular in attracting new customers, but it suffered from poor product development. Its products included a hip flask with an embedded ยฃ2 coin, an Edinburgh Crystal clock combined with a millennium Crown, and a Wedgwood plate featuring Britannia. In 2007, the Mint decided to resume its focus on coins, downsizing non-coin related business and discontinuing its Classics range.
The 2008 global financial crisis was another financial blow: a rescue package costing ยฃ500ย billion was announced to help stabilise Britain's banking system. This led to fears that the government would attempt to finance the cost by selling off state-owned organizations. In his 2009, pre-budget report the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Alistair Darling stated that the Treasury would "explore the potential benefits of alternative future models for the Royal Mint". A month later in his 2009 United Kingdom budget, he recommended that the mint be made a company with a view to it being sold.
The recommendation was met with outrage by unions and opposition parties in parliament, who called it the "selling off the family silver" and said it would result in job losses. In contrast, the chief executive of the mint, Andrew Stafford, welcomed the proposal, saying that it would lead to further growth and secure the future of the business. On 31 December 2009, rather than being fully privatised, the mint ceased to be an executive agency and its assets were vested in a limited company, Royal Mint Ltd. The owner of the new company became The Royal Mint trading fund, which itself continued to be owned by HM Treasury. As its sole shareholder, the mint pays an annual dividend of ยฃ4ย million to the Treasury, with the remaining profits being reinvested into the mint. In 2015, Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne announced a ยฃ20ย billion privatisation drive to raise funds, with the Royal Mint being up for sale alongside other institutions including the Met Office and Companies House.
Revival
In 2012 The Royal Mint had a network of hundreds of UK sellers of their products. This ensured competitive pricing and availability to the UK public.
2012 London Olympics
After London was selected to host the 2012 Summer Olympics, the Royal Mint put in a successful bid to manufacture the Games' Olympic and Paralympic medals. 4,700 gold, silver and bronze medals were produced by the Mint; each medal was struck 15 times with 900 tonnes of force.
{| class="wikitable"
|+2012 Olympic medal specifications
|-
!Medal
!Gold
!Silver
!Bronze
|-
!Weight
|412ย g
|412ย g
|357ย g
|-
!rowspan=3|Composition
|1.34% gold93% silver6% copper||93% silver7% copper||97% copper2.5% zinc0.5% tin
|}
In addition to securing the medal product contract, the Mint held a competition to design a series of commemorative 50p coins that would enter general circulation before the event. The Mint received over 30,000 entries, with a further 17,000 from a children's competition on the television programme Blue Peter. In all, a total of 29 designs featuring a sport were selected by the Mint; the youngest designer was just 9 years old. A ยฃ2 coin commemorating London's handover to Rio de Janeiro was also released in 2012.
The Royal Mint Experience
In April 2014, the Mint announced plans for developing a visitor centre in Llantrisant where members of the public could go on a guided tour of the facility and learn about the mint's history. The development contract, estimated to be worth ยฃ7.7ย million, was awarded to construction firm ISG and design consultant Mather & Co., who had previously designed the Norwegian Olympic Museum, as well as a handful of visitor attractions for sports clubs including Chelsea F.C., Manchester City F.C., FC Porto, and the Springboks. To fund the development, a grant of ยฃ2.3ย million was provided by the Welsh Government towards the attraction which aimed to attract 200,000 visitors a year to the area. By May 2016, two years after its announcement, the attraction, now named Royal Mint Experience, opened to the public at a final cost of ยฃ9ย million. The visitor centre includes an interactive museum, a view of the factory floor, an education centre, and a press where visitors can strike their own souvenir 50 pence coin. On display at the centre are more than 80,000 artefacts, including Olympic medals, a pattern coin of Edward VIII, a Janvier reducing machine and a selection of trial plates.
Recent events
In the same month, the mint took in 48 tonnes of silver recovered from the shipwreck of the SS Gairsoppa (torpedoed in 1941), which was used to produce limited edition coins.
In 2015, after nearly 50 years, the mint began producing its own line of bullion bars and coins under its revived Royal Mint Refinery brand. Then in 2016, the mint announced plans for Royal Mint Gold (RMG), a digital gold currency that uses blockchain to trade and invest in gold. Operated by CME Group, the technology is to be created by technology companies AlphaPoint and BitGo.
The Royal Mint, in February 2020, listed its first financial product: the Royal Mint Physical Gold Commodity Exchange-traded fund (ETF): RMAU. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and Deutsche Bรถrse. RMAU is the first gold ETF backed 100% by the London Bullion Market Association responsible sourcing programme. Investors can also convert RMAU into coins and gold bars. The Royal Mint partnered with white label ETF firm HANetf.
Operations
Coin production
As the sole body responsible for minting legal tender coins in the United Kingdom under contract from HM Treasury, the mint produces all of the country's physical currency apart from banknotes which are printed by the Bank of England. On average, it produces two billion pound sterling coins struck for general circulation every year, with an estimated 28ย billion pieces circulating altogether. Outside the UK, the mint provides services to over 60 countries, including New Zealand and many Caribbean nations, by producing national currencies or supplying ready-to-strike planchets. In 2015, it was estimated that 2.4ย billion coins were minted for overseas countries, exceeding domestic coinage production and providing over 60% of the mint's revenue from circulating currencies. The Mint also regularly produces commemorative coins for the collector's market, with a range of varying quality and made of different precious metals.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Coins minted (billions)
|-
!
!2015
!2014
!2013
|-
|United Kingdom
|2.007
|2.384
|1.996
|-
|International
|2.4
|2.2
|2.0
|}
Bullion
Another important operation of the mint, which contributes half the mint's revenue, is the sale of bullion to investors and the general public in the form of bars and coins. Historically, the mint refined its own metal; but following the advice of an 1848 Royal Commission, the process was separated, with the independent Royal Mint Refinery being purchased and operated by Anthony de Rothschild in 1852. The Rothschild family continued the refinery's management until it was sold to Engelhard in 1967. A year later, the Royal Mint relocated to Wales and ceased its bullion bar interests, but the brand was revived in 2015. Bullion bars produced by the mint are stamped with the original Royal Mint Refinery emblem and come in a range of sizes.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Bullion bars
|-
!Metal
!Fineness
! colspan="7" |Weights
|-
|Silver
|999
| colspan="4" bgcolor=gray|
|100ย g
|500ย g
|1ย kg
|-
|Gold
|999.9
|1ย g
|5ย g
|10ย g
|1ย
|100ย g
|500ย g
|1ย kg
|-
|Platinum
|999.5
| colspan="3" bgcolor=gray|
|1ย
|100ย g
|500ย g
|1ย kg
|}Minting of bullion coins began in 1957 to meet a demand for authentic sovereign coins, which suffered from heavy counterfeiting. Coins were released almost every year alongside proof versions up to 1982 when production of uncirculated sovereigns was discontinued, though proof examples continued to be minted. In 1987, the mint started to produce a new type of bullion coin: the gold one-ounce Britannia coin with a face value of ยฃ100. A silver version valued at ยฃ2 was also released in 1997. Production of the previously discontinued uncirculated sovereigns and half sovereigns resumed in 2000. From 2014, a lunar coin series was minted annually in celebration of the Lunar New Year; and in 2016, a series featuring The Queen's Beasts began.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Bullion coins
|-
!
!Type
!Face value
!Diameter
!Weight
!Fineness
!
|-
| rowspan="2" |Britannia
|1ย ozย tr silver
|ยฃ2
|38.61ย mm
|31.21ย g
|999
|
|-
|1ย ozย tr gold
|ยฃ100
|32.69ย mm
|31.21ย g
|999.9
|
|-
|Sovereign
|Sovereign
|ยฃ1
|22.05ย mm
|7.988ย g
|916
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |Queen's Beasts
|2ย ozย tr silver
|ยฃ5
|38.61ย mm
|62.42ย g
|999
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|1ย ozย tr gold
|ยฃ100
|32.69ย mm
|31.21ย g
|999.9
|-
|1ย ozย tr platinum
|ยฃ100
|32.69ย mm
|31.21ย g
|999.5
|-
| rowspan="2" |Lunar Series
|1ย ozย tr silver
|ยฃ2
|38.61ย mm
|31.21ย g
|999
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|1ย ozย tr gold
|ยฃ100
|32.69ย mm
|31.21ย g
|999.9
|-
|Landmarks of Britain
|1ย ozย tr silver
|ยฃ2
|38.61ย mm
|31.21ย g
|999
|
|}
Medals
On occasion, the mint produces medals for government departments and under private contracts for clients such as royal societies, colleges, and universities. Most notably, the mint has made OBE medals as well as many military honours, including the Defence Medal and the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross for the British Armed Forces. For the 2012 Summer Olympics, the mint won a contract to produce 4,700 gold, silver and bronze medals for competitors.
Before 1851, the making of medals at the mint was at the discretion of engravers who could undertake the work independently and receive an additional wage. A royal patent issued in 1669 granted the mint the sole right to produce medals of any metal that bore a monarch's portrait. Engravers would use the facilities at the mint to make commemorative medals of their own design for sale. A key date in the mint's history of producing medals for the military is 1815, when the Battle of Waterloo marked the beginning of awarding military campaign medals. By 1874, the mint was responsible for making all bars and clasps for war medals in the country and was making campaign medals such as the New Zealand Medal, the Abyssinian War Medal, and the Ashantee Medal.
At the start of the First World War, military medals were manufactured by the Woolwich Arsenal and private contractors. However, in 1922, a new medal unit created by the mint became the sole manufacturer of all Royal and State medals and decorations in metal, except the Victoria Cross, which is made by Hancocks & Co. Before 2010, all British military medals were made by the mint; however, they now must compete with other manufacturers.
Trial of the Pyx
The Trial of the Pyx is a traditional procedure to test newly minted coins for conformity to required standards. The trials have been held since the 12th century, normally once per calendar year, and continue to the present day. The form of the ceremony has been essentially the same since 1282. They are trials in the full judicial sense, presided over by a judge with an expert jury of assayers. The trials have since 1871 taken place at the livery hall of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths, having previously taken place at the Palace of Westminster. Given modern production methods, it is unlikely that coins would not conform, although this has been a problem in the past as it would have been tempting for the Master of the Mint to steal precious metals.
The term "pyx" refers to the boxwood chest (in Greek ฯฯ
ฮพฮฏฯ, pyxis) in which coins were placed for presentation to the jury. There is also a Pyx Chapel (or Pyx Chamber) in Westminster Abbey, which was once used for secure storage of the Pyx and related articles.
Coins to be tested are drawn from the regular production of the Royal Mint. The Deputy Master of the Mint must, throughout the year, randomly select several thousand sample coins and place them aside for the trial. These must be a certain fixed proportion to the number of coins produced. For example, for every 5,000 bimetallic coins issued, one must be set aside, but for silver Maundy money, the proportion is one in 150.
The trial today consists of an inquiry independent of the Royal Mint.
The jury is composed of freemen of the Company of Goldsmiths, who assay the coins provided to decide whether they have been minted within the criteria determined by the relevant Coinage Acts.
Arms
See also
Banknotes of the pound sterling
Bullion
Bullion coin
Coins of the pound sterling
Inflation hedge
Joseph Harris (British astronomer)
Kevin Clancy
List of British banknotes and coins
List of mints
Mints of Scotland
William John Hocking
References
Bibliography
External links
886 establishments
Mints (currency)
Mints of the United Kingdom
Government-owned companies of the United Kingdom
Currencies of the United Kingdom
9th-century establishments in England
Currencies of England
Tower of London
History of London
Economy of London
Llantrisant
Tourist attractions in Rhondda Cynon Taf
Bullion dealers
Companies based in Rhondda Cynon Taf
Organisations based in Wales with royal patronage |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%ED%94%BC%EC%95%84%20%EC%95%BC%EC%BD%A5%EC%86%90 | ์ํผ์ ์ผ์ฝฅ์ | ์๋ฐ ์ํผ์ ์ผ์ฝฅ์(, 1990๋
4์ 23์ผ ~ )์ ์ค์จ๋ด์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์์ด๋ค. ํฌ์ง์
์ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ์ฌ ์คํ์ธ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๋ผ ๋๋น์์จ ํ๋ฉ๋๋์ CD ํ์ฝ์์ ํ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํด๋ฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
2006๋
์ ํค๊ธ๋ฃฌ๋ IoFK์์ ์ ์ ์ํ์ ์์ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 2007๋
์ ์ธ์คํ
๋ฅด์ค IF ์์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ํ๋ ๋์์๋ 21๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ 9๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. 2008๋
๋ถํฐ 2011๋
๊น์ง ์ฐ๋ฉ์ค IK ์์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ํ๊ณ 2008 ์์ฆ์์๋ ์ฐ๋ฉ์ค IK์ ๋ค๋ง์ค๋ฒค์ค์นธ ์ฐ์น, ์ฌ์ ์ค๋ฒค์ค์นด ์ํ๋ฅด์ฟ ํ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
2011๋
๋ถํฐ 2013๋
๊น์ง ๋ฌ์์์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํด๋ฝ์ธ WFC ๋ก์์์นด ์์์ผ๋ก ํ์ฝํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 2013๋
์๋ ์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํด๋ฝ์ธ ์ฒผ์ ์์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ํ๋ค. 2013-14 ์์ฆ์์๋ ๋
์ผ ํ๋ผ์ฐ์-๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ์น๊ฒฉ๋์๋ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํด๋ฝ์ธ BV ํด๋กํ๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ๋ก ์ด์ ํ์ง๋ง ํด๋กํ๋ถ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ ํ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฑ๋๋ฉด์ ์์ฆ ์ข
๋ฃ์ ํจ๊ป ํ์ ๋ ๋๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
2014๋
7์์๋ ํ๋์ค ๋๋น์ง์น 1 ํ๋ฏธ๋ ์์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํด๋ฝ์ธ ๋ชฝํ ๋ฆฌ์ HSC๋ก ์ด์ ํ๊ณ 2019๋
7์์๋ ์ค์จ๋ด ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ๋๋ฃ์๋ ์ฝ์๋ฐ๋ ์์ฌ๋ผ๋์ ํจ๊ป ์คํ์ธ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๋ผ ๋๋น์์จ ํ๋ฉ๋๋ ์์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํด๋ฝ์ธ CD ํ์ฝ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ ํ๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
๋
์ผ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2010๋
FIFA U-20 ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์์ ์ค์จ๋ด์ 8๊ฐ์ ์ง์ถ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์กฐ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ๊ตญ๊ณผ์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์๋ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ค. 2011๋
5์ 17์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์๊ธ๋๋์์ ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ฒ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ค์จ๋ด ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์๋ก ๋ฐ๋ทํ๋๋ฐ ์ค์จ๋ด์ ์๊ธ๋๋์ 0-2๋ก ํจ๋ฐฐํ๋ค.
๋
์ผ์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2011๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์์๋ ์ฝ๋กฌ๋น์์์ ์กฐ๋ณ ์์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ๊ต์ฒด ์ถ์ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ค์จ๋ด์ ํด๋น ๋ํ์์ 3์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค. 2012๋
๋ฐ๋ ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ์์๋ ์ค์จ๋ด์ 8๊ฐ์ ์ง์ถ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๊ณ ์ค์จ๋ด์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2013์์๋ ์ค์จ๋ด์ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ์ง์ถ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
2015๋
์๊ฐ๋ฅด๋ธ์ปต์์๋ 4๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ํด๋น ๋ํ์ ๋์ ์์ ์ค๋ฅด๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์บ๋๋ค์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์์๋ ์ค์จ๋ด์ 16๊ฐ์ ์ง์ถ์ ๊ฒฝํํ๋ค. 2016๋
๋ฆฌ์ฐ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด๋ฃจ ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ์์๋ ์ค์จ๋ด์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์๋ฉ๋ฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. 2017๋
1์์๋ ๋ชฝํ ๋ฆฌ์ ํ๋ จ ์บ ํ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ ๋์ค์ ์ญ์ ์ธ๋ ๋ถ์์ ๋นํ๊ณ ๋ค๋๋๋์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2017์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
2019๋
4์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ค์คํธ๋ฆฌ์์์ ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ A๋งค์น 100๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์๋ฆฝํ๊ณ ํด๋น ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ์ค์จ๋ด์ 2-0 ์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ํ๋์ค์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์์๋ ๋
์ผ๊ณผ์ 8๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ 1๊ณจ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ฉด์ ์ค์จ๋ด์ ์ค๊ฒฐ์น์ ์ง์ถ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
์์
ํด๋ฝ
์ฐ๋ฉ์ค IK
๋ค๋ง์ค๋ฒค์ค์นธ 1ํ ์ฐ์น (2008)
์ฌ์ ์ค๋ฒค์ค์นด ์ํ๋ฅด์ฟ ํ 1ํ ์ฐ์น (2008)
WFC ๋ก์์์นด
์ณํผ์ค๋ํธ ๋ก์ ํฌ ํธํธ๋ณผ๋ฃจ ์ค๋ ๋ ์ ์ 1ํ ์ฐ์น (2011-12)
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
2016๋
๋ฆฌ์ฐ๋ฐ์๋ค์ด๋ฃจ ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์๋ฉ๋ฌ
2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต 3์
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
์ํผ์ ์ผ์ฝฅ์ ํ๋กํ - ์ค์จ๋ด ์ถ๊ตฌ ํํ ๊ณต์ ํํ์ด์ง
1990๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
์ค์จ๋ด์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ค์จ๋ด ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์
FIFA ์ผ์ถ๋ฆฌ ํด๋ฝ ์ฌ์ ์ ์
2011๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2012๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
์ค์จ๋ด์ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2013 ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2015๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2016๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
์ค์จ๋ด์ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2016๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
์ค์จ๋ด์ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2020๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2020๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
FA ์ฌ์ ์ํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
ํ๋ผ์ฐ์-๋ถ๋ฐ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ์ค์จ๋ด์ธ
์๊ธ๋๋์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ์ค์จ๋ด์ธ
UEFA ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก 2022 ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
์ฒผ์ FC ์๋ฏผ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
FC ๋ฐ์ด์๋ฅธ ๋ฎํจ (์ฌ)์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ฐ๋ฉ์ค IK์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
2023๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
๋
์ผ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ฌ์์์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์คํ์ธ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
ํ๋์ค์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋๋น์ง์น 1 ํ๋ฏธ๋์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ค๋ง์ค๋ฒค์ค์นธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia%20Jakobsson | Sofia Jakobsson | Eva Sofia Jakobsson (born 23 April 1990) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays for San Diego Wave in the National Women's Soccer League. She made her debut for the Sweden women's national football team in 2011 and won her 100th cap in 2019. Jakobsson represented her country in the 2013 edition of the UEFA Women's Championship, as well as at the 2011, 2015 and 2019 FIFA Women's World Cups. She also played at the 2012, 2016 and 2020 Olympic Football Tournaments.
Club career
After playing one season in the second tier for รsters IF, Jakobsson signed in 2007, at 17, for national champion Umeรฅ IK. In her five seasons in Umeรฅ she won two championships and one national cup, and she made her UEFA Women's Cup debut. After Umeรฅ lost its dominant position in the Damallsvenskan since 2009, Jakobsson transferred to Russian champion WFC Rossiyanka to again play the UEFA Women's Champions League.
Jakobsson signed for Chelsea Ladies in January 2013. She scored on her debut in a 1โ1 draw with Birmingham, and then scored a brace in her next game against Doncaster Rovers Belles. She scored in her third consecutive Women's Super League game in a 2โ1 win over the Liverpool Ladies. She scored two more goals in the remaining eight games, ending as Chelsea's top scorer along with Eniola Aluko.
With three WSL games remaining until the end of the season she moved to the German Bundesliga alongside teammate Ester, signing for newly promoted team BV Cloppenburg. In July 2014, Jakobsson signed for Montpellier HSC of the French Division 1 Fรฉminine.
In July 2019, Jakobsson joined Real Madrid Feminino of the Spanish Primera Divisiรณn, who at that time went under the name CD Tacon, along with her national teammate, Kosovare Asllani. During her first season in Spain, Jakobsson scored most goals and most assists in the capital club scoring eight goals and seven assists.
In June 2021, Jakobsson announced that she was departing Real Madrid. On 2 July 2021, she signed with Bayern Munich in the top German league, the Frauen-Bundesliga. Jakobsson made only five appearances with Bayern Munich, and in January 2022, was signed by the American team San Diego Wave FC of the National Women's Soccer League.
International career
Jakobsson made her debut for the Sweden national team in 2011. She has represented Sweden in three World Cups (Germany 2011, Canada 2015, France 2019) and three Olympic Games (London 2012, Rio 2016, Tokyo 2020.) Her squad finished in third place in two of those World Cups (2011 and 2019), and won silver medals both in Rio and in Tokyo. She also appeared at the 2013 European Championship. Jakobsson was the top scorer of the 2015 Algarve Cup, netting four times for Sweden.
Jakobsson suffered an anterior cruciate ligament injury in January 2017 while training with her French club. She was ruled out of Sweden's squad for UEFA Women's Euro 2017.
In April 2019, Jakobsson won her 100th cap, marking the occasion with a goal in Sweden's 2โ0 friendly win over Austria in Maria Enzersdorf.
In the Quarter-Final of the 2019 Women's World Cup, Jakobsson scored a game-tying goal within ten minutes of Germany taking an early lead. Sweden would go on to win the match, posting their first victory over the Germans in a major tournament since the 1995 World Cup. She also tallied what proved to be the winning goal in the 3rd Place Match of that tournament, scoring in the 22nd minute against England.
Sofia was voted as the player of the match in the Quarter-Final vs Germany, and the 3rd Place Match against England.
On 13 June 2023, she was included in the 23-player squad for the FIFA Women's World Cup 2023.
Career statistics
International
Scores and results list Sweden's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Jakobsson goal.
Matches and goals scored at World Cup & Olympic tournaments
Matches and goals scored at European Championship tournaments
Honours
Umeรฅ IK
Damallsvenskan: 2007, 2008
Svenska Cupen: 2007
Svenska Supercupen: 2007, 2008
WFC Rossiyanka
Russian Championship: 2011โ12
San Diego Wave
NWSL Shield: 2023
Sweden
Summer Olympic Games: Silver Medal 2016
FIFA Women's World Cup: Bronze Medal 2019
Algarve Cup: 2018
See also
List of foreign FA Women's Super League players
Notes
References
Match reports
External links
Profile at SvFF
Player French football stats at statsfootofeminin.fr
Profile at Montpellier HSC
1990 births
Living people
Swedish women's footballers
People from รrnskรถldsvik Municipality
Sweden women's international footballers
2011 FIFA Women's World Cup players
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players
Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Sweden
Chelsea F.C. Women players
Umeรฅ IK players
Damallsvenskan players
Montpellier HSC (women) players
Women's Super League players
FC Bayern Munich (women) players
San Diego Wave FC players
Expatriate women's footballers in England
Expatriate women's footballers in France
Expatriate women's footballers in Germany
Expatriate women's footballers in Russia
Expatriate women's footballers in Spain
Expatriate women's soccer players in the United States
WFC Rossiyanka players
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in France
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in England
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Swedish expatriate women's footballers
Women's association football forwards
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Sweden
Olympic medalists in football
Division 1 Fรฉminine players
FIFA Women's Century Club
2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players
Frauen-Bundesliga players
Real Madrid Femenino players
Footballers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
National Women's Soccer League players
Footballers from Vรคsternorrland County
UEFA Women's Euro 2022 players
2023 FIFA Women's World Cup players |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%9E%B5%EB%AC%BC%EC%9E%90 | ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์ | ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์(ๆฐ็ฅ็ฉ่ณ, )๋ ์ ์์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ธ์ ๋๋ ๋ฌผ์๋ฅผ ๋งํ๋ค. ์์ ยท์ํยท์ฒ ๊ฐยท์ฐ๋ผ๋ยท๋น์ฒ ๊ธ์ยท๊ณ ๋ฌดยท๊ณต์๊ธฐ๊ณ ๋ฑ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ ํ๋ชฉ์ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ฌํญ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ ํด์ง๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ฏ๋ก ์ผ์ ํ์ง ์๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์๋ฐฉ๊ถ์ 1952๋
1์ ์ด๋ ์ํธ๋ฐฉ์์์กฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ฉํด ์๋ จ ๋ฑ์ ์ฌํ์ฃผ์ ์ ๊ตญ์ ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์๋ฅผ ์์ถํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ๋ํด์๋ ์์น์ ์ผ๋ก ์์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ธ ๋๊ตฌ์ฌํ์ฃผ์์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋๋ผ์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์ ์์ถ์ ํ์กฐ์ง์ผ๋ก์ ์ฝ์ฝค(ๅฐๅ
ฑ็ฃๅ่ผธๅบ็ตฑๅถๅงๅกๆ)์ ๋ค ์ ์๋ค.
ํ์ฌ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ค์์ ์ด๊ณ ํผ์ฌ๋์ด ์๋ค.
ํ์ฌ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ค์์ ์ด๊ณ ํผ์ฌ๋์ด ์๋ค.
์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์๋ ํฌ๊ฒ 2๊ฐ์ง ๊ด์ ์ผ๋ก ํด์๋๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ์์ด๋ก Strategic Goods์ Strategic Materials๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ฐ๋ผ์, ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์๋ฏธ์ ๋๋ถ์ด์ Strategic Goods์ Strategic Materials๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค.
Strategic Goods
์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์ค์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์๋ฏธ์ ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์์ ํ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถํด์ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ค.
ํต์์ ์ธ ์๋ฏธ
ํต์์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ ์์ ์ํํ ๋ ํ์ํ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ์ง ํต์ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ์๋ฅผ ๋ปํ๋ค.
๋ฐ๋ผ์ ํต์์ ์ธ ์๋ฏธ์ ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์๋ ํ์ฌ ํ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋์ด์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ฐ๋
์ด ํผ์ฌ๋ ์ํ์ด๋ค.
์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์์ ์ ๋ฌด๋ก ์ธํ์ฌ ์ ์์ ์นํจ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๋ฅ์ฌ์์ ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์๋ฅผ ํ๋ณดํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ ์๋ ์๋ ์์ด ๋ฒ์ด์ ธ ์๋ค.
