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https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%A7%80%20%28%EC%84%B8%EA%B8%88%29
์ธ์ง€ (์„ธ๊ธˆ)
์ธ์ง€(revenue stamp, tax stamp, duty stamp, fiscal stamp)๋Š” ์„ธ๊ธˆ๋”ฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆํ‘œ๋กœ ์‹ ์ฒญ์„œ ๋”ฐ์œ„์— ์ฒจ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐํ‘œ์™€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ž… ์ธ์ง€, ์„ธ๊ธˆ ์ธ์ง€, ์˜๋ฌด ์ธ์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” ํšŒ๊ณ„ ์ธ์ง€ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์„œ, ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ, ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ์Œ๋ฃŒ, ๋งˆ์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ, ์นด๋“œ ๋†€์ด, ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ ๋ฉดํ—ˆ์ฆ, ์ด๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ๋ก ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€์— ์ง•์ˆ˜๋œ ์„ธ๊ธˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ ‘์ฐฉ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ์ •๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…(์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ฉ๋ถ€)ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ ํŒ๋งค์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ๊ณผ์„ธ ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์–‘์‹ ์ž‘์„ฑ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ž… ์ธ์ง€๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ์šฐํ‘œ์™€ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ž… ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ค‘ ๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ์šฐํ‘œ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ž…์ธ์ง€๋„ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ค๋ช… ์ˆ˜์ž… ์ธ์ง€๋Š” ์ง•์ˆ˜๋œ ์„ธ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ธ์ง€์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ถ€, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์ง€์—ญ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ณต์‹ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณ ๋ฌด์งˆ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ๋ฌด์งˆ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ, ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ๋šซ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ, ์ธ์‡„๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์— ๋ณด์‹ฑ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ํฌ๊ธฐ๋“ ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์ง€ํ๋งŒํผ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ์ƒ์„ธํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ๊ฐ™์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ข…์ด๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์ž… ์ธ์ง€์˜ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ์œ„์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์„ธ์ฒญ์€ ์ˆ˜์ž… ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ "...๊ตญ์ œ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€, ๊ทธ ๋ฉดํ—ˆ ์†Œ์ง€์ž ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์ด ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœํ–‰๋œ ์Šคํƒฌํ”„, ์ ‘์ฐฉ์‹ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ์„ธ๊ธˆ, ๊ด€์„ธ ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ธ์ง€"๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ ์ œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋‹ด๊ฐ€ ๋ ˆ๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ 16์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋‹จ ์šฐํ‘œ์˜ ์„ธ์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋น„๋‹จ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ž… ์ธ์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ์šฐํ‘œ(1840๋…„์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ)๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ธ์ง€์„ธ์˜ ์šฐํ‘œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ž…(revenues)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ์กŒ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์šฐํ‘œ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€ ์šด์˜์„ ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์š•๊ตฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ž…์ธ์ง€์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ถˆํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. 21์„ธ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ „์‚ฐํ™”์™€ ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๋ถˆ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ˆ˜์ž… ์ธ์ง€๋Š” ๋œ ํ”ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ƒ์—๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…์ธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์šฐํ‘œ์™€ ์ˆ˜์ž… ์ธ์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „ ๋Œ€์˜์ œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์šฐํ‘œ๋Š” ์ด์ค‘ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ข…์ข… "์šฐํ‘œ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ž…"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ˆ˜์ž… ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์šฐํŽธ ์š”๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์— ์šฐํŽธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์Šน์ธ๋œ ์ˆ˜์ž… ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์šฐํŽธ ์žฌ์ •์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋ถ€ํƒ„์€ 1955๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1962๋…„ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์šฐํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ–‰๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐํŽธ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ž… ์ธ์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์Šน์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šคํƒ ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋ธ์Šค(Stanley Gibbons) ์นดํƒˆ๋กœ๊ทธ์—์„œ ์ด ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์šฐํ‘œ์—๋Š” F ์ ‘๋‘์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ทจ์†Œ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ์ˆ˜์ž… ์ธ์ง€๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ์šฐํ‘œ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐํŽธ๋ฌผ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์šฐํŽธ ์ทจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์šฐํ‘œ์™€ ์ˆ˜์ต์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์œ ํšจํ•œ ์šฐํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€ํ–‰์€ ์ด์ œ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋‹ค. ํŽœ ์บ”์Šฌ, ์ž‰ํฌ๋กœ ๋œ ํ•ธ๋“œ์Šคํƒฌํ”„, ์ฒœ๊ณต, ์— ๋ณด์‹ฑ, ๊ตฌ๋ฉ ํŽ€์นญ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ฐข๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ˆ˜์ž…์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ทจ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1900๋…„๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ˆ˜์ž…์ธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌธ์„œ์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•œ ํ›„ ์ ˆ๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ˆ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž‰ํฌ๋กœ ์ทจ์†Œํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด "์Šคํƒฌํ”„ ์ ˆ๋‹จ๊ธฐ"๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์šฉ ์žฅ๋น„ ํด๋ž˜์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ์ˆ˜์ž… ์ธ์ง€๋Š” ํ•œ๋•Œ ์šฐํ‘œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์šฐํ‘œ ์นดํƒˆ๋กœ๊ทธ ๋ฐ ์ „์‹œํšŒ์—์„œ ์šฐํ‘œ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ดํ›„ ์šฐํ‘œ ๋ฐœํ–‰ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ž…์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์นดํƒˆ๋กœ๊ทธ์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์šฐํ‘œ ์ˆ˜์ž…์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ต ์šฐํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์ œ ์ž์ฒด FIP(Fรฉdรฉration Internationale de Philatรฉlie) ์œ„์›ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ FIP ์Šน์ธ ์šฐํ‘œ ์ „์‹œํšŒ์—์„œ ์Šน์ธ๋œ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์นดํƒˆ๋กœ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฌธ ๋ฐœํ–‰์ธ๊ณผ ๋”œ๋Ÿฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์ต ์ธ์ง€๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ต ์ธ์ง€์™€ ์šฐํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ด์ƒ ์Šคํƒ ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋ธ์Šค์™€ ๋ฏธ์ฒผ(Michel)์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์นดํƒˆ๋กœ๊ทธ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ ์Šค์ฝง(Scott) ๋ฐ ์Šค์ฝง ํŠนํ™”(Scott Specialized) ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์นดํƒˆ๋กœ๊ทธ์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ˆ˜์ž… ์ธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ, ์˜์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ์นดํƒˆ๋กœ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฒ ์–ดํ’‹ ์นดํƒˆ๋กœ๊ทธ(Barefoot Catalogue)์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ The American Revenuer โ€“ archive 1963โ€“2015 Revenue and Railway stamps of Australia State of New York Stock Transfer Tax stamps UK Duty Stamps Scheme Revenue Reverend website timbres-fiscaux.fr (in French) ์กฐ์„ธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue%20stamp
Revenue stamp
A revenue stamp, tax stamp, duty stamp or fiscal stamp is a (usually) adhesive label used to designate collected taxes or fees on documents, tobacco, alcoholic drinks, drugs and medicines, playing cards, hunting licenses, firearm registration, and many other things. Typically, businesses purchase the stamps from the government (thereby paying the tax), and attach them to taxed items as part of putting the items on sale, or in the case of documents, as part of filling out the form. Revenue stamps often look very similar to postage stamps, and in some countries and time periods it has been possible to use postage stamps for revenue purposes, and vice versa. Some countries also issued dual-purpose postage and revenue stamps. Description Revenue stamps are stamps used to designate collected taxes and fees. They are issued by governments, national and local, and by official bodies of various kinds. They take many forms and may be gummed and ungummed, perforated or imperforate, printed or embossed, and of any size. In many countries, they are as detailed in their design as banknotes; they are often made from the same type of paper. The high value of many revenue stamps means that they may contain security devices to prevent counterfeiting. The Revenue Society has defined revenue stamps as " ...stamps, whether impressed, adhesive or otherwise, issued by or on behalf of International, National or Local Governments, their Licensees or Agents, and indicate that a tax, duty or fee has been paid or prepaid or that permission has been granted." History In the Ottoman empire, Damga resmi was already in use by the sixteenth century. Records of tax revenue from stamps for silk provide evidence of changes in silk production over time. The use of revenue stamps goes back further than that of postage stamps (first used in 1840); the stamps of the Stamp Acts of the 18th century were revenues. Their use became widespread in the 19th century, partly inspired by the success of the postage stamp, and partly motivated by the desire to streamline government operations, the presence of a revenue stamp being an indication that the item in question had already paid the necessary fees. Revenue stamps have become less commonly seen in the 21st century, with the rise of computerization and the ability to use numbers to track payments accurately. There are a great many kinds of revenue stamps in the world, and it is likely that many remain unrecorded. Both national and local entities have issued them. Governments have sometimes combined the functions of postage and revenue stamps. In the former British Empire, such stamps were often inscribed "Postage and Revenue" to reflect their dual function. Other countries have simply allowed revenue stamps to be used for postage or vice versa. A revenue stamp authorized subsequently for postal use is known as a postal fiscal. Bhutan, for instance, authorized the use of revenue stamps for postal purposes from 1955 until the first proper postage stamps of the country were issued in 1962. In the Stanley Gibbons catalog, this type of stamp has an F prefix. Methods of cancellation While revenue stamps often resemble postage stamps, they are not normally intended for use on mail and therefore do not receive a postal cancellation. Some countries such as Great Britain have issued stamps valid for both postage and revenue, but this practice is now rare. Many different methods have been used to cancel revenue stamps, including pen cancels, inked handstamps, perforating, embossing, hole punching or simply tearing. From around 1900, United States revenue stamps were required to be mutilated by cutting, after being affixed to documents, and in addition to being cancelled in ink. A class of office equipment was created to achieve this which became known as "stamp mutilators". Collecting Revenue stamps were once widely collected by philatelists and given the same status as postage stamps in stamp catalogues and at exhibitions. After World War One, however, they declined in popularity, possibly due to being excluded from catalogues as the number of postage stamps issued rose rapidly and crowded revenues out. The lowest point in revenue philately was during the middle years of the twentieth century. A Stanley Gibbons children's stamp album from the 1950s warned in its introduction: "Since Philately is the collecting of stamps that are employed in connection with the Posts, do not put in your album fiscals, telegraph stamps, tobacco-tax labels and other such strange things as are often found in some collections." This is not a definition of philately that would be recognised today. More recently, revenue philately has become popular again and now has its own FIP (Fรฉdรฉration Internationale de Philatรฉlie) Commission and is an approved category in FIP endorsed stamp exhibitions. Many catalogues have been issued by specialist publishers and dealers but revenue stamps still do not feature in some of the most popular catalogues, for instance by Stanley Gibbons and Michel, unless they are revenue and postage stamps. However, both the standard Scott and the Scott Specialised United States catalogue feature US revenue stamps. The leading catalogue for revenue stamps of the United Kingdom, the British Commonwealth and several European countries is the Barefoot Catalogue. Some types of revenue stamps Court fees One of the earliest uses of revenue stamps was to pay Court Fees. Stamps were used in the Indian feudal states as early as 1797, almost 50 years before the first postal stamps. Although India is only one of several countries that have used tax stamps on legal documents, it was one of the most prolific users. The practice is almost entirely stopped now, partly due to the prevalence of forgeries which cost the issuing government revenue. Documents The tax on documents, also commonly known as stamp duty, is one of the oldest uses of revenue stamps, probably being invented in Spain, and introduced (or re-invented) in the Netherlands in the 1620s, then reaching France in 1651 and England in 1694. Governments enforce the payment of the tax by making unstamped documents unenforcable in court. The tax has been applied to contracts, tenancy agreements, wills etc. A pre-printed revenue stamp appeared on many hundis of India. Tobacco and alcohol In many countries, tobacco and alcohol are taxed by the use of excise stamps. For instance, the producer may buy stamps from the government which are then affixed to each bottle of alcohol or packet of cigarettes to show that tax has been paid. Often the stamp will be fixed across a seal so that on opening the pack or bottle the stamp is destroyed. Gallery See also Impressed duty stamp Postal tax stamp, a postal stamp which also raises fiscal revenue Stamped paper Revenue stamps of the United States Ryan Collection, a collection of Budapest municipal revenue stamps Turner Collection of Newspaper Tax Stamps References Further reading Catalogues by Alfred Forbin. Catalogues by Walter Morley. Akerman, Clive. The Presentation of Revenue Stamps: Taxes and Duties in South America. New edition. The Revenue Society of Great Britain, 2002. Revenue philatelic societies American Revenue Association Fiscal Philatelic Society The Revenue Society The State Revenue Society External links The American Revenuer โ€“ archive 1963โ€“2015 Revenue and Railway stamps of Australia State of New York Stock Transfer Tax stamps UK Duty Stamps Scheme Revenue Reverend website timbres-fiscaux.fr (in French) Cinderella stamps Philatelic terminology Tax
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%ED%9D%90%EB%A7%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%94%84%201%EC%84%B8
ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„ 1์„ธ
ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„ 1์„ธ(, , ; ~ )๋Š” ์‚ฌํŒŒ๋น„ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ์˜ ์žฌ์œ„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 52๋…„์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํŒŒ๋น„ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค(). ์ƒค ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์‚ฌํŒŒ๋น„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋‚ดยท์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ชผ๊ฐœ์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•„์˜ˆ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๋Š” 10์‚ด์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋‚˜์ด์— ์žฌ์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ž์Œ์—๋„, ์‚ฌํŒŒ๋น„ ์ œ๊ตญ์ด ๋ถ„์—ด๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฉธ๋งํ•  ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋„˜๊ธฐ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ณตํ—Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ข…๊ต์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์ด์Šค๋งˆ์ผ 1์„ธ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ด์–ด ๋ฐ›์•„ ์‹œ์•„ํŒŒ ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ „ํŒŒ์— ํž˜์ผ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ์™•์ž ์‹œ์ ˆ ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด์ž๋Š” ์ด์ŠคํŒŒํ•œ ์ธ๊ทผ์˜ ์ƒคํ•˜๋ฐ”๋“œ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์‚ฌํŒŒ๋น„ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹œํ™ฉ์ œ, ์ด์Šค๋งˆ์ผ 1์„ธ์˜€๊ณ , ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์•ผ์ฟฑ ์•„ํฌ์ฝ”์œค๋ฃจ์˜ ์†๋…€์ธ ํƒ€์ฆ๋ฃจ ํ•˜๋ˆ”์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠ€๋ฅดํฌยท๋ชฝ๊ณจ์‹ ์ „ํ†ต์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์ด์Šค๋งˆ์ผ 1์„ธ๋Š” ๋ง์•„๋“ค ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด์ž๋ฅผ ํ›„๋ผ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ด๋…์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์Šค์Šน()์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์•„๋ฏธ๋ฅด ์ˆ ํƒ„ ๋ฌด์‹ค๋ฃจ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด์ž๋ฅผ ํ—ค๋ผํŠธ์— ๋‘” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด์Šค๋งˆ์ผ 1์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด์ž๊ฐ€ 8์‚ด์ด ๋œ 1421๋…„, ์•„๋ฏธ๋ฅด ์ˆ ํƒ„ ๋ฌด์‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ํƒ€์ง€ํฌ์ธ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ์•ผ์Šค ์•Œ๋”˜๊ณผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ๋นš์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฏธ๋ฅด ์ˆ ํƒ„์ด ๊ธฐ์•ผ์Šค ์•Œ๋”˜์„ ์ฒ˜ํ˜•ํ•˜์ž ์ด์Šค๋งˆ์ผ์€ ์•„๋ฏธ๋ฅด ์ˆ ํƒ„๊ณผ ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๋ฅผ ํƒ€๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ๋“ค์ด๊ณ , ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„์˜ ์Šค์Šน์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ›„์ผ ๋””๋ธŒ ์ˆ ํƒ„์ด๋ผ ์•Œ๋ ค์งˆ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ ๊ทธ ๋ฃธ๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ์ž„๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ—ค๋ผํŠธ์™€ ํ›„๋ผ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ด๋…์ž๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„์˜ ๋™์ƒ, ์‚ผ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์žฌ์œ„ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์Šค๋งˆ์ผ 1์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์— ์ฃฝ์ž, ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด์ž๋Š” 10์‚ด์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋กœ ์‚ฌํŒŒ๋น„ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ 2๋Œ€ ํ™ฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒค ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„ ์žฌ์œ„์˜ ์ฒซ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์€ ํฌ์ฆ๋ฐ”์‰ฌ ์ˆ˜๋ น๋“ค์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ๋‹คํˆผ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์ฒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋””๋ธŒ ์ˆ ํƒ„ ๋ฃธ๋ฃจ์™€ ์พจํŽ™ ์ˆ ํƒ„ ์šฐ์Šคํƒ€์ฆ๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ณต๋™ ์„ญ์ • ์ง์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ž์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ณง ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹คํˆฌ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋””๋ธŒ ์ˆ ํƒ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์šฐ์Šคํƒ€์ฆ๋ฃจ ๋ถ€์กฑ์€ ๊ธธ๋ž€์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋””๋ธŒ ์ˆ ํƒ„์€ ์ฃผํ—คํ ์ˆ ํƒ„ ํƒ€์นผ๋ฃจ์™€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๊ตญ์„ ์šด์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ผ ์นธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ์‚ฌํŒŒ๋น„ ๊ถ์ •์ด ํ˜ผ๋ž€์— ๋น ์ง€์ž ํ›„๋ผ์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ผ ์นธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ ์šฐ๋ฐ”์ด๋“œ ์นธ์€ 1524๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1540๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ›„๋ผ์‚ฐ์„ 5์ฐจ๋ก€๋‚˜ ์นจ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒค ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๋Š” ์šฐ์ฆˆ๋ฒ ํฌ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์นจ๊ณต์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 4์ฐจ๋ก€๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฉ ์›์ •์— ๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๋Š” 1524๋…„ 11์›”, ์ž ์—์„œ ์šฐ์ฆˆ๋ฒ ํฌ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉํŒŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๋Š” ์ฐฐ๋“œ๋ž€ ์ „ํˆฌ, ๋ชจํ•˜์น˜ ์ „ํˆฌ์˜ ์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํ™”๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํŒŒ๋น„ ์ œ๊ตญ์€ ํ›„๋ผ์‚ฐ ์ง€์—ญ์„, ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ผ ์นธ๊ตญ์€ ๋งˆ ์™€๋ผ ์•Œ๋‚˜ํ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์ด ์ •์ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ ์ œ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ ์ œ๊ตญ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋†“์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๊ฐ€ ๋™์ชฝ์—์„œ ์šฐ์ฆˆ๋ฒ ํฌ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์น˜๋ฅด๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ, ์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ์ด๋ผํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„์ œ๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ด์ž” ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„ ํœ˜ํ•˜์—๋Š” ๊ณ ์ž‘ 7,000๋ช…์˜ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•ด์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ นํ•  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” 1534๋…„, 1546๋…„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1553๋…„, ์„ธ ์ฐจ๋ก€์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์‚ฌํŒŒ๋น„ ์ œ๊ตญ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๋Š” ๋งค๋ฒˆ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ํšŒํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ๋„˜๊ฒจ์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•˜๋‹ค. ํƒ€๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋Š” ๋งค ์›์ •๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ•จ๋ฝ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‰ด๋ ˆ์ด๋งŒ ๋Œ€์ œ๋Š” 1533๋…„๊ณผ 1548๋…„์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„์˜ ๋™์ƒ์ธ ์‚ผ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด์ž์™€ ์•Œ์นด์Šค ๋ฏธ๋ฅด์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฌํŒŒ๋น„ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ๊ผญ๋‘๊ฐ์‹œ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋กœ ์˜น๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ, ์‚ฌํŒŒ๋น„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํฌ๋ฆผ ์นธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ด‰์‹ ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ 1533๋…„์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ ์ œ๊ตญ์ด ์นจ๊ณตํ•˜์ž ์ƒด๋ฃจ ๋ถ€์™€ ํƒ€์นผ๋ฃจ ๋ถ€๋Š” ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๋ฅผ ์•”์‚ดํ•˜๊ณ  ํ—ค๋ผํŠธ ํƒœ์ˆ˜ ์‚ผ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด์ž๋ฅผ ์˜น๋ฆฝํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ผ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด์ž๋Š” ์‰ด๋ ˆ์ด๋งŒ ๋Œ€์ œ์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด, ์•„์ œ๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ด์ž” ๋™์ชฝ์˜ ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ• ์–‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ์ด๋ž€์˜ ํ†ต์น˜์ž๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…ํ•ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ œ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์†Œ์‹์€ ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„์˜ ๊ถ์ •์„ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์— ๋น ๋œจ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ผ ๋ฏธ๋ฅด์ž๋Š” ์‰ด๋ ˆ์ด๋งŒ์ด ํ‡ด๊ฐํ• ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํ‡ด๊ฐํ•˜์ž, ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑ๋“ค์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์นธ๋‹คํ•˜๋ฅด ์ •๋ณต ์šฐ์ฆˆ๋ฒ ํฌ์™€์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ํ—ค๋ผํŠธ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ํ•จ๋ฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๋Š” 1537๋…„์˜ ์›์ •์œผ๋กœ ํ—ค๋ผํŠธ๋ฅผ ํƒˆํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์—ฌ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ์•„ ์นธ๋‹คํ•˜๋ฅด๋„ ํ‹ฐ๋ฌด๋ฅด ์™•์กฐ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ž ์‹œ ๋นผ์•—์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์นธ๋‹คํ•˜๋ฅด๋Š” ์ด๋ž€ ๊ณ ์›๊ณผ ์ธ๋„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ฌด์—ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์ถฉ์ง€์˜€๋‹ค. 1543๋…„์—๋Š” ํ‹ฐ๋ฌด๋ฅด ์™•์กฐ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ, ํ›„๋งˆ์œค์ด ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„์˜ ๊ถ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ง๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๋Š” ํ›„๋งˆ์œค์ด ์‹œ์•„ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•œ ๋’ค, ์–ผ๋งˆ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์–ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ ํ›„๋งˆ์œค์€ ์นธ๋‹คํ•˜๋ฅด๋ฅผ ํƒˆํ™˜ํ•œ ๋’ค ์ด๋ฅผ ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„์— ๋‚ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์นธ๋‹คํ•˜๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ตด ์ œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํŒŒ๋น„ ์ œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์˜ค๊ฐ”์œผ๋‚˜, 1558๋…„, ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์นธ๋‹คํ•˜๋ฅด๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ์œ„ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๋Š” ๋™์ชฝ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์„œ์ชฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๋Š” ํ›„์ผ ์••๋ฐ”์Šค 1์„ธ ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ์ฃผ์ถง๋Œ์„ ๋†“๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์บ…์นด์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์›์ •์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์„ฑ๊ณต์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์กฐ์ง€์•„์ธ, ์•„๋ฅด๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ์•„์ธ, ์„œ์นด์‹œ์•„์ธ ํฌ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์••๋ฐ”์Šค 1์„ธ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ ๊ตฐ๋‹จ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์‚ฌํŒŒ๋น„ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์น˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋’คํ”๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๋Š” ์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํƒ€๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์—์„œ ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ์˜ ์นด์ฆˆ๋นˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋„๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. 1574๋…„, ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๋Š” ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์™•์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํฌ์ฆ๋ฐ”์‰ฌ ๋ถ€์กฑ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™€์ค‘์ธ , ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๋Š” ๋…์‚ด์„ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์Šคํƒ€์ฆ๋ฃจ ๋ถ€๋Š” ํ•˜์ด๋‹ค๋ฅด ๋ฏธ๋ฅด์ž๋ฅผ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž๋กœ ์ง€์ง€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์•„ํ”„์ƒค๋ฅด, ๋ฃธ๋ฃจ ๋“ฑ ๋ถ€์กฑ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์Šค๋งˆ์ผ 2์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํŒŒ๋น„ ์ œ๊ตญ 3๋Œ€ ํ™ฉ์ œ๋กœ ์˜น๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…๊ต ์ •์ฑ… ์ƒค ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๋Š” ๋‚ดยท์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ์•„ํŒŒ ๋ถ€ํฅ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ž์‹ ์€ 1540๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งˆ์‰ฌํ•˜๋“œ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์‹œ์•„ํŒŒ ์ด๋ง˜ ๋ฆฌ์ž์˜ ์˜๋ฌ˜์— ์ˆœ๋ก€ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์•„๋“ค ํ›„์„ธ์ธ์ด ์นด๋ฅด๋ฐœ๋ผ์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์€ ์ผ์„ ์• ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„์Šˆ๋ผ ์˜์‹์„ ํ›„์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ง€์˜ ์‹œ์•„ํŒŒ ๋ชจ์Šคํฌ๋‚˜ ์˜๋ฌ˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์ •๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์˜€๋‹ค. ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๋Š” ์‹œ์•„ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์ฒด๊ณ„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์˜€๋‹ค. 1533๋…„, ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๋Š” ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์ด์Šค๋งˆ์ผ 1์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์ด์• ํ•œ ์‹œ์•„ํŒŒ ์‹ ํ•™์ž, ์•Œ๋ฆฌ ์นด๋ผํ‚ค ์•Œ์•„๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ฑ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ฆฌ ์นด๋ผํ‚ค ์•Œ์•„๋ฐ€์€ ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„์˜ ํ›„์›์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํŒŒ๋น„ ์ œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ข…๊ต ์ •์ฑ… ์ „๋ฐ˜์„ ์ด๊ด„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ฆฌ ์นด๋ผํ‚ค๋Š” ์‹ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด 12์ด๋ง˜ ์‹œ์•„ํŒŒ ์‹ ํ•™์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ•œํŽธ ์ด์Šค๋งˆ์ผ 1์„ธ์˜ ์ˆœ๋‹ˆํŒŒ ํƒ„์•• ์ •์ฑ…๋„ ๊ณ„์† ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด์Šค๋งˆ์ผ 1์„ธ๋Š” 1501๋…„ ํƒ€๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ นํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์•„ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์•Œ๋ฆฌ ์ด์ „์˜ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์นผ๋ฆฌํŒŒ 3๋ช…์„ ์ €์ฃผํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ นํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๋Š” ์ด ์นผ๋ฆฌํ”„๋“ค์„ ์ €์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์‹์ธ ํƒ€๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ชจ์Šคํฌ๋‚˜ ๊ด‘์žฅ์—์„œ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ˆœ๋‹ˆํŒŒ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ๋ฌผ 90๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆœ๋‹ˆํŒŒ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜ํ”ผ ์ข…๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ„์••๋„ ์ด์–ด์ ธ, ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฒ˜ํ˜•์ด ํ–‰ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ •์ฑ… ์‚ฌํŒŒ๋น„ ์ œ๊ตญ์€ ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ 16์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์žฌ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์‚ฌํŒŒ๋น„ ์ œ๊ตญ์€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ผ ์นธ๊ตญ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ›„๋ผ์‚ฐ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„, ์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ ์ œ๊ตญ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด๋ผํฌ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ์ƒ์‹คํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์ œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋•…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํŒŒ๋น„ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ํ™”ํŽ˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์Šค๋งˆ์ผ 1์„ธ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์ƒคํžˆ ์€ํ™”์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋Š” 9.22g์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„์˜ ๊ณ„์†๋œ ๊ฐ€์น˜์ ˆํ•˜ ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์••๋ฐ”์Šค 1์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ‰์œ„ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” 2.30g์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ™” ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์œ ๋Šฅํ•œ ํ™”๊ฐ€์˜€๋‹ค. ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๋Š” 2์‚ด์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋กœ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ™”๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ํ—ค๋ผํŠธ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ํ—ค๋ผํŠธ์˜ ๊ถ์ •์—์„œ, ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๋Š” ๋น„ํ์ž๋“œ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์› ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„๋Š” ์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ›„์›์„ ์ด์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋Š” ใ€Š์ƒค๋‚˜๋ฉ”ใ€‹์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŒ๋ณธ์ด ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‚ฌํŒŒ๋น„ ์ œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ํŽธ์ฐฌ๋œ ๋„์„œ๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 258์žฅ์˜ ์‚ฝํ™”๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ด ์ฑ…์€ ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„์˜ ์žฌ์œ„ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ œ์ž‘๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด, 1540๋…„ ๊ฒฝ์— ์™„์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ํƒ€ํ๋งˆ์Šคํ”„์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋Š” ์ด์Šค๋งˆ์ผ 1์„ธ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์•„์ œ๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ด์ž” ํŠ€๋ฅดํฌ์–ด์™€ ๊ทธ ๋ฌธํ•™์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น›๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๊ทธ๋‹ค๋“œ์˜ ๋ฌดํ•จ๋งˆ๋“œ ์ด๋ธ ์ˆ ๋ ˆ์ด๋งŒ ํ‘ธ์ค„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ œ๋ฆฌ์–ด ์‹œ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ์Œ“์•˜๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ฌดํ•จ๋งˆ๋“œ ์•„๋งˆ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ํ‘ธ์ค„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ผ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‚ฌํŒŒ๋น„ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฐํ‚ค ๋ฒ ๊ทธ ์•„ํ”„์ƒค๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 1514๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1576๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋…์‚ด๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ ์‹œ์•„ํŒŒ ๋ฌด์Šฌ๋ฆผ ์‚ฌํŒŒ๋น„ ์™•์กฐ ์•„์ œ๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ด์ž”๊ณ„ ์ด๋ž€์ธ 16์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ž€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 16์„ธ๊ธฐ ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ 16์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋™์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahmasp%20I
Tahmasp I
Tahmasp I ( or ; 22 February 1514 โ€“ 14 May 1576) was the second shah of Safavid Iran from 1524 until his death in 1576. He was the eldest son of Ismail I and his principal consort, Tajlu Khanum. Ascending the throne after the death of his father on 23 May 1524, the first years of Tahmasp's reign were marked by civil wars between the Qizilbash leaders until 1532, when he asserted his authority and began an absolute monarchy. He soon faced a long-lasting war with the Ottoman Empire, which was divided into three phases. The Ottoman sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent, tried to install his own candidates on the Safavid throne. The war ended with the Peace of Amasya in 1555, with the Ottomans gaining sovereignty over Iraq, much of Kurdistan, and western Georgia. Tahmasp also had conflicts with the Uzbeks of Bukhara over Khorasan, with them repeatedly raiding Herat. In 1528, at the age of fourteen, he defeated the Uzbeks in the Battle of Jam by using artillery. Tahmasp was a patron of the arts and was an accomplished painter himself. He built a royal house of arts for painters, calligraphers and poets. Later in his reign, he came to despise poets, shunning many and exiling them to the Mughal court of India. Tahmasp is known for his religious piety and fervent zealotry for the Shia branch of Islam. He bestowed many privileges on the clergy and allowed them to participate in legal and administrative matters. In 1544 he demanded that the fugitive Mughal emperor Humayun convert to Shi'ism in return for military assistance to reclaim his throne in India. Nevertheless, Tahmasp still negotiated alliances with the Christian powers of the Republic of Venice and the Habsburg monarchy who were also rivals of the Ottoman Empire. His succession was disputed before his death. When Tahmasp died, a civil war followed, leading to the death of most of the royal family. Tahmasp's reign of nearly fifty-two years was the longest of any member of the Safavid dynasty. Although contemporary Western accounts were critical, modern historians describe him as a courageous and able commander who maintained and expanded his father's empire. His reign saw a shift in the Safavid ideological policy; he ended the worshipping of his father as the Messiah by the Turkoman Qizilbash tribes and instead established a public image of a pious and orthodox Shia king. He started a long process followed by his successors to end the Qizilbash influence on Safavid politics, replacing them with the newly introduced 'third force' containing Islamized Georgians and Armenians. Name "Tahmasp" () is a New Persian name, ultimately derived from Old Iranian *ta(x)ma-aspa, meaning "having valiant horses." The name is one of the few instances of a name from the epic poem Shahnameh () being used by an Islamic-era dynasty based in Iran. In the Shahnameh, Tahmasp is the father of Zaav, the penultimate shah of the mythical Persian Pishdadian dynasty. Background Tahmasp was the second shah of the Safavid dynasty, a family of Kurdish origin, who were sheikhs of a Sufi (school of Sufism) known as the Safavid order and centred in Ardabil, a city in the northwestern Iran. The first sheikh of the order and eponym of the dynasty, Safi-ad-din Ardabili (d. 1334), married the daughter of Zahed Gilani (d. 1301) and became the master of his father-in-law's order, the Zahediyeh. Two of Safi-ad-Din's descendants, Shaykh Junayd (d. 1460) and his son, Shaykh Haydar (d. 1488), made the order more militant and unsuccessfully tried to expand their domain. Tahmasp's father, Ismail I (), who inherited the leadership the Safavid order from his grandfather, Shaykh Haydar, became shah of Iran in 1501, a state mired in civil war after the collapse of the Timurid Empire. He conquered the territories of the Aq Qoyunlu tribal confederation, the lands of the Chinggisid (Descendant of Genghis Khan) Uzbek Shaybanid dynasty in the eastern Iran, and many city-states by 1512. Ismail's realm included the whole territory of modern Iran, in addition to sovereignty over Georgia, Armenia, Daghestan, and Shirvan in the west, and Herat in the east. Unlike his Sufist ancestors, Ismail believed in Twelver Shia Islam and made it the official religion of the realm. He forced conversion on the Sunni population by abolishing Sunni Sufi orders, seizing their property, and giving the Sunni (Islamic clergymen) a choice of conversion, death, or exile. From this, a power vacuum emerged which allowed the Shia to create a clerical aristocracy filled with (descendant of Muhammad) and (Islamic scholar expert in the Islamic law) landowners. Ismail established the Qizilbash Turkoman tribes as inseparable members of the Safavid administration since they were the "men of the sword" who brought him to power. These "men of the sword" clashed with the other major part of his bureaucracy, the "men of the pen", who controlled the literati and were mainly Persian. Ismail created the title of (deputy to the king) to resolve the dispute. The title of surpassed both the (commander-in-chief; mostly bestowed upon Qizilbash leaders), and the (minister and head of the bureaucracy) in authority. The holder of the title was the vicegerent of Ismail and represented him in the royal court. The creation of this new superior title could not cease the clashes between the Qizilbash leaders and Persian bureaucrats, which eventually climaxed in the Battle of Ghazdewan between the Safavids and the Uzbeks, in which Ismail's , the Persian Najm-e Sani, commended the army. The Uzbek victory, during which Najm was captured and executed afterwards, was the result of the desertion of many of the Qizilbash. The Uzbeks of Bukhara were a recurring problem on the Iranian eastern borders. The Safavids and the Shaybanids rose to power almost simultaneously at the turn of the sixteenth century. By 1503, when Ismail I had taken possession of large parts of the Iranian plateau, Muhammad Shaybani, Khan of Bukhara (), had conquered Khwarazm and Khorasan. Ismail defeated and killed Muhammad Shaybani in the Battle of Marv in 1510, returning Khorasan to Iranian possession, though Khwarazm and the Persianate cities in Transoxiana remained in Uzbek hands. Thereafter the possession of Khorasan became the main bone of contention between Safavids and Shaybanids. In 1514, Ismail's prestige and authority were damaged by his loss in the Battle of Chaldiran against the Ottoman Empire. Before the war with the Ottomans, Ismail promoted himself as a reincarnation of Ali or Husayn. This belief weakened after Chaldiran, and Ismail lost his theological-religious relationship with the disappointed Qizilbash tribes who had previously seen him as invincible. This affected Ismail, who began drinking heavily and never again led an army; this permitted the seizure of power by the Qizilbash tribes which overshadowed Tahmasp's early reign. Early life Abu'l-Fath Tahmasp Mirza was born on 22 February 1514 in Shahabad, a village near Isfahan, as the eldest son of Ismail I and his principal consort, Tajlu Khanum. According to the narrative told by Iranian s (coffeehouse storytellers), on the night of Tahmasp's birth, a storm erupted, with wind, rain, and lightning. Tajlu Khanum, feeling her labour pains beginning, suggested that the royal caravan camp in some village. The royal caravan thus headed to Shahabad. The (warden) of the village was a Sunni and did not let Tajlu Khanum enter his house, but a Shia resident of the village welcomed her into his modest house. By then, Tajlu Begum's pain had made her faint, and shortly after entering the house gave birth to a son. When the news reached Ismail, he was reportedly "heaped" with utmost joy and happiness, but refrained from seeing his son until his astrologers gave him an auspicious date to do so. When the auspicious hour arrived, the young boy was presented to Ismail and astrologers foresaw his future to be one entwisted with war and peace and that he would have many sons. Ismail named the boy Tahmasp after Ali, the first Imam, told him to do so in his dream. In 1516, when Tahmasp Mirza was two years old, the province of Khorasan became his fief by Ismail's order. This appointment was specially done to emulate the Timurid dynasty, that followed the Turco-Mongol tradition of appointing the eldest son of a sovereign to govern a prominent province like Khorasan. The centre of this major province, the city of Herat, would go on to be the city where Safavid crown princes were raised, trained, and educated throughout the sixteenth century. In 1517, Ismail appointed the Diyarbakr governor Amir Soltan Mawsillu as Tahmasp's (tutor) and governor of Balkh, a city in Khorasan. He replaced the Shamlu and Mawsillu governors of Khorasan, who did not join his army during the Battle of Chaldiran for fear of famine. Placing Tahmasp in Herat was an attempt to reduce the growing influence of the Shamlu tribe, which dominated Safavid court politics and held a number of powerful governorships. Ismail also appointed Amir Ghiyath al-Din Mohammad, a prominent Herat figure, as Tahmasp's religious tutor. A struggle for control of Herat emerged between the two tutors. Amir Soltan arrested Ghiyath al-Din and executed him the following day, but was ousted from his position in 1521 by a sudden raid by the Uzbeks who crossed the Amu Darya and seized portions of the city. Ismail appointed Div Sultan Rumlu as Tahmasp's , and the governorship was given to his younger son, Sam Mirza Safavi. During his years in Herat, Tahmasp developed a love for writing and painting. He became an accomplished painter and dedicated a work to his brother, Bahram Mirza. The painting was a humorous composition of a gathering of Safavid courtiers, featuring music, singing, and wine-drinking. In the spring of 1524, Ismail became ill on a hunting trip to Georgia and recovered in Ardabil on his way back to the capital. But he soon developed a high fever which led to his death on 23 May 1524 in Tabriz. Regency The ten-year-old Tahmasp ascended the throne after his father's death under the guardianship of Div Sultan Rumlu, his , the de facto ruler of the realm. Rule by a member of the Rumlu tribe was unacceptable to the other Turkoman tribes of the Qizilbash, especially the Ostajlu and Takkalu. Kopek Sultan, governor of Tabriz and leader of Ostajlu, along with Chuha Sultan, leader of the Takkalu tribe, were Div Sultan Rumlu's strongest opponents. The Takkalu were powerful in Isfahan and Hamadan, and the Ostajlu held Khorasan and the Safavid capital, Tabriz. Rumlu proposed a triumvirate to the two leaders which was accepted, the terms were for sharing the office of . The triumvirate proved unsustainable, since all sides were dissatisfied with their share of power. In the spring of 1526, a series of battles in northwest Iran between these tribes expanded into Khorasan and became a civil war. The Ostajlu faction was quickly excluded and their leader, Kopek Sultan, was killed by order of Chuha Sultan. During the civil war, the Uzbeks raiders temporarily seized Tus and Astarabad. Div Sultan Rumlu was blamed for the raids and was executed. His execution was performed by Tahmasp himself. At the behest of the young king, Chuha Sultan, the sole remaining member of the triumvirate, became de facto ruler of the realm from 1527 to 1530. Chuha tried to remove Herat from Shamlu dominance, which led to a conflict between the two tribes. In early 1530, the Herat governor, Hossein Khan Shamlu, and his men killed Chuha and executed every Takkalu in the retinue of the shah in the royal camp. This provoked the Takkalu tribe to rebellion, and a few days later, in an act of retaliation, they attacked the shah's retinue in Hamadan. One of the tribesman attempted to abduct the young Tahmasp, who had him put to death. Then Tahmasp ordered the general slaughter of the Takkalu tribe; many were killed, and many fled to Baghdad, where the governor, himself a Takkalu, put some to death to prove his loyalty. Eventually, the remaining Takkalu managed to flee to the Ottoman Empire. In the contemporary chronicles, the downfall of Chuha Sultan and the massacre of his tribe is dubbed "the Takkalu pestilence". Hossein Khan Shamlu thereafter assumed Chuha Sultan's position with the consent of the Qizilbash leaders. While the civil war was ongoing among the Qizilbash, the Uzbeks under Ubayd Allah Khan conquered the borderlands. In 1528, Ubayd reconquered Astarabad and Tus and besieged Herat. Fourteen-year-old Tahmasp commanded the army and defeated the Uzbeks, distinguishing himself at the Battle of Jam. Safavid superiority in the battle was due to many different factors, one of them being their use of artillery, which they had learned from the Ottomans. The then governor of Herat and Tahmasp's regent, Hossein Khan Shamlu, distinguished himself during the battle and earned the respect of the shah. The victory, however, reduced neither the Uzbek threat nor the realm's internal chaos, since Tahmasp had to return to the west to suppress a rebellion in Baghdad. That year, the Uzbeks captured Herat; however, they allowed Sam Mirza to return to Tabriz. Their occupation did not last long, and Tahmasp drove them out in the summer of 1530. He appointed his brother, Bahram Mirza, governor of Khorasan and Ghazi Khan Takkalu, as Bahram's tutor. By this point, Tahmasp had turned seventeen, and thus no longer needed a regent. Hossein Khan Shamlu circumvented this challenge by having himself named as the steward to Tahmasp's newborn son, Mohammad Mirza. Hossein Khan constantly undermined the shah's power and had angered Tahmasp many times. His confidence in his power, combined with the rumours that Hossein Khan intended to depose Tahmasp and place his brother, Sam Mirza, on the throne, finally led Tahmasp to rid himself of the powerful Shamlu amir. Thus Hossein Khan was overthrown and executed in 1533. His fall was a turning point for Tahmasp, who now knew that each Turkoman leader would favour his tribe. He reduced the influence of the Qizilbash and gave the "men of the pen" bureaucracy greater power, ending the regency. Reign Ottoman war Suleiman the Magnificent (), sultan of the Ottoman Empire, may have considered a strong Safavid empire a threat to his ambitious plans in the west and northwest of his realm. During the first decade of Tahmasp's reign, however, he was preoccupied with fighting the Habsburgs and the unsuccessful attempt to seize Vienna. In 1532, while the Ottomans were fighting in Hungary, Suleiman sent Olama Beg Takkalu with 50,000 troops under Fil Pasha to Iran. Olama Beg was one of many Takkalu members who, after Chuha's death, took refuge in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans seized Tabriz and Kurdistan, and tried to obtain support from Gilan province. Tahmasp drove the Ottomans out, but news of another Uzbek invasion prevented him from defeating them. Suleiman sent his grand vizier, Ibrahim Pasha, to occupy Tabriz in July 1534 and joined him two months later. Suleiman peacefully conquered Baghdad and Shia cities such as Najaf. Whilst the Ottomans were on the march, Tahmasp was in Balkh, campaigning against the Uzbeks. The first Ottoman invasion caused the greatest crisis of Tahmasp's reign. Its events however are difficult to reconstruct; on an unknown date, an agent from the Shamlu tribe unsuccessfully tried to poison Tahmasp; they revolted against the shah, who had recently asserted his authority by removing Hossein Khan. Seeking to dethrone Tahmasp, they chose one of his younger brothers, Sam Mirza (who had a Shamlu guardian) as their candidate. The rebels then contacted Suleiman and asked him for support in enthroning Sam Mirza, who promised to follow a pro-Ottoman policy. Suleiman recognised him as ruler of Iran, which panicked Tahmasp's court. Tahmasp reconquered the seized territory when Suleiman went to Mesopotamia, and Suleiman led another campaign against him. Tahmasp attacked his rearguard, and Suleiman was forced to retreat to Istanbul at the end of 1535 after losing all his gains except Baghdad. After confronting the Ottomans, Tahmasp rushed to Khorasan to defeat his brother. Sam Mirza surrendered and sought mercy from Tahmasp. The shah accepted his brother's pleads and banished him to Qazvin but otherwise executed many of his advisors, namely, his Shamlu guardian. Relations with the Ottomans remained hostile until the revolt of Alqas Mirza, another one of Tahmasp's younger brothers, who had led the Safavid army during the 1534โ€“35 Ottoman invasion and was governor of Shirvan. He led an unsuccessful revolt against Tahmasp, who conquered Derbant in the spring of 1547 and appointed his son Ismail as governor. Alqas fled to Crimea with his remaining forces and took refuge with Suleiman. He promised to restore Sunni Islam in Iran and encouraged the Sultan to lead another campaign against Tahmasp. The new invasion sought the quick capture of Tabriz in July 1548; it soon became clear, however, that Alqas Mirza's claims of support from all the Qizilbash leaders were untrue. The long campaign focused on looting, plundering Hamadan, Qom, and Kashan before being stopped at Isfahan. Tahmasp did not fight the exhausted Ottoman army but laid waste the entire region from Tabriz to the frontier; the Ottomans could not permanently occupy the captured lands, since they soon ran out of supplies. Eventually, Alqas Mirza was captured on the battlefield and imprisoned in a fortress, where he died. Suleiman ended his campaign, and by the fall of 1549 the remaining Ottoman forces retreated. The Ottoman sultan launched his last campaign against the Safavids in May 1554, when Ismail Mirza (Tahmasp's son) invaded eastern Anatolia and defeated Erzerum governor Iskandar Pasha. Suleiman marched from Diyarbakr towards Armenian Karabakh and reconquered the lost lands. Tahmasp divided his army into four corps and sent each in a different direction, indicating a Safavid army that had grown much larger than it was in the previous wars. With Tahmasp's Safavids holding the advantage, Suleiman had to retreat. The Ottomans negotiated the Peace of Amasya, in which Tahmasp recognised Ottoman sovereignty in Mesopotamia and much of Kurdistan; furthermore, as an act of obeisance towards Sunni Islam and Sunnis, he banned the holding of (a festival commemorating the assassination of the second caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab) and expressing hatred towards the Rashidun caliphs, who are held dear by the Sunni Muslims. The Ottomans allowed Iranian pilgrims to travel freely to Mecca, Medina, Karbala, and Najaf. Through this treaty, Iran had time to increase its forces and resources as its western provinces had the opportunity to recuperate from the war. This peace also demarcated the Ottoman-Safavid frontier in the north-west without the cession of large areas of territory on the Safavid side. These terms, in circumstances favourable to the Safavids, were evidence of the frustration felt by Suleiman the Magnificent at his inability to inflict a greater defeat on the Safavids. Georgian campaigns Tahmasp was interested in the Caucasus, especially Georgia, for two reasons: to reduce the influence of the Ostajlu tribe (who kept their lands in southern Georgia and Armenia after the 1526 civil war) and a desire for booty, similar to that of his father. Since the Georgians were mainly Christian, he used the pretext of (Islamic armed struggle against nonbelievers) to justify the invasion. Between 1540 and 1553, Tahmasp led four campaigns against the Georgian kingdoms. The Safavid army looted Tbilisi, including its churches and the wives and children of the nobility, in the first campaign. Tahmasp also forced the governor of Tbilisi, Golbad, to convert to Islam. The King of Kartli, Luarsab I (), managed to escape and went to hiding during Tahmasp's raiding. During his second invasion, ostensibly to ensure the stability of Georgian territory, he looted the farms and subjugated Levan of Kakheti (). One year before the Peace of Amasya in 1554, Tahmasp led his last military campaign into the Caucasus. Throughout his campaigns, he took many prisoners, and this time he brought 30,000 Georgians to Iran. Luarsab's mother, Nestan Darejan was captured during these campaigns, but committed suicide upon incarceration. The descendants of these prisoners formed a "third force" in the Safavid administration and bureaucracy with the Turkomans and Persians and became a main rival to the other two during the later years of the Safavid Empire. Although this "third force" came to power two generations later during the reign of Tahmasp's grandson, Abbas the Great (), it began infiltrating Tahmasp's army during the second quarter of his reign as (slave warriors) and (royal bodyguards of the shah) and became more influential at the apex of the Safavid empire. In 1555, following the Peace of Amasya, eastern Georgia remained in Iranian hands and western Georgia was ruled by the Turks. Never again did Tahmasp appear on the Caucasus frontier after the treaty. Instead, the Governor of Georgia, Shahverdi Sultan, represented Safavid power north of the Aras River. Tahmasp sought to establish his dominance by imposing several Iranian political and social institutions and placing converts to Islam on the thrones of Kartli and Kakheti; one was Davud Khan, brother of Simon I of Kartli (). Son of Levan of Kakheti, Prince Jesse also appeared in Qazvin during the 1560s and converted to Islam. In return, Tahmasp granted him favours and gifts. The prince was given the old royal palace for his residence in Qazvin, and became the governor of Shaki and adjacent territories. The conversion of these Georgian princes did not dissuade the Georgian forces who tried to reconquer Tbilisi under Simon I and his father, Luarsab I of Kartli, in the Battle of Garisi; the battle ended in a stalemate, with Luarsab and the Safavid commander Shahverdi Sultan both slain in battle. Royal refugees One of the most celebrated events of Tahmasp's reign was the visit of Humayun (), the eldest son of Babur () and emperor of the Mughal Empire, who faced rebellions by his brothers. Humayun fled to Herat, travelled through Mashhad, Nishapur, Sabzevar, and Qazvin, and met Tahmasp at Soltaniyeh in 1544. Tahmasp honoured Homayun as a guest and gave him an illustrated version of Saadi's Gulistan dating back to the reign of Abu Sa'id Mirza (), Humayun's great-grandfather; however, he refused to give him political assistance unless he converted to Shia Islam. Humayun reluctantly agreed, but reverted to Sunni Islam when he returned to India; however he did not force the Iranian Shias, who came with him to India, to convert. Tahmasp also demanded a quid pro quo in which the city of Kandahar would be given to his infant son, Morad Mirza. Humayun spent Nowruz in the Shah's court and left in 1545 with an army provided by Tahmasp to regain his lost lands; his first conquest was Kandahar, which he ceded to the young Safavid prince. Morad Mirza soon died, however, and the city became a bone of contention between the two empires: the Safavids claimed that it had been given to them in perpetuity, while the Mughals maintained that it had been an appanage that expired with the death of the prince. Tahmasp began the first Safavid expedition to Kandahar in 1558, after the death of Humayun, and reconquered the city. Another notable visitor to Tahmasp's court was ลžehzade Bayezid, the fugitive Ottoman prince who rebelled against his father, Suleiman the Magnificent, and went to the Shah in the autumn 1559 with an army of 10,000 to persuade him to begin a war against the Ottomans. Although he honoured Bayezid, Tahmasp did not want to disturb the Peace of Amasya. Suspecting that Bayezid was planning a coup, he had him arrested and returned to the Ottomans; Bayezid and his children were immediately executed. Later life and death Although Tahmasp rarely left Qazvin from the Peace of Amasya in 1555 to his death in 1576, he was still active during this period. A 1564 rebellion in Herat was suppressed by Masum Bek and the Khorasan governors, but the region remained troubled and was raided by the Uzbeks two years later. Tahmasp became seriously ill in 1574 and neared death twice in two months. Since he had not chosen a crown prince, the question of succession was raised by members of the royal family and Qizilbash leaders. His favourite son, Haydar Mirza, was supported by the Ustajlu tribe and the powerful Georgian court faction; the imprisoned prince Ismail Mirza was supported by Pari Khan Khanum, Tahmasp's influential daughter. The pro-Haydar faction tried to eliminate Ismail by winning the favour of the castellan of Qahqaheh Castle (where Ismail was imprisoned), but Pari Khan learned about the plot and informed Tahmasp; the shah, who was still fond of his son, ordered him to be guarded by Afshar musketeers. Tahmasp, recovered from his illness, returned his attention to affairs of state. Remaining court tensions, however, triggered another civil war when the shah died on 14 May 1576 from poisoning. The poisoning was blamed on Abu Naser Gilani, a physician who attended Tahmasp when he was ill. According to Tarikh-e Alam-ara-ye Abbasi, "He unwisely sought recognition of his superior status vis-ร -vis the other physicians; as a result, when Tahmasp died, Abu Nasr was accused of treachery in the treatment he had prescribed, and he was put to death within the palace by members of the ". Tahmasp I had the longest reign of any member of the Safavid dynasty: nine days short of fifty-two years. He died without a designated heir and the two factions in his court clashed for the throne. Haydar Mirza was murdered not long after his father's death, and Ismail Mirza became king and was crowned Ismail II (). Less than two months after his enthronement, Ismail ordered a mass purge of all male members of the royal family. Only Mohammad Khodabanda, already nearly blind, and his three toddler sons survived this purge. Policies Administration Tahmasp's reign after the civil wars between the Qizilbash leaders became a "personal rule" that sought to control Turkoman influence by empowering the Persian bureaucracy. The key change was the 1535 appointment of Qazi Jahan Qazvini, who extended diplomacy beyond Iran by establishing contact with the Portuguese, the Venetians, the Mughals, and the Shiite Deccan sultanates. English explorer Anthony Jenkinson, who was received at the Safavid court in 1562, also sought to promote trade. The Habsburgs were eager to ally with the Safavids against the Ottomans. In 1529, Ferdinand I () sent an envoy to Iran with the objective of a two-front attack on the Ottoman Empire the following year. The mission was unsuccessful, however, since the envoy took over a year to return. The first extant Safavid letters to a European power were sent in 1540 to Doge of Venice Pietro Lando (). In response, the Doge and the Great Council of Venice commissioned Michel Membrรฉ to visit the Safavid court. In 1540, he visited Tahmasp's encampment at Marand, near Tabriz. Membrรฉ's mission lasted for three years, during which, he wrote the Relazione di Persia, one of the few European sources which describe Tahmasp's court. In his letter to Lando, Tahmasp promised to "cleanse the earth of [Ottoman] wickedness" with the help of the Holy League. The alliance, however, never bore fruit. One of the most important events of Tahmasp's reign was his relocation of the Safavid capital, which began what is known as the Qazvin period. Although the exact date is uncertain, Tahmasp began preparations to have the royal capital moved from Tabriz to Qazvin during a 1540s period of ethnic re-settlement. The move from Tabriz to Qazvin discontinued the Turco-Mongol tradition of shifting between summer and winter pastures with the herds, ending Ismail I's nomadic lifestyle. The idea of a Turkoman state with a center in Tabriz was abandoned for an empire centered on the Iranian plateau. Moving into a city that linked the realm to Khorasan through an ancient route, allowed a greater degree of centralisation as distant provinces such as Shirvan, Georgia, and Gilan were brought into the Safavid fold. The incorporation of Gilan in particular was vital to the Safavids. To ensure his permanent control on the province, Tahmasp arranged royal marriages with the influential families in Gilan. Qazvin's non-Qizilbash population allowed Tahmasp to bring new members to his court who were unrelated to the Turkoman tribes. The city, associated with orthodoxy and stable governance, developed under Tahmasp's patronage; the era's foremost building is Chehel Sotoun. From the transition of capitals, a new era in history-writing emerged under Tahmasp's rule. The Safavid historiography, which until then relied only on historians outside of Safavid's influence, matured and became a valued project in Tahmasp's new court. Tahmasp is the only Safavid monarch to have recorded his memories, known as Tazkera-ye Shah Tahmasb. On the shah's behalf, Abdi Beg Shirazi, a secretary-accountant in the royal chancellery, wrote a world history named Takmelat al-akhbar, which he dedicated it to Pari Khan Khanum, Tahmasp's daughter. Although intended to be a world history, only the last part of the book which covers the reigns of Ismail I and Tahmasp up until 1570 was published. He also commissioned Abol-Fath Hosseini to rewrite Safvat as-safa, the oldest surviving text regarding Safi-ad-din Ardabili and the Sufi beliefs of the Safavids, in order to legitimise his claim. All of the historians under Tahmasp's patronage centred their works around one main goal: to tell the history of the Safavid dynasty. They defined themselves as 'Safavid' historians, as living in a Safavid period of Iranian history, a concept that had not been seen in the earlier chronicles of the dynasty. This new definement has its roots in the change of the capital and the urbanisation of the Safavid nomadic lifestyle. Historians such as Charles Melville and Sholeh Quinn thus consider Tahmasp's reign as the start of the "real flourishing of Safavid historiography". Military The Safavid military evolved during Tahmasp's reign. The first corps of gunners () and musketeers (), developed initially during Ismail I's reign, came to be used in his army. A court chronicle's retelling of Battle of Jam and a military review in 1530 show that the Safavid army was armed with several hundred light canons and several thousand infantrymen. , military slaves developed by Tahmasp from Caucasus prisoners, commanded the and . To lessen Qizilbash power, he discontinued the titles of and . The (the commander of the s), formerly subordinate to the , became the chief Safavid military officer. After the Peace of Amasya in 1555, Tahmasp became an avaricious person who did not care how and where his troops obtained their pay, even if it was through criminal means. By 1575, Iran's troops had not been paid for four years. They are said to have accepted this because, as one chronicler put it, โ€˜they loved the shah so muchโ€™. Religion Tahmasp described himself as a "pious Shia mystic king". His religious views and the extent to which they influenced Safavid religious policy is the most interesting aspect of his reign for historians, both contemporary and modern. As the Italian historian Biancamaria Scarcia Amoretti has noted, โ€œthe modern originality of Persian Shi'ism has its roots [with Shah Tahmasp].โ€ Until 1533, the Qizilbash leaders (worshipping Ismail I as the promised Mahdi) urged the young Tahmasp to continue in his father's footsteps; that year, he had a spiritual rebirth, performed an act of repentance and outlawed irreligious behaviour. Tahmasp rejected his father's claim of being a mahdi, becoming a mystical lover of Ali and a king bound to sharia, but still enjoyed villagers travelling to his palace in Qazvin to touch his clothing. Tahmasp held firmly to the controversial Shia belief in the imminent coming of the Mahdi. He refused to allow his favourite sister, Shahzada Sultanim, to marry, because he was keeping her as a bride for the Mahdi. He claimed connections with Ali and Sufi saints, such as his ancestor Safi al-Din, through dreams in which he foresaw the future. Tahmasp had other superstitious beliefs too; for instance, his obsession with the occult science of geomancy. According to the Venetian diplomat, Vincenzo degli Alessandri, the shah was so devoted to practice geomancy that he had not left his palace for a decade. He also observed that Tahmasp was worsipped by his people as a godlike being possessing a frail and old body. Tahmasp wanted the poets of his court to write about Ali, rather than him. He sent copies of the Quran as gifts to several Ottoman sultans; overall, during his reign, eighteen copies of the Quran were sent to Istanbul and all were encrusted with jewels and gold. Tahmasp saw Twelverism as a new doctrine of kingship, giving the authority in religious and legal matters, and appointing Shaykh Ali al-Karaki as the deputy of the Hidden Imam. This brought new political and court power to the (Islamic clerics), , and their networks, intersecting Tabriz, Qazvin, Isfahan, and the recently incorporated centres of Rasht, Astarabad, and Amol. As observed by Iskandar Beg Munshi, the court chronicler, the as a class of landed elite enjoyed considerable power. During the 1530s and 1540s, they hegemonised the Safavid court in Tabriz and according to Iskandar Beg, โ€œany wish of theirs was translated into reality almost before it was utteredโ€ฆ although they were guilty of unlawful practices.โ€ During Tahmasp's reign, Persian scholars accepted the Safavid claims to heritage and called him "the Husaynid". Tahmasp embarked on a wide-scale urban program designed to reinvent the city of Qazvin as a centre of Shiite piety and orthodoxy, expanding the Shrine of Husayn (son of Ali al-Rida, the eighth Imam). He was also attentive to his ancestral Sufi order in Ardabil, building the Janat Sarai mosque to encourage visitors and hold (Sufi spiritual ceremony). Tahmasp ordered the practice of Sufi rituals and had Sufis and come to his palace and perform public acts of piety and (a form of Islamic meditation) for Eid al-Fitr (and renew their allegiance to him). This encouraged Tahmasp's followers to see themselves as belonging to a community too large to be bound by tribal or other local social orders. Although Tahmasp continued the Shia conversion in Iran, unlike his father he did not coerce other religious groups; he had a long-established acknowledgment and patronage of Christian Armenians. Arts In his youth, Tahmasp was inclined towards calligraphy and art and patronised masters in both. His preeminent and acclaimed contribution to the Safavid arts was his patronage of Persian miniature manuscripts that took place during the first half of his reign. He was the namesake of one of the most celebrated illustrated manuscripts of the Shahnameh, which was commissioned by his father around 1522 and completed during the mid-1530s. He encouraged painters such as Kamฤl ud-Dฤซn Behzฤd, bestowing a royal painting workshop for masters, journeymen, and apprentices with exotic materials such as ground gold and lapis lazuli. Tahmasp's artists illustrated the Khamsa of Nizami, and he worked on Chehel Sotoun's balcony paintings. The Tarikh-e Alam-ara-ye Abbasi calls Tahmasp's reign the zenith of Safavid calligraphic and pictorial art. Tahmasp lost interest in the miniature arts around 1555 and, accordingly, disbanded the royal workshop and allowed his artists to practice elsewhere. His patronage of arts, however, has been praised by many modern art historians such as James Elkins and Stuart Cary Welch. The American historian, Douglas Streusand, calls him 'the greatest Safavid patron'. Colin P. Mitchell associates Tahmasp's patronage with the revival of Iranian artistic and cultural life. The reigns of Tahmasp and his father, Ismail I, are considered as the most productive era of the history of the Azeri Turkish language and literature. The renowned poet, Fuzuli, who wrote in Azeri Turkish, Persian, and Arabic, flourished during this era. In his memoir, Tahmasp denotes his love for both Persian and Turkish poetry. During the later years of his life, however, he came to despise poets and poetry; as his devotion to the Quran increased, he no longer counted poets as pious men, for many of them were addicted to wine, an irreligious behaviour. Tahmasp refused to allow poets in his court and ceased to regard them with favour. According to Tazkera-ye Tohfe-ye Sฤmi by his brother, Sam Mirza, there were 700 poets during the reigns of the first two Safavid kings. After Tahmasp's religious conversion, many joined Humayun; those who remained and wrote erotic (sonnets), such as Vahshi Bafqi and Mohtasham Kashani, were shunned. Other poets such as Naziri Nishapuri and 'Orfi Shirazi chose to leave Iran and emigrate to the Mughal court, where they pioneered the rise of Indian-style poetry (), known for its high-rhetorical texts of metaphors, mystical-philosophical themes and allegories. Coinage Tahmasp I's coins were characterised by the region they were minted in. The was used in Shirvan; in Mazandaran, was minted, and Khuzestan used the currency. By the 1570s, most of these autonomous monetary were unified. The weight of the shahi coins decreased significantly from at the beginning of Tahmasp's reign to in the western parts of the realm and in the east at the end. These weight reductions were the results of Ottoman and Uzbek invasions as well as the Ottoman trade ban which had a devastating impact on trade, and thus on the shah's revenues. According the Venetian Michel Membrรฉ, no merchant could have travelled to Iran through Ottoman borders without permission from the sultan. All travellers were stopped and arrested if they had no royal permit. In his coins, Arabic is no longer the only language used, in his (folus-i shahi) coins, the phrase "May be eternally [condemned] to the damnation of God / He, who alters [the rate of] the royal folus" is minted in Persian. Old copper coins were released anew with the countermarks folus-i shahi, 'adl-e shahi, etc. that showed their new value. Family Tahmasp, unlike his ancestors who married Turkomans, took Georgians and Circassians as wives; most of his children had Caucasian mothers. His only Turkoman consort was his chief wife, Sultanum Begum of the Mawsillu tribe (a marriage of state), who gave birth to two sons: Mohammad Khodabanda and Ismail II. Tahmasp had a poor relationship with Ismail, whom he imprisoned on suspicion that his son might attempt a coup against him. However, he was attentive to his other children; On his orders, his daughters were instructed in administration, art, and scholarship, and Haydar Mirza (his favourite son, born of a Georgian slave) participated in state affairs. Tahmasp had seven known consorts: Sultanum Begum (c. 15161593 in Qazvin), Tahmasp's chief wife, from the Mawsillu tribe, mother of his two older sons Sultan-Agha Khanum, a Circassian, sister of Shamkhal Sultan Cherkes (governor of Sakki), mother of Pari Khan Khanum and Suleiman Mirza Sultanzada Khanum, a Georgian slave, mother of Haydar Mirza Zahra Baji, a Georgian, mother of Mustafa Mirza and Ali Mirza Huri Khan Khanum, a Georgian, mother of Zeynab Begum and Maryam Begum A sister of Waraza Shalikashvili Zaynab Sultan Khanum (m. 1549; died in Qazvin October 1570 and buried in Mashhad), widow of Tahmasp's younger brother Bahram Mirza He had thirteen sons: Mohammad Khodabanda (1532 โ€“ 1595 or 1596), Shah of Iran (r. 1578โ€“1587) Ismail II (31 May 1537 โ€“ 24 November 1577), Shah of Iran (r. 1576โ€“77) Murad Mirza (d. 1545), nominal governor of Kandahar; died in infancy Suleiman Mirza (d. 9 November 1576), Governor of Shiraz, killed during Ismail II's purge Haydar Mirza (28 September 1556 โ€“ 15 May 1576), self-proclaimed Shah of Iran for a day after Tahmasp's death; killed by his guards in Qazvin Mustafa Mirza, (d. 9 November 1576), killed during Ismail II's purge; his daughter married Abbas the Great Junayd Mirza (d. 1577), killed during Ismail II's purge Mahmud Mirza (d. 7 March 1577), governor of Shirvan and Lahijan, killed during Ismail II's purge Imam Qoli Mirza (died 7 March 1577), killed during Ismail II's purge Ali Mirza (d. 31 January 1642), blinded and imprisoned by Abbas the Great Ahmad Mirza (died 7 March 1577), killed during Ismail II's purge Murad Mirza (d. 1577), killed during Ismail II's purge Zayn al-Abedin Mirza, died in childhood Musa Mirza, died in childhood Tahmasp probably had thirteen daughters, eight of whom are known: Gawhar Sultan Begum (d. 1577), married Sultan Ibrahim Mirza Pari Khan Khanum (d. 1578), died by the orders of Khayr al-Nisa Begum Zeynab Begum (d. 31 May 1640), married Ali-Qoli Khan Shamlu Maryam Begum (d. 1608), married Khan Ahmad Khan Shahrbanu Khanum, married Salman Khan Ustajlu Khadija Begum (d. after 1564), married Jamshid Khan (grandson of Amira Dabbaj, a local ruler in western Gilan) Fatima Sultan Khanum (d. 1581), married Amir Khan Mawsillu Khanish Begum, married Shah Nimtullah Amir Nizam al-Din Abd al-Baqi (leader of the Ni'matullฤhฤซ order) Legacy Tahmasp I's reign started in an era of civil wars between the Qizilbash leaders after the death of Ismail I, whose charismatic characterisation as Messiah, which had driven the Qizilbash to follow him, came to an end with Tahmasp's succession. In contrast to his father, Tahmasp did not possess charisma in any political or spiritual sense, nor was he old enough to prove himself a fierce warrior on the battlefield, a quality valued by the Qizilbash. Eventually, Tahmasp did overcome that challenge; he proved himself a worthy military commander in the Battle of Jam against the Uzbeks and, instead of facing the Ottomans directly in the battlefield, he preferred to loot their rearguards. Even the ability to survive against the much larger Ottoman army marks him as a master of Fabian tactics. Tahmasp knew that he could not replace his father as a charismatic spiritual leader, and while he struggled to restore his family's legitimacy amongst the Qizilbash, he also had to craft a public figure of himself to convince the wider population of his right to rule as the new Safavid shah. Thus, he became a devout follower of Shi'ism and maintained this image with exaggerated piety until the end of his reign. This zealous image helped him to break the influence of the Qizilbash, and he became able to take the reins of power within ten years, after the realm had been through the civil war between the plotting tribal chieftains. He thus established a standard public image for Safavid kings: a zealous monarch who functioned as a representative of the Hidden Imam. However, none of his successors kept this image as zealously as him. Even after consolidating his power, Tahmasp had little political leverage compared to the Ottoman Empire. However, he successfully laid the foundation for Abbas the Great's transformation of the Safavid polity by bringing Caucasian slaves into his realm. He thus created the core of the force that changed the political balance of the empire in his grandson's time. Tahmasp I made little impression on Western historians, who often compared him with his father. He is portrayed as a "miser" and a "religious bigot". He was accused of never leaving the harem and it was said that he divided his time between sexual liaisons with his favourites and foretelling the future. This characterisation has made an obscure figure out of Tahmasp as a king and a person. However, there are several instances recorded by the contemporary historians which denoted the more favourable sides of the shah's character: the fact that, despite his greed, piety led him to forgo taxes of about 30,000 tomans because collecting them would offend the religious law; his speech to the envoys of Suleiman the Magnificent, who had come to collect the fugitive ลžehzade Bayezid, showed his political skill; he patronised the arts and had a highly cultured mind. According to Colin P. Mitchell, it is an achievement that he was able to not only maintain his father's empire from dissolution but also expanded it whilst being contemporaneous with Suleiman the Magnificent, the most successful Ottoman sultan. It was during Tahmasp's reign that the Safavid right to rule was established and gradually accepted among the Shia people, who were endeared to the idea of a descendent of (Family of the prophet of Islam, Muhammad) ruling over them. Thus the Safavid dynasty gained an ideological underpinning much stronger than the initial premise of the right of conquest. By the end of his reign, Tahmasp's success in keeping the empire together allowed the Persian elite of the bureaucracy to assume bureaucratic and ideological custodianship of the Safavid empire. This allowed Tahmasp and his successors to gain dynastic legitimacy and to cultivate an imperial cult of personality that prevented another civil war, even when the empire was at its most fragile position. Notes References Bibliography Further reading External links A king's book of kings: the Shah-nameh of Shah Tahmasb, an exhibition catalogue from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF) Critics of Sunni Islam Safavid monarchs 16th-century people from Safavid Iran Modern child monarchs 1514 births 1576 deaths Azerbaijani-language poets 16th-century monarchs in the Middle East Mawsillu People from Isfahan Deaths by poisoning Patrons of the arts Burials at Imam Reza Shrine 16th-century Iranian people Iranian slave owners
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%AD%EC%9D%98%20%EB%B3%B4%EC%95%88
๊ณตํ•ญ์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ
๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ์€ ์šฐ๋ฐœ์  ์ธ / ์•…์˜์  ์ธ ํ•ด์•…, ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์œ„ํ˜‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์Šน๊ฐ, ์ง์›, ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ณตํ•ญ ์ž์‚ฐ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ญ๊ณต ๋ณด์•ˆ์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ํ•ญ๊ณต์„ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ธ์  ๋ฌผ์  ์ž์›์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์€ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ, ์‚ฌ๋ณดํƒ€์ฃผ, ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„ํ˜‘, ๊ฑฐ์ง“ ์œ„ํ˜‘์˜ ์ „๋‹ฌ, ํญํŒŒ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งค์ผ ๊ณตํ•ญ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž ์žฌ์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์—ฌ๊ฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์„ ๋†’์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋‚ฉ์น˜ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ 911 ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งคํ˜น์ ์ธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณต ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ์€ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด๋‚˜ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ์ด ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ, ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณตํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ์œ„ํ˜‘์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณตํ•ญ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ , ์—ฌํ–‰ ๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•จ๊ณผ ๊ณตํ•ญ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ. ๋ฏธ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ตญ (Federal Aviation Administration)์˜ ๋ชฌํ…Œ ๋ฒจ๊ฑฐ (Monte R. Belger)๋Š” "ํ•ญ๊ณต ์•ˆ์ „์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ, ์Šน๊ฐ ๋ฐ ์Šน๋ฌด์›์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์•ˆ์ „๋ณด์žฅ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ์ž‘์ „ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๊ณตํ•ญ ์ง‘ํ–‰ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ์žˆ๋Š”, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ๊ณตํ•ญ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ• ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์ œ์–ด๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ๋ ฅ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์Œ์„ ํฌํ•จ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์šฉ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ, (์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ) ๊ณตํ•ญ์— ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ์˜ ์ง€์  (๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ) ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ˆœ์ฐฐ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋œ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ตญ์˜ ํšŒ์› ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํšŒ์› ํญํƒ„ ํƒ์ง€, ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ํƒ์ง€ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ฒฌ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ง์€ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๋น„์› ์ค€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์กฐ์ง ๊ณผ์ • ๋ฐ ์žฅ๋น„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ์—ฌํ–‰์ž๋“ค์ด ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํƒˆ์ทจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์„ ์†Œ์ง€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌํ–‰์ž๋Š” ๊ธˆ์† ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ ๋ณ„๋œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํญ๋ฐœ ๊ฐ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์—๋Š” X์„  ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์™€ ํญ๋ฐœ๋ฌผ ์ถ”์  ํƒ์ง€ ํฌํ„ธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„(์˜ˆ: "ํผํผ๋จธ ๋จธ์‹ ")๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ, TSA๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹นํ™ฉ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ท์„ ๋ฒ—์€ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Šค์บ๋‹ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํญ๋ฐœ๋ฌผ ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Š” ํœด๋Œ€ ๋ฐ ์ฒดํฌ๋œ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฌผ์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€์Šค ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ† ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํญ๋ฐœ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ํƒ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์™€ ํญ๋ฐœ๋ฌผ์„ ํƒ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐฑ์Šค์บํ„ฐ ์—‘์Šค๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฝคํ”„ํ„ด ์‚ฐ๋ž€์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์€ ์Šน๊ฐ์ด ํ‰ํ‰ํ•œ ํŒจ๋„ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์— ์„œ์„œ ๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋„๋ก ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ ์ดˆ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์—์„œ ์ถœ์‹œ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์Šน๊ฐ์ด ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ๋ฒ—์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋„ ๊ธˆ์†ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ณดํ–‰์šฉ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๋ฐœ์ด๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋ฐ˜์‹  ์‚ฌ์ง€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์†์„ ํƒ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜๋Š”, ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ๋ฉด๋„๋‚ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ 1.2์ดˆ ์ด๋‚ด์— ์Šค์บ”ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐŸ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠน์ˆ˜ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์žฅ๋น„์—๋งŒ ์˜์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์Šน๊ฐ์„ ๋Œ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ์Šค์บํ„ฐ ์Šค์บ” ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด 0.05 ~ 0.1 ์‹œ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ‘œ์ค€ ํ‰๋ถ€ X์„  ํ”ผํญ์€ 100๋ฐฐ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ถœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ๋ณ„๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ํ”ํžˆ "๋ณด์•ˆ", "๋ฉธ๊ท " ๋ฐ "๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ธก๋ฉด"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์„ ์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์žฌ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋˜๋„๋ก ์—ฌ๊ฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ท  ๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์–ธ์ œ๋ผ๋„ ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ณตํ•ญ ์Œ์‹์ ์€ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธˆ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋„๊ตฌ์™€๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋น„์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ํ•œ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์นœ์ฒ™๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ 911ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์Šน๊ฐ์€ ๊ณตํ•ญ์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ํŒจ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„์Šน๊ฐ์ด ํƒ‘์Šน๊ถŒ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์™€ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋•๊ณ  ๊ณตํ•ญ์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ํšŒ์˜์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณตํ•ญ์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ตฌ์—ญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ํšŒ์˜์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ†ต์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์€ ๋น„์—ฌํ–‰์ž๋“ค์ด ํ•ญ๊ณตํŽธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋น„์—ฌํ–‰์ž๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ T์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ณตํ•ญ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋กœ์™€ ์šด์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ณตํ•ญ์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ์˜์—ญ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œํ•œ๋œ๋‹ค. SIDA(Security Identification Display Area)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ž๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ ์ œ์–ด ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ๋˜๋Š” ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œํ•œ๋œ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์— ์ง„์ž…ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์šธ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ, "์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌํ–‰์ž ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ"์˜ ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ๊ฐœ์„คํ•œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณตํ•ญ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐฌ์„ฑ๋ก ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ณด์•ˆ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํƒ์ง€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋œ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์„ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ€์ˆ˜ํ’ˆ์„ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋” ์‰ฌ์šด ๊ธธ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ณด์•ˆ์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ณตํ•ญ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์กฐ์น˜๋Š” ๊ด‘์„ฌ์œ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์นจ์ž… ํƒ์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ์€ ๊ณตํ•ญ ์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์นจ์ž…์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ํƒ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋™์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์นจ์ž… ํ†ต์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ๋œ๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณตํ•ญ์—์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ JFPASS (US Military JFPASS)์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋น„ํ–‰ ์ค‘ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ 1976๋…„ 10์›” 6์ผ ์ฟ ๋ฐ”๋‚˜ ๋น„ํ–‰ 455๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋ฒ ์ด๋„์Šค์—์„œ ์ž๋ฉ”์ด์นด๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋ฐœ์˜ ์‹œํ•œํญํƒ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ถ”๋ฝํ•ด 73๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ณด๊ตญ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ ๋ฐ˜ ์นด์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ์ฟ ๋ฐ” ๋ง๋ช…์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค ํฌ์‚ฌ๋‹ค ์นด๋ฆด์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ฒ ๋„ค์ˆ˜์—˜๋ผ ๋น„๋ฐ€๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ DISIP ํšŒ์›๋“ค์ด ๊ด€๋ จ๋๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋‚ด ํญํƒ„์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ฐธ์‚ฌ๋Š” 329๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋ฅผ ๋‚ธ 1985๋…„ ์—์–ด ์ธ๋””์•„ 182ํŽธ ํญํŒŒ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1988๋…„ ํŒฌ์•” ํ•ญ๊ณต 103ํŽธ ํญํŒŒ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ํƒ‘์Šนํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ 270๋ช…, 259๋ช…, ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ๋กœ์ปค๋น„ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ 11๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ํญํƒ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ 1994๋…„ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ํ•ญ๊ณต 434ํŽธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํญ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณด์ง„์นด ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš๋œ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์˜ ์‹œํ—˜์šดํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ํญ๋ฐœ์€ ์ž‘์•„์„œ 1๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋น„์ƒ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ง„์นด ๊ณ„ํš์€ 1995๋…„ ๋งˆ๋‹๋ผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์–ด ์ขŒ์ ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1972๋…„ 5์›” 30์ผ, ์ผ๋ณธ์ ๊ตฐ 3๋ช…์ด ํ…”์•„๋น„๋ธŒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฒค๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์˜จ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณตํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋กœ๋“œ ๊ณตํ•ญ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ '๋กœ๋“œ ๊ณตํ•ญ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๋™ํ™”๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฌด์ฐจ๋ณ„ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚œ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋ฅ˜ํƒ„์„ ๋˜์ง„ ์ด๋“ค์€ 24๋ช…์„ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  78๋ช…์„ ๋‹ค์น˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๋’ค ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ™”(์ž์‚ด์„ ํ†ตํ•œ 1๋ช…)๋๋‹ค. ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒ” 3๋ช… ์ค‘ 1๋ช…์ธ ์˜ค์นด๋ชจํ†  ๊ณ ์กฐ๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•˜๋‹ค. 1985๋…„ 12์›” ๋น„์—”๋‚˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณตํ•ญ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์€ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์—˜์•Œ ํ•ญ๊ณต ํ‹ฐ์ผ“ ์นด์šดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฌด์žฅ๊ดดํ•œ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฅ˜ํƒ„์„ ๋˜์ง€๊ณ  ์—ฌํ–‰๊ฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด 20๋ช…์ด ์ˆจ์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 9.11 ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ ์—ฌํ–‰๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ด๋‹ค. 2001๋…„ 9์›” 11์ผ์˜ ์•„์นจ์—, ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ 19๋ช… ์•Œ์นด์—๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋™ํ•ด์•ˆ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ๋‘˜๋‹ค ์ถ”๋ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 4๋Œ€์˜ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ์˜ ํ†ต์น˜๊ถŒ์„ ๋นผ์•—์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ฌด์—ญ ์„ผํ„ฐ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€๋Š” ์•Œ๋งํ„ด ๊ตฐ, ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„์— ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์‚ฌ๋‹น์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐฑ์•…๊ด€ ๋“ฑ ์˜ˆ์ •๋œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด D.C.์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํŽœ์‹ค๋ฒ ์ด๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผย ์Šค๋นŒ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ๋“คํŒ์— ์ถ”๋ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ 245๋ช…๊ณผ ๋ฒ• ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ด€, ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ 4๋Œ€์— ํƒ‘์Šนํ•œ 19๋ช…์˜ ๋‚ฉ์น˜๋ฒ” ๋“ฑ 2996๋ช…์ด ์ˆจ์กŒ๋‹ค. 2002๋…„ 7์›” 5์ผ, ๋กœ์Šค์•ค์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณตํ•ญ(์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์˜ El Al ์ฒดํฌ์ธ ์นด์šดํ„ฐ)์—์„œ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋‚œ์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด๊ฒฉ๋ฒ”์€ ๋‘ ๋ช…์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ๋„ค ๋ช…์„ ๋‹ค์น˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2006๋…„ 8์›” 10์ผ ์˜๊ตญ, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณตํ•ญ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์•ˆ์€ ์ด๋“ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์•ก์ฒด ํญ๋ฐœ๋ฌผ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ ๋‹น๊ตญ์˜ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ์Œ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฒฝ๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด "๋นจ๊ฐ•" ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ค‘์— ๋“  ์•ก์ฒด์™€ ๊ฒ”์„ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋” ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ œํ•œ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ„ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ œํ•œ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๊ตํ†ต์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ํ•ญ๊ณต ๊ตํ†ต ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋‹น๊ตญ(CATSA)์ด ๊ณตํ•ญ ์šด์˜์ž์™€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. 9.11 ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ์ดํ›„, 1985๋…„ ์—์–ด ์ธ๋””์•„ 182ํŽธ ํญํŒŒ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ดํ›„, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๊ณต๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ง‰์•˜๋‹ค. CATSA๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํœด๋Œ€ํ’ˆ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ธˆ์†ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ, ํญ๋ฐœ๋ฌผ ์ถ”์  ํƒ์ง€(ETD) ์žฅ๋น„ ๋ฐ ํƒ‘์Šน๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•ด X์„  ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. X์„  ๊ธฐ๊ณ„, CTX ๊ธฐ๊ณ„, ๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ X์„ , ETD๋„ ์ฒดํฌ๋œ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์„ ์Šค์บ”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฒดํฌ๋œ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฌผ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ์š” ์ƒ์—… ๊ณตํ•ญ์—์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์—‘์Šค๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋Š”๋‹ค. CATSA๋Š” 2007๋…„ 1์›”์— RAIC(Restricted Area Identity Card) ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. RAIC๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๊ณตํ•ญ์šฉ ์ด์ค‘ ์ƒ์ฒด์ธ์‹ ์ ‘๊ทผ ์ œ์–ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์•ˆ๋ณด์ •๋ณด์ฒญ(Canadian Security Intelligence Service), ์™•๋ฆฝ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๊ธฐ๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ(RCMP), ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ(Transport Canadian Mounted Parketing Canadian Transport Canadian Transport Canada)์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๊ณตํ•ญ ์ง์›์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ณตํ•ญ ์ œํ•œ๊ตฌ์—ญ ํŒจ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ฒด ์ •๋ณด(์ง€๋ฌธ ๋ฐ ํ™์ฑ„์ธ์‹) ๋ฒจ๋ก ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์นด๋“œ(์‚ฌ์ง„)๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•œ๋‹ค. RAIC๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผ. CATSA๋Š” ํƒ‘์Šน ์ „ ์Šน๊ฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ ๋น„์Šน๊ฐ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, G4S, Securitas, GardaWorld์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ œ 3์ž "์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ œ๊ณต์ž"์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์•ฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ด€์„ ๊ต์œก, ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 1990๋…„๋Œ€์— ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ •๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์œ ํ™”๋œ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋‹น๊ตญ์€ CATSA๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ณตํ•ญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ˜„์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฅ์— ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๊ณตํ•ญ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „๊ณผ ๋ณด์•ˆ์€ ํ˜„์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ๊ณต๋œ๋‹ค. RCMP๋Š” ํ•œ๋•Œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ณตํ•ญ์—์„œ ์ด ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€๋งŒ ํ•ด๋‹น๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ๊ณตํ•ญ์€ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐด์ฟ ๋ฒ„ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณตํ•ญ ย  - RCMP Richmond ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ์บ˜๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ณตํ•ญ ย  - ์บ˜๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ฒญ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ถ€ (1997) ์—๋“œ๋จผํ„ด ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณตํ•ญ ย  - RCMP ์—๋“œ๋จผํ„ด ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ์œ„๋‹ˆํŽ™ ์ œ์ž„์Šค ์•”์ŠคํŠธ๋กฑ ๋ฆฌ์ฐจ๋“œ์Šจ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณตํ•ญ ย  - ์œ„๋‹ˆํŽ™ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ฒญ (1997) ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ํ”ผ์–ด์Šจ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณตํ•ญ ย  - ํ•„ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ RCMP์˜ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ์ง€์›๊ณผ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ (1997) ์˜คํƒ€์™€ ๋งฅ๋„๋‚ ๋“œ ๊นŒ๋ฅดํ‹ฐ์— ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณตํ•ญ ย  - ์˜คํƒ€์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ฒญ ๊ณตํ•ญ ํด๋ฆฌ์‹ฑ๊ณผ (1997) ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ํ”ผ์—๋ฅด ์—˜๋ฆฌ์˜คํŠธ ํŠธ๋คผ๋„ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณตํ•ญ ย  - RCMP ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์˜ ๋„์›€์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ตญ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ถ€ ํ•ผ๋ฆฌํŒฉ์Šค ์Šคํƒ ํ•„๋“œ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณตํ•ญ ย  - ํ•ผ๋ฆฌํŒฉ์Šค ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์˜ํšŒ์™€ ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ Regulation (EC) No 300/2008์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์˜ํšŒ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ๊ฐ„์„ญ ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ํ•ญ๊ณต์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ œ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ทœ์ •์˜ ์กฐํ•ญ์€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” EU ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณตํ•ญ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ทœ์ •์€ ์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ณตํ•ญ์—์„œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ์—…์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณตํ•ญ์— ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ถ€์ง€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ์—…์—๋„ ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทœ์ • 300/2008์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€์€ Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/1998์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹œํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค. 2002๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œํ–‰๋œ 2320/2002๋…„ ๊ทœ์ •์€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฌ๊ฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”๊ฑด์„ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ 2005๋…„ ๊ฒฝ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์„  ํ•ญ๊ณตํŽธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฌ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค(ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„ ํ™•์žฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๋‹ค). ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ ์Šน๊ฐ, ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ํ™”๋ฌผ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์ ๊ฒ€ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ฒฝ๋น„ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ฒญ์—…์ฒด์— ์œ„ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ—ฌ์‹ฑํ‚ค ๋ฐ˜ํƒ€ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณตํ•ญ์— ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ณต์•ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ, ํƒ์ง€๊ฒฌ, TEPO(ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐ ํญํƒ„) ์ „๋‹ด๋ฐ˜, PTR(๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ, ์„ธ๊ด€, ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ๊ฒฝ๋น„๋Œ€) ์ •๋ณด๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ๊ณตํ•ญ์˜ ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ์ˆ˜๋น„๋Œ€์˜ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฐ์ž ๋˜๋Š” ๋„๋ง์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜๊ณ , ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ ์„ธ๊ด€์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฐ์ž ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ, ํ—ˆ์œ„ ๋ฌธ์„œ ๋˜๋Š” ํญ๋ฐœ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••์ˆ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค 1986๋…„ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ์ดํ›„ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋ณด์•ˆ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋๋‹ค. ์ด์— ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๋Š” ๋น„๊ธฐํ”ผ๋ผํ…Œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ํ˜„์ง€ ๋ณด์•ˆ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ถ„ ํ™•์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. 1996๋…„ ์ดํ›„, ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๋‚ด์…”๋„e/Gendarmerie de l'air์—์„œ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋‹น๊ตญ์ด ๊ณ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค๋กœ ์ด์ „๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ด์Šฌ๋ž€๋“œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ผ์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ์•„์ด์Šฌ๋ž€๋“œ๋Š” 2008๋…„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ง€์—ญ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ ์ œ 300/2008ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๋กœ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตญ์ œ ํ•ญ๊ณตํŽธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ํ‘œ์ค€์„ ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„์ด์Šฌ๋ž€๋“œ ์˜ํ†  ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์„  ํ•ญ๊ณตํŽธ์€ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ทœ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฉด์ œ๋œ๋‹ค. EEA ๊ณต๋™์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ€๋„์™€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์šด์˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์„ฑ์„ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ด ๋ฉด์ œ๋ฅผ ์Šน์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ์€ Koninklijke Marchause (KMar) ์™•๋ฆฝ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์šฉ์–ด์ธ Koninklijke Marchause์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ๊ณต๋œ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌ์„ค ๊ฒฝ๋น„์›๋“ค๋„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์—ฌ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ์„œ๋ฅ˜ ํ™•์ธ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ๋„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์นดํƒˆ๋กœ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ฃผ์™€ ๋ฐ”์Šคํฌ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฌธ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ์†Œ์Šค ๋ฐ์ŠคํŒŒ๋“œ๋ผ๋ฅด์  ํƒ€ ์ฃผ(ๅทž)๊ฐ€ ํด๋ฆฌ์นด ๋‚˜์‹œ์˜ค๋‚  ์ฃผ(ๅทž)๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๋ฅด๋””์•„ ์‹œ๋นŒ์€ ๋ณด์•ˆ๊ณผ ์„ธ๊ด€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ข…์ข… ์‚ฌ์„ค ๊ฒฝ๋น„์›์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ˜„์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ๊ณตํ•ญ ์ฒญ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ๋ณด์•ˆ๊ณผ ๊ตํ†ต ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์€ ์ฃผ ์†Œ์œ  ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ธ Aena์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์œ„์›ํšŒ ๊ทœ์ •์— ๊ตฌ์†๋œ๋‹ค. ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ์€ ๊ณตํ•ญ ์ž์ฒด์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋น„์›์ด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ณตํ•ญ ์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€๋“ค๋„ ๊ฒฝ๋น„์›๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ์€ ๊ตญ์ œ ๊ทœ์ •์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ‘œ์˜ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณตํ•ญ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด "๋ณดํ˜ธ๋Œ€์ƒ๋ฌผ"๋กœ ์ •์˜๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ๋น„์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ ๋ถ„์ฆ๋ช…์„œ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ์ง€ํ’ˆ์„ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์Šค์›จ๋ด์€ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•ˆ๊ฒ€์ฆ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ณด์•„์™”๋‹ค. ์Šค์›จ๋ด์€ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ทœ์ œ๊ฐ€ 1970๋…„๋Œ€/1980๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์— ๊ตญ์ œ์„  ์ถœ๋ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์•ˆ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์„ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2001๋…„ 9์›”์—๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด์„ ์—๋„ ๋ณด์•ˆ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ณตํ•ญ๊ณผ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์ด ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ช‡ ๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ ์˜๊ตญ ๊ตํ†ต๋ถ€(DfT Department for Transport)๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์น˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ํ•ญ๊ณต ๊ธฐ๊ด€(CAA)๋„ ํŠน์ • ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ทœ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. DfT๋Š” 2004๋…„ 9์›” ๋‚ด๋ฌด๋ถ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ณตํ•ญ์ธ ํžˆ์Šค๋กœ ๊ณตํ•ญ, ๋ฒ„๋ฐ์—„ ๊ณตํ•ญ, ์ด์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฏธ๋“œ๋žœ๋“œ ๊ณตํ•ญ, ๋‰ด์บ์Šฌ ๊ณตํ•ญ, ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๊ณ  ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋“ฑ 5๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฒ”์šดํ•ญํ•œ "๋‹ค์ค‘๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์œ„ํ˜‘ ๋ฐ ์œ„ํ—˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€"(MATRA)๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์‹œํ—˜ ํ›„์—, ์ด ๊ณ„ํš์€ ํ˜„์žฌ 44๊ฐœ ๊ณตํ•ญ ์ „์ฒด์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 9.11 ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ์ดํ›„ ์˜๊ตญ์€ ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„ ์ „์Ÿ (2001๋…„~2021๋…„)๊ณผ 2003๋…„ ์ด๋ผํฌ ์นจ๊ณต์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ 1์›” 7์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ์—ฌํ–‰๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ณตํ•ญ๋“ค ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ํœด๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฌผ ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ์—๋งŒ ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ, ์† ์ง์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ž์ฒด ๊ทœ์ •์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, DfT/CAA์— ์˜ํ•ด ํฌ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œํ•œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ์€ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ 360๋„ ์‹œ์•ผ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์Šค์บํ„ฐ X-ray ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์™€ ์˜ท ์•„๋ž˜ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์™€ ๋ผˆ๊นŒ์ง€ "๋ณด๊ธฐ"๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ์„ ๋”์šฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํƒ‘์Šน๊ฐ ์„ ๋ณ„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์Šน๊ฐ์˜ ๋ชธ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐํŒŒ ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™์ฝฉ ํ™์ฝฉ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณตํ•ญ์€ ํ™์ฝฉ ๊ฒฝ๋ฌด์ฒ˜(AVSECO)๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์€ ๊ณตํ•ญ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „๊ณผ ๋ณด์•ˆ์„ ์ฑ…์ž„์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ณตํ•ญ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ—คํด๋Ÿฌ์šดํŠธ์ฝ”ํ MP5 A3 ์„œ๋ธŒ ๋จธ์‹  ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ธ€๋ก ๊ถŒ์ด ํ”ผ์Šคํ†จ๋กœ ๋ฌด์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œํ•œ๊ตฌ์—ญ์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ณผ AVSECO์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณตํ•ญ์ด ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋‹น๊ตญ ํ™์ฝฉ(AAHK)์˜ ํ†ต์ œ ํ•˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ, ๋ณด์•ˆ๋ ฅ์€ AVSECO ์ง์›์—๊ฒŒ ์œ„์ž„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์šด๋ฐ˜๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์—‘์Šค๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณผ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ AVSECO์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์„ ๋ณ„ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค(ํ…Œ๋„ŒํŠธ ์ œํ•œ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ์™ธ). ํ™์ฝฉ ์ž…๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ฒ˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ž…์—…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์‹ ๋ถ„์ฆ์„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ด€์„ธ์ฒญ์€ ๋งˆ์•ฝ ๋ฐ€์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ฐ€์ˆ˜ํ’ˆ ํ™์ฝฉ ์ž…๊ตญ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์Šน๊ฐ๊ณผ ์Šน๋ฌด์›์˜ ์ง์„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ธ๋„ ์ธ๋„๋Š” 1999๋…„ ์นธ๋‹คํ•˜๋ฅด ๋‚ฉ์น˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ดํ›„ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๊ฒฝ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค€๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์กฐ์ง์ธ ์ค‘์•™์‚ฐ์—…๋ณด์•ˆ๊ตฐ์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ํ•ญ๊ณต๋ณด์•ˆ๊ตญ(๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ํ•ญ๊ณต๋ถ€)์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ ํ‹€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. CISF๋Š” ์ธ๋„ ๊ณตํ•ญ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณตํ•ญ์—๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ํ•ญ๊ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋œ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์ธ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋ถ€๋Œ€(APSU)๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. CISF๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตญ๋‚ด ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋ณด์•ˆ์„ ๋Œ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ์œ„ํ˜‘๊ณผ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์€ ์ธ๋„ ๊ณตํ•ญ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ณตํ•ญ๋“ค์ด ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ญ„๋ฐ”์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„  ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๋นˆ๋ฏผ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‚ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ํƒ‘์Šน ์ „ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ์ด, ์ด๊ฒƒ ์™ธ์—, CISF๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ณต ๋ณด์•ˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™”๋ฌผ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋ฐ ์„ ๋ณ„์€ ํ•ญ๊ณต ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ทœ์ œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ํ•ญ๊ณต ๋ณด์•ˆ๊ตญ(BCAS)์ด ์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์ œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ณตํ•ญ ์ž์ฒด ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ์—˜์•Œ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ํ•ญ๊ณต์€ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์— ๋ณธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํ”ผ๋ž์€ 1968๋…„ 7์›” 23์ผ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ…”์•„๋น„๋ธŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์™ธ๊ณฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒค๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์˜จ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณตํ•ญ์„ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‚ฉ์น˜๋œ ์ ์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ์ ๊ตฐ์˜ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๋“ค์ด๋กœ๋“œ ๋กœ๋“œ ๊ณตํ•ญ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ ์–ด๋„ 24๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋ฅผ ๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ 1972๋…„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๊ณตํ•ญ์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์ „ ๋ฒค ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์˜จ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ๊ตญ์žฅ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ผํŒŒ์—˜ ๋ก ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” "์ธ๊ฐ„์  ์š”์ธ"์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ "ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ณด์•ˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์–ด ๋ฉˆ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค"์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.ํ† ๋“œ๋กœ์ง€." 1985๋…„ 12์›” 27์ผ, ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒ”๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ฅ˜ํƒ„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋กœ๋งˆ, ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„, ๋น„์—”๋‚˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณตํ•ญ์˜ ์—˜์•Œ ์ฒดํฌ์ธ ์นด์šดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 19๋ช…์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ์ด ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ํ•™์‚ด์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ๊ณตํ•ญ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํญ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ ์™ธ๊ตญ ๊ณตํ•ญ์— ์‚ฌ๋ณต ๋ฌด์žฅ ๊ฒฝ๋น„์›๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ํ•ญ๊ณต ๊ด€๋ จ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” 1986๋…„, ๋ณด์•ˆ์š”์›์ด ์ตœ์ดˆ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํญ๋ฐœ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฐ€๋“ ๋‹ด๊ธด ์—ฌํ–‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์€ ํƒ‘์Šนํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์—์„œ ํญ๋ฐœํ•œ ํ›„ 13๋ช…์ด ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ์š”์›๋“ค์€ ์†Œ์œ„ "์ธ๊ฐ„์  ์š”์ธ"์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ , ์ด๋ฆ„์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์™ธ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋ž์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋ ค๋‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ์ธ์ข… ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ๋ง์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌํ–‰์ž๋“ค์„ ์‹ฌ๋ฌธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ชจ๋“  ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์•„๋ž๊ณ„ ํ˜ˆํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค๋„ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋ชจ์ˆœ์ ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฌํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด ๋’ค๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ๋ง์˜ ์ค‘๋‹จ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์˜ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์ธ Ariel Merari์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, "๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์ด ํŠน์ • ๋ฏผ์กฑ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ๋ง์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„์€ ์ผ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ๊ต๋„์™€ ์ Š์€ ์ธต์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๊ณ , ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์œ„ํ˜‘์€ ํŠน์ • ๋ฏผ์กฑ ์ง‘๋‹จ, ๋ฏผ์กฑ์„ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์„ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ์ „์‚ฐํ™”๋œ ๋ช…๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ๋‚ด๋ฌด๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ, ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๊ตญ FBI, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์•ˆ๋ณด์ •๋ณด์ฒญ (CSIS), ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ์•ผ๋“œ, ์ƒค๋ฐ”ํฌ, ๊ตญ์ œํ˜•์‚ฌ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ์ถœ๊ตญ ์šฉ์˜์ž ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ถ™์žก๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‚ผ์—„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋น„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  2002๋…„ 11์›” 17์ผ ํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์นผ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋ฒค ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์˜จ ๊ณตํ•ญ์˜ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๊ฒฝ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋šซ๊ณ  ํ…”์•„๋น„๋ธŒ์—์„œ ํ„ฐํ‚ค ์ด์Šคํƒ„๋ถˆ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋„์ค‘ ์—˜์•Œ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ํ•ญ๊ณต 581ํŽธ์˜ ์กฐ์ข…์„์„ ๋ฎ์น˜๋ ค ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ„ฐํ‚ค์— ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•˜๊ธฐ 15๋ถ„ ์ „ ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒฝ๋น„๋ณ‘๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ž๋Š” ์ง„์••๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹น๊ตญ์€ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์žฌํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฒค ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์˜จ์„ ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ํ์‡„ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ์•„๋ž์ธ ์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ€๋ฐ˜์ž…์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์นผ์€ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๊ฒฝ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ 5์›” ๋งˆ์ดํด ์ฒ˜ํ† ํ”„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญํ† ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ถ€ ์žฅ๊ด€์€ ๋กœ์ดํ„ฐ ํ†ต์‹ ๊ณผ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ณตํ•ญ์—์„œ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์กฐ์น˜์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 2009๋…„ 1์›”, ์ด ์„ฑ๋ช…์„œ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” 6๊ฐœ์›” ๋งŒ์— ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ œํ•œ์ ์ธ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณตํ•ญ๋“ค์€ 9.11 ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ์ดํ›„ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์ด ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜์กดํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ 2006๋…„ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋’ค 2008๋…„ 11์›” ๋กœ์Šค์•ค์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณตํ•ญ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žฌํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆํ† ๋‹ˆ์˜ค ๋นŒ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์‚ฌ ๋กœ์Šค์•ค์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค ์‹œ์žฅ์€ ๋ฒค ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์˜จ์„ "์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๊ณตํ•ญ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์นญํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๊ณ  ์•Œ์นด์—๋‹ค ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ชฉํ•œ LAX์˜ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ „์ˆ ์  ์กฐ์น˜๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒค ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์˜จ ์ „ ๋ณด์•ˆ๊ตญ์žฅ์ด ์ด๋Œ๊ณ  ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด D.C.์— ๋ณธ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‰ด์—์ด์ง€ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์€ ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด์˜ ๋กœ๊ฑด ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณตํ•ญ์—์„œ ํ•ญ๊ณต ๋ณด์•ˆ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ํ˜‘์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์˜ ์ „์ˆ ๊ณผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณตํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์˜คํด๋žœ๋“œ ํ•ญ๊ณผ ์ƒŒ๋””์—๊ณ  ์นด์šดํ‹ฐ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋‹น๊ตญ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ๊ทธ๋กœ์Šค๋งŒ ์˜คํด๋žœ๋“œ ํ•ญ๋งŒ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ตญ์žฅ์€ "์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์•ˆ๋ณด๋กœ ์ „์„ค์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ"๋ผ๋ฉฐ "์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋’ค์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์ด ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํ•‘์— ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ๋ช…๋ฐ›์•„ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ๊ณตํ•ญ์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋ฒ• ์ง‘ํ–‰์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฑ„ํƒ๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊นŠ์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณตํ•ญํ˜‘์˜ํšŒ(Airports Council International)์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ง€๋ถ€๋กœ์˜ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„์˜ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ๊ตฐ(ASF)์€ ๊ณตํ•ญ๊ณผ ์‹œ์„ค๊ณผ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ASF๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฐ์—…์„ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ๊ฐ„์„ญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ , ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ๋Œ€์‘ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ , ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„ ๊ณตํ•ญ์˜ ํ•œ๋„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด์˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ๊ณตํ•ญ์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ์€ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€๋งŒ, ๋น„๋ก ์˜ˆ์ •๋œ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ๊ตํ†ต์ด ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ์ฐฝ์ด ๊ณตํ•ญ์—๋Š” ์ž์›์ด ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์•ฝ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ•ญ๊ณตํŽธ๊ณผ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ์ „๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์…€๋ ˆํƒ€ ๊ณตํ•ญ์€ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋œ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. 9ยท11 ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ, ์ œ๋งˆ ์ด์Šฌ๋ผ๋ฏธ์•ผ์˜ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐฝ์ด ๊ณตํ•ญ์„ ์ง€๋ชฉํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ๊ณตํ•ญ์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘๋ช…์˜ ๊ตฐ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ˆœ์ฐฐํŒ€๊ณผ ์ž๋™๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฌด์žฅํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ํ•œ๋ช…์ด ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์„ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ์ˆœ์ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ถœ๊ตญ ์Šน๊ฐ์€ ํ™์ฝฉ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณตํ•ญ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ถœ์ž…๊ตญ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ํ›„๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ถœ์ž…๋ฌธ ์ž…๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํƒ‘์Šน ์ˆ˜์†์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ณด์•ˆ ์กฐ์น˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณตํ•ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์— X์„  ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ธˆ์† ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ์ง€์ƒ ์ทจ๊ธ‰์ž๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณด์•ˆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ์„œ, ์ฆ‰ Certis CISCO, ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ๊ณตํ•ญ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ SATS ๋ณด์•ˆ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ฐ Aetos Security Management Private Limited๋Š” ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ์ฐฝ์ด ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณตํ•ญ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋ถ€์„œ์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ณต๋™ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€์„œ์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ฌ ์ „์ฒด์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๋ณด์กฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ mpanies ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€๋“ค์˜ ์ž„๋ฌด์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฌผ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€ ์ œํ•œ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ด๋™ ํ†ต์ œ ๋“ฑ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. 2005๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฌผ ์„ ๋ณ„ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋น„๊ณต๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2005๋…„ ํ•ซ์•ผ์ด ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณตํ•ญ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํƒœ๊ตญ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํญํƒ„ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํญํƒ„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณตํ•ญ์„ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 400๋Œ€ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์ฐฐ์ž๋“ค์€ 2005๋…„ 9์›” ๋ง์— ์†Œ์ง‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ 5์›” 8์ผ ์ดํ›„, 2006๋…„ ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘ ํšก๋‹จ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ํ”Œ๋กฏ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 100ml ์บก์˜ ์•ก์ฒด ์ œํ•œ์ด ์‹œํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค. ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์€ 100ml ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์•ก์ฒด, ์ ค, ์—์–ด๋กœ์กธ์„ ์ฒดํฌ์ธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์••์ˆ˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฒŒ์‹œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฉ์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๋„ ์••์ˆ˜๋˜์–ด ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค(๋„ค์ผ ํด๋ฆฌํผ, ๋„ค์ผ ํŒŒ์ผ, ์šฐ์‚ฐ, ๋ผ์ผ“ ์ œ์™ธ). ๋ฏธ๊ตญ 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์ด์ „์—, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณตํ•ญ๋“ค์€ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ช‡ ๊ฑด์˜ ์„ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด๋ชฉ์„ ๋„๋Š” ๋‚ฉ์น˜์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์žˆ์€ ํ›„ ์กฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1970๋…„์— ์Šค์นด์ด ๋ณด์•ˆ๊ด€์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋น„ํ–‰์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํ”ผ๋ž์ด ๊ณ„์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1972๋…„ 11์›” 10์ผ, 3๋ช…์˜ ๋‚ฉ์น˜๋ฒ”๋“ค์ด ์˜คํฌ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์˜ ์›์ž๋กœ์— ์„œ๋˜ ์—์–ด์›จ์ด์ฆˆ 49ํŽธ์„ ๋„์šฐ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์‘์œผ๋กœ, ์—ฐ๋ฐฉํ•ญ๊ณต๊ตญ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด 1973๋…„ 1์›” 5์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํœด๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฌผ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋ณด์•ˆ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ์œ„ํƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๊ณ„์•ฝ๋“ค์„ ์ž…์ฐฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠน์ • ๊ฒ€๋ฌธ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ†ต์ œ๋˜๋Š” ์ถœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์•™ํ™€์˜ ์šด์˜๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€๋ฌธ์†Œ์˜ ์šด์˜์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ๋… ๊ถŒํ•œ์€ FAA C.F.R.์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๋ชฉ 14์˜ ์ œํ•œ์€ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋‹น๊ตญ์ด ๊ฒ€๋ฌธ์†Œ ์šด์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ๋…๊ถŒ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 1974๋…„ ์˜ํ™” 'ํŒŒ๋ž„๋ฝ์Šค ๋ทฐ'๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์šด์˜ ์ค‘์ธ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ฒ€๋ฌธ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. 9.11ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ œํ•œ ๋“ฑ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ ๋ฐ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์˜ ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์— ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ์ž๊ทนํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ถ„์ฆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด. ํ•ญ๊ณต ์šด์†ก ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋ฒ•์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 11์›” 19์ผ 2002๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์Šน๊ฐ ์„ ๋ณ„ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ง์›์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตํ†ต์•ˆ์ „์ฒญ(TSA), ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญํ† ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ถ€์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณต๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ํญ๋ฐœ๋ฌผ์„ ํƒ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ๋ฒ• 2004๋…„์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…์ข…, ๋ฒ”์ฃผ X๊ณตํ•ญ์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์Šน๊ฐ์ด ๊ตํ†ต๋Ÿ‰์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ธก์ •๋œ ๋ฐ”์œ ํฐ, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋„๊ธ‰ ์—…์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ๊ณต๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์†ก์˜ ๋†’์€ ๋ณผ๋ฅจ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋ฒ”์ฃผ X๊ณตํ•ญ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ทจ์•ฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ธด ์ค„์„ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณตํ•ญ ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค ํผ์ŠคํŠธ๋‚˜ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ํด๋ž˜์Šค์— ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ์˜ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•œ ๋น„ํ–‰์‚ฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ •์˜ˆ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„์— ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์—„ ๋ผ์ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. "๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ"(SPOT)ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋ช‡๊ฐœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณตํ•ญ์—์„œ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ทน์žฅ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํŠน์ • : ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์›ํ˜ธ ์—ฌ๊ฐ Prescreening ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋“ฑ๋ก ๋œ ์—ฌํ–‰์ž ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณตํ•ญ ์ธ์ข… ๋ณ„ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ ๋ง 2์ฐจ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๋น„ํ–‰ ๊ณตํ•ญ ์ฒดํฌ์ธ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ํ•ญ๊ณต ์šด์†ก ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋‹น๊ตญ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๊ตํ†ต ๋ฏธ๊ตญ FAA ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตํ†ต ์•ˆ์ „๊ตญ ์†Œ์‹œ ์—๋‹ค ๋“œ ์œ ๋กœ ํ”ผ์•„ ๋ฐํ…Œ ์น˜์‹œ ์˜จ ๊ณตํ•ญ ์‹œ์„ค ์ ‘๊ทผ ์ œ์–ด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport%20security
Airport security
Airport security includes the techniques and methods used in an attempt to protect passengers, staff, aircraft, and airport property from malicious harm, crime, terrorism, and other threats. Aviation security is a combination of measures and human and material resources in order to safeguard civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference. Unlawful interference could be acts of terrorism, sabotage, threat to life and property, communication of false threat, bombing, etc. Description Large numbers of people pass through airports every day. This presents potential targets for terrorism and other forms of crime because of the number of people located in one place. Similarly, the high concentration of people on large airliners increases the potentially high death rate with attacks on aircraft, and the ability to use a hijacked airplane as a lethal weapon may provide an alluring target for terrorism (such as during the September 11 attacks). Airport security attempts to prevent any threats or potentially dangerous situations from arising or entering the country. If airport security does succeed then the chances of any dangerous situation, illegal items or threats entering into an aircraft, country or airport are greatly reduced. As such, airport security serves several purposes: To protect the airport and country from any threatening events, to reassure the traveling public that they are safe and to protect the country and their people. Monte R. Belger of the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration notes "The goal of aviation security is to prevent harm to aircraft, passengers, and crew, as well as support national security and counter-terrorism policy." Airport enforcement authority While some countries may have an agency that protects all of their airports (such as Australia, in which the Australian Federal Police polices the airport), in other countries the protection is controlled at the state or local level. The primary personnel will vary and can include: A police force hired and dedicated to the airport e.g. the Irish Airport Police Service A branch (substation) of the local police department stationed at the airport Members of the local police department assigned to the airport as their normal patrol area Members of a country's airport protection service. E.g., US TSA Police dog services for explosive detection, drug detection and other purposes Other resources may include: Security guards Paramilitary forces Military forces Process and equipment Some incidents have been the result of travelers carrying either weapons or items that could be used as weapons on board aircraft so that they can hijack the plane. In passenger security screening, travelers are screened by metal detectors and/or millimeter wave scanners. Explosive detection machines used include X-ray machines and explosives trace-detection portal machines (a.k.a. "puffer machines"). In some cases, detection of explosives can be automated using machine learning techniques. In the United States, the TSA is working on new scanning machines that are still effective searching for objects that are not allowed in the airplanes but that do not depict the passengers in a state of undress that some find embarrassing. Explosive detection machines can also be used for both carry-on and checked baggage. These detect volatile compounds given off from explosives using gas chromatography. Computed tomography and walk-through body scanning (Thz radiation) may also be done. Artificial intelligence systems are also being used, for example for translation service on information stations around the airport and for reducing the time airplanes spend at the gate between flights (by monitoring and analyzing everything that happens after the aircraft lands). In the future, it may also be used in conjunction with CT machines and Thz radiation detectors. It may also be used for use with biometric deployment across touchpoints and of new solutions, such as risk-based screening and intelligent video analytics. A recent development is the controversial use of backscatter X-rays to detect hidden weapons and explosives on passengers. These devices, which use Compton scattering, require that the passenger stand close to a flat panel and produce a high resolution image. A technology released in Israel in early 2008 allows passengers to pass through metal detectors without removing their shoes, a process required as walk-through gate detectors are not reliable in detecting metal in shoes or on the lower body extremities. Alternately, the passengers step fully shoed onto a device which scans in under 1.2 seconds for objects as small as a razor blade. In some countries, specially trained individuals may engage passengers in a conversation to detect threats rather than solely relying on equipment to find threats. A single backscatter scan exposes the target to between 0.05 and 0.1 microsievert of radiation. In comparison, the exposure from a standard chest x-ray is almost 100 times higher. While airport security measures are crucial for ensuring passenger safety, they inadvertently introduce hygiene challenges. A study at Helsinki-Vantaa airport during the 2015-2016 flu season pinpointed the plastic security screening trays, frequently used in security checks, as a significant vector for the spread of respiratory viruses. The study emphasizes the need for enhanced sanitation practices in these areas. Generally people are screened through airport security into areas where the exit gates to the aircraft are located. These areas are often called "secure", "sterile" and airside. Passengers are discharged from airliners into the sterile area so that they usually will not have to be re-screened if disembarking from a domestic flight; however they are still subject to search at any time. Airport food outlets have started using plastic glasses and utensils as opposed to glasses made out of glass and utensils made out of metal to reduce the usefulness of such items as weapons. In the United States non-passengers were once allowed on the concourses to meet arriving friends or relatives at their gates, but this is now greatly restricted due to the terrorist attacks. Non-passengers must obtain a gate pass to enter the secure area of the airport. The most common reasons that a non-passenger may obtain a gate pass is to assist children and the elderly as well as for attending business meetings that take place in the secure area of the airport. In the United States, at least 24 hours notice is generally required for those planning to attend a business meeting inside the secure area of the airport. Other countries, such as Australia do not restrict non-travellers from accessing the airside area, however non-travellers are typically subject to the same security scans as travellers. Sensitive areas in airports, including airport ramps and operational spaces, are restricted from the general public. Called a SIDA (Security Identification Display Area), these spaces require special qualifications to enter. Systems can consist of physical access control gates or more passive systems that monitor people moving through restricted areas and sound an alert if a restricted area is entered. Throughout the world, there have been a few dozen airports that have instituted a version of a "trusted traveler program". Proponents argue that security screening can be made more efficient by detecting those people who are threats and then searching them. They argue that searching trusted, verified individuals should not take the amount of time it does. Critics argue that such programs decrease security by providing an easier path to carry contraband through. Another critical security measure used by several regional and international airports is that of fiber optic perimeter intrusion detection systems. These security systems allow airport security to locate and detect any intrusion on the airport perimeter, ensuring real-time, immediate intrusion notification that allows security personnel to assess the threat and track movement and engage necessary security procedures. This has notably been utilised at Dulles International Airport and U.S. Military JFPASS. Notable incidents On May 30, 1972, three members of the Japanese Red Army undertook a terrorist attack, popularly called the Lod Airport massacre, at the Lod Airport, now known as the Ben Gurion International Airport, in Lod. Firing indiscriminately with automatic firearms and throwing grenades, they managed to kill 24 people and injure 78 others before being neutralized (one of them through suicide). One of the three terrorists, Kozo Okamoto, survived the incident. The world's first terrorist attack while in flight was Cubana Flight 455 on October 6, 1976, when the airliner flying from Barbados to Jamaica was brought down by two time bombs, killing 73 people. Evidence implicated several Central Intelligence Agency-linked anti-Castro Cuban exiles and members of the Venezuelan secret police DISIP, including Luis Posada Carriles. The single deadliest airline catastrophe resulting from the failure of airport security to detect an onboard bomb was Air India Flight 182 in 1985, which killed 329 people. Another onboard bomb that slipped through airport security was the one on Pan Am Flight 103 in 1988, which killed 270 people; 259 on the plane, and 11 residents of Lockerbie, Scotland. Another notable failure was the 1994 bombing of Philippine Airlines Flight 434, which turned out to be a test run for a planned terrorist attack called Operation Bojinka. The explosion was small, killing one person, and the plane made an emergency landing. Operation Bojinka was discovered and foiled by Manila police in 1995. The Rome and Vienna airport attacks in December 1985 were two more instances of airport security failures. The attacks left 20 people dead when gunmen threw grenades and opened fire on travelers at El Al airline ticket counters. The September 11 attacks are the most widely recognized terrorist attacks in recent times involving air travel. On the morning of September 11, 2001, 19 members of the Islamic terrorist group Al-Qaeda took control of four airplanes on the east coast of the United States and deliberately crashed two into both World Trade Center towers in New York City and the third into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia. A fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, not reaching Washington, D.C., for its intended target, either the U.S. Capitol or the White House. The attacks resulted in the deaths of 2,996 people, including the 245 civilians, a law enforcement officer, and the 19 hijackers on board the four airplanes. On July 5, 2002, a gunman opened fire at Los Angeles International Airport (Israel's El Al Ticket Counter). The shooter killed two people and injured four. On August 10, 2006, security at airports in the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States was raised significantly due to the uncovering by British authorities of a terror plot aimed at detonating liquid explosives on flights originating from these countries. This is also notable as it was the first time the U.S. Terror Alert Level ever reached "red". The incident also led to tighter restrictions on carrying liquids and gels in hand luggage in the EU, Canada, and the United States. On May 7, 2020, Southwest Airlines Flight 1392 struck and killed a pedestrian while landing on runway 17R at Austinโ€“Bergstrom International Airport. No injuries were reported to the 53 passengers and 5 crew aboard the aircraft. The victim, who was not a badged airport employee, was subsequently confirmed to have breached airport security in reaching the runway. The accident is under investigation. Airport security forces by country/region Canada All restrictions involving airport security are determined by Transport Canada and some are implemented by the Canadian Air Transport Security Authority (CATSA) in conjunction with the Airport Operator. Since the September 11 attacks, as well as the Air India bombing in 1985 and other incidents, airport security has tightened in Canada in order to prevent any attacks in Canadian Airspace. CATSA uses x-ray machines to verify the contents of all carry-ons as well as metal detectors, explosive trace detection (ETD) equipment and random physical searches of passengers at the pre-board screening points. X-ray machines, CTX machines, high-resolution x-rays and ETDs are also used to scan checked bags. All checked baggage is always x-rayed at all major commercial airports. CATSA launched its Restricted Area Identity Card (RAIC) program in January 2007. RAIC is the world's first dual biometric access control system for airports. This program replaces the old Airport Restricted Area Passes issued to airport employees after security checks by the Canadian Security Intelligence Service, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and Transport Canada with new cards (issued after the same checks are conducted) that contain biometric information (fingerprints and iris scans) belonging to the person issued the RAIC. While CATSA is responsible for pre-board passenger and random non-passenger screening, they contract out to third-party "service providers" such as G4S, Securitas and GardaWorld to train, manage and employ the screening officers. In addition, individual airport authorities which were privatized in the 1990s by the Canadian Government are responsible for general airport security rather than CATSA and normally contract out to private companies and in the case of large airports, pay for a small contingent of local police officers to remain on site as well. Safety and security at Canada's airports are provided by local police forces. The RCMP once used to provide this service at most airports, but remains so only for a few today: Vancouver International Airportย โ€” RCMP Richmond detachment Calgary International Airportย โ€” Calgary Police Service Airport Unit (1997) Edmonton International Airportย โ€” RCMP Edmonton International Airport detachment Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airportย โ€” Winnipeg Police Service (1997) Toronto Pearson International Airportย โ€” Peel Regional Police Airport Division (1997) with assistance from the RCMP Toronto Airport detachment Ottawa Macdonaldโ€“Cartier International Airportย โ€” Ottawa Police Service Airport Policing Section (1997) Montrรฉal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airportย โ€” Airport Unit of the Montreal Police Service with assistance from the RCMP Airport Unit Halifax Stanfield International Airportย โ€” Halifax Regional Police European Union Regulation (EC) No 300/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council establishes common rules in the European Union to protect civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference. The regulation's provisions apply to all airports or parts of airports located in an EU country that are not used exclusively for military purposes. The provisions also apply to all operators, including air carriers, providing services at the aforementioned airports. It also applies to all entities located inside or outside airport premises providing services to airports. The standards of regulation 300/2008 are implemented by Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/1998. The regulation no 2320/2002 from 2002 introduced the requirement to have security checks for all passenger flights, also domestic. Some EU countries had no checks for domestic flights until around 2005 (introducing full security checks took some time since terminals might need expansion). Finland Passenger, luggage and freight security checking and security guard duties are outsourced to contractors. General public security is the responsibility of the Finnish Police, which has an airport unit at Helsinki Airport. The airport unit has a criminal investigation, a canine and a TEPO (terrorist and bomb) squad, and a PTR (police, customs and border guard) intelligence component. Furthermore, units of the Finnish Border Guard units at airports often arrest wanted individuals or fugitives at the border, and the Finnish Customs seizes e.g. weapons, false documents or explosives in addition to wanted individuals. France French security has been stepped up since terrorist attacks in France in 1986. In response France established the Vigipirate program. The program uses troops to reinforce local security and increases requirements in screenings and ID checks. Since 1996 security check-points have transferred from the Police Nationale/Gendarmerie de l'Air to private companies hired by the airport authorities. Iceland As a member of the European Economic Area, Iceland has adopted EC regulation No 300/2008 into national law and thus complies with EU standards on airport security for all international flights. Domestic flights within Icelandic territory are however exempted from the security rules. The exemption was granted by the EEA Joint Committee citing the geographical remoteness of the country as well as its low population density and small size of aircraft used in domestic operations. Netherlands Airport security in the Netherlands is provided by the Koninklijke Marechaussee, Royal Military Constabulary. In addition to the Royal Military Constabulary, security services in and around airports in the Netherlands are provided by multiple Private security companies. Since early 2020, security staff at Schiphol Airport make use of CT-scans on all passenger filters, allowing passengers to keep their liquids and electronics inside of their bags as opposed to having to take them out. Spain Airport security in Spain is provided by police forces, as well as private security guards. The Policรญa Nacional provides general security as well as passport (in international airports) and documentation checking. In Catalonia and Basque Country, the Mossos d'Esquadra and the Ertzaintza, respectively, have replaced the Policรญa Nacional except for documentation functions. The Guardia Civil handles the security and customs checking, often aided by private security guards. Local police provide security and traffic control outside the airport building. Security measures are controlled by the state-owned company Aena, and are bound to European Commission Regulations, as in other European Union countries. Sweden Airport security is handled by security guards provided by the airport itself, with police assistance if needed. Airport fire fighters are also security guards. The Swedish Transport Agency decides the rules for the check, based on international regulations. Airports are generally defined by law as "protected objects", which give guards extra authority, like demanding identity documents and search people's belongings. Sweden has traditionally seen itself as a low-crime country with little need for security checks. Sweden introduced security checks for international departures when international regulations demanded that around the 1970s/1980s. In September 2001, there was a decision to introduce security checks also for domestic flights. This took a few years to implement as domestic airports and terminals were not prepared with room for this. United Kingdom The Department for Transport (DfT) is the governing authority for airport security in the United Kingdom, with the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) also responsible for certain security regulatory functions. In September 2004, with the Home Office, DfT started an initiative called the "Multi Agency Threat and Risk Assessment" (MATRA), which was piloted at five of the United Kingdom's major airportsย โ€” Heathrow, Birmingham, East Midlands Airport, Newcastle and Glasgow. Following successful trials, the scheme has now been rolled out across all 44 airports. Since the September 11 attacks in New York and Washington, the United Kingdom has been assessed as a high risk country due to its support of the United States both in its invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq. From January 7, 2008, travelers are no longer limited to a single piece of carry-on luggage at most of the UK's major airports. Currently, hand luggage is not limited by size or weight by the DfT/CAA, although most airlines do impose their own rules. The UK trialed a controversial new method of screening passengers to further improve airport security using backscatter X-ray machines that provide a 360-degree view of a person, as well as "see" under clothes, right down to the skin and bones. They are no longer used and were replaced by millimeter wave scanners which shows any hidden items while not showing the body of the passenger. Hong Kong The Hong Kong International Airport is secured by the Hong Kong Police Force and Aviation Security Company (AVSECO). Within the police force, the Airport District is responsible for the safety and security of the airport region. Airport Security Units are deployed around the airport and are armed with H&K MP5 A3 sub-machine guns and Glock 17 pistols. The security of the restricted area is the responsibility of the police and AVSECO. While the airport is under the control of the Airport Authority Hong Kong (AAHK), the security power has been delegated to the AVSECO staffs. All persons and baggages carried by them must be X-Rayed and checked at the security screening points of the AVSECO (with a few exceptions at the Tenant Restricted Area). The Immigration Department will check incomers passport and other identities, while the Customs and Excise Department will check passengers and crews' luggage to discourage smuggling of drugs and contraband from entering Hong Kong. India India stepped up its airport security after the 1999 Kandahar hijacking. The Central Industrial Security Force, a paramilitary organisation, is in charge of airport security under the regulatory framework of the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (Ministry of Civil Aviation). CISF formed an Airport Security Group to protect Indian airports. Every airport has now been given an APSU (Airport Security Unit), a trained unit to counter unlawful interference with civil aviation. Apart from the CISF, every domestic airline has a security group who looks after the aircraft security. Terrorist threats and narcotics are the main threats in Indian airports. Another problem that some airports face is the proliferation of slums around the airport boundaries in places like Mumbai. Before boarding, additional searching of hand luggage is likely. Moreover, other than this, the CISF has many other duties in context of aviation security. The cargo security and screening is done by the Regulated Agents or airlines' and airports' own security staff who are tested and certified by the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS), an aviation security regulator. Israel El Al Airlines is headquartered in Israel. The last hijacking occurred on July 23, 1968, and no plane departing Ben Gurion Airport, just outside Tel Aviv, has ever been hijacked. It was in 1972 that terrorists from the Japanese Red Army launched an attack that led to the deaths of at least 24 people at Lod Airport. Since then, security at the airport relies on a number of fundamentals, including a heavy focus on what Raphael Ron, former director of security at Ben Gurion Airport, terms the "human factor", which may be generalized as "the inescapable fact that terrorist attacks are carried out by people who can be found and stopped by an effective security methodology." On December 27, 1985, terrorists simultaneously attacked El Al ticket counters at the Rome, Italy and Vienna, Austria airports using machine guns and hand grenades. Nineteen civilians were killed and many wounded. In response, Israel developed further methods to stop such massacres and drastically improved security measures around Israeli airports and even promised to provide plainclothes armed guards at each foreign airport. The last successful airline-related terrorist attack was in 1986, when a security agent found a suitcase full of explosives during the initial screening process. While the bag did not make it on board, it did injure 13 after detonating in the terminal. As part of its focus on this so-called "human factor," Israeli security officers interrogate travelers using racial profiling, singling out those who appear to be Arab based on name or physical appearance. Additionally, all passengers, even those who do not appear to be of Arab descent, are questioned as to why they are traveling to Israel, followed by several general questions about the trip in order to search for inconsistencies. Although numerous civil rights groups have demanded an end to the profiling, Israel maintains that it is both effective and unavoidable. According to Ariel Merari, an Israeli terrorism expert, "it would be foolish not to use profiling when everyone knows that most terrorists come from certain ethnic groups. They are likely to be Muslim and young, and the potential threat justifies inconveniencing a certain ethnic group. Passengers leaving Israel are checked against a computerized list. The computers, maintained by the Israeli Ministry of Interior, are connected to the Israeli police, FBI, Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), Scotland Yard, Shin Bet, and Interpol in order to catch suspects or others leaving the country illegally. Despite such tight security, an incident occurred on November 17, 2002, in which a man apparently slipped through airport security at Ben Gurion Airport with a pocketknife and attempted to storm the cockpit of El Al Flight 581 en route from Tel Aviv to Istanbul, Turkey. While no injuries were reported and the attacker was subdued by guards hidden among the passengers 15 minutes before the plane landed safely in Turkey, authorities did shut down Ben Gurion for some time after the attack to reassess the security situation and an investigation was opened to determine how the man, an Israeli Arab, managed to smuggle the knife past the airport security. At a conference in May 2008, the United States Department of Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff told Reuters interviewers that the United States will seek to adopt some of the Israeli security measures at domestic airports. He left his post in January 2009, a mere 6 months after this statement, which may or may not have been enough time to implement them. On a more limited focus, American airports have been turning to the Israeli government and Israeli-run firms to help upgrade security in the post-9/11 world. Israeli officials toured Los Angeles Airport in November 2008 to re-evaluate the airport after making security upgrade recommendations in 2006. Calling Ben Gurion "the world's safest airport," Antonio Villaraigosa, mayor of Los Angeles, has implemented the Israeli review in order to bring state-of-the-art technology and other tactical measures to help secure LAX, considered to be the state's primary terrorist target and singled out by the Al Qaeda network. New Age Security Solutions, led by the former director of security at Ben Gurion and based in Washington, D.C., consults on aviation security at Boston's Logan International Airport. Other U.S. airports to incorporate Israeli tactics and systems include Port of Oakland and the San Diego County Regional Airport Authority. "The Israelis are legendary for their security, and this is an opportunity to see firsthand what they do, how they do it and, as importantly, the theory behind it," said Steven Grossman, director of aviation at the Port of Oakland. He was so impressed with a briefing presented by the Israelis that he suggested a trip to Israel to the U.S. branch of Airports Council International in order to gain a deeper understanding of the methods employed by Israeli airport security and law enforcement. Pakistan In Pakistan Airports Security Force (ASF) is responsible for protecting the airports and the facilities and the planes. ASF safeguards the civil aviation industry against unlawful interference, adopting counter terrorism measures, preventing crime and maintaining law and order within the limits of airports in Pakistan. Singapore Security for the country's two international passenger airports comes under the purview of the Airport Police Division of the Singapore Police Force, although resources are concentrated at Singapore Changi Airport where scheduled passenger traffic dominates. Seletar Airport, which specializes in handling non-scheduled and training flights, is seen as posing less of a security issue. Since the September 11 attacks, and the naming of Changi Airport as a terrorism target by the Jemaah Islamiyah, the airport's security has been stepped up. Roving patrol teams of two soldiers and a police officer armed with automatic weapons patrol the terminals at random. Departing passengers are checked at the entrance of the gate rather than after immigration clearance unlike Hong Kong International Airport. This security measure is easily noticed by the presence of X-ray machines and metal detectors at every gate, which is not normally seen at other airports. Assisting the state organizations, are the security services provided by the ground handlers, namely that of the Certis CISCO, Singapore Airport Terminal Services's SATS Security Services, and the Aetos Security Management Private Limited, formed from a merger of the Changi International Airport Services's airport security unit and that of other companies to become a single island-wide auxiliary police company. These officers' duties include screening luggage and controlling movement into restricted areas. Since 2005, an upgrade in screening technology and rising security concerns led to all luggage-screening processes being conducted behind closed doors. Plans are also in place to install over 400 cameras to monitor the airport, to discourage bomb attacks similar to the 2005 Songkhla bombings in Southern Thailand where Hat Yai International Airport was targeted. Tenders to incorporate such a system were called in late September 2005. Since 8 May 2007, the liquid restrictions of 100ย ml cap is enforced, following the 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot. Passengers are advised to check in liquids, gels and aerosols above 100ย ml, failing which they will be confiscated by airport security and have to post it back to oneself. Anything that is in the security areas is allowed. In general practice, unacceptable materials are also confiscated and have to post it back to yourself (excluding nail clippers, nail files, umbrellas and racquets). United States Prior to the 1970s, American airports had minimal security arrangements to prevent acts of terrorism. For some flights with unassigned seating, no reservations were required, and fares were collected in the air. Federal security personnel started serving on high-risk flights in 1962 as the FAA Peace Officers Program; sky marshals began working out of the Miami field office of the United States Marshals Service in 1969. (Hijackers typically wanted to defect to Cuba, making flights from Florida common targets.) There were insufficient numbers to protect every flight, and hijackings continued to take place. The first hijacking resulting in a fatality occurred on Eastern Air Lines Shuttle Flight 1320 in 1970. Later in 1970, sky marshall staffing was increased, and some passengers fitting a behavioral profile were screened for weapons (including with handheld metal detectors). On November 10, 1972, a trio of hijackers threatened to fly Southern Airways Flight 49 into a nuclear reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. As a direct response to this incident, the Federal Aviation Administration required all airlines to begin screening passengers and their carry-on baggage by January 5, 1973. This screening was generally contracted to private security companies. Private companies would bid on these contracts. The airline that had operational control of the departure concourse controlled by a given checkpoint would hold that contract. Although an airline would control the operation of a checkpoint, oversight authority was held by the FAA. C.F.R. Title 14 restrictions did not permit a relevant airport authority to exercise any oversight over checkpoint operations. The 1974 film, The Parallax View, shows an early airport security checkpoint in operation. The September 11 attacks prompted even tougher regulations, such as limiting the number of and types of items passengers could carry on board aircraft and requiring increased screening for passengers who fail to present a government-issued photo ID. The Aviation and Transportation Security Act generally required that by November 19, 2002, all passenger screening must be conducted by federal employees. As a result, passenger and baggage screening is now provided by the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Provisions to improve the technology for detecting explosives were included in the Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004. Often, security at category X airports, the U.S. largest and busiest as measured by volume of passenger traffic, is provided by private contractors. Because of the high volume of passenger traffic, category X airports are considered vulnerable targets for terrorism. Following the failed 2006 liquid bomb plot, United States Homeland Security banned all liquids and gels except baby formula and prescription medicines in the name of the ticket holder in carry-on luggage on all flights and started requiring all passengers to remove their shoes for screening. From 13 August 2006, airline passengers in the United States could take up to of non-prescription medicine, glucose gel for diabetics, solid lipstick, and baby food aboard flights. Eventually passengers were allowed to carry only of liquid in their hand luggage, TSA standards required all non-medical liquids to be kept in a quart-sized plastic bag, with only one bag per passenger. With the increase in security screening, some airports saw long queues for security checks. To alleviate this, airports created Premium lines for passengers traveling in First or Business Class, or those who were elite members of a particular airline's Frequent Flyer program. The "Screening Passengers by Observation Techniques" (SPOT) program is operating at some U.S. airports. In 2023 US TSA and US DHS Science and Technology Directorate announced that is transforming the current single line screening process into a self-screening flow similar to self-checkout at a US grocery store. Category X Airports in the United States Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport Boston Logan International Airport Charlotte/Douglas International Airport Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport Denver International Airport Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport George Bush Intercontinental Airport Hartsfieldโ€“Jackson Atlanta International Airport Harry Reid International Airport Honolulu International Airport John F. Kennedy International Airport LaGuardia Airport Los Angeles International Airport Luis Muรฑoz Marรญn International Airport Miami International Airport Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport Newark Liberty International Airport O'Hare International Airport Orlando International Airport Orlando Sanford International Airport Philadelphia International Airport Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Salt Lake City International Airport San Francisco International Airport Seattleโ€“Tacoma International Airport Washington Dulles International Airport See also Air travel with firearms and ammunition Airport police Airport privacy Infrastructure security Security theater US specific: Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System Registered Traveler Airport racial profiling in the United States Secondary Security Screening Selection Secure Flight References External links Canadian Air Transport Security Authority Transport Canada U.S. FAA U.S. Transportation Security Administration Sociedad Europea de Detecciรณn Indian Aviation Security Security technology Security, Airport Access control Security, Airport Articles containing video clips
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์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด
์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด (PAN)๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์–ด์กฑ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด์กฑ์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์œ„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์–ธ์–ด ์žฌ๊ตฌ๋„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์„œ, ๋ง๋ ˆ์ดํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด, ์˜ค์„ธ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„์กฐ์–ด, ํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๊ตฌ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๋งฌ์ปด ๋กœ์Šค์™€ ์•ค๋“œ๋ฅ˜ ํด๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์˜ค์„ธ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„์กฐ์–ด ๋ฐ ํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์˜ ์–ดํœ˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ์šด๋ก  ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์–ธ์–ดํ•™์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด์กฑ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์˜ ์ž์Œ ๋Œ€์‘ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์žฌ๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ก ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์•„์„œ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ , ํ•™์ž๋งˆ๋‹ค ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด ์Œ์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ถ”์ธก๋“ค์„ ๋‚ด๋†“๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ํŠน์ • ๋Œ€์‘ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ํŠน์ • ์–ธ์–ด์—์„œ ์‚ฐ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๋ฟ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ผ๋ถ€ ์˜๊ฒฌ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€์‘ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์–ด๋””๊นŒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ด๊ณ  ์–ด๋””๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ํ›„์† ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํ˜์‹ ์ธ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด๊ฒฌ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์žฌ๊ตฌ ์•„๋ž˜๋Š” ํ•˜์™€์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋งˆ๋…ธ์•„์˜ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๊ตฌํ•œ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์˜ ์Œ์†Œ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์—๋Š” ์ด 25๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž์Œ, 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ชจ์Œ, 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด์ค‘๋ชจ์Œ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์žฌ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ์žฌ๊ตฌ๋œ ์ž์Œ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋…ผ๋ž€์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜์— ์“ฐ์ธ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์€ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด ๋‹จ์–ด ์žฌ๊ตฌ์— ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. *C: ๋ฌด์„ฑ ์น˜๊ฒฝ ํŒŒ์ฐฐ์Œ *c: ๋ฌด์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ ํŒŒ์ฐฐ์Œ *q: ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜ ํŒŒ์—ด์Œ *z: ์œ ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ ํŒŒ์ฐฐ์Œ *D: ์œ ์„ฑ ๊ถŒ์„ค ํŒŒ์—ด์Œ *j: ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์Œํ™”๋œ ์œ ์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ ํŒŒ์—ด์Œ *S: ๋ฌด์„ฑ ์น˜๊ฒฝ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ *N: ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์Œํ™”๋œ ์น˜๊ฒฝ ์„ค์ธก ์ ‘๊ทผ์Œ *r: ์น˜๊ฒฝ ํƒ„์Œ *R: ์น˜๊ฒฝ ์ „๋™์Œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜ ์ „๋™์Œ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์˜ ๋ชจ์Œ์€ a, i, u, ษ™๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ต์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ˆœ๋ชจ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ ์ด์ค‘๋ชจ์Œ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. *-ay *-aw *-uy *-iw ๋ณผํ”„์˜ ์žฌ๊ตฌ 2010๋…„ ์กด ๋ณผํ”„๋Š” <์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด ์Œ์šด๋ก  ์ฃผํ•ด>์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด ์žฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณผํ”„๋Š” ์ด 19๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž์Œ, 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ชจ์Œ(*i, *u, *a, *e = /ษ™/), 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด์ค‘๋ชจ์Œ(*ay, *aw, *iw, *uy) ๋ฐ ์Œ์ ˆ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๊ฐ•์„ธ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜ ํ‘œ๋Š” ๋ณผํ”„์™€ ๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์žฌ๊ตฌํ•œ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด ์Œ์†Œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋Œ€์ผ ๋Œ€์‘์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ๊ตต์€ ๊ธ€์”จ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์žฌ๊ตฌ ๋งฌ์ปด ๋กœ์Šค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ˆœ์Œ(p b m w), ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์Œ k ล‹, y, R, ๋‹จ์ˆœ๋ชจ์Œ ๋ฐ ์œ„์˜ ๋„ค ์ด์ค‘๋ชจ์Œ์ด๋‹ค. ํ›„์Œ(q ส” h)๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์Œ g j, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์ค‘๋ชจ์Œ์ด ๋” ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒฌ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‚˜, ๋กœ์Šค์™€ ๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž…์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์„ค์ •์Œ์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” Ross (1992)์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 1930๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Ž€ํ”„๋ณผํ”„์˜ ๋ง๋ ˆ์ดํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด ์žฌ๊ตฌ: ์น˜์Œ t d n l ๊ถŒ์„ค์Œ แนญ แธ แธท ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์Œ t' d' n' ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์Œ k' g' ๋””์—” (1963), ํƒ€์ด์™„ ์ œ์–ด์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•œ ๋Ž€ํ”„๋ณผํ”„์˜ ์„ค์ •์Œ ์ฒด๊ณ„: t๋ฅผ t์™€ C๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ n์„ n๊ณผ L/N๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ d'์„ z์™€ Z๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€์ฒด t'์„ s1์™€ s2๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ แธท แนญ แธ n' k' g' h๋ฅผ r T D รฑ c j q๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์“ฐ์น˜๋‹ค (1976), ๋””์—”์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜: d๋ฅผ D1 D2 D3 D4๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋””์—”์˜ c (๋Ž€ํ”„๋ณผํ”„์˜ k')๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์—์„œ ์žฌ๊ตฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด„. (๋””์—”์˜ w๋ฅผ w W๋กœ, q๋ฅผ q Q๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํ›„๋Œ€ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์Œ.) ๋‹ฌ์ด ์ถ•์†Œํ•œ ์“ฐ์น˜๋‹ค์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„: D1 D2 D3 D4๋ฅผ d3 d2 d1 d3์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด (์ƒˆ ์Œ์†Œ์ธ d3์€ ์˜› ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ D1์™€ D4์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ) ๋ฐ ๋””์—”์˜ S X x๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ผ ์Œ์†Œ S๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉ. ๋””์—”์˜ c๋Š” ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ T D๋Š” ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Œ. (๋˜ํ•œ ํ›„๋Œ€ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์Œ์†Œ์˜ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๋Œ€์ฒด.) ๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ๋””์—”, ์“ฐ์น˜๋‹ค, ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์Œ์†Œ์˜ ์ด ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ฌ์ด ๋””์—”์˜ S X x๋ฅผ S๋กœ ์ถ•์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์“ฐ์น˜๋‹ค๋‚˜ ๋‹ฌ์ด ๋””์—”์˜ d๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋””์—”์˜ s1 s2๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ผ ์Œ์†Œ s๋กœ ์ถ•์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋””์—”์˜ c๋Š” ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, T์™€ D๋Š” ๋ณด๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค(์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ D๋Š” ์ˆ˜์šฉํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ T(์™€ Z)๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค). ๋กœ์Šค ์—ญ์‹œ ์Œ์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋‹ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ๋กœ์Šค๋Š” ๋‹ฌ์˜ d1 d2 d3๊ณผ (๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐํ•œ) Z๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€๋‹ค. ๋กœ์Šค๋Š” d1์™€ d2 d3 ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์ด ํƒ€์ด์™„ ์ œ์–ด ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์•„๋ฏธ์Šค์–ด, ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์กฐ์–ด, ํŒŒ์ด์™„์กฐ์–ด์—์„œ๋งŒ ์žฌ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํŒŒ์ด์™„์กฐ์–ด์—๋งŒ d1 d2 d3์˜ ์‚ผ์ค‘ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, Z์™€ d1 ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์€ ์•ž์˜ ์„ธ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ๊ตฐ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฃจ์นด์ด์กฐ์–ด์™€ ๋ง๋ ˆ์ดํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์—์„œ๋งŒ ์žฌ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋กœ์Šค๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ (๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ) ์ด ์Œ์†Œ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ˜์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋กœ์Šค๋Š” d1์ด ํ˜•ํƒœ์†Œ ์ฒซ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์—๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, r์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์†Œ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ด ๋‘˜์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์Œ์†Œ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋กœ์Šค๋Š” ์Œ์†Œ c z รฑ๋ฅผ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์— ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ค‘ ์–ด๋Š ์Œ์†Œ๋„ ๋ง๋ ˆ์ดํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด ์™ธ์—๋Š” "๋ฐ”๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜"์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹จ์–ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ํ•ด ๋กœ์Šค๋Š” รฑ์ด ๋ง๋ ˆ์ดํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ˜์‹ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์ง€๋งŒ, c z๊ฐ€ "PMP์˜ *s *d์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์‘๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ๋ฐ ๋ง๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ์•„ ์„œ๋ถ€์˜ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ธ ์ง€์—ญ๋ฟ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ตญ์ง€์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค". ๋กœ์Šค๋Š” ์„ค์ •์Œ๋„ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์žฌ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋กœ์Šค๋Š” C S l d3๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ถ€ ๊ถŒ์„ค์Œ(๊ฐ๊ฐ )์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์น˜์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌํ•œ s์™€ L(๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ N)์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์น˜์Œ /s/์™€ /l/์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋กœ์Šค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ํƒ€์ด์™„ ์ œ์–ด์™€ ์ž์™€์–ด์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ํ˜•์„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์น˜์Œ/๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ์ ธ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜, ํƒ€์ด์™„ ์ œ์–ด์— ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•œ ๋ง๋ ˆ์ดํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ดํŒŒ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์Œ์šด ๋ณ€๋™ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋ ˆ์ดํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด. ์˜ค์„ธ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„์กฐ์–ด, ํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด๋กœ ์ ์ฐจ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•ด ๊ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์›๋ž˜๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์Œ์†Œ์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์Œ์†Œ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์Œ์†Œ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ•์†Œ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์—์„œ ๋ง๋ ˆ์ดํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์˜ค์„ธ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„์กฐ์–ด์—์„œ ํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ์•„ํ™‰ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์˜ ์Œ์†Œ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณต์žกํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์˜ ์Œ์†Œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํ•˜์™€์ด์–ด๋Š” ์ž์Œ์ด ๋‹จ ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ๊ฐœ๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋งˆ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์–ด์—๋Š” ์—ด ๊ฐœ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ˆซ์ž๋Š” ํƒ€์ด์™„ ๋˜๋Š” ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์˜ ์ž์Œ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜ 25๊ฐœ์—์„œ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์™€ ๋ง๋ ˆ์ดํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์Œ์šด ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€๋™์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ Wolff (2010:241)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์—์„œ ๋ง๋ ˆ์ดํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์Œ์šด ๋ณ€๋™๋งŒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. PAn *ษฌ > PMP *รฑ, l, n PAn *s > PMP *h PAn *h > PMP *ร˜ ์˜ค์„ธ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„์กฐ์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์Œ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด๊ตฐ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์€ ์Œ์†Œ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด์กฑ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์Œ์šด ๋ณ€๋™ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์„ธ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„์กฐ์–ด *t > ํ•˜์™€์ด์–ด, ์‚ฌ๋ชจ์•„์–ด, ์˜จํ†ต์ž๋ฐ”์–ด k ํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด *l๊ณผ *r > ๋ Œ๋„ฌ์–ด ล‹g ์˜ค์„ธ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„์กฐ์–ด *w์™€ *y > ๋ ˆ๋ฒ ์ด ์ผ€ํ—คํฌ์–ด p ๋ง๋ ˆ์ดํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด *w or *b > ์ˆœ๋‹ค์–ด c- or -nc- ํ†ต์‚ฌ๋ก  ์–ด์ˆœ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ์ฒซ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ค๋Š” (VSOํ˜• ๋ฐ VOSํ˜• ์–ด์ˆœ) ์–ธ์–ด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํƒ€์ด์™„ ์ œ์–ด, ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์–ด๊ตฐ ์–ธ์–ด, ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ณด๋ฅด๋„ค์˜ค์–ด๊ตฐ ์–ธ์–ด, ๋งˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค์นด๋ฅด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ, ๋ชจ๋“  ํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด๊ตฐ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„, ๋‰ด๊ธฐ๋‹ˆ์„ฌ, ๋ˆ„๋ฒจ์นผ๋ ˆ๋„๋‹ˆ, ๋ฐ”๋ˆ„์•„ํˆฌ, ์†”๋กœ๋ชฌ ์ œ๋„, ๋ฏธํฌ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด์กฑ (ํŠนํžˆ ์˜ค์„ธ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„์–ด๊ตฐ) ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์€ SVOํ˜•, ์ฆ‰ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ์˜ค๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. SOVํ˜•, ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋์— ์˜ค๋Š” ์–ด์ˆœ์€ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด์กฑ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ์œ ํ˜•์ด๋ฉฐ, ์†”๋กœ๋ชฌ ์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ทนํžˆ ์ผ๋ถ€์™€ ๋‰ด๊ธฐ๋‹ˆ์„ฌ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด์กฑ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” SOVํ˜• ์–ด์ˆœ์ด ๋น„์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„๊ณ„ ํŒŒํ‘ธ์•„ ์ œ์–ด์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ํ”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํƒœ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ํƒ€์ด์™„, ๋ณด๋ฅด๋„ค์˜ค, ๋งˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค์นด๋ฅด, ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์˜ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด์กฑ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์€ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ์ •๋ ฌ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœํ†ต์‚ฌ์  ์ •๋ ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ •๋ ฌ์€ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์—๋„ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์˜ค์„ธ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„์กฐ์–ด์˜ ํ†ต์‚ฌ๋ก ์€ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์–ด๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ์ •๋ ฌ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ์ดˆ์  ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ก ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ก ์ด ๋น„๊ต์  ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋‹จ์œ„๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜๋Š” Blust (2009:433)์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ์กด ๋ณผํ”„์˜ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด ํƒœ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ํ‘œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณผํ”„์˜ "4ํƒœ" ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ํƒ€์ด์™„๊ณผ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์–ธ์–ด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๋„์ถœํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ Ross (2009)์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์žฌ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ดˆ์šฐ์–ด, ๋ฃจ์นด์ด์–ด, ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ „์ฒด ์–ด์กฑ์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ ์–ธ์–ด์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •๋ ฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋กœ์Šค๋Š” ์ด ์žฌ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด์กฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฌธ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฒฉํ‘œ์ง€ ์•„๋ž˜ ํ‘œ๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์™€ ๋ง๋ ˆ์ดํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์˜ ๊ฒฉํ‘œ์ง€ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žฌ๊ตฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋งฌ์ปด ๋กœ์Šค์ด๋‹ค. ์žฌ๊ตฌ๋œ ๊ฒฉํ‘œ์ง€๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์–ด๋กœ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ *na์™€ ์ฒ˜๊ฒฉ์‚ฌ *i๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ก  ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ก ๊ณผ ํ†ต์‚ฌ๋ก ์€ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด์กฑ, ํŠนํžˆ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์–ด๊ตฐ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์—์„œ ์ข…์ข… ์„œ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ ์ง€(์ฆ‰ ํ†ต์‚ฌ๋ก )๋ฅผ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณค ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ ‘์‚ฌ ์•„๋ž˜๋Š” ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๊ตฌํ•œ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์˜ ์ ‘์‚ฌ(์ ‘๋‘์‚ฌ, ์ ‘์š”์‚ฌ, ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ) ์ผ๋ถ€์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, *pa-๋Š” ๋น„์ƒํƒœ(๋™์ž‘)๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋™ํ˜•์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์“ฐ์˜€๊ณ , while *pa-ka๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋™ํ˜•์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์“ฐ์˜€๋‹ค(Blust 2009:282). ๋˜ ๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ ‘์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ p- ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ m- ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” p/m ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ํƒ€์ด์™„์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฐ์–ด์—์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์ฒฉ CV (์ž์Œ + ๋ชจ์Œ) ์ค‘์ฒฉ์€ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด์กฑ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์— ๋งค์šฐ ํ”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์…€ ๋•Œ Ca-์ค‘์ฒฉํ˜• (์ž์Œ + /a/) ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ์˜€๊ณ , ๋น„์ค‘์ฒฉํ˜•์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฌด์ƒ๋ฌผ์ผ ๋•Œ ์“ฐ์˜€๋‹ค. CV-์ค‘์ฒฉํ˜•์€ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ช…์‚ฌํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋กœ์ฝ”์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” CV-์ค‘์ฒฉํ˜•์ด ๋ช…์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์ฒฉ ํŒจํ„ด์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค(Blust 2009). ์™„์ „ ์ค‘์ฒฉ ์ ‘์‚ฌ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์™„์ „ ์ค‘์ฒฉ ์–ด๋ง์Œ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ์™„์ „ ์ค‘์ฒฉ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ชจ์Œ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ์™„์ „ ์ค‘์ฒฉ ๋ชจ์Œ์ด๋‚˜ ์ž์Œ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์™„์ „ ์ค‘์ฒฉ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์Œ์ ˆ์ด ์—ฐ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์™„์ „ ์ค‘์ฒฉ ์ ‘๋‘ ์Œ๋ณด (์ขŒํ–ฅ) ์ค‘์ฒฉ ์ ‘๋ฏธ ์Œ๋ณด (์šฐํ–ฅ) ์ค‘์ฒฉ CVC-์ค‘์ฒฉ CV-์ค‘์ฒฉ (๋ถ€๋ˆˆ์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์†์ƒ, ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ, ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œ, ํƒ€๊ฐˆ๋กœ๊ทธ์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์‹œ์ œ) ์ ‘์‚ฌ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ CV-์ค‘์ฒฉ Ca-์ค‘์ฒฉ (์‚ฌ์šฐ์–ด์™€ ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์šฉ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๋™์‚ฌ ํŒŒ์ƒ ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฒฉ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ) ๋ถ„์ ˆ์Œ ๊ณ ์ •์‹ ํ™•์žฅ ์ค‘์ฒฉํ˜• ์ ‘์š”์‚ฌ ์ ‘๋ฏธ ์Œ์ ˆ ์ค‘์ฒฉ ๋œ ํ”ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒจํ„ด๋“ค์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค(Blust 2009). ๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ค‘์ฒฉ (ํŒŒ๋งˆ์–ด์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ) ์–ด๋‘์Œ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ์™„์ „ ์ค‘์ฒฉ (๋ฐ”๋ˆ„์•„ํˆฌ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์˜ ์•„๋„ค์ข€์–ด์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ) ์–ด๋‘ ํ™œ์Œ์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์™„์ „ ์ค‘์ฒฉ (์ฝ”์Šค๋ผ์—์–ด์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ) ์–ด๋‘ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ํŒŒ์—ด์Œ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ค‘์ฒฉ (๋ Œ๋„ฌ์–ด์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ) ์ง„์ •ํ•œ CV-์ค‘์ฒฉ (ํŒก์•„์‹œ๋‚œ์–ด์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ) ์šฐํ–ฅ 3์Œ์ ˆ ์ค‘์ฒฉ (๋งˆ๋‚จ์–ด์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ) ์ด์ค‘ ์ค‘์ฒฉ (์›”๋ ˆ์•„์ด์–ด์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ) ์‚ผ์ค‘์ฒฉ (์‚ฌ์šฐ์–ด์—์„œ๋งŒ) ์—ฐ์† ์ค‘์ฒฉ (์‚ฌ์šฐ์–ด์—์„œ๋งŒ) ์–ดํœ˜ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์™€ ๋ง๋ ˆ์ดํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์˜ ์ธ์นญ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 2006๋…„ ๋งฌ์ปด ๋กœ์Šค๋Š” ์ธ์นญ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ผ๊ณฑ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์™€ ๊ทธ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์˜ 1์ธ์นญ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ํ˜•('๋‚˜') ์˜ˆ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ž˜์— ๋‚˜์—ด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๋ฆฝ (์˜ˆ: PAN *i-aku) ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ 1 (์˜ˆ: PAN *aku) ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ 2 (์˜ˆ: PAN *=ku, *[S]aku) ๋Œ€๊ฒฉ (์˜ˆ: PAN *i-ak-ษ™n) ์†๊ฒฉ 1 (์˜ˆ: PAN *=[a]ku) ์†๊ฒฉ 2 (์˜ˆ: PAN *(=)m-aku) ์†๊ฒฉ 3 (์˜ˆ: PAN *n-aku) ์•„๋ž˜๋Š” ๋กœ์Šค๊ฐ€ 2002๋…„์— ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์˜ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ, ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜•, ๊ณต์† ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜•, ์†๊ฒฉํ˜• ์…‹ ์ด ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋†์—…๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ํ˜์‹ ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. *pajay: ๋ฒผ *beRas: ์Œ€ *Semay: ๋ฐฅ *qayam: ์ƒˆ (PMP์—์„œ๋Š” '๊ฐ€์ถ•'์„ ์˜๋ฏธ) *manuk: ๋‹ญ (PMP์—์„œ *manu-manuk์€ '์ƒˆ'๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธ) *babuy: ๋ผ์ง€ *qaNuaล‹: ์นด๋ผ๋ฐ”์˜ค ๋ฌผ์†Œ *kuden: ๋„๊ธฐ ์†ฅ *SadiRi: ์ง‘ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ *busuR: ํ™œ *panaq: ํ™”์‚ด์„ ์˜๋‹ค *bubu: ์–ด์‚ด *tulaNi: ๋Œ€๋‚˜๋ฌด ์ฝ”ํ”ผ๋ฆฌ ๋ง๋ ˆ์ดํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์—์„œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. *puqun: ๊ทธ๋ฃจ; ๊ทผ์›, ์›์ธ *sumpit: ์ทจ๊ด€ *haRezan: ๊ธˆ์„ ์ƒˆ๊ธด ํ†ต๋‚˜๋ฌด ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ (ํ˜ธ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์˜ฅ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ ์”€) *taytay: ๋Œ€๋‚˜๋ฌด ํ˜„์ˆ˜๊ต (POc *tete '์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ, ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ') *kaka: ์†์œ„ ๋™์„ฑ ํ˜•์ œ์ž๋งค (์–ธ๋‹ˆ/ํ˜•) *huaji: ์†์•„๋ž˜ ๋™์„ฑ ํ˜•์ œ์ž๋งค (์—ฌ๋™์ƒ/๋‚จ๋™์ƒ) *รฑaRa: ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ํ˜•์ œ (์˜ค๋น /๋‚จ๋™์ƒ) *betaw: ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์ž๋งค (๋ˆ„๋‚˜/์—ฌ๋™์ƒ) ๋ง๋ ˆ์ดํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์—๋Š” ์ง‘์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฟ ์žˆ๋‹ค. *balay: ์ง‘, ๊ณต๊ณต ๊ฑด๋ฌผ *Rumaq: ์ง‘, ๊ฐ€์ • ์ฃผํƒ *banua: ๋•…, ๋งˆ์„, ์ง‘, ๋‚˜๋ผ, ํ•˜๋Š˜, ์ฒœ๊ตญ ("vanua"์™€ "tangata whenua"์—์„œ "whenua"์˜ ์–ด์›) *lepaw (๊ณก์ฐฝ) *kamaliR (๋ฏธํ˜ผ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํšŒ๊ด€) ์ƒ‰์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์•„๋ž˜๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด, ๋ง๋ ˆ์ดํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด, ์˜ค์„ธ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„์กฐ์–ด, ํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์˜ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„์–ด๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ์„ธ ์—ด์€ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด ์—ด์€ ์•ค๋“œ๋ฅ˜ ํด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ์–ด์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด ํ™”์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ถ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•œ ์ถ•์€ ์œก์ง€-๋ฐ”๋‹ค์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชฌ์ˆœ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด์กฑ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์—์„œ ๋™์„œ๋‚จ๋ถ์˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์œ„๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰ ํ›„์—์•ผ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œก์ง€-๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์ถ•์€ ์ƒ๋ฅ˜/์˜ค๋ฅด๋ง‰/๋‚ด๋ฅ™ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ํ•˜๋ฅ˜/๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ง‰/๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์–ด ๊ด€๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด ํ™”์ž๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๋ถ€์— ์‚ด์•˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ž‘์€ ์„ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. *daya: ๋‚ด๋ฅ™ (์ƒ๋ฅ˜/์˜ค๋ฅด๋ง‰) ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ *lahud: ๋ฐ”๋‹ค (ํ•˜๋ฅ˜/๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ง‰) ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ *SabaRat: ์„œ๋ถ€ ๋ชฌ์ˆœ *timuR: ๋™๋ถ€ ๋ชฌ์ˆœ *qamiS: ๋ถํ’ ํฌ๋ฐ”๋ž€์–ด, ์•„๋ฏธ์Šค์–ด, ํƒ€๊ฐˆ๋กœ๊ทธ์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” *timuR์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ํ˜•์ด '๋‚จ์ชฝ'์ด๋‚˜ '๋‚จํ’'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์™€ ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” '๋™์ชฝ'์ด๋‚˜ '๋™ํ’'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋กœ์ฝ”์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” dรกya์™€ lรกud๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ '๋™์ชฝ'๊ณผ '์„œ์ชฝ'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ษ–aya์™€ ษญauษ–๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ '์„œ์ชฝ'๊ณผ '๋™์ชฝ'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์ผ๋กœ์ฝ”์–ด์˜ ๋ฐœ์›์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฃจ์†์„ฌ ๋ถ๋ถ€์˜ ์„œ์•ˆ์ธ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด, ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์˜ ๋ฐœ์›์ง€๋Š” ํƒ€์ด์™„ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์˜ ๋™์•ˆ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฃจ์†์„ฌ ๋ถ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณธํ†ก์–ด, ์นธ์นด๋‚˜์—์ด์–ด, ์ดํ‘ธ๊ฐ€์šฐ์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” *daya์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ํ˜•์ด 'ํ•˜๋Š˜'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ณ ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ถ•์— ๋“œ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.(Blust 2009:301). ๋˜ํ•œ *lahud์˜ ๋ง๋ ˆ์ด์–ด ๋Œ€์‘ํ˜•์ธ laut '๋ฐ”๋‹ค'๋Š” timur laut('๋ถ๋™์ชฝ', timur '๋™์ชฝ')๊ณผ barat laut('๋ถ์„œ์ชฝ', barat '์„œ์ชฝ')์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์–ด์— ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ *daya๋Š” barat daya '๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ'์—๋งŒ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ *lahud์˜ ์ž์™€์–ด ๋Œ€์‘ํ˜•์ธ lor๋Š” '๋ถ์ชฝ'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ž์™€ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ž์™€์„ฌ ๋ถ์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ์•„๋ž˜๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์–ดํœ˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—์„œ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด, ๋ง๋ ˆ์ดํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด, ์˜ค์„ธ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„์กฐ์–ด, ํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์˜ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด๋Š” ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„("Aํ˜•")๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„("Bํ˜•")์„ ์„ธ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ž๋‹ค.(Blust 2009:279). ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ์„ธ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์—์„œ Ca-์ค‘์ฒฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŒŒ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์ค‘ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฐ์–ด, ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด, ์•ผ๋ฏธ์–ด, ์ฐจ๋ชจ๋กœ์–ด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์–ธ์–ด์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค(๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํŒŒ์ด์™„์–ด๋Š” "ma-"์™€ "manษ™-"๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค). ํƒ€๊ฐˆ๋กœ๊ทธ์–ด ๋“ฑ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ ์–ธ์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•ฉ์ณ์กŒ๋‹ค(Blust 2009:280-281). ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด๋Š” *Sika-๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„œ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค(Blust 2009:281). ๋™์‚ฌ ์•„๋ž˜๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์–ดํœ˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—์„œ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด, ๋ง๋ ˆ์ดํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด, ์˜ค์„ธ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„์กฐ์–ด, ํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ์กฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ Adelaar, A. (2005). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar: A historical perspective. In A. Adelaar, & N. P. Himmelmann (Eds.), The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. New York: Routledge. , , Bouchard-Cรดtรฉa, A., Hallb, D., Griffithsc, T. L., & Kleinb, D. (2012). Automated reconstruction of ancient languages using probabilistic models of sound change , PNAS, December 22, 2012. Blust, R. (1999). Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: Some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics. In Zeitoun, E., & Li, P. J-K. (Eds.), Selected Papers From the 8th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Taipei: Academica Sinica. https://web.archive.org/web/20170409095340/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=280 Blust, R. A. (2009). The Austronesian Languages. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. , . Cohen, E. M. K. (1999). Fundaments of Austronesian Roots and Etymology. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. Greenhill, S. J., Blust. R, & Gray, R. D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271-283. https://web.archive.org/web/20170503020518/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/ Wolff, John U. (2010). Proto-Austronesian Phonology with Glossary. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications. ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด์กฑ ์กฐ์–ด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Austronesian%20language
Proto-Austronesian language
Proto-Austronesian (commonly abbreviated as PAN or PAn) is a proto-language. It is the reconstructed ancestor of the Austronesian languages, one of the world's major language families. Proto-Austronesian is assumed to have begun to diversify in Taiwan. Lower-level reconstructions have also been made, and include Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, Proto-Oceanic, and Proto-Polynesian. Recently, linguists such as Malcolm Ross and Andrew Pawley have built large lexicons for Proto-Oceanic and Proto-Polynesian. Phonology Proto-Austronesian is reconstructed by constructing sets of correspondences among consonants in the various Austronesian languages, according to the comparative method. Although in theory the result should be unambiguous, in practice given the large number of languages there are numerous disagreements, with various scholars differing significantly on the number and nature of the phonemes in Proto-Austronesian. In the past, some disagreements concerned whether certain correspondence sets were real or represent sporadic developments in particular languages. For the currently remaining disagreements, however, scholars generally accept the validity of the correspondence sets but disagree on the extent to which the distinctions in these sets can be projected back to proto-Austronesian or represent innovations in particular sets of daughter languages. Blust's reconstruction Below are Proto-Austronesian phonemes reconstructed by Robert Blust, a professor of linguistics at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. A total of 25 Proto-Austronesian consonants, 4 vowels, and 4 diphthongs were reconstructed. However, Blust acknowledges that some of the reconstructed consonants are still controversial and debated. The symbols below are frequently used in reconstructed Proto-Austronesian words. *C: voiceless alveolar affricate *c: voiceless palatal affricate *q: uvular *z: voiced palatal affricate *D: voiced retroflex stop *j: palatalized voiced velar stop *S: voiceless alveolar fricative *N: palatalized alveolar lateral *r: alveolar trill *R: uvular trill *D only appears in final position, *z/*c/*รฑ only in initial and medial position, while *j is restricted to medial and final position. The Proto-Austronesian vowels are a, i, u, and ษ™. The diphthongs, which are diachronic sources of individual vowels, are: *-ay *-aw *-uy *-iw Wolff's reconstruction In 2010, John Wolff published his Proto-Austronesian reconstruction in Proto-Austronesian phonology with glossary. Wolff reconstructs a total of 19 consonants, 4 vowels (*i, *u, *a, *e, where *e = ), 4 diphthongs (*ay, *aw, *iw, *uy), and syllabic stress. The following table shows how Wolff's Proto-Austronesian phonemic system differs from Blust's system. Historical overview of reconstructions for Proto-Austronesian According to Malcolm Ross, the following aspects of Blust's system are uncontroversial: the labials (p b m w); the velars k ล‹; y; R; the vowels; and the above four diphthongs. There is some disagreement about the postvelars (q ส” h) and the velars g j, and about whether there are any more diphthongs; however, in these respects, Ross and Blust are in agreement. The major disagreement concerns the system of coronal consonants. The following discussion is based on Ross (1992). Otto Dempwolff's reconstruction of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian from the 1930s included: Dental t d n l Retroflex แนญ แธ แธท Palatal t' d' n' Palatal k' g' Dyen (1963), including data from the Formosan languages, expanded Dempwolff's set of coronal consonants: t split into t and C n split into n and L/N d' split and renotated as z and Z t' split into s1 and s2 แธท แนญ แธ n' k' g' h renotated as r T D รฑ c j q Tsuchida (1976), building on Dyen's system: Further split d into D1 D2 D3 D4. He also believed that Dyen's c (Dempwolff's k') could not be reconstructed for Proto-Austronesian (he also split Dyen's w into w W and q into q Q, which were not accepted by later scholars.) Dahl reduced Tsuchida's consonants into: D1 D2 D3 D4 into d3 d2 d1 d3 (with the new d3 reflecting the combination of the old D1 and D4) and combined Dyen's S X x into a single phoneme S. He did accept Dyen's c but did not accept his T D. (He also renotated a number of phonemes in ways that were not generally accepted by later scholars.) Blust based his system on a combination of Dyen, Tsuchida and Dahl, and attempted to reduce the total number of phonemes. He accepted Dahl's reduction of Dyen's S X x into S but did not accept either Tsuchida's or Dahl's split of Dyen's d; in addition, he reduced Dyen's s1 s2 to a single phoneme s. While accepting Dyen's c, he was hesitant about T and D (more recently, Blust appears to have accepted D but rejected T, and also rejected Z). Ross likewise attempted to reduce the number of phonemes, but in a different way: He accepts Dahl's d1 d2 d3 and also Z (eventually rejected by Blust). He notes that the distinction between d1 and d2 d3 is only reconstructable for the Formosan language groups Amis, Proto-Puyuma and Proto-Paiwan, and only Proto-Paiwan has a three-way distinction among d1 d2 d3; contrarily the distinction between Z and d1 is reconstructable only for Proto-Rukai and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, but not any of the previous three groups. However, he still believes (contra Blust) that the distinction among these phonemes is an inheritance from Proto-Austronesian rather than an innovation in the respective groups. He notes that d1 occurs only morpheme-initially, while r occurs only morpheme-non-initially, and as a result combines the two. He does not accept the phonemes c z รฑ in Proto-Austronesian, and asserts that none of them are "readily reconstructable" outside of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. Furthermore, while he believes that รฑ was a general innovation in Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, c and z "are reflected differently from PMP [Proto-Malayo-Polynesian] *s and *d only in a fairly limited area of western Indo-Malaysia and appear to be the results of local developments". He also reconstructs the coronals somewhat differently. He believes that C S l d3 were all retroflex (respectively, ), and s and L (Blust's N) were dental /s/ and /l/, as opposed to Blust's reconstruction as dental and palatal, respectively. According to Ross, this is based on their outcomes in the Formosan languages and Javanese; although their outcomes as dental/palatal is geographically more distributed, it occurs only in Malayo-Polynesian, which represent a single clade with respect to the Formosan languages. Sound changes As Proto-Austronesian transitioned to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, Proto-Oceanic, and Proto-Polynesian, the phonemic inventories were continually reduced by merging formerly distinct sounds into one sound. Three mergers were observed in the Proto-Austronesian to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian transition, while nine were observed for the Proto-Oceanic to Proto-Polynesian transition. Thus, Proto-Austronesian has the most elaborate sound system, while Proto-Polynesian has the fewest phonemes. For instance, the Hawaiian language is famous for having only eight consonants, while Mฤori has only ten consonants. This is a sharp reduction from the 19โ€“25 consonants of the Proto-Austronesian language that was originally spoken on Taiwan or Kinmen. Blust also observed the following mergers and sound changes between Proto-Austronesian and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. However, according to Wolff (2010:241), Proto-Malayo-Polynesian's development from Proto-Austronesian only included the following three sound changes. PAn *ษฌ > PMP *รฑ, l, n PAn *s > PMP *h PAn *h > PMP *ร˜ Proto-Oceanic merged even more phonemes. This is why modern-day Polynesian languages have some of the most restricted consonant inventories in the world. Unusual sound changes that occurred within the Austronesian language family include: Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *w or *b > Sundanese c- or -nc- Proto-Oceanic *w or *y > p in Levei Khehek Proto-Oceanic *r or *R > gโ€‹อกสŸ in Hiw Proto-Polynesian *l or *r > ล‹g (via *ษฃ or *ส) in Rennellese Proto-Polynesian *t > k in Hawaiian, Samoan, and Ontong Java (after *k > ส”) Syntax Word order Proto-Austronesian is a verb-initial language (including VSO and VOS word orders), as most Formosan languages, all Philippine languages, some Bornean languages, all Austronesian dialects of Madagascar, and all Polynesian languages are verb-initial. However, most Austronesian (many of which are Oceanic) languages of Indonesia, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands, and Micronesia are SVO, or verb-medial, languages. SOV, or verb-final, word order is considered to be typologically unusual for Austronesian languages, and is only found in various Austronesian languages of New Guinea and to a more limited extent, the Solomon Islands. This is because SOV word order is very common in the non-Austronesian Papuan languages. Voice system The Austronesian languages of Taiwan, Borneo, Madagascar and the Philippines are also well known for their unusual morphosyntactic alignment, which is known as the symmetrical voice (also known as the Austronesian alignment). This alignment was also present in the Proto-Austronesian language. Unlike Proto-Austronesian, however, Proto-Oceanic syntax does not make use of the focus morphology present in Austronesian-aligned languages such as the Philippine languages. In the Polynesian languages, verbal morphology is relatively simple, while the main unit in a sentence is the phrase rather than the word. Below is a table of John Wolff's Proto-Austronesian voice system from Blust (2009:433). Wolff's "four-voice" system was derived from evidence in various Formosan and Philippine languages. However, Ross (2009) notes that what may be the most divergent languages, Tsou, Rukai, and Puyuma, are not addressed by this reconstruction, which therefore cannot claim to be alignment system of the protolanguage of the entire family. He calls the unit to which this reconstruction applies Nuclear Austronesian. Interrogatives and case markers The following table compares Proto-Austronesian and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian question words. Currently, the most complete reconstruction of the Proto-Austronesian case marker system is offered by Malcolm Ross. The reconstructed case markers are as follows: Important Proto-Austronesian grammatical words include the ligature *na and locative *i. Morphology Morphology and syntax are often hard to separate in the Austronesian languages, particularly the Philippine languages. This is because the morphology of the verbs often affects how the rest of the sentence would be constructed (i.e., syntax). Affixes Below are some Proto-Austronesian affixes (including prefixes, infixes, and suffixes) reconstructed by Robert Blust. For instance, *pa- was used for non-stative (i.e., dynamic) causatives, while *pa-ka was used for stative causatives (Blust 2009:282). Blust also noted a p/m pairing phenomenon in which many affixes have both p- and m- forms. This system is especially elaborate in the Thao language of Taiwan. Reduplication CV (consonant + vowel) reduplication is very common among the Austronesian languages. In Proto-Austronesian, Ca-reduplicated (consonant + /a/) numbers were used to count humans, while the non-reduplicated sets were used to count non-human and inanimate objects. CV-reduplication was also used to nominalize verbs in Proto-Austronesian. In Ilocano, CV-reduplication is used to pluralize nouns. Reduplication patterns include (Blust 2009): Full reduplication Full reduplication plus affixation Full reduplication minus the coda Full reduplication minus the last vowel Full reduplication with vocalic or consonantal change, or both Full reduplication with consecutive identical syllables Prefixal foot reduplication/leftward reduplication Suffixal foot reduplication/rightward reduplication CVC-reduplication CV-reduplication (marks durative aspect, collectivity, or intensity in Bunun; future in Tagalog) CV-reduplication plus affixation Ca-reduplication (used to derive human-counting numerals and deverbal instrumental nouns in Thao and Puyuma) Extensions of fixed segmentism Reduplicative infixes Suffixal syllable reduplication Other less common patterns are (Blust 2009): Vacuous reduplication (occurs in Paamese) Full reduplication minus the initial (occurs in Anejom of southern Vanuatu) Full reduplication plus an initial glide (occurs in Kosraean) Partial reduplication minus initial glottal stop (occurs in Rennellese) True CV-reduplication (occurs in Pangasinan) Rightward trisyllabic reduplication (occurs in the Manam language) Double reduplication (occurs in Woleaian) Triplication (only in the Thao language) Serial reduplication (only in the Thao language) Vocabulary Pronouns The Proto-Austronesian and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian personal pronouns below were reconstructed by Robert Blust. In 2006, Malcolm Ross also proposed seven different pronominal categories for persons. The categories are listed below, with the Proto-Austronesian first person singular ("I") given as examples. Neutral (e.g., PAN *i-aku) Nominative 1 (e.g., PAN *aku) Nominative 2 (e.g., PAN *=ku, *[S]aku) Accusative (e.g., PAN *i-ak-ษ™n) Genitive 1 (e.g., PAN *=[a]ku) Genitive 2 (e.g., PAN *(=)m-aku) Genitive 3 (e.g., PAN *n-aku) The following is from Ross' 2002 proposal of the Proto-Austronesian pronominal system, which contains five categories, including the free (i.e., independent or unattached), free polite, and three genitive categories. Nouns Proto-Austronesian vocabulary relating to agriculture and other technological innovations include: *pajay: rice plant *beRas: husked rice *Semay: cooked rice *qayam: bird (means "domesticated animal" in PMP) *manuk: chicken (PMP *manu-manuk means "bird") *babuy: pig *qaNuaล‹: carabao *kuden: clay cooking pot *SadiRi: housepost *busuR: bow *panaq: flight of an arrow *bubu: fish trap *tulaNi: bamboo nose flute Proto-Malayo-Polynesian innovations include: *puqun: base of a tree; origin, cause *sumpit: blowpipe *haRezan: notched log ladder (used to enter pile dwellings) *taytay: bamboo suspension bridge (POc *tete "ladder, bridge") *kaka: elder same sex sibling *huaji: younger same sex sibling *รฑaRa: brother of a woman *betaw: sister of a man Proto-Malayo-Polynesian also has several words for house: *balay (house, building for public use) *Rumaq (house, family dwelling) *banua (land, village, house, country, sky, heaven) โ€“ hence vanua and (as in ) *lepaw (granary) *kamaliR (bachelors' clubhouse) Animals Plants Colors and directions Below are colors in reconstructed Proto-Austronesian, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, Proto-Oceanic, and Proto-Polynesian. The first three have been reconstructed by Robert Blust, while the Proto-Polynesian words given below were reconstructed by Andrew Pawley. Proto-Polynesian displays many innovations not found in the other proto-languages. The Proto-Austronesians used two types of directions, which are the land-sea axis and the monsoon axis. The cardinal directions of north, south, east, and west developed among the Austronesian languages only after contact with the Europeans. For the land-sea axis, upstream/uphill and inland, as well as downstream/downhill and seaward, are synonym pairs. This has been proposed as evidence that Proto-Austronesians used to live on a mainland, since the sea would be visible from all angles on small islands. *daya: inland (also upstream/uphill) *lahud: seaward (also downstream/downhill) *SabaRat: west monsoon *timuR: east monsoon *qamiS: north wind In Kavalan, Amis, and Tagalog, the reflexes of *timuR mean "south" or "south wind," while in the languages of the southern Philippines and Indonesia it means "east" or "east wind." In Ilocano, and respectively mean "east" and "west," while in Puyuma, and respectively mean "west" and "east." This is because the Ilocano homeland is the west coast of northern Luzon, while the Puyuma homeland is on the eastern coast of southern Taiwan. Among the Bontok, Kankanaey, and Ifugaw languages of northern Luzon, the reflexes of *daya mean "sky" because they already live in some of the highest elevations in the Philippines (Blust 2009:301). Also, the Malay reflex of *lahud is , which means "sea", used as directions (means "northeast", timur = "east") and (means "northwest", barat = "west"). Meanwhile, *daya only performs in , which means "southwest". Numerals Below are reconstructed Proto-Austronesian, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, Proto-Oceanic, and Proto-Polynesian numbers from the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database. Note that *lima 'five', ultimately the root for 'hand', is not found for 'five' in some Formosan languages, such as Pazeh, Saisiat, Luilang, Favorlang and Taokas; numerals cognate with Proto-Malayo-Polynesian 6โ€“10 are found in Amis, Basay, Bunun, Kanakanabu, Kavalan, Paiwan, Puyuma, Saaroa and Tsou. Pazeh, Favorlang, Saisiat and Taokas reflect *RaCep 'five'. Laurent Sagart suggests that this was the PAn root, replaced by *lima in a lineage that lead to the remaining languages, rather than the reverse, because it seems to be retained in proto-Malayo-Polynesian in the forms 7, 8, 9, which appear to be disyllabic contractions of additive phrases attested from some of the western Formosan languages, especially Pazeh: Pazeh xaseb-uza 'six' (literally 'five-one'); xaseb-i-dusa 'seven' ('five-and-two'), with the bidu cognate with PMP *pitu; xaseb-a-turu 'eight' ('five-and-three'), with the baturu cognate with PMP *walu; xaseb-i-supat 'nine' ('five-and-four'), with the supa (< PAn *Sepat 'four') cognate with PMP *Siwa. The Proto-Austronesian language had different sets of numerals for non-humans ("set A") and humans ("set B") (Blust 2009:279). Cardinal numerals for counting humans are derived from the non-human numerals through Ca-reduplication. This bipartite numeral system is found in Thao, Puyuma, Yami, Chamorro, and various other languages (however, Paiwan uses and to derive human numerals). In many Philippine languages such as Tagalog, the two numeral systems are merged (Blust 2009:280โ€“281). Proto-Austronesian also used *Sika- to derive ordinal numerals (Blust 2009:281). Verbs Below are reconstructed Proto-Austronesian, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, Proto-Oceanic, and Proto-Polynesian verbs from the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database. Monosyllabic roots The following are monosyllabic Proto-Austronesian roots reconstructed by John Wolff (Wolff 1999). Forms which can be reconstructed as monosyllables with a great deal of certainty *baw 'up, above' *bay 'woman' *beg 'spool, wind' *bit 'carry in fingers' *buรฑ 'fontanelle' *but 'pluck out' *dem 'think, brood' *gem 'first, hold in fist' *ษฃiq 'Imperata cylindrica' *kan 'eat' *si-kan 'fish, what is eaten with staple' *pa-kan 'feed, weft' *paN-kan 'eat, feed' *kub *kubkub 'cover over' *takub 'cover over in a cupped way' (where *ta- is a fossilized prefix) *lid *belit 'wind' * 'wind, twist, or fold s.t. over' *pulid 'turn round' *luk 'concave bend' *lum 'ripe' *nem 'six' *รฑam 'taste' *รฑeล‹ 'look, stare' *ล‹a 'agape (mouth)' *kaล‹a 'be open (as mouth)' *baล‹a 'gap, stand open' *binaล‹a (< -in- + baล‹a) / *minaล‹a 'mouth of river' *beล‹a 'be agape' *bรบล‹a 'flower' *paล‹a 'forking' *สƒaล‹a 'branch' *pan 'bait' *pat 'four' *peสƒ 'squeeze, deflate' *pit *kepit 'pinched together' *pu 'grandparent/child' *put 'blow' *สƒaw 'wash, rinse off, dunk' *สƒay 'who?' *สƒek 'stuff, fill chock full' *สƒeล‹ 'stop up' *สƒep 'suck' *สƒuk 'go in, through' *taw 'man' *tay 'bridge' *matay 'die' *patay 'dead, kill' *tuk 'strike, peck, beak' Sequences which are likely (or may have been) monosyllabic roots, but cannot be unequivocally reconstructed *baล‹ 'fly' *bu 'fish trap' *buสƒ 'puff, blow out' (not well attested; most monosyllables occur in Oceanic languages) *daรฑ 'old (of things)' *daล‹ 'heat near a fire' *dem 'dark, cloudy' *padem 'extinguish' *diสƒ 'cut, lance' *ka 'elder sibling' *kid 'file, rasp' *lag 'spread out' *belag 'spread out' *pรกlag 'palm of hand' *qelag 'wing' *laล‹ 'placed lengthwise' *galaล‹ 'wedge, s.t. placed underneath to support' *halaล‹ 'lie athwart, bar, be an obstacle' *leb 'for water to come over s.t.' *lem โ€“ reflexes variously mean 'night' or 'darkness' *luรฑ *luluรฑ 'roll up' *baluรฑ 'fold over, wrap' *muษฃuษฃ 'gargle, rinse out mouth' (monosyllabic status is weak) *pak 'make a sound of 'pak', wings (from the sound)' *tan 'set trap' *taสƒ 'top' *tuk 'top, summit' *tun 'lead on a rope' Reconstructed doubled monosyllables phonologically but which cannot be proven to be monosyllabic roots *baba 'carry on back' *bakbak 'remove outer layer of skin, bark' *baqbaq 'mouth' *baรฑbaรฑ 'kind of reed used for mats, Donax canniformis' *bekbek 'pulverize' *biษฃbiษฃ 'lips (lip-like growth)' *biล‹biล‹ 'hold, guide' *biสƒbiสƒ 'sprinkle' *buษฃ(buษฃ) 'broken into small pieces' *buรฑbuรฑ 'down, body hair' (only in Taiwan and the Philippines; probably not PAn) *dabdab 'set fire to' *dakdak 'slam s.t. down' (only in the Philippines) *dasdas 'chest' *debdeb 'chest' *diล‹diล‹ 'wall' *diqdiq 'boil' *gapgap 'feel, grope' *ษฃaสƒษฃaสƒ 'scratched' *idid 'move rapidly in small motions' (e.g., 'fan') *jutjut 'pull at' *kaล‹kaล‹ 'spread the legs' (only in the Philippines and western Indonesia) *bakaล‹ 'bow-legged' *kaqkaq 'split, torn, with intestines' *keล‹keล‹ 'rigid, tight' *kepkep 'clasp' *dakep 'catch' *สƒikep 'catch s.t. moving, tight' *kiskis 'scrape off' *kiสƒkiสƒ 'grate, file' *kudkud 'grate, rasp, scratch out' *kaรฑuskus 'fingernail' *kuสƒkuสƒ 'rub, scrape' *laplap 'flapping, loose (like skin on newborn)' (only in Paiwan and Philippine languages) *mekmek 'fragments' *neknek 'gnat, fruit fly' *nemnem 'think' *palaqpaq 'frond' *pejpej 'press together' *ququ 'crab' *sapsap 'grope' *สƒaสƒa 'collect palm leaves for thatching' *สƒakสƒak 'beat, chop' *สƒelสƒel 'regret' *สƒelสƒel 'insert, cram in' *สƒiสƒi 'kind of mollusk' *สƒikสƒik 'search through thoroughly (as for lice)' *สƒuสƒu 'breast, teat' *สƒuษฃสƒuษฃ 'follow behind' *สƒuล‹สƒuล‹ 'go against' (only in the Philippines and western Indonesia) *taktak 'fall, drop' *tamtam 'smack lips' or taste' *taสƒtaสƒ 'rent, break thread' *bรบtaสƒ 'hole' *ษฃetaสƒ 'break through, break open' *teสƒteสƒ 'rip open' *tutu 'strike' *waqwaq 'channel' *witwit 'swinging to and fro' Sequences which occur as final syllables over a wide area but which cannot be reconstructed as a monosyllabic root *buk *dabuk 'ashes' *dรกbuk 'beat to pulp' *ษฃabuk 'pulverized' *qabuk 'dust' *bun 'dew mist' *bun 'heap, stack' *subun 'heap, pile' *timbun / *tรกbun (?) 'heap' *ษฃรกbun 'fog' *buq 'add, increase' *tubuq 'grow, shoot' *duล‹ 'protect, shelter' *ket *deket 'near' *jeket 'stick' *รฑiket / รฑaล‹ket 'sticky' *รฑiket 'sticky substance' *siket 'tie' *kuล‹ *bekuล‹ 'arch' *dekuล‹ 'bent' *leล‹kuล‹ 'bent' *kup *aล‹kup 'put in cupped hands' *tukup 'cover' *kut *dakut 'take in hand' *ษฃakut 'tie together' *สƒaล‹kut 'caught on a hook' *laq *telaq / *kelaq 'crack' or 'split' *belaq 'cleft' *liล‹ *baliล‹ 'wind around, turn s.t. around' *biliล‹ 'turning round' *giliล‹ 'roll over s.t.' *guliล‹ 'roll up' *paliล‹ 'wind around' or 'turn body' *liw *baliw 'return, go back' *สƒaliw 'give in exchange' *luสƒ 'slip' or 'slippery' or 'smooth' *naw *lรญnaw 'calm, unroiled' *tiqenaw 'clear' *ล‹aw *baล‹aw 'bedbug' *lรกล‹aw 'fly' *tuล‹aw 'kind of mite causing itch' *ล‹et *qaล‹et 'warm' *สƒeล‹et 'sharp, stinger' *สƒeล‹et 'acrid in smell' *paษฃ 'be flat' *dampaษฃ / *lampaษฃ / *dapaษฃ / *lapaษฃ 'be flat' *sampaษฃ 'mat, spread out' *puล‹ 'cluster, bunch' *taษฃ *dataษฃ 'flat area' See also Austronesian personal pronouns Austronesian alignment Fossilized affixes in Austronesian languages Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language Proto-Philippine language Proto-Oceanic language Proto-Polynesian language Proto-Austroasiatic language Proto-Hmongโ€“Mien language Proto-Tibeto-Burman language Wiktionary:Appendix:Cognate sets for Austronesian languages References Sources Adelaar, A. (2005). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar: A historical perspective. In A. Adelaar, & N. P. Himmelmann (Eds.), The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. New York: Routledge. , , Bouchard-Cรดtรฉa, A., Hallb, D., Griffithsc, T. L., & Kleinb, D. (2012). Automated reconstruction of ancient languages using probabilistic models of sound change , PNAS, December 22, 2012. Blust, R. (1999). Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: Some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics. In Zeitoun, E., & Li, P. J-K. (Eds.), Selected Papers From the 8th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Taipei: Academica Sinica. https://web.archive.org/web/20170409095340/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=280 Blust, R. A. (2009). The Austronesian Languages. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. . Cohen, E. M. K. (1999). Fundaments of Austronesian Roots and Etymology. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. Greenhill, S. J., Blust. R, & Gray, R. D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271โ€“283. https://web.archive.org/web/20170503020518/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/ Wolff, John U. (2010). Proto-Austronesian Phonology with Glossary. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications. Further reading Blust, Robert and Stephen Trussel. 2018. Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition. Dahl, Otto Christian. 1976. Proto-Austronesian (2nd, revised edition). Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies Monograph Series, No. 15. London: Curzon Press. Dahl, Otto Christian. 1981. Early phonetic and phonemic changes in Austronesian. Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning. External links Blust, Robert and Trussel, Stephen (work-in-progress), Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (ACD) ABVD: Proto-Austronesian (Blust) ABVD: Proto-Austronesian (Zorc) ABVD: Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (Blust) ABVD: Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (Zorc) ABVD: Proto-Central Eastern Malayo Polynesian (Blust) ABVD: Proto-Central Malayo Polynesian (Blust) ABVD: Proto-Oceanic (Blust) ABVD: Proto-Oceanic (Pawley) ABVD: Proto-Micronesian (Bender) ABVD: Proto-Polynesian (Pawley) Fire Mountain Presents-A Comparison of Austronesian Languages-Foreword Austronesian languages Austronesian
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์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํƒ€์ด์–ด์กฑ