์ ์์ ์์์ ์๋์ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋๊ธฐ์, ๊ทธ์ ํ์ํ ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์ ์ญ์ ๋ฐ๋์ด๊ฐ๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผํ
๋ฉด ์ ์๊ธฐ์๋์๋ ํ์์, ๊ณ ๋์๋ ์ฒ ๊ณผ ๋ง์ด ๋ฌด์๋ณด๋ค ์ค์ํ ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์์์ง๋ง, ์ค์ธ~๊ทผ๋์๋ ํ์ฝ์ ์ฌ๋ฃ์ธ ์ง์ฐ์นผ๋ฅจ, ์ธ๊ณ๋์ ๊ธฐ์๋ ์์ ์ ์ํ, ํ์ฌ๋ ์ปดํจํฐ, ์๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋, ์ฐ๋ผ๋, CNC, ์ธ๊ณต์์ฑ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ๋ณํํด์๋ค. ์์ผ๋ก๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ๋ฐ์ ํ ์๋ก ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์๋ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ง๋ ๋น์ถํด ๋์๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ์์ ์นํจ๊น์ง ๊ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋งํผ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์์ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ค์ ํต์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ํ์ฌ ๋ถํ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ฅผ ์๊ฐํด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ฝ๋ค. ๋ถํ์ ์ํผ์ปดํจํฐ, ์ ํ ๋ก์ผ์์ง, ์ฐ๋ฃํผ๋ณต์ฌ์ ์ฐ์ด๋ ์ง๋ฅด์ฝ๋ ํฉ๊ธ์ด๋, PUREX ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ค๋ค๋ฉด ์ด๋ค ์ผ์ด ๋ฒ์ด์ง๊น? ์๋๋ฉด ์ด๋ฌํ ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์๊ฐ ํ
๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ์ ์์ ๋จ์ด์ง๋ค๋ฉด? ์ด๋ฐ ์ด์ ๋ก ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก์ํํธ์ ์ธํ
, ์ง๋ฉ์ค๋ ๋ถํ์ Microsoft Windows, CPU, CNC๋ฅผ ์ ํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ค๊ตญ, ๋ฌ์์ ๋ฑ ์ 3๊ตญ์ ์ฐํํด ๋ฐ์
ํ๋ค.
ํ์ ์ ์๋ฏธ
์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ํ๋ ๊ตญ์ ์ธ๊ต ๊ด๊ณ๋ ๊ตญ์ ํต์์์ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๊ฐ๋
์ผ๋ก, ํ๊ตญ์์๋ ๋๋์ด์๋ฌด๊ธฐ, ํ
๋ฌ ๋ฑ์ ์ ์ฉ๋ ์ ์๋ ๋ฌผ์๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ปํ๋ฉฐ, ๋์ธ๋ฌด์ญ๋ฒ ์ 19์กฐ์์ ์์ถํต์ ์ ๋์์ "์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์"๋ผ๊ณ ํ์ฌ ์๋์ ๊ฐ์ด ๊ท์ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ 3์ ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์์ ์์ถ์
์ 19์กฐ(์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์์ ๊ณ ์ ๋ฐ ์์ถํ๊ฐ ๋ฑ)
โ ์ฐ์
ํต์์์๋ถ์ฅ๊ด์ ๊ด๊ณ ํ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ ์ฅ๊ณผ ํ์ํ์ฌ ๋ํต๋ น๋ น์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋ ๊ตญ์ ์์ถํต์ ์ฒด์ (์ดํ โ๊ตญ์ ์์ถํต์ ์ฒด์ โ๋ผ ํ๋ค)์ ์์น์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ตญ์ ํํ ๋ฐ ์์ ์ ์ง์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ํ์ฌ ์์ถํ๊ฐ ๋ฑ ์ ํ์ด ํ์ํ ๋ฌผํ๋ฑ(๋ํต๋ น๋ น์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ํฌํจํ๋ค. ์ดํ ์ด ์ ์์ ๊ฐ๋ค)์ ์ง์ ํ์ฌ ๊ณ ์ํ์ฌ์ผ ํ๋ค.
๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ข ๋ ํฌ๊ด์ ์ธ ๋ฒ์์ ๋ฌผํ๋ค์ ์ง์นญํ ๋๋ ์ด์ค์ฉ๋ ๋ฌผํ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด์, ํน์ ์๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋ ํ๋ธ๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ํํ ํ๋ํธ์์๋ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ง๋ง, ์ด๋ฅผ ํต๋ฌด๊ธฐ์ฉ ์ฐ๋ผ๋ ๋์ถ์ฉ ์์ฌ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋๋ ๋ฐ์๋ ์ฌ์ฉ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ์๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋ ํ๋ธ๋ ์ด์ค์ฉ๋ ๋ฌผํ์ผ๋ก์ ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์๋ก ์ง์ ๋๊ณ ํ์ ๋ ๊ตญ์ ์กฐ์ฝ๊ณผ ์ ์ฌํ์ ์ ์ํด์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ฐจ์์์ ์์ถ์
์ด ์๊ฒฉํ๊ฒ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋๋ค.
๋ฌผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ข
๋ฌด๊ธฐ์ ํต๊ฐ๋ฐ ๊ด๋ จ ์ค๋น๋ ์ด์ค์ฉ๋๊ฐ ์๋์ด๋ ํญ์ ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์๋ก ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋๋ค.
์ฆ, Strategic Goods๋ ์๊ตญ์ ๋น์ถ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ ๋ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก์ ๋นํ์ฐ์ ์ด์ ์ ๋ ๊ฐ๋
์ด๋ค.
1987๋
์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋์๋ฐ๊ฐ ๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด์ ์ฝฉ์ค๋ฒ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํตํด์ ์๋ จ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์๋ก ์ง์ ๋ ๊ณ ์ฑ๋ฅ CNC๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ์์ ์๋ จ ํต์ ์ํจ๋ค์ ์๋์ฑ์ด ํฌ๊ฒ ํฅ์๋์๋ค๊ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์์ํ๊ฒ ์ฌ๊ธด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋น๊ตญ์ ์กฐ์ฌ์ ๋ด๋ถ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ธํด์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ ๋์๋ฐ-์ฝฉ์ค๋ฒ๊ทธ ์ค์บ๋ค์ด ๋งค์ฐ ๋ํ์ ์ธ ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์ ์ ์ถ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ๋ ๋์๋ฐ์๊ฒ ์ด ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ๋ํ ์ฑ
์์ ๋ฌผ์ด์ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ๋ณด๋ณต์ ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐํ๊ณ , ๋น์ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ด๋ฆฌ ๋์นด์๋ค ์ผ์คํ๋ก๊ฐ ์ง์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ ์ ๋๋ก ํ์ฅ์ด ์ปค์ก๋ค.
๋ณธ๋ ๋์ ์๊ธฐ ์์ ์ง์์ด ๊ณต์ฐ์ง์์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ค์ํ๋ ์์ถํต์ ์ฒด์ ์ธ COCOM์์ ์ฒ์ ์ฐ์ด๊ธฐ ์์ํ ๊ฐ๋
์ด๋ค. ๋์ ์ค๋ฐ ์ดํ๋ถํฐ ์ 3์ธ๊ณ๋ก ๊ฐ์ข
WMD๊ฐ ํ์ฐ๋๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ฉด์, ํ์ฌ๋ ๊ทธ ์์ฉ๋ฒ์์ ์ ์ฉ๋์์ด ์๋นํ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ก๋ค.
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ๋ ๊ตญ๋ด ๊ธฐ์
์ ์์ถ ๋ฌผํ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ ์ค์ ๊ตญ์ ๋นํ์ฐ์กฐ์ฝ์ ์ ์ด๋๋ ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์๊ฐ ์๋์ง ํ์ ํ๋ ์
๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์๊ด๋ฆฌ์์ 2007๋
์ค๋ฆฝํ์ฌ ์ด์ ์ค์ด๋ค. 2022๋
ํ์ฌ๋ 2022๋
๋ฌ์์์ ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ์นจ๊ณต์ผ๋ก ์ธํด์ ๋๋ฌ์ ์ฌ ๊ด๋ จ ์ฌ์์ด ์ฃผ์ ํ์์ด๋ค. ๋ค๋ง, ์ง์ ์ ์ธ ์์ถํ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ํต์ ๋ ์ฐ์
ํต์์์๋ถ์์ ๊ดํ ํ๋ค.
์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์ ๊ด๋ จ ํ์
๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ ํ์ฌ ์ ์๋ ค์ง ๋ง์ ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์ ๊ตญ์ ํ์ฝ์ ๊ฐ์
ํ ์ํ๋ค. ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์ ๊ด๋ จ ๊ตญ์ ํ์ฝ์ ๋นํ์ฐ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ๋นํ์ฐ ํ์ฝ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์ถ์ ์ ๋ฐฉ์งํ๊ณ ๊ตฐ์ถ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ๊ตฐ์ถ์กฐ์ฝ์ผ๋ก ๋๋์ด์ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค.
๊ตฐ์ถ์กฐ์ฝ์ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ ํ๊ตญ์๊ฒ ์ค์ํ ๊ตญ์ ๋นํ์ฐ ํ์ฝ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ค.
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* 2022๋
8์ ๊ธฐ์ค
๋นํ์ฐ ์กฐ์ฝ
ํต ๋นํ์ฐ ์กฐ์ฝ (NPT): ํต ๋น๋ณด์ ๊ตญ์ ํต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์ง, UN ํ๋ ฅ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ IAEA์์ ๊ฐ๋
ํํ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ธ์ง ํ์ฝ (CWC): ํํ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐ, ์์ฐ, ์ฌ์ฉ, ๋ณด์ ๊ธ์ง, UN ํ๋ ฅ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ OPCW์์ ๊ฐ๋
์๋ฌผ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ธ์ง ํ์ฝ (BWC): ์๋ฌผ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐ, ์์ฐ, ์ฌ์ฉ, ๋ณด์ ๊ธ์ง, ํธ์ฃผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ํตํด์ ์งํ์ค
์ ์ ๊ฒฐ์
์ ์ ์์ ๋ณด์ฅ์ด์ฌํ ๊ฒฐ์์ 1540ํธ: ๊ตญ์ ์ฌํ์ ๋๋์ด์๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๊ด๋ จ ์์ถํต์ ์๋ฌดํ
์ ์ ์ดํ ๊ฒฐ์์ 2342ํธ, ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋์กฐ์ฝ (ATT): ์ฌ๋์ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์ ๋ถ๋ฒ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ทผ์
4๋ ๊ตญ์ ์์ถํต์ ์ฒด์
ํต ๊ณต๊ธ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋ฃน (NSG): NPT ์ ์ฉ์ ์ํ ๋ค์๊ฐ ํ์์ฒด
ํธ์ฃผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน (AG): ์๋ฌผ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ธ์ง ํ์ฝ๊ณผ ํํ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ธ์ง ํ์ฝ ๋ชจ๋์ ๋ํ ๋ค์๊ฐ ํ์์ฒด
๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ๊ฐ์ ํต์ ์ฒด์ (MTCR): ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ, ๊ธฐ์ ์ด์ ์ ๋ํ ๋ค์๊ฐ ํ์์ฒด
๋ฐ์ธ๋๋ฅด ์ฒด์ (WA): ์ฌ๋์ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด์ , ์ฌ๋์ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์์ถ์ ๋ํ ๋ค์๊ฐ ํ์์ฒด
< 4๋ ๊ตญ์ ์์ถํต์ ์ฒด์ >
๊ฐ๋ณ ํ์
ํ๋ฏธ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ ์ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง์นจ - 2021๋
์์ ํ ์ข
๋ฃ
ํ๋ฏธ ์์๋ ฅ ํ์
๊ธฐํ
๋๋์ด์๋ฌด๊ธฐ ํ์ฐ๋ฐฉ์ง๊ตฌ์ (PSI) : ๊ณตํด์์์ WMD ๊ด๋ จ ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์๋ฅผ ์ด์ก ์ค์ผ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๋จ๋๋ PSI๊ฐ์
๊ตญ์ ์ ๋ถ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ์ ํ์ ํด์ ์ธ์ ํ ๋ค๋ฅธ PSI๊ฐ์
๊ตญ์ ํด์์ ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ์๊ฒ๋ฌธ ํ ํด๊ฑฐ, ์ฌ์ง์ด ์๋ฅ, ๋ํฌ๊น์ง ํ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฃผ๋์ ๊ตญ์ ํ์์ฒด. ์์ง ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฒฝํ ํฉ์๋์ง ์์์ ์๋ณด๋ฆฌ ์์์ด์ฌ๊ตญ ์ค์์ ์ค๊ตญ์ด ํญํ์ ์์ ๋ฅผ ์์ธ์์ ๋ฐ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ธ๋ ์ญ์ ๋ฏธ์จ์ ์ธ ํ๋๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
Strategic Materials
์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์ฐจ์์์ ์๋ณด ์ ์ง ๋ฐ ํต์ฌ ์ฐ์
์ ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง ์ ์ง๋ฅผ ์ํด์ ํ์ํ ๊ด๋ฌผ์ด๋ ์์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ปํ๋ค.
ํ๊ตญ์์๋ ๋น์๋๋น์์๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฒ์ ์ํด์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ๋ ์ค์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋์์์๊ณผ ์กฐ๋ฌ์ฒญ์์ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ๋ ๋น์ถ๋ฌผ์๋ฅผ ํตํ์ด์ ์ง์นญํ๋ค.
์ฆ, Strategic Materials๋ ๋นํ์ฐ๋ณด๋ค ์๊ตญ ๋ด ๋น์ถ์ ์ด์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ ๊ฐ๋
์ด๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์๋ฅผ ๋น์ถํ๊ณ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค๋ฉด, ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธํ๋ ํ๊ตญ์ ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง์ ์์กดํ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์๊ณ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์ ์ธ๊ต์ ์ธ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์๋ค.
์์์ ๋๋์ ํ๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ์์์ ์๋ชจ๋์์ ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์์ ์ค์์ฑ์ ํ์
ํ์ง ๋ชปํด์ ๋ฐ์ํ ์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค. ํฌํ ๋ฅ, ์์ , ์ํ, ์ฒ ๊ฐ, ์๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋, ๋์ผ ์ญ์ ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ๋๋ค๊ณ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค. ์ฝ๋ก๋ 19๋ก ์ธํด ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ๋ ๋ง์คํฌ๋ ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์๋ก ์ทจ๊ธํ์ฌ ์ฌํ๊ฐ ์ง์ ๋๋๋ผ๋ ์ผ์ ๋ถ๋์ ๋น์ถํ๋ค.
๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์๋์์๋ ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์๋ก ์ทจ๊ธ๋ ์ ์๋ค. 2020๋
์ธ๋์ ์ํ ์์ถ๊ธ์ง์กฐ์น๋ก ์ฃผ๋ณ ๋จ์์์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์์ ํฐ ํผ๋์ด ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ 2022๋
๋ฌ์์์ ์ฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋ ์นจ๊ณต๊ณผ ์ด๋ก ์ธํ ์ธ๋์ ๋ฐ ์์ถ๊ธ์ง์กฐ์น๋ก ์ด์งํธ์ ์ค๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์์ ์๋ฃํ ๋ฌผ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํญ๋ฑํด์ ์ฌํ์ ํผ๋์ด ๊ฐ์ค๋๋ ํ์ ์ญ์, ์๋์์์ ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค.
๊ฐ์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ
์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์๊ด๋ฆฌ์
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
์ด์ํธ ์ ๋ต๋ฌผ์๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ์์ฅ (2020.5.~), [์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๊ณ ] ๊ณผํ๊ธฐ์ ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์๋ณด - ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ ์ ์ ํ์ธ
๊ณต๊ธ๋ง ๊ด๋ฆฌ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic%20material | Strategic material | Strategic material is any sort of raw material that is important to an individual's or organization's strategic plan and supply chain management. Lack of supply of strategic materials may leave an organization or government vulnerable to disruption of the manufacturing of products which require those materials. It can also refer to a group or department that manages these materials.
In government terms, they are materials, usually raw materials that have a particular strategic significance to a government or nation, often in time of war. Their strategic need is because of their crucial importance for either economic or military purposes. Some materials are relatively simple, but are required in great quantities during wartime. Others are obscure and technically complex. Although not required in large quantities, their irreplaceability and critical need makes them especially valuable. Foodstuffs are not generally classed as strategic materials: although vital, they are treated separately.
Techniques for replacing strategic materials with ersatz substitutes have become highly important. These also include the minimisation of or the recovery and recycling of such materials.
As well as depending upon strategic materials, warfare may be carried out with their specific goal in sight. Japanese expansion in World War II targeted rubber crops and their plantation areas in particular. Conflict between Germany and France has repeatedly focussed upon the iron and steel bulk resources of their border region.
In the US Armed Services
The US Defense Logistic Agency manages strategic materials for the US military.
In business
Strategic materials encompass a subset of raw materials required to make a product. The strategic materials may be limited in number or subject to shortages. In this case, the strategic plan would call for an alternative supply chain or alternative materials in the event of a breakdown in the current supply chain.
References
Supply chain management |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%92%88%EC%A7%88%20%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC | ํ์ง ๊ด๋ฆฌ | ํ์ง ๊ด๋ฆฌ(ๅ่ณช็ฎก็, )๋ ์์ฐ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ํต๊ณ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ถ๋ํ์ ๋ฐ์์์ธ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๊ณ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์ ๊ฑฐํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ํ์ง์ ์ ์ง์ ํฅ์์ ๊พํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ฆ, ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ ์ ์กฐ๊ณต์ ์ค์์ ๋ถ๋ํ์ ๋ฐ์์ํค๋ ์์ธ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ํ ๋ฏธ์ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์งํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋งํ๋ค.
๊ณต์ ์ ํต์ ์ ์์ด ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํํ๋ค๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ฃผ๋ ์ด์ต์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์์
์์๊ฒ ํ์ง์ ๋ํ ์ฑ
์๊ณผ ๊ด์ฌ์ ์ธ์์์ผ์ ํ์ง์์ค์ ๋์ผ ์ ์๊ฒ ํ๋ค.
์์
์ ์๋ชป์ด ์ ์ด์ ธ์ ํํยท์์ ๋ฑ์ ๊ฒฝ๋น์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ธก์ ํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
์ ํ ํ์ง์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ๊ฐ์๋์ด ํ์ง์ด ํฅ์๋๋ค.
์ ํ์ ๋ถ๋๋ฅ ์ด ๊ฐ์๋์ด ์์ฐ๋์ ์ ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์์จ(ๆถ็)์ ํฅ์์ ์ธก์ ํ ์ ์๊ฒ ํ๋ค.
์๋น์๊ฐ ์๊ตฌํ๋ ํ์ง์ ์ ํ์ ๊ณต๊ธํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์ด ์์์์๊ฒ ๋ง์กฑ์ ์ค ์ ์๋ค.
ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ค์ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์์์์๊ฒ ์ ์ฉ์ ๋์ธ๋ค.
์์
ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ ํ์ง์ ๊ท ์ผ์ฑ์ ํต์ ํ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ผ๋ก์, ์ค์ ๋ ํ์ง๊ธฐ์ค๊ณผ ํ์งํ๊ณ์ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ๋น๊ตํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ฆ, ์ค์ ๋ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํ์ง์ ๊ท ์ผ์ฑ์ด ์ ์ง๋๊ณ ์๋๊ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ์ฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก, ํต๊ณ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด ์ค์ํ ์ญํ ์ ๋ด๋นํ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒ์ ํนํ ํต๊ณ์ ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ(SQC๏ผstatistical quality control)๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ํ๋ค.ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ค์ 5๋จ๊ณ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถํ ์ ์๋ค.
์์
์ฅ์ ์ํ ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ
์ง์ฅ(่ท้ท)์ ์ํ ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ
๊ฒ์ฌ์ ์ํ ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ
๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฐ ํ๋ณธ๊ฒ์ฌ์ ์ํ ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ(SQC)
์ข
ํฉ์ ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ(total quality control๏ผTQC)
์ค๋๋ ์ ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ (4)ํญ์ "๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฐ ํ๋ณธ๊ฒ์ฌ์ ์ํ ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ"๋ฅผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ๋ง์ด ๋ฐ์ ๋๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, (5)ํญ์ "์ข
ํฉ์ ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ"๋ ๋๊ฒ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
์กฐ์ง
ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ๋จ๊ณ
ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ๋จ๊ณ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋ด์ฉ์ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
ํ์คํ โ ํ์ง๊ธฐ์คยท๊ธฐ์ ํ์คยท์์
ํ์ค์ ๊ฒฐ์
์ค์(ๅฏฆๆฝ) โ ํ์ค์ ์ํ ์์
์ ์ค์
๊ฒ์ฌ โ ํ์ค์ ์ํ ์์
์ดํ ์ฌ๋ถ์ ๊ฒ์ฌ
์กฐ์น(ๆช็ฝฎ) โ ํ์ค๊ณผ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์์ (ไฟฎๆญฃ)
๊ฒ์ฌ โ ์์ ์กฐ์น์ ์ดํ ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ์ฌ
ํ์ค์ ํฅ์ โ ์ฑ๋ฅยท๋น์ฉ ๋ฑ์ ๋ํ ํ์ค์ ํฅ์์ํฌ ์ ์๋๋ก ๊ณ์์ ์ธ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ
ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ์กฐ์ง์์์ ํ์ง์ฑ
์
ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ์กฐ์ง์ ์์ด ํ์ง์ ๋ํ ์ฑ
์์ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ฅํ๋ฉด ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์ ํ๊ณํ โ ํ๋งค๋ถ๋ฌธ. ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ด ์์ฒญํ๊ฑฐ๋ ํ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐ๋๋ ์ ํ์ ์ค๋ช
, ์ ํ์ ํ์ง์๋ฃ์ ์ ์ถ, ๊ณ ๊ฐ๊ณผ ํ์์ ์ํ ํ์ง ํ์ค ๊ฒฐ์
์ ํ๊ธฐ์ โ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ถ๋ฌธ. ์์ ํ(่ฉฆ่ฃฝๅ)์ ์ค๊ณ, ์ ํ๋ณด์ฆ, ์์
ํน์ฑ์ ๊ฒฐ์
์ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ โ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ถ๋ฌธ. ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ ์ ์ , ์ ๋นํ ๊ณต๊ตฌ์ ์ค๊ณ, ์์
๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ค๊ณ, ์์
์ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ , ์์
์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ถฉ์กฑ, ํ์คํ์ง์ ์ ์ง
๊ตฌ๋งค๋ถ๋ฌธ โ ๋ฉํ์์ ์ ์ , ๋ฉ์
ํ์ ํ์ง๋ณด์ฆ
์ํ์ค ๋ถ๋ฌธ โ ์ฌ๋ฃ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ ์ ํ์งํ์ค ์ค์ , ๊ตฌ์
๋๋ ๊ฐ๊ณต์ ํ์ ํ์ง๊ฒ์ฌ ๋ฐ ์น์ธ, ํน์๊ฐ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ด์ฉ ๊ถ์ฅ
๊ณต์ฅ๊ฐ๋
๋ถ๋ฌธ โ ์์
์์ ๊ต์ก, ์ ์กฐ์ค๋น์ ๋ํ ์ฃผ์ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋
, ์ค๊ณ๋์ ๊ฒฌ๋ณธ์ ๋ํ ์ค๋ช
, ๋ถํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ
ํ์ฅ์์
๋ถ๋ฌธ โ ์๋ จ, ์์
์ฃผ์ ๋ฐ ํ์ํ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ
๊ฒ์ฌยท์ํ๋ถ๋ฌธ โ ์์
๋ถํ๊ณผ ์ฌ๋ฃ์ ํ์งํ์ , ์ ํ์ ๊ฒฌ๋ณธ์์์ ์ผ์น ์ฌ๋ถ ํ๊ฐ
ํฌ์ฅยท์ถ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฌธ โ ์ ํ ํฌ์ฅ์ ์ ํฉ์ฑ, ์ ํ์ ์ถํ
์ ํ์๋น์ค ๋ถ๋ฌธ โ ๋ถํ์ ๋์ฒด, ๋ณด์์ ์๋ฆฌ์ ์ง๋
์ข
ํฉ์ ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ
์ ์ฌ์ ๊ฒฝ์๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ์ผํ์ผ๋ก ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฃฌ ์ข
ํฉ์ ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒ์ ์ ์ฐฝํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ํ์ด๊ฒ๋ฐ์(A. V. Feigenbaum)์ ๊ธฐ์ 3๊ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฅผ ์ค๋ช
ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ์ 4๊ฐ์ง ์
๋ฌด
์ ์ ํ๊ด๋ฆฌ
์ ํ์ ๋ํ์ฌ์ ์๊ตฌ๋๋ ๋น์ฉยท์ฑ๋ฅ ๋ฐ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ ๋ํ ํ์งํ์ค์ ํ๋ฆฝํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํ์ฌ ์ ํ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ๋ถ์, ํ๊ฒฝ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ค์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๋ํ ์ํ, ํ์งํน์ฑ์ ๋ถ๋ฅ, ํ์ง์์ค๊ณผ ํ์ค์ ํ๋ฆฝ, ๊ณต์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์กฐ์ฌ, ๊ณต์ฐจ(ๅ
ฌๅทฎ)์ ๋ํ ํด์, ํ์ง๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๋ํ ๋ถ์, ์์ ํ(่ฉฆ่ฃฝๅ)์ ๋ํ ์ญ์ฌ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก, ์์ ํ์ ์ํ, ๊ณต์ ์ ์(ๅทฅ็จ่ซธๅ
)์ ํ๋ฆฝ, ์ ํ์ ํ๊ฐ, ์ ์กฐ๊ณต์ ์ ๊ฒํ , ์ ๋ขฐํ์ค์ ํ๋ฆฝ ๋ฑ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
๊ตฌ์
์์ฌ๊ด๋ฆฌ
์ด๋ ๊ฒฌ๋ณธ์ ํฉ์น๋๋ ํ์ง์ ๋ถํ์ ์์
ยท๋ณด๊ดํ๋ ์ผ์ด๋ค. ๊ตฌ์
์์ฌ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฒ์๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋ค.
๋ฉ์
์์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅํ๊ฐ
๋ฉ์
์์ ์ํ ๋ณด์ฆ
ํ์ง์ ๊ฒ์ฌ
๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ(ํ๋ณธ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ)์ ์ ์
๊ฒ์ฌ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ํ์ ๋ฑ
์ ํ๊ด๋ฆฌ
์ด๋ ๋ถ๋ํ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณต์ฅ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์์ฅ๊น์ง์ ์ ํ๊ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ํฌํจ๋๋ค. ์ ํ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ์ฌ๋ ๊ณต์ ์ค์ ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ์ ํ ์ต์ข
๊ฒ์ฌ์์์ ํ์ง๊ณํ, ๊ณต์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ์กฐ์ฌ, ๊ณต์ ๋ฐ์ท, ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋(็ฎก็ๅ), ๊ณต๊ตฌยท์ ํ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ, ์์
์์ ํ๋ จ, ์ ํ ๋ถ๋ง์ ๋ถ์, ํ์ง์ฝ์คํธ, ์์ฅ์์์ ํ์ง๊ธฐ์ ๋ฑ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
ํน๋ณ๊ณต์ ์กฐ์ฌ
์ด๊ฒ์ ๋ถ๋ํ์ ์์ธ์ ๊ท๋ช
ํ๊ณ , ํ์งํน์ฑ์ ๊ฐ๋ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์กฐ์ฌ ๋ฐ ์ํํ๋์ด๋ค.
ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ํต๊ณํ
ํ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ ๋ถ์ผ์์ ์ด์ฉ๋๋ ํต๊ณ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
๋์๋ถํฌ(ๅบฆๆธๅๅธ) โ ํ์งํน์ฑ์ ๋์ยทํ๊ท ํ์งยทํ์ง์ ๋ถ์ฐ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ํ์
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ์ด์ฉ๋๋ค.
๊ด๋ฆฌ๋(็ฎก็ๅ) โ ํ์ง์ ํ์ฉํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ํ์ ยทํํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถํ๊ณ , ํ์ง์ ํน์ฑ์ ์๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋น๊ตํ๋ค.
๋ฐ์ทํ โ ์ ์กฐ ๋๋ ๋ฉํ์ ํ์ง์ ํฉ๊ฒฉ ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ํ๋จํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ๊ฒ์ฌ ๋์ํ๋ชฉ์ ํต๊ณ์ ์ํ์ ์ถ์ถํ๋ค.
ํน์์ํ โ ์๊ด(็ธ้)๋ถ์ยท๋ถ์ฐ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ฐจ(ๅ
ฌๅทฎ) ๋ถ์ ๋ฑ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ ํน์ํ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ํด์์ ์ํ์ฌ ์ด์ฉ๋๋ค.
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
ํ์ง ๊ฒฝ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality%20control | Quality control | Quality control (QC) is a process by which entities review the quality of all factors involved in production. ISO 9000 defines quality control as "a part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality requirements".
This approach places emphasis on three aspects (enshrined in standards such as ISO 9001):
Elements such as controls, job management, defined and well managed processes, performance and integrity criteria, and identification of records
Competence, such as knowledge, skills, experience, and qualifications
Soft elements, such as personnel, integrity, confidence, organizational culture, motivation, team spirit, and quality relationships.
Inspection is a major component of quality control, where physical product is examined visually (or the end results of a service are analyzed). Product inspectors will be provided with lists and descriptions of unacceptable product defects such as cracks or surface blemishes for example.
History and introduction
Early stone tools such as anvils had no holes and were not designed as interchangeable parts. Mass production established processes for the creation of parts and system with identical dimensions and design, but these processes are not uniform and hence some customers were unsatisfied with the result. Quality control separates the act of testing products to uncover defects from the decision to allow or deny product release, which may be determined by fiscal constraints. For contract work, particularly work awarded by government agencies, quality control issues are among the top reasons for not renewing a contract.
The simplest form of quality control was a sketch of the desired item. If the sketch did not match the item, it was rejected, in a simple Go/no go procedure. However, manufacturers soon found it was difficult and costly to make parts be exactly like their depiction; hence around 1840 tolerance limits were introduced, wherein a design would function if its parts were measured to be within the limits. Quality was thus precisely defined using devices such as plug gauges and ring gauges. However, this did not address the problem of defective items; recycling or disposing of the waste adds to the cost of production, as does trying to reduce the defect rate. Various methods have been proposed to prioritize quality control issues and determine whether to leave them unaddressed or use quality assurance techniques to improve and stabilize production.
Notable approaches
There is a tendency for individual consultants and organizations to name their own unique approaches to quality controlโa few of these have ended up in widespread use:
In project management
In project management, quality control requires the project manager and/or the project team to inspect the accomplished work to ensure its alignment with the project scope. In practice, projects typically have a dedicated quality control team which focuses on this area.
See also
Analytical quality control
Corrective and preventative action (CAPA)
Eight dimensions of quality
First article inspection (FAI)
Good automated manufacturing practice (GAMP)
Good manufacturing practice
Quality assurance
Quality management framework
Standard operating procedure (SOP)
QA/QC
References
Further reading
External links
ASTM quality control standards
Design for X
Quality management |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%ED%92%88%20%EA%B3%84%ED%9A%8D | ์ ํ ๊ณํ | ์ ํ ๊ณํ(่ฃฝๅ่จๅ)์ ์๋ ์์ฐ๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ์ ์กฐ๋ถ๋ฌธ ๋๋ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ํ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์ข
ํฉ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ๋์์ด์์ผ๋, ํ๋งค๊ฐ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์งํํ ์ ์๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ํ๋งค๋ถ๋ฌธ์ ์์ด์๋ ํ๋ฆด ์ ์๋ ์ ํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๊ฒ ๋จ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋์
๋์๋ค. ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋งํ๋ ์ ํ๊ณํ์ ์์ฅ์กฐ์ฌ๋ก ์ป์ด์ง ์๋งค๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๊ดํ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ด๋ก ํ์ฌ ์์ฅ์ฑ(ๅธๅ ดๆง)๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์์ฑ์ด ์๋ ๋ณด๋ค ๋ง์ ์ด์ต์ ์ป์ ์ ์๋ ์ ํ์ ๊ณํํ๊ณ , ๊ณํ๋ ์ ํ์ ๋ณด๋ค ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋งค์ฆ์งํ๋ ค๋ ์ ๋ฐ ์ธ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ฐพ์๋ด๋ ์ํ๊ณํ์ ํฌํจํ๊ณ ์๋ค.๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๊ณํ์ ํ๋ก๋ํธ ํ๋๋(product planning) ๋๋ ๋จธ์ฒ๋ค์ด์ง(merchandising)์ด๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฅด๊ณ , ํ์์ ์ ํ๊ณํ์ ์ ํ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋ง์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ฉฐ ์ ํ์ ์ํํ๋ ํฌํจํ์ง ์๋๋ค.
๋ชฉ์
ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฌํ๋ ๋์์๋ ์์ ยท์ง์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ํ๊ณ ์๋น์์ ํ์ยท์๊ตฌ๋ ํญ์ ๋ณํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก, ๊ธฐ์
์ ๋ ์ ์๋ ํ ์ ํ์ ์ด๋ค ์๊ตฌ์ ๋ง์ถ๊ณ , ๋ฌผ์ ์ ํ์ ์ ์กฐยทํ๋งค๋ก๋ถํฐ ์๋ก์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฅ๊ณผ ํจ์ฉ์ ์ฐฝ์ถํด ๋ด์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๊ธฐ์
์ด ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ์ ํ ๋ฐ ์๋น์ค์ ๊ธ๋ถ์ ์์ฅ์์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋์์์ด ์ง์ ์กฐ์ ํ๋ ํฑ ๋งค๋์ง๋จผํธ๋ฅผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฝ์๊ด๋ฆฌ ์ ์ฒด(์์ฐยท๊ตฌ๋งคยทํ๋งคยท์ฌ๋ฌดยท์ธ์ฌ)๊ฐ ๋
ธ๋ ฅํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
์ด์ ๊ฐ์ด ์ ํ๊ณํ์ ์ฅ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋์ด์ค(้ทๆๆๅพ
ๅฉๆฝค)์ ํ๋ณด๋ผ๋ ๊ธฐ์
๋ชฉ์ ์์์ ์๋น์์์์ ๋ํ ์ ํ์ ์ง์ ยท์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ํฉํ๊ฒ ํ๋ ๊ณํํ๋์ผ๋ก ๋ง์ผํ
์ฉ์ด(็จ่ช)๋ก์์ ์ ํ๊ณํ์ ํ๋งคํ๋ ค๋ ์ ํ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ์ค์ํ ๊ฒ์, โ ์ ํ์ ํ์งยท์ฑ๋ฅยท๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๋ํ ๊ฒฐ์ , โก ์ ํ์ ๋์์ธ์ ๊ดํ ๊ฒฐ์ , โข ์ ํ์ ์์ฑ์ ๊ดํ ๊ฒฐ์ , โฃ ์ ํ์ ์ข
๋ชฉ์ ๋ํ ๊ฒฐ์ , โค ์ ํ์ ํฌ์ฅ์ ๋ํ ๊ฒฐ์ , โฅ ์ ํ์ ๋ผ๋ฒจ(label)์ ๋ํ ๊ฒฐ์ , โฆ ์ ํ์ ์ํ(brand)์ ๋ํ ๊ฒฐ์ , โง ์ ํ์ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ ๊ดํ ๊ฒฐ์ , โจ ๊ธฐํ ์ ์ ํ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ๋น๋กฏํ์ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ํ๊ฐ๋ยท์ ํ๋ค์ํ ๋๋ ๋จ์ํ๊ณํยท์ ํํ๊ธฐ ๋ฑ์ ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ด ์ ํ๊ณํ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์
์์ ์ด์ด์ต ๊ณตํ๋๋ฅผ ์ต๋๋ก ํ๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ ํ๊ตฌ์ฑ(่ฃฝๅๆงๆ๏ผproduct mix)์ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ ํ๋๊ณํ์ธ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์์
์ ํ๊ณํ์ ์ฑ๊ณต ์ฌ๋ถ๋ ๊ธฐ์
์ ๋ฒ์์ ์ค๋ํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๊ฒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ณํ์
์์ ์ ์คํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ณํ์
์ ์์์ ์ ์ฐจ ๋ฐ ํฉ๋ฆฌ์ฑ์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ค์ํ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋๋ค.
์ ํ๊ณํ์ ์์ด์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค์ํ ์์น๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ ์ ํ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ๊ณํ์์๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ๋ฉด ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์ ํ๊ณํ์ ์ฑ๊ณต ์ฌ๋ถ๋ ๊ธฐ์
์ ๋ฒ์์ ์ค๋ํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๊ฒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ณํ์
์์ ์ ์คํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ณํ์
์ ์์์ ์ ์ฐจ ๋ฐ ํฉ๋ฆฌ์ฑ์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ค์ํ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋๋ค.
์ ํ๊ณํ์ ์์ด์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค์ํ ์์น๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ ์ ํ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ๊ณํ์์๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ๋ฉด ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์ฐฉ์๋จ๊ณ
์ ์ ํ์ ๊ณํ์ ์์ด๋์ด์ ๋ฐ์๊ณผ ํฌ์ฐฉ์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์ํํ๋๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค์ํ ๋ฌธ์ ์ด๋ค.
(1) ์์ด๋์ด ๋ฐ์์ ์์ฒ โ ์ฌ๋ด(็คพๅ
ง) ๊ด๊ณ๋ก๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ยท์กฐ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฌธยท์์
๋ถ๋ฌธยท์์ฐ๋ถ๋ฌธยท์ข
์
์ยทํฑ ๋งค๋์ง๋จผํธ ๋ฑ์ด ์๊ณ , ํ๋งค์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ก๋ ๋๋งค์ยท๋๋ฆฌ์ ยท์๋งค์ ๋ฑ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์๋น์๊ด๊ณ๋ก๋ ์ฐฉ์์ ์ยท์ ๋กยท๋ถ๋งยท์์ยท์กฐํ ๋ฑ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ์์ํ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฌ์ ํยท์ธ๊ตญ์ ํยท์ ์ํยท๋ฐ๋ํ ๋ฑ์ด ์๊ณ , ๊ด๋ จ์ํ(ํ์
์ข
์ํ)ยท์ ๋ถ๊ธฐ๊ด(ํนํ ๋ฑ๋ก๊ด๊ณ) ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํ(๋ํยท์ธ๋ถ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ดยท์ธ๋ถ์กฐ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ดยท๊ด๊ณ ๋๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฑ)๊ฐ ์๋ค.
(2) ์์ด๋์ด์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ํฌ์ฐฉ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ โ ๋ธ๋ ์ธ ์คํ ๋ฐ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋ ๋ฒยท์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ๋ฒยท์
์ถ๋ฒ ๋ฑ์ด ์๋ค. ๋ธ๋ ์ธ ์คํ ๋ฐ(brain storming๏ผ้ ญๆฑๆ้ขจ)์ ์ง๋จ์ฌ๊ณ (้ๅๆ่) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์๋ ์์ด๋์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ธ ํ ํ๊ฐ๋ ๋ณ๋ํ์์์ ๋ค๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒํ ยท๋ฐ์ ์ํค๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ค์ค๋ฒ(A. F. Osvorn)์ด ์ฐฝ์ํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก์, ๊ณ ๋ ๋ฒ(Gordon method)์ ์ฒ์์๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ง ์๊ณ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ฌํญ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ๋ฆฌ๋๊ฐ ์์ด๋์ด๋ฅผ ํ์ ๋ฉค๋ฒ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋์ด๋ด๋ ์ง๋จ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ณ ๋ (W. J. Gordon)์ด ์ฐฝ์ํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด๋ค.
ํ๊ฐ ์ 1๋จ๊ณ
์ ์๋ ์ฐฉ์์ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด ๊ฐ๋ ์ด์ ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์ , ๊ฒฝ์์์ ์ํฅ๋(ๅฝฑ้ฟๅบฆ), ์
๊ณ์ ๋ํ ์ํฅ, ์์ฐยทํ๋งค์์ ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ํ์ฌ ์ฑํ์ฌ๋ถ์ ๋ฐฉ์นจ์ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ์ฌ์ผ ํ๋ค.
์์ยท์ค๊ณยท์ฐ๊ตฌ๋จ๊ณ
์ฑํํ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ ์์ด๋์ด๋ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ์์ผ ๊ฐ ๋ด๋น๊ธฐ๊ด์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์์(่ฉฆไฝ)๊ณผ ์ค๊ณยท์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์ผ ํ๋ค.
ํ๊ฐ ์ 2๋จ๊ณ
์์ํ(่ฉฆไฝๅ)์ ํ๊ฐ, ์ค๊ณ์ ํ๊ฐ, ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ฌํญ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ํ์ฌ ์์ ์์ยท์ค๊ณยท์ฐ๊ตฌ๋จ๊ณ์ ์กฐํ๋ฅผ ์ํจ๋ค.
๊ณํ๋จ๊ณ
์ข
ํฉ๊ณํ์ ๋จ๊ณ๋ก ์ ์ ์ํ์ผ๋ก์์ ํ์ํญ๋ชฉ์ธ ์ ์ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉยท์ ์ ํ๋งค์๋ยท์ ์ ํ๋งค์๊ธฐยท์ ์ ํ๋งค๋์ยท์ ์ ํ๋งค์ง์ญ ๋ฐ ์ฅ์ ยท์ ์ ํ๋งค์ด์ง๊ณํยท์์ฐ๊ณํ์ ์์, ์์ง๊ณํยท์์์๊ธ๊ณํ ๋ฑ์ ์ข
ํฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒํ ํ๊ณ ๊ณํํ๋ ์ ์ฌ์ (ๅ
จ็คพ็) ๋ง์ผํ
๊ณํ์ ๋จ๊ณ์ด๋ค.
ํ๊ฐ๊ฒฐ์ ๋จ๊ณ
์ข
ํฉ๊ณํ ์ ์ฒด์ ๋ํด์ ํ๊ฐยท๊ฒํ ํ์ฌ ์ต์ข
์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ๋ด๋ฆฌ๋ ๋จ๊ณ์ด๋ค.
์ค์๋จ๊ณ
์ข
ํฉ๊ณํ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ด๊ณ ์ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ด ํ๋์ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ ๋จ๊ณ์ด๋ค.
๊ด๋ฆฌยทํต์ ยท๊ฒํ ๋จ๊ณ
๊ณํ์ ์งํ๊ณผ ๊ด๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฌธ๊ฐ์ ์กฐ์ ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌยทํต์ ํ๊ณ ์์ฅ์์์ ํ๋งค๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒํ ํ๋ ๋จ๊ณ์ด๋ค.
๋ง์ผ ํ
์คํธ ๋จ๊ณ
์ด์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ ํ๊ณํ์ ์ ํ์ ์์ฅ์ ์ถ๊ณ ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ฌ๋ช
์ด ๋๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๋ค์์ ๊ณํ์ ์ํ ์ถ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก์ ์ ๋ฐ ๊ฒํ ยท๋ถ์์ ์ํํ๊ณ ๋์ ๋ง์ผ ํ
์คํธ๋ฅผ ์ํํ์ฌ์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ง์ผํ
์คํธ(ๅธๅ ด่ฉฆ้ฉ)๋ ์์ ๊ฐ ๋จ๊ณ๋ฅผ ํตํ์ฌ ์์ง๋ ๊ณํ์ ํน์ ์์ฅ์ ์คํ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒํ ํ์ฌ ๊ณํ์ ๋ค์ ์๋ฆฝํ์ฌ ์ ๊ตญํ๋งค๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋งํ๋ค.
์กฐ์ง
์ ํ๊ณํ์ ์์์ ยทํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ด๋นํ๊ณ ์งํํ๋ ์กฐ์ง์ด ํ์ํ๋ค. ์ด ์กฐ์ง์ ํํ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
(1) ์ ํ๊ณํ์ ์ค์์ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ด๊ฒฝ์์กฐ์ง ์์ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ทจ๊ธํ๋ ์ ๋ฌธ๋ถ๋ ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค์นํ ํํ โ ์ ์๋์ ๊ฒฝ์๋ฐฉ์นจ์ ์ฑ์ฉํ ๊ธฐ์
์ด๋ ์ ํ๊ณํ์ ํ์ํ ์ง์๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ฒด๋ํ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ด(้จๅ
ง)์ ๋์ด ์คํํ๋ก์์ ์
๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ถ์ง์์ผ ๊ณํ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ต๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์์ธต์ด ํ๊ฐํ ์ ์๊ฒ ํ ์กฐ์งํํ
(2) ์กฐ์ง์์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ๋์ธ์ํ๊ณ , ์ ํ๊ณํยทํ๋งค์
๋ฌดยท๊ด๊ณ ยทํ๋งค์ด์ง์
๋ฌด๊น์ง๋ฅผ 1๊ฐ ๊ณผ๋ ๊ณ์ ๋ด๋น์ํค๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์กฐ์งํํ โ ์ค์๊ธฐ์
์์ ๋ง์ด ๋ณผ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ์
๋ถ์ (ไบๆฅญ้จๅถ)๋ฅผ ์ฑ์ฉํ๊ณ ์๋ ๋๊ธฐ์
์์๋ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ ํํ
(3) ์ ํ๊ณํ์ ์ํ ๋ถ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค์นํ์ฌ ๊ณํ์ ์
์ํ๊ฒ ํ๊ณ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ด๊ณ๋ถ์์ ์ ๋ฐํ ์ ํ๊ณํ์์ํ์ ์์ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํํ
(4) ์ ํ๊ณํ ๋ด๋น๋ถ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค์นํ์ง ์๊ณ ์์ํ์ ์ฌ๋ฌด๊ตญ์ ์
๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํน์ ์ธ์ ์์ํ์ฌ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ณํ์ ์ ํ๊ณํ์์ํ๊ฐ ์
์ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํํ
(5) ์ ํ๊ณํ์ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์
์์ ์ ๋ฌธ์์ํยท์์์ํ์ ์ผ์ํ๊ณ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์์ํ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ยทํ๊ฐํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํํ
(6) ์ ํ๊ณํ๋ถ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค์นํ์ฌ ๊ณํ์ ์
์์ํค์ง๋ง ๊ณํ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ํด์๋ ์ ํ๊ณํ์์ํ๊ฐ ํ๊ฐํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํํ
(7) ์ ํ๊ณํ ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ ๋๊ณ ๊ณํ์ ๋ด๋น์ํค์ง๋ง, ํน์ ๊ณํ์ ๋ํด์๋ ํ๋ก์ ํธ ํ์ ํธ์ฑํ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ง์ ์ ํ๊ณํ๋ถ๋ฌธ์ ํตํด ์ ํ๊ณํ์์ํ์ ์ ์ถ์์ผ ์ฌ์ํ๊ฐํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํํ์ด์ ๋ช ๊ฐ์ ์กฐ์ง์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์
์ฌ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ๋นํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ฑ์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ค์ํ๋ค. ์ ํ๊ณํ์์ํ๋ฅผ ์ฑ์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ์์ํ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์ ์ธ์์ยท์ํ๊ด๊ณยท์ง์ฑ
๋ฑ์ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๊ฒํ ํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์คํ๋ ค ์ญํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ํ ์ํ๋ง์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐฉ์นจ์ ์ฌ์, ๊ณํ์ ์ฌ์๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฅ ์ด์์ ์์ํ๊ฐ ๋ด๋นํ๊ณ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ๊ณํ์ ์
์์ฌ์๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์ฅ ์ดํ๊ฐ ๋ด๋นํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ ๊ทธ ํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ ํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product%20planning | Product planning | Product Planning, or product discovery, is the ongoing process of identifying and articulating market requirements that define a product's feature set. It serves as the basis for decision-making about price, distribution and promotion. Product planning is also the means by which companies and businesses can respond to long-term challenges within the business environment, often achieved by managing the product throughout its life cycle using various marketing strategies, including product extensions or improvements, increased distribution, price changes and promotions. It involves understanding the needs and wants of core customer groups so products can target key customer desires and allows a firm to predict how a product will be received within a market upon launch.
The product planning process
Developing the product concept
In the product concept phase, managers generate ideas for new products by identifying certain problems that consumers face or various customers needs. For example, a small computer retailer may see the need to create a computer repair division for the products it sells. After idea conception, managers may plan the dimensions and features of the product and develop a trial product.
Studying the market
The next step is engaging in a competitor analysis. Secondary research usually provides details on key competitors and their market share, which is the percent of total sales that they hold in the marketplace. The business can then determine places in which it has an advantage over the competition to identify areas of opportunity.
Market research
Market research is one stage of product planning and is regarded as the way to accomplish the activity though designing questions, preparing the samples, collecting data and analysing them. It provides significant insight into customers wants, needs, buying habits and behaviours and is a key tool used in the product planning process. For example, customer satisfaction information can be obtained through surveys and market research. The process consists of 4 components: definition, collection, analysis and interpretation.
Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Both qualitative and quantitative marketing research techniques can be used within marketing research. The aim of qualitative research is to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behaviour. The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when. Hence, smaller but focused samples are more often used than large samples. Quantitative research refers to the systematic empirical investigation of social phenomena via statistical, mathematical or numerical data or computational techniques. The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena.
Market researchers use quantitative and qualitative research to gain better and more complete perspectives about a market segment or hypothesis. Qualitative research involves consideration and analysis that are non-numerical in nature, which includes questions of "how" and "what". Qualitative research is suited to solve the problem areas of basic market exploratory studies, product development and diagnostic studies. In market exploratory studies, the research findings can be used to define consumer segmentations in relation to a product brand or understand the dimensions which differentiate between brands. In new product development, product, packaging, positioning and advertising information can be collected through researching to confirm a new product proposition. In diagnostic studies, qualitative research is used to determine how the brand image has changed since the start of an advertising campaign.
Research Methods
The methods of qualitative research can be departed into observation and focus groups. Recently, observation is used in observation-based researches, in which people may not articulate correctly and clearly of their thoughts. A particular example is the application in in-store shopping surveys, which regularly allow customers to try the products and gather feedback. Focus group is a tool on the basis of psychotherapy where it has found that if people are divided into small groups and asked to share their opinions suggestions, and open up. Because there will generate a brainstorming effect in the groups so that a comment from one person can stimulate another one's ideas. In general, there are always need four groups to cover a single respondent type. The outcomes of group discussions rely on the group leadersโ abilities of structuring the discussion, conducting the meeting and analysing and understanding the results.
Quantitative research is about understanding aspects of a market or what kinds of customers make up the market. It can be split into soft and hard parts. Soft parts refer to phenomena like customer attitudes and hard part is market size, brand shares and so on. Quantitative researchers are different from qualitative researchers, they pay more attention to asking 'What' questions. Quantitative research often provides three aims: description, forecasting and decision-making. Quantitative market research means getting relevant information or measures from each single customer or shopper who are carrying out a census in the market. It is based on the strict sampling methods so that its data or results have levels of accuracy and can be taken to represent and stand for the population or to projecting.
If the survey results prove favorable, the company may decide to sell the new product on a small scale or regional basis. During this time, the company will distribute the products in one or more cities. The company will run advertisements and sales promotions for the product, tracking sales results to determine the products potential success.
Product life cycle
Product planning must also include managing the product through various stages of its product life cycle. These stages include the introduction, growth, maturity and decline stages. Sales are usually strong during the growth phase, while competition is low. However, continued success of the product will pique the interest of competitors, which will develop products of their own. The introduction of these competitive products may force a small company to lower its price. This low pricing strategy may help prevent the small company from losing market share. The company may also decide to better differentiate its product to keep its prices steady. For example, a small cell phone company may develop new, useful features on its cell phones that competitors do not have. Product life cycle can be viewed as an important source of investment decision for the company.
If a company or brand wants to make sure that its products are successful, it needs to study the product life cycle to analyze market attractiveness and supplement the conclusion before it launches a new product or enters a new market. Product life cycle plays an important role in marketing. The first reason is that the managers will follow the four stages to make product plans for pushing out new products. Secondly, the level and growth of sales will change a lot during the four stages so the managers need to adjust the product plan appropriately and timely. The last one is that the prices and costs will decrease markedly in the early stages of the product life cycle.
Introduction
The first stage is the introduction (or market development), when a product is first brought to market. The goal in this stage is to attract customersโ attention as much as possible and confirm the productsโ initial distribution. In this stage will be the first communication between marketers and customers relating to this product and will be the first time the consumer is aware of the product. In addition, the cost of the things will be high like research, testing and development and the sales are low as the customer base is small.
Growth
The second stage is growth. In this stage, the new products have been accepted in the market and their sales and profits has begun to increase, the competition has happened so that the company will promote their quality to stay competitive. The products also have basic consumersโ attention and can develop their loyal customers. There will have second communication as marketers can start to receive customersโ feedback and then make improvements.
Maturity
The third stage is maturity where the sales and profit have grown slowly and will reach their peak. The firm will face fierce competition in terms of providing high quality products.
Decline
The last stage is decline which means the product is going to end and be discontinued. The sales of product will decrease until it is no longer in demand as it has become saturated, all the customers who want to buy this product has already got that. Then the company or brand will cut down the old products and pays attention to designing and developing the new products to gain back the customer base, stay in the markets and make profits.