์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํƒ€์ด์–ด์กฑ() ๊ฐ€์„ค์€ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด์กฑ๊ณผ ํฌ๋ผ๋‹ค์ด์–ด์กฑ์ด ๊ณตํ†ต ์กฐ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด์กฑ์ด ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์œผ๋กœ ํฌํ•จ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด์กฑ์˜ ํฌํ•จ์€ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์ธ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋ จ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์„ค์  ์–ด์กฑ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ์–ด์กฑ(๋นŒํ—ฌ๋ฆ„ ์Šˆ๋ฏธํŠธ, 1906๋…„)๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด์กฑ(๋กœ๋ž‘ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฅด, 2005๋…„)์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ํฌ๋ผ๋‹ค์ด์–ด์กฑ์— ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด์กฑ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์–ดํ˜•์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ 1901๋…„์— ์Š๋ ˆ๊ฒ”์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์œ ์‚ฌ ์–ดํ˜•๋“ค์€ ์šฐ์—ฐ์˜ ์ผ์น˜๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์€ ์˜๋ฌธ์€ ์ด ์–ดํ˜•๋“ค์ด ์–ธ์–ด์ ‘์ด‰, ์ฆ‰ ์ฐจ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€, ๊ณตํ†ต ์กฐ์ƒ ์–ธ์–ด, ์ฆ‰ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ธ์ง€์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ๋‘ ์–ด์กฑ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” 1942๋…„์— ํด ๋ฒ ๋„ค๋”•ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  1990๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์€ ๋นŒํ—ฌ๋ฆ„ ์Šˆ๋ฏธํŠธ์˜ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ์–ด์กฑ ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ํฌ๋ผ๋‹ค์ด์–ด์กฑ๊ณผ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด์กฑ์„ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ์–ด์กฑ ๋‚ด์˜ ์ž๋งค ๋ถ„๊ธฐ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋„ค๋”•ํŠธ๋Š” ์ดํ›„ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ์–ด์กฑ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ํ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํƒ€์ด ๊ฐ€์„ค์€ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด์กฑ๋„ ๊ฐ€์„ค์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ€์„ค์€ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์ž๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋น„๊ต ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์ด ํŠน์ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋˜ 1975๋…„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ถœํŒ ์ดํ›„์— ํŠนํžˆ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, Thurgood (1994)์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋„ค๋”•ํŠธ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ ํ›„, ์Œ์šด ๋Œ€์‘๊ณผ ์„ฑ์กฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™์ ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ณ , ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋™๊ทผ์–ด๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์–ธ์–ด ์ ‘์ด‰์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํƒ€์ด์–ด์กฑ์˜ ๋™๊ทผ์–ด ์ค‘ ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ์šฉ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์–ดํœ˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ฒ ๋„ค๋”•ํŠธ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง„๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ์–ด์กฑ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ํ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ , ์–ดํœ˜ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ทœ์น™์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์‘์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํฌ๋ผ๋‹ค์ด์–ด์กฑ์˜ ๋ผ์ด์–ดํŒŒ์™€ ํฌ๋ผ์–ดํŒŒ์—์„œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์–ป์€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํฌ๋ผ๋‹ค์ด์–ด์กฑ์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ์žฌ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ํฌ๋ผ๋‹ค์ด์–ด์กฑ์„ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด์กฑ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ์–ดํŒŒ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‘ ์–ด์กฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. Sagart (2005a)์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋„ค๋”•ํŠธ์˜ ์ €์ž‘์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์–ดํœ˜์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ทœ์น™์ ์ธ ์Œ์šด ๋Œ€์‘์„ ์ธ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™” ๊ด€๋ จ ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๋‹น ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๊ณต์œ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋„ค๋”•ํŠธ์˜ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํƒ€์ด์–ด์กฑ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด ์ ‘์ด‰์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ์–ด์กฑ์ด ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ดํœ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋ ˆ์ดํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ดํŒŒ์— ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋ฉด์„ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•˜๊ณ ์„œ, ํฌ๋ผ๋‹ค์ด์–ด์กฑ์ด ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด์กฑ๊ณผ ๋™๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์ ธ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ•˜์œ„ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ๊ตฐ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. Ostapirat (2000)์—์„œ๋Š” ํฌ๋ผ๋‹ค์ด์–ด์กฑ์˜ ์–ดํŒŒ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํฌ๋ผ์–ดํŒŒ์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์˜ค์‚ฌํƒ€ํ”ผ๋ž์€ ํฌ๋ผ๋‹ค์ด์–ด์กฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ์–ดํŒŒ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” 50๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์–ดํœ˜ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜('์•„์ด', '๋จน๋‹ค', '๋ˆˆ (์‹ ์ฒด๋ถ€์œ„)', '๋ถˆ', '์†', '๋จธ๋ฆฌ', '๋‚˜', '๋„ˆ', '์ด (๊ณค์ถฉ)', '๋‹ฌ', '์ด (์‹ ์ฒด๋ถ€์œ„)', '๋ฌผ', '์ด (์ง€์‹œ)' ๋“ฑ)์„ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์™€ ๊ทœ์น™์ ์ธ ์Œ์šด ๋Œ€์‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ง€์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๊ณ , Reid (2006)์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด์กฑ์€ 2์Œ์ ˆ ์–ด๊ทผ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ํฌ๋ผ๋‹ค์ด์–ด์กฑ์€ ์••๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์Œ์ ˆ์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ผ๋‹ค์ด์–ด์กฑ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒซ ์Œ์ ˆ์˜ ๋ชจ์Œ์ด ์ถ•์•ฝ๋˜๊ณ  ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์Œ๊ตฐ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ๊ณ , ์ด ์ž์Œ๊ตฐ์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ž์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ•์•ฝ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์˜ ์–ด๊ทผ *qudip '์‚ด๋‹ค, ๋‚ ๊ฒƒ'์ด ํฌ๋ผ์กฐ์–ด * > ๋ผํ•˜์–ด ๋ฐ ๋”ฐ์ด์–ด ์— ๋Œ€์‘๋œ๋‹ค(์ž์Œ *-D-๋Š” ์˜ค์‚ฌํƒ€ํ”ผ๋ž์ด ์žฌ๊ตฌํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ์œ ์„ฑ ํŒŒ์—ด์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ์น˜์Œ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ์น˜๊ฒฝ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ธก๋œ๋‹ค). ํฌ๋ผ๋‹ค์ด์กฐ์–ด์—๋Š” ๊ณต๋ช…์Œ(๋ชจ์Œ ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์Œ)์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ฑ์กฐ(A, B, C)์™€, ํŒŒ์—ด์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์„ฑ์กฐ D๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ช…์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” A ์„ฑ์กฐ, ํŒŒ์—ด์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” D ์„ฑ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€์‘๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋Œ€์‘ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. B์™€ C ์„ฑ์กฐ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋™๊ทผ์–ด๋„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋„์–ดํŒŒ์˜ ์ฐจ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํฌ๋ผ๋‹ค์ด์กฐ์–ด์˜ B ์„ฑ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์›๋ž˜๋Š” ์–ด๋ง์˜ h์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€์‘๋˜๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์˜ ์–ด๊ทผ ์ผ๋ถ€๋„ h๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€ PAN *qษ™mpah '์™•๊ฒจ', ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์ด์–ด paa B (๋ฌผ๋žŒ์–ด kwaa B)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋” ๋“ค๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ๋‹ค. C ์„ฑ์กฐ๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ์งœ๋‚ด๊ธฐ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๋˜๋Š” ์–ด๋ง ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ํŒŒ์—ด์Œ์ด์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด์—์„œ ์กฐ์Œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํ›„์Œ์— ๋Œ€์‘๋ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ(PAN *quluH '๋จธ๋ฆฌ', ํƒ€์ด์–ด klau C), ์ด ์—ญ์‹œ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋™๊ทผ์–ด์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ ๋‹ค. Sagart (2004)์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋œ ํฌ๋ผ์–ดํŒŒ ์–ธ์–ด์ธ ๋ถ€์–‘์–ด์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ํฌ๋ผ์–ดํŒŒ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด์กฑ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ธ 2์Œ์ ˆ ์–ด๊ทผ์„ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. {| class=wikitable ! ์–ด๊ทผ !!๋ถ€์–‘์–ด!!๋ง๋ ˆ์ดํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด |- |'์ฃฝ๋‹ค'||||*matay |- |'๋ˆˆ (์‹ ์ฒด๋ถ€์œ„)'||||*mata |- |'๋จธ๋ฆฌ'||||*quluH |- |'์—ฌ๋Ÿ'||||*walu |- |'์ƒˆ (๋™๋ฌผ)'||||*manuk |- |'๊ฝƒ'||||*buล‹ah |} ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์–ด์กฑ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด์กฑ ํฌ๋ผ๋‹ค์ด์–ด์กฑ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Tai%20languages
Austro-Tai languages
The Austro-Tai languages, sometimes also Austro-Thai languages, are a proposed language family that comprises the Austronesian languages and the Kraโ€“Dai languages. Related proposals include Austric (Wilhelm Schmidt in 1906) and Sino-Austronesian (Laurent Sagart in 1990, 2005). Origins The Kraโ€“Dai languages contain numerous similar forms with Austronesian which were noticed as far back as Schlegel in 1901. These are considered to be too many to explain as chance resemblance. The question then is whether they are due to language contact (i.e., borrowing) or to common descent (i.e., a genealogical relationship). Evidence The first proposal of a genealogical relationship was that of Paul Benedict in 1942, which he expanded upon through 1990. This took the form of an expansion of Wilhelm Schmidt's Austric phylum, and posited that Kraโ€“Dai and Austronesian had a sister relationship within Austric, which Benedict then accepted. Benedict later abandoned Austric but maintained his Austro-Tai proposal, adding the Japonic languages to the proposal as well. The proposal remained controversial among linguists, especially after the publication of Benedict (1975) whose methods of reconstruction were idiosyncratic and considered unreliable. For example, Thurgood (1994) examined Benedict's claims and concluded that since the sound correspondences and tonal developments were irregular, there was no evidence of a genealogical relationship, and the numerous cognates must be chalked up to early language contact. However, the fact that many of the Austro-Tai cognates are found in core vocabulary, which is generally more resistant to borrowing, continued to intrigue scholars. There were later several advances over Benedict's approach: Abandoning the larger Austric proposal; focusing on lexical reconstruction and regular sound correspondences; including data from additional branches of Kraโ€“Dai, Hlai and Kra; using better reconstructions of Kraโ€“Dai; and reconsidering the nature of the relationship, with Kraโ€“Dai possibly being a branch (daughter) of Austronesian. Sagart (2005a) cited a core of regular sound correspondences relating words belonging to the basic vocabulary in Benedict's work. He pointed out the lack of a substantial body of shared cultural words. He took these facts as indications that Benedict's Austro-Tai cannot be explained as a contact phenomenon. He further listed a number of specifically Malayo-Polynesian features in the vocabulary shared by Tai-Kadai and Austronesian, concluding that Tai-Kadai is a subgroup within Austronesian, rather than a sister group to it. Ostapirat (2000) reconstructed proto-Kra, one of the least-well attested branches of Kraโ€“Dai. Ostapirat (2005) later presented fifty core vocabulary items found in all five branches of Kraโ€“Dai, and demonstrated that half of themโ€”words such as child, eat, eye, fire, hand, head, I, you, louse, moon, tooth, water, this, etc.โ€”can be related to proto-Austronesian by regular sound correspondences, a connection which Reid (2006) finds convincing. Austronesian is characterized by disyllabic roots, whereas Kraโ€“Dai is predominantly monosyllabic. It appears that in Kraโ€“Dai, the first vowel reduced and then dropped out, leaving a consonant cluster which frequently reduced further to a single consonant. For example, the proto-Austronesian root * "live, raw" corresponds to proto-Kra and its reflex in Laha, as well as Tai , all with the same meaning (the *-D- consonant is Ostapirat's voiced plosive of undetermined quality, probably alveolar as opposed to dental articulation). In proto-Kraโ€“Dai, there appear to have been three tones in words ending in a sonorant (vowel or nasal consonant), labeled simply A, B, C, plus words ending in a stop consonant, D, which did not have tone. In general, Austronesian words ending in a sonorant correspond to A, and words ending in a stop correspond to D. This accounts for most of the words. There are also a few cognates with B and C tone. From Indic borrowings it appears that tone B was originally a final h in Kraโ€“Dai, and some of the corresponding Austronesian roots also end in h, such as AN * "chaff", Kamโ€“Sui paa-B (Mulam kwaa-B), though there are few examples to go on. Tone C seems to have originally been creaky voice or a final glottal stop. It may correspond to *H, a laryngeal consonant of uncertain manner, in proto-Austronesian (AN * "head", Thai klau-C), but again the number of cognates is too low to draw firm conclusions. Sagart (2004) presented data from a newly described Kra language, Buyang, whichโ€”like many other Kra languagesโ€”retains the disyllabic roots characteristic of Austronesian. Some examples are: Ostapirat (2013) lists the following potential cognates between Proto-Kra-Dai and Proto-Austronesian. The Proto-Kra-Dai "C" signifies any unknown consonant; the Proto-Austronesian "C" is a phoneme tentatively reconstructed either as or . Sagart (2019) finds multiple examples of the correlation between the coda of Proto-Austronesian polysyllabic words and the tone of suspected Kra-Dai cognates. Sonorant-final Austronesian terms corresponded with tone A in Kra-Dai. Proto-Austronesian uvular fricative finals corresponded with tone B. Proto-Austronesian final sibilants and /h/ corresponded with tone C. Ostapirat (2005) Austro-Tai sound correspondences and cognate sets listed by Ostapirat (2005) are as follows. Core vocabulary Kra-Dai core vocabulary and Proto-Austronesian cognates: Final consonants Summary of Austro-Tai final sound correspondences: Cognates with final consonant correspondences: Contrast between *-C and *-t in both Kra-Dai and Austronesian: Proto-Austronesian final *-q and Proto-Kra-Dai *-k/-C: Proto-Austronesian final *-s and Proto-Kra-Dai *-c: Proto-Austronesian final *-R and *-N and Proto-Kra-Dai *-l/-n: Special Proto-Kra-Dai development corresponding to Proto-Austronesian *-R: Proto-Atayal voiced stop endings corresponding to Kra-Dai final voiced glides: Proto-Austronesian final *-l corresponding to Kra-Dai final glides (possible development): Medial consonants Medial correspondences between Proto-Austronesian and Proto-Kra-Dai, assuming that Proto-Kra-Dai was polysyllabic: Proto-Kraโ€“Dai *d- corresponds to both Proto-Austronesian *d- and *j- according to Ostapirat (2023). For example: Proto-Kraโ€“Dai *b-l- corresponds to Proto-Austronesian *bVl- according to Ostapirat (2023): Tones Proto-Kra-Dai tone B correspondences: Tone B in Tai (kinship): Proto-Kra-Dai tone C correspondences: Tone C from Proto-Kra-Dai *-c in some Kra-Dai groups: Smith (2021) Smith (2021) presents additional phonological and lexical evidence for Austro-Tai. Additional supporting data is also published in Smith (2022). Lexical correspondences between Proto-Austronesian and Proto-Tai proposed by Smith (2021) are: Other lexical correspondences (basic vocabulary) between Proto-Austronesian and Proto-Tai from Smith (2021) are: Lexical correspondences between Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) and Proto-Tai proposed by Smith (2021) are: Smith deduces that Proto-Austronesian final-syllable *a regularly corresponds to Proto-Tai *ษฏ(ษ™) if penultimate Proto-Austronesian syllable contained a high vowel, like *i or *u. On the other hand, if that penultimate syllable had a low vowel instead, Proto-Austronesian *a would instead correspond to Proto-Tai *aห. Lexical correspondences between Proto-Austronesian and Proto-Hlai, as well as Proto-Kra: Relationship Among scholars who accept the evidence as definitive, there is disagreement as to the nature of the relationship. Benedict attempted to show that Taiโ€“Kadai has features which cannot be accounted for by proto-Austronesian, and that therefore it must be a separate family coordinate with Austronesian (a sister relationship). Ostapirat concluded that these reconstructed linguistic features are spurious. However, he could not rule out the possibility that Taiโ€“Kadai tone cannot be explained, and so leaves the question open pending further reconstruction of Proto-Austronesian. He supports the consensus hypothesis of several scholars that proto-Austronesian was spoken on Formosa or adjacent areas of coastal China, and that the likely homeland of Proto-Taiโ€“Kadai was coastal Fujian or Guangdong. The spread of the Taiโ€“Kadai peoples may have been aided by agriculture, but any who remained near the coast were eventually absorbed by the Chinese. Sagart, on the other hand, holds that Taiโ€“Kadai is a branch of Austronesian which migrated back to the mainland from northeastern Formosa long after Formosa was settled, but probably before the expansion of Malayo-Polynesian out of Formosa. He presents a distinct argument for subgrouping Tai-Kadai with Malayo-Polynesian: he argues that the numerals 5โ€“10, shared by Tai-Kadai, Malayo-Polynesian and three southeastern Formosan languages, are post-proto-Austronesian innovations. Part of the problem of evidence may be due to the loss of the ancestral languages in the Philippines: the uniformity of Philippine languages suggests widespread language replacement after the expected time of the Taiโ€“Kadai split. Sagart (2005b) again proposes an Eastern Formosanโ€“Malayo-Polynesian connection with Taiโ€“Kadai, based on words such as Proto-Taiโ€“Kadai * and Eastern Formosan * "bird", as compared to Proto-Austronesian, where the word for "bird" was *, and * meant "chicken" (cf. English "fowl", which once meant "bird" but has come to usually refer to chickens and other birds raised for meat), and a few other words such *-mu "thou" which have not been reconstructed for proto-Austronesian. However, Ostapirat notes Taiโ€“Kadai retains the Austronesian *N in this word, which had been lost from Eastern Formosan and Malayo-Polynesian, and that a change in meaning from "chicken" to "bird" could easily have happened independently, for example among proto-Taiโ€“Kadai speakers when they borrowed the mainland word * "chicken" (cognate with Old Chinese * and Hmongic /qai/). Sagart (2005b) suggests that Austronesian (including Tai-Kadai) is ultimately related to the Sino-Tibetan languages, forming a Sino-Austronesian family. The Proto-Sino-Austronesian speakers would have originated from the Neolithic communities of the coastal regions of prehistoric North China or East China. Ostapirat disputes this view, noting that the apparent cognates are rarely found in all branches of Taiโ€“Kadai, and almost none in core vocabulary. Ostapirat maintains that Taiโ€“Kadai could not descend from Malayo-Polynesian in the Philippines, and likely not from the languages of eastern Formosa either. His evidence is in the Taiโ€“Kadai sound correspondences, which reflect Austronesian distinctions that were lost in Malayo-Polynesian and even Eastern Formosan. These are the pairs of proto-AN sounds *t/*C and *n/*N, which fell together as *t and *n in Proto-MP and Eastern Formosan, but which each correspond to pairs of distinct sounds in Proto-Taiโ€“Kadai. Further, Proto-AN *S corresponds to *s in Proto-Taiโ€“Kadai but was debuccalized to *h in Proto-MP. There are also Austro-Tai roots related to Proto-Austronesian roots which are not attested from Malayo-Polynesian, such as * "bear". In Sagart's model, such roots have to be treated as retentions from Proto-Austronesian only shared by Tai-Kadai and Formosan, and lost in Malayo-Polynesian. Ostapirat (2013) concludes that Kra-Dai and Austronesian are sister languages with one common ancestor. Roger Blench (2018) supports the genealogical relation between Kra-Dai and Austronesian based on the fundamentally shared vocabulary. He further suggests that Kra-Dai was later influenced from a back-migration from Taiwan and the Philippines. See also East Asian languages Austric languages Old Yue language Sino-Austronesian languages Austronesianโ€“Ongan languages Proto-Kraโ€“Dai language References Bibliography Benedict, Paul K. (1942). "Thai, Kadai, and Indonesian: A new alignment in South-Eastern Asia" American Anthropologist 44.576-601. Benedict, Paul K. (1975). Austro-Thai language and culture, with a glossary of roots. New Haven: HRAF Press. . Benedict, Paul K. (1990). Japanese/Austro-Tai. Ann Arbor: Karoma. . Blench, Roger (2004). "Stratification in the peopling of China: how far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology?" (PDF) Paper for the Symposium : Human migrations in continental East Asia and Taiwan: genetic, linguistic and archaeological evidence. Geneva, June 10โ€“13. Blench, Roger. (2010). Why we don't need Austric or any other macrophyla in SE Asia: The southern Yunnan interaction sphere (manuscript). Blust, Robert. (2014). "The Higher Phylogeny of Austronesian and the Position of Tai-Kadai: Another Look". In The 14th International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics (IsCLL-14). Carr, Michael. (1986). "Austro-Tai * 'spirit' and Archaic Chinese * ๆๆƒš 'bliss'". Asia-Africa Gengo Bunka Kenkyลซ, 32. 91-126. Tลkyล: Tลkyล Gaikokugo Daigaku. Chamberlain, James R. (2016). "Kra-Dai and the Proto-History of South China and Vietnam". Journal of the Siam Society, 104, 27-76. Li, Hui (ๆŽ่พ‰). (2005). Genetic structure of Austro-Tai populations (Doctoral dissertation). Fudan University. Li, Hui (ๆŽ่พ‰) et al. (2008). "Paternal genetic affinity between Western Austronesians and Daic populations". BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8, 146. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-146 Luo, Y.-X. (2008). Sino-Tai and Tai-Kadai: Another Look. In A. V. N. Diller, J. A. Edmondson, & Y.-X. Luo (Eds.), The Tai-Kadai Languages (pp. 9-28). New York, NY: Routledge. Miyake, Marc. 2013. Thurgood's "Tai-Kadai and Austronesian: the nature of the historical relationship" (1994). Ostapirat, Weera. 2005. "Kraโ€“Dai and Austronesian: Notes on phonological correspondences and vocabulary distribution." Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench & Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, eds. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. London: Routledge Curzon, pp.ย 107โ€“131. Reid, Lawrence A. (1994). "Morphological Evidence for Austric. Oceanic Linguistics, 33(2), 323-344. Reid, Lawrence A. (1999). "New Linguistic Evidence for the Austric Hypothesis" . Selected Papers From the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (8ICAL) (pp. 5-30). Reid, Lawrence A. (2005). "The Current Status of Austric: A review and evaluation of the lexical and morphosyntactic evidence". In L. Sagart, R. Blench, & A. Sanchez-Mazas (Eds.), The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics (pp. 132-160). Reid, Lawrence A. (2006). "Austro-Tai Hypotheses". In Keith Brown (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd edition (pp. 609โ€“610). Sagart, Laurent. (2004). "The higher phylogeny of Austronesian and the position of Tai-Kadai". Oceanic Linguistics, 43(2), 411-444. Sagart, Laurent. (2005a). "Sino-Tibetan-Austronesian: An Updated and Improved Argument". In L. Sagart, R. Blench, & A. Sanchez-Mazas (Eds.), The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics (pp. 161-176). Sagart, Laurent. (2005b). "Tai-Kadai as a subgroup of Austronesian". In L. Sagart, R. Blench, & A. Sanchez-Mazas (Eds.), The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics (pp. 177-181). Schmidt, Wilhelm. (1906) Die Mon-Khmer Vรถlker, ein Bindeglied zwischen Vรถlkern Zentralasiens und Austronesiens. Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn. Thurgood, Graham. (1994). "Taiโ€“Kadai and Austronesian: the nature of the relationship." Oceanic Linguistics 33.345-368. Proposed language families Kraโ€“Dai languages Austronesian languages
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%88%EC%9D%98%20%EB%85%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%A5%BC%20%EB%93%A4%EB%A0%A4%EC%A4%98
๋„ˆ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค์ค˜
ใ€Š๋„ˆ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค์ค˜ใ€‹๋Š” 2019๋…„ 8์›” 5์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2019๋…„ 9์›” 24์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์˜๋œ KBS 2TV ์›”ํ™” ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์›์ž‘์€, ๊ต๋ณด๋ฌธ๊ณ  ๋…์ ์—ฐ์žฌ๊ด€(็พ ํ†ก์†Œ๋‹ค) ๊ณต๋ชจ์ „ ๋‹น์„ ์ž‘ '์žฌ์›Œ ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”'์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํš ์˜๋„ ์‚ด์ธ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋‚ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์ „๋ถ€ ์žƒ์€ ํŒ€ํŒŒ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•œ ์Œ์น˜๋‚จ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋กœ๋งจํ‹ฑ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋””๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ์žฅ ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ๋ฌผ ์—ฐ์šฐ์ง„ : ์žฅ์œค(์žฅ๋„ํ›ˆ) ์—ญ (์•„์—ญ : ๊น€๋ฏผ์ค€) - ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์Œ์น˜ ์•Œ๋ฐ”์ƒ์ด์ž ํŒŒ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์— ์ž…๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์› ํ”ผ์•„๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ. ์ด์•ˆ์˜ ํ˜•. ๊น€์„ธ์ • : ํ™์ด์˜ ์—ญ (์•„์—ญ : ๋ฐ•ํ˜œ๋ฆฐ, ๊น€ํƒœ์—ฐ) - ๋ณ„ ๋ณผ์ผ ์—†๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ™์— ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ”ˆ ์ทจ์ค€์ƒ ์‹ ์„ธ์ธ ํŒ€ํŒŒ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์— ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์ง€์ƒ์ฃผ์˜์ž์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์—ฐ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ, 1๋…„์ „ ์†์— ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์นผ๋กœ ์ฐ”๋Ÿฌ ์ด์•ˆ์„ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ์žฅ๋ณธ์ธ. ์ œ๋‹ˆ์™€ ์€์ฃผ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ. ์ˆ˜์˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์ดŒ๋™์ƒ. ์†ก์žฌ๋ฆผ : ๋‚จ์ฃผ์™„ ์—ญ - ํƒ์›”ํ•œ ์‡ผ๋งจ์‹ญ๊ณผ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ ์ง€ํœ˜์ž. ๋ฐ•์ง€์—ฐ : ํ•˜์€์ฃผ ์—ญ - ํƒ€๊ณ ๋‚œ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ ์ œ2์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ, ์ธ์˜ ์—ฌ์™•. ์ด์˜์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ. ์ด์˜์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ธ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ•์ฐฌํ™˜ : ํ™์ง€์„ญ ์—ญ - ์ด์˜์˜ ํฐ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์ด์ž ์ˆ˜์˜์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€, ๊ฝƒ์ง‘ 'ํ”Œ๋ผ์›Œ์•„ํŠธ' ์šด์˜ ์œค๋ณต์ธ : ๋ฐ•์˜ํฌ ์—ญ - ์ด์˜์˜ ํฐ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ด์ž ์ˆ˜์˜์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ, ๊ฝƒ์ง‘ 'ํ”Œ๋ผ์›Œ์•„ํŠธ' ๊ณต๋™ ์šด์˜ ์ด์‹œ์› : ํ™์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ญ - ์‹ ์˜๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ‘์› ์†Œ์•„์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ๋‹ฅํ„ฐ, ์ด์˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์ดŒ์–ธ๋‹ˆ, ์˜ํฌ์™€ ์ง€์„ญ์˜ ๋”ธ ์žฅ์œค์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ธ๋ฌผ ์ •์„ฑ๋ชจ : ์žฅ์„ํ˜„ ์—ญ - ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋Œ€ํ‘œ, ์žฅ์œค์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ๊น€์ฐฝํšŒ : ์ตœ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์—ญ - ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋น„์„œ์‹ค์žฅ, ์žฅ์„ํ˜„์˜ ๋น„์„œ ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ ๋‹จ์› ๋ฐ ๋™๋ฃŒ ์กฐ๋ฏธ๋ น : ์„œ์ˆ˜ํ–ฅ ์—ญ - ์‹ ์˜ํ•„ ํ›„์›ํšŒ์žฅ, ์˜ˆ๋ฆผ์•„ํŠธ์žฌ๋‹จ ์ด์‚ฌ์žฅ, ์˜ˆ๋ฆผ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ง‰๋‚ด๋”ธ ์ด์Šนํ˜• : ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ค‘ ์—ญ - ์‹ ์˜ํ•„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์œค์ฃผํฌ : ์œค๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์—ญ - ์‹ ์˜ํ•„ ๊ธฐํšํ™๋ณด์‹ค์žฅ ํ™์Šนํฌ : ์–‘์ˆ˜์ • ์—ญ - ์‹ ์˜ํ•„ ๊ธฐํš์‹ค ๊ณผ์žฅ, ์œ ๋‹ค ์กฐ์œ ์ • : ์œ ์ œ๋‹ˆ ์—ญ - ์‹ ์˜ํ•„ ์ œ2์ฒผ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ, ์ด์˜์˜ ์ ˆ์นœ ์œ ๊ฑด : ๋งˆ์ดํด ๋ฆฌ ์—ญ - ์‹ ์˜ํ•„ ์ˆ˜์„ ํŒ€ํŒŒ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ, ์ด์˜์˜ ๋ฉ˜ํ†  ํ™ฉํšจ์€ : ์™•๋ฏธํ–ฅ ์—ญ - ์‹ ์˜ํ•„ ์ˆ˜์„ ์˜ค๋ณด์ด์ŠคํŠธ ์ด์ •๋ฏผ : ์ตœ์„œ์ฃผ ์—ญ - ์‹ ์˜ํ•„ ํ”Œ๋ฃจ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์ฝ˜ : ์กฐํ•œ์„ ์—ญ - ์‹ ์˜ํ•„ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ, ์•…์žฅ ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ ๊น€์ƒ๊ท  : ๋ฌธ์žฌํ˜• ์—ญ - ํž™ํ•ฉ ๋Œ„์„œ ๊ฒธ ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€, ์ด์˜์˜ ์ „ ๋‚จ์นœ ์ด๋ณ‘์ค€ : ์†ก์žฌํ™˜ ์—ญ - ํ™์ด์˜์˜ ์Šค์Šน, ์•„์‹œ์•„ ํ•„ํ•˜๋ชจ๋‹‰ ์ƒ์ž„์ง€ํœ˜์ž, ์‹ ์˜์Œ๋Œ€ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์†ก์˜๊ทœ : ๊ฐ•๋ช…์„ ์—ญ - ์‹ ์˜์Œ๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์•…๊ณผ ์ •๊ต์ˆ˜, ์‹ ์˜๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ด์žฅ ์‚ฌ์œ„ ๊ตฌ๋ณธ์›… : ์œค์˜๊ธธ ์—ญ - 1๋…„์ „ ์‚ด์ธ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋‚  ์ด์˜์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ซ“์•„์˜จ ๋‚จ์ž, ์ฃผ์™„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณ„๋‹จ ๋‚œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์‚ฌ๋ง. ํ™ฉํ˜ธ์ง„ ๊น€์ง€์€ ์˜ค์ƒ์› : ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์˜ ์ง€ํœ˜์ž ์—ญ ์ด์ง„๋ชฉ : ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์šด์ „ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ ์†๋‹˜ ์—ญ ๊น€์ฃผ์˜ ์žฅ๋ช…์šด ์ตœ๋‚˜๋ฌด : ์ด์˜์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ ์—ญ ์ด์œ ์ง„ ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜๋ฏผ ๋ฐ•์ƒ์šฐ ์˜ค์ง„ํ•˜ ๊น€์ฑ„์› ์ตœ์„ค : ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์—ญ ๋ฌธ์ฐฝ์ค€ : ํŒ€ํŒŒ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ์น˜์šฐ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž ์—ญ ๊ฐ•์šฐ์ œ ๋ฐ•์†Œ์˜ ์ด์ง€๋ฏผ : ์€์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋ ˆ์Šจํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ ์—ญ ๊ณ ์ •๋ฏผ ์˜ค์žฌ์œค ๊น€์ƒ์ฒ  ๋ฐ•์„ฑ์ธ ๋ฐ•๋ณ‘์šฑ ์ด์ฑ„์€ : ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ ์—ญ ์ด์ฑ„๊ฒฝ : ๊น€์ˆ˜์ธ ์—ญ - ์žฅ์œค์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์ด์ฃผ์‹ค : ๋ณต๋ถ„ ์—ญ - ๋‚จ์ฃผ์™„์˜ ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์€์„œ๋ผ ๋‚˜์ˆœ์ƒ ๋ฐ•๊ฑด๋ฝ : ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์—ญ ๋‹จ์› ๊ฐ•๋ณดํ˜„ ๊น€๊ฒฝ๋ฏผ ๊น€๋ช…ํ˜œ ๊น€์„ธ๋ฆฐ ๋‚˜์Šฌ๊ธฐ ๋‚จํƒœ๋ฏผ ๋ฐ•์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ•์˜ˆ์Šฌ ์„œ๊ฑด์šฐ ์†ก์˜ˆ์Šฌ ์˜ค์„œ์˜ ์œคํ˜œ์‹ ์ด๋™์ต ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฆฌ ์ด์ƒํ˜ ์ด์˜ˆ์€ ์ด์œค ์ด์ง€ํ˜• ์ด์น˜ํ›ˆ ์ž„์ •๋นˆ ์žฅ์„ ์ • ์ •์„œํ›ˆ ์ •์œ ์„  ์กฐ์žฌํ˜• ์กฐํšจ์„ฑ ์ฃผํ•ด๋‚˜ ์ฐจ์€์ง€ ์ฐจ์ด๋‹ˆ ์ตœ๊ณ ์•ผ ์ตœ์ง„๊ธฐ ์ถ”ํƒœํ˜„ ํ•œ์ดˆ๋กฌ ํ™ฉ๋Œ€์—ฐ ํ™ฉ๋ณ„ ํ™ฉ๋ณด์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ ๊น€์‹œํ›„ : ๊น€์ด์•ˆ(์žฅ์œค) ์—ญ (์•„์—ญ : ์ด์œ ์ฐฌ) (โ€ ) - ๋„ํ›ˆ์˜ ๋™์ƒ, ํ”ผ์•„๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ. 1๋…„์ „ ์ด์˜์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๋ ค๋‹ค ์ด์˜์ด ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์นผ์— ์ฐ”๋ ค์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ง. ์ •์ˆ˜์˜ : ๊ณต์„ ๋ฏธ ์—ญ - ์ž์‚ด ์‹œ๋„ ํ•œ ์‹ ์˜ํ•„ ์†Œ์† ํ”ผ์•„๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์ž„์ง€๊ทœ : ๋™์‹ ์—ญ - ์ด์˜์˜ ๋งž์„ ๋‚จ OST Part. 1 : Stay With Me (Feat. ๋ฐ•์ค€ํ˜ธ) - ๊น€๋‚จ์ฃผ 2019.8.12 ๋ฐœ๋งค Part. 2 : ๋„ˆ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค์ค˜ - ์˜ค์™  2019.8.19 ๋ฐœ๋งค Part.3 : ์–ด๋Š ํŒŒ๋ž€ ๋ฐค - ๋ฐ•์ง€์—ฐ 2019.8.26 ๋ฐœ๋งค Part.4 : Cry (Feat. SARAH) - ๊น€์—ฐ์ง€ 2019.9.2 ๋ฐœ๋งค Part.5 : ๋ถˆ๋ฉด์ฆ - ๊ณ„๋ฒ”์ฃผ 2019.9.9 ๋ฐœ๋งค Part.6 : ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์šด ๋‚ ์—” - ๋‚จ์ฃผ 2019.9.16 ๋ฐœ๋งค Part.7 : ๋ˆˆ๋ถ€์‹  ๋‚  - ์†ก์ง€์€ 2019.9.23 ๋ฐœ๋งค ์ดฌ์˜์ง€ ๋ฐ˜ํฌ๋Œ€๊ต ๊ณ ์–‘๋ฌธํ™”์žฌ๋‹จ ์—˜๋ฆผ์•„ํŠธ์„ผํ„ฐ 692๊ณ ๊ธฐํฌ์ฐจ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋กœ์  ๋‚จ์‚ฐ๊ณต์› ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ  ์ˆ˜์ƒ 2019๋…„ KBS ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ƒ K-๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ํ•œ๋ฅ˜์Šคํƒ€์ƒ - ๊น€์„ธ์ • ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก 2019๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋„ˆ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค์ค˜ ๊ณต์‹์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ 2019๋…„ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ณต์‚ฌ ์›”ํ™”๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์Œ์•… ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2019๋…„์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 2019๋…„์— ์ข…๋ฃŒํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ TV ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Wanna%20Hear%20Your%20Song
I Wanna Hear Your Song
I Wanna Hear Your Song () is a 2019 South Korean television series starring Yeon Woo-jin, Kim Se-jeong, Song Jae-rim and Park Ji-yeon. It aired on KBS2 from August 5 to September 24, 2019. The series ranked among the Top 10 highest ranking dramas in South Korea during its whole run. Synopsis Hong Yi-young witnessed a murder but she cannot remember anything about what happened. With the help of Jang Yoon, she tries to recover her memories from that day. Cast Main Yeon Woo-jin as "Jang Yoon"/Jang Do-hoon A pianist in an orchestra who is Tone Deaf. He helps Yi-young with her insomnia. Kim Se-jeong as Hong Yi-young A timpanist who suffers from insomnia. She can only fall asleep if she listens to a tone-deaf person sing. Song Jae-rim as Nam Joo-wan An orchestra conductor who has a lot of charisma. Park Ji-yeon as Ha Eun-joo A violinist in the orchestra who is known for her arrogance. Supporting People around Jang Yoon Jung Sung-mo as Jang Seok-hyeon Jang Yoon's father. He has a very cold personality. People around Hong Yi-young Yoon Bok-in as Park Yeong-hee Ji-seop's wife Park Chan-hwan as Hong Ji-seop Yi-young's uncle Lee Si-won as Hong Soo-yeong Yi-young's cousin Others Lee Byung-joon as Song Jae-hwan Jo Mi-ryung as Seo Soo-hyang Kim Sang-gyun as Moon Jae-hyeong Yi-young's ex-boyfriend Yoon Joo-hee as Yoon Mi-rae Hong Seung-hee as Yang Soo-jang Yang Soo-jung as Yang Soo-jung (secretary) Yoo Gun as Michael Lee Lee Jung-min as Choi Seo-joo Jo Yoo-jung as Yoo Je-ni Special appearances Jung Soo-young as Gong Su-mi (Ep. 1,7,9) Pianist who was fired by Joo-wan. Im Ji-kyu as Yi-young's blind date (Ep. 10) Kim Si-hoo as Kim Ian/real Jang Yoon Jang Do-hoon's brother who died mysteriously 1 year ago. Original soundtrack Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Ratings In this table, represent the lowest ratings and represent the highest ratings. International broadcast Streaming platforms Awards Notes References External links Korean Broadcasting System television dramas Korean-language television shows 2019 South Korean television series debuts 2019 South Korean television series endings South Korean romantic comedy television series South Korean mystery television series South Korean musical television series
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4%20%EB%AC%B8%EB%B2%95
ํ•˜์™€์ด์–ด ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•
์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š” ํ•˜์™€์ด์–ด ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์™€์ด์–ด์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด๊ตฐ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์š” ํ•˜์™€์ด์–ด๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ-์ฃผ์–ด-๋ชฉ์ ์–ด ์–ด์ˆœ์ธ VSOํ˜• ์–ธ์–ด์ด๊ณ  ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์–ด์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์™€์ด์–ด ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋…ผํ•ญ์— ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ตด์ ˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋Œ€์‹  ์‹œ์ œยท์ƒยท๋ฒ•์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ณ€ํ™”์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์™€์ด์–ด๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ-๋Œ€๊ฒฉ ์–ธ์–ด์ด๊ณ  ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์™€์ด์–ด์—๋Š” ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋‘์‚ฌ์™€ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด๊ตฐ ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์˜ํŒŒ์ƒ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ํ”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋กœ๋„ ๋™์‚ฌ๋กœ๋„ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅ˜์—๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต๋ช…์‚ฌ, ๊ณ ์œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ, ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์™€์ด์–ด๋Š” ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ด€์‚ฌ, ์ง€์‹œ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ, ์†Œ์œ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ, ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ, ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ‘œ์ง€ ๋“ฑ์€ ๋ช…์‚ฌ ์•ž์— ์˜ค๊ณ , ๋™์‚ฌ ์ˆ˜์‹์–ด๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋’ค์— ์˜จ๋‹ค. ๊ด€์‚ฌ ka/ke : ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ์ •๊ด€์‚ฌ. ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹จ์–ด ๋ฐ ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋‹จ์–ด ์•ž์—์„œ๋Š” ke๋ฅผ, ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์—๋Š” ka๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ka wahine ์—ฌ์ž; ke ao ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„ nฤ : ๋ณต์ˆ˜ ์ •๊ด€์‚ฌ. nฤ wฤhine ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค he : ๋ถ€์ •๊ด€์‚ฌ. he๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ช…์‚ฌ ์ˆ ์–ด๋‚˜ ์ž๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์— ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋‹ค. he ์•ž์— me๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์™€์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ํƒˆ๋ฝ๋œ๋‹ค. He kumu au. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ ์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. Ua hลสปea he mau keonimana. ์–ด๋–ค ์‹ ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. Ua hฤnau ka wahine he keiki kฤne. ๊ทธ ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•˜๋‹ค. (๋ชฉ์ ์–ด ์•ž์—๋Š” ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ i๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, he ์•ž์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ํƒˆ๋ฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.) kekahi : ๋ถ€์ •๊ด€์‚ฌ. โ€˜ํ•œโ€™, โ€˜์–ด๋Šโ€™, โ€˜๋ช‡๋ช‡โ€™, โ€˜์กฐ๊ธˆโ€™, โ€˜๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜โ€™ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. สปIke สปo ia i kekahi hale. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ์ง‘์„ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ ์•ž์—์„œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. สปo : ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์–ด๋Š” ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์–ด ์•ž์— สปo๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, 3์ธ์นญ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ia์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์˜๋ฌธ์‚ฌ wai(๋ˆ„๊ตฌ)์ผ ๋•Œ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์— โ€˜A๋Š” B์ด๋‹คโ€™์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋™์ผ์„ฑ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋„ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. Ua สปike สปo ia. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. สปO au สปo Kaสปiulani. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์นด์ด์šธ๋ผ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. i/iฤ : ๋ชฉ์ ๊ฒฉ. ์ง์ ‘๋ชฉ์ ์–ด, ๊ฐ„์ ‘๋ชฉ์ ์–ด, ๋ชฉํ‘œ, ๋„๊ตฌ, ์žฅ์†Œ, ์ด์œ  ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ์•ž์—์„œ๋Š” iฤ๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์— i๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฟ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋„ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์–ด์ˆœ์€ (๋™์‚ฌ - ์ฃผ์–ด -) ์ง์ ‘๋ชฉ์ ์–ด - ๊ฐ„์ ‘๋ชฉ์ ์–ด - ๋„๊ตฌ - ์žฅ์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. Ua สปai ke kanaka i ka iสปa. ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ ์„ ๋จน์—ˆ๋‹ค. Ua hele สปo Lono i ke kaสปa i ka hale. ๋กœ๋…ธ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋กœ ์ง‘์— ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. Hฤสปawi ke kanaka i ka manama iฤ Pua. ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ‘ธ์•„์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ma : ์žฅ์†Œ/๋„๊ตฌ/๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ƒ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ƒ์˜ ์‹œ์ , ๋„๊ตฌ, ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ์Œ์ ˆ์˜ ๋ชจ์Œ์ด ์žฅ๋ชจ์Œ์ด๋‚˜ ์ด์ค‘๋ชจ์Œ์ด๋ฉด ์žฅ๋ชจ์Œ mฤ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฒ ์ž์—๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. i์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ชฉํ‘œ(๋ฐฉํ–ฅ)๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. i์™€ ma๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ma๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐœ๋žต์ ์ธ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ, i๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ผญ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋‹ค. ma noho ์˜์ž์— Noho nฤ mฤkua i Waikฤซkฤซ ma Oสปahu. ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์€ ์˜ค์•„ํ›„์˜ ์™€์ดํ‚คํ‚ค์—์„œ ์ง€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ฤ : ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๊ฐ•์กฐ. ์–ด๋Š ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•จ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ i์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. hele ฤ Maui ๋งˆ์šฐ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Š” / hele i Maui ๋งˆ์šฐ์ด์— ๊ฐ€๋Š” a : a-์†Œ์œ ๊ฒฉ. ์ฃผ๋กœ ์–‘๋„๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์†Œ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. nฤ iwi a Pua ํ‘ธ์•„์˜ ๋ผˆ๋“ค (์˜ˆ: ํ‘ธ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋จน๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ผˆ) o : o-์†Œ์œ ๊ฒฉ. ์ฃผ๋กœ ์–‘๋„๋ถˆ๋Šฅ ์†Œ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. nฤ iwi o Pua ํ‘ธ์•„์˜ ๋ผˆ๋“ค (ํ‘ธ์•„ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ๋ผˆ) me : ๊ณต๋™๊ฒฉ/๋„๊ตฌ๊ฒฉ/์œ ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ. ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด, ํ–‰๋™์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ, ํ–‰๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. Noho สปo Pua me kฤna keiki. ํ‘ธ์•„๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ์•„์ด์™€ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. Kฤkau สปoe me kฤ“ia penikala. ์ด ํŽœ์œผ๋กœ ์จ๋ผ. Ua holo ia me he lio. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ง์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. mai : ํƒˆ๊ฒฉ. ํ–‰๋™์ด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚จ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. mai Honolulu ํ˜ธ๋†€๋ฃฐ๋ฃจ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ e : ์ˆ˜๋™๋ฌธ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ฃผ. ์ˆ˜๋™ํƒœ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ ํ–‰๋™์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ๋•Œ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. สปAi สปia ka poi e ia. ํฌ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋จนํ˜”๋‹ค. ฤ“ : ํ˜ธ๊ฒฉ. ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋•Œ ์ด๋ฆ„ ์•ž์— ๋ถ™์ธ๋‹ค. Aloha, ฤ“ Kawika. ์•ˆ๋…•, ์นด์œ„์นด. ์ธ์นญ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ์ง€์‹œ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ์•„๋ž˜ ํ‘œ์—์„œ ๊ทผ์นญ์€ ํ™”์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ฒƒ, ์ค‘์นญ์€ ์ฒญ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ฒƒ, ์›์นญ์€ ํ™”์ž์™€ ์ฒญ์ž์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋จผ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™์‚ฌ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ ํ•˜์™€์ด์–ด์—๋Š” ์˜์–ด์˜ โ€˜beโ€™์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณ„์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์˜์–ด์˜ โ€˜haveโ€™์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์†Œ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋™์‚ฌ ์—†๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. สปo: ๋™์ผ์„ฑ โ€˜A๋Š” B์ด๋‹ค.โ€™๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ โ€œสปO A (สปo) B.โ€์ด๋‹ค. A์™€ B๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, 3์ธ์นญ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ia ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ ์•ž์—๋Š” สปo๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์ธ๋‹ค. สปO Kaสปiulani koสปu inoa. ๋‚ด ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์นด์ด์šธ๋ผ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. สปO สปoe สปo Mary. / สปO Mary สปoe. ๋„ˆ๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ๋‹ค. สปO wai kฤ“lฤ? ์ €๊ฑด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ง€? he: ์†Œ์† โ€˜A๋Š” B์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋‹ค.โ€™๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ โ€œHe B (สปo) A.โ€์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ A์™€ B๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. He kumu au. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ ์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. He Hawaiสปi kฤ“lฤ kaikamahine. ์ € ์—ฌ์ž์•„์ด๋Š” ํ•˜์™€์ด์ธ์ด๋‹ค. aia: ์œ„์น˜ โ€˜A๋Š” B์— ์žˆ๋‹ค.โ€™๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ โ€œAia A (สปo) B.โ€์ด๋‹ค. Aia สปo Mary ma Hilo. ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํž๋กœ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. Aia สปo ia ma loko o ka wai. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฌผ ์†์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์‚ฌ ์‹œ์ œยท์ƒยท๋ฒ• (Ua) (๋™์‚ฌ) : ์™„๊ฒฐ์ƒ. ๊ตฌ์–ด์ฒด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ua๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋žตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™์ž‘๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์™„๊ฒฐ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๋ฉด ๋ณดํ†ต ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ , ์ƒํƒœ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์™„๊ฒฐ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๋ฉด ๋ณดํ†ต ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. (Ua) hana au. : ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. E (๋™์‚ฌ) ana : ๋ฏธ์™„๊ฒฐ์ƒ. ๋ฏธ์™„๊ฒฐ์ƒ์€ ์‹œ์ œ์™€ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ์ง„ํ–‰์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. E hana ana au. : ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค./์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค./์ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. (๋™์‚ฌ) : ์Šต๊ด€์ƒ. ์Šต๊ด€์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. Hana au. : ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผํ•œ๋‹ค. Ke (๋™์‚ฌ) nei : ํ˜„์žฌ์‹œ์ œ. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. Ke hana nei au. : ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. (E) (๋™์‚ฌ) : ๋ช…๋ น๋ฒ•/๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค๋ฒ•. ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ธ์นญ์ด๋“ ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช…๋ น, ๊ถŒ์œ , ์†Œ๋ง, ํ•„์š”, ๋ชฉ์ , ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ ์‹คํ˜„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ 2์ธ์นญ์ด๋ฉด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋žตํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ลŒ๋Š” e๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ์ •์ค‘ํ•œ ์–ด์กฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์–ด์ฒด์—์„œ๋Š” e๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋žตํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. E hana สปoe! ์ผํ•ด๋ผ!/๋„ˆ๋Š” ์ผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค! ลŒ hana kฤua. (๋„ˆ์™€ ๋‚˜) ์ผํ•˜์ž. Mai (๋™์‚ฌ) : ๊ธˆ์ง€๋ฒ•. ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…๋ น์ด๋‹ค. Mai! ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๋ฉด โ€œํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ!โ€๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. Mai hana สปoe. ์ผํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์•„๋ผ. ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€์ •๋ฌธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€์ •๋ฌธ์˜ ์‹œ์ œยท์ƒยท๋ฒ• ํ‘œ์ง€๋Š” ์ฃผ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์ •๋ฌธ์€ สปAสปole๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ข…์†์ ˆ์˜ ์‹œ์ œยท์ƒยท๋ฒ• ํ‘œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. สปAสปole๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋™ํ™”๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ธ สปaสปale๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. สปAสปole i hana ka haumฤna. (์™„๊ฒฐ์ƒ) ํ•™์ƒ์€ ์ผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. สปAสปole e hana nei ka haumฤna. (ํ˜„์žฌ์‹œ์ œ) ํ•™์ƒ์€ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋˜, ๋ถ€์ •๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๋ฉด ์–ด์ˆœ์€ สปAสปole + ์ฃผ์–ด + ๋™์‚ฌ + โ€ฆ ์ˆœ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. สปAสปole au e hana nei. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ ํ•˜์™€์ด์–ด์—์„œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ๊ทธ ์™ธ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ์€ ํ”ผ์ˆ˜์‹์–ด ๋’ค์— ์˜ค๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ์ œยท์ƒยท๋ฒ• ํ‘œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์–ด์˜ ์›๋ž˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘”๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์–ธ์–ด์œ ํ˜•ํ•™์˜ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฐฑ ์ „๋žต()์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. {| |- | ke || kanaka || [i || kukulu || i || ka || hale] |- | the || man || [ || build || || the || house] |- | colspan="7" | ๊ทธ ์ง‘์„ ์ง€์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ |} ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋™์‚ฌ ๋’ค ์‹œ์ œยท์ƒยท๋ฒ• ํ‘œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋ถˆ๋ณ€ํ™”์‚ฌ ai๋ฅผ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•œ๋‹ค. {| |- | ka || hale || [i || kukulu || ai || ke || kanaka] |- | the || house || || build || || the || man |- | colspan="7" | ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ง€์€ ์ง‘ |} ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋™์‚ฌ ๋’ค์— ์‹œ์ œยท์ƒยท๋ฒ• ํ‘œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ai๋ฅผ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ์—์„œ nei๋ฅผ ai๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์˜ณ์€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. {| |- | ka || hale || [e || kukulu || nei || ke || kanaka] |- | the || house || || build || || the || man |- | colspan="7" | ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ง“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง‘ |} ํ•˜์™€์ด์–ด ๋ถˆ๋ณ€ํ™”์‚ฌ ai์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด *ai์—์„œ ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํด๋ฆฌ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด๊ตฐ ์–ธ์–ด์— ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํ†ต๊ฐ€์–ด์˜ ai๋Š” ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ํšŒ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ()๋กœ์„œ ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ™”๋œ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ์›๋ž˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด, ํ•˜์™€์ด์–ด ai๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋’ค ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์‹œ์ œยท์ƒยท๋ฒ• ํ‘œ์ง€์™€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด๋Š” ์œ„์˜ ๋‘ ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ์—์„œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ ์•ˆ์— ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ ์•ž์— ์†Œ์œ ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๋‘ ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ์—์„œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ „์น˜ ๋˜๋Š” ํ›„์น˜ ์†Œ์œ  ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์œ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์€ a-ํ˜•๊ณผ o-ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‘˜์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€๋Š” ์•„์ง ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํƒ€๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ™”ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ a-ํ˜•์ด ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ์ด ์ˆ˜๋™๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ o-ํ˜•์ด ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ์—๋Š” a-ํ˜•๊ณผ o-ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋‘ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ a-ํ˜•์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. {| |- | ka || puke || [a || Pua || i || kฤkau || ai] |- | the || book || of || Pua || || write || |- | colspan="7" | ํ‘ธ์•„๊ฐ€ ์“ด ์ฑ… |} {| |- | [kฤ || Pua] || puke || [i || kฤkau || ai] |- | of || Pua || book || || write || |- | colspan="7" | ํ‘ธ์•„๊ฐ€ ์“ด ์ฑ… |} ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ํ•˜์™€์ด์–ด ์–ธ์–ด๋ณ„ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian%20grammar
Hawaiian grammar
This article summarizes grammar in the Hawaiian language. Syntax Hawaiian is a predominantly verbโ€“subjectโ€“object language. However, word order is flexible, and the emphatic word can be placed first in the sentence. Hawaiian largely avoids subordinate clauses, and often uses a possessive construction instead. Hawaiian, unlike English, is a pro-drop language, meaning pronouns may be omitted when the meaning is clear from context. The typical detailed word order is given by the following, with most items optional: Tense/aspect signs: i, ua, e, etc. Verb Qualifying adverb: mau, wale, ole, pu, etc. Passive sign: สปia Verbal directives: aku, mai, etc. Locatives nei or lฤ, or particles ana or ai Strengthening particle: nล Subject Object or predicate noun Exceptions to VSO word order If the sentence has a negative mood and the subject is a pronoun, word order is subjectโ€“verbโ€“object following the negator สปaสปole, as in: Another exception is when an emphatic adverbial phrase begins the sentence. In this case, a pronoun subject precedes the verb. Interrogatives Yesโ€“no questions can be unmarked and expressed by intonation, or they can be marked by placing anei after the leading word of the sentence. Examples of question-word questions include: See also Hawaiian Language: Syntax and other resources . Nouns As Hawaiian does not particularly discern between word types, any verb can be nominalized by preceding it with the definite article, however, some words that are used as nouns are rarely or never used as verbs. Within the noun phrase, adjectives follow the noun (e.g. ka hale liilii "the house small", "the small house"), while possessors precede it (e.g. kou hale "your house"). Numerals precede the noun in the absence of the definite article, but follow the noun if the noun is preceded by the definite article. Articles Every noun is preceded by an article (kaโ€˜i). The three main ones are: ke and ka โ€“ definitive singular โ€“ ke for words starting with letters k, e, a and o (usually memorised as ke ao "the cloud" rule) exceptions include words called nฤ kลซสปฤ“lula "the rule defiers" eg. ke pฤkaukau "the table", ke สปล "the fork" and ke mele "the song"). For all other words ka is used. he โ€“ indefinite singular nฤ โ€“ plural (definite or indefinite) Number In noun phrases, two numbers (singular and plural) are distinguished. The singular articles ke and ka and the plural article nฤ are the only articles that mark number: ka puโ€˜u "the hill" vs. nฤ puโ€˜u "the hills" In the absence of these articles, plurality is usually indicated by inserting the pluralizing particle mau immediately before the noun: he hale "a house" vs. he mau hale "houses" koโ€˜u hoaaloha "my friend" vs. koโ€˜u mau hoaaloha "my friends" Most nouns do not change when pluralized; however, some nouns referring to people exhibit a lengthened vowel in the third syllable from the end in the plural: he wahine "a woman" vs. he mau wฤhine "women" ka โ€˜elemakule "the old man" vs. nฤ โ€˜elemฤkule "the old men" ia kahuna "the aforementioned priest" vs. ia mau kฤhuna "the aforementioned priests" Gender In Hawaiian, there is no gender distinction in the third person. The word for third person (he, she, it) is ia. It is commonly preceded by o as in o ia and, following standard modern orthographical rules, is written as two words, but it can be seen as one when written by older speakers and in historical documents. Hawaiian nouns belong to one of two genders, this gender system is not based on biological sex. The two genders are known as the kino สปล (o-class) and the kino สปฤ (a-class). These classes are only taken into account when using the genitive case (see table of personal pronouns below). Kino สปล nouns, in general, are nouns whose creation cannot be controlled by the subject, such as inoa "name", puuwai "heart", and hale "house". Specific categories for o-class nouns include: modes of transportation (e.g. kaa "car" and lio "horse"), things that you can go into, sit on or wear (e.g., lumi "room", noho "chair", eke "bag", and lole "clothes"), and people in your generation (e.g., siblings, cousins) and previous generations (e.g. makuahine "mother"). Kino สปฤ nouns, in general, are those whose creation can be controlled, such as waihooluu "color", as in kau waihooluu punahele "my favorite color". Specific categories include: your boyfriend or girlfriend (ipo), spouse, friends, and future generations in your line (all of your descendants). The change of preposition of o "of" (kino สปล) to a "of "(kino สปฤ) is especially important for prepositional and subordinate phrases: ka mea "the thing" kona mea "his thing (nonspecific)" kฤna mea "his thing (which he created or somehow chose)" ka mea ฤna i สปike ai "the thing that he saw" kฤna (mea) i สปike ai "what he saw" kฤ“ia สปike สปana ฤna "this thing that he saw (purposefully)" kฤ“ia สปike สปana ona "this thing that he saw (purportedly)" where the seeing isn't much import Demonstrative determiners Personal pronouns Verbs Tense, aspect, and mood Verbs can be analytically marked with particles to indicate tense, aspect and mood. Separate verb markers are used in relative clauses, after the negation word สปaสปole, and in some other situations. The marker ala/lฤ implies greater spatial or temporal distance from the speaker than nei or ana. In his "Introduction to Hawaiian Grammar," W.D. Alexander proposed that Hawaiian has a pluperfect tense as follows: ua + verb + สปฤ“: pluperfect tense/aspect (ua hana สปฤ“ au "I had worked") However, this is debatable since สปฤ“ simply means "beforehand, in advance, already". Andrews [Gram. 1.4] suggested the same thing that Alexander forwards. However, Ua hana สปฤ“ au could mean both "I have already worked", "I already worked", and (depending on the temporal context) "I had worked previous to that moment." "Already" is the operative unifier for these constructions as well as the perfective quality denoted by ua. สปฤ’ therefore is acting like a regular Hawaiian adverb, following the verb it modifies: Ua hana paha au. Perhaps I worked. Ua hana mฤlie au. I worked steadily, without disruption. Ua hana naสปe au. I even worked. Passive Voice Transitive verbs can be passivized with the particle สปia, which follows the verb but precedes tense/aspect/mood markers. The agent, if specified, is marked with the preposition e, usually translated as "by" in English: Ke kลซkulu สปia lฤ ka hale e mฤkou. The house is being built by us Equative sentences Hawaiian does not have a copula verb meaning "to be" nor does it have a verb meaning "to have". Equative sentences are used to convey this group of ideas. All equative sentences in Hawaiian are zero-tense/mood (i.e., they cannot be modified by verbal markers, particles or adverbs). Pepeke สปAike He "A is a B" Pepeke สปAike He is the name for the simple equative sentence "A is a(n) B". The pattern is "He B (สปo) A." สปO marks the third person singular pronoun ia (which means "he/she/it") and all proper nouns. He kaikamahine สปo Mary. Mary is a girl. He kaikamahine สปo ia. She is a girl. He Hawaiสปi kฤ“lฤ kaikamahine. That girl is (a) Hawaiian. He haumana ke keiki. The child is a student. Pepeke สปAike สปO Pepeke สปAike สปO is the name for the simple equative sentence "A is B." The pattern is " สปO A (สปo) B," where the order of the nouns is interchangeable and where สปo invariably marks the third person singular pronoun ia and all proper nouns (regardless of where it is in the utterance). สปO Mary สปo ia. สปO ia สปo Mary. She is Mary. สปO Mary nล ia. สปO ia nล สปo Mary. It's Mary. สปO wau สปo Mary. สปO Mary wau. I'm Mary. สปO สปoe สปo Mary. สปO Mary สปoe. You are Mary. สปO Mary ke kaikamahine. สปO ke kaikamahine สปo Mary. Mary is the girl. The girl is Mary. สปO ka haumana ke keiki. สปO ke keiki ka haumana. The student is the child. The child is the student. Pepeke Henua (Locational equative) Pepeke Henua is the name for the simple equative sentence "A is located (in/on/at/etc. B)." The pattern is "Aia (สปo) A..." Aia สปo Mary ma Hilo. Mary is in Hilo. Aia สปo ia maloko o ka wai. He/she/it is inside (of) the water. Aia ka haumana mahea? Aia mahea ka haumana? Where is the student? Pepeke สปAike Na Pepeke สปAike Na is the name of the simple equative sentence "A belongs to B." The pattern is "Na (B) A." The singular pronouns undergo predictable changes. Pepeke สปAike Na Examples: Naสปu ke kaสปa. The car belongs to me. That's my car. Na Mary ke keiki. The child is Mary's. It's Mary's child. Nฤna ka penikala. The pencil belongs to him/her/it. Nฤu nล au. I belong to you. I'm yours. Note: สปO kฤ“ia ke kaสปa nฤu. This is the car I'm giving to you. He makana kฤ“lฤ na ke aliสปi. This is a present for the chief. Other verbal particles Other post-verbal markers include verb + mai: "toward the speaker" verb + aku: "away from the speaker" verb + iho: "down" verb + aสปe: "up", "adjacent" stative verb + iฤ + agent: agent marker Causative verb creation Causative verbs can be created from nouns and adjectives by using the prefix ho'o-, as illustrated in the following: nani "pretty"; hoสปonani "to beautify" nui "large"; hoสปonui "to enlarge" hui "club"; hoสปohui "to form a club" Reduplication Reduplication can emphasize or otherwise alter the meaning of a word. Examples are: สปau "to swim"; สปauสปau "to bathe" haสปi "to say"; haสปihaสปi "to speak back and forth" maสปi "sick"; maสปimaสปi "chronically sick" References Grammar Austronesian grammars
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%98%84%EA%B7%9C
์˜คํ˜„๊ทœ
์˜คํ˜„๊ทœ(ๅณ่ณขๆ†, 2001๋…„ 4์›” 12์ผ ~ )๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ์‹œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด์‹ญ์˜ ์…€ํ‹ฑ FC์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋›ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์› ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์œ™์ฆˆ 1๊ธฐ ๋งคํƒ„๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์žฌํ•™ ์ค‘์ด๋˜ 2019๋…„ ์ˆ˜์› ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์œ™์ฆˆ์™€ ์ค€ํ”„๋กœ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 4์›” 26์ผ ํฌํ•ญ ์Šคํ‹ธ๋Ÿฌ์Šค์™€์˜ 2019๋…„ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 9๋ผ์šด๋“œ ์›์ • ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์• ๋ค ํƒœ๊ฐ€ํŠธ์™€์˜ ๊ต์ฒด ์ถœ์ „์„ ํ†ตํ•ด K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ๋ฐ๋ท”์ „์„ ์น˜๋ฅด๋ฉฐ 2008๋…„ ์šธ์‚ฐ ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ๊น€์Šน๊ทœ ์ดํ›„ 11๋…„๋งŒ์— ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ ์‹ ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐŸ์€ 2๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 5์›” 5์ผ FC ์„œ์šธ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 10๋ผ์šด๋“œ ์Šˆํผ๋งค์น˜ ๋Œ€๊ฒฐ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ ์‹ ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ๋ฐœ ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๊ณ 10์›” 2์ผ ๊ตฌ K3๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ํ™”์„ฑ FC์™€์˜ 2019๋…„ FA์ปต ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน 2์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ๋Š” ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ๊ต์ฒด ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ผ๊ธฐํ›ˆ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์Šน๊ณจ์„ ์–ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒ€์˜ ๊ฒฐ์Šน ์ง„์ถœ์— ์ผ์กฐํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŒ€๋„ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์—์„œ ๋‚ด์…”๋„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ฝ”๋ ˆ์ผ์„ ๊บพ๊ณ  ํ†ต์‚ฐ 5๋ฒˆ์งธ FA์ปต ์ •์ƒ ํƒˆํ™˜์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€์ฒœ ์ƒ๋ฌด ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด์ธ 2020๋…„ 5์›” ๊ตฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋ฌด์— ์ž…๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋’ค 8์›” 23์ผ ์ „๋ถ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ„ฐ์Šค์™€์˜ 2020๋…„ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 17๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฐ๋ท”๊ณจ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ์ดํ›„ 2021 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ปค๋กœ ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต์‹์ „ 35๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 7๊ณจยท5์–ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๋งนํ™œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊น€์ฒœ์˜ 2022๋…„ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 ์Šน๊ฒฉ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๋ฉฐ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์˜ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด์ƒ ํ›„๋ณด์—๋„ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์› ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์œ™์ฆˆ 2๊ธฐ 2021๋…„ 11์›” 27์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ๊น€์ฒœ์—์„œ์˜ 1๋…„ 6๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ตฐ ๋ณต๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ  ์ „์—ญํ•˜์—ฌ ์นœ์ •ํŒ€์ธ ์ˆ˜์›์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•œ ํ›„ ์šธ์‚ฐ ํ˜„๋Œ€์™€์˜ 2021๋…„ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 37๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊น€๊ฑดํฌ์™€์˜ ๊ต์ฒด ํˆฌ์ž…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜์› ๋ณต๊ท€์ „์„ ์น˜๋ €๋‹ค. 2021 ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ดํ›„ ์ •์ƒ๋นˆ์ด ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์šธ๋ฒ„ํ–„ํ”„ํ„ด ์›๋”๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋กœ ์ด์ ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜์›์˜ ์ฃผ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํƒ๋˜์–ด 2022 ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๊ณต์‹์ „ 39๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 14๊ณจยท3์–ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํŠนํžˆ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 FC ์•ˆ์–‘๊ณผ์˜ 2022๋…„ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์Šน๊ฐ• ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ 2์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ 1 - 1๋กœ ํŒฝํŒฝํžˆ ๋งž์„œ๋˜ ์—ฐ์žฅ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ์ง์ „ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ์Šน๊ณจ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜์›์˜ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…€ํ‹ฑ FC 2023๋…„ 1์›” 25์ผ 300๋งŒ์œ ๋กœ(์•ฝ 40์–ต์›)์˜ ์ด์ ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ์‹œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด์‹ญ์˜ ๋ช…๋ฌธ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์ธ ์…€ํ‹ฑ FC๋กœ์˜ ์ด์ ์„ ํ™•์ •์ง€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์„ฑ์šฉ, ์ฐจ๋‘๋ฆฌ์— ์ด์–ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” 3๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์…€ํ‹ฑ์— ์ž…๋‹จํ•œ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์ˆ˜์› ์œ ์ŠคํŒ€ ์ถœ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ถŒ์ฐฝํ›ˆ, ์ •์ƒ๋นˆ์— ์ด์–ด 3๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•œ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์„ธ์ธํŠธ ๋ฏธ๋ Œ๊ณผ์˜ 2022-23 ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ์‹œ์ปต 16๊ฐ•์—์„œ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฐ๋ท”๊ณจ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ฆฐ ๋’ค ๋ ˆ์ธ์ €์Šค FC์™€์˜ 2022-23 ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ์‹œ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ปต ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์— ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 31๋ถ„ ๊ต์ฒด ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜๋ฉฐ ํŒ€์˜ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ปต ํ†ต์‚ฐ 21๋ฒˆ์งธ์ด์ž 2ํšŒ ์—ฐ์† ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ปต ์ •์ƒ ํƒˆํ™˜์— ํž˜์„ ๋ณดํƒฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ธ์ธํŠธ ๋ฏธ๋ Œ๊ณผ์˜ 2022-23 ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ์‹œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด์‹ญ 28๋ผ์šด๋“œ ์›์ • ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฐ๋ท”๊ณจ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ํŒ€์˜ 5-1 ๋Œ€์Šน์— ์ผ์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2023๋…„ 5์›” 7์ผ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ•˜ํŠธ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋ฏธ๋“ค๋กœ๋””์–ธ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 34๋ผ์šด๋“œ ์›์ • ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 25๋ถ„ ๊ต์ฒด ํˆฌ์ž…๋œ ๋’ค 10๋ถ„๋งŒ์ธ 35๋ถ„๊ฒฝ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 3ํ˜ธ๊ณจ์ด์ž ์‹œ์ฆŒ 4ํ˜ธ๊ณจ์„ ์๊ธฐ๊ณจ๋กœ ์žฅ์‹ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒ€์˜ 2-0 ์™„์Šน๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ†ต์‚ฐ 53๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ •์ƒ ๋“ฑ๊ทน์— ์ผ์กฐํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณธ์ธ๋„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ง„์ถœ ์ดํ›„ ์ฒซ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์šฐ์Šน์˜ ๊ธฐ์จ์„ ๋ง›๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋’ค ์šฐ์Šน์ด ํ™•์ •๋œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์• ๋ฒ„๋”˜ FC์™€์˜ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ตœ์ข…์ „์—์„œ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 5๋ถ„๊ฒฝ ๊ต์ฒด ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜์ž๋งˆ์ž ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ง„์ถœ ์ดํ›„ ์ฒซ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ๊ณจ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ํŒ€์˜ 5-0 ๋Œ€์Šน์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2022-23 ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 16๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 6๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์— ์™„๋ฒฝํžˆ ์ ์‘ํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ธ๋ฒ„๋„ค์Šค ์บ˜๋ฆฌ๋„๋‹ˆ์–ธ ์‹œ์Šฌ๊ณผ์˜ 2022-23 ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ์‹œ์ปต ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์—์„œ๋„ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 14๋ถ„ ํ›„๋ฃจํ•˜์‹œ ์ฟ„๊ณ  ๋Œ€์‹  ๊ต์ฒด ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜์–ด ํŒ€์˜ ์๊ธฐ๊ณจ ๊ธฐ์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ 3-1 ์Šน๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 2022-23 ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋„๋ฉ”์Šคํ‹ฑ ํŠธ๋ ˆ๋ธ” ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฐ”์ง€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2022-23 ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๊ณต์‹์ „ 21๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 7๊ณจ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํ™œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ง„์ถœ ์ฒซ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ U-23 ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ U-23 ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ 2022๋…„ AFC U-23 ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ์ปต ์˜ˆ์„ ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™ํ‹ฐ๋ชจ๋ฅด์™€์˜ H์กฐ 2์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ ๋“์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ 6-0 ๋Œ€์Šน๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 5ํšŒ ์—ฐ์† U-23 ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ์ปต ๋ณธ์„  ์ง„์ถœ์— ์ผ์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ A๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ 2022๋…„ 11์›” 11์ผ K3๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํ™”์„ฑ FC์˜ ํ™ˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์ธ ํ™”์„ฑ์ข…ํ•ฉ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐํƒ€์šด์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด์Šฌ๋ž€๋“œ์™€์˜ 2022๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ถœ์ •์‹ ๊ฒธ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ „์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ A๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํƒ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 27๋ถ„ ์กฐ๊ทœ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ต์ฒด ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ์ œ A๋งค์น˜ ๋ฐ๋ท”์ „์„ ์น˜๋ €๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚ ์ธ 11์›” 12์ผ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ 2022๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ตœ์ข… ์—”ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์—๋Š” ๋ฐœํƒ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ˆ๋น„ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์›”๋“œ์ปต ๊ฐœ์ตœ์ง€์ธ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ํ˜„์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋™ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ํฌ์ง€์…˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚™๋งˆํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด ๋Œ€ํƒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ •์‹ ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋กœ๋Š” ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 4๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋™์•ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์›”๋“œ์ปต ๋ณธ์„  ์ผ์ •์— ๋™ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ 12๋…„๋งŒ์˜ ์›”๋“œ์ปต 16๊ฐ• ์ง„์ถœ์˜ ๊ธฐ์จ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ˆ„๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ 2023๋…„ 3์›” 13์ผ ์‹ ์ž„ A๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์‚ฌ๋ นํƒ‘์ธ ์œ„๋ฅด๊ฒ ํด๋ฆฐ์Šค๋งŒ ๊ฐ๋…์˜ ๋ฐ๋ท”์ „์ธ ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•„์™€ ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด์™€์˜ 2๋ฒˆ์˜ ์นœ์„  ํ™ˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ A๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ํด๋ฆฐ์Šค๋งŒ ๊ฐ๋… ๋ถ€์ž„ ์ดํ›„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ A๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ํด๋Ÿฝ ์ˆ˜์› ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์œ™์ฆˆ FA์ปต : ์šฐ์Šน (2019) ๊น€์ฒœ ์ƒ๋ฌด K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2 : ์šฐ์Šน (2021) ์…€ํ‹ฑ FC ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ์‹œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด์‹ญ : ์šฐ์Šน (2022-23) ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ์‹œ์ปต : ์šฐ์Šน (2022-23) ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ์‹œ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ปต : ์šฐ์Šน (2022-23) ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 2001๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์ด์ปค K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ2์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ์‹œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด์‹ญ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜์› ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์œ™์ฆˆ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ƒ์ฃผ ์ƒ๋ฌด ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๊น€์ฒœ ์ƒ๋ฌด FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์…€ํ‹ฑ FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋‚จ์ž U-14 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋‚จ์ž U-17 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋‚จ์ž U-20 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋‚จ์ž U-23 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2015๋…„ AFC U-14 ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์ง€์—ญ ํŽ˜์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ฒŒ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ์ง„์ถœ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต๋„ ๋งˆ์„์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ๋งคํƒ„์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ๋งคํƒ„๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh%20Hyeon-gyu
Oh Hyeon-gyu
Oh Hyeon-gyu (; born 12 April 2001) is a South Korean professional footballer who plays as a forward for Scottish Premiership club Celtic and the South Korea national team. Club career Suwon Samsung Bluewings Oh made his professional debut in K League 1 with Suwon Samsung Bluewings during the 2019 season, making eleven league appearances. He spent the next two seasons on loan at military club Sangju Sangmu (renamed Gimcheon Sangmu in 2021), where he served his military service. He returned to the Bluewings in the 2022 season and was the club's top scorer with 13 league goals. Celtic On 25 January 2023, Oh joined Scottish Premiership club Celtic for an undisclosed fee, reported to be in the region of ยฃ2.5 million, signing a five-year contract. He was assigned the number 19 shirt. He made his debut on 29 January 2023, in a league game against Dundee United, replacing Kyogo Furuhashi in the 82nd minute of an eventual 2โ€“0 win. Then, he scored his first goal for the Bhoys on 11 February, in a 5โ€“1 Scottish Cup win over St. Mirren. International career Oh represented South Korea at the under-17, under-20 and under-23 youth international levels. He made his senior team debut on 11 November 2022 in a friendly match against Iceland. Career statistics Club Honours Suwon Samsung Bluewings Korean FA Cup: 2019 Gimcheon Sangmu K League 2: 2021 Celtic Scottish Premiership: 2022โ€“23 Scottish Cup: 2022โ€“23 Scottish League Cup: 2022โ€“23 Notes References External links Oh Hyeongyu โ€“ National Team stats at KFA 2001 births Living people People from Namyangju South Korean men's footballers Men's association football forwards K League 1 players K League 2 players Scottish Professional Football League players Suwon Samsung Bluewings players Gimcheon Sangmu FC players Celtic F.C. players South Korea men's youth international footballers South Korea men's under-20 international footballers South Korea men's under-23 international footballers South Korea men's international footballers South Korean expatriate men's footballers South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Scotland Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B3%B4%EC%BA%85%203
๋กœ๋ณด์บ… 3
ใ€Š๋กœ๋ณด์บ… 3ใ€‹(RoboCop 3)์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ๋ฑ์ปค ๊ฐ๋…์˜ 1993๋…„ SF, ์•ก์…˜, ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ์˜ํ™”์ด๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์กด ๋ฒ„ํฌ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ฃผ์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํŒจํŠธ๋ฆญ ํฌ๋กœ์šธ๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ œ์ž‘์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋ณด์บ… 3๋Š” ๋‘ ์”ฌ ์ด์ƒ์— ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ชจํ•‘์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์˜ํ™”์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ์ œ์ž‘๋น„๋Š” 2200๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ 1000๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต๋งŒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘ฌ๋“ค์ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐ•์Šค์˜คํ”ผ์Šค์—์„œ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋กœ๋ณด์บ… ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ด์ต์ด ์ ์€ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋จธ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜. ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์—… OCP๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋””ํŠธ๋กœ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์‚ฐ์‹œ์ผœ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์žฌ์ •๋„ ์•…ํ™”๋˜์–ด ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋„ค๋ฏธ์“ฐ์‚ฌ(็คพ)์— ์ธ์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋„ค๋ฏธ์“ฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” OCP์˜ ์ „ CEO์˜ ์—ผ์›์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ธํƒ€ ์‹œํ‹ฐ ๊ฑด์„ค์— ๋ฐ•์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์••๋ฐ•ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ OCP์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ๋””ํŠธ๋กœ์ดํŠธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ฒญ์˜ ์†Œ๊ทน์ ์ธ ํ˜‘์กฐ์™€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ง€์ง€๋ถ€์ง„ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋‹ค. OCP ๋„์‹œ ์žฌ๊ฑดํŒ€์˜ ์ˆ˜์žฅ ํด ๋งฅ๋Œ€๊นƒ์€ ๋นˆ๋ฏผ๊ฐ€์ธ ์บ๋”œ๋ฝํ•˜์ด์ธ  ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ‡ด๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋‚ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ €ํ•ญ๊ตฐ์„ ๊พธ๋ ค ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ €ํ•ญํ•œ๋‹ค. ์บ๋”œ๋ฝํ•˜์ด์ธ ์— ์‚ด๋˜ ์ฒœ์žฌ ์†Œ๋…€ ๋‹ˆ์ฝ” ๋˜ํ•œ ์žฌ๊ฑดํŒ€์˜ ํšกํฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์„ ์žƒ๊ณ  ์ €ํ•ญ๊ตฐ์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์น˜์•ˆ ์œ ์ง€์— ํž˜์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋กœ๋ณด์บ…์€ ์ˆœ์ฐฐ ์ค‘ ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ฃผ์น˜๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์ •์  ๋™์š”๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋ณด์บ…์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋˜ OCP ์†Œ์†์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ผ์ €๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋กœ๋ณด์บ…์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์‚ญ์ œํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋กœ๋ณด์บ…์€ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์ธ ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค ๊ฒฝ๊ด€๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ €ํ•ญ๊ตฐ์˜ ์€๊ฑฐ์ง€์ธ ๊ตํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ์ €ํ•ญ๊ตฐ์„ ๋ฐœ๋ณธ์ƒ‰์›ํ•˜๋ ค ์ฐพ์•„์˜จ ๋งฅ๋Œ€๊นƒ์˜ ์žฌ๊ฑดํŒ€๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฃผ์นœ๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋ณด์บ…๊ณผ ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋ง‰์•„์„œ์ž ๋งฅ๋Œ€๊นƒ์€ ๊ฐ€์ฐจ ์—†์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋‚ด์žฌ๋œ ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์›์น™ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— OCP ์†Œ์† ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๋กœ๋ณด์บ…์€ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ ์ €ํ•ญ๊ตฐ์€ ๋„์ฃผ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‚ด๋˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‹ค. ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ๋กœ๋ณด์บ…์„ ์ €ํ•ญ๊ตฐ์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜์‹œํ‚ค์ง€๋งŒ, ๋กœ๋ณด์บ…์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํŒŒ์†๋˜์–ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋ณด์บ…์€ ๋งฅ๋Œ€๊นƒ์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค์˜ ์‚ดํ•ด๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ผ์ €๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  OCP๋ฅผ ๋‚˜์™€ ์ €ํ•ญ๊ตฐ์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋กœ๋ณด์บ…์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์›์น™์„ ์‚ญ์ œํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ํšŒ๋ณต๋œ ๋กœ๋ณด์บ…์€, '์žฌ๊ฑดํŒ€์„ ์žก์•„๋‹ฌ๋ผ'๋Š” ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค์˜ ์œ ์–ธ์„ ๋ฐ›๋“ค์–ด ๋…์ž์ ์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๊ฑดํŒ€ ๋ณธ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ์‚ฌ๋ฅด๊ณ , ์€๊ฑฐํ•ด ์žˆ๋˜ ๋งฅ๋Œ€๊นƒ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งฅ๋Œ€๊นƒ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ €ํ•ญ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋ฐฐ๋ฐ˜์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ €ํ•ญ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป์€ ๋’ค, ๋น„์—ดํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์จ ๋กœ๋ณด์บ…์„ ๋”ฐ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋„์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งฅ๋Œ€๊นƒ์€ ์žฌ๊ฑดํŒ€์„ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ  ์ €ํ•ญ๊ตฐ์˜ ์•„์ง€ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ธ‰์Šตํ•ด ์ €ํ•ญ๊ตฐ ๋ฆฌ๋” ๋ฒ„์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์‚ฌ์‚ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ €๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋„ ํฌ๋กœ๋กœ ์žกํžˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”๋Š” ๊ฐ„์‹ ํžˆ ํƒˆ์ถœ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณง ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”๋Š” OCP ๋ณธ์‚ฌ์— ๊ฐ๊ธˆ๋œ ๋ผ์ €๋Ÿฌ์Šค์™€ ๋งŒ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  OCP์˜ ํšกํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ด‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์†ก์„ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋งฅ๋Œ€๊นƒ์€ ๋””ํŠธ๋กœ์ดํŠธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ฒญ์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ์–ป์–ด ์บ๋”œ๋ฝํ•˜์ด์ธ ๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ง„์••ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๋“ค์€ ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์„œ์žฅ์˜ ์ฃผ๋„ ์•„๋ž˜ ์ง€์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ๋งฅ๋Œ€๊นƒ์€ ๋Œ€์‹  ํŽ‘ํฌ์กฑ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๋“ค์„ ํšŒ์œ ํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ์•„์นจ ๊ฐ•์ œ ์ง„์••์— ๋‚˜์„ ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๋“ค์ด ์ €ํ•ญ๊ตฐ์˜ ํŽธ์— ์„œ๊ณ , ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ต์ „์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์žฌ๊ฑดํŒ€์˜ ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ์˜ ํž˜์— ์ €ํ•ญ๊ตฐ ์ธก์ด ์—ด์„ธ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฌด๋ ต, ๋กœ๋ณด์บ…์€ ๊ฐ€๋„ค๋ฏธ์“ฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์•ˆ๋“œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ '์˜คํ† ๋ชจ'๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋‹จํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ, ์‹ ํ˜• ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์ธ ์ œํŠธ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์บ๋”œ๋ฝํ•˜์ด์ธ ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋ณด์บ…์˜ ํ™œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ฑดํŒ€์˜ ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์ €ํ•ญ๊ตฐ์ด ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘”๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋ณด์บ…์€ ๊ทธ ์งํ›„ OCP ๋ณธ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ€ ๋งฅ๋Œ€๊นƒ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์ฒ˜๋‹จํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์˜คํ† ๋ชจ ๋‘ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์•„์„ ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”์˜ ํ™œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์˜คํ† ๋ชจ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์žํญํ•˜๊ณ , ๋งฅ๋Œ€๊นƒ์€ ๊ทธ ํญ๋ฐœ์— ํœ˜๋ง๋ ค OCP ๋ณธ์‚ฌ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํญ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ €ํ•ญ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ „์Ÿ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•˜๋˜ ๋กœ๋ณด์บ… ์ผํ–‰ ์•ž์— ๊ฐ€๋„ค๋ฏธ์“ฐ์˜ ์˜ค๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋„ค๋ฏธ์“ฐ ์˜ค๋„ˆ๋Š” OCP CEO๋ฅผ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ํ•ด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋””ํŠธ๋กœ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ ๋– ๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์‹œํ•œ ๋’ค ๋กœ๋ณด์บ…์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์˜๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ˆ™์ธ๋‹ค. ์ถœ์—ฐ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ๋ฒ„ํฌ - ์•Œ๋ ‰์Šค ๋จธํ”ผ / ๋กœ๋ณด์บ… ๋‚ธ์‹œ ์•จ๋Ÿฐ - ์•ค ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค ์งˆ ํ—ค๋„ค์‹œ - ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ผ์ €๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋ ˆ๋ฏธ ๋ผ์ด์–ธ - ๋‹ˆ์ฝ” ํ•ผ๋Ÿฌ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฆฝ ํ†ค - CEO ์กด ์บ์Šฌ - ํด ๋งฅ๋Œ€๊นƒ ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ์Šค ๋ก - ์˜คํ† ๋ชจ ์กฐ๋”” ๋กฑ - ๊ฒŒ์ด์ฝ” ํ•ผ๋Ÿฌ๋Ÿฐ ์กด ํฌ์ง€ - ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ํ•ผ๋Ÿฌ๋Ÿฐ ๋งˆ์ฝ” ์ด์™€๋งˆ์“ฐ - ๊ฐ€๋„ค๋ฏธ์“ฐ ํŽ ํ„ด ํŽ˜๋ฆฌ - ๋„๋„๋“œ ์กด์Šจ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ๋„ํ€ด - ์›Œ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ ๋ธŒ๋ž˜๋“ค๋ฆฌ ํœซํผ๋“œ - ์ œํ”„ ํ”Œ๋ ‰ CCH ํŒŒ์šด๋” - ๋ฒ„์‚ฌ ๋Œ€๋‹ˆ์–ผ ๋ณธ๋ฐ”๊ฑด - ๋ชจ๋ ˆ๋…ธ ์Šคํƒ ๋ฆฌ ์•ค๋”์Šจ - ์žญ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ๋ฃจํŠธ - ์ฟค์ธ  ์—๋ฐ” ๋Ÿฌ๋ฃจ ์บ˜๋Ÿฌํ•ธ - ๋ฐ๋น„ ๋”•์Šค S. D. ๋„ค๋ฉ”์Šค - ๋น…์Šค๋น„ ์Šค๋‚˜์ด๋” ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋งˆ์ฐจ๋„ - ์ผ€์ด์‹œ ์›ก ์ œํ”„ ๊ฐˆ๋ฆฐ - ๋„๋„› ์ €ํฌ ๋ฆฌ ์• ๋Ÿฐ๋ฒ„๊ทธ - ํ™€๋“œ์—… ๋งจ ํ•œ๊ตญํŒ ์„ฑ์šฐ์ง„ MBC (1997๋…„ 2์›” 7์ผ) ์‹ ์„ฑํ˜ธ - ๋กœ๋ณด์บ… (๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์กด ๋ฒ„ํฌ) ์„ฑ์œ ์ง„ - ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค (๋‚ธ์‹œ ์•Œ๋ Œ) ํ•œ์ƒํ˜ ๋ฐ•ํƒœํ˜ธ ์ „๊ตญ๊ทผ ํ™์Šน์˜ฅ ์ด์„ฑ ๊ถŒํ˜์ˆ˜ ์ด์ข…์˜ค ์ตœ์ƒ๊ธฐ ์•ˆ์žฅํ˜ ์ตœ์›ํ˜• ๋ฐ•์กฐํ˜ธ ์ „์ˆ˜๋นˆ ๊น€์˜์„  ๊น€ํ˜ธ์„ฑ ๋ฐ•์†Œ๋ผ ์—„ํƒœ๊ตญ ์—„ํ˜„์ • ์œค์„ฑํ˜œ ์ด์ฒ ์šฉ ์ •๋‚จ ์ตœ์„ํ•„ KBS (1999๋…„ 9์›” 18์ผ) ์ด๊ทœํ™” - ๋กœ๋ณด์บ… (๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์กด ๋ฒ„ํฌ) ์ž„์€์ • - ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค (๋‚ธ์‹œ ์•Œ๋ Œ) ๊น€๋ณ‘๊ด€ - ์˜ด๋‹ˆ ์‚ฌ์žฅ (๋ฆฝ ํ†ค) ์„ค์˜๋ฒ” - ๋งฅ๋‹ค๊ฒŸ (์กด ์บ์Šฌ) ์ดํ˜„์„  - ๋ž˜์ž๋Ÿฌ์Šค (์งˆ ํ—ค๋„ค์‹œ) ์ •์˜ฅ์ฃผ - ๋ฒ„ํƒ€ (CCH ํŒŒ์šด๋”) ์œ ๋ฏผ์„ ํƒ์›์ œ ๋ฌธ์˜๋ž˜ ์œ ์ œ์ƒ ๋ฌธ๊ด€์ผ ๊น€์ˆ˜์ค‘ ์˜ค์ธ์„ฑ ์ด์„  ๊น€์˜์ง„ ์ •ํ›ˆ์„ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ณต๋™์ œ์ž‘: ์ œ์ธ ๋ฐ”ํ…”๋ฆ„ ๋ฏธ์ˆ : ํž๋‹ค ์Šคํƒ ์˜์ƒ: ํ•˜ ๋‰ด์—” ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋กœ๋ณด์บ… 1993๋…„ ์˜ํ™” ์˜์–ด ์˜ํ™” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์˜ํ™” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ SF ์•ก์…˜ ์˜ํ™” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์Šˆํผํžˆ์–ด๋กœ ์˜ํ™” ์•ˆ๋“œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ์˜ํ™” ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ํŽ‘ํฌ ์˜ํ™” ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์ ˆ๋‹จ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ๋””ํŠธ๋กœ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์• ํ‹€๋žœํƒ€์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์˜จ ํ”ฝ์ฒ˜์Šค ์˜ํ™”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoboCop%203
RoboCop 3
RoboCop 3 is a 1993 American cyberpunk action film directed by Fred Dekker and written by Dekker and Frank Miller. It is the sequel to the 1990 film RoboCop 2 and the third and final entry in the original RoboCop franchise. It stars Robert Burke, Nancy Allen and Rip Torn. Set in the near future in a dystopian metropolitan Detroit, the plot centers around RoboCop (Burke) as he vows to avenge the death of his partner Anne Lewis (Allen) and save Detroit from falling into chaos, while evil conglomerate OCP, run by its CEO (Torn), advances its program to demolish the city and build a new "Delta City" over the former homes of the residents. It was filmed in Atlanta, Georgia. Most of the buildings seen in the film were slated for demolition to make way for facilities used in the 1996 Summer Olympics, which were held in the city. RoboCop 3 is the first film to use digital morphing in more than one scene. The film was a critical and commercial failure in the US, grossing $47 million worldwide against its $22 million budget, making it the least profitable film of the RoboCop franchise. Two television series, RoboCop and RoboCop: Prime Directives, were released in 1994 and 2001 respectively, while the film series was rebooted with the 2014 remake RoboCop. Plot In a dystopian future, the conglomerate Omni Consumer Products (OCP) have succeeded in their plan from prior films and have acquired the city of Detroit via bankruptcy, but are now struggling with their plans to create the new Delta City. The Delta City dream of the now-deceased OCP CEO lives on with the help of the Japanese Kanemitsu Corporation, which has bought a controlling stake in OCP and is trying to finance the plan. Kanemitsu, CEO of the Kanemitsu Corporation, proceeds with the plans to remove the current citizens in order to create Delta City, but is doubtful about the competence of his new "partners". Due to passive resistance by the DPD toward mass eviction, OCP creates a heavily armed private security force called the Urban Rehabilitators, nicknamed "Rehabs", under the command of Paul McDaggett, to forcibly relocate the evicted citizens such as the residents of the now condemned Cadillac Heights. Nikko Halloran, a young resident of Cadillac Heights skilled with computers, loses her parents in the relocation process. RoboCop and his partner Anne Lewis try to defend civilians from the Rehabs one night, but McDaggett mortally wounds Lewis, who eventually dies. Unable to fight back because of his "Fourth Directive" programming, RoboCop is saved by members of a resistance movement composed of Nikko and residents from Cadillac Heights and he eventually joins them. Because he was severely damaged during the shoot-out, RoboCop's systems efficiency plummets, and he asks the resistance to summon Dr. Lazarus, one of the scientists who created him. Upon arrival, she begins to treat him, deleting the Fourth Directive in the process. During an earlier raid on an armory, the resistance picked up a jet-pack prototype, originally intended for RoboCop's use, which Lazarus modifies and upgrades to hold RoboCop. After recovering from his injuries, RoboCop conducts a one-man campaign against the Rehabs and OCP. He finds McDaggett and attempts to subdue him. However, McDaggett successfully escapes and obtains information from a disgruntled resistance member on the location of the resistance fighters' base. The CEO of Kanemitsu has developed his own ninja androids called "Otomo" and sends one to assist McDaggett against the resistance of anti-OCP militia forces. The Rehabs attack and most of the resistance members are either killed or imprisoned. When RoboCop returns to the rebel base to find it abandoned, an Otomo unit arrives and attacks him. RoboCop experiences another power drain and his left arm and his auto gun is destroyed, but eventually he successfully overcomes his opponent with his arm-mounted gun. Nikko infiltrates the OCP building and assists a captured Lazarus in broadcasting an improvised video, revealing OCP as responsible for the city's high crime rates and incriminating them for removing and killing the Cadillac Heights residents. The broadcast causes OCP's stock to plunge, financially ruining the company. Meanwhile, McDaggett decides to execute an all-out strike against Cadillac Heights with the help of the Detroit police, but the police officers, enraged at the company's callous ways, refuse to comply and instead defect to the resistance, escalating the rebellion against OCP into a full-scale war. As a result, McDaggett turns to hiring street gangs and hooligans to assist with his plans. Having heard Lazarus' broadcast, RoboCop provides aerial support for the entrenched resistance forces. He then proceeds to the OCP building and confronts the waiting McDaggett. RoboCop is then attacked, and nearly defeated, by two Otomo robots. Nikko and Lazarus succeed in reprogramming them using a wireless link from a laptop computer, having them attack each other. The Otomos' self-destruct system activates, forcing RoboCop to flee with Nikko and Lazarus. The flaming discharge from the jetpack immobilizes McDaggett, leaving him to perish in the blast. As Old Detroit is being cleaned up, Kanemitsu arrives and finally comes face to face with RoboCop along with his group, while his translator tells the OCP president on Kanemitsu's behalf that he is fired, as the corporation shuts down OCP for good and plans to leave Detroit. Kanemitsu then bows to RoboCop and the group in respect. The CEO compliments RoboCop and asks for his name, to which he responds with, "My friends call me Murphy. You call me RoboCop." Cast Production Development and writing Orion Pictures greenlit two more RoboCop films in June 1990, shortly before the release of RoboCop 2. The film was directed by Fred Dekker, a director primarily known for cult horror films (Night of the Creeps, The Monster Squad). Comic author Frank Miller, who co-wrote RoboCop 2, returned to write the screenplay for the film. Still optimistic that he could make an impression in Hollywood, Miller hoped that some of his ideas excised from RoboCop 2 would make it into RoboCop 3. Major themes of the plot were taken from Miller's original (rejected) draft of RoboCop 2. Disillusioned after finding that his work was even more drastically altered, Miller left Hollywood, until the 2005 adaptation of his work Sin City. โ€œ[Working on RoboCop 2 and 3] I learned the same lesson,โ€ Miller said in 2005. โ€œDonโ€™t be the writer. The directorโ€™s got the power. The screenplay is a fire hydrant, and thereโ€™s a row of dogs around the block waiting for it." Miller's original screenplay for RoboCop 2, and source for major ideas in RoboCop 3, was later turned into a nine-part comic book series called Frank Miller's RoboCop. Boom Studios released an eight-part comic book series Robocop: The Last Stand which is based on Miller's original RoboCop 3 screenplay. Casting The star of the previous films, Peter Weller, did not reprise the role of RoboCop, as he was starring in Naked Lunch. The news of Wellerโ€™s retirement from the role in September 1990 led to rumors that the film would be cancelled, which producer Patrick Crowley quickly denied. Robert John Burke signed to play the cyborg character instead. The RoboCop suit Burke wore in the movie was originally built for RoboCop 2 (1990). Burke often complained that wearing it was painful after a short time. Recognizing that RoboCop's fan base consisted primarily of children, Orion Pictures cut down on the graphic violence that was seen as the defining characteristic of the first two films. Production RoboCop 3 was originally scheduled to begin principal photography on December 3, 1990, but was later postponed until February 4, 1991. Filming took place primarily in Atlanta with shooting at Auburn Avenue, Georgia Avenue Church, Allied Cotton Mills, and Old Alabama Street. The production took 14 weeks and concluded in May 1991. Initially scheduled for release in the summer of 1992, RoboCopย 3 would languish on the shelf until the following year, as Orion Pictures went through bankruptcy and was bought out. Since Columbia TriStar Entertainment owned the international distribution rights to film, a completed workprint was theatrically released in Japan, South Korea, and the Philippines during that time. After the buyout, Orion Pictures announced that it would finally release the film on July 16, 1993, but had to postpone the release again because it could not find enough distributors for a theatrical wide release. After this delay, pirated copies of the film started getting illegally sold on VHS in New York City in the summer of 1993. The film finally opened at the Charleston International Film Festival on November 4, 1993. Because of release delays, its tie-in video game was released prior to the film, and thus revealed the film's plot beforehand. Music After RoboCop 2s score which was composed by Leonard Rosenman, the original RoboCop composer Basil Poledouris returned to compose the score, and brought back many of the themes from the original film. Reception Box office RoboCopย 3 opened at number one in Japan, grossing 147,695,744 yen ($1.3 million) in its opening week from 17 screens, and went on to gross over $10 million there. It also opened at number one in France, with a gross of 9.6 million French franc ($1.7 million) from 317 screens. In the US, it grossed $4.3 million in its opening weekend from 1,796 theaters, placing third, ending its run with $10.6 million in the United States and Canada. Internationally, it grossed $36.3 million for a worldwide gross of $47 million, against an estimated $22 million production budget. Critical response The film received negative reviews from critics, and is often considered to be the worst entry of the series. Rotten Tomatoes gives RoboCop 3 a score of 9% based on 33 reviews, with an average score of 3.30/10. The website's critical consensus states: "This asinine sequel should be placed under arrest." Metacritic rates it 40 out of 100 based on 15 critic reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Richard Harrington from The Washington Post said the movie is "hardly riveting and often it's downright silly. The sets and effects betray their downsized budget." Chicago Sun Times critic Roger Ebert gave the film one and a half stars, disputing the characters' longevity. "Why do they persist in making these retreads? Because RoboCop is a brand name, I guess, and this is this year's new model. It's an old tradition in Detroit to take an old design and slap on some fresh chrome." To Ebert's amusement, Gene Siskel's thumbs-down review on their TV show suggested that producers should consider making a movie with an evil RoboCop, or even a movie where RoboCop was female. David Nusair from Reel Film Reviews gave the film two and a half stars, stating: "The best one could hope for is a movie that's not an ordeal to sit through, and on that level, RoboCop 3 certainly excels. When placed side-by-side with the original, the film doesn't quite hold up. But, at the very least, RoboCop 3 works as a popcorn movieโ€”something part two couldn't even manage." Other points of criticism in this movie include curtailing the graphic violence of the first two films (deliberately done in order to be more family-friendly), less dark humor and the absence of Peter Weller in the title role. References External links 1990s dystopian films 1990s science fiction action films 1990s superhero films 1993 films 1993 independent films American films with live action and animation American films about revenge American independent films American science fiction action films American sequel films American superhero films Android (robot) films Cyberpunk films Cyborg films 1990s English-language films Fictional portrayals of the Detroit Police Department Films about amputees Films adapted into comics Films directed by Fred Dekker Films scored by Basil Poledouris Films set in Detroit Films set in the future Films shot in Atlanta Films with screenplays by Frank Miller (comics) Japan in non-Japanese culture Orion Pictures films RoboCop (franchise) Techno-thriller films 1990s American films
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%ED%85%94%20%EB%AD%84%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4
ํ˜ธํ…” ๋ญ„๋ฐ”์ด
ใ€Šํ˜ธํ…” ๋ญ„๋ฐ”์ดใ€‹()๋Š” 2018๋…„ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ•œ ์•ก์…˜ ์Šค๋ฆด๋Ÿฌ ์˜ํ™”๋กœ, ์•ˆ์†Œ๋‹ˆ ๋งˆ๋ผ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๋…์„ ๋งก์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋งˆ๋ผ์Šค์™€ ์กด ์ฝœ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™ ๊ฐ๋ณธ์„ ์ผ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋„, ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•ฉ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์ด ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ์ธ๋„ ํƒ€์ง€๋งˆํ•  ํ˜ธํ…”์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ 2008๋…„ ๋ญ„๋ฐ”์ด ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ 2009๋…„ ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ใ€Š์„œ๋ฐ”์ด๋ฒŒ ๋ญ„๋ฐ”์ดใ€‹์—์„œ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์˜ํ™”์—๋Š” ๋ฐ๋ธŒ ํŒŒํ…”, ์•„๋ฏธ ํ•ด๋จธ, ๋‚˜์ž๋‹Œ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ์•„๋””, ์•„๋ˆ„ํŒœ ์ผ€๋ฅด, ํ‹ธ๋‹ค ์ฝ”๋ฒ”ํ—ˆ๋น„, ์ œ์ด์Šจ ์•„์ด์ž‘์Šค, ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ผ ๋‚˜์•ผ๋ฅด, ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ์‹œ ๋ณด์Šฌ๋ ˆ, ๋‚˜ํƒ€์ƒค ๋ฅ˜ ๋ณด๋ฅด๋””์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์˜ํ™”๋Š” 2018๋…„ 9์›” 7์ผ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๊ตญ์ œ ์˜ํ™”์ œ์—์„œ ์ดˆ์—ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2018๋…„ 10์›” 10์ผ ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ์˜ํ™”์ œ์—์„œ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ดˆ์—ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์˜ํ™”๋Š” 2019๋…„ 3์›” 14์ผ๊ณผ 22์ผ์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 2019๋…„ 11์›” 29์ผ์— ์ธ๋„์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 2008๋…„ 11์›” 26์ผ, ์›จ์ดํ„ฐ ์•„๋ฅด์ค€์ด ์ธ๋„ ๋ญ„๋ฐ”์ด์˜ ํƒ€์ง€๋งˆํ•  ํ˜ธํ…”์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ์žฅ ํ—ค๋งŒํŠธ ์˜ค๋ฒ ๋กœ์ด์˜ ์•ˆ๋‚ด๋กœ ์ถœ๊ทผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋‚  ๋‚ด๋นˆ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด๋ž€๊ณ„ ์˜๊ตญ์ธ ์ƒ์†๋…€ ์ž๋ผ ์นด์ƒค๋‹ˆ์™€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋‚จํŽธ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„๋“ค ์บ๋จธ๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ์œ ๋ชจ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ๋‚˜์ธ  ๊ณต์ž‘์› ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋‚  ๋ฐค, "๋” ๋ถˆ"์˜ ์ง€ํœ˜ํ•˜์— ๋ผ์Šˆ์นด๋ ˆ ํƒ€์ด๋ฐ” ์กฐ์ง์˜ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์€ ํ˜ธํ…”์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ญ„๋ฐ”์ด ์ „์—ญ์˜ 12๊ฐœ ์ง€์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ๋™ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์ง€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‰ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง€์›๊ตฐ์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด์ง„ ํ˜ผ๋ž€ ์†์—์„œ, ์ƒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์บ๋จธ๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ˜ธํ…” ๋ฐฉ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ, ์•„๋ฅด์ค€, ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ, ์žํ๋ผ, ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†๋‹˜๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ˜ธํ…” ๋ ˆ์Šคํ† ๋ž‘์— ๊ฐ‡ํžŒ๋‹ค. ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋„๋ง์นœ ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ํ˜ธํ…” ๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ , ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ํ›„ ๋– ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์บ๋จธ๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์˜ท์žฅ์— ์ˆจ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•œ ๋งŒ๋‚จ์„ ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ๋Š” ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์„ ๋ชฐ๋ž˜ ์ง€๋‚˜์ณ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์บ๋จธ๋Ÿฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์•„๋ฅด์ค€์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†๋‹˜๋“ค์„ ํ˜ธํ…” ๋‚ด์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๋…์  ํด๋Ÿฝ์ธ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„์Šค ๋ผ์šด์ง€๋กœ ํ˜ธ์†กํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ, ์ƒ๋ฆฌ, ์บ๋จธ๋Ÿฐ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์žฌ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์บ๋จธ๋Ÿฐ์€ ๋ฒฝ์žฅ ์•ˆ์— ๊ฐ‡ํ˜€์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ๋Š” ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ™์žกํžˆ๊ณ  ๋ฌถ์ธ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€ DC ๋ฐค๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋Š” ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ณด์•ˆ์‹ค์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ˜ธํ…”๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์•„๋ฅด์ค€์€ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์ž…์€ ์†๋‹˜์„ ๋ณ‘์›์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ธ์†กํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฃผ์น˜์ž ๊ณตํฌ์— ์งˆ๋ ค ๋„๋ง์น˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ดํ•ด๋œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅด์ค€์€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€๋“ค์„ ๊ฒฝ๋น„์‹ค๋กœ ํ˜ธ์†กํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„์Šค ๋ผ์šด์ง€์— ์นจ์ž…ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐค์€ ์•„๋ฅด์ค€์ด ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ นํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ž€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋‹ค์น˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฒ ๋กœ์ด์˜ ์ถฉ๊ณ ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด, ์žํ๋ผ์™€ ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†๋‹˜๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํƒˆ์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ผ์šด์ง€๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์žํ๋ผ์™€ ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์œ—๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ถ™์žกํ˜€ ์ธ์งˆ๋กœ ์žกํžˆ๊ณ , ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ํƒˆ์ถœ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์‚ดํ•ด๋œ๋‹ค. ์ธ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋˜ ์ž„๋ž€์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ฝ์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์ด ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅํ•ด ๋ญ„๋ฐ”์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐํžŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋” ๋ถˆ์ด ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ˆ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•„์ง ๊ทธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ˆ๋„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ NSG๊ฐ€ ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ๋ถˆ์€ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜ธํ…”์„ ๋ถˆํƒœ์šฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ นํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์€ ์ธ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž„๋ž€์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ณ , ๋” ๋ถˆ์€ ์ž„๋ž€์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ นํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž„๋ž€์€ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ์™€ ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ๊ต์˜ ๊ธฐ๋„๋ฌธ์„ ์•”์†กํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ์žํ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ด๋ ค์ฃผ๊ณ , ์žํ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ชธ์„ ํ’€๊ณ  ํƒˆ์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅด์ค€์€ ์˜ค๋ฒ ๋กœ์ด์™€ ์žฌํšŒํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚จ์€ ์†๋‹˜๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€ํ”ผ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์บ๋จธ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚œ๋‹ค. NSG๋Š” ๋‚จ์€ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ , ์žํ๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์บ๋จธ๋Ÿฐ๊ณผ ์žฌํšŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ณต์ค‘ ์ž‘์—… ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ”ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธํ…”์ด ํ™•๋ณด๋œ ํ›„ ์•„๋ฅด์ค€์€ ์•„๋‚ด์™€ ๋”ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋Œ€๋ณธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜ธํ…”์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ง€ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ๋งŒ์— ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์žฅ๋ฉด์€ ์ง์›๋“ค๊ณผ ์†๋‹˜๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๋ชจ์™€ ํ˜ธํ…”์˜ ์„ฑ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ๊ฐœ์žฅ ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ถœ์—ฐ ์ฃผ์—ฐ ๋ฐ๋ธŒ ํŒŒํ…” - ์•„๋ฅด์ค€ ์—ญ ์•„๋ฏธ ํ•ด๋จธ - ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ์—ญ ๋‚˜์ž๋‹Œ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ์•„๋”” - ์žํ๋ผ ์—ญ ์•„๋ˆ„ํŒœ ์ผ€๋ฅด - ํ—ค๋งŒํŠธ ์˜ค๋ฒ ๋กœ์ด ์—ญ ์ œ์ด์Šจ ์•„์ด์ž‘์Šค - ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋ฆฌ ์—ญ ์กฐ์—ฐ ํ‹ธ๋‹ค ์ฝ”๋ฒ”ํ—ˆ๋น„ - ์ƒ๋ฆฌ ์—ญ ๋‚˜ํƒ€์ƒค ๋ฆฌ์šฐ ๋ณด๋ฅด๋””์ดˆ - ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ ์—ญ ์•ต๊ฑฐ์Šค ๋งฅ๋ผ๋ Œ - ์—๋”” ์—ญ ๊ณ ๋ผ๋ธŒ ํŒŒ์Šค์™ˆ๋ผ - ์‚ฐ์ œ์ด ์—ญ ๋น„ํ•€ ์ƒค๋ฅด๋งˆ - ๋”œ๋ฆฝ ์—ญ ์•Œ๋ ‰์Šค ํ•€๋” - ๋ฒ„ํ‹€๋Ÿฌ ์ž๋ชฌ ์—ญ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ผ์ธ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ: ๋ฐ”๋ฐ”๋ผ ๊น์Šค ๋ฏธ์ˆ : ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ์กด์Šค-์—๋ฐ˜์Šค ์„ธํŠธ: ๋‹ˆํ‚ค ๊ฐ€๋””๋„ˆ ์˜์ƒ: ์• ๋„ˆ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ์‹œ ๋ฐฐ์—ญ: ๋ ˆ์ด ํ”ฝํฌ๋“œ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ 2016๋…„ 5์›” ์™€์ธ์Šคํ‹ด ์ปดํผ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰๊ถŒ์„ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 2018๋…„ 4์›” ์™€์ธ์Šคํ‹ด ์ปดํผ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 8์›”, ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ปค ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ์™€ ์‰ฌ๋ธŒํ•œ์Šค ํ”ฝ์ฒ˜์Šค๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰๊ถŒ์„ ์ทจ๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์˜ํ™”๋Š” 2018๋…„ 9์›” 7์ผ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๊ตญ์ œ ์˜ํ™”์ œ์—์„œ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ƒ์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 3์›” 14์ผ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ์•„์ด์ฝ˜ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทน์žฅ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 9์›” ์Šค์นด์ด ์‹œ๋„ค๋งˆ์™€ ๋‚˜์šฐ TV๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜๊ตญ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์นด์ด ์‹œ๋„ค๋งˆ๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ "์Šค์นด์ด ์‹œ๋„ค๋งˆ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„"๋กœ ํ™๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์˜ํ™”๋Š” 2019๋…„ 3์›” 15์ผ ํฌ๋ผ์ด์ŠคํŠธ์ฒ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ์Šคํฌ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋‚œ์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์˜ํ™”๊ด€์—์„œ ์ƒ์˜์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค๋Š” ์ด ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ธ๋„์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„์™€ ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰ํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค๋Š” ์ดํ›„ ์ธ๋„ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰์‚ฌ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ํ™€๋”ฉ์Šค์™€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์˜ํ™”๋Š” 2019๋…„ 11์›” 29์ผ ์ธ๋„์—์„œ ์ง€ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์™€ ํผํผ์Šค ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ทน์žฅ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 10์›” 23์ผ, ํžŒ๋””์–ด๋กœ ๋œ ๊ณต์‹ ์˜ˆ๊ณ ํŽธ์ด ์ง€ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ฐ•์Šค ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค ใ€Šํ˜ธํ…” ๋ญ„๋ฐ”์ดใ€‹๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ 970๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ 1,150๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ด ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ค ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด 2,120๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์–ด๋“ค์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์˜ํ™”๋Š” 3์›” 22์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ 4๊ฐœ ๊ทน์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 3์›” 29์ผ 924๊ฐœ ๊ทน์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์–ด ๊ทธ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฃผ๋ง์— 310๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 2018๋…„ ์˜ํ™” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์•ก์…˜ ์Šค๋ฆด๋Ÿฌ ์˜ํ™” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์•ก์…˜ ์Šค๋ฆด๋Ÿฌ ์˜ํ™” ์ธ๋„์˜ ์•ก์…˜ ์Šค๋ฆด๋Ÿฌ ์˜ํ™” ์‹คํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ์˜ํ™” ์‹คํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์Šค๋ฆด๋Ÿฌ ์˜ํ™” ์‹คํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์˜ํ™” ์‹คํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์•ก์…˜ ์˜ํ™” ๋ญ„๋ฐ”์ด์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ๋ญ„๋ฐ”์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ํ˜ธํ…”์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” 2008๋…„์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel%20Mumbai
Hotel Mumbai
Hotel Mumbai is a 2018 action thriller film directed by Anthony Maras and co-written by Maras and John Collee. An Indian-Australian-American co-production, it is inspired by the 2009 documentary Surviving Mumbai about the 2008 Mumbai attacks at the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel in India. The film stars Dev Patel, Armie Hammer, Nazanin Boniadi, Anupam Kher, Tilda Cobham-Hervey, Jason Isaacs, Suhail Nayyar, Nagesh Bhosle, and Natasha Liu Bordizzo. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on 7 September 2018, and had its Australian premiere at the Adelaide Film Festival on 10 October 2018. The film was released in Australia and the United States on 14 and 22 March 2019, respectively, and in India on 29 November 2019. Plot On 26 November 2008, waiter Arjun reports for work at the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel in Mumbai, India, under head chef Hemant Oberoi. The day's guests include British-Iranian heiress Zahra Kashani and her American husband David, with their infant son Cameron and his nanny Sally, as well as ex-Spetznaz operative Vasili. That night, terrorists from the Lashkar-e-Taiba organization, under the command of "the Bull", launch a coordinated assault against 12 locations across Mumbai, including the hotel. As the local police are not properly trained or equipped to handle the attack, they are forced to wait for reinforcements from New Delhi. In the ensuing chaos, Arjun, David, Zahra and Vasili are trapped in the hotel restaurant with several other guests while Sally remains with Cameron in their hotel room. A woman fleeing from the terrorists enters the hotel room, and Sally hides with Cameron in a closet as the terrorists shoot the woman and then leave. Hearing of Sally's close encounter, David manages to sneak past the terrorists and successfully reach Sally and Cameron. Meanwhile, Arjun escorts the other guests to the Chambers Lounge, an exclusive club hidden within the hotel, where they hope to remain safe. David, Sally and Cameron attempt to regroup with the others, but David is captured and bound by the terrorists while Sally and Cameron are trapped inside a closet. Meanwhile, police officer DC Vam and his partner enter the hotel in the hopes of reaching the security room so they can track the terrorists' movements. Inside, Arjun attempts to escort a mortally wounded guest to a hospital, but upon encountering the officers, she panics and flees before being killed by a terrorist. Arjun escorts the officers to the security room where they discover the terrorists about to break into the Chambers Lounge. Vam orders Arjun to stay as he goes to attack the terrorists, successfully wounding one named Imran. Against Oberoi's advice, Zahra and Vasili, along with several other guests, decide to leave the lounge to escape, but Zahra and Vasili are caught and taken hostage along with David, while the others are killed in their attempt to escape. While guarding the hostages, Imran contacts his family members, and reveals that the terrorists left to attack Mumbai under the guise of military training. He also discovers that while the Bull had promised to pay the families of the terrorists, they have yet to receive any money from him. Eventually, the NSG arrive, and the Bull orders the terrorists to burn the hotel down. The terrorists leave Imran to guard the hostages, and the Bull orders Imran to kill them. Imran shoots both David and Vasili, but spares Zahra when she begins reciting a Muslim prayer, allowing her to untie herself and escape. Arjun regroups with Oberoi and evacuates the remaining guests, encountering Sally and Cameron in the process. The NSG kill the remaining terrorists, and Zahra is evacuated by an aerial work platform before reuniting with Sally and Cameron. After the hotel is secured, Arjun returns home to his wife and daughter. A closing script reveals that those responsible for the attack remain free to this day, but the hotel was repaired and parts reopened within months of the event. The final scenes show a memorial to the staff and guests, and footage of the grand reopening of the hotel. Cast Production Casting On 11 February 2016, it was announced that Dev Patel and Armie Hammer had been cast in the film, along with actors Nazanin Boniadi, Teresa Palmer, and Suhail Nayyar, while Nikolaj Coster-Waldau and Anupam Kher were in negotiations; Palmer and Coster-Waldau ultimately were not involved. John Collee and Anthony Maras wrote the screenplay, which Maras directed, while Basil Iwanyk produced the film through Thunder Road Pictures along with Jomon Thomas from Xeitgeist, Arclight Films' Gary Hamilton and Mike Gabrawy, Electric Pictures' Andrew Ogilvie, and Julie Ryan. In June, Tilda Cobham-Hervey joined the cast after Teresa Palmer pulled out early into her second pregnancy, and in August, Jason Isaacs was cast. On 7 September 2016, Natasha Liu Bordizzo joined the film to play Bree, a tourist caught in the attack. Filming In August 2016, principal photography on the film began in the Adelaide Film studios, run by the South Australian Film Corporation. Filming continued in India in early 2017. Release In May 2016, the Weinstein Company acquired US and UK distribution rights to the film. However, in April 2018, it was announced that the Weinstein Company would no longer distribute the film. In August 2018, Bleecker Street and ShivHans Pictures acquired US distribution rights to the film. The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on 7 September 2018. It was theatrically released in Australia on 14 March 2019, by Icon Film Distribution, and the United States on 22 March 2019. It was scheduled for a United Kingdom release in September 2019, by Sky Cinema and NowTV. Sky Cinema promoting it as a "Sky Cinema Original" in the United Kingdom. The movie was pulled from cinemas in New Zealand due to the Christchurch mosque shootings on 15 March 2019, with showings suspended until 28 March. Netflix was set to distribute the film in India and other South and Southeast Asian territories. However, Netflix later dropped the film, after a contractual dispute arose with Indian distributor Plus Holdings. The film was scheduled to be released theatrically in India on 29 November 2019 by Zee Studios and Purpose Entertainment. An official trailer of the film in Hindi was released by Zee Studios on 23 October 2019. Reception Box office Hotel Mumbai has grossed $9.7ย million in the United States and Canada, and $11.5ย million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $21.2ย million. The film opened in four theaters in the US, on 22 March, and expanded to 924 on 29 March, grossing $3.1ย million in that second weekend. Critical response Rex Reed of The New York Observer wrote: "There isn't a single wasted frame in this movie, which is both richly detailed and economically direct in its emotional impact-all the more astounding for a first feature film. Without exception, everyone is exemplary. The dialogue is delivered in nine languages, giving the film an even more compelling feeling of authenticity. The adrenaline flows immediately. Intense, hair-raising and deeply humane, Hotel Mumbai is a gripping, suspenseful achievement that overwhelms. You leave sated, with the rare feeling of having learned something about history and knowing you've been to one hell of a movie." Katie Goh of The Guardian wrote: "Patel is subdued yet excellent in Anthony Maras's white knuckle retelling of the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks.ย ... For all its subplots, Maras keeps a tight leash on the film's narrative strands as we watch characters move in and out of each other's stories. Hotel Mumbai is an excellent, white-knuckle thriller โ€“ and an unlikely crowdpleaser." Malina Saval of Variety wrote: "The cinematic result is a film that is as visually breathtaking as it is emotionally electrifying, an edge-of-your-seat study on the effects of tragedy and violence on a group of strangers banding together in a fight to survive the unthinkable." Scott Menzel of We Live Entertainment wrote: "Hotel Mumbai is one of the year's best films as well as one of the most underrated and overlooked films to come out of the Toronto International Film Festival this year. Director Anthony Maras has created one of the most terrifying films that I have ever seen in my life. All of the actors and actresses involved as they did such an exceptional job. Hotel Mumbai is a near-perfect masterpiece." Sujeet Rajan of the News India Times wrote: "Hotel Mumbai is undoubtedly the best foreign film ever made in India. Popular films by foreign and foreign-based Indian-origin directors, like Danny Boyle's 'Slumdog Millionaire' and Mira Nair's 'Salaam Bombay' showed the poverty and underbelly of the financial capital of India, but in terms of sheer production excellence, character realization and gripping story-telling, Hotel Mumbai stands head and shoulders above anything else canvassing India over the years." Jordan Mintzer of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "Maras does an excellent job on such an ambitious first feature, covering every corner of the hotel and making each gunshot or explosion feel like the real thing. The level of verisimilitude is so high that when Maras cuts in actual documentary footage, it's hard to tell it apart from the fiction. As close to reality as a movie can be." Anne Cohen of Refinery29 wrote: "Anthony Maras' harrowing feature debut depicting the 2008 Mumbai attacks transcends those tired tropes to deliver one of most breathlessly stressful, emotional and insightful depictions of terrorism and its victims I've ever seen." Jeff Sneider of Collider wrote: "Australian filmmaker Anthony Maras announces himself as a major director to watch with his feature debut Hotel Mumbai. It's a true ensemble piece, with a standout performance from Bollywood legend Anupam Kher, who registers strongest as the hotel's Chef and de facto leader of the hostages." Andy Howell of Film Threat wrote: "The drama is white-knuckle intense and unrelenting. I'm astounded that this is director Anthony Maras' first feature length film. He's a master of building tension through a combination of building up characters that we care about and putting them in horrific jeopardy. No amount of words that can convey the sense of the film, because it is such a gutpunch of emotion. Experiencing it was so intense that I just couldn't get into the next movie I was scheduled to see. I had to process Hotel Mumbai. After the screening, much of the cast felt the same, as they had just seen it for the first time. Dev Patel struggled to answer a very basic question and apologized because he was at a loss for words after that incredibly emotional experience." Peter Debruge of Variety magazine wrote: "As debut features go, it's a formidable achievement, delivering on the promise shown by Maras' harrowing 2011 short 'The Palace,' which earned him two Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards. 'Hotel Mumbai' doesn't subscribe to traditional notions of heroism, providing no one even remotely action star-like to stand up to the gunmen. The puny local police squad appear clumsy and completely out of their depth, posing little threat to the terrorists. It took Indian Special Forces many hours to arrive on the scene, during which time, hotel guests and staff were repeatedly forced to decide between the most immediate impulse for survival (several employees take the opportunity to protect themselves and go home) and the far more selfless choice of risking their lives in hopes of saving others. Whatever else it may offer to audiences โ€” vicarious thrills, emotional catharsis โ€” 'Hotel Mumbai' serves as a testament to those remarkable individuals." He went on to write, "Sitting through the harrowing events again nearly a decade later could hardly be described as entertainment, and the film plays to many of the same unseemly impulses that make disaster movies so compelling, exploiting the tragedy of the situation for spectacle's sake." Matt Donnelly of TheWrap wrote: "Maras is confident and unflinching in this portrait of the 'mindless' terror, as one news report played in the film said. He is also masterful in delivering a range of emotions (including laughs, mostly thanks to an icy playboy portrayed by Jason Isaacs) and other small rewards for viewers stepping up for this real-life nightmare." David Ehrlich of IndieWire wrote: "Dev Patel and Armie Hammer star in a lucid, humane, and almost unwatchably harrowing drama about the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks." Kelle Long of the Motion Picture Association wrote: "There is not a weak performance among the ensemble cast. Director Anthony Maras gave himself the impossible task of leaving the audience uplifted under these horrific circumstances. He does this not by letting up on the agonizing details, but instead by filling the characters with bravery and dignity. There are moments of fear and distrust, but they are resolved with compassion and understanding. The extraordinary efforts they make to stay together and keep one another alive are incredible." At the Toronto International Film Festival World Premiere, Patrick Frater of Variety wrote: "Ripples of applause broke out and then choked as the end credits rolled. Patrons of the Princess of Wales Theater greeted cast and crew on stage with a real sense of gratitude and anticipation. 'Slumdog Millionaire' star Dev Patel praised the film's grit. 'It didn't pull any punches', he said. 'It is an anthem of resistance.' That drew a roar of cheers, only to be topped by Maras' introduction of the real-life Chef Oberoi, who according to the film, did the most to maintain calm while the Indian authorities figured out what was going on inside the besieged Taj." Keith Whittier of Ottawa Life Magazine wrote: "The most powerful film at the festival at this point. The retelling of the attacks on Mumbai is raw, realistic and extremely effective. I felt numb after seeing this film and was especially touched when I spoke with someone in the audience who said she was in Mumbai during the attacks and for the people there, it was there 9/11. Grade: A". Joseph McQuade and Emily DeLuc of The Conversation wrote: "Few films actually take the viewer inside the experience of terror plots as they happen; this is where Hotel Mumbai ushers in a new complex path with audiences. This film paints with such gritty and meticulous attention to detail, Hotel Mumbai is ultimately not about violence as an act that is carried out upon passive victims. Instead, it is about the resistance, resilience and quiet heroism of people confronted by chaotic scenarios filled with impossible chronicles." Dwight Brown wrote: "Edgy, nerve-wracking and nightmarish from beginning to end. Yet, surprisingly encouraging too. A brilliant script by John Collee and Anthony Maras with genius direction by Maras turns a true-life tragedy into a beacon of hope." Kayleigh Donaldson from Pajiba wrote: "A tightly constructed piece of film-making that's truly human and avoids tired Hollywood pitfallsย ... For such a large ensemble that has so many strings of plots to tie together, Maras is remarkably skilled at keeping everything tightly constructed. The story switches from character to character and that almost unbearable tension is sustained throughout. There is no lingering where it is not necessary, no needlessly overwrought exposition." Alyssa Ayers, a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations and who served as US deputy assistant secretary of state for South Asia, wrote in Time magazine: "The film portrays the humanity of heroism. But it also delivers a message: more than a decade on, justice for this brazen attack remains denied. The terrorist group responsible has remained at large in Pakistan. At a time when Pakistan-based terrorism has once again escalated tensions between India and Pakistan, this message could not be more timely. Hotel Mumbai brings this story - common knowledge in India, but little known in the United States - to vivid life." On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Its depiction of real-life horror will strike some as exploitative, but Hotel Mumbai remains a well-made dramatization of tragic events." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 62 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by PostTrak gave the film an overall positive score of 77% and a 50% "definite recommend". Accolades See also The Attacks of 26/11 References External links 2018 films 2018 action thriller films American action thriller films Australian action thriller films Indian action thriller films Action films based on actual events Thriller films based on actual events Films about jihadism Films based on the 2008 Mumbai attacks Films directed by Anthony Maras Films shot in Adelaide Films shot in Mumbai Films set in hotels Films with screenplays by John Collee Films set in the 2000s Films set in 2008 Thunder Road Films films Islamic terrorism in fiction Icon Productions films English-language Indian films Indian films based on actual events 2010s American films
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%93%9C%20V%20%ED%8E%98%EB%9D%BC%EB%A6%AC
ํฌ๋“œ V ํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฆฌ
ใ€Šํฌ๋“œ V ํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฆฌใ€‹()๋Š” ์ œ์ž„์Šค ๋งจ๊ณจ๋“œ ๊ฐ๋…์˜ 2019๋…„ ์•ก์…˜, ์ „๊ธฐ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์˜ํ™”์ด๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค์ฐฌ ๋ฒ ์ผ, ๋งท ๋ฐ์ด๋จผ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ถœ์—ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. 2019 ํ…”๋ฅ˜๋ผ์ด๋“œ ์˜ํ™”์ œ์—์„œ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ƒ์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 11์›” 15์ผ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ํญ์Šค ๋ฐฐ๋„ˆ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์›”ํŠธ ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค ๋ชจ์…˜ ํ”ฝ์ฒ˜์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ด‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 1963๋…„ ํฌ๋“œ์ž๋™์ฐจ์˜ ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด์•„์ฝ”์นด ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์žฅ์€ ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ํฌ๋“œ 2์„ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฅด๋ง 24์‹œ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ ํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ•ด ์ž๋™์ฐจ ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ์ž๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์œ ์ž ์—”์ดˆ ํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํฌ๋“œ์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์‹ฑ ํŒ€์ธ ์Šค์ฟ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”ผ์•„ํŠธ์™€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํฌ๋“œ II์™€ ํฌ๋“œ ๋ชจํ„ฐ ์ปดํผ๋‹ˆ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์š•ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋“œ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด์‹ฑ ๋ถ€์„œ์— ๋ฅด๋ง์—์„œ ํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์น  ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ นํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„์ด์•„์ฝ”์นด๋Š” 1959๋…„ ๋ฅด๋ง์—์„œ ์šฐ์Šนํ•œ ์€ํ‡ดํ•œ ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ„์ธ ์…ธ๋น„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ์†Œ์œ ์ฃผ ์บ๋กค ์…ธ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…ธ๋น„๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์˜๊ตญ ๋ ˆ์ด์„œ์ด์ž ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด์ธ ๊ทธ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ ์ผ„ ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…ธ๋น„์™€ ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค๋Š” ๋กœ์Šค์•ค์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ตญ์ œ๊ณตํ•ญ์—์„œ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ํฌ๋“œ GT40 Mk I ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํฌ๋“œ ๋ฌด์Šคํƒ• ์ถœ์‹œ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค๋Š” ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค์˜ ์•„๋“ค ํ”ผํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ์ด‰๋ฐœ์‹œํ‚จ ํฌ๋“œ ์ˆ˜์„ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์žฅ ๋ ˆ์˜ค ๋น„๋ธŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๋“ค๋„๋ก ๋ฌด๋ก€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ธŒ๋Š” ํ™๋ณด ์ฑ…์ž„์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ผ์„ 1965๋…„ ๋ฅด๋ง 24์‹œ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์— ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๋‹ค. ์…ธ๋น„๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•„ ํž๊ณผ ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ์Šค ๋ฉ•๋ผ๋ Œ์„ ๋ฅด๋ง(Le Mans)์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋“œ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ํฌ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์…ธ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ณ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ฌป์ž ์…ธ๋น„๋Š” GT40์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฉ€์‚ฐ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ ๊ณ ์žฅ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— 218mph(350.8km/h)์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์—”์ดˆ ํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฆฌ์— ๋‘๋ ค์›€์„ ์‹ฌ์–ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์šฉ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋Š” ์œ„์›ํšŒ์—์„œ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. GT40 Mk II๋ฅผ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ ํŽ˜์ด๋“œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ถฉ๋Œ ๋ฐ ํ™”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒ€์€ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค ์ค‘์— ์ „์ฒด ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ๊ต์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1966๋…„, ๋น„๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ ˆ์ด์‹ฑ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์„ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์™€ ํฌ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์…ธ๋น„๋Š” ๋น„๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์— ์ž ๊ทธ๊ณ  ํฌ๋“œ์—๊ฒŒ GT40์„ ํƒœ์›Œ์ค€๋‹ค. ์…ธ๋น„๋Š” ํฌ๋“œ์™€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ† ๋‚˜ 24์‹œ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์—์„œ ์šฐ์Šนํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฅด๋ง์—์„œ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ํŽผ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํฌ๋“œ๋Š” ์…ธ๋น„ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ† ๋‚˜์—์„œ ๋น„๋ธŒ๋Š” ๋” ๋น ๋ฅธ ํ”ผํŠธ ์Šคํƒ‘์œผ๋กœ NASCAR ํŒ€์ด ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ GT40์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์…ธ๋น„๋Š” ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ 7,000RPM ๋ ˆ๋“œ๋ผ์ธ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€๊ณ  ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค. 1966๋…„ ๋ฅด๋ง 24์‹œ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋žฉ์—์„œ ๋„์–ด ๊ฒฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผํŠธ ํฌ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค๋Š” ํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์žก๋Š” ๋žฉ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์„ธ์šด๋‹ค. GT40์€ ๋กœ๋ Œ์กฐ ๋ฐ˜๋””๋‹ˆ์˜ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž… 330 P3 ํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋‹ค์ด์‹ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ ํŽ˜์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด๋กœ ์ ˆ๋š๊ฑฐ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ์˜ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์…ธ๋น„๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค์™€ ๋ฐ˜๋””๋‹ˆ๋Š” ํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์—”์ง„์ด ํ„ฐ์งˆ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฉ€์‚ฐ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐํˆฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์œ„ 3๊ฐœ ์œ„์น˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋น„๋ธŒ๋Š” ์…ธ๋น„์—๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฌ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋Šฆ์ถ”๊ณ  ์–ธ๋ก ์— 3๋Œ€์˜ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ช…๋ นํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…ธ๋น„๋Š” ๋น„๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค์˜ ์ „ํ™”๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋žฉ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์„ธ์› ์ง€๋งŒ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋žฉ์—์„œ ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งฅ๋ผ๋ Œ์€ ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค ๋’ค์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์Šน์ž๋กœ ์„ ์–ธ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ผ์€ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์…ธ๋น„๋Š” ๋น„๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค์˜ ์Šน๋ฆฌ์— ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚™๊ด€์  ์ธ ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค๋Š” ์…ธ๋น„์—๊ฒŒ "๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ์—”์ดˆ ํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ์ž๋ฅผ ํŠธ๋ž™์˜ ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฑธ์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค๋Š” ์…ธ๋น„์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋ฅด๋ง์—์„œ ์šฐ์Šนํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋‹ฌ ํ›„ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์›จ์ด์—์„œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ œ์ด์นด(J-car)์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๊ณ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋Œ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. 6๊ฐœ์›” ํ›„ ์…ธ๋น„๋Š” ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ง์ธ ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง‘ ๋ฐ–์— ์ฃผ์ฐจํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง์„ค์ธ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค์˜ ์•„๋“ค ํ”ผํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…ธ๋น„๋Š” ํ•œ๋•Œ ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์„œ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง„ ๋ Œ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ„ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ค€๋‹ค. ์—ํ•„๋กœ๊ทธ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํฌ๋“œ๋Š” 1967๋…„, 1968๋…„, 1969๋…„์— ๋ฅด๋ง ์—ฐ์† ์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ด์–ด๊ฐ”๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ผ์ฆˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌํ›„ 2001๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ชจํ„ฐ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๋ช…์˜ˆ์˜ ์ „๋‹น์— ํ—Œ์•ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถœ์—ฐ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค์ฐฌ ๋ฒ ์ผ - ์ผ„ ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค ์—ญ ๋งท ๋ฐ์ด๋จผ - ์บ๋กค ์…ธ๋น„ ์—ญ ์ปคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฐธํ”„ - ์ผ„ ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค์˜ ์•„๋‚ด ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค ์—ญ ์กด ๋ฒˆ์„ค - ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด์•„์ฝ”์นด ์—ญ ๋…ธ์•„ ์ฃผํ”„ - ์ผ„ ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค์˜ ์•„๋“ค ํ”ผํ„ฐ ๋งˆ์ผ์Šค ์—ญ ๋ ˆ๋ชจ ์ง€๋กœ๋„ค - ์—”์ดˆ ํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์—ญ ์žญ ๋งฅ๋ฉ€๋ฆฐ - ์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„๊ฐ€ํ”ผ์˜ค ์—ญ ์กฐ์‰ฌ ๋ฃจ์นด์Šค - ๋ ˆ์˜ค ๋น„๋ธŒ ์—ญ JJ ํ•„๋“œ - ๋กœ์ด ๋ฃฌ ์—ญ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ ๋ ˆ์ธ  - ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ํฌ๋“œ 2์„ธ ์—ญ ์กฐ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„์Šจ - ๋ˆ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ด ์—ญ ์•Œ๋ ‰์Šค ๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ - ๋Œ„ ๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ ์—ญ ๋ฒค์ž๋ฏผ ๋ฆญ๋น„ - ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ์Šค ๋งฅ๋ผ๋ Œ ์—ญ ์ œ๊ณต ์ˆ˜์ž…/๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰ : ์›”ํŠธ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์ปดํผ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”๋ฆฌ์•„ ์œ ํ•œ์ฑ…์ž„ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ œ์ž‘ : ์ด์‹ญ์„ธ๊ธฐํญ์Šค/์ฒ˜๋‹Œ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ/TSG ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 2019๋…„ ์˜ํ™” ์˜์–ด ์˜ํ™” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์ œ์ž„์Šค ๋งจ๊ณจ๋“œ ๊ฐ๋… ์˜ํ™” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์•ก์…˜ ์˜ํ™” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ ์˜ํ™” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์˜ํ™” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์˜ํ™” ๊ธฐ์—…์ธ ์ „๊ธฐ ์˜ํ™” ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ ์˜ํ™” 1959๋…„์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” 1963๋…„์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” 1964๋…„์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” 1965๋…„์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” 1966๋…„์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ๋””ํŠธ๋กœ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ๋กœ์Šค์•ค์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์• ํ‹€๋žœํƒ€์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์กฐ์ง€์•„์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ๋‰ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์–ธ์Šค์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ํญ์Šค ์˜ํ™” ํฌ๋“œ ๋ชจํ„ฐ ์ปดํผ๋‹ˆ ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ํŽธ์ง‘์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž‘ ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ ์Œํ–ฅํŽธ์ง‘์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž‘
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford%20v%20Ferrari
Ford v Ferrari
Ford v Ferrari (titled Le Mans '66 in some European countries) is a 2019 American biographical sports drama film directed by James Mangold and written by Jez Butterworth, John-Henry Butterworth, and Jason Keller. It stars Matt Damon and Christian Bale, with Jon Bernthal, Caitrรญona Balfe, Tracy Letts, Josh Lucas, Noah Jupe, Remo Girone, and Ray McKinnon in supporting roles. The plot follows a determined team of American and Swedish engineers and designers, led by automotive designer Carroll Shelby and his British driver, Ken Miles, who are hired by Henry Ford II and Lee Iacocca to build a race car to defeat the perennially dominant Italian racing team Scuderia Ferrari at the 1966 24 Hours of Le Mans race in France. Ford v Ferrari had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on August 30, 2019, and was theatrically released in the United States on November 15, 2019, by 20th Century Fox. It was a commercial success, grossing $225 million worldwide against an $97 million budget, and received acclaim from critics, who lauded the performances (particularly Bale and Damon), Mangold's direction, the editing, the sound design and the racing sequences. It was chosen by the National Board of Review as one of the ten best films of the year, and at the 92nd Academy Awards received four nominations, including Best Picture, and won Best Film Editing and Best Sound Editing. Bale also received nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor โ€“ Drama and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role. Plot In 1963, Ford Motor Company Vice President Lee Iacocca proposes to Henry Ford II to boost their car sales by purchasing Italian car manufacturer Ferrari, dominant in the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Owner Enzo Ferrari uses Ford's offer to secure a deal with Fiat that allows him to retain ownership of the firm's racing team, Scuderia Ferrari. He insults Ford II and the whole Ford Motor Company. Ford orders his racing division to build a car to defeat Ferrari at Le Mans. Iacocca hires Shelby American owner Carroll Shelby, a retired driver who won Le Mans in 1959. Shelby enlists his friend Ken Miles, a hot-tempered British racer and mechanical engineer. Shelby and Miles develop the UK-built Ford GT40 Mk I prototype at Los Angeles International Airport. At the launch of the new Ford Mustang, Miles gives a witheringly rude appraisal of it to Ford Senior Vice President Leo Beebe. Beebe campaigns against sending Miles to the 1965 24 Hours of Le Mans as a public relations liability. Shelby reluctantly excludes Miles and sends Phil Hill and Bruce McLaren to Le Mans. None of the Fords finish. When Ford demands why he should not sack Shelby, Shelby explains that despite the GT40's reliability problems, it instilled fear in Enzo Ferrari by reaching 218ย mph (350.8 km/h), on the Mulsanne Straight before breaking down. He says a racing car cannot be designed by committee. Ford tells him to continue the project and report directly to him. During testing of the GT40 Mk II, the recurrent problem of brake fade causes a crash and fire, which Miles survives. The team realizes the rules permit replacing the whole brake assembly during the race. In 1966, Beebe takes over the racing division. When he and Ford arrive to inspect the program, Shelby locks Beebe in his office and gives Ford a ride in the GT40. Shelby makes a deal with Ford: if Miles wins the 24 Hours of Daytona then he will race at Le Mans. If not, Ford will take full ownership of Shelby American. At Daytona, Beebe enters a second GT40 supported by a NASCAR team with quicker pit stops. Shelby clears Miles to push his car beyond the 7,000 RPM redline, and he wins. At the 1966 24 Hours of Le Mans, Miles struggles with a faulty door during the first lap. The pit crew fixes it and Miles sets lap records catching the Ferraris. The GT40 suffers brake fade while dicing with the prototype 330 P3 Ferrari of Lorenzo Bandini, so Miles limps into the pits for replacement of the entire braking system. Ferrari protests but Shelby assures race officials it is legal. Miles and Bandini duel on the Mulsanne Straight until the Ferrari engine blows. With Fords in the top three positions, Beebe orders Shelby to have Miles slow down for the other Fords to catch him and give the press a three-car photo finish. Shelby tells Miles what Beebe wants but says it is Miles's call. Miles initially continues to set new lap records, but decides to comply on the final lap. McLaren is declared the winner as, having started behind Miles, his car traveled further overall. Miles is placed second. Shelby accuses Beebe of deliberately costing Miles the win, but an unusually sanguine Miles lets it pass, saying to Shelby, "You promised me the drive, not the win." From his vantage point, Enzo Ferrari tips his hat to Miles on the track. As they walk off together, Shelby tells Miles they will win Le Mans next time. Two months later, during testing at Riverside International Raceway, a mechanical failure in the J-car kills Miles in a crash. Six months later, Shelby parks outside Miles's widow Mollie's house and hesitates. Miles's son Peter arrives and the two talk about Miles. Shelby gives Peter a wrench that Miles once threw at him in anger. Epilogue text says Ford continued its Le Mans winning streak in 1967, 1968, and 1969, and Miles was posthumously inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2001. Cast Matt Damon as Carroll Shelby, American former race car driver, automotive designer, and builder Christian Bale as Ken Miles, British race car driver Jon Bernthal as Lee Iacocca, vice president of Ford Caitrรญona Balfe as Mollie Miles, Miles' wife Tracy Letts as Henry Ford II, CEO of Ford Josh Lucas as Leo Beebe, vice president of Ford Noah Jupe as Peter Miles, Miles' son Remo Girone as Enzo Ferrari, founder of Ferrari Ray McKinnon as Phil Remington JJ Feild as Roy Lunn Jack McMullen as Charlie Agapiou Corrado Invernizzi as Franco Gozzi Tanner Foust as Ronnie Bucknum Brent Pontin as Chris Amon Benjamin Rigby as Bruce McLaren Francesco Bauco as Lorenzo Bandini Joe Williamson as Donald N. Frey Ian Harding as Ford Executive - Ian Christopher Darga as John Holman Jonathan LaPaglia as Eddie Ben Collins as Denny Hulme Alex Gurney as Dan Gurney Marisa Petroro as Cristina Ford Production Development A film based on the rivalry between Ford and Ferrari for the dominance at the Le Mans endurance race had long been in works at 20th Century Fox. Initially, it was going to star Tom Cruise and Brad Pitt from an original screenplay titled Go Like Hell, by Jason Keller, the name being taken from the book, Go Like Hell: Ford, Ferrari, and Their Battle for Speed and Glory at Le Mans by A. J. Baime. However, after writers Jez Butterworth and John-Henry Butterworth drafted a script and Joseph Kosinski was brought on to direct, the project fell apart due to the budget being too high. On February 5, 2018, it was announced that James Mangold had been brought on board to direct the film based on the previous script by Keller and the Butterworths. Later, Caitrรญona Balfe, Jon Bernthal, and Noah Jupe joined the cast alongside Christian Bale and Matt Damon in the lead roles. In July 2018, Jack McMullen was cast in the film to play one of Miles's key British mechanics, and Tracy Letts also joined to play Henry Ford II, along with Joe Williamson. In August 2018, JJ Feild was cast in the film to play the automotive engineer Roy Lunn, the head of Ford Advanced vehicles in England and the right-hand man to Henry Ford II. Mangold approached Harrison Ford for a part in the film. Composer Marco Beltrami confirmed in an interview that he would be scoring the film, Beltrami having previously worked with Mangold on 3:10 to Yuma, The Wolverine and Logan. Filming Filming began on July 30, 2018, and lasted for 67 days, taking place in California; New Orleans, Louisiana; Atlanta; Savannah; and Statesboro, Georgia, as well as Le Mans, France. Race scenes that appear in the film as Daytona were filmed at Auto Club Speedway in Fontana; many other race scenes were filmed at a Honda test track in Mojave Valley (doubling for the Willow Springs Raceway), on the Big Willow road course at Willow Springs International Raceway in Rosamond, and at the Porsche Experience in Carson (for the Dearborn test track). A few scenes were filmed at tracks and roadways in Georgia such as Hwy 46 in Statesboro, Georgia. The Le Mans grandstands, pits, and garages were replicated at the Agua Dulce Airpark in Agua Dulce. The hangar area where the cars were developed (originally at LAX) was filmed at Ontario International Airport in Ontario, California. Music Release Ford v Ferrari premiered at the Telluride Film Festival on August 30, 2019, and screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9, 2019. It was subsequently released in the United States on November 15. It was previously scheduled to be released on June 28. The first trailer for the film debuted on June 2, 2019, during Game 2 of the 2019 NBA Finals. Home media The film was released on digital format by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on January 28, 2020, and on 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray and DVD on February 11, 2020. Reception Box office Ford v Ferrari grossed $117.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $107.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $225.5 million. In the United States and Canada, the film was released alongside Charlie's Angels and The Good Liar, and was projected to gross $23โ€“30 million from 3,528 theaters in its opening weekend. It made $10.9 million on its first day, including $2.1 million from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $31.5 million, topping the box office. In its second weekend the film dropped 50% to $15.7 million, finishing second behind newcomer Frozen II, and then made $13.2 million in its third weekend (including $19 million over the five-day Thanksgiving frame), finishing third. It continued to hold well in the following weeks, making $6.7 million and $4.1 million in its fourth and fifth weekends. Critical response On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of 7.80/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Ford v Ferrari delivers all the polished auto action audiences will expect โ€“ and balances it with enough gripping human drama to satisfy non-racing enthusiasts." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 81 out of 100, based on 47 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare grade of "A+," while those at PostTrak gave it an overall positive score of 87% (with an average 4.5 out of 5 stars), with 68% saying they would definitely recommend it. Mick LaSalle of San Francisco Chronicle gave the film four out of four stars, saying that it "is what it promises to be, a blast from the past" and writing: "Ford v Ferrari could have just been a sports story, dramatizing an interesting chapter in racing, and it would have been fine. But in showing Ford and his minions' constant interference in the dedicated work of Miles and Shelby, this James Mangold film becomes a tale of souls battling the soulless." Eric Kohn of Indiewire gave the film a "B", saying that "Ford v Ferrari excels at evoking the sheer thrill of the raceโ€”'a body moving through space and time', as one character saysโ€”and it's compelling enough in those moments to make the case that nothing beats the thrill of competition." Varietys Peter DeBruge praised the racing sequences and the performances of Bale and Damon, writing: "The best sports movies aren't so much about the sport as they are the personalities, and these two go big with their performances." Accolades References External links Official screenplay 2010s American films 2010s English-language films 2010s sports drama films 2019 action drama films 2019 films 2010s biographical drama films 2010s buddy drama films 2010s business films 20th Century Fox films American action drama films American auto racing films American biographical drama films American buddy drama films American business films American sports drama films BAFTA winners (films) Biographical films about businesspeople Chernin Entertainment films English-language sports drama films Enzo Ferrari Ferrari Films about automobiles Films about companies Films directed by James Mangold Films produced by James Mangold Films produced by Peter Chernin Films scored by Marco Beltrami Films set in 1959 Films set in 1963 Films set in 1964 Films set in 1965 Films set in 1966 Films set in California Films set in Detroit Films set in Florida Films set in France Films set in Italy Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Atlanta Films shot in California Films shot in France Films shot in New Orleans Films shot in Savannah, Georgia Films that won the Best Sound Editing Academy Award Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Films with screenplays by Jez Butterworth Ford Motor Company IMAX films TSG Entertainment films Works about 24 Hours of Le Mans Films with screenplays by John-Henry Butterworth Films with screenplays by Jason Keller (playwright)
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%B4%20%EB%82%98%EC%8A%A4%20%EC%97%91%EC%8A%A4
๋ฆด ๋‚˜์Šค ์—‘์Šค
๋ชฌํ…Œ๋กœ ๋ผ๋งˆ ํž(, 1999๋…„ 4์›” 9์ผ ~ )์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ž˜ํผ์ด๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 7์›” 1์ผ SNS์— ์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ62ํšŒ(2020) ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏธ์ƒ ์‹ ์ธ์ƒ ํ›„๋ณด์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ์•จ๋ฒ” Montero ์™€ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ "Montero (Call Me by Your Name)"๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ64ํšŒ(2022) ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏธ์ƒ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œยท์•จ๋ฒ”ยท๋…ธ๋ž˜์ƒ ํ›„๋ณด์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ๊ณผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋ชฌํ…Œ๋กœ ๋ผ๋งˆ ํž์€ 1999๋…„ 4์›” 9์ผ ์• ํ‹€๋žœํƒ€ ์™ธ๊ณฝ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋„์‹œ์ธ ์กฐ์ง€์•„ ์ฃผ ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์•„ ์Šคํ”„๋ง์Šค(Lithia Spirings)์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ ๋ชฌํ…Œ๋กœ(Mitsubishi Montero)์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์„œ ๋ช…๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ์‚ด ๋•Œ ์ดํ˜ผํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์™€ ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฑ…ํฌํ—ค๋“œ ์ฝ”ํŠธ ์ฃผํƒ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ์ •์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 3๋…„ ํ›„, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์กฐ์ง€์•„์ฃผ ์•„์Šคํ…”์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ถ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณต์Œ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๋– ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ๋‹ค: "์•„ํ‹€๋ž€ํƒ€์—๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ €๋”๋ผ๋ฉด, ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์–ด์šธ๋ ธ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค." ๊ทธ๋Š” "๋ฐˆ๋“ค์ด ์˜ค๋ฝ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋ฌด๋ ต์— ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ 13์‚ด ๋ฌด๋ ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 10๋Œ€์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํ˜ผ์ž ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๊ณ , ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—์„œ "ํŠนํžˆ ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€์ค‘๋ฌธํ™”์— ์ •ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฐˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 10๋Œ€ ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋™์„ฑ์• ์ž์ž„์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ๊ตฐ๋ถ„ํˆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.; ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹จ์ง€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋„ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, 16์„ธ๋‚˜ 17์„ธ๊ฒฝ์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 4ํ•™๋…„ ๋•Œ ํŠธ๋ŸผํŽซ์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ๋•Œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์˜์ž์— ์•‰์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ‹์ ธ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์šฐ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์•„ ์Šคํ”„๋ง์Šค ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์— ๋‹ค๋…”๊ณ  2017๋…„์— ์กธ์—…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์Œ์•… ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์„ ์Œ“๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค‘ํ‡ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ ์กฐ์ง€์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™์— 1๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋‹ค๋…”๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๊ณ , Zaxby์˜ ๋ ˆ์Šคํ† ๋ž‘๊ณผ Six Flags Over Georgia ํ…Œ๋งˆ ํŒŒํฌ์—์„œ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 9์›”, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊นœ์ง ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๋ฅผ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2015-2017: ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ™œ๋™ ์›๋ž˜๋Š” ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ์—์„œ NasMaraj๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณ„์ •๋ช…์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ˆํ‚ค ๋ฏธ๋‚˜์ฆˆ์˜ ํŒฌ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ์— ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋‚˜ ์œ ๋ช…์ธ ๋“ฑ์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋žฉ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2018๋…„ 7์›”์— Nasarati๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฏน์Šคํ…Œ์ดํ”„๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2018-2019: Old Town Road ์ดํ›„ 2018๋…„ 12์›”์— ์ปจํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์Œ์•…์— ๋žฉ์„ ์ ‘๋ชฉํ•œ "Old Town Road"๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณก์„ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ์— ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด ๊ณก์€ ํ‹ฑํ†ก์—์„œ Yeehaw Challenge๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋žญ๊ธ€๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์นด์šฐ๊ฑธ ๋ณต์žฅ์„ ํ•œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ #Yeehaw ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋Š” ์ด ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ ํŠธ๋ž™์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2019๋…„ 7์›” ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์˜์ƒ์€ 6์ฒœ 7๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ฒˆ ์กฐํšŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ Old Town Road๋Š” 2019๋…„ 4์›” 13์ผ ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ ํ•ซ 100์—์„œ 1์œ„์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์Œ์ฃผ์ธ 2019๋…„ 4์›” 20์ผ์—๋Š” ์œ ๋ช… ์ปจํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€์ธ ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ ˆ์ด ์‚ฌ์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ”ผ์ณ๋ง์„ ํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์ŠคํŒ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , 1์–ต 4300๋งŒํšŒ๋ผ๋Š” ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด์ „์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋ก์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋“œ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ์˜ 1์–ต 1620๋งŒํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋ŒํŒŒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. Old Town Road๋Š” ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฆฌ๋ฏน์ŠคํŒ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ 2019๋…„ 8์›” 17์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ 19์ฃผ ์—ฐ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ ํ•ซ 100 1์œ„์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์ตœ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ 1์œ„ ๊ณก ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Quartz.com์€ ์ด ๋…ธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๊ณต์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋•๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ, ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ง๊ณผ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ด๊ณ , ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋งค๋ ฅ์„ ๋Š๋‚€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์Œ๋ฐ˜์€ ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ ํ•ซ 100 ์ฐจํŠธ์—์„œ 83์œ„๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ›„์— 1์œ„๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์„ฐ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณก์€ ๋˜ํ•œ 19์œ„๋กœ Hot Country Songs ์ฐจํŠธ์— ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ๊ณ  36์œ„๋กœ Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs์— ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์น˜์—ดํ•œ ์ž…์ฐฐ ์ „์Ÿ ํ›„, ๋ฆด ๋‚˜์Šค ์—‘์Šค๋Š” 2019๋…„ 3์›” ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ๋น„์•„ ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ62ํšŒ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏธ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์ง€๋ช…๋œ ๋‚จ์ž ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ๋ฎค์ง ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ฐ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ํŒ ๋“€์˜ค/๊ทธ๋ฃน ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋“œํƒ€์šด ๋กœ๋“œ(Old Town Road)๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜์™€ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ฎค์ง ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ(American Music Award for Favorite Rap/Hip Hop Song)๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ 2๊ฐœ์˜ MTV ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ฎค์ง ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค์คฌ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ž„์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ 2019๋…„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” 25์ธ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋Š” 2020๋…„ ํฌ๋ธŒ์Šค 30 ์–ธ๋” 30 ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. 2020โ€“2021: Montero 2020๋…„ 7์›” 7์ผ, ๋ฆด ๋‚˜์Šค ์—‘์Šค(Lil Nas X)๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฐ๋ท” ์•จ๋ฒ”์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์™„์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏน์Šคํ…Œ์ดํ”„ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Œ์•…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋น„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ถœํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ๋“ค์„ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 7์›” 10์ผ, ๊ทธ๋Š” "Call Me by Your Name"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์˜ ์‹ ๊ณก ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ค ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์— ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 11์›” 8์ผ, ๊ทธ๋Š” 11์›” 13์ผ์— ๋ฐœ๋งค๋œ ์ƒˆ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ "Holiday"๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. Roblox์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ์•„๋ฐ”ํƒ€ ์ƒต์—์„œ ๋ฆด ๋‚˜์Šค ์—‘์Šค์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์•„์ดํ…œ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€์„ ํ™๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹ฑ๊ธ€์€ ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ ํ•ซ 100์—์„œ 37์œ„์— ๋žญํฌ ์ธํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ณก์˜ ๋ฎค์ง๋น„๋””์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋งค ์ฒซ ๋ช‡ ์ฃผ ๋งŒ์— ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋งŒ ๊ฑด์˜ ์กฐํšŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•ซ 100์—์„œ ํ•œ์ฃผ๋งŒ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2021-ํ˜„์žฌ: INDUSTRY BABY 2021๋…„ 7์›” 23์ผ์— Montero ๋’ค์— INDUSTRY BABY๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ ํ•ซ 100 ์ฐจํŠธ์— 2์œ„์— ์•ˆ์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณก์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์€ ๋ชฌํ…Œ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๊ต๋„์†Œ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „์— ํŒ๋งคํ•œ โ€œ์•…๋งˆ์˜ ์‹ ๋ฐœโ€์„ ๊ตฌ์‹ค์‚ผ์•„์„œ ๋™์„ฑ์• ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ 5๋…„ํ˜•์„ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์€๊ฒŒ ํ‹ฐ์ €์™€ ๋ฎค๋น„์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋””์Šค์ฝ”๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ ์ •๊ทœ MONTERO (Album)(2021) ๋ฏน์Šคํ…Œ์ดํ”„ Nasarati(2018) October 31st(2018) EP 7(2019) ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ Old Town Road(feat. ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ ˆ์ด ์‚ฌ์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค)(2019) Panini(2019) Rodeo (Feat. Nas)(2020) HOLIDAY(2020) MONTERO (Call Me By Your Name)(2021) SUN GOES DOWN(2021) INDUSTRY BABY(Feat. Jack Harlow)(2021) ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋ฆด ๋‚˜์Šค ์—‘์Šค - ์Šคํฌํ‹ฐํŒŒ์ด 1999๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ๋ž˜ํผ ์• ํ‹€๋žœํƒ€ ์ถœ์‹  ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋ž˜ํผ ๊ฒŒ์ด ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏธ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๋ฎค์ง ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ๋น„์•„ ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ง€์•„์ฃผ์˜ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์ธ๋ฌผ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil%20Nas%20X
Lil Nas X
Montero Lamar Hill (born April 9, 1999), known by his stage name Lil Nas X ( ), is an American rapper, singer, and songwriter. He rose to prominence with the release of his country rap single "Old Town Road", which spent 19 weeks atop the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart, becoming the longest-running number-one song since the chart debuted in 1958. As the song was atop the Hot 100, Lil Nas X came out as gay, becoming the only artist to do so while having a number-one record. Following the success of "Old Town Road", Lil Nas X released his debut extended play, titled 7, which spawned two further singlesโ , with "Panini" peaking at number five and "Rodeo" (featuring Cardi B or Nas) peaking at number 22 on the Hot 100. His debut studio album, Montero (2021), was supported by the chart-topping singles "Montero (Call Me by Your Name)" and "Industry Baby" (featuring Jack Harlow) and the top-ten single "Thats What I Want", and was nominated for Album of the Year at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards. Known for his boldly queer visuals and social media presence, Lil Nas X has received numerous accolades, including two Grammy Awards, five Billboard Music Awards, five MTV Video Music Awards, two BET Hip Hop Awards, two iHeartRadio Music Awards and two American Music Awards. He has also been awarded by Songwriters Hall of Fame as the youngest honoree of the Hal David Starlight Award. "Old Town Road" ranks as the second highest-certified song in the United States, with 17-times platinum status. He ranked on the Forbes 30 Under 30 list in 2020 and Times annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2021. Early life and education Montero Lamar Hill was born in Lithia Springs, Georgia, on April 9, 1999. He was named after the Mitsubishi Montero. His parents divorced when he was six, and he settled in the Bankhead Courts housing project in the Bankhead neighborhood of Atlanta with his mother and grandmother. Three years later, he moved in with his father, a gospel singer, north of the city in Austell. Although initially reluctant to leave, he later regarded it as an important decision, "There's so much shit going on in Atlantaโ€”if I would have stayed there, I would have fallen in with the wrong crowd." He started "using the Internet heavily right around the time when memes started to become their own form of entertainment"; about when he was 13. He spent much of his teenage years alone, and turned to the Internet, "particularly Twitter, creating memes that showed his disarming wit and pop-culture savvy." His teenage years also saw him struggling with his coming out to himself as being gay; he prayed that it was just a phase, but around 16 or 17 he came to accept it. He began playing trumpet in the fourth grade and was first chair by his junior high years, but quit out of fear of looking uncool. Hill attended Lithia Springs High School, from which he graduated in 2017. He then enrolled at the University of West Georgia, where he majored in computer science, but later dropped out after one year to pursue a musical career. During this time, he stayed with his sister and supported himself with jobs at Zaxby's restaurants and the Six Flags Over Georgia theme park. In September 2019 he revisited his high school to perform a surprise concert. Career 2015โ€“2017: Internet personality Hill said he began to isolate himself from "outside-of-class activities" during his teenage years. He spent large amounts of time online in hopes of building a following as an internet personality to promote his work, but was unsure what to focus on creatively. In a Rolling Stone interview he stated, "I was doing Facebook comedy videos, then I moved over to Instagram, and then I hopped on Twitter ... where I really was a master. That was the first place where I could go viral." He also posted short-format comedy videos on Facebook and Vine. During this period, he reportedly created and ran Nicki Minaj fan accounts on Twitter, including one called "@NasMaraj", according to a New York Magazine investigation. In 2017, this account gained attention for its flash fiction-style interactive "scenario threads" popularized on Twitter using dashboard app TweetDeck. The investigation linked @NasMaraj to the practice of "Tweetdecking", or using multiple accounts in collaboration to artificially make certain tweets go viral. The @NasMaraj account was suspended by Twitter due to "violating spam policies". After the suspension of @NasMaraj, New York Magazine's investigation concluded that he subsequently opened a new account with handle "@NasMarai", and that his current Twitter account at the time was a repurposed version of that "@NasMarai" account with a changed handle. After media reports linked Lil Nas X to the Minaj fan accounts, he called the reports a "misunderstanding", effectively denying having run the accounts. However, in May 2020, Lil Nas X admitted, in a tweet, to being a fan of Minaj. He explained why he initially denied it, stating that if people knew he was a fan of hers, they would think he was gay: "People will assume if you had an entire fan page dedicated to nicki u are gay. and the rap/music industry ain't exactly built or accepting of gay men yet". On June 17, 2020, Minaj responded to Nas, tweeting "It was a bit of a sting when you denied being a barb, but I understand. Congratulations on building up your confidence to speak your truth". Lil Nas apologized to Minaj, saying he "felt so bad, hoping u wouldn't see my denial". The @NasMarai account was later mentioned in a New York Times Magazine article, which described Hill as having spent "every waking hour online, tweeting as @nasmaraj". It is also referenced in the music video for "Sun Goes Down", which shows Lil Nas X's many struggles growing up as a closeted teen and embracing his sexuality; he is seen tweeting while in high school from an account named "nasmiraj" as the lyrics "I'd be by the phone, stanning Nicki morning into dawn" play. Sometime in the year 2018, Hill landed on music as a path to success, and started writing and recording songs in his closet. He adopted the name Lil Nas X, which is a tribute to the rapper Nas. On July 24, 2018, Lil Nas released his first mixtape Nasarati on SoundCloud, though it was not received with immediate fame; Nasarati would be removed from streaming services soon after the release of Old Town Road due to a copyright conflict and therefore would never gain significant traction. In late October 2018, he happened to hear the beat that would become "Old Town Road". 2018โ€“2019: Breakthrough with "Old Town Road" and 7 On December 3, 2018, Lil Nas X released the country rap song "Old Town Road". He bought the beat for the song anonymously on beat-selling platform BeatStars from Dutch producer YoungKio for $30; it samples Nine Inch Nails' track "34 Ghosts IV" from their sixth studio album Ghosts Iโ€“IV (2008). He recorded at a "humble" Atlanta studio, CinCoYo, on their "$20 Tuesdays" taking less than an hour. Lil Nas X began creating memes to promote "Old Town Road" before it was picked up by short-form video social media TikTok users. TikTok encourages its 500 million global users to "endless imitation", with videos generating copies usually using the same music; the "app's frantic churn of content ...acts as a potent incubator for viral music hits." Lil Nas X estimated he made about 100 memes to promote it; the song went viral in early 2019 due to the #Yeehaw Challenge meme on TikTok. Millions of users posted videos of themselves dressed as a wrangler or cowgirl, with most #yeehaw videos using the song for their soundtrack; as of July 2019, they have been seen more than 67 million times. Another core audience tied to social media is children who are hidden in the statistics of adult listeners. Quartz.com says the song certainly owes part of its success to the demographic, and notes they are attracted to the song being repetitive, easy to sing along to, and using lyrics about riding horses and tractors, which children can relate to. It debuted at number 83 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, later climbing to number one. The track also debuted on the Hot Country Songs chart at number 19 and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs at number 36. After an "intense bidding war", Lil Nas X signed with Columbia Records in March 2019. Billboard controversially removed the song from the Hot Country songs chart in March 2019 telling Rolling Stone: In Robert Christgau's opinion, "Taking 'Old Town Road' off the country chart strikes me as racist pure and simple, because country radio remains racist regardless of the Darius Ruckers and Kane Browns it makes room for." Another Billboard spokesperson told Genius, "Billboards decision to take the song off of the country chart had absolutely nothing to do with the race of the artist." Despite being removed from the main Country Songs chart, the song charted on Billboard's Country Airplay chart, debuting at 53, and peaking at 50. In response, Sony Music Nashville CEO Randy Goodman told Billboard that his team started testing the song in some country radio markets, adding "it would be negligent not to look at it". In May 2019, the issues of racism in country music culture came up again when Wrangler announced its Lil Nas X collection, and some consumers threatened a boycott. Media outlets also noted that the song brings attention to the historic cultural erasure of African-Americans from both country music and the American frontier era. Country music star Billy Ray Cyrus featured in an April 2019 remix of "Old Town Road", the first of several. That same month, Lil Nas X broke Drake's record for the most U.S. streams from one song in one week with 143 million streams for the week ending April 11, surpassing Drake's "In My Feelings", which had 116.2ย million streams in a week in July 2018; as of August 2019 it has streamed over a billion plays on Spotify alone. In May 2019, the video was released and as of August 2019, has over 370 million views. NBC News's Michael Arceneaux wrote, "In the social media age, Lil Nas X is arguably the first micro-platform crossover star." "Panini" was released as Lil Nas X's second single through Columbia Records on June 20, 2019. It is named after the fictional cabbit bear of the same name in the animated television series Chowder, and does not refer to the sandwich of the same name. In mid-September 2019 "Panini" had its first remix released with rapper DaBaby. Lil Nas X released his debut extended play, titled 7, on June 21, 2019. The EP debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 chart. On June 23, 2019, Lil Nas X performed with Cyrus at the 2019 BET Awards. On June 30, Lil Nas X made his international debut at the largest greenfield festival in the world, the UK's annual Glastonbury Festival, when he and Billy Ray Cyrus made a surprise appearance and joined Miley Cyrus for the song, before performing "Panini" solo in a set seen nationally on BBC. On the same day, Lil Nas X became one of the most visible Black queer male singers when he came out as gay. This was especially significant for an artist in the country and hip hop genres, both of which emphasize machismo and "historically snubbed queer artists". Black queer male artists in hip hop having mainstream acceptance arguably started in 2012 with Frank Ocean's coming out just before Channel Orange was released. Rolling Stone premiered the Rolling Stone Top 100 in early July with three Lil Nas X songs: "Rodeo" with Cardi B at number nine; "Panini" at four; and "Old Town Road" as the first-ever number-one song on the chart. On August 19, 2019, Lil Nas X opened for Katy Perry at a concert Amazon held for its employees to celebrate its Prime Day sale. 2020โ€“2021: Montero On July 7, 2020, Lil Nas X revealed that his debut album was "almost finished". He also stated that he was working on a mixtape, and invited producers to submit their beats for his new music. On November 8, 2020, he announced a new single, "Holiday", which was released on November 13. On Roblox, a virtual concert was held to promote Lil Nas X's single, with Lil Nas X-related items in the game's avatar shop. The single debuted at 37 on the Billboard Hot 100, while the song's music video accumulated tens of millions of views within the first several weeks of release. In January 2021, he released a children's book, C Is for Country. The following month, he previewed his new song, "Montero (Call Me by Your Name)" in a Super Bowl LV commercial. The song was officially released on March 26, 2021, along with an accompanying music video. On the same day, Lil Nas X revealed that his debut album would be named Montero, and that it would be released in mid-2021. The video prompted strong reactions. The song was seen by many as a valuable expression of queerness, though prominent conservative and Christian figures accused Lil Nas X of sacrilege and devil worship. Despite the controversy, "Montero (Call Me by Your Name)", debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Lil Nas X's second chart-topping single and third top-ten single. On March 29, 2021, Lil Nas X partnered with New York-based art collective MSCHF to release a modified pair of Nike Air Max 97s called Satan Shoes, which may be seen on Satan's feet in the music video used to promote the release of "Montero (Call Me by Your Name)". The shoes are black and red with a bronze pentagram, filled with "60cc and 1 drop of human blood". Only 666 pairs were made at a price of $1,018. Nike said they were uninvolved in the creation and promotion of the shoes and did not endorse the messages of Lil Nas X or MSCHF. The company filed a trademark lawsuit against MSCHF in New York federal court. On April 1, the judge issued a temporary restraining order blocking the sale and distribution of the shoes pending a preliminary injunction. Lil Nas X responded to the lawsuit with a meme on Twitter showing himself as the character Squidward, homeless and asking for money. Later, he released a prelude video for the song "Industry Baby", which stages a fake "Nike vs. Lil Nas X" trial in the Supreme Court, during which people discuss the Satan Shoes before condemning the singer for being gay. Following the controversies surrounding his previous song and its promotion, Lil Nas X released the more introspective single "Sun Goes Down" on May 21, 2021, wherein he reflects on his struggles with bullying and coming to terms with his homosexuality in his upbringing. He performed the song alongside "Montero (Call Me by Your Name)" at Saturday Night Live a day later, where he suffered a wardrobe malfunction during a pole dance routine when the seam of his trousers split, leaving him unable to finish it properly. On June 29, Lil Nas posted a promotional video of his debut album, ending it with Montero, the Album. He also posted a snippet of a previously teased track called "Industry Baby". The song was released as a single on July 23, featuring rapper Jack Harlow, with production by Kanye West and Take a Daytrip. The song debuted at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached number one on the chart for the ending week of October 23, 2021, becoming Lil Nas X's fourth top-ten single and third number one. On September 17, 2021, Montero was released, along with its fourth single, "Thats What I Want". On October 23, 2021, Lil Nas X made a surprise appearance at Diplo's set at Electronic Daisy Carnival Las Vegas. During the appearance he performed "Industry Baby", "Montero (Call Me by Your Name)", and "Old Town Road". 2022: Upcoming second studio album On April 26, 2022, he announced his first concert tour, the Long Live Montero Tour. The tour was in support of Montero, and began in September 2022 and ran through January 2023. On March 16, 2022, Lil Nas X returned from his hiatus, and teased two songs from his "almost finished" new album, "Late to da Party" featuring YoungBoy Never Broke Again, and "Down Souf Hoes" featuring Saucy Santana. He also posted a preview of the track "Lean on My Body". On June 24, 2022, Lil Nas X released "Late to da Party", and later clarified via Twitter that it was "not a lead single". Lil Nas X said that the album would be "something fun, something for the summertime, something for the girls to get ready and party to". On his Long Live Montero Tour, Lil Nas X performed his then-unreleased single "Star Walkin'" and the intro to "Down Souf Hoes". On September 15, 2022, Riot Games, the developers of the video game League of Legends, announced a collaboration with Lil Nas X for the 2022 League of Legends World Championship through a press release, where they also declared him to be "President of League of Legends", in what Kotaku journalist Isaiah Colbert called a publicity stunt. The anthem for the tournament, "Star Walkin'", was released on September 22 with an accompanying animated music video. He performed the song at the opening ceremony of the tournament on November 5. Additionally, a custom outfit for a playable character in the game co-designed by Lil Nas X will be made available temporarily in November. On October 19, 2022, Lil Nas X invited Saucy Santana on his tour to perform the intro of "Down Souf Hoes" with an additional previously unheard verse. On March 17, 2023, Lil Nas X performed an extended play of the intro of the song during his Lollapoloza Chile performance. Lil Nas X: Long Live Montero, a documentary film by Carlos Lรณpez Estrada and Zac Manuel, premiered at the 2023 Toronto International Film Festival. The premiere was delayed by roughly half an hour because of a bomb threat from a caller who supposedly targeted Lil Nas X for being a black queer artist. However, according to a spokesperson for the festival, "To our knowledge, this was a general threat and not directed at the film or the artist." The threat was ultimately proven to not be credible. Musical style and influences Lil Nas X's musical style has been described as pop rap, hip hop, country rap, trap, pop rock, pop, and rock. He credits LGBTQ artists Frank Ocean and Tyler, the Creator as inspirations and for "making it easier for me to be where I am, comfortably." Lil Nas X also cites Nicki Minaj, Katy Perry, Drake, Miley Cyrus and Doja Cat as some of his biggest influences. In 2019 he said, "I grew up off the Internet, so my influences come from all over musically." He grew up listening to hip hop artists such as Andre 3000, Kendrick Lamar, Kid Cudi and Lil Uzi Vert. Impact Lil Nas X's success caused him to become the first person of color and the first openly gay performer to be listed by Forbes in its annual Highest-Paid Country Acts List. Ken Burns, who produced the PBS documentary Country Music, noted, Following the release of the music video for "Montero (Call Me by Your Name)", several outlets praised Lil Nas X for his "unabashedly queer" visuals. Variety Adam B. Vary wrote that the video "changed everything for queer music artists", noting that some LGBT artists like Jonathan Knight of New Kids on the Block and Lance Bass of NSYNC sang about women while staying closeted, while others like Elton John and Ricky Martin did not explicitly sing about their sexuality. He described the sexual imagery, including the pole dance, as evoking images of Madonna or Janet Jackson, without the need to hide his homosexuality. The negative reception to the song and music video was characterized by Los Angeles Times and Vice as illustrating a Satanic panic and compared to past moments in popular music history, including jazz music being referred to as "the devil's music" in the early 20th century, John Lennon's comment in a 1966 interview that the Beatles were "more popular than Jesus", backmasking accusations, the Parents Music Resource Center's "Filthy Fifteen", Madonna's music video for "Like a Prayer", Lady Gaga's music videos for "Judas" and "Alejandro", and Nicki Minaj's performance of "Roman Holiday" at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards. Public image Lil Nas X has been noted for his public fashions; in July 2019, Vogue noted Lil Nas X as a "master" at giving the cowboy aesthetic a glam look in his appearances and on Instagram. His stylist, Hodo Musa, says he aims for items that are "electric, playful, colorful, and futuristic." For his onstage look at the 2019 MTV Video Music Awards he wore a cowboy motif cherry-red Nudie suit. Wrangler, which is mentioned in the "Old Town Road" lyrics, has consistently sold out of Lil Nas X co-branded fashions. For the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards Lil Nas X wore several outfits including a head-to-toe couture fuchsia Versace suit with a pink harness that took 700 hours to construct. In July 2020, Lil Nas X modeled in a trailer video for a new skincare line by Rihanna's Fenty Beauty. In August 2021, Lil Nas X commented "Nah he tweakin" on an Instagram post about Tony Hawk selling skateboards painted with paint that contained his blood. It became a viral phenomenon for the next few days. In 2022, he was criticized for repeatedly grabbing his genitals, and placing his microphone at the center of his crotch and swinging it around, pretending the device was his penis, during his performance at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards. In May 2023, Lil Nas X attended the Met Gala wearing only silver body paint, a thong, and high-heeled platform shoes, with his face covered with rhinestones. His look was inspired by the late German fashion icon Karl Lagerfeld's cat Choupette. Personal life Coming out In early June 2019, Lil Nas X came out to his sister and father and he felt "the universe was signalling him to do so", despite his uncertainty whether his fans would stick by him or not. On June 30, 2019, the last day of Pride Month, Lil Nas X came out publicly as gay. His tweet confirmed earlier suspicions when he first indicated this in his track "c7osure". Rolling Stone noted the song "touches on themes such as coming clean, growing up and embracing one's self". The next day he tweeted again, this time highlighting the rainbow-colored building on the cover art of his EP 7, with the caption reading "deadass thought i made it obvious". He was unambiguous in an interview several days later on BBC Breakfast, where he stated that he was gay and understands that his sexuality is not readily accepted in the country or rap music communities. The response to the news was mostly positive, but also garnered a large amount of homophobic backlash on social media, to which Lil Nas X also reacted. The backlash also came from the hip hop community, drawing attention to homophobia in hip hop culture. In January 2020, rapper Pastor Troy made homophobic comments on the outfit Lil Nas X wore during the Grammy Awards, to which Lil Nas X responded: "Damn I look good in that pic on god." In January 2023, Lil Nas X tweeted a new statement about his sexual orientation, writing "be [for real] would yโ€™all be mad at me if i thought i was a little bisexual". The next day, he tweeted "that was my last time coming out the closet i promise". Religion Lil Nas X stated in September 2021 that he was an atheist "at one point," but is now "a very spiritual person in terms of the Universe, how everything works." Achievements Lil Nas X is the recipient of multiple awards including two Grammy Awards, five Billboard Music Awards, five MTV Video Music Awards, two BET Hip Hop Awards, two iHeartRadio Music Awards and two American Music Awards. He has also been awarded by Songwriters Hall of Fame as the youngest honoree of the Hal David Starlight Award. Lil Nas X was the most-nominated male artist at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards, where he ultimately won awards for Best Music Video and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance. Lil Nas X is also the first openly LGBT Black artist to win a Country Music Association award and the first openly LGBTQ person to win an MTV Video Music Award for Song of the Year. In 2021, he became the third artist, following Kendrick Lamar and Taylor Swift, to win an MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year for a video he co-directed โ€“ "Montero (Call Me by Your Name)". Lil Nas X scored three number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. In early July 2019, "Old Town Road" achieved its 13th week at the top spot on the Billboard 100, becoming the first hip hop song to do so. It is also the first song to sell 10 million copies while in the top spot. On its 15th week at the top, Lil Nas X became the first openly gay artist to have a song last as long, overtaking Elton John's 1997 Double A-Sideโ€”where both sides of the record are promoted as hits, "Candle in the Wind 1997"/"Something About the Way You Look Tonight". At 19 weeks at number one, Lil Nas X holds the record for the most weeks since the chart was first introduced in 1958. , the song has also charted 19 weeks atop the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart; beating a three-way tie record. At 19 weeks at the top of the Hot Rap Songs chart the song has also beaten a three-way tie. By November 2019, the song was Diamond Certified, moving a combined sales and streaming 10 million units. Time named him as one of the 25 most influential people on the Internet in 2019, for his "global impact on social media" and "overall ability to drive news". In 2020, he was named on the Forbes 30 Under 30 list. In 2021, he appeared on the Time 100, Times annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world. On September 1, 2021, The Trevor Project announced that Lil Nas X is the recipient of its inaugural Suicide Prevention Advocate of the Year award. Discography Studio albums Montero (2021) Tours Long Live Montero Tour (2022โ€“23) Filmography See also List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 List of most-streamed artists on Spotify List of bestselling singles worldwide LGBT culture in New York City LGBTQ+ representations in hip hop music Notes References External links 1999 births Living people 21st-century American rappers 21st-century African-American male singers 21st-century American LGBT people African-American male rappers African-American male singer-songwriters American bisexual musicians American hip hop singers American LGBT singers American male pop singers American pop rock singers American rock singers American TikTokers Bisexual male musicians Bisexual singers Bisexual songwriters Columbia Records artists Country rap musicians Grammy Award winners African-American LGBT people LGBT people from Georgia (U.S. state) LGBT rappers LGBT TikTokers MTV Video Music Award winners People from Lithia Springs, Georgia People from Austell, Georgia Pop rappers Rappers from Atlanta Singer-songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state) Trap musicians University of West Georgia alumni
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4%EB%84%AC%20%EA%B7%B8%EB%A3%A8%EC%97%AD
๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋„ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ์—ญ
๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋„ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ์—ญ (Station Lionel-Groulx)์€ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์‰ฌ๋“œ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ ์ง€์—ญ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ƒ์•™๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์„ ๊ณผ ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„  ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜์Šน์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์€ 2015๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 500๋งŒ์—ฌ ๋ช…์ด ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ, ํ™˜์Šน๊ฐ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์€ 1978๋…„ 9์›” 3์ผ์— ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์„ ์ด ์•™๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋‡ฝ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์žฅ ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„ ๊ณผ์˜ ํ™˜์Šน์„ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘๊ณ  ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์„ ๋จผ์ € ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„ ์€ ์ดํ›„ 1980๋…„ 4์›” 28์ผ์— ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค์ƒ์•™๋ฆฌ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ์žฅ ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ-UQAM์—ญ ์ดํ›„ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ํ™˜์Šน์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2009๋…„, ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋„ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ์—ญ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธต์— ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ๋ผ๋ฐœ ์—ฐ์žฅ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ์ดํ›„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํœ ์ฒด์–ด ์Šน๊ฐ์ด ์—ญ ์ „ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์—ญ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ธ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ฉ”์ž๋‹Œ์ธต์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฉ”์ž๋‹Œ์ธต์—์„œ ์ง€ํ•˜ 2์ธต ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์œผ๋กœ, ์ง€ํ•˜ 2์ธต์—์„œ 3์ธต ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์„ ์ž‡๋Š”๋‹ค. ์—ญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ด ์—ญ์€ ๊ฐœ์ฐฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‘ ์ธต์˜ ์„ฌ์‹ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„  ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์€ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์—, ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์„  ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์€ ๋ถ์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€ํฌ๊ณตํ•ญ์—ญ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๋‚ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„  ๋ชฝ๋ชจ๋ž‘์‹œ์™€ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์„  ์˜ค๋…ธ๋ ˆ ๋ณด๊ทธ๋ž‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์€ ์œ—์ธต์—, ์™ธ๊ณฝ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„  ์ฝ”ํŠธ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠ€์™€ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์„  ์•™๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋‡ฝ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์€ ์•„๋žซ์ธต ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŽธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ—์ธต ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ ์œ„์— ๋“ค๋ณด๋กœ ์ง€์ง€๋œ ๋ฉ”์ž๋‹Œ ์ธต์€ ์ด ์—ญ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ญ์€ ์ด๋ธŒ ๋ฃจ์•„๊ฐ€ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‘ ๋ฏธ์ˆ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ฉ”์ž๋‹Œ ์ธต์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ์Šคํ…Œ์ธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์ฒ ์ œ ๋ฒฝํ™” ๋‘ ์ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์ธ ์กฐ์…‰ ๋ฆฌํŽ˜์„ธ๋ฅด์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์กฐ๊ฐ์ƒ์ธ ใ€Š์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌดใ€‹ (L'arbre de vie)๋กœ, ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ์กฐ์ƒ์„ ํ˜ธ๋‘๋‚˜๋ฌด ์ค„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ•๋žŒํšŒ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ „์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์œ ์—”์ด ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๊ฐœํ†ต๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ธฐ์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์—ญ๋ช… ์œ ๋ž˜ ์ด ์—ญ์€ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ด ์—ญ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋„๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด์˜€๋˜ ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅด (Albert) ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์„œ ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅด์—ญ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ๊ฐœํ†ต ์—ฐ๋„์™€ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 1967๋…„์— ํ€˜๋ฒก์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™์ž์˜€๋˜ ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋„ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ์ˆจ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๋ฉด์„œ ์žฅ ๋“œ๋ผํฌ ์‹œ์žฅ์€ ์ด ๋„๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋„ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ์ถ”ํ›„์— ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•  ์—ญ๋ช… ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์„œ ์ง€์–ด์ง€๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋„ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ๋Š” 1946๋…„์— ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๊ณ„ ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™ํšŒ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๊ถŒ ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์žก์ง€ ํŽธ์ง‘์„ 1947๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1967๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋„๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. 1996๋…„ 11์›”, ๋ธŒ๋„ค ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ธ๊ถŒ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋„ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ฒ™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์„ ์„œ์Šดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ์—์„œ ์ด ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •์‹ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋„ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ์—ญ์„ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์˜ ํ”„ํ‹ฐํŠธ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ ๋‰ด (๋ฆฌํ‹€๋ฒ„๊ฑด๋””) ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ž๋ž๋˜ ์žฌ์ฆˆ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€์ธ ์˜ค์Šค์นด ํ”ผํ„ฐ์Šจ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ช…ํ•˜์ž๋Š” ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” 2020๋…„์— ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๋™์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋…๋ฌผ์ด ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ฒญ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‘˜์”ฉ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์‹œ ์ธก์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ด ์—ญ์ด ๋™๋ช…์˜ ๋„๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์—ญ๋ช…์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋ฉด ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ถ”ํ›„์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ญ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋„ฃ์„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์—ญ ๊ฐœ์„  ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋„ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ์—ญ์€ 2020๋…„ 5์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ์ง“๊ณ  ์—ญ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ˆ˜ ๋ง‰์„ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ธ๋ฆด์—์„œ ์ƒ์žํฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ์‡„๋˜๋ฉฐ 211๋ฒˆ ๋ณด๋ฅด๋’ค๋ฝ๊ณผ 425๋ฒˆ ์•™์Šค์•„๋กฌ๋ฏ€ ๊ธ‰ํ–‰์€ ์ƒ์žํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ „ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, 405๋ฒˆ ๋ณด๋ฅด๋’ค๋ฝ ๊ธ‰ํ–‰์€ 78๋ฒˆ ๋กœ๋ž‘๋„ ๋ฒ„์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ์žํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๋™์ชฝ ์ •๋ฅ˜์žฅ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•˜๋ฉฐ, 485๋ฒˆ ์•™ํˆฌ์•ˆ ํฌ์ฝฉ ๊ธ‰ํ–‰์€ ์ƒ์žํฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ณ์›Œํ„ฐ ๋™์ชฝ, 71๋ฒˆ ๋’ค ์ƒํŠธ๋ฅด ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ๋ธ๋ฆด๊ฐ€ ์•ณ์›Œํ„ฐ ๋™์ชฝ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋Š” 2023๋…„ 11์›”์— ์™„๊ณต์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„์Šค ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํŽธ ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋„ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 747๋ฒˆ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ์Šน์ฐจ ์‹œ ๋™์ „์œผ๋กœ 11๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์—ญ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์ž๋™ ํŒ๋งค๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ˜„๊ธˆ, ์ฒดํฌ์นด๋“œ ๋ฐ ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ๋ช…์†Œ ๋ผ์‹  ์šดํ•˜ ๊ณต์› ์•ณ์›Œํ„ฐ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ƒํ‹ฐ๋ ˆ๋„ค ์„ฑ๋‹น ์œ ๋‹ˆ์–ธ ์œ ๋‚˜์ดํ‹ฐ๋“œ ๊ตํšŒ ํ‰์ƒ๊ต์œก์œ„์›ํšŒ (Comitรฉ d'รฉducation aux adultes, Cร‰DA) ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๋ฌธํ™” ์ž์นผ์—์„œ ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ์Šค ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์Šค์™€ ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ๊ธฐ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ์˜ ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ์„ผํ„ฐ์—ญ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์€ ์ด ์—ญ์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๋ธ” ์ฝ”๋ฏน์Šค์˜ ํผ๋‹ˆ์…” 2์—์„œ ํผ๋‹ˆ์…” ์†Œ๊ตด ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ์—ญ์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ์—ญ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์„  (๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ) ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„  (๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ) 1978๋…„ ๊ฐœ์—…ํ•œ ์ฒ ๋„์—ญ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel-Groulx%20station
Lionel-Groulx station
Lionel-Groulx station is a Montreal Metro station in the borough of Le Sud-Ouest in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is operated by the Sociรฉtรฉ de transport de Montrรฉal (STM) and is a transfer station between the Green Line and Orange Line, with cross-platform interchange available. It is located in the Saint-Henri area, along Atwater Avenue on that area's eastern border with Little Burgundy. If transfers between lines are included, the station is one of the busiest on the Metro. It first opened in 1978. History The station opened on September 3, 1978 as part of the extension of the Green Line to Angrignon, with service on the Green Line only, though the Orange Line platforms were built at the same time. They did not enter service until the extension to Place-Saint-Henri was opened on April 28, 1980. It was therefore the first transfer station to open after Berri-UQAM, in the original network. In 2009 it became the first existing station to be retrofitted to be fully wheelchair-accessible through the addition of elevators. Berri-UQAM station had elevators added at the same time, but only between the mezzanine and Orange Line platforms. (The three stations in Laval, opened in 2007, already had elevators.) Three elevators connect the entrance to the mezzanine, the mezzanine to the upper platform, and the upper platform to the lower platform, respectively. Architecture and art The station, built in open cut, features stacked platforms with central platforms between the lines; the Orange Line is to the south and the Green Line to the north. The platforms are arranged in an anti-directional cross-platform interchange, with the two inbound lines (Montmorency and Honorรฉ-Beaugrand) on the upper level, and the two outbound lines (Cรดte-Vertu and Angrignon) on the lower level. This allows the majority of passengers to transfer by simply walking across the platform, without having to go up or down stairs. The station's mezzanine, suspended on beams, is located above the upper platform, and gives access to the single entrance. The orange, yellow and red circular tiles on the platform floor recall the multi-colored maple leaves that typically carpet the cityโ€™s sidewalks, parks and surrounding woodlands in autumn. The station was designed by Yves Roy. It contains two artworks: a pair of stainless steel mural sculptures by the architect over the mezzanine, and in the mezzanine itself, a sculpture called The Tree of Life by Italian artist Joseph Rifesser. Representing the races of humanity growing from a common root, it was carved from the entire trunk of a walnut tree, it was originally located at Man and His World and was given to the Metro by the United Nations. The station is equipped with the MรฉtroVision information screens which displays news, commercials, and the time till the next train. Station layout Origin of the name This station is named for rue Lionel-Groulx, which had its name changed to allow the station to commemorate Lionel Groulx. Groulx, one of the most influential of Quebec historians, founded the Franco-American History Institute in 1946 and edited the Revue d'histoire de l'Amรฉrique franรงaise from 1947 to 1967. In November 1996, the League for Human Rights of B'nai Brith Canada officially requested that the Executive Committee of the Montreal Urban Community (M.U.C.) recommend a name change to the station, due to anti-Semitic statements and positions made and maintained by Lionel Groulx. Likewise, there has been a recent movement to rename the station in honour of Oscar Peterson. The movement was originally started as a virtual petition, but has recently been picked up by the media. The issue was politicized and fraught in controversy as global monuments and statues celebrating controversial historical icons were called in to question. Connecting bus routes The 77 MUHC shuttle is abolished on August 23, 2021, as Vendรดme station became accessible and provides accessible path to the MUHC Glen Site. Nearby points of interest Atwater Market ร‰glise Saint-Irรฉnรฉe Union United Church Parc du Canal de Lachine Cร‰DA (Comitรฉ d'รฉducation aux adultes) Solin Hall (Off-Campus Residence of McGill University) Film and television appearances Scenes of the Bruce Willis-Richard Gere film The Jackal were shot in this station, redressed to stand in for the Metro Center station on the Washington Metro. Scenes from the Marvel Comics film Punisher: War Zone were also shot in this station, as the entrance to the Punisher's lair. Scenes from the movie Catch Me If You Can starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hanks were also shot in this station. The station entrance appears in many Just for Laughs: Gags pranks. References External links Lionel-Groulx Station โ€” official web page Lionel-Groulx metro station geo location Montreal by Metro, metrodemontreal.com โ€” Photos, information, and trivia Metro Map STM 2011 System Map Accessible Montreal Metro stations Green Line (Montreal Metro) Orange Line (Montreal Metro) Le Sud-Ouest Railway stations in Canada opened in 1978
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%99%EB%A6%AC%20%EB%B6%80%EB%9D%BC%EC%82%AC%EC%97%AD
์•™๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ผ์‚ฌ์—ญ
์•™๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ผ์‚ฌ์—ญ (Station Henri-Bourassa)์€ ์—‰์‹-์นด๋ฅดํ‹ฐ์—๋นŒ ์ง€์—ญ๊ตฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„  ์ •์ฐจ์—ญ์ด์ž ์—‘์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด‘์—ญ ๋ฒ„์Šค ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. 1966๋…„์— ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•œ ์ด ์—ญ์€ 2007๋…„์— ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์ด ๋ผ๋ฐœ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ์žฅ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„ ์˜ ์ข…์ฐฉ์—ญ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ผ๋ฐœ ์—ฐ์žฅ ์ดํ›„ ํ‰์ผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ์•„์›Œ์— ๋ชฝ๋ชจ๋ž‘์‹œ์—ญ๊ณผ ๋ฒˆ๊ฐˆ์•„์„œ ์ข…์ฐฉ์—ญ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฝ๋ชจ๋ž‘์‹œ์—ญ์— ์ข…์ฐฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„์Šค ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์€ ๋‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‚จ์ชฝ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์€ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๊ตํ†ต๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ์ชฝ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์€ ๋ผ๋ฐœ ๊ตํ†ต๊ณต์‚ฌ์™€ ์—‘์†Œ ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ด ์—ญ์€ ๊ฐœํ†ต ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฐ”๋ฃฌํ‚ค์—์ธ , ๋ ˆ์˜ค๋‚˜๋ฅด, ๋ฅดํด๋ ˆ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ ์ฐจ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ญ์€ ์—ญ ๋ณธ๊ด€๊ณผ ๋ผ์ฅฌ๋„ค์Šค ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ, ์ด ๋‘˜์„ ์ž‡๋Š” ํ„ฐ๋„๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์ด ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์ด ๋ผ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์—ฐ์žฅ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์ด ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ผ์ฅฌ๋„ค์Šค ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ญ์€ ์น˜์žฅ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์™€ ํ…Œ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€๋กœ ๊พธ๋ช„์œผ๋ฉฐ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์—๋Š” ์ต๋ž‘์ด ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์„ ์ƒ ํ†ต๋กœ์™€ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‘ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„๊ณผ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์€ ๊ธด ํ†ต๋กœ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ญ ๋™์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ผ์ฅฌ๋„ค์Šค๋กœ ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ๋Š” STM๊ณผ STL ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด ์ด ๋„ค ๊ณณ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฉ”์ž๋‹Œ๊ณผ ํ„ฐ๋„์ด ์ข์€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ํ‰์ผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ์•„์›Œ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ˜ผ์žกํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ž๋‹Œ์ธต ๋ฒฝ์€ 330๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๋ธ”๋ก์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฒฝํ™”๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์ง์ ‘ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๋ฒฝํ™”๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฒฝํ™”์—๋Š” ์‚ถ, ๋†€์ด, ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต ๋“ฑ์ด ๋‹ด๊ฒจ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฒฝํ™” ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ใ€Š๋„์‹œ์˜ ์•„์ด๋“คใ€‹ (Les enfants de la ville)์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ž์ธต์€ ์•™๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ผ์‚ฌ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” STM ๋ฒ„์Šค ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ์ด ๋‚จ์ชฝ ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ๋Š” ์œ ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ์ชฝ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„๊ณผ ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŽธ์—๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ž๋‹Œ์ธต๊ณผ STL ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ๋ถ€ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์„ ์ž‡๋Š” ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธด ํ„ฐ๋„์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์— ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ทธ๋งˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์€ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ฒœ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋’ค๋ฎ์—ฌ ๋ˆˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์™€๋„ ๋ณ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์—†์ด ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์ด ๋ผ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ์ด ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์— ์ •์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์•™๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ผ์‚ฌ ๋ถ์ชฝ ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ์—๋Š” ใ€Š๊ณ ๋…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์„ฑใ€‹ (Le Rรฉveil de la conscience par la solitude)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฐ์ƒ์ด ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žํฌ ์œ„์—์˜ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ƒ์ธ ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๊ด€๊ณต์„œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ ์—ญ์˜ ํ˜ผ์žก์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ํ”„๋ ˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ•์— ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ ์„ ์ƒ ํ†ต๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์œ„์˜ ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์— ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ ์„คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ์ด ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณจ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์žกํ˜€์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐœ์ฐฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์œ„์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ์—๋Š” ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€ ์•™๋“œ๋ ˆ ๋ ˆ์˜ค๋‚˜๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ๋ฒฝํ™” ๋‘ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ณ„๋‹จ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์œ„์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ ใ€Š๋ฐ”๋žŒใ€‹ (Les Vents), ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฐฐ๊ตฌ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ ใ€Š์ฑ„์†Œใ€‹ (Le Potager)์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ๋ฒฝํ™”๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ก๊ณผ ํŠœ๋ธŒ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ํ…Œ๋ผ์ฝ”ํƒ€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ 2007๋…„์— ๋ผ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์ด ์—ฐ์žฅ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์ด ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์—ฐ์„ ์—์„œ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์„ ํƒ€๋Š” ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ‰์ผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ์•„์›Œ์— ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„  ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฝ๋ชจ๋ž‘์‹œ์™€ ์ด ์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฒˆ๊ฐˆ์•„ ์ข…์ฐฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์—ญ ์ข…์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ชฝ๋ชจ๋ž‘์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์† ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŽธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์— ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์€ ํ†ต๋กœ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์„ ์ง€์€ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฑด์ถ• ์–‘์‹์—์„œ ํƒˆํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒ€ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน๊ณผ ์Šคํ…Œ์ธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์ฒ ๋กœ ๋ฒฝ์„ ๊พธ๋ช„๋‹ค. ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŽธ ๋ฒฝ์—๋Š” ์กฐ๋ช…์ด ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ชฝ๋ชจ๋ž‘์‹œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์—ด์ฐจ ๋„์ฐฉ์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ผ์ฅฌ๋„ค์Šค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฐฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ž‡๋Š” ํ†ต๋กœ์—๋Š” ์žฅ์‹์ด ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ†ต๋กœ ์–‘ ๋์—๋Š” ์•ก์…€ ๋ชจ๊ฒํ†จ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ใ€Š.98ใ€‹์ด ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ๋ฒฝํ™”๋Š” 98๊ฐœ์˜ ์กฐ๋ช…์ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„๋ฅผ ๋น„์ถ˜๋‹ค. ์—ญ๋ช… ์œ ๋ž˜ ์—ญ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋„๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์ธ ์•™๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ผ์‚ฌ (boul. Henri-Bourassa)๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์•™๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ผ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ ์ •์น˜์ธ์ด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๊ณ„ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์ธ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜์ž์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ 1910๋…„์— ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์ผ๊ฐ„์ง€์ธ ใ€Š๋ฅด๋“œ๋ถ€์•„ใ€‹ (Le Devoir)๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ๊ฐ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ˆจ์ง„ ์ง€ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ๋’ค์ธ 1952๋…„, ๋„๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋ถ€๋ผ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์„œ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์—ญ ๊ฐœ์„  ๊ณต์‚ฌ ์•™๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ผ์‚ฌ์—ญ์€ 2019๋…„ 4์›” 1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 9์›” 22์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ ์ถœ์ž…๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐํŒ๊ณผ ์ฒœ์žฅ, ๊ณ„๋‹จ์„ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ฒฝ ๋งˆ๊ฐ์žฌ์™€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์žฌ, ์กฐ๋ช…์ด ๊ต์ฒด๋˜๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•ˆ๋‚ดํŒ์ด ์„ค์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ 2018๋…„ 4์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2020๋…„ 12์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ญ๋‚ด ๊ฐ์ข… ์žฅ๋น„์™€ ์ผ€์ด๋ธ”์„ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•  ์ฐฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ง“๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ„ฐ๋„ ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„์Šค ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํŽธ ์•™๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ผ์‚ฌ์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. STM ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ๋‚จ์ชฝ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์—์„œ, STL๊ณผ ํ…Œ๋ฅด๋ณธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด ๊ด‘์—ญ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ๋ถ์ชฝ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์—์„œ ์Šน์ฐจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๊ตํ†ต๊ณต์‚ฌ (STM) ๋ฐ€๋ Œ: 31๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๋“œ๋‹ˆ, 55๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๋กœ๋ž‘ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ๋ฐ€๋ Œ / ์•™๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ผ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์Šน์ฐจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. HB: 69๋ฒˆ ๊ตฌ์•ต ๋ฒ„์Šค์™€ 380๋ฒˆ ์•™๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ผ์‚ฌ ์‹ฌ์•ผ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ์•™๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ผ์‚ฌ ๋„๋กœ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์Šน์ฐจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.. 171๋ฒˆ ์•™๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ผ์‚ฌ ํ†ตํ•™ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” 5๋ฒˆ ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์—์„œ ์Šน์ฐจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ๋ฐœ ๊ตํ†ต๊ณต์‚ฌ (STL) ์—‘์†Œ ํ…Œ๋ฅด๋ณธ-๋งˆ์Šค์ฟ ์‹œ (MRCLM) ๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ๋ช…์†Œ ์—‰์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ ์—‰์‹ ๋„์„œ๊ด€ ์—‰์‹ ๊ณต์› ์—‰์‹-์นด๋ฅดํ‹ฐ์—๋นŒ ๋ฌธํ™”์› ๋น„์˜ค ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ์—ญ ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์„  (๋ชฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ) 1966๋…„ ๊ฐœ์—…ํ•œ ์ฒ ๋„์—ญ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri-Bourassa%20station
Henri-Bourassa station
Henri-Bourassa station is a Montreal Metro station in the borough of Ahuntsic-Cartierville in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is operated by the Sociรฉtรฉ de transport de Montrรฉal (STM) and serves the Orange Line. It is located in the Ahuntsic district. The station opened October 14, 1966, as part of the original network of the Metro. It was the eastern terminal of the Orange Line until 2007, when the line expanded to Montmorency station in Laval. Overview The original part of the station, designed by Janusz Warunkiewicz, is a normal side platform station, connected by a transept and a long tunnel to a mezzanine some distance away. This in turn gives access to the station's entrance on 575 Henri Bourassa Boulevard, integrated into a government building, the STM's Terminus Henri-Bourassa Sud and the STL's Terminus Henri-Bourassa Nord. A second access, closer to the station's platforms on Berri Street, was added later. It was designed by Andrรฉ Lรฉonard and Claude Leclerc. On April 26, 2010, Henri-Bourassa became the 6th station on the network to become accessible, following the installation of elevators. Extension to Laval In the mid 2000s, the station was upgraded as part of the extension to Laval. A diversion from the main tunnel and a third platform have been added. This allows a number of trains to end their run at Henri-Bourassa (using the existing platform, where passengers board on the same platform before the train goes backwards using the crossover switch located in the tunnel connecting Henri-Bourassa to Sauvรฉ), while others continue to Laval (using the new platform). Trains coming from Laval always arrive on the first platform. The extension opened to the public on April 28, 2007. Artwork The station includes several artworks. A collective work by 330 Montreal children, titled Les enfants dans la ville ("children in the city"), is found in the mezzanine; composed of moulded concrete blocks, it depicts scenes of parks, houses, play, and transportation. In the Henri Bourassa Blvd. North entrance, a mural relief by Jacques Huet titled Rรฉveil de la conscience par la solitude ("awakening of consciousness by solitude") forms a firewall between the entrance and the adjacent government office. In the new Berri St. entrance, the architect Andrรฉ Lรฉonard created two terra cotta reliefs titled Le potager ("the vegetable garden") and Le vent ("the wind"). The addition of the Laval platform saw the addition of a new artwork, a light sculpture by Axel Morgenthaler titled .98. Origin of the name This station is named for Henri Bourassa Blvd. which in turn is named for Henri Bourassa (1868โ€“1952), a journalist and politician, who served in municipal, provincial, and federal governments, but is best known for founding the newspaper Le Devoir in 1910. Connecting bus routes For all connecting bus routes see Terminus Henri-Bourassa Nearby points of interest Arรฉna Ahuntsic Bibliothรจque Ahuntsic Cรฉgep Bois-de-Boulogne (with buses 164 or 171) SAAQ(with STM buses 164 or 171) Parc Ahuntsic Gary Carter Stadium Parc-nature de l'รŽle de la Visitation (with buses 48, 49 or 69] Maison de la culture Ahuntsic/Cartierville Ahuntsic Bridge References External links Henri-Bourassa Station - Official web page Henri-Bourassa metro station geo location Montreal by Metro, metrodemontreal.com - photos, information, and trivia Photos of the artwork .98 by Axel Morgenthaler 2011 STM System Map Metro Map Plan of terminus Accessible Montreal Metro stations Orange Line (Montreal Metro) Ahuntsic-Cartierville Railway stations in Canada opened in 1966
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%ED%81%AC%EC%9D%B8
์ฒดํฌ์ธ
์ฒดํฌ์ธ (Check-in)์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ˜ธํ…”, ๊ณตํ•ญ, ๋ณ‘์›, ํ•ญ๊ตฌ, ํ–‰์‚ฌ, ๋“ฑ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋„์ฐฉ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •, ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ถœ์„์ฒดํฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณตํ•ญ ์ฒดํฌ์ธ ๊ณตํ•ญ์—์„œ ์ฒดํฌ์ธ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฌผ์„ ๋ง๊ธฐ๊ณ , ํ‹ฐ์ผ“(ํƒ‘์Šน๊ถŒ)์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ‘์Šน๊ฐ์€ ์ฒดํฌ์ธ ์นด์šดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ํ‹ฐ์ผ“(, ๋น„์ž, ์ „์ž์ˆ˜๋‹จ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฌํ–‰๊ถŒ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋Š” ์Šน๊ฐ์ด ํœด๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง์„ ์ฒดํฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณตํ•ญ์˜ ์ฒดํฌ์ธ ์นด์šดํ„ฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ ์ง์› ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋˜๋Š” ์…€ํ”„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ‚ค์˜ค์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง์— ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ํƒœ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์ธ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ณดํ†ต ์ง์„ ์ฃผ ์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ปจ๋ฒ ์ด์–ด ์œ„์— ๋†“๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ปจ๋ฒ ์ด๋„ˆ์—์„œ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ์€ ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์•ˆ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ (๊ณตํ•ญ๋ณด์•ˆ)๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ›„ ์ง์€ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ํ™”๋ฌผ์นธ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ํƒ‘์Šน ์ˆ˜์† ์ง์›์€ ํƒ‘์Šน๊ถŒ๊ณผ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํŒŒ์ผ์„ ๊ฐ ์Šน๊ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํƒ‘์Šน์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง์›์ด ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์ฒดํฌ์ธ ์นด์šดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™”๋œ ์ฒดํฌ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ณตํ•ญ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ํƒ‘์Šน ์ˆ˜์†์„ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณตํ•ญ์—์„œ ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ์˜ ์…€ํ”„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ฒดํฌ์ธ ํ‚ค์˜ค์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์Šน๊ฐ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ณตํ•ญ์—๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ณ€ ์ฒดํฌ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „์— ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์„ ์ฒดํฌ์ธํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ณด์•ˆ์— ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ ๋น„ํ–‰ ์ „์— ํƒ‘์Šน ์ˆ˜์†์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ๊ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์Šน๊ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์•ฝ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ขŒ์„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์— ์ง์„ ์‹ฃ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅ™์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ์ด๋‹ค. ํƒ‘์Šน์ž๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ํƒ‘์Šน ์ˆ˜์† ๊ตฌ์—ญ์—์„œ ํƒ‘์Šน ๊ตฌ์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฒดํฌ์ธ ๋ผ์ธ์„ ๋น„์šฐ๊ณ , ๋ณด์•ˆ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฑธ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž‘์—…์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ณตํ•ญ์ด๋‚˜ ์—ฐ์ค‘ ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ์„ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ด€์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ํด๋ž˜์Šค๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์•ฝํ•œ ์Šน๊ฐ์€ ๊ฐ ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณตํ•ญ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ›„ ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ํด๋ž˜์Šค ๋ผ์šด์ง€์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ํด๋ž˜์Šค ์ „์šฉ ์ฒดํฌ์ธ ์นด์šดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์ฒดํฌ์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋‚ด์‹, ์ขŒ์„, ๋“ฑ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋จผ์ € ์„ ํƒ, ์ œ๊ณต ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ณตํ•ญ์ฒดํฌ์ธ์˜ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ํƒ‘์Šน์ˆ˜์†์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธํ…” ํ˜ธํ…”์ด๋‚˜ ์ด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ํˆฌ์ˆ™๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ๋ช…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ฒดํฌ์ธ(๋“ฑ๋ก๋ถ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋กœ๊ทธ์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•จ)์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์€ ํˆฌ์ˆ™๊ฐ์ด ๋“ฑ๋ก๋ถ€(๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ๋ก ์นด๋“œ)์— ์„œ๋ช…ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์€ ํ˜ธํ…”์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋ณต์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ถŒ์ด๋‚˜ ์šด์ „ ๋ฉดํ—ˆ์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ ๋ถ„์ฆ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋„๋ก ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹ ๋ถ„์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์— ์ •์› ์ด์ƒ์ด ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ข…์ข…์žˆ์–ด ์—ฌ๊ถŒ์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ ๋ถ„์ฆ์„ ๋ง๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ˜ธํ…”๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ†ต ๊ฐ์‹ค๋‹น ํˆฌ์ˆ™๊ฐ 1๋ช…๋งŒ ๋“ฑ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ, ๊ทธ ๋“ฑ๋ก๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์› ์˜์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์ด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ๋ก๋ถ€์— ์„œ๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ํ˜ธํ…”์ด ๋ณต์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ถŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์šด์ „ ๋ฉดํ—ˆ์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ ์› ํ™•์ธ ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ์ œ๊ณต์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์œ„ํ•ด. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์— ํ•œ ๋ช…๋งŒ ๋“ฑ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋“ฑ๋ก ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ฒ•์› ์˜์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์ด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ์„ค์€ ํˆฌ์ˆ™๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ™๋ฐ• ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ์‹ค ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ ๋ฐ” ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž ์žฌ์  ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ถฉ๋‹นํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ ์šฉ์นด๋“œ ๋ณด์ฆ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ™๋ฐ• ์ข…๋ฃŒ ์‹œ ์‹ ์†ํ•œ ์ฒดํฌ์•„์›ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒดํฌ์ธ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ์‹œ, ์ ‘์ˆ˜ ์ง์›์€ ์†๋‹˜๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์‹ค ์—ด์‡ ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒดํฌ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ ๊ทœ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜คํ›„ 12์‹œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜คํ›„ 3์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€์ด๋‹ค. ํˆฌ์ˆ™๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์˜ˆ์•ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ˜ธํ…”์— ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ์ฒดํฌ์ธ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธํ…”๋“ค์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ์ฒดํฌ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์†๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ์ฒดํฌ์ธํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ํˆฌ์ˆ™๊ฐ์ด ํ˜ธํ…” ์ฒดํฌ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „์— ํ˜ธํ…” ๊ฐ์‹ค์„ ์ ๋ นํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ˜ธํ…”์€ ์ฒดํฌ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ดํ›„ ํ˜ธํ…” ๊ฐ์‹ค์„ ์ ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ธˆ์„ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ „์ผ ์ˆ™๋ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ˜ธํ…”์€ ํˆฌ์ˆ™๊ฐ์ด ์ฒดํฌ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ „์— ๊ฐ์‹ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋น„์šฉ ์—†์ด ํˆฌ์ˆ™๊ฐ์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์˜ˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„(์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 30~60๋ถ„)์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ˜ธํ…”๋“ค์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฒดํฌ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ๊ทผ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ข…์ข… ์˜คํ›„ 6์‹œ์—์„œ 8์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ด์ธ๋ฐ, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ์ด ์„ ๋ถˆ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์†๋‹˜์ด ๋„์ฐฉ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฉ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ˜ธํ…”๋“ค์€ ํ•˜๋ฃป๋ฐค ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฆฌ์…‰์…˜์ด ๋๋‚  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฒดํฌ์ธ ๋งˆ๊ฐ์ผ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธํ…” ๊ฐ์‹ค ์ ์œ ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น„์šฉ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ด์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด, ํˆฌ์ˆ™๊ฐ์€ ํ˜ธํ…” ์ฒดํฌ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ธํ…” ์ฒดํฌ์•„์›ƒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ํ˜ธํ…” ๋ฐฉ์„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋„˜๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํ•ญ๊ณตํŽธ์ด๋‚˜ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์—ฌํ–‰์˜ ๋„์ฐฉ ๋ฐ ์ถœ๋ฐœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ˜ธํ…” ์ฒดํฌ์ธ ๋ฐ ์ฒดํฌ์•„์›ƒ๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•ญ์ƒ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ ์—ด์‡ ์„ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ฐ์‹ค์„ ์ ๊ฒ€, ์ฒญ์†Œ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์†Œ์…œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํฌ์Šคํ€˜์–ด, ๊ตฌ๊ธ€ ์œ„๋„(ํ์‡„), ๊ตฌ๊ธ€ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค, ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ, ์ง€ํŒก, VK, ๊ณ ์™ˆ๋ผ(ํ์‡„), ๊ฒŒํŠธ๊ธ€๋ฃจ, ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ดํŠธ์นด์ดํŠธ(ํ์‡„), ํ”ํžˆ "์ฒดํฌ์ธ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ž ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋‚˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํŠน์ • ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์€ ์ „ํ™”์˜ GPS๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฌ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฒดํฌ์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” "์žฅ์†Œ" ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์ด๋‚˜ ํƒญ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์žฅ์†Œ ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ™”๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ง์ ‘ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋‹จ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฒดํฌ์ธํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ๋‚˜ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—์„œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒดํฌ์ธ์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์—์„œ ์œ ๋น„์ฟผํ„ฐ์Šค ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ด ๋œ ์ดํ›„, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ง€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์—…๊ณ„๋Š” ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์†ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ์ฒดํฌ์ธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์€ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ฃจํ‹ด์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ, ์ž๋™ ์ฒดํฌ์ธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹œํ—˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ํ˜ธํ…” ์šฉ์–ด ํ•ญ๊ณต ์šฉ์–ด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check-in