References
Product management |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A0%EB%B9%84%20%EB%8D%9C%EC%BC%90%ED%8D%BC | ์ ๋น ๋์ผํผ | ์ ๋น๊ฒ์ผ ๋ฆฐ ๋์ผํผ(, 1993๋
5์ 13์ผ ~ )๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์์ด๋ค. ํฌ์ง์
์ ์๋น์์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ๋
ธ์ค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋ ์ปค๋ฆฌ์ง์์ ํ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ด๋ฆฐ ์์
์ ๋น ๋์ผํผ๋ ํ์ค๋ฒ ์ด๋์์ฃผ ๋ญ์ปค์คํฐ์์ ์ค๋๋ฃจ ๋์ผํผ์ ์์ ๋์ผํผ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ธ๋ก ํ์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ์ ๋น ๋์ผํผ์๊ฒ๋ 2๋ช
์ ํ์ ๊ฐ ์์๊ณ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ ๋ฉ๋กํํฌ์์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์์ ์ ๋ณด๋ด๋ฉด์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒ์ ์ ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
2008๋
๋ถํฐ 2011๋
๊น์ง ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ ์ ์ํด์ ์์นํ ์ฌ๋ฆฝ ํ๊ต์ธ ์ธ์ดํฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ํํธ ํ๋ฆฌํจ๋ฌํธ๋ฆฌ ์ฐํ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ์์ ํ๋ํ๋ค. 2010๋
์๋ ๊ฒํ ๋ ์ด๊ฐ ์ ์ ํ ์ฌํด์ ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ฃผ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์, ์ก์ง ใํผ๋ ์ด๋ใ๊ฐ ์ ์ ํ ์ ๋ฏธ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์์ ์ ์ ๋๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์์๋ค. 2011๋
๋ถํฐ 2014๋
๊น์ง ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ ๋ํ๊ต ๋ก์ค์ค์ ค๋ ์ค ์ฐํ UCLA ๋ธ๋ฃจ์ธ์ค ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ๋จ์์ ํ๋ํ๋ค. 2013๋
์๋ UCLA ๋ธ๋ฃจ์ธ์ค์ ์ ๋ฏธ ๋ํ ์ฒด์ก ํํ(NCAA) ๋๋น์ I ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๊ณ 2014๋
์๋ ํผ๋ค ์คํฌ์ธ ์ถ๊ตฌ์์ ์์ํ๋ค.
ํด๋ฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
2013๋
์ USL W๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํด๋ฝ์ธ ํฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ธ๋ฃจ์ค์ ์
๋จํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 2013 USL W๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ์์ ํฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ธ๋ฃจ์ค์ ์จ์คํด ์ปดํผ๋ฐ์ค ์ฐ์น, W๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฑํผ์ธ์ญ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค. 2015๋
1์์๋ ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง ๋๋ํํธ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์จ์คํด ๋ด์ ํ๋์์ 3์์๋ก ์ง๋ช
๋์๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ํด 3์์ ์จ์คํด ๋ด์ ํ๋์์ ์
๋จํ๋ค.
2015๋
4์์ ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฐ๋ท ๋ฌด๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ก๊ณ 2015๋
10์์๋ ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ W๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ํด๋ฝ์ธ ์ ๋ค๋ ์ด๋ ์ ๋์ดํฐ๋์ ์๋๋์๋ค. 2015-16 ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ W๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ ์ข
๋ฃ์ ํจ๊ป ์จ์คํด ๋ด์ ํ๋์๋ก ๋ณต๊ทํ๊ณ 2016 ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ์์ ์จ์คํด ๋ด์ ํ๋์์ NWSL ์ฑํผ์ธ์ญ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
2017๋
์ ๋
ธ์ค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋ ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง๋ก ์ด์ ํ๋ค. 2017 ๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์์ฆ์์๋ ๋
ธ์ค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋ ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง์ NWSL ์ค๋ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๊ณ ํด๋น ์์ฆ์์ NWSL ์ฌํด์ ์๋น์, NWSL ๋ฒ ์คํธ ์ผ๋ ๋ธ์ ์ ์ ๋๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์์๋ค. 2018 ์์ฆ์์๋ ๋
ธ์ค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋ ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง์ NWSL ์ฑํผ์ธ์ญ ์ฐ์น, NWSL ์ค๋ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๊ณ ํด๋น ์์ฆ์์ NWSL ์ฌํด์ ์๋น์, NWSL ๋ฒ ์คํธ ์ผ๋ ๋ธ์ ์ ์ ๋๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์์๋ค.
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ
2013๋
์ ์ด๋ฆฐ 4๊ฐ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์น์ ํ ๋๋จผํธ์ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ U-23 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ์ผ๋ฉฐ 2014๋
์ ์ด๋ฆฐ 6๊ฐ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์น์ ํ ๋๋จผํธ์์๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ U-23 ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ๋ค.
2016๋
10์ 19์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์ค์์ค์์ ์นฏ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ๊ต์ฒด ์ถ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์๋ก ๋ฐ๋ทํ๋ค. 2017๋
6์๊น์ง๋ ํจํ์ฆ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ํ๋์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์ ์์ง๋์ง ์์์ง๋ง ํจํ์ฆ์์ ํ๋ณต๋ ์ดํ๋ถํฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ์์ ์ค์ ์๋น์๋ก ํ์ฝํ๋ค.
2017๋
6์ 11์ผ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ๋
ธ๋ฅด์จ์ด์์ ์น์ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก 90๋ถ ๋์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ค. 2017๋
์๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์ฒด 11๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ 10๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ 945๋ถ ๋์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์๋ฆฝํ๋ค. 2018๋
์๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์๋น๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ค์ปต ์ฐ์น, ํ ๋๋จผํธ ์ค๋ธ ๋ค์ด์
์ค ์ฐ์น, 2018๋
CONCACAF ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๊ณ ํ๋์ค์์ ๊ฐ์ต๋ 2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต์์๋ ๋ณธ์ 7๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ถ์ ํ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ํต์ฐ 4ํ ์ฐ์น์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ค.
์์
ํด๋ฝ
์จ์คํด ๋ด์ ํ๋์
NWSL ์ฑํผ์ธ์ญ 1ํ ์ฐ์น (2016)
๋
ธ์ค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋ ์ปค๋ฆฌ์ง
NWSL ์ฑํผ์ธ์ญ 1ํ ์ฐ์น (2018)
NWSL ์ค๋ 2ํ ์ฐ์น (2017, 2018)
๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํ
2018๋
์๋น๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ค์ปต ์ฐ์น
2018๋
ํ ๋๋จผํธ ์ค๋ธ ๋ค์ด์
์ค ์ฐ์น
2018๋
CONCACAF ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์๊ถ ๋ํ ์ฐ์น
2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐ์น
๊ฐ์ธ
2017 NWSL ์์ฆ ์ฌํด์ ์๋น์ ์ ์
2017 NWSL ์์ฆ ๋ฒ ์คํธ ์ผ๋ ๋ธ ์ ์
2018 NWSL ์์ฆ ๋ฒ ์คํธ ์ผ๋ ๋ธ ์ ์
์ธ๋ถ ๋งํฌ
์ ๋น ๋์ผํผ - ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐ๋งน
1993๋
์ถ์
์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๋
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ํํ ์ ์
์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์๋น์
์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ ๋ํ๊ต ๋ก์ค์ค์ ค๋ ์ค ๋๋ฌธ
2019๋
FIFA ์ฌ์ ์๋์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2020๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ ์ ์
2020๋
ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฆผํฝ ๋ฉ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธ
๋ด์
๋ ์๋ฏผ์ค ์ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์๊ธ๋๋์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ
์จ์คํด ๋ด์ ํ๋์์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์๊ธ๋๋์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์
์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฌ์ ์ถ๊ตฌ ์ ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abby%20Dahlkemper | Abby Dahlkemper | Abigail Lynn Dahlkemper (born May 13, 1993) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a defender for San Diego Wave FC of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) and the United States national team.
Early life
Dahlkemper was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and raised in Menlo Park, California. She has two brothers, Andrew (the oldest) and Joseph (the youngest) and is the daughter of Andrew and Susan Dahlkemper. She attended Sacred Heart Preparatory and played on the soccer team. In 2010, she was named Gatorade California Girls Soccer Player of the Year and a Parade All-American.
College career
In 2013, she helped the UCLA Bruins win their first ever NCAA National Championship. In 2014, Dahlkemper was awarded the Honda Sports Award.
Club career
In 2013, Dahlkemper signed with the Pali Blues in the W-League. The team won the western conference title as well as the national championship in July 2013.
Western New York Flash
In January 2015, Dahlkemper was selected by the Western New York Flash in the 2015 NWSL College Draft as the third overall pick. She was signed to the team in March and made her debut in April. Dahlkemper won the NWSL Championship with the Flash in 2016.
Adelaide United (loan)
In October 2015, Dahlkemper joined Adelaide United in the Australian W-League on loan for the 2015โ16 season.
North Carolina Courage
Dahlkemper became part of the North Carolina Courage in 2017 after the Western New York Flash was sold to the owners of North Carolina FC. She played every minute for the Courage in 2017 helping them win the NWSL Shield. Dahlkemper was named to the 2017 NWSL Best XI. Dahlkemper was voted NWSL Defender of the Year for the 2017 Season.
In 2018 Dahlkemper played 19 regular season games for North Carolina. She was an important part of North Carolina's defense which broke the record for fewest goals conceded and repeated as NWSL Shield winners. She was named to the 2018 NWSL Best XI and was a finalist for Defender of the year. North Carolina won the 2018 NWSL Championship with a 3โ0 win over Portland, and didn't concede any goals in the playoffs.
Manchester City
On January 16, 2021, Dahlkemper joined Manchester City of the English FA WSL on a two and a half year deal, becoming the third American international to sign for the club during the 2020โ21 season following Sam Mewis and Rose Lavelle's arrivals in summer.
On August 20, 2021, Manchester City announced that Dahlkemper had left the club.
Houston Dash
On August 29, 2021, Houston Dash announced that they had acquired Dahlkemper from the North Carolina Courage.
San Diego Wave
On November 22, 2021, Dahlkemper was announced as the first-ever player signing by NWSL expansion club San Diego Wave FC. Dahlkemper was plagued with injuries in 2022, including fracturing a rib in May, and dealing with a back injury causing her to miss games throughout the year. She was ultimately given a Season-Ending Injury designation in October 2022, missing the 2022 NWSL playoffs. Dahlkemper had surgery on her back in November 2022, stating on her social media it was transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) surgery to relieve her sciatic nerve pain.
Dahlkemper made her return to the field on August 5, 2023, in a Challenge Cup game against Angel City, and was named to NWSL's August Best XI of the Month in her first month back.
International career
In 2013, Dahlkemper represented the United States under-23 women's national soccer team at the 2013 Four Nations Tournament helping the under-23 team win the championship. She played in the 2014 Six Nations Tournament as a member of the under-23 team and helped lead the team to win the championship for a second time.
Dahlkemper received her first call-up to the U.S. Women's National Team in October 2016 for a set of friendlies against Switzerland. On October 19 she earned her first cap, as she came in as a second-half substitute. Due to a sepsis infection contracted at the end of 2016, Dahlkemper was unable to appear for the U.S. WNT until June 2017.
Following her recovery from sepsis, Dahlkemper quickly became a mainstay for the United States in central defense. She played her first 90 for the U.S. WNT against Norway on June 11, 2017. Dahlkemper would start 10 of the final 11 games of the year, accumulating 945 minutes in 2017, which was fifth highest on the team.
In 2018 Dahlkemper won the SheBelieves Cup and the Tournament of Nations with the U.S. WNT. On September 19, she was named to the final 20 player roster for the 2018 CONCACAF Women's Championship.
In 2019, Dahlkemper was the starting central defender for the national team beside Becky Sauerbrunn at the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup in France, marking her first World Cup appearance. Dahlkemper and goalkeeper Alyssa Naeher were the only players to start every match of the tournament for the United States, with Dahlkemper playing every minute of the team's seven games aside from coming off in the 82nd minute against Chile in the group stage. Dahlkemper and the United States defeated the Netherlands 2โ0 in the final to win the United States' fourth Women's World Cup title.
Personal life
In 2019, along with USWNT teammates Crystal Dunn, Megan Rapinoe, and Alex Morgan, Dahlkemper posed for the 2019 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue in Saint Lucia. She is married to Aaron Schoenfeld. They started dating in May 2019 and announced their engagement in December 2020. Shortly after, they got married in a private ceremony on January 5, 2021.
Career statistics
Club summary
.
World Cup appearances
Olympic appearances
Honors
UCLA
NCAA Women's Soccer Championship: 2013
Honda Sports Award 2014
United States
FIFA Women's World Cup: 2019
Olympic Bronze Medal: 2020
CONCACAF Women's Championship: 2018
CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament: 2020
SheBelieves Cup: 2018, 2020, 2021
Tournament of Nations: 2018
Western New York Flash
NWSL Champions: 2016
North Carolina Courage
NWSL Champions: 2018, 2019
NWSL Shield: 2017, 2018, 2019
San Diego Wave
NWSL Shield: 2023
Individual
NWSL Defender of the Year: 2017
NWSL Best XI: 2017, 2018, 2019
See also
List of United States women's international soccer players
List of UCLA Bruins people
List of Adelaide United FC club award winners
References
External links
US Soccer player profile
Western New York Flash player profile
UCLA player profile
1993 births
Living people
UCLA Bruins women's soccer players
American women's soccer players
Parade High School All-Americans (girls' soccer)
Soccer players from California
Pali Blues players
National Women's Soccer League players
Western New York Flash players
Adelaide United FC (A-League Women) players
Sportspeople from Lancaster, Pennsylvania
People from Menlo Park, California
Sportspeople from San Mateo County, California
Women's association football defenders
United States women's international soccer players
Western New York Flash draft picks
United States women's under-20 international soccer players
North Carolina Courage players
San Diego Wave FC players
Schools of the Sacred Heart alumni
2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players
FIFA Women's World Cup-winning players
Footballers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in soccer
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
21st-century American women
American expatriate sportspeople in England
American expatriate women's soccer players
American expatriate sportspeople in Australia
Expatriate women's footballers in England
Expatriate women's soccer players in Australia |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%BC%EB%A6%B0%20%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%8D%94%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%B8%A0%EC%97%AD | ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์๋ ์ฐ๋ํ๋ผ์ธ ์ญ | ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์๋ ์ฐ๋ํ๋ผ์ธ ์ญ()์ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ๋ฏธํ
๊ตฌ ๋ฏธํ
์ ์๋ ์ฒ ๋์ญ์ด๋ค. ์ง์์ญ์ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ๋์ฌ์ ์์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋๋์์ญ(Metropolbahnhof)์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅ๋๋ค. 2018๋
๊ธฐ์ค ์ผ์ผ S๋ฐ ์ด์ฉ๊ฐ ์๋ 14๋ง ๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ค์คํธํฌ๋ก์ด์ธ ์ญ, ํ๋ฆฌ๋๋ฆฌํ์ํธ๋ผ์ธ์ญ์ ์ด์ 3์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ์๋ค. 2019๋
๊ธฐ์ค ์ผ์ผ ์ด์ฉ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ์๋ 15๋ง 2000๋ช
์ผ๋ก ๋
์ผ ์ฒ ๋์ญ ์ค ์ต์์๊ถ 20์ ๋ด์ ์ํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์์๋ 6์์ ์ํ๋ค.
์งํ ๋์์ฒ ๋ ์ญ์ฌ๋ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ U๋ฐ์ ๋
ธ์ 3๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ ์ฐจํ๋ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ๋ฒ์ค ๋ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ๋
ธ๋ฉด์ ์ฐจ์์ ํ์น ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ญ์ธ๊ถ์๋ ํ
๋ ๋น์ ํ, ์ธ๊ณ์๊ณ๊ฐ ์๋ ์๋ ์ฐ๋ ๊ด์ฅ(Alexanderplatz)์ด ์๋ค.
๋์ฌ์
1875๋
์ฐฉ๊ณตํ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ๋์ฌ์ ์ ์ญ์ 1881๋
๋ถํฐ 1882๋
๊น์ง ๊ฑด์ค๋์๊ณ , ์ํ ์๋์๋ฅดํธ ์ผ์ฝฅ์คํ(Johann Eduard Jacobsthal)์ด ์ค๊ณํ๋ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์ฑ์ ํด์๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๊ณ ์์๋ ์พจ๋ํ์ค๊ทธ๋ผ๋ฒค(Kรถnigsgraben)์ ๋งค๋ฆฝํ ๋ถ์ง ์์ ๊ฑด์ค๋์๋ค. ์ญ์ฌ๋ 2๋ฉด 4์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฑด์ค๋์๊ณ , ์น๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ธธ์ด๋ 164 m, ์น๊ฐ์ฅ ์ง๋ถ์ ๋ฐ์ํ์ผ๋ก ๊ฑด์ค๋์๋ค. ์ญ์ ์ญ๋ฌด ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ๋์ฌ์ ๊ต๊ฐ ์๋์ ์ค์น๋์ด ์๋ค. ๊ทผ๊ต์ ์ด์ฐจ๋ 1882๋
2์ 7์ผ์ ์ต์ด๋ก ์ ์ฐจํ๊ณ , ์ฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ด์ฐจ๋ ๊ฐ์ ํด 5์ 15์ผ๋ถํฐ ์ ์ฐจํ๋ค.
1925๋
๋ถํฐ 1926๋
๊น์ง ํ๋ฆฌ๋๋ฆฌํ ํ ์ ์บํ(Friedrich Hรผlsenkampf)์ ์ค๊ณ๋ก ์ญ์ด ๊ฐ์ถ๋์๋ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ํฉ์ค์ ์ 1์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ์์๊ณผ ์ด์ธํ๋ ์ด์
์ผ๋ก ์ธํ์ฌ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ถ์คํด์ก๋ค. ๋
์ผ๊ตญ์์ฒ ๋์์๋ ์ญ ๊ฐ์ถ ๋น์์ ์กฐ๋ช
์์ค ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ด์ ์ ๋ง์ถ์๋ค.
1928๋
6์ 11์ผ๋ถํฐ S๋ฐ ์ ๋์ฐจ ์ดํ์ด ์์๋์๋ค. ์ดํ ์ด๊ธฐ์๋ ์ผ๋ถ ์ด์ฐจ๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ฐจ ๊ฒฌ์ธ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ์ ์ดํ๋์์ผ๋ ์๊ฐ์ด ์ง๋จ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ ๋ถ ์ ๋์ฐจ๋ก ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋์๋ค. 1929๋
๋ถํฐ 1932๋
๊น์ง ์งํ๋์๋ ๋์ฌ์ ๊ต๊ฐ์ ๊ฐํ์ ํจ๊ป ๋ํฉ์ค ๊ฐ์ถ์ด ์งํ๋์๋ค. ์ญ์ ์งํ์ธต์ ๊ฑด์คํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ๊ฑด์ค ๋น์์ ํ๋ณด๋์ด ์์๋ ์งํ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์งํ ๋์์ฒ ๋์ญ๊ณผ์ ์ง์ ํ์น ํต๋ก๊ฐ ๊ฐํต๋์๊ณ ์์ค์ปฌ๋ ์ดํฐ๊ฐ ์ค์น๋์๋ค.
์ 2์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์ ๋น์ ์ฐํฉ๊ตฐ์ ์ํ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์ ํญ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก 1943๋
11์ 23์ผ์ ์ญ์ด ํฌ๊ฒ ์์๋์๋ค. ์ฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ด์ฐจ๋ 1942๋
์ ์ดํ์ด ์ค๋จ๋์๊ณ , ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์ ํฌ ๋น์ 1945๋
4์์ S๋ฐ ์ดํ์ด ์ค๋จ๋์๋ค. S๋ฐ ์ฌ์ดํ์ 1945๋
11์ 4์ผ์ด ๋์ด์์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค. 1945๋
๋ง๋ถํฐ 1951๋
๊น์ง ํผํด ๋ณต๊ตฌ ๊ณต์ฌ๊ฐ ์งํ๋์๋ค.
1962๋
๋ถํฐ 1964๋
๊น์ง ์๋ด ๊ตํต์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ฐ์ถ๊ณต์ฌ๊ฐ ์งํ๋์๋ค. ํ์ค ์ํํ ๋ง์ด(Hans Joachim May), ๊ทํฐ ์๋๋ฆฌํ(Gรผnter Andrich)๊ฐ ์ฌํ์ฃผ์์ ๋์๋ฅผ ์ผ๋์ ๋๊ณ ์ค๊ณํ๋ค. ์ญ์ฌ ๋ฒฝ์ฒด๋ ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ก ๊ฐ์ถ๋์๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ฅ๋ฉด์ ํ๊ฐ์์ผ๋ก ๋ง๊ฐ๋์๋ค. ์ด์ ํจ๊ป ์งํ ํต๋ก๊ฐ ๊ฑด์ค๋์๋ค. ํํธ ์๋ ์ฐ๋ํ๋ผ์ธ ์ญ ๊ฑด์ค์ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ธ ๊ฑด์ค์์ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ ์๊ธ์ด ์๋
๋ง๋ฅดํฌ๋ก ์์ฌ๋์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ญ ์ค๊ณ์๋ค์ ์๊ธ์ ์๋ นํ ์ ์์๋ค.
๊ฐ์ถ ์ดํ S๋ฐ ์ดํ์ด 1942๋
๋ถํฐ ์์
์ ์ค๋จํ ์ฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์น๊ฐ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋์ฒด๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์น๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์ด๋ 70 cm์์ 96 cm๋ก ๋์์ก๋ค. ๋์ฌ์ ์ ์ต์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐจ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ 90์ด๋ฅผ ์ ์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ์ผ๋ถ S๋ฐ ์ด์ฐจ๊ตฐ์ ์ด ์ญ ๋ด์ ์์ ์ข
์ฐฉํ๊ณ , ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์น๊ฐ์ฅ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ ์ธ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ง์
ํ์ฌ ํ์ฐจํ๋ค.
๋์๋
ํต์ผ ์ดํ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ๋ด๊ฐ์์๋ ์ญ์ฌ ๋ฐ ๋์ฌ์ ๊ต๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ณด์๊ณต์ฌ๋ฅผ ์งํํ๊ณ , ๋์ด์ฒด ๋ฐ์์ ์ ํด ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์์
์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฐํ ๊ฒ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค. ๋ก๋ฒ ๋ฅดํธ ํ์ธ ๋์ค(Robert Paul Niess)์ ๋ ๋ฒ ์นด ์ฒด์คํธ๋(Rebecca Chestnutt)์ด ์ค๊ณํ๋ค. 1995๋
๋ถํฐ 1998๋
3์ 12์ผ๊น์ง ๊ณต์ฌ๊ฐ ์งํ๋์๋ค. ์ญ์ฌ ๊ฐ์ถ ์ดํ ์ญ ๋ด๋ถ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์๊ฐ, S๋ฐ ๊ณ ๊ฐ ์ผํฐ, DB ๊ณ ๊ฐ ์ผํฐ๊ฐ ์
์ฃผํ๋ค. S๋ฐ ์ด์ฐจ๋ 1998๋
๋ถํฐ ๋์ชฝ ์น๊ฐ์ฅ์๋ง ์ ์ฐจํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์ชฝ ์น๊ฐ์ฅ์ ์ฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ด์ฐจ์ฉ์ผ๋ก๋ง ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค.
๋์ ์ฒ ๋
์๋ ์ฐ๋ํ๋ผ์ธ ์ญ์ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ U๋ฐ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ท๋ชจ๊ฐ ํฐ ์ญ์ด๋ค. U2, U5, U8 ๋
ธ์ ์ ์ญ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋์ด ์๋ค. ์ญ์ฌ๋ Hํ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฐ์น๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, U2 ์งํ์ญ์ ๋์ชฝ, U8 ์งํ์ญ์ ์์ชฝ, U5 ์งํ์ญ์ ์ค๊ฐ์ ์์นํด ์๋ค. U2์ U8 ์น๊ฐ์ฅ์ U5 ์น๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ฐ ์๊ฐ๊ฐ ์๋ ๋ณ๋์ ํ์นํต๋ก๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋๋ค.
์ํ๋ ๋ ๊ทธ๋ ๋๋ฐ๋ฅด(Alfred Grenander)๊ฐ ์ค๊ณํ ํ์ฌ์ U2์ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์งํ์ฒ ์ญ์ 1913๋
7์ 1์ผ์ ์์
์ ์์ํ๋ค. ํฌ์ธ ๋ด ๊ด์ฅ์์ ์ํผํ
๋ง๋ฅดํฌํธ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น๋ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋
ธ์ ์ ๋์ชฝ ์ข
์ ์ด์๋ค. ์น๊ฐ์ฅ ์๋์๋ ํ๋ฆฌ๋๋ฆฌํ์คํ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์ฅ ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๊ณต๋ถ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ด ๊ฑด์ค๋ ์์ ์ด์์ผ๋ ์ 1์ฐจ ์ธ๊ณ ๋์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ์ฌ ์ง์ด์ง์ง ์์๋ค.
๋ช ๋
ํ AEG์์๋ ๋จ๋ถ๊ฐ ๋์์ฒ ๋ ๋
ธ์ (ํ์ฌ์ U8)์ ๊ฑด์คํ๋ ค๊ณ ์๋ํ๋ค. ๋์์ฒ ๋ ๊ฑด์ค์ ์ํด์ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ๋์ฌ์ ์์ชฝ์ ํฐ๋ ๊ตด์ฐฉ์ ์์ํ๋ค. AEG์ ์ฌ์ ์ ์ธ ์ด์ ๋ก ๋์์ฒ ๋ ๊ฑด์ค์ด ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํด์ง์ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์์์ ๋
ธ์ ์ ์ธ์ํ๋ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์์์๋ ํ์ฌ์ U2 ๋
ธ์ ๊ณผ์ ํ์น ํธ์๋ฅผ ์ํด์ ์๋ก์ด ๋
ธ์ ์ ์๋ ์ฐ๋ ๊ด์ฅ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ๋๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๊ณ , 1926๋
์ ๋์ฌ์ ์๋์ชฝ์ U8 ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐฉ๊ณตํ์ฌ 1930๋
4์ 18์ผ์ ๊ฐ์
ํ๋ค.
1926๋
/1927๋
์๋ ๋์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ์งํํ๋ ํ์ฌ์ U5 ๊ณต์ฌ๊ฐ ์์๋์๋ค. 2๋ฉด 4์ ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์ญ์ ๊ฑด์คํ์ฌ U2, U8 ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์งํ์์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐํ๋ ํํ๋ก ์ค๊ณ๋์๋ค. ์น๊ฐ์ฅ ์ธ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ถ๊ฐ ๋
ธ์ (๋ฐ์ด์ผ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์ผ๋ก ๊ณํ๋ U3)์ด ๊ฑด์ค๋ ์์ ์ด์์ผ๋ ์คํ๋์ง ์์๋ค. U5 ์ญ์ฌ๋ 1930๋
12์ 21์ผ์ ๊ฐ์
ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์งํ 11.25 m์ ์ง์ด์ก๋ค. U5, U8 ๋ฐ ์งํ ํ์นํต๋ก ์ญ์ ์ํ๋ ๋ ๊ทธ๋ ๋๋ฐ๋ฅด๊ฐ ์ค๊ณํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ์ฆ๋ฌผ์ฃผ์ ์์์ผ๋ก ํตํฉ๋ ํํ๋ก ์ค๊ณ๋์๋ค.
1961๋
๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์ฅ๋ฒฝ ๊ฑด์ค ๋น์ ์๋ ์ฐ๋ํ๋ผ์ธ ์ญ์๋ ๋์๋
๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ๊ฒ๋ฌธ์๊ฐ ์ค์น๋์ง ์์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, U8 ์ญ์ฌ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋
ธ์ ์ ์ญ์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋์ด ์ ๋ น์ญ์ด ๋์๊ณ ์ถ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ํ์๋์๋ค. ์๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋๋ ๋
ธ์ ์ด ์๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ์ต๋ํ ์จ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์ํด์, U8 ์น๊ฐ์ฅ์ ๊ฐ๋ก๋ง์ ๋ฒฝ์ ์ญ์ฌ ๋ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ ์ฌํ ํ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๊ฐ๋์๊ณ ์ง์์ ์ญ๋ช
ํ๋ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋์๋ค. ๋๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์์ ๊ณ์ ์ดํํ๋ U2 ์ญ์ฌ๋ 1972๋
์๋ ์ฐ๋ํ๋ผ์ธ ํ์ฌ ์ดํ ๊ฐ์ถ๋์๋ค.
๋
์ผ์ ์ฌํต์ผ ์ดํ ์ญ ๊ฐ๋ณด์๊ณต์ฌ์ ์ฝ 3600๋ง ์ ๋ก๊ฐ ํฌ์
๋์๋ค. U8 ์ญ์ฌ๋ ์ฌ๊ฐํต์ ์ํด์ 1990๋
5์ 17์ผ๋ถํฐ 6์ 30์ผ๊น์ง ๊ฐ๋ณด์๊ณต์ฌ๊ฐ ์งํ๋์๋ค. ์ญ ์ ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ํฐํค์ ์์ ํ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๊ฐ๋์๋ค. U5, U8 ์ญ์ฌ๋ ์น๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ฐ๋ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ ํ๊ฐ์์ด ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๊ณ , U2 ์น๊ฐ์ฅ์ ๊ฑด์ถ์ ์ฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ผ๋ก ์ธํ์ฌ ์๋ก์ด ์์คํํธ ํฌ์ฅ์ด ์งํ๋์๋ค. ์๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํฐ ์ค์น๋ฅผ ์ํด์ ์ผ๋ถ ์ถ์
๊ตฌ๋ ์ฌ๋ฐฐ์น๋์๋ค. ์ต์ข
์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํฐ ์ด 4๊ธฐ, ๊ณ๋จ 86๊ฐ, ์ถ๊ตฌ 9๊ณณ์ด ์ค์น๋์๋ค. U2 ์ญ์ฌ๋ 2001๋
1์๋ถํฐ 2001๋
3์๊น์ง, U5 ์ญ์ฌ๋ 2003๋
2์๋ถํฐ 2004๋
9์๊น์ง ๊ฐ๋ณด์๊ณต์ฌ๊ฐ ์งํ๋์๋ค. ์งํ์๊ฐ ๋ถ๋์ชฝ์๋ DAISY ์์คํ
์ค์ ์ ์ด์๊ฐ ์ค์น๋์๋ค. 2012๋
6์์๋ ์ญ์ฌ ๋ด์ ์๋ก์ด BVG ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ผํฐ๊ฐ ์ค์น๋์๋ค.
์ธ์์
์ญ ์์ชฝ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ธ์์ 4์ ์ด ์ค์น๋์ด ์์๋ค. 1920๋
๋ ๋
ธ์ ๊ฑด์ค ๋น์์ ๋ณต์ธตํ ์ญ์ฌ๋ก ์ค๊ณํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ์ธต ์ญ์ฌ๋ ๋ชจ๋๋ก ์ฑ์ ๋์๋ค. 2010๋
๋์ U5 ๋
ธ์ ์ ์๋ถ ์ฐ์ฅ ๊ณต์ฌ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ ์๊ณต๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. 2016๋
์์ ์ธ์์ ๊ณต์ฌ๊ฐ ์์๋์ด 2์ ์ ๋ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ํธ์
๋์๊ณ , ๋ค์ ์ญ์ธ ๋กํ
์ค ๋ผํธํ์ฐ์ค์ญ์ด ๋ณต์ธตํ์ผ๋ก ๊ฑด์ค๋์๊ณ ํ์ธต๋ถ์๋ ์ธ์์ 4์ ์ด ์ค์น๋์๋ค. 2020๋
12์ 4์ผ ๋ธ๋๋ด๋ถ๋ฅด๊ฑฐ ํ ์ด-์๋ ์ฐ๋ํ๋ผ์ธ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๊ฐํต ์ดํ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์ค์์ญ๊น์ง ์ฐ์ฅ๋์๋ค. ์ธ์์ ์ U8 ๋
ธ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ์ด์ ํฐ๋(Waisentunnel) ๋ฐ U2 ๋
ธ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ ์ธ ํด๋ก์คํฐํฐ๋(Klostertunnel)๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋์ด ์๋ค.
์ธ์ ์ ์ฐจ์ญ
๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ๋ฒ์ค ๋ฐ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ๋
ธ๋ฉด์ ์ฐจ ๋
ธ์ ๊ณผ ํ์น ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์งํ์ฒ ์ญ
๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ S๋ฐ์ญ
๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์ ์ฒ ๋์ญ
1882๋
๊ฐ์
ํ ์ฒ ๋์ญ
๋ฏธํ
๊ตฌ์ ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผ
๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์งํ์ฒ 2ํธ์
๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์งํ์ฒ 5ํธ์
๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์งํ์ฒ 8ํธ์ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin%20Alexanderplatz%20station | Berlin Alexanderplatz station | Berlin Alexanderplatz is a German railway station in the Mitte district of Berlin's city centre. It is one of the busiest transport hubs in the Berlin area. The station takes its name from its location on Alexanderplatz, near the Fernsehturm and the World Clock.
Overview
Like other long-distance stations, Alexanderplatz is also a shopping centre for selling merchandise to travellers. Due to its importance and central location, it is a site where tourists regularly change. Alexanderplatz thereby became the second major hub of the Berlin U-Bahn network, behind Nollendorfplatz station.
Four Regional-Express and Regionalbahn lines, as well as S-Bahn lines S3, S5, S7, and S9, call at the overground station. The adjacent underground station is one of the largest on the Berlin U-Bahn network, with lines U2, U5, and U8 stopping there. The station is also served by four tram lines, as well as four bus lines during the day and many night bus lines.
History
Alexanderplatz station opened on 7 February 1882 on the Berlin Stadtbahn viaduct from Charlottenburg to Ostbahnhof (then named Schlesischer Bahnhof). In 1926, the station hall, spanning two platforms with four tracks, was rebuilt in its present plain style. Heavily damaged in World War II, train service at the station resumed on 4 November 1945, while the reconstruction of the hall continued until 1951.
The first station of the present U-Bahn line U2, designed by Alfred Grenander, entered service on 1 July 1913; the station was then the eastern terminus of Berlin's second line from Potsdamer Platz via Spittelmarkt. The platforms of lines U8 and U5 opened on 18 April 1930 and 21 December 1930 respectively, also built according to Grenander's conception, but in a distinct Modern style. The U2 station was also renovated after the Alexanderplatz fire in 1972.
The eastern entrances were destroyed on 15 March 1945.
The U8 station was also a ghost station during the division of Berlin from 13 August 1961 to 1 July 1990. The stationmaster's offices were also built; these were shifted and walls were removed. The entrance at Dirksenstraรe had to be made accessible again, just like the connecting stairs to the mall and to the platforms of Line E. Besides that, the intercommunication staircase was also built towards Line E so that it would go through the dimly lit platforms. Stainallee was renamed a few months after the closure of the stairs. In all cases, the U-Bahn stations had to be recognizable as such on the surface. The U-Bahn logo has been removed in recent years. The station also had to undergo renovation works from 17 May to 30 June 1990 before the full reopening on 1 July 1990.
The U2 station was renovated between January and March 2001. The U5 station was renovated between February 2003 and September 2004; it was the western terminus of the line from 1930 to December 2020, when it was extended to Berlin Hauptbahnhof.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Gallery
References
U2 (Berlin U-Bahn) stations
U5 (Berlin U-Bahn) stations
U8 (Berlin U-Bahn) stations
Alexanderplatz
Alexanderplatz
Alexanderplatz
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1882
Transit centers in Germany |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EB%86%8D%EA%B5%AC%202019-20 | ํ๊ตญํ๋ก๋๊ตฌ 2019-20 | 2019-2020 ํ๋๋ชจ๋น์ค ํ๋ก๋๊ตฌ๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ํ๋ก๋๊ตฌ 24๋ฒ์งธ ์์ฆ์ด๋ค. ์ด 10๊ฐ ๊ตฌ๋จ์ด ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ฉฐ 2019๋
10์ 5์ผ์ ๊ฐ๋ง ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ฉฐ ํ๋น 54๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ(๋ผ์ด๋ ๋ก๋น๋ฐฉ์, ํ 27๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ์์ 27๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ)๋ฅผ ์น๋ฅธ๋ค.
์ง์ญ๋ณ ํ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ฅ
์์ฆ ํ์
์ด๋ฒ ์์ฆ๋ถํฐ ํ๋ก๋๊ตฌ ์ค๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์ก์ฌ๊ฐ ์ข
์ MBC ์คํฌ์ธ ํ๋ฌ์ค์์ SPOTV๋ก ๋ณ๊ฒฝ๋์๋ค.
์ธ์ฒ ์ ์๋๋ ์์์ด์๋ ์ ๋ณ๊ตญ์ด ๊ณต์ฐ์๋ ํ์๋ก KBL์์ ์ ๋ช
๋์๋ค.
์ฐฝ์ LG๊ฐ ์ด๋ฒ ์์ฆ ์ ๊น์ข
๊ท์ FA ํ์์ ๋ฒ์ธ ๋์ค ๊ตฌ๋จ ์ง์์ด ๋ถ๋ฒ๋
น์ทจ๋ฅผ ํด ๋
ผ๋์ด ์ผ์๋ค. LG๋ ์ด ๋
น์ทจํ์ผ์ ๋น๋ฏธ๋ก ํฌํผ๋ง์ ์ ๊ธฐํ์ผ๋ ์ฌ์ ์์ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํฌํผ๋ง ๋ถ์ธ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด ๋ฌ๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, ๊น์ข
๊ท๋ LG์์ ํ์์ด ๊ฒฐ๋ ฌ๋์๊ณ , ์์ฃผ DB๋ก ์ด์ ์ด ํ์ ๋์ด, 5๋
๊ฐ, 12์ต 7์ฒ 9๋ฐฑ๋ง์์ด๋ผ๋ ํ๋ก๋๊ตฌ ์ฌ์ ์ฒซ 10์ต ์๋๋ฅผ ์ฐ ์ ์๋ก ์ฐ๋ดํน์ ์ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ฌ์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก 10์ต ์ฐ๋ด์ ๋ฌ์ฑํ ์ ์๋ ๊น์ข
๊ท๊ฐ ์ฒ์์ด๋ค.
ํ๋ก๋๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋ง์ ํ ๋ฌ ์๋๊ณ ์์ธ SK ๋์ด์ธ ์ ์ ์ฌํ์ด 9์ 3์ผ ๊ฐ์์ค๋ฐ ์ฌ์ ์ง๋ก ์ฌ๋งํ์๋ค.
์ธ์ฐ ํ๋๋ชจ๋น์ค์ ์ ์ฃผ KCC๊ฐ ์ด๋ํ ํธ๋ ์ด๋๋ฅผ ๋จํํ์๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ์ด๋์ฑ๊ณผ ๋ผ๊ฑด์๋ ์ ์ฃผ KCC๋ก, ๋ฆฌ์จ ์๋ฆฌ์์ค์ ๊น๊ตญ์ฐฌ, ๋ฐ์งํ, ๊น์ธ์ฐฝ์ ์ธ์ฐ ํ๋๋ชจ๋น์ค๋ก ์ด์ ํ์๋ค.
๊ณ ์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์จ ์ค๋ฆฌ์จ์ค์ ์ถ์ผ์น ๊ฐ๋
์ด ์ฑ์ ๋ถ์ง์ ์ฑ
์์ ์ง๊ณ ์์ง ์ฌํดํ์๋ค. ๋จ์ ์์ฆ ๋์ ๊น๋ณ์ฒ ์ฝ์น๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋
๋ํ์ ๋งก์ ์์ ์ด๋ค.
์ฝ๋ก๋19 ํ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๋จ์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ฌด๊ด์ค์ผ๋ก ์งํํ๊ฒ ๋์, ๋ถ์ฐ KT ์๋๋ถ์ ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ ๋ฉ๋ฆฐ์ค์ ์ ์ํผ์ ๋์ฒด ์ ์๋ก ๋ค์ด์จ ์จ๋ฐ ๋ํ, ๊ณ ์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์จ ์ค๋ฆฌ์จ์ค์ ๋ณด๋ฆฌ์ค ์ฌ๋ณด๋น์น๊ฐ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๅ
ง ์ฝ๋ก๋ ํ์ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ๋๋ ค์ ๋์ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋์ค ๋ฌผ๋ฌ๋๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ, ์ ์ฃผ KCC ์ด์ง์ค์ ์์์ธ ์ ์ฃผ ๋ผ๋ง๋ค ํธํ
์์ ์ฝ๋ก๋19์ ํ์ง์๊ฐ ๋ค๋
๊ฐ๋จ ์ฌ์ค์ด ์ฌ๋ ๋ฌธ์๋ฅผ ํตํด ์๋ ค์ง์, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ๋ก๋๊ตฌ ์ ๊ท๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๊ฐ 4์ฃผ ๋์ ์ค๋จ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋, ์ฝ๋ก๋19 ๋ฒ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ฌ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ถํฌ๋ช
ํด์ก๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ถ๋ฒ 23๋
๋ง์ ํ๋ ์ด์คํ๋ ์ด๋ฆฌ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ข
๋ฃ๋์๋ค.
์ ๋ ๋ณํ
๊ตฌ๋จ๋ณ ์บ์นํ๋ ์ด์ฆ (์ฌ๋ก๊ฑด)
์ธ์ฐ ํ๋๋ชจ๋น์ค ํผ๋ฒ์ค : Crazy for you
๊ณ ์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์จ ์ค๋ฆฌ์จ์ค : Fan, Fun, Fighting Always Orion!
์์ KGC์ธ์ผ๊ณต์ฌ : Fandom with fans
์ ์ฃผ KCC ์ด์ง์ค : We are the one
์์ธ ์ผ์ฑ ์ฌ๋์ค : SHARE THE GAME, SHARE THE DREAM
์์ฃผ DB ํ๋ก๋ฏธ : Victory, Our Promise
๋ถ์ฐ kt ์๋๋ถ : Boom Up!
์ธ์ฒ ์ ์๋๋ ์๋ฆฌํ์ธ : Beyond Imagination
์์ธ SK ๋์ด์ธ : SK ํ๋ณต๋๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๋์์๋ค! ์ด๋ฆฌ์ง๋ฌ!!
์ฐฝ์ LG ์ธ์ด์ปค์ค : ํฌ ์ฌ๋ ์ฐฝ์LG, ์๋ก์ด ๋น์ ์ธ์ด์ปค์ค!
์ ์ ์ํด
์์ฃผ DB ํ๋ก๋ฏธ : ๊น์ฐ์ฌ, ๋
ธ์น์ค, ์ด๊ด์ฌ, ์ด์ง์ด, ์ฃผ๊ธด์
์ธ์ฐ ํ๋๋ชจ๋น์ค ํผ๋ฒ์ค : ๊น์ค, ๊นํํ, ๋ฌธํ์ข
, ์ด๋ฏผ์
์ธ์ฒ ์ ์๋๋ ์๋ฆฌํ์ธ : ์ต์ฐ์ฐ
์ ์ฃผ KCC ์ด์ง์ค : ๋ฐ์ค์ฐ, ํ์น์ง
์์ KGC ์ธ์ผ๊ณต์ฌ : ์ฅ๊ทํธ
๊ณ ์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์จ ์ค๋ฆฌ์จ์ค : ์ฑ์ฌ์ค
๋ถ์ฐ kt ์๋๋ถ : ๊น๋ช
์ง
์์ธ ์ผ์ฑ ์ฌ๋์ค : ์ฐจ๋ฏผ์, ์๋์ฉ, ์ฅ๋ฒ์ค
์ ์ ์ด์
์์ ๊ณ์ฝ
๊น์ข
๊ท (์ฐฝ์ LG โ ์์ฃผ DB)
์ ์ฐฝ์ (์ฐฝ์ LG โ ์ ์ฃผ KCC)
์ ํํ (์ ์ฃผ KCC โ ์์ธ SK)
์ ํฌ์ฌ (์ ์ฃผ KCC โ ์ฐฝ์ LG)
๊น์น์ (์์ KGC โ ์์ธ SK)
์ตํ๋ฏผ (์์ KGC โ ์ ์ฃผ KCC)
๊น์๊ท (์ธ์ฒ ์ ์๋๋ โ ์ธ์ฐํ๋๋ชจ๋น์ค)
๊น๋๋ (์ธ์ฐ ํ๋๋ชจ๋น์ค โ ์ฐฝ์ LG)
๋ฐ๋ณ์ฐ (์์ฃผ DB โ ์ฐฝ์ LG)
ํ์ ์ (์์ฃผ DB โ ์ ์ฃผ KCC)
์ฌ์ธ&ํธ๋ ์ด๋
์์ธ ์ผ์ฑ ์ฌ๋์ค(๊นํ์ ) โ ์์ฃผ DB ํ๋ก๋ฏธ(์ ํฌ์)
์์ฃผ DB ํ๋ก๋ฏธ(๋ฐ์งํ) โ ์ ์ฃผ KCC ์ด์ง์ค(๊น๋ฏผ๊ตฌ)
๊ตฐ ์
๋
์์ธ SK ๋์ด์ธ : ๊น๊ฑด์ฐ, ์ดํ์, ์ต์ํ
๊ณ ์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์จ ์ค๋ฆฌ์จ์ค : ๊น์ง์
์ธ์ฐ ํ๋๋ชจ๋น์ค ํผ๋ฒ์ค : ์ ์ฑํธ
์์ฃผ DB ํ๋ก๋ฏธ : ์ด์ฐ์
์์ธ ์ผ์ฑ ์ฌ๋์ค : ์ ์ค์
์ ์ฃผ KCC ์ด์ง์ค : ๋ฐ์ธ์ง
์ฐฝ์ LG ์ธ์ด์ปค์ค : ์ ํด์
์ธ์ฒ ์ ์๋๋ ์๋ฆฌํ์ธ : ์ ํจ๊ทผ
์์ KGC ์ธ์ผ๊ณต์ฌ : ๋ฐ์ฌํ.๋ฐ์งํ.์๊ธฐ์
๋ณด์ ์ ์
์๋ฏผ์ (์์ฃผ DB โ ์ฐฝ์ LG)
ํธ๋ ์ด๋
์์ฆ ์
์ดํ๋ฏผ (์ ์ฃผ KCC โ ๊ณ ์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์จ)
์ด์ง์ฑ (๊ณ ์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์จ โ ์ ์ฃผ KCC)
๋ฐ์ฑ์ง (์ธ์ฒ ์ ์๋๋ โ ์ ์ฃผ KCC)
์์ฆ ์ค
์ธ์ฐ ํ๋๋ชจ๋น์ค ํผ๋ฒ์ค (๋ผ๊ฑด์, ์ด๋์ฑ) โ ์ ์ฃผ KCC ์ด์ง์ค (๋ฆฌ์จ ์๋ฆฌ์์ค, ๋ฐ์งํ, ๊น๊ตญ์ฐฌ, ๊น์ธ์ฐฝ)
์ธ๊ตญ์ธ์ ์
์์ฆ ์
์์ฃผ DB : ์น๋๋ ์ค๋์์ฟ . ์นผ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ
์ฐฝ์ LG : ์บ๋ ๋ผ๋ , ๋ผํด ์๋์ค
์์ธ SK : ์ ๋ฐ ํค์ธ์ฆ, ์๋ฐ ์๋
๋ถ์ฐ KT : ๋ฐ์ด๋ฐ ๋ฉ๋ฆฐ์ค, ์จ๋ฐ ๋ํ
์์ธ ์ผ์ฑ : ๋ ๋ฏธ๋ค๋ผ์ค, ์ ์์ค ํฐ์จ
์์ KGC : ๋ธ๋๋ ๋ธ๋ผ์ด, ๋ด์ ค ๋ณด์ธ์ค
์ ์ฃผ KCC : ์ฐฐ์ค ๋ก๋, ๋ผ๊ฑด์
๊ณ ์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์จ : ๋ณด๋ฆฌ์ค ์ฌ๋ณด๋น์น, ์๋๋ฆฌ์ ์ ํฐ
์ธ์ฒ ์ ์๋๋ : ๋จธํผ ํ ๋ก์จ์ด, ํธ๋ก์ด ๊ธธ๋ ์ํฐ
์ธ์ฐ ํ๋๋ชจ๋น์ค :๋ฆฌ์จ ์๋ฆฌ์์ค, ์๋ฉ์นด ์ค์นดํฌ
์ฌ๊ณ์ฝ
์ธ์ฐ ํ๋๋ชจ๋น์ค : ์ค์ฉ์ค, ์๋๊ทผ, ์ต์งํ, ํจ์งํ
์์ธ ์ผ์ฑ : ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ๋ฅ
์์ธ SK : ๊น์ฐ๊ฒธ, ์ต๋ถ๊ฒฝ
๊ณ ์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์จ : ๋ฐ์์ค
์ธ์ฒ ์ ์๋๋ : ๋ฐ๋ด์ง, ์ ์์ผ, ์ฐจ๋ฐ์, ํ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ
์ ์ฃผ KCC : ์ ๋ช
ํธ
๋ถ์ฐ kt : ๊น์คํ, ๊น์ํ
์์ฃผ DB : ๊นํํ, ๊นํํธ
์์ KGC : ๋ฐฐ๋ณ์ค, ์ํฌ์ข
์ฐฝ์ LG : ๊น์๋, ์ด์๋
3์ฐจ ์ฌ๊ณ์ฝ
์ด๋ฏผ์ฌ (์์ KGC ์ธ์ผ๊ณต์ฌ)
๊น๋ฏผ๊ตฌ (์ ์ฃผ KCC ์ด์ง์ค)
๊ณ์ฝ ๋ฏธ์ฒด๊ฒฐ
์์ ํ (์ฐฝ์ LG ์ธ์ด์ปค์ค)
์ ์ธ ์ง๋ช
์ ์
์ ๊ท ์์ฆ ์์
ํต๊ณ
ํ๋ ์ด์คํ
ํ๊ตญํ๋ก๋๊ตฌ ์์ฆ
2019๋
๋๊ตฌ
2020๋
๋๊ตฌ
์ฝ๋ก๋19 ๋ฒ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์๋ ์คํฌ์ธ ํ์ฌ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320%20KBL%20season | 2019โ20 KBL season | The 2019-20 KBL season was the 24th season of the Korean Basketball League (KBL), the highest level of basketball in South Korea. Ulsan Hyundai Mobis Phoebus was the defending champion.
On 24 March 2020, the KBL decided to cancel the remainder of the season because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Initially some games in February were played behind closed doors but, as with other domestic sports leagues, government restrictions forced the KBL to forfeit the rest of the season. Hence there was no Play-offs MVP awarded this season.
The KBL, as it announced the cancellation of the remainder of the regular season and the playoffs, said no champions would be crowned this season. The Seoul SK Knights and the Wonju DB Promy went into the record books as the co-first-placed teams in the regular season.
Clubs
Regular season
Source:
Individual awards
Yearly awards
Most Valuable Player: Heo Hoon (Busan KT Sonicboom)
Foreign Player of the Year: Jameel Warney (Seoul SK Knights)
Coach of the Year: Lee Sang-beom (Wonju DB Promy)
Rookie of the Year: Kim Hoon (Wonju DB Promy)
KBL Best 5
Heo Hoon (Busan KT Sonicboom)
Kim Jong-kyu (Wonju DB Promy)
Song Kyo-chang (Jeonju KCC Egis)
Jameel Warney (Seoul SK Knights)
Cady Lalanne (Changwon LG Sakers)
Sixth Man Award: Choi Sung-won (Seoul SK Knights)
Skill Development Award: Kim Nak-hyeon (Incheon Electroland Elephants)
Defensive Best 5
Moon Seong-gon (Anyang KGC)
Chinanu Onuaku (Wonju DB Promy)
Choi Sung-won (Seoul SK Knights)
Lee Seoung-hyun (Goyang Orion Orions)
Jang Jae-seok (Goyang Orion Orions)
Defensive Player of the Year: Moon Seong-gon (Anyang KGC)
Fair Play Award: Ham Ji-hoon (Ulsan Hyundai Mobis Phoebus)
Individual statistic leaders
Round MVP
The season was cancelled in the middle of the fifth round. As a result, there was no round MVP awarded for the fifth and sixth rounds. The following players were named MVP of the Round:
Round 1: Heo Hoon (Busan KT Sonicboom)
Round 2: Choi Jun-yong (Seoul SK Knights)
Round 3: Song Kyo-chang (Jeonju KCC Egis)
Round 4: Doo Kyung-min (Wonju DB Promy)
Records
On 9 November 2019, Lee Dae-sung set a new record for double-doubles (points and assists, 30 or more points) among domestic players. He scored 30 points and recorded 15 assists. Johnny McDowell holds the overall record, with 36 points and 15 assists.