Check-in
Check-in is the process whereby people announce their arrival at an office, hotel, airport, hospital, seaport or event. Office check-in Many offices have a reception or front office area near the entrance to greet or assist visitors arriving to attend a meeting. A receptionist may ask visitors who they are to meet and may ask them to sign a register. The receptionist may give a visitor instructions as to where to go or inform the host that his guest has arrived. The visitor may be issued with a visible visitorโ€™s pass, often worn around the neck. However, research shows that long waiting times at the reception area could lead to loss of customers. COVID-19 has led organisations to wider and faster adoption of technology to streamline the visitor check-in process, Visitor management systems automate the visitor check in process and reduces office check-in time with pre-registering visitors through email, effective communication, QR code express check-in, automate host notifications and efficient visitor management workflows. Airport check-in The check-in process at airports enables passengers to check-in luggage onto a plane and to obtain a boarding pass. When presenting at the check-in counter, a passenger will provide evidence of the right to travel, such as a ticket, visa or electronic means. Each airline provides facilities for passengers to check-in their luggage, except for their carry-on (also called cabin) bags. This may be by way of airline-employed staff at check-in counters at airports or through an agency arrangement or by way of a self-service kiosk. The luggage is weighed and tagged, and then placed on a conveyor that usually feeds the luggage into the main baggage handling system. The luggage goes into the aircraft's cargo hold. The check-in staff then issues each passenger with a boarding pass. There is an increasing trend towards more streamlined checking-in processes, whereby passengers can bypass or reduce the time in queues at the staffed check-in counters. This may involve passengers checking in online before arriving at the airport or using an airline's self-service check-in kiosks at the airport. Some airports have a curbside check-in, where passengers can check in their bags to an airline representative before entering the terminal and then proceeding directly to security. Many airlines have a deadline for passengers to check in before each flight. This is to allow the airline to offer unclaimed seats to stand-by passengers, to load luggage onto the plane and to finalize documentation for take-off. The passenger must also take into account the time that may be needed for them to clear the check-in line, to pass security and then to walk (sometimes also to ride) from the check-in area to the boarding area. This may take several hours at some airports or at some times of the year. On international flights, additional time would be required for immigration and customs clearance. Auto check-in is usually provided by the airline on the website or via the mobile application during the reservation/booking of the flight or can be added to an existing reservation/booking some hours before the scheduled time of the departure of the flight (this is, the time communicated at the time of the reservation/booking or later, by airline due to schedule changes; delays cannot be considered as schedule change). When auto check-in is completed a boarding pass is provided before departure. Hotels Hotels and similar establishments usually require guests to check in (also called registering or signing in), which involves the guest providing or confirming personal information, including contact information, along with a signature. The laws of some countries require guests to provide this information and to sign a register, often called a hotel register or guestbook, which may be in the form of a registration card, and some also require the provision of identification documents, such as a passport, national identity card or drivers licence which the hotel may wish to copy and retain in its records. Usually, only one guest is required to register per room. Sometimes, the register may need to be provided to a government agency, such as the local police, and sometimes with a court warrant or similar authority. The establishment may require guests to provide a credit card or a security deposit as a guarantee to cover potential costs such as the use of room service or a mini-bar for the duration of the stay, and to facilitate a more expedient check-out process at the end of the guest's stay. At the end of the checking in process, the reception staff will provide guests with a room key. More and more hotels are implementing an Online or contactless check-in options. Check-in times vary, but can range from about 12 pm to about 3 pm, depending on the establishment's rules and regulations. Late check-ins can be arranged through the hotel as long as the guests book this in advance and arrange all the necessary details. Hotels usually specify a check-in time after which they expect guests to check in. If a guest wants to occupy a hotel room before the hotel's check-in time, some hotels may charge for an additional day or treat it as a previous day's stay (as compared to occupying the hotel room after the check-in time). Most hotels, however, allow a grace time (typically 30โ€“60 minutes) upon request by a guest, without any additional charge, if a guest wishes to have access to the room before the check-in time. Some hotels also have a latest check-in time, often 6 pm โ€“ 8 pm, after which they may give a room to someone else if the room has not been prepaid for or the guest does not phone in to indicate their expected time of arrival. Some hotels have a deadline for checking in because the reception desk may close for the night. For the most cost-effective usage of hotel room occupancy, a guest should try to arrive near a hotel's check-in time and leave or hand over the hotel room near the hotel's check-out time. However, doing so may not always be practical because, for example, a guest's flight arrival and departure times or car trips may not align with a hotel's check-in and check-out times. Social network Many social networking services, such as Foursquare, Google+, Facebook, Jiepang, VK, GetGlue, and Gowalla, as well as Google Latitude (closed), and Brightkite (closed) in the past, allow users to what has been referred to as self-reported positioning, or more commonly known as a "check-in", to a physical place and share their locations with their friends. Users can check in to a specific location by text messaging or by using a mobile application on a smartphoneโ€”the application will use the phone's GPS to find the current location. Many applications have a โ€œPlacesโ€ button or tab where a user can see a list of nearby places into which the user can check in. If a location is not on the nearby places list, the user can add the location directly from the phone. Once users have checked in, they have the option of sharing their location with friends in services such as Twitter or Facebook. Since the check-in became a ubiquitous mechanism in most mobile applications, the industry especially in the gaming branch, has tried to find alternatives. Gaming applications, in particular, require the user to check in multiple times in a row, so the mechanism becomes a sustained routine. Currently, possibilities for an auto-check-in are being tested by developers. External links References Hotel terminology
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%AF%B8%EC%95%BC%20%EC%8B%9C%EB%A1%9C
์—๋ฏธ์•ผ ์‹œ๋กœ
์—๋ฏธ์•ผ ์‹œ๋กœ()๋Š” ํƒ€์ž…๋ฌธ์˜ ใ€ŠFate/Stay Nightใ€‹์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์ž˜ ๊ณ ์น˜๋ฉฐ, ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€ํƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ. ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฌดํ•œ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ œ 8์†Œ์ ˆ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์„ ์˜์ฐฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณ ์œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํŽผ์ณ์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณ„ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณธ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ๋“ฑ๋ก๋˜์–ด์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ ฅ์†Œ๋ชจ๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋งˆ์ˆ  ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•œ์ธต ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์ˆ . ํˆฌ์˜๋งˆ์ˆ  ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋ณต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์ˆ  ์ž‘์ค‘ ํ–‰์  ํŽ˜์ดํŠธ/์Šคํ…Œ์ด ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ ์„ฑ๋ฐฐ์ „์Ÿ์— ์ฐธ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์—๋ฏธ์•ผ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋žœ์„œ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃฝ์„ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋•Œ, ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชธ ์•ˆ์— ์‹ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์•„๋ฐœ๋ก ์„ ์ด‰๋งค๋กœ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์†Œํ™˜ํ•ด ๋žœ์„œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ์ €์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋žœ์„œ์™€์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚œ๋’ค ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์—๋ฏธ์•ผ ์ €ํƒ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์— ์˜จ ์•„์ฒ˜&ํ† ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด ๋ฆฐ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์•„์ฒ˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ƒ์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—๋ฏธ์•ผ ์‹œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”ํ† ๋ฏธ๋„ค ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด์™€ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋ฉฐ ๊ท€๊ฐ€์ค‘ ๋ฒ„์„œ์ปค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‹นํ•ด ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋ ค๋‹ค ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์ž…๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฒฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ €๋… ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋˜์ž ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ํ›„์ง€๋ˆ„๋‚˜์™€ ์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘์™€ ์ฆ๊ฒ๊ฒŒ ์ €๋…๋ฐฅ์„ ๋จน๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ํ˜ผ์ž ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๊ฒฌ๋””์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์‹ค๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค์™€ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ์™€ ํ›„์ง€๋ˆ„๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ์™€ ํ›„์ง€๋ˆ„๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์˜ ์ฒด๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํ‚ค๋ฆฌ์ธ ๊ตฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ผœ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์—๊ฒŒ ํ›„์ง€๋ˆ„๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹ค๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋„์žฅ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ฒฐ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ›„์ง€๋ˆ„๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ํŒจํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ํ›„์ง€๋ˆ„๋‚˜์™€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋ฉฐ ํ›„์ง€๋ˆ„๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์˜ ์ฒด๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚ ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ณ  ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณ„์˜ ๋‹จ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋˜ ์ค‘ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ์ž„์„ ๋ฐํžŒ ์‹ ์ง€์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋งˆํ†  ์ €ํƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‹ ์ง€์˜ ์„œ๋ฒˆํŠธ์ธ ๋ผ์ด๋”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ถŒํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ์ง€์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ๋™๋งน์„ ๋งบ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ด๋”์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ฅ˜๋„์‚ฌ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„œ๋ฒˆํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋“ค์€ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ง‘์— ์™€์„œ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์™€ ๋ฆฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ์ ์„ ์น˜์ž๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๊บพ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์šฑํ•ด ๋ฒ„์„œ์ปค์ „์—์„œ ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์ž๊ธฐ๋„ ์ฃฝ์„ ๋ป”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์žŠ์—ˆ๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ์ž๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‹ซ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์˜์•„ ๋ถ™์ด์ž ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ‘œ์ •์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š” ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ›„ํšŒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ๋ฅ˜๋„์‚ฌ์— ํ˜ผ์ž ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๋ น์ฃผ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์ „ํˆฌ ์ค‘์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฑˆ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ธ‰ํžˆ ๋ฅ˜๋„์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฅ˜๋„์‚ฌ์— ์˜จ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ํ’์™•๊ฒฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ œํ•˜๋ คํ•ด ๊ฐ•ํ’์— ํœฉ์“ธ๋ ค ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณง ์–ด์ƒˆ์‹ ๊ณผ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ์˜์‹์„ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ค ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง‘์— ๋Œ์•„์˜จ๋‹ค. ์ง‘์—์„œ ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ ํ›„ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜์‹์„ ๋˜์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์˜ ๋‹จ๋…ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋„ ์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ •์˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์ž๋ž€ ์ด์ƒ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋น„๋˜๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์ด ๋„์›€๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํž ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹ธ์›€์€ ๋‚จ์ž์ธ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์‹ธ์šธํ…Œ๋‹ˆ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ์‹ธ์šฐ์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์‹œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋ฒˆํŠธ๋ฅผ ์–•๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์งˆ์ฑ…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ํƒ€์ธ์ด ๋‹ค์น˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ชป๊ฒฌ๋””๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ž€ ๋ฆฐ์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ ์„œ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์‹œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋˜, ๋Œ€์‹  ์‹œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒ€์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์€ ๋ฆฐ์€ ์ž์‹ ์€ ์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ๋งˆ์ˆ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ๋˜์–ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  ์ˆ˜๋ จ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ์— ๊ณ ์ƒํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋„ ์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘๋ ฅ์„ ์นญ์ฐฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฆฌ์•ผ์™€ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ™” ์ค‘ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆฌ์•ผ์—๊ฒŒ ์•„์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฆฌ์•ผ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค๊ณ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฆฌ์•ผ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์„œ์ปค๊ฐ€ ๊นจ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ €๋… ๋•Œ ์ž ์‹œ ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚˜์™€์žˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์•„์ฒ˜์™€ ๋‹จ๋‘˜์ด ๋Œ€๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ , ์•„์ฒ˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ์ด์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚ ์— ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์™€ ๊ฒ€์ˆ ๋‹จ๋ จ์— ๋งค์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ๊ฐ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์ข‹์•„์กŒ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ๋ปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ์ƒ์ „์˜ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ์„์ง€ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๊ณ , ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์€ ์ƒ์ „๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์‹œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋”ฑ๋”ฑํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด์—ˆ๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์•…๋งˆ ๊ต๊ด€์ด๋ผ ๋†€๋ฆฌ์ž, ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณค์„ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์†”์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์— ๊ธฐ๋ปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ž‡์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ํ•™๊ต์— ๋น ์ง€๋Š” ์‹œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ์ฐพ์•„์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋‚ฏ๊ฐ€๋ฆผ์ด ์‹ฌํ•œ ์ž‡์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜ธํ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๊ธฐํ•ดํ•˜์ž, ์ž‡์„ธ๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์˜ ๋ง‘์€ ์˜๊ธฐ์™€ ์„ ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ผ๋„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ €๋… ๋•Œ ํ›„์ง€๋ˆ„๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์˜จ ๋ด‰์ œ์ธํ˜•๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋ผ์‚ฌ์ž ์ธํ˜•์„ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์„ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํƒํ•˜๊ณ , ๋†€๋ผ๋Š” ํ›„์ง€๋ˆ„๋‚˜์™€ ์‹œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ์ž‘๊ณ  ๊ท€์—ฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋™๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋ผ์‚ฌ์ž๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ์ž ์‹œ ๋Œ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ์ •์ด ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ €๋…์‹์‚ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๋กœ์™€ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ์ƒˆ ๋‘˜์ด ์ž๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์Šค์Šค๋Ÿผ์—†์ด ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฐ์€ ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ €๋…์‹์‚ฌ ํ›„ ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๋งˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ•์ขŒ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚˜์˜จ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์•„์ฒ˜์™€ ๋Œ€๋ฉดํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์•„์ฒ˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ '์‹ธ์›€์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋ฉด ์—๋ฏธ์•ผ ์‹œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์Šน์‚ฐ์€ ์—†์œผ๋‹ˆ ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ชปํ•ด ์ด๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ํ•˜๋ผ'๋Š” ์ถฉ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฒ€์ˆ ๋‹จ๋ จ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ต์— ์•ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋˜ ๋ฆฐ์€ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์™€ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ , ๊ทธํ›„ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต๋กœ ์–ด์„œ ์˜ค๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ ์ง€ํ•œํ…Œ ์†์•„์„œ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๋†”๋‘๊ณ  ํ•™๊ต์— ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ผ์ด๋”์—๊ฒŒ ๋“ค์ผœ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ด๋”๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋˜์ ธ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๋•Œ ๋ น์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ์จ ์œ„๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ๋ผ์ด๋”๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ „ํˆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ์••ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜‘๋ฐ•ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ œํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด์„œ ๋ น์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ผ์ด๋”์˜ ๊ธฐ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋†“์•„์ฃผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ๋ผ์ด๋”๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๊ทธ ๋‘˜์„ ๋†“์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ด๋”์™€์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ์‹ธ์šด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ์ธ์ •, ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๊ณผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์€ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์—” ์‹œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ํ›„๋ฐฉ์ง€์›์—๋งŒ ์ „๋…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฌป์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผ์„ ์—์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ์™„๊ณ ํ•จ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ คํ•˜์ž, ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ๋ชธ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํœด์‹์„ ์ทจํ•˜์ž๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰ ๋„์ค‘ ์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ๋ชธ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•จ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฐ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ํœด์‹์„ ์ทจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์‹ ์ง€์™€ ๋ผ์ด๋”๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด ์ „ํˆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ณ , ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง„๋ช…์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ•ด ๋‚ ์•„์˜ค๋Š” ๋ผ์ด๋”๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฉด์—์„œ ์—‘์Šค์นผ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ๋œจ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณด๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋งˆ๋ ฅ์„ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋™์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋„ ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์ผ๋‹จ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค์˜จ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฆฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Œ€๋กœ๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ž€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋‚  ๋ฐค ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฟˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์† ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์จ์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  ๋™๋„ค์—์„œ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆฌ์•ผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฉ์น˜๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฆฌ์•ผ๋Š” ์‹œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„œ๋ฒˆํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์˜ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ๋กœ ์‹ธ์›Œ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฆฌ์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ํ›„ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถœํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์˜จ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„, ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ์กฐ์šฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์šฉํžˆ ํƒˆ์ถœํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ฆฌ์•ผ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋“คํ‚จ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์•„์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ํ›„ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ๋ ฅ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚ ์ด ๋ฐ์ž ๋ฒ„์„œ์ปค์™€ ์ „ํˆฌ์— ๋Œ์ž…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ฆฐ์€ ๋ฒ„์„œ์ปค์ „์—์„œ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋ คํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฆฌ์•ผ์—๊ฒŒ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ผœ๋ฒ„๋ ค์„œ ์…‹์€ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ง€ํ˜•์—์„œ ๋ฒ„์„œ์ปค์™€ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์˜ ์ผ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๋ฆฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ„์„œ์ปค์˜ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ 1๋ฒˆ ๊นŽ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜, ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์ €์žฅ์„ ๋ชฐ๋ž๊ธฐ์— ๋ฆฐ์€ ๋ฒ„์„œ์ปค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃฝ์„ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์—‘์Šค์นผ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž ๋ น์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋ง‰๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์•„์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๊ฟˆ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต ์†์˜ ์นผ๋ฆฌ๋ฒˆ์„ ํˆฌ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฒ„์„œ์ปค์˜ ํŒ”์„ ์ž๋ฅด๋‚˜ ํˆฌ์˜์ด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ ๊ฒ€์€ ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋” ์ง„์งœ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ฒ€์„ ํˆฌ์˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐ๋Ÿ‰๋ณต์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ’€๋ ค ๋ฒ„์„œ์ปค์—๊ฒŒ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์นผ๋ฆฌ๋ฒˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ„์„œ์ปค๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ๋œจ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ด๋ฆฌ์•ผ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฆฌ์•ผ๋ฅผ ์ง‘์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ฃผ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ฆฐ์˜ ๋งˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ•์ขŒ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์„ ๋•Œ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•ด ์†Œ์œ ์ž๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ์•„๋ฐœ๋ก ์ด ๋ถ„์‹ค๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ €๋…์— ์บ์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ์Šต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ฃ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฃฐ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ด์ปค์— ์ฐ”๋ฆด ๋ป”ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์‹œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์‹ธ๋ฉฐ ๋ฃฐ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ด์ปค๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋งž๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์บ์Šคํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„๋…ธํ•œ ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” 4์ฐจ ์„ฑ๋ฐฐ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์•„์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ์— ๋†€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฆฌ์•ผ๊ฐ€ ํŒจ๋‹‰ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋น ์ง€๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋Œ€์น˜์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋‚˜, ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ํฅ์ด ๊นจ์กŒ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์‹œ๋กœ, ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„, ๋ฆฐ์€ ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„  ๊ฐˆํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ž ์ด ๋“ค์ž ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ฝ”ํ† ๋ฏธ๋„ค ํ‚ค๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค๋ ˆ๋Š” ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์— ๋†€๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฐพ์•„์˜ค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  ์•„์นจ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฆฐ์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ดํŠธ์— ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹ ํ† ์—์„œ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฒ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ์— ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ์œ„์—์„œ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์„ค๋“ํ•˜๋ คํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์„ฑ๋ฐฐ ๋ฟ์ด๊ณ  ์‹œ๋กœ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚œ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋งŒ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ ค๋‘” ์ฑ„ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‹ค. ์ง‘์—์„œ ์ž ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ ๋Œ์•„์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์— ๋†€๋ผ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์œผ๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ์œ„์— ๊ณ„์† ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์™€ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์ด ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์ž๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์™€ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋•Œ ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€๋ ค ํ•˜์ž, ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋„๋ง๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ์‹œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ์™€ ๋Œ€์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ๋ณ‘์ „์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ์•„๋ถ™์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋ฐ”๋นŒ๋ก ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ์˜ ์ •์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์˜์›…์™•์ž„์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ์‹œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ์™€ ๋Œ€๊ฒฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—‘์Šค์นผ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์•ž์— ๋‘” ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—๋ˆ„๋งˆ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์‰ฌ๋กœ ์‘์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ํฐ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์ž…์–ด ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ž๊ธฐ๋งŒ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๋„๋ง๊ฐ€๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์˜ ๋‹น๋ถ€์— ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ถ„๋…ธ๋กœ ์นผ๋ฆฌ๋ฒˆ์„ ํˆฌ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ค‘์ƒ์„ ์ž…๋Š”๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ์‹œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์• ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ดํƒ€์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋น ์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„, ๊ทธ ๋นˆ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก์•˜์Œ์— ๊ณ ๋งˆ์›Œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๋™์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹Œ ์™•์˜ ๋งน์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ผœ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๋™๊ฒฝํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ์— ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ๋„˜๊ฒจ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ผ์–ด์„ ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์•ž์—์„œ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์•„๋ฐœ๋ก ์„ ํˆฌ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ด ๋ง‰ํžˆ๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž…์€ ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ›„ํ‡ดํ•ด ์ „ํˆฌ๋Š” ๋๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ง‘์— ๋Œ์•„์™€ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ธธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ์ฝ”ํ† ๋ฏธ๋„ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฝ”ํ† ๋ฏธ๋„ค์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ตํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ ๋ณด๋˜ ์ค‘ ์ž๊ทธ๋งˆํ•œ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ. ๊ทธ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ณ , ์‹œ๋กœ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด 10๋…„ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ™”์žฌ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ ๋งˆ๋ ฅ์ œ๊ณต์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ธˆํ•ด ๋†“์€ ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ์ธ ์ƒ์กด์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์‡ผํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด์˜ ์†Œํ–‰์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„, ๋’ค์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ด์ œ ๋‚จ์€ ์ผ์€ ์‹œ๋กœ์™€ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ•˜์ž ์‹œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋…ธํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์˜ ์„œ๋ฒˆํŠธ์˜€๋˜ ๋žœ์„œ์˜ ์ฐฝ์— ์ฐ”๋ ค ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ง‘์—์„œ ํ˜ผ์ž ์žˆ๋˜ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๋ณ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตํšŒ๋กœ ๋Œ์ง„ํ•ด ์‹œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฐŒ๋ฅธ ๋žœ์„œ์™€ ์ „ํˆฌ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ ์‹ธ์›€์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ˜๋‹ค. ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋„˜๊ฒจ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ต๋ณ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด๋Š” ์‹œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์–ด๋‘ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ 10๋…„ ์ „์˜ ์ผ์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œ์ผœ ๊ทธ ๋‚ ์˜ ํ™”์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํšŒ์ƒ์ด ๋๋‚˜์ž ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋น„๋ชฝ์‚ฌ๋ชฝํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ผ๊ณ  ์œ ํ˜นํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋Œ€๋‹ต๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์ž์‹ ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋ง์„ ๊ฑธ๋˜ ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์Œ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” '์„ฑ๋ฐฐ๋Š” ์›ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋ฐฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์นผ๋์„ ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์•„๋ฐœ๋ก ์˜ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๋กœ์™€ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์—๊ฒŒ ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด๋Š” 10๋…„ ์ „์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ์ถ”๊ถํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์—๊ฒŒ ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ฐฐ์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ๋ฐํžŒ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํž˜์˜ ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด์ด๋ฉฐ ์†Œ์›์„ ํŒŒ๊ดด์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋žœ์„œ์™€ ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์™€ ์‹œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์‹œํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์œ„๊ธฐ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋žœ์„œ๊ฐ€ ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์Œ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‹œ๋กœ์™€ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ๊ตํšŒ์—์„œ ๋„๋ง์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ตํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋„๋ง์นœ ํ›„ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ์•„๋ฐœ๋ก ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ํšŒ๋ณต์‹œ์ผœ์ค€ ๋’ค ์‹œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•„๋ฐœ๋ก ์ด ์‹œ๋กœ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€ ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด์˜ ์Šต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ํ”ผํˆฌ์„ฑ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๋ฆฐ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฆฌ์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฉ์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์‹ธ์šธ๊ฑฐ๋ƒ๋Š” ๋ฆฐ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ์ž์‹ ์ด ์‹ธ์šฐ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„์กฐํŠธ ๊ฒ€์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์—๊ฒŒ ์นผ์ง‘์„ ๋Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฅ˜๋„์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ, ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด์™€์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฅธ๋‹ค.์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ•  ๋™์•ˆ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ํ—›๋˜์ด ์ฃฝ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฝ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๋ถ„๋…ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์ง„ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์„ฑ๋ฐฐ์˜ ์ง„ํ™์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์›๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋ฐฐ์˜ ์ง„ํ™์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋†๋ฝ์„ ๋‹นํ•˜๋˜ ์™€์ค‘์— ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ํ‚ค๋ฆฌ์ธ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์Šทํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋…ธํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „ํ˜€ ์†์„ ์“ฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ , ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด๋Š” ํ‚ค๋ฆฌ์ธ ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์กฐ๋กฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ‚ค๋ฆฌ์ธ ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๋Š” ์ƒ์„ ์ฃผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด์ „๊ณผ๋Š” ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง„ํ™์„ ์‹œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚ ๋ฆฐ ์ง„ํ™์— ์‚ผ์ผœ์ง€์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ €์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ํ‚ค๋ฆฌ์ธ ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์‹ ์„ ์ฐจ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €์ฃผ์˜ ์ง„ํ™์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ง„ํ™์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์˜จ ์‹œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋†€๋ผ์›Œํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์•„์กฐํŠธ ๊ฒ€์„ ๊บผ๋‚ด๋“ค๊ณ  ํƒœ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์–ด์ด์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด์˜ ๋ง์—๋„ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๋“ค๊ณ  ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด๋„ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋งž์ถฐ์„œ ์ง„ํ™์„ ๋‚ ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋น ์ง„ ์‹œ๋กœ์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์ €์ฃผ์˜ ์ง„ํ™์— ์‚ผ์ผœ์ง„ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ '๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ œ ์นผ์ง‘์ด์—ˆ๊ตฐ์š”'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ ๋ง์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์•„๋ฐœ๋ก ์„ ํˆฌ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฐœ๋ก ์€ ์—๋ฏธ์•ผ ์‹œ๋กœ์™€ ํ•œ ๋ชธ์ด์—ˆ๋˜๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งŒ๋“ค ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํˆฌ์˜์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฐœ๋ก ์˜ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์‹ธ๋˜ ์ €์ฃผ์˜ ์ง„ํ™์ด ์ „๋ถ€ ๊ฑท์–ด์ง€๊ณ , ๋•Œ๋งž์ถฐ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋„ ์•„๋ฐœ๋ก ์˜ ์ง„๋ช…์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ์˜ ์—์•„๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์•„๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฐœ๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ์—์•„์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ง‰์€ ๋’ค ์—‘์Šค์นผ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„๋กœ ๊ธธ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์‰ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์‹œ๋กœ ์—ญ์‹œ ํˆฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์ˆ ์— ๋‹นํ™ฉํ•œ ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๋“ค์–ด ๊ฐ€์Šด์— ์•„์กฐํŠธ ๊ฒ€์„ ์ฐ”๋Ÿฌ ๋„ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด์˜ ๊ฐ€์Šด์— ๊ฝ‚ํžŒ ์•„์กฐํŠธ ๊ฒ€์— ๋งˆ๋ ฅ์ด ๋‹ด๊ธด ์ฃผ๋จน์„ ๋‚ ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„์กฐํŠธ ๊ฒ€์˜ ์ผ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ‚ค๋ ˆ์ด๋Š” ์™œ ์‹œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์•„์กฐํŠธ ๊ฒ€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์œผ๋‚˜, ์•„์กฐํŠธ๊ฒ€์€ ํ† ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  10๋…„ ์ „ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฆฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์•„์กฐํŠธ ๊ฒ€์„ ์ค€ ์ผ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฆฌ์•ผ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถœํ•ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ง์„ค์ด๋Š” ์‹œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์„ฑ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด ํŒŒ๊ธฐ๋˜ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์‚ด๋˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋งž์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ง๊ณ  ๋‚จ์•„๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋‚˜, ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์˜ ๊ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋”๋Ÿฝํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒํผ์€ ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ น์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ฑ…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋‹คํ•ด์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ น์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ฑ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•œ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ์‹œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‘˜์€ ํ•ด์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋ฐฐ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์™€ ์ด๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‚ ๋“ค์„ ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•œ ์ถ”์–ต์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๋ จ์€ ์—†๋ƒ๋Š” ๋ฆฐ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ๊ฟˆ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ง€๋งŒ ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋„, ๋ชจ์Šต๋„ ์žŠ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋งŒ์€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์žŠ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋…€์™€์˜ ์ผ์„ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ ๋‹ค์งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์— ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฆฐ์€ ๊ธฐ์šด์ฐจ๊ฒŒ ํ•™๊ต๋กœ ๊ฑธ์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋’ค์— ๊ฑธ์–ด๊ฐ€๋˜ ์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ๋…๋ฐฑ์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. -Last Episode- ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ์˜ ์ด์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ„์งํ•œ ์ฑ„ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ”๊ณ  ๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ธ์ƒ์ด์˜€๋‹ค ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ง“๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ„์† ๊ฑธ์–ด ์š”์ •ํ–ฅ ์•„๋ฐœ๋ก ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์š”์ •ํ–ฅ ์•„๋ฐœ๋ก ์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค ์˜จ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์™€ ์žฌํšŒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณธ ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„์—๊ฒŒ '๋‹ค๋…€์™”์–ด. ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„.'๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๊ฑด๋„ค๊ณ  ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„๋Š” ๋ฏธ์†Œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ "๋„ค, ์–ด์„œ์˜ค์„ธ์š”. ์‹œ๋กœ.'๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™”๋‹ตํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ›„์— ์š”์ •ํ–ฅ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ง‰์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. fate: UBW ํŽ˜์ดํŠธ/์Šคํ…Œ์ด ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ ํ—ค๋ธ์ฆˆํ•„ ํŽ˜์ดํŠธ/์Šคํ…Œ์ด ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ ํ—ค๋ธ์ฆˆํ•„ ์ œ1์žฅ ํ”„๋ ˆ์‹œ์ง€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์›Œ ํŽ˜์ดํŠธ/์Šคํ…Œ์ด ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ ํ—ค๋ธ์ฆˆํ•„ ์ œ2์žฅ ๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐํ”Œ๋ผ์ด ํŽ˜์ดํŠธ/์Šคํ…Œ์ด ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ ํ—ค๋ธ์ง€ํ•„ ์ œ3์žฅ ์Šคํ”„๋ง์†ก ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋งˆํ†  ์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ ์•„๋Š” ํ›„๋ฐฐ ๋งˆํ†  ์‹ ์ง€ ๋ผ์ด๋ฒŒ. ํ† ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด ๋ฆฐ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋™๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ. UBW๋ฃจํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ์ธ. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํ† ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด ๋ฆฐ ์„ธ์ด๋ฒ„ ์•„์ฒ˜ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๊ฐ€๊ณต์˜ ์ ˆ๋‹จ ์žฅ์• ์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ณต์˜ ๊ถ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณต์˜ ์š”๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ€๊ณต์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๊ฐ€๊ณต์˜ ์น˜์œ  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ž ๊ฐ€๊ณต์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์‚ฌ Fate ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ 2004๋…„ ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋œ ๊ฐ€๊ณต์ธ๋ฌผ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirou%20Emiya
Shirou Emiya
, also written as "Shiro Emiya" in Fate/unlimited codes, is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the 2004 visual novel Fate/stay night, published by Type-Moon. Shirou is a teenager who accidentally participates in the "Holy Grail War" alongside six other mages looking for the eponymous treasure, an all-powerful, wish-granting relic. Shirou was the sole survivor of a fire in a city and was saved by a man named Kiritsugu Emiya who inspired him to become a hero and avoid killing people during fights. While fighting alongside the servant Saber, Shirou develops his own magical skills and, depending on the player's choices; he forms relationships with the novel's other characters. He also appears in the visual novel sequel Fate/hollow ataraxia, the prequel light novel Fate/Zero, and printed and animated adaptations of the original game. Writer Kinoko Nasu created Shirou and Saber in stories he had written as a teenager. Nasu was worried that the story would not work as a bishลjo game because the main character was a girl. Artist Takashi Takeuchi suggested switching the genders of the protagonist and Saber to fit into the game market. For the anime adaptations following Fate/Zero, the staff wanted to make the character more serious in his interactions with the other characters while giving him a more cheerful personality in contrast to the original visual novel. Shirou is regularly voiced in Japanese by Noriaki Sugiyama as a teenager and Junko Noda as a child; multiple voice actors have voiced him in the English releases of the anime adaptations. Critics have commented on Shirou's different characterizations; his role in each part of the original Fate/stay night visual novel has received positive reaction due to his character development and relationship with the character Archer. Shirou's appearance in Studio Deen's first Fate/stay night-based anime received a mixed response; critics initially disliked Shirou but praised how his relationship with Saber evolved. In Ufotable's anime series, based on the visual novel's route Unlimited Blade Works, the character was praised for how he dealt with questions about his ideals. Shirou has also appeared in multiple polls related to Fate and anime in general. Creation and conception Shirou's role in the story was meant to highlight parts of his personality and growth based on the paths the player picks. The first Fate storyline shows his slanted mind; the next, Unlimited Blade Works, presents his resolve, and in the last storyline, Heaven's Feel, he becomes Sakura Matou's ally and abandons his life-long passion of becoming a hero. Shirou was created with the idea of being a stubborn man with ideals that would change the way his role in the story based on the different routes, something the Type-Moon originally wanted to make with the protagonist of Tsukihime. Furthermore, Nasu wanted to portray him as a typical teenager while artist Takashi Takeuchi did not want him to have too much individuality in order to make players project themselves into him. By the end of the making of the visual novel, Nasu described Shirou as a joyless hero disinterested in the war, denying himself personal happiness in order to save as many people as possible. Shirou's character theme, "Emiya", while remixes and other themes were created to focus on important scenes related to his character. Design Before writing Fate/stay night, Kinoko Nasu wrote the Fate route of the visual novel in his spare time as a high school student. Nasu originally imagined Shirou Emiya as a female character named who wore glasses and Saber as male. Nasu swapped their sexes due to his experience writing the novel Tsukihime and because Type-Moon believed a male protagonist would better fit the target demographic. There have been only small changes to Shirou's physical design since its inception. With red hair and stubborn eyes, Takeuchi aimed for a typical design of a straightforward shลnen manga genre character. He felt that it was too standard, however, so he added more circles in his eyes. Takeuchi has trouble bringing out Shirou's expressions because of his unique eyebrows; as a result, Shirou remains the most difficult Fate/stay night character for him to draw. Their goal of creating "a protagonist without a face" to comply with the nature of bishลjo games in the initial release of Fate/stay night is another reason Takeuchi had trouble drawing Shirou, who only appeared in a handful of scenes. In the re-released Rรฉalta Nua version of the visual novel aimed at teenagers rather than just adults, the importance to show non-adult content was increased. So Takeuchi had to draw Shirou more often. Producer Tomonori Sudou felt that the staff had to draw Shirou more appealingly to bring more success to the anime. New clothing was also given to him. While Shirou retains his usual appearance in the spin-off manga Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya 3rei!! by author Hiroshi Hiroyama, during parts of his story, Shirou uses a magical card that dresses him in Archer's clothes. Hiroyama originally drew Shirou half-naked but felt this was ridiculous, mostly because the events depicted in the series take place in winter. In his final design, most of Shirou's torso is covered, giving him an appearance like that of his future heroic persona, with the exception of his right arm remaining uncovered. Already experienced in drawing Shirou before he started working on Illya's spin-off manga, Hiroyama had no problems with this version of Shirou, whom he referred to as one of the manga's protagonists due to the focus he gave him during the flashbacks about his past; Similar to the original visual novel, Hiroyama wanted to make Shirou select a route during his flashback chapters as he embarks on a quest to protect his sister, Miyu. Personality Nasu believes Shirou and Ryougi Shiki in The Garden of Sinners light novels are characters who face personal problems with narrow perspectives. Shirou was conceived as an amateur magician to create a strong contrast with the skilled heroes from the visual novel. Nevertheless, Nasu stated that Shirou was a weaker fighter in theย Fate route, but the character's magical skills developed significantly in theย Unlimited Blade Works storyline beyond the capability of an average person. Nasu said it is difficult to call Shirou's relationship with Saber a relationship between a man and a woman because after ruling Britain under the pretenses of being a male, she "turned into a girl all of a sudden and fell in love with Shirou". To foreshadow Shirou and Saber's first meeting, the team of writers included a dream sequence in which the latter's sword, Excalibur, is seen by the former. Since Shirou possessed the scabbard, Avalon, from Excalibur, Nasu wrote this to explain how the two became Master and Servant. Nasu originally had an idea to extend the Fate routeโ€™s, involving an alternative Fifth Holy Grail War where Shirou fought alongside Saber, but the two did not have a romantic relationship; following their separation, Shirou would bond with Rin in a similar way to how it happened in Unlimited Blade Workss "True Ending". Takeuchi described Shirou as a strange character based on his personality. Nasu wrote the younger Shirou as a shy child, whom he deemed fun as he grows up and becomes more straightforward. While the Ufotable Unlimited Blade Works series generated multiple questions regarding Shirou becoming his future self, the warrior Archer. Originally, Shirou's future persona would turn out to be the antagonist Gilgamesh but the staff changed him to Archer Nasu said that Shirou still has potential to become a Heroic Spirit. Nevertheless, Nasu still intended from the beginning of the making of the novel that both Shirou and Gilgamesh would oppose one another. In the Heaven's Feel route from the original visual novel, he did not specify whether Shirou would become the same Archer. In another interview, Nasu stated that the Unlimited Blade Works kept sending hints that Shirou might become Archer and Rin would be with him to support him emotionally. Shirou's fate in the Heaven's Feel route was left up to the players' interpretation because of Shirou's apparent resurrection. Handling by Ufotable During the production of the anime series Unlimited Blade Works, Ufotable said that they wished to develop Shirou to better fit with other characters in Fate/Zero and the anime's darker tone. Nasu explained that Shirou was made more comical to become a more enjoyable character; this proved to be difficult as his interactions with the other characters were modified, making Nasu feel pressure during the creation of the series. Nevertheless, Ufotable kept the idea of Shirou not being able to smile too much due to his harsh past, with characters telling Shirou that he rarely expresses joy in some episodes. The staff, including series director Takahiro Miura, found this idea fitting. Still, his interactions with Rin Tohsaka were created to bring the former more joy. Miura wished the staff to make this Shirou's coming-of-age story; despite this, Nasu stated Shirou does not go through a character arc in the story, which left Miura with a different opinion regarding the character's writing. Miura pointed out that in future work he would prefer to focus more on revealing the character of Shirou as a character rather than women associated with him, which is why the producer Aniplex was firmly established in his choice since the mainline of the arch with Archer based on following the ideals of his father. The CEO of Type-Moon believed that only Nasu himself could convey all the ideas he put into Shirou, help them reflect on the screen correctly and deepen the public perception of the hero. According to the scriptwriter, the main problem of adaptation was the transfer of the culminating battle between Shirou and Archer, which, due to the great emphasis on the inner thoughts of the heroes, could not be transmitted as clearly as in the source and, according to the creators, would be boring for the audience. For this reason, Nasu independently rewrote the entire course of the battle. In addition, since the format of the visual novel did not set the task to demonstrate the mimic expression of the protagonist's emotions, only during this scene did Nasu realize and prescribe the necessary range of feelings of the protagonist to reflect it during animation. According to Takeuchi, the final meeting between Nasu and Miura for the approval of the scenario of this battle lasted more than five hours. The choice of the epilogue was delayed for three months, and as a result, Nasu decided to write a script for a separate series telling about the future of Shirou and Rin, who went to study in London. For the release of the first Heaven's Feel film, director Tomonori Sudou said he wanted to explore Shirou and Sakura Matou's past further because he believes their relationship is the most important part of the story. Producer Yuma Takahashi had a similar opinion, feeling some scenes that symbolized the romance between Shirou and Sakura were needed. Ufotable mostly included these scenes; Takahashi believes people might want to watch the film again due to the significance it makes in early scenes. Sakura's Japanese voice actor, Noriko Shitaya, stated that the staff's biggest desire was to show the audience the scenes between Shirou and Sakura, with Sudou wishing to explore how the two met and became close. Aimer's theme song "I Beg You" was written to explore the relationship between these characters as Aimer wants to show Sakura's dark personality as she aims to be loved by Shirou but does not want him to know about her secrets. The author of the printed adaptation of Heaven's Feel noted that for the serialization of the manga he wanted to start the story between Shirou and Sakura with the first time the latter met the former and fell for him in contrast to the original visual novel which left this scene until some scenes more in the route. For the film Oath Under Snow, singer ChouCho made two songs that focused on the relationship between Shirou and Miyu, who are the center of the plot describing it as heartwarming due to the close bond the siblings have. The song "Kaleidoscope" primarily focuses on Shirou's point of view when first meeting Miyu, and she becomes one of the most important people he has ever met. However, due to the film's plot, the lyrics were written to show darker tone in regards to the development of what happens to the two siblings. While not being a song about Shirou, Choucho states that viewers will find a bigger standing to the character by listening to it. Voice actors Shirou is voiced in Japanese by Noriaki Sugiyama, who was surprised by the length of the Fate franchise. Sugiyama noted that they had a certain tension before the beginning of the recording process, since they had not been involved in the Fate series since 2010, they played the same characters only in the comedy works - the series Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya and Carnival Phantasm. According to Sugiyama, this forced them to rethink the images of their heroes, although he was glad to return to the "standard Shirou". Sugiyama, on the contrary, stated that recording director Yoshikazu Ivanami forced him for a long time to maintain emotional arousal in his voice. Both actors, Sugiyama and Junichi Suwabe (Archer), since they played the role of the same person, but of different age, in the final season of the series consciously copied the manner and timbre of each other's speech (Sugiyama - bass, Suvabe - baritone) for greater identification of the characters by the audience. During the Unlimited Blade Works, Sugiyama enjoyed his character's confrontations with Archer, mainly because Shirou might become Archer in the future. Sugiyama once again returned to voice the character in the spin-off movie Oath Under Snow. Kaori Nazuka, who voices Miyu, said her character has a noticeable character arc in these spin-offs due to her growing relationship with Shirou. When asked about his favorite scene from the film, Sugiyama said he preferred the final scene due to Shirou's appealing characterization resulting from the impact Shirou's final line has on Miyu. Hiroyama felt that Shirou's voice contains in this film a bigger sense of security compared to his manga. Once the Heaven's Feel films started being promoted, Sugiyama said Shirou acted differently due to the different routes the films were taken based on the visual novel. As the films were released, Sugiyama believed Shirou's characterization was far darker compared to the other routes from the visual novel. He found it sad that Shirou loses Saber but is still determined to protect Sakura. He expressed understanding of how Shirou's character was treated in the film, aiming for most of his lines to be done in a cool state. As a child, Shirou is voiced by Junko Noda, who refers to her character as "Chibi Shirou" due to his appearance and like her work in Today's Menu for the Emiya Family when Shirou starts cooking hamburgers. Sam Riegel was Shirou's first English voice actor, and Mona Marshall voiced Shirou as a child. Patrick Poole voiced the two incarnations of Shirou appearing in Illya's spin-off anime series. English voice actor Bryce Papenbrook felt honored to take Riegel's place for the Unlimited Blade Works series. He stated Riegel's work is "awesome". Papenbrook felt that the story took a "different path in Unlimited Blade Works" and that the creators "wanted a different take on Shirou". He was surprised that series director Tony Oliver chose him to play Shirou. Papenbrook stated that there were moments when Oliver "would explainย ... why Shirou was making a certain action or what had been happening surrounding Shirou". Oliver "added so much detail" to Papenbrook's performance; the actor enjoyed "watching it back after" and felt it was "really, really cool to actually see those things that [Oliver] described". He said Oliver wanted him to play Shirou in a "real" way and wished to perceive "the feelings behind" Papenbrook's words. As a result, Papenbrook had to get himself into a "deep mindset". Papenbrook had watched the first Heaven's Feel film in Japanese before he was told he would work on it. He said he had been "lucky enough to be at a convention with the Japanese actors". He added that while one moment in the film had made the whole audience laugh, he had not understood the reason behind their laughter until it had been explained to him; he comprehended that scene when he viewed it in English. After watching the film in Japanese, he "understood how Shirou should act in that scene". During the recording, he was asked to give Shirou more emotion; he found this challenging because he wanted to avoid expanding Shirou's tone. Papenbrook looked forward to Shirou's role in the Heaven's Feel film because of Shirou being different from the other series, mainly when it came to his relationship with Sakura. Characterization and themes Shirou Emiya is a red-haired Japanese high school student. Before the events of the visual novel Fate/stay night, Shirou's parents died in a fire caused by a war between mages known as the Fourth Holy Grail War. Shirou is saved by Kiritsugu Emiya, who then adopts him and teaches basic magic. Before his adoptive father's death, Shirou is informed that Kiritsugu failed to become an "ally of justice," someone who saves as many people as possible. Shirou promises to become one in his stead. Shirou has the desire to fulfill Kiritsugu's goal (referred to as an ideal) becomes his way of life. Through the three routes of Fate/stay night, his opinion of that ideal shifts. He suffers from extreme survivor's guilt and feels disrespectful to the deceased to prioritize his own needs before those of others. He has a distorted sense of values and can only find self-worth in helping others without compensation. Shirou takes Kiritsugu's values of being a hero regardless of being mocked by others who find him hypocritical for not caring about his own life; different routes of the novel make him choose different paths as he interacts with others. While Shirou is only able to perform fundamental magic for his daily life, he later develops the power to project weapons, such as two small twin swords and replicas of other weapons. He is connected with the servant Archer as both can wield the same powers, most notably the extra-dimensional weapons known as , from a dimension in the future, allowing to reach the strength of other servants in a short moment in different routes of the novel's stories. Sugiyama said that "Shirou is a philanthropist in any world. He is a young boy who is wishing for the happiness of those around him." Hiroyama felt that Shirou's voice contains in this film a greater sense of security compared to his manga. For the spin-off Today's Menu for the Emiya Family, Sugiyama was surprised and delighted with Shirou's personality, finding him gentler than in the original series. He tried giving the character a different tone than the ones he used previously. Japanese pop singer Aimer composed the theme song "Last Stardust", which explores Shirou as the music is displayed in his fight against Archer. The vocals focus on the fire that destroyed Shirou's city while dealing with his acceptance of Kiritsugu's death as he decided to follow his dreams regardless of any regrets he took in his life. This connects with Shirou's future self, Archer, who faced multiple tragedies after becoming a warrior, but Shirou still embraced the pain he would endure in his life instead. Aimer also researched the relationship between Jesus and his disciple Judas Iscariot while handling the relationship between Shirou and Archer with the latter often showing intentions to kill the former, believing he should have never been born; similar words are said between Jesus and Judas. Appearances In Fate/stay night As the visual novel opens, Shirou lives in a Japanese household from the city of Fuyuki under the guidance of school teacher Taiga Fujimura, years after his father Kiritsugu died. One night at school, he witnesses a duel between warriors Archer and Lancer; the latter ambushes and kills Shirou. Using her magic, Archer's master, Rin Tohsaka, manages to revive Shirou. When Lancer attacks him again, Shirou accidentally summons the servant Saber who drives Lancer away. Saber swears to protect him from any danger. After allying with Rin, Shirou learns of the Fifth Holy Grail War, a conflict between multiple servants and masters who seek to obtain the Holy Grail. Shirou agrees to join the conflict to prevent further catastrophes being caused by other masters. Fate route In the Fate route, Shirou learns that Saber is a female King Arthur. King Arthur blames herself for the fall of Britain. This unwavering ideal serves as a juxtaposition to Shirou's; although they believe that their respective goals are unreachable, both continue along their journey. While fighting a servant named Berserker, Shirou passes all of his energy to Saber to create a replica of Caliburn, the sword in the stone which chooses the rightful king of England which the pair wield together to kill their enemy. Shirou then adopts Berserker's master, Illyasviel von Einzbern, who is revealed to be Kiritsugu's daughter. Shirou learns that Kiritsugu was Saber's previous master, and that Excalibur's scabbard, , was hidden inside his body to protect him from enemies. Shirou and Saber prepare for final fight against Kirei Kotomine and his servant, Gilgamesh, who intend to sacrifice Illya to create the Grail. Before this, Shirou returns Avalon to Saber so that she can fight with Excalibur's full strength. Shirou and Saber win their fights by accessing Avalon's full power together, after which Saber returns to a past version of Camelot, where she passes away. In the PlayStation 2 remake, an extra ending was added, in which Shirou and Saber reunite on Avalon Island following their deaths. Unlimited Blade Works route In the Unlimited Blade Works route, Rin chastises Shirou for his ideal of becoming an ally of justice. Her servant is a future version of Shirou โ€“ Archer โ€“ who has suffered greatly from this ideal. Archer seeks to kill his younger self in the hope of erasing his own existence or at least erasing the idea of being an ally of justice from Shirou's world. During a battle, Shirou learns of Archer's true identity. The two are also locked in an ideological conflict, with Archer criticizing Shirou for borrowing his ideal from his adoptive father and Shirou vowing never to become Archer. Although he refuses to give up his ideal entirely, Shirou works toward a compromise in which he will strive for fulfilling it despite knowing that it is borrowed. After Shirou wins his fight against Archer, he faces and defeats Gilgamesh, while Rin and Saber destroy the Grail created from the late Illya. In the Good ending, Saber does not fade away after destroying the Grail, and Shirou stays with Saber and Rin in the Emiya household. In the True ending, Shirou travels to London to live with Rin and study magic in the Mage's Association at the Clock Tower. Heaven's Feel route In the Heaven's Feel route, Shirou realizes that his schoolmate Sakura Matou is a mage who unwillingly turns into a black shadow every night to kill townspeople. He faces a dilemma: he can either uphold his ideal by killing Sakura, saving lives in the process, or he can forsake his ideal to save her. He chooses to abandon his ideal and become Sakura's ally, also becoming Rider's master. During a fight, Shirou's left arm is cut off and replaced with Archer's. It is too powerful for an ordinary human to wield; its use would eventually result in Shirou's death. While fighting corrupted versions of Saber and Berserker created by Sakura's Shadow, Shirou absorbs the arm's power, beginning the process of his mind and body breaking down. He then projects Berserker's own axe-sword to his self-made technique, , and kill Berserker. With Rider's aid, Shirou defeats Saber, and he and Rin purge the Shadow from Sakura. He stays behind to destroy the Greater Grail but is confronted by Kirei, whom Shirou defeats. In the Normal ending, Shirou sacrifices himself to destroy the Greater Grail. In the True ending, Illya sacrifices herself to close the Greater Grail and save Shirou from dying to his arm's effects. He then lives peacefully with Sakura. In Fate/hollow ataraxia In the sequel Fate/hollow ataraxia, Shirou meets Bazett Fraga McRemitz, a member of the Mages' Association and a master in the Fifth Holy Grail War. Both Shirou and Bazett find themselves in a four-day time loop that begins on the fourth day of the Fifth Holy Grail War. Each time they die or survive four days, they awaken on the first day of the loop, aware of what has happened to them since the first time since it began. Determined to end the sequence, Shirou, Bazett, and Avenger fight to discover the truth behind the endless four days. Shirou experiences changes in personality and momentary memory lapses. It is later revealed that Shirou is connected to Avenger, causing them to switch places when the night falls, implying that Avenger is either hiding in Shirou's body. Once Shirou discovers the truth, he becomes conflicted; he wants to end the loop, while Avenger wants to live out his days. It is revealed that Avenger created and possessed a replica of Shirou to fulfil his desires, trapping that replica in the four-day time loop. Meanwhile, the real Shirou was still present in the real world. More than half a year had passed after the events of the Fifth Holy Grail War. Once Avenger ends the loop, he discovers the anomaly in spacetime continuum which caused the endless four-day cycle; it was caused by Rin's use of a copy of Zelretch's Jeweled Sword, which Rin had obtained with the help of Shirou and Illya six months after the War. Avenger then erases the memories of all the present people in the time loop world, including Shirou. The only people who know what occurred are Bazett, Caren, Illya, and Caster. In the epilogue, the true Shirou is tricked into allowing Bazett and Caren stay at the Emiya household. Appearances in other media Manga and anime Shirou has appeared in the anime and manga versions of Fate/stay night, the film Unlimited Blade Works (2010), and the Heaven's Feel films. Scenes from the original visual novel that show Shirou having sexual intercourse with the heroines are commonly censored. The Unlimited Blade Works anime series added a new scene where a person is seen walking in Archer's dimension following the final credits. This generated many questions from fans in regards to Shirou's destiny but Kinoko Nasu remained ambiguous about whether that person was Shirou or not. Shirou is a minor character in the spin-off manga series Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya, in which he lives as a normal teenager with Illya's mother, Irisviel von Einzbern. An alternate version of the character from a parallel world appears in the sequel Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya 3rei!!; Shirou is imprisoned by the Ainsworth family. He asks Illya to look after his sister, Miyu Edelfelt. Shirou is later freed from the prison by Gilgamesh and joins the fight against Miyu's enemies, the Ainsworths, using his magic techniques that weaken his body. Shirou is able to defeat Angelica Ainsworths but is nearly killed by a doll of Sakura Matou controlled by Julian Ainsworth. Following his recovery, Shirou reunites with Miyu, and they go back to their home while explaining to their allies what they know about the enemies. The manga and the anime film Fate/Kaleid Liner Prisma Illya: Vow in the Snow (2017) show the origins of the parallel world's Shirou; the adopted son of Kiritsugu and the foster brother of Miyu, Shirou decided to take care of Miyu following Kiritsugu's death. As the two grew closer as siblings, Julian kidnaps Miyu. Guided by Kirei Kotomine, Shirou decides to take part in the Holy Grail War to protect Miyu from being used as a sacrifice by the Ainsworths. When Shinji Matou's reanimated corpse kills Sakura for trying to protect Shirou, she leaves an "Archer card" that grants Shirou the powers of his future heroic persona, Archer. After avenging Sakura, Shirou fights the enemies that threaten his sister during the Holy Grail War and wins the conflict. Using the cards, Shirou transports Miyu to another world and then confronts Angelica. Although Shirou loses the final fight which leads to his imprisonment, he is satisfied with his sister's safety. After Shirou tells Illya his and Miyu's past, he makes peace with Angelica who becomes whom he becomes attracted. However, he is forced to abandon the battlefield when Illya and Miyu note that Archer's powers as they are consuming his spirit. However, when Sakura's doll is about to kill Rin, Shirou returns to fight, using his last magic attack to take her down and restore her mind. Shirou briefly appears in the light novel Fate/Zero, the prequel of Fate/stay night, in which he is saved by Kiritsugu at the end of the series from a fire. After Kiritsugu's death, Shirou decides to follow his guardian's dreams of being a hero. Shirou also makes minor appearances in the novel Fate/Apocrypha, in which his hometown was not destroyed by the fire of the Fourth Holy Grail War. He, along with other characters from Type-Moon, appears in the 2011 anime Carnival Phantasm. He is also the main character of the manga Today's Menu for the Emiya Family, in which Shirou's peaceful life is shown alongside those of the other characters. Video games and CD dramas In the role-playing game Fate/Grand Order, Shirou appears as a "pseudo" Servant under the name , a spirit that wonders about his vessel's persona. Muramasa wields demonic swords, including and , but is not certain about their success. This incarnation of Shirou reappears in the manga adaptation by Wataru Rei. Shirou appears in the fighting games Fate/unlimited codes, and Fate/tiger colosseum. Besides Type-Moon's works and adaptations, Shirou also appears in the video game Divine Gate. He is also present alongside Rin as a playable character in the side game Capsule Servant, as well as in the mobile phone game Hortensia Saga to promote the anime adaptations. A character CD focused on Shirou was released in 2007. A drama CD exploring Shirou's life with Kiritsugu and Fujimura as he deals with his trauma resulting from the fire and Kiritsugu's tutelage in basic magic was released. In promoting the animated adaptations of the routes, Shirou was added to the games Summons Board, Red Stone, and Puzzle & Dragons. Cultural impact Popularity Merchandise, including rubber straps and figures, have been modeled after Shirou, including replicas of his twin swords. In 2017, a cafรฉ based on Fate characters including Shirou was opened in Osaka, Japan. To promote the film Vow in the Snow, Takashi Takeuchi created a poster of Hiroshi Hiroyama's take on Shirou, which was offered to viewers in Japan. Hiroyama responded to this promotion enthusiastically. In promoting the Heaven's Feel films, Shirou's school uniform was recreated for the usage of cosplayers, while his image was later used as part of a Valentine's Day event. Shirou has been popular with fans of the series, often ranking in polls from Type Moon and Newtype. Outside of the franchise, Shirou has appeared in other anime polls. He took eighth place in the category "best male character" from a 2015 preliminary poll conducted by the magazine Newtype. In March 2018, he took fourth spot for his role in the first Heaven's Feel film. In a poll containing male anime characters conducted by Anime News Network, he took both the 9th and 10th spots. In a poll by Gakuen Babysitters, Shirou was voted as one of the male character fans wanted to have as their younger brother. In a Newtype poll, Shirou was voted the eighth-most-popular male anime character from the 2010s. In the March 2019 issue from the magazine, Shirou took the first spot for his role in the second Heaven's Feel film. In a Manga.Tokyo poll from 2018, Shirou was voted as the second most popular Fate character behind Saber. Anime News Network cited Shirou and Archer's fight scene from the Unlimited Blade Works television series as one of the best sword fights in anime due to handling of both characters in terms of similarities and how they use similar techniques. Shirou's Muramasa persona from Fate Grand Order is also popular within Japanese player. Critical reception Shirou's characterization has attracted critical commentary. Reviewers considered Shirou's behavior and his attitude to his own ideals as the most interesting and well-developed part of the whole novel. Gamasutra and Manga.Tokyo said his childish ideals of becoming a hero and the continuation of this goal while growing up make him an interesting protagonist. Writer Gen Urobuchi wrote that the relationship between Shirou and Rin is more appealing than his relationship with Saber, describing them as a more realistic couple. Urobuchi enjoyed the way Shirou and Sakura's romantic relationship is handled due to the emotional support Shirou offers to the lonely Sakura. Rice Digital claimed the sexual scenes were given a deep theme, as Shirou was not aggressive towards his love interest in neither route and remains as a more mature character instead. According to Anime News Network, in the visual novel's first animated series, Shirou demonstrates depth because he is less pacifistic and has become a more philosophical fighter than in previous appearances. THEM Anime Reviews was more critical of Shirou's personality, calling him a "complete idiot" due to the number of times he is placed in danger. Makoto Kuroda of Wayo Women's University describes Shirou's actions towards Saber as neglect of a person's primordial survival instincts and as encompassing "selfless philanthropism and a purely boundless sense of moralism". Some reviewers commented on Shirou's relationship with Saber and on his growth in Studio Deen's anime that improves their personalities and adds romance to their relationship as the plot progresses. Reviewers' comments on Shirou's role in the Unlimited Blade Works film and television series have been mostly positive. The Fandom Post and Blu-ray enjoyed Shirou's characterization in the film, in which his ideals contrast with those of Archer and Kiritsugu, making him notably mature in the story. Both voice actor Kana Ueda and ReelRundown said Unlimited Blade Works makes him interesting as the character's depths are further explored. Sequart Organization noted that while Archer hates his past self because of the regrets he had when he was Shirou, he makes peace with his decisions. An Anime News Network reviewer praised his fights in the film. Blu-Ray enjoyed the way Shirou and Rin begin as enemies and become closer as the story progresses. The same reviewer also praised the development of the relationship between Shirou and Archer during the film. Chris Beveridge of The Fandom Post praised the protagonist's battle against Gilgamesh because of Gilgamesh's antagonistic role in Fate/Zero giving the narrative closure. Josh Tolentino of Japanator found Shirou's decision to become a tragic warrior despite his knowledge about this future uncommon in storytelling. Shirou's characterization was changed for the Heaven's Feel movies. Anime News Network said he shows facial expressions that give his scenes a bigger impact on viewers rather than relying of dialogue. Two writers from The Fandom Post were divided on whether Shirou is as engaging in these films as in Unlimited Blade Works, although his posttraumatic stress disorder was noted to explore a deeper part of his past. Martin Butler of UK Anime Network found Shirou "rather bland". Some reviewers praised his interactions with Sakura and called their relationship one of the most enjoyable romances in the franchise. The second film was noticed for making Shirou take one of the hardest decisions he ever could as it protecting Sakura would contradict his dreams of becoming a hero he took from Kiritsugu. Beside the main Fate series, critics focused on his spin-off incarnations. During his debut in Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya 3rei!!, Shirou earned praise from Thanasis Karavasilis of MANGA.TOKYO, who said his heroic actions make his first appearance the highlight of the episode. His role in the fighting scenes in the series were well received by Karavasilis, but he received criticism for being overpowered. For the film Oath Under Snow, response to Shirou's protection over Miyu were received positive response, while his characterization also earned praise despite similarities with previous incarnations. Otaku USA praised him in Today's Menu for the Emiya Family because the character's cooking is presented in a positive way despite his similarities with the archetypes of action series in the previous works. In another review, the writer enjoyed the way this original net animation (ONA) handled the relationship between Shirou and Kiritsugu, which is only briefly shown in other works from the franchise. The main character in each of the story arches was placed in different conditions, which allowed readers to understand the circumstances of the setting ("Fate"), to conduct a theoretical understanding of the ideals of the character ("Unlimited Blade Works"), to face the problems of their implementation ("Heaven's Feel") and, having combined this, to understand the details of his image. Gamsutra added that the player's in-game choices dramatically alter Shirou's character arcs and allow Nasu to convey a different aspect of his ideal. In his analysis of the magical system and details of the personalities of the characters, Makoto Kuroda sees in the idea of Shirou to become a โ€œchampion of justiceโ€ a direct analogy with the traditional view of the life of bodhisattvas in Mahayana Buddhism, seeking to save other people at the cost of their own efforts and suffering. In Kuroda's view, Buddhist concepts are opposed to the elements of Christian ethics contained in the plot through the opposition of Shirou and Kirei Kotomine in the form of the main character's rejection of the interpretation of Angra Mainyu as a creature who accepted the sins of others in the name of salvation. Similarly, novelist Shลซsei Sakagami praised the way the player can witness Shirou's "gradual change from a robot to becoming a human" through the three routes. Uno Tsunehiro from Kyoto University compared his traumatic background to survivors from the September 11 attacks while also showing different ways the Japanese society used to take care of their lives in such time. As a result, Tsunehiro views Shirou's change in each route as a way to recover from the trauma, grow up and become an independent person. References External links Adoptee characters in anime and manga Adoptee characters in video games Anime and manga characters who use magic Anime and manga characters with accelerated healing Fate/stay night characters Fictional amputees Fictional kyลซjutsuka Fictional characters with post-traumatic stress disorder Fictional chefs Fictional Japanese people in anime and manga Fictional Japanese people in video games Fictional philanthropists Fictional swordfighters in anime and manga Fictional swordfighters in video games Male characters in anime and manga Male characters in video games Orphan characters in anime and manga Orphan characters in video games Video game characters introduced in 2004 Video game characters who use magic Video game characters with accelerated healing Video game protagonists
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80%EB%B3%84%20%EC%9E%85%EB%8C%80%20%EC%97%B0%EB%A0%B9%20%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D
๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ์ž…๋Œ€ ์—ฐ๋ น ๋ชฉ๋ก
์ด๋“ค์€ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ CIA ์ถœํŒ๋ฌผ The World Factbook์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์ž…๋Œ€ ์—ฐ๋ น์ด๋‹ค. ใ„ฑ : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 20์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 17์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ), 19์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ; ์ง•๋ณ‘ ์—ฐ๋ น์€ ์ „์‹œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ 17์„ธ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 16์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์—), 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) ใ„ด : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 17์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 17์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ - ๋‚จ์„ฑ), 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ - ์—ฌ์„ฑ), 19์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ; ์ง•๋ณ‘ ์—ฐ๋ น์€ ์ „์‹œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ 16์„ธ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค) : 17์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ; ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์€ 18์„ธ ์ด์ „์— ์ „ํˆฌ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) ใ„ท : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 17์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 17์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) ใ„น : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 16์„ธ (๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๊ด€ ํ›„๋ณด์ƒ), 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 17์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) ใ… : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 17์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 16์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์—), 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 20์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์  ๋“ฑ๋ก), 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค; ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์— 17์„ธ), 17์„ธ (๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฒ•๋ น ยง 246์˜ ๊ฐ•์ œ ๊ตฐ๋ณต๋ฌด) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) ใ…‚ : 15์„ธ (๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๊ด€ ์ƒ๋„, ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๊ด€ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž), 18์„ธ (๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž…๋Œ€) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 16์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 17์„ธ (๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๊ด€ ํ›„๋ณด์ƒ), 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 17์„ธ (๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๊ด€ ํ›„๋ณด์ƒ), 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 16์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ; ์‚ฌ์ „ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์€ 15์„ธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ฉด์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค; ์ž์› ๋ด‰์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 14์„ธ์˜ ์ง•์ง‘ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ), 20์„ธ (์˜๋ฌด ๋ฏผ๋ฐฉ ํ›ˆ๋ จ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 17์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ), 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 17์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) ใ…… : 17์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 17์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ), 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ), 20์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ), 19์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 16์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ), 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) ใ…‡ : 17์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋™์˜ํ•˜์—), 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 17์„ธ (๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๊ด€ ํ›„๋ณด์ƒ), 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ; ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์— 17์„ธ) : 17์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ), 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 19์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ; ์ „์‹œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ 18์„ธ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ๋‹ค) : 17์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ), 19์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ - ๋‚จ์„ฑ), 20์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ - ์—ฌ์„ฑ), 20์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ - ๋‚จ์„ฑ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ; ํ˜„์žฌ ํ†ต์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง•์ง‘์€ ์ •์ง€๋œ๋‹ค) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 16์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ), 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ; ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์— 16์„ธ; ์žฅ๊ต ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์ž…ํ•™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 17์„ธ; ๋„คํŒ” ์‹œ๋ฏผ์€ 17์„ธ์— Gurkhas ์—ฌ๋‹จ์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ; ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์— 17์„ธ) : 17์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ), 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 17์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 20์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ; ์ง•๋ณ‘์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ์ง€๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 15์„ธ (Basij์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค), 16์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ), 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 17์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ), 18์„ธ (์œ ๋Œ€์ธ๊ณผ ๋“œ๋ฃจ์ฆˆ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜๋ฌด) : 15์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ), 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 17์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ; ์ž์› ๋ด‰์‚ฌ์ž๋Š” 16์„ธ์— ํ•ด๊ตฐ์— ์ž…๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 20์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) ใ…ˆ : 17์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์— 16์„ธ) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 17์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ; ๋“ฑ๋ก๋งŒ ์˜๋ฌด์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋ณต๋ฌดํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ; ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์€ 16์„ธ์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) ใ…Š : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ), 20์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ - ๋‚จ์„ฑ), 21์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ - ์—ฌ์„ฑ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) ใ…‹ : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 17์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ), 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 15์„ธ (๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๊ด€ ํ›„๋ณด์ƒ), 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ; ์ž์› ๋ด‰์‚ฌ์ž๋Š” ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ 16์„ธ์— ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์— ์ž…ํ•™ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ 17์„ธ์— ์ •๊ทœ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์— ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ; ์ง•์ง‘์€ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 17์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 17์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 16์„ธ (๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๊ด€ ํ›„๋ณด์ƒ), 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ), 19์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ - ์—ฌ์„ฑ) : 17์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ), 18์„ธ (๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๊ณ„ ํ‚คํ”„๋กœ์Šค์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) ใ…Œ : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 15์„ธ (๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๊ด€ ํ›„๋ณด์ƒ), 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ; ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์€ 16์„ธ์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ), 21์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ), 21์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ; ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์— 16์„ธ) : 15์„ธ (๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๊ด€ ํ›„๋ณด์ƒ), 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ), 20์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ; ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์— 16์„ธ) ใ… : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 16์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ; ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์— 16์„ธ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 18์„ธ (๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ) : 17์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) ใ…Ž : 18์„ธ (์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ) ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ชฉ๋ก ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20enlistment%20age%20by%20country
List of enlistment age by country
These are the enlistment ages for military service by country, according to the online CIA publication The World Factbook. A โ€“ 19 (voluntary; age lowered to 18 during wartime) โ€“ 19 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary โ€“ men), 20 (voluntary โ€“ women), 20 (compulsory โ€“ men) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary; age 17 with parental consent) โ€“ 17 (voluntary), 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 17 (voluntary), 18 (compulsory) B โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 16 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary), 20 (compulsory militia training) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 17 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) C โ€“ 17 (voluntary), 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary; volunteers can join the Reserves and enter the Military Colleges at age 16, or join the regular forces at age 17 with parental consent) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary), 20 (compulsory โ€“ men), 21 (compulsory โ€“ women) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (compulsory; only registration is compulsory. People do not have to serve in the military) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (compulsory; conscription not enforced) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 17 (compulsory) โ€“ 17 (voluntary), 18 (compulsory for Greek Cypriots only) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) D โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 17 (voluntary) E โ€“ 18 (compulsory; conscription is currently suspended until further notice) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) F โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) G โ€“ 20 (voluntary). โ€“ 18 (compulsory). โ€“ 18 (compulsory). โ€“ 17 (parental consent). โ€“ 18 (voluntary). โ€“ 18 (voluntary), 19 (compulsory; conscription age can be lowered to 17 during wartime). โ€“ 17 (compulsory). โ€“ 18 (voluntary). โ€“ 16 (voluntary, with parental consent), 18 (compulsory). โ€“ 18 (voluntary). H โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) I โ€“ 17 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 17 (voluntary), 18 (compulsory for Jews and Druze only) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) J โ€“ 17 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 17 (voluntary) K โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 17 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 17 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (compulsory), 19 (voluntary โ€“ women) L โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 17 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) M โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 17 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary), 18 (compulsory, conscription not enforced) โ€“ 16 (voluntary, with parental consent), 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 20 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) N โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 17 (voluntary) โ€“ 17 (voluntary; soldiers are not deployed in combat before the age of 18) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 17 (voluntary โ€“ men), 18 (voluntary โ€“ women), 19 (compulsory; conscription age can be lowered to 16 during wartime) O โ€“ 18 (voluntary) P โ€“ 16 (voluntary; soldiers cannot be deployed to combat before the age of 18) โ€“ 18 (voluntary; age 16 with parental consent) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 17 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary; enlistment age can be lowered to 17 during wartime) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) Q โ€“ 18 (compulsory) R โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) S โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 17 (voluntary), 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 17 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary), 20 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 16.5 (voluntary), 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary), 19 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) T โ€“ 19 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary), 21 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (voluntary; age 16 with parental consent) โ€“ 18 (voluntary; age 16 with parental consent) โ€“ 18 (voluntary), 20 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary), 21 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) U โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 20 (compulsory) โ€“ 17 (voluntary, with consent), 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (voluntary; age 16 with parental consent; age 17 for admission to an officer program; Nepalese citizens can join the Brigade of Gurkhas at age 17) โ€“ 18 (voluntary registration), 18 (voluntary service; age 17 with parental consent), 17 (compulsory militia service under 10 U.S. Code ยง 246) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) V โ€“ 19 years old. The Holy See maintains a small volunteer force of Swiss nationals who make up the Pontifical Swiss Guard. โ€“ 18 (compulsory) โ€“ 18 (compulsory) Y โ€“ 18 (voluntary) Z โ€“ 18 (voluntary; age 16 with parental consent) โ€“ 18 (voluntary) References Online CIA publication The World Factbook External links Military service ages and obligation Military lists Military sociology
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%94%ED%85%8C%EB%A1%9C%EC%BD%94%EC%BB%A4%EC%8A%A4%20%ED%8C%A8%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4
์—”ํ…Œ๋กœ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค ํŒจ์นผ๋ฆฌ์Šค
์—”ํ…Œ๋กœ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค ํŒจ์นผ๋ฆฌ์Šค(Enterococcus faecalis)๋Š” ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ์—ฐ์‡„์ƒ๊ตฌ๊ท (Streptococcus)๊ณ„ D๊ตฐ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฌ์œ  ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์œ„์žฅ๊ด€์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋žŒ ์–‘์„ฑ, ๊ณต์ƒ ์„ธ๊ท ์ด๋‹ค. ์—”ํ…Œ๋กœ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค(Enterococcus) ์†์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, E. faecalis๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ E. faecalis์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์€ ์›๋‚ด๊ฐ์—ผ(๋ณ‘์›)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. E. faecalis๋Š” ์น˜์•„ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๊ด€(์น˜๊ทผ๊ด€(้ฝ’ๆ น็ฎก)) ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์น˜์•„์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ณด๊ท ๋ฅ ์˜ 30-90 % ๋ฒ”์œ„๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ์น˜๊ทผ๊ด€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์น˜์•„๋Š” 1์ฐจ ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค E. faecalis๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝ 9๋ฐฐ ๋” ๋†’๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™ E. faecalis๋Š” ๋น„ ์šด๋™์„ฑ(nonmotile) ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์Šค ์ƒ์„ฑ์—†์ด ํฌ๋„๋‹น์„ ๋ฐœํšจ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์นดํƒˆ๋ผ์•„์ œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌํŠธ๋จธ์Šค ๋ฐ€ํฌ์˜ ํ™˜์›์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋งŒ, ์ ค๋ผํ‹ด์„ ์•กํ™”์‹œํ‚ค์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ†ต์„ฑ ํ˜๊ธฐ์„ฑ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์–‘๋ฐฐ์ง€์—์„œ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋กค, ๋ฝํŠธ์‚ฐ, ๋ง์‚ฐ, ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ, ์•„๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋‹Œ, ์•„๊ทธ๋งˆํ‹ด(agmatine) ๋ฐ ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ€ํ† ์‚ฐ(keto acids)์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์„ ๋Œ€์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. Enterococci๋Š” ๊ทนํ•œ์˜ ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ pH (9.6) ๋ฐ ์—ผ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋งค์šฐ ํ˜น๋…ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ƒ์กดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์„ธ๊ท ์€ ๋‹ด์ฆ™์‚ฐ(bile salts), ์„ธ์ œ, ์ค‘๊ธˆ์†, ์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ, ์•„์ง€๋“œ(azide) ๋ฐ ๊ฑด์กฐ(desiccation)์— ๊ฒฌ๋”˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์„ธ๊ท ์€ 10 ~ 45 ยฐ C์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ์ž๋ž„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 60 ยฐ C์˜ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ 30๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ E. faecalis๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ฌ๋‚ด๋ง‰์—ผ, ํŒจํ˜ˆ์ฆ, ์š”๋กœ ๊ฐ์—ผ (UTI), ์ˆ˜๋ง‰์—ผ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. E. faecalis ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋…์„ฑ ์š”์ธ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ ์šฉ๊ท (cellolysin)์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋ฏธ๋“œ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ง€ ๋œ ์šฉํ˜ˆ ์šฉ๊ท ์€ ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ฒํƒ€๋งˆ์ด์‹  ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„ธํฌ ์šฉ๊ท ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ท ํ˜ˆ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์œ„ํ—˜์ด 5 ๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด์žˆ๋‹ค. "aggregate substance"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋ฏธ๋“œ๋กœ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋œ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ์†Œ(adhesin)์€ ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋…์„ฑ์—๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋‚ด์„ฑ(Multi drug resistance, MDR) E. faecalis๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ท ์ œ ( ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ, ์•„์ฆˆํŠธ๋ ˆ์˜ค๋‚จ, ์„ธํŒ”๋กœ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ (์•„๋ž˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ), ํด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋งˆ์ด์‹ , ๋ฐ˜ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋‚˜ํ”„์‹ค๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ์˜ฅ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋ฆฐ, ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”ํ† ํ”„๋ฆผ/์„คํŒŒ๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‚ฌ์กธ)์— ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. E. faecalis์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ฝ”๋งˆ์ด์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์ ์  ๋” ๋ณดํŽธํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์ฝ”๋งˆ์ด์‹  ๋‚ด์„ฑ E. faecalis์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์˜ต์…˜์œผ๋กœ๋Š” nitrofurantoin (ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์ด์—†๋Š” UTI์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ), ๋ฆฌ๋„ค์กธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ(linezolid) ๋ฐ daptomycin์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์•”ํ”ผ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ์ด ์„ ํ˜ธ๋œ๋‹ค. Quinupristin / dalfopristin ์€ E. faecalis๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ Enterococcus faecium ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์น˜๊ทผ๊ด€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ์ฐจ์•„์—ผ์†Œ์‚ฐ(NaOCl)๊ณผ ํด๋กœ๋ฅดํ—ฅ์‹œ๋”˜(chlorhexidine,CHX)์€ ์น˜๊ทผ๊ด€์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— E. faecalis ์™€ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ฐจ์•„์—ผ์†Œ์‚ฐ(NaOCl) ๋˜๋Š” ํด๋กœ๋ฅดํ—ฅ์‹œ๋”˜(CHX)๋Š” E. faecalis๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๋ณตํ•ฉ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ• ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ณตํ•ฉ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” E. faecalis์˜ ์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ฐ์—ผ (์˜ˆ : ์‹ฌ์žฅ ํŒ๋ง‰ ๊ฐ์—ผ)์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํšจ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์•”ํ”ผ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์ฝ”๋งˆ์ด์‹ ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” E. faecalis (์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋†’์€ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ๊ฒฐํ•๋œ) ๊ท ์ฃผ๋Š” ์  ํƒ€๋งˆ์ด์‹ ๊ณผ ์•”ํ”ผ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์žฅ ๋…์„ฑ์ด ๋œํ•œ ์กฐํ•ฉ์ธ ์•”ํ”ผ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ์„ธํ”„ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•…์†(cetfriaxone) ( E. faecalis๋Š” ์„ธํŒ”๋กœ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ์— ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธํ”„ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•…์†์€ ์•”ํ”ผ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒ์Šน ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค)์€ ์•”ํ”ผ์‹ค๋ฆฐ์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ E. faecalis์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ‘ํ† ๋งˆ์ด์‹ (Daptomycin) ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋„ค์กธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋Š” ์•”ํ”ผ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜์ฝ”๋งˆ์ด์‹  ๋‚ด์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํšจ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ™ํ† ๋งˆ์ด์‹ ์„ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์š”๋ฒ•์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์กด ๋ฐ ๋…์„ฑ ์š”์ธ ์˜์–‘ ๊ฒฐํ• ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง€์† ์ƒ์•„์งˆ์— ๋ถ™๊ณ  ์ƒ์•„์งˆ ์„ธ๊ด€์— ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์นจํˆฌํ•จ ์ˆ™์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ด ๋ฆผํ”„๊ตฌ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•จ ์šฉ๊ท  ํšจ์†Œ, ์„ธํฌ ์šฉํ•ด์†Œ, ์‘์ง‘์ฒด, ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ชฌ ๋ฐ lipoteichoic acid๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•จ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์„ ์˜์–‘ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์›์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ ์น˜๊ทผ๊ด€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์— ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ (์˜ˆ : ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”์นผ์Š˜) pH ํ•ญ์ƒ์„ฑ ์œ ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”์นผ์Š˜์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค„์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ƒ์•„์งˆ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ง‰(biofilm) ํ˜•์„ฑ ์—ญ์‚ฌ 1984๋…„ ์ด์ „์—, ์žฅ๊ตฌ๊ท ์€ ์—ฐ์‡„์ƒ๊ตฌ๊ท (Streptococcus) ์†์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ; ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ E. faecalis๋Š” Streptococcus faecalis ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ E. faecalis ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์€ 322๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์Œ๊ณผ 3,113๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ์œ ์ „์ž๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์†Œํ˜• RNA ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์ž‘์€ RNA๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์„ธํฌ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. 11 ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž‘์€ RNA๋Š” E. faecalis V583์—์„œ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŠน์„ฑํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ 5๊ฐœ๋Š” ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ๋ณ‘๋…์„ฑ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ์ฐจ์›์˜ sRNA ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ผ๋ถ€ sRNA๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ Enteroccocus : E. faecium์—์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์œ ์‚ฐ๊ท ๋ชฉ 1906๋…„ ๊ธฐ์žฌ๋œ ์„ธ๊ท 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus%20faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis โ€“ formerly classified as part of the group D Streptococcus system โ€“ is a Gram-positive, commensal bacterium inhabiting the gastrointestinal tracts of humans. Like other species in the genus Enterococcus, E. faecalis is found in healthy humans and can be used as a probiotic. The probiotic strains such as Symbioflor1 and EF-2001 are characterized by the lack of specific genes related to drug resistance and pathogenesis. As an opportunistic pathogen, E. faecalis can cause life-threatening infections, especially in the nosocomial (hospital) environment, where the naturally high levels of antibiotic resistance found in E. faecalis contribute to its pathogenicity. E. faecalis has been frequently found in reinfected, root canal-treated teeth in prevalence values ranging from 30% to 90% of the cases. Re-infected root canal-treated teeth are about nine times more likely to harbor E. faecalis than cases of primary infections. Physiology E. faecalis is a nonmotile microbe; it ferments glucose without gas production, and does not produce a catalase reaction with hydrogen peroxide. It produces a reduction of litmus milk, but does not liquefy gelatin. It shows consistent growth throughout nutrient broth which is consistent with being a facultative anaerobe. It catabolizes a variety of energy sources, including glycerol, lactate, malate, citrate, arginine, agmatine, and many keto acids. Enterococci survive very harsh environments, including extremely alkaline pH (9.6) and salt concentrations. They resist bile salts, detergents, heavy metals, ethanol, azide, and desiccation. They can grow in the range of 10 to 45ย ยฐC and survive at temperatures of 60ย ยฐC for 30 min. Pathogenesis E. faecalis is found in most healthy individuals, but can cause endocarditis and sepsis, urinary tract infections (UTIs), meningitis, and other infections in humans. Several virulence factors are thought to contribute to E. faecalis infections. A plasmid-encoded hemolysin, called the cytolysin, is important for pathogenesis in animal models of infection, and the cytolysin in combination with high-level gentamicin resistance is associated with a five-fold increase in risk of death in human bacteremia patients. A plasmid-encoded adhesin called "aggregation substance" is also important for virulence in animal models of infection. E. faecalis contains a tyrosine decarboxylase enzyme capable of decarboxylating L-dopa, a crucial drug in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. If L-dopa is decarboxylated in the gut microbiome, it cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier and be decarboxylated in the brain to become dopamine. Antibacterial resistance Multi drug resistance E. faecalis is usually resistant to many commonly used antimicrobial agents (aminoglycosides, aztreonam and quinolones. The resistance is mediated by the presence of multiple genes related to drug resistance in the chromosome or plasmid. Resistance to vancomycin in E. faecalis is becoming more common. Treatment options for vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis include nitrofurantoin (in the case of uncomplicated UTIs), linezolid, quinupristin, tigecycline and daptomycin, although ampicillin is preferred if the bacteria are susceptible. Quinupristin/dalfopristin can be used to treat Enterococcus faecium but not E. faecalis. In root-canal treatments, NaOCl and chlorhexidine (CHX) are used to fight E. faecalis before isolating the canal. However, recent studies determined that NaOCl or CHX showed low ability to eliminate E. faecalis. Development of antibiotic resistance Combined drug therapies According to one study combined drug therapy has shown some efficacy in cases of severe infections (e.g. heart valves infections) against susceptible strains of E. faecalis. Ampicillin- and vancomycin-sensitive E. faecalis (lacking high-level resistance to aminoglycosides) strains can be treated by gentamicin and ampicillin antibiotics. A less nephrotoxic combination of ampicillin and ceftriaxone (even though E. faecalis is resistant to cephalosporins, ceftriaxone is working synergistically with ampicillin) may be used alternatively for ampicillin-susceptible E. faecalis. Daptomycin or linezolid may also show efficacy in case ampicillin and vancomycin resistance. A combination of penicillin and streptomycin therapy was used in the past. Tedizolid, telavancin, dalbavancin, and oritavancin antibiotics are FDA approved as treatments against EF. Survival and virulence factors Endures prolonged periods of nutritional deprivation Binds to dentin and proficiently spreads into dentinal tubules via chain propagation Alters host responses Suppresses the action of lymphocytes Possesses lytic enzymes, cytolysin, aggregation substance, pheromones, and lipoteichoic acid Utilizes serum as a nutritional source Produces extracellular superoxide under selected growth conditions that can generate chromosomal instability in mammalian cells Resists intracanal medicaments (e.g. calcium hydroxide), although a study proposes elimination from root canals after using a mixture of a tetracycline isomer, an acid, and a detergent Maintains pH homeostasis Properties of dentin lessen the effect of calcium hydroxide Competes with other cells Forms a biofilm Activates the host protease plasminogen in a fashion that increases local tissue destruction DNA repair In human blood, E. faecalis is subjected to conditions that damage its DNA, but this damage can be tolerated by the use of DNA repair processes. This damage tolerance depends, in part, on the two protein complex RexAB, encoded by the E. faecalis genome, that is employed in the recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Historical Prior to 1984, enterococci were members of the genus Streptococcus; thus, E. faecalis was known as Streptococcus faecalis. In 2013, a combination of cold denaturation and NMR spectroscopy was used to show detailed insights into the unfolding of the E. faecalis homodimeric repressor protein CylR2. Genome structure The E. faecalis genome consists of 3.22 million base pairs with 3,113 protein-coding genes. Treatment research Glutamate racemase, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase, topoisomerase DNA gyrase B, D-alanineโ€”D-serine ligase, alanine racemase, phosphate acetyltransferase, NADH peroxidase,Phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase (PPAT), acyl carrier protein, 3โ€Dehydroquinate dehydratase and Deoxynucleotide triphosphate triphosphohydrolase are all potential molecules that may be used for treating EF infections. Small RNA Bacterial small RNAs play important roles in many cellular processes; 11 small RNAs have been experimentally characterised in E. faecalis V583 and detected in various growth phases. Five of them have been shown to be involved in stress response and virulence. A genome-wide sRNA study suggested that some sRNAs are linked to the antibiotic resistance and stress response in another Enteroccocus: E. faecium. Swimming pool contamination Indicators of recreational water quality Because E. faecalis is a common fecal bacterium in humans, recreational water facilities (such as swimming pools and beaches that allow visitors to swim in the ocean) often measure the concentrations of E. faecalis to assess the quality of their water. The higher the concentration, the worse the quality of the water. The practice of using E. faecalis as a quality indicator is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as well as many developed countries after multiple studies have reported that higher concentrations of E. faecalis correlate to greater percentages of swimmer illness. This correlation exists in both freshwater and marine environments, so measuring E. faecalis concentrations to determine water quality applies to all recreational waters. However, the correlation does not imply that E. faecalis is the ultimate cause of swimmer illnesses. One alternative explanation is that higher levels of E. faecalis correspond to higher levels of human viruses, which cause sickness in swimmers. Although this claim may sound plausible, there is currently little evidence that establishes the link between E. faecalis and human virus (or other pathogens) levels. Thus, despite the strong correlation between E. faecalis and water quality, more research is needed to determine the causal relationship of this correlation. Human shedding For recreational waters near or at beaches, E. faecalis can come from multiple sources, such as the sand and human bodies. Determining the sources of E. faecalis is crucial for controlling water contamination, though often the sources are non-point (for example, human bathers). As such, one study looked at how much E. faecalis is shed from bathers at the beach. The first group of participants immersed themselves in a large pool with marine water for 4 cycles of 15 minutes, both with and without contacting sand beforehand. The result shows a decrease in E. faecalis levels for each cycle, suggesting that people shed the most bacteria when they first get into a pool. The second group of participants entered small, individual pools after contact with beach sand, and researchers collected data on how much E. faecalis in the pool came from the sand brought by the participants and how much came from the participantsโ€™ shedding. The result shows that E. faecalis from the sand is very small compared to that from human shedding. Although this result may not apply to all sand types, a tentative conclusion is that human shedding is a major non-point source of E. faecalis in recreational waters. See also Anti-Q RNA References External links Type strain of Enterococcus faecalis at BacDive โ€“ the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase faecalis Bacteria described in 1906
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UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2017 ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „
UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2017 ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „(, )์€ 2017๋…„ 8์›” 6์ผ์— ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ ์—”์Šคํ—ค๋ฐ์˜ ๋” ํ๋กค์Šค ํŽ˜์Šคํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2017์˜ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์ด๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋ณ„ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ A์กฐ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋˜ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์™€ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ €์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ๊ฐ€ 4 ๋Œ€ 2๋กœ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ UEFA ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์ฒซ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ง„ํ–‰ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ ํŒ ํŽ˜์ด๋„จ๋‹ฌ์ด ๊ณจ๋ฌธ์„ ์ง€์ผฐ๊ณ , ์ˆ˜๋น„์ง„์—๋Š” ํ‚ค์นด ํŒ ์—์Šค - ์Šคํ…ŒํŒŒ๋‹ˆ ํŒ ๋ฐ๋ฅด ํ๋ผํํŠธ - ์•„๋ˆ… ๋ฐ์ปค๋ฅด - ๋ฐ์‹œ๋ ˆ์ด ํŒ ๋ฅ€ํ…Œ๋Ÿฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ํฌ๋ฐฑ ๋ผ์ธ์ด ์„ฐ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋“œํ•„๋”๋กœ๋Š” ์…ฐ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ์Šคํ”ผ์ฒ˜ - ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์—˜๋Ÿฌ ํŒ ๋” ๋™ํฌ - ์žํ‚ค ํ๋ฃจ๋„Œ์ด ์„ฐ๊ณ , ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ง„์—๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์ปค ๋งˆ๋ฅดํ„ด์Šค - ๋น„๋น„์•„๋„ˆ ๋ฏธ๋ฐ๋งˆ - ์ƒค๋‹ˆ์„œ ํŒ ๋” ์‚ฐ๋˜์ด ์„œ๋Š” 4-3-3 ํฌ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์„ฐ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๋ด๋งˆํฌ๋Š” ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ๋คผ์ผ€ ํŽ˜ํ…Œ๋ฅด์„ผ์ด ๊ณจ๋ฌธ์„ ์ง€์ผฐ๊ณ , ์ˆ˜๋น„์ง„์—๋Š” ์„ธ์‹ค๋ฆฌ ์‚ฐ๋ฒ ์ด - ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋„ค ๋ผ๋ฅด์„ผ - ์‹œ๋ชจ๋„ค ๋ณด์œ„์— ์‡ ๋ Œ์„ผ - ํ…Œ๋ ˆ์‚ฌ ๋‹์„ผ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ํฌ๋ฐฑ ๋ผ์ธ์ด ์„ฐ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋“œํ•„๋”๋กœ๋Š” ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋„ค ๋ฒ ์˜ˆ - ์†Œํ”ผ ์œต์— ํŽ˜๋ฐ๋ฅด์„ผ - ๋งˆ์•ผ ํ‚ฌ๋ ˆ๋ชจ์—์Šค - ์‚ฌ๋„ค ํŠธ๋ขธ์Šค๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ์„ฐ๊ณ , ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ง„์—๋Š” ๋‚˜๋””์•„ ๋‚˜๋”ค - ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‹๋ ˆ ํ•˜๋ฅด๋ฐ๋ฅด ํˆฌํ†ฑ์ด ์„œ๋Š” 4-4-2 ํฌ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์„ฐ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฐ˜์ „ ์ „๋ฐ˜ 5๋ถ„์— ํ‚ค์นด ํŒ ์—์Šค๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋„ค ํŠธ๋ขธ์Šค๊ณ ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์–ด ๋„˜์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์น™์„ ๋ฒ”ํ•ด ๋ด๋งˆํฌ๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐ ํ‚ฅ์„ ์–ป์–ด๋ƒˆ๊ณ , ์•ฝ 1๋ถ„ ๋’ค์— ๋‚˜๋””์•„ ๋‚˜๋”ค์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ์„ ๋‚ด์ค€ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ๋ฅผ ์••๋ฐ•ํ•ด ๊ฐ”๊ณ , 10๋ถ„์— ๋ด๋งˆํฌ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์ง„์˜์„ ๋ŒํŒŒํ•˜๋˜ ์ƒค๋‹ˆ์„œ ํŒ ๋” ์‚ฐ๋˜์˜ ํฌ๋กœ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋น„๋น„์•„๋„ˆ ๋ฏธ๋ฐ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ์˜ ๊ณจ๋Œ€์— ๊ณต์„ ๊ฝ‚์•„ ๋„ฃ์Œ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, 1-1 ๋™์ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์Šน๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์›์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ธ๋‹ค. 16๋ถ„์—๋Š” ์…ฐ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ์Šคํ”ผ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ํšจ์Š›์„ ๋‚ ๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณจํ‚คํผ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ๋คผ์ผ€ ํŽ˜ํ…Œ๋ฅด์„ผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ง‰ํ˜”๊ณ , ์ด์–ด์„œ ๋ฆฌ์ปค ๋งˆ๋ฅดํ„ด์Šค๋„ ์œ ํšจ์Š›์„ ๋‚ ๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณจํ‚คํผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ง‰ํ˜”๋‹ค. 21๋ถ„์—๋Š” ์žํ‚ค ํ๋ฃจ๋„Œ์ด ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋„ค ๋ฒ ์˜ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์น™์„ ๋ฒ”ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ , 28๋ถ„์— ๋ฆฌ์ปค ๋งˆ๋ฅดํ„ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ์˜ ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐ ๊ตฌ์—ญ ์ธ๊ทผ์—์„œ ์Š›์„ ๋‚ ๋ ค ๊ณจํ‚คํผ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ๋คผ์ผ€ ํŽ˜ํ…Œ๋ฅด์„ผ์˜ ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2-1 ์—ญ์ „๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 33๋ถ„์— ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‹๋ ˆ ํ•˜๋ฅด๋ฐ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ์˜คํ”„์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•ด ๊ณต์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ๊ณจ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๊ณต์„ ์ฐจ ๋„ฃ์Œ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, 2-2 ๋™์ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์Šน๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์›์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ธ๋‹ค. 37๋ถ„์—๋Š” ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋„ค ๋ฒ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์œ ํšจ์Š›์„ ๋‚ ๋ ธ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ณจํ‚คํผ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ ํŒ ํŽ˜์ด๋„จ๋‹ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ง‰ํ˜”๋‹ค. 43๋ถ„์—๋Š” ์•„๋ˆ… ๋ฐ์ปค๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‹๋ ˆ ํ•˜๋ฅด๋ฐ๋ฅด์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์น™์„ ๋ฒ”ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ , ์•ฝ 1๋ถ„ ๋’ค์— ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‹๋ ˆ ํ•˜๋ฅด๋ฐ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ์Š›์„ ๋‚ ๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ ๋น—๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. 45๋ถ„์—๋Š” ๋‚˜๋””์•„ ๋‚˜๋”ค์ด ์Šคํ…ŒํŒŒ๋‹ˆ ํŒ ๋ฐ๋ฅด ํ๋ผํํŠธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์น™์„ ๋ฒ”ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ , ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ 1๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณต๋ฐฉ์ด ์ด์–ด์ง„ ๋’ค ์ „๋ฐ˜์ „์€ 2-2๋กœ ๋๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ›„๋ฐ˜์ „ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 5๋ถ„์— ์‚ฌ๋„ค ํŠธ๋ขธ์Šค๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐ ๊ตฌ์—ญ ์ธ๊ทผ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์—˜๋Ÿฌ ํŒ ๋” ๋™ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด๋œจ๋ ค ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ํ”„๋ฆฌํ‚ฅ์„ ์–ป์–ด๋ƒˆ๊ณ , ์…ฐ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ์Šคํ”ผ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋น„๋ฒฝ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์„ ์‚ด์ง ์Šค์น˜๋Š” ์Š›์„ ๊ณจ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ๊ฐ€ 3-2๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์•ž์„œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 12๋ถ„์—๋Š” ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ๋ฐ์‹œ๋ ˆ์ด ํŒ ๋ฅ€ํ…Œ๋Ÿฐ์ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆํฌ ์–€์„ ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, 16๋ถ„์—๋Š” ๋ด๋งˆํฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์•ผ ํ‚ฌ๋ ˆ๋ชจ์—์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ํ”„๋ ˆ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ์ผ€ ํ‡ด๊ฒŒ๋ฅด์„ผ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์™”๋‹ค. 17๋ถ„์—๋Š” ๋น„๋น„์•„๋„ˆ ๋ฏธ๋ฐ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์œ ํšจ์Š›์„ ๋‚ ๋ ธ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋“์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 27๋ถ„์—๋Š” ์Šคํ…ŒํŒŒ๋‹ˆ ํŒ ๋ฐ๋ฅด ํ๋ผํํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ , ์•ฝ 1๋ถ„ ๋’ค์— ์†Œํ”ผ ์œต์— ํŽ˜๋ฐ๋ฅด์„ผ์ด ์œ ํšจ์Š›์„ ๋‚ ๋ ธ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ณจํ‚คํผ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ ํŒ ํŽ˜์ด๋„จ๋‹ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ง‰ํ˜”๋‹ค. 32๋ถ„์—๋Š” ๋ด๋งˆํฌ์˜ ์‹œ๋ชจ๋„ค ๋ณด์œ„์— ์‡ ๋ Œ์„ผ์ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ๋„ค ๋ขฐ๋””ํฌ ํ•œ์„ผ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, 37๋ถ„์—๋Š” ๋ด๋งˆํฌ์˜ ์†Œํ”ผ ์œต์— ํŽ˜๋ฐ๋ฅด์„ผ์ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋‚˜ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ์„ผ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์™”๋‹ค. 40๋ถ„์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋„ค ํŠธ๋ขธ์Šค๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ์Š›์„ ๋‚ ๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณจ๋Œ€ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค. 44๋ถ„์—๋Š” ๋น„๋น„์•„๋„ˆ ๋ฏธ๋ฐ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์‹ค๋ฆฌ ์‚ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์™€ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ๋คผ์ผ€ ํŽ˜ํ…Œ๋ฅด์„ผ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋กœ ์Š›์„ ๋•Œ๋ ค ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋“์ ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•ด ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 4-2๋กœ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 45๋ถ„์—๋Š” ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ์ƒค๋‹ˆ์„œ ํŒ ๋” ์‚ฐ๋˜์ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๋ ˆ๋‚˜ํ„ฐ ์–€์„ ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ํ‚ค์นด ํŒ ์—์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋”” ํŒ ๋ด ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ์•ฝ 5๋ถ„์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฅธ ๋’ค ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋“์  ์—†์ด ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ์„œ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ๋ฅผ 4-2๋กœ ๊บพ๊ณ  UEFA ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์ฒซ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2017 ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ์ฃผ์š” ์žฅ๋ฉด - ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ (์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์—ฐ๋งน ๊ณต์‹ ์ฑ„๋„) UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2017 2017 2017๋…„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ-๋ด๋งˆํฌ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 2017๋…„ 8์›”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA%20Women%27s%20Euro%202017%20final
UEFA Women's Euro 2017 final
The UEFA Women's Euro 2017 final was a football match to determine the winner of UEFA Women's Euro 2017. The match took place on 6 August 2017 at De Grolsch Veste in Enschede, Netherlands, and was contested by the winners of the semi-finals, the Netherlands and Denmark. The Netherlands won the final 4โ€“2 for their first UEFA Women's Championship title. Background Both the Netherlands and Denmark reached the UEFA Women's Championship final for the first time in their histories. For the first time since 1993, a country other than Germany won the competition. Apart from Germany, only two other countries have won the championship: Norway and Sweden. Norway was defeated by both the Netherlands and Denmark in the preliminary round whereas Sweden was defeated by the Netherlands in the quarter-finals. The finalists met each other in the group stage of the tournament, with the Netherlands winning 1โ€“0 via a penalty from Sherida Spitse. Route to the final Match Details Statistics References External links Final 2017 Netherlands women's national football team matches Denmark women's national football team matches August 2017 sports events in Europe Denmarkโ€“Netherlands relations Football in the Netherlands
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%A6%AC%EA%B0%80%202019-20
๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 2019-20
๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 2019-20(, ํ˜‘์ฐฌ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐํƒ„๋ฐ๋ฅด๋กœ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆผ)์€ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ 1๋ถ€ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ธ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”๋ผ ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜จ์˜ 89๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ์ฆŒ์€ 2019๋…„ 8์›” 16์ผ์— ๊ฐœ๋ง‰ํ•˜์—ฌ 2020๋…„ 5์›” 24์ผ์— ๋ง‰์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์…€๋กœ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ „ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์–ด ํ†ต์‚ฐ 26๋ฒˆ์งธ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์‚ฌ์ˆ˜๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๋ผ๋‚˜๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์š”๋ฅด์นด๋Š” ์„ธ๊ตฐ๋‹ค ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜จ์—์„œ ์Šน๊ฒฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์„ธ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์€ ์„ธ๊ตฐ๋‹ค ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ๋œ ๋ผ์š” ๋ฐ”์˜ˆ์นด๋…ธ, ์šฐ์—์Šค์นด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๋กœ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 3์›” 12์ผ, ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์™€ ์„ธ๊ตฐ๋‹ค ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜จ์€ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜-19 ๋ฒ”์œ ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ตœ์†Œ 2์ฃผ ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 3์›” 23์ผ์— ๋ฌด๊ธฐํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฆŒ์€ 6์›” 11์ผ์— ์žฌ๊ฐœ๋˜์–ด 7์›” 13์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งค์ผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  37๋ผ์šด๋“œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” 7์›” 16์ผ์—, ์ตœ์ข…์ „์€ 7์›” 19์ผ์— ์ผ์ œํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 7์›” 16์ผ, ๋ ˆ์•Œ ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋Š” ๋น„์•ผ๋ ˆ์•Œ์ „ ์Šน๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋†“๊ณ  3๋…„ ๋งŒ์ด์ž ํ†ต์‚ฐ 34๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ํ™•์ •์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™ ์ด 20๊ฐœ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์ด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ์ค‘ 17๊ฐœ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์€ 2018-19 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—๋„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ๋“ค์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 3๊ฐœ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์€ ์„ธ๊ตฐ๋‹ค ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜จ์—์„œ ์Šน๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ์Šน๊ฒฉํ•œ ์„ธ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋‘˜์€ ์„ธ๊ตฐ๋‹ค ๋”ฅ์‹œใ…ฃ์˜จ์—์„œ ์ƒ์œ„ ๋‘ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ๋“ค์ด๊ณ , ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์ „์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ตฐ๋‹ค ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ๋œ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ๋“ค ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ์ด ํ™•์ •๋œ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์€ ๋ผ์š” ๋ฐ”์˜ˆ์นด๋…ธ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ผ์š”๋Š” 2019๋…„ 5์›” 5์ผ์— ๋ฐ”์•ผ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ‹€๋ ˆํ‹ฑ ๋นŒ๋ฐ”์˜ค์—๊ฒŒ 1-0 ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์Šน๊ฒฉ 1๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ์„ธ๊ตฐ๋‹ค ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ์ด ํ™•์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด ์šฐ์—์Šค์นด๋„ ๋ผ์š”๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋“ค๋„ 2019๋…„ 5์›” 5์ผ์— ๋ฐœ๋ Œ์‹œ์•„์—๊ฒŒ ์•ˆ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ 2-6์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ์„ ๊ฟ‡์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ 1๋…„ ๋งŒ์— 2๋ถ€ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ์„ ํ™•์ •์ง€์€ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์€ ์ง€๋กœ๋‚˜๋กœ, 2019๋…„ 5์›” 18์ผ์— ์•Œ๋ผ๋ฒ ์Šค ์›์ •์—์„œ 1-2 ํŒจ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 2๋…„ ๋งŒ์— 2๋ถ€ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋กœ ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ตฐ๋‹ค ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜จ์—์„œ ์Šน๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ๋“ค ์˜ค์‚ฌ์ˆ˜๋‚˜๋Š” 2019๋…„ 5์›” 20์ผ์—, ๊ทธ๋ผ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋Š” 2019๋…„ 6์›” 4์ผ์— ์„ธ๊ตฐ๋‹ค ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜จ์—์„œ ์งํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์Šน๊ฒฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 2๋…„ ๋งŒ์— 1๋ถ€ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐŸ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์Šน๊ฒฉ์„ ํ™•์ •์ง€์€ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์€ ๋งˆ์š”๋ฅด์นด๋กœ, ๋ฐํฌ๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๋ณด์™€์˜ ๊ฒฐ์„  ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์ „ 1์ฐจ์ „์˜ 2์ ์ฐจ ํŒจ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋’ค์ง‘๊ณ  2019๋…„ 6์›” 23์ผ์— ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Šน๊ฒฉ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์š”๋ฅด์นด๋Š” 6๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ 1๋ถ€ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ๋ณต๊ท€ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, 1์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋™์•ˆ ์„ธ๊ตฐ๋‹ค ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜จ B๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ์•„๋ ˆ์Šค ์ œ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์€ 2๋…„ ์—ฐ์†์œผ๋กœ ์Šน๊ฒฉ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๋‹จ๋ณ„ ๊ตฌ์žฅ ๋ฐ ์œ„์น˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ๋“ค์ด 2019-20 ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค: ์ž์น˜์ฃผ๋ณ„ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ์ธ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ํ˜‘์ฐฌ์‚ฌ 1. ์œ ๋‹ˆํผ ํ›„๋ฉด์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉ. 2. ์œ ๋‹ˆํผ ์†Œ๋งค์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉ. 3. ํ•˜์˜์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉ. ๊ฐ๋… ๊ต์ฒด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ตœ์ข… ์ˆœ์œ„ ์ œ24์ฃผ์ฐจ ์—์ด๋ฐ”๋ฅด ๋Œ€ ๋ ˆ์•Œ ์†Œ์‹œ์—๋‹ค๋“œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ผ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์ „ ์—์ด๋ฐ”๋ฅด ๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 2020๋…„ 3์›” 10์ผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆœ์œ„ ๋ณ€๋™ํ‘œ ์ถœ์ฒ˜: ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋“์  ์‹œ์ฆŒ 1ํ˜ธ๊ณจ: ์•„๋ฆฌ์ธ  ์•„๋‘๋ฆฌ์Šค (์•„ํ‹€๋ ˆํ‹ฑ ๋นŒ๋ฐ”์˜ค vs ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์…€๋กœ๋‚˜, 2019๋…„ 8์›” 16์ผ) ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ณจ: ์ฝ”์ผ€ (๋ ˆ๋ฐ˜ํ…Œ vs ํ—คํƒ€ํŽ˜, 2020๋…„ 7์›” 19์ผ) ๋“์  ์ง‘๊ณ„ ๋งˆ๋ฅด์นด ์ง€๋Š” ์ตœ๋‹ค ๋“์ ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํŠธ๋กœํŽ˜์˜ค ํ”ผ์น˜์น˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์›€ ์ง‘๊ณ„ ํŠธ๋กœํŽ˜์˜ค ์‚ฌ๋ชจ๋ผ ๋งˆ๋ฅด์นด์ง€๋Š” ์ตœ์ € ์‹ค์ ๋ฅ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ๊ณจํ‚คํผ์—๊ฒŒ ํŠธ๋กœํŽ˜์˜ค ์‚ฌ๋ชจ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ƒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ž๊ฒฉ์„ ์–ป์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ตœ์†Œ 28๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ด์ƒ ์ถœ์ „ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, 1๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ถœ์ „์„ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ 60๋ถ„ ์ด์ƒ ์ถœ์ „ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ดํŠธํŠธ๋ฆญ ๋ชฉ๋ก 4 โ€“ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 4๊ณจ ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ง•๊ณ„ ์ถœ์ฒ˜: ์ตœ๋‹ค ๊ฒฝ๊ณ  ์„ ์ˆ˜: 2๋ช… (๊ฐ 15ํšŒ) ์ œ๋ผ๋ฅด๋“œ ํ”ผ์ผ€ (๋ฐ”๋ฅด์…€๋กœ๋‚˜), ๋‹ค๋ฏธ์•ˆ ์ˆ˜์•„๋ ˆ์Šค (ํ—คํƒ€ํŽ˜) ์ตœ๋‹ค ํ‡ด์žฅ ์„ ์ˆ˜: 6๋ช… (๊ฐ 2ํšŒ) ์ฃผํ•˜์ด๋ฅด ํŽ˜๋‹ฌ (๋ฒ ํ‹ฐ์Šค), ๋‚˜๋นŒ ํŽ˜ํ‚ค๋ฅด (๋ฒ ํ‹ฐ์Šค), ์ด๊ฐ•์ธ (๋ฐœ๋ Œ์‹œ์•„), ํด๋ ˆ๋ง ๋ž‘๊ธ€๋ ˆ (๋ฐ”๋ฅด์…€๋กœ๋‚˜), ์•Œ๋ž‘ ๋‹ˆ์˜น (ํ—คํƒ€ํŽ˜), ํŒŒ์ฟค๋„ ๋กฑ์นด๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์•„ (์˜ค์‚ฌ์ˆ˜๋‚˜) ์ตœ๋‹ค ๊ฒฝ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ๋‹จ: ํ—คํƒ€ํŽ˜ (130ํšŒ) ์ตœ๋‹ค ํ‡ด์žฅ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ: ์—์ŠคํŒŒ๋‡ฐ, ๋ฒ ํ‹ฐ์Šค (๊ฐ 9ํšŒ) ์ตœ์†Œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ๋‹จ: ๋ ˆ๋ฐ˜ํ…Œ (71ํšŒ) ์ตœ์†Œ ํ‡ด์žฅ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ: ๋ฐ”์•ผ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ (0ํšŒ) ๊ด€์ค‘ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ฌด๊ด€์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 3์›” 8์ผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ถœ์ฒ˜: ์›”๋“œ ํ’‹๋ณผ์ฐธ๊ณ :1: ์ „ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์„ธ๊ตฐ๋‹ค ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜จ ์†Œ์† ๊ณต์ธ๊ตฌ 2019๋…„ 4์›” 15์ผ, ํ‘ธ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ํ”„๋กœ์ถ•๊ตฌ์—ฐ๋งน์™€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋‚˜์ดํ‚ค์™€์˜ 23๋…„ ๋™ํ–‰์— ์ข…์ง€๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ƒ์‹ ์›”๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์„ธ๊ตฐ๋‹ค ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜จ 2019-20 ์ฝ”ํŒŒ ๋ธ ๋ ˆ์ด 2019-20 ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 2019-20 2019-20 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2019๋…„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ 2020๋…„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฒ”์œ ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋œ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ํ–‰์‚ฌ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320%20La%20Liga
2019โ€“20 La Liga
The 2019โ€“20 La Liga season, also known as LaLiga Santander for sponsorship reasons, was the 89th since its establishment. The season began on 16 August 2019 and was originally scheduled to conclude on 24 May 2020. Barcelona were the two-time defending champions, after winning their 26th title in the previous season. Osasuna, Granada and Mallorca joined as the promoted clubs from the 2018โ€“19 Segunda Divisiรณn. They replaced Rayo Vallecano, Huesca and Girona, who were relegated to the 2019โ€“20 Segunda Divisiรณn. On 12 March 2020, both La Liga and the Segunda Divisiรณn were suspended for at least two weeks due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The league became suspended indefinitely on 23 March. The season recommenced on 11 June, with matches being played every single day until 13 July; all games in the penultimate round were held on 16 July, with all final round matches being played on 19 July. On 16 July, Real Madrid secured a record-extending 34th league title with one match remaining, following their victory against Villarreal. Teams Promotion and relegation (pre-season) A total of 20 teams contested the league, including 17 sides from the 2018โ€“19 season and three promoted from the 2018โ€“19 Segunda Divisiรณn. This included the two top teams from the Segunda Divisiรณn, and the winners of the play-offs. Teams relegated to Segunda Division The first team to be relegated from La Liga were Rayo Vallecano. Their relegation was ensured on 5 May 2019, after Valladolid beat Athletic Bilbao 1โˆ’0, suffering an immediate return to the Segunda Divisiรณn. The second team to be relegated were Huesca, who were also relegated on 5 May 2019 after a 2โˆ’6 home defeat to Valencia, also suffering an immediate return to the second tier. The third and final relegated club were Girona, who concluded their two-year stay in La Liga in a 1โˆ’2 away loss at Alavรฉs on 18 May 2019. Teams promoted from Segunda Divisiรณn Osasuna (on 20 May 2019) and Granada (on 4 June 2019) were the two teams directly promoted from Segunda Divisiรณn, both after a two-year absence. The third and final team to earn promotion to La Liga was play-offs winner Mallorca, after coming back from a 2-goal deficit against Deportivo La Coruรฑa on 23 June 2019. Mallorca returned after a six-year absence from Spain's top flight, spending one of those years in the Segunda Divisiรณn B and achieving two consecutive promotions. Stadiums and locations Personnel and sponsorship 1. On the back of shirt. 2. On the sleeves. 3. On the shorts. Managerial changes League table Standings Results Season statistics Scoring First goal of the season: Aritz Aduriz for Athletic Bilbao against Barcelona (16 August 2019) Last goal of the season: Coke for Levante against Getafe (19 July 2020) Top goalscorers Top assists Zamora Trophy The Zamora Trophy is awarded by newspaper Marca to the goalkeeper with the lowest goals-to-games ratio. A goalkeeper had to have played at least 28 games of 60 or more minutes to be eligible for the trophy. Hat-tricks 4 โ€“ Player scored four goals. Discipline Player Most yellow cards: 15 Gerard Piquรฉ (Barcelona) Damiรกn Suรกrez (Getafe) Most red cards: 2 Zouhair Feddal (Real Betis) Nabil Fekir (Real Betis) Lee Kang-in (Valencia) Clรฉment Lenglet (Barcelona) Allan Nyom (Getafe) Facundo Roncaglia (Osasuna) Team Most yellow cards: 130 Getafe Most red cards: 9 Espanyol Real Betis Fewest yellow cards: 71 Levante Fewest red cards: 0 Valladolid Match ball On 15 April 2019, Puma announced their official partnership with La Liga to manufacture the official match ball for the Liga de Fรบtbol Profesional. This ended La Liga's 23-year partnership with Nike. Average attendances Matches played under closed doors are not included in the table. Awards Monthly Notes References 2019-20 Spain 1 La Liga
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%20%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%AF%B8%EC%96%B4%EB%A6%AC%EA%B7%B8%202019-20
๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2019-20
๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2019-20 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์€ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ํ•ด์ฒด ์ดํ›„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ 28๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ 17๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๋‹ˆํŠธ ์ƒํŠธํŽ˜ํ…Œ๋ฅด๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ๋Š” 2018-19 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์˜ ๋””ํŽœ๋”ฉ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค-19 ๊ฐ์—ผ์ฆ์˜ ๋Œ€์œ ํ–‰ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 2020๋…„ 3์›” 17์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 6์›” 2์ผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋‚ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ํ–‰์‚ฌ์˜ ์žฌ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ 6์›” 19์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํŒ€๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ ์Šน๊ฒฉํŒ€๊ณผ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑํŒ€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ์ด 16ํŒ€์ด ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2018-19์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ ์ƒ์œ„ 12๊ฐœ ํŒ€์ด ์ด๋ฒˆ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ์ž”๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ 2๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2018-19์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ ์šฐ์ŠนํŒ€๊ณผ 2์œ„ํŒ€์ด ์Šน๊ฒฉ ์งํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 13์œ„ํŒ€์ด ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ํ’‹๋ณผ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 4์œ„ํŒ€๊ณผ, ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 14์œ„ํŒ€์ด ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ํ’‹๋ณผ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 3์œ„ํŒ€๊ณผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ 1-2๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์Šน๊ฐ•ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ข… ์Šน์ž 2ํŒ€์ด ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 2018-19 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ์Šน๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž”๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์ข… ํŒจ์ž 2ํŒ€๋“ค์€ 2๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž”๋ฅ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๋…๊ณผ ์œ ๋‹ˆํผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์—…์ฒด์™€ ์œ ๋‹ˆํผ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์Šคํฐ์„œ ๊ฐ๋… ๊ต์ฒด ๋Œ€ํšŒ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ทœ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ทœ์น™ 16๊ฐœ ํŒ€๋“ค์€ ํ™ˆ์•ค๋“œ์–ด์›จ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์ œ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ํŒ€๋“ค์€ ํŒ€ ๋‹น 30๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์Šน๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 15์œ„ ํŒ€๊ณผ 16์œ„ ํŒ€์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ(2๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๊ทธ)๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ(2๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๊ทธ) ์šฐ์ŠนํŒ€๊ณผ 2์œ„ ํŒ€์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์Šน๊ฒฉํ•œ๋‹ค. 1๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๊ทธ(๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ) 13์œ„ํŒ€๊ณผ 14์œ„ํŒ€์€ 2๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๊ทธ(๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ) 4์œ„ํŒ€๊ณผ 3์œ„ํŒ€๊ณผ ํ™ˆ์•ค๋“œ์–ด์›จ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์Šน๊ฐ• ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฅด๊ณ  ๊ฐ ์Šน์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋กœ ์Šน๊ฒฉ(2๋ถ€->1๋ถ€)ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž”๋ฅ˜(1๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๊ทธํŒ€)ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์ œ18์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ์†Œ์น˜ ๋Œ€ ์˜ค๋ Œ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์น˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๊ณผ ์ฝ”์น˜์ง„์ด ๋กœํƒ€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ณ‘ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”ํ›„ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” 2020๋…„ 3์›” 11์ผ์— ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ23์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ํฌ๋ผ์Šค๋…ธ๋‹ค๋ฅด ๋Œ€ ๋””๋‚˜๋ชจ ๋ชจ์Šคํฌ๋ฐ” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” 2020๋…„ 7์›” 19์ผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ24์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ์˜ค๋ Œ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ ๋Œ€ ํฌ๋ผ์Šค๋…ธ๋‹ค๋ฅด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ Œ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ์—์„œ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜-19 ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ๋Œ€์œ ํ–‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ทจ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.(์˜ค๋ Œ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ 0-3 ํฌ๋ผ์Šค๋…ธ๋‹ค๋ฅด ํ™ˆํŒ€ ๋ชฐ์ˆ˜ํŒจ ์„ ์–ธ) ์ œ25์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ์˜ค๋ Œ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ ๋Œ€ FC ์šฐ๋ž„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ Œ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ์ค‘ 10๋ช…์ด ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜-19 ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์–‘์„ฑ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ทจ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.(์˜ค๋ Œ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ 0-3 ์šฐ๋ž„ ํ™ˆํŒ€ ๋ชฐ์ˆ˜ํŒจ ์„ ์–ธ) ์ œ29์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ํƒ๋ณดํ”„ ๋Œ€ ์†Œ์น˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์†Œ์น˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ์ค‘ 9๋ช…์ด ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜-19 ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์–‘์„ฑ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ทจ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.(ํƒ๋ณดํ”„ 3-0 ์†Œ์น˜ ์›์ •ํŒ€ ๋ชฐ์ˆ˜ํŒจ ์„ ์–ธ) ์ œ30์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ํฌ๋ฆด๋žด ์†Œ๋ฒ ํ† ํ”„ ๋Œ€ ์†Œ์น˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์†Œ์น˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ์ค‘ 9๋ช…์ด ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜-19 ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์–‘์„ฑ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ทจ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.(ํฌ๋ฆด๋žด ์†Œ๋ฒ ํ† ํ”„ ์‚ฌ๋งˆ๋ผ 3-0 ์†Œ์น˜ ์›์ •ํŒ€ ๋ชฐ์ˆ˜ํŒจ ์„ ์–ธ) ๋ผ์šด๋“œ๋ณ„ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์ œ18์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ์†Œ์น˜ ๋Œ€ ์˜ค๋ Œ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์น˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๊ณผ ์ฝ”์น˜์ง„์ด ๋กœํƒ€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ณ‘ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”ํ›„ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” 2020๋…„ 3์›” 11์ผ์— ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ23์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ํฌ๋ผ์Šค๋…ธ๋‹ค๋ฅด ๋Œ€ ๋””๋‚˜๋ชจ ๋ชจ์Šคํฌ๋ฐ” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” 2020๋…„ 7์›” 19์ผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ24์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ์˜ค๋ Œ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ ๋Œ€ ํฌ๋ผ์Šค๋…ธ๋‹ค๋ฅด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ Œ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ์ค‘ 10๋ช…์ด ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜-19 ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์–‘์„ฑ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ทจ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.(์˜ค๋ Œ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ 0-3 ํฌ๋ผ์Šค๋…ธ๋‹ค๋ฅด ํ™ˆํŒ€ ๋ชฐ์ˆ˜ํŒจ ์„ ์–ธ) ์ œ25์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ์˜ค๋ Œ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ ๋Œ€ FC ์šฐ๋ž„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ Œ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ์ค‘ 10๋ช…์ด ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜-19 ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์–‘์„ฑ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ทจ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.(์˜ค๋ Œ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ 0-3 ์šฐ๋ž„ ํ™ˆํŒ€ ๋ชฐ์ˆ˜ํŒจ ์„ ์–ธ) ์ œ29์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ํƒ๋ณดํ”„ ๋Œ€ ์†Œ์น˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์†Œ์น˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ์ค‘ 9๋ช…์ด ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜-19 ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์–‘์„ฑ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ทจ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.(ํƒ๋ณดํ”„ 3-0 ์†Œ์น˜ ์›์ •ํŒ€ ๋ชฐ์ˆ˜ํŒจ ์„ ์–ธ) ์ œ30์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ํฌ๋ฆด๋žด ์†Œ๋ฒ ํ† ํ”„ ๋Œ€ ์†Œ์น˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์†Œ์น˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ์ค‘ 9๋ช…์ด ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜-19 ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์–‘์„ฑ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ทจ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.(ํฌ๋ฆด๋žด ์†Œ๋ฒ ํ† ํ”„ ์‚ฌ๋งˆ๋ผ 3-0 ์†Œ์น˜ ์›์ •ํŒ€ ๋ชฐ์ˆ˜ํŒจ ์„ ์–ธ) ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ |update=complete |start date=2019๋…„ 7์›” 13์ผ ์ƒ‰์ƒ: ํŒŒ๋ž‘ = ํ™ˆํŒ€ ์Šน; ๋…ธ๋ž‘ = ๋ฌด์Šน๋ถ€; ๋นจ๊ฐ• = ์›์ • ํŒ€ ์Šน. ์Šน๊ฐ• ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋Œ€์œ ํ–‰ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ 3๊ฐœ์›” ์ด์ƒ ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 6์›” 19์ผ ์žฌ๊ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ 1-2๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฐ„ ์Šน๊ฐ• ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„๋Š” ์ด๋ฒˆ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ํ•œํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.(๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 13์œ„ํŒ€๊ณผ 14์œ„ํŒ€์€ ์ž”๋ฅ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.) ๊ธฐ๋กํ†ต๊ณ„ ์ตœ๋‹ค๋“์ ์ž ์ตœ๋‹ค ๋„์›€ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ 2019-20 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320%20Russian%20Premier%20League
2019โ€“20 Russian Premier League
The 2019โ€“20 Russian Premier League (known as the Tinkoff Russian Premier League, also written as Tinkoff Russian Premier Liga for sponsorship reasons) was the 28th season of the premier football competition in Russia since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the 16th under the current Russian Premier League name. Zenit Saint Petersburg came into the season as the defending champions. Summary Transfer bans On 9 April 2019, PFC Krylia Sovetov Samara was banned from registering new players for debt to a former player Danil Klyonkin. The ban was lifted after settlement with Klyonkin on 11 July. On 15 April 2019, FC Orenburg was banned from registering new players for debts accumulated over a collapsed transfer of Ilya Samoshnikov from FC Shinnik Yaroslavl. Orenburg was judged to owe both Samoshnikov for his signing bonus and Shinnik for the transfer fee. The ban was re-affirmed on 24 May 2019 for debts to former player Mikhail Bakayev. The ban was lifted after settlements with Samoshnikov, Bakayev and Shinnik on 2 July. On 20 August 2019, FC Tambov was banned from registering new players for debts to former player Mladen Kaลกฤ‡elan. On the same day, FC Rostov was banned from registering new players for debts to former coaches Kurban Berdyev, Ivan Daniliants and Alexandru Maศ›iura. The ban was lifted after settlements with the coaches on 29 August 2019. Sochi vs Orenburg game On 30 November 2019, the game between PFC Sochi and FC Orenburg which was originally scheduled for 1 December, had been postponed until 2020 due to viral outbreak among Sochi players and staff. Sochi identified infection as tonsillitis, and the league announced it as rotavirus. The game was played on 11 March 2020. Suspension On 17 March 2020, the league was suspended until 10 April 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia. On 1 April 2020, Russian Football Union extended the suspension until 31 May 2020. On 20 April 2020, a player of the Under-20 squad of FC Lokomotiv Moscow Innokenti Samokhvalov died during an individual workout due to heart failure. His death was not directly caused by COVID-19. He made several bench appearances for the senior squad, most notably in the 2019 Russian Cup Final that Lokomotiv won, but did not see any time on the field for Lokomotiv, mostly playing for the third-tier farm-club FC Kazanka Moscow. On 15 May 2020, the Russian Football Union announced that the Russian Premier League season would resume on or around 21 June 2020, with the exact date to be confirmed (the remaining calendar template listed one specific date for each match day, the specific dates for each game were to be announced later, with each matchday happening over a period of 3-4 days around the template dates). The last games were scheduled for 22 July. All the remaining games were to be played without fans present. On 16 May 2020, FC Lokomotiv Moscow chairman of the board of directors confirmed that Jefferson Farfรกn tested positive for coronavirus, but was not in contact with any other Lokomotiv players. He was the first Russian Premier League player officially confirmed to be positive for coronavirus. On 18 May 2020, FC Rubin Kazan confirmed that their player Konstantin Pliyev also tested positive and is self-isolating. Later the same day it was confirmed that his brother Zaurbek Pliyev of FC Dynamo Moscow is also self-isolating in Vladikavkaz and would not be able to rejoin his club in the next two weeks, even though Zaurbek's test was negative. On the same day it was reported that five more people at FC Dynamo Moscow tested positive - Sylvester Igboun, Roman Yevgenyev, goalkeeper David Sangare, medical director Aleksei Pleskov and goalkeeping coach Dmitry Izotov. On 20 May 2020, Magomed-Shapi Suleymanov of FC Krasnodar confirmed that he was hospitalized with fever and tested positive for coronavirus in early May, but recovered and was discharged from the hospital since. He is the first RPL player who confirmed he was hospitalized. On 22 May 2020, Irina Pogrebnyak, wife of UEFA Cup winner Pavel Pogrebnyak of FC Ural Yekaterinburg, confirmed that Pavel has been hospitalized with pneumonia caused by COVID-19. On 28 May 2020, FC Lokomotiv Moscow announced that four players (Dmitri Barinov, Anton Kochenkov, Timur Suleymanov and Roman Tugarev) have tested positive for the virus, are asymptomatic and are self-isolating at home. On 2 June 2020, the league announced specific dates for each remaining game, with the first game upon resumption scheduled on 19 June between PFC Krylia Sovetov Samara and FC Akhmat Grozny. On 5 June, the league announced that some fans will be allowed in the stands, following limitations established by the appropriate local authorities, but away fans will not be allowed in. Resumption On 17 June 2020, six players of FC Rostov tested positive for the virus and, according to the protocol that was established, the whole squad, including coaches and other personnel (42 people in total), were quarantined for two weeks. According to reports, the players who tested positive were Roman Eremenko, Dennis Hadลพikaduniฤ‡, Khoren Bayramyan, Mathias Normann, Ivelin Popov and Arseny Logashov. The quarantine period included the dates for the club's next three games: against PFC Sochi (originally re-scheduled to 19 June), FC Arsenal Tula (27 June) and FC Krasnodar (1 July). Sochi refused to re-schedule the game (the only date available was 3 days before the last game of the season, therefore Sochi would have to play 3 games in the last week of the season, which would be a disadvantage against other teams in the relegation battle). If a club forfeits two games, it is automatically excluded from the league, so Rostov were forced to send their Under-18 squad to the game against Sochi, including several players born in 2003 that had to be registered with the league on the day of the game. The game ended with a score of 10โ€“1 for Sochi, the first time in Russian Premier League history one team scored 10 goals in a game. It also tied the biggest-goal-difference record (FC Lokomotiv Moscow beat FC Uralan Elista with a score of 9โ€“0 in 2000) and the most goals in one game record (FC Asmaral Moscow beat FC Zenit Saint Petersburg with a score of 8โ€“3 in 1992). FC Rostov was given permission by the local office of Rospotrebnadzor to field any first-team players (with the exception of 6 who tested positive) in their next game against FC Arsenal Tula on 27 June. Khoren Bayramyan was given permission to play in the game against Arsenal as his latest positive test was taken on 12 June and all his subsequent tests were negative. Most of the players who previously tested positive were allowed to play in the game against FC Krasnodar on 1 July 2020 as 2-week quarantine period expired on that day. Ivelin Popov scored a late equalizer in a 1โ€“1 draw. On 20 June 2020, it was reported that some players of FC Dynamo Moscow (according to different sources, those were Clinton N'Jie, Nikolay Komlichenko, Charles Kaborรฉ and Sebastian Szymaล„ski) tested positive for the virus, a day before their scheduled away game against FC Krasnodar. Dynamo and Krasnodar agreed to re-schedule the game for 19 July. Dynamo also confirmed that the players who tested positive were N'Jie, Kaborรฉ and Szymaล„ski. Dynamo was given permission by the local office of Rospotrebnadzor to field any first-team players (with the exception of N'Jie, Kaborรฉ and Szymaล„ski) in their next game against PFC CSKA Moscow on 27 June, as they all had several consecutive negative tests for the virus in the preceding week. A new permission to field first-team players who tested negative was given for the game against PFC Sochi on 1 July. On 25 June 2020, FC Orenburg confirmed 8 positive COVID-19 tests in the club in total, including 6 players. Their game against FC Krasnodar was scheduled for 27 June. On 26 June Orenburg officially informed the league that they will not be able to host the game. As there was no date available to reschedule it to (due to previous Krasnodar's game already rescheduled to the only available back-up date), it was not played at all. The league passed the decision on how to assign the game result to the Russian Football Union. On 29 June, Russian Football Union assigned 3โ€“0 victory to Krasnodar and 0โ€“3 loss to Orenburg. On 1 July, Orenburg Oblast branch of Rospotrebnadzor refused to give permission for Orenburg to hold the game against FC Ural Yekaterinburg, the game was not played. The only available back-up date was 19 July, and Ural was already scheduled to play their Russian Cup semifinal game on that day. On 3 July 2020, Russian Football Union assigned 3โ€“0 victory to Ural and 0โ€“3 loss to Orenburg. Also on 3 July, a member of Orenburg's board of trustees Vasili Stolypin announced that the club is asking FC Rubin Kazan to reschedule their game from 5 July to 19 July as Orenburg had additional positive tests and some players were diagnosed with COVID-19-caused pneumonia, including a player who had to be hospitalized on 2 July, which automatically re-sets the starting day for the new mandatory 14-day quarantine period. On the day of the game against Rubin, Orenburg was given permission to field the players who tested negative. On 26 June 2020, the league members voted to amend league regulations, with the most notable change being removal of the automatic league expulsion as the punishment for two forfeited games. Teams will be allowed to forfeit two or more games and remain in the league as long as they don't finish in the relegation position in the table. The restriction for the minimum number of players registered for a specific game (16 outfield players and 2 goalkeepers) was also removed, so the teams would be able to play if they have fewer players available than 18. The changes had been preliminary approved by the Russian Football Union. RFU formally approved the changes on 29 June 2020. On 15 July 2020, the league announced that two players of FC Ufa tested positive, but the rest of the squad will not be quarantined and will be allowed to play in their game against FC Dynamo Moscow the following day. On 16 July 2020, the league announced that 9 members of PFC Sochi tested positive and their game against FC Tambov scheduled for that day will not take place. On 20 July 2020, PFC Krylia Sovetov Samara announced that Sochi informed them they will not arrive for their game that was scheduled for 22 July in Samara, following the recommendations of Rospotrebnadzor. On 21 July 2020, Russian Football Union assigned FC Tambov a 3โ€“0 victory and PFC Sochi a 0โ€“3 loss in their cancelled game. On 23 July 2020, RFU assigned PFC Krylia Sovetov a 3โ€“0 victory and Sochi a 0โ€“3 loss in their cancelled game. If Sochi agreed to reschedule their game against Rostov back in June, it would have been rescheduled for the same period in July, Sochi would have had to also forfeit that game and would have been relegated. Teams As in the previous season, 16 teams were playing in the 2019โ€“20 season. After the 2018โ€“19 season, FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk and Anzhi Makhachkala were relegated to the 2019โ€“20 Russian National Football League. They were replaced by FC Tambov and PFC Sochi, the winners and runners up of the 2018โ€“19 Russian National Football League. Both teams made their debut in the Premier League. Venues Personnel and kits Managerial changes Tournament format and regulations Basic The 16 teams played a round-robin tournament whereby each team plays each one of the other teams twice, once at home and once away. Thus, a total of 240 matches was played, with 30 matches played by each team. Promotion and relegation The teams that finish 15th and 16th will be relegated to the FNL, while the top 2 in that league will be promoted to the Premier League for the 2020โ€“21 season. The 13th and 14th Premier League teams were expected to play the 4th and 3rd FNL teams respectively in two playoff games with the winners securing Premier League spots for the 2020โ€“21 season. Due to COVID-19 related suspension of the season, those playoffs were cancelled, with 13th and 14th teams remaining in the league. League table Results Positions by round The table lists the positions of teams after each week of matches. In order to preserve chronological evolvements, any postponed matches are not included to the round at which they were originally scheduled, but added to the full round they were played immediately afterwards. Season statistics Top goalscorers Top assists References External links Russian Premier League seasons 1 Russian Premier League|Rus Russian
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%AC%20%28%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%20%EC%84%B1%EC%94%A8%29
์‹ฌ (์ค‘๊ตญ ์„ฑ์”จ)
์…˜ (shฤ›n, ์„ , ์‹ฌ, ๆฒˆ)์”จ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์„ฑ์”จ์ด๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€๋žต 650๋งŒ๋ช…์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์ง€์— ๋Ÿ‰(ๆฒˆ่ซธๆข, ์„ญ๊ณต = ํ˜‘๊ณต)์˜ ํ›„์†์ธ ์˜ˆ (Yรจ, ์—ฝ, ์„ญ, ๅถ = ่‘‰) ์”จ์˜ 650๋งŒ ๋ช…์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋ฉด ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€๋žต 1300๋งŒ๋ช…์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ์†ก ๋Œ€์— ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ท€ํ™”ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ช…(ๆ˜Ž)ยท้‘(์ฒญ)๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ, ๋Œ€๋งŒ, ํ™์ฝฉ, ๋งˆ์นด์˜ค, ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ๋“ฑ์— ํผ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ฌธ์™•(ๅ‘จๆ–‡็Ž‹)์˜ ํ›„์† ๋™์กฑ ์„ฑ์”จ(ๅŒๆ— ๅง“ๆฐ)๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋žต ์ˆ˜์–ต ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์„ฑ์”จ ์ˆœ์œ„ 1์œ„, 2์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‹คํˆฐ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์‹ฌ(ๆฒˆ)์”จ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ตญ์‹œ์กฐ ํ™ฉ์ œ ํ—Œ์›์”จ(้ปƒๅธ ่ฝฉ่พ•ๆฐ, ํฌ(ๅงฌ)์”จ)์˜ ํ›„์†์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋‚˜๋ผ(ๅ‘จๅœ‹)์—์„œ ๊ณ„์ถœ๋œ ์„ฑ์”จ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ฌธ์™•(ๅ‘จๆ–‡็Ž‹)์˜ 10๋ฒˆ์งธ ํƒœ์ž ๋‹ด๊ณ„ ์žฌ(่ƒๅญฃ่ผ‰)๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ๋‚˜๋ผ(ๆฒˆๅœ‹)๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๊ตญํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ฑ„๋‚˜๋ผ(่”กๅœ‹)์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฉธ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ด๊ณ„ ์žฌ(่ƒๅญฃ่ผ‰)์˜ ํ›„์†์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ(ๅง“)์„ ๋ช…(ๅ‘ฝ)ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ฌ์”จ(ๆฒˆๆฐ)๋ผ ์ผ์ปฌ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์™•์„ธ์ž์ด๋ฉฐ ์ดˆ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ขŒ์‚ฌ๋งˆ ์‹ฌ์œค์ˆ  (ๆฒˆๅฐนๆˆŒ, ? ~ BC 506๋…„), ์‹ฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์™•์†์ด๋ฉฐ ์ดˆ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์˜์œค ์‹ฌ์ œ๋Ÿ‰ (ๆฒˆ่ซธๆข, ์„ญ๊ณต = ์—ฝ๊ณต[่‘‰ๅ…ฌ = ๅถๅ…ฌ], ์—ฝ[์„ญ, ๅถ = ่‘‰]์”จ์˜ ์‹œ์กฐ, BC 529๋…„ ~ ? ), ๋‚จ์กฐ ์†ก๋‚˜๋ผ ์ œ3๋Œ€ ํ™ฉ์ œ ์†ก ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํ™ฉํ›„ ๋ช…์„ ํ™ฉํƒœํ›„ ์‹ฌ์šฉํฌ (ๆฒˆๅฎนๅงฌ, 414๋…„ ~ 453๋…„), ๋‚จ์กฐ ์†ก๋‚˜๋ผ ์‹œ์ค‘ ยท ํƒœ์œ„ ์‹ฌ๊ฒฝ์ง€ (ๆฒˆๆ…ถไน‹, 386๋…„ ~ 465๋…„), ๋‚จ์กฐ ์†ก๋‚˜๋ผ ์‹œ์ค‘ ์‹ฌ๋ฌธ์ˆ™ (ๆฒˆๆ–‡ๅ”, ? ~ 465๋…„), ๋‚จ์กฐ ์ œ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ ํ™ฉ์ œ ๊ณ ์ œ ์†Œ๋„์„ฑ์˜ ๋ถ€๋งˆ ์‹ฌ๋ฌธํ™” (ๆฒˆๆ–‡ๅ’Œ, ์ค‘์„œ์‹œ๋ž‘ ์—ญ์ž„, ? ~ 478๋…„), ๋‚จ์กฐ ์ œ๋‚˜๋ผ ์‹œ์ค‘ ์‹ฌ๋ฌธ๊ณ„ (ๆฒˆๆ–‡ๅญฃ, 442๋…„ ~ 499๋…„), ๋‚จ์กฐ ์ œ๋‚˜๋ผ ์‹œ์ค‘ ์‹ฌ์†Œ๋žต (ๆฒˆๆ˜ญ็•ฅ, ? ~ 499๋…„), ๋‚จ์กฐ ์–‘๋‚˜๋ผ ์‹œ์ค‘ ์‹ฌ์•ฝ (ๆฒˆ็ด„, 441๋…„ โˆผ 513๋…„), ๋‚จ์กฐ ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ ํ™ฉ์ œ ๋ฌด์ œ ์ง„ํŒจ์„ ์˜ ๋ถ€๋งˆ์ด์ž ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํ™ฉ์ œ ํ›„์ฃผ ์ง„์ˆ™๋ณด์˜ ๊ตญ๊ตฌ ์‹ฌ๊ตฐ๋ฆฌ (ๆฒˆๅ›็†, ์‹œ์ค‘ ์—ญ์ž„, 525๋…„ ~ 573๋…„)์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋”ธ ํ›„์ฃผํ™ฉํ›„ ์‹ฌ๋ฌดํ™” (ๆฒˆๅฉบ่ฏ), ๋‚จ์กฐ ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ ์ œ2๋Œ€ ํ™ฉ์ œ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ง„์ฒœ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ตฌ ์‹ฌ๋ฒ•์‹ฌ (ๆฒˆๆณ•ๆทฑ)๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋”ธ ๋ฌธํ™ฉํ›„ ์‹ฌ๋ฌ˜์šฉ (ๆฒˆๅฆ™ๅฎน, ? ~ 605๋…„), ๋‚จ์กฐ ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ ์‹œ์ค‘ ์‹ฌํ  (ๆฒˆๆฌฝ, 503๋…„ ~ 569๋…„), ๋‚จ์กฐ ์ง„๋‚˜๋ผ ์‹œ์ค‘ ์‹ฌ๊ฐ (ๆฒˆๆช, 509๋…„ ~ 582๋…„), ๋‹น๋‚˜๋ผ ์ดˆ๋‹น ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ถ์ •์‹œ์ธ ์‹ฌ์ „๊ธฐ (ๆฒˆไฝบๆœŸ, 656๋…„ ~ 714๋…„), ๋‹น๋‚˜๋ผ ์ œ8๋Œ€ ํ™ฉ์ œ ๋‹น ๋Œ€์ข…์˜ ๊ตญ๊ตฌ ์‹ฌ์—ญ์ง (ๆฒˆๆ˜“็›ด, ๋น„์„œ๊ฐ ์—ญ์ž„, ํƒœ์‚ฌ์— ์ถ”์ฆ๋จ)๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋”ธ ์˜ˆ์ง„ํ™ฉํ›„ ์‹ฌ์ง„์ฃผ (ๆฒˆ็็ ), ๋‹น๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ถ€๋งˆ ์‹ฌ๋ช… (ๆฒˆๆ˜Ž) ยท ์‹ฌํœ˜ (ๆฒˆ็ฟฌ) ยท ์‹ฌ์˜ (ๆฒˆ็ค’) ยท ์‹ฌ๋ถ„ (ๆฒˆๆฑพ), ๋‹น๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์ „๊ธฐ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์ œ (ๆฒˆๆ—ฃๆฟŸ, 750๋…„ ~ 800๋…„), ์†ก๋‚˜๋ผ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ž ์‹ฌ๊ด„ (ๆฒˆๆ‹ฌ, 1031๋…„ ~ 1095๋…„), ์›๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ง๊ธฐ ~ ๋ช…๋‚˜๋ผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ˜ธ์ด์ž ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ถ€์ž์˜ ์ƒ์ง• ์‹ฌ๋งŒ์‚ผ (ๆฒˆ่ฌไธ‰, ๆฒˆไธ‡ไธ‰, 1330๋…„ ~ 1379๋…„), ๋ช…๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ์ฃผ (ๆฒˆๅ‘จ, 1427๋…„ ~ 1509๋…„), ๋ช…๋‚˜๋ผ ๋‚ด๊ฐ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ฌ ์ˆ˜๋ณด ์‹ฌ์ผ๊ด€ (ๆฒˆไธ€่ฒซ, 1531๋…„ ~ 1615๋…„), ์ž„์ง„์™œ๋ž€ ๋•Œ ์กฐ์„ ์— ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๋ช…๋‚˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ์‹  ์‹ฌ์œ ๊ฒฝ (ๆฒˆๆƒŸๆ•ฌ, ? ~ 1597๋…„), ์ž„์น™์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ„์ด์ž ์ฒญ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋‚จ์–‘๋Œ€์‹  ์‹ฌ๋ณด์ • (ๆฒˆ่‘†ๆฅจ, 1820๋…„ ~ 1879๋…„), ์ฒญ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตฐ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์‹ ยท์ด๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฌธ๋Œ€์‹ ยท๋ณ‘๋ถ€์ƒ์„œ ์‹ฌ๊ณ„๋ถ„ (ๆฒˆๆก‚่Šฌ, 1818๋…„ ~ 1880๋…„), ์ฒญ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ง๊ธฐ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์„ ์ดˆ์•ˆํ•œ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด์ž ์›์„ธ๊ฐœ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ถ€๋Œ€์‹  ์‹ฌ๊ฐ€๋ณธ (ๆฒˆๅฎถๆœฌ, 1840๋…„ ~ 1913๋…„), ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ ์ตœ๊ณ ์ธ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•์› ์›์žฅ(๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์žฅ) ์‹ฌ๊ท ์œ  (ๆฒˆ้ˆžๅ„’, 1875๋…„ ~ 1963๋…„), ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ด์ž ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ถ€ ๋ถ€์žฅ(๋ฌธํ™”๋ถ€ ์žฅ๊ด€) ์‹ฌ์•ˆ๋น™ (ๆฒˆ้›ๆฐท, 1896๋…„ ~ 1981๋…„) ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‹ฌ(ๆฒˆ)์”จ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ˆœ์œ„๋Š” 1987๋…„ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 37์œ„๋กœ 0.5%์˜ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋žต 650๋งŒ๋ช…์ด๋ฉฐ, 2006๋…„ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผํ•™์› ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 49์œ„๋กœ 0.42%์˜ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋žต 550๋งŒ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์ œ๋Ÿ‰(ๆฒˆ่ซธๆข, ์„ญ๊ณต=์—ฝ๊ณต)์˜ ํ›„์†์ธ ์—ฝ(์„ญ, ๅถ=่‘‰)์”จ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ˆœ์œ„๋„ 1987๋…„ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 49์œ„๋กœ 0.42%์˜ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋žต 550๋งŒ๋ช…์ด๋ฉฐ, 2006๋…„ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผํ•™์› ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 42์œ„๋กœ 0.49%์˜ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋žต 630๋งŒ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์—ญ์‹œ ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ(ๆฒˆ)์”จ์™€ ์—ฝ(์„ญ, ๅถ=่‘‰)์”จ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์น˜๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋žต 0.9%์˜ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ˆœ์œ„ 20์œ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ฌธ์™•(ๅ‘จๆ–‡็Ž‹)์˜ ํ›„์† ๋™์กฑ ์„ฑ์”จ(ๅŒๆ— ๅง“ๆฐ)๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋žต ์ˆ˜์–ต๋ช…์œผ๋กœ, ์—ผ์ œ ์‹ ๋†์”จ(็‚Žๅธ ็ฅž่พฒๆฐ, ๊ฐ•(ๅงœ)์”จ) ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์„ฑ์”จ์™€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์„ฑ์”จ ์ˆœ์œ„ 1์œ„, 2์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‹คํˆฐ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์„ฑ์”จ(ไธญๅœ‹ ๅง“ๆฐ) ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ํ™ฉ์ œ ํ—Œ์›์”จ(้ปƒๅธ ่ฝฉ่พ•ๆฐ, ํฌ(ๅงฌ)์”จ)์˜ ํ›„์†์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—ผ์ œ ์‹ ๋†์”จ(็‚Žๅธ ็ฅž่พฒๆฐ, ๊ฐ•(ๅงœ)์”จ)์˜ ํ›„์†์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์„ฑ์”จ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C4%9Bn
Shฤ›n
Shฤ›n is the Mandarin Hanyu pinyin romanization of the Chinese surname . Shen is the 14th surname in the Song-era Hundred Family Surnames. Romanisation ๆฒˆ is romanised as Sum, Sem, Sam, or Shum in Cantonese; Sim in Hokkien; Shim in Hakka; Shim, (์‹ฌ) in Korean; and Thแบฉm in Vietnamese. Less commonly, the same character can also be pronounced Zhen, which indicates a different origin from Shen. Distribution Shen was the 52nd-most-common surname in the People's Republic of China (China) in 2020 according to the Ministry of Public Security and ranked 40th in the 100 most common surnames in the Republic of China (Taiwan) in 2018 by the Ministry of the Interior. In the Republic of Korea ๆฒˆ/์‹ฌ ranked 32nd amongst the top 100 South Korean surnames in 2015. (According to China's 2013 Fuxi Cultural Research (ไธญ่ฏไผ็พฒๆ–‡ๅŒ–็ ”็ฉถๆœƒ), there are approximately 5.5 million ๆฒˆ's accounting for 0.41% of the Han Chinese population and placed 49th out of the 400 Chinese surnames in Mainland China. The highest concentration of ๆฒˆ is in the Eastern Chinese coastal provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang which represents about 36% of all ๆฒˆ's in China. A remaining 37% of all ๆฒˆ's in China inhabit these 7 neighbouring provinces & cities of Shanghai, Anhui, Henan, Guangdong, Hubei, Guizhou and Shandong. As of the top 30 cities in China, top ranking last names rank ๆฒˆ as 6th most common in Hangzhou during 2011 and 8th most common in Shanghai during 2018. In 2015, South Koreaโ€™s population of ๆฒˆ is less than 1% of the countryโ€™s population or 272,049 people. In 2009, Singaporeโ€™s population of ๆฒˆ accounted for 0.9% of the cityโ€™s population or 23,800 people. In 2006, Hangzhou's population of ๆฒˆ was 3.09% of the city's population or 202,358 people. Although Chinese make up the largest part of America's Asian and Pacific Islander population, none of the romanizations of "ๆฒˆ" appeared among the 1000 most common surnames during the AD 2000 US census although "shen" ranked #3690, "shum" ranked #13,730, "shim" ranked #7576, "tham" ranked #21,829. In the 1990 US census however, "shen" ranked #10,565, "shum" ranked #22,632, "shim" ranked #9771, "tham" ranked #28,237. Origins As is common with Chinese surnames, the modern Shen family arose from various unrelated sources. One origin traces it to the Shen (ๆฒˆ) kingdom in Runan County, Henan. These people were descended from Shao Hao, whose grandson was Zhuanxu's teacher and fathered Yun Ge and Tai Dai. Tai Dai was granted Shanxi for his achievements in controlling the flooding of the Yellow River and his descendants divided into four "kingdoms": the Shen, the Yi, the Ru, and the Huang. Electing not to participate in the northern kingdoms' campaign against Chu in 506 BC, Shen was invaded and destroyed by Cai. The rulers and vassals of the former state then bore the clan name Shen to distinguish themselves. Another group descended from the rulers and vassals of the revived state of Shen after King Cheng granted it to the Zhou prince Ran Ji for suppressing the rebellion following the death of his brother King Wu. A third group derived from the Mi () family of Chu during the Spring and Autumn period. Chu had conquered the area of Shen and, in 506 BC, its governor was Shenyin Shua Chu field marshal from a cadet branch of the royal house. He was killed in the Battle of Boju that year, opposing a Wu invasion led by Wu Zixu and Sun Tzu. In his memory, some of his descendants and vassals adopted the clan name Shen for his fief, while others became the Ye after the fief granted to Shenyin Shu's son Shen Zhuliang, better known as the Duke of Ye (่‘‰ๅ…ฌ, Ye Gong). Branches The You clan () is said to be a branch of the Shen clan, having simply removed the side-water radical ๆฐต from their surname sometime in the 10th century due to conflict with a different Shen () ruling family in Fujian Province. Owing to this, the You and Shen continued to be unable to intermarry, just as if they were still a single clan. The side-water radical (: shuว) plus (: yรญn) results in the Chinese character surname (: shฤ›n). Historical figures Shen Kuo (ๆฒˆๆ‹ฌ), ancient polymathic scientist Shen Yue (ๆฒˆ็ด„), poet, statesman, and historian Shen Zhou (ๆฒˆๅ‘จ), Chinese painter in the Ming dynasty Shen Faxing (ๆฒˆๆณ•่ˆˆ), official of the Chinese Sui dynasty Shen Lun (ๆฒˆๅ€ซ), scholar-official Shen Wansan (ๆฒˆไธ‡ไธ‰), businessman during the beginning of Ming Dynasty Michael Shen Fu-Tsung (ๆฒˆ็ฆๅฎ—), First Qing Chinese to have visited Europe Shen Wuhua (ๆฒˆๅฉบ่ฏ), empress of Chen China Shen Miaorong (ๆฒˆๅฆ™ๅฎน), empress of the Chinese Chen Dynasty Shen Quan (ๆฒˆ้“จ), Chinese painter during the Qing Dynasty Shen Guangwen (ๆฒˆๅ…‰ๆ–‡), scholar, poet, educator Shen Baozhen (ๆฒˆ่‘†็ฆŽ), Chinese official during the Qing dynasty Shen Song (ๆฒˆๅดง), chancellor of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Wuyue Shen Shou (ๆฒˆๅฃฝ), Chinese embroiderer during the late Qing and early Republican period Shen Zemin (ๆฒˆๆณฝๆฐ‘), one of the earliest members of the Chinese Communist Party James Shen (ๆฒˆๅŠ่™น), Taiwanese diplomat Shen Hongying (ๆฒˆ้ธฟ่‹ฑ), Chinese general & military governor of Guangdong Shen Jinjian (ๆฒˆ้‡‘้‘‘), politician of the Republic of China Modern people with the surname China Chung-Chang Shen (ๆฒˆไปฒ็ซ ), Chinese linguist, folklorist, ethnomusicologist, and antiquarian Shen Congwen (ๆฒˆไปŽๆ–‡), one of the greatest modern Chinese writers Shen Dingcheng (ๆฒˆๅฎšๆˆ), a Chinese businessman and oil and gas executive Shen Dingyi (ๆฒˆๅฎšไธ€), a 1920s-era Chinese revolutionary and intellectual Shen Duo (ๆฒˆ้“Ž), a Chinese competitive swimmer Shen Fu (director) (ๆฒˆๆตฎ), Chinese film director Shen Hongfei (ๆฒˆๅฎ้ž), a writer, producer and food columnist in China Shen Jinlong (ๆฒˆ้‡‘้พ™), current commander of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy. Shen Jingsi (ๆฒˆ้™ๆ€), a Chinese volleyball player. Shen Jun (businessman) (ๆฒˆๅ†›), a Chinese billionaire businessman, founder of East Money Information Shen Junru (ๆฒˆ้’งๅ„’), a Chinese lawyer, political figure Shen Longyuan (ๆฒˆ้พ™ๅ…ƒ), a Chinese football player Shen Peiping (ๆฒˆๅŸนๅนณ), a former Chinese politician from Yunnan province Shen Shaomin (ๆฒˆๅฐ‘ๆฐ‘), an artist based in Sydney, and Beijing Shen Sinyan (ๆฒˆๆ˜Ÿๆ‰ฌ), an American physicist and classical composer Shen Shixi (ๆฒˆ็Ÿณๆบช), a bestselling children's author Shen Teng (ๆฒˆ่…พ), a Chinese comedian and actor Shen Tianfeng (ๆฒˆ็”ฐๅณฐ), a Chinese football player Shen Tianhui (ๆฒˆๅคฉๆ…ง), renowned chemist and professor at Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shen Tong (ๆฒˆๅฝค), a Chinese American social activist, impact investor, writer Shen Wei (ๆฒˆไผŸ), Chinese-born American choreographer, visual artist, and director Shen Xiaoming (ๆฒˆๆ™“ๆ˜Ž), a Chinese politician, serving since 2017 as the Governor of Hainan Shen Yanfei (ๆฒˆ็‡•้ฃž), a Chinese-born table tennis player Shen Yongping (ๆฒˆๅ‹‡ๅนณ), a Chinese filmmaker Shen Yue (ๆฒˆๆœˆ), a Chinese actress Shen Yueyue (ๆฒˆ่ทƒ่ทƒ), a Chinese politician Shen Zhihua (ๆฒˆๅฟ—ๅŽ), a professor of history at East China Normal University Shen Zulun (ๆฒˆ็ฅ–ไผฆ), a politician of the People's Republic of China Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia & Singapore Shen Chang-huan (ๆฒˆๆ˜Œ็…ฅ), Minister of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan) Shen Che-Tsai (ๆฒˆๅ“ฒๅ“‰), a Taiwanese painter Shen Chun-shan (ๆฒˆๅ›ๅฑฑ), Taiwanese academic Shen Jong-chin (ๆฒˆๆฆฎๆดฅ), Minister of Economic Affairs (Taiwan) Shen Lyu-shun (ๆฒˆๅ‘‚ๅทก), a Taiwanese diplomat Shen Weijun (ๆฒˆ็‚œ็ซฃ), a Singaporean actor and singer Shen Yi-ming (ๆฒˆไธ€้ณด), Deputy Minister of National Defense (Taiwan) Stephen Shen (ๆฒˆไธ–ๅฎ), Minister of Environmental Protection Administration of the Republic of China Jess Sum (ๆฒˆๅ“็›ˆ), an actress in Hong Kong under TVB Lydia Shum (ๆฒˆๆฎฟ้œž), a Hong Kong comedian, MC, and actress Mina Shum (ๆฒˆๅฐ่‰พ), independent Canadian filmmaker Harry Shum (ๆฒˆๅ‘ๆด‹), Executive Vice President of Artificial Intelligence & Research at Microsoft Sim Tong Him (ๆฒˆๅŒ้’ฆ), a Malaysian politician. Sim Wong Hoo (ๆฒˆๆœ›ๅ‚…), CEO and Chairman of Creative Technology Ron Sim (ๆฒˆ่ฒก็ฆ), founder of OSIM International Jack Sim (ๆฒˆ้Šณ่ฏ), founder of Restroom Association of Singapore, the World Toilet Organization Sim Ann (ๆฒˆ้ข–), Singapore Senior Minister of State Desmond Sim (ๆฒˆ๏ผŸ๏ผŸ), Singaporean playwright Jasmine Sim (ๆฒˆๅฎถ็Ž‰), Singaporean actress Sheila Sim (Singaporean actress) (ๆฒˆ็ณๅฎธ) Ken Sim (ๆฒˆ่ง€ๅฅ), Vancouver Mayor References Chinese-language surnames Individual Chinese surnames
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVB-T
DVB-T
DVB-T(Digital Video Broadcasting โ€” Terrestrial)๋Š” 1997๋…„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ œ์ •๋œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ง€์ƒํŒŒ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ DVB ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ปจ์†Œ์‹œ์—„ ํ‘œ์ค€์ด๋ฉฐ 1998๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์••์ถ•๋œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์˜ค๋””์˜ค, ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋น„๋””์˜ค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ MPEG ํŠธ๋žœ์ŠคํฌํŠธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ „์†กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ง๊ต ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„ํ•  ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋ฐฉ์‹(COFDM ๋˜๋Š” OFDM) ๋ณ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. DVB-T ๋˜๋Š” DVB-T2๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์˜ํ†  ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด (decided on 2007๋…„ 7์›” 10์ผ) (decided on 2008๋…„ 8์›” 28์ผ) (Uses DVB-T/H.264/MPEG-4 for SD and HD. In 2011 is moving to DVB-T2/H.264/MPEG-4) (Nuuk TV) (decided on 2009๋…„ 5์›” 12์ผ) (uses DVB-T/MPEG-2 for SD and DVB-T/H.264/MPEG-4 for HD transmissions.) (experimental DVB-T MPEG2) (experimental ATSC) (In 2008 KTV Ltd. implemented DVB-T, 64QAM, 7/8, 1/32, MPEG2 for both SD and HD transmissions) ์œ ๋Ÿฝ (uses MPEG-2 for SD and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for HD transmissions). (transition to DVB-T2) (uses MPEG-2 for SD transmissions) (uses DVB-T H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for SD transmission and DVB-T2 for pay SD transmissions) (H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, FEC=2/3, guard interval - 1/4, 64 QAM. Official simulcast started in March 2013, full switch has been done on 2013๋…„ 9์›” 30์ผ.) (see DVB-T in Croatia) (MPEG-2, DVB-T2 HEVC H.265 started in 2017) (H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video) (uses H.264/AVC for SD and HD transmissions. See DVB-T in Denmark.) (uses H.264/AVC video) (uses MPEG-2 for free SD and H.264/AVC for free HD, pay SD and pay HD transmissions.See Digital terrestrial television#France.) (partly still DVB-T MPEG-2, SD only; since 2016 transition to DVB-T2 H.265/HEVC with HD 1080p50 - see Television in Germany) (ERT Digital and Digital Union use MPEG-2 but will shift to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. Digea, ERT / ERT HD and Digital Union (in Region of Thessalia) use H.264/MPEG-4 AVC) (branded MinDigTV, uses H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video exclusively.) (uses H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for HD and SD transmissions, see Saorview) (uses MPEG-2 for SD, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for HD) (uses H.264/MPEG-4 AVC) (uses H.264/MPEG-4 AVC) (DVB-T in Macedonia) (uses MPEG-2. H.264/AVC is being tested.) (MPEG-2 SD DVN-T2 HD, operated by Digitenne) (uses H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for SD and HD transmissions) (uses H.264/AVC video for SD and HD transmissions; see DVB-T in Poland) (uses H.264/AVC video;) DVB-T was only used experimentally in two cities, and is being phased out. The official terrestrial broadcasting standard in Romania is DVB-T2, and implementations started in 2015. (uses DVB-T2 H.264/AVC) (uses DVB-T2 H.264/AVC) (uses MPEG-2 for SD and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for HD, testing DVB-T2 H.264/AVC) (uses H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video since 2007. See DVB-T in Slovenia) (uses DVB-T MPEG-2 for SD and DVB-T H.264/MPEG-4 for HD transmissions.) (uses MPEG-2 and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC) for SD, and DVB-T2 with H.264/AVC for SD and HD transmissions. See DVB-T in Sweden.) (experimental) (uses DVB-T MPEG-2 for SD and DVB-T2 H.264/AVC for HD transmissions. See DVB-T in United Kingdom.) (uses DVB-T2 H.264/AVC for all nationwide broadcasts) ์˜ค์„ธ์•„๋‹ˆ์•„ (mostly uses MPEG-2 for SD transmissions and H.264/AVC for HD transmissions, refer to this list of digital television channels in Australia) (uses MPEG-4/H.264 video; see Freeview New Zealand) ์•„์‹œ์•„ (uses DVB-T2 MPEG-4 launched April 2015) (in assessment) (Announced) (uses MPEG-2 for SD and MPEG-4 for HD transmissions) (adopted DVB-T2 H.264/AVC on 2012๋…„ 2์›” 2์ผ) (uses DVB-T MPEG-4/H.264/AAC SD :720x576i HD :1920x1080i) (started in Kurdistan region-Iraq by MIX Media 2011๋…„ 12์›” 31์ผ uses MPEG-4) (uses MPEG-4/H.264 video) (will use DVB-T2) (DVB-T2) (uses DVB-T2 nationwide, plans to abandon analog by 2019) (uses DVB-T2) (in assessment) (in assessment) (4 DVB-T Channels on 2007๋…„ 1์›” 1์ผ and 7 DVB-T2 Channels on 2013๋…„ 12์›” 13์ผ) (implement it using DVB-T, MPEG-2 and MPEG-4.) (uses DVB-T/MPEG-2 for SD and DVB-T/H.264/MPEG-4 for HD transmissions) (DVB-T2) (uses DVB-T2/MPEG-4 for both SD and HD transmissions launched on 2014๋…„ 4์›” 1์ผ) ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด (Will use DVB-T2MPEG-4) (use DVB-T2 on paid network) (ISDB-T on 2013๋…„ 2์›” 26์ผ, first in African countries) (is already using DVB-T1/MPEG-4 and will soon migrate to DVB-T2) (will use DVB-T2, after briefly considering ISDB-T) (์‹คํ—˜์ ) ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ATSC ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์˜ค๋””์˜ค ๋ฐฉ์†ก ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ฐฉ์†ก ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ์Œ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ISDB OFDM ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋” ๋ฌธ์ž ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋ฐฉ์†ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Website of the DVB Project DigiTAG website ์˜์ƒ ํ˜•์‹ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ์ „์†ก ํ‘œ์ค€
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVB-T
DVB-T
DVB-T, short for Digital Video Broadcasting โ€“ Terrestrial, is the DVB European-based consortium standard for the broadcast transmission of digital terrestrial television that was first published in 1997 and first broadcast in Singapore in February, 1998. This system transmits compressed digital audio, digital video and other data in an MPEG transport stream, using coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (COFDM or OFDM) modulation. It is also the format widely used worldwide (including North America) for Electronic News Gathering for transmission of video and audio from a mobile newsgathering vehicle to a central receive point. It is also used in the US by Amateur television operators. Basics Rather than carrying one data carrier on a single radio frequency (RF) channel, COFDM works by splitting the digital data stream into a large number of slower digital streams, each of which digitally modulates a set of closely spaced adjacent sub-carrier frequencies. In the case of DVB-T, there are two choices for the number of carriers known as 2K-mode or 8K-mode. These are actually 1,705 or 6,817 sub-carriers that are approximately 4ย kHz or 1ย kHz apart. DVB-T offers three different modulation schemes (QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM). DVB-T has been adopted or proposed for digital television broadcasting by many countries (see map), using mainly VHF 7ย MHz and UHF 8ย MHz channels whereas Taiwan, Colombia, Panama and Trinidad and Tobago use 6ย MHz channels. Examples include the UK's Freeview. The DVB-T Standard is published as EN 300 744, Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television. This is available from the ETSI website, as is ETSI TS 101 154, Specification for the use of Video and Audio Coding in Broadcasting Applications based on the MPEG-2 Transport Stream, which gives details of the DVB use of source coding methods for MPEG-2 and, more recently, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC as well as audio encoding systems. Many countries that have adopted DVB-T have published standards for their implementation. These include the D-book in the UK, the Italian DGTVi, the ETSI E-Book and the Nordic countries and Ireland NorDig. DVB-T has been further developed into newer standards such as DVB-H (Handheld), which was a commercial failure and is no longer in operation, and DVB-T2, which was initially finalised in August 2011. DVB-T as a digital transmission delivers data in a series of discrete blocks at the symbol rate. DVB-T is a COFDM transmission technique which includes the use of a Guard Interval. It allows the receiver to cope with strong multipath situations. Within a geographical area, DVB-T also allows single-frequency network (SFN) operation, where two or more transmitters carrying the same data operate on the same frequency. In such cases the signals from each transmitter in the SFN needs to be accurately time-aligned, which is done by sync information in the stream and timing at each transmitter referenced to GPS. The length of the Guard Interval can be chosen. It is a trade-off between data rate and SFN capability. The longer the guard interval the larger is the potential SFN area without creating intersymbol interference (ISI). It is possible to operate SFNs which do not fulfill the guard interval condition if the self-interference is properly planned and monitored. Technical description of a DVB-T transmitter With reference to the figure, a short description of the signal processing blocks follows. Source coding and MPEG-2 multiplexing (MUX): Compressed video, compressed audio, and data streams are multiplexed into MPEG program streams (MPEG-PSs). One or more MPEG-PSs are joined together into an MPEG transport stream (MPEG-TS); this is the basic digital stream which is being transmitted and received by TV sets or home Set Top Boxes (STB). Allowed bit rates for the transported data depend on a number of coding and modulation parameters: it can range from about 5 to about 32 Mbit/s (see the bottom figure for a complete listing). Splitter: Two different MPEG-TSs can be transmitted at the same time, using a technique called Hierarchical Transmission. It may be used to transmit, for example a standard definition SDTV signal and a high definition HDTV signal on the same carrier. Generally, the SDTV signal is more robust than the HDTV one. At the receiver, depending on the quality of the received signal, the STB may be able to decode the HDTV stream or, if signal strength lacks, it can switch to the SDTV one (in this way, all receivers that are in proximity of the transmission site can lock the HDTV signal, whereas all the other ones, even the farthest, may still be able to receive and decode an SDTV signal). MUX adaptation and energy dispersal: The MPEG-TS is identified as a sequence of data packets, of fixed length (188 bytes). With a technique called energy dispersal, the byte sequence is decorrelated. External encoder: A first level of error correction is applied to the transmitted data, using a non-binary block code, a Reedโ€“Solomon RS (204, 188) code, allowing the correction of up to a maximum of 8 wrong bytes for each 188-byte packet. External interleaver: Convolutional interleaving is used to rearrange the transmitted data sequence, in such a way that it becomes more rugged to long sequences of errors. Internal encoder: A second level of error correction is given by a punctured convolutional code, which is often denoted in STBs menus as FEC (Forward error correction). There are five valid coding rates: 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, and 7/8. Internal interleaver: Data sequence is rearranged again, aiming to reduce the influence of burst errors. This time, a block interleaving technique is adopted, with a pseudo-random assignment scheme (this is really done by two separate interleaving processes, one operating on bits and another one operating on groups of bits). Mapper: The digital bit sequence is mapped into a base band modulated sequence of complex symbols. There are three valid modulation schemes: QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM. Frame adaptation: the complex symbols are grouped in blocks of constant length (1512, 3024, or 6048 symbols per block). A frame is generated, 68 blocks long, and a superframe is built by 4 frames. Pilot and TPS signals: In order to simplify the reception of the signal being transmitted on the terrestrial radio channel, additional signals are inserted in each block. Pilot signals are used during the synchronization and equalization phase, while TPS signals (Transmission Parameters Signalling) send the parameters of the transmitted signal and to unequivocally identify the transmission cell. The receiver must be able to synchronize, equalize, and decode the signal to gain access to the information held by the TPS pilots. Thus, the receiver must know this information beforehand, and the TPS data is only used in special cases, such as changes in the parameters, resynchronizations, etc. OFDM modulation: The sequence of blocks is modulated according to the OFDM technique, using 1705 or 6817 carriers (2k or 8k mode, respectively). Increasing the number of carriers does not modify the payload bit rate, which remains constant. Guard interval insertion: to decrease receiver complexity, every OFDM block is extended, copying in front of it its own end (cyclic prefix). The width of such guard interval can be 1/32, 1/16, 1/8, or 1/4 that of the original block length. Cyclic prefix is required to operate single frequency networks, where there may exist an ineliminable interference coming from several sites transmitting the same program on the same carrier frequency. DAC and front-end: The digital signal is transformed into an analogue signal, with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), and then modulated to radio frequency (VHF, UHF) by the RF front end. The occupied bandwidth is designed to accommodate each single DVB-T signal into 5, 6, 7, or 8 MHz wide channels. The base band sample rate provided at the DAC input depends on the channel bandwidth: it is samples/s, where is the channel bandwidth expressed in Hz. Technical description of the receiver The receiving STB adopts techniques which are dual to those ones used in the transmission. Front-end and ADC: the analogue RF signal is converted to base-band and transformed into a digital signal, using an analogue-to-digital converter (ADC). Time and frequency synchronization: the digital base band signal is searched to identify the beginning of frames and blocks. Any problems with the frequency of the components of the signal are corrected, too. The property that the guard interval at the end of the symbol is placed also at the beginning is exploited to find the beginning of a new OFDM symbol. On the other hand, continual pilots (whose value and position is determined in the standard and thus known by the receiver) determine the frequency offset suffered by the signal. This frequency offset might have been caused by Doppler effect, inaccuracies in either the transmitter or receiver clock, and so on. Generally, synchronization is done in two steps, either before or after the FFT, in such way to resolve both coarse and fine frequency/timing errors. Pre-FFT steps involve the use of sliding correlation on the received time signal, whereas Post-FFT steps use correlation between the frequency signal and the pilot carriers sequence. Guard interval disposal: the cyclic prefix is removed. OFDM demodulation: this is achieved with an FFT. Frequency equalization: the pilot signals are used to estimate the Channel Transfer Function (CTF) every three subcarriers. The CTF is derived in the remaining subcarriers via interpolation. The CTF is then used to equalize the received data in each subcarrier, generally using a Zero-Forcing method (multiplication by CTF inverse). The CTF is also used to weigh the reliability of the demapped data when they are provided to the Viterbi decoder. Demapping: since there are Gray-encoded QAM constellations, demapping is done in a "soft" way using nonlinear laws that demap each bit in the received symbol to a more or less reliable fuzzy value between -1 and +1. Internal deinterleaving Internal decoding: uses the Viterbi algorithm, with a traceback length larger than that generally used for the basic 1/2 rate code, due to the presence of punctured ("erased") bits. External deinterleaving External decoding MUX adaptation MPEG-2 demultiplexing and source decoding Countries and territories using DVB-T or DVB-T2 Americas (decided on 10 July 2007) (decided on 28 August 2008) (Uses DVB-T/H.264/MPEG-4 for SD and HD since 2011) (Nuuk TV) (decided on 12 May 2009) (uses DVB-T/MPEG-2 for SD and DVB-T/H.264/MPEG-4 for HD transmissions.) (In 2008 KTV Ltd. implemented DVB-T, 64QAM, 7/8, 1/32, MPEG2 for both SD and HD transmissions) Europe (uses MPEG-2 for SD and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for HD transmissions). (transition to DVB-T2) (uses DVB-T MPEG-2 and DVB-T2 H.264/MPEG-4 AVC) (uses DVB-T H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for SD and HD transmission and DVB-T2 for pay SD and HD transmissions) (H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, FEC=2/3, guard interval โ€“ 1/4, 64 QAM. Official simulcast started in March 2013, full switch has been done on 30 September 2013.) From 2020 the transmission is on DVB-T2 H.265/HEVC with HD 1080p50 โ€“ see Television in Croatia (MPEG-2, DVB-T2 HEVC H.265 started in 2017) (H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video) (uses H.264/AVC for SD and HD transmissions. See DVB-T in Denmark.) (uses H.264/AVC video) (uses H.264/AVC for free HD, pay SD and pay HD transmissions. See Digital terrestrial television#France.) (partly still DVB-T MPEG-2, SD only; since 2016 transition to DVB-T2 H.265/HEVC with HD 1080p50 โ€“ see Television in Germany) Both providers Digea and ERT use H.264/MPEG-4 AVC) (branded MinDigTV, uses H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video exclusively.) (uses H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for HD and SD transmissions, see Saorview) (uses H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for SD and HD, alongside some limited HEVC adoption). MPEG-2 phased out in December 2022. Transition to DVB-T2 not precisely specified as of 2023. (uses H.264/MPEG-4 AVC) (uses H.264/MPEG-4 AVC) (uses DVB-T MPEG-2 for SD and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for HD) (uses MPEG-2. H.264/AVC is being tested.) (uses DVB-T2, operated by Digitenne) (DVB-T in North Macedonia) (uses H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for SD and HD transmissions) (uses DVB-T2 with HEVC, except MUX3, belonging to state-owned TVP, which still is allowed to use H.264/AVC video for SD and HD transmissions until the end of 2023; see DVB-T in Poland) (uses H.264/AVC video;) DVB-T was only used experimentally in two cities, and is being phased out. The official terrestrial broadcasting standard in Romania is DVB-T2, and implementations started in 2015. (uses DVB-T2 H.264/AVC) (uses DVB-T2 H.264/AVC) (uses MPEG-2 for SD and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC for HD, testing DVB-T2 H.264/AVC) (uses H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video since 2007. See DVB-T in Slovenia) (uses DVB-T MPEG-2 for SD and DVB-T H.264/MPEG-4 for HD transmissions.) (uses MPEG-2 and H.264/MPEG-4 AVC) for SD, and DVB-T2 with H.264/AVC for SD and HD transmissions. See DVB-T in Sweden.) (one regional DVB-T station remaining. Terrestrial national TV broadcasting restored using DVB-T2 near Austria, soon near France) (Not officially rolled out. Last known DVB-T2 test broadcasting TRT 4K ended on 1 June 2017) (uses DVB-T MPEG-2 for SD and DVB-T2 H.264/AVC for HD transmissions. See DVB-T in United Kingdom.) (uses DVB-T2 H.264/AVC for all nationwide broadcasts) Oceania (mostly uses MPEG-2 for SD transmissions and H.264/AVC for HD transmissions, refer to this list of digital television channels in Australia) (uses MPEG-4/H.264 video; see Freeview New Zealand) Asia (uses DVB-T2 MPEG-4 launched April 2015) (in assessment) (Announced) (uses DVB-T2) (uses MPEG-2 for SD and MPEG-4 for HD transmissions) (adopted DVB-T2 H.264/AVC on 2 February 2012) (uses DVB-T MPEG-4/H.264/AAC SD :720x576i HD :1920x1080i); since 2020 transition to DVB-T2 H.265/HEVC with HD 1080p50 โ€“ see Television in Iran) (started in Kurdistan region-Iraq by MIX Media 31 December 2011 uses MPEG-4) (uses MPEG-4/H.264 video) (will use DVB-T2) (DVB-T2) (7 DVB-T channels across 2 transponders during trial, final system uses DVB-T2 nationwide, 17 TV channels and 14 radio channels across 2 transponders in UHF, analog shutdown on 31 Oct 2019. Uses H.264 video and AAC audio) (uses DVB-T2) (uses DVB-T2, trial began on 2012) (in assessment) (in assessment) (4 DVB-T Channels on 1 January 2007 and 7 DVB-T2 Channels on 13 December 2013) (using DVB-T, MPEG-2 and MPEG-4.) (uses DVB-T/MPEG-2 for SD and DVB-T/H.264/MPEG-4 for HD transmissions) (DVB-T2) (uses DVB-T2 H.264/AVC with HE-AAC codec for both SD and HD transmissions launched on April 1, 2014) Africa (Experimental DTMB) (Will use DVB-T2MPEG-4) (use DVB-T2 on paid network) (is already using DVB-T/MPEG-4 and will soon migrate to DVB-T2) (will use DVB-T2, after briefly considering ISDB-T) (experimental) DTT switch-off While many countries have expected a shift to digital terrestrial television, a few have moved in the opposite direction following unsuccessful trials. Switzerland : Swiss public broadcaster SRG terminated DTT network on 3 June 2019. A regional station from the Geneva area has kept broadcasting. A DVB-T2 antenna was later activated in the east of the country to relay Swiss TV to Austrian cable operators. A similar broadcast is planned to cover Grand Geneva. Turkey terminated DTT network on 1 June 2017. See also ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee, North American Standard) Digital Audio Broadcasting (low bit rate video suitable for moving receivers) Digital Video Broadcasting (technical standards underpinning DVB-T) DTV channel protection ratios DVB over IP DVB-T2 Digital terrestrial television DMB-T โ€“ Digital Multimedia Broadcast-Terrestrial Interactive television ISDB โ€“ Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting ISDB-T International Multimedia Home Platform (standard to deliver interactive TV applications over DVB) OFDM system comparison table Personal video recorder Spectral efficiency comparison table Teletext Notes References ETSI Standard: EN 300 744 V1.5.1, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television, available at ETSI Publications Download Area (This will open ETSI document search engine, to find the latest version of the document enter a search string; free registration is required to download PDF.) External links Website of the DVB Project Official factsheet of DVB-T DigiTAG website Digital Video Broadcasting ETSI Television transmission standards Video formats
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B0%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4
ํฐํŽ˜์ด์–ด
ํฐํŽ˜์ด์–ด๋Š” ์บ๋กค๋ผ์ธ ์ œ๋„ ํฐํŽ˜์ด์„ฌ์˜ ํ† ์ฐฉ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ, ๋ฏธํฌ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด๊ตฐ์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํฐํŽ˜์ด์„ฌ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์† ํ™˜์ดˆ ๋ฐ ๋„์„œ์— ์•ฝ 3๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ๋ชจ์–ด ํ™”์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ณธํ† , ํ•˜์™€์ด, ๊ดŒ ๋“ฑ์ง€์— ์•ฝ 1๋งŒ~1๋งŒ 5์ฒœ ๋ช…์ด ๋” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฐํŽ˜์ด์–ด๋Š” ๋ฏธํฌ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ํ† ์ฐฉ ์–ธ์–ด์ด๋‹ค. ํฐํŽ˜์ด์–ด์—๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‹ ๋ถ„์ด ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ํฐํŽ˜์ด์–ด๊ตฐ์€ ์ถ”ํฌ์ฃผ์˜ ์ถ”ํฌ์–ด๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค. ํฐํŽ˜์ด์–ด๊ตฐ์—๋Š” ํฐํŽ˜์ด์–ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌํ‘ธ์•„ํ”ผํฌ์–ด, ํ•€์ง€๋ž์–ด, ๋ชจํ‚ฌ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํฐํŽ˜์ด์–ด๋Š” ํ•€์ง€๋ž์–ด์™€ 81%, ๋ชจํ‚ฌ์–ด์™€ 75%, ์ถ”ํฌ์–ด์™€ 36%์˜ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ณต์œ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํฐํŽ˜์ด์–ด๋Š” ์˜์–ด, ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด, ์—์ŠคํŒŒ๋ƒ์–ด, ๋…์ผ์–ด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์—์„œ ์ฐจ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์—ฌ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ "์ฐจ์šฉ์–ด"๋“ค์€ ์›์–ด์™€ ์ฒ ์ž๋„ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ์Œ์šด๋ก  ํ˜„๋Œ€ ํฐํŽ˜์ด์–ด ์ •์„œ๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” 20๊ธ€์ž(16๊ฐœ ๋‚ฑ์ž์™€ 4๊ฐœ ์ด์ค‘์Œ์ž)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋…ํŠนํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋…์ผ ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ •์„œ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ํฐํŽ˜์ด์–ด ์ฒ ์ž๋Š” ๋…์ผ์–ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์žฅ๋ชจ์Œ์„ -h๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด '์‚ฐ'์€ dohl์ด๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜๋Š” ํฐํŽ˜์ด์–ด ๋ฌธ์ž์™€ ๊ตญ์ œ์Œ์„ฑ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ ์€ ์Œ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์Œ์†Œ๋ฐฐ์—ด๋ก  ํฐํŽ˜์ด์–ด ์Œ์ ˆ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์Œ(C)์™€ ๋ชจ์Œ(V)์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ , (C)V(C) ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ํฐํŽ˜์ด์–ด ์ •์„œ๋ฒ•์  ๊ด€ํ–‰๊ณผ ์Œ์šด๋ก ์  ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ •์„œ๋ฒ•์ƒ <i>๋Š” /j/์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ข…์ข… ์ƒ๋žต๋˜๋ฉฐ, <-u>๋Š” /w/์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ˜„๋˜๊ณ , <h>๋Š” (๋…์ผ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ) ์žฅ๋ชจ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ <sahu>๋Š” [sสฒa:w]๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋˜๋ฉฐ [sสฒahu]๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์†ํ•œ ๋ชจ์Œ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๋ชจ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ๋†’์ด์™€ ์ˆœ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ™œ์Œ [j]๋‚˜ [w]๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด <diar> '์ฐพ๋‹ค'๋Š” [tijar]๋กœ, <toai> '์ฝง๋ฌผ๋‚˜๋‹ค'๋Š” [ ฬปtษ”ji]๋กœ, <suwed> '๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค'๋Š” [sสฒuwษ›t]๋กœ, <lou> '์‹๋‹ค'๋Š” [lowu]๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ™œ์Œ [j]๋Š” <i>๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋˜๊ณ , ํ™œ์Œ [w]๋Š” <u>์™€ ๊ณ ๋ชจ์Œ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ชจ์Œ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋น„์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์Œ๊ตฐ์ด ์–ด๋‘์— ์˜ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์–ด๋‘ ์‚ฝ์ž… ๋ชจ์Œ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฝ์ž…๋œ ๋ชจ์Œ์˜ ์›์ˆœ์„ฑ์€ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ์ž์Œ๊ตฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์Œ์ ˆ์˜ ์›์ˆœ์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, <nta> 'ํ”ผ'๋Š” [i ฬปn ฬปta]๋กœ, <ngkapwan> '์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ „'์€ [iล‹kapสทan]์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, <mpwer> '์Œ๋‘ฅ์ด'๋Š” [umสทpสทษ›r]๋กœ, <ngkopw> '๊ฒŒ์˜ ์ผ์ข…'์€ [uล‹kopสท]๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฐํŽ˜์ด์–ด ์ •์„œ๋ฒ•์€ ์ž์Œ๊ตฐ [mสทpสท]๊ณผ [mสทmสท]๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ <mpw>์™€ <mmw>๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํฐํŽ˜์ด์–ด์˜ ์–ด์ˆœ์€ ๊ตณ์ด ๋”ฐ์ง€์ž๋ฉด SVOํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•ต์–ด๋Š” ์ข…์†์–ด ์•ž์ด๋‚˜ ๋’ค์— ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์–ด์กฑ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•˜๋“ฏ ํฐํŽ˜์ด์–ด์˜ ์ดˆ์  ํ‘œ์‹œ๋Š” ํƒ€๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค(์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ์ •๋ ฌ ์ฐธ์กฐ). ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ (1) ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ, (2) ๋™์‚ฌ๊ตฌ, (3) ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์ด๊ณ , ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ํ™”์ž๊ฐ€ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ์ดˆ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋’ค์— ์ดˆ์  ๋ถˆ๋ณ€ํ™”์‚ฌ me๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ชฉ์ ์–ด๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„œ์ˆ ์–ด ๋งจ ๋ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆ˜, ์Œ์ˆ˜, ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์  ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตด์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ์…€ ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋’ค์— ์˜ค๊ณ , ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ํฐํŽ˜์ด์–ด ํƒ€๋™์‚ฌ์ ˆ ํ•˜๋‚˜์—๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ me๋Š” '~์ธ ์ž/๊ฒƒ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์œผ๋กœ, ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. Ih me kehlail '๊ทธ ์ž ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค' > '๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ž์ด๋‹ค', Ih me mwenge '๊ทธ ์ž ๋จน๋‹ค' > '๊ทธ๋Š” ๋จน์€ ์ž์ด๋‹ค'. ์†Œ์œ  ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์‚ฌ ์†Œ์œ  ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ž์ฃผ ์“ฐ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ธ์นญ, ํ”ผ์†Œ์œ ๋ฌผ, ๊ฒฝ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ์นญ๋ณ„ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ sapwellime (3์ธ์นญ ๊ฒฝ์–ด), were (ํƒˆ๊ฒƒ, ์นด๋ˆ„), nime (๋งˆ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ), imwe (๊ฑด๋ฌผ, ์ง‘), ulunge (๋ฒ ๊ฐœ), sapwe (๋•…), kie (์ž ์ž๋ฆฌ), tie (๊ท€๊ฑธ์ด), mware (ํ™”๊ด€, ์นญํ˜ธ, ์ด๋ฆ„), ipe (์ด๋ถˆ, ์š”), kene (์‹๋ฃŒํ’ˆ), seike (์–ดํš๋Ÿ‰) ๋“ฑ์˜ ์†Œ์œ  ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์นœ์กฑ ํŠนํ™” ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์‚ฌ์—๋Š” kiseh (์นœ์ฒ™), sawi (์”จ์กฑ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›), rie (ํฌ๋กœ ์นœ์กฑ์‹ ํ˜•์ œ์ž๋งค), wahwah (๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์ž๋งค์˜ ์ž๋…€), and toki (์„ฑ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ). ๊ฒฝ์–ด ๊ฒฝ์–ด๋Š” ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋œ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์‚ฌ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ์…€ ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋’ค์— ์˜ค์ง€๋งŒ, ํŠน์ • ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ž์— ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์…€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์  ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์™€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์ง•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ '10'์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์–ดํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋“ค์„ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณ„์—ด๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆซ์ž์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” -u ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์‚ฌ -pak๊ณผ -sou๋Š” '10'์„ ngoul๋กœ ์“ด๋‹ค. pwiki '100', kid '1000' ๋“ฑ์˜ ํฐ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตด์ ˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์œ„์˜ -ehd ์ฒด๊ณ„๋„ ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—†๋‹ค. ์„œ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ ‘๋‘์‚ฌ ka-๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์—ฌ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํŠน์ • ๋‹จ์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ke-๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ์™€ ์ „์น˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ ํฐํŽ˜์ด์–ด์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ni์™€ nan ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. nan์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ํ‰๋ฉด ๋˜๋Š” ์ž…์ฒด ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ , ni๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ๋ถ™์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค. Lahpo mihmi nan ihwo '๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ง‘ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค.' Kahto mihmi nan pingin likou '๊ทธ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๊ฐ€ ์–‘ํƒ„์ž ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋‹ค.' Rihngo mihmi ni pehn liho '๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์— (๋ผ์›Œ์ ธ) ์žˆ๋‹ค.' Pwahlo mihmi ni kehpo '๊ธˆ์ด ์ปต ์•ˆ์— (๊ฐ€) ์žˆ๋‹ค.' ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ํ‘œํ˜„ ์•„๋ž˜๋Š” ํฐํŽ˜์ด์–ด์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ๋‹จ์–ด์™€ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด๋‹ค. Kaselehlie - ์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š” (์ค€๊ฒฉ์‹) Kaselehlie maing - ์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ (๊ฒฉ์‹) Kaselehlie maing ko - ์•ˆ๋…•๋“ค ํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ (๊ฒฉ์‹ ๋ณต์ˆ˜) Kaselel - ์•ˆ๋…• (๋น„๊ฒฉ์‹) Kalahngan - ๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (๊ฒฉ์‹) Menlau - ๊ณ ๋งˆ์›Œ์š” (๋น„๊ฒฉ์‹) edei - ๋‚˜์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„ edomw - ๋„ˆ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„ (๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋น„๊ฒฉ์‹) Ia edomw? - ๋„ค ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋ญ๋‹ˆ? Ia iromw? - ์ž˜ ์ง€๋‚ด๋‹ˆ? (๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ๋น„๊ฒฉ์‹) ๊ฐ์ฃผ ํฐํŽ˜์ด์–ด๊ตฐ ๋ฏธํฌ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด ํฐํŽ˜์ด์ฃผ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohnpeian%20language
Pohnpeian language