On 9 February 2020, Heo Hoon put up 24 points and 21 assists and became the first player in KBL history to achieve the "20โ20" in points scored and assists. Previously, the "20โ20" record had only been achieved in the categories of scoring and rebounding. Heo's 21 assists is the second highest record for assists achieved in a single game. Kim Seung-hyun holds the all-time record, with 23 assists, but it was achieved in overtime while Heo's record was achieved in regular time.
References
External links
Korean Basketball League seasons
KBL season |
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9D%BC%EC%99%80%ED%81%AC%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1 | ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ | ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ ๋๋ ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ด์กฑ์ ๋จ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ด ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ์ด์กฑ ์ค ํ๋์ด๋ค. ์ฝ 60๊ฐ์ ์ธ์ด๊ฐ ์ํ๋ค. ๋จ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์์ ๊ธฐ์ํ์ฌ ์ค์์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด, ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธํด์ ๋์คํธ๋ฆฌ์ค์ ๋, ์ค๋๋ ์ ๋ฐํ๋ง ์ง์ญ๊น์ง๋ ํผ์ ธ๋๊ฐ๋ค. ์ค๋๋ ๋จ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ค ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ด ์๋ ๋๋ผ๋ ์์ฝฐ๋๋ฅด, ์ฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด, ์น ๋ ๋ฟ์ด๋ค. ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ์ ๊ฐ์ค์์ ํ๋ ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ์ ์ํ๋ ์ธ์ด๋ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณํต์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๋ค.
โ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ด์กฑโ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ 1782๋
ํ๋ฆฌํฌ ์ง๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ถ์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก, ๊ทธ์ ๋น๊ต์ธ์ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ด๊ฐ ๋์๋ ๋ฒ ๋ค์์๋ผ์ ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ด์์ ๋ฐ์๋ค. ํ ์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ค ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ด์กฑ์ ๋ณด๋ค ๋ฌธํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ค์ํ ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ฐ โ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑโ์ด๋ผ๋ ์๋ก์ด ์ฉ์ด๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ดํ ๋ถ๋ฏธ ํ์๋ค์ ํ๋ ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ ๊ฐ์ค์ ์ ์ํ์ฌ โ์๋ผ์ํฌโ๋ผ๋ ์ฉ์ด์ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ์ฅ์์ผฐ๊ณ , ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ โ๋ง์ดํธ๋ โ๋ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ์ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํค๋ ์ฉ์ด๋ก ๋ถํํ์๋ค. ์์ธํ ๋ด์ฉ์ ์๋ผ์ํฌ ๋ ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ๋ฌธ๋จ์ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ๋ผ.
๋ถ๋ฅ
์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด ์ค์๋ ์ฌ์ด๊ฐ ๋์๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๋น์ฝํ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ง์์ ๋ถ๋ฅํ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ฝ์ง ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ง๋ง ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ํ์๋ค์ด ์ธ์ ํ๋ ํ์ ๋ถ๊ธฐ๊ตฐ๋ ์ฌ๋ฟ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ์ ๋ถ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ดํ์ ๋จ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ดํ๋ก ๋๋๋ ๋ฐ ๋ง์ ํ์๋ค์ด ๋์ํ์ง๋ง, ๋ชจ๋ ์ธ์ด๊ฐ ๋ ์ง๋จ ์ค ํ๋์ ์ํ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋ ๋ณด์ฅ์ ์๋ค. ๋ค์ ๋ถ๊ธฐ๊ตฐ ์ค ์ฒซ ์ธ ๊ฐ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ํ์๊ฐ ์ธ์ ํ๋ค.
์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธ ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ดํ = ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธ ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ดํ, ํ ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ดํ, ํ ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ดํ
์๋ง์กด์๋ฅ ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ดํ = ๋ถ์๋ง์กด ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ดํ = ๋ด๋ฅ ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ดํ
์ค์์๋ผ์ํฌ์ดํ = ํ๋ ์ยท์ฑ๊ตฌ์ดํ = ํ๋ ์ยท์์ฐ๋ผ์ดํ = ์ค์๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ดํ
ํผ๋ก์ดํ = ํธ๋ฃจ์ค์ดํ
์บํ์ดํ = ์ (ๅ)์๋ฐ์ค ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ดํ
Kaufman (1994)
๋ค์์ ์ ์ ์ ์ธ ๋ถ๋ฅ๋ Kaufman (1994:57-60)์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๋ถ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ดํ
์๋ง์กด์๋ฅ ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ดํ
ํด์
์๋ฃจ์์ด โ
์ํผ์ค๋์ดํ: ์ํ ๋ผ๋ค์ด, ๋งํผ๋์์ด, ์ํผ์ค๋์ด
ํ ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ดํ
ํ๋ฆฌ์ฟ ๋ฅด์ดํ
ํ๋ฆฌ์ฟ ๋ฅด์ด
๋ง๋ผ์์ด โ
๋จ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ดํ
์๋จ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ดํ
์๋ฌด์์ค์ด
์ฐจ๋ฏธ์ฟ ๋ก์ด
์ค์๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ดํ
๋จ๋ถ ์ธ๊ณฝ
ํ
๋ ๋์ด (๋ฐฉ์ธ: ํค๋ํค๋์ค, ํ
๋ ๋, ๊ตฌ์๋, ์ฐจ๋ค)
๋ชจํธ์ด๊ตฐ
๋ชจํธ์ด
๋ฐ์ฐ๋ ์ด
ํ์ฐ๋์นด์ด
ํผ๋ก์ดํ
์บํ์ดํ
์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋ํด โ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ์ด์ง๋ง ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ๊ณํต์ด ์๋๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ถ๋ฅํ๊ธฐ์๋ ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ๋๋ฌด ๋ถ์กฑํโ(Kaufman 1994: 58) ์ธ์ด๋ค๋ก ๋ค์์ด ์๋ค.
์
ฐ๋ฐ์ผ์ด โ
๋ผํ์ถ์ด โ
๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ด
โ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑโ์ผ๋ก ์ธ๊ธ๋ ๋๋ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ด๋ก ๋ค์์ด ์๋ค.
์ด๋ฃจ๋ง์ด
์ ์ธ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ ํฌํจํ๋ฉด ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ์๋ 64๊ฐ์ ์ธ์ด๊ฐ ์ํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ค ๋ค์ 29๊ฐ ์ธ์ด๋ ์ฌ๋ฉธํ๋ค. ์์ด๋๋ง์ด, ๋ง๋ฆฌ์ํ
์ด, ์๋์ฐ์ผ์ด, ์๋ง๋ฆฌ์ฌ๋์ด, ์ ๋ง๋์ด, ํ์ธ์ด, ์นด์์ค๋์ด, ๊ฐ๋ฃจ์ด, ๋ง๋ผ์์ด, ๊ธฐ๋์ค์ด, ์ผ๋นํ
๋ก์ด, ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ด, ๋ง๋์ค์ด, ์นด๋ฆฌ์์ด์ด, ์๋ผ์ด์ฟ ์ด, ์ผ๋ฐ์๋์ด, ์๋ฆฌ๋์ด, ์๋ฃจ์์ด, ํ์ด๋
ธ์ด, ์นผ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ด, ๋ง๋ผ์์นด๋ฆฌํธ๋ผ์ด, ์ฌ๋ผ๋ฒ ์นด์ด, ์ฟ ์คํ
๋์ฐ์ด, ์ด๋ํ๋ฆฌ์ด, ์นด๋๋ง๋ ์ด, ์
ฐ๋ฐ์์ด, ๋ผํ์ถ์ด, ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ด.
Aikhenvald (1999)
์ธ์ด์ ๋ฐฉ์ธ์ ๊ตฌ๋ถ, ์ด๋ฆ ๋ณ๊ฒฝ, ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ ์๋ ์ธ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฃจ์ง ์์ ๊ฒ ๋ฑ ์ฌ์ํ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ๋ฉด, ์์ดํจ๋ฐํธ์ ๋ถ๋ฅ๊ฐ ์ฝํ๋จผ๊ณผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ์ ๋จ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ดํ์ โ๋จ๋ถ ์ธ๊ณฝโ ๋ถ๊ธฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์๋จ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ดํ๋ฅผ ๋ ์๊ฒ ์ชผ๊ฐฐ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์์ดํจ๋ฐํธ๋ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ง์ด์ ๋ผํ์ถ์ด๋ฅผ ์ถ์๋ ๋จ๋ถ ์ธ๊ณฝ ๋ถ๊ธฐ๊ตฐ(โ๋จ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ดํโ)๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅํ๊ณ , ์๋ฃจ์์ด์ ํ๋ฆฌ์ฟ ๋ฅด์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฌถ๋ ๋ถ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ดํ์ โํด์โ ๋ถ๊ธฐ๊ตฐ์ ์ชผ๊ฐ๊ณ , ๋ถ์๋ง์กด ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ดํ์ ๋ํด์๋ ์ ๋ณด์ ์ด๋ค.
์๋ ๋ถ๋ฅ์์๋ ์์ดํจ๋ฐํธ์ ์ฉ์ด ๋ค์ ๋์ํ๋ ์ฝํ๋จผ์ ์ฉ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ถ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ดํ = ๋ถ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ดํ
ํ์ฐ๋ธ๋์ฝ์ดํ = ์ฝํ๋จผ์ ์ํผ์ค๋์ดํ (2)
ํ๋ฆฌ์ฟ ๋ฅด์ดํ = ์ฝํ๋จผ์ ํ๋ฆฌ์ฟ ๋ฅด์ดํ + ์๋ฃจ์์ด (3)
์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธ ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ดํ = ํ ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ดํ (8)
๋ถ์๋ง์กด ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ดํ = ์๋ง์กด์๋ฅ ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ดํ (17)
๋จ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ดํ ๋ฐ ์๋จ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ดํ = ๋จ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ดํ
๋จ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ดํ = ํ
๋ ๋์ด + ์ฝํ๋จผ์ ๋ชจํธ์ด๊ตฐ + ์ด๋ฃจ๋ง์ด + ๋ผํ์ถ์ด (11)
ํ๋ ์ยท์ฑ๊ตฌ์ดํ = ์ค์๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ดํ (6)
์๋จ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ดํ = ํผ๋ก์ดํ (5)
์บํ์ดํ (6)
์๋ฌด์์ค์ด (1)
์ฐจ๋ฏธ์ฟ ๋ก์ด (1)
์์ดํจ๋ฐํธ๋ ์ฝํ๋จผ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ถ๋ฅํ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ถ๋ฅํ์ง๋ง, ์ฝํ๋จผ์ด ๋ถ๋ฅํ 15๊ฐ์ ์ฌ์ด๋ ๋ถ๋ฅํ์ง ์๋๋ค.
์๋ผ์ํฌ ๋ ๋ง์ดํธ๋
1783๋
, ์ดํ๋ฆฌ์ ์ถ์ ์ ์์ํ ์ ๋ถ ํ๋ฆฌํฌ ์ด๋ฐํ ๋ ์ง๋ฆฌ๋ ์ค๋ฆฌ๋
ธ์ฝ์ ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ด์ ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น์์ ๋ชจํธ์ด๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ ์ด์กฑ์ ์ํจ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๊ณ , ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ โ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ด์กฑโ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ถ์๋ค. ์ดํ Von den Steinen (1886)๊ณผ Brinten (1891)์ ์ด์กฑ์ ์ฃผ์ ์ธ์ด์ธ ๊ฐ์ด์๋์ ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์์ ๋ฐ์ ์๋ก โ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑโ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๋ถ์๋ค.
์ค๋๋ โ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑโ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฉ์ด๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์๋ฏธ๋ก ์ฐ์ธ๋ค. ๋จ๋ฏธ์ ํ์๋ค์ ํ๋ฆฌํฌ ์ง๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ ์ด์กฑ๋ง์ โ์๋ผ์ํฌโ(Aruรกk)๋ก ์ง์นญํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ฉด ๋ถ๋ฏธ์ ํ์๋ค์ ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ด์กฑ, ๊ณผํ๋ณด์ด์กฑ, ์๋ผ์์ด์กฑ์ ํ๋ฐ ๋ฌถ์ ํ๋ ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ์ ์ํ๋ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ โ์๋ผ์ํฌโ๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๋ถ๋ฏธ์์ โ๋ง์ดํธ๋ ์ด์กฑโ์ ํ๋ ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ๊ณผ ๋๋น๋๋ ์๋ฏธ๋ก ์ฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ์ ๋ป์ผ๋ก โํต์ฌ ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑโ()์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฉ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
์์ด๋ก
์ธ์ด๋ง๋ค ์์ด๋ก ์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ํฌ์ง๋ง, Aikhenvald (1999)์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด์ ์์ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์์ฝํ ์ ์๋ค.
๊ฐ๋ณ ์ธ์ด์ ์์ด๋ก ์ ๋ํ ์์ธํ ์ค๋ช
์ Aikhenvald (1999) pp.ย 76โ77๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ๋ผ.
ํํ๋ก ์ ํน์ง
์ ํ๋ก ์ ๋ถ๋ฅ
์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ ํฌํฉ์ด์ด๊ณ ํต์ดํ์ ์ธ์ด์ด๋ค. ๋์ฌ ํํ๋ก ์ ์๋นํ ๋ณต์กํ๋ค. ๋ช
์ฌ ํํ๋ก ์ ๊ทธ์ ๋นํด ๋จ์ํ๋ฉฐ ์ด์กฑ ์ ์ฒด์์ ๋์ฒด๋ก ๋น์ทํ๋ค. ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฉฐ ์ ๋์ฌ๋ ๋ช ๊ฐ๋ฟ์ด๋ค.
์๋๊ฐ๋ฅ/์๋๋ถ๋ฅ ์์
์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ ๋์ฒด๋ก ์๋๊ฐ๋ฅ ์์ ์ ์๋๋ถ๋ฅ ์์ ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถํ๋ค. ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ ์ ์ฒด์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ํ๋๋ ํน์ง ์ค ํ๋๋ ์๋ผ์ํฌ์กฐ์ด์์ /*-tsi/๋ก ์ฌ๊ตฌ๋๋ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ธ๋ฐ, ์๋๋ถ๋ฅ์ด๊ณ ๋ฐ๋์ ์์ ์๋ฅผ ํ์ํด์ผ ํ๋ ์ ์ฒด๋ถ์ ๋ช
์ฌ์ ๋ถ์ด์ ์์ ์๋ฅผ ํ์ํ์ง ์์๋ ๋๋๋ก ๋ง๋ค์ด ์ค๋ค. ์ด ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ๋ ํ๋ง๋๋ก ์๋๋ถ๋ฅ์ธ ์ ์ฒด๋ถ์ ๋ช
์ฌ๋ฅผ ์๋๊ฐ๋ฅ ๋ช
์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐ๊พธ์ด ์ค๋ค. ์ด ์ ์ฌ๋ ์ ์ฒด๋ถ์ ๋ช
์ฌ์๋ ๋ถ์ ์ ์์ง๋ง ์ญ์ ์๋๋ถ๋ฅ์ธ ์น์กฑ๋ช
๋ช
์ฌ์๋ ๋ถ์ ์ ์๋ค. ์๋๋ ํ๋ ์์ด์์ ๊ฐ์ ธ์จ ์๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
{|
| no-tiho
|-
| 1SG-face
|-
| ๋ด ์ผ๊ตด
|}
{|
| tiho-ti
|-
| face-ALIEN
|-
| (๋๊ตฐ๊ฐ์) ์ผ๊ตด
|}
๋ถ๋ฅ์ฌ
๋ง์ ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด์๋ ๋ถ๋ฅ์ฌ ์ฒด๊ณ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๋ถ๋ฅ์ฌ๋ ๋ช
์ฌ๊ตฌ ํต์ด์ ์๋ฏธ์ ๋ฒ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ์ํ๋ฉฐ, ๋ช
์ฌ๊ตฌ์ ๋๋จธ์ง ์ฑ๋ถ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ถ๋๋ค. ์๋๋ ํ๋ฆฌ์๋์ด์์ ๊ฐ์ ธ์จ ์๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ํ๋ฆฌ์๋์ด์์๋ ํต์ด๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ ๋ช
์ฌ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฑ๋ถ(ํ์ฉ์ฌ, ์์ฌ, ์ง์์ฌ, ์์ ๋๋ช
์ฌ ๋ฑ)๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ ์ ๋์ฌ์ ๋ถ๋ฅ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ถ์ด ๋ช
์ฌ๊ตฌ ํต์ด์ ์๋ฏธ์ ๋ฒ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ์ํ๋ค.
{|
| ha-dapana || pa-dapana || pani-si || nu-ya-dapana || hanu-dapana
|-
| DEM-CL:HOUSE || one-CL:HOUSE || house-NON.POSSV || 1SG-POSSV-CL:HOUSE || big-CL:HOUSE
|}
{|
| heku || na-ni-ni-dapana-mahka
|-
| wood || 3PL-make-TOPIC.ADVANCING.VOICE-CL.HOUSE-REC.PAST.NON.VISUAL
|-
| colspan="2" | '๋์ ์ด ์ปค๋ค๋ ์ง ํ๋๋ ๋๋ฌด๋ก ๋ง๋ค์ด์ก๋ค.'
|}
๋์ฌ์์ ์ฃผ์ด ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ํ์
๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ ์ฃผ์ด์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋์ฌ์ ํ์ํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ ๋ถ์ด ์๋์ฌ ์ ๋ ฌ์ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์๋์ฌ ๋ฐ ํ๋์ฌ์ ํ์์์ (agentive) ๋
ผํญ์ ๋์ฌ์ ์ ๋์ฌ๋ก ํ์๋๊ณ , ์๋์ฌ ๋ฐ ํ๋์ฌ์ ํผํ์์์ (patientive) ๋
ผํญ์ ๋์ฌ์ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ๋ก ํ์๋๋ค. ๋ค์ ์๋ฌธ์ ์ด์ฌ๋๊ฐ ์ ์ญ์์ ์ฐ์ด๋ ๋ฐ๋์์ด์์ ๊ฐ์ ธ์จ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก, ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ์ ์ ํ์ ์ธ ๋ถ์ด ์๋์ฌ ์ ๋ ฌ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค.
{|
| ri-kapa-ni
|-
| 3SG.NFEM.AGENT-see-3SG.NFEM.PATIENT
|-
| '๊ทธ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ/๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๋ณธ๋ค.'
|}
{|
| ri-emhani
|-
| 3SG.NFEM.AGENT-walk
|-
| '๊ทธ๊ฐ ๊ฑท๋๋ค.'
|}
{|
| hape-ka-ni
|-
| be.cold-DECL-3SG.NFEM.PATIENT
|-
| '๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ๋ค.'
|}
๋์ฌ์ ์ฃผ์ดยท๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ์ํ๋ ์ ์ฌ๋ค์ ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ ์ ์ฒด์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋๋ฏ๋ก ์๋ผ์ํฌ์กฐ์ด์์๋ ์ฌ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค. ์๋ผ์ํฌ์กฐ์ด์์์ ํํ๋ ๋ค์ ํ์ฒ๋ผ ์ถ์ธก๋๋ค.
์ง๋ฆฌ์ ๋ถํฌ
์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ์ ์ธ์ด ์๋ก ๋ฐ์ง ๋ ์๋ฉ๋ฆฌ์นด์์ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ํฐ ์ด์กฑ์ด๋ค. (์คํ ๋ง๊ฒ์ด์กฑ์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฌ๋ค.) ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ์ ํ๋ฃจ์ ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ๋น์์ ์๋ฐ์ค ์ฐ๋งฅ ์ค๋ถ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ธ๋ผ์ง์ ์๋ง์กด ๋ถ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋ถ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ๋จ๋ฏธ ๋ถํด์์ ์๋ฆฌ๋จ, ๊ฐ์ด์๋, ํ๋์ค๋ น ๊ธฐ์๋, ๋ฒ ๋ค์์๋ผ, ํธ๋ฆฌ๋๋ค๋ ํ ๋ฐ๊ณ , ์ฝ๋กฌ๋น์, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ต๋ถ๋จ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋์นด๋ผ๊ณผ, ์จ๋๋ผ์ค, ๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์ฆ, ๊ณผํ
๋ง๋ผ์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ ๊ด๋ํ ์ง์ญ์ ๋ถํฌํ๋ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์๋ ์๋ฅดํจํฐ๋์ ํ๋ผ๊ณผ์ด์์๋ ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๊ฐ ์ฐ์๋ค.
์๋ผ์ํฌ ์ธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์ง๋จ๋ค์ด ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธํด์ ์ฌ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ฃผํ์ฌ ๋์คํธ๋ฆฌ์ค ์ ๋์ ๋ฐํ๋ง์ ์ ์ฐฉํ๋ค. ์ฌ์ฐ์ค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋์ ์ฟ ์ฌ๋ณด์กฑ๊ณผ ์ฝฉ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์กฑ์ ์ธ์ด์ฒ๋ผ ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ๋น์ฝํ ๋ช๋ช ๋ถ๋ฏธ ์ธ์ด๋ค๋ ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ์ ์ํ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๋ค.
ํํ ์ฌ ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด(Island Arawak)๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ํ์ด๋
ธ์ด๋ ํ๋ ์ฟ ๋ฐ, ํ์คํ๋์ฌ๋ผ์ฌ, ํธ์๋ฅดํ ๋ฆฌ์ฝ, ์๋ฉ์ด์นด, ๋ฐํ๋ง ์ง์ญ์์ ์ฐ์๋ค. ์ค๋๋ ์ด ์ง์ญ์ ์ด๋ฉด์ ์์ด๋ ์คํ์ธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ํ์์ ์์ง๊น์ง๋ ๋ช๋ช ํ์ด๋
ธ์ด ๋จ์ด๋ฅผ ์์ด ์ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ํ์ด๋
ธ์ด์ ๊ดํ ์๋ฃ๋ ๋น์ฝํ์ง๋ง ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ ์ํ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ๋
ผ๋์ ์ฌ์ง๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๋ณด๋ค ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ ์๋ผ์ํฌ ์ธ์ด ์ค ํ์ด๋
ธ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ์น์ฒ์ ์ฝ๋กฌ๋น์์ ๊ณ ์ํ๋ก์ด๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์ผ๋ถ ํ์๋ค์ ๊ณ ์ํ๋ก์กฑ์ด ํ์ด๋
ธ์กฑ ํผ๋๋ฏผ์ ํ์์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ์ง๋ง ์ด ๊ฐ์ค์ ์ฆ๋ช
๋ ๋ฐ์ฆ๋ ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํด ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.
๊ฐ๋ฆฌํธ๋์ด ํน์ โํ ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธ์ดโ(Black Carib)๋ ์ฌ์์ ์ฐ์ด๋ ์๋ผ์ํฌ ์ธ์ด์ ๋๋ค๋ฅธ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ก์ด ์์ด๋ค. ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํธ๋์ด๋ ์๋ผ์ํฌ, ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธ, ์ํ๋ฆฌ์นด ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๊ฐ์ ์ด์ฃผ์ ํผํฉ์ผ๋ก ํ์ํ๋ค. ์ค๋๋ ์จ๋๋ผ์ค, ๋์นด๋ผ๊ณผ, ๊ณผํ
๋ง๋ผ, ๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์์ ์ฝ 195,800๋ช
์ด ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํธ๋์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค๊ณ ์ถ์ฐ๋๋ค.
์ค๋๋ ํ์ ์๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ ์ธ์ด๋ค์ ๋ณด๋ค ์ต๊ทผ์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ โํ ์๋ผ์ํฌ์ดํโ(Ta-Arawakan)์ ์ํ๋๋ฐ, ํ์ ์ 30๋ง ๋ช
์ ์์ ์ด์ ํ์ ์ 10๋ง ๋ช
์ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํธ๋์ด๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฌํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ค์์ ์บํ์ดํ๋ก, ํ์ ์ 15,000-18,000 ๋ช
์ ์์ค๋์นด์ด์ ํ์ ์ 18,000-25,000๋ช
์ ์์
ฐ๋์นด์ด๊ฐ ์ฌ๊ธฐ ์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ค์์ผ๋ก ๋๋ฆฌ ์ฐ์ด๋ ์ธ์ด๋ ์๋ง๋ ํ์ ์ ๋ง ๋ช
์ ํ
๋ ๋์ด์ ํ์ ์ 6-8์ฒ ๋ช
์ ์ผ๋ค์ค์ด์ผ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฃผ
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1999). The Arawak language family. In R. M. W. Dixon & A. Y. Aikhenvald (Eds.), The Amazonian languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; .
de Goeje, C. H., (1928). The Arawak language of Guiana, Verhandelingen der Koninkljke Akademie van Wetenshappen te Amserdam, Ajdeiling Letterkunde, Nieuwe Reeks.
Deniker, Joseph. (1900). The races of man: an outline of anthropology and ethnography.
Garifuna. (2015). In M. P. Lewis, G. F. Simmons, & C. D. Fennig (Eds.), Ethnologue: Languages of the world (18th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International.
Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp.ย 13โ67). Austin: University of Texas Press. .
Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R.E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp.ย 46โ76). London: Routledge.
Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarstrรถm, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Arawakan". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Rudes, Blair A. "Pre-Columbian Links to the Caribbean: Evidence Connecting Cusabo to Taino", paper presented at Language Variety in the South IIIconference, Tuscaloosa, AL, 16 April 2004.
Walker, R. S., & Ribeiro, L. A. (2011). Bayesian phylogeography of the Arawak expansion in lowland South America. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 278(1718), 2562โ2567.
๋ ์ฝ๊ธฐ
Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. .
Derbyshire, Desmond C. (1992). Arawakan languages. In W. Bright (Ed.), International encyclopedia of linguistics (Vol. 1, pp.ย 102โ105). New Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Migliazza, Ernest C.; & Campbell, Lyle. (1988). Panorama general de las lenguas indรญgenas en Amรฉrica (pp.ย 223). Historia general de Amรฉrica (Vol. 10). Caracas: Instituto Panamericano de Geografรญa e Historia.
Payne, David. (1991). A classification of Maipuran (Arawakan) languages based on shared lexical retentions. In D. C. Derbyshire & G. K. Pullum (Eds.), Handbook of Amazonian languages (Vol. 3, pp.ย 355โ499). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Solรญs Fonseca, Gustavo. (2003). Lenguas en la amazonรญa peruana. Lima: ediciรณn por demanda.
Zamponi, Raoul. (2003). Maipure, Munich: Lincom Europa. .