Pohnpeian is a Micronesian language spoken as the indigenous language of the island of Pohnpei in the Caroline Islands. Pohnpeian has approximately 30,000 (estimated) native speakers living in Pohnpei and its outlying atolls and islands with another 10,000-15,000 (estimated) living off island in parts of the US mainland, Hawaii and Guam. It is the second-most widely spoken native language of the Federated States of Micronesia. Pohnpeian features a "high language" including some specialized vocabulary, used in speaking about people of high rank. Classification Pohnpeian is most closely related to the Chuukic languages of Chuuk (formerly Truk). Ngatikese, Pingelapese and Mwokilese of the Pohnpeic languages are closely related languages to Pohnpeian. Pohnpeian shares 81% lexical similarity with Pingelapese, 75% with Mokilese, and 36% with Chuukese. Pohnpeian employs a great deal of loanwords from colonial languages such as English, Japanese, Spanish, and German. However, these "loanwords" are neither spelled or pronounced the same as the source language. Phonology The modern Pohnpeian orthography uses twenty letters โ€” sixteen single letters and four digraphs โ€” collated in a unique order: As German missionaries designed an early form of the orthography, Pohnpeian spelling uses -h to mark a long vowel, rather like German: 'mountain'. The IPA equivalents of written Pohnpeian are as follows: Phonotactics Pohnpeian phonotactics generally allow syllables consisting of consonants (C) and vowels (V) accordingly: V, VC, CV, CVC. This basic system is complicated by Pohnpeian orthographical conventions and phonological processes. Orthographically, i is used to represent , though it is often unwritten; -u is realized as ; and h indicates a long vowel (a spelling convention inherited from German). Thus, sahu is pronounced , never . Consecutive vowels are glided with or , depending on the relative height and order of the vowels: diar is said ("to find"); toai is ("to have a runny nose"); suwed is ("bad"); and lou is ("cooled"). While the glide is never written other than as i the glide may be written between u and a non-high vowel: suwed ("bad"). Words beginning in nasal consonant clusters may be pronounced as written, or with a leading prothetic vowel. The roundedness of the prothetic vowel depends on that of the adjacent consonant cluster and the first written syllable. For example, nta can be said ("blood"), and ngkapwan may be ("a while ago"); but mpwer is optionally ("twin"), and ngkopw may be (a species of crab). Pohnpeian orthography renders the consonant clusters and as mpw and mmw, respectively. Substitution and assimilation Further phonological constraints frequently impact the pronunciation and spelling of consonant clusters, triggered variously by reduplication and assimilation into neighboring sounds. Sound changes, especially in reduplication, are often reflected by a change in spelling. However, processes triggered by affixes as well as adjacent words are not indicated in spelling. In order to inflect, derive, and pronounce Pohnpeian words properly, the order of operations must generally begin with liquid assimilation, followed by nasal assimilation, and end with nasal substitution. First, liquid assimilation is seen most often in reduplication alongside spelling changes. By this process, liquids and are assimilated into the following alveolar (coronal) consonant: nur > nunnur ("contract"). The second process, nasal assimilation, presents two varieties: partial and complete. In partial nasal assimilation, assimilates with a following stop consonant to produce , , , , or . For example, the prefix nan- ("in") produces: nanpar, pronounced ("trade wind season"); nanpwungara, said ("between them"); and nankep, said ("inlet"). Partial assimilation also occurs across word boundaries: kilin pwihk is pronounced . The allophone of is written "n" in these cases. In complete nasal assimilation, assimilates into adjacent liquid consonants to produce or : lin + linenek > lillinenek ("oversexed," spelling change from reduplication); nanrek is said ("season of plenty"). Complete nasal assimilation also occurs across word boundaries: pahn lingan is said ("will be beautiful"). The third process, nasal substitution, also presents two varieties. Both varieties of nasal substitution affect adjacent consonants of the same type: alveolar (coronal), bilabial, or velar. The first variety is often triggered by reduplication, resulting in spelling changes: sel is reduplicated to sensel ("tired"). The second variety of nasal substitution, limited to bilabial and velar consonants, occurs across word and morpheme boundaries: kalap pahn is pronounced as if it were kalam pahn ("always will be"); Soulik kin soupisek is pronounced as if it were souling kin soupisek ("Soulik is [habitually] busy"). This second variety of the nasal substitution process is phonemically more productive than the first: it includes all results possible in the first variety, as well as additional cluster combinations, indicated in green below. Some alveolar pairs produce an intervening vowel, represented as V below. Not all clusters are possible, and not all are assimilative, however. By following the order of operations, reduplication of the word sel ("tired") progresses thus: *selsel > *sessel (liquid assimilation) > sensel (nasal substitution). In this case, the same result is achieved by nasal substitution alone. 1 In the Pohnpeic languages, geminate obstruents are realized as homorganic nasal-obstruent clusters. 2 Often before . 3 Before . 4 The reflex is *โˆ… sporadically before PMc *e. Grammar Pohnpeian word order is nominally SVO. Depending on the grammatical function, the head may come before or after its dependents. Like many Austronesian languages, Pohnpeian focus marking interacts with transitivity and relative clauses (see Austronesian alignment). Its range of grammatically acceptable sentence structures is more generally (1) noun phrase, (2) verb phrase (3) other noun phrases, where the contents of the leading noun phrase may vary according to the speaker's focus. If the leading noun phrase is not the subject, it is followed by the focus particle me. Normally, the object phrase is last among predicates: Honorific speech Honorific speech is used in several settings as a way of showing honor and respect to older ones, those who have been assigned titles, royalty, and in almost all religious settings. Depending on the second or third person, a given sentence may vary widely because honorific speech comprises a separate vocabulary, including all parts of speech and topics both lofty and mundane. Examples include: pohnkoiohlap (to eat with the nahnmwarki), likena (high chief's wife), pahnkupwur (chest; normally mwarmware), pahnpwoal (armpit; normally pahnpeh), dauso (anus, normally pwoar), kelipa (to joke, normally kamwan), kaluhlu (to vomit), and keipweni (an interjection). Although at times in the absence of a specific honorific word, the word "Ketin" is often used to indicate that the proceeding verb is honoric ("Koht kin ketin kapikada" would translate to "God creates"). The word "Ketin" has no meaning by itself. However, when used as a prefix, it is a sure way to distinguish honorific speech ("Kiong" has the meaning of "Give", "Ketkiong" would be the honorific version of the same word) Nouns Nouns may be singular, dual, or plural in number, and generally inflect by suffixing. Numerals usually follow the nouns they count, and agree in noun class. Groups of nouns and adjectives comprise noun phrases. Pohnpeian transitive sentences contain up to three noun phrases. Inalienable, or direct, possession is marked by personal suffixes. Other forms of possession are indicated through possessive classifiers. The construct suffix -n appears in oblique positions, such as possessive phrases. Words ending in n, however, are followed by the clitic en. Possessive phrases generally add this construct state to a classifier noun, followed by the possessor, and lastly the possessum. For example: weren ohlo war (POSSESSIVECLASS:CANOE-n that-man canoe) means "that man's canoe." Some possessive classifiers, namely ah and nah, may precede the possessum: nein ohlo (nah) rasaras (CLASS:-n that-man [CLASS] saw) means "that man's saw." Possessive classifiers can also occur with more than one following noun. The classifier itself may give a particular meaning to the possessum: pwihk means "pig;" nah pwihk means "his (live) pig;" ah pwihk means "his (butchered) pig;" and kene pwihk means "his pig (to eat)." Determiners Determiners in Pohnpeian may occurs as enclitics which are bound morphemes or independent words and occur in three basic types: demonstrative modifiers, pointing demonstratives, and demonstrative pronouns. All of the determiners have a three-way diectic distinction of proximal (near the speaker), medial (near the listener), and distal (away from both the speaker and listener), as well as an emphatic/non-emphatic distinction. Demonstratives are generally, suffixed to or following the last word of a noun phrase. Orthographically singular clitics are suffixed to the word, while plurals are written as separate words. Demonstrative modifiers Demonstrative modifiers occur as enclitics with nouns and always occupy the last element in a noun phrase. The singular emphatic demonstrative modifiers are formed by suffixing the non-emphatic singular forms to appropriate numeral classifier for the noun, such as men- for animate nouns. The plural forms are always constructed by suffixing the non-emphatic plural form to pwu- regardless of the singular classifier. Examples of the demonstrative modifiers in use are Pointing modifiers Pointing modifiers are determiners that can stand alone in a noun phrase and are used in equational (non-verbal) sentences. They can also occur by themselves as one word sentences. They have both non-emphatic and emphatic forms. Example uses of pointing modifiers: Iet noumw naipen 'Here is your knife' Ietakan noumw naip akan 'Here are your knives' Iet! 'Here it is!' Iohkan! 'There they are! (away from you and me) Demonstrative pronouns Demonstrative pronouns are determiners that can replace noun phrases in a verbal sentence. They have both non-emphatic and emphatic forms. Examples of demonstrative pronouns in use: Met ohla 'This is broken' E wahla mwo 'He/she took it there away from you and me' Mwohkan ohla 'Those are broken' E wahwei men 'He/she took it there by you' Pronouns The relative pronoun me means "one who is" or "which," and is used with adjectives and general verbs: Ih me kehlail (He one strong > He is the strong one); Ih me mwenge (He one eat > He is the one who ate). Possessive classifiers Possessive classifiers are used frequently and differentiate among person, possessum, and honorific usage. Their personal forms appear below: Further possessive classifiers include: sapwellime (third person honorific), were (vehicles, canoes), nime (drinkable things), imwe (buildings, homes), ulunge (pillows), sapwe (land), kie (things to sleep on), tie (earrings), mware (garlands, titles, names), ipe (covers, sheets), kene (edibles), and seike (catch of fish). Specialized kinship classifiers include: kiseh (relatives), sawi (clan members), rie (sibling in Crow kinship), wahwah (man's sister-relation's children), and toki (persons with whom one has had sexual intercourse). Honorifics Honorifics comprise a largely separate vocabulary. Numbers and measure words Numbers normally follow the nouns they count, however they may be pre-posed in certain situations. Numbers and measure words depend on the grammatical class and physical characteristics of the object being counted. The several number systems are grouped by linguists into three sets, reflecting their term for "ten." When naming numbers in order, natives most often use the โ€“u class. Ngoul is an alternate word for "ten" for -pak and -sou classifiers. Higher numerals such as pwiki "hundred", kid "thousand", do not inflect for noun class. The ehd system, above is likewise not class-based. Ordinals are formed with the prefix kaโ€“, pronounced as keโ€“ in certain words. Verbs Pohnpeian distinguishes between intransitive and transitive verbs. Transitive verbs are those with both a subject and an object. Intransitive verbs indicate most other verbal, adjectival, and adverbial relationships. Within verb phrases, aspect markers are followed by adverbs, and lastly the main verb. Many, if not most, transitive and intransitive verbs share common roots, though their derivation is often unpredictable. Some thematic features among intransitive verbs include ablaut, reduplication, the suffix -ek, and the prefix pV, where V stands for any vowel. Thematic suffixes among transitive verbs include -ih and -VC, where C stands for any consonant. Some transitive verbs also end in a final short vowel. Pohnpeian indicates four grammatical aspects: unrealized, habitual, durative, and perfective. Alternations in vowel length, as well as ablaut, are a salient feature of the aspect paradigm. Pohnpeian permits relative clauses and conjoined clauses through use of conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs. The language also permits verbs within nominal clauses as gerundive clauses, finite clauses, and infinitive clauses. Pohnpeian verbs allow for a high level of affixation. The allowable suffixes and their ordering is presented in the table below. Intransitive verbs Pohnpeian intransitive verbs can be divided into the following types: There are five verbal prefixes, which appear as bound morphemes: the causative ka-, the negatives sa- and sou-, and two other semantic modifiers ak- and li-. Ka-, the causative prefix, makes intransitive verbs into transitive ones. It is the most productive prefix, as it is the only that can precede the other four above. It often occurs in conjunction with a reduplicative vowel suffix. For example, with luwak, "be jealous", an adjective: Liho luwak: That woman is jealous Liho kaluwak: That woman was made jealous Liho kaluwaka lihet: That woman made the [other] woman jealous Pisek, idle Soupisek, busy (i.e., un-idle) Kasoupisek, to make busy The majority of intransitive verbs have only a transitive causative form: pweipwei > kapweipwei, "to be stupid." Among verbs where ka- is productive, only adjectives and a few resultative intransitive verbs have both intransitive and transitive causative forms. Though the prefix is productive in many active and resultative verbs, it is not productive with neutral intransitive verbs, nor for a handful of intransitives denoting bodily functions such as "sneeze" (asi), "frown" (lolok), "be full" (tip), and "be smelly" (ingirek). The prefix ka- often has assimilative allophones depending on the stem, for example soai (to tell a tale) becomes koasoia (to talk), dou (to climb) becomes kodoudou (to trace one's ancestry), and rir (to be hidden) becomes kerir (secret sweetheart). As illustrated in these examples, the prefix often causes semantic differentiation, necessitating different constructions for literally causative meanings; karirala, a different form employing ka-, is used to mean "to make hidden." Sa- and sou- negate verbs, however sou- is less productive than sa-, which itself varies in productivity according to regional dialect. The general meaning of sa- appears to be "not," while sou- apparently means "un-," thus: wehwe, to understand; sawehwe, to not understand pwung, correct; sapwung, incorrect nsenoh, concerned; sounsenoh, careless (i.e., un-concerned) Like ka-, sa- displays assimilative allophony: ese, "to know" > sehse, "to not know;" loalekeng, "intelligent" > soaloalekeng, "not intelligent." Only a single example has been found of sa- preceding ka-: the word koasoakoahiek means "inappropriate," deriving from the verb koahiek, "be competent." Ak- adds a semantic meaning of demonstration or display when combined with adjectives. When preceded by ka-, it becomes kahk-. Li- generally means "may," or "predisposed, given to" some quality or action. General intransitive verbs General intransitive verbs describe actions or events. They are divided into active, resultative, and neutral subtypes. For example, mwenge (to eat) and laid (to fish) are active; langada (to be hung up) and ritidi (to be closed) are resultative (static); and deidei (to sew, to be sewn) and pirap (to steal, to be stolen) are neutral โ€” they can have either an active or a resultative meaning. Though resultative verbs sometimes resemble passive transitive verbs in English, they are in fact a class of intransitive verbs in Pohnpeian, which entirely lacks a comparable active-passive voice distinction. For example, Ohlo pahn kilel means both "That man will take a photograph" and "That man will be photographed." Reduplication is frequently productive among general intransitives and adjectives alike. Derivations often include reduplication: pihs > pipihs (to urinate); us > usuhs (to pull out). Many intransitives are ablauted from their transitive forms, sometimes with reduplication: apid (trans.) > epid (intrans.) "to carry on one's side," par (trans.) > periper (intrans.) "to cut." Others are derived from transitive forms through the prefix pV-, conveying a meaning of reciprocal action: kakil (stare) > pekekil (stare at one another). These reciprocal intransitives form a distinct subgroup. A few intransitives derive from transitive roots through the suffix -ek, though this is a fossilized suffix and is no longer productive. For example, dierek (to be found) from diar (to find); dilipek (for a thatch roof to be mended) from dilip (to mend a thatch roof). Sometimes this results in two intransitive derivations of a single transitive root, usually with a semantic nuance: transitive wengid (to wring), intransitive wengiweng (to wring/be wrung), intransitive wengidek (to be twisted); transitive widinge (to deceive), intransitive widing (to deceive/be deceived); intransitive widingek (to be deceitful). The suffix was apparently much more productive earlier in the language's history, even among active verbs. Intransitives include verbs that incorporate their objects, in contrast with transitives, which state objects separately; this is somewhat akin to "babysitting" in English. This process sometimes results in vowel shortening within the incorporated noun. Any verbal suffixes, normally suffixed to the initial verb, follow the incorporated object. Incorporation is not possible when there is a demonstrative suffix, however: I pahn pereklos, I will mat-unroll I pahn pereki lohs, I will unroll mats I pahn pereki lohso, I will unroll that mat Adjectives Pohnpeian adjectives are a class of non-action intransitive verbs. They function in a mostly parallel way to other intransitive verbs: E pahn [tang/lemei] โ€“ "He will run/be cruel"; E [tangtang/lemelemei] โ€“ "He is running/being cruel"; E [tenge/lamai] pwutako โ€“ "He ran to/is cruel to that boy." Many adjectives themselves can be used as commands, and have transitive counterparts. Adjectives function as a subclass of intransitive verbs, though grammatical functions set them apart. For example, the superlative -ie is reserved for adjectives, as in lingan, "beautiful," and lingahnie, "most beautiful." Likewise reserved for adjectives is the suffix -ki, which indicates instrumentality in transitive verbs, means "to consider [beautiful]" when suffixed to an adjective. Superlatives may also appear using the ordinal numeral keieu "first." Comparatives are made through word order and the suffix -sang: Pwihke laudsang pwihko means "This pig is bigger than that pig." One feature setting adjectives apart from non-active verbs is the productivity of the stative marker me (different from the pronoun and focus particle me), which is generally not grammatically correct with intransitive verbs of any kind: E mwahu, He is good; and E me mwahu, He is good! E mi mwo, It exists there; but not *E me mi mwo. Another aspect setting adjectives apart from other intransitives is that adjectives precede numerals, while intransitives follow. Adjectives generally follow the head noun, though possessives and numbers with fractions precede the noun: pwutak, boy pwutako, that boy pwutak silimeno, those three boys pwutak reirei silimeno, those three tall boys nei pwutak silimeno, my three sons there orenso, that orange pahkis ehuwen orenso, one-fourth of that orange mahio, that breadfruit pahkis siluhwen mahio, three-fourths of that breadfruit Transitive verbs Transitive verbs consist of single roots and various suffixes upon modern intransitive verbs. Historically, intransitive verbs probably developed by dropping these transitive suffixes and ablauting. Some transitive verbs end in -VC on intransitive forms, appearing as unablauted or without reduplication; as intransitives were likely products of final syllable dropping, the endings are rather unpredictable: poad > poadok, "to plant," id > iding, "to make fire," pek > pakad, "to defecate," and dapadap > daper, "to catch." Several transitive verbs end in -ih on intransitive roots, sometimes also with vowel changes: malen > mahlenih, "to draw," sel > salih, "to tie," and erier > arih, "to stir, probe." This form is the most productive and is used with loanwords. For example: mahlenih, deriving from German mahlen, means "to paint, draw." Some transitive verbs ending in short final vowels have intransitive counterparts that lack those endings; again, ablaut and reduplication often differentiate. Examples include langa > lang, "to hang up," doakoa > dok, "to spear," and rese > rasaras, "to sharpen." The short vowel ending -i appears only in -ki. Transitive verbal suffixes include the perfective -ehr, -ki (which derives verbs from nouns; different from the noun instrumental suffix -ki and short vowel suffix), object pronoun suffixes, and a host of directional suffixes. These include -ehng (towards) and -sang (away, without). Prepositions and Prepositional Nouns Pohnpeian has two canonical prepositions ni and nan. Nan is used to express the containment of an object in either 2D or 3D space by another object, and ni expresses the attachment of an object to another object. Lahpo mihmi nan ihwo, 'That person is in the house.' Kahto mihmi nan pingin likou, 'That cat is on the rug.' Rihngo mihmi ni pehn liho, 'That ring is on the woman's finger.' Pwahlo mihmi ni kehpo, 'The crack is in the cup.' Basic phrases Below are some basic words and phrases in Pohnpeian: Kaselehlie - Hello (semi-formal) Kaselehlie maing - Hello (formal) Kaselehlie maing ko - Hello (formal plural) Kaselel - Hello (informal) Kalahngan - thank you (formal) Menlau - thank you (informal) edei - my name edomw - your name (sg informal) Ia edomw? - What is your name? Ia iromw? - How are you (sg informal)? References External links Pohnpeian dictionary (1950) in Kaipuleohone Lessons in Ponapean (1967) and accompanying audio recordings Kitail Lokaiahn Pohnpei: Introductory Lessons in Ponapean (1969) Pohnpeian-English word list, approximately 8888 word Written and audio materials for Pohnpeian in Kaipuleohone, some materials are archived under Ponapean Pohnpeian-English Online Dictionary Pohnpeic languages Languages of the Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EC%B2%B4%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90
์ƒ์ฒด๋ถ„์ž
์ƒ์ฒด๋ถ„์ž(็”Ÿ้ซ”ๅˆ†ๅญ, )๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž ๋ฐ ์ด์˜จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋„“์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ, ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„์—ด, ํ˜•ํƒœํ˜•์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ณผ์ •์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ฒด๋ถ„์ž์—๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ, ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ, ์ง€์งˆ, ํ•ต์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ 1์ฐจ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ, 2์ฐจ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ, ์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ €๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ฒด๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์ธ์„ฑ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์™ธ์ธ์„ฑ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์€ ์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ฉ์„ฑ(๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ)๋œ ๊ฒƒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ๋ถ„์•ผ์ธ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ถ„์ž์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์€ ์ƒ์ฒด๋ถ„์ž์™€ ์ƒ์ฒด๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒ์ฒด๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฐ์†Œ, ํƒ„์†Œ, ์ˆ˜์†Œ, ์งˆ์†Œ์˜ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์›์†Œ๋Š” ์ธ์ฒด ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์•ฝ 96%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ์ฒด๊ธˆ์†๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ถˆ๋ณ€์˜ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํŠน์ • ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์ƒ์ฒด๋ถ„์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ "์ƒํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ" ๋˜๋Š” "์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ๋‹จ์ผ์„ฑ ์ด๋ก "์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์„ธํฌ์„ค๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”๋ก ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ฒด๋ถ„์ž์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ์ƒ์ฒด๋ถ„์ž์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ, ํ•ต์‚ฐ, ์ง€์งˆ, ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ˜•ํƒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ์ฒด๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ €๋ถ„์ž: ์ง€์งˆ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ, ๋‹น์ง€์งˆ, ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค, ๋‹จ๋‹น๋ฅ˜ ๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋‹จ์œ„์ฒด, ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋จธ, ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ, ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์€ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๊ธฐ์™€ ์นด๋ณต์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋œ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์€ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํ‚ค๋„ค์ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ฆฐ์˜ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™” ๋ฐ ํฌ์ŠคํŒŒํ…Œ์ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•œ ํƒˆ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ž‘์ด๋‹ค. ํŠน์ • ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด์—์„œ 20๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ‘œ์ค€ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ 2์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ๋งŒ์ด ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ์ค‘์— ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋กœ ์‚ฝ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์…€๋ ˆ๋…ธ์‹œ์Šคํ…Œ์ธ์€ ๋ณดํ†ต์€ ์ข…๊ฒฐ ์ฝ”๋ˆ์ธ UGA ์ฝ”๋ˆ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์— ์‚ฝ์ž…๋œ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๋กค๋ผ์ด์‹ ์€ UAG ์ฝ”๋ˆ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์— ์‚ฝ์ž…๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์ธ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ท ์—์„œ ๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์ธ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ๋“ค์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์™ธ์—๋„ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์—๋Š” ์นด๋ฅด๋‹ˆํ‹ด(์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ์ง€์งˆ ์šด๋ฐ˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ), ์˜ค๋ฅด๋‹ˆํ‹ด, ๊ฐ๋งˆ-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๋ทฐํ‹ฐ๋ฅด์‚ฐ(GABA) ๋ฐ ํƒ€์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋“ฑ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ๋“ค์˜ ํŠน์ • ์„œ์—ด์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ 1์ฐจ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„œ์—ด์€ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์˜ ํŠน์ • ํŒจํ„ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ •์˜๋˜๋Š” ์ž์ฃผ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์•ŒํŒŒ ๋‚˜์„ ๊ณผ ๋ฒ ํƒ€ ์‹œํŠธ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ตญ์ง€์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์„ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ 2์ฐจ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•ŒํŒŒ ๋‚˜์„ ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ์ž”๊ธฐ์˜ ์นด๋ณด๋‹๊ธฐ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ์ž”๊ธฐ์˜ ์•„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™์ ์ธ ๋‚˜์„ ์ด๋‹ค. ์•ŒํŒŒ ๋‚˜์„ ์€ 1ํšŒ์ „์— ์•ฝ 3.6๊ฐœ์˜ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ณ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์€ ๋‚˜์„ ์˜ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ํƒ€ ์‹œํŠธ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฒ ํƒ€ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—ญํ‰ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์€ ์‹œํŠธ์˜ ์œ„ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๋ฒˆ๊ฐˆ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ๋‹ค. ํ—ค๋ชจ๊ธ€๋กœ๋นˆ์€ ์•ŒํŒŒ ๋‚˜์„ ๋งŒ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฒœ์—ฐ ์‹คํฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ ํƒ€ ์‹œํŠธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋งŽ์€ ํšจ์†Œ๋“ค์€ ์•ŒํŒŒ ๋‚˜์„ ๊ณผ ๋ฒ ํƒ€ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2์ฐจ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์€ ๋น„๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ์ž…์ฒด๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ "๋ฃจํ”„" ๋˜๋Š” "์ฝ”์ผ" ์˜์—ญ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํํŠธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์ž˜ ์ •์˜๋˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ž…์ฒด๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ 3์ฐจ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋˜๋Š” "์ ‘ํž˜(fold)"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ 3์ฐจ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์†Œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ, ์ดํ™ฉํ™” ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ, ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ, ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฐœ์Šค ํž˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํž˜๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. 2๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํด๋ฆฌํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ 4์ฐจ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. 4์ฐจ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ์„œ์—ด์˜ ์‚ฌ์Šฌ๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ํ—ค๋ชจ๊ธ€๋กœ๋นˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„œ์—ด์˜ ์‚ฌ์Šฌ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผํšจ์†Œ ์ฃผํšจ์†Œ(apoenzyme)๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผํšจ์†Œ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑ ์ €์žฅ ์šด๋ฐ˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ„๋น„์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํŠน์ • ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ„๋น„ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ฃผํšจ์†Œ๋Š” ๋ณด์กฐ ์ธ์ž์˜ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์‹œ ํ™œ์„ฑ ํšจ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์กฐ ์ธ์ž๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฌผ(์˜ˆ: ๊ธˆ์† ์ด์˜จ ๋ฐ ์ฒ -ํ™ฉ ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ) ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ(์˜ˆ: NAD+, NADP+, FAD ๋“ฑ)์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ธ ๋ณด์กฐ ์ธ์ž๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ์— ๋‹จ๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ๋ณด๊ฒฐ๋ถ„์ž๋‹จ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ค‘์— ํšจ์†Œ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ถ€์œ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐํšจ์†Œ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์งˆํšจ์†Œ ๋™์งˆํšจ์†Œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํšจ์†Œ๋กœ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ์„œ์—ด์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ™์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ณ , ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ด‰๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋™์งˆํšจ์†Œ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์„ ํƒ์  ์Šคํ”Œ๋ผ์ด์‹ฑ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์งˆํšจ์†Œ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๋‚˜ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์ฐจ๋“ฑ์ ์ธ ์กฐ์ ˆ ํ•˜์— ๋™์ผํ•œ ์„ธํฌ ์œ ํ˜•์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ –์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋™์งˆํšจ์†Œ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํƒœ์•„ ํ—ค๋ชจ๊ธ€๋กœ๋นˆ์€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„ํšจ์†Œ์„ฑ ๋™ํ˜• ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๋‚ด์˜ ๋™์งˆํšจ์†Œ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๋ถ„๋น„ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ๋‹จ๋‹น๋ฅ˜๋Š” ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋‹น๋ฅ˜๋“ค์€ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์•Œ๋ฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ€ํ†ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋‹น๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์•Œ๋„์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, ์ผ€ํ†ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋‹น๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ผ€ํ† ์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋‹น๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š” ํฌ๋„๋‹น, ๊ณผ๋‹น, ๊ฐˆ๋ฝํ† ์Šค, ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์Šค, ๋””์˜ฅ์‹œ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์Šค ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋‹จ๋‹น๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์„ธํฌ ํ˜ธํก์˜ ๊ธฐ์งˆ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋‹น๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ๋‹น๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋‹น๋ฅ˜๋“ค์€ ํฌ์„๋œ ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋“์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํšจ์†Œ์™€ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹จ๋‹น๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋‹น๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š” ์—ฟ๋‹น, ์ –๋‹น, ์ˆ˜ํฌ๋กœ์Šค(์„คํƒ•) ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋‹น๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š” ์—ฟ๋‹น, ์ –๋‹น, ์ˆ˜ํฌ๋กœ์Šค(์„คํƒ•) ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋‹น๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋‹น๋ฅ˜๋“ค์˜ ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋‹น๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š” ๋…น๋ง, ์…€๋ฃฐ๋กœ์Šค, ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์   ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋‹น๋ฅ˜๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ณ , ์ข…์ข… ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋‹น๋ฅ˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค๋‹น๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋งŽ์€ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ™”๋˜๊ณ , ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹ค๋‹น๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์—ดํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‘๊บผ์šด ์ฝœ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. 3~10๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ๋‹น๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์งง์€ ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ์€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋‹น๋ฅ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ํ˜•๊ด‘ ํ‘œ์‹œ์ž-๋ณ€์œ„ ๋ถ„์ž ๊ฐ์ธ ์„ผ์„œ(fluorescent indicator-displacement molecular imprinting sensor)๋Š” ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์„ผ์„œ๋Š” 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€ ์ฃผ์Šค๋“ค์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•ด ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์„ผ์„œ์˜ ์ž‘๋™ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ€์ถœ ํ•„๋ฆ„์˜ ํ˜•๊ด‘ ๊ฐ•๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ์˜ ๋†๋„์™€ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ต์‚ฐ, ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ, ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜ค์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜ค์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์Šค๋‚˜ ๋””์˜ฅ์‹œ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์Šค์— ํ•ต์—ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๋ถ„์ž์ด๋‹ค. ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜ค์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ์—๋Š” ์•„๋ฐ๋…ธ์‹ , ๊ตฌ์•„๋…ธ์‹ , ์‚ฌ์ดํ‹ฐ๋”˜, ๋””์˜ฅ์‹œํ‹ฐ๋ฏธ๋”˜, ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋”˜์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜ค์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ํŠน์ • ํ‚ค๋„ค์ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋˜์–ด ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. DNA์™€ RNA๋Š” ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋‹จ์œ„์ธ ๋ชจ๋…ธ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ ๋‹จ์œ„์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ค‘ํ•ฉํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ๊ธด ์„ ํ˜• ๋ถ„์ž๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. DNA๋Š” ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ๊ธฐ์งˆ๋กœ ๋””์˜ฅ์‹œ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ์ธ ๋””์˜ฅ์‹œ์•„๋ฐ๋…ธ์‹  ์‚ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(dATP), ๋””์˜ฅ์‹œ๊ตฌ์•„๋…ธ์‹  ์‚ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(dGTP), ๋””์˜ฅ์‹œํ‹ฐ๋ฏธ๋”˜ ์‚ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(dTTP), ๋””์˜ฅ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ดํ‹ฐ๋”˜ ์‚ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(dCTP)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , RNA๋Š” ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ๊ธฐ์งˆ๋กœ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ์ธ ์•„๋ฐ๋…ธ์‹  ์‚ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(ATP), ๊ตฌ์•„๋…ธ์‹  ์‚ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(GTP), ์‚ฌ์ดํ‹ฐ๋”˜ ์‚ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(CTP), ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋”˜ ์‚ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(UTP)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋œ ์—ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์†œ RNA(rRNA) ๋˜๋Š” ์šด๋ฐ˜ RNA(tRNA)์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ(์˜ˆ: ์—ผ๊ธฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™”) ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, DNA ๋ณต์ œ ํ›„์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋œ DNA ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฃผํ˜• ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์„ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™” ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ๋Š” ํ•ต์—ผ๊ธฐ, 5ํƒ„๋‹น, 1~3๊ฐœ์˜ ์ธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์›์†Œ๋Š” ํƒ„์†Œ, ์งˆ์†Œ, ์‚ฐ์†Œ, ์ˆ˜์†Œ, ์ธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ์›์ฒœ(์•„๋ฐ๋…ธ์‹  ์‚ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(ATP), ๊ตฌ์•„๋…ธ์‹  ์‚ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(GTP))์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๊ด€์—ฌ(๊ณ ๋ฆฌํ˜• ์•„๋ฐ๋…ธ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(cAMP), ๊ณ ๋ฆฌํ˜• ๊ตฌ์•„๋…ธ์‹  ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ(cGMP))ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํšจ์†Œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณด์กฐ ์ธ์ž(์กฐํšจ์†Œ A(CoA), ํ”Œ๋ผ๋นˆ ๋ชจ๋…ธ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(FMN), ํ”Œ๋ผ๋นˆ ์•„๋ฐ๋‹Œ ๋‹ค์ด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(FAD), ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ‹ด์•„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ์•„๋ฐ๋‹Œ ๋‹ค์ด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(NAD), ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ‹ด์•„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ์•„๋ฐ๋‹Œ ๋‹ค์ด๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ ์ธ์‚ฐ(NADP))๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. DNA์™€ RNA์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ DNA์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์•„๋‹Œ(G)๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์‹ (C), ์•„๋ฐ๋‹Œ(A)๊ณผ ํ‹ฐ๋ฏผ(T)์ด ์™“์Šจ-ํฌ๋ฆญ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์Œ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ค‘๋‚˜์„  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ DNA์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” Bํ˜• DNA๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Bํ˜• DNA์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ํŠน์ด์ ์ด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์Œ์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ „ ์ •๋ณด ์ €์žฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. DNA๋Š” ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ(๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ) ๋˜๋Š” Aํ˜• DNA๋‚˜ Zํ˜• DNA ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, DNA ๋ณต์ œ ์ค‘์— ํ™€๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์—์„œ ๊ต์ฐจ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ณต์žกํ•œ 3์ฐจ์› ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ RNA๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์—ฐ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํฌ๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•œ 3D 3์ฐจ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „๋ น RNA(mRNA) ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘ํžŒ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Š์Šจํ•œ ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ RNA ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ ๋ฃจํ”„, ๋Œ์ถœ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ 3์ฐจ์› ๋ฐฐ์—ด๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ Aํ˜• ์ด์ค‘๋‚˜์„ ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์˜์—ญ๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š” tRNA, ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์†œ, ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ž์ž„, ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” RNA ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ด DNA๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ตญ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์Šค ์ƒ์˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ„์˜ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๊ธฐ(-OH)์˜ ์ „ํ•˜์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ์ž…์ฒด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ RNA ๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ํŠน์ด์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ํŠน์ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ RNA๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ ์ด‰๋งค ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ† ๋จธ์Šค ์ฒดํฌ์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํšจ์†Œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ RNA์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ž์ž„์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€์งˆ ์ง€์งˆ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ ์—์Šคํ„ฐ๋กœ, ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ง‰์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ง€์งˆ์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์—ญํ• ์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ(์˜ˆ: ํŠธ๋ผ์ด๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋ผ์ด๋“œ)์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ง€์งˆ๋“ค์€ ์นœ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ(๋ณดํ†ต ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋กค๊ณผ ๊ทน์„ฑ ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ)์™€ 1~3๊ฐœ์˜ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์–‘์นœ๋งค์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ์€ ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜(ํฌํ™” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ) ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์ด์ค‘ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง„(๋ถˆํฌํ™” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ) ํƒ„์†Œ ์›์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ์Šฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ„์†Œ ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 14~24๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ง์ˆ˜ ๊ฐœ์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ง‰์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์งˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์นœ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹น์ง€์งˆ: ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— 1~15๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹น ์ž”๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋‹น์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์ง€์งˆ: ์ธ์‚ฐ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์นœ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด๊ณ , 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์Šคํ…Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ: ํ‰๋ฉด์˜ ์Šคํ…Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(์˜ˆ: ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค). ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์งˆ๋กœ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์Šคํƒ€๊ธ€๋ž€๋”˜๊ณผ ๋ฅ˜์ฝ”ํŠธ๋ผ์ด์—”์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์•„๋ผํ‚ค๋ˆ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋„๋œ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ 20 ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์ค€์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ถ”์ •๋œ ์ด ๋ถ„์ž ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋ฌผ์€ 18(๋Œํ„ด)์ด๊ณ  DNA๋Š” 1ร—1011(๋Œํ„ด)์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Society for Biomolecular Sciences provider of a forum for education and information exchange among professionals within drug discovery and related disciplines. ๋ถ„์ž ์ƒํ™”ํ•™ ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecule
Biomolecule
A biomolecule or biological molecule is a loosely used term for molecules present in organisms that are essential to one or more typically biological processes, such as cell division, morphogenesis, or development. Biomolecules include the primary metabolites which are large macromolecules (or polyelectrolytes) such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as small molecules such as vitamins and hormones. A more general name for this class of material is biological materials. Biomolecules are an important element of living organisms, those biomolecules are often endogenous, produced within the organism but organisms usually need exogenous biomolecules, for example certain nutrients, to survive. Biology and its subfields of biochemistry and molecular biology study biomolecules and their reactions. Most biomolecules are organic compounds, and just four elementsโ€”oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogenโ€”make up 96% of the human body's mass. But many other elements, such as the various biometals, are also present in small amounts. The uniformity of both specific types of molecules (the biomolecules) and of certain metabolic pathways are invariant features among the wide diversity of life forms; thus these biomolecules and metabolic pathways are referred to as "biochemical universals" or "theory of material unity of the living beings", a unifying concept in biology, along with cell theory and evolution theory. Types of biomolecules A diverse range of biomolecules exist, including: Small molecules: Lipids, fatty acids, glycolipids, sterols, monosaccharides Vitamins Hormones, neurotransmitters Metabolites Monomers, oligomers and polymers: Nucleosides and nucleotides Nucleosides are molecules formed by attaching a nucleobase to a ribose or deoxyribose ring. Examples of these include cytidine (C), uridine (U), adenosine (A), guanosine (G), and thymidine (T). Nucleosides can be phosphorylated by specific kinases in the cell, producing nucleotides. Both DNA and RNA are polymers, consisting of long, linear molecules assembled by polymerase enzymes from repeating structural units, or monomers, of mononucleotides. DNA uses the deoxynucleotides C, G, A, and T, while RNA uses the ribonucleotides (which have an extra hydroxyl(OH) group on the pentose ring) C, G, A, and U. Modified bases are fairly common (such as with methyl groups on the base ring), as found in ribosomal RNA or transfer RNAs or for discriminating the new from old strands of DNA after replication. Each nucleotide is made of an acyclic nitrogenous base, a pentose and one to three phosphate groups. They contain carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and phosphorus. They serve as sources of chemical energy (adenosine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate), participate in cellular signaling (cyclic guanosine monophosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate), and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions (coenzyme A, flavin adenine dinucleotide, flavin mononucleotide, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). DNA and RNA structure DNA structure is dominated by the well-known double helix formed by Watson-Crick base-pairing of C with G and A with T. This is known as B-form DNA, and is overwhelmingly the most favorable and common state of DNA; its highly specific and stable base-pairing is the basis of reliable genetic information storage. DNA can sometimes occur as single strands (often needing to be stabilized by single-strand binding proteins) or as A-form or Z-form helices, and occasionally in more complex 3D structures such as the crossover at Holliday junctions during DNA replication. RNA, in contrast, forms large and complex 3D tertiary structures reminiscent of proteins, as well as the loose single strands with locally folded regions that constitute messenger RNA molecules. Those RNA structures contain many stretches of A-form double helix, connected into definite 3D arrangements by single-stranded loops, bulges, and junctions. Examples are tRNA, ribosomes, ribozymes, and riboswitches. These complex structures are facilitated by the fact that RNA backbone has less local flexibility than DNA but a large set of distinct conformations, apparently because of both positive and negative interactions of the extra OH on the ribose. Structured RNA molecules can do highly specific binding of other molecules and can themselves be recognized specifically; in addition, they can perform enzymatic catalysis (when they are known as "ribozymes", as initially discovered by Tom Cech and colleagues). Saccharides Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates with only one simple sugar. They essentially contain an aldehyde or ketone group in their structure. The presence of an aldehyde group in a monosaccharide is indicated by the prefix aldo-. Similarly, a ketone group is denoted by the prefix keto-. Examples of monosaccharides are the hexoses, glucose, fructose, Trioses, Tetroses, Heptoses, galactose, pentoses, ribose, and deoxyribose. Consumed fructose and glucose have different rates of gastric emptying, are differentially absorbed and have different metabolic fates, providing multiple opportunities for two different saccharides to differentially affect food intake. Most saccharides eventually provide fuel for cellular respiration. Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides, or two single simple sugars, form a bond with removal of water. They can be hydrolyzed to yield their saccharin building blocks by boiling with dilute acid or reacting them with appropriate enzymes. Examples of disaccharides include sucrose, maltose, and lactose. Polysaccharides are polymerized monosaccharides, or complex carbohydrates. They have multiple simple sugars. Examples are starch, cellulose, and glycogen. They are generally large and often have a complex branched connectivity. Because of their size, polysaccharides are not water-soluble, but their many hydroxy groups become hydrated individually when exposed to water, and some polysaccharides form thick colloidal dispersions when heated in water. Shorter polysaccharides, with 3 to 10 monomers, are called oligosaccharides. A fluorescent indicator-displacement molecular imprinting sensor was developed for discriminating saccharides. It successfully discriminated three brands of orange juice beverage. The change in fluorescence intensity of the sensing films resulting is directly related to the saccharide concentration. Lignin Lignin is a complex polyphenolic macromolecule composed mainly of beta-O4-aryl linkages. After cellulose, lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer and is one of the primary structural components of most plants. It contains subunits derived from p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol and is unusual among biomolecules in that it is racemic. The lack of optical activity is due to the polymerization of lignin which occurs via free radical coupling reactions in which there is no preference for either configuration at a chiral center. Lipid Lipids (oleaginous) are chiefly fatty acid esters, and are the basic building blocks of biological membranes. Another biological role is energy storage (e.g., triglycerides). Most lipids consist of a polar or hydrophilic head (typically glycerol) and one to three non polar or hydrophobic fatty acid tails, and therefore they are amphiphilic. Fatty acids consist of unbranched chains of carbon atoms that are connected by single bonds alone (saturated fatty acids) or by both single and double bonds (unsaturated fatty acids). The chains are usually 14-24 carbon groups long, but it is always an even number. For lipids present in biological membranes, the hydrophilic head is from one of three classes: Glycolipids, whose heads contain an oligosaccharide with 1-15 saccharide residues. Phospholipids, whose heads contain a positively charged group that is linked to the tail by a negatively charged phosphate group. Sterols, whose heads contain a planar steroid ring, for example, cholesterol. Other lipids include prostaglandins and leukotrienes which are both 20-carbon fatty acyl units synthesized from arachidonic acid. They are also known as fatty acids Amino acids Amino acids contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. (In biochemistry, the term amino acid is used when referring to those amino acids in which the amino and carboxylate functionalities are attached to the same carbon, plus proline which is not actually an amino acid). Modified amino acids are sometimes observed in proteins; this is usually the result of enzymatic modification after translation (protein synthesis). For example, phosphorylation of serine by kinases and dephosphorylation by phosphatases is an important control mechanism in the cell cycle. Only two amino acids other than the standard twenty are known to be incorporated into proteins during translation, in certain organisms: Selenocysteine is incorporated into some proteins at a UGA codon, which is normally a stop codon. Pyrrolysine is incorporated into some proteins at a UAG codon. For instance, in some methanogens in enzymes that are used to produce methane. Besides those used in protein synthesis, other biologically important amino acids include carnitine (used in lipid transport within a cell), ornithine, GABA and taurine. Protein structure The particular series of amino acids that form a protein is known as that protein's primary structure. This sequence is determined by the genetic makeup of the individual. It specifies the order of side-chain groups along the linear polypeptide "backbone". Proteins have two types of well-classified, frequently occurring elements of local structure defined by a particular pattern of hydrogen bonds along the backbone: alpha helix and beta sheet. Their number and arrangement is called the secondary structure of the protein. Alpha helices are regular spirals stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the backbone CO group (carbonyl) of one amino acid residue and the backbone NH group (amide) of the i+4 residue. The spiral has about 3.6 amino acids per turn, and the amino acid side chains stick out from the cylinder of the helix. Beta pleated sheets are formed by backbone hydrogen bonds between individual beta strands each of which is in an "extended", or fully stretched-out, conformation. The strands may lie parallel or antiparallel to each other, and the side-chain direction alternates above and below the sheet. Hemoglobin contains only helices, natural silk is formed of beta pleated sheets, and many enzymes have a pattern of alternating helices and beta-strands. The secondary-structure elements are connected by "loop" or "coil" regions of non-repetitive conformation, which are sometimes quite mobile or disordered but usually adopt a well-defined, stable arrangement. The overall, compact, 3D structure of a protein is termed its tertiary structure or its "fold". It is formed as result of various attractive forces like hydrogen bonding, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic interactions, hydrophilic interactions, van der Waals force etc. When two or more polypeptide chains (either of identical or of different sequence) cluster to form a protein, quaternary structure of protein is formed. Quaternary structure is an attribute of polymeric (same-sequence chains) or heteromeric (different-sequence chains) proteins like hemoglobin, which consists of two "alpha" and two "beta" polypeptide chains. Apoenzymes An apoenzyme (or, generally, an apoprotein) is the protein without any small-molecule cofactors, substrates, or inhibitors bound. It is often important as an inactive storage, transport, or secretory form of a protein. This is required, for instance, to protect the secretory cell from the activity of that protein. Apoenzymes become active enzymes on addition of a cofactor. Cofactors can be either inorganic (e.g., metal ions and iron-sulfur clusters) or organic compounds, (e.g., [Flavin group|flavin] and heme). Organic cofactors can be either prosthetic groups, which are tightly bound to an enzyme, or coenzymes, which are released from the enzyme's active site during the reaction. Isoenzymes Isoenzymes, or isozymes, are multiple forms of an enzyme, with slightly different protein sequence and closely similar but usually not identical functions. They are either products of different genes, or else different products of alternative splicing. They may either be produced in different organs or cell types to perform the same function, or several isoenzymes may be produced in the same cell type under differential regulation to suit the needs of changing development or environment. LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) has multiple isozymes, while fetal hemoglobin is an example of a developmentally regulated isoform of a non-enzymatic protein. The relative levels of isoenzymes in blood can be used to diagnose problems in the organ of secretion . See also Biomolecular engineering List of biomolecules Metabolism Multi-state modeling of biomolecules References External links Society for Biomolecular Sciences provider of a forum for education and information exchange among professionals within drug discovery and related disciplines. Molecules Biochemistry Organic compounds
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์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ (์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜)
๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ๋Š” 2016๋…„ 1์ธ์นญ ์ŠˆํŒ… ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๋‹จํŽธ๊ณผ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์ธ ์‹œ๋„ค๋งˆํ‹ฑ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐ ํ‹ฐ์ €๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จํŽธ๋“ค์€ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ถœํŒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํŒฌ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜์˜ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฝ˜ํ‹ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋ฏน ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์™€ ๊ฐ€๊ณต์˜ ๋‰ด์Šค ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์— ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฆฌ ํ…”๋ ˆ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์˜ ์ปคํฌ ๋งค์ผ„๋“œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” "์ฃผ์œ„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์˜ ์žฅ๋น„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•”์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค."๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ์‹œ๋„ค๋งˆํ‹ฑ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๊ฐ๋…์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์ œํ”„ ์ฑ”๋ฒŒ๋ฆฐ์€ ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ๊ฐ€ "์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ [์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜๊ฐ€] ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค[๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.]"๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋น„์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌํ…”๋ง์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋ฉฐ, "[๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ]๋Š” ๋“œ๋ ˆ๋…ธ์–ด์™€ ๊ณตํ—ˆ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—์„œ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌํ…”๋ง์„ ํ•ด์™”๊ธฐ์—, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ๋‹จํŽธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“  ์„ ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฑ”๋ฒŒ๋ฆฐ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ๋„ค๋งˆํ‹ฑ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ฌ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ตœ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๋‹จํŽธ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋‹จํŽธ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ท„์ง€๋งŒ, ์ดํ›„ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹จํŽธ๋“ค์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ท„๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋“ค์ด ์–ฝํž ๋•Œ, ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ๋Š” ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ฝ”๋ฏน์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๋‹จํŽธ์€ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์™„์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ 6๋‹ฌ์—์„œ 8๋‹ฌ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ผ์ธ์—๋Š” 2๊ฐœ์—์„œ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จํŽธ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ํŒ€์€ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ๋””์ž์ธ ํŒ€์ด๋‚˜ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ๋””์ž์ธ ํŒ€๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฑ”๋ฒŒ๋ฆฐ์€ "๊ฐ์‹œ ๊ธฐ์ง€: ์ง€๋ธŒ๋กคํ„ฐ"์˜ ๋งต์€ ๊ทธ ์žฅ์†Œ์— ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” "์†Œ์ง‘" ๋‹จํŽธ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜๊ณผ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ๋””์ž์ธ ํŒ€์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒ€๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์™€ ์ž์‚ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 11์›” "์žฌํšŒ"๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ œํ”„ ์บํ”Œ๋Ÿฐ์€ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ํŒ€์ด 2016๋…„์— ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋‹จํŽธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ์ดํ›„, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํญ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋Šฆ์ถœ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 2017๋…„๊ณผ 2018๋…„์˜ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์บํ”Œ๋Ÿฐ์€ ํŒ€์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹จํŽธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๊ณผ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ณ„ํš ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜๋Š” 60๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์†Œ์„คํ™”๋œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 30๋…„ ์ „์— ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ด์ „์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ์†”์ €: 76 ๊ธฐ์› ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ๋น„๋””์˜ค์—์„œ๋„ ์—ฐ๋Œ€์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” "์˜ด๋‹‰ ์‚ฌํƒœ"๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์›์ธ์€ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ํ„ฐ์ง€๊ธฐ ์ด์ „ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์ธ ์˜ด๋‹‰์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๋กœ๋ด‡๋“ค์€ ์ดํ›„ ์˜ด๋‹ˆ์›€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ์„ค๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์˜ด๋‹ˆ์›€๋“ค์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์˜ด๋‹‰๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์˜ด๋‹‰ ์‚ฌํƒœ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ ์—”์€ ๊ตฐ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋™๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฆฌํผ์™€ ์†”์ €: 76๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ฐ€๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์—˜ ๋ ˆ์˜ˆ์Šค์™€ ์žญ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์Šจ์ด ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ํŒ€์„ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์Šจ์˜ ์ „์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ด ๋ ˆ์˜ˆ์Šค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€ํœ˜๊ถŒ์„ ์ธ์ˆ˜๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ ˆ์˜ˆ์Šค๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€ ์ž‘์ „ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์ธ ๋ธ”๋ž™์›Œ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ด๋‹‰ ์‚ฌํƒœ๋Š” ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์ข…๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜๋Š” ํ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์ด๋“ค์„ "์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €๋‹ค. ๋ช‡์‹ญ ๋…„ ํ›„, ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜๋Š” ๋ถ€ํŒจ, ๋ฏธ์ˆ™ํ•จ, ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ํ™•์‚ฐ, ์ธ๊ถŒ ๋‚จ์šฉ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋…ผ๋ž€์— ํœฉ์“ธ๋ ธ๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์  ์‹œ์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์˜ˆ์Šค์™€ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์Šจ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿ๋„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์œ ์—”์˜ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ์‹œ์ฐฐ ๋™์•ˆ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ๋ณธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์‹ธ์›€์ด ๋ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด ํญ๋ฐœ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ๋ณธ๋ถ€๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ ˆ์˜ˆ์Šค์™€ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์Šจ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฃฝ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์œ ์—”์€ ๊ณง ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ค„์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํ™œ๋™๋“ค์„ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •์•ˆ ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ผ์Šค ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ์€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด ์„ธํŒ…๋˜๊ธฐ 6๋…„ ์ „์— ์ฒด๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์†”์ €: 76 ๊ธฐ์› ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์Šจ์€ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜์— ๋งž์„œ๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ž€๋“ค์ด ์Œ๋ชจ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ๋‹จํŽธ 6๊ฐœ ์ค‘ 5๊ฐœ์™€, ์ฒซ ์‹œ๋„ค๋งˆํ‹ฑ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋’ท์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋„ค๋งˆํ‹ฑ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ํ‹ฐ์ € 2014๋…„ 11์›”, ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์ปจ 2014์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ–‰์‚ฌ์—์„œ, ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ์ฒซ ์‹œ๋„ค๋งˆํ‹ฑ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ํŒ€์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ช…๋œ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ์†Œ๋…„์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ดํ›„ ์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ์š”์›์ธ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด์„œ์™€ ์œˆ์Šคํ„ด์ด ํƒˆ๋ก ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ์š”์›์ธ ์œ„๋„์šฐ๋ฉ”์ด์ปค์™€ ๋ฆฌํผ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 12์›”, ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ๋Š” "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜"๋ผ๋Š” ํ‹ฐ์ €ํŽธ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜์˜ ํŒ€์›๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 5์›”, ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ๋Š” ์‹œ๋„ค๋งˆํ‹ฑ ํ‹ฐ์ € "์š”์› ํ˜ธ์ถœ"์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ‹ฐ์ €์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜์˜ ์˜› ์š”์›์ด์ž ์œ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰๋œ ๊ณ ๋ฆด๋ผ ์œˆ์Šคํ„ด์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜์˜ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋œ ์˜ด๋‹‰ ์‚ฌํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งง์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜๋Š” ํ•ด์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์œˆ์Šคํ„ด์€ "๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ ํ•ด์š”! ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”! ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”! ์„ธ์ƒ์—” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹น์žฅ! ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•˜์‹ค๊ฑฐ์ฃ ?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์„ ๋งบ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‹จํŽธ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์†Œ์ง‘ ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ๋Š” 2016๋…„ 3์›” ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๋‹จํŽธ 4๊ฐœ ์ค‘ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จํŽธ์ธ "์†Œ์ง‘"์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ์ฑ„๋„์€ 3์›” 23์ผ ์ด ์˜์ƒ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, Xbox ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ์ฑ„๋„์€ ์ด ์˜์ƒ์„ 3์›” 21์ผ์— ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํšŒ์ƒ์€ ์‹œ๋„ค๋งˆํ‹ฑ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์ด์ „์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹จํŽธ์€ ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณ ๋ฆด๋ผ์ด์ž ๊ณผํ•™์ž์ธ ์œˆ์Šคํ„ด์ด ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜์™€ ํ˜ธ๋ผ์ด์ฆŒ ๋‹ฌ ๊ธฐ์ง€์—์„œ์˜ ๋‚ ๋“ค์„ ํšŒ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์œˆ์Šคํ„ด์€ ๊ฐ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ง€: ์ง€๋ธŒ๋กคํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ํƒˆ๋ก ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ™œ๋™๋“ค์„ ์ข…๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚จ ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ผ์Šค ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์ด ํ†ต๊ณผ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์œˆ์Šคํ„ด์€ ๋‹จํŽธ ๋์— ์†Œ์ง‘๋ น์„ ๋ฐœ๋™ํ•ด ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋˜์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜์˜ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จํŽธ์ธ "์‹ฌ์žฅ"์€ 2016๋…„ 4์›”์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ์ฑ„๋„์€ 4์›” 5์ผ์— ์ด ์˜์ƒ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์ƒ์€ ์œ„๋„์šฐ๋ฉ”์ด์ปค์™€ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด์„œ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹จํŽธ์€ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์™•์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋™๋ช…์˜ ๋งต์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋‚ด์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จํŽธ์—์„œ ์œ„๋„์šฐ๋ฉ”์ด์ปค๋Š” ์˜ด๋‹‰๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋œ ์˜ด๋‹‰ ๋‹จ์ฒด, ์ƒด๋ฐœ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž์ธ ํ…Œ์นด๋ผํƒ€ ๋ชฌ๋‹คํƒ€๋ฅผ ์•”์‚ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€๋ถ•์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์œ„๋„์šฐ๋ฉ”์ด์ปค๋Š” ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด์„œ์™€ ์‹ธ์›€์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ชฌ๋‹คํƒ€๋ฅผ ์•”์‚ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฉ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜์˜ ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จํŽธ์ธ "์šฉ"์€ 2016๋…„ 5์›” 16์ผ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์ „ ์ง€์‹์—์„œ ๊ฒ์ง€๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ์š”์›์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ด์ „ ๋ฐฉํƒ•ํ•œ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒ์ง€๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ˜•์ธ ํ•œ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ผ์กฑ์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ํ™œ๋™์— ๋” ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋‹ดํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ์›์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ•œ์กฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ฃฝ์„ ๋ป”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ์กฐ๋Š” ์ดํ›„ ์ผ์กฑ์„ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์Œ์ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๋˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ํŒ€์€ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฒ์ง€์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒ์ง€์˜ ์œก์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฒ์ง€๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž„๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚œ ํ›„ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋– ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ ์œก์ฒด์™€ ํˆฌ์Ÿํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹จํŽธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์ดํ›„์™€ ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ ํŽธ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹จํŽธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒ์ง€์™€ ํ•œ์กฐ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ตฌ์ „ ์„คํ™”์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จํŽธ์—์„œ ํ•œ์กฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ณต์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋„์‹œ์ธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.ํ•œ์กฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด๋ณด๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ฒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์šฐํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹ธ์›€์€ ๊ฒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ•œ์กฐ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋์ด ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜์›… ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜์˜ ๋„ค๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จํŽธ์ธ "์˜์›…"์€ 2016๋…„ 5์›” 22์ผ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ๊ตฌ์ „ ์ง€์‹์—์„œ ์†”์ €: 76์€ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ํ•ด์ฒด ๋ฐ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ™œ๋™๋“ค์˜ ๊ธˆ์ง€ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ๋œจ๋ฆฐ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹จํŽธ์€ ์†”์ €: 76๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜ ์˜ด๋‹‰ ๊ฐฑ์ธ "๋กœ์Šค ๋ฌด์—ํŠธ๋กœ"๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์•Œ๋ ˆ์ž”๋“œ๋ผ๋ผ๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์†Œ๋…€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์ž๊ฒฝ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์†”์ €: 76๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ณต์˜ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ๋„์‹œ์ธ ๋„๋ผ๋„์—์„œ ๊ฐฑ์˜ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ํ™œ๋™์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฐ”์Šคํ‹ฐ์˜จ ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— 4ํŽธ์˜ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, "๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฐ”์Šคํ‹ฐ์˜จ"์ด๋ผ๋Š” 5๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จํŽธ์ด 2016๋…„ 8์›” ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹จํŽธ์€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์Šค์ปด 2016์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์–ด 8์›” 18์ผ ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ์— ๋™์‹œ์— ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. PlayOverwatch ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ์ฑ„๋„๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚  ์˜์ƒ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹จํŽธ์€ ์˜ด๋‹‰ ์‚ฌํƒœ์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ์ธ ์•„์ดํ—จ๋ฐœ๋ฐ ์ง€์—ญ ์™ธ๊ณฝ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„ ์˜ด๋‹‰ ์‚ฌํƒœ ์ดํ›„ ์•ฝ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง„ ์ฑ„ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฐ”์Šคํ‹ฐ์˜จ์ธ "๋ฐ”์Šคํ‹ฐ์˜จ" ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ๊ธฐํš๊ฐ€์ธ ๋ฒค ๋‹ค์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ”์Šคํ‹ฐ์˜จ์ด "ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ผ๋งŒ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋œ ์ธ๊ณต ์ง€๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ์˜ ์šด๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ธ์›€์„ ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์กด์žฌ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”์Šคํ‹ฐ์˜จ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์Šคํ‹ฐ์˜จ์€ ์ƒˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊นจ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์ž์—ฐ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹จํŽธ์€ ๋ฐ”์Šคํ‹ฐ์˜จ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์˜ด๋‹‰ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ตฐ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋˜ ์˜ด๋‹‰ ์‚ฌํƒœ์˜ ํ”Œ๋ž˜์‹œ๋ฐฑ๋„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์Šคํ‹ฐ์˜จ์€ ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ ์ง€์‹œ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž์—ฐ์— ์ˆœ์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ด๋‹‰ ์‚ฌํƒœ์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž ์ž… 2016๋…„ 11์›” 4์ผ ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์ปจ์—์„œ ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ๋Š” ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ถœ์‹œ ์ดํ›„ 2๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋  ์†œ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฆฌํผ์™€ ์œ„๋„์šฐ๋ฉ”์ด์ปค๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ด ์†œ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•œ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜์˜ 6๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จํŽธ์ธ ์ž ์ž…๋„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จํŽธ์—์„œ ์†œ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฆฌํผ์™€ ์œ„๋„์šฐ๋ฉ”์ด์ปค์˜ ์กฐ๋ ฅ์ž๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉฐ ์นดํŠธ์•ผ ๋ณผ์Šค์นด์•ผ๋ฅผ ์•”์‚ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๊ธฐ์ง€๋กœ ์นจํˆฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์†œ๋ธŒ๋ผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ณผ์Šค์นด์•ผ๋Š” "๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ"์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณผ์Šค์นด์•ผ๋Š” ์˜ด๋‹‰์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์กฐ๊ตญ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒ™ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ดํ‚น ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์†œ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณผ์Šค์นด์•ผ์™€ ๋งํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ณผ์Šค์นด์•ผ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•ฝ์†ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋…€์™€์˜ ์นœ๋ถ„์„ ์•ฝ์†๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ฆฌํผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณผ์Šค์นด์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ง๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•”์‚ด์— ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ๋กœ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์ดํ›„, ์ž๋ฆฌ์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ณผ์Šค์นด์•ผ์™€ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์š”! 2017๋…„ 8์›” 23์ผ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์Šค์ปด ํ–‰์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ๋Š” 7๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จํŽธ์ธ "์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์š”!"๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จํŽธ์€ ๋ฉ”์ด์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹จํŽธ์—์„œ, ๋ฉ”์ด๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜์˜ ๋‚จ๊ทน ๊ฐ์‹œ ๊ธฐ์ง€์— ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐํ›„ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ทน ํญํ’ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฉ”์ด์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋™๋ฉดํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ด๊ฐ€ ๊นจ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 9๋…„์ด๋‚˜ ์ง€๋‚ฌ์Œ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ง€์› ๋กœ๋ด‡์ธ ์„ค๊ตฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ƒ์กด์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐˆ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์œˆ์Šคํ„ด์˜ ์†Œ์ง‘ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์„ค๊ตฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฌธ๋ช… ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ช…์˜ˆ์™€ ์˜๊ด‘ ๋ช…์˜ˆ์™€ ์˜๊ด‘์€ 2017๋…„ 11์›” 3์ผ ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์ปจ 2017์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์€ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ํŒ€์— ๋ง‰ ์„ ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ฐœ๋ฐ๋ฆฌํžˆ ํฐ ์•„๋“ค๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ธ ๋ผ์ธํ•˜๋ฅดํŠธ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋ผ์ธํ•˜๋ฅดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ์š”์›์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ํฌ๋ฃจ์„ธ์ด๋”๋กœ์จ, ์˜ด๋‹‰ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…์ผ์˜ ๋งˆ์„์„ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ด๋‹‰์€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์˜€๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฌ๋ฃจ์„ธ์ด๋”๋“ค์ด ๋งˆ์„๋กœ ๋„๋ง์น  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฒŒ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํฐ ์•„๋“ค๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์˜ด๋‹‰๋“ค์„ ๋ถ™์žก์•„๋‘๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ž์›ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ผ์ธํ•˜๋ฅดํŠธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜์—์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งก์•„๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ŠˆํŒ… ์Šคํƒ€ ์ŠˆํŒ… ์Šคํƒ€๋Š” D.Va์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ˜ ๋‹จํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ํŒฌ ํŽ˜์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ฒŒ์˜ ์ฒซ๋‚ ์ธ 2018๋…„ 8์›” 22์ผ์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จํŽธ์—์„œ D.Va์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ฒŒ์ด๋จธ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ MEKA ๋ฐฉ์–ดํŒ€์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž‘์ „๋ณธ๋ถ€์ธ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ์— ์˜ด๋‹‰์ด ์นจ๊ณตํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ํœด์‹์„ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. D.Va๋Š” ์ž‘์ „๋ณธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋ฉ”์นด๋‹‰์ธ ๋Œ€ํ˜„์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ MEKA๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€ํ˜„์€ MEKA ๋ถ€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ˜„์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์˜ด๋‹‰์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์นจ๊ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์ž D.Va๋Š” ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถœ๊ฒฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ด๋‹‰ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ˆ˜ํŠธ์—์„œ ์ด์„ ๋ถ„ํ•ด์‹œ์ผœ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค. D.Va๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํƒ€๊ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€ํ˜„์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์›์ž๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์—ด์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ , D.Va๋Š” ํƒˆ์ถœํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์›์ž๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋™๊ธฐ์— ์ด์„ ์ด ์ˆ˜ํŠธ์™€ ์˜ด๋‹‰์„ ํŒŒ๊ดด์‹œ์ผœ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์™„์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. D.Va๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋˜์–ด ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์ง€๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€ ๋Œ€ํ˜„์˜ ๋„์›€์— ๊ณ ๋งˆ์›€์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌํšŒ ์žฌํšŒ๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์ปจ 2018์˜ ์ฒซ๋‚ ์ธ 2018๋…„ 11์›” 2์ผ ์ฒซ ์ƒ์˜์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ๋งฅํฌ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜์›… ์• ์‰ฌ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์˜› ๋ฐ๋“œ๋ฝ ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋งฅํฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 66๋ฒˆ ๊ตญ๋„์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํฌ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋œ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํƒˆ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ์‹๋‹น์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋งฅํฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ณ  ํฌ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋™ ์ค‘์ธ ๊ทธ์˜ ์˜› ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์• ์‰ฌ์™€ ๋งฅํฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋งฅํฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์• ์‰ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์• ์‰ฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜์ž ๋งฅํฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‘˜์€ ๋Œ€์น˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ •์˜ค๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ž ๋‘˜์€ ์ด์‹ธ์›€์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ๋งฅํฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ๋กœ๋ด‡์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋งฅํฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ์นฉ์„ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜์ž ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊นจ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋งฅํฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—์ฝ”๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ํ™˜์˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์œˆ์Šคํ„ด์ด ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ์žฌ์†Œ์ง‘์„ ๋ฐœ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์ž๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์—์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ๋” ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ฅ  ๋‹จํŽธ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์ฃผํ•ด ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‹จํŽธ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜ ์˜ํ™” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overwatch%20animated%20media
Overwatch animated media
Blizzard Entertainment released several computer-generated cinematic trailers and teasers, as well as animated short films, to promote and develop the story for their 2016 first-person shooter video game, Overwatch. The shorts have been met with positive reception from fans and online publications alike. Plot and setting Overwatch is set in a fictionalized version of Earth, sixty years into the future; the Overwatch organization was established thirty years prior to this future setting. These pre-game events are also chronicled by Soldier: 76 in his origin story video. The story of Overwatch begins with the in-universe "Omnic Crisis" event; the event's cause is unknown. However, prior to the event, humanity developed omnics, artificial intelligence (AI) that led efforts in creating global economic equality and manufacturing. These AI bots were soon developed by omniums, large facilities designed specifically for their creation. Eventually, the world's omniums began producing hostile omnics that attacked humans; the United Nations (UN) established a task force called Overwatch, composed of soldiers and scientists, in response to this Omnic Crisis. Overwatch was originally led by Gabriel Reyes and Jack Morrison, who are known in the game as Reaper and Soldier: 76, respectively. Morrison's battlefield success helped him take control of Overwatch from Reyes, relegating Reyes to lead Blackwatch, a covert operations division of Overwatch. The Omnic Crisis would eventually end, with Overwatch subsequently presiding over a period of maintained peace; those born in this period would be called the "Overwatch Generation". After a few decades, Overwatch would soon face allegations of corruption, mismanagement, weapons proliferation, and human rights abuses, among others, leading to worldwide protests against the organization. Infighting between Reyes and Morrison also occurred; during a UN investigation of Overwatch, a fight broke out at Overwatch's headquarters, leading to an explosion, which destroyed the building and supposedly killed both Reyes and Morrison. The UN would soon pass a resolution that declared any act in the name of Overwatch illegal. This resolution, dubbed the Petras Act, was signed six years prior to the game's setting. In the Soldier: 76 Origin Story animation, Morrison accounts that the allegations against Overwatch were part of a conspiracy. Following this back story are five of the first six animated shorts (the exception is Dragons, which takes place during the era in which Overwatch maintained peace), as well as the first cinematic trailer. Characters Background and development Overwatchs animated media is interconnected, taking place in the same continuity. Through this animated media, in conjunction with comics and fictional news reports, Blizzard developed the story of Overwatch, rather than including it in the video game. Within the video game, the story is instead "hinted at through environments and character quips, with each individual personality reacting to the events of the battle in their own way", as Kirk McKeand of The Telegraph detailed. Jeff Chamberlain, the director of the initial Overwatch cinematic trailer, revealed that Blizzard opted to develop their storytelling through this unconventional method because, "A long time ago we [realized Overwatch] doesn't have a linear storyline, like other games we do," adding that "[Blizzard] has been doing storytelling outside of the game, for Draenor and Legacy of the Void, so we have a precedent for short animations outside the game." Chamberlain said that they "wanted to create a lot of stories as quickly as we could", and in conjunction with making the cinematic release trailer, found the animated shorts to be best way to present these stories. While they were initially focused on exposition with the first shorts, further shorts are more focused on developing these characters and other stories, rather than driving to any narrative conclusion. When these stories have multiple characters involved, Blizzard may opt to instead create a digital comic. The animated shorts take between six and eight months to complete from storyboarding to rendering, and there are usually two to three shorts in the production line. The animation team sometimes works in conjunction with the art and level design teams; Chamberlain said that the "Watchpoint: Gibraltar" map was developed simultaneously with the Recall short which took place at that location, and the animation and level design team worked to incorporate the assets and ideas developed by the other team. To further develop the game's story, Blizzard released short videos that include animated stills with narrated voice-overs, such as the aforementioned Soldier: 76 Origin Story video. In addition, Blizzard released A Moment in Crime Special Report: "The Junkers", which was a fake news report chronicling the criminal activities caused by Junkrat and Roadhog. Ana was the first character added to the game post-release; beginning with her, each new character has had their addition to the game's playable roster accompanied by a short origin story video. Blizzard used an animated short Junkertown: The Plan, starring Junkrat and Roadhog, to introduce the new Junkertown map for the game during the 2017 Gamescom. Overwatchs lead designer Jeff Kaplan considers The Last Bastion as the last installment of the first season of animated Overwatch shorts; he detailed: "We think of them as in seasons. That's how we [Blizzard Entertainment] talk about them internally. So our first season started with Recall and ended with The Last Bastion." In 2017, Kaplan stated that a debut for a second season was "making good progress," although the Infiltration short had premiered at BlizzCon 2016, between The Last Bastion and his comments. Kaplan also stated that after the animation team had produced so many shorts in 2016; as a result, the team opted to slow down to prevent burnout, explaining the limited number of shorts in 2017 and 2018. Release Prior to Overwatchs release, Blizzard released the cinematic teasers We Are Overwatch and Are You With Us?, which featured voice-overs of the game's characters. In the latter, Winston briefly summarizes the Omnic Crisis and recall of Overwatch. Blizzard released their first of the original four animated shorts, Recall, in March 2016. While the PlayOverwatch YouTube channel uploaded the short on March 23, the Xbox YouTube channel premiered it on March 21. The events of Recall precede the events of the cinematic trailer. Although Blizzard initially announced four animated shorts, a fifth short titled The Last Bastion was announced in August 2016. The short was debuted at Gamescom 2016 and simultaneously streamed on Blizzard.com on August 18. It was also released on the PlayOverwatch YouTube channel on the same day. Following The Last Bastion, Blizzard continued to release animated cinematic shorts; the release of these shorts often coincided with new character additions to Overwatch, and the shorts often premiered at gaming conventions such as BlizzCon, Gamescom, or TwitchCon. On November 1, 2019, at that year's BlizzCon event, Zero Hour premiered. The short functioned as announcement cinematic for Overwatch 2. Kiriko premiered on October 7, 2022, as part of TwitchCon and included a deaf child character as a nod to a deaf Overwatch player who developed American sign language gestures for each of the heroes in the game. The Kiriko short featured the song "BOW" by Japanese artist MFS. Blizzard is set to release Genesis, a three-part animated miniseries on YouTube. The studio has scheduled Part One: Dawn for release on July 6, 2023. Cinematic shorts Overwatch (2014โ€“2018) Cinematic trailer (2014) Season 1 (2016) Season 2 (2016โ€“2018) Overwatch 2 (2019โ€“present) Other animations Reception Media outlets often positively received the Overwatch animations, and in a broader sense the story as a whole. Various outlets including The Telegraph, The Mary Sue, and The Daily Beast have all likened Blizzard's animations to Pixar's films. Mike Fahey of Kotaku expressed that he was also "charmed by [the] beautifully animated trailer." Nick Schager of The Daily Beast praised the cinematic teaser, which is also seen when the game is first loaded up, expressing that "the charisma of these avatars is established early on, in an introductory video featuring hyper-intelligent simian warrior Winston that establishes the game's Earth-under-siege sci-fi premise โ€“ and proves to be a tour-de-force of digital animation. It's no exaggeration to say that Winston feels like he's leapt out of a Pixar film (or a similarly gorgeous Disney effort like Big Hero 6)." Jessica Lachenal of The Mary Sue praised the tone and music of the Recall short, writing "The short itself is so incredibly well done," adding "It's full of heart, and it's already got me invested in the featured character, Winston. I found myself getting a bit misty-eyed at his flashbacks, as well. Thanks, emotionally epic, dramatic score." Lachenal also wrote that the Dragons short was "filled with gorgeous animations and some pretty sweet action sequences." The Telegraph concurred, describing Dragons as a "beautiful, Pixar-esque" short. Writing about The Last Bastion, Nick Statt of The Verge stated "While other Overwatch shorts have done a stellar job providing world-building backstories, "The Last Bastion" โ€” as it's called โ€” is more emotional powerhouse than plot point delivery." When discussing the shorts in general, Lachenal opined "[Blizzard has] a real knack for applying a fantastic cinematic tilt to these shorts, and every time I catch one, I find myself intrigued and โ€”perhaps most of all โ€”invested in the world that they're building. Gabe Gurwin of Digital Trends, while agreeing that the Blizzard released "a number of fantastic computer-animated short films," was critical of their decision to exclude the story from the game. The Overwatch Announcement Cinematic won a People's Choice Webby Award in 2015 for Best Editing. The Last Bastion won the People's Choice 2017 Webby Award for Best Writing in the Film & Video category. That same year, the Webby Awards named the first season of animated shorts as an Honoree in the Animation (Branded) category. Notes References Primary video sources In the text these references are preceded by a double dagger (โ€ก): 2010s American animated films 2010s animated short films 2010s YouTube videos 2016 web series debuts 2020s YouTube videos American animated short films American animated web series American computer-animated films Animated films set in the 2070s Blizzard Entertainment Computer-animated short films Films released on YouTube Overwatch Transmedia storytelling
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%94%EB%A1%9C%EB%AF%B8%EC%95%BC%20%ED%81%AC%EB%A3%A8%EC%85%B8%EB%8B%88%EC%B8%A0%EC%B9%B4
์†”๋กœ๋ฏธ์•ผ ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด
์†”๋กœ๋ฏธ์•ผ ์•”๋ธŒ๋กœ์‹œ์ด์šฐ๋‚˜ ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด(, 1872๋…„ 9์›” 23์ผ ~ 1952๋…„ 11์›” 16์ผ)๋Š” ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์˜ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ด์ž ์†Œํ”„๋ผ๋…ธ์ด๋‹ค. 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ „๋ฐ˜์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œํ”„๋ผ๋…ธ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ์†”๋กœ๋ฏธ์•ผ ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๋Š” 1872๋…„ 9์›” 23์ผ์— ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„-ํ—๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ํ…Œ๋ฅด๋…ธํ•„ ๊ต์™ธ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋น„์—˜๋ผ๋นˆ์ฒด(Bielawiล„ce, ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ํ…Œ๋ฅด๋…ธํ•„์ฃผ ๋นŒ๋žด๋นˆ์น˜(Biliavyntsi)) ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ ๊ท€์กฑ ์ถœ์‹  ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๊ฐ€ํ†จ๋ฆญ๊ตํšŒ ์‚ฌ์ œ์˜€๋˜ ์•”๋ธŒ๋กœ์‹œ ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ํ‚ค(ะะผะฒั€ะพัั–ะน ะšั€ัƒัˆะตะปัŒะฝะธั†ัŒะบะธะน, 1841๋…„ ~ 1902๋…„)์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด์ธ ํ…Œ์˜ค๋„๋ผ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ผ ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด(ะขะตะพะดะพั€ะฐ ะœะฐั€ั–ั ะšั€ัƒัˆะตะปัŒะฝะธั†ัŒะบะฐ, ํ˜ผ์ „ ์„ฑ์”จ ์‚ฌ์šฐ์นœ์Šค์นด(ะกะฐะฒั‡ะธะฝััŒะบะฐ), 1844๋…„ ~ 1907๋…„) ๋ถ€๋ถ€์˜ ๋”ธ๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์†”๋กœ๋ฏธ์•ผ ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋‚จ๋งค์ธ ์•ˆํ†ค, ์˜ฌ๋ ˆ๋‚˜, ์—๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์•ผ, ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ผ, ๋ณผ๋กœ๋””๋ฏธ๋ฅด, ํ•œ๋‚˜, ์˜ฌํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ”๊ณ  ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ํ…Œ๋ฅด๋…ธํ•„ ๊ต์™ธ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋นŒ๋ผ(Bila) ๋งˆ์„์— ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋งˆ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฏผ์† ์Œ์•…์„ ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๋Š” 10๋Œ€ ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ํ…Œ๋ฅด๋…ธํ•„์—์„œ ์ค‘๋“ฑ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  1891๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฅด๋น„์šฐ ์Œ์•…์›์— ์ž…ํ•™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 1893๋…„์— ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฅด๋น„์šฐ ์Œ์•…์›์„ ์กธ์—…ํ•œ ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๋Š” ์Œ์•…์›์„ ์กธ์—…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์— ๋ฅด๋น„์šฐ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ ๊ทน์žฅ์—์„œ ์ƒ์—ฐ๋œ ๊ฐ€์—ํƒ€๋…ธ ๋„๋‹ˆ์ฒดํ‹ฐ์˜ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ใ€Š๋ผ ํŒŒ๋ณด๋ฆฌํ…Œใ€‹(La favorite)์—์„œ ์—ฌ์ž ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ๋ ˆ์˜ค๋…ธ๋ผ(Leonora) ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋งก์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋†’์€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๋Š” 1893๋…„ ๊ฐ€์„์— ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ€๋ผ๋…ธ์—์„œ ํŒŒ์šฐ์Šคํƒ€ ํฌ๋ ˆ์Šคํ”ผ(Fausta Crespi)๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ฑ์•…์„ ์ „๊ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ๊ทน์žฅ์—์„œ ํฅํ–‰ ๋ณด์ฆ์ˆ˜ํ‘œ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ฐ์‚ฌ(1896๋…„ ~ 1897๋…„), ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์ƒค๋ฐ”(1898๋…„ ~ 1902๋…„), ์ƒํŠธํŽ˜ํ…Œ๋ฅด๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ(1901๋…„ ~ 1902๋…„), ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ(1902๋…„), ๋‚˜ํด๋ฆฌ(1903๋…„ ~ 1904๋…„), ์นด์ด๋กœ, ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„(1904๋…„), ๋กœ๋งˆ(1904๋…„ ~ 1905๋…„)์—์„œ ์ƒ์—ฐ๋œ ๊ณต์—ฐ์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ 1904๋…„์—๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ์ƒ์—ฐ๋œ ์ž์ฝ”๋ชจ ํ‘ธ์น˜๋‹ˆ์˜ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ใ€Š๋‚˜๋น„๋ถ€์ธใ€‹์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋†’์€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ใ€Š๋‚˜๋น„๋ถ€์ธใ€‹์˜ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€์ธ ํ‘ธ์น˜๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ€๋ผ๋…ธ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์Šค์นผ๋ผ ๊ทน์žฅ์—์„œ ์ƒ์—ฐ๋œ ใ€Š๋‚˜๋น„๋ถ€์ธใ€‹ ๊ณต์—ฐ์ด ๋‚˜์œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๋Š” ใ€Š๋‚˜๋น„๋ถ€์ธใ€‹์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ธ์ฃผ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๋Š” ๋ฐ€๋ผ๋…ธ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋งค์ผ 6์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒ์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ์„ฑ์•… ์ˆ˜์—…, ์—ฐ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์—…, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ์–ธ์–ด ํ•™์Šต ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€, ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์œ ์ ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค, ์ง€์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ฝ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์˜ ์žฅ๋ž˜, ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ์ƒ์—ฐ๋œ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ทน ์ˆœํšŒ ๊ณต์—ฐ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์ถœ์—ฐํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 1์ฃผ์ผ์— 4 ~ 5ํŽธ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๋Š” ์ดํ‹€๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ ‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์„œ๋„ˆ ๊ฐœ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ „๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๋Š” ์Œ์•…์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ ๊ทน ํ›„์›ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•œ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ 63ํŽธ์— ๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. 1902๋…„์—๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ƒ์—ฐ๋œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐ”๊ทธ๋„ˆ์˜ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ใ€Š๋กœ์—”๊ทธ๋ฆฐใ€‹์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋†’์€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 1906๋…„์—๋Š” ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฐ€๋ผ๋…ธ์—์„œ ์ƒ์—ฐ๋œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฅดํŠธ ์ŠˆํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ใ€Š์‚ด๋กœ๋ฉ”ใ€‹์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ใ€Š์‚ด๋กœ๋ฉ”ใ€‹ ๊ณต์—ฐ์€ ์•„๋ฅดํˆฌ๋กœ ํ† ์Šค์นด๋‹ˆ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํœ˜๋ฅผ ๋งก์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋†’์€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ด์™ธ์— ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ, ์•Œ์ œ๋ฆฌ, ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜, ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ, ์น ๋ ˆ ๋“ฑ์ง€์—์„œ ์ƒ์—ฐ๋œ ๊ณต์—ฐ์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 1894๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1923๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๊ฐˆ๋ฆฌ์น˜์•„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ์˜ค๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๋Š” 1907๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฅด๋น„์šฐ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 1910๋…„์—๋Š” ๋น„์•„๋ ˆ์กฐ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ์—ญ์ž„ํ•œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์ธ ์•Œํ”„๋ ˆ๋„ ์ฒด์‚ฌ๋ ˆ ์•„์šฐ๊ตฌ์Šคํ†  ๋ฆฌ์ดˆ๋‹ˆ(Alfredo Cesare Augusto Riccioni)์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๋Š” ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ด ์ ˆ์ •์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋˜ 1920๋…„์— ๋Œ์—ฐ ์€ํ‡ดํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถˆ๊ณผ 3๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ๋ณต๊ท€ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ์˜ค๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๋Š” 8๊ฐœ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๋Š” 1929๋…„์— ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋กœ๋งˆ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๊ณ  1938๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋‚จํŽธ์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๋Š” 1939๋…„ 8์›”์— ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜ ๋ฅด๋น„์šฐ๋กœ ๊ท€ํ™˜ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถˆ๊ณผ ๋ช‡ ์ฃผ ๋งŒ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „์˜ ํด๋ž€๋“œ ์นจ๊ณต์„ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฅด๋น„์šฐ์— ์ง„์ฃผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ์ง‘์ด ๊ตญ์œ ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๋Š” 1941๋…„ 7์›”์— ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋ฐ”๋กœ์‚ฌ ์ž‘์ „์„ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฅด๋น„์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ นํ•œ ๋…์ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ์ธ์ข… ์ฒญ์†Œ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•˜๊ณ  1944๋…„์— ์†Œ๋ จ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฅด๋น„์šฐ๋ฅผ ํƒˆํ™˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์†Œ๋ จ ๊ตญ์ ์„ ์ทจ๋“ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๋Š” ๋ฅด๋น„์šฐ ์Œ์•…์›์—์„œ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ–ˆ๊ณ  1951๋…„์—๋Š” ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณตํ›ˆ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€ ์นญํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๋Š” 1952๋…„ 11์›” 16์ผ์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ์˜ ์œ ํ•ด๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜€๋˜ ์ด๋ฐ˜ ํ”„๋ž€์ฝ”์˜ ๋ฌด๋ค ๋งž์€ํŽธ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋ฅด๋น„์šฐ ๋ฆฌ์นด์น˜์šฐ ๋ฌ˜์ง€์— ์•ˆ์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์‚ฐ ๋ฅด๋น„์šฐ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ ๊ทน์žฅ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์„œ ์†”๋กœ๋ฏธ์•ผ ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด ๋ฅด๋น„์šฐ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ ๊ทน์žฅ()์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1963๋…„์—๋Š” ์†”๋กœ๋ฏธ์•ผ ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฉ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1966๋…„์—๋Š” ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์—์„œ ์†”๋กœ๋ฏธ์•ผ ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1983๋…„์—๋Š” ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ํ‚ค์˜ˆํ”„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์ œ์ž‘์‚ฌ์ธ ๋„์šฐ์ฒธ์ฝ” ์˜ํ™” ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค๊ฐ€ ์†”๋กœ๋ฏธ์•ผ ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๋ฅผ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ใ€Š๋‚˜๋น„์˜ ๊ท€ํ™˜ใ€‹์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1991๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฅด๋น„์šฐ์—์„œ ์†”๋กœ๋ฏธ์•ผ ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ์„ฑ์•… ๊ฒฝ์—ฐ ๋Œ€ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์„ค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ง„ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋ฅด๋น„์šฐ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ ๊ทน์žฅ์˜ ์†”๋กœ๋ฏธ์•ผ ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด ์†Œ๊ฐœ ๋ฅด๋น„์šฐ ์†”๋กœ๋ฏธ์•ผ ํฌ๋ฃจ์…ธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ์นด ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ 1872๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1952๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์˜ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์˜ ์†Œํ”„๋ผ๋…ธ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ํ…Œ๋ฅด๋…ธํ•„์ฃผ ์ถœ์‹ 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomiya%20Krushelnytska
Solomiya Krushelnytska
Solomiya Amvrosiivna Krushelnytska (; September 23 (O.S. September 11), 1872 โ€” November 16, 1952) was a Ukrainian a lyric-dramatic soprano, considered to be one of the brightest opera stars of the first half of the 20th century. During her life, Krushelnytska was recognized as the most outstanding singer in the world. Among her numerous awards and distinctions, in particular, the title of "Wagner's diva" of the 20th century. Singing with her on the same stage was considered an honor for Enrico Caruso, Titta Ruffo, Fedor Chaliapin. Italian composer Giacomo Puccini presented the singer with his portrait with the inscription "The most beautiful and charming Butterfly". In the modern Ukrainian tradition, she is included in the list of most famous women of ancient and modern Ukraine. Early life and education Solomiya Krushelnytska was born in 1872, in the village of Bielawiล„ce, Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Biliavyntsi, Ukraine). After several years of moving from village to village, in 1878 her father, a Ukrainian Greek Catholic priest Amvrosii Krushelnytskyi (), settled with his large family in the village of on the outskirts of the regional metropolis of Ternopil. In addition to Solomiya, the noble-born family included her mother, Teodora Maria (nรฉe Savchynska, died 1907), five sisters (Olha, Osypa, Hanna, Emilia and Maria) and two brothers (Anton and Volodymyr). In her memoirs, Solomiya's niece Daria/Odarka Bandriwska writes that as a child, the future diva came to learn a fair number of Ukrainian folk songs from the residents of the various villages in which her family had lived. Studying in Ternopil She started singing at a young age. She studied in Ternopil. She received the basics of musical training at the Ternopil Classical Gymnasium, where she took external exams. Here she became close to the music group of high school students, a member of which was also Denis Sichinsky, later a famous composer. In 1883, at the Shevchenko Concert in Ternopil, Solomiya, who sang in the choir of the Ukrainska Besida society, made her first public performance. At one of the choir's concerts on August 2, 1885, Ivan Franko was present. Solomiya Krushelnytska met the theater for the first time in Ternopil. From time to time the Lviv theater of the Ruska Besida society performed here, the repertoire of which included operas by Semen Hulak-Artemovsky and Mykola Lysenko. The soprano had the opportunity to watch the play of dramatic actors Filomena Lopatynska, Antonina Osipovycheva, Stepan Yanovych, Andriy Muzhyk-Stechynsky, Mykhailo Olshansky, Karolina Klishevska. Studying at the Lviv Conservatory In 1891 Solomiya entered the Lviv Conservatory of the Galician Music Society. At the conservatory, her teacher was the then famous professor in Lviv, , who raised a wide array of famous Ukrainian and Polish singers. During her studies at the conservatory, her first solo performance took place on April 13, 1892, the singer performed the main part in GF Handel's oratorio "Messiah". On June 5, 1892, another performance of the singer took place in the Lviv Boyana, where she performed Mykola Lysenko's song "Why do I have black eyebrows". Solomiya Krushelnytska's first opera debut took place on April 15, 1893: she performed the part of Leonora in the opera "Favorite" by the Italian composer Gaetano Donizetti on the stage of the Lviv City Theater Skarbka. Then her partners were the famous Rudolf Bernhardt and Julian Jerome. Her performances in the role of Sanctuary in P. Mascagni's "Village Honor" were also very successful. In 1893, Krushelnytska graduated from the Lviv Conservatory. Career Krushelnytska followed her 1893 professional debut with additional performances at the Lviv Opera. On the advice of Gemma Bellincioni, who witnessed Solomiya's talents in Lviv that summer, the young Krushelnytska would travel to Italy in the fall of 1893 to pursue further vocal studies. After her father took out a loan for her travels, Solomiya arrived in Milan where she would study under Fausta Crespi, while living with Bellincioni's mother. It was under Crespi's tutelage that Solomiya transitioned from her previous training as a mezzo-soprano to a lyric-dramatic soprano. For the following 3 years, she would divide her time between Milan and Lviv, returning regularly for engagements with the Lviv Opera in order to pay for her ongoing studies in Italy. Solomiya would go on to perform in Odesa (1896โ€“1897), Warsaw (1898โ€“1902), St Petersburg (1901โ€“1902), the Paris Grand Opera (1902), Naples (1903โ€“4), Cairo and Alexandria (1904), and Rome (1904โ€“5). In 1904, she famously became a savior of Puccini's Madama Butterfly. The opera had been booed by the audience at its premiere in Milan's La Scala, but three months later in Brescia, a revised version of the work, with Krushelnytska singing the leading role, was a major success. Her schedule, during her studies in Milan, included vocal lessons, acting lessons, learning new parts, learning new languages โ€“ for six hours every day. Her leisure time included visits to museums and historic sites, attendance at operatic and theatrical performances. She maintained active correspondence with friends and acquaintances, covering such issues as the fate of her native Ukraine, problems of culture, recently read books. In addition, Krushelnytska regularly appeared in performances of the music and drama school L'Armonia. On tours, she sang in four and five productions during a single week. She could learn a part in a new opera in two days, and develop the character of a role in another three or four. Her repertoire totaled 63 parts. In the history of music, Krushelnytska is known as an active promoter of the works of her contemporaries, and of Richard Wagner. In 1902 she starred in a successful production of Lohengrin in Paris. In 1906 she appeared to acclaim at Milan's La Scala in Richard Strauss's Salome, conducted by Arturo Toscanini. She also performed in other theatres across Europe, Egypt, Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Chile and others. In 1910, Krushelnytska married Italian attorney and the mayor of Viareggio, Alfredo Cesare Augusto Riccioni. In 1920, at the height of her career, she left the opera world, and three years later started concert tours, performing in Western Europe, Canada and the USA. Her knowledge of eight languages allowed her to include in her concert programs songs of many nations. She was a fervent promoter of Ukrainian folk songs and works by Ukrainian composers. Later life Prior to the death of her mother Teodora in 1907, Solomiya's family convinced her to purchase a residence in Lviv, to use whenever she returned from touring, and to provide a comfortable living space for the rest of the family, especially for her mother towards the end of her life. In 1903, Solomiya purchased a building located on what is now (named in her honor in 1993), uphill from the campus of Lviv University. Built and designed by Jakub Kroch in 1884, the large building had several floors of living space, initially occupied by members of Krushelnytska's immediate family. Solomiya's brother-in-law Karl Bandriwsky was asked to oversee the management of the building once apartments began be rented out following the departure of her siblings after marriage. With a facade featuring heavy rustication decorated with ornamental statuary of lyrical muses by Leonard Marconi, the building became known as Lviv's Stonehouse of Music (), a haven for intellectuals, visiting artists and impresarios engaged at the nearby opera house. In the latter years of his life, it would also serve as the home of writer and family friend, Ivan Franko. In August 1939, after the death of her husband, Krushelnytska left Italy and returned to her home in Lviv, which during the interbellum period had become an important stronghold of the Second Polish Republic. Tragically, she would remain trapped in this city for the rest of her life, when only a few weeks following her arrival, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union colluded to invade Poland and divide its territory between them in September 1939. The two invading armies met at Lviv, and proceeded to lay siege to the city. The city would suffer under 10 days of shelling by Luftwaffe bombers, German panzer strikes and Red Army cavalry raids, incurring the loss of several thousand lives and the destruction of many historic buildings, including the complete leveling of the one block away from the Krushelnytska residence. Following the surrender of Polish forces, Lviv was ceded to Soviet occupation, which swiftly enacted a brutal regime of repression. The home of Solomiya Krushelnytska, was seized by the authorities, leaving her only one living quarters on the second floor to share with her sister, Hanna. For much of this period, Solomiya Krushelnytska remained confined to her house, due to a broken leg. Less than two years later, the German army invaded Ukraine again, and Lviv fell under Nazi occupation by July 1941. This time, it was the Wehrmacht that took over two floors of the Krushelnytska residence, forcing all occupants to either move out or move in together on the upper floors. Solomiya would survive the years of ethnic cleansing her city would endure, until the return of Soviet troops in 1944 would transition her into the final stage of her life, as an artist trapped behind the Iron curtain. The formerly world-renowned artist began giving voice lessons and would return to her alma mater, the Lviv Conservatory, as a professor. In 1951, she was recognized as a Merited Artist of Ukraine. Solomiya Krushelnytska died on November 16, 1952, and was subsequently buried at Lviv's Lychakiv Cemetery, across from the gravesite of her friend, Ivan Franko. Legacy โ— The Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet is named after her (Lviv State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre of Solomiya Krushelnytska, Ukrainian:ย ). Lviv Secondary Specialized Music Boarding School named after Solomiya Krushelnytska is also named after her. โ— In 1982 at the Kyiv Studio of Feature Films named after O. Dovzhenko, director Fialko Oleh Borysovych created a historical and biographical film dedicated to the life and work of Solomiya Krushelnytska - "Return of the Butterfly", based on the novel of the same name by Valeria Vrublevska. The film is based on the real facts of the singer's life and is based on her memories. Solomiya's parts are performed by Gisela Tsipol. The role of Solomiya in the film was played by Yelena Safonova. โ— In addition, documentaries have been made, including: "Solomiya Krushelnytska" (directed by I. Mudrak, Lviv, "Mist", 1994); โ— "Solomiya Krushelnytska" (1994, Ukrtelefilm, authors: N. Davydovska, V. Kuznetsov, opera M. Markovsky; musicologist M. Golovashchenko takes part in the film); โ— "Two Lives of Solomiya" (directed by O. Frolov, Kyiv, "Contact", 1997); prepared a TV show from the series "Names" (2004); โ— Documentary "Solo-mea" from the series "Game of Fate" (directed by V. Obraz, VIATEL studio, 2008). โ— In 1995, the premiere of the play "Solomiya Krushelnytska" (author B. Melnychuk, I. Lyakhovsky) took place at the Ternopil Regional Drama Theater (now the Academic Theater). Since 1987, the Solomiya Krushelnytska Competition has been held in Ternopil. Every year an international competition named after Krushelnytska takes place in Lviv; opera festivals have become traditional. โ— In 1997, the National Bank of Ukraine issued a commemorative coin with a face value of 2 hryvnias, dedicated to the 125th anniversary of the singer's birth. โ— March 18, 2006 on the stage of the Lviv National Academic Opera and Ballet Theater. S. Krushelnytska hosted the premiere of Myroslav Skoryk's ballet "Return of the Butterfly", based on facts from the life of Solomiya Krushelnytska. The ballet uses music by Giacomo Puccini. โ— 1963 in the village. A memorial plaque and a memorial museum-manor of Solomiya Krushelnytska were opened in Bila Ternopil district, a room-museum (Bilyavyntsi village of Buchach district) and a music-memorial museum in Lviv operate sculptor T. Bryzh, architect L. Skoryk), a stamp and an envelope dedicated to the 125th anniversary of his birth (1997) and a commemorative coin (1997) were issued. โ— In 2010 a monument to SA Krushelnytska was unveiled in Ternopil. โ— Also in her honor are named 14 huts of the UPU named after Solomiya Krushelnytska. โ— On October 1, 1989, the music and memorial museum was opened in the singer's apartment. In 1993, the street where she lived in the last years of her life was named after S. Krushelnytska in Lviv. โ— A street in Darnytskyi district of Kyiv is also named after Solomiya Krushelnytska. Gallery Notes Footnotes References Sources Celletti, Rodolfo (1992), 'Kruscelnitska, Salomea' in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London) Biography, photoalbum, sound clip of Ukrainian Opera Star Krushelnytska External links Solomia Krushelnytska at Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet The Solomiya Krushelnytska Musical Memorial Museum in Lviv 1872 births 1952 deaths People from Ternopil Oblast Musicians from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria Ukrainian Austro-Hungarians Ukrainian nobility Ukrainian operatic sopranos Soviet sopranos 20th-century Ukrainian women opera singers Lviv Conservatory alumni Burials at Lychakiv Cemetery Soviet women opera singers Singers from Austria-Hungary Honorary Citizen of Ternopil
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EC%B2%B4%EA%B3%A0%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90
์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž
์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž(็”Ÿ้ซ”้ซ˜ๅˆ†ๅญ, )๋Š” ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ, ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ƒ์ฒด๋ถ„์ž์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์ฒด ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๊ณต์œ  ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ํฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์ฒด์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„์™€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ฆฌ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ(DNA์™€ RNA)๋Š” 13๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ ๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์ฒด๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธด ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. ํด๋ฆฌํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ๋Š” ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์„ ๋‹จ์œ„์ฒด๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. ํด๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ์นด๋ผ์ด๋“œ(๋‹ค๋‹น๋ฅ˜)๋Š” ๋‹จ๋‹น๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์œ„์ฒด๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฌด, ์ˆ˜๋ฒ ๋ฆฐ, ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ, ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋‹Œ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์…€๋ฃฐ๋กœ์Šค๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด์ž ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์ด๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ์‹๋ฌผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์•ฝ 33%๊ฐ€ ์…€๋ฃฐ๋กœ์Šค์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฉดํ™”์˜ ์…€๋ฃฐ๋กœ์Šค ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์€ 90%์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ชฉ์žฌ์˜ ์…€๋ฃฐ๋กœ์Šค ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์€ 50%์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์™€ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์™€ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋Š” ๋‹จ์œ„์ฒด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ๋‹จ์œ„๋“ค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ์ž˜ ์ •์˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์˜ˆ: ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋…ธ์…€๋ฃฐ๋กœ์Šค). ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ด๋“ค ๋‹จ์œ„์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฐ์—ด๋˜๋Š” ์ˆœ์„œ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— 1์ฐจ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์€ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŠน์ง•์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ ‘ํ˜€์„œ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ 1์ฐจ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์€ ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„์ ์ธ(๋˜๋Š” ํ™•๋ฅ ๋ก ์ ์ธ) ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๋ฝ๋œ ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒ์ฒด ๋‚ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์ฃผํ˜• ์œ ๋„ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์„œ์—ด๊ณผ ๋‹จ์œ„์ฒด ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ถ„์‚ฐ์„ฑ(polydispersity)๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์„ฑ(monodispersity)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ๋‹ค๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ง€์ˆ˜(polydispersity index)๋Š” 1์ด๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋ก€ ๋ฐ ๋ช…๋ช…๋ฒ• ํด๋ฆฌํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ ํด๋ฆฌํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ก€๋Š” ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ ๋ง๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์นด๋ณต์‹œ ๋ง๋‹จ๊นŒ์ง€ ํด๋ฆฌํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ์ž”๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ์ž”๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ํด๋ฆฌํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์นญํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์–ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋” ํฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ง€์นญํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹จ์ผ ํด๋ฆฌํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ ์‚ฌ์Šฌ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํด๋ฆฌํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ ์‚ฌ์Šฌ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ๋‹น ์‚ฌ์Šฌ ๋ฐ ์ง€์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ต์‚ฐ ํ•ต์‚ฐ์˜ ์„œ์—ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ก€๋Š” ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ ์ž”๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ํด๋ฆฌ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์˜ 5' ๋ง๋‹จ์—์„œ 3' ๋ง๋‹จ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ 5' ๋ฐ 3'๋Š” ํด๋ฆฌ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์˜ ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋‹ค์ด์—์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์Šค ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„œ์—ด์„ ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ 1์ฐจ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ๊ด€๋ก€์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๋Š”๋‹ค. ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋Š” ์„ ํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ง€ํ˜• ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ง“๋Š” ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ ๋งค๊น€์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ฮฑ- ๋ฐ ฮฒ-๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ๋‹จ์œ„๋“ค์€ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธํ™”์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋“ค์„ ๊ฒช์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹น๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ ์„œ์—ด์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ์„œ์—ด์€ N๋ง๋‹จ์˜ ์ž”๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์—์„œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜๊ณ , ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋กœ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋œ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ™•์ธ๋˜๋Š” ์—๋“œ๋งŒ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ต์‚ฐ์˜ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด์€ ๊ฒ” ์ „๊ธฐ์˜๋™ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์„ธ๊ด€ ์ „๊ธฐ์˜๋™์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ๊ด‘ ํ•€์…‹ ๋˜๋Š” ์›์ž๊ฐ„๋ ฅํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ค‘ ํŽธ๊ด‘ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๊ณ„๋Š” pH, ์˜จ๋„, ์ด์˜จ ๊ฐ•๋„ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž๊ทน๋  ๋•Œ ์ด๋“ค ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์˜ ์ž…์ฒด ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋˜๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ ํด๋ฆฌ๋ฝํŠธ์‚ฐ, ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์ œ์ธ, ํด๋ฆฌํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ทฐํ‹ฐ๋ฅด์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํด๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ Œ ๋˜๋Š” ํด๋ฆฌ์—ํ‹ธ๋ Œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ '๋ถ„ํ•ด์„ฑ', '์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋ถ„ํ•ด์„ฑ', 'UV ๋ถ„ํ•ด์„ฑ'์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋น›์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค‘์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์„์œ ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์„ฑ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ(์ตœ๋Œ€ 98%), ํ˜„์žฌ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ํฌ์žฅ ๋ฐ ํฌ์žฅ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ง€์นจ(94/62/EC)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ '์ƒ๋ถ„ํ•ด์„ฑ'์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ฆ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์šฉ ํ‡ด๋น„๋กœ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ํฌ์žฅ ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋งค์Šค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋งค์Šค๋Š” ์‚ฌํƒ•๋ฌด, ๊ฐ์ž, ๋ฐ€๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž‘๋ฌผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋น„์‹์šฉ์ž‘๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํƒ•๋ฌด โ†’ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜์‚ฐ โ†’ ํด๋ฆฌ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜์‚ฐ ๋…น๋ง โ†’ (๋ฐœํšจ) โ†’ ๋ฝํŠธ์‚ฐ > ํด๋ฆฌ๋ฝํŠธ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋งค์Šค โ†’ (๋ฐœํšจ) โ†’ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ โ†’ ์—ํ‹ธ๋ Œ โ†’ ํด๋ฆฌ์—ํ‹ธ๋ Œ ์Œ์‹ ์Ÿ๋ฐ˜, ๊นจ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์„ ์šด์†กํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋œ ๋…น๋ง ์•Œ๊ฐฑ์ด, ํฌ์žฅ์šฉ ์–‡์€ ํ•„๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํฌ์žฅ์žฌ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ํƒ„์†Œ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์žฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ฑ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ ๋น„์‹์šฉ ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์™€๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„์œ ํ™”ํ•™์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•œ, ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์›๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ์ด์‚ฐํ™” ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™” ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ์–‘์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋  ๋•Œ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” CO2๊ฐ€ ์ด๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ž‘๋ฌผ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์žฌํก์ˆ˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ํƒ„์†Œ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ์ƒ๋ถ„ํ•ด์„ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ‡ด๋น„๋กœ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด์‚ฐํ™” ํƒ„์†Œ์™€ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ๋ถ„ํ•ด์„ฑ ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ํ‡ด๋น„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฐ์—… ํ‡ด๋น„ํ™” ๊ณต์ •์— ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 6๊ฐœ์›” ์ด๋‚ด์— 90%๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ํ‘œ์ค€ EN 13432 (2000)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 'ํ‡ด๋น„ํ™” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ' ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ํฌ์žฅ์žฌ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—… ํ‡ด๋น„ํ™” ๊ณต์ •์— ํˆฌ์ž…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 6๊ฐœ์›” ์ด๋‚ด์— ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‡ด๋น„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‘๊ป˜ 20ฮผm ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ธ ํด๋ฆฌ๋ฝํŠธ์‚ฐ ํ•„๋ฆ„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ•„๋ฆ„์€ '์ƒ๋ถ„ํ•ด์„ฑ'์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ํ‡ด๋น„ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‘๊บผ์šด ํ•„๋ฆ„์ด๋‹ค. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ‡ด๋น„ ๋”๋ฏธ์—์„œ ํฌ์žฅ์„ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒ˜๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์šฉ ํ‡ด๋น„ ํ‘œ์ค€๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋กœ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ƒ์ฒด๋ถ„์ž ์ƒ์ฒด์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜คํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ์ถ•ํ•ฉ ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ถ•ํ•ฉํ˜• ํƒ€๋‹Œ DNA ์‹œํ€€์‹ฑ ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ ๊ณต์˜ˆ์ž‘๋ฌผ ํฌ์Šคํฌ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋‹ค์ดํŠธ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์žํ™”ํ•™ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ NNFCC: The UK's National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials Bioplastics Magazine Biopolymer group Bio-Polym Blog Whatโ€™s Stopping Bioplastic? ์ƒ์ฒด๋ถ„์ž ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ถ„์ž์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๋ถ„์ž์œ ์ „ํ•™ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜คํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ์ƒ์ฒด ์žฌ๋ฃŒ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopolymer
Biopolymer
Biopolymers are natural polymers produced by the cells of living organisms. Like other polymers, biopolymers consist of monomeric units that are covalently bonded in chains to form larger molecules. There are three main classes of biopolymers, classified according to the monomers used and the structure of the biopolymer formed: polynucleotides, polypeptides, and polysaccharides. The Polynucleotides, RNA and DNA, are long polymers of nucleotides. Polypeptides include proteins and shorter polymers of amino acids; some major examples include collagen, actin, and fibrin. Polysaccharides are linear or branched chains of sugar carbohydrates; examples include starch, cellulose, and alginate. Other examples of biopolymers include natural rubbers (polymers of isoprene), suberin and lignin (complex polyphenolic polymers), cutin and cutan (complex polymers of long-chain fatty acids), melanin, and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). In addition to their many essential roles in living organisms, biopolymers have applications in many fields including the food industry, manufacturing, packaging, and biomedical engineering. Biopolymers versus synthetic polymers A major defining difference between biopolymers and synthetic polymers can be found in their structures. All polymers are made of repetitive units called monomers. Biopolymers often have a well-defined structure, though this is not a defining characteristic (example: lignocellulose): The exact chemical composition and the sequence in which these units are arranged is called the primary structure, in the case of proteins. Many biopolymers spontaneously fold into characteristic compact shapes (see also "protein folding" as well as secondary structure and tertiary structure), which determine their biological functions and depend in a complicated way on their primary structures. Structural biology is the study of the structural properties of biopolymers. In contrast, most synthetic polymers have much simpler and more random (or stochastic) structures. This fact leads to a molecular mass distribution that is missing in biopolymers. In fact, as their synthesis is controlled by a template-directed process in most in vivo systems, all biopolymers of a type (say one specific protein) are all alike: they all contain similar sequences and numbers of monomers and thus all have the same mass. This phenomenon is called monodispersity in contrast to the polydispersity encountered in synthetic polymers. As a result, biopolymers have a dispersity of 1. Biopolymers versus biobased polymers โ€œBiopolymersโ€ are usually not equal to โ€œbiobased polymersโ€. Biobased polymers are polymers chemically or biologically synthesized (fully or partially) from biomass monomers, such as polyesters (e.g., polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and polylactic acid (PLA)). In this respect, the only polymers that can be regarded as both biopolymers and biobased polymers are those that are biologically produced (by microbes) from biomass carbon sources (e.g., sugars and lipids), and examples of these include PHAs, bacterial cellulose, gellan gum, xanthan gum, and curdlan. Conventions and nomenclature Polypeptides The convention for a polypeptide is to list its constituent amino acid residues as they occur from the amino terminus to the carboxylic acid terminus. The amino acid residues are always joined by peptide bonds. Protein, though used colloquially to refer to any polypeptide, refers to larger or fully functional forms and can consist of several polypeptide chains as well as single chains. Proteins can also be modified to include non-peptide components, such as saccharide chains and lipids. Nucleic acids The convention for a nucleic acid sequence is to list the nucleotides as they occur from the 5' end to the 3' end of the polymer chain, where 5' and 3' refer to the numbering of carbons around the ribose ring which participate in forming the phosphate diester linkages of the chain. Such a sequence is called the primary structure of the biopolymer. Polysaccharides Polysaccharides (sugar polymers) can be linear or branched and are typically joined with glycosidic bonds. The exact placement of the linkage can vary, and the orientation of the linking functional groups is also important, resulting in ฮฑ- and ฮฒ-glycosidic bonds with numbering definitive of the linking carbons' location in the ring. In addition, many saccharide units can undergo various chemical modifications, such as amination, and can even form parts of other molecules, such as glycoproteins. Structural characterization There are a number of biophysical techniques for determining sequence information. Protein sequence can be determined by Edman degradation, in which the N-terminal residues are hydrolyzed from the chain one at a time, derivatized, and then identified. Mass spectrometer techniques can also be used. Nucleic acid sequence can be determined using gel electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis. Lastly, mechanical properties of these biopolymers can often be measured using optical tweezers or atomic force microscopy. Dual-polarization interferometry can be used to measure the conformational changes or self-assembly of these materials when stimulated by pH, temperature, ionic strength or other binding partners. Common biopolymers Collagen: Collagen is the primary structure of vertebrates and is the most abundant protein in mammals. Because of this, collagen is one of the most easily attainable biopolymers, and used for many research purposes. Because of its mechanical structure, collagen has high tensile strength and is a non-toxic, easily absorbable, biodegradable, and biocompatible material. Therefore, it has been used for many medical applications such as in treatment for tissue infection, drug delivery systems, and gene therapy. Silk fibroin: Silk Fibroin (SF) is another protein rich biopolymer that can be obtained from different silkworm species, such as the mulberry worm Bombyx mori. In contrast to collagen, SF has a lower tensile strength but has strong adhesive properties due to its insoluble and fibrous protein composition. In recent studies, silk fibroin has been found to possess anticoagulation properties and platelet adhesion. Silk fibroin has been additionally found to support stem cell proliferation in vitro. Gelatin: Gelatin is obtained from type I collagen consisting of cysteine, and produced by the partial hydrolysis of collagen from bones, tissues and skin of animals. There are two types of gelatin, Type A and Type B. Type A collagen is derived by acid hydrolysis of collagen and has 18.5% nitrogen. Type B is derived by alkaline hydrolysis containing 18% nitrogen and no amide groups. Elevated temperatures cause the gelatin to melts and exists as coils, whereas lower temperatures result in coil to helix transformation. Gelatin contains many functional groups like NH2, SH, and COOH which allow for gelatin to be modified using nanoparticles and biomolecules. Gelatin is an Extracellular Matrix protein which allows it to be applied for applications such as wound dressings, drug delivery and gene transfection. Starch: Starch is an inexpensive biodegradable biopolymer and copious in supply. Nanofibers and microfibers can be added to the polymer matrix to increase the mechanical properties of starch improving elasticity and strength. Without the fibers, starch has poor mechanical properties due to its sensitivity to moisture. Starch being biodegradable and renewable is used for many applications including plastics and pharmaceutical tablets. Cellulose: Cellulose is very structured with stacked chains that result in stability and strength. The strength and stability comes from the straighter shape of cellulose caused by glucose monomers joined together by glycogen bonds. The straight shape allows the molecules to pack closely. Cellulose is very common in application due to its abundant supply, its biocompatibility, and is environmentally friendly. Cellulose is used vastly in the form of nano-fibrils called nano-cellulose. Nano-cellulose presented at low concentrations produces a transparent gel material. This material can be used for biodegradable, homogeneous, dense films that are very useful in the biomedical field. Alginate: Alginate is the most copious marine natural polymer derived from brown seaweed. Alginate biopolymer applications range from packaging, textile and food industry to biomedical and chemical engineering. The first ever application of alginate was in the form of wound dressing, where its gel-like and absorbent properties were discovered. When applied to wounds, alginate produces a protective gel layer that is optimal for healing and tissue regeneration, and keeps a stable temperature environment. Additionally, there have been developments with alginate as a drug delivery medium, as drug release rate can easily be manipulated due to a variety of alginate densities and fibrous composition. Biopolymer applications The applications of biopolymers can be categorized under two main fields, which differ due to their biomedical and industrial use. Biomedical Because one of the main purposes for biomedical engineering is to mimic body parts to sustain normal body functions, due to their biocompatible properties, biopolymers are used vastly for tissue engineering, medical devices and the pharmaceutical industry. Many biopolymers can be used for regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, drug delivery, and overall medical applications due to their mechanical properties. They provide characteristics like wound healing, and catalysis of bioactivity, and non-toxicity. Compared to synthetic polymers, which can present various disadvantages like immunogenic rejection and toxicity after degradation, many biopolymers are normally better with bodily integration as they also possess more complex structures, similar to the human body. More specifically, polypeptides like collagen and silk, are biocompatible materials that are being used in ground-breaking research, as these are inexpensive and easily attainable materials. Gelatin polymer is often used on dressing wounds where it acts as an adhesive. Scaffolds and films with gelatin allow for the scaffolds to hold drugs and other nutrients that can be used to supply to a wound for healing. As collagen is one of the more popular biopolymers used in biomedical science, here are some examples of their use: Collagen based drug delivery systems: collagen films act like a barrier membrane and are used to treat tissue infections like infected corneal tissue or liver cancer. Collagen films have all been used for gene delivery carriers which can promote bone formation. Collagen sponges: Collagen sponges are used as a dressing to treat burn victims and other serious wounds. Collagen based implants are used for cultured skin cells or drug carriers that are used for burn wounds and replacing skin. Collagen as haemostat: When collagen interacts with platelets it causes a rapid coagulation of blood. This rapid coagulation produces a temporary framework so the fibrous stroma can be regenerated by host cells. Collagen based haemostat reduces blood loss in tissues and helps manage bleeding in organs such as the liver and spleen. Chitosan is another popular biopolymer in biomedical research. Chitosan is derived from chitin, the main component in the exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects and the second most abundant biopolymer in the world. Chitosan has many excellent characteristics for biomedical science. Chitosan is biocompatible, it is highly bioactive, meaning it stimulates a beneficial response from the body, it can biodegrade which can eliminate a second surgery in implant applications, can form gels and films, and is selectively permeable. These properties allow for various biomedical applications of chitosan. Chitosan as drug delivery: Chitosan is used mainly with drug targeting because it has potential to improve drug absorption and stability. In addition, chitosan conjugated with anticancer agents can also produce better anticancer effects by causing gradual release of free drug into cancerous tissue. Chitosan as an anti-microbial agent: Chitosan is used to stop the growth of microorganisms. It performs antimicrobial functions in microorganisms like algae, fungi, bacteria, and gram-positive bacteria of different yeast species. Chitosan composite for tissue engineering: Chitosan powder blended with alginate is used to form functional wound dressings. These dressings create a moist, biocompatible environment which aids in the healing process. This wound dressing is also biodegradable and has porous structures that allows cells to grow into the dressing. Furthermore, thiolated chitosans (see thiomers) are used for tissue engineering and wound healing, as these biopolymers are able to crosslink via disulfide bonds forming stable three-dimensional networks. Industrial Food: Biopolymers are being used in the food industry for things like packaging, edible encapsulation films and coating foods. Polylactic acid (PLA) is very common in the food industry due to is clear color and resistance to water. However, most polymers have a hydrophilic nature and start deteriorating when exposed to moisture. Biopolymers are also being used as edible films that encapsulate foods. These films can carry things like antioxidants, enzymes, probiotics, minerals, and vitamins. The food consumed encapsulated with the biopolymer film can supply these things to the body. Packaging: The most common biopolymers used in packaging are polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), polylactic acid (PLA), and starch. Starch and PLA are commercially available and biodegradable, making them a common choice for packaging. However, their barrier properties (either moisture-barrier or gas-barrier properties) and thermal properties are not ideal. Hydrophilic polymers are not water resistant and allow water to get through the packaging which can affect the contents of the package. Polyglycolic acid (PGA) is a biopolymer that has great barrier characteristics and is now being used to correct the barrier obstacles from PLA and starch. Water purification: Chitosan has been used for water purification. It is used as a flocculant that only takes a few weeks or months rather than years to degrade in the environment. Chitosan purifies water by chelation. This is the process in which binding sites along the polymer chain bind with the metal ions in the water forming chelates. Chitosan has been shown to be an excellent candidate for use in storm and wastewater treatment. As materials Some biopolymers- such as PLA, naturally occurring zein, and poly-3-hydroxybutyrate can be used as plastics, replacing the need for polystyrene or polyethylene based plastics. Some plastics are now referred to as being 'degradable', 'oxy-degradable' or 'UV-degradable'. This means that they break down when exposed to light or air, but these plastics are still primarily (as much as 98 per cent) oil-based and are not currently certified as 'biodegradable' under the European Union directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste (94/62/EC). Biopolymers will break down, and some are suitable for domestic composting. Biopolymers (also called renewable polymers) are produced from biomass for use in the packaging industry. Biomass comes from crops such as sugar beet, potatoes, or wheat: when used to produce biopolymers, these are classified as non food crops. These can be converted in the following pathways: Sugar beet > Glyconic acid > Polyglyconic acid Starch > (fermentation) > Lactic acid > Polylactic acid (PLA) Biomass > (fermentation) > Bioethanol > Ethene > Polyethylene Many types of packaging can be made from biopolymers: food trays, blown starch pellets for shipping fragile goods, thin films for wrapping. Environmental impacts Biopolymers can be sustainable, carbon neutral and are always renewable, because they are made from plant or animal materials which can be grown indefinitely. Since these materials come from agricultural crops, their use could create a sustainable industry. In contrast, the feedstocks for polymers derived from petrochemicals will eventually deplete. In addition, biopolymers have the potential to cut carbon emissions and reduce CO2 quantities in the atmosphere: this is because the CO2 released when they degrade can be reabsorbed by crops grown to replace them: this makes them close to carbon neutral. Almost all biopolymers are biodegradable in the natural environment: they are broken down into CO2 and water by microorganisms. These biodegradable biopolymers are also compostable: they can be put into an industrial composting process and will break down by 90% within six months. Biopolymers that do this can be marked with a 'compostable' symbol, under European Standard EN 13432 (2000). Packaging marked with this symbol can be put into industrial composting processes and will break down within six months or less. An example of a compostable polymer is PLA film under 20ฮผm thick: films which are thicker than that do not qualify as compostable, even though they are "biodegradable". In Europe there is a home composting standard and associated logo that enables consumers to identify and dispose of packaging in their compost heap. See also Biomaterials Bioplastic Biopolymers & Cell (journal) Condensation polymers Condensed tannins DNA sequence Melanin Non food crops Phosphoramidite Polymer chemistry Sequence-controlled polymers Sequencing Small molecules Worm-like chain References External links NNFCC: The UK's National Centre for Biorenewable Energy, Fuels and Materials Bioplastics Magazine Biopolymer group Whatโ€™s Stopping Bioplastic? Biomolecules Polymers Molecular biology Molecular genetics Biotechnology products Bioplastics Biomaterials
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๊ฒ๋ฆฌํžˆ ์•Œ์ธ ์Š๋Ÿฌ
๊ฒ๋ฆฌํžˆ ์•Œ์ธ ์Š๋Ÿฌ(Genrikh Saulovich Altshuller)๋Š” 1926๋…„ 10์›” 15์ผ ์†Œ๋ จ ํƒ€์Šˆ์ผ„ํŠธ์—์„œ ์ถœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 1998๋…„ 9์›” 24์ผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋กœ์ž๋ณด์ธ ํฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ๊ณต์ƒ ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ด์ž ๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ฐ€, TRIZ (๋ฐœ๋ช… ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ)๊ณผ TRTL (์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ด๋ก )์˜ ์ €์ž์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  1926๋…„ 10์›” 15์ผ ์†Œ๋ จ ํƒ€์Šˆ์ผ„ํŠธ์—์„œ ์ถœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1931๋…„์— ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ๋ฐ”์ฟ ์‹œ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์šฐ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์กธ์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์•„์ œ๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ด์ž” ์‚ฐ์—…์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์— ์ž…ํ•™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1944๋…„ 2์›” ์ดˆ์— ์„์œ ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ์—์„œ ์†Œ๋ จ๊ตฐ์— ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์–ด๋ฆด๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ’ˆ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ๋กœ์ผ“ ์—”์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ปคํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ถŒ์ด ํ™”์—ผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ, ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ณต ๋“ฑ์ด์žˆ๋‹ค. 1943๋…„ 11์›” 9์ผ ๋ผํŒŒ์—˜ ์ƒคํ”ผ๋กœ (G. Altshuller, R. Shapiro)์™€ ์ด๊ณ ๋ฅด ํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์Šคํ‚ค (Igor Talyansky)์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 2ํ•™๋…„ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ’ˆ์ธ "ํ™”ํ•™ ์นดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜ธํก ์žฅ์น˜"์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์ถœ์›์„ ์‹ ์ฒญํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์ดˆ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ ์ฆ๋ช…์„œ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๊ฒ๋ฆฌํžˆ ์•Œ์ธ ์Š๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ƒคํ”ผ๋กœ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ’ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๊ฑด ์ถœ์›ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1950๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ ์ธ์ฆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์ค‘์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ '๊ฐ€์Šคยท์—ด ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ณต'(๋ฐœ๋ช…์ž์˜ ์ฆ๋ช…์„œ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 111144)์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ "์—ด์ •์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ"์—์„œ ๋งคํ˜น์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1946-1948๋…„์— TRIZ(๋ฐœ๋ช… ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  TRIZ-TRTS๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ’ˆ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•Œ์ธ ์Š๋Ÿฌ๋Š” 80๋…„๋Œ€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ 1948๋…„์— ์ƒคํ”ผ๋กœ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์„œ ์†Œ๋ จ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ ์นด๋กœ์šด ๋น„ํŒ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์˜ค์‹œํ”„ ์Šคํƒˆ๋ฆฐ์—๊ฒŒ ํŽธ์ง€๋กœ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋ฐฉ ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์ผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ MGB์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒดํฌ๋œ ๋‹ค์Œ 1950๋…„ 7์›” 28์ผ, ์ƒคํ”ผ๋กœ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด MGB์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 25๋…„ ํ˜•์„ ์„ ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๋ฌธํ—Œ์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. 1954๋…„ 10์›” 22์ผ ์†Œ๋ จ ๊ฐ๋ฃŒํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณด์•ˆ์œ„์›ํšŒ(KGB)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณต๊ถŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„๋ฐฉ ๋œ ํ›„ ๋ฐ”์ฟ ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€ 1990๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค. ์•Œ์ธ ์Š๋Ÿฌ์™€ ์ƒคํ”ผ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ง ํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„๋œ ํšŒ๊ณ ๋ก์—์„œ ๋ณธ์ธ๊ณผ ์ƒคํ”ผ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ฒดํฌ ๋‹นํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํšŒ๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์•Œ์ธ ์Š๋Ÿฌ์™€ ์ƒคํ”ผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ ์‹ ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1956๋…„, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒคํ”ผ๋กœ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ TRIZ (๋ฐœ๋ช… ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ)๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ทธ๋Š” "๋ฐœ๋ช… ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ €์„œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ €์„œ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” TRIZ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1958๋…„์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ์†Œ์„ค "์ด์นด๋กœ์Šค์™€ ๋‹ค์ด๋‹ฌ๋กœ์Šค"๋ฅผ ์ถœํŒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณต์ƒ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ถœํŒ ํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” G. Altov๋ผ๋Š” ํ•„๋ช…์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋กœ์จ ๊ณต์ƒ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค์„ ์“ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์•Œ์ธ ์Š๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ƒˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ์‹คํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํฐ ๋„์Œ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. TRIZ 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ตฌ ์†Œ๋ จ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ตฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋ช…์—๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ณตํ†ต์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™๊ณผ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•Œ์ธ ์Š๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ 150๋งŒ๊ฑด์˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ 4๋งŒ๊ฑด์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋ฌธ์ œ๋ž€ ์ ์–ด๋„ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—๋Š” 5๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์—๋Š” 40๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ง„ํ™” ์œ ํ˜•์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ 8๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ•์น™์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” TRIZ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ๊ณต์ƒ ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค ํ•˜์ธ๋ฆฌํžˆ ์•ŒํŠธ๋กœ (Heinrich Altov)๋ผ๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ, 195๋…„์— Vyacheslav Felitsyn๊ณผ์˜ ๊ณต๋™ ์ž‘์—… "Zinochka" ์ถœํŒ๋œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ค‘์— ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. Altshuller G. ์†๋„๊ณ„ ๋„ˆ๋จธ : ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค. ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ / G. Altshuller, R. Shapiro // ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  - 1958. - โ„– 6, 32-34 ์ชฝ Altov G. Ikar์™€ Daedalus : ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค. ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ / G. Altov // ์ง€์‹์€ ํž˜์ด๋‹ค. - 1958. - โ„– 9, 14-15 ์ชฝ Altov G. Aretina ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ (25 ์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „์„ค) : SF ์†Œ์„ค. ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ / G. Altov // Mosk. ์ฝค์†Œ๋ชฐ ํšŒ์› - 1959. - 1์›” 3์ผ Altov G. Underwater Lake : ๊ณต์ƒ ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค. ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ / G. Altov // ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ - 1959. - โ„– 3 - 28 ~ 31 ์ ˆ Altov G. The Bogatyr Symphony / G. Altov // Alpha Aridhana : ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค์ง‘. ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ. - M : Young Guard, 1960, 180-198 ์ชฝ Altov G. Fire Flower / G. Altov // Alpha Eridan : ๊ณต์ƒ ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค์ง‘. ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ. - M : Young Guard, 1960, 199-207 ์ชฝ Altov G. The Bogatyr Symphony : A Story / G. Altov // Neva. - 1960. - โ„– 3, 101-111 ์ชฝ Altov G. ์ž์ • : Science fiction. story / G. Altov // ๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ฐ€์ด์ž ํ˜์‹ ๊ฐ€. - 1960. - โ„– 9, 49-53 ์ชฝ Altov G. Fieryย flower / G. Altov // Star. - 1960. - โ„– 1, 78-82 ์ชฝ. Altov G. Polygon "๋ณ„๊ฐ•": ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค. ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ / G. Altov // Komsomol. ์ง„์‹ค. - 1960. - 12์›” 11์ผ Altov G. ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๋ฐฐ์˜ ๋ณด๋ฌผ (์ง€๋ฃจ ํ•จ์žฅ) / G. Altov // Inventor and Rationalizer. - 1960. - โ„– 1, 43-50 ์ชฝ Altov G. "๋ณ„์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๋“œ": SF ์†Œ์„ค ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ / G. Altov, V. Zhuravleva // ์ง€์‹์€ ํž˜์ด๋‹ค. - 1960. - โ„– 8-10. Altov G. ์Šคํƒ€ ์บกํ‹ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ Legends : Stories / G. Altov. - M .: Detgiz, 1961, 118 ์ชฝ Altov G. ์Šคํƒ€ ์บกํ‹ด์˜ ์ „์„ค : ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ. 2nd ed. - M .: Detgiz, 1961, 118์ชฝ Altov G. ๋ณ„์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๋“œ : SF ์†Œ์„ค ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ / G. Altov, V. Zhuravleva // Golden Lotus. - ์ Š์€ ๊ฐ€๋“œ. - 1961. Altov G. General Designer / G. Altov // ์ง€์‹์€ ํž˜์ด๋‹ค. - 1961. - โ„– 10, 51-53์ชฝ Altov G. ์ž๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๊ณผํ•™ - ํ™˜์ƒ. ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ // ์ง€์‹์€ ํž˜์ด๋‹ค. - 1961. - โ„– 7, 39-42 ์ชฝ Altov G. Polygon "๋ณ„๊ฐ•": ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค. story / G. Altov // ์•ฐ๋ฒ„ ๋ฃธ (Amber Room) : ๊ณต์ƒ ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์žฅํ’ˆ. ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋‹จํŽธ ์†Œ์„ค. - L : Detgiz, 1961, 20-37 ์ชฝ Altov G. "Bogatyr Symphony": ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค. ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ / G. Altov // ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์‚ถ. - 1962. - โ„–1, 40-43 ์ชฝ, ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 2, 28-31 ์ชฝ Altov G. Swift Tortoise / G. Altov์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋น„ํ–‰ // ์ Š์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ : ์—ฐ๊ฐ. - M., 1963, 58-63 ์ชฝ Altov G. Ballad. SF ์†Œ์„ค / G. Altov, V. Zhuravleva // ํ™˜์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ—˜์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„. - L : Lenizdat, 1963๋…„ Altov G. 9 ๋ถ„ : Story / G. Altov // Baku. - 1964. - 11์›” 28์ผ Altov G. ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ / G. Altov // ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์‹ : ํŒํƒ€. ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ, ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๋†€์ด. ๋ฐ”์ฟ  : ๊ตญ๊ฐ€. ์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ, 1964sus, 131-145์ชฝ Altov G. The Discovery Machine : The Story / G. Altov // Baku. - 1964. - 7์›” 4์ผ Altov G. ํด๋ฆฌ๋‹‰ "Sapsan". ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ / ๊ณต์ƒ ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค ์—ฐ๊ฐ. ๋ฌธ์ œ 6. M : ์ง€์‹, 1967๋…„ Altov G. ๋‹น๋‚˜๊ท€์™€ ๊ณต๋ฆฌ. ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ // ์†Œ๋ จ ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ ์ง‘. - M : Young Guard, 1968๋…„. Altov G. ๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ‹ฐ๋ฅด ์‹ฌํฌ๋‹ˆ. ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ // ์†Œ๋ จ ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ ์ง‘. - M : Young Guard, 1968๋…„ Altov G. Icarus์™€ Daedalus. ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ // ์†Œ๋ จ ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ ์ง‘. - M : Young Guard, 1968๋…„ Altov G. Scorching Mind : ๊ณต์ƒ ๊ณผํ•™. ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ / G. Altov. - M : Det. lit., 1968, 208 ์ชฝ Altov G. ํญํ’์šฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฐฝ์กฐ ๋œ : ๊ณต์ƒ ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค. ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ / G. Altov. - M : Det. lit., 1970๋…„, 288 ์ชฝ Altov G. Ugly Ducklings ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ. Alexander Belyaev์˜ 50 ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด. ์—์„ธ์ด / ๋ถ€์ . - L : ์•„๋™ ๋ฌธํ•™, 1973๋…„ Altov G. ํ™˜์ƒ์˜ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ. ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ / ํŒํƒ€์ง€ 73-74. - M : Young Guard, 1975๋…„ Altov G. ์ œ 3 ์ฒœ๋…„๊ธฐ. ์†Œ์„ค์˜ ์กฐ๊ฐ // ๋ฏธ๋กœ์— ์‹ค์„. - Petrozavodsk : ์นด๋  ๋ฆฌ์•ผ, 1988๋…„ Altov G. ์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋‚ ๊ธฐ. ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ / G. Altov, V. Zhuravleva. - M : AST, 2002๋…„, 841 ์ชฝ ๋ฌธํ•™ ์นด๋ ๋ฆฌ์•ผ : ๋ฐฑ์‚ฌ์ „ : 3 t / Ch. ์—๋“œ. A. F. Titov. T. 1 : A - Y. - Petrozavodsk : PetroPress Publishing House, 2007๋…„, 400์ชฝ Selyutsky A. B. ๋น›์„ ๋‚ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ // ์ด๋ฆ„๊ณผ ์šด๋ช…. - Petrozavodsk, 2003 1926๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1998๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ์–ธ๋ก ์ธ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ๊ณตํ•™์ž ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ SF ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ์†Œ์„ค๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋Œ€๊ณ„ ์†Œ๋ จ์ธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genrikh%20Altshuller
Genrikh Altshuller
Genrikh Saulovich Altshuller (, ; 15 October 1926 โ€“ 24 September 1998) was a Soviet engineer, inventor, and writer. He is most notable for the creation of the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving, better known by its Russian acronym TRIZ. He founded the Azerbaijan Public Institute for Inventive Creation, and was the first President of the TRIZ Association. He also wrote science fiction under the pen-name Genrikh Altov. Early life Working as a clerk in a patent office, Altshuller embarked on finding some generic rules that would explain creation of new, inventive, patentable ideas. He eventually created the Teoriya Resheniya Izobreatatelskikh Zadach (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving or TRIZ)). Arrest and imprisonment During Joseph Stalin's political purges of members of the Communist Party in 1950, he was imprisoned for political reasons and continued his studies with his fellow inmates while in a labor camp. After his release in 1954, Altshuller settled in Baku, Azerbaijan. The spread of TRIZ in the Soviet Union A full-fledged TRIZ movement developed among Soviet engineers and other technically inclined people by the 1970s, and Altshuller played the role of its intellectual leader. He lectured at TRIZ congresses, published articles and books and corresponded with various TRIZ practitioners. He became the founding member and president of the Russian TRIZ Association. A number of his close friends and students have become the most prominent thinkers and teachers of the movement, popularizing TRIZ in Russia and abroad. For a long time he published articles on TRIZ, with examples and exercises, in the Soviet popular science magazine Izobretatel i Ratsionalizator (Inventor and Innovator). After the Soviet collapse Altshuller left Baku in the early 1990s amidst post-Soviet-breakup violence in the area. He settled in Petrozavodsk (Karelia in north-western Russia) with his wife and granddaughter. As a result, Petrozavodsk became the center of the TRIZ Association. He die from complications of Parkinson's disease in 1998. Science fiction Following his release from prison camp in the 1950s, he earned a living as a science fiction writer, under the pseudonym Genrikh Altov (ะ“ะตะฝั€ะธั… ะะปัŒั‚ะพะฒ), often in collaboration with his wife, Valentina Zhuravleva. Science fiction published as Genrich Altov ะ˜ะบะฐั€ ะธ ะ”ะตะดะฐะป 1958 (Icarus and Daedalus) ะ›ะตะณะตะฝะดั‹ ะพ ะทะฒะตะทะดะฝั‹ั… ะบะฐะฟะธั‚ะฐะฝะฐั… 1961 (Legends of Starship Captains) ะžะฟะฐะปััŽั‰ะธะน ั€ะฐะทัƒะผ 1968 (Scorching Mind) ะกะพะทะดะฐะฝ ะดะปั ะฑัƒั€ะธ 1970 (Made for the Storm) ะ›ะตั‚ัั‰ะธะต ะฟะพ ะ’ัะตะปะตะฝะฝะพะน 2002, with Valentina Zhuravleva (They Who Fly Through Space) External links Full Biography 1926 births 1998 deaths Deaths from Parkinson's disease Patent examiners Altov, Genrich Systems engineers Soviet engineers Soviet science fiction writers Neurological disease deaths in Russia Engineers from Tashkent Engineers from Baku TRIZ Soviet novelists Soviet male writers 20th-century male writers Soviet Jews Soviet essayists Writers from Baku Russian inventors
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%B0%A9%EB%8F%84%EB%A0%B9
๊ธฐ๋ฐฉ๋„๋ น
"๊ธฐ๋ฐฉ๋„๋ น"์€ 2019๋…„์— ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ํ™”์ด๋‹ค. ์บ์ŠคํŒ… ์ค€ํ˜ธ : ํ—ˆ์ƒ‰ ์—ญ ์ •์†Œ๋ฏผ : ํ•ด์› ์—ญ ์ตœ๊ท€ํ™” : ์œก๊ฐ‘ ์—ญ ์˜ˆ์ง€์› : ๋‚œ์„ค ์—ญ ๊ณต๋ช… : ์œ ์ƒ ์—ญ ๊ณ ๋‚˜ํฌ : ์•Œ์ˆœ ์—ญ ์ „๋…ธ๋ฏผ : ๋…ธ๋…„ ํ—ˆ์ƒ‰ ์—ญ ์ด์ผํ™” : ๋…ธ๋…„ ํ•ด์› ์—ญ ์‹ ์€์ˆ˜ : ์ˆ™์ • ์—ญ ์กฐ์ดํ˜„ : ์ˆ˜์–‘ ์—ญ ๋ฐฐ์ •ํ™” : ๋‚จ์”จ ๋ถ€์ธ ์—ญ ๊ฐ•์Šนํ˜„ : ์œค์”จ ๋ถ€์ธ ์—ญ ํ•˜์ง€์€ : ๋ฏธ๋ น ์—ญ ์ง€์œจ : ์• ์˜ฅ ์—ญ ๋ฐ•์ •์› : ์ถ˜๋ถ„ ์—ญ ๋„์—ฐ์ง„ : ์—ฐ์‹ค ์—ญ ๊ณตํ˜„์ฃผ : ์œ ์ • ์—ญ ํ•˜์žฌ์ˆ™ : ์ค‘๋…„ ์•Œ์ˆœ ์—ญ ๋ฐฑ์ฃผํฌ : ์‚ฌ๊ฐ ์—ด๋…€ ์—ญ ์กฐ์˜์ง€ : ์กฐ์”จ ๋ถ€์ธ ์—ญ ์œ ์ข…์—ฐ : ๊ฐ‘๋• ์—ญ ๋ฐ•ํƒœ์‚ฐ : ๋์„ ์—ญ ๊น€์šฐํ˜ : ์ค‘๋Œ€ ์—ญ ์‹ ์šฐ์ค€ : ์ค‘์†Œ ์—ญ ์žฅ์œ  : ์ดํŒ ์—ญ ์•ˆ์„ฑ์› : ์–ด๋ฆฐ ํ—ˆ์ƒ‰ ์—ญ ํ•˜๋ฏผ : ์œ ์ƒ๋ชจ ์—ญ ๊น€์žฅ์› : ์„๊ตฌ ์—ญ ์œค์ง€์šฑ : ๋งํƒœ ์—ญ ์œค์ •ํ˜ : ๊ณ ๋Œ ์—ญ ๊ฐ•์˜์ค€ : ๊น€๋ฌธํ•™ ์—ญ ์ดํ˜ธ์—ฐ : ๋น„์ฒœ๋ž‘ ์—ญ ์ •์šฐ์˜ : ์‚ฌ์ฑ„๊พผ ์—ญ ์ •์—ฐ์‹ฌ : ์‚ฌ์ฃผ ๋ถ€์ธ ์—ญ ์ž„์„ธ์› : ๋Œ€๊ธˆ ์—ด๋…€ ์—ญ ์ด๋…ธ์•„ : ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์—ด๋…€ 2 ์—ญ ๊น€ํ•œ : ์œ ์ • ์ •์ธ ์—ญ ๋‚จ๊ด€๊ทœ : ์ˆ™์ • ์ •์ธ ์—ญ ์ด์œ ์ • : ๋‚จ์”จ ์‹œ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์—ญ ์ด์ˆ˜์—ฐ : ์ผ์˜ ์—ญ ์ด์Šนํ˜„ : ์›”ํ•˜ ์—ญ ์„ค์œค์ง€ : ํ™”์—ฐ ์—ญ ์ตœ์ง€์ˆ˜ : ์†Œํ™” ์—ญ ์ „์ง€ํ˜œ : ๋ฉดํ™” ์—ญ ์‹ฌ์œค์Šฌ : ๋ถ€์šฉ ์—ญ ์™•์ˆ˜๋นˆ : ๋งคํ–ฅ ์—ญ ์œ ์ˆ˜์•„ : ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์—ญ ํ•œํฌ๋ฆผ : ์กฐํ˜„ ์—ญ ๋ฐ•์ฑ„ํฌ : ๋น„ํ–ฅ ์—ญ ์žฅ์„ธ์•„ : ์ถ”๋ถ„ ์—ญ ๊น€์•„์œค : ๋™์•„ ์—ญ ๊น€๊ฐ€๋นˆ : ์„ธํ™” ์—ญ ๊น€๋ฏผ์ง€ : ํ–ฅ์ˆ™ ์—ญ ์œค์„ค์•„ : ๊ฐ€์กฑ์‚ฌ ์†๋‹˜ ์—ญ ์ด๋ฏผ์˜ : ์‹ ๊ทœ ์†๋‹˜ ์—ญ ์šฐ์—ฐํ™” : ์—ฐํ’๊ฐ ์†๋‹˜ ์—ญ ์™•๋‚˜๊ฒฝ : ์—ฐํ’๊ฐ ์†๋‹˜ ์—ญ ์˜ฅ์˜์ง„ : ์—ฐํ’๊ฐ ์†๋‹˜ ์—ญ ์‹ ์ด์ง€ : ์—ฐํ’๊ฐ ์†๋‹˜ ์—ญ ๋ฐ˜ํ•„์› : ์—ฐํ’๊ฐ ์†๋‹˜ ์—ญ ๊ถŒ๋‹ค์˜ : ์—ฐํ’๊ฐ ์†๋‹˜ ์—ญ ์ด์œ ๋‚˜ : ์—ฐํ’๊ฐ ์†๋‹˜ ์—ญ ๊น€์‹œํ˜œ : ์—ฐํ’๊ฐ ์†๋‹˜ ์—ญ ์ž„์ˆ˜์ง€ : ์—ฐํ’๊ฐ ์†๋‹˜ ์—ญ ์ตœ์ง€ํฌ : ์—ฐํ’๊ฐ ์†๋‹˜ ์—ญ ํ•œ์ง€ํ˜œ : ์—ฐํ’๊ฐ ์†๋‹˜ ์—ญ ๊น€์œ ์ง„ : ์—ฐํ’๊ฐ ์†๋‹˜ ์—ญ ๊น€์—ฐํฌ : ์—ฐํ’๊ฐ ์†๋‹˜ ์—ญ ์ด์ง„ : ์—ฐํ’๊ฐ ์†๋‹˜ ์—ญ ์œคํ•ด์ฃผ : ํ„ด ๋ถ€์ธ ์—ญ ์œค๋ฏธ์˜ : ํ„ด ๋ถ€์ธ ์—ญ ์ •์žฌํ›ˆ : ์–‘๋ฐ˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ๊พผ ์—ญ ์žฅ์žฌ์›… : ์–‘๋ฐ˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ๊พผ ์—ญ ์ตœ์œ ๋ฆฌ : ๋™๋„ค ์•„๋‚™ ์—ญ ์ด์†” : ๋™๋„ค ์•„๋‚™ ์—ญ ์ž„ํƒœํ’ : ๋™๋„ค ๊ผฌ๋งˆ ์—ญ ์„œ์€์œจ : ๋™๋„ค ๊ผฌ๋งˆ ์—ญ ์˜ค์žํ›ˆ : ๋™๋„ค ๊ผฌ๋งˆ ์—ญ ์œคํ˜œ๋นˆ : ๋™๋„ค ๊ผฌ๋งˆ ์—ญ ์ •๋ฏผ๊ทœ : ์•Œ์ˆœ ์นœ๊ตฌ ์—ญ ๊ณ ์žฌ์„ : ์˜ˆ์กฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์—ญ ์œค์˜ฅ : ๋ณ‘ํŒ ์—ญ ํ—ˆ์„ฑ์šฑ : ์˜ˆํŒ ์—ญ ๊น€๋ฌธ์ฐฌ : ๊ณตํŒ ์—ญ ์˜ค๊ทœํƒ : ์–ด์˜ ์—ญ ์ž„์กฐ์€ : ๊ฐธ์šฐ๋šฑ ํ•˜๋…€ ์—ญ ๊น€์„œ๊ฒฝ : ๋ฌผ๋™์ด ์ฒ˜๋…€ ์—ญ ์ดํ•˜์ฃผ : ๋ฌผ๋™์ด ์ฒ˜๋…€ ์—ญ ํ•œ์ฑ„๋ฆฌ : ๊ฐ€์•ผ๊ธˆ ๊ธฐ๋…€ ์—ญ ์ •๊ธฐ์› : ๊ฐ€์•ผ๊ธˆ ๊ธฐ๋…€ ์—ญ ์ดํ™”์ง„ : ๋Œ€๊ธˆ ๊ธฐ๋…€ ์—ญ ๋‚˜์Šน์šฉ : ์ฃผ์ง€์Šค๋‹˜ ์—ญ ํ•œ๋ฏธ๋ น : ์—ฌ ์™•์ดˆ ์—ญ ๋ฐ•์ •ํ—Œ : ๊ฐ์„ค์ดํŒจ ์—ญ ๋‚จํ›ˆ์„ฑ : ๊ฐ์„ค์ดํŒจ ์—ญ ๋‚จ์„ ์ค‘ : ๊ฐ์„ค์ดํŒจ ์—ญ ๋‚จ์˜์ง„ : ๊ฐ์„ค์ดํŒจ ์—ญ ๊น€์„ ๋„ : ๊ฐ์„ค์ดํŒจ ์—ญ ์˜ค์„ฑํฌ : ํ™”์‚ด ๋ถ€์ธ ์—ญ ๋ฐ•์ง€์ˆ˜ : ์„œ์‚ฌ ์ฒ˜๋…€ ์—ญ ์กฐํ—Œํƒœ : ๊ตฌํ†  ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์—ญ ์ตœ๋ฏผํ˜ธ : ๊ฐ€๋งˆ๊พผ ๋Œ€์žฅ ์—ญ ํ™๊ธฐํ˜ธ : ๋„์ž์ „ ์ฃผ์ธ ์—ญ ๊น€์ˆ˜ํ•œ : ์–‘๋ฐ˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ๊พผ ํ•˜์ธ ์—ญ ์œ ํ˜•์ค€ : ๋์„ ํŒจ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ญ ์ •ํƒœ : ๋์„ ํŒจ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ญ ์˜ค์ œ๊ทผ : ๋์„ ํŒจ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ญ ์ด์ •ํ›ˆ : ๋์„ ํŒจ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ญ ์ด์žฌ์™• : ๋์„ ํŒจ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ญ ์‹ฌํ˜„ : ๋์„ ํŒจ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ญ ๊น€์ฃผํ˜„ : ๋์„ ํŒจ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ญ ๊น€์ธํ˜ธ : ์œก๊ฐ‘ ๋“ฑ์žฅ (๋Œ€์—ญ) ํ•œ๊ธฐ์—… : ์–ด๊นจ๋นต ์–‘๋ฐ˜ / ์ฃผ๋ง‰ ๋ฐฑ์ˆ™ ์†๋‹˜ ์—ญ DJ ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค : ์ทจ๊ฐ ์—ญ (๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ) ๊น€๋™์˜ : ๋™์ฃผ ์—ญ (์šฐ์ •์ถœ์—ฐ) ์ด์ฒ ๋ฏผ : ๋Œ€์ œํ•™ ์—ญ (์šฐ์ •์ถœ์—ฐ) ์ด์ฃผ์‹ค : ์—ด๋…€๋Œ€๋ชจ ์—ญ (ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ) ์ง€๋Œ€ํ•œ : ํ˜ธํŒ ์—ญ (ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ) ์ •์žฌ์„ฑ : ์œ ์ƒ ๋ถ€ ์—ญ (ํŠน๋ณ„์ถœ์—ฐ) ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ 2019๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ํ™” ๋ชฉ๋ก ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 2019๋…„ ์˜ํ™” ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ์˜ํ™” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ํ™” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ์˜ํ™” ์กฐ์„ ์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homme%20Fatale
Homme Fatale
Homme Fatale () is a South Korean historical drama film released on 10 July 2019. Set in the Joseon Dynasty, it is a historical comedy film that depicts the life of Heo-saek, the dynasty's first male courtesan. The film was directed by Nam Dae-joong, and stars Lee Jun-ho, Jung So-min, Choi Gwi-hwa, Ye Ji-won, and Gong Myung. Cast Lee Jun-ho as Huh Saek Jung So-min as Hae Won Lee Il-hwa as old Hae Won Choi Gwi-hwa as Yook Gam Ye Ji-won as Nan Seol Gong Myung as Yoo Sang Jeon No-min as old man Shin Eun-soo as Suk Jeong Cho Yi-hyun as Soo Yang Baek Joo-hee as Yeol-nyeo See also Gisaeng References External links 2019 films 2010s historical films 2010s Korean-language films Films set in the Joseon dynasty South Korean historical films 2010s South Korean films CJ Entertainment films
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%B2%84%EC%9B%8C%EC%B9%98%EC%9D%98%20%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%88%20%EC%9D%B4%EB%B2%A4%ED%8A%B8
์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜์˜ ๊ณ„์ ˆ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ
์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ํŒ€ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ 1์ธ์นญ ์ŠˆํŒ… ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 5์›” ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 6๋Œ€ 6์˜ ๋งค์น˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋“ค์€ ๋Œ๊ฒฉ, ์ง€์›, ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜๋Š” 32๋ช…์˜ ์˜์›…๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งต์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํŒ€๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์˜์›…๋“ค์€ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒ€์„ ์••๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜๋Š” 2018๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•„์ผ€์ด๋“œ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋งค์น˜์™€ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ณ„ ๋งค์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๊ณ„์ ˆ๋ณ„ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ถœ์‹œํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณตํœด์ผ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋“ค์€ 2์ฃผ์—์„œ 3์ฃผ ์ •๋„ ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด๋‹น ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ์˜ ํ…Œ๋งˆ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์•ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํฌ๋ ˆ๋”ง์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•„์ดํ…œ์„ ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋‚ด์˜ "์ „๋ฆฌํ’ˆ ์ƒ์ž" ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ํš๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋ชจ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณต๋œ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋“ค์€ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋“ค์˜ ์™ธ์–‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚œ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ์—์„œ ํš๋“ํ•œ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„์† ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ํ…Œ๋งˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๊ด€ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ, ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ „๋žต์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ๋งค์น˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜์›…์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์นด๋‹‰์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผฐ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒ๋งค ์ดํ›„์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋“ค์ด ์ƒˆ ์˜์›…์„ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋“ค์ด ์ „๋ฆฌํ’ˆ ์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ MTX๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฃจํŠธ ๋ฐ•์Šค์—๋Š” ๋žœ๋ค์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ ์Šคํ‚จ, ์Šน๋ฆฌ ์ž์„ธ, ๊ฐ์ •, ์Šคํ”„๋ ˆ์ด, ํ•˜์ด๋ผ์ดํŠธ ์žฅ๋ฉด๊ณผ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด ์•„์ด์ฝ˜์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋žœ๋คํ™”๋œ ์™ธํ˜• ์•„์ดํ…œ 4๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋กœ์จ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋งค์น˜์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์น˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋“ค์€ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ „๋ฆฌํ’ˆ W์ƒ์ž๋‚˜ 2๋ฐฐ์˜ ์ „๋ฆฌํ’ˆ ์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋‚ด์˜ ์ฝ”์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฝ”์ธ๋“ค์€ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด ์•„์ด์ฝ˜์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ์˜ ์™ธ์–‘ ์•„์ดํ…œ๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 8์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ๋Š” 2016๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ„์ ˆ๋ณ„ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜์˜ ์ œํ”„๋ฆฌ ์บํ”Œ๋Ÿฐ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณ„์ ˆ๋ณ„ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ง€์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์— ์ƒ๋™๊ฐ์„ ๋ถˆ์–ด๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ๋Š” ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํฌ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๋ Œํƒ€์ธ ๋ฐ์ด์™€ ์„ค๋‚  ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋‚ด ๊ณ„์ ˆ๋ณ„ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋Š” ์ ์–ด๋„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ผ ๋•Œ๋งŒ ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๋Š” 2017๋…„ ์„ค๋‚  ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ์— ๋„์ž…๋œ "๊นƒ๋ฐœ ๋บ๊ธฐ"๋กœ, ์ด ๋งค์นญ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ์•„์ผ€์ด๋“œ ๋ชจ๋“œ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณ„์ ˆ๋ณ„ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ ๋งค์น˜๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์น˜๋ฉด ์ „๋ฆฌํ’ˆ ์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํŠน์ • ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ด€๋ จ ์ฝ”์ŠคํŠฌ์ด๋‚˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ฑƒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋ชจ๋“œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณ„์ ˆ๋ณ„ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋Š” ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฝ”์ŠคํŠฌ๊ณผ ์™ธ์–‘ ์•„์ดํ…œ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ปจํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋ถ€ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—, ์ด ์•„์ดํ…œ๋“ค์€ ์˜ค์ง ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ๊ด€๋ จ ์•„์ดํ…œ์„ ์ ์–ด๋„ 1๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ „๋ฆฌํ’ˆ ์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฆฌํ’ˆ ์ƒ์ž๋Š” ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•  ๋•Œ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.; ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋“ค์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‘๋‹ต, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•„์ดํ…œ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ์œ ๋ฃŒํ™” ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ๋Š” 2๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ณ„์ ˆ๋ณ„ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋‚ด ํ™”ํ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™•๋ฅ ์˜ ๋น„์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ์•„์ดํ…œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜๋ฉด ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ…Œ๋งˆ๋ณ„ ์ „๋ฆฌํ’ˆ ์ƒ์ž์™€ ์™ธ์–‘ ์•„์ดํ…œ์€ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ์ดํ›„ ์–ป์€ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ์•„์ดํ…œ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ž๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ „๋ฆฌํ’ˆ ์ƒ์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์€ ์ „๋ฆฌํ’ˆ๋“ค์— ํŠน์ • ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ์•„์ดํ…œ๋„ ๋„ฃ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ์•„์ดํ…œ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๋Œ€ํšŒ, ๊ณตํฌ์˜ ํ• ๋กœ์œˆ, ํ™˜์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒจ์šธ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ณ„์ ˆ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋“ค์ด ๋˜๋Œ์•„์˜ฌ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํŒ€์€ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์›€์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์ „ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ ์ƒˆ ์˜์›…๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ์ปจํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ์— ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๋”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด 2017๋…„ ํ• ๋กœ์œˆ์˜ "์ •์ผ„์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜"์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌดํ•œ๋ชจ๋“œ์™€ ์ƒˆ ์˜์›…๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ํฌํ•จ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ…Œ๋งˆ์˜ ์™ธ์•ผ ์•„์ดํ…œ๋„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋” ํ• ์ธ๋œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ์ „๋ฆฌํ’ˆ ์ƒ์ž์—์„œ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์ „์˜ ์™ธ์–‘๋“ค๋„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 4์›” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ "์—…๋ผ์ด์ง•" ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณ„์ ˆ๋ณ„ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์›Œ์น˜ ๊ณ„์ ˆ ํ–‰์‚ฌ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overwatch%20seasonal%20events
Overwatch seasonal events
Overwatch and Overwatch 2 are online team-based first-person shooters developed by Blizzard Entertainment, and released worldwide in May 2016 and October 2022, respectively. Players select from one of over 30 heroes, broadly classified into the three roles of Tank, Damage, and Support, and work with their team to attack or defend map objectives. Each hero has a unique set of weapons, abilities, and skills, which players use to coordinate with their team to overpower the other. Overwatch supports both casual and ranked matchmaking, as well as a rotating set of arcade modes, and the game has since become a popular esport, featuring the Overwatch League that started in 2018. The game has been both a critical and financial success for Blizzard, exceeding over 30 million players and obtaining over 1 billion in revenue within its first year. To support ongoing interest in the game, Blizzard has run several seasonal events, typically coinciding with worldwide events and holidays. These events last for two to three weeks, updating levels to incorporate elements of that theme, and provide new game modes along with the opportunity to buy items with credits or acquire them through the game's loot box system. Players keep their earned character cosmetic options after the event ends, but the rest of the themed elements return to normal. Overview Over the course of developing Overwatch, Blizzard opted against using a downloadable content model to extend the game and bring post-sale revenues, as they had developed the game around the mechanic of allowing players to switch out to new heroes during the course of a match as to meet current strategic conditions; by requiring players to purchase new heroes, such a model would have hampered this approach. Instead, they opted to include microtransactions through which players can buy loot boxes, which contain four randomized cosmetic items, including characters skins, victory poses, emotes, spray tags, highlight introductions, and player icons. This allowed them to create an incentivized level progression system that would reward players with a loot box for every level they earned from experience gained in playing matches. Working alongside this, players can earn in-game coins through some loot box rewards or as a consolation prize for receiving a duplicate loot box reward. These coins can be used to purchase any of the available cosmetic items (except for player icons), the cost reflecting the rarity of obtaining the item through a loot box. Beginning in August 2016, Blizzard began introducing seasonal events, starting with the Summer Games event which corresponded with the 2016 Summer Olympics. Overwatchs director Jeff Kaplan said the goal of these seasonal events was to make the game "feel alive", correlating with real-world events. The company has a history of creating in-game seasonal events, such as the Valentine's Day and New Year's events in World of Warcraft. Other competitor games, such as Destiny, League of Legends and Team Fortress 2, also implement in-game seasonal events. Events have generally included at least one new game mode, which typically is only available to play while that event is active; one exception is the "Capture the Flag" mode introduced during the Lunar New Year event in early 2017, which has been brought back to the game as a permanent feature in the game's casual Arcade matchmaking mode. Players are typically rewarded with loot boxes for playing matches in these seasonal game modes, and the game offers unique achievements and associated cosmetic rewards for completing certain goals within them. In addition to new game modes, these seasonal events include unique cosmetic items that can be obtained primarily during the event. Blizzard develops a large amount of content for these events, not all of which ends up available to players. Initially, these items could only be obtained through event-themed loot boxes that are guaranteed to contain at least one event-themed item, which could either be earned through leveling up, completing the event game modes, or through microtransactions; however, in response to player feedback and avoid an apparent paywall access to these items, Blizzard allowed players to purchase these items with in-game currency at a higher cost than a non-event item of the same rarity, starting from the second seasonal event onward. When the event is completed, the themed loot boxes and cosmetic items are no longer are available until the event is run again. However, players retain and can use all unique event items they have earned after the event. Not all event items will be limited in this manner, as Blizzard plans to have certain event items be possible loot obtained from a regular loot box in the future. Several seasonal events, such as Summer Games, Halloween Terror, and Winter Wonderland, have recurred. However, on bringing these events back, the development team has added new changes to the event to keep them fresh and to reflect any new heroes or other content added to the game since the previous event's occurrence; for example, the 2017 Halloween "Junkenstein's Revenge" included a new endless mode and support for some of the newer heroes. Recurring events also feature new themed cosmetic items for these recurring events, along with the return of the previous cosmetics which can be found in the event loot boxes or bought for a reduced coin amount. Not all seasonal events are designed for recurrence, such as the lore-heavy "Uprising" event which took place in April 2017. Kaplan said that Blizzard has plans as to how these events will evolve in the future. Blizzard has also made single day changes to the game for April Fool's Day, which has included giving all characters googly eyes, though no other event rewards are associated with the day. The sequel Overwatch 2 was released in October 2022, and will continue the seasonal events. According to Kaplan, while the game will be a sequel, they want to allow all content from the first Overwatch to be brought forward into Overwatch 2, requiring them to slow down new content development for the original game, particularly new heroes and maps. Kaplan saw the seasonal events as a means to still provide some type of fresh content to Overwatch players during this interim. Event types Lunar New Year To correlate to the real-world Lunar New Year, the Overwatch event is held around the same time (typically from late January to early February), and named following the Chinese Zodiac; for example, the first such event occurring in 2017 was named the "Year of the Rooster". Cosmetics in these events have followed the themes from Asian legends. The event introduced the first Capture the Flag mode for Overwatch called "Capture the Rooster"; Blizzard had looked at adding such a mode for a few years during Overwatchs development but had difficulty with the mechanics due to the vastly different set of abilities offered by the characters that could imbalance the mode towards fast-moving characters. Played on the Lijiang Tower map, normally used for Control modes, each team has a flag near their base. To capture the other opponent's flag, a character must stay near the flag and not take damage for a few seconds. Once they have taken the flag, they then must return it to their team's base, scoring a point if they do so. If they die while bringing the flag back, either a teammate can try to capture it, or the opposing team must stay near the flag, avoiding taking damage for a few seconds, to return it to their base. Teams can score with the opposing team's flag even if their team's flag has been taken. The first team to three scores, or the team with the highest score after five minutes, wins the match. Following the event, Blizzard introduced a more general Capture the Flag mode, playable on any of the Control maps, into the Arcade modes as well as making it an option for custom games with several adjustable parameters. A second new mode, Bounty Hunter Brawl, was added in the 2021 Lunar New Year. This mode is similar to the deathmatch mode, except that players earn more points by eliminating the current player that is marked as the target; the player landing the final blow becomes the new target, whose location is visible to all, but they also gain full health and obtain a full Ultimate skill meter. After the event, the Bounty Hunter Brawl was also added as a mode to the Arcade gameplay. The Bounty Hunter Brawl mode was developed by Blizzard while toying around with a free-for-all approach to the Capture the Flag mode and eliminating the flag objective while still tracking one target player. Overwatch Archives The Overwatch Archive events are typically held in April of the year, and feature story-driven cooperative player versus environment Archive modes that Blizzard has used to explore the history of the characters and narrative. According to Kaplan, the Archive modes were something Blizzard felt had been asked for by players since they started offering the seasonal events. Players had requested non-holiday-themed events, as well as sought more details on the setting and history of the Overwatch world. Also, these events add additional cosmetic items based on the uniforms and backstory of the original Overwatch forces. A digital comics tied to the narrative of the mode have been released alongside the event. In the normal Archive events, players select from four pre-selected characters, and then fight as directed by in-game narration to attack or defend points from enemy forces. If a player was downed, any of the other still-surviving players could help them up by interacting with that character for a few moments. If all four players are downed, or the explosive is destroyed before reaching the sealed doors, the round ends as a loss. A separate mode allowed players to complete the same mission without being limited in character selection, but without any of the character-specific dialogue; Blizzard added this based on feedback from Junkenstein's Revenge, to provide a less restrictive way to enjoy the game mode. For the first three years of the Archives event, Blizzard added a new mission, while in the fourth year, they added special variants of these missions that altered the conditions of the match, such as where each heroes' health is halved but they deal twice as much damage. The Archive mode was considered a much-improved version of a player-versus-environment mode compared to Junkenstein's Revenge from the Halloween event. Cecilia D'Anastasio for Kotaku felt the mode was much more dynamic since it required players to move throughout the map rather than stay in one general location, and as the four default characters represent a balanced team, the mode calls for more careful teamwork and strategy. D'Anastasio also felt that with new voice lines to support this mode, it helped to establish the game's lore for players. PC Gamer argued that the Uprising event demonstrated the potential for a strong team-based story-driven campaign developed within the Overwatch narrative. Elements of these Archive missions were used as the basis to develop the cooperative side of the upcoming Overwatch 2. Anniversary Corresponding to the game's release in May of each year, the Anniversary event features several new cosmetics for many characters. It also makes all special cosmetics that are normally locked except during the special events available for purchase with in-game coins and possible to obtain through loot boxes. Nearly all special game modes from all events are made playable as well. The Anniversary mode has been used to introduce major new features to the game following testing on the Public Test Region. The first Anniversary event added three new Arena maps used for the smaller-scale Elimination games, and which remained in rotation after the events' conclusion, as well as adding new Elimination game modes. "The Workshop", a script-based system for users to create their own games, launched alongside the 3rd Anniversary event, with several of the more successful user game modes brought into the Arcade for all to play. Summer Games Overwatch's "Summer Games" event was first run concurrent to the 2016 Summer Olympics and since ran annually. The events are generally themed around summer sports and activities. During this event, a special game mode called Lรบcioball is available. Lรบcioball was designed as a futuristic soccer game in which two teams of three Lรบcio characters attempt to push a ball into their opponents' goal. Played in four-minute matches on the special stadium map, Estรกdio das Rรฃs, players use two kinds of attacks to control the ball's movements: primarily, a melee attack and a secondary, powerful sonic boom that could knock back opponents as well (frequently called "booping" by players). Players can also use the level's environmental perks (e.g., jump pads and speed-boosting walls) to secure a strategic advantage on the field. PC Gamer felt that the mode felt closer to a "multiplayer carnival game than a fleshed-out, standalone mode". Halloween Terror The Halloween Terror events fall around the end of October to celebrate Halloween. Most new cosmetics added are based on classic monster and horror tropes. During Halloween Terror, the "Junkenstein's Revenge" cooperative game mode against computer players is available. In Junkenstein's Revenge, four players cooperatively guard a castle door against oncoming waves of enemies and bosses. Set in a themed section of the game's Eichenwalde map, players select a difficulty level and choose between the characters Ana, Hanzo, McCree, and Soldier: 76, before fighting off approaching mindless "zomnic" drones, long-range "zombardiers," exploding tires, and costumed versions of the characters Reaper, Roadhog, Symmetra, Mercy, and Junkrat (as the titular Dr. Junkenstein). The game mode includes new voice work and is based on a companion comic book released concurrently. Later iterations have added other heroes that can be selected, as well as a secondary mode where any hero can be selected. The new mode was generally praised by commentators. PC Gamer wrote that the event resembled a similar event run on the team shooter Team Fortress 2 since 2012. Though the reviewer found the Junkenstein mode pleasant, he wrote that in comparison to Team Fortress 2 Mann vs. Machine mode, Junkenstein felt "shallow" and similar to Lรบcioball in its simplistic map flow, giving little room for player movement. He also wondered why the mode was limited to four specific characters. Eurogamers Robert Purchase found the event fun and considered it a good distraction from Overwatchs main modes, but also recognized that if it was kept on after the Halloween Terror event, it would become a stale game mode. Heather Alexandra for Kotaku felt that the mode demonstrated that a co-operative player-versus-environment mode would fit well as a permanent feature within Overwatch as it required good team coordination to complete more challenging matches. Winter Wonderland The Winter Wonderland events typically run late in the calendar year into the new year timed with winter in the Northern Hemisphere. Its cosmetics tend to feature both winter-themed cosmetics as well as those related to Christmas and other similar holiday events. Two event modes have been added during Winter Wonderland. The first is a deathmatch mode called "Mei's Snowball Offensive". The mode takes place on the smaller Ecopoint: Antarctica map, introduced in the previous months for standard deathmatch play. Six players each play Mei, but where her Endothermic Blaster, which normally fires a stream of damaging cold, can only fire a single snowball. Players must find a snowball pile scattered around the map to reload the weapon. Further, her Ultimate ability allows her to fire a machine-gun-like string of snowballs for a brief period. Otherwise, Mei's other abilities (Ice Wall and Cyro-Freeze) remain the same. A single snowball hit kills the struck until the round is complete. Kotaku claims this mode was generally not well received by players as the act of having to reload the Blaster made one too vulnerable, and with the permadeath mechanic in play, the mode was not fun nor captured the spirit of a snowball fight. The second new mode is "Yeti Hunter", an asymmetric mode where five players, each playing as Mei, attempt to defeat one player controlling Winston (acting as the Yeti) in a boss battle on Nepal's Village stage. Yeti Hunt is the first Overwatch mode to use role selection; players can indicate their preference to play as a Mei or as the Yeti. The Winston player must elude the Mei team, which can freeze him, use ice walls to impede his movement, or catch him in a snare trap (which replaces Mei's usual Ultimate). After collecting four pieces of meat, which spawn randomly in predetermined locations around the map, Winston unleashes his Ultimate ability for a short period which temporarily boosts his health, reduces his jump cooldown, and gives him powerful melee attacks. When a Mei player dies, they will respawn after a short delay and cost their team a life. The match is over once the Mei team either defeats Winston or loses all five of their lives. Kaplan described the Yeti Hunt as a light-hearted mode to be played for a few matches rather than hundreds of hours. Special challenges Character-specific challenges are not run on a regular schedule but generally are released alongside new narrative pieces of lore for that character. They feature new cosmetic items that a player can earn either through playing and winning matches in-game and/or through watching Overwatch players on streaming media during the set period. Event history References Overwatch (video game) Seasonal events Video game events
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A5%AC%EB%9D%BC%EA%B8%B0%EC%9B%94%EB%93%9C%3A%20%EC%97%90%EB%B3%BC%EB%A3%A8%EC%85%98
์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ์›”๋“œ: ์—๋ณผ๋ฃจ์…˜
ใ€Š์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ์›”๋“œ: ์—๋ณผ๋ฃจ์…˜ใ€‹(Jurassic World Evolution โ„ข)์€ ํ”„๋ก ํ‹ฐ์–ด ๋””๋ฐธ๋กญ๋จผํŠธ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๊ณต๋ฃก๊ฒฝ์˜์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ ๋ชจ๋“œ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, ์˜ค๋ฝ๋ถ€, ๋ณด์•ˆ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์™„์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ ๋ถ€์„œ์˜ ํ‰ํŒ๊ณผ ์„ฌ์˜ ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์Œ“์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ชจ์ฒด, ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๋“ฑ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฑŒ๋ฆฐ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋“œ ์ฑŒ๋ฆฐ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋Š” ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์™€ ์ œํ•œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์„ฌ์„ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“œ์ด๋‹ค. ํ†ต์ œ์‹ค(๋‹จ์ถ•ํ‚ค 1) ์„ฌ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์„ฌ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ ์„ฌ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์— ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ๊ณผ, ๋ณต์ง€ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ „๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋Ÿ‰, ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ฌ์˜ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์ผ์ • ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์‹œ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ฌด ์ˆ˜์ž…๊ณผ ์ง€์ถœ์˜ ์ด๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฒˆ ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฌด ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์•ฝ ์ˆ˜๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง„ํ–‰์ค‘์ธ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์™€ ๊ฐ ๋ถ€์„œ์˜ ํ‰ํŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ์ž๊ธˆ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋ฐ›๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ํŒŒ๊ธฐ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰ํŒ ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, ์˜ค๋ฝ๋ถ€, ๋ณด์•ˆ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํ‰ํŒ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ๋ถ€์„œ์˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์™„์ˆ˜ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ถ€์„œ์˜ ํ‰ํŒ์ด ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ณ , ์ผ์ • ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋„˜์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฏธ์…˜์ด๋‚˜ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ • ๋ถ€์„œ์˜ ํ‰ํŒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€์„œ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์„์ˆ˜๋ก, ์‚ฌ๋ณดํƒ€์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ณดํƒ€์ฃผ๋Š” 3๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ •์ „์€ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ํŒ€์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ์— ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ฐ€๋™์‹œ์ผœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๋…์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ์ค‘๋…์— ๋น ์ง€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋˜ํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ํŒ€์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์— ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•ด ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์€ ๊ณต์›์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์‹œ์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ํŒ€์„ ์ผ์ผ์ด ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ซ์•„์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์…˜ ๊ฐ ์„ฌ์˜ ์„ธ ๋ถ€์„œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ผ์ •์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ‰ํŒ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฏธ์…˜์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์…˜์„ ์™„์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ์„ฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฏธ์…˜์„ ์™„์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž ๊ฒจ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ฌ์„ ํ’€์–ด ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฌ ํƒ์ƒ‰ ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ 5๋„๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์Šฌ๋ผ ๋งˆํƒ„์„ธ๋กœ์Šค, ์ด์Šฌ๋ผ ๋ฎค์—๋ฅดํ…Œ, ์ด์Šฌ๋ผ ์†Œ๋ฅด๋‚˜, ์ด์Šฌ๋ผ ํƒ€์นด๋‡จ, ์ด์Šฌ๋ผ ํ๋‚˜, ์ด์Šฌ๋ผ ๋ˆ„๋ธ”๋ผ ์„ฌ์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•ด๋‹น ์„ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.๊ฐ ์„ฌ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ธฐํ›„์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ฑด์„คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋•…์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ์ž‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ํ™”์„ ์ธ๋ฒคํ† ๋ฆฌ, ํƒ์‚ฌ ์ง€๋„์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๊ณต์œ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์šด์˜์ž๊ธˆ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์„ฌ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. '์šฐ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€' DLC ๊ตฌ๋งค์‹œ ์ด์Šฌ๋ผ ๋ฎค์—๋ฅดํ…Œ ์„ฌ์˜ ๋™๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ์ด์Šฌ๋ผ ํƒ€์นด๋‡จ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹œ์„ค ์ง€์—ญ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ํƒ์‚ฌ ์ง€๋„ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ง€์ธต์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ง€์ธต์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํŒ€์„ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•ด ๊ณต์›์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ธต์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ด๊ธˆ๋˜๊ณ , ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ ์  ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๊ตดํŒ€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ตœ๋Œ€ 3ํŒ€๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Š˜๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™”์„ ๋ฐœ๊ตด๋œ ํ™”์„์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋ฃก ํ™”์„์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๋ฉด ํ™”์„์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์ด ์ ์  ์™„์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์˜ 50%๋ฅผ ์™„์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„ ์™„์„ฑ์‹œํ‚ฌ์ˆ˜๋ก ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ณต๋ฐฑ ID๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ , ๋ถ€ํ™”์„ฑ๊ณต๋ฅ ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ํ˜•์งˆ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋ฃกํ™”์„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํ™”์„์ด๋‚˜, ๊ด‘๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ํŒ๋งคํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ํ™”์„, ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ, ํ™•์žฅํ˜• ๊ณต๋ฃก๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ, ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€๋žŒ๋ช…์†Œ, ๊ฒ‰๋ชจ์Šต (ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰) ์œ ์ „์ž, ํ˜•์งˆ ์œ ์ „์ž, ํ˜ผ์ข… ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ, ์˜ํ•™ ์น˜๋ฃŒ, ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์„ค, ๊ฐ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฐ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ž ๊ธˆํ•ด์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ฌ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๊ธˆ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์   ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ๊ณต๋ฃกํƒญ, ๋ฐœ๊ตด์ง€ํƒญ, ๊ณ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ํƒญ, ์œ ์ „์žํƒญ, ์ฃผ์š” ์žฅ์†Œํƒญ, ๊ธฐ๋กํƒญ๋“ฑ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํƒญ์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ฃก๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ๊ณต์› ๋ฐ ์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ์›”๋“œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ์˜ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋„ ๊ณต์›์˜ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํƒญ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ณด๊ธฐ, ๊ณต๋ฃก, ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์ ธ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ชจ๋‘๋ณด๊ธฐํƒญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ์™€ ์‹œ์„ค, ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™”๋œ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต์›์„ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋ฃกํƒญ์—์„œ ์˜ค์ง ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค๋งŒ์„ ์ง€๋„์ƒ์— ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฌ ์œ„์น˜ ๋ฐ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ํƒญ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์šด์šฉ์ค‘์ธ ACU ํ—ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฝฅํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ๋ ˆ์ธ์ €ํŒ€์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ด€์  ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณต์›๋‚ด ์†ก์ „ ๋ฒ™์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ „๋ ฅ์€ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜์–ด ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์— ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ํƒญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์ „๊ธฐ์ถœ๋ ฅ์˜ ์–‘๊ณผ ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์–‘์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด ๊ฐ€์šฉ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ฆ‰, ๋” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์–‘์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•  ์‹œ ์ด ํ•„์š” ์ „๋ ฅํƒญ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ๋ฅผ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™•๋ณดํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์–‘์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณต์›๋‚ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค. ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ ์”จ ๊ณต์›๋‚ด์— ํญํ’์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ• ์‹œ, ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์„ค์— ๋ฐ›๋Š” ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์•„์ฃผ๋Š” ํญํ’ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์„ผํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํญํ’ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋Š” ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 40%์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ค„์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ , ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ํญํ’ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํญํ’ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์•„์ค€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ”ผ์†Œ ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ํƒˆ์ถœ์ด๋‚˜ ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋Œ€ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ”ผ์†Œ์—๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ๋„๋‹ฌ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณต์›๋‚ด ๋Œ€ํ”ผ์†Œ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋ฅ ์„ ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋žŒ ๋ช…์†Œ ์žฌ๋ฌด ๊ด€๋žŒ ๋ช…์†Œ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฌด์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด์ต์„ ๋‚ด๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ์ƒ‰์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ, ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ ๋ถ‰์€์ƒ‰์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ž…๊ณผ ์œ ์ง€๋น„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์ต์„ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์–ด ์‹ ์†ํžˆ ๊ณต์›์˜ ์žฌ๋ฌด ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ์‹ ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ”ˆ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์‹œ์„ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค. ์Œ์‹์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์ด ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์‹œ์„ค์ด ๋ถ‰์€์ƒ‰์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ณ , ์Œ์‹์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์ด ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ์ƒ‰์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณต์›๋‚ด ์Œ์‹ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์–ด ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ”ˆ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์Œ์‹์ด ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ”ˆ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ๋ฃŒ ๋ชฉ๋งˆ๋ฅธ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์‹œ์„ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด๋˜ํ•œ ์Œ์‹์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์ด ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์‹œ์„ค์ด ๋ถ‰์€์ƒ‰์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ณ , ์Œ์‹์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์ด ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ์ƒ‰์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณต์›๋‚ด ์Œ๋ฃŒ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์–ด ๋ชฉ๋งˆ๋ฅธ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์Œ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉ๋งˆ๋ฅธ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‡ผํ•‘ ์‡ผํ•‘์„ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์‹œ์„ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์ด ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์‹œ์„ค์ด ๋ถ‰์€์ƒ‰์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ณ , ์ƒ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์ด ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ์ƒ‰์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณต์›๋‚ด ์‡ผํ•‘ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์–ด ์‡ผํ•‘์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์‹ถ์€ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์ƒ์ ์ด ์‡ผํ•‘์„ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ฏธ ์ฆ๊ธธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์‹œ์„ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค. ๋†€์ด์‹œ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์ด ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์‹œ์„ค์ด ๋ถ‰์€์ƒ‰์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ณ , ๋†€์ด์‹œ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์ด ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ์ƒ‰์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณต์›๋‚ด ๋†€์ด ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์–ด ์ฆ๊ธธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ๋†€์ด์‹œ์„ค์ด ์ฆ๊ธธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตํ†ต ๊ณต์›์— ์ž…๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ด€๋žŒ ๋ช…์†Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋” ์งง์€ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์‹œ์„ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ตํ†ต์ˆ˜๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์ด ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์‹œ์„ค์ด ๋ถ‰์€์ƒ‰์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ณ , ๊ตํ†ต์ˆ˜๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์ด ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ์ƒ‰์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณต์›๋‚ด ๊ตํ†ต ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์–ด ๊ตํ†ต์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ๊ตํ†ต์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ณต์› ์ˆ˜์ž…์˜ ์›์ฒœ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ์ „์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋žŒ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๊ฑด์„ค ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋จผ๋“œ ์ฐฝ์กฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ํ•ด๋จผ๋“œ ์ฐฝ์กฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™”์„ ์ถ”์ถœ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 50%์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•œ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ๋ถ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ™”์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ๋ถ€ํ™”์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์–ด ๊ณต๊ฒฉ, ๋ฐฉ์–ด, ์ˆ˜๋ช…, ํšŒ๋ณต๋ ฅ, ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰, ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์ฒด ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ์กฐ์ž‘์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถ€ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ณต๋ฅ ์€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ ๋ชจ์ฒด ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํ˜•์งˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋ฝํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์„ค ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ€ํ™” ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์†์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€ํ™” ์„ฑ๊ณต๋ฅ ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€ํ™”์‹ค์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ์ด 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์Šฌ๋กฏ์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์š”๊ธˆ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฒ„์ „์ด ๋†’์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ’ˆ์งˆ๊ณผ ์š”๊ธˆ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ถ€ํ™”์žฅ ๋ณดํ—˜์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋ถ€ํ™”์‹คํŒจ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‚ญ๋น„๋œ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ๋ณด์ƒ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ ๊ณต๋ฃก๊ณผ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์ด ํ™œ๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ•์ฒ  ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ, ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ฒฝ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ•์ฒ  ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ, ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ•์ฒ  ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ, ์ „๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ•์ฒ  ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ, ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๋ฒฝ, ์ „๊ธฐ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๋ฒฝ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํ›„์— ์ „์‹œ๋  ๊ณต๋ฃก์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ต์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด๋‚˜ ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ํŒ€์ด ๋ฐ”๊นฅ๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ˜น์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ค€๋‹ค. '์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ๊ณต์›์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๊ท€ํ™˜' DLC๋กœ์ถœ์‹œ๋œ ์ƒˆ์žฅ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํˆฌ์–ด ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ์„ค์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ž์ด๋กœ์Šคํ”ผ์–ด์™€ ์‚ฌํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ํŠธ๋Ÿญ๊ณผ ํฌ๋“œ ์ต์Šคํ”Œ๋กœ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ํˆฌ์–ด ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์žฅ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ, ํฌ๋“œ ์ต์Šคํ”Œ๋กœ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด ํฌ๋“œ ์ต์Šคํ”Œ๋กœ๋Ÿฌ ํˆฌ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ์…ง-๋‹ค์šด ๋˜๋‹ˆ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์œก์‹๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์žฅ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ธ‰์  ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํŽธ์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค. ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ””์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ˜น์€ ์ „์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋จน์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋น„์ถ•๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๋ฉด ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ํŒ€์„ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง์ ‘ ์šด์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ์˜ ๋น„์ถ•๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•ด ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋จน์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž„์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์†Œ 3๋ถ„์—์„œ 45๋ถ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฅ ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ด ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ์˜ ํšจ์œจ๋„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋จน์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๊ณต๋ฃก์—๊ฒŒ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋Š” ํ‚ค ์ž‘์€ ์ดˆ์‹๊ณต๋ฃก ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ, ํ‚ค ์ž‘์€ ์ดˆ์‹๊ณต๋ฃก ๊ณ ์‹๋ฌผ ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ, ํ™•์žฅํ˜• ํ‚ค ์ž‘์€ ์ดˆ์‹๊ณต๋ฃก ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ, ํ‚ค ํฐ ์ดˆ์‹๊ณต๋ฃก ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ, ํ‚ค ํฐ ์ดˆ์‹๊ณต๋ฃก ๊ณ ์‹๋ฌผ ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ, ํ™•์žฅํ˜• ํ‚ค ํฐ ์ดˆ์‹๊ณต๋ฃก ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ,๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ, ์œก์‹๊ณต๋ฃก ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ, ํ™•์žฅํ˜• ์œก์‹๊ณต๋ฃก ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ, ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค ์ž‘์€ ์ดˆ์‹๊ณต๋ฃก ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ง๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์šฉ๊ฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ดˆ์‹๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ์ด๊ณ  ํ‚ค ํฐ ์ดˆ์‹๊ณต๋ฃก ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ๋Š” ์šฉ๊ฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ™์ด ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์ดˆ์‹๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์œก์‹๊ณต๋ฃก ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์œก์‹๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ธฐ๋Š” ์œก์‹๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋” ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์—ผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ™•์žฅํ˜• ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฑด์„คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค ์ž‘์€ ์ดˆ์‹๊ณต๋ฃก ๊ณ ์‹๋ฌผ ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ์™€ ํ‚ค ํฐ ์ดˆ์‹๊ณต๋ฃก ๊ณ ์‹๋ฌผ ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ๋Š” ํด๋ ˆ์–ด์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ' DLC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋žŒ ๋ช…์†Œ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ๊ด€๋žŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค์ด๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋žŒ๋Œ€๋Š” ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ์— ๋ถ™์—ฌ์„œ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ๊ด€๋žŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „๋ง๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ด€๋žŒ๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ๊ด€๋žŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž์ด๋กœ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•ˆ์„ ์ž์ด๋กœ์Šคํ”ผ์–ด๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์ง€์ •๋œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ˆœํ™˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ๊ด€๋žŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋†€์ด ์‹œ์„ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ง์›์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ˆ˜์ž…์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ํˆฌ์–ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•ˆ์„ ์‚ฌํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์ง€์ •๋œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ˆœํ™˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ๊ด€๋žŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋†€์ด ์‹œ์„ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ง์›์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ˆ˜์ž…์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 'ํด๋ ˆ์–ด์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ' DLC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค.ํฌ๋“œ ์ต์Šคํ”Œ๋กœ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์˜ํ™” 1ํŽธ์— ๋‚˜์™”๋˜ ํฌ๋“œ ์ต์Šคํ”Œ๋กœ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๊ณต์›์„ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋†€์ด ์‹œ์„ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ง์›์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ˆ˜์ž…์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํˆฌ์–ด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์  ํŒ์ •์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋ฃก์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ฐ•์‚ด๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ํˆฌ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ช…๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ์…ง-๋‹ค์šด๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ์…ง-๋‹ค์šด๋œ ํˆฌ์–ด๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ํŒ€์„ ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ ์žฌ๊ฐ€๋™ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. '์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ๊ณต์›์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๊ท€ํ™˜'DLC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์„ค ๊ณต์›์ด ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์šด์˜๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ฌ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‹œ์„ค์€ ํ•œ ์„ฌ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฐ–์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ํƒ์‚ฌ ์„ผํ„ฐ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ตด์ง€๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํŒ€์„ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค์ด๋‹ค. ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐœ๊ตด ์†๋„์™€ ๊ท€๊ธˆ์† ๋ฐ ๊ด‘๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ตด ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฌ์— ํƒ์‚ฌ ์„ผํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ†ต์ œ์‹ค์—์„œ ํƒ์‚ฌ ์ง€๋„ ํƒญ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ํƒ์‚ฌ์„ผํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ•œ ์„ฌ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฐ–์— ์ง€์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ํ™”์„ ์„ผํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํŒ€์ด ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ํ™”์„์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค์ด๋‹ค. ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด DNA ์ถ”์ถœ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™” ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ธ๋ฒคํ† ๋ฆฌ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฌ์— ํ™”์„ ์„ผํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ†ต์ œ์‹ค์—์„œ ํ™”์„ ํƒญ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ํ™”์„ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ•œ ์„ฌ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฐ–์— ์ง€์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ผํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ชจ์ฒด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ์‹œ์„ค ๊ฐœ์„  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ฑ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค์ด๋‹ค. ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผœ ์ค€๋‹ค. ์„ฌ์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ผํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ†ต์ œ์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํƒญ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ•œ ์„ฌ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฐ–์— ์ง€์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ๋ณธ๋ถ€(๋‹จ์ถ•ํ‚ค R) ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์–ด ์ˆ˜์ž…์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฒด๋ ฅ์„ ํšŒ๋ณต์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ ๋ง๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๋ณด์ถฉ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ํŒ€์„ ๊ณต์›๋‚ด์— ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค์ด๋‹ค. ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งก๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž„๋ฌด ์Šค์ผ€์ค„์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ๋ผ์ดํ”Œ์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์ „ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผœ ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ์‹ ์†ํžˆ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ์ง€ํ”„์˜ ์Šคํ‚จ์„ 1993๋…„ ์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ๊ณต์›์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด๋‚˜ ์ข€ ๋” ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง์ ‘ ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ์ง€ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ์•„ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ACU ์„ผํ„ฐ์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๊ณต์›์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์‹œ์„ค์ด๋‹ค.์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ๊ณต์›์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๊ท€ํ™˜ DLC๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ์ง€ํ”„์˜ ๋ฌด์  ํŒ์ •์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํฅ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์•ผ์— ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ์ง€ํ”„๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ฐฉ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ํŒ€์ด ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ํฅ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ํŒ€์˜ ์ง€ํ”„๋Š” ์ฒด๋ ฅ์ด ๋‹ค ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์„œ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ๋ณธ๋ถ€๋กœ ๊ท€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์ฒด๋ ฅ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฒด๋ ฅ์ด 0์œผ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๋™์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ง๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์žฅ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ํŒ€์„ ํˆฌ์ž… ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋•Œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ธ์ œ๋“ ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋ช…์‹ฌํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ก ํ‹ฐ์–ด ์ธก์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์  ํŒ์ •์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ํŒ€์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋…ธํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ €๋“ค์„ ์ง„์ •์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž, ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์žฅ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋กœ ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ํŒ€์˜ ํ˜ธ์‹ ์šฉ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ์™€ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. FM์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์–ด๋ฅผ ์˜์•„ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์‹œ์ผœ๋†“๊ณ , ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•ด ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์„ ์ง„์ •์‹œ์ผœ์„œ ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ํŒ€๊ณผ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž‘์—…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ‚ค๋ณด๋“œ์˜ Q๋ฒ„ํŠผ๊ณผ E๋ฒ„ํŠผ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ„์ข…์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค.(1.์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ 2.๋งˆ์ทจ 3.ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์–ด) ACU ์„ผํ„ฐ(๋‹จ์ถ•ํ‚ค T) ACU ํ—ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฝฅํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด๋™์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ์ง„์ •์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ—ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฝฅํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ง„์ •์ œ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์„ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งก๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž„๋ฌด ์Šค์ผ€์ค„์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ACU ๋ผ์ดํ”Œ์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์ „ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ๊ณต์›์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๊ท€ํ™˜ DLC๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ํŒ€๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž…์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์งค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ”„๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ํŒ€์„ ํ—ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฝฅํ„ฐ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์ด ์—„ํ˜ธํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ํŒ€๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํ‚ค๋ณด๋“œ์˜ Q๋ฒ„ํŠผ์ด๋‚˜ E๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ์„œ 1.๋งˆ์ทจ 2. ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ 3. ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์–ด ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ„์ข…์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ํŒ€๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์–ด์„œ ์ œ์ถœํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ž…์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์†กํŒ€์€ ์ž ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฃฝ์€ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž ๋“  ๊ณต๋ฃก์€ ํŒ๋งค๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜์†กํŒ€ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ํญํ’ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์„ผํ„ฐ ์—ด๋Œ€ ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์„ค์— ๋ฐ›๋Š” ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ 40% ์ค„์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์˜ ๋‚ ์”จ ํƒญ์—์„œ ํญํ’ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ํญํ’ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋Š” ํญํ’์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋‚ด์˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ํญํ’ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋†’์€ ํ™•๋ฅ ๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋ถ€์„œ์˜ ์„ผํ„ฐ ๊ณผํ•™ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€์˜ ํ‰ํŒ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ž…์ด ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค. ๋ณด์•ˆ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ณด์•ˆ๋ถ€์˜ ํ‰ํŒ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ž…์ด ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค. ํ˜์‹  ์„ผํ„ฐ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฝ๋ถ€์˜ ํ‰ํŒ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ž…์ด ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค. ์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ์›”๋“œ์˜ ์‚ผ์„ฑ ์ด๋…ธ๋ฒ ์ด์…˜ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜จ์‹ค ์ดˆ์‹๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…๊ณผ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค์ด๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ์‹๋ฌผ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ด๋ผ ์€ํ–‰๋‚˜๋ฌด ์†์ƒˆ์‹๋ฌผ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ฉ์€๋‚˜๋ฌด ์นจ์—ฝ์ˆ˜ ์†Œ์ฒ  ๋ฝ€๋ฝ€๋‚˜๋ฌด ํ’€ ์•ผ์ž๋‚˜๋ฌด ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ””, ๋ชฉ๋งˆ๋ฆ„, ์žฌ๋ฏธ, ์‡ผํ•‘, ๊ตํ†ต์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ง ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ์ž ๊ธˆํ•ด์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์ƒ ๋Œ€ํ”ผ์†Œ ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํƒˆ์ถœํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํญํ’ ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋ น๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๋น„์ƒ ๋Œ€ํ”ผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ์•ˆ์ „ํžˆ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์ƒ ๋Œ€ํ”ผ์†Œ์˜ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋ฅ ์ด ์ €์กฐํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์„ฌ์˜ ์‹œ์„ค ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ํ˜ธํ…” ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ๊ณต์›์— ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์•„์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ˜ธํ…”์„ ์ง€์–ด ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ์„ค ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋…ํ’ˆ ์ƒ์  ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์˜ ๋†€์ด์™€ ์‡ผํ•‘์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ํŒ๋งค ์•„์ดํ…œ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง์›์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์กฐ์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด์ต์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŒจ์ŠคํŠธํ‘ธ๋“œ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์˜ ์Œ์‹๊ณผ ์Œ๋ฃŒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทน์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋†€์ด ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ํŒ๋งค ์•„์ดํ…œ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง์›์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์กฐ์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด์ต์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์„ผํ„ฐ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์˜ ๋†€์ด ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์Œ๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ํŒ๋งค ์•„์ดํ…œ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง์›์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์กฐ์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด์ต์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž ๊ธˆํ•ด์ œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ ์ƒ์  ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์˜ ๋†€์ด ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ํŒ๋งค ์•„์ดํ…œ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง์›์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์กฐ์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด์ต์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž ๊ธˆํ•ด์ œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™”์„ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์˜ ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์‡ผํ•‘, ๋†€์ด ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๊ทน์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์Œ๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ํŒ๋งค ์•„์ดํ…œ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง์›์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์กฐ์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด์ต์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž ๊ธˆํ•ด์ œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ” ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์˜ ์Œ๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋†€์ด ์ˆ˜์š”, ๊ทน์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์Œ์‹ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ํŒ๋งค ์•„์ดํ…œ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง์›์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์กฐ์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด์ต์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž ๊ธˆํ•ด์ œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŒจ์…˜ ์ƒ์  ๊ด€๋žŒ๋ž™์˜ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ๊ทน์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋†€์ด ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ํŒ๋งค ์•„์ดํ…œ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง์›์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์กฐ์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด์ต์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž ๊ธˆํ•ด์ œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณผ๋ง์žฅ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์˜ ๋†€์ด ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ๊ทน์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์Œ์‹, ์Œ๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ํŒ๋งค ์•„์ดํ…œ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง์›์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์กฐ์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด์ต์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž ๊ธˆํ•ด์ œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์Šคํ† ๋ž‘ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์˜ ์Œ์‹, ์Œ๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ํŒ๋งค ์•„์ดํ…œ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง์›์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์กฐ์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด์ต์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž ๊ธˆํ•ด์ œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆ์ผ ํƒ‘์Šน์žฅ ๊ณต์› ์ž…๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ด‘ ๋ช…์†Œ๋‚˜ ์‹œ์„ค์— ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋•๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ๋งˆ๋‹ค ํƒ‘์Šน์žฅ์„ ๊ฑด์„ค ํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆ์ผ ์„ ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ด์œผ๋ฉด ๊ตํ†ต ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณง ์‹œ์„ค ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์— ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์–ด ์„ฌ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ์ƒ์Šน์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋…ธ๋ ˆ์ผ ํƒ‘์Šน์žฅ์€ ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์–ด๋„ ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์€ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฐ๋ณ€ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ๋‡จ ์š•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋•๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ง์›์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์กฐ์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ, ์ด์ต์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ์ง€์ถœ๋งŒ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ ฅ ์„ฌ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ์†ก์ „ํƒ‘ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ์™€ ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ, ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ์™€ ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ž‡๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์— ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์†ก์ „ํƒ‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ๋Š” ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋„“์€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž ๊ธˆํ•ด์ œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œํ˜• ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ ๋ถ„๋‹น ์œ ์ง€๋น„๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•˜๋ฉฐ 60์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ์Šฌ๋กฏ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ๋Š” ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ์ง€๋น„๋ฅผ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ์ •์ „ ์œ„ํ—˜์˜ ํŽ˜๋„ํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์ „๊ธฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ •์ „ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์ „ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ์—†์ด ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ •์ „ ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์ „ ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ํŒ€์„ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘ํ˜• ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์œ ์ง€๋น„๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•˜์—ฌ 80์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ์Šฌ๋กฏ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž ๊ธˆํ•ด์ œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์œ ์ง€๋น„๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•˜์—ฌ 100์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. 5๊ฐœ์˜ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ์Šฌ๋กฏ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž ๊ธˆํ•ด์ œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธธ ์‹ผ ๊ธธ, ๋ณดํ†ต ๊ธธ, ๋น„์‹ผ ๊ธธ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ†ต ๊ธธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋„“์€ ๊ธธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋น„์‹ผ ๊ธธ์€ ๋ฐค์— ์€์€ํ•œ ๋น›์ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ๊ธธ์„ ์‹ธ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋น„์‹ผ๊ธธ๋กœ ๊ต์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๊ฒฝ ์ž์—ฐ ํƒญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆฒ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ด€๋ชฉ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ ์กฐ์ ˆ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ์‰ฌ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณต์›์„ ๊พธ๋ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜น์€ ๊ฑด์„ค์ด๋‚˜ ์‹œ์•ผํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ ํƒญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ์กฐ์ ˆ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ์‰ฌ๋กœ ๋ฌผ ์›…๋ฉ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๋Š” ๋ฌผ ์›…๋ฉ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋•…์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ˜• ํƒญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฝ ์กฐ์ ˆ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ์‰ฌ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ต ์ง€ํ˜•์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋•… ๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ธฐ์™€ ๋•… ๋‹ค์ง€๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ‰ํ‰ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์™„๋งŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ ์„ค์น˜ํ•œ ์‹œ์„ค์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ ๊ฑฐ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ™˜๊ธ‰์•ก์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ๊ณต์› ์˜คํผ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ œ๋„ค์‹œ์Šค์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ณต๋ฃก๊ณผ ์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ์›”๋“œ ๋ฐ ์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ์›”๋“œ: ํด๋ฅธ ํ‚น๋ค์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ˜ผ์ข… ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. DLC๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์‹œ๋  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ „์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ์‹ ํ‚ค ์ž‘์€ ์ดˆ์‹๊ณต๋ฃก ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ, ํ™•์žฅํ˜• ํ‚ค ์ž‘์€ ์ดˆ์‹๊ณต๋ฃก ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ, ํ‚ค ํฐ ์ดˆ์‹๊ณต๋ฃก ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ, ํ™•์žฅํ˜• ํ‚ค ํฐ ์ดˆ์‹๊ณต๋ฃก ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์— ๊ฐ–์ถ”์–ด์•ผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์ˆ˜ ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๊ต ์ง€์ˆ˜์— ํ•œํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ฉ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฅด๋‹ˆํ† ๋ฏธ๋ฌด์Šค๋ฅ˜ ๊ฐˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋ฌด์Šค ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฃจํ‹ฐ์˜ค๋ฏธ๋ฌด์Šค ์•„๋ฅด์นด์ด์˜ค๋ฅด๋‹ˆํ† ๋ฏธ๋ฌด์Šค '๋””๋Ÿญ์Šค ๊ณต๋ฃก ํŒฉ' DLC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ํ›„๋‘๋ฅ˜ ๋“œ๋ผ์ฝ”๋ ‰์Šค ์Šคํ‹ฐ๊ธฐ๋ชฐ๋กœํฌ ํŒŒํ‚ค์ผ€ํŒ”๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ํ˜ธ๋ง๋กœ์ผ€ํŒ”๋ ˆ '์ดˆ์‹๊ณต๋ฃก ํŒฉ' DLC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋งˆ์ด์•„์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ผ ๋ฌดํƒ€๋ถ€๋ผ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ์˜ฌ๋กœ๋กœํ‹ฐํƒ„'์šฐ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€'DLC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค ์ด๊ตฌ์•„๋…ธ๋ˆ '๋ฐฑ์•…๊ธฐ ๊ณต๋ฃก ํŒฉ' DLC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ์—๋“œ๋ชฌํ† ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ์นœํƒ€์˜ค์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ์ฝ”๋ฆฌํ† ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ํŒŒ๋ผ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋กค๋กœํ‘ธ์Šค ์˜ค์šฐ๋ผ๋…ธ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค 'ํด๋ ˆ์–ด์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ' DLC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์˜ค์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค '์ดˆ์‹ ๊ณต๋ฃก ํŒฉ' DLC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€๋ฃก๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ํŠธ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ์Šคํ…Œ๊ณ ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ์ถฉํ‚น๊ณ ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ์ผ„ํŠธ๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ํ›„์–‘๊ณ ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ๊ณก๋ฃก๋ฅ˜ ๋…ธ๋„์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋กœํŽ ํƒ€ ์•ˆํ‚ฌ๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ํฌ๋ฆฌํฌํ†ค์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฅด์Šค '๋””๋Ÿญ์Šค ๊ณต๋ฃก ํŒฉ' DLC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ํด๋ผ์นธํˆฌ์Šค ์œ ์˜คํ”Œ๋กœ์ผ€ํŒ”๋ฃจ์Šค 'ํด๋ ˆ์–ด์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ' DLC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๋ฃก๋ฅ˜ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ผ์ฝ”์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค '๋””๋Ÿญ์Šค ๊ณต๋ฃก ํŒฉ' DLC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋…ธ์ผ€๋ผํ†ฑ์Šค ์นด์Šค๋ชจ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ํ† ๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ผ€๋ผํ†ฑ์Šค ํŽœํƒ€์ผ€๋ผํ†ฑ์Šค ์šฉ๊ฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋“œ๋ ˆ๋“œ๋…ธํˆฌ์Šค '๋ฐฑ์•…๊ธฐ ๊ณต๋ฃก ํŒฉ' DLC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๋””ํ”Œ๋กœ๋„์ฟ ์Šค ๋งˆ๋ฉ˜ํ‚ค์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ๋ธŒ๋ผํ‚ค์˜ค์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ์•„ํŒŒํ† ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ์นด๋งˆ๋ผ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค '์ดˆ์‹ ๊ณต๋ฃก ํŒฉ' DLC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ์œก์‹ ์œก์‹๊ณต๋ฃก ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ, ํ™•์žฅํ˜• ์œก์‹๊ณต๋ฃก ๊ธ‰์‹๊ธฐ, ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์— ๊ฐ–์ถ”์–ด์•ผํ•˜๊ณ  1์ข… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ์†Œํ˜• ์œก์‹ ๋”œ๋กœํฌ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ๋ฐ์ด๋…ธ๋‹ˆ์ฟ ์Šค ๋ฒจ๋กœ์‹œ๋žฉํ„ฐ ํŠธ๋กœ์˜ค๋ˆ '์šฐ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€' DLC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ์ผ€๋ผํ† ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฅด์Šค '์œก์‹ ๊ณต๋ฃก ํŒฉ' DLC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ํ—ค๋ ˆ๋ผ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค '์œก์‹ ๊ณต๋ฃก ํŒฉ' DLC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ์ค‘ํ˜• ์œก์‹ ๋งˆ์ค‘๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค '๋””๋Ÿญ์Šค ๊ณต๋ฃก ํŒฉ' DLC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„์นธํ† ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฅด์Šค ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋‹‰์Šค ์ˆ˜์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋ฌด์Šค '๋””๋Ÿญ์Šค ๊ณต๋ฃก ํŒฉ' DLC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธํƒ€์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ์ผ€๋ผํ† ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ† ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฅด์Šค 'ํด๋ ˆ์–ด์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ' DLC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์œก์‹ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€๋…ธํ† ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ์•„ํฌ๋กœ์นธํ† ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ์นด๋ฅด์นด๋กœ๋ˆํ† ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค '๋ฐฑ์•…๊ธฐ ๊ณต๋ฃก ํŒฉ' DLC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ํ‹ฐ๋ผ๋…ธ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค ์ต๋ฃก '์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ๊ณต์›์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๊ท€ํ™˜' DLC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ต๋ฃก์„ ์ƒˆ์žฅ ์•ˆ์— ํ’€์–ด๋†“๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์œก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํญํ’์ด ์ƒˆ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํƒ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ์žฅ์— ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ๋šซ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ํƒˆ์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ํƒˆ์ถœํ•œ ์ต๋ฃก์€ ํ˜„์žฌ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ํฌํšํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†์–ด์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ํ‚ค์šฐ๋Š” ํŽธ์ด ๋‚ซ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋‚˜๋งˆ ๋‹คํ–‰์ธ ์ ์€ ํ•˜๋Š˜ ์œ„๋กœ ํž˜์ฐจ๊ฒŒ ๋‚ ์•„์˜ฌ๋ผ ์ƒˆ์žฅ์— ๋šซ๋ฆฐ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•ด ๋„“์€ ์„ธ์ƒ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์ต๋ฃก์€ ์‹œ์„ค์ด๋‚˜ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ์ง์›๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ๊ณต์›์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๊ท€ํ™˜ DLC๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์‹œ๋จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ์ง€ํ”„์˜ ๋ฌด์  ํŒ์ •์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ํ”„๋ก ํ‹ฐ์–ด ์ธก์ด ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฒ„๋“œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์ดํฌ๋กœ ACU์˜ ๊ธฐ๋™ ํ—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋•…์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๋ฝ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๋†’๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ์œก์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ต๋ฃก์€ ํ”„ํ…Œ๋ผ๋…ธ๋ˆ์ด ์œ ์ผํ•˜๋‹ค. โ€ข ํ”„ํ…Œ๋ผ๋…ธ๋ˆ ํ˜ผ์ข… ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” 1์ข… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋กœ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด๋‹ค. ๋น„ํ˜ผ์ข… ๊ณต๋ฃก๋ณด๋‹ค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„์™€ ๋ถ€ํ™” ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ธˆ์ด ํฌ๊ณ  ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰๋˜ํ•œ ๋†’๋‹ค.์Šคํ…Œ๊ณ ์ผ€๋ผํ†ฑ์Šค๋Š” ์Šคํ…Œ๊ณ ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค์™€ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ผ€๋ผํ†ฑ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ์ข…์ด๋‹ค. '์šฐ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€' DLC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•ด์•ผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค.์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ๋žฉํ„ฐ๋Š” ์Šคํ”ผ๋…ธ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค์™€ ๋ฒจ๋กœ์‹œ๋žฉํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ์ข…์ด๋‹ค. '์šฐ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€' DLC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•ด์•ผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค.์•ˆํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋„์ฟ ์Šค๋Š” ์•ˆํ‚ฌ๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค์™€ ๋””ํ”Œ๋กœ๋„์ฟ ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ์ข…์ด๋‹ค. '์šฐ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€' DLC๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•ด์•ผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค.์ธ๋„๋ฏธ๋ˆ„์Šค ๋ ‰์Šค๋Š” ์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ์›”๋“œ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด๋‹ค.์ธ๋„๋žฉํ„ฐ'''๋Š” ์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ์›”๋“œ: ํด๋ฅธ ํ‚น๋ค์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ธ๋„๋ฏธ๋ˆ„์Šค ๋ ‰์Šค์™€ ๋ฒจ๋กœ์‹œ๋žฉํ„ฐ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์€ ์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ๊ณต์› ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ๊ณต์› ์˜คํผ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ œ๋„ค์‹œ์Šค์˜ ์ •์‹ ์  ํ›„์†์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„์€ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ „๋ฌธ ์›น์ง„์ธ ์ธ๋ฒค์—์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์–‘์‹์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ณ , ํ‰ํŒ์„ ์Œ“๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์…˜์„ ์™„์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ธˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ต๋‹ตํ•œ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ •์‹ ์  ํ›„์†์ž‘ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„์Šค๋ ˆ์ด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ž„์†์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋‰ด์˜ UI์™€ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ ์˜ํ™” ์† ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ๊ณต์›์˜ ํŒฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํฐ ๋งŒ์กฑ๊ฐ์„ ์„ ์‚ฌํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ , ๋น„๋ก ์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ ๊ณต์›์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋„ ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๊ฒŒ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์˜์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์•„์‰ฌ์šด ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋ฏธํกํ•œ ํŠœํ† ๋ฆฌ์–ผ์„ ๊ผฝ์•˜๋‹ค. IGN์€ ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์˜ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง๊ณผ ์˜ํ™”์™€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ์šธ์Œ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, 35์ข…์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ธˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง€๋ฃจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š๊ปด์กŒ๊ณ , ๋งต์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์›์„ ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊พธ๋ฏธ๊ธฐ์— ์ œ์•ฝ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ํŒ€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋‚ด๊ตฌ๋„ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์œก์‹ ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ์ฝ” ์•ž์—์„œ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ธ์ € ํŒ€์„ ๊ทธ์ € ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฅฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ์›”๋“œ: ์—๋ณผ๋ฃจ์…˜์ด ์•„์‰ฝ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋””์ŠคํŠธ๋Ÿญํ† ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€๋…ธํ† ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค๋‚˜ ๋ฐ์ด๋…ธ๋‹ˆ์ฟ ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚จ ์ ์„ ๋†’์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ 2018๋…„ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋™๋ฌผ์›์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๊ณต๋ฃก์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic%20World%20Evolution