์ด์กฑ
์๋ผ์ํฌ์ด์กฑ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawakan%20languages | Arawakan languages | Arawakan (Arahuacan, Maipuran Arawakan, "mainstream" Arawakan, Arawakan proper), also known as Maipurean (also Maipuran, Maipureano, Maipรบre), is a language family that developed among ancient indigenous peoples in South America. Branches migrated to Central America and the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean and the Atlantic, including what is now the Bahamas. Almost all present-day South American countries are known to have been home to speakers of Arawakan languages, the exceptions being Ecuador, Uruguay, and Chile. Maipurean may be related to other language families in a hypothetical Macro-Arawakan stock.
Name
The name Maipure was given to the family by Filippo S. Gilij in 1782, after the Maipure language of Venezuela, which he used as a basis of his comparisons. It was renamed after the culturally more important Arawak language a century later. The term Arawak took over, until its use was extended by North American scholars to the broader Macro-Arawakan proposal. At that time, the name Maipurean was resurrected for the core family. See Arawakan vs Maipurean for details.
Dispersal
The Arawakan linguistic matrix hypothesis (ALMH) suggests that the modern diversity of the Arawakan language family stems from the diversification of a trade language or lingua franca that was spoken throughout much of tropical lowland South America. Proponents of this hypothesis include Santos-Granero (2002) and Eriksen (2014). Eriksen (2014) proposes that the Arawakan family had only broken up after 600 CE, but Michael (2020) considers this to be unlikely, noting that Arawakan internal diversity is greater than that of the Romance languages. On the other hand, Blench (2015) suggests a demographic expansion that had taken place over a few thousand years, similar to the dispersals of the Austronesian and Austroasiatic language families in Southeast Asia.
Language contact
As one of the most geographically widespread language families in all of the Americas, Arawakan linguistic influence can be found in many language families of South America. Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arawa, Bora-Muinane, Guahibo, Harakmbet-Katukina, Harakmbet, Katukina-Katawixi, Irantxe, Jaqi, Karib, Kawapana, Kayuvava, Kechua, Kwaza, Leko, Macro-Jรช, Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru, Mapudungun, Mochika, Mura-Matanawi, Nambikwara, Omurano, Pano-Takana, Pano, Takana, Puinave-Nadahup, Taruma, Tupi, Urarina, Witoto-Okaina, Yaruro, Zaparo, Saliba-Hodi, and Tikuna-Yuri language families due to contact. However, these similarities could be due to inheritance, contact, or chance.
Languages
Classification of Maipurean is difficult because of the large number of Arawakan languages that are extinct and poorly documented. However, apart from transparent relationships that might constitute single languages, several groups of Maipurean languages are generally accepted by scholars. Many classifications agree in dividing Maipurean into northern and southern branches, but perhaps not all languages fit into one or the other. The three classifications below are accepted by all:
Ta-Maipurean = Caribbean Arawak / Ta-Arawak = Caribbean Maipuran,
Upper Amazon Maipurean = North Amazonian Arawak = Inland Maipuran,
Central Maipurean = PareciโXingu = ParesรญโWaurรก = Central Maipuran,
Piro = Purus,
Campa = Pre-Andean Maipurean = Pre-Andine Maipuran.
An early contrast between Ta-Arawak and Nu-Arawak, depending on the prefix for "I", is spurious; nu- is the ancestral form for the entire family, and ta- is an innovation of one branch of the family.
Kaufman (1994)
The following (tentative) classification is from Kaufman (1994: 57-60). Details of established branches are given in the linked articles. In addition to the family tree detailed below, there are a few languages that are "Non-Maipurean Arawakan languages or too scantily known to classify" (Kaufman 1994: 58), which include these:
Shebaye (โ )
Lapachu (โ )
Morique (also known as Morike) (โ )
Another language is also mentioned as "Arawakan":
Salumรฃ (also known as Salumรกn, Enawenรฉ-Nawรฉ)
Including the unclassified languages mentioned above, the Maipurean family has about 64 languages. Out of them, 29 languages are now extinct: Wainumรก, Mariatรฉ, Anauyรก, Amarizana, Jumana, Pasรฉ, Cawishana, Garรบ, Marawรก, Guinao, Yavitero, Maipure, Manao, Kariaรญ, Waraikรบ, Yabaรกna, Wirinรก, Aruรกn, Taรญno, Kalhรญphona, Marawรกn-Karipurรก, Saraveca, Custenau, Inapari, Kanamarรฉ, Shebaye, Lapachu, and Morique.
Northern Maipurean
Upper Amazon branch Maritime branch
Aruรกn (Aroรฃ) (โ )
Wapixana (also known as Wapishana): Atorada (also known as Atoraรญ), Mapidian (also known as Maopidyรกn), Wapishana
Ta-Maipurean
Palikur
Palikur (also known as Palikรบr)
Marawรกn (โ )
Southern Maipurean
Western branch
Amuesha (also known as Amoesha, Yanesha')
Chamicuro (also known as Chamikuro)
Central branch
Southern Outlier branch
Terรชna (dialects: Kinikinao, Terena, Guanรก, Chanรฉ)
Moxos group (also known as Moho)& Trinitario)
Baure
Paunaka (also known as PaunaโPaikone)
Piro group
Campa branch (also known as Pre-Andean)
Kaufman does not report the extinct Magiana of the Moxos group.
Aikhenvald (1999)
Apart from minor decisions on whether a variety is a language or a dialect, changing names, and not addressing several poorly attested languages, Aikhenvald departs from Kaufman in breaking up the Southern Outlier and Western branches of Southern Maipurean. She assigns Salumรฃ and Lapachu ('Apolista') to what is left of Southern Outlier ('South Arawak'); breaks up the Maritime branch of Northern Maipurean, though keeping Aruรกn and Palikur together; and is agnostic about the sub-grouping of the North Amazonian branch of Northern Maipurean.
The following breakdown uses Aikhenvald's nomenclature followed by Kaufman's:
North Arawak = Northern Maipurean
Rio Branco = Kaufman's Wapishanan (2) [with Mapidian under the name "Mawayana" and Mawakwa as a possible dialect]
Palikur = Kaufman's Palikur + Aruรกn (3)
Caribbean = Ta-Maipurean (8) [incl. Shebaye]
North Amazonian = Upper Amazon (17 attested)
South and South-Western Arawak = Southern Maipurean
South Arawak = Terena + Kaufman's Moxos group + Salumรฃ + Lapachu ['Apolista'] (11)
PareciโXingu = Central Maipurean (6)
South-Western Arawak = Piro (5)
Campa (6)
Amuesha (1)
Chamicuro (1)
Aikhenvald classifies Kaufman's unclassified languages apart from Morique. She does not classify 15 extinct languages which Kaufman had placed in various branches of Maipurean.
Aikhenvald (1999:69) classifies Mawayana with Wapishana together under a Rio Branco branch, giving for Mawayana also the names "Mapidian" and "Mawakwa" (with some reservations for the latter).
Ramirez (2001)
Internal classification of Arawakan by Henri Ramirez (2001):
2 subgroups, 10 divisions (โ = extinct)unclassified: Yanesha, ChamicuroWestern unclassified: โ Yumana, โ Passรฉ
Japurรก-Colombia division Piapoko, Achagua; Baniwa-Koripako, Tariana; Warekena, Mandawaka; Kabiyari; Yukuna, Wainumรก-Mariatรฉ
โ Kauixana
Resรญgaro
Upper Rio Negro division โ Barรฉ, โ Guinau, โ Anauyรก-Yabahana
Upper Orinoco division โ Pareni, Yavitero
โ Maipure
Negro-Roraima division โ Arua
โ Manao, โ Wirina, โ Bahuana, โ Cariaรญ
Wapixana, Atorai
โ Mawayana
Juruรก-Jutaรญ division โ Marawa
โ Waraiku
Purus-Ucayali division Apurinรฃ; Piro, Kuniba, Kanamari, Manxineri
Kampa
Bolivia-Mato Grosso division Baure, Mojeรฑo
Tereno, โ Kinikinao
Caribe-Venezuela division Lokono; Iรฑeri, Garรญfuna; โ Taino; โ Caquetio
Guajiro, โ ParaujanoEastern Amapรก division Palikur, โ Marawรก
Xingu-Tapajรณs division Waurรก, Mehinaku; Yawalapiti
Pareci, โ Sarave
Walker & Ribeiro (2011)
Walker & Ribeiro (2011), using Bayesian computational phylogenetics, classify the Arawakan languages as follows.
The internal structures of each branch is given below. Note that the strictly binary splits are a result of the Bayesian computational methods used.NortheastMarawan, PalikรบrSouthKinikinau, Terena
(branch)
Baure
Moxos: Trinitario, IgnacianoWestern Amazonia(branch)
Apurinรฃ
(branch)
Iรฑapari
Piro, Manxineri
(branch)
Caquinte
(branch)
Asheninka
(branch)
Machiguenga, NomatsiguengaAmuesha, ChamicuroCircum-CaribbeanWaraicu, Marawa
(Core branch)
(Island branch)
Taรญno
Island Carib, Garรญfuna
Lokono
Paraujano, GuajiroCentral Brazil(branch)
Saraveka
Enawene Mawe, Paresรญ
(branch)
Yawalapitรญ
Waurรก, MehinรกkuCentral Amazonia(branch)
Anauyรก
Guinau, Barรฉ
(branch)
Bahuana, Manao
(branch)
Arua
(branch)
Cabiai
Mawayana, WapixanaNorthwest Amazonia(branch)
Maipure
(branch)
Yavitero
Baniva, Warekena
(branch)
Pasรฉ, Yumana
(branch)
Resรญgaro
(branch)
Cabiyari
(branch)
Kauixana
(branch)
Yukuna
Mariatรฉ, Wainumรก
(branch)
Achagua, Piapoco
(branch)
Mandawaka, Guarekena
(branch)
Tariana
(branch)
Kurripako
Baniwa, Karutana
Jolkesky (2016)
Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):
(โ = extinct)ArawakYaneshaWesternAguachile โ
Chamikuro
Mamorรฉ-Paraguai
Mamorรฉ-Guaporรฉ (Portuguese article)
Mojo-Paunaka
Mojo: Ignaciano; Trinitario
Paunaka
Baure-Paikoneka
Baure: Baure; Joaquiniano; Muxojeone โ
Paikoneka โ
Terena: Chane โ ; Guana โ ; Kinikinau; Terena
Negro-Putumayo
Jumana-Pase: Jumana โ ; Pase โ
Kaishana โ
Nawiki
Kabiyari
Karu-Tariana
Karu: Baniwa; Kuripako
Tariana
Mepuri โ
Piapoko-Achagua: Achagua; Piapoko
Wainambu โ
Warekena-Mandawaka: Warekena; Mandawaka โ
Yukuna-Wainuma: Mariate โ ; Wainuma โ ; Yukuna
Resigaro
Wirina โ
Orinoco
Yavitero-Baniva: Baniva; Yavitero โ
Maipure โ
Pre-Andine
Ashaninka-Nomatsigenga
Nomatsigenga
Machiguenga-Nanti
Ashaninka-Kakinte
Kakinte
Ashaninka-Asheninka
Ashaninka: Ashaninka
Asheninka: Asheninka Pajonal; Asheninka Perene; Asheninka Pichis; Asheninka Ucayali; Ashininka
Purus
Apurinรฃ
Iรฑapari
Piro-Manchineri: Kanamare โ ; Kuniba โ ; Manchineri; Mashko Piro; YineEasternLower Amazon
Atlantic: Marawan โ ; Palikur
Guaporรฉ-Tapajรณs
Saraveka โ
Tapajรณs: Enawene-Nawe; Paresi
Xingu
Kustenau โ
Waura-Mehinako: Mehinaku; Waura
Yawalapiti
Waraiku: Waraiku โ
Solimรตes-Caribbean: Marawan โ ; Palikur
Marawa โ
Caribbean
Kaketio โ
Wayuu-Aรฑun
Aรฑun
Wayuu
Lokono-Iรฑeri
Iรฑeri: Garifuna; Kalhiphona โ
Lokono
Shebayo โ
Taino โ
Negro-Branco
Arua โ
Mainatari โ
Negro
Bare-Guinao: Bare; Guinao โ
Bawana-Kariai-Manao: Bawana โ ; Kariai โ ; Manao โ
Yabaana โ
Branco
Mawayana
Wapishana-Parawana: Aroaki โ ; Atorada; Parawana โ ; Wapishana
Nikulin & Carvalho (2019)
Internal classification by Nikulin & Carvalho (2019: 270):
Yanesha'
Chamicuro
Palikur
Maritime
Island Carib; Garรญfuna
Lokono; Wayuunaiki, Aรฑun
Rio Branco
Wapixana
Mawayana
Japurรก-Colรดmbia
Piapoco
Achagua
Yucuna
Resรญgaro
Tariana
Baniwa-Koripako
Warekena Antigo
Orinoco
Barรฉ
Yavitero
Baniva of Guainia
Maipure
Warekena of Xiรฉ
Central
Paresรญ
Enawenรช-Nawรช
Xingu
Yawalapitรญ
Waurรก; Mehinรกku
Purus
Apurinรฃ
Iรฑapari; Yine/Manxinรฉru
Campa
Nomatsiguenga
Matsiguenga
Nanti
Caquinte
Ashรกninka
Ashรฉninka
Bolรญvia-Paranรก
Baure; Carmelito; Joaquiniano
Terena; Paunaka; Mojeรฑo (Trinitรกrio, Ignaciano, Loretano, Javeriano)
Phonological innovations characterizing some of the branches:
Maritime: loss of medial Proto-Arawakan *-n-.
Lokono-Wayuu: first person singular prefix *ta- replacing *nu-. Carvalho also reconstructs the suffix *-ja (possibly a deictic) and *kabษจnษจ 'three' as characteristic of this subgroup.
Campa: lexical innovations such as *iNสงato 'tree', *-taki 'bark', *-toNki 'bone', etc. There are also typological innovations due to contact with Andean languages such as Quechua.
Ramirez (2020)
The internal classification of Arawakan by Henri Ramirez (2020) is as follows. This classification differs quite substantially from his previous classification (Ramirez 2001), but is very similar to the one proposed by Jolkesky (2016).
12 subgroups consisting of 56 languages (29 living and 27 extinct) (โ = extinct)Japurรก-Colombia (Portuguese article)
โ Mepuri
โ Yumana, โ Passรฉ
โ Kauixana
Peripheral
โ Mandawaka, Warekena (do San Miguel); Baniwa-Koripako
Piapoco, Achagua; Kabiyari
โ Resรญgaro
โ Wainumรก-Mariatรฉ
YukunaUpper OrinocoBaniva de Maroa
โ Pareni-Yavitero
โ MaipureCentral-Amazon-Antilles ? (probable branch)Amazon-AntillesGuajiro, โ Paraujano
โ Taino, Iรฑeri, Loko, โ Marawรก
? โ Waraiku
? โ WirinaMiddle Rio Negroโ Barรฉ
โ Guinau
โ Anauyรก; โ Mainatari, โ YabahanaCentralโ Bahuana; โ Manao, โ Cariaรญ
โ Aruรฃ
Pidjanan
โ Mawayana
Wapixana, โ Parawana, โ Aroaqui
? โ ShebayoMato Grosso-Palikur ? (probable branch)AmapรกPalikurMato GrossoXinguWaurรก
YawalapitiXaraySalumรฃ
Pareci
โ SaraveBolivia-Purus-Kampa-(Amuesha) ? (probable branch)BoliviaBaure
Pauna; Mojeรฑo, TerenoPurusโ Iรฑapari
Piro
Apurinรฃ
โ CararรญPre-AndineKampaPozuzoAmueshaLower Ucayaliโ Chamicuro
? โ Morรญque
Varieties
Below is a full list of Arawakan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.
Island languagesTaino / Nitaino - once spoken in the Conquest days on the Greater Antilles Islands of Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico and Jamaica. Dialects are:Taino of Haiti and Quisqueya - extinct language of the island were Dominican Republic and The Republic of Haiti.Taino of Cuba - once spoken on the island of Cuba; in the nineteenth century only in the villages of Jiguanรญ, Bayano, and Quivicรกn; now the last descendants speak only Spanish.Borinquen - once spoken on the island of Puerto Rico.Yamaye - once spoken on the island of Jamaica.Lucaya - once spoken on the Bahamas Islands.Eyed / Allouage - once spoken in the Lesser Antilles. - spoken on the eastern part of the island of Trinidad.Naparina - once spoken on the island of Trinidad. (Unattested.)Caliponau - language spoken by the women of the Carib tribes in the Lesser Antilles.
Guiana languageArawak / Aruaqui / Luccumi / Locono - spoken in the Guianas. Dialects are:Western - spoken in Guyana.Eastern - spoken in French Guiana on the Curipi River and Oyapoque River.
Central groupWapishana / Matisana / Wapityan / Uapixana - spoken on the Tacutu River, Mahรบ River, and Surumรบ River, territory of Rio Branco, Brazil, and in the adjoining region in Guyana.Amariba - once spoken at the sources of the Tacutu River and Rupununi River, Guyana. (Unattested.)Atorai / Attaraye / Daurรญ - spoken between the Rupununi River and Kuyuwini River, Guyana.
Mapidian groupMapidian / Maotityan - spoken at the sources of the Apiniwau River, Guyana, now perhaps extinct.Mawakwa - once spoken on the Mavaca River, Venezuela.
Goajira groupGoajira / Uรกira - language spoken on the Goajira Peninsula in Colombia and Venezuela with two dialects, Guimpejegual and Gopujegual.Paraujano / Parancan / Parawogwan / Parรก - spoken by a tribe of lake dwellers on Lake Maracaibo, Zulia state, Venezuela.Alile - once spoken on the Guasape River, state of Zulia, Venezuela. (Unattested.)Onota - once spoken between Lake Maracaibo and the Palmar River in the same region, Zulia state, Venezuela. (Unattested.)Guanebucรกn - extinct language once spoken on the Hacha River, department of Magdalena, Colombia. (Unattested.)Cosina / Coquibacoa - extinct language of a little known tribe of the Serranรญa Cosina, Goajira Peninsula, Colombia. (Unattested.)
Caquetรญo groupCaquetรญo - extinct language once spoken on the islands of Curaรงao and Aruba near the Venezuelan coast, on the Yaracuy River, Portuguesa River, and Apure River, Venezuela. (only several words)Ajagua - once spoken on the Tocuyo River near Carera, state of Lara, Venezuela. (only two words and patronyms.)Quinรณ - once spoken in the village of Lagunillas, state of Mรฉrida, Venezuela. (Nothing.)Tororรณ / Auyama - once spoken in the village of San Cristรณbal, state of Tรกchira. (Febres Cordero 1921, pp.ย 116โ160 passim, only six words.)Aviamo - once spoken on the Uribante River, state of Tรกchira. (Unattested.)Tecua - once spoken on the Lengupa River and in the village of Teguas, department of Boyacรก, Colombia. (Unattested.)Yaguai - once spoken on the Arichuna River, state of Apure, Venezuela. (Unattested.)Cocaima - once spoken between the Setenta River and Matiyure River, state of Apure, Venezuela. (Unattested.)Chacanta - once spoken on the Mucuchachi River, state of Mรฉrida. (Unattested.)Caparo - once spoken on the Caparo River, Santander, Colombia. (Unattested.)Tรกmud - once spoken northeast of the Sagamoso River, Santander, Colombia. (Unattested.)Burgua - once spoken near San Camilo on the Burgua River, Santander, Colombia. (Unattested.)Cuite - once spoken on the Cuite River, Santander, Colombia. (Unattested.)Queniquea - once spoken in the same hill region in Colombia on the Pereno River. (Unattested.)Chucuna - once spoken between the Manacacรญas River and Vichada River, territories of Meta and Vichada, Colombia. (Unattested.)Guayupe - spoken on the Gรผejar River and Ariari River, Meta territory.Sae - once spoken by the neighbors of the Guayupe tribe in the same region. (Unattested.)Sutagao - spoken once on the Pasca River and Sumapaz River, Meta territory. (Unattested.)Chocue / Choque - once spoken on the Herorรบ River and Guayabero River, Meta territory. (Unattested.)Eperigua - once spoken at the sources of the Gรผejar River and near San Juan de los Llanos, Meta territory. (Unattested.)Aricagua - once spoken in the state of Mรฉrida, Venezuela. (Unattested.)Achagua - spoken on the Apure River and Arauca River in the department of Boyacรก and territory of Meta, Colombia.Piapoco / Mitua / Dzรกse - spoken on the Guaviare River, territory of Vaupรฉs, Colombia.Cabere / Cabre - once spoken on the Teviare River and Zama River, Vichada territory.Maniba / Camaniba - spoken by a little known tribe that lived on the middle course of the Guaviare River, Vaupรฉs territory, Colombia. (Unattested.)Amarizana - extinct language once spoken on the Vera River and Aguas Blancas River, territory of Meta.
Maypure groupMaypure - extinct language once spoken in the village of Maipures, Vichada territory, Colombia. Inhabitants now speak only Spanish.Avani / Abane - once spoken on the Auvana River and Tipapa River, Amazonas territory, Venezuela. (Gilij 1780-1784, vol. 3, p.ย 383, only six words.)
Guinau groupBanรญva - language spoken on the Orinoco River, especially in the village of San Fernando de Atabapo, Amazonas territory, Venezuela.Yavitero / Pareni / Yavitano - spoken on the Atabapo River in the village of Yavita.
Guinau groupGuinau / Inao / Guniare / Temomeyรฉme / Quinhau - once spoken at the sources of the Caura River and Merevari River, state of Bolรญvar, Venezuela, now perhaps extinct.
Barรฉ groupBarรฉ / Ihini / Arihini - spoken on the Casiquiare River, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela, and on the upper course of the Negro River, state of Amazonas, Brazil.Uarequena - spoken on the Guainรญa River, Vaupรฉs territory, Colombia.Adzรกneni / Adyรกna / Izaneni - spoken at the sources of the Caiarรญ River and on the Apui River, frontier of Colombia and Brazil.Carรบtana / Corecarรบ / Yauaretรฉ-tapuya - spoken on the frontier between Colombia and Brazil on the Iรงana River.Katapolรญtani / Acayaca / Cadaupuritani - spoken on the Iรงana River in the village of Tunuhy, Brazil.Siusรญ / Ualรญperi-dรกkeni / Uereperidรกkeni - spoken on the lower course of the Caiarรญ River and Iรงana River and on the middle course of the Aiari River, state of Amazonas, Brazil.Moriwene / Sucuriyรบ-tapuya - spoken on the Iรงana River in the village of Seringa Upita, state of Amazonas, Brazil.Mapanai / Ira-tapuya - spoken on the Iรงana River near Cachoeira Yandรบ, state of Amazonas.Hohodene / Huhรบteni - spoken on the Cubate River, state of Amazonas.Maulieni / Kรกua-tapuya - spoken on the Aiari River, state of Amazonas.
Ipรฉca groupIpรฉca / Kumada-mรญnanei / Baniva de rio Iรงana - spoken on the Iรงana River near the village of San Pedro, frontier region of Brazil and Colombia.Payualiene / Payoariene / Pacu-tapuya - spoken in the same frontier region on the Arara-paranรก River.Curipaco - spoken on the Guainรญa River, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela.Kรกrro - spoken in the territory of Amazonas on the Puitana River.Kapitรฉ-Mรญnanei / Coatรญ-tapuya - spoken at the sources of the Iรงana River, Vaupรฉs territory, Colombia.
Tariana groupTariana / Yavi - spoken in the villages of Ipanorรฉ and Yauaretรฉ on the Caiarรญ River, Vaupรฉs Territory, Colombia.Iyรคine / Kumandene / Yurupary-tapuya - spoken in the same region north of the Tariana tribe. Now only Tucano is spoken. (Unattested.)Cauyari / Acaroa / Cabuyarรญ - once spoken on the Cananari River and on the middle course of the Apaporis River, territory of Amazonas, Colombia. Now perhaps extinct.
Mandauรกca groupMandauรกca / Maldavaca - spoken on the Baria River, Capabury River, and Pasimoni River, Amazonas territory, Venezuela.Cunipรบsana - once spoken in Amazonas territory on the Siapa River. (Unattested.)
Manรกo groupManรกo / Oremanao / Manoa - extinct language once spoken around the modern city of Manaus on the Negro River, state of Amazonas, Brazil.Arina - extinct language once spoken on the middle course of the Marauiรก River, Amazonas state. (Unattested.)Cariay / Carihiahy - extinct language once spoken between the Negro River, Araรงรก River, and Padauari River, territory of Rio Branco, Brazil.Bahuana - spoken between the Padauari River and Araรงรก River. (Unattested.)Uaranacoacena - extinct language once spoken between the Branco River, Negro River, and Araรงรก River, Amazonas. (Unattested.)Arauaqui - extinct language once spoken between the Negro River and Uatuma River. A few descendants now speak only Lingua Geral or Portuguese. (Unattested.)Dapatarรบ - once spoken between the Uatuma River and Urubu River and on the island of Saracรก, Amazonas. (Unattested.)Aniba - once spoken on the Aniba River and around Saracรก lagoon. (Unattested.)Caboquena - once spoken on the Urubu River, Amazonas. (Unattested.)Caburichena - once spoken on the right bank of the Negro River. (Unattested.)Seden - once spoken between the Uatuma River and Negro River. (Unattested.)
Uirina groupUirina - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Marari River, territory of Rio Branco.Yabaรกna / Jabรข-ana / Hobacana - language of a tribe in the territory of Rio Branco, on the Marauiรก River and Cauaburi River.Anauyรก - spoken by a little known tribe on the Castaรฑo River, territory of Amazonas, Venezuela.
Chiriรกna groupChiriรกna / Barauรกna - spoken between the Marari River and Demini River, territory of Rio Branco.
Yukรบna groupYukรบna - spoken on the Miritรญparanรก River, Amazonas territory, Colombia.Matapรญ - spoken in the same region, Amazonas territory, near Campoamor. (Unattested.)Guarรบ / Garรบ - spoken on the Mamurรก River, Cuama River, and Meta River, territory of Caquetรก, Colombia.
Resigaro groupResigaro / Rrah~nihin / Rosigaro - spoken by a few families on the Igaraparanรก River near Casa Arana.
Araicรบ groupMarawa / Maragua - spoken in the nineteenth century between the Juruรก River and Jutai River, now in a single village at the mouth of the Juruรก River, Amazonas.
Araicรบ groupAraicรบ / Waraikรบ - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Jandiatuba River and on the right bank of the Jutai River, Amazonas.
Uainumรก groupUainumรก / Ajuano / Wainumรก / Inabishana / Uainamby-tapuya / Uaypi - extinct language once spoken on the Upi River, a tributary of the Iรงรก River, Amazonas.Mariatรฉ / Muriatรฉ - extinct language once spoken at the mouth of the Iรงรก River.