Jurassic World Evolution
Jurassic World Evolution is a construction and management simulation video game developed and published by Frontier Developments. Based on the 2015 film Jurassic World, the game was released in June 2018, for PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One. A Nintendo Switch port of the game was released in November 2020. In the game, players construct a dinosaur park on Las Cinco Muertes Archipelago, a group of five islands also known as the "Five Deaths". The game features more than 40 types of dinosaurs; their genes can be modified to introduce new features. Players are given contracts to fulfill by three divisions, Science, Security and Entertainment, allowing them to progress. A sandbox mode set on Isla Nublar, the setting of the first and fourth films, can be unlocked. It can also be used from the main menu without having to be unlocked. The game was created by a development team of approximately 100 people with a budget of around ยฃ8 million. Its development began in 2016, after NBCUniversal approached Frontier Developments about creating a game to accompany the theatrical release of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. To do this, Frontier staff inspected different dinosaur models and reference materials sent by Universal, watched the Jurassic Park films, and read the novels and fan theories. The team consulted paleontologist Jack Horner when they designed the dinosaurs. Jeff Goldblum, Bryce Dallas Howard and BD Wong reprised their roles from the Jurassic Park film series, voicing remarks to players and contributing to the game's narrative. Announced at Gamescom 2017, the game received a generally mixed critical reception. Critics praised its dinosaur designs and graphics, but the game's contracts, simulation and management gameplay were less well received. The game's tutorial and learning curve were also criticized. Seven months after its initial release, the game had sold two million copies through digital and physical sales, making it the most successful game launched by Frontier. The game was supported with free updates and downloadable content upon release. As of March 2020, the game had sold three million copies. A sequel, Jurassic World Evolution 2, was released on 9 November 2021. Gameplay Jurassic World Evolution is a business simulation game that allows the player to construct a Jurassic World dinosaur theme park with attractions and research facilities. Players must build an Expedition Center, which sends paleontologists to fossil dig sites to obtain dinosaurs' DNA material. DNA sequencing, which can be done in the Fossil Center unlocks new dinosaurs and updates their statistics, such as lifespan and resilience. With enough DNA content, players can use the Hammond Creation Lab to breed and incubate dinosaurs. Players can also improve the dinosaurs' genes by integrating DNA from modern species with that of the dinosaurs to fill their gaps and allow them to evolve. Modifications to the dinosaurs' DNA change their base statistics, as well as everything from their level of aggressiveness to their appearance. The game features a terrain tool which allows players to modify the environment by planting trees and creating water sources. Dinosaurs are the game's main attraction and income earner, although money can also be earned through selling products in stores and guests staying at hotels. The game features approximately 40 dinosaur species at launch. Players can name each dinosaur after they are incubated. Players need to build enclosures to contain dinosaurs for visitors' viewing. The needs of different dinosaurs, like the type of food they eat and the extent of the social interactions they require, must be met to keep them healthy and satisfied. Dinosaurs, controlled by artificial intelligence, will interact with each other and the environment, as well as guests if they have broken out of their enclosure. For instance, carnivores will attack carnivores of a different species, and they will hunt down herbivores. Players also need to construct various entertainment rides, as well as amenities like restaurants and shops to please the guests. An example of tourist attractions is the Gyrosphere or the monorail from Jurassic World. Players can also use the game's photo mode to take pictures of dinosaurs, which help the park to earn money and publicity. Each entertainment facility and amenity comes with its own management system. Players are able to set and adjust entry fees as well as the number of staff present in each facility. Dinosaurs can be sold to earn additional income. Various emergency situations may happen in the park, including power failures, unpredictable weather, and dinosaur breakouts, which must be addressed by players to ensure guests' safety and happiness. Players can build an ACU Center and a Ranger Station, which are responsible for maintaining the park's security. They can sedate escaped dinosaurs, medicate sick dinosaurs, resupply dinosaur feeders, transport dinosaurs, fix fences, and more. Players can also control vehicles from a third-person perspective such as helicopters and 4x4 trucks to complete these tasks. Emergency shelters to protect the guests, as well as other security structures like power network redundancies and storm warning centers, can be built. Many of these security facilities can be upgraded to strengthen their efficiency when dealing with emergencies. Gameplay modes In the career mode, the player's goal is to develop five-star parks across the fictional islands of the Las Cinco Muertes Archipelago. Various characters from the Jurassic World franchise assist players throughout the game. Players will meet other key figures representing the three branches of the park's development: Entertainment, Security, and Science. Each of these characters tries to convince players to develop the park in accordance with their advice. They give players "contracts" to complete which include a series of goals and objectives. These contracts add narrative to the game, as well as provide rewards and reputation in their respective domains. Players are advised to keep a close eye on their reputation within each division. If a player's reputation within a division gets too low, that creates a sabotage in the player's park that will need to be attended to immediately. For instance, the park's power could be shut down allowing dinosaurs to break out, or a disease could be introduced to infect them. These divisions all feed into the parks' ratings. The five islands, each with different characteristics and challenges, will gradually unlock with sufficient positive park ratings. Isla Nublar โ€” the island featured in Jurassic Park, Jurassic World, and Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom โ€” is the setting for a sandbox mode that is separate from the game's career mode. The sandbox mode is unlocked once a four-star park rating is achieved on Isla Matanceros, the starting island. Once this is accomplished, everything players have unlocked in career mode, such as building upgrades and dinosaurs, will transfer over to the sandbox; anything locked in career mode remains locked in the sandbox. In sandbox mode, players have unlimited funds, and they can set the weather and time of day at their parks. Challenge Mode, available in an update after the game's release, involves playing with adjustable levels of difficulty and limited money, in addition to other differences like fees and penalties against players. There is a mode available from the main menu, which allows every island to be played in sandbox mode. Development and release Jurassic World Evolution was developed and published by Frontier Developments, and is based on the 2015 film Jurassic World, although the game is not considered canon, which allowed for more creative freedom. NBCUniversal had wanted a game to accompany the theatrical release of its 2018 film Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom and approached Frontier Developments about creating it two years or so before the film's eventual release date. Frontier Developments was also interested in creating a dinosaur game. The game was created with a development team of approximately 100 people, on a budget of around ยฃ8 million. It was built using Frontier Developments' Cobra game engine. Universal Pictures provided the developers with dinosaur models from the films to allow for a high level of detail, as well as reference materials and audio. To aid in creating the game, the development team closely watched the films and read Michael Crichton's novels, Jurassic Park and The Lost World, and fan theories. In addition, Universal and the team had discussions about various elements in the game. History from each of the films was added to the game. For example, Jeff Goldblum reprised his role as Ian Malcolm from the first two Jurassic Park films. Bryce Dallas Howard and BD Wong also reprised their roles from Jurassic World. Tyrannosaurus was one of the first dinosaurs the development team began working on. For the T. rex roars, the game's sound team obtained audio samples from the films and then altered them for originality. The animation team then altered their T. rex roaring animations to fit the sound effects. To design the dinosaurs the development team primarily referred to the films for consistency, while incorporating some of the latest scientific discoveries to add to their designs. The team also studied birds and other animals to aid in designing the dinosaurs. In addition to their designs, dinosaur behavior was based on a combination of the films and scientific findings. Paleontologist Jack Horner, who served as an advisor on the films, was also consulted for advice on the game's dinosaurs. They were given bright and colorful hides based on new dinosaur research. In February 2017, Frontier's CEO David Braben announced the company was working on a new project based on an existing Hollywood property. The game was announced during Gamescom 2017 held in August. Later, on 7 October, footage showcasing the in-game engine was revealed during the first annual Frontier Expo. The game was digitally released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on 12 June 2018, coinciding with the theatrical release of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Physical copies of the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One version were distributed by Sold Out beginning on 3 July. Updates Several updates were released for the game throughout 2018, and Frontier collaborated with Universal on each of them. A free game update based on Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, with six dinosaurs from the film, was released on 22 June. In August, Frontier Developments announced an upcoming patch that would alter the sizes of several dinosaurs to match their real-life and film counterparts. The update was released in September, and included additional sandbox and gameplay options, as well as the addition of Challenge Mode. The first paid downloadable content (DLC), Secrets of Dr. Wu, was released on 20 November. The DLC introduced new story missions, research options and new dinosaur and hybrid species. On the same day, Frontier introduced new AI behaviors and a day-night cycle into the game via a free update. Frontier released the Cretaceous Dinosaur Pack and the Carnivore Dinosaur Pack in December 2018 and April 2019 respectively. Each dinosaur pack introduces three new dinosaurs species. In 2019, a paid DLC titled Claire's Sanctuary was released on 18 June. Set after Fallen Kingdom, the expansion features a standalone campaign which sees players relocating the remaining dinosaurs trapped on Isla Nublar to Sanctuary Island. Another paid DLC pack, titled Return to Jurassic Park, was released on 10 December. The DLC includes park features and locations from the original Jurassic Park featured in the first film. The DLC also includes Isla Sorna, the island featured in the films The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997) and Jurassic Park III (2001). It also features seven new missions with new voice work by Goldblum, as well as Sam Neill and Laura Dern, the latter reprising their roles as Dr. Alan Grant and Dr. Ellie Sattler. The DLC reunites the three actors for the first time since the original 1993 film. Return to Jurassic Park features an original story that takes place shortly after the first film, ignoring the sequels. In the story, Grant, Malcolm and Sattler return to Isla Nublar and attempt to get the park operational. For months, Frontier tried to arrange for Neill, Goldblum and Dern to record their lines together, but scheduling issues prevented this from occurring. Instead, recordings of one actor would be played for the others to aid them in recording their own lines. The DLC also features the character of John Hammond, who was portrayed in the films by Richard Attenborough (1923โ€“2014). In the DLC, Hammond was portrayed by voice actor Mackenzie Gray. Return to Jurassic Park was in development for a while as the Frontier team wanted to take its time to create a comprehensive DLC based on the first film. It is the biggest update created for Jurassic World Evolution. Executive producer Rich Newbold said: "Essentially, the whole game has been rebuilt with a Jurassic Park version of every building". Dinosaur designs based on The Lost World: Jurassic Park and Jurassic Park III were also introduced in the DLC. For reference, Universal provided the developers with original assets and audio files from the film production archives to ensure that the dinosaurs move, sound, and look like their film counterparts. The package introduced Compsognathus and Pteranodon, as well as new designs for the game's Tyrannosaurus rex and Velociraptor, matching their original appearance in the first film. A Nintendo Switch port of the game, titled Jurassic World Evolution: Complete Edition, was released on 3 November 2020. It includes all the DLC packs and updates that had been previously released for the other platforms. Reception Critics praised the dinosaurs featured in the game. Sam Loveridge of GamesRadar+ liked the variety as well as the cutscene that was displayed when a dinosaur is released from the incubation center. She enjoyed being able to control the jeep and the ACU helicopter from a third-person perspective, a mechanic she applauds for allowing players to relate to the dinosaurs. She added that she "lost entire evenings to [the game] without even thinking" due to its relaxing nature. Game Revolutions Paul Tamburro praised the dinosaurs' design, in particular, Frontier's attention to detail and the dinosaurs' animation. James Swinbanks of GameSpot agreed, praising the dinosaurs. He also enjoyed the need to learn each dinosaur's personality, requirements and behaviors, adding the process is "surprisingly satisfying". Game Informer s Daniel Tack liked that players can experiment with different genes, though he commented that it was not a "freeform experience". Dan Stapleton of IGN disagreed and felt that unlocking genes was tedious, describing the process as a series of "mandatory robotic actions". While he liked the dinosaur variety, he lamented the lack of pterosaurs and aquatic prehistoric reptiles at launch. Destructoids Dan Roemer commended the inclusion of lesser- known dinosaurs species, singling out Giganotosaurus and Deinonychus. The simulation aspect of the game received mixed reviews. Loveridge held a positive opinion regarding dinosaur management, as each species has their own needs and niches that players must fulfill. She felt the park management aspect, including the construction of facilities and utilities, was "minimal". Tamburro compared the simulation to RollerCoaster Tycoon and Zoo Tycoon. He enjoyed the chaos created when dinosaurs break out, but he was disappointed that dinosaurs did not attack the park's staff carrying out maintenance inside the enclosures. Philippa Warr of PC Gamer praised the dinosaurs but criticized the lack of attention to missions and individual guests' views and happiness ratings on the park. She also noted the simulation lacked depth, as buildings looked largely the same and the environment soon became stale. Swinbanks felt dealing with natural disasters and dinosaur breakout was exciting initially, but soon became repetitive. He also lamented the lack of new challenges presented in the later stage of the game. Tack criticized the tiresome aspect of simulation and the constant need to wait for objectives to be completed, comparing them to a mobile game. Describing the simulation as "shallow", Roemer criticized the lack of time constraints, cleanliness ratings, and a full day-night cycle. He was also disappointed by the small size of each island, which made park building "unfulfilling". Stapleton agreed, saying that the small islands limited players' creativity. He noted that players cannot speed up time in the game, a signature feature in many other simulators and builders, and criticized its exclusion as it forced players to wait aimlessly to get enough cash to perform an action. The game's contracts garnered mixed opinions. Loveridge believed they helped introduce a structure to the game, though she commented that these missions did not form a cohesive narrative. Tamburro enjoyed the process of progressing from one island to the next, as each island has its own unique layout and landscape prompting players to create a new park that is different from the previous ones. He noted that the contracts helped players to unlock new items, but he felt they were not "exciting". Warr criticized the lack of variety featured in the missions, with different scenarios only presenting minor modifications and adjusting the difficult slightly. She also disliked the contracts for occasionally forcing players to complete missions that do not make sense, such as releasing a dinosaur to kill guests. Swinbanks also criticized three contract factions, adding that players' need to satisfy and balance all three parties demands as "arbitrary". Roemer praised Goldblum's performance, though he noted the overarching plot "goes nowhere". He described the game's progression system as "awful" and wished to skip them entirely. The game's tutorial and guidance to players was criticized. Loveridge noted that certain missions were confusing with some late game objectives being presented too early, forcing him to dismiss them to progress. She singled out the tutorial section for being incompetent, failing to inform players about key aspects of the game such as power distribution and landscaping tools, which often create obstruction. and terrain errors that prevent players from constructing certain buildings and modifying the landscape. Warr noted pacing errors with the tutorials, saying that some of them showed up way too late. Reviewers had mixed opinions of the game as a whole. Loveridge called it an intricate simulation game that fans of the series would enjoy, and she commended the many references to the film featured in the game. Tamburro agreed and called it the best Jurassic Park-themed game, though he noted that the game had more constraints than Frontier's previous park builder, Planet Coaster. Initially impressed by the game, Warr was disappointed after extended play time feeling the game was lacking depth. Swinbanks noted that despite its shortcomings, the game was "faithful" to the franchise. He felt that it was "a good park management sim in its own right". Roemer felt that the game's development was rushed, and the lack of depth was problematic. Stapleton called it a "bad" game for being largely boring. Sales Five weeks after its initial release, the game had sold one million copies through digital and physical sales. Seven months after the game's initial release, Frontier declared the game its biggest launch and revealed that more than 2 million copies were sold. As of March 2020, three million copies of the game had been sold. Accolades The game was nominated for "Best Audio Design" at the 2018 Golden Joystick Awards, losing to God of War. It won the award for "Game, Simulation" at the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards, and was nominated for "Excellence in Convergence" at the SXSW Gaming Awards, losing to Marvel's Spider-Man. It was also nominated for "Best Game Design" and "Best Audio" at the Develop:Star Awards. Sequel A sequel, Jurassic World Evolution 2, was announced by Frontier Developments in June 2021, and released on November 9. Goldblum reprises his role for the game, which includes additional features, pterosaurs, and marine reptiles. The game takes place after the events of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, and was released for PC, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X and Series S. See also Jurassic Park III: Park Builder Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis Jurassic World: The Game References External links 2018 video games Amusement park simulation games Business simulation games Video games set in zoos Jurassic Park video games Video games based on films Video games based on adaptations Nintendo Switch games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games Windows games Xbox Cloud Gaming games Xbox One games Xbox One X enhanced games Frontier Developments games Video games about dinosaurs Video games set in Costa Rica Video games set on fictional islands Video games developed in the United Kingdom Single-player video games
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๊ฑฐ์Šค๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐ˜ํˆฌ์–ด๊ตฐ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜
250๊ฐœ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” "ํ˜‘์˜์˜ ๋ฐ˜ํˆฌ์–ด๊ตฐ"์€ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง ๋งฌ์ปด ๊ฑฐ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ์—๋Š” A๋ถ€ํ„ฐ S๊นŒ์ง€ (I, O, Q ์ œ์™ธ) ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 10์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•˜์œ„ ์–ด๊ตฐ(A10, A20 ๋“ฑ), 1์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์–ธ์–ด(A11, A12 ๋“ฑ)์˜ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์€ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ ์†Œ๋ฌธ์ž๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค(A11a, A11b ๋“ฑ). ISO 639-3 ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์–ธ์–ด์— ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ ๋ช…์นญ์ด ๋ถ™์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ทธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฑฐ์Šค๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐ˜ํˆฌ์–ด๊ตฐ ์–ธ์–ด ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€์ด ๋˜์–ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ ์ค‘ S ์ง€์—ญ๋งŒ์ด (๊ฐ„ํ˜น) ๊ณ„ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ›„๋Œ€์— D ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ E ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์„ J ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์  ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์„ค์ •๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ์„œ ๋ฐ˜ํˆฌ์–ด๊ตฐ A ์ง€์—ญ B ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฏธ์—๋„ค์–ด ์‹œ๋ผ์–ด : ๋ฃธ๋ถ€์–ด, ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋งˆ์–ด, ๋ถ€๋ˆ„์–ด, ๋ถ๋ถ€์–ด, ๋ธŒ์œ„์‹œ์–ด, ์ƒ๊ตฌ์–ด, ์‹œ๋ผ์–ด ์–€์ง€์–ด : ๋”ฉ์–ด, ๋ณด๋งˆ์–ด, ์–€์‹œ์–ด, ์Œํ‘ธ์˜ค๋…ธ์–ด, ์Œํ”ผ๋ˆ„์–ด, ํ‹ฐ์—๋„ค์–ด ์€์ œ๋น„์–ด : ๋‘๋งˆ์–ด, ์™„์ง€์–ด, ์€์ œ๋น„์–ด, ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ์–ด ์Œ๋ฒ ๋ ˆ์–ด : ์–‘๊ณ ์–ด, ์˜ด๋ฐค๋ฐ”์–ด, ์€๋‘๋ฌด์–ด, ์Œ๋ฒ ๋ ˆ์–ด, ์‘๊ตด์–ด, ์นด๋‹๊ธฐ์–ด ์ดˆ๊ณ ์–ด : ๋ถ€๋น„์–ด, ์‹ฌ๋ฐ”์–ด, ์ดˆ๊ณ ์–ด, ์นธ๋ฐ์–ด, ํ•€์ง€์–ด ์ผˆ๋ ˆ์–ด : ๋งˆํ™๊ถค์–ด, ์‚ฌ์ผ€์–ด, ์„ธํ‚ค์–ด, ์‹œ๊ตฌ์–ด, ์›œ๋ถ€์–ด, ์€๋‹ค์‚ฌ์–ด, ์Œ๋ฐฉ๊ถค์–ด, ์‘๊ณฐ์–ด, ์ผˆ๋ ˆ์–ด, ์ฝ”ํƒ€์–ด ํ…Œ์ผ€์–ด : ์•ผ์นด์–ด, ์‘๊ถ๊ถฌ์–ด, ์ด๋ฐœ๋ฆฌํ…Œ์ผ€์–ด, ์ฐจ์ดํ…Œ์ผ€์–ด, ์น˜์ฒด๊ฒŒ์–ด, ํ…Œ์ผ€๋ž„๋ฆฌ์–ด, ํ…Œ์ผ€์—๋ถ€์–ด, ํ…Œ์ผ€์€์ง€์ฟ ์–ด, ํ…Œ์ผ€์ฟ ์ฟ ์•ผ์–ด, ํ…Œ์ผ€ํ…Œ๊ฒŒ์–ด, ํ…Œ์ผ€ํ‘ธ๋ฌด์–ด, ํ‹ฐ์—ํ…Œ์ผ€์–ด ๋ฏธ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ : ๋ชฐ๋ ๊ทธ์–ด C ์ง€์—ญ ๋ชฝ๊ณ ์–ด : ๋ž„๋ฆฌ์•„์–ด, ๋ชฝ๊ณ ์‘์ฟค๋‘์–ด, ์˜ด๋ณด์–ด, ์‘๊ฐ„๋„์–ด ๋ฐฉ๊ธฐ์€ํ†ฐ๋ฐ”์–ด ๋กœ๋ฐœ๋ผ์–ด ๋ฃจ์…๊ณ ์–ด : ๋ฃจ์…๊ณ ์–ด, ๋ง๊ฐˆ๋ผ์–ด, ๋ฐ”๋ฐฉ๊ณ ์–ด, ๋ฐฉ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์–ด, ๋ณผ๋กœํ‚ค์–ด, ๋ถ€์ž์–ด, ์€๋Œ๋กœ์–ด ๋งˆ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ์–ด ๋ชจ์ด์–ด ๋ฐค์›จ์–ด ๋ฐฉ๊ธฐ์–ด ๋ณด์ž๋ฐ”์–ด ๋ณด์ฝ”์–ด ๋ณผ๋ก ๋„์–ด ๋ณผ๋ฆฌ์•„์–ด ๋ด„๋ณด๋งˆ์–ด ๋ด„๋ณผ๋ฆฌ์–ด ์‚ฌ์นดํƒ€์–ด ์…๊ฒ”๋ ˆ์–ด ์•ผ๋ชฝ๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌ์–ด ์€ํ†ฐ๋ฐ”์–ด ์‘๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ์–ด : ๋ฆฌ๋นˆ์ž์–ด, ๋ฆฌํ‚ฌ๋ผ์–ด, ๋ฐœ๋กœ์ด์–ด, ์€๋„๋ณด์–ด ์ž”๋„์–ด ๋ถ€์ˆ‘์–ด : ๋Ž…๊ฒŒ์„ธ์–ด, ๋ ๋ ˆ์–ด, ๋ถ€์Š์–ด, ์†ก๊ณ ๋ฉ”๋…ธ์–ด, ์›ก๊ณ ์–ด ์Œ๋ณด์‹œ์–ด : ๋ฆฌ์ฝธ๋ผ์–ด, ๋ฆฌ์ฟ ๋ฐ”์–ด, ์•„์ฝฐ์–ด, ์Œ๋ณด์‹œ์–ด, ์Œ๋ณด์ฝ”์–ด, ์ฝ”์š”์–ด ์‘๊ฐ„๋„์–ด : ์•ผ์นด์–ด, ์‘๊ฐ„๋„์–ด ์‘๊ณฐ๋ฒ ์–ด : ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ์ž์–ด, ๋ธŒ์™€์–ด, ๋ธŒ์›ฐ๋ผ์–ด, ์‘๊ฒ”๋ฆฌ๋งˆ์–ด, ์‘๊ณฐ๋ฒ ์–ด, ์บ‰๊ณ ์–ด, ํ…œ๋ณด์–ด, ํŒŒ๊ธฐ๋ฒ ํ…Œ์–ด ์‘๊ตฐ๋””์–ด : ๋””๋ณผ๋ ˆ์–ด, ๋ณด๋ฏธํƒ€๋ฐ”์–ด, ๋ด‰๊ธธ๋ฆฌ์–ด, ์Œ๋ฐ”ํ‹ฐ์–ด, ์‘๊ตฐ๋””์–ด, ํŒ๋ฐ์–ด ์ผˆ๋ ˆ์–ด : ๋กฌ๋ณด์–ด, ์†Œ์–ด, ์Œ๋ฒ ์‚ฌ์–ด, ํฌ์ผ€์–ด, ์ผˆ๋ ˆ์–ด, ํฌ๋งˆ์–ด ํ…Œํ…”๋ผ์–ด : ์˜๋ผ์–ด, ์€์ฟ ํˆฌ์–ด, ์ผˆ๋ผ์–ด, ์ฟ ์ˆ˜์–ด, ํ…Œํ…”๋ผ์–ด ์ค‘๋ถ€ ๋ฐ˜ํˆฌ์–ด๊ตฐ D ์ง€์—ญ ๋‹ˆ์•™๊ฐ€์–ด ๋ ˆ๊ฐ€์นผ๋ž‘๊ฐ€์–ด : ๋ ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฏ€์›ฝ๊ฐ€์–ด, ๋ ˆ๊ฐ€์ƒค๋ถ„๋‹ค์–ด, ๋ฆฌ์นด์–ด, ๋ฐœ๋ฆฌ์–ด, ๋ฒ ์ผ€์–ด, ์†ก๊ตฌ๋ผ์–ด, ์ง๋ฐ”์–ด, ์นด๋ˆ„์–ด, ์ฝฐ๋ฏธ์–ด, ํ•จ๋ฐ”์–ด, ํ™€๋กœํ™€๋กœ์–ด ๋ฒฐ๋ฒ ์–ด : ๋ฒฐ๋ฒ ์–ด, ๋ถ€์œ ์–ด ๋น„๋ผํ›„์ฟ ์–ด : ๋‹ˆ์•Œ๋ฆฌ์–ด, ๋ฐ”๋ˆ„๋งˆ์–ด, ๋ฒ ๋ผ์–ด, ๋ฒจ๋ ˆ์–ด, ๋ณด๋„์–ด, ๋ถ€๋‘์–ด, ๋นŒ๋ผ์–ด, ์•”๋ฐ”์–ด, ์€๋‹ค์นด์–ด, ์Œ๋ณด์–ด, ์นด์ด์ฟ ์–ด, ์บ‰๊ณ ์–ด, ์ฝ”๋ชจ์–ด, ํ˜ธ๋งˆ์–ด ์—๋‹ˆ์•„์–ด : ๋ ๊ณจ์•„์–ด, ๋ฏธํˆฌ์ฟ ์–ด, ์—๋‹ˆ์•„์–ด, ์Œ๋ณผ๋ ˆ์–ด E ์ง€์—ญ ๋‹ˆ์นด์–ด ๋ง๋ผ์ฝ”ํ…Œ์–ด ๋ฏธ์ง€์ผ„๋‹ค์–ด : ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ์•„๋งˆ์–ด, ๋‘๋ฃจ๋งˆ์–ด, ๋””๊ณ ์–ด, ์„ธ๊ฒŒ์œ ์–ด, ์ดˆ๋‹ˆ์–ด ํƒ€์ดํƒ€์–ด : ์‚ฌ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์–ด, ํƒ€์ดํƒ€์–ด ํฌ์ฝ”๋ชจ์–ด : ์ƒ๋ถ€ ํฌ์ฝ”๋ชจ์–ด, ํ•˜๋ถ€ ํฌ์ฝ”๋ชจ์–ด ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์–ด : ๊ถค๋…ธ์–ด, ๋กœ๋ณด์–ด, ๋ฅด์™€์–ด, ๋ถ„์กฐ์–ด, ๋งˆ์ฐจ๋ฉ”์–ด, ๋ชจ์น˜์–ด, ์นดํ—ค์–ด ์ฟ ๋ฆฌ์•„์–ด : ๊ตฌ์‹œ์–ด, ์ˆ˜๋ฐ”์–ด, ์‹œ์žํ‚ค์–ด, ์™€๋ ˆ์–ด, ์‘๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด, ์ด์ฝ”๋งˆ์–ด, ์ดํ‚ค์ฃผ์–ด, ์ž๋‚˜ํ‚ค์–ด, ์นด๋ธŒ์™€์–ด, ์ฟ ๋ฆฌ์•„์–ด, ํ…Œ๋ฏธ์–ด ํ‚ค์ฟ ์œ ์บ„๋ฐ”์–ด ๊ธฐ์ฟ ์œ ์–ด ๋‹ค์ด์†Œ์–ด ๋ฉ”๋ฃจ์–ด : ๋ฉ”๋ฃจ์–ด, ๋ฏ€์œ”๋น„๋ฌดํƒ๋น„์–ด, ์ถ”์นด์–ด, ํƒ€๋ผ์นด์–ด ์— ๋ถ€์–ด ์บ„๋ฐ”์–ด F ์ง€์—ญ ๋‹๋žŒ๋ฐ”๋ž‘๊ธฐ์–ด : ๋‹ˆ์•„ํˆฌ๋ฃจ์–ด, ๋‹๋žŒ๋ฐ”์–ด, ๋ž‘๊ธฐ์–ด, ์Œ๋ถ€๊ถค์–ด ์ˆ˜์ฟ ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•”์›จ์ง€์–ด : ๋‹ˆ์•”์›จ์ง€์–ด, ๋ถ•๊ตฌ์–ด, ์ˆ˜์ฟ ๋งˆ์–ด, ์ˆจ๋ธŒ์™€์–ด, ์ฝ”๋†๊ณ ์–ด, ํ‚ด๋ถ€์–ด ํ†ต๊ถค์–ด : ๋ง˜๋ธŒ์›จ๋ฃฝ๊ตฌ์–ด, ๋ฒค๋ฐ์–ด, ๋ฃฝ๊ณผ์–ด, ํ†ต๊ถค์–ด, ํ”ผํŒŒ์–ด, ํ•Œ๋ธŒ์›จ์–ด G ์ง€์—ญ ๊ณ ๊ณ ์–ด : ๊ณ ๊ณ ์–ด, ์นด๊ตด๋ฃจ์–ด ๋ฒ ๋„คํ‚น๊ฐ€์–ด : ๋งˆ๊ณ ๋งˆ์–ด, ๋งŒ๋‹ค์–ด, ๋ฒ ๋‚˜์–ด, ์ƒ๊ตฌ์–ด, ์™„์ง€์–ด, ํ‚ค์‹œ์–ด, ํ‚น๊ฐ€์–ด, ํŒก๊ณผ์–ด, ํ—คํ—ค์–ด ์ƒด๋ฐœ๋ผ์–ด : ๋ณธ๋ฐ์ด์–ด, ์ƒด๋ฐœ๋ผ์–ด, ์•„์ˆ˜์–ด, ํƒ€๋ฒ ํƒ€์–ด ์Šค์™€ํž๋ฆฌ์–ด : ๋งˆํ€˜์–ด, ๋ฏ€์™€๋‹ˆ์–ด, ์Šค์™€ํž๋ฆฌ์–ด, ์€์ฆˆ์™€๋‹ˆ์–ด, ์‘๊ฐ€์ง€์ž์–ด, ์ฝ”๋ชจ๋กœ์–ด ์ง€๊ตด๋ผ์ž๋ผ๋ชจ์–ด : ๋„์—์–ด, ๋ฃจ๊ตฌ๋ฃจ์–ด, ๋ฌด์Š๊ตด๋ฃจ์–ด, ๋น„๋‘”๋‹ค์–ด, ์‚ฌ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์–ด, ์‘๊ตด๋ฃจ์–ด, ์ž๋ผ๋ชจ์–ด, ์ง€๊ตด๋ผ์–ด, ์นด๋ฏธ์–ด, ์ฟ ํˆฌ์–ด, ํ€˜๋ ˆ์–ด ํฌ๊ณ ๋กœ์–ด : ์€๋‹ด๋ฐ”์–ด, ํฌ๊ณจ๋กœ์–ด H ์ง€์—ญ ์•ผ์นด์–ด : ๋ก ์กฐ์–ด, ์†๋ฐ์–ด, ์ˆ˜์ฟ ์–ด, ์•ผ์นด์–ด, ์Œ๋ฐฉ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์–ด, ์‘๊ณต๊ณ ์–ด, ํŽ ๋ Œ๋ฐ์–ด ์Œ๋ถ„๋‘์–ด : ๋ณผ๋กœ์–ด, ์‚ฌ๋งˆ์–ด, ์€์†ก๊ณ ์–ด, ์Œ๋ถ„๋‘์–ด ์ฝฉ๊ณ ์–ด : ๋‘”๋„์–ด, ๋ฒฐ๋ฒ ์–ด, ๋ผ๋ฆฌ์–ด, ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ์–ด, ์ˆœ๋””์–ด, ์šค๋ฒ ์–ด, ์บ„๋ฐ”์–ด, ์ฟ ๋‹ˆ์–ด, ์ฟต๊ณ ์–ด, ์ฝฉ๊ณ ์–ด ํ›™๊ฐ€๋‚˜์–ด J ์ง€์—ญ ๋‹ˆ์˜ค๋กœ๊ฐ„๋‹ค์–ด : ๊ฐ„๋‹ค์–ด, ๊ถ๊ตฌ์–ด, ๊ถค๋ ˆ์–ด, ๋‹ˆ์•™์ฝ”๋ ˆ์–ด, ๋‹ˆ์˜ค๋กœ์–ด, ๋ฃฐ๋ฆฌ์–ด, ์†Œ๊ฐ€์–ด, ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€์–ด, ์ผ€๋‹ˆ์–ด, ์น˜๊ฐ€์–ด, ํˆฌ๋กœ์–ด, ํ—ค๋งˆ์–ด ๋ฅด์™„๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋””์–ด : ๋ฃฌ๋””์–ด, ๋ฅด์™„๋‹ค์–ด, ๋นˆ์ž์–ด, ์Šˆ๋น„์–ด, ํ•˜์–ด, ํ•ญ๊ฐ€์ž์–ด ๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฃจ์ด์•„์–ด ๋‹ˆ์˜ฌ๋ ˆ์–ด ๋ฃจ์ด์•„์–ด : ๋‹ˆ์•Œ๋ผ์–ด, ๋‹ˆ์˜ค๋ ˆ์–ด, ๋กœ๊ตด๋ฆฌ์–ด, ๋ฃจ์ด์•„์–ด, ๋ถ€์ฟ ์ˆ˜์–ด, ์ด๋‹ค์ฝ”์ด์ˆ˜์นดํ‹ฐ๋ฆฌํ‚ค์–ด ๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”์–ด ์‹œํ•˜๋ถ€์–ด : ๋‹Œ๋‘์–ด, ์‹œ์–ด, ์กฐ๋ฐ”์–ด, ์นด๋ธŒ์™€๋ฆฌ์–ด, ํ…œ๋ณด์–ด, ํ’€๋ฆฌ๋ฃจ์–ด, ํ•˜๋ถ€์–ด, ํ›ˆ๋ฐ์–ด ์ฝ˜์กฐ์–ด : ๋‚œ๋ฐ์–ด, ์ฝ˜์กฐ์–ด ํ•˜์•ผ์ง€ํƒ€์–ด : ๋‹ˆ์•”๋ณด์–ด, ์ˆ˜๋น„์–ด, ์ง€ํƒ€์–ด, ์ง„์ž์–ด, ์นด๋ผ์–ด, ์ผ€๋ ˆ์›จ์–ด, ์ฝฐ์•ผ์–ด, ํƒˆ๋ง๊ฐ€๋ธŒ์œ„์‹œ์–ด, ํ•˜์•ผ์–ด K ์ง€์—ญ ๋””๋ฆฌ์ฟ ์–ด ์‚ด๋žŒํŒŒ์ˆ˜์€๋Ž€๋ณด์–ด : ๋ฃฌ๋‹ค์–ด, ๋ฃฌ๋“œ์–ด, ์‚ด๋žŒํŒŒ์ˆ˜์–ด ์ˆ˜๋น„์•„์–ด : ์ˆ˜๋น„์•ผ์–ด, ํ† ํ…”๋ผ์–ด, ํ”„์›จ์–ด ์Œ๋ฐœ๋ผ์–ด ์พ…๊ณผ์–ด : ๋ฃจ์•ผ๋‚˜์–ด, ๋งˆ์‹œ์–ด, ์‹œ๋งˆ์–ด, ์Œ๋ณด์›จ์–ด, ์Œ๋ถ€์ฟ ์Šˆ์–ด, ์พ…๊ฐˆ๋ฆฌ์–ด ์ดˆํ€˜๋ฃจ์ฐจ์ง€์–ด : ๋‹ˆ์— ๋ฐ”์–ด, ๋‹ˆ์—ฅ๊ณ ์–ด, ๋ฃจ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ์–ด, ๋ฃจ์ž„๋น„์–ด, ๋ฃจ์ฐจ์ง€์–ด, ์Œ๋ถ„๋‹ค์–ด, ์Œ๋ธŒ์›ฐ๋ผ์–ด, ์‘์บ‰๊ฐˆ๋ผ์–ด, ์ดˆํ€˜์–ด ํ›Œ๋ฃจ์–ด : ์‚ผ๋ฐ”์–ด, ํ€˜์„ธ์–ด, ํŽœ๋ฐ์–ด, ํ™€๋ฃจ์–ด L ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฃจ๋ฐ”์–ด : ๋ฃจ๋ฐ”์นด์‚ฌ์ด์–ด, ๋ฃจ๋ฐ”์นดํƒ•๊ฐ€์–ด, ๋ฅด์™ˆ๋ฃจ์–ด, ์ƒ๊ฐ€์–ด, ์นด๋‹ˆ์˜คํฌ์–ด, ํ—ด๋ฐ”์–ด ๋ธŒ์œŒ๋ ˆ์–ด ์†ก๊ธฐ์—์–ด : ๋ฃจ๋‚˜์–ด, ๋ฐฉ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๊ตฌ์–ด, ๋นˆ์ง€์–ด, ์†ก๊ฒŒ์–ด, ์ผ€ํ…Œ์–ด ์‘์ฝ”์•ผ์–ด ์นด์˜จ๋ฐ์–ด M ์ง€์—ญ ๋‹ˆ์•„ํ‚ค์šฐ์‚ฌ์–ด ๋‹ˆ์นด์‚ฌํ”„์™€์–ด : ๋‹ˆ์•„๋ฏ€์™•๊ฐ€์–ด, ๋‹ˆํ•˜์–ด, ๋žŒ๋น„์•„์–ด, ๋ง๋ฆด๋ผ์–ด, ์‚ฌํ”„์™€์–ด, ์™„๋‹ค์–ด, ์€๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์–ด ๋ ˆ๋‹ˆ์—ํ†ต๊ฐ€์–ด ๋ ˆ๋‹ˆ์—์–ด ํ†ต๊ฐ€์–ด : ๋”๋ฒ ์–ด, ์‚ด๋ผ์–ด, ์†”๋ฆฌ์–ด, ์ผ๋ผ์–ด, ํ†ต๊ฐ€์–ด ๋ฒฐ๋ฐ”์–ด : ๋ฒฐ๋ฐ”์–ด, ์•„์šฐ์‹œ์–ด, ํƒ€๋ธŒ์™€์–ด ๋น„์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ฐ”์–ด ๋žŒ๋ฐ”์–ด ๋น„์‚ฌ์–ด : ๋ž„๋ผ๋น„์‚ฌ์–ด, ์„ธ๋ฐ”์–ด N ์ง€์—ญ ์น˜์ฒด์™€์–ด (๋‹ˆ์•ˆ์ž์–ด) ๋งŒ๋‹ค์–ด : ๋งˆํ…ก๊ณ ์–ด, ์Œํฌํ† ์–ด, ์‘๊ณ ๋‹ˆ์–ด, ํ†ต๊ฐ€์–ด ์…๊ฐ€์„ธ๋‚˜์–ด ์„ธ๋‚˜์–ด : ๋‹ˆ์›…๊ถค์–ด, ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์›จ์–ด, ์„ธ๋‚˜์–ด, ์ฟค๋‹ค์–ด, ํ•Œ๋น„์–ด ์…๊ฐ€์–ด (์€์…๊ฐ€์–ด) ํˆผ๋ถ€์นด์–ด P ์ง€์—ญ ๋งˆ์ฟ ์•„์–ด : ๋‚˜ํ…œ๋ณด์–ด, ๋กค๋กœ์–ด, ๋กฌ์›จ์–ด, ๋งˆ์ธ๋„์–ด, ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„์™€์–ด, ๋งˆ๋ Œ์ œ์–ด, ๋งˆ์ฟ ์™€๋งˆ๋ ˆ๋ณด๋„ค์–ด, ๋งˆ์ฟ ์™€๋ฉ”ํ† ์–ด, ๋งˆ์ฟ ์™€๋ชจ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€์–ด, ๋งˆ์ฟ ์™€์‚ฌ์นด์–ด, ๋งˆ์ฟ ์™€์‹œ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ์–ด, ๋งˆ์ฟ ์™€์–ด, ์ถ”์™€๋ถ€์–ด, ์ฝ”์ฝœ๋ผ์–ด, ์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ์–ด, ํƒ€์ฝฐ๋„ค์–ด ๋งˆํˆผ๋น„์–ด : ๋‹Œ๋””์–ด, ๋ฃจํ”ผ์ง€์–ด, ๋งˆํˆผ๋น„์–ด, ์€๋ด๋ฐ์šธ๋ ˆ์–ด, ์€๋Ž…๊ฒ”๋ ˆ์ฝ”์–ด, ์Œ๋ถ•๊ฐ€์–ด, ์‘๊ธด๋„์–ด ์•ผ์˜ค์–ด : ๋งˆ์นญ๊ฐ€์–ด, ๋งˆ์ฝ˜๋ฐ์–ด, ๋ฏ€์›จ๋ผ์–ด, ์•ผ์˜ค์–ด, ์€๋ˆ๋„คํ•จ๋ฐ”์–ด R ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚จ ์Œ๋ถ„๋‘์–ด : ๋‹ˆ์•„๋„ค์นด์–ด, ์›€๋ถ„๋‘์–ด, ์€๋”๋ฒ ์–ด, ์‘์ฟฐ๋น„์–ด ์˜ˆ์˜ˆ์–ด (์˜ˆ์ด์–ด) ์€๋™๊ฐ€์–ด : ์€๋™๊ฐ€์–ด, ์Œ๋ฐœ๋ž€ํ›„์–ด, ์‘๊ฐ„๋””์—๋ผ์–ด, ์ฝฐ๋‹ˆ์•„๋งˆ์–ด, ํฌ์™๋น„์–ด ํ—ค๋ ˆ๋กœ์–ด : ์ ฌ๋ฐ”์–ด, ํ—ค๋ ˆ๋กœ์–ด S ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฒค๋‹ค์–ด ์†Œํ† ์ธ ์™€๋‚˜์–ด ๋กœ์ง€์–ด ์†Œํ† ์–ด ๋‚จ์†Œํ† ์–ด ๋ถ์†Œํ† ์–ด : ๋ถ์†Œํ† ์–ด, ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์€๋ฐ๋ฒจ๋ ˆ์–ด ๋น„๋ฅด์™€์–ด ์ธ ์™€๋‚˜์–ด ์ธ ์™€ํ์–ด ํฌ๊ฐˆ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋””์–ด ์‡ผ๋‚˜์–ด : ๋‚จ๋น„์•„์–ด, ๋ฐ๋งˆ์–ด, ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์นด์–ด, ์€๋‹ค์šฐ์–ด, ์‡ผ๋‚˜์–ด, ์นผ๋ž‘๊ฐ€์–ด, ํƒ€์™€๋ผ์–ด, ํ…Œ์›จ์–ด ์‘๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ์–ด : ์Šค์™€ํ‹ฐ์–ด, ์ง๋ฐ”๋ธŒ์›จ ์€๋ฐ๋ฒจ๋ ˆ์–ด, ์ค„๋ฃจ์–ด, ์ฝ”์‚ฌ์–ด ์ดˆํ”ผ์–ด : ์ดˆํ”ผ์–ด, ํ†ต๊ฐ€์–ด ์ธ ์™€๋กฑ๊ฐ€์–ด : ๋กฑ๊ฐ€์–ด, ์ด๊ฐ€์–ด, ์ธ ์™€์–ด ๋ฏธ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ (์ค‘๋ถ€ ๋ฐ˜ํˆฌ์–ด๊ตฐ) : ๊ทธ๋ฐ”ํ‹ฐ๋ฆฌ์–ด, ๋‹ˆ์•™๊ฐˆ๋ฆฌ์–ด, ๋งˆ์˜ˆ์นด์–ด, ๋ณด๊ตฌ๋ฃจ์–ด, ์†ก๊ณ ์–ด, ์‘๊ทธ๋น„์–ด, ์‘๊ทธ๋นˆ๋‹ค์–ด, ์ด์‚ฐ์ฃผ์–ด, ์นด๋ฆฌ์–ด ๋ฏธ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ (๋ฐ˜ํˆฌ์–ด๊ตฐ) : ๋ฒฐ๋ฐ”์–ด, ์†ก๊ฐ€์–ด ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋ฐ˜ํˆฌ์–ด๊ตฐ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthrie%20classification%20of%20Bantu%20languages
Guthrie classification of Bantu languages
The 250 or so "Narrow Bantu languages" are conventionally divided up into geographic zones first proposed by Malcolm Guthrie (1967โ€“1971). These were assigned letters Aโ€“S and divided into decades (groups A10, A20, etc.); individual languages were assigned unit numbers (A11, A12, etc.), and dialects further subdivided (A11a, A11b, etc.). This coding system has become the standard for identifying Bantu languages; it was a practical way to distinguish many ambiguously named languages before the introduction of ISO 639-3 coding, and it continues to be widely used. Only Guthrie's Zone S is (sometimes) considered to be a genealogical group. Since Guthrie's time a Zone J (made of languages formerly classified in groups D and E) has been set up as another possible genealogical group bordering the Great Lakes. The list is first summarized, with links to articles on accepted groups of Bantu languages (bold decade headings). Following that is the complete 1948 list, as updated by Guthrie in 1971 and by J. F. Maho in 2009. Summary The list below reflects Guthrie as updated by Maho (2009). Not included in detail are the Northeast Bantu languages characterized by Dahl's Law, which is thought to be a genealogical group, cuts across the Guthrie system, and is covered at Northeast Bantu. Other groups with dedicated articles, such as Southern Bantu (Zone S) are also only summarized here, so that the initial listing is only a summary and an index for other articles. Ethnologue made multiple changes to Guthrie in an attempt to make the classification more historically accurate. However, the changes are inconsistent, and Ethnologue has not been followed here, though it is publicly available online. Thus a code may mean different things depending on whether Guthrie or SIL is being followed. (See link below for the SIL code assignments.) The updates in Maho (2009), on the other hand, are designed to be compatible with the original values of the codes. Bantu has long been divided into Northwest Bantu (Forest Bantu) and Central Bantu (Savanna Bantu) branches based upon tone patterns, but there is little agreement as to which Guthrie zones (or which parts of zones) should be in either, the dichotomy is dubious, and they have not been followed here. Accepted genealogical groups within the Guthrie zones are boldfaced. Zone A S Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, N Gabon A10 Lunduโ€“Balong : Oroko (likely one of the Sawabantu languages); the other languages apart from A15 Manenguba (that is, Bonkeng, Nkongho, Bafaw-Balong) may be Sawabantu as well. A15 Manenguba (Ngoe) languages A20โ€“30 Sawabantu languages; Bube (in Mbam?) A40a (reduced) Basaa languages A50 Bafia languages A60+40b Mbam languages (Jarawan added after Guthrie) A70 Beti language A80โ€“90 Makaaโ€“Njem languages Zone A is sometimes considered Forest Bantu. Guthrie's A60 and part of his A40 have been removed to the Southern Bantoid Mbam languages. Sawabantu may include some of the A10 languages apart from Manenguba, whereas Bube may belong in Mbam. Southern Bantoid Jarawan was assigned to Zone A by Gerhardt (1982) and Blench (ms 2006, 2011), specifically to A60, within Mbam. According to several scholars, including Blench, there can be no coherent concept of Bantu as long as many of the Zone A and perhaps Zone B languages are included. Zone B S Gabon, W Congo, W DR-Congo B20 Kele languages (?Seki) B10โ€“30 Tsogo languages (?Myene) B40 (with some H10) Sira languages B50 Nzebi languages B60 Mbete languages B70 (with some B80) Teke languages B80 (reduced) Bomaโ€“Dzing languages (Tsong/Songo?) Zone B is sometimes considered Forest Bantu. B10โ€“30 may belong together as Keleโ€“Tsogo, B40 with Kongoโ€“Yaka (H), and B50โ€“70 with H24 Songo as Tekeโ€“Mbede. Zone C NW DR-Congo, N Congo C10 (with some C30) Ngondiโ€“Ngiri languages C20 Mboshi languages C30 (with Mongo, etc) Bangiโ€“Ntomba languages (Lingala et al.) C37+41 Bujaโ€“Ngombe languages C42 Bwela C40a Batiโ€“Angba languages (Bwa) C50โ€“60 Soko languages C70 Tetela languages C80 Bushoong languages Zone C is sometimes considered Forest Bantu, sometimes Savanna Bantu. There are proposals for three larger clades, Mboshiโ€“Buja covering C10โ€“20 and C37+41, and Bangiโ€“Tetela covering C30 with C50โ€“80 (Motingea 1996), and C40a together with D20โ€“30 in Boan. Zone D NE DR-Congo D10 Mboleโ€“Enya languages (?Lengola) D20a Legaโ€“Binja languages D20โ€“30 Komoโ€“Bira languages, (with C40a) Boan D28 Holoholo (perhaps in NE Bantu) D30 (unclassified): Guru (Boguru), Ngbinda, Kare (Kari), Nyanga-li (Gbati-ri) D33 Nyali languages (Beeke? Ngbee?, +Bodo?) D43โ€“55 Nyangaโ€“Buyi languages D54 Bembe (with Lega?) D10, D30, and some of D20 and D40 are sometimes considered Forest Bantu, the others Savanna Bantu. Most of D40โ€“60 has been moved to Great Lakes Bantu languages. Lengola, Bodo, and Nyali may belong together as Lebonya, and Beeke in Boan. Zone E Kenya, apart from Swahili The languages of Zone E have been reassigned: E10โ€“E40 to Great Lakes Bantu languages; E50 Kikuyuโ€“Kamba (Central Kenya Bantu) and E60 Chagaโ€“Taita to Northeast Bantu; E70 Nyika to Northeast Bantu, mostly in Sabaki. Zone F W & C Tanzania. F10 Tongwe-Bende F30 (reduced) Mbugweโ€“Rangi languages ?Isanzu Much of F20 and F30, including the major language Sukuma, have been reclassified as Northeast Bantu, with Bungu to Rukwa and Sumbwa as Great Lakes. Mbugweโ€“Rangi, however, form a valid node by themselves. Isanzu is sometimes classified as F30, as a variety of Nilamba, and sometimes thought to be a remnant of the Bantu languages spoken in the area before F-zone languages arrived. Zone G E Tanzania, Comoros G50 (with Mbunga) Kilombero The languages of Zone G have been reclassified, G60 Beneโ€“Kinga to Northeast Bantu, and the other branches more specifically to Northeast Coast Bantu languages. Zone H NW Angola, W Congo H10 (reduced) Kongo languages H20 Kimbundu languages (?Songo) H30โ€“40 (with Yanzi) Yaka languages H10 and H40 are sometimes considered Forest Bantu, the others Savanna Bantu. H10 Kunyi, Suundi, and Vili have been split between B40 and L10. H40 is split between H30 and L10. Kongoโ€“Yaka may form a family, perhaps with B40 Sira. Zone J Uganda, Rwandaโ€“Burundi, near lakes Kivu & Victoria J Great Lakes (part of Northeast Bantu) Zone K E Angola, W Zambia K10 Chokweโ€“Luchazi languages K31 Luyana K30 Kavango languages? K43 Mbukushu K20 Lozi is now classified as Southern Bantu. Some K30 languages have been reclassified as Kavango, but Luyana is an independent lineage. K40 Subiyaโ€“Totela has been reclassified as Botatwe, apart from Mbukushu, which appears to be an independent lineage. Zone L S DR-Congo, C Zambia L10 (with some H) Pende languages L20โ€“40 +L60 Luba languages (Luluwa) L50 Lunda languages L20 Songe (apart perhaps from Lwalu), L30 Luba, L40 Kaonde, and L60 Nkoya have been grouped as Luban. Zone M E Zambia, SE DR-Congo M10โ€“30 (with Bungu) Rukwa languages M40โ€“50 (with Senga) Sabi languages M60 (with K40 Subia) Botatwe languages Sabiโ€“Bobatwe may be related. Zone N Malawi and surrounding areas, C Mozambique N20โ€“40 Nyasa languages N10 Manda has been classified as Rufijiโ€“Ruvuma, and the N20 Tumbuka 'dialect' Senga as Sabi. Zone P NE Mozambique, SE Tanzania P10 Matuumbi and P20 Yao have been classified as Rufijiโ€“Ruvuma, P15 Mbunga as Kilombero, P30 Makhuwa as Southern Bantu. Zone R SW Angola, N Namibia, N Botswana R11 Umbundu (South Mbundu) R10โ€“30 Southwest Bantu languages R40 Yeyi R20 Ovambo, R30 Herero, and R10 apart from Umbundu have been grouped together as Southwest Bantu. Yeyi forms its own lineage. Zone S South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe, S. Mozambique. S10 Shona languages S20โ€“60 (with P30) Southern Bantu languages Full list (1948/2009) Following is the original list from Guthrie (1948), with all numerical assignments, as updated by Guthrie himself (1971) and J.F. Maho (2009). The groups are geographic, and do not necessarily imply a relationship between the languages within them. Words in parentheses are added for disambiguation. Numbers in brackets are changes made in Maho (2009); languages in brackets were added by Maho (2009). Languages of the proposed Zone J are included among zones D and E. Zone A A10: A11[101] Londo, A12[101] Barue, A13 Balong, A14 Bonkeng, A15 Mbo, [A141 Bafo, A151 Nkongho, multiple additions to A101 Oroko] A20: A21 Bomboko, A22 Baakpe, A23 Su, A24 Duala, A25 Oli, A26 Pongo, A27 Mulimba, [A221 Bubia, A231 Kole, additions to A24โ€“26 Duala] A30: A31a North Bobe, A31b Southwest Bobe, A31c Southeast Bobe, A32a Banoo, A32b Bapoko, A33a Yasa, A33b Kombe, A34 Benga A40: A41 Lombi, A42 Bankon, A43a Mbene, A43b North Kogo, A43c South Kogo, A44 Banen, A45 Nyokon, A46 Mandi, [A441 Aling'a, A461 Bonek, A462 Yambeta] A50: A51 Faโ€™, A52 Kaalong, A53 Kpa, A54 Ngayaba, [A501 Hijuk] A60: A61[601] Ngoro, A62 Yambasa, A63 Mangisa, A64[601] Bacenga, A65 Bati, [A621 Baca, A622 Gunu, A623 Mbule] A70: A71 Eton, A72a Ewondo, A72b Mvele, A72c Bakja, A72d Yangafek, A73a Bรซbรซlรซ, A73b Gbรฏgbรฏl, A74 Bulu, A75 Fang, [A751 South-West Fang] A80: A81 Mvumbo, A82 So, A83 Makaa, A84 Njem, A85a Konabem, A85b Bekwil, A86a Medjime, A86b Mpompo, A86c Mpiemo, A87 Bomwali, [A801 Gyele, A802 Ukwedjo, A803 Shiwe, A831 Byep, A832 Bekol, A841 Bajue, A842 Koonzime] A90: A91 Kwakum, A92a Pol, A92b Pomo, A93 Kako Zone B B10: B11a Mpongwe, B11b Rongo, B11c Galwa, B11d Dyumba, B11e Nkomi B20: B21 Sekiyani, B22a West Kele, B22b Ngom, B22c Bubi, B23 Mbangwe, B24 Wumbvu, B25 Kota, [B201 Ndasa, B202 Sighu, B203 Sama, B204 Ndambomo, B205 Metombola, B221 Molengue, B251 Shake, B252 Mahongwe] B30: B31 Tsogo, B32 Kande, [B301 Viya, B302 Himbaka, B303 Bongwe, B304 Pinzi, B305 Vove] B40: B41 Sira, B42 Sangu, B43 Punu, B44 Lumbu, [B401 Bwisi, B402 Varama, B403 Vungu, B404 Ngubi, B411 Bwali] B50: B51 Duma, B52 Nzebi, B53 Tsaangi, [B501 Wanzi, B502 Mwele, B503 Vili] B60: B61 Mbete, B62 Mbaama, B63 Nduumo, [B602 Kaning'i, B603 Yangho] B70: B71a Tege-Kali, B71b Njiningi, B72a Ngungwele, B72b Mpumpu, B73a Tsaayi, B73b Laali, B73c Yaa, B73d Kwe, B74a Ndzindziu, B74b Boma, B75 Bali (Teke), B76a Musieno, B76b Ngee, B77a Kukwa, B77b Fumu, B78 Wuumu, [B701 Tsitsege] B80: B81 Tiene, B82 Boma, B83 Mfinu, B84a[84] Mpuon, B84b[84] Mpuun, B85a Mbiem, B85b East Yans, B85c Yeei, B85d Ntsuo, B85e Mpur, B86 Di, B87[84] Mbuun, [B821 Mpe, B822 Nunu, B861 Ngul (Ngwi), B862 Lwel, B863 Mpiin, B864 West Ngongo, B865 Nzadi] Zone C C10: C11 Ngondi, C12a Pande, C12b Bogongo, C13 Mbati, C14 Mbomotaba, C15 Bongili, C16 Lobala, [C101 Dibole, C102 Ngando, C103 Kota, C104 Yaka (Aka), C105 Mbenga (?=Aka), C141 Enyele, C142 Bondongo, C143 Mbonzo, C161 Bomboli, C162 Bozaba] C20: C21 Mboko, C22 Akwa, C23[21] Ngare, C24 Koyo, C25 Mbosi, C26 Kwala, C27 Kuba, [C201 Bwenyi] C30: C31a Loi, C31b Ngiri, C31c Nunu, C32 Bobangi, C33 Sengele, C34 Sakata, C35a Ntomba, C35b Bolia, C36a Poto, C36b Mpesa, C36c Mbudza, C36d Mangala, C36e Boloki, C36f Kangana, C36g Ndolo, C37 Buja, [C301 Doko, C302 Bolondo, C311 Mabaale, C312 Ndoobo, C313 Litoka, C314 Balobo, C315 Enga, C321 Binza, C322 Dzamba, C323 Mpama, C371 Tembo, C372 Kunda, C373 Gbuta, C374 Babale] C40: C41 Ngombe, C42 Bwela, C43 Bati, C44 Boa, C45 Angba, [C401 Pagibete, C403 Kango, C411 Bomboma, C412 Bamwe, C413 Dzando, C414 Ligendza, C415 Likula, C441 Bango] C50: C51 Mbesa, C52 So, C53 Poke, C54 Lombo, C55 Kele, C56 Foma, [C501 Likile, C502 Linga] C60: C61a Northeast Mongo, C61b Northwest Mongo, C62 Lalia, [C63 Ngando, C611 Bafoto] C70: C71 Tetela, C72 Kusu, C73 Nkutu, C74 Yela, C75 Kela, C76 Ombo, [C701 Langa] C80: C81 Dengese, C82 Songomeno, C83 Busoong, C84 Lele, C85 Wongo Zone D D10: D11 Mbole, D12 Lengola, D13 Metoko, D14 Enya, [D141 Zura] D20: D21 Bali, D22 Amba, D23 Komo, D24 Songola, D25 Lega, D26 Zimba, D27 Bangubangu, D28a West Holoholo, D28b East Holoholo, [D201 Liko, D211 Kango, D251 Lega-Malinga, D281 Tumbwe, D282 Lumbwe] D30: D31 Peri, D32 Bira, D33 Nyali, [D301 Kari, D302 Guru, D303 Ngbinda, D304 โ€ Homa, D305 Nyanga-li, D306 Gbati-ri, D307 Mayeka, D308 Bodo (CAR), D311 Bila, D312 Kaiku, D313 Ibutu, D331 Bvanuma, D332 Budu, D333 Ndaaka, D334 Mbo, D335 Beeke, D336 Ngbee] D40: [J]D41 Konzo, [J]D42 Ndandi, D43 Nyanga D50: [J]D51 Hunde, [J]D52 Haavu, [J]D53 Nyabungu, D54 Bembe, D55 Buyi, [J]D56 Kabwari, [JD501 Nyindu, JD502 Yaka, JD531 Tembo] [J]D60: D61 Ruanda, D62 Rundi, D63 Fuliiro, D64 Subi, D65 Hangaza, D66 Ha, D67 Vinza, [JD631 Vira] Zone E [J]E10: E11 Nyoro, E12 Tooro, E13 Nyankore, E14 Ciga, E15 Ganda, E16 Soga, E17 Gwere, E18 Nyala, [JE101 Gungu, JE102 Talinga-Bwisi, JE103 Ruli, JE121 Hema] [J]E20: E21 Nyambo, E22 Ziba, E23 Dzindza, E24 Kerebe, E25 Jita, [JE221 Rashi, JE251 Kwaya, JE252 Kara, JE253 Ruri] [J]E30: E31a Gisu, E31b Kisu, E31c Bukusu, E32a Hanga, E32b Tsotso, E33 Nyore, E34 Saamia, E35 Nyuli, [JE341 Xaayo, JE342 Marachi, JE343 Songa] E40: [J]E41 Logooli, [J]E42 Gusii, [J]E43 Koria, [J]E44 Zanaki, [J]E45 Nata, E46 Sonjo, [JE401 Nguruimi, JE402 Ikizu, JE403 Suba/Suba-Simbiti, JE404 Shashi, JE405 Kabwa, JE406 โ€ Singa, JE407 โ€ Ware, JE411 Idaxo, JE412 Isuxa, JE413 Tiriki, JE431 Simbiti, JE432 Hacha, JE433 Surwa, JE434 Sweta] E50: E51 Gikuyu, E52 Embu, E53 Meru, E54 Saraka, E55 Kamba, E56 Daiso, [E531 Mwimbi-Muthambi, E541 Cuka] E60: E61[621a] Rwo, E62a[621b,622a] Hai, E62b[622c] Wunjo, E62c[623] Rombo, E63 Rusa, E64 Kahe, E65 Gweno E70: E71 Pokomo, E72a Gyriama, E72b Kauma, E72c Conyi, E72d Duruma, E72e Rabai, E73 Digo, E74a Dabida, E74b[741] Sagala, [E701 Elwana, E731 Segeju, E732 Degere, E74 Taita] Zone F F10: F11 Tongwe, F12 Bende F20: F21 Sukuma, F22 Nyamwezi, F23 Sumbwa, F24 Kimbu, F25 Bungu F30: F31 Nilamba, F32 Remi, F33 Langi, F34 Mbugwe Zone G G10: G11 Gogo, G12 Kaguru G20: G21 [E74a] Tubeta, G22 Asu, G23 Shambala, G24 Bondei, [G221 Mbugu (Bantu register)] G30: G31 Zigula, G32 Ngwele, G33 Zaramo, G34 Ngulu, G35 Ruguru, G36 Kami, G37 Kutu, G38 Vidunda, G39 Sagala, [G301 Doe, G311 Mushungulu (incl. Shanbara)] G40: G41 Tikuu, G42a Amu, G42b Mvita, G42c Mrima, G42d Unguja, G43a Phemba, G43b Tumbatu, G43c Hadimu, G44a Ngazija, G44b Njuani, [G402 Makwe, G403 Mwani, G404 Sidi (India), G411 Socotra Swahili, G412 Mwiini] G50: G51 Pogolo, G52 Ndamba G60: G61 Sango, G62 Hehe, G63 Bena, G64 Pangwa, G65 Kinga, G66 Wanji, G67 Kisi, [G651 Magoma] Zone H H10: H11 Beembe, H12 Vili, H13 Kunyi, H14 Ndingi, H15 Mboka, H16a South Kongo, H16b Central Kongo, H16c Yombe, H16d Fiote, H16e Bwende, H16f Laadi, H16g East Kongo, H16h Southeast Kongo, [H111 Hangala, H112 Kamba-Doondo, H131 Suundi] H20: H21a Kimbundu, H21b Mbamba, H22 Sama, H23 Bolo, H24 Songo H30: H31 Yaka, H32 Suku, H33 [L12b] Hungu, H34 Mbangala, H35 Sinji, [H321 Soonde] H40: H41 Mbala, H42 Hunganna Zone K K10: K11 Ciokwe, K12a Luimbi, K12b Ngangela, K13 Lucazi, K14 Lwena, K15 Mbunda, K16 Nyengo, K17 Mbwela, K18 Nkangala K20: K21 Lozi K30: K31 Luyana, K32 Mbowe, K33 Kwangali, K34 Mashi, K35 Simaa, K36 Sanjo, K37 Kwangwa, [K321 Mbume, K322 Liyuwa, K332 Manyo, K333 Mbukushu, K334 โ€ Mbogedu, K351 Mulonga, K352 Mwenyi, K353 Koma, K354 Imilangu, K371 Kwandi] K40: K41 Totela, K42 Subiya, [K402 Fwe, K411 Totela of Namibia] Zone L L10: L11 Pende, L12 Samba & Holu, L13 Kwese, [L101 Sondeยง] L20: L21 Kete, L22 Binji [Mbagani, L23 Songe, L24 Luna, [L201 Budya, L202 Yazi, L221 Lwalwa, L231 Binji] L30: L31a Luba-Kasai, L31b Lulua, L32 Kanyoka, L33 Luba-Katanga, L34 Hemba, L35 Sanga, [L301 Kebwe, L331 Zeela] L40: L41 Kaonde L50: L51 Salampasu, L52 Lunda, L53 Ruund, [L511 Luntu] L60: L61 Mbwera, L62 Nkoya, [L601 Kolwe, L602 Lushangi, L603 Shasha] Zone M M10: M11 Pimbwe, M12 Rungwa, M13 Fipa, M14 Rungu, M15 Mambwe, [M131 Kuulwe] M20: M21 Wanda, M22 Mwanga, M23 Nyiha, M24 Malila, M25 Safwa, M26 Iwa, M27 Tambo, [M201 Lambya, M202 Sukwa] M30: M31 Nyakyusa, [M301 Ndali, M302 Penja] M40: M41 Taabwa, M42 Bemba, [M401 Bwile, M402 Aushi] M50: M51 Biisa, M52 Lala, M53 Swaka, M54 Lamba, M55 Seba, [M521 Ambo, M522 Luano, M541 Lima, M542 Temba] M60: M61 Lenje, M62 Soli, M63 Ila, M64 Tonga, [M611 Lukanga Twa, M631 Sala, M632 Lundwe, M633 Kafue Twa] Zone N N10: N11 Manda, N12 Ngoni, N13 Matengo, N14 Mpoto, N15 Tonga, [N101 Ndendeule, N102 Nindi, N121 Ngoni of Malawiยง] N20: N21 Tumbuka, [N201 Mwera of Mbamba Bay] N30: N31a Nyanja, N31b Cewa, N31c Manganja N40: N41 Nsenga, N42 Kunda, N43 Nyungwe, N44 Sena, N45[44] Rue, N46[44] Podzo, [N441 Sena-Malawi] Zone P P10: P11 Ndengereko, P12 Ruihi, P13 Matumbi, P14 Ngindo, P15 Mbunga P20: P21 Yao, P22 Mwera, P23 Makonde, P24 Ndonde, P25 Mabiha P30: P31 Makua, P32 Lomwe, P33 Ngulu, P34 Cuabo, [P311 Koti, P312 Sakati, P331 Lomwe of Malawi, P341 Moniga] Zone R R10: R11 Umbundu, R12 Ndombe, R13 Nyaneka, R14 Khumbi, [R101 Kuvale, R102 โ€ Kwisi, R103 Mbali] R20: R21 Kwanyama, R22 Ndonga, R23 Kwambi, R24 Ngandyera, [R211 Kafima, R212 Evale, R213 Mbandja, R214 Mbalanhu, R215 Ndongwena, R216 Kwankwa, R217 Dombondola, R218 Esinga, R241 Kwaluudhi, R242 Kolonkadhi-Eunda] R30: R31 Herero, [R311 North-West Herero, R312 Botswana Herero] R40: R41 Yei Zone S S10: S11 Korekore, S12 Zezuru, S13a Manyika, S13b Tebe, S14 Karanga, S15 Ndau, S16 Kalanga S20: S21 Venda S30: S31a Tswana, S31b Kgatla, S31c Ngwatu, S31d[311] Khalaxadi, S32a Pedi, S32b Lobedu, S33 Sotho, [S301 Phalaborwa, S302 Kutswe, S303 Pai, S304 Pulana] S40: S41 Xhosa, S42 Zulu, S43 Swati, S44 (Northern) Ndebele, [S401 โ€ Old Mfengu, S402 Bhaca, S403 Hlubi, S404 Phuthi, S405 Nhlangwini, S406 โ€ Lala, S407 South Ndebele, S408 Sumayela Ndebele] S50: S51 Tswa, S52[53] Gwamba, S53 Tsonga, S54 Ronga, [S511 Hlengwe] S60: S61 Copi, S62 Tonga, [S611 Lenge] ยง: These languages do not have separate articles, though they might warrant them. 2009 appendix Besides the languages added within the existing framework above, Maho appends several creoles, pidgins, and mixed languages: Duala-based: A20A Jo Beti-based: A70A Ewondo Populaire Bangi-based: C30A Bangala, C30B Lingala Shabunda-based: D20A Gengele Amba-based: D20B โ€ Vamba Pare-based: G20A Maโ€™a (mixed register) Swahili-based: G40A Asian Swahili, G40B Cutchi-Swahili, G40C Kisetla, G40D Engsh, G40E Sheng, G40F Shaba Swahili, G40G Ngwana (Congo Swahili), G40H KiKAR Kongo-based: H10A Kituba, H10B Munukutuba, H10C Habla Congo (in Cuba) Nkore-Kiga-based: JE10A Runyakitara (artificial) Luba-based: L30A Pidgin Chiluba Bemba-based: M40A Town Bemba Kunda-based: N40A โ€ Pidgin Chikunda Sotho-based: S30A Pretoria Sotho Zulu-based: S40A Fanagalo, S40B Iscamthoยง, S40C โ€ Shalambomboยง Tsonga-based: S50A Pretoria-Tsongaยง ยง: These languages did not have separate articles at the last review by a Wikipedia editor. See also List of Bantu languages References External links Guthrie's 1948 classification, in detail, with each language numbered Maho 2009. Guthrie 1971, in detail, with subsequent additions, corrections, and corresponding ISO codes as of Ethnologue 15. Coding conventions are explained in Nurse & Philippson (2003). They are (with invented examples): A capital letter is added for an additional dialect of an existing language. That is, A15C would be a dialect of language A15 in addition to Guthrie's dialects A15a and A15b. A third digit is added for an additional language. If its closest relative can be identified, the digit is added to that code. That is, A151 would be a non-Guthrie language closest to Guthrie's A15. If a close relative has not been identified, the digit is added to the decade code. That is, A101 would be a language geographically in group A10, but not particularly close to any of Guthrie's A10 languages, or not known well enough to further classify. Pidgins and creoles are indicated by adding a capital letter to the decade code. That is, A10A would be a pidgin or creole based on a language in group A10. Classification of African languages
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/KN-23
KN-23
KN-23์€ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ(SRBM)์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ ๊ด€์˜ ์กฐ์„ ์ค‘์•™ํ†ต์‹ ์€ ์‹ ํ˜•์ „์ˆ ์œ ๋„ํƒ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์™ธํ˜•์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ 9K720 ์ด์Šค์นธ๋ฐ๋ฅด, ํ•œ๊ตญ ํ˜„๋ฌด-2์™€ ๋‹ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 5์›” 4์ผ ํ•œ๋ฐœ, 9์ผ 2๋ฐœ์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 5์›” 9์ผ, ๋ถํ•œ์ด ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ์œ ์ง€ 17๋ถ„ ๋งŒ์— ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ตฐ์€ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ์‹ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๊ธฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ชฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 2์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฏค ๋’ค, ์‹ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ง์„  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ 50 km ๋ถ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ ์ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์ด ๊ณ ๋„ 30 km ์ด์ƒ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ผ์•ผ ํƒ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 7์›” 25์ผ, ๋ถํ•œ์ด ์›์‚ฐ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๊ธฐ์ง€์—์„œ ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ 2๋ฐœ์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ „ 5์‹œ 34๋ถ„๊ณผ 5์‹œ 57๋ถ„๊ฒฝ์— ๋™ํ•ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ 430 km, ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ 690 km๋ฅผ ๋น„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 5์›” 9์ผ KN-23 2๋ฐœ์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ดํ›„ 78์ผ๋งŒ์ด๋‹ค. ์›์‚ฐ์—์„œ ์„œ์šธ๊นŒ์ง€ 190 km, ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๊นŒ์ง€ 460 km ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์€ ํ•œ๋ฏธ์—ฐํ•ฉํ›ˆ๋ จ 19-2 ๋™๋งน ์—ฐ์Šต ์ค‘๋‹จ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” KN-23์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ์–ด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณด๋„์—์„œ๋Š”, ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 690 km ๋น„ํ–‰์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด KN-23์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œํ—˜๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ๋Š” ๋ถ„์„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 26์ผ ํ•ฉ์ฐธ์€ ๋‘ ๋ฐœ ๋ชจ๋‘ 600 km๋ฅผ ๋น„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 7์›” 31์ผ, ๋ถํ•œ์ด KN-23 2๋ฐœ์„ ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ 5์‹œ์— ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์›์‚ฐ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๊ธฐ์ง€์—์„œ ๋™ํ•ด๋กœ 250 km ๋น„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ง€์—์„œ 250 km ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌํ‘œ์ ์€ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ตฐ์€ KN-23์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹น์ผ ๋ถํ•œ ๊ด€์˜ ์กฐ์„ ์ค‘์•™ํ†ต์‹ ์€ ์‹ ํ˜•๋Œ€๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ์กฐ์ข…๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ์›จ์ด์Šค ๋กœ์ผ“์˜ ์ตœ์‹ ํ˜• ์ˆ˜์ถœ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ A300์œผ๋กœ, ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 290 km์ด๋‹ค. GPS ์œ ๋„๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์ด ์ง€๋‚œ 4์ผ๊ณผ 9์ผ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์ธ ์ด์Šค์นธ๋ฐ๋ฅด์™€ ๊ณ ์ฒด์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์—”์ง„, ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ ๋“ฑ์ด ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ด ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊น€์Šค์นธ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  LAํƒ€์ž„์Šค๋Š” ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 8์›” 26์ผ, ๊ฐ•์›๋„ ๊นƒ๋Œ€๋ น ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๊ธฐ์ง€์—์„œ ํƒ„๋„๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ 3๋ฐœ์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๊ฐ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋œ 3๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์ค‘ 1๋ฐœ์€ ํญ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋‘ ๋ฐœ์€ 250 km๋ฅผ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธํ™•์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, 2019๋…„ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ KN-23์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ์—์„œ ๋ถ๋™์ชฝ 160 km ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๊นƒ๋Œ€๋ น ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๊ธฐ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊นƒ๋Œ€๋ น์—์„œ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” 440 km, ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ๋‚จ์ชฝ ์„œ๊ท€ํฌ ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” 640 km ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๋…ผ๋ž€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋…ผ๋ž€์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ์ผ๊ฐ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผํ•œ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์€ ๊น€์Šค์นธ๋ฐ๋ฅด ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์ด ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ(SRBM)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํŒ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์—” ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ์˜๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋ฒˆ ๊น€์Šค์นธ๋ฐ๋ฅด 3ํšŒ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ(SRBM)์ด์–ด์„œ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์ธ ์œ ์—” ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์œ„๋ฐ˜์ด๋ฉด, ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ œ์žฌ ๊ฒฐ์˜๋ฅผ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด์„œ, ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์ด๋ฒˆ 3ํšŒ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ(SRBM)์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์œ ์—” ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ์˜๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ํƒ„ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ถํ•œ์€ ์„ํƒ„์„ ๋ฐ€์ˆ˜์ถœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์œ ์—” ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์žฌ ๊ฒฐ์˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ œ์žฌ ๊ฒฐ์˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ค‘๊ตญ, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ค‘๊ตญ, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ์ œ์—ฌ๋ก ์— ๋ฐ€๋ ค ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„๋ฐ˜์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์‚ฐ ์„ํƒ„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๋ฐ˜์ž… ์‚ฌ๊ฑด, ์™€์ด์ฆˆ ์–ด๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์••๋ฅ˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฆ‰, ๋ถํ•œ์ด ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ(SRBM)์„ 3ํšŒ๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์กฐ์ฐจ ์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์—” ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์žฌ ๊ฒฐ์˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€ ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ(SRBM)์€ ์œ ์—” ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์œ„๋ฐ˜์ด์–ด์„œ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ• ์œ„๋ฐ˜์ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ(SRBM)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ(SRBM)์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์ž๋ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ(SRBM)์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€๋Š” ์œ ์—” ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฆฌ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ œ์žฌ ๊ฒฐ์˜์™€ ์•„๋ฌด ์ƒ๊ด€๋„ ์—†๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€ ํ˜ผ์ž ํฌํ•œํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ• ํ•ด์„์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ, ํฌํ•œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์ฒด, ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์šด์šดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 5์›” 21์ผ, ๋ฌธ์žฌ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์ฒญ์™€๋Œ€ ๋ณธ๊ด€ 1์ธต ์ธ์™•์‹ค์—์„œ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ B. ์—์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿผ์Šค ์ฃผํ•œ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€๊ณผ์˜ ์˜ค์ฐฌ ๊ฐ„๋‹ดํšŒ์—์„œ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ • ๋Œ€๋ณ€์ธ์ด "๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๋‹˜, โ€˜ํƒ„๋„๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผโ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์…จ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋งž๋‚˜์š”?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌป์ž, ๋ฌธ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ โ€œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋‚˜์š”? ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์ด์ฃ โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 5์›” 26์ผ, ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ "๋ถํ•œ์ด ์ž‘์€ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ถˆ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ์— ๊ธ€์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์œ ์—” ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ์˜๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ ๊ธ€๋กœ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•ด๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์œ ์—” ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ์˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์ธ๋ฐ, ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ• ์œ„๋ฐ˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ํŒ๊ฒฐ๋„ ์œ ์—” ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ์˜๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ์ž„์ด์‚ฌ๊ตญ 5๊ฐœ๊ตญ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์–ธํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 420 km ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ทจ์ง€๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 2019๋…„ 5์›” 4์ผ๊ณผ 9์ผ์˜ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์—์„œ 240 km, 270 km, 420 km๋ฅผ ๋น„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ด์Šค์นธ๋ฐ๋ฅด ๊ตญ๋‚ดํ˜•์€ 500 km, ์ˆ˜์ถœํ˜•์€ 280 km์ด๋‹ค. ํœด์ „์„ ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” 400 km ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ด์Šค์นธ๋ฐ๋ฅด(SS-26) ์ด์ „์— SS-23 ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค. 9M714B ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ, 9N63 ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘, ํญ๋ฐœ๋ ฅ 200 kt, ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 500 km 9M714F ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ, FRAG-HE, ํƒ„๋‘์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ 450 kg, ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 450 km 9M714K ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ, 9N74K ์ง‘์†ํƒ„, ํƒ„๋‘์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ 715 kg, ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 300 km ์žฅ์˜๊ทผ ํ•ญ๊ณต๋Œ€ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ์˜ KN-23 ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ, "๋น„ํ–‰๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ํƒ„๋‘ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹จ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋กœ์ผ“ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ Norbert Brugge ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ช…์‹œ๋œ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ์ง๊ฒฝ, ๊ธธ์ด ๋ฐ ์ถ”๋ ฅ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ ์ œ์–ด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ํŠธ๋Ÿญ๊ณผ ๋ถํ•œ ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์˜ ์น˜์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•จ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€. ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ Jeffrey Lewis ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์€ ํ† ์ฐฉ๋ฏผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šฉ ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์€ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” 500 ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์™€ 500 ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ํƒ„๋‘๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‚จํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 7์›” 25์ผ์˜ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 600 km๋ฅผ ๋น„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ KN-23๊ณผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ด์Šค์นธ๋ฐ๋ฅด, ํ•œ๊ตญ ํ˜„๋ฌด-2A๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋™์ผํ•œ ์™ธ์–‘์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฐ”ํ€ด 8๊ฐœ ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์— ํƒ‘์žฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 300 km๋ผ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ํ˜„๋ฌด-2A๋„ ํƒ„๋‘์ค‘๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ค„์—ฌ ์†Œํ˜• ํ•ตํƒ„๋‘ 100 kg 100 kt ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜๋ฉด, ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 600 km ์ •๋„๋Š” ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ธกํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ํ˜„๋ฌด-2C๋Š” ๋ฐ”ํ€ด 10๊ฐœ ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์— ํƒ‘์žฌ๋˜์–ด, ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๊ธธ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ  2๋‹จ ๋กœ์ผ“์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ณต์‹ ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 800 km๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ›จ์”ฌ ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„, ์ด๋ฒˆ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ 690 km ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถ”์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์—” ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ํŒจ๋„์ด ๋ถํ•œ์— ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ž์œจ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ค€ ํƒ„๋„ ํƒ„๋„์—์„œ KN-23 ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์œ ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ก 32์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. 134 ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํšŒํ”ผ๊ธฐ๋™ KN-23์€ ๋ ˆ์ด๋”๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค ์ •๋„์˜ ํšŒํ”ผ๊ธฐ๋™์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ •ํ™•๋„ ๋งŒ์•ฝ DSMAC ์œ ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์ •๋ฐ€์œ ๋„์ธ 5 m CEP์ธ๋ฐ, 5 m CEP์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ž˜์‹ ํญํƒ„์œผ๋กœ ํ•ตํญํƒ„์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์„œ ์›์ „์˜ ๋‘๊บผ์šด ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๋ฒฝ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, 2007๋…„ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์€ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋“œ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ, 30 m CEP์˜ ํŽ˜์ด๋ธŒ์›จ์ด ํญํƒ„์„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€์ ์— ์—ฐ์† ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•ด์„œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์›์ „์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋Š” 5 m CEP์—ฌ์„œ ํŽ˜์ด๋ธŒ์›จ์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฐ์†์œผ๋กœ ์›์ „์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์›์ „์„ ํญํŒŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. KN-23์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋Š” 35m์˜ ์›ํ˜•์˜ค์ฐจ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ(CEP)์ด๋‹ค. ํ‚ฌ์ฒด์ธ 1๋‹จ ๊ณ ์ฒด์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ, ์ฆ‰์‹œ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ตฐ์˜ ํ‚ฌ ์ฒด์ธ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์ด์Šค์นธ๋ฐ๋ฅด์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํšŒํ”ผ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ธ์ง€๋Š” ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์Šค์นธ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ํŒจํŠธ๋ฆฌ์–ดํŠธ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ, ์ฒœ๊ถ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ, ์‚ฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํšŒํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ KAMD๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ™” ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, 3์ถ• ์ฒด๊ณ„์ธ ํ‚ฌ ์ฒด์ธ, KAMD๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์‘์ง•๋ณด๋ณต๋งŒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์‹œํ—˜๋ฐœ์‚ฌ 2019๋…„ 8์›” 10์ผ, ์˜ค์ „ 5์‹œ 34๋ถ„, 5์‹œ 40๋ถ„ ํ•จ๊ฒฝ๋‚จ๋„ ํ•จํฅ์—์„œ ๋™ํ•ด์ƒ์— 2ํšŒ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ. ๊ณ ๋„ 48km, ๋น„ํ–‰๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 400 km, ์ตœ๋Œ€์†๋„ ๋งˆํ•˜ 6.1๋กœ ํƒ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•จํฅ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋œ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ถ๋„ ์„ฑ์ฃผ๊ตฐ ์ดˆ์ „๋ฉด ์†Œ์„ฑ๋ฆฌ ๋กฏ๋ฐ์Šค์นด์ดํž ์„ฑ์ฃผ ๊ณจํ”„์žฅ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” 435 km ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 8์›” 16์ผ, ๋ถํ•œ์ด ์ „์ˆ ์ง€๋Œ€์ง€๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ๋™ํ•ด๋กœ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 3์›” 21์ผ, ๋ถํ•œ์ด ์ „์ˆ ์ง€๋Œ€์ง€๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ 2๋ฐœ์„ ๋™ํ•ด๋กœ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ „ 6์‹œ 45๋ถ„๊ป˜, 6์‹œ 50๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ถํ•œ ํ‰์•ˆ๋ถ๋„ ์„ ์ฒœ ์ผ๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋ถ๋™์ชฝ ๋™ํ•ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ค„์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์€ 5๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•ฝ 410 km, ๊ณ ๋„๋Š” ์•ฝ 50 km๋กœ ํƒ์ง€๋๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ต ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ํ˜„๋ฌด-2C๋Š” ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์˜ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๊ฐ€ 5 x 5๋กœ 10๊ฐœ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์ด์Šค์นธ๋ฐ๋ฅด, ๊น€์Šค์นธ๋ฐ๋ฅด, ํ˜„๋ฌด-2B๋Š” ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์˜ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๊ฐ€ 4 x 4๋กœ 8๊ฐœ์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ์› ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ด์Šค์นธ๋ฐ๋ฅด ์ œ์›์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์ค€๋น„์‹œ๊ฐ„: ๋น„์ƒ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์‹œ 4๋ถ„, ์ด๋™์‹œ 16๋ถ„ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ: 1๋ถ„ ๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ•œ๋ฐœ ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ: 500 km ๋น„ํ–‰๊ณ ๋„: 50 km ์ž„๋ฌด์ˆ˜๋ช…: 10๋…„ ์Šน๋ฌด์›: 3๋ช… ์ •ํ™•๋„: DSMAC 5 m, GPS 30 m ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ „์ˆ  ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KN-23
KN-23
KN-23, officially the Hwasong-11Ga ใ€Šํ™”์„ฑ-11๊ฐ€ใ€‹ํ˜• (Hwasong-11 improved) is a designation given to a North Korean solid-fueled tactical ballistic missile. Design Initial variant The KN-23 bears an external resemblance to the Russian Iskander-M and South Korean Hyunmoo-2B SRBMs, being distinguished by its elongated cable raceway, different jet vane actuators and smooth base. Like the Iskander-M, it flies in a quasi-ballistic trajectory, flattening out below an altitude of about where the atmosphere is dense enough so the missile's fins can change course along its flight path. It is believed to have a range of some 450ย km with a 500ย kg warhead, putting all of South Korea within range, though it is possible to extend range out to 690ย km with a reduced payload; warhead can be conventional, likely unitary or submunition, or nuclear. The KN-23's active steering capability could make it accurate to within 100 meters CEP with satellite guidance, or within 200 meters using INS alone. It is launched from a wheeled transporter-erector-launcher (TEL). Nonetheless, the KN-23 is significantly larger than the Iskander, with it using likely the same 1.1 meter diameter motor as the Pukkuksong-1. The motor is somewhat lengthened, although having only one stage, compared to the Pukkuksong-1. The motor has a very different structure, compared to the Iskander. The TEL of the KN-23 has more space for the missile, as it lacks the structure immediately after the cab. The KN-23 is likely to replace older liquid-fueled North Korean SRBMs like the Hwasong-5 and Hwasong-6. Being road-mobile and solid-fueled, it can be moved and fired more rapidly, making it more difficult for an opposing force to locate and target before firing. Once launched, the missile's low apogee, short overall flight time, and ability to conduct a terminal "pull-up" maneuver makes it harder to detect and be intercepted by traditional missile defense systems. Its increased accuracy also reduces the number of missiles that would be needed to destroy a single target. The KN-23 is likely to feature some form of foreign involvement such as parts, as when compared to the later developed KN-24, the Korean Central News Agency focuses mainly on the deployment of the missile, with little coverage on its research. While the KN-24 are called 'Juche projectiles', it is never mentioned for the KN-23. The focus on the combat-readiness of the system also suggests that it had been deployed for a while but not tested, like the Hwasong-10. Nonetheless, the KN-23 still bears significant differences from the 9K720 Iskander. KN-23 warhead section has enough space for up to 1500 kilograms of high explosives compared to 700 kilograms for SCUD-B and 800 kilograms of 9K720 Iskander. Larger variant In the 14 January 2021 parade, a larger version was seen, with an estimated length of 9.8 metres and likely an extra segment in the motor. This version is also fitted to a longer TEL, with an additional two sections. The nose cone is similar in shape to the KN-24. SLBM variant On 19 October 2021, a KN-23-type missile was launched from a submerged Sinpo-class submarine as a submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). The missile reportedly traveled and reached an altitude of 60ย km. In order to launch underwater, it was fitted with a gas generator to cold launch out of the submarine's missile tube into the air before the main motor ignites. Compared to previous North Korean SLBMs like the Pukkuksong-1 and its larger derivatives, the type retains the KN-23's depressed trajectory and manoeuvring flight characteristics to try to evade missile defences. However, since it is based on a missile with a shorter range than the Pukkuksong-series, the submarine would need to get closer to its target in order to launch, leaving it more vulnerable to detection and destruction before it can fire. The development of the KN-23 as an SLBM may be more of a political statement than an effort to create a viable weapon, as the test occurred weeks after South Korea tested their own Hyunmoo 4-4 SLBM, both of which are derived from the same Iskander design base. On May 7, 2022, another suspected KN-23 type SLBM was test-fired. The missile flew 600ย km and attained a apogee of 60ย km. On 25 September 2022, a KN-23 was launched from an underwater silo located under an inland reservoir. Photos showed it launching out of an inland body of water, similar to previous submarine launches. It is likely the missile was fired from a submersible barge containing launch silos, and it is unknown whether such a system will be pursued as a serious launch method or if it was a demonstration of another capability to deter South Korean preemption strategies by adding another potential deployment method. Smaller variant On 16 April 2022, a new SRBM version was tested. It appeared to be a smaller iteration of the KN-23, fired from a wheeled vehicle mounting four rectangular launch canisters. Two projectiles were fired to an altitude of about 25ย km, a range of about , and at a top speed of around Mach 4.0. The missile has similar range compared to the KN-02, and could be a counterpart to the South Korean KTSSM. The launches were accompanied with a statement associating them with the development of tactical nuclear weapons. If equipped with smaller and lighter tactical nuclear warheads and retaining the KN-23's maneuverability, the missiles could have better survivability against missile defenses to greater threaten short-range targets. History North Korea first displayed the KN-23 publicly in a military parade on 8 February 2018. The first flight test was on 4 May 2019 near Wonsan, reaching an apogee of 60ย km and a range of , though the footage was apparently manipulated, and the missiles were probably fired from two different vehicles. Five days later, two more missiles were fired from Kusong, one having a range of and the other of , both with a 50ย km apogee. By 17 May, United States Forces Korea had formally designated the weapon as the KN-23. A third flight test was conducted on 25 July 2019, with two missiles again reaching 50ย km in altitude but demonstrating greater ranges of and 690ย km before landing in the Sea of Japan. A fourth flight test on 6 August 2019 launched two missiles from the country's west coast, overflying the North Korean capital region at an apogee of 37ย km out to 450ย km. North Korea stated the test of two road-mobile KN-23s on 27 January 2022 was to confirm the power of an air burst conventional warhead. The launch was on a depressed trajectory of 20 km apogee (previously 37-60 km) while traveling , showing the missile can fly at a lower altitude over short ranges, which would reduce reaction time for missile defenses. Taken together, this suggests that the KN-23 is operational. Larger variant Two of the larger missiles, a variant of the KN-23 that are longer with a more conical nose, were first launched on 25 March 2021. North Korea claimed the new version flew and is equipped with a warhead, although South Korean and Japanese analysis initially said they only flew 420-450ย km while reaching an altitude of 60ย km, and such a large warhead weight is almost certainly exaggerated; it's possible that such a large payload claim could be propaganda intended to give the impression that North Korea is keeping pace with their adversary's missile advancements, as the South Korean Hyunmoo-4 has a warhead and the larger KN-23 version was proclaimed to have "the world's largest warhead weight." However, the next month South Korean Defence Minister Suh Wook revealed they had revised their estimate and agreed with the North Korean statement of a 600ย km range, saying the discrepancy resulted from blind spots in radar coverage due to the Earthโ€™s curvature. The new weapon would be able to almost completely cover South Korea from its launch site. If it can perform as claimed by North Korea, the weapon would be a powerful bunker buster weapon. UN Security Council members states suspect the claim of a mass of 2.5 tons may refer to the entire weight of the missile after burnout rather than just the warhead weight. Rail launched missile On 15 September 2021, two missiles were fired from Yangdok that traveled to a maximum altitude of 60ย km. They appeared to be baseline KN-23 versions, however they flew much further than any previous flight of the weapon and went an even greater distance than the larger variant tested earlier in the year. Such excess range could indicate it hadn't previously been tested out to its maximum range or that the design underwent modifications such as a reduced payload or flight profile improvements. Interestingly, the launches were made from a modified railway car rather than the typical road-mobile launcher. The launch railcar used two side-by-side erector/launcher mechanisms like the side-by-side arrangement used in the TEL. The use of a rail-mobile system is unusual for an SRBM, as road-mobile launchers are easier for deploying and hiding relatively small missiles while railway missiles are restricted to the rail network. Adding railway launchers may be an effort to further increase and diversify the country's SRBM missile force, since modifying existing railcars to fire missiles could be a way to supplement a limited number of launch trucks, or possibly to test the concept before applying it to intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs); a rail-borne ICBM would have advantages over one carried by a wheeled TEL, as such large liquid-fueled missiles carried in railway cars would be able to move more places and be kept in a higher readiness state. On 14 January 2022, North Korea again tested railway launched KN-23. Two missiles fired from Uiju and traveled . On 15 January, KCNA released photos of the missile launching test. Variants Hwasong-11Ga/Hwasong-11A - Base type, similar in appearance to the Iskander missile. Hwasong-11Da/Hwasong-11C - Larger version, claimed to have a 2.5 ton warhead. Hwasong-11Ra/Hwasong-11D - Smaller version, has reduced range. Hwasong-11ใ……/Hwasong-11S - Underwater-launched version of the Hwasong-11A. See also 9K720 Iskander Hyunmoo-2 KN-24 References External links KN-23. Military-Today Tactical ballistic missiles Ballistic missiles of North Korea Tactical ballistic missiles of North Korea
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMARC
DMARC
DMARC(Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance)๋Š” ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ ์ธ์ฆ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ์†Œ์œ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ ์Šคํ‘ธํ•‘์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌด๋‹จ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์—์„œ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. DMARC์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ, ํ”ผ์‹ฑ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ, ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์ด ์ด์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค. DMARC DNS ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋˜๋ฉด ์ˆ˜์‹  ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋Š” ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ์†Œ์œ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฒŒ์‹œํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜์‹  ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์ด ์ธ์ฆ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉด ์ „์†ก๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์ด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์— ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด DMARC ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์ง€์นจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ์ „์†ก, ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. DMARC๋Š” Sender Policy Framework(SPF)์™€ DomainKeys Identified Mail(DKIM) ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๋Š” DNS ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ์— ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๊ฒŒ์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์—์„œ ์ „์ž ๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ๋•Œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜(DKIM, SPF ๋˜๋Š” ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ง€์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข… ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ From: ํ•„๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์‹คํŒจ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ์ผ์ผ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ง€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. DMARC๋Š” "Informational" ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ 2015๋…„ 3์›” 12์ผ์ž RFC 7489 ํ‘œ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์š” DMARC ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณด๋‚ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์ด SPF ๋ฐ DKIM์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋จ์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ์ธ์ฆ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ง€์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์ „์ž ๋ฉ”์ผ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ฆ์— ์„ฑ๊ณต/์‹คํŒจํ•œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์— ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์ง€์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. DMARC ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ๋„ค์ž„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(DNS)์— TXT ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ๋กœ ๊ฒŒ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. DMARC๋Š” ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์ด ์ŠคํŒธ์ธ์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์ง์ ‘ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ DKIM ๋˜๋Š” SPF ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•„์ˆ˜๋กœ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. DMARC ํ‘œ์ค€์—์„œ๋Š” SPF๋‚˜ DKIM์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•ด๋„ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ์ธ์ฆ์ด ์‹คํŒจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. DMARC๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ฐœ์‹ ์ž์˜ ์ „์†ก ์„ฑ๊ณต ๋น„์œจ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ DMARC๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ผ์˜ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ From: ํ•„๋“œ์˜ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ฆ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. SPF ๋˜๋Š” DKIM ์—ฐ๊ด€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉด DMARC ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์€ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Š์Šจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Š์Šจํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ตœ์ƒ์œ„ "์กฐ์ง ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ"์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ง ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ(Organizational Domain)์€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ DNS ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ DNS ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ”์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ".com.au" ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ๋“ฑ๋ก ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, "abcdexample.com.au"์™€ "example.com.au"๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ์กฐ์ง ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ง ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์€ Public Suffix List์—์„œ๋งŒ ํŒŒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. SPF๊ณผ DKIM์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ DMARC๋Š” ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ์†Œ์œ ์ž, ํŠน์ • DNS ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. SPF๋Š” ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ผ ์„œ๋ฒ„์˜ IP ์ฃผ์†Œ๊ฐ€ SMTP MAIL FROM ๋ช…๋ น์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ์†Œ์œ ์ž์˜ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. (MAIL FROM์˜ ์ „์ž ๋ฉ”์ผ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋Š” envelope-from ๋˜๋Š” 5321.MailFrom์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์นญํ•œ๋‹ค) DMARC๋Š” SPF ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ํ†ต๊ณผ ์™ธ์—๋„ 5321.MailFrom ๊ฐ’๊ณผ 5322.MailFrom ๊ฐ’์ด ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. DKIM์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ „์ž ๋ฉ”์ผ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์•”ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์„œ๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„œ๋ช…์—๋Š” ๋ณด๋‚ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ•„๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. DKIM-Signature ๋ฉ”์ผ ํ—ค๋” ๋‚ด์—์„œ d= (domain) ๋ฐ s= (selector) ํƒœ๊ทธ๋Š” DNS์—์„œ ์„œ๋ช…์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์กฐํšŒํ•  ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ ํšจํ•œ ์„œ๋ช…์€ ์„œ๋ช…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ์†Œ์œ ์ž์ด๊ณ  ์„œ๋ช…ํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ•„๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Œ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ DKIM ์„œ๋ช…์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. DMARC๋Š” d= ํƒœ๊ทธ์˜ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์ด From: ํ—ค๋” ํ•„๋“œ์— ๋ช…์‹œ๋œ ๋ฐœ์‹ ์ž์˜ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜๋Š” ์œ ํšจํ•œ ์„œ๋ช…์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. DNS ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ DMARC ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” _dmarc.example.com์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ•˜์œ„ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ” _dmarc๋กœ DNS์— ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. TXT ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ SPF์™€ DKIM ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ name=value ํƒœ๊ทธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์„ธ๋ฏธ์ฝœ๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์‹œ: "v=DMARC1;p=none;sp=quarantine;pct=100;rua=mailto:dmarcreports@example.com;" v๋Š” ๋ฒ„์ „, p๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…, sp๋Š” ํ•˜์œ„ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ์ •์ฑ…, pct๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ ์šฉํ•  '๋ถ€์ ํ•ฉ' ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์˜ ๋น„์œจ, rua๋Š” ์ผ์ผ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ผ URI์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์œ„ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์€ ์ž์ฒด DMARC ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒŒ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ž๋Š” ์กฐ์ง ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ๋กœ ํด๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋จผ์ € ํ™•์ธํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ DMARC๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” rua ํƒœ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋œ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋œ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ Œ์‹ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ruf ํƒœ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋œ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฃผ์†Œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ URI mailto ํฌ๋งท์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ •ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค.(์˜ˆ: worker@example.net) ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋Š” ์ฝค๋งˆ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ ์™„์ „ํ•œ URI ํ˜•์‹์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•  ๋ฉ”์ผ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์— ์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•  ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์€ ์ˆ˜์‹  ๋™์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” DMARC ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ˆ˜์‹  ๋ฉ”์ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ From: someone@sender.example ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ๋•Œ ruf=mailto:some-id@thirdparty.example ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ˆ˜์‹  ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋„ค์ž„ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค์— ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ DNS ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. sender.example._report._dmarc.thirdparty.example IN TXT "v=DMARC1;" ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ XML ํŒŒ์ผ๋กœ ์ „์†ก๋œ๋‹ค. ์ œ๋ชฉ์—๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฉ”์ผ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒŒ์‹œ์ž์ธ "Report Domain"๊ณผ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์ธ "Submitter"๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜์ด๋กœ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ž, ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘๊ณผ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ (์œ ๋‹‰์Šค ํƒ€์ž„ ์Šคํƒฌํ”„), ๊ณ ์œ  ์‹๋ณ„์ž(์„ ํƒ)๋ฅผ ! ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ž๋กœ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์••์ถ• ๋ฐฉ์‹๋ณ„ ํ™•์žฅ์ž๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ธด ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ์ฒจ๋ถ€ ํŒŒ์ผ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ: example.com!example.org!1475712000!1475798400.xml.gz XML ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด๋˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ธ€๊ณผ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. XML ์Šคํ‚ค๋งˆ๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€์˜ ๋ถ€๋ก C์— ์ •์˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. DMARC ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” XSL ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ HTML๋กœ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์ŠคํŒธ ํ•„ํ„ฐ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMARC
DMARC
Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance (DMARC) is an email authentication protocol. It is designed to give email domain owners the ability to protect their domain from unauthorized use, commonly known as email spoofing. The purpose and primary outcome of implementing DMARC is to protect a domain from being used in business email compromise attacks, phishing email, email scams and other cyber threat activities. Once the DMARC DNS entry is published, any receiving email server can authenticate the incoming email based on the instructions published by the domain owner within the DNS entry. If the email passes the authentication, it will be delivered and can be trusted. If the email fails the check, depending on the instructions held within the DMARC record the email could be delivered, quarantined or rejected. DMARC extends two existing email authentication mechanisms, Sender Policy Framework (SPF) and DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM). It allows the administrative owner of a domain to publish a policy in their DNS records to specify how to check the From: field presented to end users; how the receiver should deal with failures โ€“ and provides a reporting mechanism for actions performed under those policies. DMARC is defined in the Internet Engineering Task Force's published document , dated March 2015, as "Informational". Overview A DMARC policy allows a sender's domain to indicate that their email messages are protected by SPF and/or DKIM, and tells a receiver what to do if neither of those authentication methods passes โ€“ such as to reject the message or quarantine it. The policy can also specify how an email receiver can report back to the sender's domain about messages that pass and/or fail. These policies are published in the public Domain Name System (DNS) as text TXT records. DMARC does not directly address whether or not an email is spam or otherwise fraudulent. Instead, DMARC can require that a message not only pass DKIM or SPF validation, but that it also pass . Under DMARC a message can fail even if it passes SPF or DKIM but fails alignment. Setting up DMARC may improve the deliverability of messages from legitimate senders. Alignment DMARC operates by checking that the domain in the message's From: field (also called "RFC5322.From") is "aligned" with other authenticated domain names. If either SPF or DKIM alignment checks pass, then the DMARC alignment test passes. Alignment may be specified as strict or relaxed. For strict alignment, the domain names must be identical. For relaxed alignment, the top-level "Organizational Domain" must match. The Organizational Domain is found by checking a list of public DNS suffixes, and adding the next DNS label. So, for example, "a.b.c.d.example.com.au" and "example.com.au" have the same Organizational Domain, because there is a registrar that offers names in ".com.au" to customers. Although at the time of DMARC spec there was an IETF working group on domain boundaries, nowadays the organizational domain can only be derived from the Public Suffix List. Like SPF and DKIM, DMARC uses the concept of a domain owner, the entity or entities that are authorized to make changes to a given DNS domain. SPF checks that the IP address of the sending server is authorized by the owner of the domain that appears in the SMTP MAIL FROM command. (The email address in MAIL FROM is also called the bounce address, envelope-from or RFC5321.MailFrom.) In addition to requiring that the SPF check passes, DMARC checks that RFC5321.MailFrom aligns with 5322.From. DKIM allows parts of an email message to be cryptographically signed, and the signature must cover the From field. Within the DKIM-Signature mail header, the d= (domain) and s= (selector) tags specify where in DNS to retrieve the public key for the signature. A valid signature proves that the signer is a domain owner, and that the From field hasn't been modified since the signature was applied. There may be several DKIM signatures on an email message; DMARC requires one valid signature where the domain in the d= tag aligns with the sender's domain stated in the From: header field. DNS record DMARC records are published in DNS with a subdomain label _dmarc, for example _dmarc.example.com. Compare this to SPF at example.com, and DKIM at selector._domainkey.example.com. The content of the TXT resource record consists of name=value tags, separated by semicolons, similar to SPF and DKIM. For example: "v=DMARC1;p=none;sp=quarantine;pct=100;rua=mailto:dmarcreports@example.com;" Here, v is the version, p is the policy (see below), sp the subdomain policy, pct is the percent of "bad" email on which to apply the policy, and rua is the URI to send aggregate reports to. In this example, the entity controlling the example.com DNS domain intends to monitor SPF and/or DKIM failure rates and doesn't expect email to be sent from subdomains of example.com. Note that a subdomain can publish its own DMARC record; receivers must check it out before falling back to the organizational domain record. Step by step adoption The protocol provides for various ratchets, or transitional states, to allow mail admins to gradually transition from not implementing DMARC at all the way through to an unyielding setup. The concept of stepwise adoption assumes that the goal of DMARC is the strongest setting, which is not the case for all domains. Regardless of intent, these mechanisms allow for greater flexibility. Policy First and foremost, there are three policies: none is the entry level policy. No special treatment is required by receivers, but enables a domain to receive feedback reports. quarantine asks receivers to treat messages that fail DMARC check with suspicion. Different receivers have different means to implement that, for example flag messages or deliver them in the spam folder. reject asks receivers to outright reject messages that fail DMARC check. The policy published can be mitigated by applying it to only a percentage of the messages that fail DMARC check. Receivers are asked to select the given percentage of messages by a simple Bernoulli sampling algorithm. The rest of the messages should undergo the lower policy; that is, none if p=quarantine, quarantine if p=reject. If not specified, pct defaults to 100% of messages. The case p=quarantine; pct=0; is being used to force mailing list managers to rewrite the From: field, as some don't do so when p=none. Finally, the subdomain policy, sp= and the newly added no-domain policy allow tweaking the policy for specific subdomains. Reports DMARC is capable of producing two separate types of reports. Aggregate reports are sent to the address specified following the rua. Forensic reports are emailed to the address following the ruf tag. These mail addresses must be specified in URI mailto format (e.g. mailto:worker@example.net ). Multiple reporting addresses are valid and must each be in full URI format, separated by a comma. Target email addresses can belong to external domains. In that case, the target domain has to set up a DMARC record to say it agrees to receive them, otherwise it would be possible to exploit reporting for spam amplification. For example, say receiver.example receives a mail message From: someone@sender.example and wishes to report it. If it finds ruf=mailto:some-id@thirdparty.example, it looks for a confirming DNS record in the namespace administered by the target, like this: sender.example._report._dmarc.thirdparty.example IN TXT "v=DMARC1;" Aggregate reports Aggregate Reports are sent as XML files, typically once per day. The subject mentions the "Report Domain", which indicates the DNS domain name about which the report was generated, and the "Submitter", which is the entity issuing the report. The payload is in an attachment with a long filename consisting of bang-separated elements such as the report-issuing receiver, the begin and end epochs of the reported period as Unix-style time stamps, an optional unique identifier and an extension which depends on the possible compression (used to be .zip). For example: example.com!example.org!1475712000!1475798400.xml.gz. The XML content consists of a header, containing the policy on which the report is based and report metadata, followed by a number of records. Records can be put in a database as a relation and viewed in a tabular form. The XML schema is defined in Appendix C of specifications and a raw record is exemplified in dmarc.org. Here we stick with a relational example, which better conveys the nature of the data. DMARC records can also be directly transformed in HTML by applying an XSL stylesheet. Rows are grouped by source IP and authentication results, passing just the count of each group. The leftmost result columns, labelled SPF and DKIM show DMARC-wise results, either pass or fail, taking alignment into account. The rightmost ones, with similar labels, show the name of the domain which claims to participate in the sending of the message and (in parentheses) the authentication status of that claim according to the original protocol, SPF or DKIM, regardless of Identifier Alignment. On the right side, SPF can appear at most twice, once for the Return-Path: test and once for the HELO test; DKIM can appear once for each signature present in the message. In the example, the first row represents the main mail flow from example.org, and the second row is a DKIM glitch, such as signature breakage due to a minor alteration in transit. The third and fourth rows show typical failures modes of a forwarder and a mailing list, respectively. DMARC authentication failed for the last row only; it could have affected the message disposition if example.org had specified a strict policy. The disposition reflects the policy published actually applied to the messages, none, quarantine, or reject. Along with it, not shown in the table, DMARC provides for a policy override. Some reasons why a receiver can apply a policy different from the one requested are already provided for by the specification: forwarded while keeping the same bounce address, usually doesn't break DKIM, sampled out because a sender can choose to only apply the policy to a percentage of messages only, trusted forwarder the message arrived from a locally known source mailing list the receiver heuristically determined that the message arrived from a mailing list, local policy receivers are obviously free to apply the policy they like, it is just cool to let senders know, other if none of the above applies, a comment field allows to say more. Forensic reports Forensic Reports, also known as Failure Reports, are generated in real time and consist of redacted copies of individual messages that failed SPF, DKIM or both based upon what value is specified in the fo tag. Their format, an extension of Abuse Reporting Format, resembles that of regular bounces in that they contain either a "message/rfc822" or a "text/rfc822-headers". Forensic Reports also contain the following: Source of Sending IP Address From email address Recipient email address Email subject line SPF and DKIM authentication results Received time Email message headers which include the sending host, email message ID, DKIM signature, and any other custom header information. Compatibility Forwarders There are several different types of email forwarding, some of which may break SPF. One of the reasons why email forwarding can affect DMARC authentication results. Mailing lists Mailing lists are a frequent cause of legitimate breakage of the original author's domain DKIM signature, for example by adding a prefix to the subject header. A number of workarounds are possible, and mailing list software packages are working on solutions. Turn off all message modifications This workaround keeps the standard mailing list workflow, and is adopted by several large mailing list operators, but precludes the list adding footers and subject prefixes. This requires careful configuration of mailing software to make sure signed headers are not reordered or modified. A misconfigured email server may put List-id in its DKIM of messages sent to a mailing list, and then the list operator is forced to reject it or do From: rewriting. From: rewriting One of the most popular and least intrusive workarounds consists of rewriting the From: header field. The original author's address can then be added to the Reply-To: field. Rewriting can range from just appending .INVALID to the domain name, to allocating a temporary user ID where an opaque ID is used, which keeps the user's "real" email address private from the list. In addition, the display name can be changed so as to show both the author and the list (or list operator). Those examples would result, respectively, in one of the following: From: John Doe <user@example.com.INVALID> From: John Doe <243576@mailinglist.example.org> From: John Doe via MailingList <list@mailinglist.example.org> Reply-To: John Doe <user@example.com> The last line, Reply-To:, has to be designed in order to accommodate reply-to-author functionality, in which case reply-to-list functionality is covered by the preceding change in the From: header field. That way, the original meaning of those fields is reversed. Altering the author is not fair in general, and can break the expected relationship between meaning and appearance of that datum. It also breaks automated use of it. There are communities which use mailing lists to coordinate their work, and deploy tools which use the From: field to attribute authorship to attachments. Other workarounds Wrapping the message works nicely, for those who use an email client which understands wrapped messages. Not doing any change is perhaps the most obvious solution, except that they seem to be legally required in some countries, and that routinely losing SPF authentication may render overall authentication more fragile. Sender field Making changes to the From: header field to pass DKIM alignment may bring the message out of compliance with RFC 5322 section 3.6.2: "The 'From:' field specifies the author(s) of the message, that is, the mailbox(es) of the person(s) or system(s) responsible for the writing of the message." Mailbox refers to the author's email address. The Sender: header is available to indicate that an email was sent on behalf of another party, but DMARC only checks policy for the From domain and ignores the Sender domain. Both ADSP and DMARC reject using the Sender field on the non-technical basis that many user agents do not display this to the recipient. History A draft DMARC specification has been maintained since 30 January 2012. In October 2013, GNU Mailman 2.1.16 was released with options to handle posters from a domain with the DMARC policy of p=reject. The change tried to anticipate the interoperability issues expected in case restrictive policies were applied to domains with human users (as opposed to purely transactional mail domains). In April 2014, Yahoo changed its DMARC policy to p=reject, thereby causing misbehavior in several mailing lists. A few days later, AOL also changed its DMARC policy to p=reject. Those moves resulted in a significant amount of disruption, and those mailbox providers have been accused of forcing the costs of their own security failures onto third parties. As of 2020, the FAQ in the official DMARC wiki contains several suggestions for mailing lists to handle messages from a domain with a strict DMARC policy, of which the most widely implemented is the mailing list changing the โ€œFromโ€ header to an address in its own domain. An IETF working group was formed in August 2014 in order to address DMARC issues, starting from interoperability concerns and possibly continuing with a revised standard specification and documentation. Meanwhile, the existing DMARC specification had reached an editorial state agreed upon and implemented by many. It was published in March 2015 on the Independent Submission stream in the "Informational" (non-standard) category as RFC 7489. In March 2017, the Federal Trade Commission published a study on DMARC usage by businesses. Out of 569 businesses, the study found about a third implemented any DMARC configuration, fewer than 10% used DMARC to instruct servers to reject unauthenticated messages, and a majority had implemented SPF. Contributors The contributors of the DMARC specification include: Receivers: AOL, Comcast, Google (Gmail), Mail.Ru, Microsoft (Outlook.com, Hotmail), Netease (163.com, 126.com, 188.com, yeah.net), XS4ALL, Yahoo, Yandex Senders: American Greetings, Bank of America, Facebook, Fidelity Investments, JPMorganChase, LinkedIn, PayPal, Twitter Intermediaries & Vendors: Agari (Founder/CEO Patrick R. Peterson), Cloudmark, DMARC Advisor, Red Sift, ReturnPath, Trusted Domain Project, ProDMARC, See also Authenticated Received Chain (ARC) Author Domain Signing Practices Brand Indicators for Message Identification (BIMI) DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) E-mail authentication Certified email Mail servers with DMARC Sender Policy Framework (SPF) Notes References External links The Anti Spam Research Group wiki: Mitigating DMARC damage to third party mail Email authentication Spam filtering
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๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ์˜ค๋ฅด
๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค ์กฐ์ œ ํŒŒ์ด์ƒน ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ด๋ผ ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ์˜ค๋ฅด(, ; 2000๋…„ 7์›” 12์ผ~)๋Š” ๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ์˜ค๋ฅด๋กœ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ ˆ์•Œ ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์—์„œ ์œ™์–ด ํฌ์ง€์…˜์—์„œ ๋›ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ธ” ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ๋†’๊ณ  ํญ๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค, ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฉ”์ดํ‚น์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ณค์‚ด๋ฃจ ์ถœ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ, CR ํ”Œ๋ผ๋ฉฉ๊ตฌ์—์„œ 16์„ธ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋กœ ์„ฑ์ธ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡ ์ฃผ ํ›„, ๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ ˆ์•Œ ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋กœ ์ด์ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 640์–ต์— ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” U-18 ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ์ตœ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด๋‹ค. ๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” 2018-19 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ๋ ˆ์•Œ ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋ฐ๋ท”์ „์„ ์น˜๋ €๋‹ค. 4๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ๋ ˆ์•Œ ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์˜ ์ฃผ์ถ• ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋งค๊น€ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์ด 2021-22 ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๋„๋ก ๋„์™”๊ณ , ๋ ˆ์•Œ ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ 2022๋…„ UEFA ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์Šน๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์‹œ์ ˆ, ๊ทธ๋Š” 2015๋…„ ๋‚จ๋ฏธ U-15 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์™€ 2017๋…„ ๋‚จ๋ฏธ U-17 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ์šฐ์Šน์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋˜ ๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ๋“์  ์„ ๋‘๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 2021๋…„ ์„ฑ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋ฐ๋ท”์ „์„ ์น˜๋ €๊ณ , 2021๋…„ ์ฝ”ํŒŒ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ์กฐ๊ตญ์„ ์ค€์šฐ์Šน์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ์›”๋“œ์ปต์—์„œ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ CR ํ”Œ๋ผ๋ฉฉ๊ตฌ 2017๋…„ 5์›” 13์ผ, ๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ์บ„ํŽ˜์˜ค๋‚˜ํˆฌ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฃจ ์„ธ๋ฆฌ์ด A ์—์„œ ์•„ํ‹€๋ ˆ์น˜์ฟ  ๋ฏธ๋„ค์ด๋ฃจ์™€ 1-1 ๋™์ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— 82๋ถ„ ๊ต์ฒด๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ”Œ๋ผ๋ฉฉ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ๋ท”์ „์„ ์น˜๋ €๋‹ค. ์ดํ‹€ ํ›„, ๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” 2019๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2022๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ๊ณผ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์—ฐ์žฅํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ด‰ ์ธ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ด์ ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ 550์–ต์—์„œ 640์–ต์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์žฌ๊ณ„์•ฝ์€ ๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๋ ˆ์•Œ ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ด์  ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ณด๋„๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋งŒ 18์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์œผ๋ฉด ํ•ด์™ธ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ง„์ถœ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‘ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์ด ํ•ฉ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ๋ ˆ์•Œ ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋งจ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ ์œ ๋‚˜์ดํ‹ฐ๋“œ, ์•„์Šค๋‚ , ์ฒผ์‹œ FC์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 8์›” 10์ผ, ํŒ”๋ ˆ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋…ธ์™€์˜ ์ฝ”ํŒŒ ์ˆ˜๋‹ค๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด๋‚˜ 2๋ผ์šด๋“œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” 72๋ถ„์— ๊ต์ฒด ํˆฌ์ž…๋œ ์ง€ 30์ดˆ ๋งŒ์— ํ•œ ๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์–ด ํ”„๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”๊ณจ์„ ํ„ฐํŠธ๋ ธ๋‹ค. 8์›” 19์ผ, ๊ทธ๋Š” 2-0์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ธด ์•„ํ‹€๋ ˆ์น˜์ฟ  ๊ณ ์ด์•„๋‹ˆ์—”์‹œ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ CR ํ”Œ๋ผ๋ฉฉ๊ตฌ ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ฒซ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์œ ๋ง์ฃผ๋“ค์˜ ์‡ผ์ผ€์ด์Šค์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ ์ƒํŒŒ์šธ๋ฃจ ์œ ์Šค์ปต์—์„œ 6๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 5๊ณจ 3๋„์›€์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์•Œ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์•Œ ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ 2017๋…„ 5์›” 23์ผ, ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ ˆ์•Œ ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋Š” ๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค์˜ 18์„ธ ์ƒ์ผ ํ›„ 2018๋…„ 7์›” 12์ผ์— ๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค์™€ ๊ณ„์•ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ 670์–ต์— ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๋„ค์ด๋งˆ๋ฅด์— ์ด์–ด ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํฐ ์ด์ ๋ฃŒ์ด์ž, ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์ด ์ด์ ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ธˆ์•ก ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ธˆ์•ก์ด๋ฉฐ, 19์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์ด ์ง€๋ถˆํ•œ ๊ธˆ์•ก ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๊ธˆ์•ก์ด๋‹ค. ๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ 2018๋…„ 7์›”์— ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์— ์ž„๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ฌ ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2018-21 ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์ ์‘ ์‹œ์ฆŒ 2018๋…„ 7์›” 20์ผ, ๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ ˆ์•Œ ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ๋“ฑ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 28๋ฒˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 9์›” 29์ผ, ๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ์•„ํ‹€๋ ˆํ‹ฐ์ฝ” ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 87๋ถ„์— ๊ต์ฒด๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ €๋‹ค. ๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” 10์›” 31์ผ, 4-0์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ธด ๋ฉœ๋ฆฌ์•ผ์™€์˜ ์ฝ”ํŒŒ ๋ธ ๋ ˆ์ด ์›์ • ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ฒซ ์„ ๋ฐœ ์ถœ์ „์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ๋งˆ๋ฅด์ฝ” ์•„์„ผ์‹œ์˜ค์™€ ์•Œ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์กธ๋ผ์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋งˆ๋ฅด์นด ์‹ ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 11์›” 3์ผ, ๊ทธ๋Š” 2-0์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ธด ๋ ˆ์•Œ ๋ฐ”์•ผ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ต์ฒด๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ 10๋ถ„ ๋งŒ์— ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 9์›” 29์ผ ๋ฐ๋ท”์ „๊ณผ 2019๋…„ 2์›” 7์ผ ๋ฐ๋ท”์ „ ์‚ฌ์ด์— 4๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 3์›” 6์ผ, ๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” AFC ์•„์•ฝ์Šค์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ์—ด๋˜์–ด ์‹œ์ฆŒ์„ ๋งˆ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 12์›” 11์ผ, ๊ทธ๋Š” 3-1๋กœ ์ด๊ธด ํด๋ฃจ๋ธŒ ๋ธŒ๋คผํ—ˆ์™€์˜ 2019-20 ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์›์ • ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ UEFA ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 3์›” 1์ผ์—๋Š” ๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” 2-0์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ธด ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์…€๋กœ๋‚˜์™€์˜ ์—˜ ํด๋ผ์‹œ์ฝ” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ฒซ ๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ 29๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•ด 3๊ณจ์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ ˆ์•Œ ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋Š” 2019-20 ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 4์›” 6์ผ, ๋น„๋‹ˆ์‹œ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” 3-1๋กœ ์ด๊ธด ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ํ’€๊ณผ์˜ 2020-21 UEFA ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 8๊ฐ• 1์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ 2๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค.๋ ˆ์•Œ ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋Š” ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์—์„œ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ ์ฒผ์‹œ์—๊ฒŒ ํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2021-22 ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์šฐ์Šน ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋ ˆ์•Œ ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ : 2019/20, 2021/22 ๊ตญ์™•์ปต : 2022/23 ์ˆ˜ํŽ˜๋ฅด์ฝ”ํŒŒ ๋ฐ ์—์ŠคํŒŒ๋ƒ : 2020, 2022 UEFA ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ : 2021-22 UEFA ์Šˆํผ์ปต : 2022 FIFA ํด๋Ÿฝ ์›”๋“œ์ปต : 2018, 2022 ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๋‚จ๋ฏธ U-15 ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ : 2015 ๋‚จ๋ฏธ U-17 ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ : 2017 ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋‚จ๋ฏธ U-17 ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ MVP : 2017 FIFA ํด๋Ÿฝ ์›”๋“œ์ปต ๊ณจ๋“ ๋ณผ : 2022 UEFA ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ํŒ€ : 2021-22 UEFA ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์˜ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด : 2021-22 ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜ : 21๋…„ 11์›” ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ESPN profile 2000๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ๋‚จ์ž ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜ CR ํ”Œ๋ผ๋ฉฉ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ ˆ์•Œ ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ CF์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ ˆ์•Œ ๋งˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์นด์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ผ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์บ„ํŽ˜์˜ค๋‚˜ํˆฌ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฃจ ์„ธ๋ฆฌ์ด A์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๊ตฐ๋‹ค ๋””๋น„์‹œ์˜จ B์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ง„์ถœ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ๋‚จ์ž U-20 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ๋‚จ์ž U-17 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2021๋…„ ์ฝ”ํŒŒ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2022๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin%C3%ADcius%20J%C3%BAnior
Vinรญcius Jรบnior
Vinรญcius Josรฉ Paixรฃo de Oliveira Jรบnior (born 12 July 2000), commonly known as Vinรญcius Jรบnior or Vini Jr. (), is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a winger for La Liga club Real Madrid and the Brazil national team. Considered one of the best players in the world, he is known for his speed, strong dribbling abilities, and playmaking skills. Born in Sรฃo Gonรงalo, Vinรญcius began his professional career at Flamengo, where he made his senior debut in 2017, at age 16. A few weeks later, Vinรญcius was the subject of a transfer to La Liga club Real Madrid, for whom he signed for in a ยฃ38 million deal, which was a national record for an U-18 player. The transfer was made effective after his 18th birthday, with Vinรญcius debuting for the club in 2018โ€“19. By his fourth season, Vinรญcius had established himself as a prominent member in Real Madrid's squad, helping the club win the 2021โ€“22 La Liga title and scoring the winning goal in Real Madrid's 2022 UEFA Champions League final win. At his youth stage for Brazil, he was a key player in the victory at the 2015 South American U-15 Championship and 2017 South American U-17 Championship, finishing as leading goalscorer in the latter competition. He made his senior debut in 2021 and helped his nation to a runner-up finish at the 2021 Copa Amรฉrica and represented them at the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar. Club career Early career Vinรญcius Junior's football career began in 2006, when his father took him to the branch offices of Flamengo, in the neighborhood of Mutuรก, in Sรฃo Gonรงalo where he lived. His club document described him as a left-back. Hailing from a poor Catholic family, Vinรญcius went to live in Aboliรงรฃo with his uncle, Ulisses, to shorten the distance to Ninho do Urubu (the "Vultures' Nest"). He started to receive financial aid from Flamengo as well as aid from entrepreneurs. Between 2007 and 2010, Vinรญcius attended futsal classes at Flamengo's school in Sรฃo Gonรงalo at the Canto do Rio, a famous club located in the centre of Niterรณi. In 2009, when Vinรญcius was nine, he took a futsal trial for Flamengo. The club noted his potential, but given his young age, he was asked to come back the following year. However, he decided he wanted to play football, not futsal, and did not return. In August 2010, Vinรญcius passed his football tests at Flamengo. Flamengo Vinรญcius debuted for Flamengo on 13 May 2017 as an 82nd-minute substitute in a Brazilian Sรฉrie A 1โ€“1 draw against Atlรฉtico Mineiro. Two days later he extended his contract with the club from 2019 until 2022, with a significant salary increase and a buyout clause increase from โ‚ฌ30ย million to โ‚ฌ45ย million. This contract renewal was reported as being part of the transfer process of Vinรญcius to Real Madrid, an agreement reached between the two clubs in Gรกvea that week with an obligation to sell the young player in July 2018. On 10 August 2017, Vinรญcius scored the first professional goal of his career in a Copa Sudamericana second round leg 2 match against Palestino in a 5โ€“0 win for Flamengo. He scored one goal, 30 seconds after being substituted on in the 72nd minute. On 19 August, he scored his first Brazilian Sรฉrie A goals for Flamengo, in a 2โ€“0 win against Atlรฉtico Goianiense. Real Madrid On 23 May 2017, La Liga club Real Madrid signed a contract to acquire Vinรญcius, effective after his 18th birthday on 12 July 2018 (as age 18 is the minimum age for international transfer). He transferred for a reported fee of โ‚ฌ46ย million, which was at the time, the second most expensive sale of a player in the history of Brazilian football (behind only Neymar), the largest amount received by a Brazilian club for a transfer, and the highest amount ever paid by a club for a footballer under the age of 19. He was originally scheduled to return to Brazil on loan in July 2018. 2018โ€“21: Development and adaptation to Spain On 20 July 2018, he was officially presented as a Real Madrid player. He was issued squad number 28. He made his debut on 29 September, coming in as an 87th minute substitute in a goalless draw against Atlรฉtico Madrid. Vinรญcius made his first start on 31 October in a 4โ€“0 Copa del Rey away victory against Melilla, contributing with assists for both Marco Asensio and รlvaro Odriozola in what Marca recognised as a Man of the Match performance. He scored his first goal on 3 November 10 minutes after coming on as a substitute in a 2โ€“0 victory against Real Valladolid. He scored four goals between his debut on 29 September and 7 February 2019. On 6 March, he tore a ligament during a loss to Ajax, which ended his season. On 11 December 2019, he scored his first UEFA Champions League goal in a 3โ€“1 away win over Club Brugge in the 2019โ€“20 season. On 1 March 2020, he scored the first goal in a 2โ€“0 win for Real in El Clรกsico against Barcelona. He made 29 appearances during the league season, while scoring three goals, as Real Madrid won the 2019โ€“20 La Liga. On 6 April 2021, Vinรญcius scored two goals in a 3โ€“1 win against Liverpool in the first leg of the 2020โ€“21 UEFA Champions League quarter-finals. Real Madrid would advance to the semi-finals where they lost to eventual champions Chelsea. 2021โ€“22: First-team breakthrough, second league title, UEFA Champions League winner Vinรญcius started the 2021โ€“22 season by scoring Real Madrid's fourth goal in a 4โ€“1 away victory over Alavรฉs on the opening day of the La Liga campaign. On 22 August, he scored a brace in a 3โ€“3 draw against Levante coming off the bench, which earned him a first-team place, ahead of Eden Hazard. On 30 October, he scored twice as Real Madrid won 2โ€“1 at Elche to go top of the La Liga table. The goals were his sixth and seventh of the league season and his eighth and ninth overall, surpassing his total output of six goals in all competitions during the 2020โ€“21 season in just 14 matches. On 12 May 2022, he scored his first hat-trick for Real Madrid in a 6โ€“0 victory over Levante. On 28 May, he scored the only goal in a 1โ€“0 win over Liverpool in the Champions League final to clinch Madrid their record 14th UEFA Champions League title. Vinรญcius ended the 2021โ€“22 season as Real Madridโ€™s second-best goalscorer with 22 goals in all competitions, only behind his attacking partner Karim Benzema. For his performances Vinรญcius was named the inaugural Champions League young player of the season and included in the 2021โ€“22 UEFA Champions League team of the season. 2022โ€“23: FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball, Champions League semi-finals, and inheritance of No. 7 shirt On 11 February, Real Madrid defeated Al-Hilal 5โ€“3 in the 2022 FIFA Club World Cup final as Vinรญcius scored a brace to claim the tournament's best player award and his second Club World Cup title. On 21 February 2023, Vinรญcius scored two first-half goals to power Real Madrid's 5โ€“2 comeback win at Anfield against Liverpool in the first leg of their Champions League knockout stage round of 16 tie. On 9 May 2023, Vinรญcius made a significant contribution to Real Madrid's performance in the first leg of the semi-final against Manchester City, scoring a remarkable long-range goal in the 36th minute. Alongside teammates Rodrygo and Karim Benzema, he created numerous opportunities, showcasing Real Madrid's counter-attacking prowess against Manchester City's dominant possession. The match ultimately ended in a 1โ€“1 draw. However, in the second leg of the semi-final, Real Madrid suffered a crushing 4โ€“0 defeat against City, thereby ending their campaign for the Champions League title. He was selected in the 2022โ€“23 UEFA Champions League team of the tournament. In the aftermath of Hazard's departure, Real Madrid confirmed that Vinรญcius, who previously wore the No. 20 shirt, will be sporting the club's iconic No. 7 jersey, once worn by Cristiano Ronaldo and Raรบl, from next season onwards. 2023โ€“24: Decisive La Liga contributions, injury recovery, and contract extension On 19 August 2023, Vinรญcius scored the decisive goal in a La Liga match against Almerรญa, contributing to Real Madrid's victory alongside teammate Jude Bellingham, who netted the previous two goals. On 25 August 2023, Vinรญcius sustained an injury to his right biceps femoris muscle during a league match against Celta, a game that Real Madrid ultimately won 1โ€“0. On 27 September 2023, Vinรญcius made his return to play in a league fixture against Las Palmas after recovering from his injury. On 3 October, he got his first Champions League goal of the season, netting the 1โ€“1 equaliser in Madrid's away game against Napoli, which eventually ended in a 3โ€“2 win. Real Madrid announced on 31 October 2023 that they had extended Vinรญcius' contract until 30 June 2027. International career 2015โ€“2019: Success at youth level On 30 October 2015, Vinรญcius Jรบnior was called up for Brazil by coach Guilherme Dalla Dรฉa for the South American U-15 Championship. Vinรญcius and Brazil won the U-15 title and he was the 2nd top-scorer of the tournament with seven goals. He was named player of the tournament and continued to perform which helped him convince Flamengo to sign him by the age of 16. On 24 June 2016, Vinรญcius was called up for a friendly against Chile U-17 and scored two goals and provided two assists in the 4โ€“2 victory. In March 2017, Vinรญcius debuted in the South American U-17 Championship for Brazil with a goal in a 3โ€“0 victory over Peru. In the final stage, he scored two goals in a 3โ€“0 win over Ecuador and two goals in a 3โ€“0 victory over Colombia, securing Brazil's place in the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup in India, where Brazil (without Vinรญcius Jรบnior) eventually would finish third. After leading Brazil to win the South American U-17 Championship, Vinรญcius Jรบnior was named the tournament's best player and was top goal-scorer with seven goals. 2019โ€“2022: Senior and World Cup debuts On 28 February 2019, Vinรญcius was called up to the Brazil national team for the first time for friendlies against Panama and the Czech Republic. However, he suffered an injury while playing for Real Madrid, and David Neres was called up in his place in March. In May, he was excluded from Brazil's final 23-man squad for the 2019 Copa Amรฉrica by manager Tite. He made his senior international debut on 10 September, as a 72nd-minute substitute in Brazil's 1โ€“0 defeat to Peru. Vinรญcius was named in Brazil's 2021 Copa Amรฉrica squad by Tite on 9 June 2021, which would be held on home soil. He made a substitute appearance in his nation's 1โ€“0 defeat to rivals Argentina in the final on 10 July. On 24 March 2022, Vinรญcius scored his debut goal for the national team, in a 4โ€“0 home win over Chile in a 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification match at the Maracanรฃ Stadium. On 7 November 2022, Vinรญcius was named in the Brazil squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup by Tite. In the opening group match against Serbia on 24 November, he set-up Richarlison's second goal to help Brazil to a 2โ€“0 victory. He scored his first FIFA World Cup goal in a 4โ€“1 win against South Korea in the round of 16 on 5 December, also setting up Lucas Paquetรก's goal, helping Brazil qualify for the quarter-finals, where they were eliminated by Croatia four days later following a 4โ€“2 penalty shoot-out loss after a 1โ€“1 draw. Style of play and reception Shortly after his arrival at Real Madrid in July 2018, ESPN journalist Dermot Corrigan described Vinรญcius as a "zippy left winger or second striker". A versatile player, although he is usually deployed on the left flank, he is capable of playing anywhere along the front line, and has also been used on the right or in the centre. Possessing explosive acceleration, and excellent pace, agility, balance, technique, flair, dribbling skills, and close control at speed, as well as significant power, physical strength, and trickery on the ball, despite his slender build, he is known for his movement, energy, ability to run at defences, change direction quickly, and beat opponents in one on one situations while in possession of the ball. Regarded as a promising young player, he is considered to be a diminutive, dynamic, intelligent, hard-working, and nimble winger, with a low centre of gravity, as well as impressive passing and awareness. Moreover, he is known in for his eye for the final ball, and ability to provide assists to teammates; although he is also capable of scoring goals himself, his shooting and goalscoring have been cited by pundits as areas in need of improvement, as his lack of end product was often a source of criticism in the media in his first few seasons at Real Madrid. In June 2017, Vinรญcius appeared at 39th place on The Telegraph's list of the best under-21 players in the world. He was the only player playing in South America at the time to appear on the list. In November 2018, former Argentina international frontman Josรฉ Luis Calderรณn credited Vinรญcius' "general enthusiasm, his ability to make things happen, the joy and good vibrations he transmits, his speed, the fact he's different and the fact he's daring. To sum up, he has a spark that could be used by a team that has been plain in recent matches". In his youth with Flamengo, he was criticised, however, by several football figures, fans, and the press for "doing too many tricks," and for "[t]oo much individualism, not enough teamwork." During the 2021โ€“22 season, Vinรญcius had a breakthrough season with Real Madrid, and his goal scoring and assist output increased dramatically, enabling him to form an effective offensive partnership from the left wing with striker Karim Benzema. Regarding his change in form, Vinรญcus commented in December 2021: "I think I've improved in many things, but above all in my calmness in my play, I'm doing things with more tranquillity and more quality too." The club's manager Carlo Ancelotti also praised him for his defensive work-rate and positioning, in addition to his creative abilities and talent, noting that he was able to improve upon his tactical knowledge and physical condition throughout the course of the season, as well as his finishing. His performances led the Spanish press to compare him to compatriot Neymar. Following his goal in Real Madrid's victory in the 2022 Champions League final, Neymar himself described Vinรญcius as "the best player in the world." Later that month, Ed McCambridge of FourFourTwo ranked Vinรญcius as the secondโ€“best left winger in the world. Vinรญcius has been subject to racist slurs and chants from football fans in Spain, including an effigy of him being hanged from a bridge in Madrid. On 23 May 2023, four men were arrested by the Spanish Police in connection with the effigy. The effigy was hung alongside a banner that read "Madrid hates Real". On 21 May 2023, during a league match against Valencia at Mestalla, Vinรญcius Jr. was subjected to racial abuse from Valencia supporters, an event that led to significant controversy and the eventual identification and permanent banning of two fans involved in the incident. This incident incited a broader conversation on racism within La Liga, as Vinรญcius publicly condemned the league for what he perceived as a normalization of racism, and advocated for more stringent measures and penalties to combat racist behaviour. Following the incident, on 22 May 2023, Real Madrid released an official statement strongly condemning the racist abuse against Vinรญcius, viewing it as a direct attack on the democratic coexistence model of Spain; the club reported the incident as a "hate crime" to the Attorney General's Office, reserving its right to act as a private prosecutor in any ensuing proceedings. Following a series of racist incidents directed at him during his time with Real Madrid, Vinรญcius was selected on 15 June 2023, by FIFA President Gianni Infantino, to lead a special FIFA anti-racism committee composed of players. This role has amplified his impact on the sport, positioning him as a prominent figure in the fight against racial discrimination in football. Outside football Vinicius is Catholic. He runs and funds a charitable institute in Rio โ€” Instituto Vini Jr โ€” an organisation that aims to use technology and sport to educate young Brazilians and, ultimately, alleviate some of the education related inequality in the country. Career statistics Club International Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first. Honours Real Madrid La Liga: 2019โ€“20, 2021โ€“22 Copa del Rey: 2022โ€“23 Supercopa de Espaรฑa: 2019โ€“20, 2021โ€“22 UEFA Champions League: 2021โ€“22 UEFA Super Cup: 2022 FIFA Club World Cup: 2018, 2022 Brazil U15 South American U-15 Championship: 2015 Brazil U17 South American U-17 Championship: 2017 BRICS U-17 Football Cup: 2016 Individual Copa Sรฃo Paulo de Futebol Jรบnior Best Left-Winger: 2017 South American U-17 Championship Best Player: 2017 La Liga Player of the Month: November 2021 UEFA Champions League Team of the Season: 2021โ€“22, 2022โ€“23 UEFA Champions League Young Player of the Season: 2021โ€“22 La Liga Team of the Season: 2021โ€“22, 2022โ€“23 FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball: 2022 Socrates Award: 2023 References External links Profile at the Real Madrid CF website 2000 births Living people Footballers from Sรฃo Gonรงalo, Rio de Janeiro Brazilian men's footballers Men's association football wingers Men's association football forwards CR Flamengo footballers Real Madrid CF players Real Madrid Castilla footballers Campeonato Brasileiro Sรฉrie A players La Liga players Segunda Divisiรณn B players Brazil men's youth international footballers Brazil men's under-20 international footballers Brazil men's international footballers 2021 Copa Amรฉrica players 2022 FIFA World Cup players Brazilian expatriate men's footballers Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Spain Expatriate men's footballers in Spain UEFA Champions League winning players Brazilian Roman Catholics Afro-Brazilian sportspeople
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%8C%EC%9D%B4
์ด๋ธŒ์ด
์ด๋ธŒ์ด()๋Š” ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ณต์˜ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ(๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ)์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ์œ ๋ž˜๋Š” ์ด๋ธŒ์ด์•„๋ฅด. ํŽ˜๋„ฅ์—ฌ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธด ๊ท€์™€ ๋ชฉ ์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ๋ชฉ๋„๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ„ธ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒค๋ฏธ๋“œ, ์ฅฌํ”ผ์ฌ๋”, ๋ถ€์Šคํ„ฐ, ์—๋ธŒ์ด, ๋ธ”๋ž˜ํ‚ค, ๋ฆฌํ”ผ์•„, ๊ธ€๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ์•„, ๋‹˜ํ”ผ์•„ ์ด 8์ข…์˜ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ„์ƒ ๋‹ค์ง€๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํ† ์‹œ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๋งก์•„์˜จ ์Šค๊ธฐ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜์–ดํŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ Eon์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์นญ์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐœ๋งค ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ง์ „์— ๊ณ ์ณ Eevee๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ์„ค๋ช…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ด๋ธŒ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰์˜ ํ„ธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋กœ์„œ ํ„ธ์ด ๋ฌด์„ฑํ•œ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์—๋Š” ๋„ํŠธ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์— ํฌ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ‰์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ชฉ๋‘˜๋ ˆ์˜ ํ„ธ์—๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ํฌ๋ฆผ์ƒ‰์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆˆ์€ ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ํผ์ง€๋ง‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œก๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ„ํ™๋น›. ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ์ƒ‰์˜ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ƒ์—์„œ ์ถœํ˜„๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๋†’์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค.(๋Œ€์‹  ๊ต๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋ฌดํ•œ ์ฆ์‹ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ) ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ์˜ ์ด๋ธŒ์ด ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์ ยท๋…นใ€‹์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐœ ์‹œํ‹ฐ์˜ ๋งจ์…˜์—์„œ 1๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ ์ž…์ˆ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ํ”ผ์นด์ธ„ใ€‹์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ผ์ด๋ฒŒ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ฒŒ๊ณผ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฒฐ์˜ ์ŠนํŒจ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ, ์ƒค๋ฏธ๋“œ, ์ฅฌํ”ผ์ฌ๋”, ๋ถ€์Šคํ„ฐ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ• ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฒ„์ „๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ธฐ์ง€๋กœ ๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐœ ๋งจ์…˜์—์„œ 1๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ธˆยท์€ใ€‹์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง„ํ™”ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์—์Šคํผ ํƒ€์ž…์˜ ์—๋ธŒ์ด์™€ ์•… ํƒ€์ž…(์ฒดํ—˜ํŒ์—์„  ๋…ํƒ€์ž…)์˜ ๋ธ”๋ž˜ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ต์‹  ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ์™„๋ฃŒ ํ›„ ๊ธˆ๋น›์‹œํ‹ฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์ˆ˜์žฌ์˜ ์ง‘์—์„œ 1๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐœ ์‹œํ‹ฐ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ฝ”๋„ˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐDP ๋””์•„๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ยทํŽ„๊ธฐ์•„ใ€‹์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง„ํ™”ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ํ’€ ํƒ€์ž…์˜ ๋ฆฌํ”ผ์•„, ์–ผ์Œ ํƒ€์ž…์˜ ๊ธ€๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์— '์ ์‘๋ ฅ'์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๋˜์ „ ํŒŒ๋ž‘ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Œ€/๋นจ๊ฐ• ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Œ€ใ€‹์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ํ›„๋ณด์˜ 1๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ Pt ๊ธฐ๋ผํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ใ€‹์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ธŒ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์‹œํ•ฉ ๋•Œ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•œ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ฉด ์žฌ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๋งž๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์ด ๋” ๋†’์€ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์„ ์„ ๋‘์— (๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•œ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹์€ ์˜ˆ์ • ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ๊นŒ์ง€ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹๋œ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง‘์ค‘ ํˆฌ์žํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ œ์™ธ) ๋†“๊ณ  ์ „ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ XยทYใ€‹์—์„œ๋Š” ํŽ˜์–ด๋ฆฌํƒ€์ž…์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง„ํ™”ํ˜•์ธ ๋‹˜ํ”ผ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์†Œ๋“œ ์‹ค๋“œใ€‹์—์„œ๋Š” 4๋ฒˆ๋„๋กœ์˜ ํ’€์ˆฒ์—์„œ ์‹ฌ๋ณผ์ธ์นด์šดํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ํ™•๋ฅ ๋กœ ์ถœํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋‹ค์ด๋งฅ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ „์šฉ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋‹ค์ดํฌ์˜น์ด๋‹ค. ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฐ๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ ์ „์›์„ ํ—ค๋กฑํ—ค๋กฑ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ํš๋“๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ ˆ์ธ ๊ณ ! ์ด๋ธŒ์ด์˜ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ €๊ฐ€ ์—ญ ์•ˆ ์™ผ์ชฝ ๊ตฌ์„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ง์„ ๊ฑธ์–ด์„œ ์†์— ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.(๋‹ค์ด์Šคํ‘ธ๋กœ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ) ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋ธŒ์ด, ์ƒค๋ฏธ๋“œ, ์ฅฌํ”ผ์ฌ๋”, ๋ถ€์Šคํ„ฐ, ์—๋ธŒ์ด, ๋ธ”๋ž˜ํ‚ค, ๋ฆฌํ”ผ์•„, ๊ธ€๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ์•„, ๋‹˜ํ”ผ์•„๋ฅผ ์ž…์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ณ ์‹œํ‹ฐ์—์„œ ์ด์ˆ˜์ง„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ 20์งœ๋ฆฌ ์ƒค๋ฏธ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒค๋ฏธ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ต๋ฐฐํ•ด์„œ ์•Œ์„ 8๊ฐœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋‹ค์Œ, ๊นจ์–ด๋‚œ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ง„ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ดˆ์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์ƒค๋ฏธ๋“œ๋Š” ์ฅฌํ”ผ ์ฌ๋”๋กœ, 2๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋ถ€์Šคํ„ฐ, 3๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์—๋ธŒ์ด, 4๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ž˜ํ‚ค, 5๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋ฆฌํ”ผ์•„, 6๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๊ธ€๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ์•„ (์•Œ์—์„œ ๊นจ์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ 1๋กœ, ์˜์›์˜์ˆฒ์—์„œ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์—…ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ 6๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์† ์˜ค๋ฅธ๋‹ค.), 7๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋‹˜ํ”ผ์•„(217๋ฒˆ๋„๋กœ์—์„œ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์—…ํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” 6๋ฒˆ์งธ์™€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ 6๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์† ์˜ค๋ฅธ๋‹ค.), ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์€ ์ด๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ฒœ์™• ๋Œ€์—ฝ (๋ถ€์Šคํ„ฐ)๊ณผ ์˜ค์—ฝ (์—๋ธŒ์ด)์ด ์ด๋ธŒ์ด์˜ ์ง„ํ™”ํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์—ฝ์˜ ๋ถ€์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ฌผ ํƒ€์ž… (์— ํŽ˜๋ฅดํŠธ ๋“ฑ), ๋•… ํƒ€์ž… (ํ•˜๋งˆ๋ˆ, ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ฝ”๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ, ๊ธ€๋ผ์ด์˜จ ๋“ฑ), ๋ฐ”์œ„ ํƒ€์ž… (๋ฐ”๋ฆฌํ†ฑ์Šค, ๋žจํŽ„๋“œ ๋“ฑ)์ด์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ ์–ด๋„ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์€ 79~90์„ ๋„˜์–ด์•ผ (์šด์ด ์ข‹์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฐฐํ‹€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์— ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ 100์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.)์ด๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ณ , ์˜ค์—ฝ์˜ ์—๋ธŒ์ด๋Š” ์•… ํƒ€์ž… (๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์•ฑ์†”), ๊ณ ์ŠคํŠธ ํƒ€์ž… (๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ผํ‹ฐ๋‚˜), ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ ํƒ€์ž…์ด์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ ์–ด๋„ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์€ 82~93์„ ๋„˜์–ด์•ผ (์šด์ด ์ข‹์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฐฐํ‹€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์— ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ 100์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.) ์ด๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค. ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ GOใ€‹์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒค๋ฏธ๋“œ, ์ฅฌํ”ผ์ฌ๋”, ๋ถ€์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 3 ๋ถ„์˜ 1 ํ™•๋ฅ ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฆฌํ”ผ์•„๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋ธŒ ๋ฃจ์–ด๋ชจ๋“ˆ, ๊ธ€๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ์•„๋Š” ์•„์ด์Šค ๋ฃจ์–ด๋ชจ๋“ˆ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹˜ํ”ผ์•„๋Š” ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์šฐ์ •๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์„ 3๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ์ง„ํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ž˜ํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋” ์•ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ถœํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•„๋“œ ๋ฆฌ์„œ์น˜์˜ ๋ณด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ธŒ์ด์˜ ์ง„ํ™” ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ๋Œ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ง„ํ™”(์ œ1์„ธ๋Œ€) ๋ถ€์Šคํ„ฐ (๋ถˆ๊ฝƒ์˜ ๋Œ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ) ์ฅฌํ”ผ์ฌ๋” (์ฒœ๋‘ฅ์˜ ๋Œ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ) ์ƒค๋ฏธ๋“œ (๋ฌผ์˜ ๋Œ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ) ์ง„ํ™” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ โ†’ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์ /๋…น/์ฒญ/ํ”ผ์นด์ธ„/ํŒŒ์ด์–ด๋ ˆ๋“œ/๋ฆฌํ”„๊ทธ๋ฆฐ/๋ ˆ์ธ ๊ณ  ํ”ผ์นด์ธ„/๋ ˆ์ธ ๊ณ  ์ด๋ธŒ์ดใ€‹ (๊ด€๋™์ง€๋ฐฉ) โ†’ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ธˆ/์€/ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒˆ/ํ•˜ํŠธ๊ณจ๋“œ/์†Œ์šธ์‹ค๋ฒ„ใ€‹ (์„ฑ๋„์ง€๋ฐฉ) โ†’ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ฃจ๋น„/์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ด/์—๋ฉ”๋ž„๋“œ/์˜ค๋ฉ”๊ฐ€๋ฃจ๋น„/์•ŒํŒŒ์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ดใ€‹ (ํ˜ธ์—ฐ์ง€๋ฐฉ) โ†’ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ/ํŽ„/ํ”Œ๋ผํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ใ€‹ (์‹ ์˜ค์ง€๋ฐฉ) โ†’ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ธ”๋ž™/ํ™”์ดํŠธ/๋ธ”๋ž™2/ํ™”์ดํŠธ2ใ€‹ (ํ•˜๋‚˜์ง€๋ฐฉ) โ†’ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ X/Yใ€‹ (์นผ๋กœ์Šค์ง€๋ฐฉ) โ†’ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์ฌ/๋ฌธ/์šธํŠธ๋ผ์ฌ/์šธํŠธ๋ผ๋ฌธใ€‹ (์•Œ๋กœ๋ผ์ง€๋ฐฉ) โ†’ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์†Œ๋“œ/์‹ค๋“œใ€‹ (๊ฐ€๋ผ๋ฅด์ง€๋ฐฉ) <p> ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ง„ํ™”(์ œ2์„ธ๋Œ€) ์—๋ธŒ์ด(์นœ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚ฎ์— ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ์—…) ๋ธ”๋ž˜ํ‚ค(์นœ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฐค์— ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ์—…) ์ง„ํ™” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ โ†’ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ธˆ/์€/ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒˆ/ํ•˜ํŠธ๊ณจ๋“œ/์†Œ์šธ์‹ค๋ฒ„ใ€‹ (์„ฑ๋„์ง€๋ฐฉ) โ†’ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ฃจ๋น„/์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ด/์—๋ฉ”๋ž„๋“œ/์˜ค๋ฉ”๊ฐ€๋ฃจ๋น„/์•ŒํŒŒ์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ดใ€‹ (ํ˜ธ์—ฐ์ง€๋ฐฉ) โ†’ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ/ํŽ„/ํ”Œ๋ผํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ใ€‹ (์‹ ์˜ค์ง€๋ฐฉ) โ†’ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ธ”๋ž™/ํ™”์ดํŠธ/๋ธ”๋ž™2/ํ™”์ดํŠธ2ใ€‹ (ํ•˜๋‚˜์ง€๋ฐฉ) โ†’ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ X/Yใ€‹ (์นผ๋กœ์Šค์ง€๋ฐฉ) โ†’ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์ฌ/๋ฌธ/์šธํŠธ๋ผ์ฌ/์šธํŠธ๋ผ๋ฌธใ€‹ (์•Œ๋กœ๋ผ์ง€๋ฐฉ) โ†’ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์†Œ๋“œ/์‹ค๋“œใ€‹ (๊ฐ€๋ผ๋ฅด์ง€๋ฐฉ) <p> ํŠน์ • ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ์ง„ํ™”(์ œ4์„ธ๋Œ€) ๋ฆฌํ”ผ์•„ (์ด๋ผ์˜ ๋Œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ์—… (์†Œ๋“œ/์‹ค๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฆฌํ”„์˜ ๋Œ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค.)) ๊ธ€๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ์•„ (์–ผ์Œ์˜ ๋Œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ์—… (์†Œ๋“œ/์‹ค๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ผ์Œ์˜ ๋Œ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค.)) ;์ง„ํ™” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ โ†’ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ/ํŽ„/ํ”Œ๋ผํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ใ€‹ (์‹ ์˜ค์ง€๋ฐฉ) โ†’ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๋ธ”๋ž™/ํ™”์ดํŠธ/๋ธ”๋ž™2/ํ™”์ดํŠธ2ใ€‹ (ํ•˜๋‚˜์ง€๋ฐฉ) โ†’ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ X/Yใ€‹ (์นผ๋กœ์Šค์ง€๋ฐฉ) โ†’ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์˜ค๋ฉ”๊ฐ€๋ฃจ๋น„/์•ŒํŒŒ์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ดใ€‹ (ํ˜ธ์—ฐ์ง€๋ฐฉ) โ†’ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์ฌ/๋ฌธ/์šธํŠธ๋ผ์ฌ/์šธํŠธ๋ผ๋ฌธใ€‹ (์•Œ๋กœ๋ผ์ง€๋ฐฉ) โ†’ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์†Œ๋“œ/์‹ค๋“œใ€‹ (๊ฐ€๋ผ๋ฅด์ง€๋ฐฉ) <p> ์ ˆ์นœ๋„์˜ ์ธํ•œ ์ง„ํ™”(6์„ธ๋Œ€) ๋‹˜ํ”ผ์•„ (ํŽ˜์–ด๋ฆฌํƒ€์ž… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šด์ฒด ์ ˆ์นœ๋„๋ฅผ 2์ด์ƒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด ์ง„ํ™”)(์†Œ๋“œ ์‹ค๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์นœ๋ฐ€๋„ 220+๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ์—…์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„ํ™” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ โ†’ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ X/Yใ€‹ (์นผ๋กœ์Šค์ง€๋ฐฉ) โ†’ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์˜ค๋ฉ”๊ฐ€๋ฃจ๋น„/์•ŒํŒŒ์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ดใ€‹ (ํ˜ธ์—ฐ์ง€๋ฐฉ) โ†’ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์ฌ/๋ฌธ/์šธํŠธ๋ผ์ฌ/์šธํŠธ๋ผ๋ฌธใ€‹ (์•Œ๋กœ๋ผ์ง€๋ฐฉ) โ†’ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์†Œ๋“œ/์‹ค๋“œใ€‹ (๊ฐ€๋ผ๋ฅด์ง€๋ฐฉ) โ€”>ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ GOใ€‹ (AR) ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์—์„œ์˜ ์ด๋ธŒ์ด ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐใ€‹40ํ™”์—์„œ 4ํ˜•์ œ์˜ ๋ง‰๋‚ด์˜ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฅฌํ”ผ์ฌ๋”, ์ƒค๋ฏธ๋“œ, ๋ถ€์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” 3๋ช…์˜ ํ˜•๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ (์ด๋ธŒ์ด๋ฅผ)์ง„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋„๋ก ๊ฐ•์š”๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ง„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ด๋ธŒ์ด์ธ ์ฑ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ธธ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐใ€‹118ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์šฐ์˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ฒŒ ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋žŒ์˜ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์šฐ์˜ ํ”ผ์นด์ธ„๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ๋œจ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. 173ํ™”์—์„œ ์žฌ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ž˜ํ‚ค๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐใ€‹185ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ธŒ์ด 5์ž๋งค์˜ ๋ง‰๋‚ด ์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ์˜ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. 228ํ™”์—์„œ ์žฌ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์—๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ AGใ€‹์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ด„์ด์˜ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ DPใ€‹์—์„œ ์žฌ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธ€๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ์•„๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์ฌ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ จ์˜ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ์ด๋ฉฐ ์•„์ง ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐW์—์„œ ์ฑ„ํ•˜๋ฃจ์˜ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—์„œ์˜ ์ด๋ธŒ์ด ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ ๋ ˆ์ธ์ €์™€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ์™•์ž ๋งˆ๋‚˜ํ”ผใ€‹์—์„œ ๋ด„์ด์˜ ์ด๋ธŒ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งŒํ™” ใ€Šํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œใ€‹์—์„œ ๋ ˆ๋“œ์˜ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋กœ์ผ“๋‹จ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฅฌํ”ผ์ฌ๋”, ์ƒค๋ฏธ๋“œ, ๋ถ€์Šคํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์›๋ž˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์—๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•œ ํ›„์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ ธ ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทน์žฅํŒ ใ€Š๊ทน์žฅํŒ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ: ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐใ€‹์—์„œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก ์ œ1์„ธ๋Œ€ ํฌ์ผ“๋ชฌ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eevee
Eevee
is a Pokรฉmon species in the Pokรฉmon franchise. Created by Motofumi Fujiwara, it first appeared in the video games Pokรฉmon Red and Blue. It has later appeared in various merchandise, spinoff titles, as well as animated and printed adaptations of the franchise. It is also the game mascot and starter Pokรฉmon for Pokรฉmon: Let's Go, Eevee! Known as the Evolution Pokรฉmon in the games and the anime, Eevee has an unstable genetic code, which allows it to evolve into one of eight different Pokรฉmon, known as Eeveelutions, depending on the situation. The first three of these evolutions, Vaporeon, Jolteon, and Flareon, were introduced alongside Eevee in Pokรฉmon Red and Blue. Five more evolutions have since been introduced in Pokรฉmon games: Espeon, Umbreon, Leafeon, Glaceon, and Sylveon. Conception and characteristics The design for Eevee and its initial evolutions, Jolteon and Flareon, were provided by Japanese graphic designer Motofumi Fujiwara, while fellow graphic designer Atsuko Nishida designed Vaporeon. Ken Sugimori, an illustrator and friend of the Pokรฉmon franchise's creator, Satoshi Tajiri, provided illustrations of Eevee and its evolutions after seeing Fujiwara and Nishida's sprites. According to Fujiwara, he "wanted to create a blank slate Pokรฉmon." Drawing upon his vague childhood memories, including an instance where he became lost in a forest and "encountered an undefinable creature," Fujiwara would go on to create the early design for Eevee, which he likened to "a fluffy cat or dog-like creature one would see in the country." In the original Japanese games, the Pokรฉmon was called Eievui, a name which has similar prefixes to its current English name. However, before the English versions of the games were released, Eevee was originally going to be named Eon rather than Eevee. It was renamed to "Eevee" shortly before the English releases of Pokรฉmon Red and Blue. According to the Pokรฉmon video games, Eevee is a mammalian creature with brown fur, a bushy tail that has a cream-colored tip, and a furry collar that is also cream-colored. Eevee has brown eyes, big ears, and pink paw pads. Eevee is said to have an irregularly shaped genetic structure, enabling it to evolve into multiple Pokรฉmon. Eevee are quite rare in the games, but are canonically able to live almost anywhere, as they may evolve to suit their surroundings. Evolutions Eevee is best known for being the Pokรฉmon with the most potential evolutions (dubbed "Eeveelutions"), with eight possible evolutionary forms (followed by Tyrogue, with three). In the first generation of Pokรฉmon games, where Eevee was introduced, it was also the only species to have branched evolutions. All the Eeveelutions were designed by Atsuko Nishida, except for Jolteon and Flareon, which were designed by Motofumi Fujiwara. The term "Eeveelution" was originally coined by fans. It was first used in an official capacity as a pun in the official guide for Pokรฉmon Stadium 2. There's also an eponymous theme deck. Appearances In the video games In the Red, Blue, Yellow versions, the player receives one Eevee at the Pokรฉmon Mansion in Celadon City, and they must trade to receive the Pokรฉdex info on the other evolutions (Red, Blue, and Yellow only). In Pokรฉmon Yellow, the player was to receive an Eevee from Professor Oak at the beginning of the game as the player's starter. However, the player's rival decides to take the Eevee before the player can obtain it. Due to this, the player is forced to choose the wild Pikachu that Professor Oak had caught earlier as a starter. The player's rival meanwhile evolves his Eevee into any of the three evolutions available, depending on the outcomes of the player's encounters with him in the early parts of the game. Eevee also appeared on other games such as Pokรฉmon Stadium, Pokรฉmon Gold and Silver, Pokรฉmon Crystal, Pokรฉmon Ruby and Sapphire, Pokรฉmon FireRed and LeafGreen, Pokรฉmon Emerald, Pokรฉmon Platinum, Pokรฉmon HeartGold and SoulSilver, Pokรฉmon Black and White, Pokรฉmon Black 2 and White 2, Pokรฉmon X and Y, Pokรฉmon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire, Pokรฉmon Sun and Moon, Pokรฉmon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon, Pokรฉmon Sword and Shield as well as the remakes Pokรฉmon Brilliant Diamond and Shining Pearl, where Eevee can be found in the same areas that it was obtained from the original games. In Pokรฉmon Sun and Moon, Eevee gained access to upgrade the move Last Resort to its exclusive Z-Move, Extreme Evoboost, while holding its unique Z-Crystal Eevium Z. In Pokรฉmon Sword and Shield, Eevee received a unique Gigantamax form with access to the unique G-Max Move G-Max Cuddle, which deals damage and infatuates opponents of the opposite gender. In 2018, remakes of Pokรฉmon Yellow, Pokรฉmon: Let's Go, Eevee! and Pokรฉmon: Let's Go, Pikachu! were released. Unlike in the original Pokรฉmon Yellow game in which Pikachu was the only Pokรฉmon able to walk around with the player outside its Pokรฉball, in Let's Go, Eevee! the player's partner and starter Pokรฉmon Eevee refuses a Pokรฉball and stays with the player in the overworld. The partner eevee is able to wear accessories and clothes and "hairstyles" which are visible in the overworld. Like Pikachu, in Let's Go: Eevee, the partner Eevee refuses to evolve, but is able to learn special moves not available in other games, with eight possible moves each based on one of Eevee's evolutions. Game developer Junichi Masuda said that Eevee was chosen for the remake because of its popularity in fan art, although Psyduck was also considered before it was decided its colouring was too similar to Pikachu. Outside of the main series, Eevee is a photographable Pokรฉmon in Pokรฉmon Snap. In Pokรฉmon Stadium 2, Eevee stars in its own minigame called "Eager Eevee". Players have to run around in circles while Aipom raises and lowers a cover on berries. The object is to be among the first to grab some of the berries. It also appeared in Pokรฉmon Pinball, Pokรฉmon Channel, Pokรฉmon Trozei!, Pokรฉmon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team and Red Rescue Team, Pokรฉmon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Sky, Pokรฉmon Ranger: Shadows of Almia, My Pokรฉmon Ranch, Pokรฉmon Rumble, Pokรฉmon Mystery Dungeon: Adventure Team, PokรฉPark Wii: Pikachu's Adventure, Pokรฉmon Ranger: Guardian Signs, Pokรฉmon Rumble Blast, Pokรฉmon Conquest, Pokรฉmon Mystery Dungeon: Gates to Infinity, Pokรฉmon Rumble U, Pokรฉmon Battle Trozei, Pokรฉmon Rumble World, Pokรฉmon Picross, Pokรฉmon Rumble Rush, Pokรฉmon Mystery Dungeon: Rescue Team DX, Pokรฉmon Shuffle ,Pokรฉmon Masters EX, Pokkรฉn Tournament, Pokรฉmon Go, Pokรฉmon Unite and New Pokรฉmon Snap. In the anime In the anime, Eevee first appeared in The Battling Eevee Brothers. A little boy named Mikey was hiding the Evolution Pokรฉmon from his three older brothers because they wanted him to evolve it. However, when Mikey's Eevee single-handedly defeated Team Rocket, they were able to accept the fact that Mikey wanted to keep his Eevee just the way it is. Ash's longtime rival Gary Oak uses an Eevee of great quality that eventually evolves into Umbreon. The Kimono Girls who first appeared in the Pokรฉmon Gold and Silver games, make an appearance with their Pokรฉmon (all of which are evolutions of Eevee) in Trouble's Brewing. The youngest of the Kimono girls had an unevolved Eevee (the only of the sisters to have one) in this episode, though it later evolved into an Espeon later on in the episode "Espeon, Not Included". May has an Eevee that hatched from an egg, which she used in Pokรฉmon Contests all across the Kanto region. When May traveled to Sinnoh, she took it to Route 217 to evolve into a Glaceon. In the XY series, Serena also acquired an Eevee of her own which evolved into a Sylveon. In Sun and Moon, Lana herself got a shaggy haired Eevee nicknamed Sandy. A special Eevee, one which is incapable of evolving, is owned by Chloe Cerise, the childhood friend of Goh, who is Ash Ketchum's companion in the 23rd, 24th, and 25th seasons of the anime. The main reason why it cannot evolve is unknown, but the head of the Eevee Evolution Lab in the episode "To Train or Not to Train!" theorises that it cannot evolve because of its hesitancy of making the important decision. In the film Eevee has appeared for a short time in Detective Pikachu, under the ownership of Howard Clifford. It then was forced to evolve into Flareon. In other media In Pokรฉmon Adventures, Red is in possession of an Eevee which had been experimented on by Team Rocket. As a result, it could transform back and forth from the three evolutions Vaporeon, Jolteon, and Flareon along with its base form, allowing it greater tactical ability in fighting other Pokรฉmon. Eventually, it evolved into an Espeon, losing its special ability to interchange abilities. In the Electric Tale of Pikachu manga, the character Mikey (who appeared in the anime episode: "The Battling Eevee Brothers") makes an appearance with his own Eevee and within the chapter that he appears in, Mikey attempts to prove to his brothers that he doesn't need to evolve his Eevee to win battles. In the crowdsourced social experiment Twitch Plays Pokรฉmon, an Eevee was the source of much frustration when, while trying to evolve it into a Vaporeon to learn the move Surf, the players accidentally used a Fire Stone on it, evolving it into a Flareon. This setback led to Flareon being called the "false prophet" and became one of the most famous moments of the event. Promotion and reception Since its debut appearance, Eevee and its evolutions have received generally positive reception. GamesRadar described Eevee as "one of the cutest and most varied of all Pokรฉmon", and in a later article described it as one of the most "enduringly popular". IGN called it "the most mystifying, peculiar, eccentric, and adaptable creature in the game." IGN editor โ€œPokรฉmon of the Day Chick" also stated that Eevee was a creature "a thousand times cuter than a puppy" and she also stated that its evolutions were also "powerful for a cute Pokรฉmon". IGN's Jack DeVries cited Eevee as "one of the cutest Pokรฉmon". Eevee was noted as one of the most popular Pokรฉmon at the offices of The Pokรฉmon Company. Author Loredana Lipperini noted Eevee as being one of the "most mysterious Pokรฉmon in the series". Technology Tell writer Jenni Lada noted that Eevee is a character "whom should feature" in Super Smash Bros., citing its customization "potential". Liz Finnegan of The Escapist listed Eevee as their eleventh favorite Pokรฉmon, stating that Eevee is like the evolutionary equivalent of the turducken. Gita Jackson of Kotaku claimed that Eevee is what Pokรฉmon is all about, stating that "Eevee is adorable, but thatโ€™s not the only reason why I love them. Somewhere between a cat and a dog, Eevee seems more domesticated than longtime series mascot Pikachu, but still as mischievous as any other wild animal." In 2015, Eevee was the most traded Pokรฉmon in the games' "Wonder Trade" feature. A special Pokรฉmon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire Online Competition known as the "Eevee Friendly Match" limits participants' Pokรฉmon to Eevee and its evolutions only. In a list of the "Top 10 Cutest Video Game Characters", Eevee was ranked fourth, with Screw Attack's Prowler64 writing: "There are many cute Pokรฉmon, but in my opinion, Eevee is the cutest and makes it onto this list." Due to its popularity, Eevee (and its evolutions) have frequently been used in much of the Pokรฉmon merchandising, such as toys. Eevee is a part of a set of Pokรฉmon figures released for Pokรฉmon Rumble U, with IGN labelling it as a "fan favourite". While Eevee and its evolutions have appeared in the Pokรฉmon Trading Card Game as common cards, they were featured in the releases of the Majestic Dawn and Evolving Skies sets. A special Eevee-themed Nintendo 3DS XL was released in Japan in celebration of the 15th anniversary of Pokรฉmon Centre retail establishments. Eevee has also been a part of various Nintendo events, which allow the players to obtain special Pokรฉmon that are being distributed (one example in Eevee's case was a shiny Eevee distribution). Eevee was also one of the several first generation Pokรฉmon to get a special DVD (Volume 6) with episodes starring itself during the 10th anniversary of the Pokรฉmon franchise. References External links Eevee on Bulbapedia Eevee on Pokemon.com Pokรฉmon species Video game characters introduced in 1996 Video game mascots ca:Lรญnia evolutiva d'Eevee#Eevee fi:Luettelo Pokรฉmon-lajeista (121โ€“151)#Eevee
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%B8%EC%9C%A0%EB%A7%88%EC%96%B4
ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด
ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด(Puyuma, )๋Š” ํƒ€์ด์™„ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ธ ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์กฑ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์ด๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ด์™„ ์ œ์–ด์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ํ™”์ž ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ค‘๋…ธ๋…„์ด๋‹ค. ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด๋กœ โ€˜ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ(puyuma)โ€™๋Š” โ€˜ํ•˜๋‚˜๋จ, ํ™”ํ•ฉโ€™์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜ โ€˜ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆโ€™๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์กฑ ๋งˆ์„ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ๋‚œ์™•()๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค์ง€๋งŒ, ์ค‘ํ™”๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋‚˜ ํƒ€์ด์™„์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†Œ์ˆ˜๋ฏผ์กฑ๋“ค์€ ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์กฑ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ทธ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๋‚œ์™• ๋ฐฉ์–ธ ํ™”์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‚œ์™• ๋ฐฉ์–ธ ํ™”์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด ํ™”์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์ธ โ€˜pinuyumayanโ€™๊ณผ ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์กฑ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์ธ โ€˜punuyumayanโ€™์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์–ธ ์€ ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์„ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚œ์™• ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์€ ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์กฐ์–ด์˜ ์œ ์„ฑ ํŒŒ์—ด์Œ์„ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์Œ์šด ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์†๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ํ•ฉ์ณ์ ธ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์กฐ์–ด ๋‚œ์™• ๋ฐฉ์–ธ (์ฃผ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ๊ตฐ) ํ”ผ๋‚˜์Šคํ‚คยท์šธ๋ฆฌ๋ฒŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ํฌ ํ”ผ๋‚˜์Šคํ‚ค ๋ฐฉ์–ธ ์šธ๋ฆฌ๋ฒŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ํฌ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ถ• ๋ฐฉ์–ธ ์นด์‚ฌ๋ฐ”์นธยท์นดํ‹ฐํ’€ ์นด์‚ฌ๋ฐ”์นธ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ ์นดํ‹ฐํ’€ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์„๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ (โ€˜๋Œ€๋‚˜๋ฌด์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚จโ€™) ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ(Puyuma, ) ์•„ํŒŒํ’€๋ฃจ(Apapulu, ) ์นดํ‹ฐํ’€ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ (โ€˜๋Œ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚จโ€™) ์•Œ๋ฆฌํŒŒ์ด(Alipai, ) ํ”ผ๋‚˜์Šคํ‚ค(Pinaski, ); ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ(๋‚œ์™•) ๋งˆ์„์˜ 2km ๋ถ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•จ ํŒํ‚ค์šฐ(Pankiu, ) ์นด์‚ฌ๋ฐ”์นธ(Kasavakan, ) ์นดํƒ€ํ‹ฐํ’€(Katratripul, ) ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ถ•(Likavung, ) ํƒ€๋ง๋ผ์นด์šฐ(Tamalakaw, ) ์šธ๋ฆฌ๋ฒŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ํฌ(Ulivelivek, ) ์Œ์šด๋ก  ์Œ์†Œ ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์—๋Š” 18๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž์Œ๊ณผ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ชจ์Œ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์Œ์†Œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋Š” ํƒ€์ด์™„ ์ œ์–ด ์ค‘ ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๋Š” ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์—์„œ ์ด ์Œ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฃจ์นด์ด์–ด์˜ ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ฌด์„ฑ ํŒŒ์—ด์Œ ์Œ์†Œ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Œ ์•ž์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ์–ด๋ง์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ชจ์Œ ์•ž์—์„œ๋Š” ๋กœ, ๊ทธ ์ด์™ธ์—๋Š” ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์นด์‚ฌ๋ฐ”์นธ๊ณผ ์นดํ‹ฐํ’€ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ ๋“ฑ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์—์„œ ์€ ์„ค์ธก ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‚œ์™• ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์ด ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ํŒŒ์—ด์Œ ๊ณผ ์ž์Œ์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์Œ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์ Š์€ ํ™”์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ ‘์‚ฌ์˜ ์ดํ˜•ํƒœ ์„ ํƒ ๊ทœ์น™ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๋Š” ์ž์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ–‰๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‚œ์™• ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์˜ ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์—์„œ ๋˜๋Š” ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋‘์˜ ์•ž์ด๋‚˜ ์–ด๋ง์˜ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฝ์ž…๋œ๋‹ค. ๋Š” ์•ž์—์„œ ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฒ ์ž๋ฒ• 2005๋…„ ์ค‘ํ™”๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ต์œก๋ถ€๋Š” ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ 16๊ฐœ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ๊ณต์‹ ๋กœ๋งˆ์ž ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ 2017๋…„์— ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‚œ์™• ๋ฐฉ์–ธ, ์นดํƒ€ํ‹ฐํ’€() ๋ฐฉ์–ธ, ์นด์‚ฌ๋ฐ”์นธ() ๋ฐฉ์–ธ, ์šธ๋ฆฌ๋ฒŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ํฌ() ๋ฐฉ์–ธ ๋“ฑ 4๊ฐœ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์˜ ์Œ์†Œ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์–ด๋Š ๋ฐฉ์–ธ๋„ ์•„๋ž˜ ์Œ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋Š” 2005๋…„ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์—์„œ โ€น'โ€บ๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ดํ›„ โ€นqโ€บ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. โ€นdrโ€บ์™€ โ€นtrโ€บ๋Š” ๊ถŒ์„ค์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  โ€นdโ€บ์™€ โ€นtโ€บ๋Š” ์น˜๊ฒฝ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€๋งŒ, โ€นlrโ€บ๋Š” ์น˜๊ฒฝ์Œ (๋‚œ์™• ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์—์„  )์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  โ€นlโ€บ์€ ๊ถŒ์„ค์Œ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์˜ํ•˜๋ผ. ๋Š” ์นด์‚ฌ๋ฐ”์นธ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๊ณ ์œ ์–ด์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ , ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์„ธ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์™ธ๋ž˜์–ด์—๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์Œ์†Œ๋ฐฐ์—ด ์Œ์ ˆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” (C)V(C)์ด๋‹ค. ์Œ์ ˆ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  CV ์กฐํ•ฉ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  VC ์กฐํ•ฉ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์Œ์ ˆ์–ด๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์–ด์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์Œ์ ˆ ๋‚ด์šฉ์–ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ CVC ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์–ด์ค‘์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์Œ ๋‘˜์ด ์—ฐ๋‹ฌ์•„ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž์Œ์ด ์—ฐ๋‹ฌ์•„ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋™์ผ ์กฐ์Œ ์œ„์น˜์˜ ๋‘ ํŒŒ์—ด์Œ์ด ์—ฐ๋‹ฌ์•„ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์Œ์ ˆ ์—์„œ ๋Š” โ€˜์„ค์ฒจ ๋ชจ์Œโ€™ ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ์Œ์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์Œ์ ˆ ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 3์Œ์ ˆ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด์—์„œ, ๋’ค์—์„œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์Œ์ ˆ์ด ๊ฐœ์Œ์ ˆ์ด๊ณ  ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋ฉด ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•œ๋‹ค. (ํ์Œ์ ˆ์ด๋ฉด ์˜ ํƒˆ๋ฝ์ด CCC ์—ฐ์‡„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.) ๊ฐ•์„ธ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์Œ์ ˆ์— ์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ, ๊ฐ•์„ธ ๋ถ€์—ฌ์—์„œ ์ ‘์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ ‘์–ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ „์ ‘์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™๋Š” ์˜ˆ: beray โ†’ tu=beray-ay ์ „์ ‘์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™๋Š” ์˜ˆ: inaba โ†’ inaba=ku ํ˜•ํƒœ์Œ์šด๋ก ์  ๊ณผ์ • ๋ชจ์Œ ๋™ํ™” ํ˜•ํƒœ์†Œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋‘๊ณ  ๊ฐ€ ์ด์›ƒํ•œ ๋ชจ์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•„์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ ‘์š”์‚ฌ ์˜ ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ชจ์Œ์— ๋™ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์—ญํ–‰ ๋™ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์–ด๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ€ ์ ‘๋‘์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ชจ์Œ์— ๋™ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์ˆœํ–‰ ๋™ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆœ์Œ ๋™ํ™” ๊ฐ€ ์ด์›ƒ ์Œ์ ˆ์˜ ์ˆœ์Œ ์ž์Œ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ˆœ์Œ ์ดํ™” ํ–‰์œ„์ž์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ ‘์š”์‚ฌ ์˜ ์ด ์„ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ˆœ ํŒŒ์—ด์Œ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ฐ›์•„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ ‘๊ทผ์Œ ์‚ฝ์ž… ๊ณ ๋ชจ์Œ ๋’ค์— ๊ทธ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์Œ์ด ์˜ค๋ฉด ๊ณ ๋ชจ์Œ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ ‘๊ทผ์Œ์ด ์‚ฝ์ž…๋œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์— ๊ณ ๋ชจ์Œ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ด๊ฐ„ ๋’ค์— ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์œผ๋ฉด ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฝ์ž…๋œ๋‹ค. (๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ ‘๋‘์‚ฌ์™€ ์–ด๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.) ์‚ฝ์ž… ์ž์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ์ ‘๋‘์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๊ฐ„์— ๋ถ™์œผ๋ฉด ์ˆ˜์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฝ์ž…๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ ์ดํ˜•ํƒœ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์ค‘์‹ฌ ํ‘œ์ง€ ์€ ์˜ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ดํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ์–ด๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฒซ ์Œ์†Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ ํƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์–ด๊ฐ„์ด ๋ชจ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๊ฐ„์ด ๋น„์Œ์ด๋‚˜ ์œ ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๊ฐ„์ด ์žฅ์• ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด . ๋‹จ, ์–‘์ˆœ ํŒŒ์—ด์Œ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋’ค์ด์–ด ์ˆœ์Œ ์ดํ™” ๊ทœ์น™์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ ์ดํ˜•ํƒœ ์™„๋ง์ƒ ํ‘œ์ง€ ์€ ์˜ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ดํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๊ฐ„์ด ๋ชจ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๊ฐ„์ด ๋น„์Œ์ด๋‚˜ ์œ ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๊ฐ„์ด ์žฅ์• ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์„ค๋ช…์€ ๋‚œ์™• ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์˜ ์–ดํœ˜์  ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋กœ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ฐ™์€ ์–ด๊ทผ์ด ๋™์‚ฌ๋กœ๋„ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋กœ๋„ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ์ผ์ด ํ”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ณ„๊ฐœ์˜ ํ’ˆ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ƒํƒœ๋™์‚ฌ์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋ฒ•, ์ƒ, ํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตด์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฉ์€ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ตด์ ˆ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ์•ž์— ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ํ‘œ์ง€ ๋”ฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ ๋˜๋Š” ์†๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (๋‚œ์™• ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์†๊ฒฉ์ด ์ƒ๋ณด์  ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ณ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.) ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์•ž์— ๋†“์ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋’ค์— ๋…ผํ•ญ๋“ค์ด ์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋…ผํ•ญ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์–ด์ˆœ์€ ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์˜ ์ ˆ์€ ์ˆ ์–ด์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋™์‚ฌ์ ˆ, ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ ˆ, ์กด์žฌยท์†Œ์œ ยท์ฒ˜์†Œ์ ˆ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์‚ฌ์ ˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋™์‚ฌ์ ˆ์€ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ผํ•ญ์˜ ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 0 ~ 3๊ฐ€ ๋™์‚ฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 0๊ฐ€ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋…ผํ•ญ์„ ์ทจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‚ ์”จ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ์ •๋ ฌ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๋™์‚ฌ โ€˜ํ›”์น˜๋‹คโ€™๊ฐ€ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘์‹ฌํƒœ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ–‰์œ„์ž์ค‘์‹ฌํƒœ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ํ”ผํ–‰์œ„์ž๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. (์œ„ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž โ€˜์ด์‚ฌ์šฐโ€™๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ, ํ”ผํ–‰์œ„์ž โ€˜๋ˆโ€™์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.) ํ–‰์œ„์ž์ค‘์‹ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘์‹ฌํƒœ์—์„œ๋Š”, ๋™์‚ฌ ์•ž์— ๋ถ™๋Š” ์†๊ฒฉ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ์ ‘์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. (์œ„ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ~๋„ค๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž(โ€˜์ด์‚ฌ์šฐโ€™, โ€˜๊ทธโ€™)๋Š” 3์ธ์นญ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋™์‚ฌ ์•ž์— 3์ธ์นญ ์†๊ฒฉ ์ ‘์–ด =๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์—ˆ๋‹ค.) ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌํƒœ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์€ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๋…ผํ•ญ์˜ ํ•œ์ •์„ฑ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์š”์ธ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ์ค‘์‹ฌํƒœ์—์„œ๋“  ์ฃผ์–ด๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•œ์ •์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํƒ€๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์ค‘์‹ฌํƒœ๋กœ ์“ฐ์˜€์œผ๋ฉด, ํ”ผํ–‰์œ„์ž๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋น„ํ•œ์ •์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ, ํ”ผํ–‰์œ„์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•œ์ •์ด๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ”ผํ–‰์œ„์ž์ค‘์‹ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋…ผํ•ญ์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ โ€˜์ฃผ๋‹คโ€™, โ€˜๋นŒ๋ ค์ฃผ๋‹คโ€™ ๋”ฐ์œ„๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ค‘์‹ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ(theme, ์ฆ‰ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€)์ด ๋น„ํ•œ์ •์ด๋ฉด, ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ์ค‘์‹ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ, ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ํ•œ์ •์ด๋ฉด, ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ „๋‹ฌ์ค‘์‹ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ, ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ์žฅ์†Œ์ค‘์‹ฌํƒœ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด๋Š” ํ”ผํ–‰์œ„์ž, ์ถœ์ฒ˜, ๋ชฉํ‘œ/์žฅ์†Œ, ์‚ฌ๋™์ฃผ ๋”ฐ์œ„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์—ญ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ์ „๋‹ฌ์ค‘์‹ฌํƒœ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž, ๋ชฉํ‘œ, ๋„๊ตฌ, ์ด๋™๋œ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋”ฐ์œ„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์—ญ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผํ–‰์œ„์ž์ค‘์‹ฌ > ์žฅ์†Œ์ค‘์‹ฌ > ์ „๋‹ฌ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์‚ฌํƒœ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋‹ค. ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ ˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ ˆ์€ โ€˜๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด๋‹ค.โ€™์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ โ€˜๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚ด ์นœ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค.โ€™์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋™์น˜์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ ˆ์€ ๋น„ํ•œ์ • ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ์ˆ ์–ด์™€ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์–ด๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ ˆ์€ ๊ณ„์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถ€์ •๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฌ ๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์–ด๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ์–ด ์œ„์น˜์— ๋†“์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ํ”ํ•˜๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | a || rษ™dษ™an || na || barasa |- | || foundation || || stone |- | colspan="4" | โ€œ๊ทธ ๋Œ์€ ํ† ๋Œ€์ด๋‹ค.โ€ |} {| |- class="IPA" | amษ™li || a || sโŸจษ™mโŸฉษ™nษ™ล‹ || ina || unan |- | || || โŸจโŸฉspecial || || snake |- | colspan="5" | โ€œ๊ทธ ๋ฑ€์€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.โ€ |} ๋™์น˜์˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ ˆ์€ ํ•œ์ • ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ์ˆ ์–ด์™€ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์–ด๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์‚ฌ ๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ˆ ์–ด ๋’ค์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ทนํžˆ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์–ด๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ œ์–ด ์œ„์น˜์— ๋†“์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์—์„œ ์ถ”๋ก  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ƒ๋žต๋œ๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | na || pu-ka-ษญikuษ–an || m-inaสˆaj || i, || amau || i || namali |- | || behind || -die || || || || my.father |- | colspan="7" | โ€œ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚ด ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜€๋‹ค.โ€ |} ์กด์žฌยท์†Œ์œ ยท์ฒ˜์†Œ์ ˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์กด์žฌยท์†Œ์œ ยท์ฒ˜์†Œ์ ˆ์€ ๊ณ„์‚ฌ ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์ •๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฌ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์˜ ์กด์žฌยท์†Œ์œ  ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์€ ์ฒ˜์†Œ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์กด์žฌ์ ˆ์€ ๊ณ„์‚ฌ์™€ ๋น„ํ•œ์ • ์ฃผ์–ด, ๋˜ ์ˆ˜์˜์ ์ธ ์ฒ˜์†Œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์†Œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธ์ • ์กด์žฌ์ ˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด๋Š” ๋น„ํ•œ์ • ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถ€์ • ์กด์žฌ์ ˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด๋Š” ๋น„ํ•œ์ • ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์†Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋จผ์ € ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์–ด์ˆœ๋„ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธ์ • ์กด์žฌ์ ˆ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‹ดํ™”์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ™”์šฉ๋ก ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | ulaja || a || maส”iษ–aล‹ || i || pujuma |- | exist || || old || || Puyuma |- | colspan="5" | โ€œํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ ๋งˆ์„์— ์–ด๋Š ๋…ธ์ธ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.โ€ |} {| |- class="IPA" | unian || ษ–a || akan-an |- | not.exist || || eat- |- | colspan="3" | โ€œ์Œ์‹์ด ์—†๋‹ค.โ€ |} ์ฒ˜์†Œ์ ˆ์€ ๊ณ„์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•œ์ • ์ฃผ์–ด, ์ฒ˜์†Œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์–ด๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์–ด์™€ ์ฒ˜์†Œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ ์ •๋ณด์ธ ์ชฝ์ด ๋จผ์ € ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์œ ์ ˆ์€ ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ์†Œ์œ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์ •๋ณด์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์†Œ์œ ๋Š” ๋™์น˜์˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | nanku || rumaส” || iษ–unu |- | || house || that. |- | colspan="3" | โ€œ์ € ์ง‘์€ ๋‚ด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.โ€ |} ํ”ผ์†Œ์œ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์ •๋ณด์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์†Œ์œ ๋Š” ์กด์žฌ์ ˆ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์กด์žฌ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์†Œ์œ ์ ˆ์—๋Š” ์†Œ์œ ์ž์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์œ ์ž๋Š” ๊ธ์ • ์†Œ์œ ์ ˆ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ ์†Œ์œ ์ž ํ›„์ ‘์–ด๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ , ๋ถ€์ • ์†Œ์œ ์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ ์ „์ ‘์–ด๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ํ”ผ์†Œ์œ ์ž๋Š” ๊ธ์ • ์†Œ์œ ์ ˆ์—์„œ ํ•œ์ •์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ , ๋ถ€์ • ์†Œ์œ ์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„ํ•œ์ •์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | ulaja || ku=iษ–us || a || kโŸจษ™mโŸฉaษ–i |- | exist || =spoon || || here |- | colspan="4" | โ€œ๋‚˜ํ•œํ…Œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ˆŸ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.โ€ |} {| |- class="IPA" | unian=ku || ษ–a || daษญan || m-uka || i || tajwan |- | not.exist= || || road || -go || || Taiwan |- | colspan="6" | โ€œ๋‚˜ํ•œํ…Œ๋Š” ํƒ€์ด์™„์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐˆ ๊ธธ์ด ์—†๋‹ค.โ€ |} ๋™์‚ฌ ๊ตด์ ˆ ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ์ •๋ ฌ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด โ€˜์ค‘์‹ฌํƒœโ€™์˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ํ–‰์œ„์ž์ค‘์‹ฌ() ๋˜๋Š” ์ž๋™์‚ฌํƒœ (): M- (๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ดํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง) ํ”ผํ–‰์œ„์ž์ค‘์‹ฌ() ๋˜๋Š” ํƒ€๋™์‚ฌํƒœ 1 (): -aw ์žฅ์†Œ์ค‘์‹ฌ() ๋˜๋Š” ํƒ€๋™์‚ฌํƒœ 2 (): -aj ์ „๋‹ฌ์ค‘์‹ฌ() ๋˜๋Š” ํƒ€๋™์‚ฌํƒœ 3 (): -anaj ๊ตด์ ˆ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ ์„œ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹ค์Œ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์‹ค ์ง์„ค๋ฒ• ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค ์ง์„ค๋ฒ• ๋ช…๋ น๋ฒ• ๊ถŒ์œ ๋ฒ• ํ˜„์‹ค ์ง์„ค๋ฒ•์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค ์ง์„ค๋ฒ•์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์‚ฌํƒœ, ์˜๋„, ์†Œ๋ง, ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์‹ค์  ๊ฐ€์ • ๋”ฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ƒ์€ ๋™์‚ฌ ๊ตด์ ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์ „์ ‘์–ด๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ „์ž๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค ์ง์„ค๋ฒ•์—๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์Œ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. (๋ฌดํ‘œ) ์ง„ํ–‰์ƒ ์ง€์†์ƒ ์ข…๊ฒฐ ์ง€์ ์ด ์—†๋Š”(atelic) ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ€์‚ฌ์–ด๋‚˜ ์ƒ ์ ‘์–ด ์—†์ด ๋ฌดํ‘œํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๋ฉด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…๊ฒฐ ์ง€์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”(telic) ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ๋งŒ ํ•ด์„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„ํ–‰์ƒ์€ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ์‚ฌํƒœ๋‚˜ ์Šต๊ด€์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ƒํƒœ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๋ฉด ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ง€์†์ƒ์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ์ƒํƒœ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๋ฉด โ€˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก Xํ•ด์ง€๋‹คโ€™์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ƒ ์ ‘์–ด๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ ๋’ค, ๋ถ€์ •์–ด ๋’ค, ๋˜๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ตฌ, ์ ˆ ๋’ค์— ๋ถ™์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์™„๋ง์ƒ์˜ =, ๋ฏธ์™„๋ง์ƒ์˜ =, ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ƒ์˜ =๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํƒ€๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ตด์ ˆํ˜•์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ ํ‘œ์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ํƒ€๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ž๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” 7๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตด์ ˆ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๋ฉฐ, ์ž๋™์‚ฌํƒœ๋งŒ์„ ์ทจํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. (์ง€์†์ƒ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ์ง„ํ–‰์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์ ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.) ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅ˜ ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์—๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ(), ์†๊ฒฉ(), ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ()์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฉ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์†๊ฒฉ์€ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์—๋งŒ, ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์—๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์ƒ๋ณด์  ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์–ด๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋…ผํ•ญ์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํƒ€๋™์‚ฌํƒœ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์†๊ฒฉ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ์ ‘์–ด๋กœ ๋™์‚ฌ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ์•ž์—๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ํ‘œ์ง€, ์ธ์นญ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ, ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์‹œ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์™€์„œ ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ํ•œ์ •์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์—์„œ โ€˜์ธ๊ฐ„๋ช…์‚ฌโ€™์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋ฐ ์†์œ„ ์นœ์ฒ™์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์นœ์กฑ์–ดํœ˜๊ฐ€ ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„๋ช…์‚ฌ๋งŒ์ด ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณดํ†ต๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณดํ†ต๋ช…์‚ฌ๋„ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค‘์ฒฉ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ ์ด ๋ถ™๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํ˜น์€ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์นญ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์˜ ์ธ์นญ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์˜์กดํ˜• ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ ‘์–ด์ด๋‹ค. โ€˜์ฃผ์–ดโ€™ ์ ‘์–ด๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ ๋’ค์— ๋ถ™์–ด ์ฃผ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. (์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ 3์ธ์นญ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ฃผ์–ด ์ ‘์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.)โ€˜์ฃผ์–ด์˜ ์†Œ์œ ์žโ€™ ์ ‘์–ด๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด ์•ž์— ๋ถ™์–ด ์†Œ์œ ์ž๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ–‰์œ„์ž์ค‘์‹ฌ(์ž๋™์‚ฌํƒœ)์ด ์•„๋‹ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, โ€˜์†๊ฒฉโ€™ ์ ‘์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋™์‚ฌ ์•ž์— ๋ถ™์–ด ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ์Œ์šด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋‹จ์–ด์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ํ‘œ์ง€์™€ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ฉ์ณ์ง„ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด์˜ ์†Œ์œ ์ž๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค.(์ฃผ๊ฒฉ ์ ‘์–ด์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.) ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋น„์ฃผ์–ด์˜ ์†Œ์œ ์ž๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋น„์ฃผ์–ด ๋…ผํ•ญ์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ์–ด, ๊ณ„์‚ฌ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ, ๋˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ์ง€์‹œ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ์ง€์‹œ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ๋„ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์‹œ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ ์—†์ด ๋‹จ์ˆ˜ ์ง€์‹œ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. (๊ฐ€๋” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์™ธ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.) ๊ทผ์นญ < ์ค‘์นญ < ์›์นญ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ํ™”์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋จผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ง€์‹œ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ์งง์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ธด ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ผ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๊ธด ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์งง์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ โ€˜๋ช…์‚ฌํ‘œ์ง€โ€™๋ž€ ์œ„์—์„œ ๋งํ•œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ํ‘œ์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ์œ ์ž ์ธ์นญ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ง€์‹œ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋ช…์‚ฌํ‘œ์ง€ + ๋ช…์‚ฌ (+ ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ/์žฅ์†Œ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ) ๋ช…์‚ฌํ‘œ์ง€ + ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ (+ ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ/์žฅ์†Œ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ) ๋ช…์‚ฌํ‘œ์ง€ + ์ž๋™์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์™€์„œ ์†Œ์œ ์ž๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ž€ ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ ํ‘œ์ง€๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ, ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ ์ง€์‹œ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋™์‚ฌ ํŒŒ์ƒ ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์™€์„œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž ๋˜๋Š” ํ”ผํ–‰์œ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | ษ–a || saส”aษ– || ษ–a || kawi |- | || branch || || tree |- | colspan="4" | ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋“ค |} ๋˜๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋’ค์— ์žฅ์†Œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์™€์„œ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์žฅ์†Œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ž€ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ช…์‚ฌ ํ‘œ์ง€๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ, ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ง์‹œ์–ด์ด๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | kaniam || สˆau || i || rumaส” |- | || person || || house |- | colspan="4" | ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€์กฑ (์ง์—ญํ•˜๋ฉด, โ€˜์ง‘์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“คโ€™) |} ์ž๋™์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ž๋™์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ์ž๋™์‚ฌํƒœ(ํ–‰์œ„์ž์ค‘์‹ฌํƒœ) ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „์ฒด ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ์•ˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹์–ด, ์ฆ‰ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ž๋™์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•ž์—๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์–ด ๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ž๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์–ด์ง„ ์—ฐ์†๋™์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ ๋…ผํ•ญ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | na || สˆau || na || ma-ra-rษ™ล‹aj |- | || person || || say |- | colspan="4" | ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ |} {| |- class="IPA" | iษ–i || {na || aษ–i || kibษ™raj || ษ–a || bini} |- | this. || || || get || || seed |- | colspan="6" | ์”จ์•—์„ ์–ป์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ด [์‚ฌ๋žŒ] |} ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฟ์ด ๋™๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํฐ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ํฐ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ์•ˆ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฉ์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž‘์€ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์–ด์ˆœ์€ ์ž์œ ๋กญ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์ง€์‹œ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋งจ ์•ž์— ์™€์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์›์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์—๋Š” ์ œํ•œ์ด ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฐœํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ 3๊ฐœ๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | ษ–a || ษ–uma || ษ–a || suan || ษ–a || sajgu || mษ™-ษญiluส” |- | || other || || dog || || can || hunt |- | colspan="7" | ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ๋“ค |} ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์œ„์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ž‘์€ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฐ€ ์™€์•ผ ํ•  ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. (์ด๋Š” ์—ญ์‹œ ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ์œ ์ž์™€ ํ˜ผ๋™๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.) ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ์•ž์— ์ง€์‹œ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ ๋•Œ ํŠนํžˆ ์ž˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | kanษ–u || na || mia-ษ–ua || na || maษญu-wadi |- | those. || || -two || || -sibling |- | colspan="5" | ์ € ๋‘ ํ˜•์ œ๋“ค |} ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋“ฏ, ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ์€ ํ”ผ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์˜ ์•ž์ด๋‚˜ ๋’ค์— ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ™”๋œ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฐฑ ์ „๋žต(gap strategy)์ด ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ™”๋œ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์ด๋ฉด, ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ •ํ˜•(finite)์ด ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ ์ด ๋ถ™์–ด ๋ช…์‚ฌํ™”๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ™”๋œ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ, ๋ช…์‚ฌํ™”๋œ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋…ผํ•ญ์€ ์†Œ์œ ์ž ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋ฉฐ(์ด๊ฒƒ์ด โ€˜๋ช…์‚ฌํ‘œ์ง€โ€™์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค) ๊ฐ€๋”์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋กœ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | saษ–u || {tu=สˆโŸจinโŸฉษ™kษ™ษญ-an} || na || asi |- | many || drink- || || milk |- | colspan="4" | ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์‹  ์šฐ์œ ๋Š” ๋งŽ๋‹ค. |} ์œ„ ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ™”๋œ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์€ โ€˜์šฐ์œ โ€™์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์„ฑ๋ถ„์€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ โ€˜๋งˆ์‹œ๋‹คโ€™์˜ ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋…ผํ•ญ์ธ โ€˜๊ทธโ€™๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌํ™”๋œ ๋™์‚ฌ ์•ž์— ๋ถ™์€ 3์ธ์นญ ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ ์†Œ์œ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ์ ‘์–ด =๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์€ ์ œํ•œ์ (restrictive) ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์—๋Š” ๊ณ„์†์ (non-restrictive) ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ œํ•œ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์ง•์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ”ผ์ˆ˜์‹์–ด ๋’ค์— ์™€์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ”ผ์ˆ˜์‹์–ด์™€ ๊ณ„์†์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ํœด์ง€๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ์ˆ˜์‹์–ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• ์ธ์นญ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ์ง€์‹œ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์†Œ์œ  ํ‘œํ˜„ ์†Œ์œ ์ž๋Š” ์†Œ์œ ์ž ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ, ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ, ๋˜๋Š” ๋‘˜ ๋ชจ๋‘๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | tu=tijal || kana || unan |- | =belly || || snake |- | colspan="3" | ๋ฑ€์˜ ๋ฐฐ |} ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์˜ ํƒ€๋ง๋ผ์นด์šฐ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์นœ์กฑ์–ดํœ˜์™€ ์‹ ์ฒด๋ถ€์œ„ ๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋’ค์— ๋ถ™๋Š” ์–‘๋„๋ถˆ๋Šฅ ์†Œ์œ  ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด๋Š” ํƒ€์ด์™„ ์ œ์–ด ์ค‘ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–‘๋„๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์†Œ์œ ์™€ ์–‘๋„๋ถˆ๋Šฅ ์†Œ์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚œ์™• ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์—๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„์—ด์ด ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํ’ˆ์‚ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ ํ‘œ์ง€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์“ฐ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ ˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด์™€ ๋™์‚ฌ palu์˜ ๋…ผํ•ญ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ „์น˜์‚ฌ์˜ ๋„์›€ ์—†์ด ๋ถ€๊ฐ€์–ด๋กœ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ 5๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ถ€๋‹ค. โ€˜๊ทธ๋•Œโ€™ โ€˜๋‚ด์ผ; ๋ฉฐ์น  ๋’คโ€™ โ€˜์–ด์ œ; ๋ฉฐ์น  ์ „โ€™ โ€˜์ง€๊ธˆ; ์˜ค๋Š˜โ€™ โ€˜๋‚˜์ค‘โ€™ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ง์‹œ์–ด(spatial deictic)๋Š” ๊ทผ์นญ โ€˜์—ฌ๊ธฐโ€™, ์ค‘์นญ โ€˜์ €๊ธฐโ€™, ์›์นญ โ€˜์ €๊ธฐ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌโ€™๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Š” ํ›„ํ–‰ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ง์‹œ์–ด(temporal deictic)๋Š” ์™€ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ง์‹œ๋™์‚ฌ(verbal deictic)๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ง์‹œ์–ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Š” โ€˜๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋‹คโ€™๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. , ๋Š” ์„œ์ˆ ์–ด๋กœ๋Š” ์ž˜ ์“ฐ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ฃผ๋กœ โ€˜โ€ฆ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ธโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹์–ด๋กœ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์†์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ง๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์“ฐ์—ฌ โ€˜์ด๋งŒํผ/์ €๋งŒํผโ€™๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, โ€˜์ด๋ ‡๋‹ค/์ €๋ ‡๋‹คโ€™, โ€˜์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ/์ €๋ ‡๊ฒŒโ€™์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” โ€˜์™œโ€™, โ€˜์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉดโ€™, โ€˜์„ฑ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒโ€™์˜ 3๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ตด์ ˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด๋Š” ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋™์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ œํ‘œ์ง€ ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œํ™”๋œ ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ๋’ค์— ์™€์„œ ์ฃผ์ œ์ž„์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ œํ‘œ์ง€ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํœด์ง€๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค. ์ ‘์†์‚ฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฌถ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ ‘์†์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ 5๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. โ€˜๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—โ€™ โ€˜โ€ฆํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉดโ€™ โ€˜๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜โ€™ โ€˜๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œโ€™ โ€˜โ€ฆํ•˜๋„๋กโ€™ ๊ฐํƒ„์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ƒ์Šน์กฐ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋œ๋‹ค. ! (ํ™”์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ„) ! (ํ™”์ž์˜ ๋†€๋žŒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ„) ! (ํ™”์ž์˜ ์˜์‹ฌ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ„) ! (ํ™”์ž์˜ ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ„) ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ’ˆ์‚ฌ๋กœ์˜ ํŒŒ์ƒ ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๊ทผ, ์–ด๊ฐ„, ๋‹จ์–ด ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ํ’ˆ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์€ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์ธ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋ช…์‚ฌ ์–ด๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ ‘์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค(์ž๋™ํƒœํ˜•์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ„). ์ ‘์š”์‚ฌ ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ดํ˜•ํƒœ์ธ ์ ‘๋‘์‚ฌ ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํƒ€์ด์™„ ์ œ์–ด์—์„œ ์™„๋ง์ƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์—์„œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์—์„œ ์ด ๋ถ™์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ํŠน์ดํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ด ๋ถ™์€ ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ์–ด ์ ‘์–ด ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ , ๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• ์†Œ์œ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ๋’ค์— ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์–ดํœ˜์  ๋ช…์‚ฌํ™”์™€ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ์ (gerundive) ๋ช…์‚ฌํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–ดํœ˜์  ๋ช…์‚ฌํ™”๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„ ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ, ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ–‰์œ„์ž, ํ”ผํ–‰์œ„์ž, ์žฅ์†Œ, ๋„๊ตฌ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋”ฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๋ช…์‚ฌํ™” ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ ‘์š”์‚ฌ ์‚ฝ์ž…์ด๋‚˜ ์–ด๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์ฒฉ ๋”ฐ์œ„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๋„ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ์–ดํœ˜์ ยท๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ์  ๋ช…์‚ฌํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒยท์„œ๋ฒ• ํ‘œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ์–ด๊ฐ„์— ์„ ๋ถ™์ด๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ„์˜ ์ƒยท์„œ๋ฒ• ํ‘œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์—ฌ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ, ์ด ์“ฐ์ด๋ฉด ์€ ๋ถ™์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ, ๋™์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์–ดํœ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ๋…ผํ•ญ์„ ์ง€๋‹ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋™์‚ฌ ๋ถ€์ •์–ด์ธ ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ , ๋’ค๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ž๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฐ์†๋™์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์„ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์–ดํœ˜์  ๋ช…์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋œ๋‹ค. ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ์ ˆ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ณด์ถฉ์–ด๋กœ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ์ ˆ์ด ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ”ผ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ ˆ์˜ ํ”ผํ–‰์œ„์ž์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. (ํ”ผ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ์€ ์ •ํ˜•์ ˆ(finite clause)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.) {| |- class="IPA" | wa-aษญak || ษ–a || paสˆuล‹สˆuล‹an || ษ–a || =ษ–ija || bโŸจinโŸฉarษ™kษ™p-an || ษ–a || kuษญiสˆ |- | go-take || || drum || || = || assemble- || || skin |- | colspan="8" | โ€œ๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ฐ€์ฃฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ถ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€๋ผ.โ€ |} ์œ„ ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ์ ˆ์€ โ€œ๋งŒ๋“ค๋‹คโ€์˜ ํ”ผํ–‰์œ„์ž โ€œ๋ถโ€์„ ์ˆ˜์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ˆ์ด๊ณ , ๋™์‚ฌ ๋ถ€์ •์–ด ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์“ฐ์˜€๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | tu=pasisi-aj || kan || pilaj || ษ–a || สˆa-สˆuak-an || ษ–a || suan |- | =force- || || Pilay || || -kill- || || dog |- | colspan="7" | โ€œํ•„๋ผ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๋„๋ก ๊ฐ•์ œํ–ˆ๋‹ค.โ€ |} ์œ„ ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋™๋ช…์‚ฌ์ ˆ์€ ๋™์‚ฌ โ€œ๊ฐ•์ œํ•˜๋‹คโ€์˜ ๋ณด์ถฉ์–ด๋กœ ์“ฐ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋…ผํ•ญ โ€œ๊ฐœโ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋…”๋‹ค. ๋…ผํ•ญ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์—๋Š” ์ค‘์‹ฌํƒœ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๋…ผํ•ญ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋™ํ™”, ์ƒํ˜ธํ™”, ์žฌ๊ท€ํ™”, ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋™ํ™”, ์ˆ˜๋™ํ™”์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋™ํ™” ์‚ฌ๋™ํ™”๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋™์ฃผ๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋…ผํ•ญ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ก ์  ์‚ฌ๋™ํ™”์™€ ์šฐ์–ธ์  ์‚ฌ๋™ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ก ์  ์‚ฌ๋™ํ™”๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ ์–ด๊ฐ„์— ์ ‘๋‘์‚ฌ ๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์ธ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์—๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ ‘์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Š” /a/๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๊ฐ„์— ๋ถ™๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋™ํ˜•์€ ๋ช…๋ นํ˜• ์–ด๊ฐ„์— ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ช…๋ นํ˜•์— ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€์˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ (์ž๋™์‚ฌ ๊ตด์ ˆ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜ 4์™€ 5 ์ฐธ์กฐ) ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ํƒ€๋™์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ ํƒ€๋™์‚ฌํƒœ 1~3 ์ ‘์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž๋™์‚ฌํƒœ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ‘์‚ฌ ์„ ์ทจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ํƒ€๋™์‚ฌํƒœ 1~3์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์—ฌ, ์‚ฌ๋™์ฃผ๋Š” ์†๊ฒฉ, ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ, ํ”ผํ–‰์œ„์ž๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ–‰์œ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋น„ํ•œ์ •์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ž๋™์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๋™์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ, ํ–‰์œ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ž๋™์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ , ํƒ€๋™์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | tu=p-inaสˆaj-aw || iษ–u || na || baล‹saran |- | =-die- || that. || || young.man |- | colspan="4" | โ€œ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ € ์ Š์€ ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์˜€๋‹ค.โ€ |} {| |- class="IPA" | tu=pa-สˆekeสˆ-aj || ษ–a || kadepuส” |- | =-stick- || || paper |- | colspan="3" | โ€œ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ์ข…์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค.โ€ (๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข…์ด์— ๋ถ™๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.) |} {| |- class="IPA" | ta=pa-laส”uษ–-anaj || i || kali |- | =- || || river |- | colspan="3" | โ€œ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ•์— ๋„์› ๋‹ค.โ€ |} ์œ„์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋“ฏ ํƒ€๋™์‚ฌํƒœ 1~3 ์ค‘ ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์ด ์„ ํƒ๋˜๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ํ”ผํ–‰์œ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ •๋„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์–ธ์  ์‚ฌ๋™ํ™”๋Š” ์—ฐ์†๋™์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ธ๋ฐ, ์ˆ˜์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ก ์  ์‚ฌ๋™ํ™”์—์„œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋™์‚ฌ์— ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ˜ธํ™” ์ƒํ˜ธํ™”๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ƒํƒœ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” , ๋™์ž‘๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์–ด ์ƒํ˜ธํ™”๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ ‘๋‘์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธํ™”๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋™์ž‘์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต, ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์ž‘ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋“ค์€ โ€œ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ๋™์ž‘โ€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์ž‘๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ์  ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ๋™์ž‘๋“ค๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ถ™์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | ma-sa-saษญaw |- | --pass |- | โ€œ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์ง€๋‚˜์ณค๋‹ค.โ€ |} {| |- class="IPA" | ma-saษญa-saษญaw |- | --pass |- | โ€œ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์ซ“์•„๋‹ค๋…”๋‹ค.โ€ |} ์‚ฌํƒœ์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ˜ธํ™”๋œ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ž๋™์‚ฌํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํƒ€๋™์‚ฌํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ์ ‘์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์นœ์กฑ์–ดํœ˜๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ๋ถ™์–ด ์ƒํ˜ธ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด โ€œ(๋„ˆ์˜) ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆโ€์—์„œ โ€œ์„œ๋กœ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์™€ ๋”ธ์ด๋‹คโ€๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋˜๊ณ , โ€œ๋‚จ์ž ์นœ๊ตฌโ€์—์„œ โ€œ(๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์ด) ์„œ๋กœ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹คโ€๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๊ท€ํ™” ์žฌ๊ท€ํ™”๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฌ๊ท€์  ๋™์ž‘์„ โ€œ๋ชธโ€ ๋˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์ž์— ํ˜ธ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋™ํ™” ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋™๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”ผํ–‰์œ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ด๊ณ , ํ–‰์œ„์ž(๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋™์ฃผ)๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ ์—์„œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋™๋ฌธ์€ ํƒ€๋™์‚ฌํƒœ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค. ํƒ€๋™์‚ฌํƒœ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋™๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์‚ฌํƒœ์—์„œ ํ–‰๋™์ฃผ์˜ ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋™ํ™”๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์— ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | mu-puar || na || suan || ษ–a || palษ™สˆuสˆukan |- | -escape || || dog || || firecracker |- | colspan="5" | โ€œ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ํญ์ฃฝ์— ๋†€๋ผ ๋„๋ง๊ฐ”๋‹ค.โ€ |} ์ˆ˜๋™ํ™” ๊ฐ€ ๋™์‚ฌ์— ๋ถ™์–ด ์ˆ˜๋™ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ์ ‘์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ๋ถ™์–ด โ€œ~๋ฅผ ์–ป๋‹คโ€๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ๋ถ™๋Š” ๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋„ค์‹œ์•„์กฐ์–ด ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์žฌ๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋™์‚ฌ์— ๋ถ™๋Š” ๋Š” ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด, ๋ฃจ์นด์ด์–ด, ํŒŒ์ด์™„์–ด์—๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•ํ™”์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ๋ถ™์–ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ง์„ค๋ฒ• ์ž๋™์‚ฌํƒœ ์–ด๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์–ด ์ˆ˜๋™ํ™”๋œ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ž๋™์‚ฌ(7๋ถ€๋ฅ˜)๋กœ๋งŒ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋™ํ™”๋œ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด๋Š” ํ”ผํ–‰์œ„์ž(๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์†Œ์œ ์ž)์ด๊ณ , ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋™๋ฌธ๊ณผ ํƒ€๋™๋ฌธยท์—ญ์‚ฌ๋™๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ์ˆ˜๋™๋ฌธ์˜ ํ”ผํ–‰์œ„์ž(์ฃผ์–ด)๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์œ ์ •๋ฌผ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‚ฌํƒœ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | m-uka=ku || ki-pษ™spษ™s-a |- | -go= || -massage- |- | colspan="2" | โ€œ๋‚˜๋Š” ์•ˆ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค.โ€ |} ๊ฐ€ โ€˜์ฃผ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„โ€™๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์— ๋ถ™์œผ๋ฉด ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด โ€œ์ฃผ๋‹คโ€๋Š” โ€œ๋ฐ›๋‹คโ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ , โ€œ๋นŒ๋ ค์ฃผ๋‹คโ€๋Š” โ€œ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ๋‹คโ€๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์ •๋ฌธ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ ˆ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์—๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์–ด ๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | amษ™li || a || สˆau || a || inaba |- | || || person || || good |- | colspan="5" | โ€œ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€ |} ๋™์‚ฌ์ ˆ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์—๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์–ด ๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์ • ์ž๋™์‚ฌ์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€ ๋™์‚ฌ ์•ž์— ์˜ค๊ณ , ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ์ „์ ‘์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋’ค์— ๋ถ™๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์ • ํƒ€๋™์‚ฌ์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธ์ •๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋™์‚ฌ ๋’ค์— ๋ถ™๋Š”๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | aษ–i=ku || iล‹dan || ษ–a || suan |- | = || afraid || || dog |- | colspan="4" | โ€œ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์„ญ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.โ€ |} ๋ถ€์ •๋ฌธ์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ธ์ •๋ฌธ์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ตด์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. {| class="IPA wikitable" |+ ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด ๋ถ€์ • ๋™์‚ฌ ๊ตด์ ˆ |- ! colspan="2" | ! ํ–‰์œ„์ž์ค‘์‹ฌ ! ํ”ผํ–‰์œ„์ž์ค‘์‹ฌ ! ์žฅ์†Œ์ค‘์‹ฌ ! ์ „๋‹ฌ์ค‘์‹ฌ |- ! rowspan="2" | ์ง์„ค๋ฒ• ! ํ˜„์‹ค (๋ฌดํ‘œํƒœ) | M-V | colspan="2" | V-i | V-an |- ! ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค | Ca-V | colspan="2" | Ca-V-i | Ca-V-an |- ! colspan="2" | ๋น„์ง์„ค๋ฒ•(๋ช…๋ น๋ฒ•) | Ca-V | colspan="2" | Ca-V-i | Ca-V-an |} ํ˜„์‹ค๋ฒ• ํ–‰์œ„์ž์ค‘์‹ฌํƒœ๋‚˜ ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธ์ •ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์—๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | aษ–i || pa-pilaล‹-i || m-u-rumaส” |- | || -bring- || -go-house |- | colspan="3" | โ€œ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ง‘์— ๋ฐ๋ ค์˜ค์ง€ ๋งˆ๋ผ.โ€ |} ๋ช…๋ น๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์˜๋ฌธ๋ฌธ ๋ช…๋ น๊ณผ ์š”์ฒญ์—๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ช…๋ น๋ฒ• ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ธ์ • ๋ช…๋ น๋ฌธ์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถ€์ • ๋ช…๋ น๋ฌธ์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ œ์•ฝ์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์š”์ฒญํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ํ‰์„œ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ‰์„œ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฏธ์™„๋ง์ƒ ์ ‘์–ด =๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์ •์ค‘ํ•จ์„ ๋”ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ช…๋ น๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋žต๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํ‰์„œ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์š”์ฒญํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋žต๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋˜, ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ง€์‹œํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ํ‰์„œ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ํฌํ•จ1์ธ์นญ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ = / =๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŒ์ •์˜๋ฌธ๋ฌธ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์  ํŒ์ •์˜๋ฌธ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€์˜๋ฌธ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์  ํŒ์ •์˜๋ฌธ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ํ‰์„œ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™๊ณ  ์–ต์–‘๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์  ํŒ์ •์˜๋ฌธ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ๊ฐ•์„ธ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์Œ์ ˆ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์•ž์˜ ์Œ์ ˆ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒ์Šน-ํ•˜๊ฐ• ์–ต์–‘์ด ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | kaษ–u=ju || i || rumaส” || ma-ษญinaj? |- | live= || || house || -play ? |- | colspan="4" | โ€œ๋„ˆ ์ง‘์—์„œ ๋†€์•˜๋‹ˆ?โ€ |} ๋ถ€๊ฐ€์˜๋ฌธ๋ฌธ์€ ํ‰์„œ๋ฌธ ๋์— ๊ณ„์‚ฌ ๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์—ฌ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉฐ, ํ™”์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋กœ ์ง์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฒญ์ž์˜ ํ™•์ธ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๊ฐ€์˜๋ฌธ๋ฌธ์€ ์ƒ์Šน ์–ต์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœํ™” ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ํ™•์ธ์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ณ€ํ™”์‚ฌ ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธ์ • ์˜๋ฌธ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ โ€œ์˜ˆโ€, โ€œ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜คโ€๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์˜๋ฌธ๋ฌธ์— ์“ฐ์ธ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋˜ํ’€์ดํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์ • ์˜๋ฌธ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ์™€ ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋˜ํ’€์ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ์—์„œ A1๊ณผ A2 ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ด๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | Q: || aษ–i=ju || a-uka? |- | || = || -go ? |- | | colspan="2" | โ€œ๋„ˆ ์•ˆ ๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ?โ€ |- class="IPA" | A1: || aiwa, || a-uka=ku |- | || yes, || -go= |- class="IPA" | A2: || aษ–i, || a-uka=ku |- | || || -go= |- | | colspan="2" | โ€œ์•„๋‹ˆ, ๋‚˜ ๊ฐˆ๊ฒŒ.โ€ |} ๋‹ค๋งŒ A2๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์–ด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์—์„œ๋Š” A1์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ๋งŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜๋ฌธ๋ฌธ์€ ์˜๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ˜•์‹๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๋์˜ ์ƒ์Šน-ํ•˜๊ฐ• ์–ต์–‘์œผ๋กœ ํŠน์ง•์ง€์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฌธ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ โ€œ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ, ๋ฌด์—‡โ€์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š๋ƒ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌํ‘œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ˆ ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋•Œ ์˜๋ฌธ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–ด์ˆœ์€ ํ‰์„œ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค(์ˆ ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๋งจ ์•ž์— ์˜จ๋‹ค). ๋Š” โ€œ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒโ€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์˜ ์˜๋ฌธ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ๋กœ๋„ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌํ‘œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Š” โ€œ์–ด๋””โ€๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌํ‘œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. โ€œ์–ธ์ œโ€๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ข…์†์ ‘์†์‚ฌ โ€œ~ํ•  ๋•Œโ€๋ฅผ ๋’ค๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฌธ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋Š” โ€œ์™œโ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ตด์ ˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ์ ‘์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์˜๋ฌธ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” โ€œ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ, ์–ผ๋งŒํผ, ์–ด๋Šโ€์™€ โ€œ์™œโ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋™์‚ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ตด์ ˆํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ์ ‘์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋™์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์˜๋ฌธ๋™์‚ฌ ๋’ค์— ์˜ค๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ์˜๋ฌธ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ์—ฐ์†๋™์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž๋™์‚ฌ(ํƒœ)์—ฌ์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ œ์•ฝ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | ka-kuda=ku=la || an || kษ™maษ–u |- | -how== || if || such |- | colspan="3" | โ€œ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€?โ€ |} ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์—๋Š” ๋ช…๋ น๋ฌธ ๋ง๊ณ ๋„ ๊ถŒ์œ ๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ถŒ์œ ๋ฒ•์€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์–ด๋–ค ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ž๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์–ด๋–ค ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ถŒ์œ ๋ฌธ์€ ๋™์‚ฌ์— ๋ถ™๋Š” ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ํฌํ•จ1์ธ์นญ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ = / =, ๋˜๋Š” ๋‘˜ ๋ชจ๋‘๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | สˆโŸจษ™mโŸฉษ™kษ™ษญ-a=ta |- | โŸจโŸฉdrink-= |- | โ€œ๋งˆ์‹œ์ž!โ€ |} ์—ฐ์†๋™์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ ์—ฐ์†๋™์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ(serial verb construction)์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ ˆ์—์„œ ๋‘˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๋‹ฌ์•„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด ์—ฐ์†๋™์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋™์‚ฌ์™€ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๋“ฑ์œ„์ ‘์†ยท์ข…์†์ ‘์†ยทํ†ต์‚ฌ์  ์˜์กด ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ํ‘œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋™์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋…ผํ•ญ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์‹œ์ œ, ์ƒ, ์„œ๋ฒ•, ๊ทน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ์–ดํœ˜์  ๋™์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ ์ž๋ฆฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์™€ ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ž๋™์‚ฌ(ํƒœ)์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ณต์œ ๋˜๋Š” ๋…ผํ•ญ์€ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์ž/์ฃผ์–ด์ด๋‹ค. ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด ๋ง๋ญ‰์น˜์—๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์—ฐ์†๋™์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ์†๋™์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ V1, V2๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. 3๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์—ฐ์†๋™์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, V2 ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ์†๋™์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. V1๊ณผ V2๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ผํ•ญ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด ์—ฐ์†๋™์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์„ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์œ ๋˜๋Š” ๋…ผํ•ญ์€ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ์ ‘์–ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ์ ‘์–ด๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” V1์—๋งŒ ๋ถ™์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—ฐ์†๋™์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์˜ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ทธ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ๋…ผํ•ญ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค. โ€œ๋™์ผ ์ฃผ์–ดโ€๋‚˜ โ€œ๋™๋ฐ˜โ€ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๊ณต์œ ๋˜๋Š” ๋…ผํ•ญ์€ V1์ด๋‚˜ V2 ๋’ค์— ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, โ€œ์ฃผ์–ด ๊ต์ฒดโ€ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ V1 ๋’ค์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ V1๊ณผ V2 ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๊ณต์œ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋…ผํ•ญ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋™์‚ฌ ๊ตด์ ˆ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ V1์—๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ œ์•ฝ์ด ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, V2๋Š” ํƒ€๋™์‚ฌํƒœ ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค๋ฒ•ยท๋ช…๋ น๋ฒ• ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ • ๊ตด์ ˆ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์‹ค๋ฒ• ์ง€์†์ƒยท๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ƒ ๊ตด์ ˆ์€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์†๋™์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒ ์ ‘์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ V1์— ๋ถ™์ง€๋งŒ V2์— ๋ถ™๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. V1์ด โ€œ์˜ค๋‹ค/๊ฐ€๋‹คโ€์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ V2๋Š” ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์ •์–ด ๋Š” V2 ์•ž์—๋Š” ์˜ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | tu=สˆa-สˆual-aj || mษ™-naส”u || i || sabak |- | =-open- || -see || || inside |- | colspan="4" | โ€œ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•ˆ์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ฐ๋‹ค.โ€ |} ์—ฐ์†๋™์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์„œ๋ฒ• V1์€ V2๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•  ์˜๋„, ์‹œ๋„, ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์„œ๋ฒ•์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฉด V1์€ V2๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ด๋‚˜ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์‹ V1์€ V2๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค. (๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.) ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ํƒ€์ด์™„ ์ œ์–ด์—์„œ ๋™์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์— ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ V2๋Š” ๋™์ž‘์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋ชฉ์  V2๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ , V1์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ, ์ž์„ธ, ๋„๊ตฌ ๋”ฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์  ํ–‰๋™ V1๊ณผ V2๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋™์ž‘์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์œ„์˜ ์œ ํ˜•๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ V1๊ณผ V2๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ์ œํ•œ์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋™ V1์€ V2๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋ฌธ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ •์‹ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ(V1)๋Š” ๋ณด๋ฌธ์ ˆ์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ(V2)์™€ ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฒน์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ณด๋ฌธ์ ˆ ๋Œ€์‹  ์—ฐ์†๋™์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋ฌธ์ ˆ ๋ณด๋ฌธ์ ˆ์€ ์ฃผ์ ˆ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๋…ผํ•ญ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ข…์†์ ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์˜ ์ข…์†์ ˆ์€ ๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋…ผํ•ญ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๋…ผํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด ๋ณด๋ฌธ์ ˆ์€ ๋ณด๋ฌธ์†Œ ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ๋น„ํ•œ์ • ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ ๋ช…์‚ฌํ‘œ์ง€์™€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค(๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํƒ€์ด์™„ ์ œ์–ด์ธ ํŒŒ์ด์™„์–ด, ๋งˆ์ด๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ํ ์•„ํƒ€์–„์–ด, ๋ผ๋ถ€์•ˆ ๋ฃจ์นด์ด์–ด, ํฌ๋ฐ”๋ž€์–ด์—์„œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋‹ค). ๋ณด๋ฌธ์ ˆ์˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ณผ ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋ฌธ์ ˆ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ ˆ์˜ ๋…ผํ•ญ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ˆ˜์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ญ์ œ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์ƒ๋žต ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ ‘์–ด ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.) {| |- class="IPA" | tu=suษญud-anaj=ta || [ ษ–a || kurษ™naล‹=la || ษ–a || สˆau || ma-สˆina ] |- | =push-= || || follow= || || person || -big |- | colspan="6" | โ€œ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž๋ผ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ€์—ˆ๋‹ค.โ€ |} ์œ„ ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฌธ์ ˆ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฒฉ ํ–‰์œ„์ž =๋Š” ์ฃผ์ ˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด =์™€ ๊ฒน์น˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ญ์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. (์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ญ์ œ๋œ ๋ณด๋ฌธ์ ˆ์ด ๋…๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด โ€œ๊ทธ๋Š”/๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‚จ๋“ค์„ ์ซ“์•„ ์ž๋ž๋‹ค.โ€๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.) ๋ณด๋ฌธ์ ˆ์˜ ํŠน์ • ๋…ผํ•ญ์€ ์ฃผ์ ˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ์–ด๋กœ ์ƒ์Šนํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๋ฌธ์ ˆ์˜ ์ฃผ์–ด๋Š” ์ƒ์Šน์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | ma-laษ–am=ku || kan || pilaji || [ ษ–a || m-ษ™kan || ษ–a || kuraw || ร˜i ] |- | -know= || || Pilay || || -eat || || fish || ย  |- | colspan="8" | โ€œ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•„๋ผ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ ์„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•ˆ๋‹ค.โ€ |} ๋ณด๋ฌธ์ ˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ ๋…ผํ•ญ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ–‰์œ„์ž์ด๊ณ  ๊ณต์ง€์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ์ ‘์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ์ƒ์Šน์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | ma-laษ–am=ku || kan || nanalii || [ ษ–a || tui=ษญipuสˆ-aw=la || na || kuraw || ร˜i ] |- | -know= || || my.mother || || =wrap-= || || fish || ย  |- | colspan="8" | โ€œ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚ด ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ŒŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•ˆ๋‹ค.โ€ |} ์ƒ์Šน๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘์–ด ์ƒ์Šน(clitic climbing)์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ข…์†์ ˆ์˜ ๋…ผํ•ญ์ธ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ์ ‘์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ ˆ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ข…์†์ ˆ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์ž ์ฃผ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | palu=ku || [ ษ–a || mษ™-rษ™สˆa || ร˜ || i || takษ™sian ] |- | until= || || -put.down || ย  || || school |- | colspan="6" | โ€œ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ณค์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€โ€ |} ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ ˆ ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์˜ ์ข…์†์ ‘์†์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ž์œ ๋ณ€์ดํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ํ”ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ด ํ˜•ํƒœ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์›์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ์ • ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ ๋ช…์‚ฌํ‘œ์ง€ ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ ˆ์ด ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ , ์ฃผ์ œํ‘œ์ง€ ๋กœ๋งŒ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ด๋„๋Š” ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ ˆ์€ ์ฃผ์ ˆ ์•ž์ด๋‚˜ ๋’ค์— ์˜ค๊ณ , ๊ฐ€ ๋’ค๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ ˆ์€ ์ฃผ์ ˆ ์•ž์—๋งŒ ์˜จ๋‹ค. ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์˜ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์ ˆ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ์ธ๊ณผ, ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. (ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์—์„œ ๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์—ฐ์†๋™์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.) {| |- class="IPA" | an || sโŸจษ™mโŸฉa-saล‹a=ta || ษ–a || dษ™rษ™dษ™ran || i, || m-iwa-iwaj |- | when || --produce= || spear || || || --hunger.strike |- | colspan="6" | โ€œ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‹จ์‹ ํˆฌ์Ÿ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.โ€ |} ๋“ฑ์œ„์ ˆ ํ‘ธ์œ ๋งˆ์–ด์—๋Š” ๋“ฑ์œ„์ ‘์†์‚ฌ โ€œ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ โ€์™€ โ€œํ•˜์ง€๋งŒโ€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ž๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ์ ‘์†๊ณผ ์ ˆ ์ ‘์†์— ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ  ํ›„์ž๋Š” ์ ˆ ์ ‘์†์—๋งŒ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ์ ‘์†์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋“ฑ์œ„์ ‘์† ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ๋„ ํ”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋“ , ์ ‘์†๋˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์€ ๋ณ„๊ฐœ์˜ ์–ต์–‘ ๋‹จ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์ ‘์†์‚ฌ๋„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์–ต์–‘ ๋‹จ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์ ‘์†๋˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ ์ค‘ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ์Šน ์–ต์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋˜๊ณ , ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ์ ‘์†์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•˜๊ฐ• ์–ต์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์Œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–ต์–‘ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋“ฑ์œ„์ ‘์† ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ณด์ž. {| |- class="IPA" | na || sa-sunan || na || dawa || na || ni-rษ™sijuk |- | || -offer || || millet || || -cook |- | colspan="6" | โ€œ๊ณต๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”์น  ์ตํžŒ ์„œ๊ณกโ€ |} {| |- class="IPA" | maumau || na || pasaraส”aษ–, || na || raษ™raส”, || na || miasama || na || tษ™maramaw |- | only || || Pasaraโ€™adr || || Raera || || one || || witch |- | colspan="9" | โ€œ์˜ค์ง ํŒŒ์‚ฌ๋ผ์•„๋“œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ, ๋ผ์–ด๋ผ ๊ฐ€์กฑ, ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋งˆ๋…€๋“ค๋งŒโ€ |} ์œ„ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ์€ ํœด์ง€ ์—†์ด ๋ฐœ์Œ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์‰ผํ‘œ ์œ„์น˜์— ํœด์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋“ฑ์œ„์ ‘์†๋œ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ์œ„์ ‘์†์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋’ค์˜ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ์œ„์ ‘์†์‚ฌ ์•ž์˜ ํœด์ง€๋Š” ํ•„์ˆ˜์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋“ฑ์œ„์ ‘์†์‚ฌ ๋’ค์˜ ํœด์ง€๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์…‹ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ ‘์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์š”์†Œ ์•ž์—๋งŒ ์ ‘์†์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ํ”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋Š” ๋“ฑ์œ„์ ‘์†์‚ฌ ๋ง๊ณ ๋„ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ์•„์ง ๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ฑ„์›€๋ง(filler)๋กœ๋„ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ์ง์‹œ๋™์‚ฌ ๋Š” ์•ž์— ์™€์„œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ โ€œ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ โ€๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ ‘์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Š” โ€œ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ โ€ ๋ง๊ณ  โ€œ๋˜๋Š”โ€์„ ๋œปํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ ˆ์„ ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์œ„์ ‘์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋™์‹œ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์•„์˜ˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋œป์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ๋Š” ๋“ฑ์œ„์ ˆ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋„ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์›์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๋“ฑ์œ„์ ˆ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ฉด ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ์œ„์ ‘์†๋œ ์ ˆ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ•œ ์ ˆ์—๋งŒ ๋‚จ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋žต๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ, ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ๋™์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋žต๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ช…์‚ฌ ์ ‘์–ด๋Š” ์ƒ๋žต๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. {| |- class="IPA" | tu=pukpuk-aw=ku || (kan || pilaj), || aw || pโŸจษ™nโŸฉuwar || (i || pilaj) |- | =beat-= || || Pilay || and || run.away || || Pilay |- | colspan="7" | โ€œ(ํ•„๋ผ์ด๊ฐ€) ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  (ํ•„๋ผ์ด๊ฐ€) ๋„๋ง๊ฐ”๋‹ค.โ€ |} ์œ„ ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๊ด„ํ˜ธ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ ๋‘ ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋žต๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ด ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ์—์„œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฐ ์ ˆ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋„ ์ƒ๋žต ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๋Œ€๋งŒ ์ œ์–ด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puyuma%20language
Puyuma language
The Puyuma language or Pinuyumayan (), is the language of the Puyuma, an indigenous people of Taiwan. It is a divergent Formosan language of the Austronesian family. Most speakers are older adults. Puyuma is one of the more divergent of the Austronesian languages and falls outside reconstructions of Proto-Austronesian. Dialects The internal classification of Puyuma dialects below is from . Nanwang Puyuma is considered to be the relatively phonologically conservative but grammatically innovative, as in it preserves proto-Puyuma voiced plosives but syncretizes the use of both oblique and genitive case. Proto-Puyuma Nanwang (Main branch) Pinaskiโ€“Ulivelivek Pinaski Ulivelivek Rikavung Kasavakanโ€“Katipul Kasavakan Katipul Puyuma-speaking villages are: Puyuma cluster ('born of the bamboo') Puyuma () Apapulu () Katipul cluster ('born of a stone') Alipai () Pinaski (); 2ย km north of Puyuma/Nanwang, and maintains close relations with it Pankiu () Kasavakan () Katratripul () Likavung () Tamalakaw () Ulivelivek () Phonology Puyuma has 18 consonants and 4 vowels: Note that Teng uses for and for , unlike in official version. The official orthography is used in this article. Grammar Morphology Puyuma verbs have four types of focus: Actor focus: ร˜ (no mark), -em-, -en- (after labials), me-, meส”-, ma- Object focus: -aw Referent focus: -ay Instrumental focus: -anay There are three verbal aspects: Perfect Imperfect Future There are two modes: Imperative Hortative future Affixes include: Perfect: ร˜ (no mark) Imperfect: Reduplication; -a- Future: Reduplication, sometimes only -a- Hortative future: -a- Imperative mode: ร˜ (no mark) Syntax Puyuma has a verb-initial word order. Articles include: i โ€“ singular personal a โ€“ singular non-personal na โ€“ plural (personal and non-personal) Pronouns The Puyuma personal pronouns are: Affixes The Puyuma affixes are: Prefixes ika-: the shape of; forming; shaping ka-: stative marker kara-: collective, to do something together kare-: the number of times ki-: to get something kir-: to go against (voluntarily) kitu-: to become kur-: be exposed to; be together (passively) m-, ma-: actor voice affix/intransitive affix maka-: along; to face against mara-: comparative/superlative marker mar(e)-: reciprocal; plurality of relations mi-: to have; to use mu-: anticausative marker mutu-: to become, to transform into pa-/p-: causative marker pu-: put puka-: ordinal numeral marker piya-: to face a certain direction si-: to pretend to tara-: to use (an instrument), to speak (a language) tinu-: to simulate tua-: to make, to form u-: to go ya-: to belong to; nominalizer Suffixes -a: perfective marker; numeral classifier -an: nominalizer; collective/plural marker -anay: conveyance voice affix/transitive affix -aw: patient voice affix/transitive affix -ay: locative voice affix/transitive affix -i, -u: imperative transitive marker Infixes -in-: perfective marker -em-: actor voice affix/intransitive affix Circumfixes -in-anan: the members of ka- -an: a period of time muri- -an: the way one is doing something; the way something was done sa- -an: people doing things together sa- -enan: people belonging to the same community si- -an: nominalizer Ca- -an, CVCV- -an: collectivity, plurality Notes References External links Yuรกnzhรนmรญnzรบ yว”yรกn xiร nshร ng cรญdiวŽn ๅŽŸไฝๆฐ‘ๆ—่ชž่จ€็ทšไธŠ่ฉžๅ…ธ โ€“ Puyuma search page at the "Aboriginal language online dictionary" website of the Indigenous Languages Research and Development Foundation Puyuma teaching and leaning materials published by the Council of Indigenous Peoples of Taiwan Puyuma translation of President Tsai Ing-wen's 2016 apology to indigenous people โ€“ published on the website of the presidential office Formosan languages Languages of Taiwan Puyuma people
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%95%A0%EB%A6%B0-%ED%99%8B%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4%EB%8F%84%20%ED%84%B0%EB%84%90
์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ-ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ํ„ฐ๋„
์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ-ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ํ„ฐ๋„(, ) ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ์•ผ ํ„ฐ๋„()์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ์„ฌ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ํ•ด์ € ํ„ฐ๋„ ๋…ธ์„ ์ด๋‹ค. 45 ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ํ„ฐ๋„์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์‹คํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 2000๋…„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์€ ์ด 500์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์š” 2009๋…„ 1์›” 16์ผ, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์•ˆ๋“œ๋ ˆ์ด ๋„ค๋„์„ธ์ฝ”ํ”„ ์ˆ˜์†ก๋ถ€ ์ฐจ๊ด€์ด ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ-ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ํ„ฐ๋„๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ƒ์€ ํ„ฐ๋„๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ƒ์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฐ„ ์ฒ ๋„ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ ํ„ฐ๋„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฒ ๋„๋ง ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ปจ์†Œ์‹œ์—„์— ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์„ ์ดˆ์ฒญํ•˜๋ ค ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ-ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ํ„ฐ๋„์€ ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ์„ฌ์˜ ํฌ๋ฆด๋ก  ๊ณถ(, )๊ณผ ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„์˜ ์†Œ์•ผ๊ณถ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ 40 ~ 45 km ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„๋Š” ํ˜ผ์Šˆ์™€ 53.85 km ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ์„ธ์ด์นธ ํ„ฐ๋„๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ์„ฌ ๋ถ์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋ณธํ† ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ ํ„ฐ๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ƒ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ ํ„ฐ๋„์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ ๋„๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋ณธํ† ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์ฒ ๋„๋ง์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์žฅ์˜ ํ•ด์ € ํ„ฐ๋„์ด์ž ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๊ธด ์ฒ ๋„ ํ„ฐ๋„์ธ ์„ธ์ด์นธ ํ„ฐ๋„์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ฒ ๋„๋ง์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ-ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ํ„ฐ๋„ ๊ตฌ์ƒ์€ ํ•œ์ผ ํ•ด์ € ํ„ฐ๋„์˜ ๋Œ€์ฒด ๊ตฌ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ ์—ด๋„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ-ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ํ„ฐ๋„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์งง์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ธก์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ฃผ์š” ์ฒ ๋„๋ง์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ณตํ•™์  ์–ด๋ ค์›€ ์™ธ์—๋„, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฟ ๋ฆด ์—ด๋„ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ๋“ฑ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ผ๋‹จ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 2013๋…„์— ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ์„ฌ๊ณผ ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ƒ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ฑด์„ค๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ ํ„ฐ๋„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ฒ ๋„๋ง์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ-ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ํ„ฐ๋„ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด์„œ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋ธ”๋ผ๋””๋ฏธ๋ฅด ํ‘ธํ‹ด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ์ฒซ ์ž„๊ธฐ ๋‹น์‹œ, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ 3์œ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋Œ€๊ตญ์ธ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šคํฌ๋ฐ”์™€ ๋„์ฟ„ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์ž‡๋Š” ๋„๋กœ์™€ ์ฒ ๋„ ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ๊ตฌ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ํ›„์ธ 2017๋…„์—, ํ‘ธํ‹ด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œก๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด '์ „ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ ' ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ์ƒ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 7์›”, ๋ธ”๋ผ๋””๋ฏธ๋ฅด ํ‘ธํ‹ด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ์„ฌ์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ๊ฑด์„ค ๊ณ„ํš์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์˜๋ขฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘ธํ‹ด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์ด ๊ณ„ํš์ด ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ์„ฌ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์— ํฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณ„ํš์€ ํ•˜๋ฐ”๋กœํ”„์Šคํฌ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๋„ ๋„์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ‘ธํ‹ด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋ถ„์„์„ ์˜๋ขฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑด์„ค ๋น„์šฉ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ถ”์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ ํ„ฐ๋„๊ณผ ์ธ๊ทผ ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ๊ฑด์„ค ๋น„์šฉ์ด 20์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ, ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ ๋น„์šฉ์ด 25์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ, ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ-ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ํ„ฐ๋„ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ๊ฑด์„ค ๋น„์šฉ์ด 80์–ต ~ 100์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ, ์ „์ฒด ๊ณ„ํš์—์˜ ํˆฌ์ž์•ก์€ ์ด 120์–ต ~ 150์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์ถ”์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑด์„ค์—๋Š” 7๋…„ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ธก์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‘ธํ‹ด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ๋ฐœ์–ธ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์˜ ํ™”๋ฌผ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฌผ์ž ์ˆ˜์†ก์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฌด์—ญ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋กœ ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ์ฃผ์™€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๊ทน๋™์˜ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ-ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ํ„ฐ๋„ ๊ณ„ํš์ด ์‹คํ˜„๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ˆ˜์†ก๋˜๋Š” ์ด ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์˜ 15 ~ 20%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” 400๋งŒ ~ 600๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์†ก๋˜๊ณ , ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 1800๋งŒ ~ 2000๋งŒ ํ†ค์˜ ํ™”๋ฌผ์ด ์ˆ˜์†ก๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์†ก์—์„œ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜์ต์€ 30์–ต ~ 40์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์ถ”์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ-ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ํ„ฐ๋„์€ ์‹œ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํšก๋‹จ ์ฒ ๋„์™€ ๋ฐ”์ด์นผ-์•„๋ฌด๋ฅด ์ฒ ๋„ ์ธ๊ทผ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ด‘๋ฌผ, ๋ชฉ์žฌ ๋“ฑ ์ฒœ์—ฐ์ž์›์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ธก์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ์ •๋ถ€๋‚˜ JR ์†Œ์†์˜ ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„์—ฌ๊ฐ์ฒ ๋„, ์ผ๋ณธํ™”๋ฌผ์ฒ ๋„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋„ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํšจ๊ณผ ์ถ”์‚ฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ถค๊ฐ„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜ ์ฒ ๋„๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๊ถค๊ฐ„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ ์ฒ ๋„๋Š” 2016๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ถค๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๊ถค๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ฒ ๋„๋Š” ๊ณผ ํ‘œ์ค€๊ถค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ํ„ฐ๋„๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์‹œ์„ค์— ์–ด๋Š ๊ถค๊ฐ„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ• ์ง€๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ๊ถค๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ: ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ์™“์นด๋‚˜์ด์—ญ์—์„œ /. ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ-ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ํ„ฐ๋„ ๊ถค๊ฐ„: ์—ด์ฐจ ๋„ˆ๋น„: ๊ฐ€๋กœ 4.1ย m, ์„ธ๋กœ 6.15ย m ์ „์ฒ ํ™”: 25ย kV 50ย Hz AC ์ „์„  ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„์˜ ์ฒ ๋„๋ง: ๊ถค๊ฐ„: ์—ด์ฐจ: ์‹ ์นธ์„ผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ ์ฒ ๋„ ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ ํ„ฐ๋„ ์„ธ์ด์นธ ํ„ฐ๋„ ํ•œ์ผ ํ•ด์ € ํ„ฐ๋„ ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ์‹ ์นธ์„ผ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ตํ†ต ์‹œ์„ค ๊ฐ•์ฃผ์•„์˜ค ๋Œ€๊ต ๊ตญ๋„ ์ œ40ํ˜ธ์„  (์ผ๋ณธ) ์†Œ์•ผ ๋ณธ์„  ๊ด€๋ จ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ํšก๋‹จ ์ฒ ๋„ ์ง•ํƒ€์ด ๊ณ ์†๊ณต๋กœ ํƒ€์ด์™„ ํ•ดํ˜‘ ํ•ด์ €ํ„ฐ๋„ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ํ•œ์ค‘ ํ•ด์ € ํ„ฐ๋„ ์ œ์ฃผ ํ•ด์ € ํ„ฐ๋„ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ํ•ด์ € ํ„ฐ๋„ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ - ์ฃผ์‹ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋‹ค์ด์„ธ์ด๊ฑด์„ค() ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ผํ„ฐ ๊ธฐํš์†Œ์œ„์›ํšŒ ์œ„์› ์•„์˜คํ‚ค ๋„๋ชจ์œ ํ‚ค() ์ € ๊ณ„ํš ์ค‘์ธ ์ฒ ๋„ ๋…ธ์„  ๊ตญ์ œ ํ„ฐ๋„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„-์ผ๋ณธ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„-์ผ๋ณธ ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ์™“์นด๋‚˜์ด์‹œ์˜ ๊ตํ†ต ํ•ด์ € ํ„ฐ๋„
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin%E2%80%93Hokkaido%20Tunnel
Sakhalinโ€“Hokkaido Tunnel
The Sakhalinโ€“Hokkaido Tunnel (or potentially bridge) is a proposed connection to link the Russian island of Sakhalin with the Japanese island of Hokkaido. Cost estimates by Russia in the year 2000 put the project to span the strait at $50 billion. Overview On 16 January 2009, the Russian Vice-Minister of Transport, Andrei Nedosekov, confirmed that proposals are now under consideration in regard to the Sakhalinโ€“Hokkaido Tunnel. The proposal was for a bridge rather than a tunnel. His decision to invite Japanese companies to bid to become consortium members of a wide array of Russian rail infrastructure work, particularly the Sakhalin Tunnel (or bridge) to the Russian mainland could be taken as a nod towards future rail cooperation between Russia and Japan. The tunnel would span roughly between Sakhalin's Cape Crillon (in Russia) to Hokkaido's Cape Sลya (in Japan). In comparison, the completed Seikan Tunnel links the Japanese islands of Honshu and Hokkaido. A further tunnel or bridge in the north of Sakhalin to the Russian mainland would also have to be created. Already a proposal for the Sakhalin Tunnel, has been announced by the Russian Government. Once on the Russian mainland, the rail link could connect to the rest of the Russian (and hence European) rail network, allowing for gauge changes. Running south, from Hokkaido, the line would connect with the Seikan Tunnel between Hokkaido and Honshu, currently the longest undersea tunnel in the world and second-longest railway tunnel. This would allow connections to the rest of the Japanese rail network. The project could be seen as an alternative to the Japanโ€“Korea Undersea Tunnel, as Russia is already under way with planning and construction of many of the necessary linkages on the Russian side, whereas the tunnel itself would be considerably shorter than that between Japan and Korea. As well as the great cost and engineering difficulty, there may be political problems, particularly in regard to the Kuril Islands dispute between Russia and Japan. The Japanese government's initial reaction has been positive towards the idea. Russian officials again raised the idea of a bridge or tunnel to connect Sakhalin with Hokkaido in 2013. The project has repeatedly come up in discussions between officials from Russia and Japan. During Russian President Vladimir Putin's first term in office, the Kremlin greatly intensified its outreach to Japan, the world's third biggest economy. Russia's plan was to build a bridge between the two countries that could link Moscow to Tokyo by land and rail. Putin reignited speculation about the long-rumored project in 2017, when he announced that a land link between Russia and Japan would have โ€œplanetaryโ€ significance. In July 2018, Russia's president Vladimir Putin commissioned an analysis of a proposal to build a bridge to Sakhalin Island. Putin said that the project is very important for Sakhalin residents and would be a major factor in encouraging people to remain in the region. It would also boost the development of Khabarovsk Territory. He said that he has instructed the government to analyse this matter, particularly its economic aspects. Gauges The railways on the Russian mainland use the Russian gauge, while the Sakhalin Railway was by 2019 converted from the original Japanese gauge (Cape gauge) to the Russian gauge. Japanese railways use (legacy lines and freight traffic) and standard gauge (mostly Shinkansen). If the tunnel were built with 1520 mm, there would be one break of gauge for all traffic on the Japanese side. If it were built with 1435 mm only, there would be twice a break of gauge for freight traffic. It is unclear what gauge would be used for the proposed tunnel and associated infrastructure. Here are the current proposed figures: Breaks of gauge: in Wakkanai area, Hokkaido, /. Sakhalinโ€“Hokkaido Tunnel Track gauge: Loading gauge: 4.1ย m wide and 6.15ย m tall Electrification: 25ย kV 50ย Hz AC overhead lines Hokkaido network: Track gauge: Loading gauge: Japanese Shinkansen See also Trans Global Highway List of bridgeโ€“tunnels References Proposed undersea tunnels in Asia Transport in the Russian Far East Rail transport in the Russian Far East Proposed tunnels in Russia Proposed tunnels in Japan Japanโ€“Russia border Transport in Hokkaido
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%EB%85%84%205%EC%9B%94%20%EC%98%A4%EB%A7%8C%EB%A7%8C%20%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4
2019๋…„ 5์›” ์˜ค๋งŒ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด
2019๋…„ ํ‘ธ์ž์ด๋ผ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ 2019๋…„ 5์›” 12์ผ ํ‘ธ์ž์ด๋ผ ํ•ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋˜ ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋””์•„๋ผ๋น„์•„ ์œ ์กฐ์„ ์ด ์ด๋ž€์˜ ํญํƒ„ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‹นํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ 2019๋…„ 5์›” 2์ผ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋“ฑ 8๊ฐœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์ง€๋‚œํ•ด 11์›” 5์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 6๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„ ์ด๋ž€์‚ฐ ์›์œ  ์ˆ˜์ž…์„ ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ•ด์คฌ๋˜ ์ œ์žฌ ์œ ์˜ˆ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ž€ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ œ์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋ณต์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ผ๋Š„ ๋†์ถ•๊ณผ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ฌด์ฆˆ ํ•ดํ˜‘ ๋ด‰์‡„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋””์•„๋ผ๋น„์•„, ์ฟ ์›จ์ดํŠธ, ์•„๋ž์—๋ฏธ๋ฆฌํŠธ, ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด ๋“ฑ ์ค‘๋™ ์ฃผ์š” ์‚ฐ์œ ๊ตญ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์›์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ฌด์ฆˆ ํ•ดํ˜‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ถœ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ํ•ด์ƒ ์›์œ ์ˆ˜์†ก๋Ÿ‰์˜ 1/3์ด ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ฌด์ฆˆ ํ•ดํ˜‘์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•œ๋‹ค. 5์›” 5์ผ, ์กด ๋ณผํ„ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฐฑ์•…๊ด€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์•ˆ๋ณด๋ณด์ขŒ๊ด€์€ ์—์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌํ–„ ๋ง์ปจ ํ•ญ๋ชจ์ „๋‹จ๊ณผ ํญ๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ฏธ ์ค‘๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ž€๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์ง•ํ›„๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€๋Š” ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 5์›” 7์ผ, 6์ผ ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋ถ๊ทน ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฐ๋ฃŒํšŒ์˜์— ์ฐธ์„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ ํผํŽ˜์ด์˜ค ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€์€ ์ด๋‚  ์•™๊ฒ”๋ผ ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์ผˆ ์ด๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•˜์ด์ฝ” ๋งˆ์Šค ์™ธ๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€๊ณผ ํšŒ๋‹ดํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ "๊ธด๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ"๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด์„œ, ์ผ์ •์„ ์ทจ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ผํฌ ๋ฐ”๊ทธ๋‹ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 5์›” 8์ผ, B-52H๋Š” ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ํƒ‘์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํญ๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์•Œ์šฐ๋ฐ์ด๋“œ ๊ณต๊ตฐ๊ธฐ์ง€์— ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•Œ์šฐ๋ฐ์ด๋“œ ๊ณต๊ตฐ๊ธฐ์ง€์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ 1๋งŒ๋ช…์ด ์ฃผ๋‘”์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ์ค‘๋™์„ ๊ด€ํ• ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ค‘๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€๋Š” B-52H ์ „๋žต ํญ๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ 4๋Œ€๊ฐ€ 9์ผ ๋ฐค ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ์•Œ์šฐ๋ฐ์ด๋“œ ๊ณต๊ตฐ๊ธฐ์ง€์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํญ๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฐฑ์•…๊ด€์˜ ์ง€์‹œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฃจ์ด์ง€์• ๋‚˜์ฃผ ๋ฐ•์Šค๋ฐ์ผ ๊ณต๊ตฐ๊ธฐ์ง€์—์„œ ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•Œ์šฐ๋ฐ์ด๋“œ ๊ณต๊ตฐ๊ธฐ์ง€์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ 1๋งŒ๋ช…์ด ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 5์›” 9์ผ, ์ง€์ค‘ํ•ด์— ์žˆ๋˜ USS ์—์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌํ–„ ๋ง์ปจ (CVN-72) ์ „๋‹จ์ด ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์˜ ์ˆ˜์—์ฆˆ ์šดํ•˜๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•ด ํ™ํ•ด์— ์ง„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 5์›” 10์ผ, ํŒจํŠธ๋ฆฌ์–ดํŠธ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ํฌ๋Œ€์™€ ์ƒŒ ์•ˆํ† ๋‹ˆ์˜ค๊ธ‰ ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•จ์ธ USS ์•Œ๋งํ„ด (LPD-24)์„ ๊ธ‰ํŒŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 5์›” 12์ผ, ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ฌด์ฆˆ ํ•ดํ˜‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด UAE ํ‘ธ์ž์ด๋ผ ํ•ด์•ˆ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋”” ์œ ์กฐ์„  2์ฒ™์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด ์ƒ์„  4์ฒ™์ด ์‚ฌ๋ณดํƒ€์ฃผ(์˜๋„์  ํŒŒ๊ดดํ–‰์œ„) ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๋ฐฐํ›„์— ์ด๋ž€์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€๋ชฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋””์•„๋ผ๋น„์•„ ์œ ์กฐ์„  2์ฒ™, UAE ์œ ์กฐ์„  1์ฒ™, ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด ์ƒ์„  1์ฒ™์ด ์ •๋ฐ•์ค‘์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘ธ์ž์ด๋ผ ํ•ด์•ˆ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์ด๋ž€์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ œ์žฌ์— ๋งž์„œ ๋ด‰์‡„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•œ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ฌด์ฆˆ ํ•ดํ˜‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 5์›” 14์ผ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ตœ๋Œ€ 12๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ด๋ž€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ์ค‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์–ธ๋ก  ๋ณด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. 5์›” 15์ผ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฌด๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด๋ผํฌ ์ฃผ์žฌ ์™ธ๊ต๊ณต๊ด€์—์„œ ๋น„ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๊ตญ ์ฃผ์žฌ์›๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฒ ์ˆ˜๋ น์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์„์œ ๊ธฐ์—… ์—‘์†๋ชจ๋นŒ๋„ 16์ผ, 18์ผ ๋‘ ์ฐจ๋ก€์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ด๋ผํฌ ๋ฐ”์Šค๋ผ ์œ ์ „์ง€๋Œ€ ์ง์›๋“ค์„ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 5์›” 16์ผ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉํ•ญ๊ณต๊ตญ(FAA)์€ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„๋งŒ ์ƒ๊ณต์„ ์šดํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์— ์•ˆ์ „์ฃผ์˜๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋ นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 5์›” 18์ผ, ์ œ5ํ•จ๋Œ€ (๋ฏธ๊ตญ) ์ฃผ๋‘”์ง€๋กœ ์ค‘๋™ ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์šฐ๋ฐฉ๊ตญ์ธ ๋ฐ”๋ ˆ์ธ์€ ์ด๋ž€, ์ด๋ผํฌ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๊ตญ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 5์›” 18์ผ, ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋””๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฑธํ”„๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์Šน์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฑธํ”„ ํ•ด์—ญ๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฑธํ”„๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์Šน์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฑธํ”„ ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ๋ฐ”๋ ˆ์ธ์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ 5ํ•จ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•˜๊ณ , ์นดํƒ€๋ฅด์— ์•Œ์šฐ๋ฐ์ด๋“œ ๊ณต๊ตฐ๊ธฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ์ง€์ƒ๊ตฐ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์€ ์ƒ์‹œ ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. 5์›” 19์ผ, ์นœ์ด๋ž€ ํ›„ํ‹ฐ ๋ฐ˜๊ตฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋””, ์•„๋ž์—๋ฏธ๋ฆฌํŠธ(UAE) ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 300๊ณณ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ž‘์ „ ์‹œ์ž‘์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ํŒŒ๋ฅด์Šค ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ํผํŽ˜์ด์˜ค ์žฅ๊ด€์ด ๊ธด๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋กœ ์ด๋ผํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”, ์ด๋ž€์ด ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„๋งŒ์—์„œ ์„ ๋ฐ•์— ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ž€์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์›์œ  ์ˆ˜์ถœ ์ œ์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋ณต์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ฌด์ฆˆ ํ•ดํ˜‘ ๋ด‰์‡„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 5์›” 17์ผ, ์ด๋ž€ ํ˜๋ช…์ˆ˜๋น„๋Œ€ ๋ชจํ•˜๋งˆ๋“œ ์‚ด๋ ˆ ์กฐ์นด๋ฅด ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€์€ ์ด๋ž€์˜ ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์ด ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„๋งŒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ ํ•ด๊ตฐ ํ•จ์ •์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํƒ€๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ž€์˜ ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒ„๋„ ๋Œ€ํ•จ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์€ ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ํŒŒ๋ฅด์Šค ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์ด๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„๋งŒ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•จํƒ„๋„๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ(ASBM)๋กœ์„œ, 2011๋…„ ์‹ค์ „๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 300 km, ์†๋„ ๋งˆํ•˜ 3, ํƒ„๋‘์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ 650 kg, 1๋‹จ ๊ณ ์ฒด์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์—๋„ ์ˆ˜์ถœํ•œ ํŒŒํ…Œ-110 ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ์˜ ํƒ„๋‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•จ ํƒ์ƒ‰ ์‹œ์ปค๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ด‘ํ•™ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ํƒ์ƒ‰ ์‹œ์ปค๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋ณด๊ธฐ 2019๋…„ 6์›” ์˜ค๋งŒ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๊ฐ์ฃผ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„๋งŒ ํ‘ธ์ž์ด๋ผ ํ† ํ›„๊ตญ ์˜ค๋งŒ๋งŒ 2019๋…„ 5์›” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ-์ด๋ž€ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 2019๋…„ ์•„๋ž์—๋ฏธ๋ฆฌํŠธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May%202019%20Gulf%20of%20Oman%20incident
May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident
On 12 May 2019, four commercial ships were damaged off Fujairah's coast in the Gulf of Oman. The ships included two Saudi Arabian registered oil tankers, a Norwegian registered oil tanker, and an Emirati registered bunkering ship. The ships were anchored on the United Arab Emirates territorial waters for bunkering in Port of Fujairah. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the United Arab Emirates reported that the ships had been subject to a "sabotage attack". The United Arab Emirates launched a joint investigation probe with United States and France. The initial investigation assessment determined that holes near or below all the ships' waterlines were probably caused by explosive charges. The incident occurred amid increasing tension between the United States and Iran in the Persian Gulf region, leading U.S. officials to suspect Iran of being behind the attack. The United Arab Emirates government did not accuse any perpetrators, stating that the report of the investigation probe must first be finalized. The government of Iran called for an international investigation of the incident, describing it as a possible false flag operation. The United States accused Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) of being "directly responsible" for the attacks. The findings of an Emirati-led international investigation into the attacks has stated that a sophisticated and coordinated operation by divers from fast boats utilized limpet mines to breach the hull of the ships, concluding that a "state actor" is the most likely culprit. A similar incident took place a month later on 13 June 2019. Background The incident occurred in a time where tensions between Iran, the United States, and Saudi Arabia were high. On 8 May 2018, the United States withdrew from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action with Iran, reinstating Iran sanctions against their nuclear program. In response, Iran threatened to close off the Strait of Hormuz to international shipping that will cause a consequential effect on global oil market. The strait is a choke point which carries a significant amount of oil exports to the world market demand. As a result of renewed sanctions on Iran, Iran's oil production has hit historic low as Saudi Arabia kept supplies maintained, keeping markets unaffected. Donald Trump has offered to have talks with Iran regarding their nuclear program, offering to make them a deal which will remove sanctions and help fix their economy. He has however not ruled out the possibility of a military conflict with Iran. Iran responded to Trump by stating that there will be no negotiations with the United States. On 5 May, U.S. National security adviser John Bolton announced that the U.S. was deploying the Carrier Strike Group and four B-52 bombers to the Middle East to "send a clear and unmistakable message" to Iran following intelligence reports of an alleged Iranian plot to attack U.S. forces in the region. Israeli intelligence also warned the United States in days prior to the incident of what it said was Iran's intention to strike Saudi vessels. In the days before the incident, the United States had warned that Iran or its proxies could target marine traffic in the region and deployed naval forces to counter what it called "clear indications" of a threat. Motive According to US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, the incident was orchestrated by Iran to try and raise the price of oil as Washington works to end Iran's exports of crude. Iran has denied the accusation, instead calling for an international investigation and warned of a possible false flag operation. According to Iran, the attack was an "Israeli mischief" to attempt and cause a military reaction. The United States, Iran, and Saudi Arabia have all voiced their opposition to military conflict in the region. The maritime incident was followed two days later by an attack on Saudi oil pipelines to Yanbu by Houthis. Both routes were used by Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates to export oil without passing through the Strait of Hormuz circumventing previous Iranian threats to close the strait. Both incidents led observers to speculate that the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps orchestrated both attacks to send a message of willingness to inflict economic harm on the Gulf Cooperation Council states and the ability to influence oil trade outside the Strait of Hormuz. Incident On 12 May 2019, morning local time, a pro-Hezbollah news channel Al Mayadeen falsely reported that seven oil tankers were involved in an explosion in the Port of Fujairah. The news report was quickly picked up by Iranian-based Press TV and other news outlets. The United Arab Emirates denied any explosions on the port and stated that the port continues to operate normally. The UAE Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation later released a statement that four ships off the port of Fujairah outside the UAE territorial waters were targeted in a "sabotage attack". One ship was flying the UAE flag and another was flying the Norwegian flag while two Saudi oil tankers were also among the targeted ships. No casualties were reported and no oil or chemical spills occurred. Saudi Arabian Minister of Energy, Industry and Mineral Resources and chairman of Saudi Aramco, Khalid al-Falih, stated that two of the damaged ships were Saudi owned oil tankers. "One of the two vessels was on its way to be loaded with Saudi crude oil from the port of Ras Tanura, to be delivered to Saudi Aramco's customers in the United States", he added. The vessels were later identified as the Saudi-flagged Almarzoqah and Amjad, the UAE-flagged A. Michel and the Norway-flagged Andrea Victory. Thome Ship Management, the firm who manages the Norwegian ship, reported that their ship had been "struck by an unknown object on the waterline" while anchored off Fujairah. Investigation The UAE requested assistance from the US in launching an investigation probe to determine the cause of the damage. The assessment determined that holes near or below all the ships water line were likely caused by explosive charges. The US military team that assessed the blasts initial investigation blamed Iran or Iranian-backed proxies of causing the attack. The US issued new warnings to commercial ship of acts of sabotage targeting ships in the Middle East. The UAE reiterated that the incident would be investigated "in cooperation with local and international bodies". The incident occurred at a time when tensions between the U.S. and Iran had increased in the Middle East. The Pentagon dispatched an aircraft carrier, a Patriot missile battery and a squadron of B-52 bombers to the region. France, Norway, and Saudi Arabia also joined in investigating the cause of the damage. The UAE stated that the joint probe into tanker attack will ensure impartiality. The Norwegian insurer report on the incident concluded that Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) are โ€œhighly likelyโ€ to have facilitated the attacks. The United States Admiral Michael Gilday, the director of the Joint Staff, has announced that the United States intelligence has concluded that Iran's revolutionary Guard Corps to be "directly responsible" for the attacks. Gilday stated "We believe with a high degree of confidence that this stems back to the leadership of Iran at the highest levels and that all of the attacks that I mentioned have been attributed to Iran through their proxies or their forces." An international investigation probe, led by the United Arab Emirates, was conducted on the incident. The initial findings of the international investigation submitted to the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) by the UAE permanent mission to the United Nations in a joint statement with Saudi Arabia and Norway on 6 June 2019 stated "strong indications that the four attacks were part of a sophisticated and coordinated operation carried out with significant operational capacity." According to the investigation, the attacks were carried out by several teams of operatives with a high level of precision. The investigation assessed the damage to the four vessels and conducted a chemical analysis of the debris, concluding it was "highly likely" that limpet mines were used in the attack. According to the statement, โ€œIt appears most likely that the mines were placed on the vessels by divers deployed from fast boats.โ€ Analysis was made based on available radar data and the short time the vessels were at anchor before the attack. The investigation determined that the mines were designed to damage the ships without sinking them or detonating their cargoes. According to the statement submitted to the UN Security Council, โ€œThe four attacks were part of a sophisticated and co-ordinated operation carried out by an actor with significant operational capacity, most likely a state actor.โ€ The statement did not name any suspected perpetrator. Aftermath Economic effects After this incident, the price of oil rose more than $1 per barrel. Saudi Energy Minister Khalid al-Falih said one Saudi oil tanker was on its way to Aramco's customers in the United States, and that the explosions did serious damage to the vesselsโ€™ structures. Also, Dubai and Abu Dhabi stock markets saw their biggest drops in 2019, with Dubai falling 4% and the Saudi markets falling 3.6%. As a result of the incident the United States Maritime Administration (MARAD) issued an alert to all ships off the coast of the United Arab Emirates due to "acts of sabotage" and suggested caution be exercised for "at least the next week". Increase in Iranian-American tensions On 15 May 2019, the United States Department of State ordered all non-emergency, non-essential government employees at the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad and the Erbil consulate offices to leave Iraq amid heightened tensions in the Persian Gulf between the United States and Iran. Germany and the Netherlands suspended military training missions in Iraq, also citing escalating tensions in the region with Iran. Reactions The Secretary-General of the Arab League Ahmed Aboul Gheit said in a statement that these acts are a "serious violation of the freedom and integrity of trade and maritime transport routes" and that the Arab League stands by the UAE and Saudi Arabia "in all measures taken to safeguard their security and interests". Norway, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates wrote a joint letter to the UNSC notifying them of the targeting of commercial ships in the Middle East. On 6 June 2019, a joint statement submitted by the UAE, alongside Saudi Arabia and Norway, to the UNSC relayed the findings of the international investigation which concluded that a "state actor" is "highly likely" the culprit of the attack, but did not name a suspected perpetrator. Iran's Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif condemned the June 6 meeting between the United Nations Security Council and Saudi Arabia, Norway and the UAE. In a tweet, he accused the Mossad of "fabricating intelligence about Iran's involvement in sabotage". The United Arab Emirates Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Anwar Gargash stated that the UAE is "committed to de-escalation" after increased tensions in the Gulf. Gargash stated "We are not going to jump the gun.. We need to emphasise caution without throwing accusations. We have always called for restraint and we will always call for that." However, he blamed "Iranian behaviour" for the recent increase in tensions in the Gulf region. The United Arab Emirates government did not name any perpetrators. UAE Foreign Minister Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan stated that evidence from the investigation has shown that the tanker attacks were "state-sponsored" and that the evidence has been presented to the UN Security Council. The United States president Donald Trump threatened Iran with a "bad problem" following the news of the sabotage attack. When he was asked to clarify what he meant by a "bad problem," Trump responded: โ€œYou can figure it out yourself. They know what I mean by it.โ€ John R. Bolton, the United States national security adviser, also accused Iran of playing a key role in recent attacks on ships off the coast of the United Arab Emirates, calling Iran "almost certainly" responsible for the attacks, telling journalists at a briefing in the United States Embassy in Abu Dhabi, "who else would you think would be doing it? Someone from Nepal?". Iran quickly dismissed the accusations, with a Foreign Ministry spokesman describing them as "ridiculous" and calling Bolton a "warmonger". Iran called the idea that it would target marine traffic "nonsense" and called for a full investigation into the incident. Iran through its parliamentary spokesman called the attacks on the tankers "Israeli mischief". While Iran did not expand on the statement, Iran stated that it was the conclusion reached by the Iranian government. Saudi Arabia, who also had an oil pipeline attacked by Iranian backed Houthi rebels in Yemen around the same time, called for an emergency meeting of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and leaders of the Arab League to discuss the security of the region and the recent "aggressions and their consequences". Saudi minister of state Adel al-Jubeir stated that Saudi Arabia is doing its best to avoid war in the region but stands ready to defend itself from any threats. Saudi Arabia accused Iran of seeking to destabilize the region and urged the international community to take responsibility to stop Iran from doing so. The Gulf Cooperation Council and Arab League nations met for three summits in Mecca, which concluded on calling for Iran to stop "interfering in the internal affairs" of its neighbors and denounced Tehran's "threat to maritime security". Iran criticized the allegations as "baseless" and accused Saudi Arabia of promoting an "American and Zionist" agenda. After the joint statement of Norway, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE to the United Nations Security Council, Saudi ambassador to the UN Abdallah Al-Mouallimi, blamed Iran, saying "We believe that the responsibility for this action lies on the shoulders of Iran [and] we have no hesitation in making this statement." The United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office released a statement accusing Iran of orchestrating the incident, stating "The Emirati-led investigation of the 12 May attack on four oil tankers near the port of Fujairah concluded that it was conducted by a sophisticated state actor. We are confident that Iran bears responsibility for that attack". The Foreign and Commonwealth Office also released a statement on its own assessment of the June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident which occurred after a month, concluding โ€œIt is almost certain that a branch of the Iranian military - the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps - attacked the two tankers on 13 June. No other state or non-state actor could plausibly have been responsible". See also 2002 Strait of Gibraltar terror plot June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident References Maritime incidents in 2019 2019 in the United Arab Emirates International maritime incidents Conflicts in 2019 May 2019 events in Asia Iranโ€“Norway relations Iranโ€“United Arab Emirates relations Iranโ€“Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Iranโ€“United States military relations History of the Emirate of Fujairah Gulf of Oman
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%B4%EB%8A%94%20%EC%97%AC%EC%9D%B8%EC%9D%98%20%EC%B4%88%EC%83%81
ํƒ€์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ์—ฌ์ธ์˜ ์ดˆ์ƒ
ใ€Šํƒ€์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ์—ฌ์ธ์˜ ์ดˆ์ƒใ€‹()์€ 2019๋…„ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ•œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ํ€ด์–ด ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ทน ์˜ํ™”๋กœ, ์…€๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์•„๋งˆ ๊ฐ๋…์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์„ ์•ž๋‘” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์—˜๋กœ์ด์ฆˆ์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ดˆ์ƒํ™”๋ฅผ ์™„์„ฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๊ณผ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ธ ์—๋„ฌ๊ณผ ๋…ธ์—๋ฏธ ๋ฉ”๋ฅผ๋ž‘์ด ์—˜๋กœ์ด์ฆˆ, ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ72ํšŒ ์นธ ์˜ํ™”์ œ(2019) ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์ข…๋ ค์ƒ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ›„๋ณด์ž‘์ด์ž ๊ฐ๋ณธ์ƒยทํ€ด์–ด์ข…๋ ค์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž‘์ด๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง. ์ Š์€ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ํ•œ ์ ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌป์ž, ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์€ 'ํƒ€์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ์—ฌ์ธ์˜ ์ดˆ์ƒ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „, ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์€ ์ดˆ์ƒํ™” ์˜๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๋ธŒ๋ฅดํƒ€๋‰ด์˜ ์™ธ๋”ด ์„ฌ์˜ ๊ณ ํƒ์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ขฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ์—˜๋กœ์ด์ฆˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ Š์€ ๊ท€์กฑ ์—ฌ์ž๋กœ, ๋ฐ€๋ผ๋…ธ์˜ ๊ท€์กฑ ๋‚จ์ž์™€์˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ์ดˆ์ƒํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ค์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์„ ์›์น˜ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ™”๊ฐ€๋“ค์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ๋ถ€์ธ์€ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ํ™”๊ฐ€์ž„์„ ๋ฐํžˆ์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ์‚ฐ์ฑ… ์นœ๊ตฌ์ธ ์ฒ™ํ•ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹น๋ถ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์€ ์—˜๋กœ์ด์ฆˆ์™€ ์‚ฐ์ฑ…์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์™ธ์šด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด ์™„์„ฑ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์—˜๋กœ์ด์ฆˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ์ง€์›Œ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์ธ์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์„ ์งˆ์ฑ…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ์—˜๋กœ์ด์ฆˆ๋Š” ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์„ ์˜นํ˜ธํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์ธ์€ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์™„์„ฑํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ ๋– ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์€ ์—˜๋กœ์ด์ฆˆ์™€, ํ•˜๋…€ ์†Œํ”ผ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ง€๋‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ์ž๋งค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์นœ๊ทผํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์–ด๋Š ๋‚  ๋ฐค ์—˜๋กœ์ด์ฆˆ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅดํŽ˜์šฐ์Šค์™€ ์—์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋””์ผ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ, ์˜ค๋ฅดํŽ˜์šฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์— ๋’ค๋ฅผ ๋Œ์•„๋ณธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์†Œํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์ž„์‹ ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚™ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‘˜์€ ์†Œํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ˆ ์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์„ ์—ฌ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์บ ํ”„ ํŒŒ์ด์–ด ๋ชจ์ž„์— ์ฐธ์„ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์—˜๋กœ์ด์ฆˆ์˜ ๋“œ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ๋ถˆ๊ธธ์ด ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ ๋ถ™๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ์—˜๋กœ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ›„์ผ์˜ 'ํƒ€์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ์—ฌ์ธ์˜ ์ดˆ์ƒ'์˜ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์€ ๋ฐค์ค‘์— ๋ณต๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‹๋ฉด์„œ ํ•˜์–€ ์›จ๋”ฉ๋“œ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ž…์€ ์—˜๋กœ์ด์ฆˆ์˜ ํ™˜์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์œฝ๊ณ  ๋‘˜์€ ์‚ฐ์ฑ…์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋™๊ตด ์†์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํ‚ค์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋‚  ๋ฐค ์†Œํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์ž ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋“ค๋ฉด ์—ด์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์• ์ •๋„ ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์ธ์ด ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋กœ๋งจ์Šค๋Š” ์ผ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ๋๋‚˜๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์Šฌํ””์„ ๋จธ๊ธˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋ณ„์„ ๊ณ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์žŠ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์ด ๋ˆˆ๊ธธ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ ค ํ•˜์ž, ์—˜๋กœ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ '๋’ค๋ฅผ ๋Œ์•„๋ณด๋ผ'๊ณ  ์™ธ์นœ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์€ ๊ณ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ ค ์—˜๋กœ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณธ ๋’ค ๋– ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์€ ์—˜๋กœ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ๋” ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์€ ์ „์‹œํšŒ์—์„œ ์—˜๋กœ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์€ ์Œ์•…ํšŒ์—์„œ ๋น„๋ฐœ๋””์˜ ใ€ˆ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ใ€‰์„ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์ •์— ๋ฒ…์ฐฌ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋จผ ๋ฐœ์น˜์—์„œ๋‚˜๋งˆ ๋ณด์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถœ์—ฐ ์ฃผ์—ฐ ๋…ธ์—๋ฏธ ๋ฉ”๋ฅผ๋ž‘ - ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ ์—ญ ์•„๋ธ ์—๋„ฌ - ์—˜๋กœ์ด์ฆˆ ์—ญ ๋ฃจ์•„๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”์ง€๋ผ๋ฏธ - ์†Œํ”ผ ์—ญ ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ณจ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ - ๋ฐฑ์ž‘๋ถ€์ธ ์—ญ ์กฐ์—ฐ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ…” ๋ฐ”๋ผ์Šค ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ณผ์ • ๋ณธ ์ดฌ์˜์€ 2018๋…„ 10์›” 15์ผ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด 38์ผ ๋งŒ์— ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดฌ์˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ฅดํƒ€๋‰ด์˜ ์ƒํ”ผ์—๋ฅดํ‚ค๋ฒ ๋กฑ(Saint-Pierre-Quiberon) ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ์„ผ์—๋งˆ๋ฅธ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ผ์ƒคํŽ ๊ณ ํ‹ฐ์—(La Chapelle-Gauthier)์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค, ์˜ํ™” ์†์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๋“ค์€ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—˜๋ Œ ๋ธ๋ฉ”๋ฅด(Hรฉlรจne Delmaire)๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ๋Š” 2019๋…„ 9์›” 18์ผ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ๋ฏธ๊ถŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„ค์˜จ๊ณผ ํ›Œ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰๊ถŒ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 12์›” 6์ผ ์ œํ•œ์  ์ƒ์˜์œผ๋กœ, 2020๋…„ 2์›” 14์ผ ์ „ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ทน์žฅ๊ฐ€์— ๊ฐœ๋ด‰๋œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์—๋Š” 2019๋…„ 11์›” 7์ผ ๊ฐœ๋ง‰ํ•œ ์„œ์šธํ”„๋ผ์ด๋“œ์˜ํ™”์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ง‰์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทน์žฅ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋‚˜๋ž˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ 2020๋…„ 1์›” 16์ผ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„ํ‰ ๋กœํŠผ ํ† ๋งˆํ† ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด 153๋ช…์˜ ํ‰๋ก ๊ฐ€์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋กœ 97%์˜ ์‹ ์„ ๋„๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰๋ก ๊ฐ€ ์ดํ‰์€ 'ใ€Šํƒ€์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ์—ฌ์ธ์˜ ์ดˆ์ƒใ€‹์€ ์„ธ๋ จ๋œ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ทน์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ๋นผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋กœ๋งจ์Šค ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ์„ฑ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ถฉ๋งŒํ•œ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค'์ด๋‹ค. ์”จ๋„ค21์—์„œ๋Š” 6๋ช…์˜ ํ‰๋ก ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘ ๊น€ํ˜œ๋ฆฌ, ์ž„์ˆ˜์—ฐ ๋“ฑ 4๋ช…์ด 10์  ๋งŒ์ ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋ชฉ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ํƒ€์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ์—ฌ์ธ์˜ ์ดˆ์ƒ - AlloCinรฉ 2019๋…„ ์˜ํ™” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด ์˜ํ™” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์…€๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์•„๋งˆ ๊ฐ๋… ์˜ํ™” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์˜ํ™” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์˜ํ™” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๋กœ๋งจ์Šค ์˜ํ™” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์˜ํ™” ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์˜ํ™” ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ๋กœ๋งจ์Šค ์˜ํ™” ๋ ˆ์ฆˆ๋น„์–ธ ์˜ํ™” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜ ์˜ํ™” ๋‚™ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ํ™”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์„ฌ์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” 18์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” 1760๋…„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” NEON ์˜ํ™” ํ€ด์–ด์ข…๋ ค์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž‘ 2019๋…„ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์˜ํ™”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait%20of%20a%20Lady%20on%20Fire
Portrait of a Lady on Fire
Portrait of a Lady on Fire () is a 2019 French historical romantic drama film written and directed by Cรฉline Sciamma, starring Noรฉmie Merlant and Adรจle Haenel. Set in France in the late 18th century, the film tells the story of a love affair between two women: an aristocrat and a painter commissioned to paint her portrait. It marked Haenel's final film role prior to her retirement from the French film industry in 2023. Portrait of a Lady on Fire was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2019 Cannes Film Festival. The film won the Queer Palm at Cannes, becoming the first film directed by a woman to win the award. Sciamma also won the award for Best Screenplay at Cannes. The film was theatrically released in France on 18 September 2019. It was nominated for Independent Spirit Awards, Critics' Choice Awards and Golden Globe Awards for Best Foreign Language Film and was chosen by the National Board of Review as one of the top five foreign language films of 2019. The film was one of three shortlisted by the French Ministry of Culture to be France's submission to the 92nd Academy Awards for Best International Feature Film. Portrait of a Lady on Fire was voted the 30th greatest film of all time in the Sight & Sound 2022 criticsโ€™ poll. It has also been considered to be one of the best films of the 2010s and of the 21st century. Plot At the end of the eighteenth century, Marianne, a painter, is teaching an art class in France. One of her female students asks her about a painting of hers, which Marianne calls Portrait de la jeune fille en feu. Years previously, Marianne arrives on a distant island in Brittany. She has been commissioned to paint a portrait of a young woman of the gentry named Hรฉloรฏse, who is to be married off to a Milanese nobleman. Marianne is informed by Hรฉloรฏse's mother, the Countess, that she has previously refused to pose for portraits, as she does not want to be married; she had been living in a convent before the suicide of her older sister necessitated her return and her betrothal. Marianne acts as Hรฉloรฏse's hired companion to be able to paint her in secret and accompanies her on daily walks along the rugged coastline to memorize Hรฉloรฏse's features. Marianne finishes the portrait, but finds herself unable to betray Hรฉloรฏse's trust and reveals her true reason for arriving. After Hรฉloรฏse criticises the painting, which does not seem to portray her true nature, Marianne destroys the work. After seeing the destroyed work, Marianne explains her actions to the Countess by saying that she can create a better painting. As the Countess is getting ready to fire Marianne, Hรฉloรฏse says that she will pose for Marianne. The Countess is shocked to hear this and gives Marianne five days to complete the new portrait while she is away on the mainland. Marianne is haunted throughout the house by visions of Hรฉloรฏse in a wedding dress. One evening, they read the story of Orpheus and Eurydice and debate the true reason why Orpheus turns around to look at his wife, causing her to be returned to the underworld. Later, the two go to a bonfire gathering where women sing, during which Hรฉloรฏse's dress briefly catches fire. The next day, Marianne and Hรฉloรฏse share their first kiss and have sex later that night. The pair spend the next few days together, during which their sexual relationship grows stronger, and they help Sophie, the housemaid who is pregnant, to get an abortion. With their affair about to be cut short by the ensuing return of the Countess, Marianne sketches a drawing of Hรฉloรฏse to remember her by, and Hรฉloรฏse asks Marianne to draw a nude sketch of herself on page 28 of her book. The Countess approves of the now completed portrait, and the next morning Marianne bids farewell. As she is about to leave the house, she hears Hรฉloรฏse say, "Turn around". She turns and sees Hรฉloรฏse in her wedding dress. In the present, Marianne reveals that she saw Hรฉloรฏse two more times. The first was in the form of a portrait at an art exhibition, in which Hรฉloรฏse, with a child beside her, is portrayed holding a book and surreptitiously revealing the edge of page 28. The second time was at a concert in Milan, where she notices Hรฉloรฏse among the patrons seated in the balcony across the theater from her. Unobserved, Marianne watches as Hรฉloรฏse is seen crying and smiling while listening to the orchestra playing the Presto from "Summer" in Vivaldi's Four Seasons, the music that Marianne had played for her on a harpsichord years before. Cast Noรฉmie Merlant as Marianne Adรจle Haenel as Hรฉloรฏse Luร na Bajrami as Sophie Valeria Golino as The Countess Production Principal photography began in October 2018 and was completed after 38 days. Filming took place in Saint-Pierre-Quiberon in Brittany and a chรขteau in La Chapelle-Gauthier, Seine-et-Marne. The film was produced by Lilies Films, Arte France Cinรฉma, and Hold Up Films. The paintings and sketches in the film were made by artist Hรฉlรจne Delmaire. She painted for 16 hours every day during the course of filming, basing her painting on the blocking of the scenes. Her hands were also featured in the film. To mark the release of the film in France, Delmaire's paintings from Portrait of a Lady on Fire were exhibited at the Galerie Joseph in Paris from 20 to 22 September 2019. Soundtrack Sciamma decided to do without a conventional score. Instead, the soundtrack consists of an original single, ( 'The Young Lady on Fire'), by composers Para One and Arthur Simonini. The songโ€”performed by Sequenza 9.3, with Catherine Simonpiรฉtri conductingโ€”is scored for female choir aย cappella and rhythmic clapping. According to Para One, although he and Simonini researched eighteenth century period music, they nonetheless recommended to Sciamma "a modern sound" inspired by Gyรถrgy Ligeti's Requiem. Sciamma provided the lyrics: the (repeated) Latin phrase '' and coda ''โ€”roughly translated as 'They cannot escape' and 'We rise', respectively. In a review of the song for Slate, Matthew Dessum writes, "The parsimonious use of music in the rest of the film makes the [singing of during the] bonfire scene completely overwhelming for characters and audience alike, so intense that it is almost unbearable. The music is beautiful, it is transporting, it is ". Writing in Paste, Ellen Johnson concurred: "It's utterly shocking to hear the strange chant after more than an hour of almost no music at all, but that's what makes it so timely ... [it's] a skin-tingling experience." The film features Vivaldi's 3rd Movement ("Summer") Presto from "The Four Seasons" album by Italian Baroque orchestra La Serenissima. Release On 22 August 2018, film distributor MK2 began the sale of international rights to the film, with Pyramide Films acquiring the distribution rights for France. On 10 February 2019, Curzon Artificial Eye acquired the rights for the United Kingdom, Karma Films did so for Spain, Cinรฉart for Benelux, and Folkets Bio for Sweden. Neon and Hulu acquired the distribution rights for North America on 22 May. Portrait of a Lady on Fire was released in France on 18 September 2019. The film premiered theatrically in the United States as a limited release on 6 December 2019, followed by a wide release on 14 February 2020. It was released in the United Kingdom on 28 February 2020. Critical response Portrait of a Lady on Fire was the subject of broad acclaim. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of based on reviews from critics, with an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, "A singularly rich period piece, Portrait of a Lady on Fire finds stirring, thought-provoking drama within a powerfully acted romance." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 95 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating "universal acclaim", and has been designated a Metacritic "Must See" movie. It is the second best reviewed film of 2019. A. O. Scott of The New York Times wrote that Portrait of a Lady on Fire is a "subtle and thrilling love story, at once unsentimental in its realistic assessment of women's circumstances", describing the unfolding of Marianne and Hรฉloรฏse's relationship as "less a chronicle of forbidden desire than an examination of how desire works" and "the dangerous, irresistible power of looking". Mark Kermode from The Observer/The Guardian gave the film five stars and said it is "an intellectually erotic study of power and passion in which observed becomes observer, authored becomes author, returning time and again to a central question: 'If you look at me, who do I look at?', and described the unwanted pregnancy subplot as "confronting but also depicting a taboo subject and its representation, refusing to look away, finding strength in sorority." In his review for Variety, Peter Debruge said about Sciamma as director and screenwriter: "Though this gorgeous, slow-burn lesbian romance works strongly enough on a surface level, one can hardly ignore the fact, as true then as it is now, that the world looks different when seen through a woman's eyes", describing the film as "rigorously scripted", and her approach "looking past surfaces in an attempt to capture deeper emotion". For The New Yorker, writer Rachel Syme said Portrait of a Lady on Fire thoroughly examines โ€œthe entanglements between artistic creation and burgeoning love, between memory and ambition and freedom. The film is about the erotic, electric connection between women when they find their desire for creative experience fulfilled in each other, but it is equally about the powers of art to validate, preserve, and console after a romance is overโ€. The film was voted the 30th greatest film of all time in the Sight and Sound Greatest Films of All Time 2022, the highest of films released in the 2010s. Accolades Home media The DVD and Blu-ray for Zone 2 was released by Pyramide Video on 18 February 2020. The film was released as VOD on Hulu on 27 March 2020. The DVD for Region 1 and Blu-ray for Region A was released by The Criterion Collection on 23 June 2020. Notes References Further reading External links Portrait of a Lady on Fire at Pyramide Films Portrait of a Lady on Fire at MK2 Films Portrait of a Lady on Fire (2019 Festival de Cannes Press Kit). Lilies Films, 17 pp Portrait de la jeune fille en feu at Lumiere Portrait de la jeune fille en feu at UniFrance Portrait of a Lady on Fire: Daring to See an essay by Ela Bittencourt at the Criterion Collection 2019 films 2019 independent films 2019 LGBT-related films 2010s historical drama films 2019 romantic drama films 2010s feminist films 2010s French films 2010s French-language films 2010s historical romance films French historical drama films French LGBT-related films Lesbian-related films LGBT-related romantic drama films Films about abortion Films about fictional painters Films about infidelity Films set on islands Films set in the 1760s Films set in the 18th century Films set in Brittany Films set in Paris Films directed by Cรฉline Sciamma Madman Entertainment Neon (company) films Queer Palm winners Films about women in France
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Still%20Haven%27t%20Found%20What%20I%27m%20Looking%20For
I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For
ใ€ˆI Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking Forใ€‰๋Š” ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๋ก ๋ฐด๋“œ U2์˜ ๊ณก์ด๋‹ค. 1987๋…„ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ใ€ŠThe Joshua Treeใ€‹์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ณก์ด๋ฉฐ, 1987๋…„ 5์›”์— ์ด ์Œ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณก์€ ํžˆํŠธ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ, ์˜๊ตญ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์ฐจํŠธ์—์„œ 6์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ ํ•ซ 100์—์„œ ์ด ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ์† 1์œ„ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณก์€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋จธ ๋ž˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฉ€๋Ÿฐ ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ๋ฐ๋ชจ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€ŠThe Joshua Treeใ€‹์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ด ๊ณก์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์Œ์•…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์—์„œ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€ˆI Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking Forใ€‰๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ŠคํŽ  ์Œ์•…์—์„œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์˜์ ์ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์›€์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์‹ฑ์–ด ๋ณด๋…ธ์˜ ๋ณด์ปฌ์€ ๋†’์€ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋”” ์—์ง€๋Š” ์ฐจ์ž„๋ฒจ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ฅดํŽ˜์ง€์˜ค๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณก์˜ ๋ณต์Œ์ ์ธ ํŠน์งˆ์„ ๋”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋”” ์—์ง€์™€ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ์ด๋…ธ์™€ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์—˜ ๋ผ๋ˆ„์•„๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ฉ์ฐฝ๋‹จ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฑ ๋ณด์ปฌ์ด๋‹ค. ใ€ˆI Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking Forใ€‰๋Š” 1988๋…„ ์ œ30ํšŒ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฏธ ์–ด์›Œ๋“œ์—์„œ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ์ƒ๊ณผ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜์ƒ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณก์€ ์ดํ›„ ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ณก๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ ํˆฌ์–ด์—์„œ ๊ณต์—ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณก์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ปดํ•„๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ ์˜ํ™”์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Š๋กค๋ง ์Šคํ†คใ€‹์€ 2010๋…„ "์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ 500๊ณก" ์ค‘ 93์œ„์— ์˜ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ์ถœํŒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ใ€ˆI Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking Forใ€‰๋ฅผ ์Œ์•… ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘์—… ๋ฐ ๋…น์Œ ใ€ˆI Still Haven't Found What I Looking Forใ€‰๋Š” ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์žผ ์„ธ์…˜ ์ค‘์— ๋…น์Œํ•œ ใ€ˆThe Weather Girlsใ€‰์™€ ใ€ˆUnder the Weatherใ€‰๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ œ๋ชฉ์˜ ๋ฐ๋ชจ๊ณก์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ์ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ ์• ๋ค ํด๋ ˆ์ดํ„ด์€ ๋ฐ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋””๋ฅผ "ํ•œ ์Œ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €๊ณ , ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์ธ ๋”” ์—์ง€๋Š” "๋ ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ใ€ˆEye of the Tigerใ€‰"์— ๋น„์œ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐด๋“œ๋Š” ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋จธ ๋ž˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฐ ์ฃผ๋‹ˆ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋“œ๋Ÿผ ํŒŒํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋™ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์—˜ ๋ผ๋ˆ„์•„๋Š” "๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ž˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ๋…์ฐฝ์ ์ธ ๋น„ํŠธ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ ๋…ธ๋ž˜์˜ ์‹œ๊ทธ๋‹ˆ์ฒ˜๋กœ์„œ ์ ๊ฒฉ์ธ ๋น„ํŠธ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ดํ•ด ๋ชป ํ•˜๋Š” ํ†ฐํ†ฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ ์žˆ์ž–์•„์š”. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋น„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋†“์น˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋…ํŠนํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋ผ๋ˆ„์•„๋Š” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ๋ชจ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์˜ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ๋“œ๋Ÿผ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๊ณ„์† ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฒฉ๋ คํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ€๋ฆฐ์€ ๋น„ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํŠน์ดํ•ด์กŒ๊ณ , ๋ผ๋ˆ„์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์„ž์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์€ ใ€ˆI Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking Forใ€‰์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ๋”๋ธ”๋ฆฐ์˜ ๋ฐ์ธ์Šค๋ชจ์—ํŠธ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค์— ์„ธ์šด ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์—์„œ ํŠธ๋ž™ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ๋ˆ„์•„๋Š” ์ด ๊ณก์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘์„ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ์ง“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๋“œ๋Ÿผ์„ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ ๊น”๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฒน์„ ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ์”ฉ ๋” ์–น์€ ๋‹ค์Œ, ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด "๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์— ๋„ฃ๊ธฐ"๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์‹ฑ์–ด ๋ณด๋…ธ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ์ด๋…ธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ŠคํŽ  ์Œ์•…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๊ณผ ์Šค์™„ ์‹ค๋ฒ„ํ†ค์ฆˆ, ์Šคํ…Œ์ดํ”Œ ์‹ฑ์–ด์ฆˆ, ๋ธ”๋ผ์ธ๋“œ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ ์กด์Šจ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ํ‚ค์›Œ์ง„ ์˜์ ์ธ ์˜์‹ฌ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”” ์—์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”๋“œ ์‹œํ€€์Šค๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์–ด์ฟ ์Šคํ‹ฑ ๊ธฐํƒ€๋กœ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ ํ›„, ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ณด์ปฌ ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋””๋ฅผ ์ž‘๊ณกํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์žผ ์„ธ์…˜ ๋™์•ˆ, ๋ณด๋…ธ๋Š” "ํด๋ž˜์‹ ์†Œ์šธ" ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋””๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋”” ์—์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋…ธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋‚  ์•„์นจ ๋…ธํŠธ์— ์ผ๋˜ "๋‚˜๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์„ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ ์ œ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฐฅ ๋”œ๋Ÿฐ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ ใ€ˆIdiot Windใ€‰ ์ค‘ "You'll find out when you reach the top you're on the bottom (์ •์ƒ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฑฐ์•ผ, ๋„ˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ‘๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ)"์—์„œ ํžŒํŠธ๋ฅผ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์„ ์ข…์ด์— ์จ์„œ ๋ณด๋…ธ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑด๋„ค์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”” ์—์ง€๋Š” ์ด ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์ด "์žฅ๊ฐ‘ ๋‚€ ์†์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ" ๋…ธ๋ž˜์™€ ์ž˜ ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ๊ทธ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋Š” ๋…น์Œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ณก์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณก ๋ชฉ๋ก ์ธ์ฆ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Lyrics on U2.com 1987๋…„ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ 1990๋…„ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ 1987๋…„ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ 1990๋…„ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ U2์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ ๋นŒ๋ณด๋“œ ํ•ซ 100 1์œ„ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ๋ก ๋ฐœ๋ผ๋“œ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Still%20Haven%27t%20Found%20What%20I%27m%20Looking%20For
I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For
"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" is a song by Irish rock band U2. It is the second track from their 1987 album The Joshua Tree and was released as the album's second single in May 1987. The song was a hit, becoming the band's second consecutive number-one single on the US Billboard Hot 100 while peaking at number six on the UK Singles Chart. The song originated from a demo the band recorded on which drummer Larry Mullen Jr. played a unique rhythm pattern. Like much of The Joshua Tree, the song was inspired by the group's interest in American music. "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" exhibits influences from gospel music and its lyrics describe spiritual yearning. Lead singer Bono's vocals are in high register and lead guitarist the Edge plays a chiming arpeggio. Adding to the gospel qualities of the song are choir-like backing vocals provided by the Edge and producers Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois. "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" was critically acclaimed and received two nominations at the 30th Annual Grammy Awards in 1988, for Record of the Year and Song of the Year. It has subsequently become one of the group's most well-known songs and has been performed on many of their concert tours. The track has appeared on several of their compilations and concert films. Many critics and publications have ranked "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" among the greatest tracks in music history, including Rolling Stone which ranked the song at number 93 of its 2010 list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Writing and recording "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" originated from a demo variously titled "The Weather Girls" and "Under the Weather" that the band recorded during a jam session. Bassist Adam Clayton called the demo's melody "a bit of a one-note groove", while an unconvinced The Edge, the band's guitarist, compared it to "'Eye of the Tiger' played by a reggae band". However, the band liked the drum part played by drummer Larry Mullen Jr. Co-producer Daniel Lanois said, "It was a very original beat from Larry. We always look for those beats that would qualify as a signature for the song. And that certainly was one of those. It had this tom-tom thing that he does and nobody ever understands. And we just didn't want to let go of that beat, it was so unique." Lanois encouraged Mullen to continue developing the weird drum pattern beyond the demo. Mullen said the beat became even more unusual, and although Lanois eventually mixed most of the pattern out to just keep the basics, the rhythm became the root of "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For". The group worked on the track at the studio they had set up at Danesmoate House in Dublin. Lanois compared the creation of the song to constructing a building, first laying down the drums as the foundation, then adding additional layers piece by piece, before finally "putting in furniture". Lead singer Bono was interested in the theme of spiritual doubt, which was fostered by Eno's love for gospel music, and by Bono's listening to songs by The Swan Silvertones, The Staple Singers, and Blind Willie Johnson. After the Edge wrote a chord sequence and played it on acoustic guitar "with a lot of power in the strumming", the group attempted to compose a suitable vocal melody, trying out a variety of ideas. During a jam session, Bono began singing a "classic soul" melody, and it was this addition that made the Edge hear the song's potential. At that point, he remembered a phrase he had written in a notebook that morning as a possible song title, "I still haven't found what I'm looking for". He suggests it was influenced by a line from the Bob Dylan song "Idiot Wind": "You'll find out when you reach the top you're on the bottom". He wrote the phrase on a piece of paper and handed it to Bono while he was singing. The Edge called the phrase's fit with the song "like hand in glove". From that point on, the song was the first piece played to visitors during the recording sessions. As recording continued, a number of guitar overdubs were added, including an auto-pan effect and a chiming arpeggio to modernise the old-style "gospel song". While the Edge was improvising guitar parts one day, Bono heard a "chrome bells" guitar hook that he liked. It was added as a counter-melody to the song's "muddy shoes" guitar part, and it is this hook that the Edge plays during live performances of the song. Bono sang in the upper register of his range to add to the feeling of spiritual yearning; in the verses he hits a B-flat note, and an A-flat in the chorus. Background vocals were provided by the Edge, Lanois, and co-producer Brian Eno, their voices being multi-tracked. Lanois suggests that his and Eno's involvement in the track's creation helped their vocals. He stated, "You're not going to get that sound of, 'Oh they brought in some soul singers' if you know what I mean. Our hearts and souls are already there. If we sing it'll sound more real." Lanois also played a percussive guitar part, which is heard in the introduction. The song's writing was completed relatively early during the band's time at Danesmoate House. The mix took longer to complete, though, with most of the production team contributing. The final mix was completed by Lanois and the Edge in a home studio set up at Melbeach, a house purchased by the Edge. They mixed it on top of a previous Steve Lillywhite mix, which gave the song a phasing sound. The final version of the song is composed in the key of D-flat major. Lanois says he is very attached to "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" and has, on occasion, joined U2 on stage to perform it. The original "Weather Girls" demo, re-titled "Desert of Our Love", was included with the 2007 remastered version of The Joshua Tree on a bonus disc of outtakes and B-sides. Release Initially, "Red Hill Mining Town" was planned for release as the second single. However, Bono was unable to sing the song during pre-tour rehearsals and the band were reportedly unhappy with the video shot by Neil Jordan, so "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" became a late choice for the second single. The single was released in May 1987. On the US Billboard Hot 100, the song debuted at number 51 on 13 June 1987. After nearly 2 months on the chart, the song reached number one on 8 August 1987, becoming the band's second consecutive number-one hit in the United States. The song spent two weeks in the top spot, and remained on the chart for 17 weeks. On other Billboard charts, the song peaked at number 16 on the Adult Contemporary chart, and number two on the Album Rock Tracks chart. The song also topped the Irish Singles Chart, while peaking at number six on the Canadian RPM Top 100 and the UK Singles Chart. In New Zealand, the song peaked at number two on the RIANZ Top 40 Singles Chart, while reaching number six on the Dutch Top 40 and number 11 on the Swedish Singles Chart. Music video The accompanying music video for the song was filmed on Fremont Street in Las Vegas on 12 April 1987 following their Joshua Tree Tour concert in that city. It features the band members wandering around while the Edge plays an acoustic guitar. The music video was later re-released on The U218 Videos compilation DVD. Pat Christenson, president of Las Vegas's official event organization, credits the group's video with improving the city's image among musicians. "The whole perception of Vegas changed with that video," Christenson said, adding, "Now all the big names come here, some of them five, six times a year." B-sides "Spanish Eyes" was created early during The Joshua Tree sessions. It began as a recording made in Adam Clayton's house of Clayton, the Edge, and Larry Mullen Jr. playing around with several different elements. The piece evolved substantially over the course of an afternoon, but the cassette and its recording was subsequently lost and forgotten. The Edge found the cassette towards the end of the album sessions and played it to the rest of the group. The band realised that it was a good track, but did not have enough time to complete it prior to The Joshua Trees release. "Deep in the Heart" stemmed from a three-chord piano piece Bono composed on the piano about the last time he had been in the family home on Cedarwood Road in Dublin, which his father had just sold. The memories of his time living there gave rise to many of the lyrical ideas on the song. The Edge and Adam Clayton reworked the piece extensively, with Bono later describing the finished result as "an almost jazz-like improvisation on three chords", also noting that "the rhythm section turned it into a very special piece of music." The song was recorded in a similar manner to the song "4th of July" from U2's 1984 album, The Unforgettable Fire; the Edge and Clayton were playing together in a room and unaware that they were being recorded on a 4-track cassette machine by the band's assistant, Marc Coleman. Reception "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" received widespread critical acclaim. Hot Press journalist Bill Graham described the song as on the one-hand as a "smart job of pop handwork, pretty standard American radio rock-ballad fare" but that "the band's rhythms are far more supple and cultivated than your average bouffant HM band of that period". The Sunday Independent suggested that the song was proof the band could be commercially accessible without resorting to rock clichรฉs. NME remarked that the song showed that the band cared about something, which made them "special". The Rocket noted that Bono's lyrics about needing personal spirituality resulted in a "unique marriage of American gospel and Gaelic soul" and that the "human perspective he brings to this sentiment rings far truer than the rantings of, say, the born-again Bob Dylan". Cash Box said that "Typically drenched in Bono-esque pathos and Edge-guitar atmospherics, 'Still' has the power of spiritual conviction delivered from the perspective of the desert sojourn rather than the comfort of the Promised Land." Several publications, including The Bergen Record and The Boston Globe, called the track "hypnotic" and interpreted it as depicting the band on a spiritual quest. The song finished in 18th place on the "Best Singles" list from The Village Voices 1987 Pazz & Jop critics' poll. Live performances The song is U2's 9th most played live song, and has been played on every tour except for the eXPERIENCE+iNNOCENCE Tour in 2018. It was played at every date of The Joshua Tree and Lovetown Tours, typically early in the main set. It was played at most of the 1992 legs of the Zoo TV Tour, typically rounding out the main set or being played acoustically on the B-Stage mid set. For most of the 1993 Zooropa shows however, the song was dropped. It returned to be played at each of the PopMart Tour's 93 shows, usually being played midway through the set. On the Elevation Tour it initially was very rare, only appearing once over the first and second legs. However, it became a regular again on the 3rd leg, being played late in the main set replacing the song "Mysterious Ways", which was used in that spot on the previous two legs. It was played at the majority of both the Vertigo and U2 360ยฐ Tours, typically early-to-mid main set. It was used as the closing song at just under half of the shows on the Innocence + Experience Tour, rotating with "One" and "40". Island Records commissioned New York choir director, Dennis Bell, to record a gospel version of the song, and Island intended to release it after U2's single. However, Island boss Chris Blackwell vetoed the plan. Bell subsequently formed his own label. While in Glasgow in late July 1987 during the Joshua Tree Tour, Rob Partridge of Island Records played the demo that Bell and his choir, the New Voices of Freedom, had made. In late September, U2 rehearsed with Bell's choir in Greater Calvary Baptist Church in Harlem for a performance together in a few days at U2's Madison Square Garden concert. The Edge's guitar was the only instrument that U2 brought to the church although Mullen borrowed a conga drum. The rehearsal was done with the church's audio system and footage was used in the Rattle and Hum motion picture. Several performances were made with a piano player; however, the version used in the film includes only Bono, the Edge, Mullen, and the choir. Audio from the Madison Square Garden performance appears on the accompanying album. A live performance of the song appears in the concert films PopMart: Live from Mexico City, Vertigo 05: Live from Milan, Live from Paris and the most recent U2 360ยฐ at the Rose Bowl. The versions on the Mexico City and Milan concert films consist of just Bono's voice and the Edge's guitar until after the first chorus where the drum and bass parts kick in. Digital live versions were released through iTunes on the Love: Live from the Point Depot and U2.COMmunication albums. Legacy "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" has been acclaimed by many critics and publications as one of the greatest songs of all time. In 2001, the song was ranked at number 120 on the RIAA's list of 365 "Songs of the Century"a project intended to "promote a better understanding of America's musical and cultural heritage"despite the group's Irish origins. In 2003, a special edition issue of Q, titled "1001 Best Songs Ever", placed "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" at number 148 on its list of the greatest songs. In 2005, Blender ranked the song at number 443 on its list of "The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born". In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked the song 93rd on its list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time"; the song remained in that position on the magazine's 2010 version of the list, but was re-ranked to 321st on the 2021 version. In 2022, New York Magazine's Vulture.com ranked the song at number four in its list of all 234 U2 songs. Los Angeles Times critic Robert Hilburn called it U2's "Let It Be", in reference to the Beatles song. The staff of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" as one of 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. The song was covered by Scottish band the Chimes in 1990 and was featured on their self-titled debut album. The rendition peaked at number six in both the United Kingdom and New Zealand charts. It also peaked into number twelve in the Netherlands chart. Singer Cher used to open her shows with a cover of the song during her 1990s and 2000s concerts. The cast of TV series Glee, led by Chord Overstreet, Kevin McHale, Darren Criss and Jenna Ushkowitz, covered the song in the eleventh episode of the fifth season, "City of Angels", as a tribute for Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith) in their national competition. A re-recorded version of the song was included on U2's 2023 album Songs of Surrender. Track listing Personnel U2 Bonoย โ€“ lead vocals The Edgeย โ€“ guitars, backing vocals Adam Claytonย โ€“ bass guitar Larry Mullen Jr.ย โ€“ drums, percussion Additional personnel Brian Enoย โ€“ production, mixing, backing vocals Daniel Lanoisย โ€“ production, mixing, backing vocals, additional guitar, tambourine Floodย โ€“ recording Dave Meeganย โ€“ additional engineering Pat McCarthyย โ€“ recording assistance Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications The Chimes version Scottish band the Chimes released a cover version of "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" in May 1990. It was released as the third single from their only album, The Chimes (1990), and reached No. 2 in Norway and No. 6 in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and New Zealand. Bono from U2 commented that the Chimes' version was the "only cover version he had heard that he enjoyed and did the original justice", adding, "at last someone's come along to sing it properly". Critical reception Stewart Mason from AllMusic described the song as "gospel-tinged", adding that it "finds new levels of power in that overplayed song, and its inclusion makes perfect thematic and musical sense instead of being the desperate plea for chart attention it might have been in less capable hands." Bill Coleman from Billboard declared it as the "perfect cover version", and a "tasteful, contemporary R&B treatment of a pop favorite [that] may be this U.K. threesome's key to a stateside breakthrough. Multiformat exposure is well-deserved." Dave Haynes from Calgary Herald complimented it as a "sultry reworking" and the "most interesting cut" of the album. Ernest Hardy from Cashbox viewed it as "a moving cover", that "should be their entry into the big time." Chris Roberts from Melody Maker wrote, "I still don't realise it's that horrible U2 song because I'm enjoying it immensely. Somehow the Chimes, gradually evolving into the most consistent of Brit soul bands, have transformed the sub-Dylan turkey into a smoochy summery thing that claws into your spinal cord and hangs there like a first kiss, purring." David Giles from Music Week stated, "This is a luxurious cover which wraps a huge voice in a Soul II Soul style backing to heart-stirring effect." Miranda Sawyer from Smash Hits noted Pauline Henry's "remarkable voice", describing the song as "classy" and "a lovely, lazy Soul II Soul-style groover." She added that it's "the sort of tune that makes you think of sappy summer things. Warm sea, sandy shores, coasting about on your bike down leafy lanes." Track listing Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Scarlett Johansson and Bono duet version In 2021, American actress Scarlett Johansson (under the role of Ash) and U2 frontman Bono (under the role of Clay Calloway) performed a duet of the song for the soundtrack of the American computer-animated jukebox musical comedy film Sing 2. The film also features two other classic songs by U2, "Where the Streets Have No Name" (also from The Joshua Tree album) (performed by the cast, the same lineup also perform the Prince song "Let's Go Crazy" earlier in the film), "Stuck in a Moment You Can't Get Out Of" (performed by Johansson), and the original song "Your Song Saved My Life", which was released as the lead single from the soundtrack on 3 November 2021. The duet was released as the nineteenth and final track on the soundtrack album on 17 December 2021. It was also featured in the trailer of the film. Charts See also List of covers of U2 songsI Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For References Footnotes Bibliography External links Lyrics on U2.com 1980s ballads 1987 singles U2 songs Gospel songs Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Cashbox number-one singles 1990 singles The Chimes (Scottish band) songs Cher songs Bonnie Tyler songs Chumbawamba songs Island Records singles CBS Records singles Song recordings produced by Brian Eno Songs written by Bono Songs written by the Edge Songs written by Adam Clayton Songs written by Larry Mullen Jr. Song recordings produced by Daniel Lanois Rock ballads 1987 songs Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
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๋กœ์‹œ (๊ฐ€์ˆ˜)
๋กœ์‹œ(Rothy, , 1999๋…„ 5์›” 6์ผ ~ )๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ๋กœ์‹œ๋Š” ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ์‹œ์ ˆ ์˜ค๋””์…˜์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ ์Šนํ›ˆ์˜ ์†Œ์†์‚ฌ ๋„๋กœ์‹œ ์ปดํผ๋‹ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์Šนํ›ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง์ ‘ 4๋…„๊ฐ„ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ฆ์€ ๋’ค ๊ฐ€์š”๊ณ„์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 4๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋„๋กœ์‹œ ์ปดํผ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์—ฐ์Šต์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์–ต์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์•„์ด๋Œ ์—ฐ์Šต์ƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋œ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. "์†ก์บ ํ”„๋„ ๊ฐ€๊ณ , ์ถค๋„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ , ๊ธฐํƒ€๋„ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ปฌ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ๋‘๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์‹ ์Šนํ›ˆ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋‹˜๊ป˜๋„ ์ผ๋Œ€์ผ ๋งž์ถค ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์ ์ด ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋œ ์ง€์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒโ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 5๋…„์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์‹ ์Šนํ›ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ํŠน๋ณ„ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋‹์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์˜จ ๋กœ์‹œ๋Š” ์Œ์•…์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ค‘์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒธ๋น„ํ•œ ์‹ค๋ ฅํŒŒ๋กœ, '์‹ ์Šนํ›ˆ์˜ ๋ฎค์ฆˆ'๋กœ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ๋ท” ์ „ ๊ฐ€์š”๊ณ„์˜ ์ด๋ชฉ์„ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ ํŒ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ Jessie J๋ฅผ ์กด๊ฒฝํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ด๋ถ„ ์˜ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์••๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ์™€ ์ •๋ง ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฉฐ ํผํฌ๋จผ์Šค๋ฉฐ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋งค ๋„ˆ๋ฉฐ ์ž์‹  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ํ•œ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ค‘ํ•™์ƒ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณต์—ฐ ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ '์Œ์•…์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์Œ์•…์„ ์ง์—…์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋†€์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค'๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋กค๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ๋Š” ์•„์ด์œ ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋…€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํƒ‘ ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์†”๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ฑธ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๋กœ์‹œ์˜ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์“ฐ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœํ•„์—์„œ ๋กœ์‹œ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋งค๋ ฅ์„ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ท€์—ฌ์šด ์™ธ๋ชจ์™€๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋†€๋ผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์€ ์˜์ƒ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ณด์˜€๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋…€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ„ธํ„ธํ•ด๋„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ„ธํ„ธํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™œ๋™ 2017 1st single [Stars] 2017.11.09 ์ฒซ ์•จ๋ฒ”์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์†Œ๋…€์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋กœ์‹œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฅ ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜ ์ž์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„์•ˆ๊ณผ ํž˜๋“ค์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ ์‹ ์Šนํ›ˆ์”จ๋Š” "๋กœ์‹œ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๋ณด๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰์†Œ์—๋„ ๋‚˜์ด๋‹ต์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์œ„์•ˆ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ธฐ์—, ๋กœ์‹œ์˜ 10๋Œ€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์„ ์ž์•„์ •์ฒด์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„๋กœ์™€ ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ์ฐพ์•„์ฃผ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘์„ ํ•ด๋ณด๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ "์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์Œ์•…์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ณด๋žŒ์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์œผ๋ฉด ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ์ œ์ž‘์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ง„์‹ฌ์ด ๋‹ด๊ธด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 11์›” 9์ผ ๋กœ์‹œ๋Š” ์ด ๋‚  ๋ชฉ์š”์ผ PM 12:00์— ๋ฐ๋ท”๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ธ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ๋กœ์‹œ์˜ ๋ฐ๋ท”๊ณก 'Stars'๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ 7์ผ M2 Voice ์ฑ„๋„์˜ 'ํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ(Face Live)' ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ดํ›„ ์Œ์•… ํŒฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋ฉฐ '์ฐจํŠธ ์—ญ์ฃผํ–‰'์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋กœ์‹œ์˜ 'Stars' 'ํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ' ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์งํ›„ ์Œ์•… ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ๋ฉœ๋ก  ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์–ด 3์œ„์— ์˜ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์— ์ด์–ด ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋ฎค์ง ํ†ฑ 100์— ์ง„์ž…, 59์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฉœ๋ก ์—์„œ๋„ 368์œ„์—์„œ 194์œ„๋กœ 167๊ณ„๋‹จ ๊ธ‰์ƒ์Šน, ๋ฐœ๋งค ์ดํ›„ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 12์›” 15์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 17์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ 3์ผ๊ฐ„ ์„œ์šธ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ๊ณต์› ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝํ™€์—์„œ ์—ฐ๋ง ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ '2017 THE ์‹ ์Šนํ›ˆ SHOW-Winter Special'์— ๊ฒŒ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018 ์ €๊ธ€๋Ÿฌ์Šค OST Part.5 2018.01.02 ๋ธ”๋ฝ๋น„ ์œ ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์ €๊ธ€๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ OST๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3์›” 27์ผ ํ‚ค์ธ์˜ '๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘˜๊ฒŒ'๋ฅผ ๋”ฉ๊ณ ๋ฎค์ง์—์„œ ํ‚ค์ธ๊ณผ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ ์„ธ๋กœ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์˜์ƒ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2nd single [์ˆ ๋ž˜] 2018.06.01 ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•จ๋ฒ”์—์„œ๋Š” ์Šค๋ฌด์‚ด์ด ๋œ ๋กœ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ž์•„๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ์ธต ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ๋ฎค์ง๋น„๋””์˜ค์—์„œ ์œ ์Šนํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊น€๋น„์„œ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ OST Part.4 2018.06.27 ํŽœํƒ€๊ณค์˜ ์ง„ํ˜ธ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๊น€๋น„์„œ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์˜ OST๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌํ”Œ๋ฆฌ Vol.2 2018.07.08 ๋ฎค์ง๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ฆฌํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ OST๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์Šนํ›ˆ์˜ ๋‚˜๋น„ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”์ดํฌ ํ•œ ๊ณก์ด๋‹ค. 1st mini album [Shape of Rothy]2018.08.30 ๋กœ์‹œ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๋ฐ๋ท”๊ณก โ€˜๋ฒ„๋‹โ€™์€ ํŠธ๋ Œ๋””ํ•œ ์—…ํ…œํฌ์˜ ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์ปฌ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ์žฅ๋ฅด์˜ ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ, ํŒ์†ก์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•œ ์„ธ๋ จ๋œ ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋””์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ์ด›๋ถˆ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋”ง๋ถˆ์ด๋กœ ๋น„์œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ƒ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ค‘์ ์ธ ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋””์™€ ์ค‘๋…์ ์ธ ํ‚ฌ๋ง ํŒŒํŠธ, ๋†’์€ ์Œ์•…์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฃจ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์›ฐ๋ฉ”์ด๋“œ ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ๋กœ์‹œ (ROTHY) - ๋ฒ„๋‹ (Burning) [์—‰๋ง์ง„์ฐฝ ์ œ์ž‘์†Œ : LIVE]๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 9์›” 7์ผ ์œ ํฌ์—ด์˜ ์Šค์ผ€์น˜๋ถ์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 9์›” 12์ผ ์˜คํ›„ 9์‹œ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋˜๋Š” ๋„ค์ด๋ฒ„ V๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ '์บ์Šคํผ๋ผ๋””์˜ค' ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ DJ๋กœ ๋ฐœํƒ๋˜์–ด '๋กœ์‹œ์˜ ๋ฆฝ(Lip)๋ฐค'์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 9์›” 20์ผ ์— ์นด์šดํŠธ๋‹ค์šด์—์„œ ์ง€๋‚œํ•ด ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ 'Stars'๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ์„ฐ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„ˆ๋“ค์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์ ๊ทน ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ทฐํ‹ฐ ์ธ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ OST Part.1 2018.10.01๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ทฐํ‹ฐ ์ธ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ์˜ OST '๊ตฌ๋ฆ„'์ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์˜ˆ ๋กœ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ OST โ€˜๊ตฌ๋ฆ„โ€™์€ ๋ชฝ๊ธ€๋ชฝ๊ธ€ ํ”ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์–ด๋””์—๋ผ๋„ ๊ฐ์ถ”๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค์€ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒ์†ก์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์ฒซ ํšŒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฝ์ž…๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋‘ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ํ•œ์„ธ๊ณ„(์„œํ˜„์ง„ ๋ถ„), ์„œ๋„์žฌ(์ด๋ฏผ๊ธฐ ๋ถ„)์˜ ๋‹ฌ์ฝค ์—‰๋šฑํ•œ ๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ธ์— ํฌ์ธํŠธ ์Œ์•…์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์•ฝํ•œ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 11์›” 2์ผ ๋กœ์‹œ (Rothy) - ๋‚˜๋น„ํšจ๊ณผ Live๋ฅผ [์‚ฐ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณ„์ด ๋น›๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐค์—]์—์„œ ๋ถˆ๋ €๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 11์›” 13์ผ 2019ํ•™๋…„๋„ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ˆ˜ํ•™๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์‹œํ—˜ ์‘์› ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์™”๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 11์›” 23์ผ 1์ฃผ๋…„์„ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•˜์—ฌ VLIVE์— โ˜…๋กœ์‹œ์˜ ์šฐ๋‹นํƒ•ํƒ• 1์ฃผ๋…„ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์ค€๋น„โ˜…๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋ฌผ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ์™”๋‹ค. 2019 3rd single [๋‹ค ํ•€ ๊ฝƒ] 2019.01.30 [๋‹ค ํ•€ ๊ฝƒ]์€ '๋‹ค ํ•€ ๊ฝƒ'์€ ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ฝƒ ํ•œ ์†ก์ด์™€, ๊ธธ๊ฐ€์— ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง„ ์นจ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ—ค์–ด์ง„ ์•„ํ””์— ์ ˆ๋ฌ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„์œ ํ•ด ๋…น์—ฌ๋‚ธ ๊ณก์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ฌํ•ด ์Šค๋ฌผํ•œ ์‚ด์ด ๋œ ๋กœ์‹œ์˜ ํ•œ์ธต ์• ์ ˆํ•ด์ง„ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๊ฒจ์žˆ์–ด ๋กœ์‹œ ๋งŒ์˜ ์œ ๋‹ˆํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋”์šฑ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•œ ๋ณด์ปฌ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณ ์Šค๋ž€ํžˆ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์›ฐ๋ฉ”์ด๋“œ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๋“œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜ ๋กœ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋กœ์‹œ์˜ ๊ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ „ํ•ด์ค„์ง€ ๋ˆˆ๊ธธ์„ ๋ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด์ฟ ์Šคํ‹ฑ ๊ธฐํƒ€์™€ ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์กฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ ์›…์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊นŠ์€ ์šธ๋ฆผ์„ ์„ ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋กœ์‹œ์˜ ์œ ๋‹ˆํฌํ•œ ๋ณด์ปฌ์ด ๋”ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ๊ฒจ์šธ ๊ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ €๊ฒฉํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๋ฐœ๋งค ์ „ ๊ณต์‹ SNS๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ '๋‹ค ํ•€ ๊ฝƒ' 1๋ถ„ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์˜์ƒ์ด 2์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋งŒ์— 10๋งŒ ์กฐํšŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ก, ์Œ์›์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์–ด 1์œ„์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋ฐœ๋งค ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์–ป๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 1์›” 30์ผ ๋ฉœ๋ก  ์ฐจํŠธ์—์„œ 75์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 1์›” 31์ผ ์‹ ์˜ˆ ๋กœ์‹œ์˜ ์‹ ๊ณก '๋‹ค ํ•€ ๊ฝƒ'์˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ์ƒ์น˜ ์•Š๋‹ค. '๋‹ค ํ•€ ๊ฝƒ'์€ 31์ผ ์˜ค์ „ 9์‹œ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ง€๋‹ˆ, ์˜ฌ๋ ˆ๋ฎค์ง 2์œ„, ๋ชฝํ‚ค3 6์œ„, ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”๋‹ค 8์œ„, ๋„ค์ด๋ฒ„๋ฎค์ง 14์œ„, ๋ฒ…์Šค 20์œ„, ๋ฉœ๋ก  26์œ„, ์— ๋„ท 30์œ„ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์–ป๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” ์ด๋ก€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Œ์›์ฐจํŠธ ์ตœ์ƒ์œ„๊ถŒ์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋‚จ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ์„ ๊ณผ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 2์›” 7์ผ [๋ฌธํฌ์ค€์˜ ๋ฎค์ง์‡ผ]'์ข‹์€ ๊ฑด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค with ๋กœ์‹œ & ๋…ธํƒœํ˜„ (๊ฐœ์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ์…˜)'๋กœ '๋ฒ„๋‹' ์•ˆ๋ฌด์™€ '๋‚˜๋น„ํšจ๊ณผ' ํ•œ์†Œ์ ˆ, ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ ˆ๋“œ๋ฒจ๋ฒณ์˜ ๋นจ๊ฐ„๋ง›์„ ๋ถˆ๋ €๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋งจ์Šค๋Š” ๋ณ„์ฑ…๋ถ€๋ก OST Part.2 2019.02.10 '๋ ˆ์ธ๋ณด์šฐ(Rainbow)'๋Š” ์–ด์ฟ ์Šคํ‹ฑํ•œ ๋ฐด๋“œ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ณก์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณก ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋“ค๋ ค์˜ค๋Š” ๋Ÿฌํ”„ํ•œ ๋“œ๋Ÿผ๊ณผ ์–ด์ฟ ์Šคํ‹ฑ ๊ธฐํƒ€์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์€ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๋ถ€๋‹ด์Šค๋Ÿฝ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋‹ด๋ฐฑํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„ˆ๋“ค์˜ ๊ท€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žก๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ OST๋Š” ๋‹จ์ด(์ด๋‚˜์˜ ๋ถ„)์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์€ํ˜ธ(์ด์ข…์„ ๋ถ„)์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ธ ํ…Œ๋งˆ์†ก ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. '๋งค์ผ ๋ฐค ๋งค์ผ ๋‚œ ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋˜ ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์ž…๊ฐ€์— ๋„ค ์ด๋ฆ„ ์ž”๋œฉ ๋ฌผ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์›€์„ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์ž ์ด ๋“ค์ฃ '๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋“ฏ ์€ํ˜ธ์˜ ์• ํ‹‹ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ๋‹ด์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ƒ์ ์ด๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 2์›” 11์ผ [์‹ ์Šนํ›ˆx๋กœ์‹œ]๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•œ ํ…”๋กœ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์Œ์›, 'Fortune Teller'๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 2์›” 18์ผ ๋กœ์‹œ(Rothy) OFFICIAL FANDOM NAME [Bloomimg]์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฝƒ์ด ๋งŒ๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ '๋ธ”๋ฃจ๋ฐ(Blooming)'์€ ๋กœ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฎ์•„ ๊ฝƒ ๊ฐ™์ด ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ™œ์ง ํ•€ ๊ฝƒ ๊ธธ์„ ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฑท๋Š” ๋กœ์‹œ์™€ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ๋ฐ์ด ๋˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2nd mini album [COLOR OF ROTHY] 2019.05.27 ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์•จ๋ฒ” '์…ฐ์ดํ”„ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋กœ์‹œ(Shape of Rothy)'๋กœ ๋กœ์‹œ์˜ ์Œ์•…์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์Šค์ผ€์น˜ํ•˜๋“ฏ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด๋ฒˆ '์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋กœ์‹œ'๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋กœ์‹œ๋งŒ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ฑ„๋กœ์šด ์Œ์•… ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•œ์ธต ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. "๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ๋กœ์‹œ๊ฐ€ 27์ผ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์•จ๋ฒ” '์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋กœ์‹œ'๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ๋ท” ์•จ๋ฒ” '์…ฐ์ดํ”„ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋กœ์‹œ'๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์ฒœํ›„ ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋กœ์‹œ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด๋ฒˆ ์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ฑ„๋กœ์šด ์ƒ‰๊น”์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋ฎค์ง€์…˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค"_ ๋„๋กœ์‹œ์ปดํผ๋‹ˆ '๋ฒ„๋‹'์ดํ›„ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋Œ„์Šค๊ณก์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋กœ์‹œ๋Š” "๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ„์Šค๊ณก์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ๋ฅด๊ณก์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋„์ „๊ณผ ์„ค๋ ˜์ด ๊ณต์กดํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค." ๋กœ์‹œ๋Š” "์ €์˜ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€๊ณก โ€œBEEโ€๋Š” ๊ฝƒ์— ๊ฟ€๋ฒŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์— ๋น„์œ ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ท€์—ฝ๊ณ  ์‹œํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹น๋Œํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํž™ํ•ฉ ์•Œ์•ค๋น„ ๊ณก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!" ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•จ๋ฒ”์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ก๊ณก'์–ด์ œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž๋ž์–ด'๋Š” "์ €์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๊ณก์ด๊ธฐ์— ๋”์šฑ ์• ์ •์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค 'Stars'์— ์ด์–ด์„œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ„๋กœ์˜ ํž๋ง์†ก์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„๊นŒ ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 5์›” 27์ผ [1์ธ์นญ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ] ๋กœ์‹œ(Rothy) - BEE๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 5์›” 29์ผ 2019.05.29 - 2019.06.12๋™์•ˆ ๋กœ์‹œ์˜ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์•จ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„๋Œ€๋ฐฑํ™”์  ์‚ผ์„ฑ์ ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 6์›” 1์ผ [๋ฆด๋ ˆ์ด๋Œ„์Šค] ๋กœ์‹œ (Rothy) - BEE๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์•จ๋ฒ” ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ ์•จ๋ฒ” OST ์ถœ์—ฐ์ž‘ ๋ฎค์ง๋น„๋””์˜ค ์˜ˆ๋Šฅ 2019๋…„ MBC ใ€Š๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์Œ์•…์‡ผ ๋ณต๋ฉด๊ฐ€์™•ใ€‹ - ๋‚ด ๊ท€์— ํ—ˆ๋‹ˆ~ ๊ฟ€๋ณด์ด์Šค (์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž) 2019๋…„ SBS ใ€Š๋Ÿฐ๋‹๋งจใ€‹ 461ํšŒ 7์›” 28์ผ ๋ฐฉ์†ก; ๊ฒŒ์ŠคํŠธ - ์žฅ์ง„ํฌ, ์†ก์ง€์ธ, ์Šนํฌ ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 2020๋…„ SBS ใ€Š์ง‘์‚ฌ๋ถ€์ผ์ฒดใ€‹ ๊ฒŒ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 1999๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๋“œ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์–‘๊ตฌ ์ถœ์‹  ์ธ์ฒœ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ ์ถœ์‹  ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜ ํ•œ๋ฆผ์—ฐ์˜ˆ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothy
Rothy
Kang Joo-hee (, born May 6, 1999), better known by the stage name Rothy (), is a South Korean singer. She made her debut on November 9, 2017, with the digital single "Stars". She was known as "Shin Seung-hun's Muse" by reporters. Early life Rothy attended Incheon Annam Middle School. She graduated from the Department of Applied Music at Hanlim Multi Art School. Career 2013โ€“2016: Pre-debut After auditioning in middle school, Rothy signed with Dorothy Company, receiving direct training from Shin Seung-hun for four years before making her debut. On her atypical idol training, Rothy said, "I went to a song camp, learned dance, and learned guitar. I focused on vocal training, but there were two teachers. I also received personalized one-on-one guidance from CEO Shin Seung-hun. That would be the differentiating point." 2017: "Stars" Rothy released her first single "Stars" on November 9, 2017. "Stars" contains the story of a girl who is looking for her dream. Producer Shin Seung-hun said, "I'm trying to start Rothy with empathy. Knowing that she wants to sing songs that comfort her friends despite her age, she spent the last days of her teenage years looking for comfort and confidence in her self-identity and confusion." As a producer, he revealed his sincere wish, saying, "It's important to gain popularity, but I hope that people who sympathize with my song will find the reward as a musician." After the release of the Face Live video for "Stars" through the M2 YouTube Channel, the single had a "chart reversal", ranking 3rd in real-time search terms on Melon, entered the Genie Music Top 100 and ranked 59th, and also rose 167 places from 368th to 194th on Melon, the highest ranking since its release. Rothy was invited as a guest for Shin Seung-hun's year-end concert "2017 THE Shin Seung-hun SHOW-Winter Special" at the Olympic Hall in Olympic Park, Seoul for three days from December 15 to 17. 2018: Shape of Rothy On January 2, 2018, Rothy released "Baby Baby" with U-Kwon of Block B for the OST of Jugglers. On June 1, Rothy released her second single "Sullae", with Yoo Seung-ho appearing in the music video for the single. Rothy, who turned 20, showed a more mature story of finding herself through the single. On June 27, she released "A Little Bit More" with Jinho of Pentagon for the OST of What's Wrong with Secretary Kim. On July 8, Rothy released the song "Butterfly Effect" for the drama RE:Playlist. The track is a remake of Shin Seung-hun's "Butterfly Effect". On August 30, Rothy released her first mini-album Shape of Rothy with the title track "Burning", a trendy up-tempo tropical house genre song, with a sophisticated melody that feels like a pop song, in addition to the sensuous lyrics that compare love to candlelight and fireflies. On September 7, she appeared on Yoo Hee-yeol's Sketchbook. On September 20, she appeared on M Countdown with "Stars", which was said to have reflected the listeners' requests. On October 1, she released the track "Cloud" for the OST of The Beauty Inside. "Cloud" is a love song containing a shy heart that wants to hide the feelings that are blooming everywhere and is used in the first episode of the show. 2019: "Blossom Flower", Color of Rothy On January 30, 2019, Rothy released her third single "Blossom Flower", a song that compares an unknown flower and a bed abandoned on the roadside to the pain of parting. The track uses both acoustic guitar and an orchestra. The track peaked at 2nd on Genie and Olleh Music, 6th on Monkey3, 8th on Soribada, 14th on Naver Music, 20th on Bugs, 26th on Melon, and 30th on Mnet. On February 10, she released "Rainbow" for the OST of Romance Is a Bonus Book. On February 11, Shin Seung-hun x Rothy's Tello brand sound "Fortune Teller" was released. On February 18, Rothy's official fandom name "Bloomimg" was announced. "Blooming", which means flowers are in full bloom, resembles Rothy and symbolizes people as beautiful as flowers, also containing the meaning of wishing Rothy and Blooming to always walk together along the path of flowers in full bloom. On May 27, Rothy's second mini-album Color of Rothy was released with the title track "Bee". With Shape of Rothy representing a sketch, Color of Rothy represented color. This was Rothy's second song with a choreography after "Burning". Rothy said, "The title track, 'Bee', is a hip-hop R&B song that shows a very cute, chic, and bold side with lyrics that compare bees to flowers". On the B-side track "Beautiful Days", she said that "it's a song that I have a lot of affection for because it contains the story of my growth." Rothy competed on King of Mask Singer as "Sweet Voice", becoming a runner-up after losing to Kyuhyun of Super Junior in the final round. 2020โ€“present: Singles On July 4, 2020, Rothy released "Sleepless Night" for the OST of Backstreet Rookie. On August 13, she released her fourth digital single "Ocean View", featuring Chanyeol of Exo. On June 9, 2021, she released "We Will Be Not All Together" for the OST of At a Distance, Spring Is Green with Han Seung-yoon. On October 14, Rothy released her fifth digital single "Cold Love". On November 21, she released "Our Road" for the OST of Jirisan. On February 24, 2022, she released her sixth digital single "Believe". On March 12, she released "Something Precious" for the OST of Forecasting Love and Weather. On July 5, Rothy released her seventh digital single "Changed Number". On May 31, 2023, she released her eighth digital single "Diamond". In August, Rothy released "Alive" for the soundtrack of Not Others. She is scheduled to release her single "Something Casual" on October 12. Artistry Rothy had stated that she admires Jessie J, and that when she first saw Jessie J perform live, she fell in love at first sight with her charisma, singing, performance, stage manners, confidence, and enjoyment. She said that during middle school, while looking for performance videos, she had a heart that wants "to love music and enjoy music as an activity rather than a job." Rothy has also referred to IU as a role model, saying that she wants to become a top artist like her, and as a solo female singer, someone can look at her and walk with her. In Rothy's first profile, she said that her charm is her voice, because she has a voice that is the opposite of her appearance, which surprises people. Discography Extended plays Singles Soundtrack appearances Filmography Film Television shows References 1999 births Living people 21st-century South Korean women singers Hanlim Multi Art School alumni Musicians from Incheon
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8%20%EB%B0%9C%EC%A0%80
๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ €
๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ €(, 1878๋…„ 4์›” 15์ผ ~ 1956๋…„ 12์›” 25์ผ)๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์Šค์˜ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  1878๋…„ ์Šค์œ„์Šค์˜ ๋นŒ์—์„œ ์ œ๋ณธ๊ฐ€์ธ ์•„๋Œํ”„ ๋ฐœ์ €์™€ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฒ ํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ๋‚จ๋งค์ค‘ ์ผ๊ณฑ์งธ๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜ ๋…์ผ์–ด๊ถŒ ์Šค์œ„์Šค์™€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด๊ถŒ ์Šค์œ„์Šค์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ธ ๋นŒ์—์„œ ์ด์ค‘ ์–ธ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์–ด๋ ค์›€์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ๋น„ ๊น€๋‚˜์ง€์›€์„ ๋งˆ์น˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•™์—…์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋‚˜์ด๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฐ๊ทน์— ๋งค๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ์‹ค๋Ÿฌ์˜ <๊ฐ•๋„๋“ค>์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1894๋…„ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ •์‹  ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. 1892๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1895๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฒ ๋ฅธ์ฃผ ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ์€ํ–‰์—์„œ ๊ฒฌ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ์ผํ•œ๋‹ค. 1895๋…„ ํ˜•์ธ ์นด๋ฅผ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋…์ผ์˜ ์ŠˆํˆฌํŠธ๊ฐ€๋ฅดํŠธ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์œ ๋‹ˆ์˜จ ๋…์ผ ์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์„œ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์‹œ์ ˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฟˆ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋‚˜, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ์ฑ„ ๊ฑธ์–ด์„œ ์Šค์œ„์Šค๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํžˆ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ง์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™์ ์ด๊ธด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์›์ด๋‚˜ ์„œ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฐ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด, ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•˜์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ์ข…์—…์›์˜ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๋ฌธํ•™์— ๋„์ž…ํ•œ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋…์ผ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. 1989๋…„, ๋ฒ ๋ฅธ์˜ ์‹ ๋ฌธ ๋ถ„ํŠธ ์ง€์— ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹œ ์—ฌ์„ฏํŽธ์ด ์‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ทธ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ ํ”„๋ž€์ธ  ๋ธ”๋ผ์ด์˜ ์ฃผ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฎŒํ—จ ๊ฑฐ์ ์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™ ์žก์ง€ <์„ฌ>์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋œ๋‹ค. <์„ฌ>์— ์‹œ์™€ ์‚ฐ๋ฌธ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ๋‹ค. 1903๋…„ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ฐ€์ด์ž ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด์ธ ์นด๋ฅผ ๋‘๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์กฐ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๊ทธ์˜ ์žฅํŽธ์†Œ์„ค <์กฐ์ˆ˜>(1908)์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. 1904๋…„ ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฑ… <ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ธ  ์ฝ”ํ—ค๋ฅด์˜ ์ž‘๋ฌธ์ง‘>์ด ์ธ์ ค์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ถœ๊ฐ„๋œ๋‹ค. 1905๋…„ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์—์„œ ํ•˜์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฃŒํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ทธํ•ด ๊ฐ€์„ ์˜ค๋ฒ„์Š๋ ˆ์ง€์—” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ ์„ฑ์— ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ๊ฐ„ ํ•˜์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ์˜ ํ•˜์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ํŠนํžˆ ์žฅํŽธ์†Œ์„ค <์•ผ์ฝฅ ํฐ ๊ตฐํ…>(1909)์—์„œ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์˜ ํ˜• ์นด๋ฅผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ํ™”๊ฐ€์ด์ž ๋„์„œ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ, ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋˜ ์นด๋ฅผ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œ์ผœ ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” 6์ฃผ๋งŒ์— ์žฅํŽธ์†Œ์„ค <ํƒ„๋„ˆ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋‚จ๋งค๋“ค>์„ ์ง‘ํ•„ํ•˜์—ฌ 1907๋…„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ๋‹ค. 1908๋…„์—๋Š” ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์žฅํŽธ <์กฐ์ˆ˜>๊ฐ€ ์ถœ๊ฐ„๋˜๊ณ  1909๋…„์—๋Š” <์•ผ์ฝฅ ํฐ ๊ตฐํ…>์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์žฅํŽธ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฐ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์žก์ง€์— ์‚ฐ๋ฌธ๋“ค๋„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ  ํฐ ํ˜ธํ‰์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฌด์งˆ๊ณผ ์ฟ ๋ฅดํŠธ ํˆฌํ™€์Šคํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์นญ์ฐฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ—ค๋ฅด๋งŒ ํ—ค์„ธ, ํ”„๋ž€์ธ  ์นดํ”„์นด๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ์• ๋…์ž์ž„์„ ๋ฐํžŒ๋‹ค. 1913๋…„ ์Šค์œ„์Šค๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ฒจ๋ ๋ผ์ด์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ˆ„์ด ๋ฆฌ์ž์˜ ์ง‘์—, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์–ด์„œ ๋นŒ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์ง‘์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ <ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ์‹ญ์ž๊ฐ€> ํ˜ธํ…”์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฝ๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ 1920๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค. 1์ฐจ ๋Œ€์ „์ด ๋ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ €๋„ ๊ตฐ์— ์ง•์ง‘๋œ๋‹ค. 1916๋…„ ์ •์‹ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์•“๋˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ํ˜• ์—๋ฅธ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋‹ค์šฐ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  1919๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋ฅธ์˜ ์ง€๋ฆฌํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ด๋˜ ํ˜• ํ—ค๋ฅด๋งŒ์ด ์ž์‚ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋…์ผ ๋ฌธํ•™๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋‹จ์ ˆ๋œ ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ, ๋ฐœ์ €๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ ์ƒํ™œ๋กœ ๋น ์ ธ๋“ ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ์‚ฐ๋ฌธ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ๊ฐ„๋œ๋‹ค. <์ž‘๋ฌธ๋“ค>(1913), <์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค> (1914) <์ž‘์€ ๋ฌธํ•™>(1915), <์‚ฐ๋ฌธ์ง‘> (1917) <์งง์€ ์‚ฐ๋ฌธ>1917 <์‹œ์ธ์˜ ์‚ถ>(1917) <์‚ฐ์ฑ…>(1917) <์ฝ”๋ฉ”๋””>(1919), <๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ>(1920). <์ž‘์€ ๋ฌธํ•™>์œผ๋กœ โ€ž๋ผ์ธ๋ž€ํŠธ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—ฐํ•ฉํšŒ ์ƒโ€œ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ ์˜ˆ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ฆ๊ฒจํ•˜๋˜ ๋ฐœ์ €์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทœ์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ๋ฐค์—๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธด ๋„๋ณด์—ฌํ–‰์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 1921๋…„ ๋ฒ ๋ฅธ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ๋™์•ˆ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ณด๊ด€์†Œ์˜ ๋ณด์กฐ๋กœ ์ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์žฅํŽธ <ํ…Œ์˜ค๋„๋ฅด>๋ฅผ ์ง‘ํ•„. ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅธ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ €๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€์™€ ์ฐจ๋‹จ๋œ ์ฑ„ ์€๋‘”์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ 12๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ 16๋ฒˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1929๋…„ ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณตํ™ฉ๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฐ์ฆ์„ธ์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋˜ ๋ฐœ์ €๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋‹ค์šฐ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์›์— ์ž…์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡์ฃผ ๋’ค ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธ์ „๋˜์ž ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ธ€์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์ „์— ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋”๋”˜ ์†๋„์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ ์  ๋” ์ž‘์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•„๊ธฐ์ฒด๋กœ ๊ธ€์„ ์ผ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์—๋Š” ํ•œ ํ™œ์ž์˜ ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ 1 ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ โ€ž๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋žŒโ€œ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1933๋…„ ํ—ค๋ฆฌ์ž์šฐ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์›์œผ๋กœ ์ด์†ก๋œ ํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ข…์ด๋ด‰ํˆฌ ์ ‘๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค. 1935๋…„, ์Šค์œ„์Šค ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ธ ์นด๋ฅผ ์ ค๋ฆฌํžˆ๋Š” ํ—ค๋ผ์ž์šฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์“ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต์—์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์žŠํžŒ ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒฌ์ง๋ฌผ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์˜ ์•„๋“ค์ธ ์ ค๋ฆฌํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์€ ์œ ์‚ฐ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์˜ค์ง ๋ฌธํ•™์—๋งŒ ๋ชฐ๋‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ถ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ—ค๋ฅด๋งŒ ํ—ค์„ธ, ์Šˆํ…ŒํŒ ์ธ ๋ฐ”์ดํฌ, ๋กœ๋งน ๋กค๋ž‘ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด 7์›”, ์ ค๋ฆฌํžˆ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ํ—ค๋ฆฌ์ž์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ €์™€ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ณ , ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌธ ์„ ์ง‘ <์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž‘์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„>๋ฅผ ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ—ค๋ฅด๋งŒ ํ—ค์„ธ๋‚˜ ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ๋งŒ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์œ ๋ช… ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์„œํ‰๋„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ €๊ฐ€ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋†“์ธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด์™€ ๋ฌธํ™” ์žฌ๋‹จ์—์„œ ์ง€์›๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ฃผ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ํ˜• ์นด๋ฅผ(1943)๊ณผ ๋ˆ„์ด ๋ฆฌ์ž(1944)์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์ดํ›„ ์ ค๋ฆฌํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ํ›„๊ฒฌ์ธ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ์ €๋Š” ๊ดดํŒํ•œ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ด๊ธด ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฏธ ํ•œ์ฐธ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณ‘์ฆ์€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ํ‡ด์›์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ ค๋ฆฌํžˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋งŒ๋‚จ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ <๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ €์™€์˜ ์‚ฐ์ฑ…>(1957)์„ ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ €๋Š” ์—ด๊ด‘์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋…ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์ฑ…์ž์˜€๋‹ค. 1956๋…„ 12์›” 25์ผ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ™€๋กœ ๋‚˜์„  ์‚ฐ์ฑ… ์ค‘์— ๋ˆˆ ์œ„์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์€ ๊ทธ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌธ <ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ์Šค ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ>์— ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋œ, ์“ธ์“ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์™ธ๋กœ์šด ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์•”์‹œ์™€ ๊ฒน์ณ์ง„๋‹ค. "์ถ•์ œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ์›ƒ์Œ์ด ๋„˜์ณ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ช… ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ ํ˜๋ €์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„ํ””์ด ์‰ฝ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€์Šด์œผ๋กœ ์Šค๋ฉฐ๋“ค๊ณ , ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ํ•œ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ํšŒ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ์ž…์„ ๋ฒŒ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ๋‚˜์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šด ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๊ณ ํ†ต์ด ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ”ผ์–ด์˜ค๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด์•ผ ๋ง๋กœ, ๋งˆ์Œ์† ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณณ์˜ ์ง„์งœ ์–ผ๊ตด์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ด์—ฌ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์šด๋ช…์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ™€๋ฅญํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ณ์„ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ž€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์›Œ๋‚™ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋งค์ฒด์— ์งง์€ ์‚ฐ๋ฌธ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฐ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋˜ ์—ฌํƒ€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ผ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์ž์„œ์ „ ๋“ฑ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ํŽธ์ง€ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐœ์ € ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ณด์™„์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ ์œ ๊ฒํŠธ์Šคํ‹ธ๊ณผ ์œ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ(1898-1905), ๋น„๊ต์  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ฃผ์˜์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์žฅํŽธ์ด ์“ฐ์ธ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€(1905-1913), ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์Šค์œ„์Šค์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋นŒ ์‹œ๋Œ€(1913-1920), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ ์  ๋” ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์€๋‘”์˜ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง™์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋ฅธ ์‹œ๋Œ€(1921-1933). 1933๋…„ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ„๊ฐ„ํžˆ ์“ฐ๋˜ ํŽธ์ง€๋„ 1949๋…„ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ค‘๋‹จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ(1898-1905) ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 1989๋…„ <์กดํƒ์Šค๋ธ”๋ผํŠธ ๋ฐ์Šค ๋ถ„๋ฐ์ŠคSonntagsblatt des Bundes >์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ์ €๋Š” ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์™•์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์™€ ์‚ฐ๋ฌธ, ํฌ๊ณก์„ ์ง‘ํ•„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ์ค‘ ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์ถœ๊ฐ„๋œ ์‹œ์ง‘์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ €๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์‚ฐ๋ฌธ์„ ์ผ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ธ 1898-1905, ๋นŒ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์ธ 1919-1920, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฒ ๋ฅธ ์‹œ๋Œ€1924-1931๋กœ ๊ตญํ•œ๋œ๋‹ค. 1904๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ์ฒซ ์ฑ… <ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ธ  ์ฝ”ํ—ค๋ฅด์˜ ์ž‘๋ฌธ์ง‘>์ด ์ธ์ ค ์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜ ๋ฐœ์ €๋Š” ์ด ์ž‘๋ฌธ์ง‘์„ ์‹œ์™€ ํฌ๊ณกํŽธ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ 3๊ถŒ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฑ…์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค์ž ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ˜ธ์˜์ ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํŒ๋งค๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€์ง„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฑ…์€ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๊ณ  ํ›„์† ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋Š” ์ถœ๊ฐ„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ โ€ž์•„๋ž˜โ€œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ(ํ•˜๊ธ‰ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ง์›, ์ ์›์˜ ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฌธํ•™)์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ , ํ‰๋ก ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ โ€ž๊ทผ๋กœ์ž ๋ฌธํ•™โ€œ์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€ (1905-1913) ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๋„ ์™•์„ฑํ•œ ์ง‘ํ•„์€ ๊ณ„์†๋œ๋‹ค. 1906๋…„-1909๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ์„ธ ์žฅํŽธ <ํƒ„๋„ˆ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋‚จ๋งค๋“ค>, <์กฐ์ˆ˜>, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  <์•ผ์ฝฅ ํฐ ๊ตฐํ…>์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋…ธ ์นด์‹œ๋Ÿฌ ์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ํŽธ์ง‘์ž์ธ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฒซ ์žฅํŽธ <ํƒ„๋„ˆ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋‚จ๋งค๋“ค>์„ ์ฝ๊ณ  ๊ฐ๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋„์Šคํ† ์˜™์Šคํ‚ค์˜ <์นด๋ผ๋งˆ์กฐํ”„์˜ ํ˜•์ œ๋“ค>๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์žฅํŽธ ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ์ €๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์žก์ง€์— ์‚ฐ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ์€ ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ 'ํ˜„๋Œ€์  ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ'์˜ ํ•œ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ €๋Š” ํ˜• ์นด๋ฅผ์˜ ๋„์›€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณ„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณ ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ธ€์€ '์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ ๊ฐˆ๋ง'๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ•˜์ธต๋ถ€ ๋ณ„๋ณผ์ผ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฆ„๋ฑ…์ด์˜ ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณธ ๋นŒํ—ฌ๋ฆ„ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ํ’๊ฒฝ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ € ์ž์‹ ์€ ์ ์  ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์›ƒ์‚ฌ์ด๋”์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋ ค๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ถŒ์œ„์™€ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ์€, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ธ€์—์„œ ๋”์šฑ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. "์ž์‹ ์ด ๋‚จ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ , ๋ญ˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ฐฉ๊ฐ์— ๋น ์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด๋ผ๋‹ˆ. ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์‹ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋ณด๋“ค, ํ•œ๊ป ์น˜์ผœ๋“  ์ฝ”๋ฅผ ์ž”๋œฉ ์ฐŒํ‘ธ๋ฆฐ์ฑ„ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ์Œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค. ๊ต๋งŒ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•œ์‹ฌํ•œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ €๋“ค์ด ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด. ์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ๋„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋‹ˆ, ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์—‰๋ง์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์œก๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉด ์ €๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹จ ๋ง์ธ๊ฐ€.โ€œ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„ํŒ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ, ๊ทน์žฅ, ์—ฐ๊ทน, ์‚ฐ๋ณด, ์ž์—ฐ, ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ธ€์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋นŒ ์‹œ๋Œ€(1913-1921) 1913๋…„ ๋ฐœ์ €๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์Šค๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ๊ท€ํ–ฅ์€ ๋ฌธ๋‹จ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž์—ฐ ์†์—์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋‚˜๊ธด ์‚ฐ์ฑ…์ด๋‹ค. ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ์ด๋™์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ธ€ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์—๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ  ๋ชฉ๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ํ’๊ฒฝ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ํ’๊ฒฝ์—๋Š” ๋„๋ž˜ํ•  ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ์ƒ์‹ค์˜ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ์ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์›Œ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1914๋…„ 1์ฐจ ๋Œ€์ „์ด ๋ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์ž, ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์€ ๋”์šฑ ์ฆํญ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋นŒ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ์ƒ์—์„œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธด ๊ธ€์€ <์‚ฐ์ฑ…>(1917) ํ•œ ํŽธ๋ฟ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฐ๋ฌธ์ง‘์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ถŒ์ด๋‚˜ ์ถœ๊ฐ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ด์‹ญ์—ฌ์ข…์˜ ์‹ ๋ฌธ ์žก์ง€์— ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹จ ํ•œ๊ถŒ <์‚ฐ๋ฌธ์ง‘>์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฐœํ‘œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จํŽธ <์‚ฐ์ฑ…>(1917)์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ํ›„๋ฒ„ ์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์Šค์œ„์Šค ๋‹จํŽธ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋กœ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ์ดํ›„ ์ƒ๋‹น ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ˆ˜์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ 1920๋…„ ์‚ฐ๋ฌธ์ง‘ <๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ>์— ์žฌ์ˆ˜๋ก๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅธ ์‹œ๋Œ€(1921-1931) 1921๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ €๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋ฅธ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅธ์€ ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ํ™œ๋™์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์™•์„ฑํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์†ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ 1924-1926๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๋งค์ผ ๊ธ€์„ ์ผ๊ณ  ํ”„๋ผํ•˜, ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ, ํ”„๋ž‘ํฌํ‘ธ๋ฅดํŠธ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ผ๊ฐ„์ง€์— ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ฌธ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฉด์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž์ฃผ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅธ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์‚ฐ๋ฌธ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์€ โ€œ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ์„œ์ˆ , ํŒŒํŽธ์  ์ธ์ƒ, ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ์ž…์ž, ์‚ฌ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ์ž๊ธฐ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์„ ๋งŒํ™”๊ฒฝ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํŽผ์ณ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–จ ๋•Œ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋–จ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌด๋Œ€์žฅ์น˜์†์— ๋ผ์›Œ๋„ฃ๋Š” ์‹์œผ๋กœโ€œ.์—ญ์‹œ ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ์‚ฌ์œ ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ๋Š” โ€ž๋ฌด์—‡โ€œ์—์„œ โ€ž์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒโ€œ๋กœ์˜ ์ด๋™์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์ž์ฒด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธ€์˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋”์šฑ ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋†’๊ณ  ๊ธ‰์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Šฆ์–ด๋„ 1924๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” โ€ž๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋žŒโ€œ(์ฝ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค ์ •๋„๋กœ ๊ทนํžˆ ์ž‘์€ ์—ฐํ•„ ๊ธ€์”จ)โ€œ์„ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์‹œ์™€ ์‚ฐ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ณ , ์žฅ๋ฉด ์Šค์ผ€์น˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฅํŽธ์†Œ์„ค(<๊ฐ•๋„>) ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ 1917๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” 2 ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์ž‘์—…๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐํžŒ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ดˆ๊ณ ๋Š” ์—ฐํ•„๋กœ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ์ •์„œํ•  ๋•Œ ์ž‰ํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ทนํžˆ ์ผ๋ถ€๋งŒ์ด ํŽœ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์„œ๋˜์–ด ์‹ ๋ฌธ์‚ฌ์— ๋ณด๋‚ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋“ค ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด์œ ํฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ฑ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์ด ์ตœ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐœํœ˜๋˜์–ด ๋”์šฑ ๋‚œํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ๊ฐ€๋ณ๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ฝ์„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚œํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์•”์‹œ์ ์ธ ๋ชฝ๋”ฐ์ฃผ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธต์œ„๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅธ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ผ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•œ ๋‹จ ๊ตฐ๋ฐ์˜ ์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ์ฑ…์„ ํ•œ๊ถŒ ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฐ๋ฌธ์ง‘ <์žฅ๋ฏธ> (1925)๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ € ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ง์ ‘ ๋ฌถ์€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ฑ…์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์™ธ์— ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€์ฑ„๋กœ ๋‚จ์€ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋žŒ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์€, ์ดํ›„ 1985๋…„-2000๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด ๋ฒ ๋ฅธํ•˜๋ฅดํŠธ ์—ํžˆํ…Œ์™€ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋„ˆ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ๋ž‘์ด ํ•ด๋…ํ•˜์—ฌ 6๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์— ์•ž์„œ 1972๋…„์—๋Š” ์š”ํ—จ ๊ทธ๋ ˆํŽœ๊ณผ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํ‹ด ์œ ๋ฅด๊ฒ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žฅํŽธ <๊ฐ•๋„>์™€ ์Šค์ผ€์น˜ <ํŽ ๋ฆญ์Šค>๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋…ํ•ด ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ €๋Š” 1929๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ค์šฐ ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ—ค๋ฆฌ์ž์šฐ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธด ๋‹ค์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋”์ด์ƒ ๋ฌธํ•™์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋กœ ์˜์‹ฌ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, ์ƒ์ „์— ๋ฐœ์ €๋Š” ๋ฌธํ•™์‚ฌ์— ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋“œ๋ฌผ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ โ€ž์ž‘๊ฒŒโ€œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์ง‘์•ˆ ์ถœ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™๋ ฅ๋งˆ์ € ๋ณด์ž˜ ๊ฒƒ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ ์›๊ณผ ์„œ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ง์—…์„ ์ „์ „ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์Š๋ ˆ์ง€์—” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์„ฑ์—์„œ ํ•˜์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ผํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋””์—๋„ ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ง‘๋„ ๊ณ ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‹จ ํ•œ์ ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋„, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ์“ด ์ฑ…๋„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์ข…์ด์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ์žฌํ™œ์šฉํ’ˆ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค๊ณผ๋„ ๋ฉ€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ €๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์žก์ง€ <์ธ์ ค>๊ด€๋ จ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๋‹จ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋„ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธํ•™๋‹จ์ฒด์— ์†ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌธ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ ๋…ํ•œ ์‹œ์ธ๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ํƒ€์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์ผ€์ด์Šค์— ์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœํ›„์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ž๊นŒ์ง€๋„, ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™์„ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๋Š” ๋“ฏ์ด, โ€ž๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋žŒโ€œ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ €๋Š” ์ผ์ฐจ ๋Œ€์ „ ๋ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ด์ „ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ 20๋…„๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธ€์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ข‹์€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฑ…๋„ ์—ฐ์ด์–ด ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ธ€์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์žก๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ๋ฌธ ๋ฌธ์˜ˆ๋ž€์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌถ์—ฌ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ํŒ”๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋๋‚œ ํ›„ ์ข…์ด์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ, ์ธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋‹ฅ์น˜์ž ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ์žŠํžˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์นด๋ฅผ ์ ค๋ฆฌํžˆ ์—๋””์…˜์ด ์ถœ๊ฐ„๋œ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋„ ์Šค์œ„์Šค์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋ฟ ์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ์Šˆํ…Œ๋ฅธ, ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฌด์งˆ, ์ฟ ๋ฅดํŠธ ํˆฌํ™€์Šคํ‚ค, ํ”„๋ž€์ธ  ์นดํ”„์นด, ๋ฐœํ„ฐ ๋ฒค์•ผ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ํ—ค๋ฅด๋งŒ ํ—ค์„ธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์€ 1970๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋“ค์–ด์™€์„œ์˜ ์ผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ดํ›„์— ๊ทธ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์›๊ณ ์™€ ํ›„๊ธฐ์˜ ์Šค์ผ€์น˜๋“ค์ด ์ถœ๊ฐ„๋˜์–ด ๋…์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ˜„ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค, ๋งˆ๋ฅดํ‹ด ๋ฐœ์ €, ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ๋น…์…€, ๋กœ์–ด ๋ณผํ”„, ํŽ˜ํ„ฐ ํ•œํŠธ์ผ€, ์—˜ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฐ ์˜๋ฆฌ๋„คํฌ, W. G. ์ œ๋ฐœํŠธ, ๋ง‰์Šค ๊ณจํŠธ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ € ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ž ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•œ๋ช…์ธ ๋ฐœํ„ฐ ๋ฒค์•ผ๋ฏผ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ผ๋‹ค. โ€œ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ๊ธ€์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ €๊ธฐ์„œ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธ€์€ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฐ์„œ๋„ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹คโ€ฆโ€ฆ.. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ๋‹ค๋“ฌ์–ด์ง„, ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์™„๋น„ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์˜ ์‹ ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง„ ๋…์ž์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋ ˆ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒ‰๋ณด๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณ„ํš๋„ ์˜๋„๋„ ์—†์–ด ๋ณด์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ผผ์ง ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๋งŒํผ ๋งคํ˜น์ด ๋ฌด์„ฑํ•œ ์•ผ์ƒ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ๋งˆ์ฃผ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๋‹ค ๋”ํ•ด์„œ, ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ์ €์ ˆ๋กœ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ ค๋‘๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์น˜์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€. ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ์šฐ์•„ํ•จ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ†ต๋ ฌํ•œ ๋น„๊ผผ๊นŒ์ง€, ๋ชจ๋“  ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์˜๋„ ์—†์ด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์“ด ๊ฑธ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ, ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…์ž๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ง ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฑด์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€ ์ข…์ข… ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž์‹ ์€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์“ด ํ›„ ๋‹จ ํ•œ ์ค„๋„ ๊ณ ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ € ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€ ์ „๋ถ€ ์•„๋ฌด ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑ์„ ์–ดํœ˜ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋กœ ๋ฏฟ์„ ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ๋ง์„ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘” ๋…์„œ๋„ ๋‚˜์˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ฉด ๋…์ž์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ์ข€ ์•ˆ์ •๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋‹จ ์“ฐ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฏธ ์“ด ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๊ณ ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋Š”, ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฌด์˜๋„์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์˜๋„์„ฑ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์นจํˆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋ผ๊ณ .โ€ ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ € ์„ผํ„ฐ (Robert Walser-Zentrum) 1967๋…„ ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ๋ˆ„์ด ํŒŒ๋‹ˆ ํ—ค๊ธฐ-๋ฐœ์ €๋Š”, 1966๋…„ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ํ”„๋ขธ๋ฆฌํžˆ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝํ•œ ์ทจ๋ฆฌํžˆ์˜ ์นด๋ฅผ ์ ค๋ฆฌํžˆ ์žฌ๋‹จ์— ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์œ ๋ฌผ์„ ์–‘๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ๋  ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ € ์•„์นด์ด๋ธŒ์— ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด๋ฅผ ์ ค๋ฆฌํžˆ ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ฃผ๋„๋กœ 1973๋…„ ์•„์นด์ด๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 1996๋…„์—๋Š” ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ € ํ˜‘ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์กฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด๋ฅผ ์ ค๋ฆฌํžˆ ์žฌ๋‹จ์€ 2004๋…„ โ€ž๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ € ์žฌ๋‹จ ์ทจ๋ฆฌํžˆโ€œ๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค.(2009๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” โ€ž๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ € ์žฌ๋‹จ ๋ฒ ๋ฅธโ€œ) ์ดํ›„ ์žฌ์ •์ ์ธ ์–ด๋ ค์›€ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 2009๋…„ ๋ฒ ๋ฅธ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , โ€œ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ € ์•„์นด์ด๋ธŒโ€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” โ€ž๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ € ์„ผํ„ฐโ€œ๋ฅผ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ € ์„ผํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ €์™€ ์นด๋ฅผ ์ ค๋ฆฌํžˆ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ, ์›๊ณ , ํŽธ์ง€, ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ณด์กด, ์กฐ์‚ฌ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต์‹œ์„ค์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋‚˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ๋‹ค. 2009๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์›๊ณ ๋“ค(๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋žŒ ํฌํ•จ)์€ ๋ฒ ๋ฅธ ์†Œ์žฌ ์Šค์œ„์Šค ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๋„์„œ๊ด€์˜ ์Šค์œ„์Šค ๋ฌธํ•™ ์•„์นด์ด๋ธŒ์— ๋ณด๊ด€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์žฌ๋‹จ ์†Œ์œ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณ€ํ•จ์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ–์—๋„ ์•„์นด์ด๋ธŒ๋Š” ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ํ˜•์ œ์ž๋งค๋“ค๊ณผ ์นด๋ฅผ ์ ค๋ฆฌํžˆ์˜ ์œ ํ’ˆ ์ผ๋ถ€, ๋ฐœ์ € ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์ธ ์•ˆ๋„ค ๊ฐ€๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์‰ฌ, ์š”ํ—จ ๊ทธ๋ ˆํŽœ, ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋„ˆ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ๋ž‘์ด ๋‚จ๊ธด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋„ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ผํ„ฐ์—๋Š” ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ € ์•„์นด์ด๋ธŒ ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ๋…์ผ์–ด ์ „์ฒด ์ถœ๊ฐ„๋ฌผ์ด โ€“ ๋น„๋ฌธํ•™์ž‘ํ’ˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ํฌํ•จ โ€“ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์„œ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋น„์น˜๋œ ๋„์„œ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ผํ„ฐ์˜ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜๋ฉด ๋…์ผ์–ด์™€ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ๋„์„œ๊ด€์˜ ์นดํƒˆ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž์œ ์—ด๋žŒ์‹ค ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „์‹œ์‹ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งค๋ฒˆ ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ €์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ์˜ ์ „์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์„ผํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„œ์ ์„ ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšŒ์˜์™€ ์›Œํฌ์ƒพ, ์ „์‹œ์™€ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ตœํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์˜ ์ง€์›์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ผํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด, ๊ตญ์™ธ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ด๋‚˜ ํ•™๊ต, ๊ทน๋‹จ, ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€, ์•„์นด์ด๋ธŒ, ์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ, ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ์ง‘, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŠน์ • ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์™€ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์ธ ๋นŒ์—๋Š” 1978๋…„ โ€ž๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ € ์žฌ๋‹จ ๋นŒโ€œ์ด ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋งค๋…„ โ€ž๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ € ์ƒโ€œ์„ ์ˆ˜์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ €๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์— ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 2003๋…„ <ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ธ  ์ฝ”ํ—ค๋ฅด์˜ ์ž‘๋ฌธ>์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2004๋…„ ์Šค์œ„์Šค์˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ์ผ€ํ‹ฐ ๋ฒคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌธ <๋žจํ”„ ์ข…์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฅ๊ฐ‘> ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ทŒํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ฃ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ฑ… <์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ>๊ฐ€ ์ถœ๊ฐ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋…์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ €๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ธ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒƒ์€ 2009๋…„ ๋ฌธํ•™๋™๋„ค ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฌธํ•™์ „์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์žฅํŽธ์†Œ์„ค <๋ฒค์•ผ๋ฏผํƒ€ ํ•˜์ธํ•™๊ต> (์›์ œ ์•ผ์ฝฅ ํฐ ๊ตฐํ…)์ด๋‹ค. ๋…์ž๋“ค์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ณด๋Š”, ์ด์ƒํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ž‘๊ฐ€์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ ๋‹จํŽธ ๋ชจ์Œ์ง‘ <์‚ฐ์ฑ…>(์œ์‚ด๋ฌธ๊ณ , ๋ฏผ์Œ์‚ฌ)์ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด ๋‹จํŽธ ๋ชจ์Œ์ง‘ <์‚ฐ์ฑ…์ž>(ํ•œ๊ฒจ๋ ˆ์ถœํŒ)๊ฐ€ ์ถœ๊ฐ„๋œ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„์—๋Š” ์žฅํŽธ <ํƒ€๋„ˆ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋‚จ๋งค๋“ค> (์ง€๋งŒ์ง€), 2018 ๋‹จํŽธ๋ชจ์Œ์ง‘ <์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋> (๋ฌธํ•™ํŒ)์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์ €์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ "์•„์นจ์˜ ๊ฟˆ๊ณผ ์ €๋…์˜ ๊ฟˆ, ๋น›๊ณผ ๋ฐค. ๋‹ฌ, ํƒœ์–‘, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณ„. ๋‚ฎ์˜ ์žฅ๋ฐ‹๋น› ๊ด‘์„ ๊ณผ ๋ฐค์˜ ํฌ๋ฏธํ•œ ๋น›. ์‹œ์™€ ๋ถ„. ํ•œ ์ฃผ์™€ ํ•œ ํ•ด ์ „์ฒด. ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž์ฃผ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚ด ์˜ํ˜ผ์˜ ์€๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ—์ธ ๋‹ฌ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋‹ค๋ณด์•˜๋˜๊ฐ€. ๋ณ„๋“ค์€ ๋‚ด ๋‹ค์ •ํ•œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค. ์ฐฝ๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ์•ˆ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์˜ ํƒœ์–‘๋น›์ด ๋น„์ณ๋“ค ๋•Œ, ๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํฌ๋‚˜ํฐ ๊ธฐ์จ์— ๋–จ์—ˆ๋˜๊ฐ€. ์ž์—ฐ์€ ๋‚˜์˜ ์ •์›์ด๊ณ  ๋‚ด ์—ด์ •, ๋‚ด ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด ๋ˆˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋‹ˆ, ์ˆฒ๊ณผ ๋“คํŒ, ๋‚˜๋ฌด์™€ ๊ธธ๋“ค. ํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋‹ค๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ๋‚˜๋Š” ์™•์ž์™€๋„ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด๊ฑด ์ €๋…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ €๋…์€ ๋™ํ™”์˜€๊ณ , ์ฒœ์ƒ์˜ ์•”ํ‘์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐค์€ ๋‹ฌ์ฝคํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋ถˆํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋น„๋ฐ€์— ๊ฐ์‹ธ์ธ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์˜ ์„ฑ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…์ข… ์–ด๋Š ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋œฏ๋Š” ํ•˜ํ”„์˜ ํ˜„์ด, ์˜ํ˜ผ์„ ์šธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ฐค์„ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ท€ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ณ  ๋˜ ๊ท€ ๊ธฐ์šธ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์•˜๊ณ , ์˜ณ๊ณ , ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์› ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ์˜จํ†ต ์ด๋ฃจ ํ˜•์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ์žฅ์—„ํ•˜๊ณ ๋„ ์œ ์พŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์Œ์•… ์—†์ด๋„ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์œ ์พŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜„ํ˜น๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ง์„ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋„ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋ง์„ ๊ฑธ์–ด์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ•œ์ฐธ ์ณ๋‹ค๋ณด์•˜๊ณ , ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ฌ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์ •ํ•œ ๋ˆˆ๋™์ž๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ง์—†์ด ๋ฌผ๋„๋Ÿฌ๋ฏธ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–จ ๋•Œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋ฌผ์— ๋น ์ ธ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ ๊ณ ์š”ํ•˜๊ณ , ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์—†๊ณ , ๋ง์—†์ด, ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์นœ๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์• ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„, ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์˜จ์ข…์ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€. ์•„์ฃผ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ์Šฌํ””์ด ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ชจํ•œ ๋Œ„์„œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ตฌ์„์ง„ ๋‚ด ๋ฐฉ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์‘ฅ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์—, ๋‚ด ์›ƒ์Œ์ด ํ„ฐ์ง„์ ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์•„ํ”„๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์•„ํ”„๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์—ญ์‹œ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ฒŒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ข‹๊ฒŒ, ์˜†์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ปด๋‚˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค." ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก ๋…์ผ์–ด ์ „์ง‘ Walser, Robert: Werke. Berner Ausgabe. Hg. v. Lucas Marco Gisi, Reto Sorg, Peter Stocker u. Peter Utz. Suhrkamp, Berlin seit 2018ff. (=BA) Walser, Robert: Kritische Robert Walser-Ausgabe. Kritische Ausgabe sรคmtlicher Drucke und Manuskripte. Hg. v. Wolfram Groddeck, Barbara von Reibnitz u.a.. Stroemfeld, Schwabe, Basel, Frankfurt am Main 2008ff. (=KWA). Walser, Robert: Aus dem Bleistiftgebiet. Hg. v. Bernhard Echte u. Werner Morlang i. A. des Robert Walser-Archivs der Carl Seelig-Stiftung, Zรผrich. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1985โ€“2000 (=AdB). Walser, Robert: Sรคmtliche Werke in Einzelausgaben. 20 Bde. Hg. v. Jochen Greven. Suhrkamp, Zรผrich, Frankfurt am Main 1985-1986 (=SW). ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ณธ ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ €, <ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ธ  ์ฝ”ํ—ค๋ฅด์˜ ์ž‘๋ฌธ>( ๋ฐ•์‹ ์ž ์—ญ, ์ด์œ , 2003๋…„) ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ €, ์ผ€ํ‹ฐ ๋ฒคํŠธ <์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ>(์กฐ๊ตญํ˜„ ์—ญ, ํ•œ๊ธธ์‚ฌ, 2004๋…„) ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ €, <๋ฒค์•ผ๋ฏผํƒ€ ํ•˜์ธํ•™๊ต> ์•ผ์ฝฅ ํฐ ๊ตฐํ… ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ(ํ™๊ธธํ‘œ ์—ญ, ๋ฌธํ•™๋™๋„ค ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฌธํ•™์ „์ง‘ 16, ๋ฌธํ•™๋™๋„ค, 2010๋…„) ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ €, <์‚ฐ์ฑ…> ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ € ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ง‘(๋ฐ•๊ด‘์ž ์—ญ, ์œ์‚ด๋ฌธ๊ณ , 2016๋…„) ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ €, <์‚ฐ์ฑ…์ž> ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ € ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ง‘(๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜์•„ ์—ญ, ํ•œ๊ฒจ๋ ˆ์ถœํŒ, 2017๋…„) ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ €, <ํƒ€๋„ˆ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋‚จ๋งค๋“ค> ์ง€๋งŒ์ง€์†Œ์„ค์„ ์ง‘(๊น€์œค๋ฏธ ์—ญ, ์ง€๋งŒ์ง€, 2017๋…„) ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ €, <์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋> ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ € ์‚ฐ๋ฌธ.๋‹จํŽธ์„ ์ง‘ (์ž„ํ™๋ฐฐ ์—ญ, ๋ฌธํ•™ํŒ, 2017๋…„) ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ € ์„ผํ„ฐ : ๋…์ผ์–ด ์˜์–ด ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ € ์„ผํ„ฐ ๋„์„œ๊ด€์นดํƒˆ๋กœ๊ทธBibliothekskatalog des Robert Walser-Zentrums:</big> ๋…์ผ์–ด : https://www.robertwalser.ch/de/robert-walser-archiv/katalog/ </big> ์˜์–ด: https://www.robertwalser.ch/en/the-robert-walser-archive/catalogue/ Kritische Walser-Ausgabe: ๋…์ผ์–ด Deutsch: http://kritische-walser-ausgabe.ch/</big> ํ—ค๋ฆฌ์ž์šฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ € ๊ธธ: Walser-Pfad in Herisau: Deutsch: http://www.herisau.ch/de/herisau/portrait/sehenswuerdigkeiten/rundgaenge/?action=showrundgang&id=20&rundgang_id=20 Robert Walsers Biel: ๋…์ผ์–ด : https://www.biel-seeland.ch/de/aktiv/wanderland/robert-walser.2603.html ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด : https://www.bienne-seeland.ch/fr/loisirs-actifs/a-pied/robert-walser.2603.html ์˜์–ด : https://www.biel-seeland.ch/en/leisure-activities/hiking/robert-walser.2603.html ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐœ์ € ์ƒRobert Walser Preis: ๋…์ผ์–ดDeutsch: https://www.robertwalserpreis.ch/ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ดFranzรถsisch: https://www.robertwalserpreis.ch/fr/mise-au-concours/ ์Šค์œ„์Šค ๋ฌธํ•™์•„์นด์ด๋ธŒSchweizerisches Literaturarchiv: ๋…์ผ์–ดDeutsch: https://www.nb.admin.ch/snl/de/home/sammlungen/das-schweizerische- literaturarchiv-sla.html ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ดFranzรถsisch: https://www.nb.admin.ch/snl/fr/home/collections/les-archives-litteraires- suisses-als.html ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์–ดItalienisch: https://www.nb.admin.ch/snl/it/home/collezioni/l_archivio-svizzero-di- letteratura-asl.html ์˜์–ดEnglisch: https://www.nb.admin.ch/snl/en/home/collections/the-swiss-literary-archives- sla.html Hรถrspiel: Sebald I: Le promeneur solitaire. Zur Erinnerung an Robert Walser. Gelesen von Markus Boysen mit Hans-Joachim Lenger. agoRadio, 14. April 2017 1878๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1956๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ๋นŒ/๋น„์—” ์ถœ์‹  ์กฐํ˜„๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž ์Šค์œ„์Šค์˜ ๊ทน์ž‘๊ฐ€
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Walser
Robert Walser
Robert Walser (15 April 1878 โ€“ 25 December 1956) was a German-speaking Swiss writer. Walser is understood to be the missing link between Heinrich von Kleist and Franz Kafka. As writes Susan Sontag, "at the time [of Walser's writing], it was more likely to be Kafka [who was understood] through the prism of Walser." For example, Robert Musil once referred to Kafka's work as "a peculiar case of the Walser type." Walser was admired early on by Kafka and writers such as Hermann Hesse, Stefan Zweig, and Walter Benjamin, and was in fact better known during his lifetime than Kafka or Benjamin were known in theirs. Nevertheless, Walser was never able to support himself based on the meager income he made from his writings, and he worked as a copyist, an inventor's assistant, a butler, and in various other low-paying trades. Despite marginal early success in his literary career, the popularity of his work gradually diminished over the second and third decades of the 20th century, making it increasingly difficult for him to support himself through writing. He eventually had a nervous breakdown and spent the remainder of his life in sanatoriums, taking frequent long walks. A revival of interest in his work arose when, in the late 20th century and early 2000s, his writings from the Pencil Zone, also known as Bleistiftgebiet or "the Microscripts", which had been written in a coded, microscopically tiny hand on scraps of paper collected while in a Waldau sanatorium, were finally deciphered, translated, and published. Life and work 1878โ€“1897 Walser was born into a family with many children. His brother Karl Walser became a well-known stage designer and painter. Walser grew up in Biel, Switzerland, on the language border between the German- and French-speaking cantons of Switzerland, and grew up speaking both languages. He attended primary school and progymnasium, which he had to leave before the final exam when his family could no longer bear the cost. From his early years on, he was an enthusiastic theatre-goer; his favourite play was The Robbers by Friedrich Schiller. There is a watercolor painting that shows Walser as Karl Moor, the protagonist of that play. From 1892 to 1895, Walser served an apprenticeship at the Bernischer Kantonalbank in Biel. Afterwards he worked for a short time in Basel. Walser's mother, who was "emotionally disturbed", died in 1894 after being under medical care for a long period. In 1895, Walser went to Stuttgart where his brother Karl lived. He was an office worker at the Deutsche Verlagsanstalt and at the Cotta'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung; he also tried, without success, to become an actor. On foot, he returned to Switzerland where he registered in 1896 as a Zรผrich resident. In the following years, he often worked as a "Kommis", an office clerk, but irregularly and in many different places. As a result, he was one of the first Swiss writers to introduce into literature a description of the life of a salaried employee. 1898โ€“1912 In 1898, the influential critic Joseph Victor Widmann published a series of poems by Walser in the Bernese newspaper Der Bund. This came to the attention of Franz Blei, and he introduced Walser to the Art Nouveau people around the magazine Die Insel, including Frank Wedekind, Max Dauthendey and Otto Julius Bierbaum. Numerous short stories and poems by Walser appeared in Die Insel. Until 1905, Walser lived mainly in Zรผrich, though he often changed lodgings and also lived for a time in Thun, Solothurn, Winterthur and Munich. In 1903, he fulfilled his military service obligation and, beginning that summer, was the "aide" of an engineer and inventor in Wรคdenswil near Zรผrich. This episode became the basis of his 1908 novel Der Gehรผlfe (The Assistant). In 1904, his first book, Fritz Kochers Aufsรคtze (Fritz Kocher's Essays), appeared in the Insel Verlag. At the end of 1905 he attended a course in order to become a servant at the castle of Dambrau in Upper Silesia. The theme of serving would characterize his work in the following years, especially in the novel Jakob von Gunten (1909). In 1905, he went to live in Berlin, where his brother Karl Walser, who was working as a theater painter, introduced him to other figures in literature, publishing, and the theater. Occasionally, Walser worked as secretary for the artists' corporation Berliner Secession. In Berlin, Walser wrote the novels Geschwister Tanner, Der Gehรผlfe and Jakob von Gunten. They were issued by the publishing house of Bruno Cassirer, where Christian Morgenstern worked as editor. Apart from the novels, he wrote many short stories, sketching popular bars from the point of view of a poor "flaneur" in a very playful and subjective language. There was a very positive echo to his writings. Robert Musil and Kurt Tucholsky, among others, stated their admiration for Walser's prose, and authors like Hermann Hesse and Franz Kafka counted him among their favorite writers. Walser published numerous short stories in newspapers and magazines, many for instance in the Schaubรผhne. They became his trademark. The larger part of his work is composed of short stories โ€“ literary sketches that elude a ready categorization. Selections of these short stories were published in the volumes Aufsรคtze (1913) and Geschichten (1914). 1913โ€“1929 In 1913, Walser returned to Switzerland. He lived for a short time with his sister Lisa in the mental home in Bellelay, where she worked as a teacher. There, he got to know Lisa Mermet, a washer-woman with whom he developed a close friendship. After a short stay with his father in Biel, he went to live in a mansard in the Biel hotel Blaues Kreuz. In 1914, his father died. In Biel, Walser wrote a number of shorter stories that appeared in newspapers and magazines in Germany and Switzerland and selections of which were published in Der Spaziergang (1917), Prosastรผcke (1917), Poetenleben (1918), Seeland (1919) and Die Rose (1925). Walser, who had always been an enthusiastic wanderer, began to take extended walks, often by night. In his stories from that period, texts written from the point of view of a wanderer walking through unfamiliar neighborhoods alternate with playful essays on writers and artists. During World War I, Walser repeatedly had to go into military service. At the end of 1916, his brother Ernst died after a time of mental illness in the Waldau mental home. In 1919, Walser's brother Hermann, geography professor in Bern, committed suicide. Walser himself became isolated in that time, when there was almost no communication with Germany because of the war. Even though he worked hard, he could barely support himself as a freelance writer. At the beginning of 1921, he moved to Bern in order to work at the public record office. He often changed lodgings and lived a very solitary life. During his time in Bern, Walser's style became more radical. In a more and more condensed form, he wrote "micrograms" ("Mikrogramme"), called thus because of his minuscule pencil hand that is very difficult to decipher. He wrote poems, prose, dramolettes and novels, including The Robber (Der Rรคuber). In these texts, his playful, subjective style moved toward a higher abstraction. Many texts of that time work on multiple levels โ€“ they can be read as naive-playful feuilletons or as highly complex montages full of allusions. Walser absorbed influences from serious literature as well as from formula fiction and retold, for example, the plot of a pulp novel in a way that the original (the title of which he never revealed) was unrecognizable. Much of his work was written during these very productive years in Bern. 1929โ€“1956 In the beginning of 1929, Walser, who had had anxieties and hallucinations for quite some time, went to the Bernese mental home Waldau, after a mental breakdown, at his sister Fani's urging. In his medical records it says: "The patient confessed hearing voices." Therefore, this can hardly be called a voluntary commitment. He was eventually diagnosed with catatonic schizophrenia. While he was in the mental home, his state of mind quickly returned to normal, and he went on writing and publishing. More and more, he used the way of writing he called the "pencil method": he wrote poems and prose in a diminutive Sรผtterlin hand, the letters of which measured about a millimeter of height by the end of that very productive phase. Werner Morlang and Bernhard Echte were the first ones who attempted to decipher these writings. In the 1990s, they published a six-volume edition, Aus dem Bleistiftgebiet ('From the Pencil Zone'). Only when Walser was, against his will, moved to the sanatorium of Herisau in his home canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden, did he quit writing, later telling Carl Seelig, "I am not here to write, but to be mad." In 1936, his admirer Carl Seelig began to visit him. He later wrote a book, Wanderungen mit Robert Walser, about their talks. Seelig tried to revive interest in Walser's work by re-issuing some of his writings. After the death of Walser's brother Karl in 1943 and of his sister Lisa in 1944, Seelig became Walser's legal guardian. Though free of outward signs of mental illness for a long time, Walser was crotchety and repeatedly refused to leave the sanatorium. In 1955, Walser's Der Spaziergang (The Walk) was translated into English by Christopher Middleton; it was the first English translation of his writing and the only one that would appear during his lifetime. Upon learning of Middleton's translation, Walser, who had fallen out of the public eye, responded by musing "Well, look at that." Walser enjoyed long walks alone. On 25 December 1956 he was found, dead of a heart attack, in a field of snow near the asylum. The photographs of the dead Walser in the snow are reminiscent of a similar image of a dead man in the snow in his first novel, Geschwister Tanner. Writings and reception Today, Walser's texts, completely re-edited since the 1970s, are regarded as among the most important writings of literary modernism. In his writing, he made use of elements of Swiss German in a charming and original manner, while very personal observations are interwoven with texts about texts; that is, with contemplations and variations of other literary works, in which Walser often mixes pulp fiction with high literature. Walser, who never belonged to a literary school or group, perhaps with the exception of the circle around the magazine Die Insel in his youth, was a notable and often published writer before World War I and into the 1920s. After the second half of the latter decade, he was rapidly forgotten, in spite of Carl Seelig's editions, which appeared almost exclusively in Switzerland but received little attention. Walser was rediscovered only in the 1970s, even though famous German writers such as Christian Morgenstern, Franz Kafka, Walter Benjamin, Thomas Bernhard and Hermann Hesse were among his great admirers. Since then, almost all his writings have become accessible through an extensive republication of his entire body of work. He has exerted a considerable influence on various contemporary German writers, including Ror Wolf, Peter Handke, W. G. Sebald, and Max Goldt. In 2004, Spanish writer Enrique Vila-Matas published a novel entitled Doctor Pasavento about Walser, his stay on Herisau and the wish to disappear. In 2007, Serbian writer Vojislav V. Jovanoviฤ‡ published a book of prose named Story for Robert Walser inspired by the life and work of Robert Walser. In 2012, A Little Ramble: In the Spirit of Robert Walser, a series of artistic responses to Walser's work was published, including work by Moyra Davey, Thomas Schรผtte, Tacita Dean and Mark Wallinger. Robert Walser Center The Robert Walser Center, which was officially established in Bern, Switzerland, in 2009, is dedicated to Robert Walser and the first patron of Walser's work and legacy, Carl Seelig. Its purpose is to promulgate Walser's life and work as well as to facilitate scholarly research. The center is open to both experts and the general public and includes an extensive archive, a research library, temporary exhibition space, and two rooms with several workstations are also available. The Center furthermore develops and organizes exhibitions, events, conferences, workshops, publications, and special editions. The translation of Robert Walser's works, which the Center both encourages and supports, also represents a key focus. In order to fully meet its objectives and responsibilities as a center of excellence, it often collaborates on certain projects with local, national, and international partners as well as universities, schools, theaters, museums, archives, translators, editors, and publishers. Works German Der Teich, 1902, verse drama Schneewittchen, 1901, verse drama Fritz Kochers Aufsรคtze, 1904 Geschwister Tanner, 1907 Der Gehรผlfe, 1908 Poetenleben, 1908 Jakob von Gunten, 1909 Gedichte, 1909 Aufsรคtze, 1913 Geschichten, 1914 Kleine Dichtungen, 1915 Prosastรผcke, 1917 Der Spaziergang, 1917 Kleine Prosa, 1917 Poetenleben, 1917 Tobold-Roman, 1918 Komรถdie, 1919 Seeland, 1920 Theodor-Roman, 1921 Die Rose, 1925 Der Rรคuber, 1925 (verรถffentlicht 1978) Felix-Szenen, 1925 GroรŸe Welt, kleine Welt, 1937 Dichterbildnisse, 1947 Dichtungen in Prosa, 1953 Robert Walser โ€“ Briefe, 1979 Sรคmtliche Werke in Einzelausgaben. 20 Bde. Hg. v. Jochen Greven. Zรผrich, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag 1985-1986 Geschichten, 1985 Der Spaziergang. Prosastรผcke und Kleine Prosa., 1985 Aufsรคtze, 1985 Bedenkliche Geschichten. Prosa aus der Berliner Zeit 1906โ€“1912, 1985 Trรคumen. Prosa aus der Bieler Zeit 1913โ€“1920, 1985 Die Gedichte, 1986 Komรถdie. Mรคrchenspiele und szenische Dichtung, 1986 Wenn Schwache sich fรผr stark halten. Prosa aus der Berner Zeit 1921โ€“1925, 1986 Zarte Zeilen. Prosa aus der Berner Zeit 1926, 1986 Es war einmal. Prosa aus der Berner Zeit 1927โ€“1928, 1986 Fรผr die Katz. Prosa aus der Berner Zeit 1928โ€“1933, 1986 Aus dem Bleistiftgebiet Band 1. Mikrogramme 1924/25. Hg. v. Bernhard Echte u. Werner Morlang i. A. des Robert Walser-Archivs der Carl Seelig-Stiftung, Zรผrich. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag 1985โ€“2000 Aus dem Bleistiftgebiet Band 2. Mikrogramme 1924/25. Hg. v. Bernhard Echte u. Werner Morlang i. A. des Robert Walser-Archivs der Carl Seelig-Stiftung, Zรผrich. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag 1985โ€“2000 Aus dem Bleistiftgebiet Band 3. Rรคuber-Roman, Felix-Szenen. Hg. v. Bernhard Echte u. Werner Morlang i. A. des Robert Walser-Archivs der Carl Seelig-Stiftung, Zรผrich. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag 1985โ€“2000 Aus dem Bleistiftgebiet Band 4. Mikrogramme 1926/27. Hg. v. Bernhard Echte u. Werner Morlang i. A. des Robert Walser-Archivs der Carl Seelig-Stiftung, Zรผrich. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag 1985โ€“2000 Aus dem Bleistiftgebiet Band 5. Mikrogramme 1925/33. Hg. v. Bernhard Echte u. Werner Morlang i. A. des Robert Walser-Archivs der Carl Seelig-Stiftung, Zรผrich. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag 1985โ€“2000 Aus dem Bleistiftgebiet Band 6. Mikrogramme 1925/33. Hg. v. Bernhard Echte u. Werner Morlang i. A. des Robert Walser-Archivs der Carl Seelig-Stiftung, Zรผrich. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag 1985โ€“2000 Unsere Stadt. Texte รผber Biel. 2002 Feuer. Unbekannte Prosa und Gedichte. 2003 Tiefer Winter. Geschichten von der Weihnacht und vom Schneien. Hg. v. Margit Gigerl, Livia Knรผsel u. Reto Sorg. Frankfurt: Insel Taschenbuch Verlag 2007 (it; 3326), Kritische Robert Walser-Ausgabe. Kritische Ausgabe sรคmtlicher Drucke und Manuskripte. Hg. v. Wolfram Groddeck, Barbara von Reibnitz u.a. Basel, Frankfurt am Main: Stroemfeld, Schwabe 2008 Briefe. Berner Ausgabe. Hg. v. Lucas Marco Gisi, Reto Sorg, Peter Stocker u. Peter Utz. Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag 2018 English translations Jakob von Gunten (University of Texas Press, 1970; New York Review Books Classics, 1999), translated by Christopher Middleton, Selected Stories (Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1982; New York Review Books Classics, 2002), translated by Christopher Middleton, Robert Walser Rediscovered: Stories, Fairy-Tale Plays, & Critical Response Including the Anti-Fairy Tales, Cinderella & Snow White (University Press of New England, 1985) Masquerade and Other Stories (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), translated by Susan Bernofsky, The Robber (University of Nebraska Press, 2000), translated by Susan Bernofsky, Speaking to the Rose: Writings, 1912โ€“1932 (University of Nebraska Press, 2005), translated by Christopher Middleton, The Assistant (New Directions, 2007), translated by Susan Bernofsky, The Tanners (New Directions, 2009), translated by Susan Bernofsky, Microscripts (New Directions, 2010), translated by Susan Bernofsky, Answer to an Inquiry (Ugly Duckling Presse, 2010), translated by Paul North, with drawings by Friese Undine, Berlin Stories (New York Review Books Classics, 2012), translated by Susan Bernofsky, The Walk (New Directions, 2012), translated by Christopher Middleton with Susan Bernofsky, Thirty Poems (New Directions, 2012), translated by Christopher Middleton, Oppressive Light: Selected Poems by Robert Walser (Black Lawrence Press/Dzanc Books, New York, 2012), edited and translated by Daniele Pantano, A Little Ramble: In the Spirit of Robert Walser (New Directions, 2012), translated by Susan Bernofsky with Christopher Middleton and Tom Whalen A Schoolboy's Diary (New York Review Books Classics, 2013), translated by Damion Searls, introduction by Ben Lerner, Looking at Pictures (Christine Burgin / New Directions, 2015), translated by Susan Bernofsky with Lydia Davis and Christopher Middleton, Girlfriends, Ghosts, and Other Stories (New York Review Books Classics, 2016), translated by Tom Whalen, with Nicole Kongeter and Annette Wiesner, afterword by Tom Whalen, Little Snow Landscape (New York Review Books, 2021), trans. Tom Whalen Robert Walser: The Poems (Seagull Books, 2022), translated by Daniele Pantano Plays Robert Walser โ€“ mikrogramme โ€“ das kleine welttheater, director: Christian Bertram, stage: Max Dudler, music: Hans Peter Kuhn, dรฉbut performance 14 April 2005 Berlin; readings, films and podium discussion with corollary program www.mikrogramme.de "Institute Benjamenta" โ€“ (listening to a plateau which people call the world), Director: Gรถkรงen Ergene, Fairy Tales: Dramolettes (New Directions, 2015), translated by James Reidel and Daniele Pantano, with a preface by Reto Sorg, Comedies (Seagull Books, 2018), translated by Daniele Pantano and James Reidel, with a preface by Reto Sorg, Movie and musical adaptations Jakob von Gunten, director: Peter Lilienthal, script: Ror Wolf and Peter Lilienthal, 1971 Der Gehรผlfe, director: Thomas Koerfer, 1975 Der Vormund und sein Dichter, direction and script: Percy Adlon, 1978 (free picturization of Seelig's Wanderungen mit Robert Walser) Robert Walser (1974โ€“1978), direction and script: HHK Schoenherr Waldi, direction and script: Reinhard Kahn, Michael Leiner (after the story Der Wald), 1980 The Comb, directors: Stephen Quay, Timothy Quay (i.e. Brothers Quay), 1990 Brentano, director: Romeo Castellucci, with Paolo Tonti as Brentano, 1995 Institute Benjamenta, or This Dream People Call Human Life, directors: Stephen Quay, Timothy Quay (i.e. Brothers Quay) with Mark Rylance as Jakob von Gunten, 1995 Schneewittchen, 1998, opera by Heinz Holliger Blanche Neige, directed by Rudolph Straub, music by Giovanna Marini, 1999 Branca de Neve, director: Joรฃo Cรฉsar Monteiro, 2000 All This Can Happen, directors: Siobhan Davies, David Hinton, 2012 References Sources Walter Benjamin: Robert Walser, 1929 (essay) Volltext Susan Bernofsky: Clairvoyant of the Small: The Life of Robert Walser. 2021 Susan Bernofsky: "Introduction to the Microscripts." 2012 978-0811220330 Carl Seelig: Wanderungen mit Robert Walser, 1957 Robert Mรคchler: Das Leben Robert Walsers, 1976 Robert Walser โ€“ Leben und Werk in Daten und Bildern, 1980 Die Brรผder Karl und Robert Walser. Maler und Dichter., 1990 Jochen Greven: Robert Walser. Figur am Rande in wechselndem Licht, 1992 Catherine Sauvat: Vergessene Welten. Biographie zu Robert Walser., 1993 Bernhard Echte: Walsers Kindheit und Jugend in Biel. Biographischer Essay., 2002 Lukas Mรคrki: Auf den Spuren Robert Walsers. Interaktive CD-ROM., 2002 Wolfram Groddeck, Reto Sorg, Peter Utz, Karl Wagner (Hrsg.): Robert Walsers 'Ferne Nรคhe'. Neue Beitrรคge zur Forschung. 2. Edition. Fink, Mรผnchen 2008 [1. Ed. 2007], Lucas Marco Gisi: "Das Schweigen des Schriftstellers. Robert Walser und das Macht-Wissen der Psychiatrie". In: Martina Wernli (Hrsg.): Wissen und Nicht-Wissen in der Klinik. Dynamiken der Psychiatrie um 1900. Bielefeld: transcript 2012, S. 231โ€“259, W.G. Sebald: "Le Promeneur Solitaire: On Robert Walser" from a Place in the Country. trans. Jo Catling 2014 Lucas Marco Gisi (ed.): Robert Walser-Handbuch. Leben โ€“ Werk โ€“ Wirkung. Metzler, Stuttgart 2015, Further reading Carl Seelig: Walks with Walser. Translated by Anne Posten. 2017 Susan Bernofsky: Clairvoyant of the Small: The Life of Robert Walser. 2021 The Review of Contemporary Fiction, Vol. XII, no. 1 (Robert Walser special issue) Davenport, Guy "A Field of Snow on a Slope of the Rosenberg". Georgia Review 31:1 (Spring 1977) pp.ย 5โ€“41 Frederick, Samuel. Narratives Unsettled: Digression in Robert Walser, Thomas Bernhard, and Adalbert Stifter. Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press, 2012. Vila-Matas, Enrique Bartleby & Co. Gary J. Shipley. "Smithereens: On Robert Walser's Microscripts". The Black Herald (issue 4, October 2013) pp.ย 104โ€“119 Ahmadian, Mahdi and Mohsen Hanif. "An Existential Crisis: the Significance of the Opening and Concluding Passages of Robert Walser's Jakob Von Gunten." Forum for World Literature Studies 10.3 (2018): 463โ€“472. Weitzman, Erica. Irony's Antics: Walser, Kafka, Roth and the German Comic Tradition. Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press, 2015. External links Robert Walser Center (in German): Official site of the Robert Walser archive and society in Bern, with information, documentation, and resources about the writer's life and work Robert Walser Center (in English): Official site of the Robert Walser archive and society in Bern, with information, documentation, and resources about the writer's life and work Robert Walser-Zentrum (DE), Robert Walser Center Library Catalogue (EN), Robert Walser Center Swiss Literary Archive Robert Walser-Pfad, Herisau (in German) Kritische Walser Ausgabe (in German) Robert Walser Preis (in German) J. M. Coetzee: "The Genius of Robert Walser" (2000) Ben Lerner: "Robert Walser's Disappearing Acts" Institute Benjamenta โ€“ Dishwasher Studio โ€“ Director: Gokcen Ergene (Jakob von Gunten adapted to the stage) "Still Small Voice" review of The Assistant by Benjamin Kunkel in The New Yorker "The Book Bench: Scribe of the Small" a brief article about Walser's handwriting in The New Yorker "The Lightest Touch" review of A Schoolboy's Diary at The Millions "A Prose Piece for Your Gaps" Review of A Schoolboy's Diary at Open Letters Monthly "A Celebration of the Work of Swiss Writer Robert Walser" Podcast, KCRW's Bookworm "Smithereens: On Robert Walser's Microscripts" Ansgar Fabri, Burkhart Brรผckner: Biography of Robert Otto Walser in: Biographical Archive of Psychiatry (BIAPSY). 1878 births 1956 deaths 20th-century Swiss writers 20th-century dramatists and playwrights Male dramatists and playwrights Modernism Modernist writers People from Biel/Bienne People with schizophrenia Swiss dramatists and playwrights Swiss male writers 20th-century male writers Swiss people with disabilities
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%A4%EB%9F%AC%EB%A6%AC
๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ
๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ(gallery), ๋˜๋Š” ํ™”๋ž‘(็•ตๅปŠ)์€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „์‹œ, ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฐ€์™€ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์•„ํŠธํŽ˜์–ด ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 1์ฐจ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์†Œ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ์•„ํŠธ์˜ฅ์…˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์€ 2์ฐจ ์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋ž˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์–ด '๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์•„(galleria)'์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•œ ๋ง๋กœ, ์›๋ž˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ถ•์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธด ๋ณต๋„๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด 'ํšŒ๋ž‘(ๅ›žๅปŠ)'์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด์˜ ์ฝ”์‹œ๋ชจ ๋ฐ ๋ฉ”๋””์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ €ํƒ ํšŒ๋ž‘์„ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ•ด ์†Œ์žฅํ’ˆ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ์ดํ›„ ๊ท€์กฑ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์ด ์†Œ์žฅํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์ง€์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง‘์•ˆ์— ๋งŒ๋“  ๋ฐฉ(ํšŒํ™”์‹ค)์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํšŒํ™”์‹ค์ด ๊ณต๊ณตํ™”๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ๋Š” '๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€โ€™ ๋˜๋Š” โ€˜๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€'๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”๋””์น˜๊ฐ€์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์€ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด์— ๊ธฐ์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐํ”ผ์น˜ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋Œ€์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๊ณต ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€๋„ ์ข…์ข… ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ˆ ํ’ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”๋ž‘์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. "๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ"๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚ฑ๋ง์€ ์–ธ์–ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด ์œ„ํ‚ค๋ฐฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฏธ์ˆ  ์ „์‹œ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ํ’ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์€ ์ƒ์—… ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„œ์–‘์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋Š” ๋ฅด๋„ค์ƒ์Šค ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ƒ์—…์  ์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉํ™” ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์ผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ํ’ˆ์€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ์ธํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ทจ๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ ์กฐ์„ธํ”„ ์กฐ์—˜ ๋”๋นˆ(Joseph Joel Duveen)์ด ๋Ÿฐ๋˜๊ณผ ๋‰ด์š• ๋“ฑ์ง€์— ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์—ด๊ณ  ๊ทผ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ตญ์ œ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ํ’ˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 20์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” 1913๋…„ ๊ฐœ์žฅํ•œ ๊ณ ๊ธˆ์„œํ™”๊ด€์ด ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญํ•  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ์ˆ ํ’ˆ์„ ์ง„์—ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—…์ฒด๋กœ, ์ฃผ์š” ์—…๋ฌด๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์œ ํ†ต(๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€ ์ปฌ๋ ‰์…˜ ์ œ์•ˆ, ์ปฌ๋ ‰์…˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ์•„ํŠธํŽ˜์–ด ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๋“ฑ), ์ „์‹œ ๊ธฐํš, ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ง€๋จผํŠธ(ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจ์…˜, ๋ฐœ๊ตด), ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ(๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ, ๊ธฐ์—…, ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ปฌ๋ ‰ํ„ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์†์ž‘๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์–ด ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์ ์  ๋งŽ์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ค‘๊ฐœํ•œ ๋’ค ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ†ต ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง์ ‘ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ปฌ๋ ‰ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์œ„ํƒํŒ๋งคํ•˜๊ณ , ์•„ํŠธ์ปจ์„คํŒ… ์—…๋ฌด๋„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ํ™”๋ž‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ผ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ†ต์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ํ™”๋ž‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์ƒ์—… ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ํ˜น์€ ์ž ์žฌ์  ๊ตฌ๋งค์ž๋ฅผ ์œ ์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒ์—… ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ „์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ํ™”๋ž‘์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ๋”œ๋Ÿฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ƒ์—…์ ์ธ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ๋‚˜์„œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€ ํŽธ์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์“ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์‹ ์กฐ์–ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”œ๋Ÿฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์€ 2์ฐจ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ง๋กœ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, 1์ฐจ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณดํ†ต์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ํ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์•„ํŠธ๋”œ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ง์› ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ง๋กœ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ํŒ๋งค ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์ฃผ์ œ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ, ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณด์ผ ์ž์ฒด ์ „์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐํšํ•˜๊ณ  ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ „์‹œ๋ฅผ ์„ญ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€, ๊ธฐ๊ด€, ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ, ๊ธฐํš์ž ๋“ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจ์…˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋žต์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ ์—†์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์ž์‹ ์„ ํ™๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „์‹œ๋‚˜ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ํ˜น์€ ์ปค๋ฏธ์…˜ ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋„ ๋งŽ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์ธ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „๋žต์„ ํŽผ์นœ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋ช… ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ ๋„๋„๋“œ ํ†ฐ์Šจ์€ ใ€Š์€๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌใ€‹์—์„œ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์œ ๋ช… ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ๋ž˜๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€๊ณ ์‹œ์•ˆ ํ˜ผ์น˜ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ๋ฒ ๋‹ˆ์Šจ ํ™”์ดํŠธ ํ๋ธŒ ๋ฆฌ์Šจ ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ ์ƒˆ๋”” ์ฝœ์Šค ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฏธ๋กœ ํ•˜์šฐ์ € ์•ค ์›Œ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ฆฐ ํŽ˜์ผ๋ฆฌ ๋”” ์–ดํ”„๋กœ์น˜ ์Šคํ…ŒํŒ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋จผ ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ ๋‰ด์š• ๋ž˜๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€๊ณ ์‹œ์•ˆ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์œŒ๋ด์Šคํƒ€์ธ ๋งค๋ฆฌ์–ธ ๊ตฟ๋งจ ํด๋ผ ์ฟ ํผ ๊ธ€๋ž˜๋“œ์Šคํ†ค ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ์ฆˆ์›Œ๋„ˆ ๋งคํŠœ ๋ง‰์Šค ์†Œ๋‚˜๋ฒค๋“œ ๋ฃจ์–ด๋ง ์–ด๊ฑฐ์Šคํ‹ด ๊ฐœ๋นˆ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šด ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋ฐ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์ถœ์ฒ˜ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๋„๋„๋“œ ํ†ฐ์Šจ, ๊น€๋ฏผ์ฃผ ์†กํฌ๋ น ์—ญ, ใ€Š์€๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฐค๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌใ€‹, ๋ฆฌ๋”์Šค๋ถ, ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%20gallery