Jumana groupJumana / Shomana - extinct language once spoken on the Puruรช River and Juami River, Amazonas state.Passรฉ / Pazรฉ - extinct language once spoken between the Negro River, Japurรก River, and Iรงรก River. The few descendants now speak only Portuguese.
Cauishana groupCauishana / Kayuishana / Noll-hรญna - now spoken by a few families on the Tocantins River and on Lake Mapari, Amazonas.Pariana - extinct language once spoken on the middle course of the Marauiรก River. (Unattested.)
Pre-Andine groupCampa / Anti / Atzรญri / Thampa / Kuruparia - spoken on the Urubamba River and Ucayali River, department of Cuzco, Peru.Machiganga / Ugunichire / Mashigango - spoken in the department of Cuzco on the Mantaro River, Apurimac River, Urubamba River, and Paucartambo River. Dialects are:Chanchamayo - spoken on the Perenรฉ River.Catongo - spoken on the Tambo River.Machiringa - spoken on the Apurimac River and Ene River. (Unattested.)Piro / Simirinche - spoken in the department of Loreto on the Inuya River.Chontaquiro - spoken on the Iaco River, Caetรฉ River, and Chandless River, territory of Acre, Brazil.Mashco / Sirineiri / Moeno - spoken on the Pilcopata River, department of Madre de Dios, Peru.Curia - spoken on the Murรบ River and Embira River, Acre, now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.)Quirineri - spoken on the Paucartambo River and Manu River, department of Cuzco (Oppenheim 1948).Maneteneri - extinct language from the Purus River, Aquirรญ River, Caspatรก River, and Araรงรก River, Acre territory.Inapari / Mashco Piro - spoken between the Tacutimani River and Amigo River, department of Madre de Dios, now perhaps extinct.Huachipairi - extinct language once spoken on the Cosรฑipata River and Pilcopata River, department of Madre de Dios.Kushichineri / Cushitineri - spoken in Acre territory on the Curumaha River by a small tribe.Cuniba - extinct language once spoken between the Juruazinho River and Jutaรญ River and on the Mapuรก River, state of Amazonas.Puncuri - spoken on the Puncuri River, Acre. (Unattested.)Kanamare / Canamirim - spoken in the same territory on the Acre, Irariapรฉ River and Abuรฑa River, now probably extinct.Epetineri - once spoken on the Pijiria River, tributary of the Urubamba River, Peru. (Unattested.)Pucapucari - once spoken on the Camisia River and Tunquini River, Peru. (Unattested.)Tucurina - spoken by a few individuals on the Igarapรฉ Cuchicha River, a tributary of the Chandless River, Acre. (Unattested.)
Ipurina groupIpurina / Apurimรฃ / Kangiti - spoken along the Purus River from the mouth of the Sepatinรญ River to the mouth of the Yaco River, Amazonas.Casharari - spoken by a little known tribe inhabiting the tropical forests between the Abuรฑa River and Ituxรญ River and on the tributaries, Curequeta River and Iquirรญ River, in Acre. (Unattested.)
Apolista groupApolista / Lapachu / Aguachile - extinct language once spoken in the old mission of Apolobamba, province of La Paz, Bolivia.
Mojo groupMojo / Ignaciano / Morocosi - spoken on the Mamorรฉ River and on the plains of Mojos, Beni province, Bolivia.Baure / Chiquimiti - spoken on the Blanco River and around the city of Baures in the same region.Muchojeone - extinct language once spoken at the old mission El Carmen in Beni province, Bolivia.Suberiono - extinct language once spoken west of the Mamorรฉ River and the Guapay River, Bolivia. (Unattested.)Pauna - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Baures River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.Paicone - extinct language from the sources of the Paragรบa River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.
Paresi groupSarave / Zarabe - spoken on the Verde River and Paragรบa River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia, now perhaps extinct.Parecรญ / Aritรญ / Maimbari / Mahibarez - language with dialects:Caxinitรญ - spoken on the Sumidouro River, Sepotuba River, and Sucuriรบ River, Mato Grosso, Brazil.Waimarรฉ - spoken in Mato Grosso on the Verde River and Timalatรญa River.Kozarinรญ / Pareci-Cabixi - spoken in Mato Grosso on the Juba River, Cabaรงal River, Jaurรบ River, Guaporรฉ River, Verde River, Papagaio River, Buritรญ River, and Juruena River.Uariterรฉ - spoken on the Pimenta Bueno River, territory of Rondรดnia. (Unattested.)
Chanรฉ groupChanรฉ / Izoceรฑo - formerly spoken on the Itiyuro River, Salta province, Argentina, but now the tribe speaks only a language of the Tupi stock and the old language serves only for religious ceremonies. (only a few words.)Guanรก / Layano - once spoken on the Yacarรฉ River and Galvรกn River, Paraguay, now on the Miranda River, Mato Grosso, Brazil.Terena - spoken in Mato Grosso on the Miranda River and Jijui River.Echoaladรญ / Choarana - extinct language once spoken in Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)Quiniquinao / Equiniquinao - once spoken near Albuquerque, now by only a few families on the Posto Cachoeirinha near Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul.
Waurรก groupWaurรก - spoken on the Batovรญ River (a tributary of the Xingรบ River) Mato Grosso.Kustenรกu - spoken in the same region, Mato Grosso, on the Batovรญ River and Jatobรก RiverYaulapรญti / Yawarapiti / Ualapiti - spoken between the Meinacu River and Curisevรบ River, Mato Grosso.Mehinรกku / Meinacu / Minรกko - spoken between the Batovรญ River and Curisevรบ River.Agavotocueng - spoken by an unknown tribe between the Curisevรบ River and Culuene River. (Unattested.)
Marawan groupMarawan / Maraon - spoken on the Oiapoque River and Curipi River, Amapรก territory.Caripurรก / Karipuere - spoken in Amapรก territory on the Urucauรก River.Palicur / Parikurรบ - once spoken on the middle course of the Calรงoene River and on the upper course of the Casipore River, now on the Urucauรก River in Amapรก territory.Caranariรบ - once spoken on the Urucauรก River, now extinct. (Unattested.)Tocoyene - once spoken in Amapรก territory on the Uanarรญ River. (Unattested.)Macapรก - once spoken on the Camopi River and Yaroupi River, French Guiana, later on the upper course of the Parรก River, state of Parรก, Brazil; now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.)Tucujรบ - once spoken on the Jarรญ River, territory of Amapรก, now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.)Mapruan - once spoken on the Oiac River, territory of Amapรก. (Unattested.)
Aruan groupAruan / Aroรฃ - originally spoken on the north coast of Marajรณ Island, Parรก, later on the Uaรงรก River, Amapรก territory. A few descendants now speak only a French creole dialect.Sacaca - extinct language once spoken in the eastern part of Marajรณ Island.
Morรญque groupMorรญque / Mayoruna - spoken on the border of Brazil and Peru, on the Javarรญ River.
Chamicuro groupChamicuro - spoken on the Chamicuro River, department of Loreto, Peru.Chicluna - extinct language once spoken in the same region east of the Aguano tribe. (Unattested.)Aguano / Awรกno - extinct language of a tribe that lived on the lower course of the Huallaga River. The descendants, in the villages of San Lorenzo, San Xavier, and Santa Cruz, now speak only Quechua. (Unattested.)Maparina - once spoken in the same region on the lower course of the Ucayali River and at the old mission of Santiago. (Unattested.)Cutinana - once spoken on the Samiria River, Loreto. (Unattested.)Tibilo - once spoken in San Lorenzo village, Loreto region. (Unattested.)
Lorenzo groupAmoishe / Amlsha / Amuescha / Amage / Lorenzo - once spoken on the Paucartambo River and Colorado River, department of Cuzco, Peru; now mainly Quechua is spoken.Chunatahua - once spoken at the mouth of the Chinchao River, department of Huรกnuco, Peru. (Unattested.)Panatahua - spoken in the same region on the right bank of the Huallaga River between Coyumba and Monzรณn, now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.)Chusco - once spoken in the same region as Panatahua near Huรกnuco. (Unattested.)
Guahibo groupGuahibo - language spoken by many tribes in Colombia and Venezuela on the Meta River, Arauca River, Vichada River, and Orinoco River.Dialects:Cuiloto - spoken on the Cuiloto River and Cravo Norte River, Arauca territory, Colombia. (Unattested.)Cuiva - spoken on the Meta River, Vichada territory, Colombia. (Unattested.)Amorรบa - spoken in the same region on the Bita River. (Unattested.)Chiricoa - spoken on the Ele River and Lipa River, department of Arauca, on the Cravo Norte River and Arauca River, Arauca territory, Colombia, and on the Cinaruquito River, Cinamco River, Capanaparo River, and Arichuna River, state of Apure, Venezuela. (Hildebrandt ms.)Sicuane - spoken on the Tuparro River, Vichada territory, Colombia. (Unattested.)Cuiapo Pihibi - spoken on the Tomo River, Vichada territory. (Unattested.)Yamu - spoken on the right bank of the Ariari River, Meta territory. (Unattested.)Catarro - spoken in the Meta territory on the Yucavo River and in the old mission of San Miguel de Salivas. (Unattested.)Chumya / Bisanigua - language, now probably extinct, once spoken on the Gรผejar River and in El Piรฑal.Guayabero / Guyaverun''' - spoken in the Meta territory on the Guayabero River.
Arawakan vs. Maipurean
In 1783, the Italian priest Filippo Salvatore Gilii recognized the unity of the Maipure language of the Orinoco and Moxos of Bolivia; he named their family Maipure. It was renamed Arawak by Von den Steinen (1886) and Brinten (1891) after Arawak in the Guianas, one of the major languages of the family. The modern equivalents are Maipurean or Maipuran and Arawak or Arawakan.
The term Arawakan is now used in two senses. South American scholars use Aruรกk for the family demonstrated by Gilij and subsequent linguists. In North America, however, scholars have used the term to include a hypothesis adding the Guajiboan and Arawan families. In North America, scholars use the name Maipurean to distinguish the core family, which is sometimes called core Arawak(an) or Arawak(an) proper instead.
Kaufman (1990: 40) relates the following:
[The Arawakan] name is the one normally applied to what is here called Maipurean. Maipurean used to be thought to be a major subgroup of Arawakan, but all the living Arawakan languages, at least, seem to need to be subgrouped with languages already found within Maipurean as commonly defined. The sorting out of the labels Maipurean and Arawakan will have to await a more sophisticated classification of the languages in question than is possible at the present state of comparative studies.
Characteristics
The languages called Arawakan or Maipurean were originally recognized as a separate group in the late nineteenth century. Almost all the languages now called Arawakan share a first-person singular prefix nu-, but Arawak proper has ta-. Other commonalities include a second-person singular pi-, relative ka-, and negative ma-.
The Arawak language family, as constituted by L. Adam, at first by the name of Maypure, has been called by Von den Steinen "Nu-Arawak" from the prenominal prefix "nu-" for the first person. This is common to all the Arawak tribes scattered along the coasts from Suriname to Guyana.
Upper Paraguay has Arawakan-language tribes: the Quinquinaos, the Layanas, etc. (This is the Moho-Mbaure group of L. Quevedo). In the islands of Marajos, in the middle of the estuary of the Amazon, the Aruan people spoke an Arawak dialect. The Guajira Peninsula (north of Venezuela) is occupied by the Wayuu tribe, also Arawakan speakers. In 1890โ95, De Brette estimated a population of 3,000 persons in the Guajira peninsula.
C. H. de Goeje's published vocabulary of 1928 outlines the Lokono/Arawak (Suriname and Guyana) 1400 items, comprising mostly morphemes (stems, affixes) and morpheme partials (single sounds), and only rarely compounded, derived, or otherwise complex sequences; and from Nancy P. Hickerson's British Guiana manuscript vocabulary of 500 items. However, most entries which reflect acculturation are direct borrowings from one or another of three model languages (Spanish, Dutch, English). Of the 1400 entries in de Goeje, 106 reflect European contact; 98 of these are loans. Nouns which occur with the verbalizing suffix described above number 9 out of the 98 loans.
Phonology
Though a great deal of variation can be found from language to language, the following is a general composite statement of the consonants and vowels typically found in Arawak languages, according to Aikhenvald (1999):
For more detailed notes on specific languages see Aikhenvald (1999) pp.ย 76โ77.
Shared morphological traits
General morphological type
Arawakan languages are polysynthetic and mostly head-marking. They have fairly complex verb morphology. Noun morphology is much less complex and tends to be similar across the family. Arawakan languages are mostly suffixing, with just a few prefixes.
Alienable and inalienable possession
Arawakan languages tend to distinguish alienable and inalienable possession. A feature found throughout the Arawakan family is a suffix (whose reconstructed Proto-Arawakan form is /*-tsi/) that allows the inalienable (and obligatorily possessed) body-part nouns to remain unpossessed. This suffix essentially converts inalienable body-part nouns into alienable nouns. It can only be added to body-part nouns and not to kinship nouns (which are also treated as inalienable). An example from the Pareci language is given below:
{|
| no-tiho|-
| 1SG-face
|-
| my face
|}
{|
| tiho-ti|-
| face-ALIEN
|-
| (someone's) face
|}
Classifiers
Many Arawakan languages have a system of classifier morphemes that mark the semantic category of the head noun of a noun phrase on most other elements of the noun phrase. The example below is from the Tariana language, in which classifier suffixes mark the semantic category of the head noun on all elements of a noun phrase other than the head noun (including adjectives, numerals, demonstratives, possessives) and on the verb of the clause:
{|
| ha-dapana || pa-dapana || pani-si || nu-ya-dapana || hanu-dapana|-
| DEM-CL:HOUSE || one-CL:HOUSE || house-NON.POSSV || 1SG-POSSV-CL:HOUSE || big-CL:HOUSE
|}
{|
| heku || na-ni-ni-dapana-mahka|-
| wood || 3PL-make-TOPIC.ADVANCING.VOICE-CL.HOUSE-REC.PAST.NON.VISUAL
|-
| colspan="2" | 'This one big house of mine is made of wood.'
|}
Subject and object cross-referencing on the verb
Most Arawakan languages have split-intransitive alignment systems of subject and object cross-referencing on the verb. The agentive arguments of both transitive and intransitive verbs are marked with prefixes, whereas the patientive arguments of both transitive and intransitive verbs are marked with suffixes. The following example from Baniwa of Iรงana shows a typical Arawakan split-intransitive alignment:
{|
| ri-kapa-ni|-
| 3SG.NFEM.AGENT-see-3SG.NFEM.PATIENT
|-
| 'He sees him/it.'
|}
{|
| ri-emhani|-
| 3SG.NFEM.AGENT-walk
|-
| 'He walks.'
|}
{|
| hape-ka-ni|-
| be.cold-DECL-3SG.NFEM.PATIENT
|-
| 'He/it is cold.'
|}
The prefixes and suffixes used for subject and object cross-referencing on the verb are stable throughout the Arawakan languages, and can therefore be reconstructed for Proto-Arawakan. The table below shows the likely forms of Proto-Arawakan:
Some examples
The Arawak word for maize is marisi, and various forms of this word are found among the related languages:
Lokono, marisi, Guyana.
Taรญno, mahisi or mahis, Greater Antilles.
Cauixana, mazy, Rio Jupura.
Wayuu, maiki, Goajira Peninsula.
Passes, mary, Lower Jupura.
Puri, maky, Rio Paraiba.
Wauja, mainki, Upper Xingu River.
Geographic distribution
Arawak is the largest family in the Americas with the respect to number of languages. The Arawakan languages are spoken by peoples occupying a large swath of territory, from the eastern slopes of the central Andes Mountains in Peru and Bolivia, across the Amazon basin of Brazil, northward into Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago and Colombia on the northern coast of South America, and as far north as Nicaragua, Honduras, Belize and Guatemala. The languages used to be found in Argentina and Paraguay as well.
Arawak-speaking peoples migrated to islands in the Caribbean some 2,500 years ago, settling the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. It is possible that some poorly attested extinct languages in North America, such as the languages of the Cusabo and Congaree in South Carolina, were members of this family.
Taรญno, commonly called Island Arawak, was spoken on the islands of Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and the Bahamas. A few Taino words are still used by English, Spanish, or Haitian Creole-speaking descendants in these islands. The Taรญno language was scantily attested but its classification within the Arawakan family is uncontroversial. Its closest relative among the better attested Arawakan languages seems to be the Wayuu language, spoken in Colombia and Venezuela. Scholars have suggested that the Wayuu are descended from Taรญno refugees, but the theory seems impossible to prove or disprove.
Garรญfuna (or Black Carib) is another Arawakan language originating on the islands. It developed as the result of forced migration among people of mixed Arawak, Carib, and African descent. It is estimated to have about 195,800 speakers in Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala and Belize combined.
Today the Arawakan languages with the most speakers are among the more recent Ta-Arawakan (Ta-Maipurean) groups: Wayuu [Goajiro], with about 300,000 speakers; and Garifuna, with about 100,000 speakers. The Campa group is next; Ashรกninca or Campa proper has 15โ18,000 speakers; and Ashรฉninca 18โ25,000. After that probably comes Terรชna, with 10,000 speakers; and Yanesha' [Amuesha] with 6โ8,000.
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Arawakan languages.
Proto-language
Proto-Arawak reconstructions by Aikhenvald (2002):
For lists of Proto-Arawakan reconstructions by Jolkesky (2016) and Ramirez (2019), see the corresponding Portuguese article.
See also
Arawak peoples
English words of Arawakan origin
Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Notes
References
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1999). The Arawak language family. In R. M. W. Dixon & A. Y. Aikhenvald (Eds.), The Amazonian languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; .
de Goeje, C. H., (1928). The Arawak language of Guiana, Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, Afdeling Letterkunde, Nieuwe Reeks.
Deniker, Joseph. (1900). The races of man: an outline of anthropology and ethnography.
Garifuna. (2015). In M. P. Lewis, G. F. Simmons, & C. D. Fennig (Eds.), Ethnologue: Languages of the world (18th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International.
Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp.ย 13โ67). Austin: University of Texas Press. .
Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R.E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp.ย 46โ76). London: Routledge.
Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarstrรถm, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Arawakan". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Rudes, Blair A. "Pre-Columbian Links to the Caribbean: Evidence Connecting Cusabo to Taino", paper presented at Language Variety in the South III conference, Tuscaloosa, AL, 16 April 2004.
Further reading
Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. .
Derbyshire, Desmond C. (1992). Arawakan languages. In W. Bright (Ed.), International encyclopedia of linguistics (Vol. 1, pp.ย 102โ105). New Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Migliazza, Ernest C.; & Campbell, Lyle. (1988). Panorama general de las lenguas indรญgenas en Amรฉrica (pp.ย 223). Historia general de Amรฉrica (Vol. 10). Caracas: Instituto Panamericano de Geografรญa e Historia.
Payne, David. (1991). A classification of Maipuran (Arawakan) languages based on shared lexical retentions. In D. C. Derbyshire & G. K. Pullum (Eds.), Handbook of Amazonian languages (Vol. 3, pp.ย 355โ499). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Solรญs Fonseca, Gustavo. (2003). Lenguas en la amazonรญa peruana. Lima: ediciรณn por demanda.
Zamponi, Raoul. (2003). Maipure, Munich: Lincom Europa. .
Lexicons
Cadete, C. (1991). Dicionรกrio Wapichana-Portuguรชs/Portuguรชs-Wapishana. Sรฃo Paulo: Ediรงรตes Loyola.
Captain, D. M.; Captain, L. B. (2005). Diccionario Basico: Ilustrado; Wayuunaiki-Espanol ; Espanol-Wayuunaiki. Bogota: Edit. Fundaciรณn para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Marginados.
Corbera Mori, A. (2005). As lรญnguas Waurรก e Mehinakรบ do Brasil Central. In: A. S. A. C. Cabral & S. C. S. de Oliveira (eds.), Anais do IV Congresso Internacional da ABRALIN, 795-804. Brasรญlia: Associaรงรฃo Brasileira de Lingรผรญstica, Universidade de Brasรญlia.
Couto, F. P. (2012). Contribuiรงรตes para a fonรฉtica e fonologia da lรญngua Manxineru (Aruรกk). Brasรญlia: Universidade de Brasรญlia. (Masters dissertation).
Couto, F. P. (n.d.). Dados do manxineri. (Manuscript).
Crevels, M.; Van Der Voort, H. (2008). The Guaporรฉ-Mamorรฉ region as a linguistic area. In: P. Muysken (ed.), From linguistic areas to areal linguistics (Studies in Language Companion Series, 90), 151-179. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
de Crรฉqui-Montfort, G.; Rivet, P. (1913b). Linguistique Bolivienne: La langue Lapaฤu ou Apolista. Zeitschrift fรผr Ethnologie, 45:512-531.
de Crรฉqui-Montfort, G.; Rivet, P. (1913c). Linguistique bolivienne. La langue Saraveka. Journal de la Sociรฉtรจ des Americanistes de Paris, 10:497-540.
Dixon, R. M. W.; Aikhenvald, A. (eds.) (1999). The Amazonian Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Duff-Tripp, M. (1998). Diccionario: Yanesha' (Amuesha) - Castellano. (Serie Lingรผรญstica Peruana, 47.) Lima: Inst. Lingรผรญstico de Verano.
Ekdahl, E. M.; Butler, N. E. (1969). Terรชna dictionary. Brasรญlia: SIL. ELIAS ORTIZ, S. (1945). Los Indios Yurumanguรญes. Acta Americana, 4:10-25.
Facundes, S. Da S. (2000). The Language of the Apurinรฃ People of Brazil (Maipure/Arawak). University of New York at Buffalo. (Doctoral dissertation).
Farabee, W. C. (1918). The Central Arawaks (University Museum Anthropological Publication, 9). Philadelphia: University Museum.
Fargetti, C. M. (2001). Estudo Fonolรณgico e Morfossintรกtico da Lรญngua Juruna. Campinas: UNICAMP. (Doctoral dissertation).
Gill, W. (1993 [1970]). Diccionario Trinitario-Castellano y Castellano-Trinitario. San Lorenzo de Mojos: Misiรณn Evangรฉlica Nuevas Tribus.
Green, D.; Green, H. G. (1998). Yuwit kawihka dicionรกrio Palikรบr - Portuguรชs. Belรฉm: SIL.
Jolkesky, M. P. V. (2016). Uma reconstruรงรฃo do proto-mamorรฉ-guaporรฉ (famรญlia arawak). LIAMES, 16.1:7-37.
Kindberg, L. D. (1980). Diccionario ashรกninca (Documento de Trabajo, 19). Yarinacocha: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Mehinรกku, M. (n.d.). Vocabulรกrio mehinaku. (Manuscript).
Mosonyi, J. C. (1987). El idioma yavitero: ensayo de gramรกtica y diccionario. Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela. (Doctoral dissertation).
Nies, J., et alii (1986). Diccionario Piro. Tokanchi Gikshijikowaka-Steno (Serie Lingรผรญstica Peruana, 22). Yarinacocha: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Ott, W.; Burke de Ott, R. (1983). Diccionario Ignaciano y Castellano: con apuntes gramaticales. Cochabamba: Inst. Lingรผรญstico de Verano.
Parker, S. (1995). Datos de la lengua Iรฑapari. (Documento de Trabajo, 27). Yarinacocha: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Parker, S. (2010). Chamicuro data: exhaustive list. (SIL Language and Culture Documentation and Description, 12). SIL International.
Payne, D. L. (1991). A classification of Maipuran (Arawakian) languages based on shared lexical retentions. In: D. C. Derbyshire & G. K. Pullun (orgs.), Handbook of Amazonian languages, 355-499. The Hague: Mouton.
Ramirez, H. (2001a). Dicionรกrio Baniwa-Portugues. Manaus: Universidade do Amazonas.
Ramirez, H. (2001b). Lรญnguas Arawak da Amazรดnia Setentrional. Manaus: EDUA.
Shaver, H. (1996). Diccionario nomatsiguenga-castellano, castellano-nomatsiguenga (Serie Linguรญstica Peruana, 41). Pucallpa: Ministerio de Educaciรณn & Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Snell, B. (1973). Pequeรฑo diccionario machiguenga-castellano. Yarinacocha: SIL.
Solรญs, G.; Snell, B. E. (2005). Tata onkantakera niagantsipage anianeegiku (Diccionario escolar Machiguenga). Lima, Perรบ: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Souza, I. (2008). Koenukunoe emo'u: A lรญngua dos รญndios Kinikinau. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. (Doctoral dissertation).
Suazo, S. (2011). Lila Garifuna: Diccionario Garรญfuna: Garifuna - Espaรฑol. Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Litografรญa Lรณpez.
Trevor R. A. (1979). Vocabulario Resรญgaro (Documento de Trabajo, 16). Yarinacocha: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Tripp, M. D. (1998). Diccionario Yanesha' (Amuesha)-Castellano. (Serie Lingรผรญstica Peruana, 47). Lima: Ministerio de Educaciรณn / Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Wapishana Language Project. (2000). Scholars's dictionary and grammar of the Wapishana language. Porto Velho: SIL International.
Durbin, M.; Seijas, H. (1973). A Note on Panche, Pijao, Pantagora (Palenque), Colima and Muzo. International Journal of American Linguistics, 39:47-51.
Data sets
Thiago Costa Chacon. (2018, November 27). CLDF dataset derived from Chacon et al.'s "Diversity of Arawakan Languages" from 2019 (Version v1.0.1). Zenodo.
Thiago Costa Chacon. (2018). CLDF dataset derived from Chacon's "Arawakan and Tukanoan contacts in Northwest Amazonia prehistory" from 2017 (Version v1.1) [Data set]. Zenodo.
Thiago Costa Chacon. (2018). CLDF dataset derived from Chacon's "Annotated Swadesh Lists for Arawakan Languages" from 2017 (Version v1.0.1) [Data set]. Zenodo.
Reconstructions
Matteson, E. (1972). Proto Arawakan. In: E. Matteson et al. (eds.), Comparative Studies in Amerindian Languages, 160-242. The Hague and Paris: Mouton.
Noble, G. K. (1965). Proto-Arawakan and its descendants. Publications of the Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics, 38. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Valenti, D. M. (1986). A Reconstruction of the Proto-Arawakan Consonantal System.'' New York University. (Doctoral thesis).
External links
Arawak Languages - Linguistics - Oxford Bibliographies
South American Phonological Inventory Database
Language families
Macro-Arawakan languages |