Art gallery
An art gallery is a room or a building in which visual art is displayed. In Western cultures from the mid-15th century, a gallery was any long, narrow covered passage along a wall, first used in the sense of a place for art in the 1590s. The long gallery in Elizabethan and Jacobean houses served many purposes including the display of art. Historically, art is displayed as evidence of status and wealth, and for religious art as objects of ritual or the depiction of narratives. The first galleries were in the palaces of the aristocracy, or in churches. As art collections grew, buildings became dedicated to art, becoming the first art museums. Among the modern reasons art may be displayed are aesthetic enjoyment, education, historic preservation, or for marketing purposes. The term is used to refer to establishments with distinct social and economic functions, both public and private. Institutions that preserve a permanent collection may be called either "gallery of art" or "museum of art". If the latter, the rooms where art is displayed within the museum building are called galleries. Art galleries that do not maintain a collection are either commercial enterprises for the sale of artworks, or similar spaces operated by art cooperatives or non-profit organizations. As part of the art world, art galleries play an important role in maintaining the network of connections between artists, collectors, and art experts that define fine art. Art museums versus galleries The terms 'art museum' and 'art gallery' may be used interchangeably as reflected in the names of institutions around the world, some of which are called galleries (e.g. the National Gallery and Neue Nationalgalerie), and some of which are called museums (e.g. the Museum of Modern Art and National Museum of Western Art). However, establishments that display art for other purposes, but serve no museum functions, are only called art galleries. The distinctive function of a museum is the preservation of artifacts with cultural, historical, and aesthetic value by maintaining a collection of valued objects. Art museums also function as galleries that display works from the museum's own collection or on loan from the collections of other museums. Museums might be in public or private ownership and may be accessible to all or have restrictions on access. Although primarily concerned with visual art, art museums are often used as a venue for other cultural exchanges and artistic activities, such as performance arts, music concerts, or poetry readings. Galleries and the art world The art world comprises everyone involved in the production and distribution of fine art. The market for fine art depends upon maintaining its distinction as high culture, although during recent decades the boundary between high and popular culture has been eroded by postmodernism. In the case of historical works, or Old Masters this distinction is maintained by the work's provenance; proof of its origin and history. For more recent work, status is based upon the reputation of the artist. Reputation includes both aesthetic factors; art schools attended, membership in a stylistic or historical movement, the opinions of art historians and critics; and economic factors; inclusion in group and solo exhibitions and past success in the art market. Art dealers, through their galleries, have occupied a central role in the art world by bringing many of these factors together; such as "discovering" new artists, promoting their associations in group shows, and managing market valuation. Commercial galleries Exhibitions of art operating similar to current galleries for marketing art first appeared in the early modern period, approximately 1500 to 1800 CE. In the middle ages that preceded, painters and sculptors were members of guilds, seeking commissions to produce artworks for aristocratic patrons or churches. The establishment of academies of art in the 16th century represented efforts by painters and sculptors to raise their status from mere artisans who worked with their hands to that of the classical arts such as poetry and music, which are purely intellectual pursuits. However, the public exhibition of art had to overcome the bias against commercial activity, which was deemed beneath the dignity of artists in many European societies. Commercial art galleries were well-established by the Victorian era, made possible by the increasing number of people seeking to own objects of cultural and aesthetic value. At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century there were also the first indications of modern values regarding art; art as an investment versus pure aesthetics, and the increased attention to living artists as an opportunity for such investment. Commercial galleries owned or operated by an art dealer or "gallerist" occupy the middle tier of the art market, accounting for most transactions, although not those with the highest monetary values. Once limited to major urban art worlds such as New York, Paris and London, art galleries have become global. Another trend in globalization is that while maintaining their urban establishments, galleries also participate in art fairs such as Art Basel and Frieze Art Fair. Art galleries are the primary connection between artists and collectors. At the high end of the market, a handful of elite auction houses and dealers sell the work of celebrity artists; at the low end artists sell their work from their studio, or in informal venues such as restaurants. Point-of-sale galleries connect artists with buyers by hosting exhibitions and openings. The artworks are on consignment, with the artist and the gallery splitting the proceeds from each sale. Depending upon the expertise of the gallery owner and staff, and the particular market, the artwork shown may be more innovative or more traditional in style and media. Types of galleries Galleries may deal in the primary market of new works by living artists, or the secondary markets for works from prior periods owned by collectors, estates, or museums. The periods represented include Old Masters, Modern (1900-1950), and contemporary (1950โ€“present). Modern and contemporary may be combined in the category of Post-war art; while contemporary may be limited to the 21st century or "emerging artists". Contemporary galleries An enduring model for contemporary galleries was set by Leo Castelli. Rather than simply being the broker for sales, Castelli became actively involved in the discovery and development of new artists, while expecting to remain an exclusive agent for their work. However he also focused exclusively on new works, not participating in the resale of older work by the same artists. Secondary market All art sales after the first are part of the secondary market, in which the artist and the original dealer are not involved. Many of these sales occur privately between collectors, or works are sold at auctions. However some galleries participate in the secondary market depending upon the market conditions. As with any market, the major conditions are supply and demand. Because art is a unique commodity, the artist has a monopoly on production, which ceases when the artist either dies or stops working. Outside the art world Some businesses operate as vanity galleries, charging artists a fee to exhibit their work. Lacking a selection process to assure the quality of the artworks, and having little incentive to promote sales, vanity galleries are avoided as unprofessional. Non-profit galleries Some non-profit organizations or local governments host art galleries for cultural enrichment and to support local artists. Non-profit organizations may start as exhibit spaces for artist collectives, and expand into full-fledged arts programs. Other non-profits include the arts as part of other missions, such as providing services to low-income neighborhoods. Artists Space was founded in 1972 in SoHo, New York City. Westbeth Gallery is operated by the Westbeth Artists Residents Council Arts districts Historically, art world activities have benefited from clustering together either in cities or in remote areas offering natural beauty. The proximity of art galleries facilitated an informal tradition of art show openings on the same night, which have become officially coordinated as "first Friday events" in a number of locations. Galleries selling the work of recognized artists may occupy space in established commercial areas of a city. New styles in art have historically been attracted to the low rent of marginal neighborhoods. An artist colony existed in Greenwich Village as early as 1850, and the tenements built around Washington Square Park to house immigrants after the Civil War also attracted young artists and avant-garde art galleries. The resulting gentrification prompted artists and galleries to move to the adjacent neighborhood "south of Houston" (SoHo) which became gentrified in turn. Attempting to recreate this natural process, arts districts have been created intentionally by local governments in partnership with private developers as a strategy for revitalizing neighborhoods. Such developments often include spaces for artists to live and work as well as galleries. Temporary galleries A contemporary practice has been the use of vacant commercial space for art exhibitions that run for periods from a single day to a month. Now called "popup galleries", a precursor was Artomatic which had its first event in 1999 and has occurred periodically to the present, mainly in the Washington metro area. See also List of national galleries References Art museums and galleries Types of art museums and galleries Business of visual arts
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์ปคํŠธ ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ ์ž์‚ด์‚ฌ๊ฑด
1994๋…„ 4์›” 8์ผ ๋„ˆ๋ฐ”๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฉค๋ฒ„ ์ปคํŠธ ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์€ ์‹œ์• ํ‹€์˜ ์žํƒ์—์„œ ์ˆจ์ง„ ์ฑ„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๊ฒ€์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 3์ผ ์ „์ธ 4์›” 5์ผ์— ์ด๋ฏธ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์• ํ‹€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์กฐ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ "์‚ฐํƒ„์ด์„ ๋ชธ์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ์ฑ„๋กœ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‘๋ถ€์—๋Š” ๋šœ๋ ท์ด ์ด์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์‹œ์‹ ์˜ ์ฃผ์œ„์—์„œ ์œ ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค." ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง•์กฐ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž ์ปคํŠธ ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ก ๋ฐด๋“œ ๋„ˆ๋ฐ”๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์‹ฑ์–ด์ด์ž ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋‹ค. ๋„ˆ๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋Š” 90๋…„๋Œ€ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„๋„ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์Œ๋ฐ˜์„ ํŒ”์•„์น˜์šด ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ „์ƒ์• ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ‹€์–ด ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์€ ๋งŒ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€์—ผ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ์— ๊ทธ ๋ณ‘๋ช…์„ ํŠน์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฉ์‹ฌํ•œ ํ†ต์ฆ์„ ๋‹ฌ๊ณ  ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”๊ตฐ๋‹ค๋‚˜ ๋ณ‘์— ๋”ํ•ด์„œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ชจ์ฃผ๋งํƒœ์˜€๊ณ  ๋งˆ์•ฝ๊ณผ ํก์ž…์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์‘ค์˜€๋‹ค. ใ€Š๋” ํ…”๋ ˆ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ใ€‹๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ๋งˆ์ € ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ž๋ฉด ๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ดŒ์—๊ฒŒ์˜ ๋‘ ์‚ผ์ดŒ์ด ์ด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ž์‚ด์„ ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1994๋…„ 3์›” 3์ผ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋กœ๋งˆ์— ๊ฑฐ๋ฅ˜์ค‘์ด๋˜ ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์ด ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ ๊ณผ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณ‘์›์— ์‹ค๋ ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์˜ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ง€๋จผํŠธ ๋Œ€ํ–‰์‚ฌ ๊ณจ๋“œ ๋งˆ์šดํ‹ด ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œ ์ธก์€ ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์˜ ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž ๋ฐ ํ”ผ๋กœ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํ•ด๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ›„์— ๋ฏธ๋ง์ธ ์ฝ”ํŠธ๋‹ˆ ๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ์–ธํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ๊ณง ์ž์‚ด๋ฏธ์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. "์•ฝ์„ ๋ฌด๋ ค 50๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ง‘์–ด๋จน์—ˆ์–ด์š”. ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ง‘์–ด๋จน๋Š”์ง€๋„ ์•„๋งˆ ๋ชฐ๋ž์„ ๊ฑธ์š”. ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ญ๋ ฅํ•œ ์ž์‚ด์  ์ถฉ๋™์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋‹ด์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ผ์ด ์šฐ๊ฑฑ์šฐ๊ฑฑ์šฐ๊ฑฑ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ ." ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์€ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ฌด์ง€ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋˜ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์ค‘๋…๊ณผ ์ž„์ƒ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์œกํ•„์œ ์„œ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ •์‹ ์  ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐํžˆ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋„ˆ๋ฐ”๋‚˜๋กœ์จ ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์€ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ฆ์˜ ์ฆ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ฐํžˆ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Š” 1991๋…„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ˆœ์—ฐ์„ ๋Œ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ณต๋ถ€์˜ ํ†ต์ฆ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์‹ฌํ•ด์ ธ์„œ ์ž์‚ด๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์ž๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜์ง€๋กœ์จ ๊ณ ๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ—ค๋กœ์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค("์ด๊ฒƒ(ํ—ค๋กœ์ธ)์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ์ž์‹ ์„ ์˜์•„ ์ฃฝ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋„์›€์ด๋‹ค"). ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ดŒ์ธ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ๋ฒ ๋ฒŒ๋ฆฌ ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋˜ ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์€ ์œ ๋… ์ž์‚ดํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์˜ ์ž์‚ด์˜ ์ฃผ์›์ธ์€ ๊ณง ๊ทธ์˜ ์กฐ์šธ์ฆ ๋ฐ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์ค‘๋…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐฐ์Šค ํฌ๋กœ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์“ด ์ „๊ธฐ ใ€Šํ—ค๋น„์–ด ๋Œ„ ํ—ค๋ธใ€‹์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋„ˆ๋ฐ”๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฒ ์ด์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋…ธ๋ณด์…€๋ฆญ์˜ ์นด์šด์Šฌ๋ง์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋ฉฐ์น  ์ „์˜ ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํšŒ๊ณ ํ•œ ๋ง์ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. "๋ฌด์ฒ™์ด๋‚˜ ์กฐ์šฉํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ฒด ๋ฌด๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ๋งˆ๋ƒฅ. ์•„๋ฌดํ•˜๊ณ ๋„ ๋ง์„ ์„ž์œผ๋ ค ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”." ๋˜ํ•œ ๋™์„œ์—์„œ ํšŒ๊ณ ํ•˜๋˜ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ €๋…์„ ๋Œ€์ ‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์Œ์‹์ ์— ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋งŒ ํ—ค๋กœ์ธ์„ ๋” ๋จน์ด๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๋˜์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. "๋งˆ์นจ ๋งˆ์•ฝํŒ”์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€ ๋ญก๋‹ˆ๊นŒ. ๊ทธ๋†ˆ์€ ๋ฌด์˜์‹ ์†์œผ๋กœ ๊ผฌ๋ผ๋ฐ•ํžˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ์„ ์›ํ–ˆ์–ด์š” (...) ์ฃฝ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ถ€์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ์ฃฝ์Œ 1994๋…„ 3์›” 31์ผ ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์€ ์žฌํ™œ์› ์—‘์†Œ๋”์Šค ๋ฆฌ์ปค๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ ์„ผํ„ฐ(Exodus Recovery Center)๋ฅผ ํ‡ด์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ณณ์„ ์ž…์›ํ•œ ์ง€ ๊ณ ์ž‘ ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋งŒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๋…„ 4์›” 2์ผ ํƒ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์‹œ์• ํ‹€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ด์•Œ์„ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์™”๋‹ค. ํƒ์‹œ ์šด์ „์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ง‘์— ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๋น„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ๋Œ”๋‹ค. ๋™๋…„ 4์›” 8์ผ ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ๋™๋Œ€๋กœ(Lake Washington Boulevard East)์˜ ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ ์žํƒ์— ๋ณด์•ˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ์„ค์น˜์ฐจ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ VECA ์ผ๋ ‰ํŠธ๋ฆญ(VECA Electric)์˜ ์‚ฌ์› ๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌ T. ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋Š” ์ด๊ณณ์˜ ์˜จ์‹ค์—์„œ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ˆ„์šด ๋ชธ๋šฑ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์ด ์ž ์„ ์ž๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ž˜ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์˜ ๊ท€์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋‹ˆ ํ™”๋‹จ ์†์—์„œ๋Š” ํŽœ์— ๊ฝ‚ํžŒ ์ฑ„์˜ ์œ ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ ˆ๋ฐํ„ด 11์‹ 20 ๊ฒŒ์ด์ง€ ์ƒท๊ฑด์ด ํ‰๋ถ€์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋Š˜์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ƒท๊ฑด์€ ์›๋ž˜ ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ ๋”œ๋Ÿฐ ์นด์Šจ์˜ ์†Œ์œ ๋กœ์„œ ์‹œ์• ํ‹€์˜ ์Šคํƒ  ๋ฒ ์ด์ปค์Šค ๊ฑด ์ƒต(Stan Baker's Gun Shop)์—์„œ ์นด์Šจ์ด ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์ด ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ช…์˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์„œ ์ด์„ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ตณ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ด์„ ๋นŒ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ์ž์‚ด์„ ์ €์–ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์„ ์••์ˆ˜ํ•ด ๊ฐˆ๊นŒํ•ด์„œ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ์ง€๋‚œ 10๊ฐœ์›”๋ž˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์ด์„ ์••์ˆ˜๋‹นํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚น ์นด์šดํ‹ฐ ๊ฒ€์‹œ์†Œ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์šฐ์ธก ์ขŒ์ธก ํŒ”๊ฟˆ์น˜์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์ž์ฐฝ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒท๊ฑด์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค(๋™๋…„ 5์›” 6์ผ ์‹œํ–‰). ์ง€๋ฌธ๊ฐ์‹๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ด ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ง€๋ฌธ์ด ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋„๋ฌด์ง€ ๊ฐ์‹์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์• ํ‹€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์กฐ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ƒท๊ฑด์€ ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์Šด์— ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ๋œ ์ฑ„๋กœ ์ด์—ด์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ ์†์— ๊ฐ์‹ธ์ฅ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™๋…„ 4์›” 14์ผ ใ€Š์‹œ์• ํ‹€ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์ธํ…”๋ฆฌ์  ์„œใ€‹๋Š” ๋ณด๋„ํ•˜๋˜ ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์ด "ํ—ค๋กœ์ธ์— ์ทจํ•œ ์ฑ„ ๋ฐฉ์•„์‡ ๋ฅผ ๋‹น๊ฒผ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ณด๋„ํ•˜๋˜ ๋…์†Œ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํ•€ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋‹น 1.52 ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด์— ๋”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ”๋ฅจ ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ์—ญ์‹œ๋„ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ง์„ ์ธ์šฉํ•˜๋˜ ํ™”ํ•™๋…์„ฑ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์˜ ๋žœ๋“ค ๋ฐ”์…€ํŠธ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฐํžŒ ๋ฐ” ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์˜ ํ—ค๋กœ์ธ ๋†๋„๋Š” "์–ด๋Š ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋น„์ถฐ๋ณด๋”๋ž˜๋„ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€"์ด๋ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์…€ํŠธ๋Š” ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ์„œ ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์˜ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์š”์ธ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€ ๋‘๋ฉด์„œ ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์ด ํ‰์†Œ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์— ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์ธ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ 3์›” ์‹œ์• ํ‹€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ณด์กด์‹ค์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๋„ค ํ†ต์˜ ํ•„๋ฆ„์„ ํ˜„์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น๊ตญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์˜ ์‹œ์‹  ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑดํ˜„์žฅ์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์—์„œ ์ฐ์—ˆ๋˜ ํด๋ผ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ์‚ฌ์ง„๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋” ์–‘ํ˜ธํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ฒฐ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๊ด€ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ ์‹œ์—์ง„์Šคํ‚ค์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ์— ์™€์„œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ฒญํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋ž€ "20๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚ฌ์Œ์—๋„ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๋†’์€ ์ธ์ง€๋„์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด"์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์—์ง„์Šคํ‚ค์˜ ๋ฐํžŒ ๋ฐ”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ์›์ธ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž์‚ด์ด๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์ƒํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ง๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ, ํ•ด๋‹น ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ 2016๋…„ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Cobain Caseย โ€“ Grant's website about Cobain's death 1994๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ 1994๋…„ 4์›” ์‚ฌ๋ง ์Œ๋ชจ๋ก  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ž์‚ดํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ปคํŠธ ์ฝ”๋ฒ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ ์‹œ์• ํ‹€์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ 1994๋…„ ์ž์‚ด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide%20of%20Kurt%20Cobain
Suicide of Kurt Cobain
On April 8, 1994, Kurt Cobain, the lead singer and guitarist of the American rock band Nirvana, was found dead at his home in Seattle, Washington. Forensics investigators later determined he had died three days earlier, on April 5. The Seattle Police Department incident report stated that Cobain was found with a shotgun across his body, had suffered a visible gunshot wound to the head, and that a suicide note had been discovered nearby. The Seattle Police confirmed Cobain's death as a suicide. Following his death, conspiracy theories that Cobain was murdered were spread and reported to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, partially due to an Unsolved Mysteries episode dedicated to Cobain's death. Background Kurt Cobain was the lead singer and guitarist of the American rock band Nirvana, one of the most influential acts of the 1990s and one of the best-selling bands of all time. Throughout most of his life, Cobain suffered from chronic bronchitis and intense pain due to an undiagnosed chronic stomach condition. He was also prone to alcoholism, suffered from depression, and regularly used drugs and inhalants. Cobain had two uncles who killed themselves using guns. On March 4, 1994, Cobain was hospitalized in Rome following an overdose of painkillers. His management agency, Gold Mountain Records, said that the overdose was accidental, and that he was suffering from influenza and fatigue. However, Cobain's wife, Courtney Love, later said the overdose had been a suicide attempt: "He took 50 pills. He probably forgot how many he took. But there was a definite suicidal urge, to be gobbling and gobbling and gobbling." Cobain's cousin Beverly, a nurse, said that the family had a history of suicide, and that Cobain had been diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. Cobain said that his stomach pain had been so severe during Nirvana's 1991 European tour that he became suicidal, and that taking heroin was "the only thing that's saving me from shooting myself right now". In Charles Cross's biography Heavier Than Heaven, Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic is quoted on seeing Cobain in the days before his intervention: "He was really quiet. He was just estranged from all of his relationships. He wasn't connecting with anybody." Novoselic's offer to buy dinner for Cobain resulted in unintentionally driving him to score heroin: "His dealer was right there. He wanted to get fucked up into oblivionย ... He wanted to die, that's what he wanted to do." Death On March 31, 1994, Cobain left the rehabilitation center he had checked into the day before, Exodus Recovery Center, by scaling a six-foot wall. On April 2, Cobain took a taxi to a Seattle gun shop, where he purchased and received a receipt for shotgun shells. Cobain told the taxi driver he wanted to buy shells because he had been burglarized. On April 8, Cobain's body was discovered in the greenhouse above the garage at his Lake Washington Boulevard East house by VECA Electric employee Gary T. Smith, who arrived that morning to install security lighting. Smith initially thought Cobain was asleep until he saw blood coming out of Cobain's ear. He also found a suicide note with a pen stuck through it inside a flower pot. A Remington Model 11 20-gauge shotgun purchased for Cobain by his friend, musician Dylan Carlson, was found on Cobain's chest. It had been legally purchased by Carlson at Stan Baker's Gun Shop in Seattle. Although conductor David Woodard had built a Dreamachine for Cobain, rumors that Cobain had been using the device heavily in the days leading up to his suicide were contradicted by later reports. Cobain did not want the gun purchased in his name because he thought the police might seize it for his own protection. The police had taken away his guns twice in the previous ten months. The King County Medical Examiner noted puncture wounds on the inside of both the right and left elbows. The shotgun was not checked for fingerprints until May 6, 1994. The Seattle police report states that the shotgun was inverted on Cobain's chest with his left hand wrapped around the barrel. On April 14, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer reported that Cobain was "high on heroin when he pulled the trigger". The paper reported that the toxicological tests determined that the level of morphine in Cobain's bloodstream was 1.52 milligrams per liter and that there was evidence of Valium in his blood. The report contained a quote from Randall Baselt of the Chemical Toxicological Institute and author of all 12 editions of the common forensic toxicology textbook Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man (including its chapter on heroin) which stated that Cobain's heroin level was at "a high concentration, by any account" but that the strength of the dose would depend on many factors, including how habituated Cobain was to the drug. In March 2014, the Seattle Police Department (SPD) developed four rolls of film that had been left in an evidence vault. According to Seattle police, the photographs depict the scene of Cobain's corpse more clearly than previous Polaroid images taken by the police. Detective Mike Ciesynski, a cold case investigator, was asked to look at the film because "it is 20 years later and it's a high media case". Ciesynski stated that the official cause of Cobain's death remained suicide and that the images would not be released to the public; however, the images were released in 2016. According to a police spokesperson, the SPD receives at least one request weekly, mostly through Twitter, to reopen the investigation. This resulted in the maintenance of the basic incident report on file. Memorial and cremation On April 10, 1994, a public memorial service was held at Seattle Center, where a recording of Courtney Love reading Cobain's suicide note was played. Near the end of the vigil, Love arrived, and distributed some of his clothing to fans who remained. In the following days, Love consoled and mourned with fans who came to her house. Cobain's body was cremated. Love divided his ashes; she kept some in a teddy bear and some in an urn. She took another portion of his ashes to the Namgyal Buddhist Monastery in Ithaca, New York. There, some of his remains were ceremonially blessed by Buddhist monks and mixed into clay, which were used to make tsatsas. A final ceremony was arranged for Cobain by his mother on May 31, 1999, that was attended by both Love and Tracy Marander. A Buddhist monk chanted while Cobain's daughter, Frances Bean Cobain, scattered his ashes into McLane Creek in Olympia, Washington, the city where he "had found his true artistic muse". Reactions from Cobain's friends Several of Cobain's friends were surprised by his suicide. Mark Lanegan, a long-time friend of Cobain, told Rolling Stone: "I never knew Cobain to be suicidal. I just knew he was going through a tough time." In the same article, Carlson stated that he wished Cobain or someone close to him had told him that the Rome incident was a suicide attempt. Danny Goldberg, founder of Gold Mountain Records, refers in his book Dispatches From the Culture Wars: How the Left Lost Teen Spirit to "the crazy Internet rumors that Kurt Cobain had not committed suicide but had been murdered," stating that Cobain's suicide "haunts him every day". Anthony Kiedis, lead singer of Red Hot Chili Peppers, expressed his feelings in his autobiography, Scar Tissue, writing: The news [of Cobain's death] sucked the air out of the entire house, I didn't feel like I felt when Hillel died; it was more like "The world just suffered a great loss." Kurt's death was unexpectedย ... It was an emotional blow, and we all felt it. I don't know why everyone on earth felt so close to that guy; he was beloved and endearing and inoffensive in some weird way. For all of his screaming and all of his darkness, he was just lovable. The song "Tearjerker" from the band's One Hot Minute album was written about Cobain. A musical hero of Cobain's, Greg Sage, said in an interview: Well, I can't really speculate other than what he said to me, which was, he wasn't at all happy about it, success to him seemed like, I think, a brick wall. There was nowhere else to go but down, it was too artificial for him, and he wasn't an artificial person at all. He was actually, two weeks after he died, he was supposed to come here and he wanted to record a bunch of Leadbelly covers. It was kind of in secret, because, I mean, people would definitely not allow him to do that. You also have to wonder, he was a billion-dollar industry at the time, and if the industry had any idea at all of him wishing or wanting to get out, they couldn't have allowed that, you know, in life, because if he was just to get out of the scene, he'd be totally forgotten, but if he was to die, he'd be immortalized. Toxicological ambiguities Some controversy arose after Cobain's death regarding whether his 1.52 mg/L blood morphine level indicates irrefutable evidence of a fatal overdose. The ambiguity on this subject has been contributed to by a lack of clarification whether the 1.52 mg/L figure from Cobain's toxicology report represents a "total morphine" assay (which includes a variety of long-lived morphine metabolites that can increase in the bloodstream as a result of a series of typical heroin doses throughout an extended time period) or a "free morphine" assay (a more specialized test that counts the only those morphine molecules that have not yet been broken down by the body into protein-bound morphine metabolites). The distinction between a free morphine count and a total morphine count is important in determining a survivable dose. A 2002 study in Forensic Science International by Meissner et al. "to distinguish fatal from non-fatal blood concentrations of morphine" showed that a total morphine count of 1.52 mg/L can be survivable, while a free morphine count above 0.12 mg/L is fatal. This study observed a highest non-fatal total blood morphine count of 2.11 mg/L in drivers who also tested positive for other drugs, indicating that being conscious enough to attempt driving a car is possible in extreme cases for subjects with a total morphine count significantly higher than 1.52 mg/L (the figure from Cobain's study). The same study also reported that the highest free morphine count from a heroin overdose survivor was 0.128 mg/L, and lists an extreme case where a subject died with a free morphine count of 2.8 mg/L (21.8 times higher than a lethal dose) and a total morphine count of 5.0 mg/L. Based on this a 1.52 mg/L free morphine count would be 11.875 times higher than a lethal dose. However it remains unknown whether Cobain's 1.52 mg/L figure represents a free or total morphine count. The technology and know-how to perform both free and total morphine assays has existed since the 1970s. Total morphine assays are cheaper, easier, and more commonly performed, especially in hospitals where the pharmacologically active metabolites of morphine provide most of its longer-lasting analgesic effects, and in law enforcement, since the full picture of morphine and all its metabolites provided by a total morphine assay provides a better indicator of intoxication and impairment than a free morphine assay. Meanwhile, free morphine assays are less common because they require more specialized equipment, methods, and expertise to perform, making them limited in use outside the context of research studies, and free morphine assays must be performed relatively soon post-mortem in order to be accurate. Additionally, most research published on the use of free morphine assays for cause-of-death in heroin cases has been published after 2000. While it remains unconfirmed whether Cobain's toxicology figure of 1.52 mg/L was the result of a free morphine assay or total morphine assay, Randall Baselt's opinion given in the Seattle Post Intelligencer is consistent with an interpretation of the 1.52 mg/L figure being a total morphine count, and Baselt is considered a world expert in toxicology. Baselt's 1975 paper on heroin deaths in San Francisco relied on total morphine counts, and found that "morphine blood levels per se are meaningless in attempting to assign a cause of death in a Medical Examiner's case, since morphine levels found in narcotics users dying of causes other than overdose averaged slightly higher than those of the overdose victims. However, a positive finding for morphine in blood is certainly a further indication of narcotics use and is probably indicative of usage within the four hours before death." Conspiracy theories Richard Lee The first to object publicly to the report of suicide was Seattle public access host Richard Lee. A week following Cobain's death, Lee aired the first episode of an ongoing series called Kurt Cobain Was Murdered, saying there were several discrepancies in the police reports, including several changes in the nature of the shotgun blast. Lee acquired a video that was taped on April 8 from the tree outside Cobain's garage, showing the scene around Cobain's body, which he claimed showed a marked absence of blood for what was reported as a point-blank shotgun blast to the head. Several pathology experts have stated that a shotgun blast inside the mouth often results in less blood, unlike a shotgun blast to the head. Tom Grant Tom Grant, a private investigator hired by Love to find Cobain after his departure from drug rehabilitation, said he believes that Cobain was murdered. Grant's theory has been analyzed and questioned by several books, television shows, and films, including the 2015 docudrama Soaked in Bleach. Grant was still under Love's employment when Cobain's body was found. Grant has stated that he finds the events surrounding Cobain's death to be "filled with lies, contradictions in logic, and countless inconsistencies. Motivated by profit over truth as well as a web of business deals and personal career considerations, Courtney Love, her lawyers, and many of Courtney's industry supporters have engaged in an effort to keep the public from learning the real facts of this case." There are several components to Grant's theory. One component is Grant's assertion that Cobain could not have injected himself with such a large dose of heroin and still have been able to pull the trigger. Grant says he based this belief on his lack of knowing about any studies or evidence to indicate that such a high dose could be survived, although he does not rule out whether a counterexample might exist (for updated information on the question of how to interpret Cobain's blood morphine count, see Toxicological ambiguities). Another component is Grant's belief that Cobain's note was doctored to make it only appear to be a suicide note. A third component is the purported lack of fingerprints from Cobain or others at the scene. He also asserts that Love had financial motivation to kill Cobain, both in the form of rumors that Cobain was planning to divorce her, and the fact that Cobain had turned down an offer to headline the 1994 Lollapalooza festival for nearly $10million. In studying the Rome incident, journalists Ian Halperin and Max Wallace contacted Dr. Osvaldo Galletta, who treated Cobain after the incident. Galletta contested the claim that the Rome overdose was a suicide attempt. "We can usually tell a suicide attempt. This didn't look like one to me," said Galletta, who also contradicted Love's claim that 50 Rohypnol pills were removed from Cobain's stomach. Halperin and Wallace mused, "Grant believes Courtney may have mixed a large number of pills into Kurt's champagne so that when he took a drink, he was actually unknowingly ingesting large amounts of the drug, enough to kill him. But if that's the case, why did she call the police when she found him unconscious on the floor? If she wanted Kurt dead, why didn't she just leave him on the floor until he died?" Grant believes the claim that the Rome incident was a suicide attempt was not made until after Cobain's death. Prior to the shooting, some close to Cobain, notably Gold Mountain Records, firmly denied he had wanted to die. Grant believes that if that were true, Cobain's friends and family would have been told in order that they could keep a close watch on him. However, others assert that these denials were simply self-serving, in an effort to mask what was really going on behind the scenes. Lee Ranaldo, guitarist for Sonic Youth, told Rolling Stone, "Rome was only the latest installment of [those around Cobain] keeping a semblance of normalcy for the outside world." Grant counters the claim that he profits from the sale of casebook kits on his website by stating that it offsets some of the costs of his investigation. Grant stated: "I wrestled with that[...] but if I go broke, I'll have to give up my pursuit and Courtney wins." Sergeant Donald Cameron, one of the homicide detectives involved in the case, dismissed Grant's theory outright, saying, "[Grant] hasn't shown us a shred of proof that this was anything other than suicide," while Seattle homicide detective Mike Ciesynski, who reviewed the case, was quoted as saying of Grant, "An experienced Det. would never have come up with the theories that he's come up with." Grant in turn has accused Cameron of being a personal friend of Courtney Love. Dylan Carlson told Halperin and Wallace that he also did not believe that Grant's theory was valid, and in an interview with Broomfield implied that if he believed that his friend was murdered, he would have dealt with it himself. Nick Broomfield Filmmaker Nick Broomfield, deciding to investigate the theories himself, brought a film crew to visit a number of people associated with both Cobain and Love, including Love's estranged father, Cobain's aunt, and one of the couples' former nannies. Broomfield also spoke to the Mentors' bandleader Eldon "El Duce" Hoke, who claimed that Love had offered him $50,000 to kill Cobain. Although Hoke claimed that he knew who killed Cobain, he did not mention a name and offered no evidence to support his assertion. However, he mentioned speaking to someone called "Allen" or "Alain", before quickly interjecting, "I mean, my friend", then laughing, "I'll let the FBI catch him." According to Mentors' bass player Steve Broy, the whole story was concocted to sell supermarket tabloids. Broomfield incidentally captured Hoke's final interview, as he died days later when he was struck by a train in the middle of the night. Broomfield titled the finished documentary Kurt & Courtney, which was released on February 27, 1998. In the end, Broomfield felt he had not uncovered enough evidence to conclude the existence of a conspiracy. In a 1998 interview, he summed up his thoughts: "I think that he committed suicide. I don't think that there's a smoking gun. And I think there's only one way you can explain a lot of things around his death. Not that he was murdered, but that there was just a lack of caring for him. I just think that Courtney had moved on, and he was expendable." Ian Halperin and Max Wallace Journalists Ian Halperin and Max Wallace followed a similar path and attempted to investigate the murder theory themselves. Based on evidence gathered in interviews, Halperin and Wallace believed that Cobain wanted to divorce Love near the time of his death, and that she was looking for "a vicious divorce lawyer" to help crush a prenuptial agreement she had reportedly signed that would keep their respective fortunes separate in the event of divorce. They also made the case that because Nikolas Hartshorne (the coroner in Cobain's case) was an admitted friend of Love's, that this was a conflict of interest. Their initial book, Who Killed Kurt Cobain?, was released in 1999, and drew a similar conclusion to Broomfield's film: while there wasn't enough evidence to conclusively prove foul play, there was more than enough to demand that the case be reopened. A notable element of the book included their discussions with Grant, who had taped nearly every conversation he had undertaken while he was working for Love. Over the next several years, Halperin and Wallace collaborated with Grant to write a second book, 2004's Love and Death: The Murder of Kurt Cobain. Friends and family The overall consensus amongst Cobain's close friends and family is that he committed suicide. However some of Cobain's friends and family members also believe Cobain was murdered. Hank Harrison, Courtney Love's father, has shared his belief that Love had a motive, there is evidence of foul play, and the case should be re-opened. Cobain's grandfather, Leland Cobain, also publicly stated that he believed Cobain was murdered. In August 2005, Sonic Youth's Kim Gordon was asked about Cobain's death in an interview for Uncut Magazine. When asked what she thought to be Cobain's motive for suicide, Gordon replied: "I don't even know that he killed himself. There are people close to him who don't think that he didย ..." When asked if she thought someone else had killed him, Gordon answered, "I do, yes." In the same interview, Gordon's then-husband and collaborator Thurston Moore stated: Kurt died in a very harsh way. It wasn't just an OD. He actually killed himself violently. It was so aggressive, and he wasn't an aggressive person, he was a smart person, he had an interesting intellect. So it kind of made sense because it was like: wow, what a fucking gesture. But at the same time it was like: something's wrong with that gesture. It doesn't really lie with what we know. However, in 2015, in a piece she wrote for The Guardian, Gordon said that she had not been surprised to hear of Cobain's suicide, stating, "I'll always remember the day Thurston called to tell me Kurt had shot himself. Of course I was totally shocked, but I wasn't entirely surprised. There had been an incident in Rome, where Kurt had OD'd, but the details were never clear." Others, however, have dismissed or ignored the conspiracy theories surrounding Cobain's death. In an interview with The Independent, former Nirvana manager and friend of Cobain, Danny Goldberg, emphasized Cobain's erratic and depressed behavior in the days and weeks leading up to his death, stating, It's ridiculous. He killed himself. I saw him the week beforehand, he was depressed. He tried to kill himself six weeks earlier, he'd talked and written about suicide a lot, he was on drugs, he got a gun. Why do people speculate about it? The tragedy of the loss is so great people look for other explanations. I don't think there's any truth at all to it. On a AMA hosted on the Nirvana subreddit, bassist Krist Novoselic discussed the speculation when asked by a Redditor about what he would say if Cobain was able to listen to the forum: In the April 19, 2004 issue of People magazine, some of his family shared a statement about his death: References Further reading Maxim Furek (2008). The Death Proclamation of Generation X: A Self-Fulfilling Prophecy of Goth, Grunge and Heroin, "Kurt Donald Cobain", pp.ย 20โ€“38. i-Universe. 1994 in music 1994 in American music 1994 in Seattle April 1994 events in the United States Cobain, Kurt Cobain, Kurt Kurt Cobain Cobain, Kurt 1994 suicides es:Kurt Cobain#Semanas finales y muerte
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/PyTorch
PyTorch
PyTorch๋Š” Python์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์Šค ๋จธ์‹  ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ด๋‹ค. Torch๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ž์—ฐ์–ด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. GPU์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋น ๋ฅด๋‹ค. ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” Tensorflow์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋น„์ง๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๋‚œ์ด๋„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, Pytorch์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” Facebook์˜ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, Uber์˜ โ€œPyroโ€(ํ™•๋ฅ ๋ก ์  ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ ์–ธ์–ด)์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๊ฐ€ Pytorch๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค Pytorch๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํŒŒ์ด์„  ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. GPU๋กœ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ•œ ํ–‰๋ ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์˜ˆ) NumPy ํ…Œ์ดํ”„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ž๋™ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ ์‹ฌ์ธต ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง Facebook์€ PyTorch์™€ Convolutional Architecture for Fast Feature Embedding (Caffe2)์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„ํ˜ธํ™˜์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด PyTorch ์ •์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ Caffe2๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๊ตํ™˜(ONNX, Open Neural Network Exchange) ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” Facebook๊ณผ Microsoft๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 2017๋…„ 9์›” ๋งŒ๋“  ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋‹ค. Caffe2๋Š” 2018๋…„ 3์›” ๋ง์— PyTorch์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. PyTorch Tensors ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ Tensors๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋‹ค์ฐจ์› ๋ฐฐ์—ด๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Pytorch์—์„œ์˜ Tensors๋Š” NumPy์˜ ๋ฐฐ์—ด๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ๋ฐ, ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ Tensors๋„ CUDA๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” GPU์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, Pytorch๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํƒ€์ž…์˜ Tensors๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ์ž๋™ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ PyTorch๋Š” ์ž๋™ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋”๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ ์žฌ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ „๋ฐฉ ํŒจ์Šค์—์„œ ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•  ๋•Œ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ชจ๋“ˆ torch.optim์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ง€์›๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. nn ๋ชจ๋“ˆ autograd ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์›์‹œ ์ž๋™ ๊ทธ๋ฆฝ์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” autograd ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ €์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ž‘์—…์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ nn๋ชจ๋“ˆ์ด ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. Tensorflow์™€์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ, ํŒŒ์ดํ† ์น˜ ํŒŒ์ดํ† ์น˜๋Š” ํŒŒ์ด์ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์˜คํ”ˆ ์†Œ์Šค ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋กœ, ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌํ˜„์ด ๋นจ๋ฆฌ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํ…์„œํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ตํžˆ๊ธฐ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์—๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํ…์„œํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ์™€ Pytorch์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ…์„œํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ๋Š” Define-and-Run ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—, Pytorch๋Š” Define-by-Run์ด๋‹ค. Define and Run๋Š” ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ธ ์„ธ์…˜์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , placeholder๋ฅผ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ (Define), ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์–ด ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”(Run) ๋ฐฉ์‹. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉด์„œ ์‹คํ–‰์‹œ์ ์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์ค˜๋„ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ์—ฐํ•จ์„ ์žฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ–์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ๋น„์ง๊ด€์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ ์ค‘ ๋‚œ์ด๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. Pytorch๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด ์ž์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํŒŒ์ด์ฌ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ ์–ธ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ๊ณ  ์„ธ์…˜๋„ ํ•„์š”์—†์ด ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๋์ด๋‹ค. ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚œ์ด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ์ ์–ด ๊ตฌ๊ธ€๋ง์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด ์ค„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ํ…์„œํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋จผ์ € ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ’์„ ๋‹ค ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋„ฃ์–ด์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ด์„œ ์ง๊ด€์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, Pytorch์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง๊ด€์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋””์–ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ Tensorflow์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋Š” ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  Pytorch๋Š” ๋™์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ tensorflow์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋งŒ์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ PyTorch๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ˆœ์ „ํŒŒ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. PyTorch์˜ ์žฅ์  ์„ค์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ํŽธํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ดํ•ด์™€ ๋””๋ฒ„๊น…์ด ์‰ฌ์šด ์ง๊ด€์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ„๊ฒฐํ•œ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Define by Run ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ’์„ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์ด์ฌ ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ(Numpy, Scipy, Cython)์™€ ๋†’์€ ํ˜ธํ™˜์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. Winograd Convolution Algorithm ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ ์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋ธ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋•Œ ๊ณ ์ •์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์–ธ์ œ๋“ ์ง€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์กฐ์ ˆ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค(์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ). Numpy์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด Tensor์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ด GPU๋กœ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ž๋™ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ DDN(DataDirect Networks)์„ ์งค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šต ๋ฐ ์ถ”๋ก  ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค. PyTorch ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ PyTorch ํŠœํ† ๋ฆฌ์–ผ (ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด) - (๋น„๊ณต์‹) ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ํŠœํ† ๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ๋”ฅ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ C๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ์ž์œ  ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ํŒŒ์ด์ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ์ž์œ  ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด BSD ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์ž์œ  ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PyTorch
PyTorch
PyTorch is a machine learning framework based on the Torch library, used for applications such as computer vision and natural language processing, originally developed by Meta AI and now part of the Linux Foundation umbrella. It is free and open-source software released under the modified BSD license. Although the Python interface is more polished and the primary focus of development, PyTorch also has a C++ interface. A number of pieces of deep learning software are built on top of PyTorch, including Tesla Autopilot, Uber's Pyro, Hugging Face's Transformers, PyTorch Lightning, and Catalyst. PyTorch provides two high-level features: Tensor computing (like NumPy) with strong acceleration via graphics processing units (GPU) Deep neural networks built on a tape-based automatic differentiation system History Meta (formerly known as Facebook) operates both PyTorch and Convolutional Architecture for Fast Feature Embedding (Caffe2), but models defined by the two frameworks were mutually incompatible. The Open Neural Network Exchange (ONNX) project was created by Meta and Microsoft in September 2017 for converting models between frameworks. Caffe2 was merged into PyTorch at the end of March 2018. In September 2022, Meta announced that PyTorch would be governed by PyTorch Foundation, a newly created independent organizationa subsidiary of Linux Foundation. PyTorch 2.0 was released on 15 March 2023. PyTorch tensors PyTorch defines a class called Tensor (torch.Tensor) to store and operate on homogeneous multidimensional rectangular arrays of numbers. PyTorch Tensors are similar to NumPy Arrays, but can also be operated on a CUDA-capable NVIDIA GPU. PyTorch has also been developing support for other GPU platforms, for example, AMD's ROCm and Apple's Metal Framework. PyTorch supports various sub-types of Tensors. Note that the term "tensor" here does not carry the same meaning as tensor in mathematics or physics. The meaning of the word in machine learning is only tangentially related to its original meaning as a certain kind of object in linear algebra. Example The following program shows the low-level functionality of the library with a simple example import torch dtype = torch.float device = torch.device("cpu") # This executes all calculations on the CPU # device = torch.device("cuda:0") # This executes all calculations on the GPU # Creation of a tensor and filling of a tensor with random numbers a = torch.randn(2, 3, device=device, dtype=dtype) print(a) # Output of tensor A # Output: tensor([[-1.1884, 0.8498, -1.7129], # [-0.8816, 0.1944, 0.5847]]) # Creation of a tensor and filling of a tensor with random numbers b = torch.randn(2, 3, device=device, dtype=dtype) print(b) # Output of tensor B # Output: tensor([[ 0.7178, -0.8453, -1.3403], # [ 1.3262, 1.1512, -1.7070]]) print(a*b) # Output of a multiplication of the two tensors # Output: tensor([[-0.8530, -0.7183, 2.58], # [-1.1692, 0.2238, -0.9981]]) print(a.sum()) # Output of the sum of all elements in tensor A # Output: tensor(-2.1540) print(a[1,2]) # Output of the element in the third column of the second row (zero based) # Output: tensor(0.5847) print(a.max()) # Output of the maximum value in tensor A # Output: tensor(0.8498)The following code-block shows an example of the higher level functionality provided nn module. A neural network with linear layers is defined in the example.import torch from torch import nn # Import the nn sub-module from PyTorch class NeuralNetwork(nn.Module): # Neural networks are defined as classes def __init__(self): # Layers and variables are defined in the __init__ method super(NeuralNetwork, self).__init__() # Must be in every network. self.flatten = nn.Flatten() # Defining a flattening layer. self.linear_relu_stack = nn.Sequential( # Defining a stack of layers. nn.Linear(28*28, 512), # Linear Layers have an input and output shape nn.ReLU(), # ReLU is one of many activation functions provided by nn nn.Linear(512, 512), nn.ReLU(), nn.Linear(512, 10), ) def forward(self, x): # This function defines the forward pass. x = self.flatten(x) logits = self.linear_relu_stack(x) return logits See also Comparison of deep learning software Differentiable programming DeepSpeed Torch (machine learning) References External links Deep learning software Facebook software Free science software Free software programmed in C Free software programmed in Python Open-source artificial intelligence Python (programming language) scientific libraries Software using the BSD license
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%EB%85%84%20%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD%20%EC%B4%9D%EC%84%A0
2019๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ ์ด์„ 
2019๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ ์ด์„ ์€ 2019๋…„ 12์›” 12์ผ ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ด๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ ์ด์„ ์—์„œ ๊ณผ๋ฐ˜ ํ™•๋ณด์— ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๋‹น์€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ†ต์ผ๋‹น์˜ ์‹ ์ž„๊ณผ ๋ณด์™„์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ •์ฑ… ํ‘œ๊ฒฐ์—์„œ ์•ผ๋‹น์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์† ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ณด๋ฆฌ์Šค ์กด์Šจ์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ด์„ ์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์„ ์ƒ์ •, ํ†ต๊ณผ๋˜์–ด ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ด์„ ์ด ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ •๋‹น์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ณด์ˆ˜๋‹น, ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น, ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น, ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 7์›”, ํ…Œ๋ ˆ์‚ฌ ๋ฉ”์ด์˜ ์‚ฌ์ž„ ์ดํ›„ ๋ณด๋ฆฌ์Šค ์กด์Šจ์€ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๋‹น์˜ ๋‹น์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ ์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์ด๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐ€ 10์›” ๋ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณด์™„๋œ ํƒˆํ‡ด ํ˜‘์•ฝ์„ ๋น„์ค€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ž, ์กด์Šจ์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ด์„ ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์›์€ 2019 ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ด์„ ์—๊ด€ํ•œ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์„ ์ฐฌ์„ฑ 438, ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ 20์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฐ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ , 2019๋…„ 12์›” 12์ผ์„ ์ด์„ ์ผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กด์Šจ์€ ์˜๊ตญ์„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํƒˆํ‡ด์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ๊ณต์•ฝ์„ ์‹คํ˜„์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณผ๋ฐ˜์˜์„์˜ ํ™•๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์„ ๊ฑฐ์šด๋™ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๋ณด์ˆ˜๋‹น์ด ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น์— ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๋‹น์€ 1987๋…„ ์ด๋ž˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ค„๋‚ด์–ด 80์„ ์ฐจ๋กœ ๊ณผ๋ฐ˜์„ ์ด๋ค„๋ƒˆ๊ณ , 48์„์˜ ์‹ ๊ทœ์˜์„๊ณผ ์ด ์œ ํšจํˆฌํ‘œ์˜ 43.6%๋ฅผ ๋“ํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(1979๋…„ ์ด๋ž˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค). ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น์€ ๊ทธ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ์‹ค์ ์ด ์ข‹์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด 60์„์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ์€ 32.1%์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์€ ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ์ด 11.6%๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ž์œผ๋‚˜, ์˜์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” 1์„์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ํ…Œ๋ ˆ์‚ฌ ๋ฉ”์ด๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋กœ์„œ 2019๋…„์„ ๋งž์ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2๊ธฐ ๋ฉ”์ด ๋‚ด๊ฐ์€ ํƒˆํ‡ดํ˜‘์ •์„ 2019๋…„ 3์›” 29์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ •์น˜ ํ‰๋ก ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ด์„ ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ™•์‹ค์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์•ผ๋‹น์ธ ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น์€ 2019๋…„ 1์›” ๋ฉ”์ด ๋‚ด๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ์ž„ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ •์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ถ€๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ํšŒ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ดํ›„, ์ฆ‰ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ํƒˆํ‡ด์‹œํ•œ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋„์ค‘ ๋ฉ”์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋ฆฌ์Šค ์กด์Šจ์€ 2019๋…„ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๋‹น ๋‹น์ˆ˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 2019๋…„ 7์›” 23์ผ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ทจ์ž„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์ž„์ž์˜ ํƒˆํ‡ดํ˜‘์ •์•ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์กด์Šจ์€ 2011 ๊ณ ์ •์˜ํšŒ์ž„๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 3๋ฒˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ด์„ ์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์กด์Šจ์€ ์žฌ์ ์˜์› 3๋ถ„์˜ 2 ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ฐฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์‹œ๋„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์กด์Šจ์€ ์˜๊ตญ์ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์„ ํƒˆํ‡ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ•„์š”๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ˜‘์ •์•ˆ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•ด๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์••๋ฐ•์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐ€ 2019 ์ œ2์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉํƒˆํ‡ด์—๊ด€ํ•œ๋ฒ•๋ฅ (๋ฒค ๋ฒ•)์„ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ํ˜‘์ •์•ˆ ์—†์ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์„ ํƒˆํ‡ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์••๋ฐ•์€ ๊ฑฐ์„ธ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 2019๋…„ 10์›” 31์ผ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•ด์ค€ ์‹œํ•œ ์•ˆ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜‘์ •์•ˆ์„ ๋น„์ค€๋™์˜ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์กด์Šจ์€ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ๊ณ , 10์›” 28์ผ ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น๊ณผ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น์ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ด์„ ์•ˆ์„ ์ƒ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์ ์€, 2019 ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ด์„ ์—๊ด€ํ•œ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์€ 2011 ๊ณ ์ •์˜ํšŒ์ž„๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ์šฐํšŒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 2011 ๊ณ ์ •์˜ํšŒ์ž„๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ด์„ ์€ (1) ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์ ์˜์› 3๋ถ„์˜ 2 ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ฐฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ด์„ ์„ ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜; (2) ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์„ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์ž„ํ•œ ๋•Œ์—๋งŒ ์‹ค์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (2)์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์ด ๋ถˆ์‹ ์ž„๋œ ์ดํ›„ 14์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด ์‹ ์ž„์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ด์„ ์ด ์‹ค์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 2019 ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ด์„ ์—๊ด€ํ•œ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ๊ณผ๋ฐ˜ ํ™•๋ณด๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณผ๋˜์–ด ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ด์„ ์ด ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ƒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ด ํ†ต๊ณผ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํ›„์ž„์ž๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์›์น™์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ œ๋„ ํˆฌํ‘œ ์ž๊ฒฉ ์ด์„ ์— ํˆฌํ‘œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์ž๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถฐ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค: ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๋“ฑ๋ก์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ๊ณ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ํˆฌํ‘œ์ผ ๋‹น์ผ ๋งŒ 18์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์˜๊ตญ, ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ, ์˜์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๊ตญ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ด๊ณ  ์˜๊ตญ ๋‚ด์— ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฏผ (ํ˜น์€ ์ง€๋‚œ 15๋…„๊ฐ„ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ํˆฌํ‘œ ๋“ฑ๋ก์„ ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฌ์™ธ ์˜๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ)์ธ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌํ‘œ ์ œํ•œ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (๊ตฌ์น˜์†Œ๋‚˜ ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์›์— ์ˆ˜๊ฐ์ค‘์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์„ ์ €์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๊ธˆ๋œ ์ˆ˜ํ˜•์ž ํ˜น์€ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ๋ถ€์ •ยท๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ ์œ ์ฃ„ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ). ์ •๋‹น๊ณผ ํ›„๋ณด์ž ์ด๋ฒˆ ์ด์„ ์— ์ถœ๋งˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ›„๋ณด๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์ •๋‹น ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ, ์˜๊ตญ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ์ •๋‹น ๋“ฑ๋ก๋กœ ํ›„๋ณด ๋“ฑ๋ก์„ ๋งˆ์ณ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์† ์ •๋‹น์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ๋ก๋œ ํ›„๋ณด๋Š” '๋ฌด์†Œ์†'์ด๋‚˜ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ช…์„ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜ ํ‘œ์— ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋œ ์ •๋‹น์€ 2017๋…„ ์ด์„ ์—์„œ์˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํŠผ ํ•˜์›์—์„œ ๊ณผ๋ฐ˜ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ •๋‹น์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋Š” ๊ตญ์™•์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์œผ๋กœ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์ด๋ฆฌ์— ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์–ด ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ •๋ถ€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ •๋‹น ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ •๋‹น์€ ์•ผ๋‹น ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋‹น์ด ๋‚ด๊ฐ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ์•ผ๋‹น๋„ ์˜ˆ๋น„ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋‹น๊ณผ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ด๋“œ ์ปด๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋Š” ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋“ค ์ •๋‹น์ด ์ง€์—ญ๋‹น์ธ ๋งŒํผ, ๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ์˜ํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜์›์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ˆ˜๋‹น๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น์€ 1922๋…„ ์ด๋ž˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์–‘๋Œ€ ์ •๋‹น์œผ๋กœ, 1935๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ญ๋Œ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. 2016๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๋‹น ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ, 2016๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜๊ตญ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งก์€ ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ ๋ฉ”์ด๋Š” 6์›” 7์ผ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์—ฐํ•ฉ๋‹น ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ง์„ ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏธ ์ฝ”๋นˆ์€ 2015๋…„ 9์›” ์—๋“œ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์™€ ์•ผ๋‹น ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ฌ๋ž์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2016๋…„ 9์›” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์—์„œ ์žฌ์„ ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์˜ ํŒ€ ํŒจ๋Ÿฐ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ 2018๋…„ 9์›” ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋นˆ์Šค ์ผ€์ด๋ธ”์ด ์ž๋ฏผ๋‹น ์‹ ์ž„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์ทจ์ž„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 2์›” ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น๊ณผ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๋‹น ์ถœ์‹  11๋ช…์˜ ํ•˜์› ์˜์›์€ ๋ฌด์†Œ์† ์—ฐํ•ฉ์„ ์ฐฝ๋‹นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ๋ถ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํŠผ (์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ-์›จ์ผ์Šค ์ง€์—ญ)๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์ •์น˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์—ฐํ•ฉ๋‹น, ์‹  ํŽ˜์ธ, ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น, ์–ผ์Šคํ„ฐ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๋‹น, ๋ถ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๋‹น์ด ์ด๋ฒˆ ์ด์„ ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹  ํŽ˜์ธ์€ ์ง€๋‚œ๋ฒˆ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์ด๊ธฐ๋”๋ผ๋„ ์˜์„์€ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ฐœ์ž… ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ทจํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ˆ˜๋‹น๊ณผ ๋…น์ƒ‰๋‹น, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฐ–์˜ ์†Œ์ˆ˜ ์ •๋‹น๋“ค๋„ ๋ถ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ถœ๊ตฌ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ฃผ ์ถœ์ฒ˜ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ 2019๋…„ ์„ ๊ฑฐ 2019๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ 2019๋…„ 12์›” ๋ณด๋ฆฌ์Šค ์กด์Šจ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%20United%20Kingdom%20general%20election
2019 United Kingdom general election
The 2019 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday 12 December 2019 to elect members of the House of Commons. The Conservative Party won a landslide victory with a majority of 80 seats, a net gain of 48, on 43.6% of the popular vote, the highest percentage for any party since the 1979 United Kingdom general election. Having failed to obtain a majority at the 2017 United Kingdom general election, the Conservative Party governed in minority with the support of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). This led to the resignation of Prime Minister Theresa May with Boris Johnson becoming Conservative leader and Prime Minister in July 2019. Johnson could not persuade Parliament to approve a revised Brexit withdrawal agreement by the end of October, and chose to call for a snap election, which the House of Commons supported under the Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019. Opinion polls showed a firm lead for the Conservatives against the opposition Labour Party throughout the campaign. The Conservatives won 365 seats, their highest number and proportion since 1987, and recorded their highest share of the popular vote since 1979; many of their gains were made in long-held Labour seats, dubbed the red wall, which had voted strongly for Leave in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum. Labour won 202 seats, its lowest number and proportion since 1935. The Scottish National Party (SNP) made a net gain of 13 seats with 45% of the vote in Scotland, winning 48 of the 59 seats there. The Liberal Democrats improved their vote share to 11.6% but won only 11 seats, a net loss of one since the last election. The DUP won a plurality of seats in Northern Ireland. The Social Democratic and Labour Party and the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland regained parliamentary representation as the DUP lost seats. The election result gave Johnson the mandate he sought from the electorate to formally implement the Exit Day of the Withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union on 31 January 2020 and repeal the European Communities Act 1972, thereby ending hopes of the Remain movement and those opposed to Brexit. Labour's defeat led to Jeremy Corbyn announcing his intention to resign, triggering a leadership election that was won by Keir Starmer. For the Liberal Democrats leader Jo Swinson, the loss of her constituency seat in East Dunbartonshire disqualified her as party leader under the party's rules, triggering a leadership election, which was won by Ed Davey. Jane Dodds, the party's leader in Wales, was also unseated in Brecon and Radnorshire. In Northern Ireland, Irish nationalist MPs outnumbered unionists for the first time, although the unionist popular vote remained higher at 43.1%, and the seven Sinn Fรฉin MPs did not take their seats due to their tradition of abstentionism. Background In July 2016, Theresa May became the prime minister of the United Kingdom, having taken over from David Cameron, who had resigned in the wake of the 2016 Brexit referendum. Her party, the Conservative and Unionist Party, had governed since the 2010 United Kingdom general election, initially in coalition with the Liberal Democrats and then alone with a small majority following the 2015 United Kingdom general election. In the 2017 United Kingdom general election, May lost her majority but was able to resume office as a result of a confidence and supply agreement with Northern Ireland's Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), known as the Conservativeโ€“DUP agreement. In the face of opposition from the DUP and Conservative backbenchers, the second May ministry was unable to pass its Brexit withdrawal agreement by 29 March 2019, so some political commentators considered that an early general election was likely. The opposition Labour Party called for a 2019 vote of confidence in the May ministry but the motion, held in January, failed. May resigned following her party's poor performance in the 2019 European Parliament election during the first extension granted by the European Union for negotiations on the withdrawal agreement. Boris Johnson won the 2019 Conservative Party leadership election and became the prime minister on 24 July 2019. Along with attempting to revise the withdrawal agreement arranged by his predecessor's negotiations, Johnson made three attempts to hold a snap election under the process defined in the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, which requires a two-thirds supermajority in order for an election to take place. All three attempts to call an election failed to gain support; Parliament insisted that Johnson "take a no-deal Brexit off the table first" and secure a negotiated Withdrawal Agreement, expressed in particular by its enactment against his will of the European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019, often called the Benn Act, after Labour MP Hilary Benn, who introduced the bill. After failing to pass a revised deal before the first extension's deadline of 31 October 2019, Johnson agreed to a second extension on negotiations with the European Union and finally secured a revised withdrawal agreement. Parliament agreed to an election through a motion proposed by the Liberal Democrats and the Scottish National Party (SNP) on 28 October. The Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019 (EPGEA) was passed in the House of Commons by 438 votes to 20; an attempt to pass an amendment by opposition parties for the election to be held on 9 December failed by 315 votes to 295. The House of Lords followed suit on 30 October, with royal assent made the day after for the ratification of the EPGEA. Date of the election The deadline for candidate nominations was 14 November 2019, with political campaigning for four weeks until polling day on 12 December. On the day of the election, polling stations across the country were open from 7 am, and closed at 10 pm. The date chosen for the 2019 general election made it the first to be held in December since the 1923 United Kingdom general election. Voting eligibility Individuals eligible to vote had to be registered to vote by midnight on 26 November. To be eligible to vote, individuals had to be aged 18 or over; residing as an Irish or Commonwealth citizen at an address in the United Kingdom, or be a British citizen overseas who registered to vote in the last 15 years; and not legally excluded (on grounds of detainment in prison, a mental hospital, or on the run from law enforcement), or disqualified from voting. Anyone who qualified as an anonymous elector had until midnight on 6 December to register. Timetable Contesting political parties and candidates Most candidates are representatives of a political party, which must be registered with the Electoral Commission's Register. Those who do not belong to one must use the label Independent or none. In the 2019 election 3,415 candidates stood: 206 being independents, the rest representing one of 68 political parties. Great Britain Conservatives had been governing in coalition or on their own since 2010 and led by Boris Johnson since July 2019. Jeremy Corbyn had been Labour Party leader since 2015 and was the first Labour leader since Tony Blair to contest consecutive general elections, and the first since Neil Kinnock to do so after losing the first. The Liberal Democrats contested seats across Great Britain. They were led by Tim Farron at the 2017 election, before he was replaced by Vince Cable. In the 2019 Liberal Democrats leadership election, Cable was succeeded by Jo Swinson in July 2019. The Brexit Party contested somewhat under half the seats. It was founded in early 2019 by Nigel Farage, former leader of the UK Independence Party (UKIP), and largely replaced UKIP in British politics, with UKIP losing almost all its support after they gained 12.6% of the vote but just one MP at the 2015 general election; for the 2019 general election, UKIP stood in 42 seats in Great Britain and two seats in Northern Ireland. The Brexit Party won the most votes at the 2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom. The Green Party of England and Wales had been led by Jonathan Bartley and Siรขn Berry since 2018, with its counterpart, the Scottish Greens, standing in Scottish seats. The two parties stood in a total of 495 seats. The third-largest party in seats won at the 2017 election was the Scottish National Party, led by Nicola Sturgeon since 2014, which stands only in Scotland where it won 35 out of 59 seats at the 2017 election. Similarly, Plaid Cymru, led by Adam Price, stands only in Wales where it held 4 of 40 seats; Price was elected as the party leader in September 2018. Northern Ireland While a number of UK parties organise in Northern Ireland, including the Labour Party in Northern Ireland, which does not field candidates, and others field candidates for election (most notably the Northern Ireland Conservatives), the main Northern Ireland parties are different from those in the rest of the United Kingdom. Some parties in Northern Ireland operate on an all-Ireland basis, including Sinn Fรฉin and Aontรบ, who are abstentionist parties and do not take up any Commons seats to which they are elected. Sylvia Hermon, the only independent politician elected to Parliament in 2017, represented North Down but did not stand in 2019. The election result was particularly notable in Northern Ireland as the first Westminster election in which the number of nationalists elected exceeded the number of unionists. In the 2019 election, there were a total of 102 candidates in Northern Ireland. Electoral pacts and unilateral decisions In England and Wales, the Liberal Democrats, Plaid Cymru, and the Green Party of England and Wales โ€” parties sharing an anti-Brexit position โ€” arranged a "Unite to Remain" pact. Labour declined to be involved. This agreement meant that in 60 constituencies only one of these parties, the one considered to have the best chance of winning, stood. This pact aimed to maximise the total number of anti-Brexit MPs returned under the first-past-the-post system by avoiding the spoiler effect. In addition, the Liberal Democrats did not run against Dominic Grieve (independent, formerly Conservative), Gavin Shuker (independent, formerly Labour), and Anna Soubry (The Independent Group for Change, formerly Conservative). The Brexit Party leader Nigel Farage had suggested the Brexit and Conservative parties could form an electoral pact to maximise the seats taken by Brexit-supporting MPs; this was rejected by Johnson. On 11 November, Farage announced that his party would not stand in any of the 317 seats won by the Conservatives at the last election. This was welcomed by the Conservative Party chairman James Cleverly, and he insisted there had been no contact between them and the Brexit Party over the plan. Newsnight reported that conversations between members of the Brexit Party and the Conservative, pro-Brexit research support group European Research Group led to this decision. The Brexit Party reportedly requested that Johnson publicly state he would not extend the Brexit transition period beyond the planned end of December 2020 date and that he wished for a Canada-style free trade agreement with the European Union. Johnson made a statement covering these two issues, something which Farage referenced as key when announcing he was standing down some candidates. Both the Brexit Party and the Conservatives denied any deal was done between the two. Farage later claimed that he, and eight other prominent Brexit Party figures, were offered a peerage two days before making the announcement to stand down in 317 seats. The claim led to complaints to the Electoral Commission, CPS, and Metropolitan Police. The Green Party did not stand in two Conservative-held seats, Chingford and Woodford Green and Calder Valley, in favour of Labour. The Green Party had also unsuccessfully attempted to form a progressive alliance with the Labour Party prior to "Unite to Remain". The Women's Equality Party stood aside in two seats in favour of the Liberal Democrats after they adopted some of its policies. The DUP did not contest Fermanagh and South Tyrone and the UUP did not contest Belfast North so as not to split the unionist vote. Other parties stood down in selected seats so as not to split the anti-Brexit vote. The nationalist and anti-Brexit parties the SDLP and Sinn Fรฉin agreed a pact whereby the SDLP did not stand in Belfast North (in favour of Sinn Fรฉin), while Sinn Fรฉin did not stand in Belfast South (in favour of SDLP); neither party stood in Belfast East or North Down, and advised their supporters to vote Alliance in those two constituencies. The Green Party in Northern Ireland did not stand in any of the four Belfast constituencies, backing the SDLP in Belfast South, Sinn Fรฉin in Belfast North and West, and Alliance in Belfast East and North Down; the party only stood in the safe seats of East Antrim, Strangford, and West Tyrone. Alliance did not stand down in any seats, describing the plans as "sectarian". Marginal seats At the 2017 election, more than one in eight seats was won by a margin of 5% or less of votes, while almost one in four was won by 10% or less. These seats were seen as crucial in deciding the election. 2017โ€“2019 MPs standing under a different political affiliation The 2017โ€“2019 Parliament was defined by a significant amount of political instability, and consequently a large number of defections and switching between parties. This was due to issues such as disquiet over antisemitism in the Labour Party, and divisions over Brexit in the Conservative Party. Eighteen MPs elected in 2017 contested the election for a different party or as an independent candidate; five stood for a different seat. All of these candidates failed to be re-elected. Withdrawn or disowned candidates Below are listed the candidates who withdrew from campaigning or had support from their party withdrawn after the close of nominations and so they remained on the ballot paper in their constituency. Only Hanvey was elected. Campaign Campaign background The Conservative Party and Labour Party have been the two biggest political parties, and have supplied every Prime Minister since the 1922 United Kingdom general election. The Conservative Party have governed since the 2010 election, in coalition with the Liberal Democrats from 2010 to 2015. At the 2015 general election, the Conservative Party committed to offering a referendum on whether the United Kingdom should leave the European Union (EU) and won a majority in that election. A referendum was held in June 2016, and the Leave campaign won by 51.9% to 48.1%. United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union came in March 2017, and Theresa May triggered a snap election in 2017, in order to demonstrate support for her planned negotiation of Brexit. Instead, the Conservative Party lost seats; they won a plurality of MPs but not a majority, and the result was a hung parliament. They formed a minority government, with the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) as their confidence and supply partner. Neither May nor her successor Boris Johnson, the winner of the 2019 Conservative Party leadership election, was able to secure parliamentary support either for a deal on the terms of the country's exit from the EU, or for exiting the EU without an agreed deal. Johnson later succeeded in bringing his withdrawal agreement to a second reading in Parliament, following another extension until January 2020; after Johnson's 2019 win, a new Withdrawal Agreement Bill was introduced in 2020. Compared to its 2019 October predecessor, this bill offered, in the words of political scientist Meg Russell, "significantly weaker parliamentary oversight of Brexit ... giving parliament no formal role in agreeing the future relationship negotiating objectives, and a diminished role in approving any resulting treaty." During the lifespan of the 2017 Parliament, twenty MPs resigned from their parties, mostly due to disputes with their party leaderships; some formed new parties and alliances. In February 2019, eight Labour and three Conservative MPs left their parties to sit together as The Independent Group. Having undergone a split and two name changes, at dissolution, this group numbered five MPs who sat as the registered party The Independent Group for Change under the leadership of Anna Soubry. Two MPs sat in a group called The Independents, which at its peak had five members, one MP created the Birkenhead Social Justice Party, while a further 20 MPs who began as Labour or Conservative ended Parliament as unaffiliated independents. Seven MPs, from both the Conservatives and Labour, joined the Liberal Democrats during Parliament, in combination with a gain after the 2019 Brecon and Radnorshire by-election. By the time Parliament was dissolved, the Liberal Democrats had raised their number from 12 at the election to 20 at dissolution. One reason for the defections from the Labour Party was the ongoing row over alleged antisemitism in the Labour Party. Labour entered the election campaign while under investigation by the Equality and Human Rights Commission. The Jewish Labour Movement declared that it would not generally campaign for Labour. The Conservative Party was also criticised for not doing enough to tackle the alleged Islamophobia in the Conservative Party. Additionally, The Conservatives ended the previous parliamentary period with fewer seats than they had started with because of defections and also saw the 2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs for going against the party line by voting to prevent a no-deal Brexit. Of the 21 expelled, 10 were subsequently reinstated, while the others continued as independents. Policy positions Brexit The major parties had a wide variety of stances on Brexit. The Conservative Party supported leaving under the terms of the withdrawal agreement as negotiated by Johnson (amending May's previous agreement), and this agreement formed a central part of the Conservative campaign via the slogan "Get Brexit Done". The Brexit Party was in favour of a no-deal Brexit, with its leader Nigel Farage calling for Johnson to drop the deal. The Labour Party proposed a renegotiation of the withdrawal agreement (towards a closer post-withdrawal relationship with the EU) and would then put this forward as an option in a referendum alongside the option of remaining in the EU. The Labour Party's campaigning stance in that referendum would be decided at a special conference. In a Question Time special featuring four party leaders, Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn said that he would stay neutral in the referendum campaign. The Liberal Democrats, Scottish National Party, Plaid Cymru, The Independent Group for Change, and the Green Party of England and Wales were all opposed to Brexit, and proposed that a further referendum be held with the option, for which they would campaign, to remain in the EU. The Liberal Democrats originally pledged that if they formed a majority government, which was considered a highly unlikely outcome by observers, they would revoke the Article 50 notification immediately and cancel Brexit. Part-way through the campaign, the Liberal Democrats dropped the policy of revoking Article 50 after the party realised it was not going to win a majority in the election. The Democratic Unionist Party was in favour of a withdrawal agreement in principle but opposed the deals negotiated by both May and Johnson, believing that they create too great a divide between Northern Ireland and the rest of the United Kingdom. Sinn Fรฉin, the Social Democratic and Labour Party, the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), and the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland all favoured remaining in the EU. The UUP did not see a second referendum as a necessary route to achieving this goal. The environment The Labour Party promised what they described as a green industrial revolution. This included support for renewable energies and a promise to plant 2 billion trees by 2040. The party also promised to transition to electrify the United Kingdom's bus fleet by 2030. The Liberal Democrats promised to put the environment at the heart of their agenda with a promise to plant 60 million trees a year. They also promised to significantly reduce carbon emissions by 2030 and hit zero carbon emissions by 2045. By 2030, they planned to generate 80% of the country's energy needs from renewable energies such as solar power and wind and retrofit 26 million homes with insulation by 2030. They also promised to build more environmentally friendly homes and to establish a new Department for the Climate Crisis. The Conservatives pledged net zero emissions by 2050 with investment in clean energy solutions and green infrastructure to reduce carbon emissions and pollution. They also pledged to plant 30 million trees. The Conservatives were judged the worst of the main parties on climate change by Friends of the Earth with a manifesto which mentioned it only ten times. Tax and spending commitments In September 2019, the Conservative government performed a spending review, where they announced plans to increase public spending by ยฃ13.8 billion a year, and reaffirmed plans to spend another ยฃ33.9 billion a year on the National Health Service (NHS) by 2023. Chancellor Sajid Javid said the government had turned the page on 10 years of austerity in the United Kingdom. During the election, the parties produced manifestos that outlined spending in addition to those already planned. The Conservative Party manifesto was described as having "little in the way of changes to tax" by the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS). The decision to keep the rate of corporation tax at 19%, and not reduce it to 17% as planned, was expected to raise ยฃ6 billion a year. The plan to increase the national insurance threshold for employees and self-employed to ยฃ9,500 would cost ยฃ2 billion a year. They also committed to not raise rates of income tax, National Insurance, or VAT. There were increased spending commitments of ยฃ3 billion current spending and ยฃ8 billion investment spending. Overall, this would have led to the country's debt as a percentage of GDP remaining stable; the IFS assessed that it would rise in the event of a no-deal Brexit. The Labour Party manifesto planned to raise an extra ยฃ78 billion a year from taxes over the course of Parliament, with sources including: ยฃ24bn โ€“ raising the headline rate of corporation tax to 26% ยฃ6.3bn โ€“ tax the global profits of multinationals according to the United Kingdom's share of global employment, assets, and sales, not British profits ยฃ4.0bn โ€“ abolish patent box and R&D tax credit for large companies ยฃ4.3bn โ€“ cutting unspecified corporation tax reliefs ยฃ9bn โ€“ financial transactions tax ยฃ14bn โ€“ dividends and capital gains ยฃ6bn โ€“ anti-avoidance ยฃ5bn โ€“ increases in income tax rates above ยฃ80,000 a year ยฃ5bn โ€“ other In addition, Labour was to obtain income from the Inclusive Ownership Fund, windfall tax on oil companies, and some smaller tax changes. There were increased spending commitments of ยฃ98 billion current spending and ยฃ55 billion investment spending. Overall, this would have led to the national debt as a percentage of GDP rising. Labour's John McDonnell said borrowing would only be for investment and one-offs (e.g. compensating WASPI women, not shown above), and not for day-to-day spending. The Liberal Democrats manifesto planned to raise an extra ยฃ36 billion per year from taxes over the course of Parliament, with sources including: ยฃ10bn โ€“ raising corporation tax to 20% ยฃ7bn โ€“ 1% point rise in all rates of income tax ยฃ5bn โ€“ abolish the capital gains tax allowance ยฃ5bn โ€“ air passenger duty on frequent flyers ยฃ6bn โ€“ anti-avoidance ยฃ3bn โ€“ other There were increased commitments of ยฃ37 billion current spending and ยฃ26 billion investment spending, which would overall lead to the debt as a percentage of GDP falling, partly due to improved economic conditions which would result from staying in the EU. Institute for Fiscal Studies analysis The Institute of Fiscal Studies (IFS), an influential research body, released on 28 November its in-depth analysis of the manifestos of the three main national political parties. The analysis provided a summary of the financial promises made by each party and an inspection of the accuracy of claims around government income and expenditure. The IFS reported that neither the Conservatives nor the Labour Party had published a "properly credible prospectus". Its analysis of the Conservative manifesto concluded there was "essentially nothing new in the manifesto", that there was "little in the way of changes to tax, spending, welfare or anything else", and that they had already promised increased spending for health and education whilst in government. The Labour manifesto was described as introducing "enormous economic and social change", and increasing the role of the state to be bigger than anything in the last 40 years. The IFS highlighted a raft of changes in including free childcare, university, personal care, and prescriptions, as well nationalisations, labour market regulations, increases in the minimum wage, and enforcing "effective ownership of 10% of large companies from current owners to a combination of employees and government". The IFS said that Labour's vision "is of a state not so dissimilar to those seen in many other successful Western European economies", and presumed that the manifesto should be seen as "a long-term prospectus for change rather than a realistic deliverable plan for a five-year parliament". They said that the Liberal Democrats manifesto was not as radical as the Labour manifesto but was a "decisive move away from the policies of the past decade". The Conservative manifesto was criticised for a commitment not to raise rates of income tax, National Insurance, or VAT, as this put a significant constraint on reactions to events that might affect government finances. One such event could be the "die in a ditch" promise to terminate the Brexit transition period by the end of 2020, which risked harming the economy. The IFS also stated that it is "highly likely" spending under a Conservative government would be higher than in that party's manifesto, partly due to a number of uncosted commitments. Outside of commitments to the NHS, the proposals would leave public service spending 14% lower in 2023โ€“2024 than it was in 2010โ€“2011, which the IFS described as "no more austerity perhaps, but an awful lot of it baked in". The IFS stated it had "serious doubt" that tax rises proposed would raise the amount Labour suggested, and said that they would need to introduce more broad based tax increases. They assessed that the public sector does not have the capacity to increase investment spending as Labour would want. The IFS further assessed the claim that tax rises would only hit the top 5% of earners as "certainly progressive" but "clearly not true", with those under that threshold impacted by changes to the marriage allowance, taxes on dividends, or capital gains, and lower wages or higher prices that might be passed on from corporation tax changes. Some of Labour's proposals were described as "huge and complex undertakings", where significant care is required in implementation. The IFS was particularly critical of the policy to compensate the WASPI women, announced after the manifesto, which was a ยฃ58bn promise to women who are "relatively well off on average" and would result in public finances going off target. They said that Labour's manifesto would not increase UK public spending as a share of national income above Germany. They found that Labour's plan to spend and invest would boost economic growth but that the impact of tax rises, government regulation, nationalisations, and the inclusive ownership fund could reduce growth, meaning the overall impact of Labour's plan on growth was uncertain. The IFS described the plans of the Liberal Democrats as a radical tax-and-spend package, and said that the proposals would require lower borrowing than Conservative or Labour plans. The report said they were the only party whose proposals would put debt "on a decisively downward path", praising their plan to put 1p on income tax to go to the NHS as "simple, progressive and would raise a secure level of revenue". The IFS also said plans to "virtually quintuple" current spending levels on universal free childcare amounted to "creating a whole new leg of the universal welfare state". The IFS said that the SNP's manifesto was not costed. Their proposals on spending increases and tax cuts would mean the government would have to borrow to cover day-to-day spending. They concluded that the SNP's plans for Scottish independence would likely require increased austerity. Other issues The Conservatives proposed increasing spending on the NHS, although not as much of an increase as Labour and Liberal Democrats proposals. They also proposed increased funding for childcare and on the environment. They proposed more funding for care services and to work with other parties on reforming how care is delivered. They wished to maintain the triple lock on pensions. They proposed investing in local infrastructure, including building a new rail line between Leeds and Manchester. Labour proposed significantly increasing government spending to 45% of national output, which would be high compared to most of British history but is comparable with other European countries. This was to pay for an increased NHS budget; stopping state pension age rises; introducing a National Care Service providing free personal care; move to a net-zero carbon economy by the 2030s; nationalising key industries; scrapping Universal Credit; free bus travel for under-25s; building 100,000 council houses per year; and other proposals. Within this, the Labour Party proposed to take rail-operating companies, energy supply networks, Royal Mail, sewerage infrastructure, and England's private water companies back into public ownership. Labour proposed nationalising part of the BT Group and to provide free broadband to everyone, along with free education for six years during each person's adult life. Over a decade, Labour planned to reduce the average full-time weekly working hours to 32, with resulting productivity increases facilitating no loss of pay. The main priority of the Liberal Democrats was opposing Brexit. Other policies included increased spending on the NHS; free childcare for two-to-four-year-olds; recruiting 20,000 more teachers; generating 80% of electricity from renewable sources by 2030; freezing train fares; and legalising cannabis. The Brexit Party was also focused on Brexit. It opposed privatising the NHS. It sought to reduce immigration, cutting net migration to 50,000 per year; cutting VAT on domestic fuel; banning the exporting of waste; free broadband in deprived regions; scrapping the BBC licence fee; and abolishing inheritance tax, interest on student loans, and High Speed 2. It also wanted to move to a United States-style supreme court. The policies of the SNP included a second referendum on Scottish independence to be held in 2020, as well as one on Brexit, removing the Trident nuclear deterrent, and devolution across issues like as employment law, drug policy, and migration. The Liberal Democrats, the Greens, the SNP, and Labour all supported a ban on fracking in the United Kingdom, whilst the Conservatives proposed approving fracking on a case-by-case basis. Party positions in the event of a hung parliament The Conservatives and Labour insisted they were on course for outright majorities, while smaller parties were quizzed about what they would do in the event of a hung parliament. The Liberal Democrats said that they would not actively support Johnson or Corbyn becoming Prime Minister but that they could, if an alternative could not be achieved, abstain on votes allowing a minority government to form if there was support for a second referendum on Brexit. The SNP ruled out either supporting the Conservatives or a coalition with Labour but spoke about a looser form of support, such as a confidence and supply arrangement with the latter, if they supported a second referendum on Scottish independence. The DUP previously supported the Conservative government but withdrew that support given their opposition to Johnson's proposed Brexit deal. It said that it would never support Corbyn as prime minister but could work with Labour if that party were led by someone else. Labour's position on a hung parliament was that it would do no deals with any other party, citing Corbyn to say: "We are out here to win it." At the same time, it was prepared to adopt key policies proposed by the SNP and Liberal Democrats to woo them into supporting a minority government. The UUP said they would never support Corbyn as prime minister, with their leader Steve Aiken also saying that he "can't really see" any situation in which they would support a Conservative government either. Their focus would be on remaining in the EU. Tactical voting Under the first-past-the-post electoral system, there is often concern (especially in marginal seats) that if voters of similar ideological leanings are split between multiple different parties they may allow a victory for a candidate with significantly different views. In the early stages of the campaign, there was considerable discussion of tactical voting (generally in the context of support or opposition to Brexit) and whether parties would stand in all seats or not. There were various electoral pacts and unilateral decisions. The Brexit Party chose not to stand against sitting Conservative candidates but stood in most other constituencies. The Brexit Party alleged that pressure was put on its candidates by the Conservatives to withdraw, including the offer of peerages, which would be illegal. This was denied by the Conservative Party. Under the banner of Unite to Remain, the Liberal Democrats, Plaid Cymru, and the Green Party of England and Wales agreed an electoral pact in some seats; some commentators criticised the Liberal Democrats for not standing down in some Labour seats. A number of tactical voting websites were set up in an attempt to help voters choose the candidate in their constituency who would be best placed to beat the Conservative one. The websites did not always give the same advice, which Michael Savage, political editor of The Guardian, said had the potential to confuse voters. One of the websites, named GetVoting.org and set up by Best for Britain, was accused of giving bogus advice in Labour/Conservative marginal seats. The website, which had links to the Liberal Democrats, was criticised for advising pro-Remain voters to back the Liberal Democrats when doing so risked pulling voters away from Labour candidates and enabling the Conservative candidate to gain most votes. They changed their controversial recommendation in Kesington to Labour, which had won it in 2017 by 20 votes, and lined up with Tacticalvote.co.uk in this seat; describing themselves as a progressive grassroots campaign not affiliated with any political party, Tacticalvote.co.uk were previously known as Tactical2017. Gina Miller's Remain United and People's Vote kept their recommendation for the Liberal Democrats. This caused a lot of confusion around tactical voting, as it was reported that the sites did not match one another's advice. Further into the election period, tactical voting websites that relied on multilevel regression with poststratification, such as Best for Britain, People's Vote, Remain United, and Survation, changed their recommendations on other seats because of new data. The effectiveness of their tactical voting has also been questioned, and the loss of Kensington, which was a Labour gain in 2017, was blamed by Labour MPs on Liberal Democrats for splitting the vote. In the final weekend before voting, The Guardian cited a poll suggesting that the Conservative Party held a 15% lead over Labour; on the same day, the Conservative-backing Daily Telegraph emphasised a poll indicating a lower 8% lead. Senior opposition politicians from Labour, the Liberal Democrats, and the SNP launched a late-stage appeal to anti-Conservative voters to consider switching allegiance in the general election, amid signs that tactical voting in a relatively small number of marginal seats could deprive Johnson of a majority in parliament. Shortly before the election, The Observer newspaper recommended Remainers tactically vote for 50 Labour, Liberal Democrats, SNP, and independent candidates across Great Britain; of these, 13 triumphed, 9 of which were SNP gains in Scotland (in line with a broader trend of relative success for the party), along with four in England divided equally between Labour and the Liberal Democrats. The pollster responsible argued in the aftermath that the unpopularity of the Labour leadership limited the effectiveness of tactical voting. Other research suggested it would have taken 78% of people voting tactically to prevent a Conservative majority completely, and it would not have been possible to deliver a Labour majority. Canvassing and leafleting Predictions of an overall Conservative majority were based on their targeting of primarily Labour-held, Brexit-backing seats in the Midlands and the north of England. At the start of the election period, Labour-supporting organisation Momentum held what was described as "the largest mobilising call in UK history", involving more than 2,000 canvassers. The organisation challenged Labour supporters to devote a week or more to campaigning full-time; by 4 December, 1,400 people had signed up. Momentum also developed an app called My Campaign Map that updated members about where they could be more effective, particularly in canvassing in marginal constituencies. Over one weekend during the campaign period, 700 Labour supporters campaigned in Iain Duncan Smith's constituency, Chingford and Woodford Green, which was regarded as a marginal, with a majority of 2,438 votes at the 2017 general election. The Liberal Democrats were considered possible winners of a number of Conservative-held southern English constituencies, with a large swing that could even topple Dominic Raab in Esher and Walton. At the beginning of the 2019 campaign, they had been accused of attempting to mislead voters by using selective opinion polling data, and use of a quotation attributed to The Guardian rather than to their leader Jo Swinson. They were also accused of making campaign leaflets look like newspapers, although this practice had been used by all major British political parties for many years, including by Labour and the Conservatives during this election. The Liberal Democrats won a court case stopping the SNP from distributing a "potentially defamatory" leaflet in Swinson's constituency over false claims about funding she had received. Two Labour Party campaigners, both in their seventies, were verbally abused and physically assaulted in separate unprovoked attacks on the weekend of 23โ€“24 November. One attack occurred in Bromyard, Herefordshire, and the other in Rotherham, South Yorkshire. Party officials in Bromyard, where Labour campaigners suffered red-baiting and had been called Marxists, decided that activists should only canvass in pairs. Online campaigning The use of social media advertising was seen as particularly useful to political parties as it could be used to target people of particular demographics. Labour was reported to have the most interactions, with The Times describing Labour's "aggressive, anti-establishment messages" as "beating clever Tory memes". In the first week of November, Labour was reported to have four of the five most liked tweets by political parties, many of the top interactions of Facebook posts, as well as doing very well on Instagram, where younger voters are particularly active. Bloomberg News reported that between 6 and 21 November the views on Twitter/Facebook were 18.7/31.0 million for Labour, 10/15.5 million for the Conservatives, 2.9/2.0 million for the Brexit Party, and 0.4/1.4 million for the Liberal Democrats. Brexit was the most tweeted topic for the Conservative Party (~45% of tweets), the Liberal Democrats, and the Brexit Party (~40% each). Labour focused on health care (24.1%), the environment, and business, mentioning Brexit in less than 5 per cent of its tweets. Devolution was the topic most tweeted about by the SNP (29.8%) and Plaid Cymru (21.4%), and the environment was the top issue for the Green Party (45.9%) on Twitter. The Conservatives were unique in their focus on taxation (16.2%), and the Brexit Party on defence (14%). Prior to the campaign, the Conservatives contracted New Zealand marketing agency Topham Guerin, which had been credited with helping Australia's Liberalโ€“National Coalition unexpectedly win the 2019 Australian federal election. The agency's social media approach was described as purposefully posting badly-designed social media material that becomes viral and so would be seen by a wider audience. Some of the Conservative social media activity created headlines challenging whether it was deceptive, including by the BBC, amid disinformation concerns. This included editing a clip of Keir Starmer to give the appearance that he was unable to answer a question about Labour's Brexit policy. In response to criticism over the doctored Starmer footage, Conservative Party chairman James Cleverly said the clip of Starmer was satire and "obviously edited". Veracity of statements by political parties During the 19 November debate between Johnson and Corbyn hosted by ITV, the press office of the Conservative Campaign Headquarters (CCHQ) re-branded their Twitter account (@CCHQPress) as factcheckUK (with "from CCHQ" in small text appearing underneath the logo in the account's banner image), which critics suggested could be mistaken for that of an independent fact-checking body, and published posts supporting the Conservative's position. In defence, Conservative chairman Cleverly stated: "The Twitter handle of the CCHQ press office remained CCHQPress, so it's clear the nature of the site", and as "calling out when the Labour Party put what they know to be complete fabrications in the public domain." In response to the re-branding on Twitter, the Electoral Commission, which does not have a role in regulating election campaign content, called on all campaigners to act "responsibly", fact-checking body Full Fact criticised this behaviour as "inappropriate and misleading", and Twitter stated that it would take "decisive corrective action" if there were "further attempts to mislead people". First Draft News released an analysis of Facebook ads posted by political parties between 1 and 4 December. The analysis reported that 88% of the 6,749 posts the Conservatives made had been "challenged" by fact checker Full Fact. 5,000 of these ads related to a "40 new hospitals" claim, of which Full Fact concluded only six had been costed, with the others only receiving money for planning (with building uncosted and due to occur after 2025). 4,000 featured inaccurate claims about the cost of Labour's spending plans to the tax payer. 500 related to a "50,000 more nurses" pledge, consisting of 31,500 new nurses, and convincing 18,500 nurses already in post to remain. 16.5% of Liberal Democrats posts were highlighted, which related to claims they are the only party to beat Labour, the Conservatives, or the SNP "in seats like yours". None of the posts made by Labour in the period were challenged, although posts made on 10 December stating that a "Labour government would save households thousands in bills" and the Conservative Party had "cut ยฃ8bn from social care" since 2010 were flagged as misleading. According to the BBC, Labour supporters had been more likely to share unpaid-for electioneering posts, some of which included misleading claims. Television debates ITV aired a head-to-head election debate between Johnson and Corbyn on 19 November, hosted by Julie Etchingham. ITV Cymru Wales aired a debate featuring representatives from the Conservatives, Labour, the Liberal Democrats, Plaid Cymru, and the Brexit Party on 17 November, hosted by Adrian Masters. Johnson cancelled his ITV interview with Etchingham, scheduled for 6 December, whilst the other major party leaders agreed to be interviewed. On the BBC, broadcaster Andrew Neil was due to separately interview party leaders in The Andrew Neil Interviews, and BBC Northern Ireland journalist Mark Carruthers to separately interview the five main Northern Irish political leaders. The leaders of the SNP, Labour, Plaid Cymru, the Liberal Democrats, and the Brexit Party were all interviewed by Neil and the leader of the Conservative Party was not, leading Neil to release a challenge to Johnson to be interviewed. The Conservatives dismissed Neil's challenge. BBC Scotland, BBC Cymru Wales, and BBC Northern Ireland also hosted a variety of regional debates. Channel 4 cancelled a debate scheduled for 24 November after Johnson would not agree to a head-to-head with Corbyn. A few days later, the network hosted a leaders' debate focused on the climate. Johnson and Farage did not attend and were replaced on stage by ice sculptures with their party names written on them. The Conservatives alleged this was part of a pattern of bias at the channel, complained to Ofcom that Channel 4 had breached due impartiality rules as a result of their refusal to allow Michael Gove to appear as a substitute, and suggested that they might review the channel's broadcasting licence. In response, the Conservatives, as well as the Brexit Party, did not send a representative to Channel 4's "Everything but Brexit" on 8 December, and Conservative ministers were briefed not to appear on Channel 4 News. Ofcom rejected the Conservatives' complaint on 3 December. Sky News was due to hold a three-way election debate on 28 November, inviting Johnson, Corbyn, and Swinson. Swinson confirmed she would attend the debate, which was later cancelled after agreements could not be made with Corbyn or Johnson. Campaign events Before candidate nominations closed, several planned candidates for Labour and for the Conservatives withdrew, principally because of past social media activity. At least three Labour candidates and one Conservative candidate stood down, with two of the Labour candidates doing so following allegedly antisemitic remarks. Two other Conservative candidates were suspended from the Conservative Party over antisemitic social media posts, but retained their candidacy for the party. The Liberal Democrats removed one of its candidates over antisemitic social media posts, and defended two others. Several former Labour MPs critical of Corbyn endorsed the Conservatives. Meanwhile, several former Conservative MPs, including former deputy prime minister Michael Heseltine, endorsed the Liberal Democrats and independent candidates. A week before election day, former Conservative prime minister John Major warned the public against enabling a majority Conservative government, to avoid what he saw as the damage a Johnson-led government could do to the country through Brexit. Major encouraged voters to vote tactically and to back former Conservative candidates instead of those put forward by the Conservative Party. The 2019โ€“20 United Kingdom floods started hitting parts of England from 7 to 18 November. Johnson was criticised for what some saw as his late response to the flooding, after he said they were not a national emergency. The Conservatives banned Daily Mirror reporters from Johnson's campaign bus. On 27 November, Labour announced it had obtained leaked government documents; they said these showed that the Conservatives were in trade negotiations with the US over the NHS. The Conservatives said Labour was peddling "conspiracy theories", with Dominic Raab later suggesting this was evidence of Russian interference in the election. The election also saw the 2019 London Bridge stabbing, a terrorist stabbing attack that occurred in London on 29 November; owing to this, the political parties suspended campaigning in London for a time. The 2019 London summit of NATO was held in Watford on 3โ€“4 December 2019. It was attended by 29 heads of state and heads of government, including then United States president Donald Trump. On 6 December, Labour announced it had obtained leaked government documents that they said showed that Johnson had misled the public about the Conservatives' Brexit deal with the EU, specifically regarding customs checks between Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which are part of the Good Friday Agreement and that Johnson had said would not exist. Third-party campaigns In February 2021, an investigation by openDemocracy found that third-party campaign groups "pushed anti-Labour attack ads to millions of voters ahead of the 2019 general election spent more than ยฃ700,000 without declaring any individual donation". These included Capitalist Worker and Campaign Against Corbynism, both of which were set up less than three months before the election and quickly disappeared thereafter. A further investigation, also reported by the Daily Mirror, found that a group run by Conservative activist Jennifer Powers had spent around ยฃ65,000 on dozens of advertisements attacking Corbyn and Labour on housing policy without declaring any donations. During the campaign, i had reported that Powers was "a corporate lobbyist who is a former employee of the Conservative Party" and that her group had been one of "16 registrations completed since 5 November". Meanwhile, openDemocracy reported on the new phenomenon of United States-style, Super PAC-esque groups in British elections. Adam Ramsay, who wrote the article, contacted Powers and got her to admit to being an associate at the trade consultancy firm Competere, which was set up by lobbyist Shanker Singham, who works for the neoliberal think tank, the Institute for Economic Affairs. Powers' group "Right to Rent, Right to Buy, Right to Own" made claims that Labour wanted to "attack property rights in the UK" and "your mortgage will be harder to pay under Labour". Additionally, openDemocracy reported that, during the election campaign, the pro-Labour group Momentum spent more than ยฃ500,000, the European Movement for the United Kingdom spent almost ยฃ300,000 and the anti-Brexit groups Led By Donkeys and Best for Britain spent ยฃ458,237 and more than one million pounds respectively. Following these reports, former Liberal Democrats MP Tom Brake, who lost his seat in the election and was now director of the pressure group Unlock Democracy, wrote to the Electoral Commission, urging them to investigate. These calls were echoed by John McDonnell, Labour MP and former Shadow Chancellor, who insisted that "a serious and in-depth inquiry into third-party campaigning" was needed. Religious groups' opinions on the parties Ethnic minority and religious leaders and organisations made statements about the general election. Leaders of the Church of England stated people had a "democratic duty to vote", that they should "leave their echo chambers", and "issues need to be debated respectfully, and without resorting to personal abuse". Antisemitism in the Labour Party was persistently covered in the media in the lead up to the election. In his leader's interview with Jeremy Corbyn, Andrew Neil dedicated the first third of the 30-minute programme entirely to discussion of Labour's relationship with the Jewish community. This interview drew attention as Corbyn refused to apologise for antisemitism in the Labour Party, despite having done so on previous occasions. The British chief rabbi Ephraim Mirvis made an unprecedented intervention in politics, warning that antisemitism was a "poison sanctioned from the top" of the Labour Party, and saying that British Jews were gripped by anxiety about the prospect of a Corbyn-led government. Justin Welby, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Muslim Council of Britain and the Hindu Council UK supported Mirvis's intervention, if not entirely endorsing it. The Jewish Labour Movement said they would not be actively campaigning for Labour except for exceptional candidates. The pro-Corbyn Morning Star reported that Jewish Voice for Labour and the Jewish Socialist Group said that Mirvis did not represent all Jews, with some people within the religious groups being keen to express that no one person or organisation represents the views of all the members of the faith. The Catholic Church in the United Kingdom urged voters to respect the right to life, opposing abortion, euthanasia, and assisted suicide, along with a peaceful solution to Brexit, support the poor, care for the homeless, and attention to human rights. The Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) spokesman stated that Islamophobia "is particularly acute in the Conservative Party" and that Conservatives treat it "with denial, dismissal and deceit". In addition they released a 72-page document, outlining what they assess are the key issues from a British Muslim perspective. The MCB specifically criticised those who "seek to stigmatise and undermine Muslims"; for example, by implying that Pakistanis ("often used as a proxy for Muslims") vote "en bloc as directed by Imams". The Sunday Mirror stated that many of the candidates campaigning for the Brexit Party were Islamophobic. The Times of India reported that supporters of Narendra Modi's ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) were actively campaigning for the Conservatives in 48 marginal seats, and the Today programme reported that it had seen WhatsApp messages sent to Hindus across the country urging them to vote Conservative. Some British Indians spoke out against what they saw as the BJP's meddling in the election. The Hindu Council UK was strongly critical of Labour, going as far as to say that Labour is "anti-Hindu", and objected to the party's condemnation of the Indian government's actions resulting in the revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir. The perceived Labour parachute candidate for Leicester East saw many British Indians disappointed many with Indian heritage; specifically, no candidates of Indian descent were interviewed. The party selected or re-selected one candidate of Indian descent among its 39 safest seats. Endorsements Newspapers, organisations, and individuals had endorsed parties or individual candidates for the election. Media coverage Party representation According to Loughborough University's Centre for Research in Communication and Culture (CRCC), media coverage of the first week of the campaign was dominated by the Conservatives and Labour, with the leaders of both parties being the most represented campaigners (Johnson with 20.8%; Corbyn with 18.8%). Due to this, the election coverage was characterised as increasingly 'presidential' as smaller parties have been marginalised. In television coverage, Boris Johnson had a particularly high-profile (30.4% against Corbyn's 22.6%). Labour (32%) and the Conservative Party (33%) received about a third of TV coverage each. In newspapers, Labour received two-fifths (40%) of the coverage and the Conservatives 35%. Spokespeople from both parties were quoted near equally, with Conservative sources being the most prominent in both press and TV coverage in terms of frequency of appearance. Sajid Javid and John McDonnell featured prominently during the first week because the economy of the United Kingdom was a top story for the media. McDonnell had more coverage than Javid on both TV and in print. A large proportion of the newspaper coverage of Labour was negative. Writing in the British Journalism Review, James Hanning said that, when reporting and commenting on Johnson, Conservative supporting newspapers made little mention of "a track record that would have sunk any other politician". In the Loughborough analysis, during the first week of the campaign, for example, the Conservatives had a positive press coverage score of +29.7, making them the only party to receive a positive overall presentation in the press. Meanwhile, Labour, meanwhile had a negative score of -70, followed by the Brexit Party on -19.7 and the Liberal Democrats on -10. Over the whole campaign, press hostility towards Labour had doubled compared with during the 2017 election, and negative coverage of the Conservatives halved. The Liberal Democrats were the party with the most TV coverage in the first week after Labour and the Conservatives, with an eighth of all reporting (13%). In newspapers, they received less coverage than the Brexit Party, whose leader Nigel Farage received nearly as much coverage (12.3%) as Johnson and Corbyn (17.4% each). Most of this coverage regarded the Brexit Party's proposed electoral pact with the Conservatives. The Brexit Party (7%) and the SNP (5%) were fourth and fifth in terms of TV coverage, respectively. Dominant issues As during the 2017 election and in line for British elections, the electoral process was the most covered media topic for this election at 31% of all coverage. Brexit was the most prominent policy issue on both TV (18%) and in the press (11%), followed by the economy, and health (8% and 7% of all coverage, respectively). There was little focused analysis of what the implementation of Brexit policies might mean, which contrasted with the more detailed analysis often undertaken of other manifesto commitments, such as those on the economy. Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland's place within the United Kingdom received some prominence on TV but little coverage in the press. "Standards/scandals" and "Minorities/religion" received relatively significant discussion in large part relating to allegations of antisemitism in the Labour party and in the prior case an incident when Johnson was accused of reacting unsympathetically to an image of an ill child without a bed in hospital. Coverage of immigration and border controls fell overall from to 2017, while focus on environmental issues slightly increased. Gender balance Of the 20 most prominent spokespeople in media coverage of the first week of the election period, five were women, with Nicola Sturgeon, the SNP leader and first minister of Scotland, in seventh place, the most featured. Women including citizens, experts, pollsters, businesspeople, trade union representatives, and the like featured in 23.9% of coverage and men in 76.1%. Men spoke three times as much as women in TV coverage, and five times as much in newspaper coverage. Members of Parliament not standing for re-election 74 member of Parliament (MPs) who held seats at the end of Parliament did not stand for re-election. Of these, 32 were Conservative MPs, 20 were Labour, 3 were Liberal Democrats, and 16 were independents. The number of MPs retiring was higher than the 2017 general election, when 31 stood down. Opinion polling The chart below depicts the results of opinion polls, mostly only of voters in Great Britain, conducted from the 2017 general election until the election. The line plotted is the average of the last 15 polls and the larger circles at the end represent the actual results of the election. The graph shows that the Conservatives and Labour polled to similar levels from mid-2017 to mid-2019. Following Johnson's election in July, the Conservatives established a clear lead over Labour, and simultaneously support for the Brexit Party declined from its peak in summer 2019. The Spreadex columns below cover bets on the number of seats each party would win, with the midpoint between asking and selling price. Predictions three weeks before the vote The first-past-the-post system used in the United Kingdom general elections means that the number of seats won is not directly related to vote share. Thus, several approaches are used to convert polling data and other information into seat predictions. The table below lists some of the predictions. Predictions two weeks before the vote Predictions one week before the vote Below are listed predictions based upon polls. Below are listed predictions based upon betting odds, assuming the favourite wins in each constituency. Final predictions Exit poll An exit poll conducted by Ipsos MORI for the BBC, ITV, and Sky News was published at the end of voting at 10ย pm, predicting the number of seats for each party. Results The Conservative Party won, securing 365 seats out of 650, giving them an overall majority of 80 seats in the House of Commons. They gained seats in several Labour Party strongholds in Northern England that had been held by the party for decades and which had formed the red wall; for instance, the constituency of Bishop Auckland, which elected a Conservative MP for the first time in its 134-year history. This marked a fourth consecutive general election defeat for the Labour Party. In the worst result for the party in 84 years, despite a better vote share than other losses as in 1931, 1983, 1987, and 2010, Labour won 202 seats, which was the lowest number since 1935 and a loss of 60 compared to the previous election. The Liberal Democrats won 11 seats, down 1, despite significantly increasing their share of the popular vote. Ed Davey, former Cameronโ€“Clegg coalition cabinet minister and MP for Kingston and Surbiton, was the winner of the 2020 Liberal Democrats leadership election. This came after Jo Swinson lost her seat to Amy Callaghan of the SNP by 150 votes and was disqualified from continuing as leader of the party. Swinson also became the first party leader to lose their seat since Liberal Party leader Archibald Sinclair in 1945. While the Conservatives gained support in England and Wales, they lost support in Scotland in the face of a major SNP advance. The Conservatives won in England, advancing by 1.7% and gaining 48 seats to win 345 out of 533, while Labour fell back by 8% and lost 47 seats to win just 180. Labour won in Wales but lost 8% of its 2017 vote share and six seats, retaining 22 out of 40, while the Conservatives advanced by 2.5% and gained six seats, winning 14 in total. The SNP won by a landslide in Scotland, advancing by 8.1% and gaining 13 seats to win 48 out of 59, gaining several seats from the Conservatives and Labour. The Conservatives lost 3.5% of their 2017 vote share and half their seats, while Labour was reduced to one Scottish seat (Edinburgh South). This was the same Scottish seat from the 2015-17 Parliament that returned Ian Murray as the country's sole Labour MP. Among the Labour MPs who lost their seats in Scotland was Lesley Laird, deputy leader of Scottish Labour and Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland. In Northern Ireland, nationalist political parties won more seats than unionist ones for the first time. Nigel Dodds, the DUP's leader in Westminster, lost his seat in Belfast North. Analysis The results have been attributed to Leave-supporting areas backing the Conservatives, the Conservatives broadening their appeal to working-class voters, and the Conservatives making gains in the Midlands and the north of England. Most notable was the red wall turning blue in the election, which secured the Conservative majority. Voters cited Corbyn's leadership and Brexit as to why they either switched to the Conservatives or stayed at home. Several commentators stated that the party's loss was due to a complicated manifesto and Brexit policy, a poor approach to campaigning, and the unpopularity of Corbyn's leadership. A YouGov post-election survey determined that the age over which voters were more likely to opt for the Conservatives than for Labour was 39, down from 47 in the 2017 election. In contrast to previous elections, the YouGov survey additionally found that a plurality of voters in the DE's NRS social grade โ€” comprising the unemployed, state pensioners, and semi-skilled and unskilled workers โ€” had opted for the Conservatives over Labour. Between 26% and 33% of voters engaged in tactical voting, as they said that they were trying to prevent a victory by the party they liked least. Recommendation by tactical voting websites had some benefit for Liberal Democrat candidates. The new Parliament reportedly had the highest number of openly LGBT MPs in the world, with 20 Conservative MPs, 15 Labour MPs, and 10 SNP MPs who identify as LGBT. For the first time in both cases, the majority of elected Labour and Liberal Democrat MPs were female. Summary A summarised results of the parties that won seats at the election is shown below. Full results In total, the Green Party of England and Wales, Scottish Greens, and Green Party Northern Ireland received 865,715 votes. This may be unclear from the table and sources which cite the total of the Greens in the whole of the United Kingdom rather than by region. Voter demographics Ipsos MORI Below is listed Ipsos MORI's demographic breakdown. YouGov Below is listed YouGov's demographic breakdown. Seats changing hands Seats which changed allegiance Labour to Conservative (54) Ashfield Barrow and Furness Bassetlaw Birmingham Northfield Bishop Auckland Blackpool South Blyth Valley Bolsover Bolton North East Bridgend Burnley Bury North Bury South Clwyd South Colne Valley Crewe and Nantwich Darlington Delyn Derby North Dewsbury Don Valley Dudley North Gedling Great Grimsby Heywood and Middleton High Peak Hyndburn Ipswich Keighley Kensington Leigh Lincoln Newcastle-under-Lyme North West Durham Penistone and Stocksbridge Peterborough Redcar Rother Valley Scunthorpe Sedgefield Stockton South Stoke-on-Trent Central Stoke-on-Trent North Stroud Vale of Clwyd Wakefield Warrington South West Bromwich East West Bromwich West Wolverhampton North East Wolverhampton South West Workington Wrexham Ynys Mรดn Conservative to SNP (7) Aberdeen South Angus Ayr, Carrick and Cumnock East Renfrewshire Gordon Ochil and South Perthshire Stirling Labour to SNP (6) Coatbridge, Chryston and Bellshill East Lothian Glasgow North East Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath Midlothian Rutherglen and Hamilton West Liberal Democrat to Conservative (3) Carshalton and Wallington Eastbourne North Norfolk Conservative to Liberal Democrat (2) Richmond Park St Albans DUP to Sinn Fรฉin (1) Belfast North DUP to SDLP (1) Belfast South Speaker to Conservative (1) Buckingham Labour to Speaker (1) Chorley Liberal Democrat to SNP (1) East Dunbartonshire Sinn Fรฉin to SDLP (1) Foyle Independent to Alliance (1) North Down SNP to Liberal Democrat (1) North East Fife Conservative to Labour (1) Putney Reaction and aftermath In his victory speech, Johnson described the result as a mandate for leaving the EU and promised to do so by 31 January. The United Kingdom left the EU on 31 January 2020. It completed its separation from the organisation at the end of the year. The election led to both Labour and the Liberal Democrats having leadership contests: the former as Corbyn resigned, the latter as Swinson failed to be elected as an MP. Corbyn portrayed the 2019 election results primarily as a consequence of attitudes surrounding Brexit rather than a rejection of Labour's social and economic policies. In an interview held 13 December 2019, Corbyn said the election was "taken over ultimately by Brexit", and said that he was "proud of the [Labour] manifesto". The Labour leadership campaign was marked by conflicting analyses of what had gone wrong for the party in the general election. There was debate as to whether Corbyn's unpopularity or their position on Brexit was more significant. The 2020 Labour Together report, published by internal Labour party figures after Keir Starmer was elected as leader, highlighted issues like Corbyn's unpopularity, the party's Brexit policy, and poor seat targeting, as well as long-term changes in Labour's electoral coalition. In openDemocracy, Jo Michell and Rob Calvert Jump argued that the report underplayed the fact the geographical redistributions, stating that "Labour's decline in the North, Midlands and Wales is not the result of a dramatic collapse in its vote share, but changes in the distribution of votes between parties and constituencies." Successful Liberal Democrats MPs were critical in private of how the party had decided to advocate revoking the exercise of Article 50, and the communication of that policy. Some criticised the election campaign for being hubristic, with its initial defining message that Swinson could be the country's next prime minister. Ed Davey, the party's co-acting leader after the election, argued that the unpopularity of Corbyn lost the Liberal Democrats votes to the Conservatives. Wera Hobhouse, who was re-elected by a majority of 12,322, argued that the party had been wrong to pursue a policy of equidistance between Labour and the Conservatives in the general election campaign. Instead, she argued that the party should have concentrated more on campaigning against the Conservatives. The SNP's leader Nicola Sturgeon described the result as a clear mandate to hold a new referendum for Scottish independence. The British government said that it would not agree to a referendum being held and the Scottish government announced a few months later that it would put the issue on hold due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom. See also 2010s in United Kingdom political history 2019 in politics and government 2019 United Kingdom general election in England 2019 United Kingdom general election in Scotland 2019 United Kingdom general election in Wales 2019 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland Elections in the United Kingdom List of general elections in the United Kingdom Notes References Further reading Bale, Time; Ford, Robert; Jennings, Will; Surridge, Paula (2022). The British General Election of 2019. Palgrave Macmillan. . It includes 605 pages and many tables. Prosser, Christopher (February 2011). "The End of the EU Affair: The UK General Election of 2019". West European Politics. 44 (2). pp. 450โ€“461. External links House of Commons Briefings: General Election 2019: Full Results and Analysis Two years on: What the hell happened in the 2019 general election? (Politico podcast) Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019 Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019 official text Early Parliamentary General Election Bill 2019-20, Progress in Parliament Institute for Government: General Election 2019 Party manifestos Unleash Britain's Potential, Conservative Party Accessible Versions Costings Document It's Time For Real Change, Labour Party Costings Document Stop Brexit and Build a Brighter Future, Liberal Democrats Accessible Versions Costings Document If Not Now, When?, Green Party Accessible Versions Contract With The People, The Brexit Party Letโ€™s Get the UK Moving Again, Democratic Unionist Party Demand Better, Alliance Party of Northern Ireland Time For Unity, Sinn Fรฉin Stop Boris, Stop Brexit, Social Democratic and Labour Party Wales, it's us, Plaid Cymru Let's Change Together, Ulster Unionist Party Yorkshire Deserves Better, Yorkshire Party Demand Climate Action!, Scottish Greens For Brexit and Beyond, UK Independence Party Put Trust In The People, Liberal Party A 2020 vision for change, The Independent Group for Change 2019 elections in the United Kingdom Boris Johnson Election and referendum articles with incomplete results December 2019 events in the United Kingdom General elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom Jeremy Corbyn
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%EB%85%84%20%EC%B9%B8%20%EC%98%81%ED%99%94%EC%A0%9C
2019๋…„ ์นธ ์˜ํ™”์ œ
์ œ72ํšŒ ์นธ ์˜ํ™”์ œ๋Š” 2019๋…„ 5์›” 14์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 5์›” 25์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์›์žฅ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์˜ ์•Œ๋ ˆํ•œ๋“œ๋กœ ๊ณค์‚ด๋ ˆ์Šค ์ด๋ƒ๋ฆฌํˆฌ ๊ฐ๋…์ด ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ง‰์ž‘์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ง ์ž๋ฌด์‰ฌ ๊ฐ๋…์ด ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ <๋ฐ๋“œ ๋ˆ ๋‹ค์ด> (The Dead Don't Die)๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ •๋๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ณ ์ƒ์ธ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์ข…๋ ค์ƒ์€ <๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ>์˜ ๋ด‰์ค€ํ˜ธ ๊ฐ๋… (๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ)์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์—ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ด‰์ค€ํ˜ธ ๊ฐ๋…์˜ ์นธ ์˜ํ™”์ œ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์€ ์ด๋ฒˆ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋™์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ถœ์‹  ๊ฐ๋…์˜ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์ข…๋ ค์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ๋„ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฒ˜์Œ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ์˜ํ™”์ œ์˜ ํฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 2019๋…„ 3์›” ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋– ๋‚œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๊ฐ๋… ์•„๋…œ์Šค ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ •๋๋‹ค. ์•„๋…œ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋‹ค์˜ ์ฒซ ์—ฐ์ถœ์ž‘์ธ <๋ผ ํ‘ธ์•ตํŠธ ์ฟ ๋ฅดํŠธ๋กœ์˜ ์—ฌํ–‰> (La Pointe Courte, 1955)์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ์ฐจํ›„ ์นธ ์˜ํ™”์ œ์— ์ดˆ์ฒญ๋œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์› ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ์•Œ๋ ˆํ•œ๋“œ๋กœ ๊ณค์‚ด๋ ˆ์Šค ์ด๋ƒ๋ฆฌํˆฌ - ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋…, ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์›์žฅ ์—”ํ‚ค ๋นŒ๋ž„ - ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ž‘๊ฐ€, ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ, ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋… ๋กœ๋ฑ… ์บ‰ํ”ผ์š” - ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋… ๋งˆ์ด๋ฌด๋‚˜ ์€๋””์•„์˜ˆ - ์„ธ๋„ค๊ฐˆ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ, ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋… ์—˜ ํŒจ๋‹ - ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์š”๋ฅด๊ณ ์Šค ๋ž€ํ‹ฐ๋ชจ์Šค - ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋… ํŒŒ๋ฒ ์šฐ ํŒŒ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ฝ”ํ”„์Šคํ‚ค - ํด๋ž€๋“œ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋… ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ผ์ด์นดํŠธ - ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋… ์•Œ๋ฆฌ์ฒด ๋กœ๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ผ€๋ฅด - ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋… ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์‹œ์„  ๋‚˜๋”˜ ๋ผ๋ฐ”ํ‚ค - ๋ ˆ๋ฐ”๋…ผ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋…, ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์›์žฅ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ํฌ์ด์Šค - ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋ˆ„๋ฅดํ•œ ์„ธ์ผ€๋ฅด์‹œํฌ๋ฅด์ŠคํŠธ - ๋…์ผ ์˜ํ™” ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ ๋ฆฌ์‚ฐ๋“œ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ก ์†Œ - ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋… ๋ฃจ์นด์Šค ๋ˆํŠธ - ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋… ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์ƒ ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ํŒ - ์บ„๋ณด๋””์•„๊ณ„ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋…, ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์›์žฅ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋””์˜คํ”„ - ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋… ์ƒ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ - ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋…, ์ž‘๊ฐ€, ์˜ํ™”ํ‰๋ก ๊ฐ€ ๋ธŒ๋ˆ„์•„ ๋ธ๋กฌ - ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ดฌ์˜๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ ๋‚˜์ค„๋ž‘ - ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์Œํ–ฅ๊ฐ๋… ์‹œ๋„คํŒŒ์šด๋ฐ์ด์…˜ ๋ฐ ๋‹จํŽธ์˜ํ™” ํด๋ ˆ๋ฅด ๋“œ๋‹ˆ - ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋…, ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์›์žฅ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์‹œ ๋งˆํ‹ด - ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๊ณ„ ์˜๊ตญ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์—๋ž€ ์ฝœ๋ฆฌ๋ฆฐ - ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋… ํŒŒ๋…ธ์Šค H. ์ฟ ํŠธ๋ผ์Šค - ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋… ์ปคํ„ธ๋ฆฐ ๋ฏธํˆด๋ ˆ์Šค์ฟ  - ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋… ๋…๋ฆฝ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ๊ตญ์ œ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ (Semaine de la Critique) ์‹œ๋กœ ๊ฒŒ๋ผ - ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•„ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋…, ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์›์žฅ ์•„๋ฏธ๋ผ ์นด์„œ - ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๊ณ„ ์˜๊ตญ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ ์Šฌ๋กœํŠธ - ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๊ณ„ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ ์˜ํ™”ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ ์ง€์•„ ๋ง˜๋ถ€ - ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์—๊ณ„ ์ฝฉ๊ณ  ์˜ํ™”๊ธฐ์ž, ํ‰๋ก ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๋‚˜์Šค ์นดํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ƒ๋…ธ - ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋… ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๋ˆˆ์ƒ (L'ล’il d'or) ์šœ๋ž‘๋“œ ์กฐ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ง - ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋…, ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์›์žฅ ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋ณด๋žญ์ œ - ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋ฐฐ์šฐ, ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋… ์—๋ฆฌํฌ ์นด๋ผ๋ฐ”์นด - ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋ฐฐ์šฐ, ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋… ์ด๋ฐ˜ ํžˆ๋กœ์šฐ๋“œ - ์ฟ ๋ฐ” ์˜ํ™”์ œ ๊ฐ๋… ๋กœ์Šค ๋งฅ์—˜๋ฆฌ - ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ๋… ํ€ด์–ด์ข…๋ ค์ƒ (Queer Palm) ๋น„๋ฅด์ง€๋‹ˆ ๋ฅด๋‘์•„์–‘ - ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋ฐฐ์šฐ, ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์›์žฅ ํด๋ ˆ๋ฅด ๋’ค๊ฒŒ - ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ดฌ์˜๊ธฐ์‚ฌ, ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋… ํ‚ค์œค ํ‚ด - ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋””์–ธ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ”ผ ๋งˆํŠธ์ ฌ๋ฐ”์…ฐ๋ฅด - ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋… ๋งˆ๋ฅด์‹œ์šฐ ํ—ค์˜ฌ๋กฑ - ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋… ๊ณต์‹ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ์ƒ์˜์ž‘ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์ข…๋ ค์ƒ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ์ถœํ’ˆ๋œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. (CdO) ํ‘œ์‹œ๋Š” ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์ƒ (Camรฉra d'Or) ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ž๊ฒฉ์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋‹ค. (QP) ํ‘œ์‹œ๋Š” ํ€ด์–ด์ข…๋ ค์ƒ (Queer Palm) ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž‘์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์‹œ์„  ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์‹œ์„  ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ์ถœํ’ˆ๋œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. (CdO) ํ‘œ์‹œ๋Š” ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์ƒ (Camรฉra d'Or) ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ž๊ฒฉ์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋‹ค. (QP) ํ‘œ์‹œ๋Š” ํ€ด์–ด์ข…๋ ค์ƒ (Queer Palm) ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž‘์ด๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๋น„๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ์ถœํ’ˆ์ž‘์ด๋‹ค. (QP) ํ‘œ์‹œ๋Š” ํ€ด์–ด์ข…๋ ค์ƒ (Queer Palm) ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž‘์ด๋‹ค. (ล’dO) ํ‘œ์‹œ๋Š” ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๋ˆˆ์ƒ (L'ล’il d'or) ์ถœํ’ˆ ์ž๊ฒฉ์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž‘ ๊ณต์‹ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ์ถœํ’ˆ์ž‘์˜ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด๋‹ค. ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์ข…๋ ค์ƒ: ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ (๋ด‰์ค€ํ˜ธ) ๊ทธ๋ž‘ํ”„๋ฆฌ: ์• ํ‹€๋žœํ‹ฑ์Šค (๋งˆํ‹ฐ ๋””์˜คํ”„) ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์›์ƒ: ๋ฐ”์ฟ ๋ผ์šฐ (ํด๋ ˆ๋ฒ ๋ฅด ๋ฉ˜๋ˆ์‚ฌ ํ•„๋ฅ˜, ์ค„๋ฆฌ์•„๋ˆ„ ๋„๋ฅด๋„ฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค) ๋ ˆ ๋ฏธ์ œ๋ผ๋ธ” (๋ผ์ง€ ๋ฆฌ) ๊ฐ๋…์ƒ: ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ด ํ˜•์ œ (์†Œ๋…„ ์•„๋ฉ”๋“œ) ์—ฌ์šฐ์ฃผ์—ฐ์ƒ: ์—๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ ๋น„์ƒด (๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์กฐ) ๋‚จ์šฐ์ฃผ์—ฐ์ƒ: ์•ˆํ† ๋‹ˆ์˜ค ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ๋ผ์Šค (ํŽ˜์ธ ์•ค ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฆฌ) ๊ฐ๋ณธ์ƒ: ์…€๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์•„๋งˆ (ํƒ€์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ์—ฌ์ธ์˜ ์ดˆ์ƒ) ํŠน๋ณ„์ƒ: ์—˜๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ˆ ๋ ˆ์ด๋งŒ (๋จธ์ŠคํŠธ ๋น„ ํ—ค๋ธ) ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์‹œ์„  ๋Œ€์ƒ: ์ธ๋น„์ €๋ธ” ๋ผ์ดํ”„ (์นด๋ฆผ ์•„์ด๋ˆ„์ฆˆ) ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์›์ƒ: ํŒŒ์ด์–ด ์œŒ ์ปด (์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ๋ฅด ๋ผํ—ค) ๊ฐ๋…์ƒ: ์นธํ…Œ๋ฏธ๋ฅด ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ณ ํ”„ (๋นˆํด) ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ƒ: ํ‚ค์•„๋ผ ๋งˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ์ด์•ˆ๋‹ˆ (๋งˆ๋ฒ•์— ๋น ์กŒ์–ด์š”) ํŠน๋ณ„์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์›์ƒ: ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ์„ธ๋ผ (๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋–ผ) ๋ธŒ๋คผ๋…ธ ๋’ค๋ชฝ (์ž” ๋‹ค๋ฅดํฌ) ์ฟ ํ”„๋“œ์พจ๋ฅด ์ƒ: ํ˜•์ œ์˜ ์—ฐ์ธ (๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ดˆํฌ๋ฆฌ) ์ด ์ฃฝ์ผ ๋†ˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ (๋งˆ์ดํด ์•ค์ ค๋กœ ์ฝ”๋น„๋…ธ) ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์ƒ: ๋‚˜์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค (Our Mothers) - ์„ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅด ๋””์•„์Šค ๋‹จํŽธ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ๋‹จํŽธ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์ข…๋ ค์ƒ: ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•˜๋Š˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ (The Distance Between Us and the Sky) - ๋ฐ”์‹ค๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ผ€์นดํ† ์Šค ํŠน๋ณ„์ƒ: ๋ชฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ฐ“ (Monster God) - ์•„๊ตฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํ‹ด ์‹œ๋„คํŒŒ์šด๋ฐ์ด์…˜ 1๋“ฑ์ƒ: Mano a mano - ๋ฃจ์ด์ฆˆ ์ฟ ๋ฅด๋ถ€์•„์ง€์— 2๋“ฑ์ƒ: Hiรชu - ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ๋ฐ˜ 3๋“ฑ์ƒ: Ambience - ์œ„์‚ผ ์•Œ ์žํŒŒ๋ฆฌ The Little Soul - ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋ฐ”๋ผ ๋ฃจํ”ผํฌ ๋ช…์˜ˆ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์ข…๋ ค์ƒ ๋ช…์˜ˆ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์ข…๋ ค์ƒ: ์•Œ๋žญ ๋“ค๋กฑ ๋…๋ฆฝ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ๊ตญ์ œ์˜ํ™”๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€์—ฐ๋งน์ƒ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ถ€๋ฌธ: ๋จธ์ŠคํŠธ ๋น„ ํ—ค๋ธ (์—˜๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ˆ ๋ ˆ์ด๋งŒ) ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์‹œ์„ : ๋นˆํด (์นธํ…Œ๋ฏธ๋ฅด ๋ฐœ๋ผ๊ณ ํ”„) ํŽ˜๋Ÿฌ๋Ÿด ์„น์…˜: ๋ผ์ดํŠธํ•˜์šฐ์Šค (๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์—๊ฑฐ์Šค) (Directors' Fortnight) ์—ํ๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ์ปฌ์ƒ ์—ํ๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ์ปฌ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์›์ƒ: ํžˆ๋“  ๋ผ์ดํ”„ (ํ…Œ๋Ÿฐ์Šค ๋งฌ๋ฆญ) ๊ตญ์ œ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ๋„ค์Šคํ”„๋ ˆ์†Œ ๋Œ€์ƒ: ๋‚ด ๋ชธ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค (์ œ๋ ˆ๋ฏธ ํด๋ผํŒฝ) ๋ผ์ด์ธ  ์‹  ๋””์Šค์ปค๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ ๋‹จํŽธ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์ƒ : She Runs (์ถ”์–‘) ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค ๋กœ๋”๋Ÿฌ ์žฌ๋‹จ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ์Šคํƒ€์ƒ: ์ž‰๊ทธ๋ฐ”๋ฅด ์—๊ฒŒ๋ฅดํŠธ ์‹œ๊ท€๋ฅด๋“œ์† (ํ™”์ดํŠธ ํ™”์ดํŠธ ๋ฐ์ด) ๊ฐ„ ์žฌ๋‹จ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰์ƒ : ๋น„๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์›€ (๋กœ์นธ ํ”ผ๋„ค๊ฑด) SACD์ƒ: ๋‚˜์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค (์„ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅด ๋””์•„์Šค) ์นด๋‚ + ๋‹จํŽธ์ƒ: Ikki Illa Meint (์•ˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„์Šค ํšŒ๊ฒŒ๋‹ˆ) ๋””๋ ‰ํ„ฐ์Šค ํฌํŠธ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ ์œ ๋กœํŒŒ ์‹œ๋„ค๋งˆ์Šค ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ” ์„ ์ • ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ํ™”์ƒ: ์•จ๋ฆฌ์Šค์™€ ์‹œ์žฅ๋‹˜ (๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์ œ๋ฅด) SACD ์„ ์ • ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด ์˜ํ™”์ƒ: ์ด์ง€ ๊ฑธ (๋ ˆ๋ฒ ์นด ์ฆ๋กœํ† ํ”„์Šคํ‚ค) ์ผ๋ฆฌ ๋‹จํŽธ์˜ํ™”์ƒ: Stay Awake, Be Ready (ํŒœํ‹ฐ์—”์•ˆ) ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๋งˆ์ฐจ์ƒ: ์กด ์นดํŽœํ„ฐ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๋ˆˆ์ƒ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๋ˆˆ์ƒ: ์‚ฌ๋งˆ์—๊ฒŒ (์™€๋“œ ์•Œ์นดํ…Œ์••, ์—๋“œ์›Œ๋“œ ์™€์ธ ) ๊ฟˆ์˜ ์•ˆ๋ฐ์Šค (ํŒŒํŠธ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์˜ค ๊ตฌ์Šค๋งŒ) ํ€ด์–ด์ข…๋ ค์ƒ ํ€ด์–ด์ข…๋ ค์ƒ: ํƒ€์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ์—ฌ์ธ์˜ ์ดˆ์ƒ (์…€๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์•„๋งˆ) ํ€ด์–ด์ข…๋ ค ๋‹จํŽธ์ƒ: ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•˜๋Š˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ (๋ฐ”์‹ค๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ผ€์นดํ† ์Šค) ํ”„๋ž‘์ˆ˜์•„ ์ƒฌ๋ ˆ ์ƒ ํ”„๋ž‘์ˆ˜์•„ ์ƒฌ๋ ˆ ์ƒ: ํžˆ๋“  ๋ผ์ดํ”„ (ํ…Œ๋Ÿฐ์Šค ๋งฌ๋ฆญ) ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 2019 2019๋…„ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค 2019๋…„ 5์›” 2019๋…„ ์˜ํ™”์ œ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%20Cannes%20Film%20Festival
2019 Cannes Film Festival
The 72nd annual Cannes Film Festival took place from 14 to 25 May 2019. Mexican filmmaker Alejandro Gonzรกlez Iรฑรกrritu served as jury president. The went to the South Korean film Parasite, directed by Bong Joon-ho; Bong became the first Korean director to win the award. American film director Jim Jarmusch's ensemble zombie comedy film The Dead Don't Die served as the opening film of the festival. The festival honoured French filmmaker Agnรจs Varda, who died in March 2019, featuring her on the official poster of the festival. The photograph used was taken during the filming of her debut film La Pointe Courte (1955), which later screened at the Cannes Film Festival. Juries Main Competition Alejandro Gonzรกlez Iรฑรกrritu, Mexican director - Jury President Enki Bilal, French author, artist and director Robin Campillo, French director Maimouna N'Diaye, Senegalese actress Elle Fanning, American actress Yorgos Lanthimos, Greek director Paweล‚ Pawlikowski, Polish director Kelly Reichardt, American director Alice Rohrwacher, Italian director Un Certain Regard Nadine Labaki, Lebanese director - Jury President Marina Foรฏs, French actress Nurhan Sekerci-Porst, German film producer Lisandro Alonso, Argentine director Lukas Dhont, Belgian director Camรฉra d'or Rithy Panh, Cambodian-French director - Jury President Alice Diop, French director Sandrine Marques, French director, author and film critic Benoรฎt Delhomme, French cinematographer Nicolas Naegelen, French president director of Polyson Cinรฉfondation and Short Films Competition Claire Denis, French director - Jury President Stacy Martin, French-UK actress Eran Kolirin, Israeli director Panos H. Koutras, Greek director Cฤƒtฤƒlin Mitulescu, Romanian director Critics' Week Ciro Guerra, Colombian director - Jury President Amira Casar, French-English actress Marianne Slot, French-Danish film producer Djia Mambu, Belgian-Congolese film journalist and critic Jonas Carpignano, Italian-American director L'ล’il d'or Yolande Zauberman, French director, Jury President Romane Bohringer, French actress and director ร‰ric Caravaca, French actor and director Ivรกn Giroud, Cuban film festival director Ross McElwee, American director Queer Palm Virginie Ledoyen, French actress, Jury President Claire Duguet, French cinematographer and director Kee-Yoon Kim, French comedian Filipe Matzembacher, Brazilian director Marcio Reolon, Brazilian director Official Sections In Competition The following films were selected to compete for the : (CdO) indicates film eligible for the Camรฉra d'Or as a feature directorial debut. (QP) indicates film in competition for the Queer Palm. Un Certain Regard The following films were selected to compete in the Un Certain Regard section: (CdO) indicates film eligible for the Camรฉra d'Or as a feature directorial debut. (QP) indicates film in competition for the Queer Palm. Out of Competition The following films were selected to be screened out of competition: (QP) indicates film in competition for the Queer Palm. (ล’dO) indicates film eligible for the ล’il d'or for documentary. Special Screenings The following films were selected be shown in the special screenings section: (CdO) indicates film eligible for the Camรฉra d'Or as a feature directorial debut. (ล’dO) indicates film eligible for the ล’il d'or for documentary feature. Short Films Competition Out of 4,240 entries, the following films were selected to compete for the Short Film Palme d'Or. (ล’dO) indicates film eligible for the ล’il d'or for documentary. (QP) indicates film in competition for the Queer Palm. Cinรฉfondation The Cinรฉfondation section focuses on films made by students at film schools. The following 17 entries (14 live-action and 3 animated films) were selected out of 2,000 submissions. Six of the films selected represent schools participating in Cinรฉfondation for the first time. (QP) indicates film in competition for the Queer Palm. Cannes Classics The full line-up for the Cannes Classics section was announced on 26 April 2019. Cinรฉma de la Plage The Cinรฉma de la Plage is a part of the Official Selection of the festival. The outdoors screenings at the beach cinema of Cannes are open to the public. Parallel sections Critics' Week The following films were selected to be screened in the Critics' Week section: Features (QP) indicates film in competition for the Queer Palm. Directors' Fortnight The following films were selected to be screened in the Directors' Fortnight section: (CdO) indicates film eligible for the Camรฉra d'Or as a feature directorial debut. (QP) indicates film in competition for the Queer Palm. ACID The following films were selected to be screened in the ACID (Association for the Distribution of Independent Cinema) section: (ล’dO) indicates film eligible for the ล’il d'or as documentary. (QP) indicates film in competition for the Queer Palm. Official Awards In Competition The following awards were presented for films shown In Competition: : Parasite by Bong Joon-ho Grand Prix: Atlantics by Mati Diop Best Director: Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne for Young Ahmed Jury Prize: Bacurau by Kleber Mendonรงa Filho and Juliano Dornelles Les Misรฉrables by Ladj Ly Best Actress: Emily Beecham for Little Joe Best Actor: Antonio Banderas for Pain and Glory Best Screenplay: Cรฉline Sciamma for Portrait of a Lady on Fire Special Mention: Elia Suleiman for It Must Be Heaven Un Certain Regard Un Certain Regard Award: The Invisible Life of Eurรญdice Gusmรฃo by Karim Aรฏnouz Un Certain Regard Jury Prize: Fire Will Come by Oliver Laxe Un Certain Regard Award for Best Director: Kantemir Balagov for Beanpole Un Certain Regard Jury Award for Best Performance: Chiara Mastroianni for On a Magical Night Un Certain Regard Special Jury Prize: Albert Serra for Libertรฉ Bruno Dumont for Joan of Arc Coup de Cล“ur Award: A Brother's Love by Monia Chokri The Climb by Michael Angelo Covino Golden Camera Camรฉra d'Or: Our Mothers by Cรฉsar Dรญaz Short films Short Film Palme d'Or: The Distance Between Us and the Sky by Vasilis Kekatos Special Mention: Monster God by Agustina San Martรญn Cinรฉfondation First Prize: Mano a mano by Louise Courvoisier Second Prize: Hiรชu by Richard Van Third Prize: Ambience by Wisam Al Jafari The Little Soul by Barbara Rupik Honorary Palme d'Or Honorary Palme d'Or: Alain Delon Independent awards FIPRESCI Prizes In Competition: It Must Be Heaven by Elia Suleiman Un Certain Regard: Beanpole by Kantemir Balagov Parallel section: The Lighthouse by Robert Eggers (Directors' Fortnight) Ecumenical Prize Prize of the Ecumenical Jury: A Hidden Life by Terrence Malick Critics' Week Nespresso Grand Prize: I Lost My Body by Jรฉrรฉmy Clapin Leitz Cine Discovery Prize for Short Film: She Runs by Qiu Yang Louis Roederer Foundation Rising Star Award: Ingvar Eggert Sigurรฐsson for A White, White Day Gan Foundation Award for Distribution: Vivarium by Lorcan Finnegan SACD Award: Our Mothers by Cรฉsar Dรญaz Canal+ Award for Short Film: Ikki Illa Meint by Andrias Hรธgenni Directors' Fortnight Europa Cinemas Label Award for Best European Film: Alice and the Mayor by Nicolas Pariser SACD Award for Best French-language Film: An Easy Girl by Rebecca Zlotowski Illy Short Film Award: Stay Awake, Be Ready by Pham Thien An Carrosse d'Or: John Carpenter L'ล’il d'or L'ล’il d'or: For Sama by Waad Al-Kateab and Edward Watts The Cordillera of Dreams by Patricio Guzmรกn Queer Palm Queer Palm Award: Portrait of a Lady on Fire by Cรฉline Sciamma Short Film Queer Palm: The Distance Between Us and the Sky by Vasilis Kekatos Prix Franรงois Chalais Franรงois Chalais Prize: A Hidden Life by Terrence Malick Cannes Soundtrack Award Cannes Soundtrack Award: Alberto Iglesias for Pain and Glory Vulcan Award of the Technical Artist Vulcan Award: Flora Volpeliรจre (editing) and Julien Poupard (cinematography) for Les Misรฉrables Special Mention: Claire Mathon for Atlantics and Portrait of a Lady on Fire (cinematography) Artistic Direction Mention: Lee Ha-jun for Parasite Palm Dog Palm Dog Award: Sayuri for Once Upon a Time in Hollywood Grand Jury Prize: Canine cast in Little Joe Canine cast in Aasha and the Street Dogs (Marchรฉ du Film) Palm DogManitarian Award: Google for their support of dogs in the workplace Underdog Award: The Unadoptable Trophรฉe Chopard Chopard Trophy: Franรงois Civil and Florence Pugh Pierre Angรฉnieux ExcelLens in Cinematography Pierre Angรฉnieux Excellens in Cinematography: Bruno Delbonnel Special Encouragement Award for promising cinematographer: Modhura Palit References External links 2019 film festivals 2019 in French cinema 2019 May 2019 events in France
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%EC%B9%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%20%EA%B0%88%EB%A0%88%EB%9D%BC%EB%8B%88
์ฒด์น ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฐˆ๋ ˆ๋ผ๋‹ˆ
์ฒด์‹ค๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฐˆ๋ ˆ๋ผ๋‹ˆ(, ๋ฐ€๋ผ๋…ธ, 1473๋…„ - 1536๋…„)๋Š” ๊ท€์กฑ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ ์ถœ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฃจ๋„๋น„์ฝ” ์Šคํฌ๋ฅด์ฐจ(Ludovico Maria Sforza) ์ผ๋ช… "์ผ ๋ชจ๋กœ(il Moro)"์˜ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋กœ์ฒด(Croce)์˜ ์‚ฐ ์กฐ๋ฐ˜๋‹ˆ(( San Giovanni in Croce) ์„ฑ์„ ์˜์ง€๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” "์ผ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ฐ€๋ฏธ๋…ธ( il Bergamino)"๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฃจ๋„๋น„์ฝ” ์นด๋ฅด๋ฏธ๋‚˜ํ‹ฐ ๋“œ '๋ธŒ๋žŒ๋นŒ๋ผ'(Ludovico Carminati de 'Brambilla)์˜ ์•„๋‚ด์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ํŒŒ์ง€์˜ค ๊ฐˆ๋ ˆ๋ผ๋‹ˆ(Fazio Gallerani)์™€ ๋งˆ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌํƒ€ ๋ฐ '๋ถ€์Šคํ‹ฐ(Margherita de 'Busti)'์˜ ๋”ธ์ธ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ ˆ์˜ค๋‚˜๋ฅด๋„ ๋‹ค๋นˆ์น˜์˜ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ธ ํฐ ๋‹ด๋น„๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์€ ์—ฌ์ธ( La dama con l'ermellino, 1488)๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐˆ๋ฃจ๋ผ ์ถœ์‹  ์ค‘ ๊ฐˆ๋ ˆ๋ผ๋‹ˆ(Gallerani) ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์€ ์ฒด์‹ค๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ์‹œ๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๊ฐˆ๋ ˆ๋ผ๋‹ˆ(Sigerio Gallerani)๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ”ํ”„(guelfa)์˜ ์ง„๊ฒฉ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋น„์Šค์ฝ˜ํ‹ฐ ์ˆ˜๋„๋กœ ํ”ผ์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ 15์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ์— ๋ฐ€๋ผ๋…ธ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ดํ›„์ธ 1450๋…„ ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋“ค์ด์ž ์ฒด์‹ค๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์‚ผ์ดŒ์ธ ์•„๋“ค ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํ†จ๋กœ๋ฉ”์˜ค(Bartolomeo)๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์€ ๊ณต์ง์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ฒด์‹ค๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ํŒŒ์ง€์˜ค์—๊ฒŒ 1467๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋ง์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋น„์•™์นด ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„(Bianca Maria) ๊ณต์ž‘๋ถ€์ธ์˜ ์ฒญ์›์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๊ด€(referendario)๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด์–ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์ž‘ ๊ถ์ •์—์„œ ๊ฐˆ๋ ˆ๋ผ๋‹ˆ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ƒํ™œ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์ž(Brianza)์— ๋งŽ์€ ํ† ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์ธ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฐ€๋ผ๋…ธ ๊ท€์กฑ๋“ค ๋ช…๋‹จ์—๋Š” ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 1437๋…„ ์‚ฐํƒ€ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฒจํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ(Santa Maria Beltrade)์˜ ๊ต๊ตฌ ์•„๋ž˜ ์žˆ๋˜ ์ €ํƒ์—์„œ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์˜จ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ์‚ฐ ์‹ฌํ”Œ๋ ˆ์น˜์•„๋…ธ(San Simpleiciano)์˜ ๊ต๊ตฌ ์•„๋ž˜ ํฌ๋ฅดํƒ€ ์ฝ”๋งˆ์‹œ๋‚˜(Porta Comasina) ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ 1473๋…„ ์ฒด์น ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ 7๋‚จ๋งค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 66์„ธ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด์— ์ฒด์น ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์…จ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ฒด์น ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๊ต์œก์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋”ธ์ธ ์ฒด์น ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์‚ดํŽด ์ฃผ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 1482๋…„, ๋ ˆ์˜ค๋‚˜๋ฅด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฃจ๋„๋น„์ฝ” ์ผ ๋ชจ๋กœ(Ludovico il Moro)๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ€๋ผ๋…ธ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ฒด์น ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 9์‚ด์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1483๋…„ ์ฒด์น ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์—ด ์‚ด์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ˆ˜๋„์ ์ธ ์‚ถ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋…€์™€ ์Šคํ…ŒํŒŒ๋…ธ ๋น„์Šค์ฝ˜ํ‹ฐ(Stefano Visconti) ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋”ธ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ด€ํ–‰์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ 1487๋…„ ์ด ๊ณ„์•ฝ์€ ์ทจ์†Œ๋œ๋‹ค. 1489๋…„ ์ฒด์น ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์„œ๋ช…์€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ˜•ํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋…€์™€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ํ˜•์ œ๋“ค์ด ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „์— ๋ชฐ์ˆ˜๋œ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ๋•…์„ ๋Œ๋ ค๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์š”์ฒญํ•œ ๋ฒ•์›์— ์ œ์ถœ๋œ ํƒ„์›์„œ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์˜ค๋‚˜๋ฅด๋„์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ, ์ฆ‰ ๋ฃจ๋„๋น„์ฝ” ์ผ ๋ชจ๋กœ์™€์˜ ๋งŒ๋‚จ ๋•๋ถ„์— ๊ทธ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ํ˜„์žฌ๋กœ ์ด๋„๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ฒด์น ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ํ˜•์ œ๋“ค์˜ ์„œ๋ช… ์™ธ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€๋Š” ๋“ฑ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ฒด์น ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์ง‘์•ˆ์˜ ํ˜•์ œ๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ˆ˜๋„์›์˜ ๊ต๊ตฌ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ด์—ฌ์„ฏ ์‚ด์˜ ์ฒด์น ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋ฏธํ˜ผ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋…€์›์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผ์‹ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ฐ€๋ผ๋…ธ ์‹œ์—์„œ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณต์ž‘์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด์— ๋ชจ๋กœ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ ˆ์˜ค๋‚˜๋ฅด๋„์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์˜ ๋‚ ์งœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒด์น ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ•์ •์— ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 1490๋…„ ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ž์ฝ”ํฌ ํŠธ๋กœํ‹ฐ(Jacopo Trotti) ์—์Šคํ…์Šค(Estense) ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์•„๋ผ๊ณค์˜ ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฒจ๋ผ์™€ Gian Galeazzo Sforza๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•œ ์งํ›„, ํŠธ๋กฏํ‹ฐ ๊ณต์ž‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ํŽธ์ง€์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ๋ฃจ๋„๋น„์ฝ”์˜ ์•…์€ ์–ด๋””์„œ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์ •๋ถ€(puta)๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค.โ€ (Jacopo Trotti, "La Dama con l'ermellino"์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์—˜๋ผ ํ”ผ์ฐจ๊ฐˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ทŒ) ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” "puta(๋งค์ถ˜๋ถ€)"๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ 16์„ธ์˜€๋˜ ๊ฐˆ๋ ˆ๋ผ๋‹ˆ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒด์น ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋ ˆ์˜ค๋‚˜๋ฅด๋„์— ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ž์งˆ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋…ผ์˜๋œ ๋ฐ€๋ผ๋…ธ์˜ ํ•™์ž์™€ ์ง€์‹์ธ ๋ชจ์ž„์— ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒด์น ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ด ํšŒ์˜๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐˆ๋ ˆ๋ผ๋‹ˆ ๋ฐฑ์ž‘ ๋ถ€์ธ์€ ์ž˜ ๊ต์œก๋œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ผํ‹ด์–ด์— ๋Šฅํ†ตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ž˜์™€ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฒด์น ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋ฃจ๋„๋น„์ฝ” ์ผ ๋ชจ๋กœ์˜ ์•„๋“ค์ธ ์ฒด์‚ฌ๋ ˆ(Cesare)๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ ์•„ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ฒด ๋ฐ์Šคํ…Œ(Beatrice dโ€™Este)์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ๋„ ์Šคํฌ๋ฅด์ž์˜ ์ง‘์— ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์•„๋“ค์„ ๋‚ณ์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฃจ๋„๋น„์ฝ”์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ถ์ •์—์„œ ์ซ“๊ฒจ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ž์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ ์„ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์—๋Š” ์นด๋ฅด๋งˆ๋‡ฐ๋ผ์„ฑ(Palazzo Carmagnola)์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋•ํƒ์— ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™ ์„œํด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜๊ณ , ๋Œ€ํ™”์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํŒจ์…˜์ด ํƒ„์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งŒํ† ๋ฐ”์˜ ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฒจ๋ผ ๋ฐ์Šคํ…Œ(Isabella d'Este )๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2๋…„๊ฐ„ ํ”ผ๋‚œํ•œ ํ›„, ๋ฒ ์•„ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์ฒด ๋ฐ์Šคํ…Œ(Beatrice dโ€™Este)๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์€ ํ›„ ์Šคํฌ๋ฅด์ž์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐ€๋ผ๋…ธ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”๋‹ค. 1492๋…„ 7์›” 27์ผ, ๋ฃจ๋„๋น„์ฝ” ์นด๋ฅด๋ฏธ๋‚˜ํ‹ฐ "์ผ ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ฐ€๋ฏธ๋…ธ" ๋ฐฑ์ž‘๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒด์น ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ํฌ๋กœ์ฒด์˜ ์‚ฐ ์กฐ๋ฐ˜๋‹ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋นŒ๋ผ ๋ฉ”๋””์น˜ ๋ธ ๋ฐ”์…€๋กœ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๊ฐ€๋ฏธ๋…ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€, ์‹œ์ธ, ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‚จํŽธ์˜ ์„ฑ์„ ์พŒ์ ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ, ๋†’์€ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ธ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒด์น ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” 63์„ธ์— ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1473๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1536๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง 15์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 16์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์Šคํฌ๋ฅด์ฐจ๊ฐ€
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia%20Gallerani
Cecilia Gallerani
Cecilia Gallerani (; early 1473 โ€“ 1536) was the favourite and most celebrated of the many mistresses of Ludovico Sforza, known as Lodovico il Moro, Duke of Milan. She is best known as the subject of Leonardo da Vinci's painting The Lady with an Ermine (circa 1489). While posing for the painting, she invited Leonardo, who at the time was working as court artist for Sforza, to meetings at which Milanese intellectuals discussed philosophy and other subjects. Cecilia herself presided over these discussions. Family and early life Cecilia was born in early 1473 into a large family from Siena. Her father's name was Fazio Gallerani. He was not a member of the nobility, but he occupied several important posts at the Milanese court, including the position of ambassador to Republic of Florence and Duchy of Lucca. Her mother was Margherita Busti, the daughter of a noted doctor of law. She was educated alongside her six brothers in Latin and literature. In 1483 at the age of ten, Cecilia was betrothed to Stefano Visconti, but the betrothal was broken off in 1487 for unknown reasons. In May 1489, she left home for the Monastero Nuovo, and it was possibly there where she met Ludovico. Mistress of Ludovico Sforza Gallerani was a lifelong scholar with a musical gift and love of poetry, which she composed in Latin and Italian. She became a mistress of the Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza "il Moro" when she was 16 or 18 and enjoyed entertaining the intellectual elite out of her apartments in his Milanese castle and seat of the ducal court at the Porta Giovia. It is supposed that she was Sforza's preferred partner but too low in social rank to be politically acceptable match; after their son Cesare was born May 3, 1491, Sforza continued to provide for the family with palatial homes, an arranged marriage for Gallerani with an Italian count, and senior church appointments for Cesare in Milan. Gallerani and son continued to live in Castello Sforza for up to a year, around when the duke's long-negotiated marriage to a daughter of the Duke of Ferrara (and niece of the Queen of Hungary) could celebrated. The 16-year-old Duchess Beatrice d'Este discovered the liaison and insisted on their removal. They were first installed in the Verme Palace until Gallerani was married to a given a Carmagnola Palace in 1492, when she married the son of a duke who had pledged service to Sforza. Cecilia and Ludovico's son Cesare was made the abbot of the Church of San Nazaro Maggiore (San Nazaro in Brolo) of Milan in 1498 and 1505 he became canon of Milan. He died in 1512. "The Lady with an Ermine" Portrait Although at times the details have been disputed, Leonardo da Vinci famous lifelike portrait is considered by experts to be of Cecilia Gallerani while she still lived in Castello Sforzeco; in 1992 Shell and Sironi concluded it to have been painted around 1490 by cross-referencing and correcting the interpretation of contemporaneous evidence. Da Vinci was the Castello Sforza court artist and engineer, yet it is believed he never painted the Duchess, which could mean she refused her own sitting on the basis of insult relating to the mistress. (He later painted other misstresses and the second wife of Sforza.) Da Vinci used the ermine/stoat was a symbol of purity in his works and wrote about its meaning. But other theories on its meaning include that it is a play on Cecilia's last name and the Greek word for the animal (gallay) and/or an emblem of Sforza, whose sobriquet became 'l'Ermellino' after being awarded the Order of the Ermine by the King of Naples. Art critics have noted that the skulls and hands/paws of the two figures are remarkably similar and these subtle details not only a testament to the skill of Da Vinci but also a hint at symbolism. The academic disagreements over the year and subject of the painting (but not its authenticity) owe to a lack of artifacts describing the work before its purchase in 1800 by Polish Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski as a gift to his mother Princess Isabella. But correspondence exists about a portrait of Gallerani once borrowed once by Isabella d'Este who was herself a known admirer of da Vinci's artwork. In her reply to the request, Gallerani said it no longer looked like her because she had been so young then and "nobody seeing it and me together would suppose it was made for me". "Though reluctant because it no longer resembled her, Cecilia complied, and by the following month the picture was gratefully returned". Later life, death, and legacy The Countess and Count Ludovico "Il Bergamino" were given a palace, the Carminati de' Brambilla, as their wedding gift by Duke Sforza in 1492. They had four children. After the deaths of both her son in 1512 and husband in 1515, she retired to San Giovanni in Croce, a castle near Cremona that had been enfeoffed to the Count's father by the Duke in 14. Cesare, the son of Cecilia and Ludovico Sforza was made abbot of the Church of San Nazaro Maggiore of Milan in 1498; in 1505, he became canon of Milan. He died in 1512. Cecilia died on an unknown date in 1536. She was purportedly buried in the Carminati family tomb in the Church of San Zavedro. Bandello described her as a patron of the arts. According to others, hers was the first salon in Europe. Cultural references The Leonardo portrait of Cecilia plays an important role in the plot of the alternative historical novel Fatherland by Robert Harris. In the novel the painting is misappropriated by corrupt Nazi officials during the World War 2. The book's epilogue states that in real life, the portrait 'was recovered from Germany at the end of the war and returned to Poland.' The portrait also takes center stage in the novel The Night Portrait. The novel splits timelines between the late 1400s to depict Leonardo painting the portrait, and the 1940s, as the Nazis and the Monument Men contend over The Lady in Ermine painting. References Further reading . . External links Leonardo da Vinci: anatomical drawings from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle, exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Cecilia Gallerani (see index) 1473 births 1536 deaths 15th-century Italian women 15th-century Italian people 16th-century Italian people House of Sforza Italian artists' models Italian Renaissance people Italian salon-holders 16th-century Italian women Renaissance women Italian patrons of the arts
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EA%B5%AC%EC%A6%88%20%EC%B9%B8
์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ ์นธ
์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ ์นด๊ฐ„ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ ์นธ(ํ„ฐํ‚ค์–ด : OฤŸuz KaฤŸan)๋Š” ํ„ฐํ‚ค์˜ ์ „์„ค์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜ ์‹ ํ™”์ ์ธ ์นธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ํˆฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ณ„ ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ํˆฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ˜, ์˜ค์Šค๋งŒ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ ํˆฌ๋ฅดํฌ์ธ ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์˜ ์ถœ์‹ ๊ณผ ์ข…์กฑ์  ๊ธฐ์›์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์„ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›๊ณ ์— ๋ณด์กด ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„œ์ˆ ์€ ์•„๋ž˜์— ๋‚˜์—ด๋œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์ถœํŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ œ๋ชฉ์€ ํ”ํžˆ ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ๋‚˜๋งˆ(Oghuznama) ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ถœ์ฒ˜ ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ ์นธ์˜ ์ „์„ค์€ ์ค‘์•™ ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ํŠ€๋ฅดํฌ์กฑ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์œ ํฌ๋œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์› ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ 13์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํด ํŽ ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณด์กด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” 14 ์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž‘์ž ๋ฏธ์ƒ์˜ ์œ„๊ตฌ๋ฅด (Uyghur) ์ˆ˜์ง ๋Œ€๋ณธ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ชฝ๊ณจ ์ •๋ณต ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ •๋œ ์›๊ณ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ ์นธ์˜ ํˆฌ๋ฅดํฌ ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒํ™”์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜ค๊ตฌํฌ ์นธ์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์ด ๋ชฝ๊ณจ์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์„œ์ˆ ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์•„๋ถˆ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ 17์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฒ„์ „์€, ์ด๋ฏธ ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ๋ชฝ๊ณจํ™”๋œ ๋ผ์‹œ๋“œ์›ƒ๋”˜์˜ 14์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๋‹ต์Šตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ค๋ช…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ ์นธ์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋ชฝ๊ณจ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์•„๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ™์ˆ˜ ์ดํ›„์— ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ธ ์•„๋“ค์„ ๋– ๋‚˜ ๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ํ•จ์€ ํžŒ๋‘์Šคํƒ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ , ์…ˆ์€ ์ด๋ž€์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ผ๋ฒณ์€ ์ดํ‹ธ๊ณผ ์•ผ์ดํฌ ๊ฐ•๊ธฐ์Šญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ์•„๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ, ํˆฌ๋ฅดํฌ, ์นด์ž๋ฅด, ์‚ฌํด๋ž, ๋ฃจ์Šค, ๋ฐ, ์นœ, ์ผ€๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํƒ€๋ฆฌํฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃฝ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํˆฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฅผ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž๋กœ ์ง€๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํˆฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋Š” ์ด์‹์ฟจ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€์— ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žฅ๋‚จ ํˆฌํ…Œํฌ(Tutek)๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•œ๋‹ค. 4์„ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ ํƒ€ํƒ€๋ฅด์™€ ๋ชจ๊ตด ๋‘ ์•„๋“ค์ด ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ์™•๊ตญ์„ ๋‘˜๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๊ตด ์นธ์€ ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ ์นธ์„ ๋‚ณ์€ ์นด๋ผ ์นธ์„ ๋‚ฌ์•˜๋‹ค. ์‚ผ์ผ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์—„๋งˆ์˜ ๊ฟˆ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์„œ ๋ฌด์Šฌ๋ฆผ์ด ๋˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ –์„ ๋นจ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ข…์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ง€์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์นด๋ผ ์นธ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ผ๋ฒณ์˜ ํˆฌ๋ฅดํฌ ํ›„์˜ˆ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์Šฌ๋ฆผ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ ์•™์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ ์นธ์— ์™€์„œ ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ ์‹ ์•™์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์„ค ํ„ฐํ‚ค์˜ ์ „์„ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ๋Š” ํ„ฐํ‚ค ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž์ธ ์นด๋ผ ์นธ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋กœ ์ค‘์•™์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜์ž๋งˆ์ž ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‚ค๋ฅด๋ฏธ์ฆˆ(๋ง ์šฐ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํšจ์‹œ์ผœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์•Œ์ฝœ ์Œ๋ฃŒ)์™€ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ์ดˆ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•ด์„œ ๋ถˆ๊ณผ 40์ผ ๋งŒ์— ์ Š์€ ์ฒญ๋…„์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ํˆฌ๋ฅดํฌ์ธ๋“ค์€ ํ‚ค์–€ํŠธ(Kiyant)๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์—๊ฒŒ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋นผ์•—๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ๋Š” ๋ฌด์žฅ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์šฉ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ“ ์ฃฝ์ธ ์‹ ์„ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์Šด์„ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์— ๋งค๋‹ฌ์•„ ๋“œ๋ž˜๊ณค์˜ ๋ซ์„ ๋†“์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ฒญ๋™ ๋žœ์Šค๋กœ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์ฒ ๊ฒ€์œผ๋กœ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ž๋‹ค. ํ‚ค์–€ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ธ ํ›„ ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ๋Š” ์˜์›…์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 40๊ฐœ์˜ ํˆฌ๋ฅดํฌ ์กฑ์žฅ๋“ค์˜ ์•„๋“ค 40๋ช…์„ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ „์‚ฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ ์”จ์กฑ๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณ„ ๊ณ„๋ชจ์™€ ์™•์œ„ ๊ณ„์Šน๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ด๋ณตํ˜•์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์— ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๋ฐ›์ž ์นด๋ผ ์นธ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜์—ญ์„ ๊พธ๋ฏผ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์Œํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด๋ผ ์นธ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์—์„œ ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์•”์‚ดํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ๋Š” ์ด ์Œ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€์‹  ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ์นธ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ณ„๋ชจ์™€ ์ด๋ณตํ˜•์ œ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ง์ณค๋‹ค. ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์นธ ์ด ๋œ ํ›„์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ํƒฑ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ(Tengri)๋ฅผ ์ฐฌ์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜ผ์ž ์ดˆ์›์— ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง€๊ทนํžˆ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์†Œ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋น› ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์„œ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•˜๋Š˜์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋‘ฅ๊ทผ ๋น›์„ ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์†Œ๋…€์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์— ๋น ์กŒ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ท€๋„ค์‰ฌ(ํƒœ์–‘), ์•„์ด (๋‹ฌ) ๋ฐ ์ผ๋””์ฆˆ(๋ณ„) (๋ชจ๋‘ ํ„ฐํ‚ค์–ด๋กœ ์ง€๋ช… ๋จ)๋ผ๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ช…์˜ ์•„๋“ค์„ ๋‚ณ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ค‘์—, ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์„๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฐฉํ•œ ์†Œ๋…€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋…€์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ดต(ํ•˜๋Š˜), ๋‹ฅ(์‚ฐ) ๋ฐ ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ(๋ฐ”๋‹ค) (ํ„ฐํ‚ค์–ด)๋ผ๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ช…์˜ ์•„๋“ค์„ ๋” ๋‚ณ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋“ค์ด ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ํ›„, ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ ์นธ์€ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ์˜์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž”์น˜ ์ค‘์—, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. "๋‚˜๋Š” ๋„ˆํฌ๋“ค์˜ ์นธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋‘ ์นผ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉํŒจ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ผ. ์ฟณ(์‹ ์„ฑํ•œ ํž˜)์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ‘œ์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ๋Š‘๋Œ€์˜ ํ•จ์„ฑ์„ ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ๋ผ. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฒ ์ฐฝ์€ ์ˆฒ์ด ๋˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ. ์ฟจ๋ž€์€ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์™€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ•์„ ํƒœ์–‘์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊นƒ๋ฐœ์ด๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š˜์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ…ํŠธ์ด๋‹ค." ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋„ค ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์™•์—๊ฒŒ ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. "๋‚˜๋Š” ํˆฌ๋ฅดํฌ์˜ ์™•์ด๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋„ค ๊ตฌ์„ ์˜ ์™•์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์ข…ํ•˜๋ผ. " ์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜ค๋ฅธ ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•Œํˆฐ ์นธ(๊ณจ๋“  ์นธ)์€ ๋ณต์ข…์„ ๋‹ค์งํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์™ผ์ชฝ์˜ ์šฐ๋ฃธ(๋กœ๋งˆ) ์นธ์€ ๋‹ต์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆ„ ์นธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์„ ํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋™์›ํ•ด ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋Š ๋‚  ๋ฐค, ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ๋ชจํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์ž…์€ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ(ํ•˜๋Š๋‹˜์˜ ํ™”์‹ )์ด ์ฐฌ๋ž€ํ•œ ๋น›์˜ ์•„์šฐ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์—…๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ํ…ํŠธ์— ์™”๋‹ค. ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ "์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ์—ฌ, ์šฐ๋ฃธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง„๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ตฌ๋‚˜. ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋จผ์ € ๊ฐ€๊ฒ ๋…ธ๋ผ" ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ํ•˜๋Š˜ ๋Š‘๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ๋ฅดํฌ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์— ์•ž์žฅ ์„œ์„œ ์ธ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ์ดํ‹ธ๊ฐ•(๋ณผ๊ฐ€๊ฐ•) ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์‹ธ์› ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ ์นธ์ด ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ์•„๋“ค์€ ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ๋Š‘๋Œ€์˜ ์ด๋Œ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ํˆฌ๋ฅดํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„, ์ธ๋„, ์ด๋ž€, ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ, ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋„ค ๊ตฌ์„์˜ ์นธ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊พธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฏ ์•„๋“ค์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ ๋™์ชฝ๊ณผ ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ํฐ ์•„๋“ค์€ ๋™์ชฝ์—์„œ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ ํ™œ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘์€ ์•„๋“ค๋“ค์€ ์„œ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์€ ํ™”์‚ด์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ ์นธ์€ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ ํ™œ์„ ์„ธ ์กฐ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์„ธ ํฐ ์•„๋“ค ๊ท„๊ณผ ์•„์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ๋””์ฆˆ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. "ํ˜•๋“ค์€ ์ด ํ™œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๊ฐ์ž ์ž๊ธฐ์˜ ํ™”์‚ด์„ ์˜์•„๋ผ." ๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ฐœ์˜ ์€ ํ™”์‚ด์„ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„๋“ค ๊ดต๊ณผ ๋‹ฅ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. "๋™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์€ ํ™”์‚ด์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋ผ. ํ™œ์„ ์˜๋ฉด ๋„ˆํฌ๋Š” ํ™”์‚ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค." ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ์•„๋“ค๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ณด์กฑ(ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ํ™”์‚ด-ํ˜•๋“ค)๊ณผ ์œ„์ด‰(์„ธ ํ™”์‚ด-๋™์ƒ๋“ค)์ด ๋‘ ๊ณ„๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. (์•„๋ถˆ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ณ„๋ณด ์ƒ์ง•, ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ธธ์„ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•˜๋Š” ์˜จ๊ณค์ •์‹ , ๋ฟ๋งŒ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ •์น˜ ๊ณ„์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธ ์•„๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ 24๋ช…์˜ ์†์ž๋“ค์ด ์—ฐํšŒ ์ขŒ์„์— ์•Š๋Š” ์ˆœ์„œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ •ํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. "์•„๋“ค๋“ค์•„, ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฑธ์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์ „ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ํ™”์‚ด๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์„ ๋˜์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ๋ง์„ ํƒ”๋‹ค. ์ ๋“ค์„ ์šธ๋ถ€์ง“๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ์›ƒ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋Š๋‹˜(ํƒฑ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ)์—๊ฒŒ ๋นš์„ ๊ฐš์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ๋‚ด ๋•…์„ ์ฃผ๋…ธ๋ผ." ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ํˆฌ๋ฅดํฌ์ธ์˜ ์„œ์‚ฌ์  ์กฐ์ƒ์ธ ๋ฌต๋Œ์„ ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ ์นธ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋Œ๊ถ-ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„ ๋ฌธํ—Œ(๋ผ์‰ฌ ์•Œ๋”˜, ํ˜ผ๋ฐ๋ฏธ๋ฅด, ์•„๋ถˆ ๊ฐ€์ง€)์˜ ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ ์นธ์˜ ์ผ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ธฐ๋ก(์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์™€ ์•„๋“ค์˜ ๋ถˆํ™”, ์•„๋“ค์˜ ์‚ด๋ถ€, ์ •๋ณต์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์ˆœ์„œ, ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ)์˜ ๋ฌต๋ˆ์„ ์šฐ ์ผ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์™€ ๋†€๋ผ์šธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ˆํ‚คํƒ€ ์•ผ์ฝ”๋ธ”๋ ˆ๋น„์น˜ ๋น„์ถ”๋ฆฐ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. (์ฃผ์„ pp. 56-57) ์œ ์‚ฐ ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ ์นธ์€ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  ํˆฌ๋ฅดํฌ๊ณ„ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์˜ ์‹ ํ™”์  ์ฐฝ์‹œ์ž์ด์ž ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ ๊ณ„๋ณด์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋„ ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ๊ณ„๋ณด๋Š” ์ „์„ค์ ์ธ 6๋ช…์˜ ์•„๋“ค๊ณผ ์˜ค๊ตฌํฌ ์นธ์˜ 24๋ช…์˜ ์†์ž์˜ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ํˆฌ๋ฅดํฌ ๊ณ„์—ด ์™•์กฐ๋Š” ์ด ์ข…์กฑ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด ์™•์กฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํˆฌ๋ฅดํฌ ๋ฏผ์กฑ ํˆฌ๋ฅดํฌ ์‹ ํ™” ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ ํˆฌ๋ฅดํฌ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์„œ์  Abลซ'l Ghฤzฤซ. 1958. Rodoslovnaia ํˆฌ๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ˜. Andrei N. Kononov, ed. ๋ชจ์Šคํฌ๋ฐ” : Nauka. ฤฐlker Evrim BinbaลŸ, Encyclopaedia Iranica, "Oguz Khan Narratives" , 2012๋…„ 7์›” 7์ผ. ๊ณจ๋“ , ํ”ผํ„ฐ B. 1992. ํˆฌ๋ฅดํฌ ์กฑ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ๊ฐœ. ์ค‘์„ธ์™€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์œ ๋ผ์‹œ์•„์™€ ์ค‘๋™์—์„œ ๋ฏผ์กฑ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ. ๋น„์Šค ๋ฐ”๋ด : Harrassowitz. ๋ผ์ดํŠธ, ๋„ค์ด์„ . ๊ณ„๋ณด, ์—ญ์‚ฌ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ : ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์„ฑ ์ €๋„. ์ œ 39 ๊ถŒ, ์ œ 1 ํŒ, 2011๋…„, 33 ~ 53 ํŽ˜์ด์ง€. ํด, ํŽ ๋ฆฌ์—‡ 1930. ์œ ์—” ๋‚œ๋ฏผ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹ ๋ถ„์ฆ. ํŒŒ์˜ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ. 27 : 4-5. pp. ย  247-358. Raลกฤซd ad-Dฤซn. Rauddd ad-Dฤซn์˜ ์ข…์กฑ ์„ฑ์ง์ž. ์นผ Jahn, trans. ๋น„์—”๋‚˜ : 1969๋…„ Shcherbak, Aleksandr Mikhaวlovich. Oguz-name. Muhabbatname. ๋ชจ์Šคํฌ๋ฐ”, 1959. Woods, John E. 1976. Aqquyunlu ์ผ์กฑ, ์—ฐ๋งน, ์ œ๊ตญ : 15 ์„ธ๊ธฐ / 16 ์„ธ๊ธฐ ํˆฌ๋ฅดํฌ -์ด๋ž€ ์ •์น˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ. ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์• ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค : Bibliotheca Islamica. ํŠ€๋ฅดํฌ ์‹ ํ™” ์˜ค๊ตฌ์ฆˆ ํŠ€๋ฅดํฌ์กฑ ์‹ ํ™”์˜ ์™• ์นธ (๊ตฐ์ฃผ)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz%20Khagan
Oghuz Khagan
Oghuz Khagan or Oghuz Khan (; ; ) is a legendary khan of the Turkic people and an eponymous ancestor of Oghuz Turks. Some Turkic cultures use the legend of Oghuz Khan to describe their ethnic and tribal origins. The various versions of the narrative preserved in many different manuscripts has been published in numerous languages as listed below in the references. The narratives about him are often entitled Oghuzname, of which there are several traditions, describing his many feats and conquests, some of these tend to overlap with other Turkic epic traditions such as Seljukname and The Book of Dede Korkut. The name of Oghuz Khan has been associated with Maodun, also known as Mete Han; the reason being that there is a remarkable similarity between the biography of Oghuz Khagan in the Turkic mythology and the biography of Maodun found in the Chinese historiography, which was first noticed by the Russo-Chuvash sinologist Hyacinth. Sources Seljuks The Seljuks originated from the Kinik branch of the Oghuz Turks, who in the 9th century lived on the periphery of the Muslim world, north of the Caspian Sea and Aral Sea in their Yabghu Khaganate of the Oghuz confederacy. During the 11th century, they established the Great Seljuk Empire under the command of the Seljuk chieftains Toghrul Beg and Chaghri Beg. Anushteginids There are certain historical sources that state that the Anushteginids, who ruled vast parts of Central Asia from 1077 to 1231 under the title of Khwarazmshahs, descended from the Begdili tribe of the Oghuz Turks. The dynasty was founded by commander Anush Tigin Gharchai, a former Turkic slave of the Seljuq sultans, who was appointed as governor of Khwarezm. His son, Qutb ad-Din Muhammad I, became the first hereditary Shah of Khwarezm. Qara Qoyunlu Qara Qoyunlu was a tribal confederation of Oguz Turkic nomadic tribes from the Oguz tribe of Yiva, which existed in the 14-15th centuries in Western Asia, on the territory of modern Azerbaijan, Armenia, Iraq, northwestern Iran and eastern Turkey. Aq Qoyunlu The Aq Qoyunlu Sultans claimed descent from Bayindir Khan, through a grandson of Oghuz Khagan. Ottomans Ottoman historian and ambassador to the Qara Qoyunlu, ลžรผkrullah states that ErtuฤŸrul's lineage goes to Gรถkalp, a son of Oghuz Khagan. The author states that the information was shown during a court of Jahan Shah, from a book written in Mongolian script. , in early 15th century, traced Osman's genealogy to Oghuz Khagan, through his senior grandson of his senior son, so giving the Ottoman sultans primacy among Turkish monarchs. YazฤฑcฤฑoฤŸlu quotes as follows: Bayezid I advanced this claim against Timur, who denigrated the Ottoman lineage. According to Ottoman historian NeลŸri, Osman had a grandfather with a king's name and came from a lineage of the senior branch of Oghuz family: Cem Sultan, Bayezid II's brother, linked their genealogy to Oghuz Khagan that would prevail as a tool of legitimization of the sixteenth century onwards: Legend According to a Turkic legend, Oghuz was born in Central Asia as the son of Qara Khan, leader of the Turkic people. He started talking as soon as he was born. He stopped drinking his mother's milk after the first time and asked for kymyz (an alcoholic beverage made with fermented horse milk) and meat. After that, he grew up supernaturally fast and in only forty days he became a young adult. At the time of his birth, the lands of the Turkic people were preyed upon by a dragon named Kiyant. Oghuz armed himself and went to kill the dragon. He set a trap for the dragon by hanging a freshly killed deer in a tree, then killed the great dragon with a bronze lance and cut off its head with a steel sword. After Oghuz killed Kiyant, he became a people's hero. He formed a special warrior band from the forty sons of forty Turkic begs (lords, chiefs), thus gathering the clans together. But his Chinese stepmother and half-brother, who was the heir to the throne, became intimidated by his power and convinced Qara Khan that Oghuz was planning to dethrone him. Qara Khan decided to assassinate Oghuz at a hunting party. Oghuz learned about this plan and instead killed his father and became the khan. His stepmother and half-brother fled to Chinese lands. After Oghuz became the khan, he went to the steppes by himself to praise and pray to Tengri. While praying, he saw a circle of light coming from the sky with a supernaturally beautiful girl standing in the light. Oghuz fell in love with the girl and married her. He had three sons whom he named Gรผn (Sun), Ay (Moon), and Yฤฑldฤฑz (Star) (all in Turkish). Later, Oghuz went hunting and saw another mesmerizing girl inside a tree. He married her as well and had three more sons whom he named Gรถk (Sky), DaฤŸ (Mountain), and Deniz (Sea) (in Turkish). After his sons were born, Oghuz Khan gave a great toy (feast) and invited all of his begs (lords). At the feast, he gave this order to his lords: Then, he sent letters to the Kings of the Four Directions, saying: "I am the Khan of the Turks. And I will be Khan of the Four Corners of the Earth. I want your obedience." Altun Khan (Golden Khan), on the right corner of the earth, submitted his obedience, but Urum (Roman), Khan of the left corner, did not. Oghuz declared war on Urum Khan and marched his army to the west. One night, a large male wolf with grey fur (which is an avatar of Tengri) came to his tent in an aura of light. He said, "Oghuz, you want to march against Urum, I want to march before your army." So, the grey sky-wolf marched before the Turkic army and guided them. The two armies fought near the river ฤฐtil (Volga). Oghuz Khan won the battle. Then, Oghuz and his six sons carried out campaigns in Turkistan, India, Iran, Egypt, Iraq and Syria, with the grey wolf as their guide. He became the Khan of the Four Corners of the Earth. In his old age, Oghuz saw a dream. He called his six sons and sent them to the east and the west. His elder sons found a golden bow in the east. His younger sons found three silver arrows in the west. Oghuz Khan broke the golden bow into three pieces and gave each to his three older sons Gรผn, Ay, and Yฤฑldฤฑz. He said, "My older sons, take this bow and shoot your arrows to the sky like this bow." He gave the three silver arrows to his three younger sons Gรถk, DaฤŸ and Deniz and said, "My younger sons, take these silver arrows. A bow shoots arrows and you are to be like the arrow." Then, he passed his lands on to his sons, Bozoks (Gray Arrows - elder sons) and รœรงoks (Three Arrows - younger sons) at a final banquet. (Abลซโ€™l-Ghฤzฤซ identifies the lineage symbols, tamga seals and ongon spirit guiding birds, as well as specifying the political hierarchy and seating order at banquets for these sons and their 24 sons). Then he said: Historical precursor and legacy According to Abulgazi, Oguz Khan could have lived four thousand years before Prophet Muhammad during the time of the legendary ancient king Keyumars. French academician of the 18th century J.-S. Bailly refers the period of Khan's life to the 29th century B.C., the Russian geographer and historian of the 18th century P.Rychkov and Soviet historian O. Tumanovich - to the 7th century B.C. The French Encyclopedia of Diderot and d'Alembert mentions that Oghuz Khan lived long before the Persian king Cyrus II. Swedish geographer and cartographer of the 17th-18th centuries Philip Johan von Strahlenberg, based on the Ancient Greek historian Diodorus Siculus and other historians, concludes that Oghuz Khan was the leader of the ancient Scythian peoples, under whose leadership they conquered vast territories in the Middle East, Southeast Europe and Egypt in ancient times. Stralenberg also notes that among the Central Asian peoples, Oghuz Khan enjoys the same fame as Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar among Europeans. In scientific literature, the name of Maodun is usually associated with Oghuz Khagan. The reason for that is a striking similarity of the Oghuz-Kagan biography in the Turko-Persian manuscripts (Rashid al-Din, Hondemir, Abulgazi) with the Maodun biography in the Chinese sources (feud between the father and son and murder of the former, the direction and sequence of conquests, etc.), which was first noticed by N.Ya. Bichurin (Collection of information, pp.ย 56โ€“57). Oghuz Khan is sometimes considered the legendary founder of most Turkic people, and ancestor of the Oghuz subbranch. Even today, subbranches of Oghuz are classified in order of the legendary six sons and 24 grandsons of Oghuz Khan. In history, Turkmen dynasties often rebelled or claimed sovereignty by saying their rank was higher than the existing dynasty in this tribal classification. Oghuz Khan appears on the 100 manat banknote. OฤŸuz and OฤŸuzhan are a common masculine Turkish and Turkic given names, which come from Oghuz Khan. Mary Province's district Oguzhan, in Turkmenistan, is named after him. The International airport in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan is named after Oghuz Khan. Footnotes See also Book of Dede Korkut Ergenekon References Abลซโ€™l Ghฤzฤซ. 1958. Rodoslovnaia Turkmen. Andrei N. Kononov, ed. Moscow: Nauka. ฤฐlker Evrim BinbaลŸ, Encyclopรฆdia Iranica, "Oguz Khan Narratives" Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica, accessed 7 July 2012. Golden, Peter B. 1992. An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples. Ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. Light, Nathan. Genealogy, history, nation Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity. Volume 39, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 33 โ€“ 53. Pelliot, Paul. 1930. Sur la lรฉgende d'Uฮณuz-khan en รฉcriture ouigoure. T'oung Pao. Second Series. 27: 4โ€“5. pp.ย 247โ€“358. Raลกฤซd ad-Dฤซn. Die Geschichte der Oฤกuzen des Raลกฤซd ad-Dฤซn. Karl Jahn, trans. Vienna: 1969 Shcherbak, Aleksandr Mikhaวlovich. Oguz-name. Muhabbatname. Moscow, 1959. Woods, John E. 1976. The Aqquyunlu Clan, Confederation, Empire: a study in 15th/16th Century Turco-Iranian Politics. Minneapolis: Bibliotheca Islamica. Oghuz Turks Legendary Muslims Legendary progenitors
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ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์˜ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ ๋ชฉ๋ก
ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์˜ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ ๋ชฉ๋ก์€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋„์‹œ์ธ ์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ฃผ ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์˜ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ๋‹ค. ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์€ CN ํƒ€์›Œ๋กœ ๋†’์ด์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. CN ํƒ€์›Œ๋Š” 1975๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2007๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์œก์ง€์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๋…๋ฆฝ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ ๋ น๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ ๋งˆ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ธต ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์˜ ๊ธˆ์œต์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋†’์ด 298ย m (978ย ft) ๋†’์ด๋กœ 1975๋…„์— ์™„๊ณต๋œ ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ์บ๋‚˜๋””์•ˆ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์˜ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” 1894๋…„์— ๋น„์–ด๋“œ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ(Beard Building)์ด ๊ฑด์„ค๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ ์ข…์ข… ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ† ๋ก ํ† ๋Š” 1920๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊ณผ 1930๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ์— ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋ถ์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด 1932๋…„์—์„œ 1964๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๊ณต์‚ฌ์ค‘์— ํฐ ๋‹จ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋†’์ด์˜ ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋งŒ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋„์‹œ๋Š” 1967๋…„๊ณผ 1976๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ ˆ์ •์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํฐ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ ๋ถ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ƒ์œ„ 10์œ„ ์ค‘ 6๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฑด์„ค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1967๋…„์— ์ •์ƒ์— ์˜ฌ๋ž์„ ๋•Œ, TD ํƒ€์›Œ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ 14๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. TD ํƒ€์›Œ๋Š” ๊ณง 1972๋…„์— ์™„๊ณต๋  ๋‹น์‹œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ 14๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ธ ์ปค๋จธ์Šค ์ฝ”ํŠธ ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ(Commerce Court West)๊ฐ€ ๋’ค๋”ฐ๋ž๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ์ธ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ 6๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜ ์ดํ›„ ๋ถ์˜ ์†๋„๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋Š๋ ค์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์†๋˜์–ด ๋„์‹œ์™€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์™€ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฑด์„ค์œผ๋กœ ์ ˆ์ •์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋‹ค: ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ์•„ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ž์™€ TD ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ํŠธ๋Ÿฌ์ŠคํŠธ ํƒ€์›Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ˜ธํ™ฉ ์ดํ›„, 1993๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2004๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 3๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์งง์€ ์ฃผ์ถค ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ์ƒ์œ„ 20์œ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒˆ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ 1์ฑ„๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 2005๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์ด์ž ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ณ ์ธต ๊ฑด์„ค ๋ถ์€ ์› ํ‚น ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์™„๊ณต์œผ๋กœ 150m / 500ย ft ๋†’์ด์˜ 50๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ณต์‚ฌ์ค‘์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๊ฑด์ถ•๋œ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ํ‰์˜จ ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 200 ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์˜ 20๊ฐœ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ค‘ 2000๋…„ ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ 6๊ฐœ๋งŒ ๊ฑด์„ค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 2์›” ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ, ํ† ๋ก ํ† ๋Š” 200m ์ด์ƒ์˜ 22๊ฐœ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ, 150ย m (492ย ft) ์ด์ƒ์˜ 62๊ฐœ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ, ๋„์‹œ ์ „์ฒด์— ๊ฑธ์ณ 2,586๊ฐœ์˜ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋กœ ๋‰ด์š• ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ๋ฏธ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๋„์‹œ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 1์›” ํ˜„์žฌ ํ† ๋ก ํ† ๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ถ๋ฏธ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ๋„์‹œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์€ ํƒ€์›Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„ค ์ค‘์ด๋ฉฐ ์ตœ์†Œ 91๊ฐœ์˜ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์‚ฌ์ค‘์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ† ๋ก ํ† ๋Š” 2010๋…„์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฃผ์š” ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ ๊ฑด์„ค ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ํ˜„์žฅ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณต์‚ฌ์ค‘์ธ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„, ๋” ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ 252ย m (827ย ft)์ธ ๋” ์• ๋“ค๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ํ˜ธํ…” ํ† ๋ก ํ† (๋‹น์‹œ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ํ˜ธํ…” ์•ค ํƒ€์›Œ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง)๊ฐ€ ์™„๊ณต๊ณผ ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜ ๋†’์ด๋Š” 277 ๋ฏธํ„ฐ (908 ํ”ผํŠธ)๋กœ ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์™€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ ๋ง 78์ธต์—์„œ 272ย m (892ย ft) ๋†’์ด์˜ ์˜ค๋กœ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์™„๊ณต๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์šฉ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ 308m (1,005ย ft) ๋†’์ด์˜ ๋” ์›์ด๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 4์›” ํ˜„์žฌ 303๊ฐœ์˜ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์‚ฌ์ค‘์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฑด์ถ• ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹œ์—์„œ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋‚˜ํƒˆ๋ฆฌ ์•Œ์ฝ”๋ฐ”(Natalie Alcoba)๋Š” ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์˜ ๋งจํ•ดํŠผํ™”๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ์‹œ์˜ํšŒ๋Š” ๋„์‹ฌ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€์— 755์ธต์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์Šน์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์˜ ์Šค์นด์ด๋ผ์ธ์€ ๋ถ์ชฝ์˜ ๋‰ด๋งˆ์ผ“, ๋™์ชฝ์˜ ํด๋งํ„ด, ์„œ์ชฝ์˜ ํ•ด๋ฐ€ํ„ด, ์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜ ๊ฑด๋„ˆํŽธ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๋‚จ๋™์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ํฌํŠธ ๋‚˜์ด์•„๊ฐ€๋ผ ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๊ณต์›๊นŒ์ง€ ์ผ๊ด‘์ด ๋น„์น˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์œก์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‰ด์š•์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. CN ํƒ€์›Œ ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ๋ถ์ชฝ์˜ ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ, ๋™์ชฝ์˜ ํฌํŠธ ํ˜ธํ”„, ์„œ์ชฝ์˜ ๊ถฌํ”„, ๋ฒ„ํŒ”๋กœ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ ๋‹ค์Œ์€ 2019๋…„ 1์›” ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋†’์ด ์ธก์ • ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์†Œ ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ฒจํƒ‘ ๋ฐ ๊ฑด์ถ• ์„ธ๋ถ€์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ ๋’ค์— ์˜ค๋Š” ๋“ฑํ˜ธ (=)๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. "์—ฐ๋„" ์—ด์€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ์™„๊ณต๋œ ์—ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ธก ๋ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์›๊ฒฉ ํ†ต์‹  (ํƒ‘)์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์šฉ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„๊ต ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ˆœ์œ„๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํƒ€์›Œ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ CN ํƒ€์›Œ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๋‚˜ํด ๋†’์ด๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ์™€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์ด ๋ชฉ๋ก์€ ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์˜ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ ๋ฐ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ๋งˆ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฐ ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ํ”ผ๋‚˜ํด ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ธด๋‹ค. ๊ฑด์ถ• ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์ฒจํƒ‘์€ ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ ์• ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ด ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋†’์ด์— ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๊ฑด์ถ• ๋†’์ด ์ธก์ •์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๊ณต์‚ฌ์ค‘ ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์—์„œ ๊ณต์‚ฌ์ค‘์ด๋ฉฐ 2019๋…„ 1์›” ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ ์–ด๋„ ์ธ์ƒ๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ธ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ์˜ ํƒ€์ž„๋ผ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์„ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ง€์—ˆ๋˜ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ ๋ชฉ๋ก ์˜คํƒ€์™€-๊ฐ€ํ‹ฐ๋…ธ์˜ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ ๋ชฉ๋ก ํ•ด๋ฐ€ํ„ด (์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ฃผ)์˜ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ ๋ชฉ๋ก ๋ฏธ์‹œ์†Œ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ ๋ชฉ๋ก ๋‚˜์ด์•„๊ฐ€๋ผ ํญํฌ (์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ฃผ)์˜ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ ๋ชฉ๋ก ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ (์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ฃผ)์˜ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ ๋ชฉ๋ก ์œˆ์ € (์˜จํƒ€๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ฃผ)์˜ ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ ๋ชฉ๋ก ํ† ๋ก ํ† ์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ• ์ดํŠผ / ์กด ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์–ธ ํƒ€์›Œ ๋งจํ•ดํŠธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ์šฐ๋ฅด๋ฐ˜ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Emporis database with Toronto buildings Emporis.com โ€“ Toronto SkyscraperPage.com โ€“ Toronto SkyscraperPage.com diagram of Toronto skyscrapers ํ† ๋ก ํ†  ๋งˆ์ฒœ๋ฃจ, ๋†’์ด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20tallest%20buildings%20in%20Toronto
List of tallest buildings in Toronto
Many of the tallest buildings in Toronto are also the tallest in all of Canada. The tallest structure in Toronto is the CN Tower, which rises . The CN Tower was the tallest free-standing structure on land from 1975 until 2007. However, it is not generally considered a high-rise building as it does not have successive floors that can be occupied. The tallest habitable building in the city is First Canadian Place, which rises 298ย metres (978ย ft) tall in Toronto's Financial District and was completed in 1975. It also stands as the tallest building in Canada. The history of skyscrapers in Toronto began in 1894 with the construction of the Beard Building, which is often regarded as the first skyscraper in the city. Toronto went through its first building boom in the late 1920s and early 1930s, during which the number of high-rise buildings in the city vastly increased. After this period, there was a great lull in construction between 1932 and 1964 with only a single building above tall being built. The city then experienced a second, much larger building boom, which was at its peak between 1967 and 1976. This period saw the construction of Canada's three tallest buildings and six of its top ten (at the time). When topped off in 1967, the TD Bank Tower was the 14th tallest building in the world. The TD Tower would soon be followed by Commerce Court West, the 14th tallest building in the world at the time of its completion in 1972. Later, Canada's current tallest building, the First Canadian Place, became the eighth tallest building in the world at the time of its completion in 1975. After the mid-1970s, the pace of the boom slowed considerably but continued onto the early 1990s, culminating with the construction of the city's and Canada's second and third tallest buildings: Scotia Plaza and the TD Canada Trust Tower. After this boom, the city went through a third, shorter lull in construction from 1993 to 2004, in which the city added only one new building to its top 20. By 2005 however, the city's third and largest high-rise construction boom began with the completion of One King Street West and has continued unabated ever since with nearly 50 planned, under construction or recently built buildings over tall. Of the 21 buildings in Toronto taller than 200 metres, only seven were built prior to 2010. In 2012, The St. Regis Toronto (then known as Trump International Hotel and Tower) was completed, with a top dome height of 252ย m (827ย ft) and an antenna height of 277ย metres (908ย ft), making it the fourth-tallest structure in Toronto and all of Canada. With the completion in late 2014 of Auraโ€”which, at 78 storeys and a height of 272ย m (892ย ft), is the tallest residential building in Canadaโ€”the tallest building under construction is the 328.4-metre (1,077ย ft) tall The One (though the developer applied for a height increase to ), also a residential building. Natalie Alcoba of the National Post described this phenomenon as the "Manhattanization" of Toronto in reference to the built-up nature of the namesake island borough in New York City. In one week of 2018, Toronto City Council approved 755 storeys of new development in the city's downtown core. The Toronto skyline (especially the CN Tower) can be spotted by the naked eye during clear daylight skies from locations as far as Newmarket from the north, Clarington from the east, several points along the Niagara Escarpment from the west, and Fort Niagara State Park in the south across Lake Ontario in the U.S. state of New York. As of January 2023, Toronto has constructed 81 skyscrapers and has a further 36 under construction. Toronto also has 92 skyscrapers that are either approved or in the proposal stage. Toronto currently ranks 20th in the world with most skyscrapers already completed, third in North America and first in Canada. Toronto ranks fourth in the world and first in North America with the number of skyscrapers under construction. Ranking by standard height There are 80 skyscrapers in Toronto that stand at least ranked by standard height measurement as of October 2021. This includes spires and architectural details, but does not include antenna masts. An equal sign (=) following a rank indicates the same height between two or more buildings. An asterisk (*) indicates that a building has been topped out, but not completed. The "Year" column indicates the year in which a building was completed. Freestanding observation and/or telecommunication towers, while not habitable buildings, are included for comparison purposes; however, they are not ranked. One such tower is the CN Tower. Ranking by pinnacle height Skyscrapers and other structures may also be measured based on their pinnacle height, which includes radio masts and antennas. As architectural features and spires can be regarded as subjective, some skyscraper enthusiasts prefer this method of measurement. Standard architectural height measurement, which excludes antennas in building height, is included for comparative purposes. Under construction There are 36 buildings under construction in Toronto that are planned to rise at least as of January 2023. Timeline of tallest buildings See also List of tallest buildings in Canada List of tallest buildings in Ottawaโ€“Gatineau List of tallest buildings in Hamilton, Ontario List of tallest buildings in Mississauga List of tallest buildings in Niagara Falls, Ontario List of tallest buildings in London, Ontario List of tallest buildings in Windsor, Ontario Architecture of Toronto Eaton's / John Maryon Tower in Downtown Toronto, which was proposed to be the world's tallest building at the time, later replaced with College Park Manhattanization UrbanToronto (a blog and online forum for discussion of buildings in Toronto and other Toronto-related topics) References External links Emporis database with Toronto buildings Emporis.com โ€“ Toronto SkyscraperPage.com โ€“ Toronto SkyscraperPage.com diagram of Toronto skyscrapers Toronto Buildings, tallest Tallest buildings in Toronto
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%BC%EC%B6%95
๊ทผ์ถ•
๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์—์„œ ๊ทผ์ถ•(ๆ น่ปธ, )์€ ๋™์‹ฌ์›์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‘ ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉฑ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ ๋“ค์˜ ์ž์ทจ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทผ์ถ•์€ ๋‘ ์›์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์ž‡๋Š” ์ง์„ ์˜ ์ˆ˜์„ ์„ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ์ ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‘ ์›์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ•์€ ๋‘ ๊ต์ ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต ํ• ์„ ์ด๊ณ , ์„œ๋กœ ์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ์›์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ•์€ ์ ‘์ ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต ์ ‘์„ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์„œ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋‘ ์›์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ•์€ ๋‘ ์›์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ์ถ•์˜ ๋‘ ์›์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€์— ๋†“์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋‘ ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘์„ ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ ๋“ค์˜ ์ž์ทจ์ด์ž, ๋‘ ์› ๋ชจ๋‘์— ์ง๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ์›์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ž์ทจ์ด๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ์ ์ด ๊ทผ์ถ•์˜ ๋‘ ์›์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๋†“์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ์ ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‘ ์›์˜ ํ˜„์˜ ์ตœ์†Œ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์น˜์ด๋‹ค. ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๋™์‹ฌ์›์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ•์„ ๋‘ ์›์ด ๋†“์ธ ํ‰๋ฉด ์œ„์˜ ๋ฌดํ•œ์› ์ง์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‘ ์›์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ•์€ ์ •์˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๊ณต์„ ์ ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์„ธ ์›์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ธ ๊ทผ์ถ•์€ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ต์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทผ์‹ฌ(ๆ นๅฟƒ, )์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต์„ ์ ์ธ ์„ธ ์›์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ธ ๊ทผ์ถ•์€ ์„œ๋กœ ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ธ ๊ทผ์ถ•์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฌดํ•œ์›์ ์„ ๊ทผ์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์œผ๋ฉด ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ž„์˜์˜ ๋‘ ์›์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ•์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์›๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์„ ๋™์ถ•์› ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™์ถ•์› ๋‹ค๋ฐœ ์† ์›์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ณต์„ ์ ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ, ์ž„์˜์˜ ๋‘ ์›์˜ ๊ต์ ์€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋™์ถ•์› ๋‹ค๋ฐœ ์†์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋‘ ์›์ด ๋‘ ์ ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‘ ์›์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‘ ์ ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ์–ด๋–ค ๋‘ ์›์ด ์ ‘ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‘ ์›์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ ์—์„œ ์ ‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์–ด๋–ค ๋‘ ์›์ด ๋งŒ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‘ ์›์€ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทผ์ถ•์„ ๊ณ ์ฐจ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด 3์ฐจ์› ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ทผํ‰๋ฉด(ๆ นๅนณ้ข, )์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์ฐจ์› ์ดˆ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ทผ์ดˆํ‰๋ฉด(ๆ น่ถ…ๅนณ้ข, )์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ •์˜ ํ‰๋ฉด ์œ„์—์„œ, ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ์  ์ธ ๋‘ ์› ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์ด ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์  ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉฑ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‘ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์˜ ์ขŒ๋ณ€์— ์ด ์ ์„ ๋Œ€์ž…ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉฑ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ ์˜ ์ž์ทจ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์€ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์„ ์ž‡๋Š” ์ง์„ ์˜ ์ˆ˜์„ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ง์„  ์„ ๋‘ ์› ์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์— ๋ฌดํ•œํžˆ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์งˆ ๋•Œ, ๊ทผ์ถ• ์€ ์ด ๋†“์ธ ํ‰๋ฉด ์œ„์˜ ๋ฌดํ•œ์› ์ง์„ ์— ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๋™์‹ฌ์›์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ•์€ ๋ฌดํ•œ์› ์ง์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ทผ์ถ•์€ ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง์„ ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‘ ์›์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ•์€ ์ •์˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์œ„ ์ •์˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ ์–ด๋„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์›์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ—ˆ์›์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋ฐ˜์ง€๋ฆ„์˜ ์ œ๊ณฑ ์ด 0์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์Œ์ˆ˜์ด๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ทผ์ถ•์€ ์ •์˜๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ์‹ฌ ํ‰๋ฉด ์œ„์—์„œ, ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๊ณต์„ ์ ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์„ธ ์  ์ธ ์„ธ ์› ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ž. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด ์„ธ ์Œ์˜ ์›์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ• ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„  ์˜ ์ˆ˜์„ ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์„œ๋กœ ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด ์ž„์˜์˜ ๋‘ ๊ทผ์ถ•์€ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ต์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทผ์ถ• ์˜ ๊ต์  ๋Š” ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ทผ์ถ• ์œ„์˜ ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์„ธ ๊ทผ์ถ• ์€ ๊ณต์ ์„ ์„ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์  ๋ฅผ ์„ธ ์› ์˜ ๊ทผ์‹ฌ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ์›์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ด ๊ณต์„ ์ ์ด๊ณ , ์„ธ ์Œ์˜ ์›์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ• ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ ์–ด๋„ ํ•œ ์Œ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ง์„  ์˜ ์ˆ˜์„ ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์„ธ ๊ทผ์ถ•์€ ์ด๋“ค ์ง์„ ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌดํ•œ์›์ ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌดํ•œ์›์ ์„ ์„ธ ์› ์˜ ๊ทผ์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์„ธ ์› ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋‘˜์ด ๋™์‹ฌ์›์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํŽธ์˜์ƒ ์ด ๋™์‹ฌ์›์ด๊ณ  ์€ ์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ๋™์‹ฌ์›์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์€ ๋ฌดํ•œ์› ์ง์„ ์ด๊ณ  ์€ ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์„ธ ๊ทผ์ถ•์€ ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌดํ•œ์›์ ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ด ๋ฌดํ•œ์›์ ์„ ์„ธ ์› ์˜ ๊ทผ์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ทผ์‹ฌ์€ ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ‰๋ฉด ์œ„์˜ ์ ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋™์ถ•์›์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ธ ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •์˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ ์–ด๋„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์›์ด๋‚˜ ํ—ˆ์›์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์งˆ ๋™์‹ฌ์›์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‘ ์›์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ•์€ ๋‘ ์›์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์˜ ์ˆ˜์„ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์› ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ์  ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ•์€ ๊ณตํ†ต ํ• ์„  ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋‘ ์› ์ด ์  ์—์„œ ์ ‘ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ•์€ ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต ์ ‘์„ ์ด๋‹ค. ์›์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ์ด๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜์ง€๋ฆ„์ด ์ธ ๋™์‹ฌ์›์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‘ ์› ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๊ณผ ๊ทผ์ถ• ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋‹ค. ์ง๊ต์›๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋™์‹ฌ์›์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‘ ์› ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต ์ง๊ต์›์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์€ ์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ• ์œ„์˜ ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์› ์˜ ์ง๊ต์›์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋‘ ์› ์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ• ์œ„์˜ ์ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ด๋Š” ์˜ ์ง๊ต์›์ด๋‹ค. ์  ๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹ฌ์›์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‘ ์› ์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ• ์œ„์˜ ์ ์ด๊ณ , ์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€์ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ์ธ ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต ์ง๊ต์›์€ (์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ) ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์  ๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹ฌ์›์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‘ ์› ์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ• ์œ„์˜ ์ ์ด๊ณ , ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ์ด๊ณ  ์™€์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต ํ• ์„ ๊ณผ ์™€์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต ํ• ์„ ์„ ๋‘ ์ง€๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์›์€ (์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ) ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๊ณต์„ ์ ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์„ธ ์› ์˜ ๊ทผ์‹ฌ์ด ์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€์ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต ์ง๊ต์›์€ (์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ) ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์›์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์€ ์˜ ๊ทผ์‹ฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๊ณต์„ ์ ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์„ธ ์› ์˜ ๊ทผ์‹ฌ์ด ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์™€์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต ํ• ์„ ๊ณผ ์™€์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต ํ• ์„  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์™€์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต ํ• ์„ ์„ ์„ธ ์ง€๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์›์€ (์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ) ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์›์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์€ ์˜ ๊ทผ์‹ฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋™์ถ•์› ๋‹ค๋ฐœ ํ‰๋ฉด ์œ„์—์„œ, ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ์  ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋‘ ์› ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์ด ์ด๊ณ , ์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ•์ด ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ž„์˜์˜ ์› ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋™์น˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์™€ ์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ•์€ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์™€ ์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ•์€ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Š” ์™€ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋™์ถ•์› ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์˜ ์›์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ผด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค.์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ณผ ์„ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. '๋™์ถ•์› ๋‹ค๋ฐœ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋™์ถ•์› ๋‹ค๋ฐœ ์†์˜ ์›์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ณต์„ ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋™์‹ฌ์›์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‘ ์› ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๋™์ถ•์› ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์„ ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์†์˜ ์ž„์˜์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ์› ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋™์ถ•์› ๋‹ค๋ฐœ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋™์‹ฌ์›์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‘ ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ณต์ถ• ์›๋‹ค๋ฐœ ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž. ์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ•์€ ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ง์„  ์›์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ง๊ต ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์„ ์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ณ  ๊ทผ์ถ•์„ ์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜์„ ๋•Œ, ์˜ ์›์†Œ๋Š” (๊ทผ์ถ•์ธ ์ถ•์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋ฉด) ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ผด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์›๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ์ƒ์ˆ˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋Š” ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ฅผ ํƒ€์›ํ˜• ๋™์ถ•์› ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ฅผ ํฌ๋ฌผํ˜• ๋™์ถ•์› ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ฅผ ์Œ๊ณกํ˜• ๋™์ถ•์› ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง๊ต ๋™์ถ•์› ๋‹ค๋ฐœ ๋™์‹ฌ์›์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‘ ์› ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต ์ง๊ต์›์€ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๋™์ถ•์› ๋‹ค๋ฐœ ์† ๋ชจ๋“  ์›์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต ์ง๊ต์›์ด๋‹ค. ๋™์‹ฌ์›์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‘ ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๋™์ถ•์› ๋‹ค๋ฐœ ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์›์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต ์ง๊ต์›์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์ด ์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ•์ด๊ณ  ๊ทผ์ถ•์ด ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์ธ ๋™์ถ•์› ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์„ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋™์ถ•์› ๋‹ค๋ฐœ ์˜ ์ง๊ต ๋™์ถ•์› ๋‹ค๋ฐœ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™์ถ•์› ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์˜ ์ง๊ต๋Š” ๋Œ€์นญ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ผด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์›๋“ค๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋™์ถ•์› ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์˜ ์ง๊ต ๋™์ถ•์› ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ผด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์›๋“ค๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋Š” ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ํƒ€์›ํ˜•ยทํฌ๋ฌผํ˜•ยท์Œ๊ณกํ˜• ๋™์ถ•์› ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์˜ ์ง๊ต ๋™์ถ•์› ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์Œ๊ณกํ˜•ยทํฌ๋ฌผํ˜•ยทํƒ€์›ํ˜• ๋™์ถ•์› ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž‘๋„ ์ ์–ด๋„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ต์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋™์‹ฌ์›์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‘ ์›์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ•์˜ ์ž‘๋„๋Š” ์ž๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ์  ์ธ ๊ต์  ์—†๋Š” ๋‘ ์› ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž. ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ์ง์„  ์œ„์˜ ์ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ , ์› ์™€ ๋‘ ์  ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ณ , ์› ๊ณผ ๋‘ ์  ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ์› ์„ ์ž‘๋„ํ•˜์ž. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ง์„  ์™€ ์€ ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ง์„  ์™€ ์˜ ๊ต์ ์„ ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ž. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋Š” ์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ• ์œ„์˜ ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์  ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง์„  ์˜ ์ˆ˜์„  ์„ ์ž‘๋„ํ•˜์ž. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ง์„  ์€ ๋‘ ์› ์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ•์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทผ์ดˆํ‰๋ฉด ์ฐจ์› ์œ ํด๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์œ„์—์„œ, ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ์  ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ ๋ฐ˜์ง€๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋‘ ์ดˆ๊ตฌ ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ž. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ง‘ํ•ฉ ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋ฅผ ์ž‡๋Š” ์ง์„ ์— ์ง๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ดˆํ‰๋ฉด์„ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. (์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋“ฑ์‹์˜ ์ขŒ๋ณ€๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ณ€์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์˜ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉฑ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋Š” ์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ฆ„์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค.) ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘ ์ดˆ๊ตฌ ์˜ ๊ทผ์ดˆํ‰๋ฉด์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‘ ์›์˜ ๊ทผ์ถ• ๋˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ทผํ‰๋ฉด์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ์› ์œ ํด๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์œ„์—์„œ, ๊ฐ™์€ ์ดˆํ‰๋ฉด ์œ„์— ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์  ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ž. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ฐ ์Œ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ทผ์ดˆํ‰๋ฉด์€ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ต์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฐจ์› ์ดˆ๊ตฌ ์˜ ๊ทผ์‹ฌ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์› (๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™) ํ•ด์„๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical%20axis
Radical axis
In Euclidean geometry, the radical axis of two non-concentric circles is the set of points whose power with respect to the circles are equal. For this reason the radical axis is also called the power line or power bisector of the two circles. In detail: For two circles with centers and radii the powers of a point with respect to the circles are Point belongs to the radical axis, if If the circles have two points in common, the radical axis is the common secant line of the circles. If point is outside the circles, has equal tangential distance to both the circles. If the radii are equal, the radical axis is the line segment bisector of . In any case the radical axis is a line perpendicular to On notations The notation radical axis was used by the French mathematician M. Chasles as axe radical. J.V. Poncelet used . J. Plรผcker introduced the term . J. Steiner called the radical axis line of equal powers () which led to power line (). Properties Geometric shape and its position Let be the position vectors of the points . Then the defining equation of the radical line can be written as: From the right equation one gets The pointset of the radical axis is indeed a line and is perpendicular to the line through the circle centers. ( is a normal vector to the radical axis !) Dividing the equation by , one gets the Hessian normal form. Inserting the position vectors of the centers yields the distances of the centers to the radical axis: , with . ( may be negative if is not between .) If the circles are intersecting at two points, the radical line runs through the common points. If they only touch each other, the radical line is the common tangent line. Special positions The radical axis of two intersecting circles is their common secant line. The radical axis of two touching circles is their common tangent. The radical axis of two non intersecting circles is the common secant of two convenient equipower circles (see below). Orthogonal circles For a point outside a circle and the two tangent points the equation holds and lie on the circle with center and radius . Circle intersects orthogonal. Hence: If is a point of the radical axis, then the four points lie on circle , which intersects the given circles orthogonally. The radical axis consists of all centers of circles, which intersect the given circles orthogonally. System of orthogonal circles The method described in the previous section for the construction of a pencil of circles, which intersect two given circles orthogonally, can be extended to the construction of two orthogonally intersecting systems of circles: Let be two apart lying circles (as in the previous section), their centers and radii and their radical axis. Now, all circles will be determined with centers on line , which have together with line as radical axis, too. If is such a circle, whose center has distance to the center and radius . From the result in the previous section one gets the equation , where are fixed. With the equation can be rewritten as: . If radius is given, from this equation one finds the distance to the (fixed) radical axis of the new center. In the diagram the color of the new circles is purple. Any green circle (see diagram) has its center on the radical axis and intersects the circles orthogonally and hence all new circles (purple), too. Choosing the (red) radical axis as y-axis and line as x-axis, the two pencils of circles have the equations: purple: green: ( is the center of a green circle.) Properties: a) Any two green circles intersect on the x-axis at the points , the poles of the orthogonal system of circles. That means, the x-axis is the radical line of the green circles. b) The purple circles have no points in common. But, if one considers the real plane as part of the complex plane, then any two purple circles intersect on the y-axis (their common radical axis) at the points . Special cases: a) In case of the green circles are touching each other at the origin with the x-axis as common tangent and the purple circles have the y-axis as common tangent. Such a system of circles is called coaxal parabolic circles (see below). b) Shrinking to its center , i.ย e. , the equations turn into a more simple form and one gets . Conclusion: a) For any real the pencil of circles has the property: The y-axis is the radical axis of . In case of the circles intersect at points . In case of they have no points in common. In case of they touch at and the y-axis is their common tangent. b) For any real the two pencils of circles form a system of orthogonal circles. That means: any two circles intersect orthogonally. c) From the equations in b), one gets a coordinate free representation: For the given points , their midpoint and their line segment bisector the two equations with on , but not between , and on describe the orthogonal system of circles uniquely determined by which are the poles of the system. For one has to prescribe the axes of the system, too. The system is parabolic: with on and on . Straightedge and compass construction: A system of orthogonal circles is determined uniquely by its poles : The axes (radical axes) are the lines and the Line segment bisector of the poles. The circles (green in the diagram) through have their centers on . They can be drawn easily. For a point the radius is . In order to draw a circle of the second pencil (in diagram blue) with center on , one determines the radius applying the theorem of Pythagoras: (see diagram). In case of the axes have to be chosen additionally. The system is parabolic and can be drawn easily. Coaxal circles Definition and properties: Let be two circles and their power functions. Then for any is the equation of a circle (see below). Such a system of circles is called coaxal circles generated by the circles . (In case of the equation describes the radical axis of .) The power function of is . The normed equation (the coefficients of are ) of is . A simple calculation shows: have the same radical axis as . Allowing to move to infinity, one recognizes, that are members of the system of coaxal circles: . (E): If intersect at two points , any circle contains , too, and line is their common radical axis. Such a system is called elliptic. (P): If are tangent at , any circle is tangent to at point , too. The common tangent is their common radical axis. Such a system is called parabolic. (H): If have no point in common, then any pair of the system, too. The radical axis of any pair of circles is the radical axis of . The system is called hyperbolic. In detail: Introducing coordinates such that , then the y-axis is their radical axis (see above). Calculating the power function gives the normed circle equation: Completing the square and the substitution (x-coordinate of the center) yields the centered form of the equation . In case of the circles have the two points in common and the system of coaxal circles is elliptic. In case of the circles have point in common and the system is parabolic. In case of the circles have no point in common and the system is hyperbolic. Alternative equations: 1) In the defining equation of a coaxal system of circles there can be used multiples of the power functions, too. 2) The equation of one of the circles can be replaced by the equation of the desired radical axis. The radical axis can be seen as a circle with an infinitely large radius. For example: , describes all circles, which have with the first circle the line as radical axis. 3) In order to express the equal status of the two circles, the following form is often used: But in this case the representation of a circle by the parameters is not unique. Applications: a) Circle inversions and Mรถbius transformations preserve angles and generalized circles. Hence orthogonal systems of circles play an essential role with investigations on these mappings. b) In electromagnetism coaxal circles appear as field lines. Radical center of three circles, construction of the radical axis For three circles , no two of which are concentric, there are three radical axes . If the circle centers do not lie on a line, the radical axes intersect in a common point , the radical center of the three circles. The orthogonal circle centered around of two circles is orthogonal to the third circle, too (radical circle). Proof: the radical axis contains all points which have equal tangential distance to the circles . The intersection point of and has the same tangential distance to all three circles. Hence is a point of the radical axis , too. This property allows one to construct the radical axis of two non intersecting circles with centers : Draw a third circle with center not collinear to the given centers that intersects . The radical axes can be drawn. Their intersection point is the radical center of the three circles and lies on . The line through which is perpendicular to is the radical axis . Additional construction method: All points which have the same power to a given circle lie on a circle concentric to . Let us call it an equipower circle. This property can be used for an additional construction method of the radical axis of two circles: For two non intersecting circles , there can be drawn two equipower circles , which have the same power with respect to (see diagram). In detail: . If the power is large enough, the circles have two points in common, which lie on the radical axis . Relation to bipolar coordinates In general, any two disjoint, non-concentric circles can be aligned with the circles of a system of bipolar coordinates. In that case, the radical axis is simply the -axis of this system of coordinates. Every circle on the axis that passes through the two foci of the coordinate system intersects the two circles orthogonally. A maximal collection of circles, all having centers on a given line and all pairs having the same radical axis, is known as a pencil of coaxal circles. Radical center in trilinear coordinates If the circles are represented in trilinear coordinates in the usual way, then their radical center is conveniently given as a certain determinant. Specifically, let X = xย :ย yย :ย z denote a variable point in the plane of a triangle ABC with sidelengths a = |BC|, b = |CA|, c = |AB|, and represent the circles as follows: (dx + ey + fz)(ax + by + cz) + g(ayz + bzx + cxy) = 0 (hx + iy + jz)(ax + by + cz) + k(ayz + bzx + cxy) = 0 (lx + my + nz)(ax + by + cz) + p(ayz + bzx + cxy) = 0 Then the radical center is the point Radical plane and hyperplane The radical plane of two nonconcentric spheres in three dimensions is defined similarly: it is the locus of points from which tangents to the two spheres have the same length. The fact that this locus is a plane follows by rotation in the third dimension from the fact that the radical axis is a straight line. The same definition can be applied to hyperspheres in Euclidean space of any dimension, giving the radical hyperplane of two nonconcentric hyperspheres. Notes References Further reading Clark Kimberling, "Triangle Centers and Central Triangles," Congressus Numerantium 129 (1998) iโ€“xxv, 1โ€“295. External links Animation at Cut-the-knot Circles Elementary geometry Analytic geometry
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์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ
์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ(ๅคฎๆŽ˜ๆ‘ฉ็พ…)๋Š” ์„๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์˜ ์ œ์ž ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ต์—์„œ๋„ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํŒ”๋ฆฌ์–ด ๊ฒฝ์ „์˜ ์ค‘๋ถ€(ไธญ้ƒจ, ๋ง›์ง€๋งˆ ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์•ผMajjhima Nikaya) ใ€Š์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ ๊ฒฝใ€‹(Angulimala Sutta) ๋ฐ ํ•œ์—ญ(ๆผข่จณ) ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ฒฝ(ๅคง่”ต็ตŒ)์˜ ์•„ํ•จ๋ถ€(้˜ฟๅซ้ƒจ) ใ€Š์•™๊ตด๋งˆ๋ผ๊ฒฝใ€‹(ๅคฎๆŽ˜ๆ‘ฉ็พ…็ตŒ) ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฆ„ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๊ฒฝ์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๋ฐ, ์‚ฐ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ์–ด : Angulimฤlya ํŒ”๋ฆฌ์–ด : Angulimฤla(เค…เค‚เค—เฅเคฒเคฟเคฎเคพเคฒ) ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ํ•œ์ž ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•™๊ตด๋งˆ๋ผ(ๅคฎๆŽ˜ๆ‘ฉ็พ…)์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์Œ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์•™๊ตด๋งˆ๋ผ(้ดฆๆŽ˜ๆ‘ฉ็พ…)ใ€์•™๊ตด๋งˆ๋ผ(้ดฆไป‡ๆ‘ฉ็พ…) ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์ค„์—ฌ์„œ ์•™๊ตด๋งˆ(้ดฆๆŽ˜ๆ‘ฉ) ๋˜๋Š” ์•™๊ตด(้ดฆๆŽ˜) ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์— ๋‹ด๊ธด ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•ด์„œ ์ผ์ฒด์„ธ๊ฐ„ํ˜„(ไธ€ๅˆ‡ไธ–้–“็พ), ์ง€๋ฐœ(ๆŒ‡้ฌ˜, ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ ๋ชฉ๊ฑธ์ด) ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ณธ๋ช…์€ ์›๋ž˜ ์•„ํž˜์‚ฌ(Ahinnsa)๋กœ, ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ๋Š” ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ฒœํ•˜์— ๋Œ€์•…์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์•…๋ช…์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด๋‹ค(ํ›„์ˆ ). ์ฝ”์‚ด๋ผ๊ตญ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์Šˆ๋ผ๋ฐ”์Šคํ‹ฐ(์‚ฌ์œ„์„ฑ)์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ฌธ ์ถœ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์„ค์—๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€(Gagga), ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋งŒํƒ€๋‹ˆ(Mantaanii)์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜๋Š” ์ฝ”์‚ด๋ผ ๊ตญ์˜ ์™• ํ”„๋ผ์„ธ๋‚˜์ง€ํŠธ์˜ ๋ณด์ขŒ ๊ฒธ ์™•์‚ฌ(Purohita)์˜€๋˜ ๋ฐ•๊ฐ€๋ฐ”(Bhaggava)์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋กœ ํƒ์ƒค์‹ค๋ผ(์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ํŒŒํ‚ค์Šคํƒ„ ํƒ์‹ค๋ผ)์—์„œ ํ•™๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ํžŒ์‚ฌ(Hinsa)๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ›„์— ์•„ํž˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ๋ถˆ๊ธธํ•œ ์ถœ์ƒ ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ ๋„๋‘‘์˜ ์„ฑ์ขŒ(ๆ˜Ÿๅบง) ์•„๋ž˜์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ํ‰์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฌด์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์•„ํž˜์‚ฌ์นด ์ฆ‰ '์•„๋ฌด๋„ ํ•ด์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ž'๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ง€์–ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ๋ผ๋Š” ์•…๋ช… 12์„ธ ๋•Œ ํŒŒ๋ผ์นด์‹œ ์ดŒ์˜ ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ ๋ฐ”๋“œ๋ผ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋งŒ์„ ์Šค์Šน์œผ๋กœ 4์ข…์˜ ๋ฒ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ธŒ๋ผ๋งŒ์€ 500๋ช…์˜ ์ œ์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์•„ํž˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์„œ๋„ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ฒด๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€ํ˜œ๊ฐ€ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์šฉ๋ชจ๋„ ์ˆ˜๋ คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋Š ๋‚  ์Šค์Šน์ด ์™•์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์Šค์Šน์˜ ์•„๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์•„ํž˜์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์Œ๋ž€ํ•œ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ํ’ˆ์–ด ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์œ ํ˜นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„ํž˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด์— ์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ถ์—์„œ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ๋‚จํŽธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜ท์„ ์ฐข๊ณ  ์Šฌํ”ˆ ํ‘œ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์„œ์„œ ใ€Œ์•„ํž˜์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํญํ–‰์„ ๋‹นํ•˜์˜€๋‹คใ€๊ณ  ๋ฌด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(๋˜๋Š” ์•„ํž˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šน์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด์• ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ๊ธฐํ•œ ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด "์•„ํž˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šน์˜ ์•„๋‚ด์™€ ๊ฐ„ํ†ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋ฌด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค). ์ด์— ์Šค์Šน์€ ๊ฒฉ๋…ธํ•ด์„œ ์•„ํž˜์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ(์ผ์„ค์—๋Š” ์ˆ ์ฑ…์„ ์ผ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค) ์นผ์„ ๋„˜๊ฒจ์ฃผ๋ฉด์„œ ใ€Œ๋‚ด์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์˜ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฃฝ์—ฌ์„œ ๊ทธ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ์ž˜๋ผ ๊ฟฐ์–ด ๋ชฉ๊ฑธ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ 100๋ช…(๋˜๋Š” ์ฒœ ๋ช…)์˜ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ๋ชจ์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ๋„ˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์€ ์™„์„ฑ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹คใ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณ ์‹ฌ ๋์— ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ ์Šค์Šน์˜ ๋ช…๋ น๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ์ž˜๋ผ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ(์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ ๋ชฉ๊ฑธ์ด)๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๊ณตํฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌด๋ ต์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐœ์™ธ๋„(ๆŒ‡้ฌ˜ๅค–้“)๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์„๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์™€์˜ ๋งŒ๋‚จ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ์•…ํ–‰์„ ํŒŒ์„ธ๋‚˜๋”” ์™•์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ๋ผ๋Š” ์•…๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์•„ํž˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฌด๋ ต์— ์ด๋ฏธ 99๋ช…์˜ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ๋ชจ์€ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๊ณ , ๋”ฑ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งŒ ๋” ์ฃฝ์ด๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์ด ์™„์„ฑ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตฌ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ „ํ•ด ๋“ค์€ ์„๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋Š” ์•„ํž˜์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ท€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋Šฆ์Œ์„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹์„ ๋งž์œผ๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 100๋ช…์งธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์ž์‹์—๊ฒŒ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ์žƒ๊ณ  ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹ ํ†ต๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ธธ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์„๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ ์„๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋˜ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด ๊ฑธ์–ด๊ฐ”๊ณ , ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ์„œ ์„๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ซ“์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ‰์†Œ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๋ง๋„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ •๋„์˜ ์ฒด๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๋„ ์ฐจ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฑท๋Š” ์„๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์žก์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋˜ ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋จผ์ € ๋›ฐ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  "์ˆ˜ํ–‰์ž์—ฌ, ๊ฑธ์Œ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์–ด๋ผ"๊ณ  ์™ธ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์„๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋Š” "์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ์—ฌ, ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ˆ๋„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์–ด๋ผ."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ด๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์„๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์˜ ์ด ํ•œ๋งˆ๋””์— ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์•„ํž˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ๊ธˆ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ฒ•์„ ์ฒญํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฐœ์‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์›์ •์‚ฌ(็ฅ‡ๅœ’็ฒพ่ˆŽ)๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์™€์„œ ์ถœ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋„ ์ฃฝ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ด์—, ํŒŒ์„ธ๋‚˜๋”” ์™•์€ ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Ÿฌ 500๋ช…์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋˜ ๊ธธ์— ๊ธฐ์›์ •์‚ฌ์— ๋“ค๋Ÿฌ์„œ ์„๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ๋ตˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํŒŒ์„ธ๋‚˜๋”” ์™•์—๊ฒŒ ์„๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋Š” "๋Œ€์™•์ด์—ฌ, ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ˆ˜์—ผ์„ ๊นŽ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ž…๊ณ  ์ง‘์—์„œ ์ง‘ ์—†๋Š” ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ผ๊ฐ€๊ณ , ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋นผ์•—์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ผ๊ฐ€๊ณ , ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„์€ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์„ ์ผ์‚ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ผ๊ฐ€๊ณ , ํ•˜๋ฃจ ํ•œ ๋ผ ์‹์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฒญ์ •ํ•œ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด๊ณ , ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑด์ „ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๊ณ , ํŒŒ์„ธ๋‚˜๋”” ์™•์€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์˜๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ  "๋ถ“๋‹ค์—ฌ, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ์˜๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ•๋‹ต๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์‚ดํ”ผ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์„๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฒจ์šฐ ๋ช‡ ๋ฐœ์น˜ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์•‰์•„์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์„ธ๋‚˜๋”” ์™•์€ ๋†€๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์„๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์—๊ฒŒ "๋ถ“๋‹ค๊ป˜์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Šค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ž๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ณ ์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ณ , ์—ด๋ฐ˜์— ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ž๋ฅผ ์—ด๋ฐ˜์— ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ“๋‹ค์‹œ์—ฌ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ชฝ๋‘ฅ์ด์™€ ์นผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Šค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ถ“๋‹ค๊ป˜์„œ๋Š” ๋ชฝ๋‘ฅ์ด๋„ ์—†์ด, ์นผ๋„ ์—†์ด ๋‹ค์Šค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฐฌํƒ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ถœ๊ฐ€ ์ดํ›„ ์„๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์˜ ์ œ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํƒ๋ฐœ์„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ด์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ €์ง€๋ฅธ ์•…ํ–‰์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆฑํ•œ ๋ฐ•ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋Š ์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋†€๋ž€ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋‚œ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ์†Œ๋…„์ด ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํญํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ ธ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ณผ๋ณด๋ผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ๋‚ดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฆ๊ณผ(่จผๆžœ)๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค(๊นจ๋‹ฌ์Œ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค)๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋†€๋ผ์„œ ๋‚œ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์›์ •์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ข‹์„์ง€๋ฅผ ์„๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์„๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋Š” "๋„ˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๊ท€์˜ํ•œ ๋’ค๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋•์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ด๋Š” ๋ฌด์‚ฌํžˆ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ๋ชจ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌดํƒˆํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒ ๋Š๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ €์ง€๋ฅธ ์ฃ„์•…์€ ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ๊ณต๋•์€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ํ‘œํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์„๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ๊ธˆ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ง๋Œ€๋กœ ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‹ตํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค(์ด์— ์„๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ "๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด '๋‚˜๋Š” ์ถœ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถˆ์ œ์ž๋กœ์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋„ ๋‚จ์„ ์ฃฝ์ธ ์ ์ด ์—†๋‹ค'๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋ผ"๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ค๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค). ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ง๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ทธ ์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ง์„ ์ „ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์„๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์˜ ๋ง๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฌด์‚ฌํžˆ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ „์˜ ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜ธ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฒ ํ’€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ €์ง€๋ฅธ ์•…ํ–‰์„ ์žŠ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์šฉ์„œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ๋Œ๊ณผ ๋ง‰๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑท๋˜ ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ๋Š” ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ํ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž…์€ ์˜ท์€ ๋‹ค ์ฐข์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ๊นจ์ง„ ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๋“  ์ฑ„๋กœ ๊ธฐ์›์ •์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์— ๋ถ„๋…ธ๋‚˜ ์›๋ง์€์ปค๋…• ํ‰์˜จํ•จ๋งŒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณธ ์„๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์€ ๋’ค, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ”๋Š”์ง€ ์Šน๋ ค๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํ† ๋ก ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์„๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ฐ˜์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋†€๋ž€ ์Šน๋ ค๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ฃฝ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์Œ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์„๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์•…์„ ํ–‰ํ•œ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์Œ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์Šน๊ฒฝ์ „์ธ ใ€Š์•™๊ตด๋งˆ๋ผ๊ฒฝใ€‹(ๅคฎๆŽ˜ๆ‘ฉ็พ…็ตŒ)์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ ฅ์„ ์„คํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋‚จ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ผ์ฒด๋ณด์žฅ์—„๊ตญ(ไธ€ๅˆ‡ๅฎ่˜ๅŽณๅ›ฝ) ์ถœ์‹ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ผ์ฒด์„ธ๊ฐ„๋‚™๊ฒฌ์ƒ๋Œ€์ •์ง„์—ฌ๋ž˜(ไธ€ๅˆ‡ไธ–้–“ๆฅฝ่ฆ‹ไธŠๅคง็ฒพ้€ฒๅฆ‚ๆฅ)์˜ ํ™”ํ˜„(ๅŒ–็พ)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€์Šน์˜ ๋ฒ•์„ ์–ป์–ด์„œ ๋ชฉ๊ฐˆ๋ผ๋‚˜(็›ฎ้€ฃ)๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌํ‘ธํŠธ๋ผ(่ˆŽๅˆฉๅผ—)๋Š” ์†Œ์Šน(ๅฐไน—)์ด๋ผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€์Šน์˜ ๋ณด์‚ด์ธ ๋ฌธ์ˆ˜๋ณด์‚ด(ๆ–‡ๆฎŠ่ฉ่–ฉ)๋„ ๊ฐ€์ฑ…ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฌธํ™”์—์„œ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๋ฌธํ™”์—์„œ ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ์˜ ์ „์„ค์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ ํŽธ์˜ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. 2003๋…„ ํƒœ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ๋… ์ˆ˜ํ… ํƒ„๋‹ˆ๋ž(Suthep Tannirat)์€ ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™๋ช…์˜ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํƒœ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๋ถˆ๊ต ๋‹จ์ฒด 20์—ฌ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ด ์˜ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด "๋ถˆ๊ต์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ๊ณผ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์™œ๊ณกํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๊ต ๊ฒฝ์ „์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฐพ์•„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํžŒ๋‘๊ต์™€ ์œ ์‹ ๋ก ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ ์ด์˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํƒœ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ํ™” ์‹ฌ์˜์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ๋…์ด ์˜ํ™”์—์„œ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์žฅ๋ฉด ๋‘ ๊ณณ์„ ์‚ญ์ œํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ˆ˜ํŒŒ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ž”์ธํ•œ ์‚ด์ธ์ž๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ถ„๊ฐœํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํƒ„๋‹ˆ๋ž์€ ๋…ผํ‰์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ํ•ด์„์„ ์ƒ๋žตํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ถˆ๊ต ๋‹ด๋ก ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2006๋…„ ํ‰ํ™” ์šด๋™๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํ‹ฐ์‰ฌ ์ฟ ๋งˆ๋ฅด(Satish Kumar)๋Š” ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์™€ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ(The Buddha and the Terrorist)๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์•™๊ตด๋ฆฌ๋ง๋ผ์˜ ๊ตํ™”(๋ถˆ๊ต์‹ ๋ฌธ) โ€œ์ฐธํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?โ€(์ •ํ† ํšŒ ๋ฒ•๋ฌธ) ์„๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ œ์ž
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la
Aแน…gulimฤla
Aแน…gulimฤla (Pฤli language; lit. 'finger necklace') is an important figure in Buddhism, particularly within the Theravฤda tradition. Depicted as a ruthless brigand who completely transforms after a conversion to Buddhism, he is seen as the example par excellence of the redemptive power of the Buddha's teaching and the Buddha's skill as a teacher. Aแน…gulimฤla is seen by Buddhists as the "patron saint" of childbirth and is associated with fertility in South and Southeast Asia. Aแน…gulimฤla's story can be found in numerous sources in Pฤli, Sanskrit, Tibetan and Chinese. Aแน…gulimฤla is born Ahiแนƒsaka. He grows up as an intelligent young man in Sฤvatthฤซ, and during his studies becomes the favorite student of his teacher. However, out of jealousy, fellow students set him up against his teacher. In an attempt to get rid of Aแน…gลซlimฤla, the teacher sends him on a deadly mission to find a thousand human fingers to complete his studies. Trying to accomplish this mission, Aแน…gulimฤla becomes a cruel brigand, killing many and causing entire villages to emigrate. Eventually, this causes the king to send an army to catch the killer. Meanwhile, Aแน…gulimฤla's mother attempts to interfere, almost causing her to be killed by her son as well. The Buddha manages to prevent this, however, and uses his power and teachings to bring Aแน…gulimฤla to the right path. Aแน…gulimฤla becomes a follower of the Buddha, and to the surprise of the king and others, becomes a monk under his guidance. Villagers are still angry with Aแน…gulimฤla, but this is improved somewhat when Aแน…gulimฤla helps a mother with childbirth through an act of truth. Scholars have theorized that Aแน…gulimฤla may have been part of a violent cult before his conversion. Indologist Richard Gombrich has suggested that he was a follower of an early form of Tantra, but this claim has been challenged by several scholars. Buddhists consider Aแน…gulimฤla a symbol of spiritual transformation, and his story a lesson that everyone can change their life for the better, even the least likely people. This inspired the official Buddhist prison chaplaincy in the UK to name their organization after him. Moreover, Aแน…gulimฤla's story is referred to in scholarly discussions of justice and rehabilitation, and is seen by theologian John Thompson as a good example of coping with moral injury and an ethics of care. Aแน…gulimฤla has been the subject of movies and literature, with a Thai movie of the same name choosing to depict him following the earliest sources, and the book The Buddha and the Terrorist by Satish Kumar adapting the story as a non-violent response to the Global War on Terror. Textual sources and epigraphical findings The story of Aแน…gulimฤla is most well known in the Theravฤda tradition. Two texts in the early discourses in the Pฤli language are concerned with Aแน…gulimฤla's initial encounter with the Buddha and his conversion, and are believed to present the oldest version of the story. The first is the Theragฤthฤ, probably the oldest of the two, and the second is the Aแน…gulimฤla Sutta in the Majjhima Nikฤya. Both offer a short description of Aแน…gulimฤla's encounter with the Buddha, and do not mention much of the background information later incorporated into the story (such as Aแน…gulimฤla being placed under oath by a teacher). Apart from the Pฤli texts, the life of Aแน…gulimฤla is also described in Tibetan and Chinese texts which originate from Sanskrit. The Sanskrit collection called Saแนƒyuktฤgama from the early Mลซlasฤrvastivฤda school, has been translated in two Chinese texts (in the 4th5th century CE) by the early Sarvฤstivฤda and Kฤล›yapฤซya schools and also contains versions of the story. A text translated in Chinese from the Sanskrit Ekottara Agฤma by the Mahฤsaแนƒghika school is also known. Furthermore, three other Chinese texts dealing with Aแน…gulimฤla have also been found, of unknown origin but different from the first three Chinese texts. Apart from these early texts, there are also later renderings, which appear in the commentary to the Majjhima Nikฤya attributed to Buddhaghosa (5th century CE) and the Theragฤthฤ commentary attributed to Dhammapฤla (6th century CE). The two commentaries do not appear to be independent of one another: it appears that Dhammapฤla has copied or closely paraphrased Buddhaghosa, although adding explanation of some inconsistencies. The earliest accounts of Aแน…gulimฤla's life emphasize the fearless violence of Aแน…gulimฤla and, by contrast, the peacefulness of the Buddha. Later accounts attempt to include more detail and clarify anything that might not conform with Buddhist doctrine. For example, one problem that is likely to have raised questions is the sudden transformation from a killer to an enlightened disciplelater accounts try to explain this. Later accounts also include more miracles, however, and together with the many narrative details this tends to overshadow the main points of the story. The early Pฤli discourses () do not provide for any motive for Aแน…gulimฤla's actions, other than sheer cruelty. Later texts may represent attempts by later commentators to "rehabilitate" the character of Aแน…gulimฤla, making him appear as a fundamentally good human being entrapped by circumstance, rather than as a vicious killer. In addition to the discourses and verses, there are also Jฤtaka tales, the Milindapaรฑhฤ, and parts of the monastic discipline that deal with Aแน…gulimฤla, as well as the later Mahฤvaแนƒsa chronicle. Later texts from other languages that relate Aแน…gulimฤla's life include the Avadฤna text called Sataka, as well as a later collection of tales called Discourse on the Wise and the Fool, which exists in Tibetan and Chinese. There are also travel accounts of Chinese pilgrims that mention Aแน…gulimฤla briefly. In addition to descriptions of the life of Aแน…gulimฤla, there is a Mahฤyฤna discourse called the Aแน…gulimฤlฤซya Sลซtra, which Gautama Buddha addresses to Aแน…gulimฤla. This is one of the Tathฤgatagarbha Sลซtras, a group of discourses that deal with the Buddha Nature. There is another sลซtra with the same name, referred to in Chinese texts, which was used to defend the Buddhist stance against alcoholic beverages. This text has not been found, however. Apart from textual evidence, early epigraphic evidence has also been found. One of the earliest reliefs that depicts Aแน…gulimฤla dates from approximately 3rd century BCE. Story Previous incarnations The texts describe a previous incarnation before Aแน…gulimฤla met the Buddha Gautama. In this life, he was born as a man-eating king turned yaksha (, a sort of demon; ), in some texts called Saudฤsa. Saudฤsa develops an interest in consuming human flesh when he is served the flesh of a dead baby. When he asks for more, his subjects start to fear for their children's safety and he is driven from his own kingdom. Growing into a monster, Saudฤsa meets a deity that promises Saudฤsa can retrieve his status as king if he sacrifices one hundred other kings. Having killed 99 kings, a king called Sutasoma changes Saudฤsa's mind and makes him a religious man, and he gives up all violence. The texts identify Sutasoma with a previous incarnation of the Buddha, and Saudฤsa with a previous incarnation of Aแน…gulimฤla. According to the Ekottara Agฤma, however, in a previous incarnation Aแน…gulimฤla is a crown prince, whose goodness and virtue irritate his enemies. When his enemies kill him, he takes a vow just before his death that he may avenge his death, and attain Nirvana in a future life under the guidance of a master. In this version, the killings by Aแน…gulimฤla's are therefore justified as a response to the evil done to him in a past life, and his victims receive the same treatment they once subjected Aแน…gulimฤla with. Youth In most texts, Aแน…gulimฤla is born in Sฤvatthฤซ, in the brahman (priest) caste of the Gagga clan, his father Bhaggava being the chaplain of the king of Kosala, and his mother called Mantฤnฤซ. According to commentarial texts, omens seen at the time of the child's birth (the flashing of weapons and the appearance of the "constellation of thieves" in the sky) indicate that the child is destined to become a brigand. As the father is interpreting the omens for the king, the king asks whether the child will be a lone brigand or a band leader. When Bhaggava replies that he will be a lone brigand, the king decides to let him live. Buddhaghosa relates that the father names the child Ahiแนƒsaka, meaning 'the harmless one'. This is derived from the word ahiแนƒsa (non-violence), because no-one is hurt at his birth, despite the bad omens. The commentary by Dhammapฤla states that he is initially named Hiแนƒsaka ('the harmful one') by the worried king, but that the name is later changed. Having grown up, Ahiแนƒsaka is handsome, intelligent and well-behaved. His parents send him to Taxila to study under a well-known teacher. There he excels in his studies and becomes the teacher's favorite student, enjoying special privileges in his teacher's house. However, the other students grow jealous of Ahiแนƒsaka's speedy progress and seek to turn his master against him. To that end, they make it seem as though Ahiแนƒsaka has seduced the master's wife. Unwilling or unable to attack Ahiแนƒsaka directly, the teacher says that Ahiแนƒsaka's training as a true brahman is almost complete, but that he must provide the traditional final gift offered to a teacher and then he will grant his approval. As his payment, the teacher demands a thousand fingers, each taken from a different human being, thinking that Aแน…gulimฤla will be killed in the course of seeking this grisly prize. According to Buddhaghosa, Ahiแนƒsaka objects to this, saying he comes from a peaceful family, but eventually the teacher persuades him. But according to other versions, Ahiแนƒsaka does not protest against the teacher's command. In another version of the story, the teacher's wife tries to seduce Ahiแนƒsaka. When the latter refuses her advances, she is spiteful and tells the teacher Ahiแนƒsaka has tried to seduce her. The story continues in the same way. Life as a brigand Following his teacher's bidding, Aแน…gulimฤla becomes a highwayman, living on a cliff in a forest called Jฤlinฤซ where he can see people passing through, and kills or hurts those travelers. He becomes infamous for his skill in seizing his victims. When the people start to avoid roads, he enters villages and drags people from their homes to kill them. Entire villages become abandoned. He never takes clothes or jewels from his victims, only fingers. To keep count of the number of victims that he has taken, he strings them on a thread and hangs them on a tree. However, because birds begin to eat the flesh from the fingers, he starts to wear them as a sacrificial thread. Thus he comes to be known as Aแน…gulimฤla, meaning 'necklace of fingers'. In some reliefs, he is depicted as wearing a headdress of fingers rather than a necklace. Meeting the Buddha Surviving villagers migrate from the area and complain to Pasenadi, the king of Kosala. Pasenadi responds by sending an army of 500 soldiers to hunt down Aแน…gulimฤla. Meanwhile, Aแน…gulimฤla's parents hear about the news that Pasenadi is hunting an outlaw. Since Aแน…gulimฤla was born with bad omens, they conclude it must be him. Although the father prefers not to interfere, the mother disagrees. Fearing for her son's life, she sets out to find her son, warn him of the king's intent and take care of him. The Buddha perceives through meditative vision () that Aแน…gulimฤla has slain 999 victims, and is desperately seeking a thousandth. If the Buddha is to encounter Aแน…gulimฤla that day, the latter will become a monk and subsequently attain abhiรฑรฑฤ. However, if Aแน…gulimฤla is to kill his mother instead, she will be his thousandth victim and he will be unsavable, since matricide in Buddhism is considered one of the five worst actions a person can commit. The Buddha sets off to intercept Aแน…gulimฤla, despite being warned by local villagers not to go. On the road through the forest of Kosala, Aแน…gulimฤla first sees his mother. According to some versions of the story, he then has a moment of reconciliation with her, she providing food for him. After some deliberation, however, he decides to make her his thousandth victim. But then when the Buddha also arrives, he chooses to kill him instead. He draws his sword, and starts running towards the Buddha. But although Aแน…gulimฤla is running as fast as he can, he cannot catch up with the Buddha who is walking calmly. The Buddha is using some supernatural accomplishment (; ) that affects Aแน…gulimฤla: one text states the Buddha through these powers contracts and expands the earth on which they stand, thus keeping a distance of Aแน…gulimฤla. This bewilders Aแน…gulimฤla so much that he calls to the Buddha to stop. The Buddha then says that he himself has already stopped, and that it is Aแน…gulimฤla who should stop: Aแน…gulimฤla asks for further explanation, after which the Buddha says that a good monk should control his desires. Aแน…gulimฤla is impressed by the Buddha's courage, and struck with guilt about what he has done. After listening to the Buddha, Aแน…gulimฤla reverently declares himself converted, vows to cease his life as a brigand and joins the Buddhist monastic order. He is admitted in the Jetavana monastery. Life as a monk and death Meanwhile, King Pasenadi sets out to kill Aแน…gulimฤla. He stops first to pay a visit to the Buddha and his followers at the Jetavana monastery. He explains to the Buddha his purpose, and the Buddha asks how the king will respond if he were to discover that Aแน…gulimฤla had given up the life of a highwayman and become a monk. The king says that he would salute him and offer to provide for him in his monastic vocation. The Buddha then reveals that Aแน…gulimฤla is sitting only a few feet away, his hair and beard shaven off, a member of the Buddhist order. The king, astounded but also delighted, addresses Aแน…gulimฤla by his clan and mother's name () and offers to donate robe materials to Aแน…gulimฤla. Aแน…gulimฤla, however, does not accept the gift, because of an ascetic training he observes. In the end, the king chooses not to persecute Aแน…gulimฤla. This passage would agree with Buddhologist Andrรฉ Bareau's observation that there was an unwritten agreement of mutual non-interference between the Buddha and kings and rulers of the time. Later, Aแน…gulimฤla comes across a young woman undergoing difficult labor during a childbirth. Aแน‡gulimฤla is profoundly moved by this, and understands pain and feels compassion to an extent he did not know when he was still a brigand. He goes to the Buddha and asks him what he can do to ease her pain. The Buddha tells Aแน…gulimฤla to go to the woman and say: Aแน…gulimฤla points out that it would be untrue for him to say this, to which the Buddha responds with this revised stanza: The Buddha is here drawing Angulimala's attention to his choice of having become a monk, describing this as a second birth that contrasts with his previous life as a brigand. Jฤti means birth, but the word is also glossed in the Pฤli commentaries as clan or lineage (). Thus, the word jฤti here also refers to the lineage of the Buddhas, i.e. the monastic community. After Aแน…gulimฤla makes this "act of truth", the woman safely gives birth to her child. This verse later became one of the protective verses, commonly called the Aแน…gulimฤla paritta. Monastics continue to recite the text during blessings for pregnant women in Theravฤda countries, and often memorize it as part of monastic training. Thus, Aแน…gulimฤla is widely seen by devotees as the "patron saint" of childbirth. Changing from a murderer to a person seen to ensure safe childbirth has been a huge transformation. This event helps Aแน…gulimฤla to find peace. After performing the act of truth, he is seen to "bring life rather than death to the townspeople" and people start to approach him and provide him with almsfood. However, a resentful few cannot forget that he was responsible for the deaths of their loved ones. With sticks and stones they attack him as he walks for alms. With a bleeding head, torn outer robe and a broken alms bowl, Aแน…gulimฤla manages to return to the monastery. The Buddha encourages Aแน…gulimฤla to bear his torment with equanimity; he indicates that Aแน…gulimฤla is experiencing the fruits of the karma that would otherwise have condemned him to hell. Having become an enlightened disciple, Aแน…gulimฤla remains firm and invulnerable in mind. According to Buddhist teachings, enlightened disciples cannot create any new karma, but they may still be subject to the effects of old karma that they once did. The effects of his karma are inevitable, and even the Buddha cannot stop them from occurring. After having admitted Aแน…gulimฤla in the monastic order, the Buddha issues a rule that from now on, no criminals should be accepted as monks in the order. Buddhaghosa states that Aแน…gulimฤla dies shortly after becoming a monk. After his death, a discussion arises among the monks as to what Aแน…gulimฤla's afterlife destination is. When the Buddha states that Aแน…gulimฤla has attained Nirvana, this surprises some monks. They wonder how it is possible for someone who killed so many people to still attain enlightenment. The Buddha responds that even after having done much evil, a person still has a possibility to change for the better and attain enlightenment. Analysis Historical The giving of goodbye gifts to one's teacher was customary in ancient India. There is an example in the "Book of Pauแนฃya" of the Vedic epic Mahฤbharatha. Here the teacher sends his disciple Uttanka away after Uttanka has proven himself worthy of being trustworthy and in the possession of all the Vedic and Dharmashastric teachings. Uttanka says to his teacher: Indologist Friedrich Wilhelm maintains that similar phrases already occur in the Book of Manu (II,111) and in the Institutes of Vishnu. By taking leave of their teacher and promising to do whatever their teacher asks of them, brings, according to the Vedic teachings, enlightenment or a similar attainment. It is therefore not unusual that Aแน…gulimฤla is described to do his teacher's horrible biddingโ€”although being a good and kind person at heartโ€”in the knowledge that in the end he will reap the highest attainment. Indologist Richard Gombrich has postulated that the story of Aแน…gulimฤla may be a historical encounter between the Buddha and a follower of an early Saivite or Shakti form of tantra. Gombrich reaches this conclusion on the basis of a number of inconsistencies in the texts that indicate possible corruption, and the fairly weak explanations for Aแน…gulimฤla's behavior provided by the commentators. He notes that there are several other references in the early Pฤli canon that seem to indicate the presence of devotees of ลšaiva, Kฤli, and other divinities associated with sanguinary (violent) tantric practices. The textual inconsistencies discovered could be explained through this theory. The idea that Aแน…gulimฤla was part of a violent cult was already suggested by the Chinese pilgrim Xuan Zang (602โ€“64 CE). In his travel accounts, Xuan Zang states that Aแน…gulimฤla's was taught by his teacher that he would be born in the Brahma heaven if he killed a Buddha. A Chinese early text gives a similar description, stating that Aแน…gulimฤla's teacher followed the gruesome instructions of his guru, to attain immortality. Xuan Zang's suggestion was further developed by European translators of Xuan Zang's travel accounts in the early twentieth century, but partly based on translation errors. Regardless, Gombrich is the first recent scholar to postulate this idea. However, Gombrich's claim that tantric practices existed before the finalization of the canon of Buddhist discourses (two to three centuries BCE) goes against mainstream scholarship. Scholarly consensus places the arising of the first tantric cults about a thousand years later, and no corroborating evidence has been found, whether textual or otherwise, of earlier sanguinary tantric practices. Though Gombrich argues that there other, similar antinomian practices (going against moral norms) which are only mentioned once in Buddhist scriptures and for which no evidence can be found outside of the scriptures, Buddhist Studies scholars Mudagamuwa and Von Rospatt dismiss these as incorrect examples. They also take issue with Gombrich's metrical arguments, thus disagreeing with Gombrich's hypotheses with regard to Aแน…gulimฤla. They do consider it possible, however, that Angulimฤla's violent practices were part of some kind of historical cult. Buddhist Studies scholar L. S. Cousins has also expressed doubts about Gombrich's theory. In the Chinese translation of the Damamลซkhฤvadฤna by Hui-chiao, as well as in archaeological findings, Aแน…gulimฤla is identified with the mythological Hindu king Kalmashapada or Saudฤsa, known since Vedic times. Ancient texts often describe Saudฤsa's life as Aแน…gulimฤla's previous life, and both characters deal with the problem of being a good brahman. Studying art depictions in the Gandhฤra region, Archeologist Maurizio Taddei theorizes that the story of Aแน…gulimฤla may point at an Indian mythology with regard to a yakแนฃa living in the wild. In many depictions Aแน…gulimฤla is wearing a headdress, which Taddei describes as an example of dionysian-like iconography. Art historian Pia Brancaccio argues, however, that the headdress is an Indian symbol used for figures associated with the wild or hunting. She concurs with Taddei that depictions of Aแน…gulimฤla, especially in Gandhฤra, are in many ways reminiscent of dionysian themes in Greek art and mythology, and influence is highly likely. However, Brancaccio argues that the headdress was essentially an Indian symbol, used by artists to indicate Aแน…gulimฤla belonged to a forest tribe, feared by the early Buddhists who were mostly urban. Doctrinal Among Buddhists, Aแน…gulimฤla is one of the most well-known stories. Not only in modern times: in ancient times, two important Chinese pilgrims travelling to India reported about the story, and reported about the places they visited that were associated with Aแน…gulimฤla's life. From a Buddhist perspective, Aแน…gulimฤla's story serves as an example that even the worst of people can overcome their faults and return to the right path. The commentaries uphold the story as an example of good karma destroying evil karma. Buddhists widely regard Aแน…gulimฤla as a symbol of complete transformation and as a showcase that the Buddhist path can transform even the least likely initiates. Buddhists have raised Aแน…gulimฤla's story as an example of the compassion () and supernatural accomplishment () of the Buddha. Aแน…gulimฤla's conversion is cited as a testimony to the Buddha's capabilities as a teacher, and as an example of the healing qualities of the teaching of the Buddha (Dharma). Through his reply, the Buddha connects the notion of 'refraining from harming' () with stillness, which is the cause and effect of not harming. Furthermore, the story illustrates that there is spiritual power in such stillness, as the Buddha is depicted as outrunning the violent Aแน…gulimฤla. Though this is explained as being the result of the Buddha's supernatural accomplishment, the deeper meaning is that "... 'the spiritually still person' can move faster than the 'conventionally active' person". In other words, spiritual achievement is only possible through non-violence. Furthermore, this stillness refers to the Buddhist notion of liberation from karma: as long as one cannot escape from the endless law of karmic retribution, one can at least lessen one's karma by practicing non-violence. The texts describe this as form of stillness, as opposed to the continuous movement of karmic retribution. Other The story of Aแน…gulimฤla illustrates how criminals are affected by their psycho-social and physical environment. Jungian analyst Dale Mathers theorizes that Ahiแนƒsaka started to kill because his meaning system had broken down. He was no longer appreciated as an academic talent. His attitude could be summarized as "I have no value: therefore I can kill. If I kill, then that proves I have no value". Summarizing the life of Aแน…gulimฤla, Mathers writes, who bridges giving and taking life." Similarly, referring to the psychological concept of moral injury, theologian John Thompson describes Aแน…gulimฤla as someone who is betrayed by an authority figure but manages to recover his eroded moral code and repair the community he has affected. Survivors of moral injury need a clinician and a community of people that face struggles together but deal with those in a safe way; similarly, Aแน…gulimฤla is able to recover from his moral injury due to the Buddha as his spiritual guide, and a monastic community that leads a disciplined life, tolerating hardship. Thompson has further suggested Aแน…gulimฤla's story might be used as a sort of narrative therapy and describes the ethics presented in the narrative as inspiring responsibility. The story is not about being saved, but rather saving oneself with help from others. Ethics scholar David Loy has written extensively about Aแน…gulimฤla's story and the implications it has for the justice system. He believes that in Buddhist ethics, the only reason offenders should be punished is to reform their character. If an offender, like Aแน…gulimฤla, has already reformed himself, there is no reason to punish him, even as a deterrent. Furthermore, Loy argues that the story of Aแน…gulimฤla does not include any form of restorative or transformative justice, and therefore considers the story "flawed" as an example of justice. Former politician and community health scholar Mathura Shrestha, on the other hand, describes Aแน…gulimฤla's story as "[p]robably the first concept of transformative justice", citing Aแน…gulimฤla's repentance and renunciation of his former life as a brigand, and the pardon he eventually receives from relatives of victims. Writing about capital punishment, scholar Damien Horigan notes that rehabilitation is the main theme of Aแน…gulimฤla's story, and that witnessing such rehabilitation is the reason why King Pasenadi does not persecute Aแน…gulimฤla. In Sri Lankan pre-birth rituals, when the Aแน…gulimฤla Sutta is chanted for a pregnant woman, it is custom to surround her with objects symbolizing fertility and reproduction, such as parts of the coconut tree and earthen pots. Scholars have pointed out that in Southeast Asian mythology, there are links between bloodthirsty figures and fertility motifs. The shedding of blood can be found in both violence and childbirth, which explains why Aแน…gulimฤla is both depicted as a killer and a healer with regard to childbirth. With regard to the passage when the Buddha meets Aแน…gulimฤla, feminist scholar Liz Wilson concludes that the story is an example of cooperation and interdependence between the sexes: both the Buddha and Aแน…gulimฤla's mother help to stop him. Similarly, Thompson argues that mothers play an important role in the story, also citing the passage of the mother trying to stop Aแน…gulimฤla, as well as Aแน…gulimฤla healing a mother giving childbirth. Furthermore, both the Buddha and Aแน…gulimฤla take on motherly roles in the story. Although many ancient Indian stories associate women with qualities like foolishness and powerlessness, Aแน…gulimฤla's story accepts feminine qualities, and the Buddha acts as a wise adviser to use those qualities in a constructive way. Nevertheless, Thompson does not consider the story feminist in any way, but does argue it contains a feminine kind of ethics of care, rooted in Buddhism. In modern culture Throughout Buddhist history, Aแน…gulimฤla's story has been depicted in many art forms, some of which can be found in museums and Buddhist heritage sites. In modern culture, Aแน…gulimฤla still plays an important role. In 1985, the British-born Theravฤda monk Ajahn Khemadhammo founded Angulimala, a Buddhist Prison Chaplaincy organization in the UK. It has been recognized by the British government as the official representative of the Buddhist religion in all matters concerning the British prison system, and provides chaplains, counselling services, and instruction in Buddhism and meditation to prisoners throughout England, Wales, and Scotland. The name of the organization refers to the power of transformation illustrated by Aแน…gulimฤla's story. According to the website of the organization, "The story of Angulimala teaches us that the possibility of Enlightenment may be awakened in the most extreme of circumstances, that people can and do change and that people are best influenced by persuasion and above all, example." In popular culture, Aแน…gulimฤla's legend has received considerable attention. The story has been the main subject of at least three movies. In 2003, Thai director Suthep Tannirat attempted to release a film named Angulimala. Over 20 conservative Buddhist organizations in Thailand launched a protest, however, complaining that the movie distorted Buddhist teachings and history, and introduced Hindu and theistic influences not found in the Buddhist scriptures. The Thai film censorship board rejected appeals to ban the film, stating it did not distort Buddhist teachings. They did insist that the director cut two scenes of violent material. The conservative groups were offended by the depiction of Aแน…gulimฤla as a brutal murderer, without including the history which led him to become such a violent brigand. Tannirat defended himself, however, arguing that although he had omitted interpretations from the commentaries, he had followed the early Buddhist discourses precisely. Tannirat's choice to only use the early accounts, rather than the popular tales from the commentaries, was precisely what led to the protests. Aแน…gulimฤla has also been the subject of literary works. In 2006, peace activist Satish Kumar retold the story of Aแน…gulimฤla in his short book The Buddha and the Terrorist. The books deals with the Global War on Terror, reshaping and combining various accounts of Aแน…gulimฤla, who is described as a terrorist. The book emphasizes the passage when the Buddha accepts Aแน…gulimฤla in the monastic order, effectively preventing King Pasenadi from punishing him. In Kumar's book, this action leads to backlash from an enraged public, who demand to imprison both Aแน…gulimฤla and the Buddha. Pasenadi organizes a public trial in the presence of villagers and the royal court, in which the assembly can decide what to do with the two accused. In the end, however, the assembly decides to release the two, when Aแน…gulimฤla admits to his crimes and Pasenadi gives a speech emphasizing forgiveness rather than punishment. This twist in the story sheds a different light on Aแน…gulimฤla, whose violent actions ultimately lead to the trial and a more non-violent and just society. Writing about Buddhist texts and Kumar's book, Thompson reflects that ahiแนƒsa in Buddhism may have different shades of meaning in different contexts, and often does not mean passively standing by, or non-violence as usually understood. Finally, Angulimala is one of the protagonists in Karl Gjellerup's novel Der Pilger Kamanita (The Pilgrim Kamanita, 1906) where he recounts the story of his conversion to Vasitthi who joins the Buddhist order the following day after a profuse alms-giving and after attending the exposition of the Buddhist teaching in the Siแนƒsapa Grove in the city of Kosambฤซ. See also Conversion of Paul the Apostle - a similar story from the Christian Bible Notes References Bibliography External links Theragฤthฤ, canonical Pฤli verses about Aแน…gulimฤla, translated by Thanissaro Bhikkhu Aแน…gulimฤla Sutta: About Aแน…gulimฤla, translated from the Pฤli discourses by Thanissaro Bhikkhu 2003 film about Aแน…gulimฤla Angulimala: A Murderer's Road to Sainthood, written by Hellmuth Hecker, based on Pฤli sources Angulimala, written by G.K. Ananda Kumarasiri Disciples of Gautama Buddha Arhats Buddhism and violence Indian Buddhist monks 5th-century BC Indian monks 5th-century BC Buddhist monks
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9D%B4%EC%BD%A5%20%EB%81%8C%EB%9D%BC%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC
์ œ์ด์ฝฅ ๋Œ๋ผ๋ฒ ์ดํฌ
์ œ์ด์ฝฅ ๋Œ๋ผ๋ฒ ์ดํฌ(Jacob Klapwijk, 1933๋…„ 10์›” 24์ผ - )๋Š” ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž์ด๋ฉฐ, ์•”์Šคํ…Œ๋ฅด๋‹ด ์ž์œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ๋ช…์˜ˆ๊ต์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—๋ฅธ์ŠคํŠธ ํŠธ๋ขธ์น˜, ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ฃผ์˜, ์ข…๊ต๊ฐœํ˜์‚ฌ์ƒ, ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ์ž„๋ฌด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ถœํŒ๋ฌผ Klapwijk, Jacob (1970). Tussen historisme en relativisme: Een studie over de dynamiek van het historisme en de wijsgerige ontwikkelingsgang van Ernst Troeltsch diss. VU University, Amsterdam. Assen: Van Gorcum. (English 2013). Klapwijk, Jacob; Hendrik Hart; and Kor A. Bril (editors, 1973). The Idea of a Christian Philosophy: Essays in Honour of D H Th Vollenhoven (Toronto: Wedge). Klapwijk, Jacob (1973). "Calvin and Neo-Calvinism on Non-Christian Philosophy ," Philosophia Reformata 38, pp.ย 43โ€“61. Klapwijk, Jacob (1976) Dialektiek der verlichting: Een verkenning in het neomarxisme van de Frankfurter Schule, openbare les VU, Assen/Amsterdam: Van Gorcum. [English 2010]. Klapwijk, Jacob (1980). "The Struggle for a Christian Philosophy: Another Look at Dooyeweerd" in: The Reformed Journal 30, pp.ย 12โ€“15, 20โ€“24. Klapwijk, Jacob (1983). "Rationality in the Dutch Calvinist Tradition ," Rationality in the Calvinian Tradition (eds Hart, Van der Hoeven, Wolterstorff, Lanham, MD, USA: University Press of America), pp.ย 93โ€“111. Klapwijk, Jacob (1986). "Antithesis, Synthesis, and the Idea of Transformational Philosophy ," Philosophia Reformata 51, pp.ย 138โ€“152. Klapwijk, Jacob (1987). Kijken naar kopstukken (Amsterdam: Buijten en Schipperheijn). Klapwijk, Jacob (1987). "Reformational Philosophy on the Boundary between Past and Future ," Philosophia Reformata 52, pp 101โ€“134. Klapwijk, Jacob; Sander Griffioen; and Gerben Groenewoud (editors, 1991). Bringing into Captivity Every Thought: Capita Selecta in the History of Christian Evaluations of non-Christian Philosophy (Lanham, MD, USA: University Press of America). Klapwijk, Jacob (1991). "Antithesis and Common Grace ." Klapwijk, Griffioen, Groenewoud (eds.). Bringing into Captivity Every Thought: Capita Selecta in the History of Christian Philosophy (Lanham, MD, USA: University Press of America), pp.ย 169โ€“190. Klapwijk, Jacob (1991). "Epilogue: the idea of transformational philosophy ." Klapwijk, Griffioen, Groenewoud (eds.). Bringing into Captivity Every Thought: Capita Selecta in the History of Christian Philosophy (Lanham, MD, USA: University Press of America), pp.ย 241โ€“266. Klapwijk, Jacob (1994). "Pluralism of Norms and Values: On the Claim and Reception of the Universal ," Philosophia Reformata 59 (2), pp. 158โ€“192. Klapwijk, Jacob (2008). Purpose in the Living World? Creation and Emergent Evolution. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Klapwijk, Jacob (2009). Heeft de evolutie een doel? Over schepping en emergente evolutie, Kampen: Kok. 2009 [English 2008]. Klapwijk, Jacob (2009). "Commemoration: On the First and Second History ", in Philosophia Reformata 74, pp.ย 48โ€“70. Klapwijk, Jacob (2010). Dialectic of Enlightenment: Critical Theory and the Messianic Light, inaugural lecture VU 1976, translated by C.L. Yallop and P.M. Yallop, Foreword by Lambert Zuidervaart. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock. Klapwijk, Jacob (2011). "Creation Belief and the Paradigm of Emergent Evolution ", in Philosophia Reformata 76, pp.ย 11โ€“31. Klapwijk, Jacob (2012). "Nothing in Evolutionary Theory Makes Sense Except in the Light of Creation ", transl. Harry Cook, in: Philosophia Reformata 77, pp.ย 57โ€“77. Klapwijk, Jacob (2013). "Abraham Kuyper on Science, Theology and University ", in Philosophia Reformata 78, pp.ย 18โ€“46. Klapwijk, Jacob (2013). Between Historicism and Relativism: Dynamics of Historicism and the Philosophical Development of Ernst Troeltsch , translated by H. Donald Morton. VU University Amsterdam. online. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Jacob Klapwijk homepage Jacob Klapwijk pages ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 1933๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20Klapwijk
Jacob Klapwijk
Jacob Klapwijk (24 October 1933 โ€“ 19 March 2021) was a Dutch philosopher, and Emeritus Professor of Modern and Systematic Philosophy at the Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, known for his work on Ernst Troeltsch and historicism, Reformational thinking, the transformational task of Christian philosophy, and the theory of emergent evolution. Biography Born in Dronrijp, Klapwijk started to study Philosophy and Theology in 1952 at the Vrije Universiteit (VU University), where he received his MA in 1961. For many years he was research assistant to one of the founding fathers of reformational philosophy, D. H. Th. Vollenhoven. In 1970 he received his PhD in Philosophy with a thesis entitled "Between Historicism and Relativism", under supervision of Vollenhoven's colleague S. U. Zuidema. After his graduation in the early 1960s Klapwijk became lector in Logic at the Vrije Universiteit. In 1974 he was appointed Professor of History of Modern Philosophy, and later was Professor of Systematic Philosophy. Among his students were John Kok and Renรฉ Woudenberg. He retired in 1994. Work Klapwijk's research interest concerns the "relationship between reason and religion, and the delicate concept of Christian philosophy". He focused on "the great variety of models of Christian thinking and in particular on the fundamental contrast between the medieval-scholastic and Augustinian-reformed tradition." Ernst Troeltsch, historicism and the intimations of radical historicity Initially Klapwijkโ€™s writings chiefly dealt with various theories of history and society. His doctoral dissertation was written on Ernst Troeltsch (1865-1923), the German theologian and later philosopher of history in Hegelโ€™s Chair in Berlin, who was widely celebrated for his defense of radical historicism and who gave us the sociological distinction between Church, Sect and Mysticism. The Dutch title for Klapwijkโ€™s thesis was Tussen historisme en relativisme: Een studie over de dynamiek van het historisme en de wijsgerige ontwikkelingsgang van Ernst Troeltsch (1970, English 2013). The dissertation analyzes Troeltschโ€™s philosophy of "radical historicity" by distinguishing six phases in its development, a development that started with a broad Hegelian perspective of universal history and ended in an extreme "monadological individualism" rooted in mysticism. In later years Klapwijk confronts this radicalized historicism with its relativistic and self-contradictory consequences even in the fields of ethics and theology. He then pretends that we have to accept the radical historicity of human beings including pluralism of norms and values without ignoring the undeniable intimations of ultimate, universal core principles that rule our daily life. This universality can only be based on the fundamental difference between anamnetic and academic history. In 1974 Klapwijk received a Chair at VU University in the History of Modern Philosophy, while in the eighties a Chair in Systematic Philosophy was added. His inaugural lecture was published as Dialektiek der verlichting: Een verkenning in het neomarxisme van de Frankfurter Schule (1976, English 2010). In this book Klapwijk gives credit to the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory by discussing the critical views that Marcuse, Horkheimer, Adorno and the early Habermas developed with respect to contemporary history and the modern welfare of society. He concludes that, indeed, we need a critical reconstructing of the legacy of the Enlightenment in terms of freedom, rationality and human dignity, but that the Critical Theory is not critical enough. At bottom it can be interpreted as an insufficiently clarified expression of faith. Reformational philosophy clarifies its own inner history, and its relation to modern society A key task that Klapwijk took upon himself right from the start was that of analyzing the distinctive position of so-called Reformational philosophy. He focussed on Vollenhoven's early vision of an integral Scriptural philosophy that is not accommodated to ancient Greek paganism or modern secular humanism, undiluted by what Vollenhoven and his colleague at the VU, Herman Dooyeweerd, had called "synthesis philosophy", i.e. a mix of biblical motifs with sophisticated conceptions of a non-Christian origin. For Vollenhoven, this synthesis quality compromised the Middle Ages and even the entirety of Patristic philosophical theology, contrary to Alfred North Whitehead's appraisal of the same era. But Klapwijk emphasized how in later years Vollenhoven acknowledged that an antithetical attitude, so characteristic for Reformational thinkers, does not exclude affinities and structural similarities between secular theories and Christian philosophy. Here already, Klapwijk raised the crucial question whether religious antithesis should not go hand in hand with philosophical openness, "an openness to bring all human thought into captivity to the obedience of Christ." Klapwijk also analyzed and evaluated differences between the university's two leading lights, Abraham Kuyper and Herman Bavinck, both now long deceased but both with partisan followers who could live less with the leaders' differences than could those leaders themselves. One of Klapwijk's first attempts to articulate this critical stance for his philosophical community occurred in a widely-read volume edited by Hendrik Hart, Johan van der Hoeven, and Nicholas Wolterstorff, reviewed in Theology Today by Eugene Osterhaven: "An excellent chapter on 'Rationality in the Dutch Neo-Calvinist Tradition' by Jacob Klapwijk ... treats Abraham Kuyper's doctrines of common grace, and the antithesis, and his failure to harmonize the two, especially when he dealt with human reason. Kuyper's attempts to give the antithesis organizational form is shown to "lead to a dangerous identification of the Christian (or, if you will, Reformed) cause with God's cause." Although Kuyper intended Christian organizations to be a means for Christianizing society, 'the danger was that they were considered not as deficient instruments but as ends in the struggle for the Kingdom of God'." As mentioned by Osterhaven, one major difference in ideas between Bavinck and Kuyper is formulated in terms inherent to the Reformed tradition. It's the contrast between the doctrine of "religious antithesis" (not only the human soul but all of life in culture and society is to be redeemed) and its counterpart, the doctrine of "common grace" (cultural goods are tokens of Godโ€™s grace equally for Christians and non-Christians). How to integrate both perspectives? Bavinck emphasized common grace, while Kuyper, in many of his works, emphasized (sometimes severely) the antithetical attitude, also in terms of separate Christian organizations in public life. A comparison of the two positions, which came to designate two interwoven and contentious traditions in the Christian Reformed Churches in the Netherlands and the Christian movements that flowed from its membership, is presented in one of the three chapters that Jacob Klapwijk contributed to a very important self-critical work of Reformational philosophy, entitled Bringing into Captivity Every Thought (1991). He was one of the three editors of the volume and among nearly a dozen contributors. Clarifying his philosophical movement's task as transformational in the wider world The dispute about synthesis and antithesis has incisive consequences for the Christianโ€™s position in culture and society but touches in particular the Christian calling in philosophy. Klapwijk wanted to think of Reformational philosophy not only, not even primarily as "Calvinist" in Vollenhoven's term, not only as "reformational-ecumenical" (in Herman Dooyeweerd's terms), but as a transformational philosophy. He took as an example the Church fathersโ€™ notion of spoliatio Aegyptiorum, the robbery of the Egyptians (see Ex. 12:36). God ordered the Israelites in the great exodus to rob their antagonists of their silver and golden treasures. Yet, it was not for the sake of synthesis and syncretism (โ€˜the golden calfโ€™): the metals were purified and re-used for the service of God in the sanctuary of the desert. This is for Klapwijk a paradigm of the transforming power of a religious belief, also in philosophical discussions. Christian philosophy should overcome the synthesis/antithesis dilemma. It is athletic enough to keep pace with the broader philosophical world, putting the theories of the day to a critical test and using what is valuable in such a way that it can become subservient to a Christian perspective on reality in the realms of theoretical thought. Transformational philosophy and living nature In recent years Klapwijk has applied his view of Christian philosophy in terms of transformation to the field of living nature and evolutionary theory. He was unhappy with the strictly antithetical attitude of Creationism towards the current naturalistic theories of evolution. But he likewise rejected the uncritical acceptance of these views in so-called Theistic evolution, as if God created the world in all its diversity through evolution. It's just the other way around; if the world is involved in an evolutionary process, it is so on the basis of God's creation word in the beginning. Even the theory of Intelligent Design is in his opinion too much based on a compromise, a synthesis of mechanistic naturalism and supernatural interventions. How do we overcome the present-day divide between religious and so-called secular views of the origin of life? In his book Purpose in the Living World? Creation and Emergent Evolution (2008) Klapwijk offers a philosophical analysis of the relation of evolutionary biology to religion, and addresses the question of whether the evolution of life is exclusively a matter of chance and blind fortune or is better understood as including the notion of purpose. He proposes to bridge the gap via the idea of "emergent evolution." Klapwijk's theory of emergent evolution (TEE) indicates how at crucial moments in earthly history, when basic conditions of solidity and complexity were suitable, physical things reorganized themselves in such a way that new forms of existence were disclosed. This happened in particular when in the physical world micro-organisms, plants, animals and humans came into being. In these new entities biotic, vegetative, sensitive and mental or moral modes of being emerged, step by step. These higher levels of being and behavior still have a physical or molecular basis; all living organisms obey physical laws, that is the partial truth of scientific naturalism. But at critical turning points in the evolutionary process things on earth came in the grip of above-physical principles. Without losing their material birth certificate they succeeded in functioning in new ways, as living, growing, feeling and sometimes even as intelligent beings. The modal levels that successively emerged in these new domains of organisms represent regulation systems all of their own. In short, it is the modal hierarchy of physical laws, biotic rules, vegetative patterns, sensitive standards, mental and moral principles that in due time has given rise to phenomena of emergent or "transcendental novelty" (G. Ledyard Stebbins). Klapwijkโ€™s TEE can be described as a non-reductive evolutionary theory attuned to the different modal spheres that characterize our earthly existence. It recognizes the curious discontinuities that have arisen in nature in the course of time not as the origin of completely new types of organisms, as creationists suggest, but as the genesis of new modal fields that come to the fore where things or organisms are equipped with higher level characteristics and observe rules of their own without ignoring their bond with their material substratum. To put it differently, the emergent levels of being and behavior that can be distinguished in living beings are conditioned by but not simply identifiable as parts of the complexification process that characterizes the physical world. This "levelism" (John Searle) has important implications for scientific research. With respect to epigenetic phenomena, master genes, so-called jumping genes (transposable elements in the cell) and other issues in the contemporary evolution debate, it encourages interdisciplinary research. It can offer a more promising framework for theoretical analysis than a one-sided naturalistic or materialistic approach. The hierarchical ordering of the living world suggests an underlying plan and purpose. Here the language of science and even of philosophy finds its limits. In Klapwijkโ€™s opinion we need a different, more comprehensive language. In the language of religion one could say that the creation word of God in the beginning, spelled out in the Genesis story of the seven creation days, is the driving force behind the dynamic progress, the modal hierarchy, and the various levels of evolutionary development. The Big Bang, the early inceptions of cosmic time and space, the primeval expressions of unicellular life, the rise of the multicellular systems of plants and animals and, last but not least, the intimacies of human consciousness are difficult to unite in a great chain of being, for scientists to comprehend in an ontology, an overall view of reality. But in the eyes of faith all temporal phenomena and all emergent innovations can be considered to be temporary disclosures of divine creation. According to Klapwijk it is the basic motive of divine creation that propels the world from its very beginning towards its final completion in the Kingdom of God. Publications Klapwijk, Jacob (1970). Tussen historisme en relativisme: Een studie over de dynamiek van het historisme en de wijsgerige ontwikkelingsgang van Ernst Troeltsch diss. VU University, Amsterdam. Assen: Van Gorcum. (English 2013). Klapwijk, Jacob; Hendrik Hart; and Kor A. Bril (editors, 1973). The Idea of a Christian Philosophy: Essays in Honour of D H Th Vollenhoven (Toronto: Wedge). Klapwijk, Jacob (1973). "Calvin and Neo-Calvinism on Non-Christian Philosophy ," Philosophia Reformata 38, pp.ย 43โ€“61. Klapwijk, Jacob (1976) Dialektiek der verlichting: Een verkenning in het neomarxisme van de Frankfurter Schule, openbare les VU, Assen/Amsterdam: Van Gorcum. [English 2010]. Klapwijk, Jacob (1980). "The Struggle for a Christian Philosophy: Another Look at Dooyeweerd" in: The Reformed Journal 30, pp.ย 12โ€“15, 20โ€“24. Klapwijk, Jacob (1983). "Rationality in the Dutch Calvinist Tradition," Rationality in the Calvinian Tradition (eds Hart, Van der Hoeven, Wolterstorff, Lanham, MD, USA: University Press of America), pp.ย 93โ€“111. Klapwijk, Jacob (1986). "Antithesis, Synthesis, and the Idea of Transformational Philosophy ," Philosophia Reformata 51, pp.ย 138โ€“152. Klapwijk, Jacob (1987). Kijken naar kopstukken (Amsterdam: Buijten en Schipperheijn). Klapwijk, Jacob (1987). "Reformational Philosophy on the Boundary between Past and Future ," Philosophia Reformata 52, pp 101โ€“134. Klapwijk, Jacob; Sander Griffioen; and Gerben Groenewoud (editors, 1991). Bringing into Captivity Every Thought: Capita Selecta in the History of Christian Evaluations of non-Christian Philosophy (Lanham, MD, USA: University Press of America). Klapwijk, Jacob (1991). "Antithesis and Common Grace ." Klapwijk, Griffioen, Groenewoud (eds.). Bringing into Captivity Every Thought: Capita Selecta in the History of Christian Philosophy (Lanham, MD, USA: University Press of America), pp.ย 169โ€“190. Klapwijk, Jacob (1991). "Epilogue: the idea of transformational philosophy ." Klapwijk, Griffioen, Groenewoud (eds.). Bringing into Captivity Every Thought: Capita Selecta in the History of Christian Philosophy (Lanham, MD, USA: University Press of America), pp.ย 241โ€“266. Klapwijk, Jacob (1994). "Pluralism of Norms and Values: On the Claim and Reception of the Universal ," Philosophia Reformata 59 (2), pp. 158โ€“192. Klapwijk, Jacob (2008). Purpose in the Living World? Creation and Emergent Evolution. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Klapwijk, Jacob (2009). Heeft de evolutie een doel? Over schepping en emergente evolutie, Kampen: Kok. 2009 [English 2008]. Klapwijk, Jacob (2009). "Commemoration: On the First and Second History ", in Philosophia Reformata 74, pp.ย 48โ€“70. Klapwijk, Jacob (2010). Dialectic of Enlightenment: Critical Theory and the Messianic Light, inaugural lecture VU 1976, translated by C.L. Yallop and P.M. Yallop, Foreword by Lambert Zuidervaart. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock. Klapwijk, Jacob (2011). "Creation Belief and the Paradigm of Emergent Evolution ", in Philosophia Reformata 76, pp.ย 11โ€“31. Klapwijk, Jacob (2012). "Nothing in Evolutionary Theory Makes Sense Except in the Light of Creation", transl. Harry Cook, in: Philosophia Reformata 77, pp.ย 57โ€“77. Klapwijk, Jacob (2013). "Abraham Kuyper on Science, Theology and University ", in Philosophia Reformata 78, pp.ย 18โ€“46. Klapwijk, Jacob (2013). Between Historicism and Relativism: Dynamics of Historicism and the Philosophical Development of Ernst Troeltsch, translated by H. Donald Morton. VU University Amsterdam. online. About Klapwijk Hart, Hendrik; Johan van der Hoeven; and Nicholas Wolterstorff (editors, 1983). Rationality in the Calvinian Tradition (Lanham, MD, USA: University Press of America). Osterhaven, M. Eugene (1984). Book review: "Rationality in the Calvinian Tradition," Theology Today, October 1984. Henk Hogeboom van Buggenum (2009). Book review J. Klapwijk, Heeft de evolutie een doel? in Gamma: Forum over onze rol in die evolutie 169 (3), pp. 37-40. Lambert Zuidervaart, Lambert (2010). โ€œForewordโ€ in Klapwijkโ€™s, Dialectic of Enlightenment: Critical Theory and the Messianic Light. Critical essays by Roy Clouser, John Satherley, Henk Geertsema, Russ Wolfinger, Bruce Wearne, Gerben Groenewoud, Chris Gousmett, and Harry Cook on Klapwijkโ€™s Purpose (2008), in Philosophia Reformata 75 (1) and 76 (1). 2010-2011. Cook, Harry (2013). โ€œEmergence: A Biologistโ€™s Look at Complexity in Natureโ€ in Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 65, pp.ย 233โ€“241. References External links Jacob Klapwijk homepage Jacob Klapwijk pages 1933 births 2021 deaths 21st-century Dutch philosophers People from Menaldumadeel Academic staff of Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam 20th-century Dutch philosophers
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%B9%84%EB%87%BD%20%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%91
์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋ธ”๋ž‘
์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋ธ”๋ž‘(Sauvignon blanc)์€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋ณด๋ฅด๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•œ ์ฒญํฌ๋„ ํ’ˆ์ข… ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‚จ์„œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ํฌ๋„๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ ธ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋‹จ์–ด sauvage(์†Œ๋ฐ”์ฃผ, ์•ผ์ƒ)๊ณผ blanc(๋ธ”๋ž‘, ํฐ์ƒ‰)์—์„œ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์œ ๋ž˜ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ „ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”๋ƒฅ(Savagnin)์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋ธ”๋ž‘์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™€์ธ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์‹ฌ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋“œ๋ผ์ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ƒ์พŒํ•œ ํ™”์ดํŠธ ์™€์ธ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋””์ €ํŠธ ์™€์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์†Œํ…Œ๋ฅธ(Sauternes)๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์‚ญ(Barsac)์˜ ํฌ๋„๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋ธ”๋ž‘์€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค, ์น ๋ ˆ, ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ, ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ, ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ๋ฐ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์—์„œ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ์‹ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋ธ”๋ž‘(New World Sauvignon blanc)์€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ํ‘ธ์ด ํ“Œ๋ฉ”(Pouilly-Fumรฉ)์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ๋ชฌ๋‹ค๋น„๊ฐ€ ํ“Œ๋ฉ” ๋ธ”๋ž‘(Fumรฉ Blanc)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ›„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํ’€์žŽ์—์„œ ์—ด๋Œ€ ๊ณผ์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ’๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์›ํ•œ ๊ธฐํ›„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒˆ์ฝคํ•˜๊ณ  ํ’€์žŽ์˜ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ํ–ฅ์ด ์ž˜ ๋Š๊ปด์ง€๋Š” ํฌ๋„๋กœ ์ž๋ž€๋‹ค. ๋…น์ƒ‰ ํ”ผ๋ง์ด๋‚˜ ์๊ธฐํ’€๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ด๋Œ€ ๊ณผ์ผ(ํŒจ์…˜ํ”„๋ฃจํŠธ ๋“ฑ)๊ณผ ๊ฝƒ(๋”ฑ์ด๋‚˜๋ฌด์† ๋“ฑ) ํ–ฅ๊ธฐ๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ๊ธฐํ›„์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ด๋Œ€ ๊ณผ์ผ ํ’๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ง„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์ˆ™์„ฑ์€ ํ–ฅ์ด ์˜…์–ด์งˆ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž๋ชฝ๊ณผ ๋ณต์ˆญ์•„ ๋‚˜๋ฌดํ–ฅ๋งŒ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์™€์ธ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๋ฃจ์•„๋ฅด ๊ณ„๊ณก๊ณผ ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์‡ผ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋ธ”๋ž‘์„ "์„ ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์šฐ์•„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‹ ์„ ํ•œ(crisp, elegant, and fresh)"๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋†’์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๊ฒŒํ•œ ์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋ธ”๋ž‘ ์™€์ธ์€ ์ดˆ๋ฐฅ, ์ƒ์„ , ์น˜์ฆˆ(ํŠนํžˆ ์—ผ์†Œ์ – ์น˜์ฆˆ) ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ ์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋ธ”๋ž‘์€ ๋ฆฌ์Šฌ๋ง๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณ‘ ๋งˆ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ํŠธ์œ„์ŠคํŠธ ์บก์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์™€์ธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋ธ”๋ž‘ ํ’ˆ์ข…์€ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ˆ™์„ฑ ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด ์™„๋‘์ฝฉ์ด๋‚˜ ์•„์ŠคํŒŒ๋ผ๊ฑฐ์Šคํ–ฅ์ด ์ง™์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณดํ†ต ์ˆ™์„ฑ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์งง์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์— ๋งˆ์‹ ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณด๋ฅด๋„์˜ ํ™”์ดํŠธ ์™€์ธ ์ค‘ ํŽ˜์‚ญ ๋ ˆ์˜ค๋ƒฅ(Pessac-Lรฉognan)์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ผ๋ธŒ(Graves)์—์„œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์˜คํฌ ์ˆ™์„ฑ์„ ํ•œ ์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋ธ”๋ž‘์€ ํ‘ธ์ด ํ“Œ๋ฉ”(Pouilly-Fumรฉ)๋‚˜ ์ƒ์„ธ๋ฅด(Sancerre)์™€์ธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋ธ”๋ž‘์˜ ์ˆ™์„ฑ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งค๋…„ 5์›” ์ฒซ์ฃผ ๊ธˆ์š”์ผ์„ ๊ตญ์ œ ์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋ธ”๋ž‘์˜ ๋‚ (International Sauvignon Blanc Day)๋กœ ์ง€์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋ธ”๋ž‘ ํ’ˆ์ข…์€ ๋ฃจ์•„๋ฅด ๊ณ„๊ณก๊ณผ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋ณด๋ฅด๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๊ธฐ์›์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ๊ธฐ์›์ด ์„œ๋ถ€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ธ์ง€๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ง„ํ–‰์ค‘์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”๋ƒฅ(Savagnin)์˜ ํ›„์†์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์นด๋ฅด๋ฏธ๋„ค๋ฅด(Carmenere) ๊ณ„์—ด๊ณผ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋Š ์‹œ์ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณด๋ฅด๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ์นด๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋„ค ํ”„๋ž‘๊ณผ ์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋ธ”๋ž‘์„ ๊ต๋ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊นŒ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋„ค ์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ํฌ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ(์น ๋ ˆ์—์„œ ์‡ผ๋น„๋‚˜์ œ๋กœ(Sauvignonasse) ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ’ˆ์ข…)์™€ ์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ํ•‘ํฌ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์ด๋œ ์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋ธ”๋ž‘์ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณง ํ•„๋ก์„ธ๋ผ ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘๊ท ์ด ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํฌ๋„๋ฐญ์„ ํ™ฉํํ™”์‹œ์ผœ, ๋งŽ์€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋“ค์ด ์น ๋ ˆ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์กŒ๊ณ , ์น ๋ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ณด๋ฅด๋„์—์„œ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋˜ ํ’ˆ์ข…์„ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฃจ์•„๋ฅด ๊ณ„๊ณก์˜ ์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋กœ์ œ(Sauvignon rosรฉ)๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋ธ”๋ž‘๊ณผ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋ธ”๋ž‘๋งŒ์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํ•œ ๊ณณ์€ 1880๋…„๋Œ€ ํฌ๋ ˆ์Šคํƒ€ ๋ธ”๋ž‘์นด ์™€์ด๋„ˆ๋ฆฌ(Cresta Blanca Winery)์˜ ์ฐฝ์—…์ž์ธ ์ฐฐ์Šค ์›ป๋ชจ์–ด(Charles Wetmore)๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋ธ”๋ž‘์„ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํฌ๋„๋“ค์€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ƒคํ† ๋””์ผ (Chรขteau d' Yquem)์˜ ์†Œํ…Œ๋ฅธ ํฌ๋„๋ฐญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„๋ชจ์–ด ๊ณ„๊ณก์—์„œ ์ž˜ ์ž๋ผ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 1968๋…„ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ๋ชฌ๋‹ค๋น„์˜ ํ™๋ณด๋กœ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์—์„œ ํ“Œ๋ฉ” ๋ธ”๋ž‘(Fumรฉ Blanc)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณ„์นญ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฎฌ๋Ÿฌ ํŠธ๋ฅด๊ฐ€์šฐ(Mรผller-Thurgau)์™€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์‹œํ‚จ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ฐ ์ง€๋ฆฌ ์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋ธ”๋ž‘ ํฌ๋„๋Š” ์‹น์€ ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ผ์ง€๋งŒ ํฌ๋„๋Š” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ž๋ผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ง‘์€ ๋‚ ์”จ์ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋œจ๊ฒ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ธฐํ›„์—์„œ ์ž˜ ์ž๋ž€๋‹ค. ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋”๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹œ์›ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ž๋ž€๋‹ค. ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ํฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ต์–ด ํ–ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์‚ฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋ธ”๋ž‘์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ™•์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ๋นจ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ณณ์€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋ณด๋ฅด๋„์™€ ๋ฃจ์•„๋ฅด ๊ณ„๊ณก์ด๋‹ค. ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์ค‘๋ถ€์œ ๋Ÿฝ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„, ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„, ์น ๋ ˆ ๋ฐ ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ๋„ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ™”์ดํŠธ ์™€์ธ ์• ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ƒค๋ฅด๋„๋„ค์˜ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋ธ”๋ž‘์€ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ์™€ ์น ๋ ˆ์˜ ์™€์ธ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž๋“ค์€ ํฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์ˆ™ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋˜๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํฌ๋„ ์ˆ˜ํ™•์‹œ๊ธฐ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณผ์‚ฐ์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ ์  ํฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์ˆ™๋  ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋‹จ๊ณ ์ถ”ํ–ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ๋ง›์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋งค์šด๋ง› ํ–ฅ์€ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์„ฑ์ˆ™๋ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œํ”ผ๋ผ์ง„(methoxypyrazines)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์ขŒ์šฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ง๋ณด๋กœ(Marlborough) ์™€์ด๋ผ(Wairau) ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํฌ๋„๋ฐญ๋“ค์€ ํ‰ํ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋•…์ด ๋งŽ์•„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ์„ฑ์ˆ™๋œ ํฌ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋ธ”๋ž‘ ์™€์ธ์€ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋“ค์ด ์™€์ธ ํŠน์ง•์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํฌ๋„ ๊ป์งˆ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ์™€์ธ ์‚ฐ์—… ์ดˆ๊ธฐ, ์–‘์กฐ์žฅ์ด ์—†๋˜ ๋‚จ์„ฌ์˜ ํฌ๋„๋“ค์„ ํŠธ๋Ÿญ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋ถ์„ฌ์˜ ์˜คํด๋žœ๋“œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์™€์ธ์„ ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งต๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋Š ํฌ๋„๊ป์งˆ ์œ ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ๋” ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฃจ์•„๋ฅด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ธ”๋žœ๋”ฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๋„๊ป์งˆ ๋…ธ์ถœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์—ฐ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณดํ†ต ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–‘์กฐ์žฅ๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™€์ธ ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํฌ๋„ ๊ป์งˆ ๋…ธ์ถœ์€ ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ”ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ๋ฐœํšจ ์˜จ๋„์ด๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์™€์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋„ค๋ž„ ํ’๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ๋ฐœํšจ๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค. (์•ฝ 16-18ย ยฐC) ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์‹ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์™€์ธ์€ ๊ณผ์ผ๊ณผ ์—ด๋Œ€ ํ’๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡ ๋ฃจ์•„๋ฅด ์™€์ธ์€ ์œ ์‚ฐ๋ฐœํšจ(Malolactic Fermentation)๋ผ๋Š” 2์ฐจ ๋ฐœํšจ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ์—์„œ๋„ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜คํฌ ์ˆ™์„ฑ๋„ ์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋ธ”๋ž‘์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ค€๋‹ค. ํ’๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋” ๊ฐ€๋‹ค๋“ฌ๊ณ , ๋†’์€ ์ž์—ฐ์  ์‚ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๋” ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ์™€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์‚ฐ์„ธ๋ฅด(Sancerre) ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ช‡ ์™€์ธ๋ฉ”์ด์ปค๋“ค์€ ์†Œ๋น„๋‡ฝ ๋ธ”๋ž‘๋งŒ์˜ ํ’๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋” ์˜ˆ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์Šคํ…Œ์ธ๋ ˆ์Šค ํƒฑํฌ๋ฅผ ๋” ์„ ํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ New Zealand Vintage Chart Wine News "The four faces of California Sauvignon Blanc" ํฌ๋„์ฃผ ํฌ๋„ ํ’ˆ์ข…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauvignon%20blanc
Sauvignon blanc
is a green-skinned grape variety that originates from the city of Bordeaux in France. The grape most likely gets its name from the French words sauvage ("wild") and blanc ("white") due to its early origins as an indigenous grape in South West France. It is possibly a descendant of Savagnin. is planted in many of the world's wine regions, producing a crisp, dry, and refreshing white varietal wine. The grape is also a component of the famous dessert wines from Sauternes and Barsac. Sauvignon blanc is widely cultivated in France, Chile, Romania, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Bulgaria, the states of Oregon, Washington, and California in the US. Some New World Sauvignon blancs, particularly from California, may also be called "Fumรฉ Blanc", a marketing term coined by Robert Mondavi in reference to Pouilly-Fumรฉ. Depending on the climate, the flavor can range from aggressively grassy to sweetly tropical. In cooler climates, the grape has a tendency to produce wines with noticeable acidity and "green flavors" of grass, green bell peppers and nettles with some tropical fruit (such as passion fruit) and floral (such as elderflower) notes. In warmer climates, it can develop more tropical fruit notes but risks losing much aroma from over-ripeness, leaving only slight grapefruit and tree fruit (such as peach) notes. Wine experts have used the phrase "crisp, elegant, and fresh" as a favorable description of Sauvignon blanc from the Loire Valley and New Zealand. Sauvignon blanc, when slightly chilled, pairs well with fish or cheese, particularly chรจvre. It is also known as one of the few wines that can pair well with sushi. Along with Riesling, Sauvignon blanc was one of the first fine wines to be bottled with a screwcap in commercial quantities, especially by New Zealand producers. The wine is usually consumed young and does not particularly benefit from aging, as varietal Sauvignon blancs tend to develop vegetal aromas reminiscent of peas and asparagus with extended aging. Dry and sweet white Bordeaux, including oak-aged examples from Pessac-Lรฉognan and Graves, as well as some Loire wines from Pouilly-Fumรฉ and Sancerre are some of the few examples of Sauvignon blancs with aging potential. The first Friday in May is International Sauvignon Blanc Day. History The Sauvignon blanc grape traces its origins to the Val de Loire region in France according to Jancis Robinson in her book "Wine Grapes". The earliest recording was in 1534 by Francois Rabelais in his book, Gargantua. As noted above, it is not clear that the vine originated in western France. Ongoing research suggests it may have descended from Savagnin. It has also been associated with the Carmenere family. At some point in the 18th century, the vine paired with Cabernet Franc to parent the Cabernet Sauvignon vine in Bordeaux. In the 19th century, plantings in Bordeaux were often interspersed with Sauvignon vert (In Chile, known as Sauvignonasse) as well as the Sauvignon blanc pink mutation Sauvignon gris. Prior to the phylloxera epidemic, the insect plague which devastated French vineyards in the 19th century, these interspersed cuttings were transported to Chile where the field blends are still common today. Despite the similarity in names, Sauvignon blanc has no known relation to the Sauvignon rosรฉ mutation found in the Loire Valley of France. The first cuttings of Sauvignon blanc were brought to California by Charles Wetmore, founder of Cresta Blanca Winery, in the 1880s. These cuttings came from the Sauternes vineyards of Chรขteau d'Yquem. The plantings produced well in Livermore Valley. Eventually, the wine acquired the alias of "Fumรฉ Blanc" in California by promotion of Robert Mondavi in 1968. The grape was first introduced to New Zealand in the 1970s as an experimental planting to be blended with Mรผller-Thurgau. Climate and geography The Sauvignon blanc vine often buds late but ripens early, which allows it to perform well in sunny climates when not exposed to overwhelming heat. In warm regions such as South Africa, Australia and California, the grape flourishes in cooler climate appellations such as the Alexander Valley area. In areas where the vine is subjected to high heat, the grape will quickly become over-ripe and produce wines with dull flavors and flat acidity. Rising global temperatures have caused farmers to harvest the grapes earlier than they have in the past. The grape originated in France, in the regions of Bordeaux and the Loire Valley. Plantings in California, Australia, Chile and South Africa are also extensive, and Sauvignon blanc is steadily increasing in popularity as white wine drinkers seek alternatives to Chardonnay. The grape can also be found in Italy and Central Europe. Wine regions Australia In Australia, particularly the Margaret River region, the grape is often blended with Sรฉmillon. Varietal styles, made from only the Sauvignon blanc grape, from Adelaide Hills and Padthaway have a style distinctive from their New Zealand neighbors that tend to be more ripe in flavor with white peach and lime notes and slightly higher acidity. Chile and Brazil In the early 1990s, ampelographers began to distinguish Sauvignon blanc from Sauvignonasse plantings in Chile. The character of non-blended Chilean Sauvignon blanc are noticeably less acidic than the wines of New Zealand and more similar to the French style that is typical of Chilean wines. The region of Valparaรญso is the most notable area for Sauvignon blanc in Chile due to its cooler climate which allows the grapes to be picked up to six weeks later than in other parts of Chile. In Brazil, ampelographers have discovered that the vines called Sauvignon blanc planted in the region are really Seyval blanc. France In France, Sauvignon blanc is grown in the maritime climate of Bordeaux (especially in Entre-Deux-Mers, Graves and Pessac-Lรฉognan as a dry wine, and in Sauternes as a sweet wine) as well as the continental climate of the Loire Valley (as Pouilly Fumรฉ, Sancerre, and Sauvignon de Touraine). The climates of these areas are particularly favorable in slowing the ripening on the vine, allowing the grape more time to develop a balance between its acidity and sugar levels. This balance is important in the development of the intensity of the wine's aromas. Winemakers in France pay careful attention to the terroir characteristics of the soil and the different elements that it can impart to the wine. The chalk and Kimmeridgean marl of Sancerre and Pouilly produces wines of richness and complexity while areas with more compact chalk soils produces wines with more finesse and perfume. The gravel soil found near the river Loire and its tributaries impart spicy, floral and mineral flavors while in Bordeaux, the wines have a fruitier personality. Vines planted in flint tend to produce the most vigorous and longest lasting wines. Pouilly Fumรฉ originate from the town of Pouilly-sur-Loire, located directly across the Loire River from the commune of Sancerre. The soil here is very flinty with deposits of limestone which the locals believed imparted a smoky, gun flint flavor to the wine and hence Fumรฉ, the French word for "smoky" was attached to the wine. Along with Sรฉmillon, Muscadelle and Ugni blanc, Sauvignon blanc is one of only four white grapes allowed in the production of white Bordeaux wine. Mostly used as a blending grape, Sauvignon blanc is the principal grape in Chรขteau Margaux's Pavillon Blanc, In the northern Rhรดne Valley, Sauvignon Blanc is often blended with Tressallier to form a tart white wine. In the Sauternes region, the grape is blended with Sรฉmillon to make the late harvest wine, Sauternes. The composition of Sauvignon blanc varies from producer and can range from 5-50% with the Premier Cru Supรฉrieur Chรขteau d'Yquem using 20%. A traditional practice often employed in Sauternes is to plant one Sauvignon Blanc vine at regular intervals among rows of Sรฉmillon. However, Sauvignon blanc's propensity to ripen 1โ€“2 weeks earlier can lead the grapes to lose some of their intensity and aroma as they hang longer on the vine. This has prompted more producers to isolate their parcels of Sauvignon blanc. Near the edge of the Chablis commune is an AOC called Saint-Bris that is gaining attention for its Sauvignon blanc production. New Zealand In the 1990s, Sauvignon blanc wines from the maritime climatic regions of New Zealand, particularly the South Island, became popular on the wine market. In the Marlborough wine region, sandy soils over slate shingles have become the most desirable locations for plantings due to the good drainage of the soil and poor fertility that encourages the vine to concentrate its flavors in lower yields. In the flood plain of the Wairau River Valley, the soil runs in east-west bands across the area. This can create a wide diversity of flavors for vineyards that are planted north-south with the heavier soils producing more herbaceous wines from grapes that ripen late and vines planted in stonier soils ripening earlier and imparting more lush and tropical flavors. It is this difference in soils, and the types of harvest time decisions that wine producers must make, that add a unique element to New Zealand Sauvignon blanc. The long narrow geography of the South Island ensures that no vineyard is more than from the coast. The cool, maritime climate of the area allows for a long and steady growing season in which the grapes can ripen and develop a natural balance of acids and sugars. This brings out the flavors and intensity that distinguish New Zealand Sauvignon blancs. More recently, Waipara in the South Island and Gisborne and Hawkes Bay in the North Island have been attracting attention for their Sauvignon blanc releases, which often exhibit subtle differences to those from Marlborough. The asparagus, gooseberry and green flavor commonly associated with New Zealand Sauvignon blanc is derived from flavor compounds known as methoxypyrazines that becomes more pronounced and concentrated in wines from cooler climate regions. Riper flavors such as passion fruit, along with other notes such as boxwood, may be driven by thiol concentrations. North America In North America, California is the leading producer of Sauvignon blanc with plantings also found in the Washington state and on the Niagara Peninsula and Okanagan Valley in Canada. Sauvignon Blanc is also grown in small regions in Ohio along Lake Erie and the Ohio River. In California wine produced from the Sauvignon blanc grape is also known as Fumรฉ Blanc. This California wine was first made by Napa Valley's Robert Mondavi Winery in 1968. Mondavi had been offered a crop of particularly good Sauvignon blanc grapes by a grower. At that time the variety had a poor reputation in California due to its grassy flavor and aggressive aromas. Mondavi decided to try to tame that aggressiveness with barrel agings and released the wine under the name Fumรฉ Blanc as an allusion to the French Pouilly-Fumรฉ. The usage of the term is primarily a marketing base one with California wine makers choosing whichever name they prefer. Both oaked and unoaked Sauvignon blanc wines have been marketed under the name Fumรฉ Blanc. California Sauvignon blancs tend to fall into two styles. The New Zealand-influenced Sauvignon blanc have more grassy undertones with citrus and passion fruit notes. The Mondavi-influenced Fumรฉ Blanc are more round with melon notes. Other regions Sauvignon blanc is also beginning to gain prominence in areas like South Africa's Stellenbosch and Durbanville and Italy's Collio Goriziano areas. It is also one of the main ingredients in Muffato della Sala, one of Italy's most celebrated sweet wines. Winemaking Winemakers in New Zealand and Chile harvest the grapes at various intervals for the different blending characteristics that the grape can impart depending on its ripeness levels. At its most unripe stage, the grape is high in malic acid. As it progresses further towards ripeness the grape develops red & green pepper flavors and eventually achieves a balance of sugars. The flavors characteristic of Sauvignon blanc come from the chemicals methoxypyrazines. Grapes grown in Marlborough's Wairau Valley may exhibit different levels of ripeness over the vineyard, caused by slight unevenness in the land and giving a similar flavor profile to the resulting wine. Sauvignon blanc can be greatly influenced by decisions in the winemaking process. One decision is the amount of contact that the must has with the skins of the grape. In the early years of the New Zealand wine industry, there were no wineries in the South Island, which meant that freshly harvested grapes had to be trucked and then ferried to the North Island, often all the way up to Auckland. This allowed for prolonged exposure of the skins and juice which sharpened the intensity and pungency of the wine. Some winemakers, like the Loire, intentionally leave a small amount of must to spend some time in contact with the skin for later blending purposes. Other winemakers, like in California, generally avoid any contact with the skin due to the reduced aging ability of the resulting wine. Another important decision is the temperature of fermentation. French winemakers prefer warmer fermentations (around 16-18ย ยฐC) that bring out the mineral flavors in the wine while New World winemakers prefer slightly cooler temperatures to bring out more fruit and tropical flavors. A small minority of Loire winemakers will put the wine through malolactic fermentation, a practice more often associated with New Zealand wines. Oak aging can have a pronounced effect on the wine, with the oak rounding out the flavors and softening the naturally high acidity of the grape. Some winemakers, like those in New Zealand and Sancerre, prefer stainless steel fermentation tanks over barrels with the intention of maintaining the sharp focus and flavor intensity. Sauvignon Blanc can be combined with a variety of dishes as it is an easy approachable wine. If we are looking for light meat, it can be suitable for chicken or turkey. Sauvignon Blanc is also excellent for seafood such as lobster, squid, and so on. It is a perfect complement to soft cheeses such as feta, chevre or buffalo mozzarella. Also for vegetable dishes that contain eggplant or zucchini and spices such as thyme or bay leaves. See also International variety References Further reading LAROUSSE Encyclopedia of WINE, Hamlyn, 2001, Taber, G. Judgment of Paris. New York: Scribner's, 2005. External links New Zealand Vintage Chart Wine News "The four faces of California Sauvignon Blanc" White wine grape varieties
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%90%EB%A1%9C%EC%BF%A0%20%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84
๊ฒ๋กœ์ฟ  ์ง€์ง„
๊ฒ๋กœ์ฟ  ์ง€์ง„()์€ ์–‘๋ ฅ 1703๋…„ 12์›” 31์ผ(๊ฒ๋กœ์ฟ  16๋…„ 11์›” 23์ผ) ์˜ค์ „ 2์‹œ๊ฒฝ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฐ„ํ†  ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์ด๋‹ค. ์ง„์›์ง€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฏธ ํ•ด๊ณก์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ณด์†Œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ง€๋ฐ”ํ˜„ ๋…ธ์ง€๋งˆ์žํ‚ค๊ณถ ๋‚จ์ชฝ ํ•ด์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” M7.9-8.5๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒ๋กœ์ฟ  ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„(, )์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์ด์‡ผ ๊ฐ„ํ†  ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ๋กœ์ฟ  ๊ฐ„ํ†  ์ง€์ง„()์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง๋„ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. 1923๋…„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฐ„ํ†  ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ•ด๊ตฌํ˜•์ง€์ง„์ธ๋ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ง„์› ๋ถ„ํฌ๋„๋„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•ด 1923๋…„ ์ง€์ง„ ์ด์ „์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฏธ ํ•ด๊ณก ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ฐ ๋ณ€๋™์€ 1923๋…„์˜ ์ง€์ง„๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฒ๋กœ์ฟ  ์ง€์ง„์ด ๋งค์šฐ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ง€๊ฐ๋ณ€๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ง„์›์ง€์ธ ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ณด์†Œ๋Š” ํ•ด์ € ์ง€์—ญ์ด ์œต๊ธฐํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜์•ˆ๋‹จ๊ตฌ์ธ ๊ฒ๋กœ์ฟ  ๋‹จ๊ตฌ(ๅ…ƒ็ฆ„ๆฎตไธ˜)๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋…ธ์ง€๋งˆ๊ณถ์€ ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์„ฌ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ ์—ด๋„์— ๋ถ™์€ ๊ณถ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—๋„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ค‘๊ธฐ ๊ฒ๋กœ์ฟ ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์—ฐํ˜ธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ง„ ๋ฐ ํ™”์‚ฐ ๋ถ„ํ™” ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒ๋กœ์ฟ  ์ง€์ง„ 4๋…„ ํ›„์ธ ํ˜ธ์—์ด 4๋…„(1707๋…„)์—๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ชจ M8.4-8.6(Mw8.7-9.3)์˜ ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ํ›„์ง€์‚ฐ์ด ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•œ ํ˜ธ์—์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ง„ ๊ฒ๋กœ์ฟ  16๋…„ 11์›” 23์ผ ์„์ถ•์‹œ ์ถ•๊ฐ(ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์—ฐํ‘œ์—์„œ ์–‘๋ ฅ 1703๋…„ 12์›” 31์ผ ์˜ค์ „ 2์‹œ๊ฒฝ), ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ฐ„ํ†  ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆผ์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” "22์ผ ๋ฐค ์ถ•๊ฐ"์ด๋‚˜ "22์ผ ๋ฐค 8์“ฐ"๋ผ๊ณ  ์ ํ˜€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€๋ฐ, ๋‹น์‹œ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ "๋ฐค ์ถ•๊ฐ"(ๅคœไธ‘ๅˆป)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์—ญ๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์ •์„ ์ง€๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  "์ถ•๊ฐ"์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด๋‹ค. ์•ผ๋‚˜๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ์š”์‹œ์•ผ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ "์•…๋งŒ๋‹น๋…„๋ก"(ๆฅฝๅชๅ ‚ๅนด้Œฒ)์—์„œ๋Š” "8๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ ์ „๋ก€์—†๋Š” ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์š”์‹œ์•ผ์Šค์™€ ์š”์‹œ์‚ฌํ† ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜คํ…Œ ํ•ด์ž์˜ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋„˜๊ฒจ ๋„˜์ณ๋ฒ„๋ ค ํ”๋“ค๋ฆด ์ •๋„"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์—๋„์„ฑ์˜ ์˜คํ…Œ ๋ฌธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ด์ž ๋ฌผ์ด ๋„˜์น  ์ •๋„๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์™€๋ฆฌ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์˜คํƒ€ํƒ€๋ฏธ๋ด‰(ๅพก็•ณๅฅ‰)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์•„์‚ฌํžˆ ์‹œ๊ฒŒ์•„ํ‚ค์˜ ์ผ๊ธฐ์ธ ์˜ค๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ(้ธš้ตก็ฑ ไธญ่จ˜)์—์„œ๋Š” "์ถ•์‹œ 2์ ์— ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ง„์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ์ ํ˜€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๊ณ ์•ผ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธด ์ง€์ง„๋™์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์ง„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฝ์ธ ๋ชจํ† ํžˆ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋…ธ์—์˜ ์ผ๊ธฐ์ธ "๊ณ ๋…ธ์— ๊ณต๊ธฐ"(ๅŸบ็…•ๅ…ฌ่จ˜)๋Š” ์ง€์ง„ ๋‹น์‹œ "ํ•œ๋ฐค์ค‘์— ํฐ ๋น›์ด ๋ณด์ผ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋น„์ณค๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณ ํ›„ ๋„์ฟ ์นด์™€๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์‹œ๋˜ ์•„๋ผ์ด ํ•˜์ฟ ์„ธํ‚ค์˜ ์˜ค๋ฆฌํƒ€์ฟ ์‹œ๋ฐ”๋…ธํ‚ค(ๆŠ˜ใ‚ŠใŸใๆŸดใฎ่จ˜)์—์„œ "๊ฒ๋กœ์ฟ  16๋…„ ๋ง์ธ 11์›” 23์ผ ํ•œ๋ฐค์ค‘์— ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋•…์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ”๋“ค๋ ธ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์ง„ ์ฒดํ—˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒ๋กœ์ฟ  ์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚  ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ์— ๋ถ„๊ณ ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ํ›„๋‚˜์ด๋ฒˆ ์œ ํ›„์ธ ์˜จ์ฒœ์— ํฐ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ง€์˜ ์ง„๋„ ์—๋„๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฏธ๋งŒ ์—ฐ์•ˆ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ฃผํƒ ๋ถ•๊ดด ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง„๋„7๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ๋„ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฏธ๋งŒ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์†Œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์“ฐ์™€ ๊ตํ† ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฒ๋กœ์ฟ  ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ง€์ง„๋™์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„์›์—ญ ๋…ผ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฏธ๋งŒ ํ•ด์—ญ์ด ์ง„์›์ง€๋กœ ํฌํ•จ๋œ 1923๋…„ ๊ฐ„ํ†  ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์˜ ๋‹จ์ธต ๋ชจ๋ธ์—๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์†Œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋‚จ๋‹จ์ด ์œต๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์†Œ ์—ฐ์•ˆ ์ง€์—ญ๋„ ์ „๋ถ€ ์ง„์›์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ถ”์ • ์ง„๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณด์†Œ ์—ฐ์•ˆ์˜ ์ง„์›์ง€๋Š” 1996๋…„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋น„์ง€์ง„์„ฑ ๋‹จ์ธต ๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฌ์ง์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์˜์—ญ๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณด์†Œ ์—ฐ์•ˆ์˜ ์ง„์›์ง€๋Š” ์งง์€ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ง€์ง„ํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ง„ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” M7.9-8.2๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์„œ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ํ•ด๋…์„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ง€์˜ ์ถ”์ • ์ง„๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ์— ์˜์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ง€์ง„์ธ๋ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ธต ๋ชจ์–‘, ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ ๊ธฐ๋ก, ์ง€๊ฐ ๋ณ€๋™ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์œ ์ถ”ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ธต ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์™€์Šค๋ฏธ ํžˆ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” MK = 6.6์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€๋žต์ ์ธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ M8.2๋ผ ์ถ”์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ธต ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” Mw8.1๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด ๋ฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ์ถ”ํ•œ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค Mt8.4, Mw8.4๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ์ค‘์•™๋ฐฉ์žฌํšŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋„์งํ•˜์ง€์ง„ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํšŒ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋‹จ์ธต ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ๋Š” Mw8.5๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”ผํ•ด ์—๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ๋ฏธํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์—๋„์„ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์œ„๋ณ‘์†Œ, ๊ฐ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋ถ€์ผ€์•ผ์‚ฌํ‚ค๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ, ๋งˆ์น˜์•ผ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ถ•๊ดดํ•˜๋Š” ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํžˆ๋ผ์“ฐ์นด์™€ ์‹œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์™€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ก์ƒํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์•„์นจ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋•…์— ์˜ค์ˆ˜์™€ ํ™ํƒ•๋ฌผ์ด ์ž”๋œฉ ์„ž์—ฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฏธ๋งŒ ์—ฐ์•ˆ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ๋ณด์†Œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ปธ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ค๋‹ค์™€๋ผ์„ฑ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์ง„ ํ›„ ํฐ ๋ถˆ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์ฒœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ์ด ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜ค๋‹ค์™€๋ผ ์˜๋‚ด์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ฃผํƒ 8์ฒœ์ฑ„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜๊ณ  2,300๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ํฐ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์นด์ด๋„์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์Šˆ์ฟ ์—์„œ ํฐ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค์Šˆ์ฟ ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋‹ค์™€๋ผ์Šˆ์ฟ  ์‚ฌ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๊ฐ€์˜ฅ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ๋“ฑ ํฐ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒ๋กœ์ฟ  ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ง€์ง„๋™์€ ํ•˜์ฝ”๋„ค๊ด€์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋™์ชฝ์€ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ์„œ์ชฝ์€ ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š๊ผˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„๋•Œ์—๋Š” ํ•˜์ฝ”๋„ค๊ด€์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋กœ ์„œ์ชฝ์€ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ๋™์ชฝ ๊ฐ„ํ†  ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š๊ผˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ฆˆ์‚ฌ๊ตญ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•ด ๊ฐ„ํ†  ์ „์—ญ์˜ 12๊ฐœ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ํ™”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋žต 37,000๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์ด ์ด์žฌ๋ฏผ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ง„ 7์ผ ๋’ค์ธ 11์›” 29์ผ ์œ ํ•˜๊ฐ(ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์—ญ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋žต 18-19์‹œ๊ฒฝ)์— ๊ณ ์‹œ์นด์™€์˜ ๋ฏธํ†  ๋„์ฟ ๊ฐ€์™€๊ฐ€์˜ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ์— ๋ถˆ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ์—๋„ ๋Œ€ํ™”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ์„œ๋‚จ์ชฝ ํ˜ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํผ์ง€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด ์„œ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด ํ˜ผ์กฐ ์ง€์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ถˆ์— ๋‹ค ํƒ€๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ง„ ํ›„ ์—ด์•ฝํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ 2์ฐจ ์žฌํ•ด๋กœ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋„์ฟ„ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋‚จ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒ๋กœ์ฟ  ์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์šฐ๋ผ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋์ž๋ฝ์ด 1.7m, ๋ณด์†Œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋์ž๋ฝ์ด 3.4m ์œต๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง„์›์—์„œ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฐ€์ด๊ตญ ๊ตฐ๋‚˜์ด ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๊ณ ํ›„ ์„ฑ ์•„๋ž˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตญ ๋งˆ์“ฐ์‹œ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋„ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•…๋งŒ๋‹น๋…„๋ก์— ๊ธฐ๋ก๋œ, ๊ฐ ๋ฒˆ์—์„œ ๋ง‰๋ถ€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด ์ดํ•ฉ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž 6,700๋ช…, ๊ฐ€์˜ฅ ํŒŒ๊ดด ๋ฐ ๋ถ•๊ดด 28,000์ฑ„์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•…๋งŒ๋‹น๋…„๋ก์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์Œ๋ ฅ 11์›” 29์ผ(์–‘๋ ฅ 1704๋…„ 1์›” 6์ผ) ๊ฐ„์กฐ๋ถ€๊ต์ธ ์˜ค๊ธฐ์™€๋ผ ์‹œ๊ฒŒํžˆ๋ฐ๊ฐ€ ์—๋„์„ฑ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋œ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ฐ ๋ณ€๋™ ๊ฒ๋กœ์ฟ  ์ง€์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์šฐ๋ผ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋์ž๋ฝ์ด 1.7m, ๋ณด์†Œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋์ž๋ฝ์ด 3.4m ์œต๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ผ ์•„ํ‚ค์“ฐ๋„ค ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ณด์†Œ๋ฐ˜๋„์˜ ํ›„๋ผ๋…ธ์™€ ์ง€์—ญ(ํ˜„ ๋‹คํ…Œ์•ผ๋งˆ์‹œ)์€ 4.7m(๊ฐ„ํ†  ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” 2.0m), ๋…ธ๋ฏธ์ž๊ณถ์€ 5.0m(๊ฐ„ํ†  ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” 1.8m), ๋ฏธ์šฐ๋ผ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌํ‚ค๊ณถ์€ 1.6m(๊ฐ„ํ†  ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” 1.4m) ์œต๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถ”์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜ค์ด์†Œ์Šˆ์ฟ  ์ง€์—ญ๋„ 2m๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ์œต๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์–ด ๊ฒ๋กœ์ฟ  ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ง„์›์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ํ†  ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์ง„์›์ง€๋„ ์ „๋ถ€ ํฌํ•จํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋‹ค ๋„ํ‚คํžˆ๋กœ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—๋…ธ์„ฌ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์œต๊ธฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด 0.7m์ธ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—”ํฌ ์›๋…„์ธ 1673๋…„์— ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ณด์†Œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์‹œ๋ผํ•˜๋งˆ์ •์˜ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ 17๋…„์ธ 1884๋…„์— ์ธก๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์ง€ํ˜•๋„์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฒ๋กœ์ฟ  ์ง€์ง„ ์ด์ „์˜ ๋ณด์†Œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ 500m ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ง€ํ˜•๋„์™€ ๊ฐ„ํ†  ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„ ์ด์ „์˜ ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๋ณด์†Œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ์ด ์•ฝ 100m ๋‚ด๋ฅ™์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์†Œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋‚จ๋‹จ์˜ ํ•ด์•ˆ๋‹จ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ฐ„ํ†  ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋†’์ด ์•ฝ 2m์˜ ์ข์€ ๋‹จ๊ตฌ ์œ„์— ๊ฒ๋กœ์ฟ  ์ง€์ง„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” 6m๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ๋„“์€ ๋‹จ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ ์œ„๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด ์ข์€ ๋‹จ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋„“์€ ๋‹จ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฒˆ๊ฐˆ๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ฐ„ํ†  ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ๊ฒ๋กœ์ฟ  ์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ง€์ง„์ด ๋ฒˆ๊ฐˆ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ๊ณ„์† ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํฌ๊ณต๊ธฐ(ๅŸบ็…•ๅ…ฌ่จ˜)์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์ง„ ํ›„ ํญํ’์šฐ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ํ™์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ค์› ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ์นจ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋„ ๊ฐ„ํ†  ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„ ๋‹น์‹œ ํ•˜๋„ค๋‹ค์—์„œ ํ›„๋‚˜๋ฐ”์‹œ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๋„์ฟ„๋งŒ ๋ถ์ชฝ์ด 30-60cm ์ •๋„ ์นจ๊ฐ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ ๊ฐ„ํ†  ๋‚จ์ชฝ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ์œต๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ฐ๋ณ€๋™์€ 1923๋…„ ๊ฐ„ํ†  ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒ๋กœ์ฟ  ์ง€์ง„์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฏธ ํ•ด๊ณก์—์„œ ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นดํŒ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ๋„๋กœ ์–นํ˜€์ง„ ์—ญ๋‹จ์ธตํ˜• ์ง€์ง„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๊ณก ๋‹จ์ธต์ถ•์€ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ํ•ดํŒ์ด ๋™๋‚จ-๋ถ์„œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์นจ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฏธ๋งŒ-๋ณด์†Œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋‹จ์ธต ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋ฉด 1923๋…„ ๊ฐ„ํ†  ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์šฐํšก๋‹จ์ธต ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ๋„๋“œ๋ผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฏธ๋งŒ์—์„œ ๋ณด์†Œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์ง€์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•„ํƒ€๋ฏธ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” 7m๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฐ๋ ค์™€ 500ํ˜ธ ์ •๋„ ์žˆ๋˜ ๋งˆ์„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ง‘์ด ์œ ์‹ค๋˜๊ณ  10์—ฌ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋งŒ ๋‚จ์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋งˆ์ฟ ๋ผ์˜ ์“ฐ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€์˜ค์นดํ•˜์น˜๋งŒ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„๋ฆฌ(์กฐ๊ฑฐ)๊นŒ์ง€ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฐ๋ ค์™€ ์‹ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ดํ† ์—์„œ๋Š” ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ•ดํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ง€์˜ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ์šฐ๋ผ 6-8m, ๊ตฌ์ฃผ์ฟ ๋ฆฌ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜ 5m, ์—๋„๋งŒ ์ž…๊ตฌ(ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋„์ฟ„๋งŒ) 4.5m ์ •๋„์ด๋‹ค. ์—๋„๋งŒ ๋‚ด์—๋„ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณ ํ˜ผ์กฐ, ํ›„์นด๊ฐ€์™€, ๋ฃŒ์ฝ”์ฟ ์—์„œ 1.5m, ์‹œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์™€, ์šฐ๋ผ์•ผ์Šค์—์„œ 2m, ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆ์—์„œ 3m, ๋…ธ๊ฒŒ์—์„œ 3-4m์˜ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฅ์ณค์œผ๋ฉฐ ์Šค๋ฏธ๋‹ค๊ฐ•์— ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฃผ์ฟ ๋ฆฌ ํ•ด๋ณ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ฅ™ 5km๊นŒ์ง€ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ€๊ณ  ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์‹œ๋ผ์ฝ”์ •์—์„œ 1์ฒœ๋ช…์ด, ์กฐ์„ธ์ด์ดŒ์—์„œ๋Š” 900๋ช…์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2005๋…„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒ๋กœ์ฟ  ๋‹จ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ์ถ” ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ ์–ด๋„ 6๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ž˜์ธต์ด ๊ฒน์นœ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด 6๊ฒน์˜ ๋ชจ๋ž˜์ธต์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ์ธต์ƒ์€ ์ ํ†  ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ์Œ“์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์ ์–ด๋„ ๊ฒ๋กœ์ฟ  ์ง€์ง„ ๋‹น์‹œ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ 6๋ฒˆ ๋ฐ€๋ ค ์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์ด ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋™ํ•ด์•ˆ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์€ 17m์˜ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์น˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด์™€ํ…Œ ๊ฐ€๋งˆ์ด์‹œ ์ง€์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€, ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹œ์ฝ”์ฟ  ๋„์‚ฌ ์ง€์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์ณค๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ์— ์ด์ฆˆ ์ œ๋„์˜ ํ•˜์น˜์กฐ์„ฌ์—์„œ๋„ ํฐ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ฆˆ์˜ค์„ฌ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™€์„  ๋ฎ์ณค๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋„ ์Œ๋ ฅ 23์ผ ์˜ค์ „ 10์‹œ ๊ฒฝ ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์„ ์•ˆ์ชฝ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชฐ์•„์ณค๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์‚ฌ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋„ ์•ˆ์„ธ์ด ๋‚œ์นด์ด ์ง€์ง„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์ ํžŒ "๋Œ€๋ณ€๊ธฐ"(ๅคงๅค‰่จ˜)์—์„œ ๊ฒ๋กœ์ฟ  ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ์—๋„ ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ถœ๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŒŒ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆํ•ด์ง„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํ˜ธ์—์ด ์ง€์ง„ ๊ฐ€๋งˆ์ฟ ๋ผ ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฏธ ํ•ด๊ณก ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฃผํ•ด ์ถœ์ฒ˜ํ•ด ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ไผŠ่—คๅ’Œๆ˜Žใ€Žๅœฐ้œ‡ใจๅ™ด็ซใฎๆ—ฅๆœฌๅฒใ€ ไปŠ็”ฐๆด‹ไธ‰ใ€ŒๆฑŸๆˆธใฎ็ฝๅฎณๆƒ…ๅ ฑใ€ใ€ŽๆฑŸๆˆธ็”บไบบใฎ็ ”็ฉถใ€ pp.281-307 ๅ›ฝ็ซ‹ๅ›ฝไผšๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใ‚ตใƒผใƒ pp.35-74 ๅ›ฝ็ซ‹ๅ›ฝไผšๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจใ‚ตใƒผใƒ pp.1-290 - ๅ…ƒ็ฆ„ๅœฐ้œ‡ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–ฐๅŽๅค่จ˜้ŒฒๅŽŸๅ…ธใฎ้›†ๆˆ pp.1-141 pp.1-27 pp.1-42 pp.84-85 pp.99-135 pp.62-84 pp.46-100 ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๅœฐ้œ‡็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€ๅ›ณๆ›ธๅฎค็‰นๅˆฅ่ณ‡ๆ–™ ๅ…ƒ็ฆ„ๅœฐ้œ‡๏ผˆๅ…ƒ็ฆ„16ๅนด11ๆœˆ23ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰๏ผป1703ๅนด12ๆœˆ31ๆ—ฅ๏ผฝ ๆฑไบฌๅคงๅญฆๅœฐ้œ‡็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€ ้ƒฝๅธๅ˜‰ๅฎฃ๏ผšๅ…ƒ็ฆ„ๅœฐ้œ‡(1703)ใจใใฎๆดฅๆณขใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ ๅƒ่‘‰็œŒๅ†…ๅ„้›†่ฝใงใฎ่ฉณ็ดฐ่ขซๅฎณๅˆ†ๅธƒ ๆญดๅฒๅœฐ้œ‡็ ”็ฉถไผš ๆญดๅฒๅœฐ้œ‡ (2003) No.19 ๊ฐ„ํ†  ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ 1703๋…„ ์ง€์ง„ 1703๋…„ ์ผ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๋™ํ˜• ์ง€์ง„ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ง€์ง„ํ•ด์ผ 1703๋…„ 12์›”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1703%20Genroku%20earthquake
1703 Genroku earthquake
The occurred at 02:00 local time on December 31 (17:00 December 30 UTC). The epicenter was near Edo, the forerunner of present-day Tokyo, in the southern part of the Kantล region, Japan. An estimated 2,300 people were killed by the shaking and subsequent fires. The earthquake triggered a major tsunami which caused many additional casualties, giving a total death toll of at least 5,233, possibly up to 10,000. Genroku is a Japanese era spanning from 1688 through 1704. Tectonic setting The Kantล Region lies at the complex triple junction, where the convergent boundaries between the subducting Pacific and Philippine Sea Plates and the overriding North American and Eurasian Plates meet. Earthquakes with epicenters in the Kanto region may occur within the Eurasian Plate, at the Eurasian Plate/Philippine Sea Plate interface, within the Philippine Sea Plate, at the Philippine Sea Plate/Pacific Plate interface or within the Pacific Plate. In addition to this set of major plates it has been suggested that there is also a separate thick, wide body, a fragment of Pacific Plate lithosphere. The 1703 earthquake is thought to have involved rupture of the interface between the Eurasian Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate. Earthquake The earthquake was associated with areas of both uplift and subsidence. On both the Bลsล Peninsula and Miura Peninsula a clear paleo shoreline has been identified, indicating up to of uplift near Mera (about south of Tateyama) and up to of uplift on Miura, increasing to the south. This distribution of uplift, coupled with modelling of the tsunami, indicate that at least two and probably three fault segments ruptured during the earthquake. Tsunami The tsunami had run-up heights of or more over a wide area, with a maximum of at Wada and at both Izu ลŒshima and Ainohama. Damage The area of greatest damage due to the earthquake shaking was in Kanagawa Prefecture, although Shizuoka Prefecture was also affected. The earthquake caused many large fires, particularly at Odawara, increasing both the degree of damage and the number of deaths. A total of 8,007 houses were destroyed by the shaking and a further 563 houses by the fires, causing 2,291 deaths. About of coastline was severely affected by the tsunami, with deaths being caused from Shimoda on the east coast of the Izu Peninsula in the west to Isumi on the east side of the Bลsล Peninsula to the east. There was also a single death on the island of Hachijล-jima about south of the earthquake's epicentre, where the tsunami was high. The total number of casualties from earthquake, fires and tsunami has been reported as 5,233. Other estimates are higher, with 10,000 in total, and one source that gives 200,000. See also List of earthquakes in Japan List of historical earthquakes References External links Seismological Society of Japan ็•ชๅท 129 Megathrust earthquakes in Japan Tsunamis in Japan 1700s earthquakes Genroku 18th-century tsunamis 1703 natural disasters Earthquakes of the Edo period 1703 disasters in Asia 18th-century disasters in Japan
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%9E%89%20737%20%EB%84%A5%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%20%EC%A0%9C%EB%84%88%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98
๋ณด์ž‰ 737 ๋„ฅ์ŠคํŠธ ์ œ๋„ˆ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜
๋ณด์ž‰ 737 ๋„ฅ์ŠคํŠธ ์ œ๋„ˆ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜(,)๋˜๋Š” ๋ณด์ž‰ 737 ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ณด์ž‰ 737 ์—ฌ๊ฐ๊ธฐ์˜ -600/-700/-800/-900 ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์ด๋‹ค. 737์˜ 3์„ธ๋Œ€์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ƒ ๋œ ์ƒํ’ˆ์ด๋ฉฐ, 1980๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ 737 ํด๋ž˜์‹(-300/-400/-500) ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์— ์ด์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์—”์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋™๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ, ํ˜‘ํญ๋™์ฒด ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ, ์ข์€ ์ฐจ์ฒด ์ œํŠธ ์—ฌ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. 1996๋…„ ๋ณด์ž‰ ์ปค๋จธ์…œ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ 737NG ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 110๋ช…์—์„œ 210๋ช… ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์Šน๊ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1993๋…„์— ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์‹œ๋œ ๋ณด์ž‰ 737NG๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด 737์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ฉด์ ์ด ๋” ํฌ๊ณ  ๋‚ ๊ฐœ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋„“์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋” ํฐ ์žฌ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ „ 737 ํด๋ž˜์‹ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ฒ„์ „์ด๋‹ค. CFM56-7์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ์—”์ง„, ๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค ์นตํ•์ด ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žฌ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์—๋Š” ๋” ํฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰(์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•)์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 1์›” 31์ผ ์ด 7,089๋Œ€์˜ 737NG ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ 6,996๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์€ -700 BBJ, -800, -800 BBJ ๋ฐ -900ER ๋ณ€ํ˜•์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์€ -800์œผ๋กœ, 2019๋…„ ํ˜„์žฌ 5,000๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜‘ํญ๋™์ฒด ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ด๋‹ค. 737NG์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๊ธฐ์ข…์€ ์—์–ด๋ฒ„์Šค A320 ํŒจ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ž‰ 737 MAX ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์ธ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žฌ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ 737NG๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, 2017๋…„์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ณด์ž‰ 737 MAX๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋””์ž์ธ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ณด์ž‰ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ธ ์œ ๋‚˜์ดํ‹ฐ๋“œ ํ•ญ๊ณต์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋ณด๋œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ด ๋ฐ”์ด ์™€์ด์–ด ์—์–ด๋ฒ„์Šค A320 ํŒจ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ณด์ž‰์€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ธ ๋ณด์ž‰ 737 ํด๋ž˜์‹ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„๋ณด๋‹ค ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ธด ์‹ ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1991๋…„ ๋ณด์ž‰์€ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž ์žฌ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•œ ํ›„, 1993๋…„ 11์›” 17์ผ์— 737 ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€(NG) ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 737NG๋Š” -600, -700, -800 ๋ฐ -900 ๋ณ€์ข…์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. NG ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์˜€๋‹ค. 737NG์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์€ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์€ ์ด์ „ 737์„ธ๋Œ€์—์„œ ์œ ์ง€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ๋ฉด์ ์„ 25%, ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ„์„ 16ํ”ผํŠธ(4.88m)์”ฉ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋๋‹ค. ๋” ์–‡์€ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ 30% ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์กฐ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ํšจ์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ CFM56-7B ์—”์ง„์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„ ์€ 737์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ 900nmi ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ํšก๋‹จ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด NG ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค‘ 10๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„ํ–‰ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. (3-600s, 4-700s ๋ฐ 3-800s.) ๊ธฐ๋‚ด ๋ณด์ž‰ 757-200์˜ ์ด์ „ ์‹ค๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ 737 ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์‹ค๊ณผ ๋ณด์ž‰ 737 ํด๋ž˜์‹ ๋ณ€์ข…์€ ๋” ํฌ๊ณ  ๋‘ฅ๊ทผ ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ—ค๋“œ ๋นˆ๊ณผ ๊ณก์„  ์ฒœ์žฅ ํŒจ๋„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณด์ž‰ 777์˜ ์„ ํƒ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 737 ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ์‹ค๋‚ด๋„ ๋ณด์ž‰ 757-300์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ ์‹ค๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ๋ณด์ž‰ 757-200์—์„œ ์„ ํƒ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด 737 ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์ธํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์–ด๋Š” ๋ณด์ž‰ 787๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋œ ์ธํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์–ด ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ž‰ ์Šค์นด์ด ์ธํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์–ด(BSI)๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ”ผ๋ฒ— ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ—ค๋“œ ๋นˆ(๋ณด์ž‰ ํ˜‘์†Œ์ฒด ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ), ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ธก๋ฒฝ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Šน๊ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์œ ๋‹›, LED ๋ฌด๋“œ ์กฐ๋ช…์„ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.๋ณด์ž‰์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด "์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๋นˆ"์€ ํ”ผ๋ฒ— ๋นˆ๋ณด๋‹ค 50% ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณด์ž‰ 737-800์ด 174๊ฐœ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ž‰์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌํ˜• 737NG ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ BSI ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ์‹œํ—˜ 1996๋…„ 12์›” 8์ผ -700 ๊ธฐ์ข…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” 1997๋…„ 2์›” 9์ผ ์กฐ์ข…์‚ฌ Mike Hewett์™€ Ken Higgins์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋น„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœํ†  ํƒ€์ž… 800์€ 1997๋…„ 6์›” 30์ผ์— ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 1997๋…„ 7์›” 31์ผ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ Jim McRoberts๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ข…ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ Hewett๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋น„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ณ€ํ˜• ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ โ€“600 ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋Š” 1997๋…„ 12์›”์— ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋œ -5500๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ 1998๋…„ 1์›” 22์ผ์— ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋น„ํ–‰์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 1998๋…„ 8์›” 18์ผ์— FAA ์ธ์ฆ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ž‰์€ 2012๋…„ 1์›” ์ƒ์‚ฐ์œจ์„ 31.5์—์„œ 35๋กœ 737 ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ 2013๋…„ ์›” 38๊ฐœ๋กœ 2014๋…„ ์›” 42๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋Š˜๋ ธ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2017๋…„์—๋Š” ์›” 47๊ฐœ, 2018๋…„์—๋Š” ์›” 52๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์›”๋ณ„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ฅ ์€ 2019๋…„์— 57์— ๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜์ค‘์— 63์˜ ๊ณต์žฅ ํ•œ๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ž‰ ๋ ŒํŠผ ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ 10์ผ ๋งŒ์— ๋‹จ์ผ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋ถˆ๊ณผ ๋ช‡๋…„ ์ „์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค. ์บ”์ž์Šค ์ฃผ ์œ„์น˜ ํƒ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” Spirit AeroSystems์˜ ๋นˆ ๋™์ฒด๋Š” 1์ผ์งธ์— ๊ณต์žฅ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ฐฐ์„ ์€ 2์ผ์งธ์—, ์œ ์•• ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” 3์ผ์งธ์— ์„ค์น˜๋ผ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 4์ผ์งธ์—๋Š” ๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด ์˜ฌ๋ ค 90๋„ ํšŒ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ ์žฅ์น˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 6์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ์— ์ง์ง“๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ 90๋„ ํšŒ์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข… ์กฐ๋ฆฝ ๊ณต์ •์€ 6์ผ์งธ์— ํ•ญ๊ณต ์ขŒ์„, ๊ฐค๋ฆฌ์„ , ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค, ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ—ค๋“œ ๋นˆ ๋“ฑ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค. ์—”์ง„์€ 8์ผ์งธ์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 10์ผ์งธ์— ์‹œํ—˜ ๋น„ํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ตด๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 2004๋…„ ๋ณด์ž‰์€ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ๊ณตํ•ญ์—์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ์šดํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณจ ํ•ญ๊ณต์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์งง์€ ํ•„๋“œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅ™ ๋ฐ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ต์…˜ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋Š” 737NG ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฐ 737-900ER ํ‘œ์ค€ ์žฅ๋น„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ 7์›” ๋ณด์ž‰์€ ๊ฐ•์ฒ  ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ 737๊ธฐ์— ๋ฉ”์‹œ์—-๋ถ€๊ฐ€ํ‹ฐ-๋„ํ‹ฐ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ•์ฒ  ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ์˜ ์žฅ์ฐฉ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ 550โ€“700ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ(250โ€“320kg) ์ค„์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.737โ€“800์˜ 737-800์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 0.5%์˜ 0.5%์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ 700ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ(320kg) ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์—ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธํƒ€ ํ•ญ๊ณต์€ 2008๋…„ 7์›” ๋ง์— ์ด ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€์ธ 737-700์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ Next-Gen 737 ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 2005๋…„ 3๋ช…์˜ ์ „์ง ๋ณด์ž‰ ์ง์›์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๊ฐœ์˜ 737NG๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด์ธ Ducommun์ด ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณด์ž‰์ด ๋ถ€์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์ฃผ์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ํŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ณด์ž‰์˜ ํŽธ์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ํ•ญ์†Œ ๋ฒ•์›๋„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํŒ๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•Œ ์ž์ง€๋ผ์˜ 2010๋…„ ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ„ฐํ‚คํ•ญ๊ณต 1951ํŽธ ์ถ”๋ฝ ์‚ฌ๊ณ , ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธํ•ญ๊ณต 331ํŽธ, ์—์–ด๋ ˆ์Šค 8250ํŽธ ๋“ฑ 737๋Œ€์˜ NG์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ 3๋Œ€์˜ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ ์ถ”๋ฝ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์—์„œ 2005๋…„ ์†Œ์†ก์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•จ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ƒ๊ณผ์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ๋กœ ํ•ด์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ํ›„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ณ ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ œ์กฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ 737NG ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ด์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์—์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์šด์˜ ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ์ธ์ฆ๋œ ์กฐ์ข…์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์šด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์ด ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณด์ž‰ ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋“œ ํ™”๋ฌผ๊ธฐ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™”๋ฌผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋งค๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ถฉ ๋ฐ ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ 2006๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณด์ž‰์€ ๋ณด์ž‰ 787 ๋“œ๋ฆผ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” 737์„ "๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ์‹œํŠธ" ๋””์ž์ธ(๋‚ด๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ "๋ณด์ž‰ Y1"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ช…๋จ)์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ต์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 2011๋…„์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ 7์›” 20์ผ ๋ณด์ž‰์€ CFM International LEAP-X ์—”์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋™๋˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด 737 ๋ฒ„์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ํ•ญ๊ณต์€ ์ด ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค‘ 100๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ, Leap-X์˜ ์ตœ์†Œ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ ๋ฒ„์ „์€ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ 737์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์—ฐ์†Œ์— 10โ€“12%์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ ๋˜๋Š” 2017๋…„์— ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ง„์ž…์ด ๊ณ„ํš๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 737-700/-800/-900ER๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ 737-7/-8/-9๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ 8์›” 30์ผ ๋ณด์ž‰์€ 737 MAX๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 737๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—”์ง„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์˜ ์ถœ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด CFM International LEAP-1B ์—”์ง„์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์—์–ด๋ฒ„์Šค A320๋ณด๋‹ค 16% ๋‚ฎ์€ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์—ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ž‰์€ 2017๋…„ 5์›” 16์ผ ๋ง๋ฆฐ๋„ ํ•ญ๊ณต์— ์ฒ˜์Œ 737 MAX 8์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ž‰ 737 MAX๋Š” ์—์–ด๋ฒ„์Šค A320neo ํŒจ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์ƒํ˜• ๋ณด์ž‰737-600 737-600์€ 1995๋…„ 3์›” ์Šค์นธ๋””๋‚˜๋น„์•„ ํ•ญ๊ณต์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1998๋…„ 9์›”์— ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด 69๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” 2006๋…„ ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ์ œํŠธ์— ์ธ๋„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ž‰์€ 2012๋…„ 8์›”๊นŒ์ง€ 737-600์„ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉํ‘œ์— ํ‘œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 737-600์€ 737-500์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์—์–ด๋ฒ„์Šค A318๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค. ์œ™๋ ›์€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ž‰ 737-700 1993๋…„ 11์›” ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์›จ์ŠคํŠธ ํ•ญ๊ณต์€ 63๋Œ€์˜ 737-700์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 1997๋…„ 12์›”์— ์ฒซ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ธ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—์–ด๋ฒ„์Šค A319์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, 737-300์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 7์›”, 1,128๋Œ€์˜ -700, 120๋Œ€์˜ -700 BBJ, 20๋Œ€์˜ -700C ๋ฐ 14๋Œ€์˜ -700W๋“ฑ ๋ชจ๋“  -700์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 6์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์•ฝ 1์ฒœ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์šดํ•ญ ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์€ ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์›จ์ŠคํŠธ ํ•ญ๊ณต, 56๋ช…์€ ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ์ œํŠธ, 39๋ช…์€ ์œ ๋‚˜์ดํ‹ฐ๋“œ ํ•ญ๊ณต์ด ๊ทธ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ -700์€ 2008๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2018๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์•ฝ 3์ฒœ 5๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ, 2003์— ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ์ค‘๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š” 2016๋…„์— 1,550๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ, 2018๋…„์— 1,200๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ๊ท€์†๋˜์–ด 2023๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 6๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ํŒ๋งค๋  ์ „๋ง์ด๋‹ค. 737-700C๋Š” ์ขŒ์„์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ™”๋ฌผ์„ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ธ” ๋ฒ„์ „์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์€ C-40 ํด๋ฆฌํผ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตฐ๋Œ€ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜์— 737-700C์˜ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ž‰ 737-700ER ๋ณด์ž‰์€ 2006๋…„ 1์›” 31์ผ ์ „์ผ๋ณธ๊ณต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฒซ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ 737-700ER(Extended Range)๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ž‰ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์ œํŠธ(BBJ)๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋˜ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋Š” 737-700์˜ ๋™์ฒด์™€ 737-800์˜ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ์™€ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 9๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณด์กฐ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ํƒฑํฌ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•  ๋•Œ, ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋Š” 10,707๊ฐค๋Ÿฐ(40,530L)์„ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 171,000lb(77,565kg)์˜ MTOW, 5,775nmi(10,695km)์˜ ํ•ญ์†๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋Š” 2007๋…„ 2์›” 16์ผ์— 24๊ฐœ์˜ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ํด๋ž˜์Šค์™€ 24๊ฐœ์˜ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์—„ ์ด์ฝ”๋…ธ๋ฏธ์„์„ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ „์ผ๋ณธ๊ณต์ˆ˜์— ์ธ๋„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 737-700์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ํด๋ž˜์Šค๋กœ 126๋ช…์˜ ์Šน๊ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—์–ด๋ฒ„์Šค A319LR๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ž‰ 737-800 ๋ณด์ž‰ 737-800์€ 737-700์˜ ํ™•์žฅ ๋ฒ„์ „์ด๋‹ค. ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ 737-400์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๊ณ , ์—์–ด๋ฒ„์Šค A320๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•œ๋‹ค. 2-ํด๋ž˜์Šค ๋ฐฐ์—ด์‹œ 162์„, ๋‹จ์ผ ํด๋ž˜์Šค ์ขŒ์„์‹œ 189๋ช…์˜ ์Šน๊ฐ์ด ํƒ‘์Šน ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. 1994๋…„ ํ•˜ํŒŒ๊ทธ-๋กœ์ด๋“œ ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ๊ทธ(ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ TUIํ”Œ๋ผ์ด)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ฃผ๋˜์–ด 1998๋…„์— ์šดํ•ญ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ž‰์ด ๋งฅ๋„๋„ ๋”๊ธ€๋Ÿฌ์Šค์™€ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ํ•œ ํ›„, 737-800์€ ๋งฅ๋„๋„ฌ ๋”๊ธ€๋ผ์Šค MD-80, MD-90 ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ณด์ž‰์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ธด ๋นˆ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์› ๋‹ค.๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, 737-800์€ ๋…ธํ›„ํ™”๋œ ๋ณด์ž‰ 727-200 ํŠธ๋ผ์ด์ ฏ์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 737-800์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น 850๊ฐค๋Ÿฐ(3,200L)์˜ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” MD-80์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์•ฝ 80%๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์Šน๊ฐ์„ ํƒœ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ด๋‹ค. ์—…๊ณ„ ๊ฐ„ํ–‰๋ฌผ์ธ ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, 737-800์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น 4.88 US ๊ฐค๋Ÿฐ(18.5 L)์˜ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํƒœ์šด๋‹ค. 2011๋…„์— ์œ ๋‚˜์ดํ‹ฐ๋“œ ํ•ญ๊ณต์€, ํœด์Šคํ„ด์—์„œ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ณด์ž‰ 737-800๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ œํŠธ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์™€ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ƒ์—…๋น„ํ–‰ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ ์ดˆ ๊ธฐ์ค€, ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ 737-800์€ 4,830๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜€๋‹ค๊ฐ€, 2018๋…„ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์—๋Š” 4,700๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 2025๋…„์—๋Š” 17๋…„๋œ 737-800๊ฐ€ 950๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ •๋„์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์›” 14๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ์ž„๋Œ€๋  ์ „๋ง์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ž‰์€ 2019๋…„ 1์›” ํ˜„์žฌ 4,965๋Œ€์˜ 737-800๋Œ€, 110๋Œ€์˜ 737-800A, 21๋Œ€์˜ BBJ2๋ฅผ ๋‚ฉํ’ˆํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 75๋Œ€์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 737-800์€ 737NG์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋‹ค. ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์ €๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ์ธ ๋ผ์ด์–ธ์—์–ด๋Š” ๋ณด์ž‰ 737-800์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์šด์šฉ์‚ฌ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ, 400๋Œ€ ์ด์ƒ์˜ 737-800 ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ, ์ค‘๋™, ๋ถ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์ „์—ญ์„ ์šดํ•ญํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ž‰ 737-800BCF 2016๋…„ 2์›”, ๋ณด์ž‰์€ 737-800BCF(Boeing Converted Freighter)๋กœ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์กฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ™”๋ฌผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ž‰์€ 55๋Œ€์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2017๋…„ ๋ง์— ์ฒซ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์กฐ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ์กฐ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” 2018๋…„ 4์›”์— ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ ์• ํ‹€๋žœํ‹ฑ ํ•ญ๊ณต์— ์ธ๋„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 737-800 ๊ฐœ์กฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ˜• ํ™”๋ฌผ์šฉ ์ถœ์ž…๋ฌธ ์„ค์น˜, ํ™”๋ฌผ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค์น˜, ๋น„ํ–‰ ์Šน๋ฌด์›์ด๋‚˜ ์Šน๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋“ฑ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. 79ํ†ค์˜ MTOW์—์„œ 1,995 nmi(3,695 km)๊นŒ์ง€ ๋น„ํ–‰์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ž‰ 737-900 (ํ˜„์žฌ ์œ ๋‚˜์ดํ‹ฐ๋“œ ํ•ญ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘๋จ) ๋ณด์ž‰์€ ์ดํ›„ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธด ๋ชจ๋ธ์ธ 737-900์„ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. -900์€ -800์˜ ์ถœ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋‹จ์ผ ํด๋ž˜์Šค ๋ฐฐ์น˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ขŒ์„ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด 189์„๋กœ ์ œํ•œ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ, 2-ํด๋ž˜์Šค ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋Š” ์•ฝ 177์„์ด๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ž˜์Šค์นด ํ•ญ๊ณต์€ 1997๋…„์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ 737-900์„ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ–ˆ๊ณ  2001๋…„ 5์›” 15์ผ์— ์ˆ˜๋ นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ -800๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ•ญ์†๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ž‰ 737-900ER ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋‹น์‹œ 737-900X๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ ธ๋˜ 737-900ER(Extended Range)์€ ๋ณด์ž‰ 737 NG ๋ผ์ธ์˜ ์ตœ์‹  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ, ๋‹จ์ข…๋œ ๋ณด์ž‰ 757-200์˜ ํฌ์ง€์…˜๊ณผ ์Šน๊ฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์—์–ด๋ฒ„์Šค A321๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์ƒ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  2-ํด๋ž˜์Šค ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ 180๋ช…์˜ ์Šน๊ฐ์ด ํƒ‘์Šน ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ผ ํด๋ž˜์Šค ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋กœ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 220๋ช…์˜ ์Šน๊ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋น„์ƒ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ญ์ œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒํƒฑํฌ ๋ฐ ์œ™๋ ›์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— -900๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ•ญ์†๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํญ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ 737-900ER๋Š” 2006๋…„ 8์›” 8์ผ ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„์˜ ์ €๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ๊ณต์‚ฌ์ธ ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ์—์–ด์— ์ธ๋„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด์˜ ๋ ŒํŠผ ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ์—์–ด๋Š” 2017๋…„ 9์›” ํ˜„์žฌ 103๋Œ€์˜ 737-900ER๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 1์›” ํ˜„์žฌ 52๋Œ€์˜ -900, 490๋Œ€์˜ -900ER, 7๋Œ€์˜ BBJ3๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 15๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ž‘์ค‘์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ์šฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ณด์ž‰ 737 AEW&C: ๋ณด์ž‰ 737 AEW&C๋Š” 737-700์ด๋‹ค.IGW๋Š” ๋Œ€๋žต 737-700ER์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค. 737NG์˜ ๊ณต์ค‘์กฐ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ๋ณดํ†ต์ œ๊ธฐ(AEW&C) ๋ฒ„์ „์ด๋‹ค. C-40 ํด๋ฆฌํผ : C-40A ํด๋ฆฌํผ๋Š” C-9B Skytrain II์˜ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” 737-700C์ด๋‹ค.C-40B ๋ฐ C-40C๋Š” ๋ฏธ ๊ณต๊ตฐ์ด ์žฅ๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ณ ์œ„ ์ง€๋„์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์†ก์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. P-8 ํฌ์„ธ์ด๋ˆ : P-8์€ ๋กํžˆ๋“œ P-3 ์˜ค๋ผ์ด์˜จ ํ•ด์ƒ ์ˆœ์ฐฐ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 2004๋…„ 6์›” 14์ผ์— ์„ ์ •๋œ 737-800ERX์ด๋‹ค. P-8์€ 737NG ๋ณ€ํ˜•์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋“œ ์œ™๋ › ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ณด์ž‰ 767-400ER ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์˜ ๊ฐˆํ€ด ๋‚ ๊ฐœ ๋์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋…ํŠนํ•˜๋‹ค. P-8์€ ๋ณด์ž‰์‚ฌ์—์„œ 737-800A๋กœ ์ง€์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ž‰ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์ ฏ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ๋ณด์ž‰์€ 737-300์˜ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์ œํŠธ๊ธฐ ๋ฒ„์ „์ธ ๋ณด์ž‰ 77-33 ์ œํŠธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํŒ๋งคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์˜ค๋ž˜๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋œ ํ›„ ๋ณด์ž‰์€ ๋ณด์ž‰ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์ œํŠธ(BBJ) ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. BBJ1์€ 737-700๊ณผ ์น˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋น„์Šทํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 737-800์—์„œ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ์™€ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 737 ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋น„ํ•ด (์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ํƒฑํฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด) ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ BBJ๋Š” 1998๋…„ 8์›” 11์ผ์— ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์–ด 9์›” 4์ผ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1999๋…„ 10์›” 11์ผ ๋ณด์ž‰์€ BBJ2๋ฅผ ์ถœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ž‰ 737-800์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ BBJ1๋ณด๋‹ค 5.84m(19ft 2์ธ์น˜) ๊ธธ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ์‹ค ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ 25% ๋” ๋งŽ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฌผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋„“์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ค„์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์กฐ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ํƒฑํฌ์™€ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋„ ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋ผ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ BBJ2๋Š” 2001๋…„ 2์›” 28์ผ์— ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. BBJ3 ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” 737-900ER ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ 1์›”, ์„ธ ๋Œ€์˜ 737-900ER ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋””์•„๋ผ๋น„์•„ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ BBJ3 ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์ œํŠธ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. BBJ3์€ 737-800 / BBJ2๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ 16 ํ”ผํŠธ ๊ธธ๋ฉฐ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์งง์€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์ด๋‹ค. ์šด์šฉ์ค‘์ธ ๊ธฐ์ฒด 2018๋…„ 7์›” ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ณด์ž‰ 737NG 6,343๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์šฉ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. 39๋Œ€์˜ -600s, 1,027๋Œ€์˜ -700s, 4,764๋Œ€์˜ -800s ๋ฐ 513๋Œ€์˜ -900s๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ์†ก ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์—๋น„์—์ด์…˜ ์„ธ์ดํ”„ํ‹ฐ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ณด์ž‰ 737 ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋Š” ์„ ์ฒด ์†์‹ค ์‚ฌ๊ณ  15 ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๋‚ฉ์น˜ 10 ๊ฑด์— ์ด 590 ๊ฑด์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” 2010๋…„ ์ถ”๋ฝํ•œ ์—์–ด ์ธ๋””์•„ ์ต์Šคํ”„๋ ˆ์Šค 812ํŽธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1959-2013๋…„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ์—…์šฉ ์ œํŠธ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ž‰์˜ ๋ถ„์„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 0.54, ์›๋ž˜ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 1.75์˜ ์„ ์ฒด ์†์‹ค๋ฅ ์ด 0.27 / 100๋งŒ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์„ ์ฒด ์†์‹ค๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ 3์›” 21์ผ ์ค‘๊ตญ๋™๋ฐฉํ•ญ๊ณต์˜ 737-800๊ธฐ์ข…์ด ๊ณ ๋„ 8,000M์—์„œ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๊ธ‰๊ฐ•ํ•˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐ์— ์ถ”๋ฝํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์›์ธ์€ ๋ถˆ๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ์› ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์—์–ด๋ฒ„์Šค์™€ ๋ณด์ž‰ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ณด์ž‰ 737 ๋ณด์ž‰ 737 AEW&C ๋ณด์ž‰ 737 ํด๋ž˜์‹ ๋ณด์ž‰ 737 MAX ๋ณด์ž‰ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์ œํŠธ ๋ณด์ž‰ C-40 ํด๋ฆฌํผ P-8 ํฌ์„ธ์ด๋ˆ ๋ณด์ž‰ T-43 ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ์—ญํ• , ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์—์–ด๋ฒ„์Šค A320 ํŒจ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ ๋ณด์ž‰ 717 ๋ณด์ž‰ 757 ์—์–ด๋ฒ„์Šค A220 / ๋ด„๋ฐ”๋””์–ด C ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ์ฝ”๋งฅ C919 ์— ๋ธŒ๋ผ์—๋ฅด E-Jets ์ด๋ฅด์ฟ ํŠธ MC-21 ๋งฅ๋„๋„ ๋”๊ธ€๋Ÿฌ์Šค MD-90 ํˆฌํด๋ ˆํ”„ Tu-204 ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ MRJ ๊ฐ€์™€์‚ฌํ‚ค YPX ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ์ด ์Šˆํผ์ œํŠธ 100 ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ชฉ๋ก ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋ชฉ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ฃผ ์„œ์ง€ Endres, Gรผnter. The Illustrated Directory of Modern Commercial Aircraft. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Company, 2001. . Norris, Guy and Mark Wagner. Modern Boeing Jetliners. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 1999. . Shaw, Robbie. Boeing 737-300 to 800. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Company, 1999. . ์Œ๋ฐœ ์ œํŠธ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ž‰ 737
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing%20737%20Next%20Generation
Boeing 737 Next Generation
The Boeing 737 Next Generation, commonly abbreviated as 737NG, or 737 Next Gen, is a narrow-body aircraft powered by two jet engines and produced by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Launched in 1993 as the third generation derivative of the Boeing 737, it has been produced since 1997 and is an upgrade of the 737 Classic (โˆ’300/-400/-500) series. It has a redesigned wing with a larger area, a wider wingspan, greater fuel capacity, and higher maximum takeoff weights (MTOW) and longer range. It has CFM International CFM56-7 series engines, a glass cockpit, and upgraded and redesigned interior configurations. The series includes four variants, the โˆ’600/-700/-800/-900, seating between 108 and 215 passengers. The 737NG's primary competition is the Airbus A320 family. , a total of 7,124 737NG aircraft had been ordered, of which 7,105 had been delivered, with remaining orders for two -800, and 17 -800A variants. The most-ordered variant was the 737-800, with 4,991 commercial, 191 military, and 23 corporate, or a total of 5,205 aircraft. Boeing stopped assembling commercial 737NGs in 2019 and made the final deliveries in January 2020. The 737NG is superseded by the fourth generation 737 MAX, introduced in 2017. Development Background When regular Boeing customer United Airlines bought the more technologically advanced Airbus A320 with fly-by-wire controls, this prompted Boeing to update the slower, shorter-range 737 Classic variants into the more efficient, longer New Generation variants. In 1991, Boeing initiated development of an updated series of aircraft. After working with potential customers, the 737 Next Generation (NG) program was announced on November 17, 1993. Testing The first NG to roll out was a 737โˆ’700, on December 8, 1996. This aircraft, the 2,843rd 737 built, first flew on February 9, 1997, with pilots Mike Hewett and Ken Higgins. The prototype 737โˆ’800 rolled out on June 30, 1997, and first flew on July 31, 1997, piloted by Jim McRoberts and again by Hewett. The smallest of the new variants, the โˆ’600 series, is identical in size to the โˆ’500, launching in December 1997 with an initial flight occurring January 22, 1998; it was granted FAA certification on August 18, 1998. The flight test program used 10 aircraft: 3 -600s, 4 -700s, and 3 -800s. Enhancements In 2004, Boeing offered a Short Field Performance package in response to the needs of Gol Transportes Aรฉreos, which frequently operates from restricted airports. The enhancements improve takeoff and landing performance. The optional package is available for the 737NG models and standard equipment for the 737-900ER. In July 2008, Boeing offered Messier-Bugatti-Dowty's new carbon brakes for the Next-Gen 737s, which are intended to replace steel brakes and will reduce the weight of the brake package by depending on whether standard or high-capacity steel brakes were fitted. A weight reduction of on a 737-800 results in 0.5% reduction in fuel burn. Delta Air Lines received the first Next-Gen 737 model with this brake package, a 737-700, at the end of July 2008. The CFM56-7B Evolution nacelle began testing in August 2009 to be used on the new 737 PIP (Performance Improvement Package) due to enter service mid-2011. This new improvement is said to shave at least 1% off the overall drag and have some weight benefits. Overall, it is claimed to have a 2% improvement on fuel burn on longer stages. Enhanced Short Runway Package This short-field design package is an option on the 737-600, -700, and -800 and is standard equipment for the new 737-900ER. These enhanced short runway versions could increase pay or fuel loads when operating on runways under . Landing payloads were increased by up to 8,000ย lb on the 737-800 and 737-900ER and up to 4,000ย lb on the 737-600 and 737-700. Takeoff payloads were increased by up to 2,000ย lb on the 737-800 and 737-900ER and up to 400ย lb on the 737-600 and 737-700. The package includes: A winglet lift credit, achieved through additional winglet testing, that reduces the minimum landing-approach speeds. Takeoff performance improvements such as the use of sealed leading-edge slats on all takeoff flap positions, allowing the airplane to climb more rapidly on shorter runways. A reduced idle thrust transition delay between approach and ground-idle speeds, which improves stopping distances and increases field-length-limited landing weight Increased flight-spoiler deflection from 30o to 60o, improving aerodynamic braking on landing. A two-position tail skid at the rear of the aircraft to protect against inadvertent tailstrikes during landing, which allows higher aircraft approach attitudes and lower landing speeds The first enhanced version was delivered to Gol Transportes Aรฉreos (GOL) on July 31, 2006. At that time, twelve customers had ordered the package for more than 250 airframes. Customers include: GOL, Alaska Airlines, Air Europa, Air India, Egyptair, GE Commercial Aviation Services (GECAS), Hapagfly, Japan Airlines, Pegasus Airlines, Ryanair, Sky Airlines and Turkish Airlines. Structural problems In 2005, three ex-Boeing employees filed a lawsuit on behalf of the U.S. government, claiming that dozens of 737NG contained defective structural elements supplied by airframe manufacturer Ducommun, allegations denied by Boeing. The federal judge presiding the case sided with Boeing, and a subsequent court of appeal also ruled in favor of the company. A 2010 documentary by Al Jazeera alleged that in three crashes involving 737NGs โ€“ Turkish Airlines Flight 1951, American Airlines Flight 331, and AIRES Flight 8250 โ€“ the fuselage broke up following impact with the ground because of the defective structural components that were the subject of the 2005 lawsuit. However, the accident investigations in all three cases did not highlight any link between post-impact structural failures and manufacturing issues. During an inspection of a 737NG in 2019 that had 35,000 flights, fatigue cracks were found on a fuselage-to-wing attachment known as a "pickle fork", designed to last a lifetime of 90,000 flights. Boeing reported the issue to the FAA at the end of September 2019, and more planes showed similar cracking after inspection. The cracks were found in an airliner with more than 33,500 flights, when it was stripped down for conversion to freighter. Aircraft with more than 30,000 flights (15 years at 2,000 flights per year) should be inspected within one week, while those with over 22,600 flights (11 years) should be inspected within one year. The FAA Airworthiness Directive (AD) was issued on October 3, 2019. Of the 500 first inspected aircraft, 5% () had cracks and were grounded; Boeing expected to repair the first aircraft three weeks after the issuance of the directive, serving as the template for the resulting Service bulletin. Of the 810 examined aircraft over 30,000 cycles, 38 had structural cracks (%), leaving 1,911 737NGs over 22,600 cycles to be inspected within their next 1,000 cycles, i. e., nearly all of the US in-service fleet of 1,930. By early November, 1,200 aircraft were inspected, with cracks on about 60 (5%). Cracks were discovered near fasteners outside the original area in four airplanes. On November 5, Boeing recommended expanding the checks to include them, to be mandated in a November 13 FAA . Aircraft below 30,000 cycles were to be reinspected within 1,000 cycles, within 60 days above. About one-quarter of the global NG fleet of 6,300 aircraft were to be inspected. Following the contained engine failure of the Southwest Airlines Flight 1380 on April 17, 2018, the NTSB recommended on November 19, 2019, to redesign and retrofit its nacelle for the 6,800 airplanes in service. Production Boeing was to increase 737 production from 31.5 units per month in September 2010 to 35 in January 2012 and to 38 units per month in 2013. Production rate was 42 units per month in 2014, and was planned to reach rates of 47 units per month in 2017 and 52 units per month in 2018. In 2016, the monthly production rate was targeted to reach 57 units per month in 2019, even to the factory limit of 63 units later. A single airplane was then produced in the Boeing Renton Factory in 10 days, less than half what it was a few years before. The empty fuselage from Spirit AeroSystems in Wichita, Kansas, enters the plant on Day 1. Electrical wiring is installed on Day 2 and hydraulic machinery on Day 3. On Day 4 the fuselage is crane-lifted and rotated 90 degrees, wings are mated to the airplane in a six-hour process, along with landing gear, and the airplane is again rotated 90ยฐ. The final assembly process begins on Day 6 with the installation of airline seats, galleys, lavatories, overhead bins, etc. Engines are attached on Day 8 and it rolls out of the factory for test flights on Day 10. Boeing stopped assembling passenger 737NGs in 2019. The last aircraft assembled was a 737-800 registered PH-BCL delivered to KLM in December 2019; the last two deliveries were to China Eastern Airlines on January 5, 2020. Production of the P-8 Poseidon variant continues. The FAA has proposed a fine of approximately $3.9 million for Boeing's alleged installation of the same faulty components of the 737 MAX on some one hundred and thirty-three 737 NGs. Further developments From 2006, Boeing discussed replacing the 737 with a "clean sheet" design (internally named "Boeing Y1") that could follow the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. A decision on this replacement was postponed, and delayed into 2011. In 2011, Boeing launched the 737 MAX, an updated and re-engined version of the 737NG with more efficient CFM International LEAP-1B engines, and aerodynamic changes with distinctive split-tip winglets. The first 737 MAX performed its first flight in January 2016. The fourth generation 737 MAX supersedes the third generation 737NG. Design The wing was redesigned with a new thinner airfoil section, and a greater chord and increased wing span (by ) increased the wing area by 25%, which also increased total fuel capacity by 30%. New quieter and more fuel-efficient CFM56-7B engines are used. Higher MTOWs are offered. The 737NG includes redesigned vertical stabilizers, and winglets are available on most models. The 737NG encompasses the -600, -700, -800, and -900 with improved performance and commonality retained from previous 737 models. The wing, engine, and fuel capacity improvements combined increase the 737's range by to over , permitting transcontinental service. The Speed Trim System, introduced on the 737 Classic, has been updated for the 737NG to include a stall identification function. Originally inhibited in high alpha scenarios, STS operates at any speed on the 737NG. STS is triggered by airspeed sensor and commands Airplane Nose Down as the airplane slows down. Interior The flight deck was upgraded with modern avionics, and passenger cabin improvements similar to those on the Boeing 777, including more curved surfaces and larger overhead bins than previous-generation 737s. The Next Generation 737 interior was also adopted on the Boeing 757-300. This improved on the previous interior of the Boeing 757-200 and the Boeing 737 Classic variants, the new interior became optional on the 757-200. In 2010, new interior options for the 737NG included the 787-style Boeing Sky Interior. It introduced new pivoting overhead bins (a first for a Boeing narrow-body aircraft), new sidewalls, new passenger service units, and LED mood lighting. Boeing's newer "Space Bins" can carry 50 percent more than the pivoting bins, thus allowing a 737-800 to hold 174 carry-on bags. Boeing also offered it as a retrofit for older 737NG aircraft. Variants 737-600 The 737-600 was launched by SAS in March 1995, with the first aircraft delivered in September 1998. A total of 69 have been produced, with the last aircraft delivered to WestJet in 2006. Boeing displayed the 737-600 in its price list until August 2012. The 737-600 replaces the 737-500 and is similar to the Airbus A318. Winglets were not an option. WestJet was to launch the -600 with winglets, but dropped them in 2006. 737-700 In November 1993, Southwest Airlines launched the Next-Generation program with an order for 63 737-700s and took delivery of the first one in December 1997. It replaced the 737-300, typically seating 126 passengers in two classes to 149 in all-economy configuration, similar to the Airbus A319. In long-range cruise, it burns per hour at and FL410, increasing to at . As of July 2018, all -700 series on order, 1,128 -700, 120 -700 BBJ, 20 -700C, and 14 -700W aircraft, have been delivered. By June 2018, around one thousand were in service: half of them with Southwest Airlines, followed by Westjet with 56 and United Airlines with 39. The value of a new -700 stayed around $35 million from 2008 to 2018. A 2003 aircraft was valued for $15.5 million in 2016 and $12 million in 2018 and will be scrapped for $6 million by 2023. The 737-700C is a convertible version where the seats can be removed to carry cargo instead. There is a large door on the left side of the aircraft. The United States Navy was the launch customer for the 737-700C under the military designation C-40 Clipper. 737-700ER Boeing launched the 737-700ER (Extended Range) on January 31, 2006, with All Nippon Airways as the launch customer. Inspired by the Boeing Business Jet, it features the fuselage of the 737-700 and the wings and landing gear of the 737-800. When outfitted with nine auxiliary fuel tanks, it can hold 10,707 gallons (40,530 L) of fuel with a 171,000ย lb (77,565ย kg) MTOW, but with a cargo payload capacity significantly decreased from , trading payload for increased range. The first was delivered on February 16, 2007, to ANA with 24 business class and 24 premium economy seats only. A 737-700 can typically accommodate 126 passengers in two classes. It is similar to the Airbus A319LR. 737-800 The Boeing 737-800 is a stretched version of the 737-700. It replaced the 737-400 and competes primarily with the Airbus A320. The 737-800 seats 162 passengers in a two-class layout or 189 passengers in a one-class layout. The 737โˆ’800 was launched on September 5, 1994. Launch customer Hapag-Lloyd Flug (now TUI fly Deutschland) received the first one in April 1998. Following Boeing's merger with McDonnell Douglas, the 737-800 also filled the gap left by Boeing's decision to discontinue the McDonnell Douglas MD-80 and MD-90 aircraft. For many airlines in the U.S., the 737-800 replaced aging Boeing 727-200 trijets. The 737-800 burns of jet fuel per hourโ€”about 80 percent of the fuel used by an MD-80 on a comparable flight, while carrying more passengers. The Airline Monitor, an industry publication, quotes a 737-800 fuel burn of per seat per hour, compared to for the A320. In 2011, United Airlinesโ€” flying a Boeing 737-800 from Houston to Chicagoโ€”operated the first U.S. commercial flight powered by a blend of algae-derived biofuel and traditional jet fuel to reduce its carbon footprint. In early 2017, a new 737-800 was valued at $48.3 million, falling to below $47 million by mid-2018. By 2025, a 17-year-old 737-800W will be worth $9.5 million and leased for $140,000 per month. As of May 2019, Boeing had delivered 4,979 737-800s, 116 737-800As, and 21 737-800 BBJ2s, and has twelve 737-800 unfilled orders. The 737-800 is the best-selling variant of the 737NG and is the most widely used narrow-body aircraft. Ryanair, an Irish low-cost airline, is among the largest operators of the Boeing 737-800, with a fleet of over 400 of the -800 variant serving routes across Europe, Middle East, and North Africa. 737-800BCF In February 2016, Boeing launched a passenger-to-freighter conversion program, with converted aircraft designated as 737-800BCF (for Boeing Converted Freighter). Boeing started the program with orders for 55 conversions, with the first converted aircraft due for late 2017 delivery. The first converted aircraft was delivered to West Atlantic in April 2018. At the 2018 Farnborough Airshow, GECAS announced an agreement for 20 firm orders and 15 option orders for the 737-800BCF, raising the commitment to 50 aircraft. Total orders and commitments include 80 aircraft to over half a dozen customers. Since early 737NG aircraft become available on the market, they have been actively marketed to be converted to cargo planes via the Boeing Converted Freighter design because the operational economics are attractive due to the low operating costs and availability of certified pilots on a robust airframe. Modifications to the 737-800 airframe include installing a large cargo door, a cargo handling system, and additional accommodations for non-flying crew or passengers. The aircraft is designed to fly up to at a MTOW of . 737-800SF In 2015, Boeing launched the 737-800SF passenger to freighter conversion program with Aeronautical Engineers Inc (AEI). The conversion can be completed by AEI or third-parties such as HAECO. GECAS was the initial customer. It has a 52,800ย lb (23.9 tonnes) payload capacity, and a range of 2,000 nmi (3,750ย km). It received its supplemental type certificate from the FAA in early 2019. In March 2019, the first AEI converted aircraft was delivered to Ethiopian Airlines on lease from GECAS. The Civil Aviation Administration of China cleared it in January 2020. Aircraft lessor Macquarie AirFinance ordered four 737-800SFs in March 2021. 737-900 Boeing later introduced the 737-900, an even longer variant stretched to . Because the โˆ’900 retains the same exit configuration of the โˆ’800, seating capacity is limited to 189, although aircraft equipped with a typical 2-class layout will seat approximately 177. The 737-900 also retains the MTOW and fuel capacity of the โˆ’800, trading range for payload. Alaska Airlines launched the 737-900 in 1997, the 737-900 made its first flight on August 3, 2000, and Alaska Airlines accepted the delivery on May 15, 2001. The type proved unpopular, with only 52 delivered, before being replaced by the improved 737-900ER. 737-900ER The 737-900ER (Extended Range), which was called the 737-900X before launch, was the final and largest variant of the Boeing 737 NG line. It was introduced to fill the range and passenger capacity gap in Boeing's product offerings after the 757-200 was discontinued, address the shortcomings of the 737-900, and to directly compete with the Airbus A321. Up to two auxiliary fuel tanks in the cargo hold and standard winglets improved the range of the stretched jet to that of other 737NG variants, while an additional pair of exit doors and a flat rear pressure bulkhead increased maximum seating capacity to 220 passengers. Airlines may deactivate (plug) the additional exit doors if the total configured capacity of the plane is 189 passengers or less. The first 737-900ER was rolled out of the Renton, Washington, factory on August 8, 2006, for its launch customer, Lion Air, an Indonesian low-cost airline. The airline received this aircraft on April 27, 2007, in a special dual paint scheme combining Lion Air's logo on the vertical stabilizer and Boeing's livery colors on the fuselage. A total of 505 -900ERs were delivered. Military models Boeing 737 AEW&C: The Boeing 737 AEW&C is a 737-700IGW roughly similar to the 737-700ER. This is an airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) version of the 737NG. Australia was the first customer (as Project Wedgetail), followed by Turkey, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States. C-40 Clipper: The C-40A Clipper is a 737-700C used by the U.S. Navy as a replacement for the C-9B Skytrain II. The C-40B and C-40C are based on the BBJ (see below) and used by the U.S. Air Force for transport of generals and other senior leaders. P-8 Poseidon: The P-8 is a 737-800ERX ("Extended Range") that was selected by the US Navy on June 14, 2004, to replace the Lockheed P-3 Orion maritime patrol aircraft. The P-8 is unique in that it has 767-400ER-style raked wingtips instead of the blended winglets available on 737NG variants. The P-8 is designated 737-800A by Boeing. Boeing Business Jet In the late 1980s, Boeing marketed the Boeing 77-33 jet, a business jet version of the 737-300. The name was short-lived. After the introduction of the next generation series, Boeing introduced the Boeing Business Jet (BBJ). The BBJ (retroactively referred to as the BBJ1) was similar in dimensions to the 737-700 but had additional features, including stronger wings and landing gear from the 737-800, and has increased range (through the use of extra fuel tanks) over the other various 737 models. The first BBJ rolled out on August 11, 1998, and flew for the first time on September 4. A total of 113 BBJ1s were delivered to customers. On October 11, 1999, Boeing launched the BBJ2. Based on the 737-800, it is longer than the BBJ1, with 25% more cabin space and twice the baggage space, but with slightly reduced range. It is also fitted with auxiliary fuel tanks in the cargo hold and winglets. The first BBJ2 was delivered on February 28, 2001. A total of 23 BBJ2s were delivered to customers. The BBJ3 aircraft is based on the 737-900ER aircraft. The BBJ3 is approximately longer than the BBJ2 and has a slightly shorter range. Seven BBJ3s were delivered to customers. Operators As of July 2018, 6,343 Boeing 737 Next Generation aircraft were in commercial service. This comprised 69 -600s, 1,027 -700s, 4,764 -800s and 513 -900s. Orders and deliveries Data Accidents and incidents The Boeing 737 Next Generation series has been involved in 22 hull-loss accidents and hijackings, for a total of fatalities, according to the Aviation Safety Network, . The deadliest occurrence for a Boeing 737NG is Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 that was shot down after takeoff on January 8, 2020 in Iran, killing all 176 passengers and crew. An analysis by Boeing of commercial jet airplane accidents in the period 1959โ€“2017 showed that the Next Generation series had a hull loss rate of 0.17 per million departures compared to 0.71 for the classic series and 1.75 for the original series. Specifications See also References Notes Citations Bibliography External links 737 page on Boeing.com 737 Next Generation|* 1990s United States airliners Twinjets
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์กด ๋ฐ€๋ฑ…ํฌ
์•จ๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์กด ๋ฐ€๋ฑ…ํฌ(, 1952๋…„ 10์›” 23์ผ ~)๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ ์„ฑ๊ณตํšŒ ์‹ ํ•™์ž์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋…ธํŒ…์—„ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์‹ ํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ด์ž ์ข…๊ตํ•™, ์ •์น˜ํ•™ ๋ฐ ์œค๋ฆฌํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ€๋ฑ…ํฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ€์ž„๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์™€ ๋žญ์ปค์Šคํ„ฐ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ž˜์Šคํผ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์นด ์‹ฑํฌํƒฑํฌ ์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ํšŒ์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ข…๊ต์™€ ์ •์น˜์—์„œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์–ป์€ ๊ธ‰์ง„ ์ •ํ†ต์ฃผ์˜ ์šด๋™์˜ ์ฐฝ์„ค์ž๋กœ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์„œ์  Theology and Social Theory: Beyond Secular Reason, 1990 โ€“ () The Religious Dimension in the Thought of Giambattista Vico, 1668โ€“1744, 2 vols., 1991โ€“92 โ€“ ( [pt. 1], [pt. 2]) The Mercurial Wood: Sites, Tales, Qualities, 1997 โ€“ () The Word Made Strange, 1997 โ€“ () Truth in Aquinas, with Catherine Pickstock, 2000 โ€“ () Being Reconciled: Ontology and Pardon, 2003 โ€“ () The Suspended Middle: Henri de Lubac and the Debate concerning the Supernatural, 2005 โ€“ () The Legend of Death: Two Poetic Sequences, 2008 โ€“ () The Monstrosity of Christ: Paradox or Dialectic?, With Slavoj ลฝiลพek and Creston Davis, 2009 โ€“ () The Future of Love: Essays in Political Theology, 2009 โ€“ () Paul's New Moment: Continental Philosophy and the Future of Christian Theology, With Slavoj ลฝiลพek and Creston Davis, 2010 โ€“ () Beyond Secular Order: The Representation of Being and the Representation of the People, 2013 โ€“ () The Politics of Virtue: Post-Liberalism and the Human Future, With Adrian Pabst, 2016 - () ์ €๋„ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ "The Body by Love Possessed: Christianity and Late Capitalism in Britain", Modern Theology 3, no. 1 (October 1986): 35โ€“65. "Can a Gift Be Given? Prolegomena to a Future Trinitarian Metaphysic", Modern Theology 11, no. 1 (January 1995): 119โ€“161. "The Soul of Reciprocity Part One: Reciprocity Refused", Modern Theology 17, no. 3 (July 2001): 335โ€“391. "The Soul of Reciprocity Part Two: Reciprocity Granted", Modern Theology 17, no. 4 (October 2001): 485โ€“507. "Scholasticism, Modernism and Modernity", Modern Theology 22, no. 4 (October 2006): 651โ€“671. "From Sovereignty to Gift: Augustineโ€™s Critique of Interiority", Polygraph 19 no. 20 (2008): 177โ€“199. "The New Divide: Romantic versus Classical Orthodoxy Modern Theology", Modern Theology 26, no. 1 (January 2010): 26โ€“38. "Culture and Justice", Theory, Culture and Society 27, no. 6 (2010): 107โ€“124. "On 'Thomistic Kabbalah'", Modern Theology 27, no. 1 (2011): 147โ€“185. "Hume versus Kant: Faith, Reason and Feeling", Modern Theology 27, no. 2 (April 2011): 276โ€“297. "Against Human Rights: Liberty in the Western Tradition", Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 1, no. 1 (2012): 203โ€“234. "Dignity Rather than Right", Revista de filosofรญa Open Insight, v. IV, no. 7 (January 2014): 77-124. "Politics of the Soul", Revista de filosofรญa Open Insight, v. VI, no. 9 (Januaryโ€“June 2015): 91-108. "Reformation 500: Any Cause for Celebration?", "Open Theology" v. 4 (2018): 607-729. Open Access. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/opth-2018-0045 ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ John Milbank ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ, 2005 John Milbank ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ, 2008 " First Things (1999) "์˜ "Self-Sacrifice์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ" ๋…ธํŒ…์—„ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์›น ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ง์› ํ”„๋กœํ•„ Milbank๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์ธ ์‹ ํ•™ ๋ฐ ์ฒ ํ•™ ์„ผํ„ฐ . 2009๋…„ TELOS ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ "์—ญ์„ค์˜ ์ •์น˜" ๋‚˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ ์•…ํ™”, ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๊ณ ๋“ฑ ๊ต์œก, 2009๋…„ 4์›” 16์ผ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์ถœ์‹  ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์ฒ ํ•™์ž ๋ฒ„๋ฐ์—„ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ์˜ฅ์Šคํผ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ€ธ์Šค ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋™๋ฌธ 1952๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์ •์น˜์‹ ํ•™์ž
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Milbank
John Milbank
Alasdair John Milbank (born 23 October 1952) is an English Anglo-Catholic theologian and is an Emeritus Professor in the Department of Theology and Religious Studies at the University of Nottingham, where he is President of the Centre of Theology and Philosophy. Milbank previously taught at the University of Virginia and before that at the University of Cambridge and the University of Lancaster. He is also chairman of the trustees of the think tank ResPublica. Milbank founded the radical orthodoxy movement. His work crosses disciplinary boundaries, integrating subjects such as systematic theology, social theory, ethics, aesthetics, philosophy, political theory, and political theology. He first gained recognition after publishing Theology and Social Theory in 1990, which laid the theoretical foundations for the movement which later became known as radical orthodoxy. In recent years he has collaborated on three books with philosopher Slavoj ลฝiลพek and Creston Davis, entitled Theology and the Political: The New Debate (2005), The Monstrosity of Christ: Paradox or Dialectic (2009), and Paul's New Moment: Continental Philosophy and the Future of Christian Theology (2010). Milbank delivered the Stanton Lectures at Cambridge in 2011. Milbank's friendship and substantial intellectual common ground with David Bentley Hart has been noted several times by both thinkers. Life Education Following his secondary education at Hymers College, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree with third-class honours in modern history from The Queen's College, Oxford. He was awarded a postgraduate certificate in theology from Westcott House, Cambridge. During his time in Cambridge he studied under Rowan Williams. He then received his Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Birmingham. His dissertation on the work of Giambattista Vico, entitled "The Priority of the Made: Giambattista Vico and the Analogy of Creation", was written under the supervision of Leon Pompa. The University of Cambridge awarded him a senior Doctor of Divinity degree in recognition of published work in 1998. Personal life Milbank was born in Kings Langley, England, on 23 October 1952. He married Alison Milbank, also a lecturer at the University of Nottingham, in 1978. Thought and views A key part of the controversy surrounding Milbank concerns his view of the relationship between theology and the social sciences. He argues that the social sciences are a product of the modern ethos of secularism, which stems from an ontology of violence. Theology, therefore, should not seek to make constructive use of secular social theory, for theology itself offers a peaceable, comprehensive vision of all reality, extending to the social and political without the need for a social theory based on some level of violence. (As Contemporary Authors summarises his thought, "the Christian mythos alone 'is able to rescue virtue from deconstruction into violent, agonistic difference.'") Milbank argues that metaphysics is inescapable and therefore ought to be critically dealt with. Milbank is sometimes described as a metaphysical theologian in that he is concerned with establishing a Christian trinitarian ontology. He relies heavily on aspects of the thought of Plato and Augustine, in particular the former's modification by the neoplatonist philosophers. Milbank, together with Graham Ward and Catherine Pickstock, has helped forge a new trajectory in constructive theology known as radical orthodoxyย โ€“ a predominantly Anglo-Catholic approach which is highly critical of modernity. Practical views Milbank explicitly supports 'socialis[t]' social organization. He has been described as 'communitarian'. Milbank has described the "legislative change" to legalize same-sex marriage as a strategy for the "extension of a form of biopolitical tyranny", arguing that "[w]here the reality of sexual difference is denied, then it gets reinvented in perverse ways - just as the over-sexualisation of women and the confinement of men to a marginalised machismo. Secondly, it would end the public legal recognition of a social reality defined in terms of the natural link between sex and procreation." He drew on James Alison to argue that "it is possible to recognise the legitimacy of faithful homosexual union without conceding that this is tantamount to marriage". Milbank also describes the medical practice of assisted suicide as "the polite, liberal Holocaust". Other views He allegedly characterised "liberation, local, โ€˜practice basedโ€™ black, feminist, queer, trans, disability" theologies as "tiresome careerist and naturally elitist bollocks. But no one serious takes it seriously." Reception Paul Hedges of S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University stated in one 2014 Open Theology article that "John Milbank's Radical Orthodoxy employs styles of rhetoric and representation of the religious Other that have clear affinities" with "ideologies" of "religious extremism and fundamentalism". Hedges wrote that Milbank's "rhetoric and judgements" suggest that "his theology is at best unhelpful, and at worst potentially dangerous." Hedges simultaneously concedes that "a different approach can be detected in his most recent writings". Nicholas Lash expressed reservations towards Milbank's views on the relation between "the sense of โ€˜powerโ€™ (Macht)" and "violence", and between "the Kingdom" and the Church. See also Theurgy Bibliography Books Theology and Social Theory: Beyond Secular Reason, 1990 โ€“ () The Religious Dimension in the Thought of Giambattista Vico, 1668โ€“1744, 2 vols., 1991โ€“92 โ€“ ( [pt. 1], [pt. 2]) The Mercurial Wood: Sites, Tales, Qualities, 1997 โ€“ () The Word Made Strange, 1997 โ€“ () Truth in Aquinas, with Catherine Pickstock, 2000 โ€“ () Being Reconciled: Ontology and Pardon, 2003 โ€“ () Introducing Radical Orthodoxy: Mapping a Post-Secular Theology, Jan. 2004, Baker Publishing Group - ISBN 978-0801027352 The Suspended Middle: Henri de Lubac and the Debate Concerning the Supernatural, 2005 โ€“ () The Legend of Death: Two Poetic Sequences, 2008 โ€“ () The Monstrosity of Christ: Paradox or Dialectic?, With Slavoj ลฝiลพek and Creston Davis, 2009 โ€“ () Veritas: Proposing Theology. S C M Press, Limited, 2009. ISBN 9780334041597 The Future of Love: Essays in Political Theology, 2009 โ€“ () Paul's New Moment: Continental Philosophy and the Future of Christian Theology, With Slavoj ลฝiลพek and Creston Davis, 2010 โ€“ () Beyond Secular Order: The Representation of Being and the Representation of the People, 2013 โ€“ () The Dances of Albion: A Poetic Topography, Shearsman Books, 2015. ISBN 9781848613959 The Politics of Virtue: Post-Liberalism and the Human Future, With Adrian Pabst, 2016 โ€“ () Philosophy: A Theological Critique, Feb. 2023 Wileyโ€“Blackwell. ISBN 978-1405182393 The Gift Exchanged: The Gift in Religion. Wileyโ€“Blackwell Jun. 2017 ISBN 978-1405154840 Some Speaking Swirls: July 2023, Shearsman Books, ISBN 9781848618930 Essays in edited volumes "Postmodern Critical Augustinianism: A Short Summa in Forty-two Responses to Unasked Questions", found in The Postmodern God: A Theological Reader, edited by Graham Ward, 1997 โ€“ () "The Last of the Last: Theology in the Church", found in Conflicting Allegiances: The Church-Based University in a Liberal Democratic Society, 2004 โ€“ () "Alternative Protestantism: Radical Orthodoxy and the Reformed Tradition", found in Radical Orthodoxy and the Reformed Tradition: Creation, Covenant, And Participation, 2005 โ€“ () "Plato versus Levinas: Gift, Relation and Participation", found in Adam Lipszyc, ed., Emmanuel Levinas: Philosophy, Theology, Politics (Warsaw: Adam Mickiewicz Institute, 2006), 130โ€“144. "Sophiology and Theurgy: The New Theological Horizon", found in Adrian Pabst, ed., Radical Orthodoxy and Eastern Orthodoxy (Basingstoke: Ashgate, 2009), 45โ€“85 โ€“ () "Shari'a and the True Basis of Group Rights: Islam, the West, and Liberalism", found in Shari'a in the West, edited by Rex Ahdar and Nicholas Aroney, 2010 โ€“ () "Platonism and Christianity: East and West", found in Daniel Haynes, ed., New Perspectives on Maximus (forthcoming) Journal articles "The Body by Love Possessed: Christianity and Late Capitalism in Britain", Modern Theology 3, no. 1 (October 1986): 35โ€“65. "Enclaves, or Where is the Church?", New Blackfriars, Vol. 73, no. 861 (June,1992), pp.ย 341โ€“352. "Can a Gift Be Given? Prolegomena to a Future Trinitarian Metaphysic", Modern Theology 11, no. 1 (January 1995): 119โ€“161. "The Soul of Reciprocity Part One: Reciprocity Refused", Modern Theology 17, no. 3 (July 2001): 335โ€“391. "The Soul of Reciprocity Part Two: Reciprocity Granted", Modern Theology 17, no. 4 (October 2001): 485โ€“507. "Scholasticism, Modernism and Modernity", Modern Theology 22, no. 4 (October 2006): 651โ€“671. "From Sovereignty to Gift: Augustine's Critique of Interiority", Polygraph 19 no. 20 (2008): 177โ€“199. "The New Divide: Romantic versus Classical Orthodoxy Modern Theology", Modern Theology 26, no. 1 (January 2010): 26โ€“38. "Culture and Justice", Theory, Culture and Society 27, no. 6 (2010): 107โ€“124. "On 'Thomistic Kabbalah'", Modern Theology 27, no. 1 (2011): 147โ€“185. "Hume Versus Kant: Faith, Reason and Feeling", Modern Theology 27, no. 2 (April 2011): 276โ€“297. "Against Human Rights: Liberty in the Western Tradition", Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 1, no. 1 (2012): 203โ€“234. "Dignity Rather than Right", Revista de filosofรญa Open Insight, v. IV, no. 7 (January 2014): 77-124. "Politics of the Soul", Revista de filosofรญa Open Insight, v. VI, no. 9 (Januaryโ€“June 2015): 91-108. "Reformation 500: Any Cause for Celebration?", "Open Theology" v. 4 (2018): 607โ€“729. Open Access. DOI: Reformation 500: Any Cause for Celebration? References External links Interview with John Milbank, 2005 Interview with John Milbank, 2008 "The Ethics of Self-Sacrifice" article in First Things (1999) Staff profile on the University of Nottingham website The Centre of Theology and Philosophy, of which Milbank is the president. "The Politics of Paradox" from the 2009 TELOS conference Lazarus Style Comeback, Times Higher Education, 16 April 2009 1952 births 20th-century Anglican theologians 20th-century English male writers 20th-century English theologians 21st-century Anglican theologians 21st-century Christian universalists 21st-century English male writers 21st-century English theologians Academics of Lancaster University Academics of the University of Nottingham Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford Alumni of the University of Birmingham Anglican philosophers Anglican universalists Anglo-Catholic socialists Anglo-Catholic theologians Christian universalist theologians Continental philosophers Converts to Anglicanism from Methodism English Anglican theologians English Anglo-Catholics English Christian socialists English male non-fiction writers English philosophers Fellows of Peterhouse, Cambridge Living people University of Virginia faculty Writers from London Political theologians Giambattista Vico scholars
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%88%EB%A6%AC%20%EB%AA%A8%EB%A6%B0%20%EC%98%A4%ED%95%98%EB%9D%BC
์ผˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ฆฐ ์˜คํ•˜๋ผ
์ผˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ฆฐ ์˜คํ•˜๋ผ(, 1988๋…„ 8์›” 4์ผ ~ )๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ, ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฟ FC์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ์ง€์…˜์€ ์œ™์–ด์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ๋„ ๋›ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 2006๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2009๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์Šคํƒ ํผ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์‚ฐํ•˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ์ธ ์Šคํƒ ํผ๋“œ ์นด๋””๋„์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ™œ์•ฝํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ๋™์•ˆ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์Šคํƒ ํผ๋“œ ์นด๋””๋„์ด ์ „๋ฏธ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ฒด์œก ํ˜‘ํšŒ(NCAA) ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ๋””๋น„์ „ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์˜คํ”„์— ์ง„์ถœํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2009๋…„์—๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ 1๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ํ™œ์•ฝ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ์„ ์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋จผ ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2009๋…„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์—๋Š” ์„ธ๋ฏธ ํ”„๋กœ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ์ธ ํŒฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์Šค์— ์ž…๋‹จํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 6๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ 4๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž ํ”„๋กœ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋“œ๋ž˜ํ”„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด FC ๊ณจ๋“œ ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ์— ์ง€๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ํŒ€์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž ํ”„๋กœ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ ์šฐ์Šน์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 11์›”์— FC ๊ณจ๋“œ ํ”„๋ผ์ด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์ฒด๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ด์ปค์Šค๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 1์›” 11์ผ์—๋Š” ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์†Œ์† ํด๋Ÿฝ์ธ ์Šค์นด์ด ๋ธ”๋ฃจ FC๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  2017๋…„ 12์›” 29์ผ์—๋Š” ์œ ํƒ€ ๋กœ์—ด์Šค FC๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 2005๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2009๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž U-17, U-20, U-21, U-23 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ 2006๋…„ FIFA U-20 ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด 4์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝฉ๊ณ  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ, ๋…์ผ๊ณผ์˜ 8๊ฐ•์ „์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ฉ๊ณ„ 2๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜์™€์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 2๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ํ‡ด์žฅ๋‹นํ•œ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ช…์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋ฐ์ž๋„ค์ด๋ฃจ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ 2007๋…„ ํŒฌ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ผ๊ณผ์ด, ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ, ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ•ฉ๊ณ„ 3๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํƒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Œ๋˜ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์—์„œ 0-5 ํŒจ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์€๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ 2์›”์—๋Š” ์น ๋ ˆ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ U-20 ์—ฌ์ž 4๊ฐœ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž U-20 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์— ๋ณต๊ท€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ํ‘ธ์—๋ธ”๋ผ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ 2008๋…„ CONCACAF U-20 ์—ฌ์ž ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด 2008๋…„ FIFA U-20 ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ๋ณธ์„ ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์น ๋ ˆ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ ๋ณธ์„ ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 2009๋…„ 12์›”์— ์†Œ์ง‘๋œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์บ ํ”„์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ  2010๋…„ ์•Œ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋ธŒ์ปต์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†Œ์ง‘๋œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์บ ํ”„์—๋„ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 3์›”์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์™€์˜ ์นœ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ๊ต์ฒด ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ 6์›” 1์ผ์—๋Š” 2011๋…„ 5์›” 14์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ์˜ ์นœ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด 2011๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ขŒ์ ˆ๋œ ๋ฆฐ์ง€ ํƒ€ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐœํƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ 2011๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต์—์„œ ์ค€์šฐ์Šน์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ธˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ  2015๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต, 2019๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์šฐ์Šน์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ํด๋Ÿฝ FC ๊ณจ๋“œ ํ”„๋ผ์ด๋“œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž ํ”„๋กœ ์ถ•๊ตฌ(WPS) ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์‹ญ 1ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน (2010) ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ 2011๋…„ ์•Œ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋ธŒ์ปต ์šฐ์Šน 2011๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ค€์šฐ์Šน 2012๋…„ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ธˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ 2013๋…„ ์•Œ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋ธŒ์ปต ์šฐ์Šน 2014๋…„ CONCACAF ์—ฌ์ž ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน 2015๋…„ ์•Œ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋ธŒ์ปต ์šฐ์Šน 2015๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์šฐ์Šน 2016๋…„ ์‹œ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์Šค์ปต ์šฐ์Šน 2018๋…„ ์‹œ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์Šค์ปต ์šฐ์Šน 2018๋…„ CONCACAF ์—ฌ์ž ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน 2019๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์šฐ์Šน ๊ฐœ์ธ ํผ์‹œํ”ฝ-10 ์ฝ˜ํผ๋Ÿฐ์Šค(Pac-10 Conference) ํผ์ŠคํŠธํŒ€ 3ํšŒ ์„ ์ • (2006, 2007, 2009) ํ—ˆ๋จผ ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ 1ํšŒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ (2009) ์ „๋ฏธ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ฒด์œก ํ˜‘ํšŒ(NCAA) ์˜ฌ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ํผ์ŠคํŠธํŒ€ 1ํšŒ ์„ ์ • (2009) ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ฆฐ ์˜คํ•˜๋ผ - ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์—ฐ๋งน 1988๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์œ™์–ด ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฌ์ž U-20 ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์Šคํƒ ํผ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ FIFA ์„ผ์ถ”๋ฆฌ ํด๋Ÿฝ ์—ฌ์ž ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2011๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2012๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2012๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ธˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ 2015๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2016๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2019๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํŒฌ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์€๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ํŒฌ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ 2007๋…„ ํŒฌ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2007๋…„ ํŒฌ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ 2020๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์กฐ์ง€์•„์ฃผ์˜ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์ธ๋ฌผ 2020๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฟ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ด์ปค์Šค์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ NJ/NY ๊ณ ์„ฌ FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2023๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelley%20O%27Hara
Kelley O'Hara
Kelley Maureen O'Hara (born August 4, 1988) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a wingback for National Women's Soccer League club Gotham FC and the United States women's national soccer team. A two-time FIFA Women's World Cup champion, and Olympic gold medalist, she previously played professionally for FC Gold Pride, Boston Breakers, Sky Blue FC, Utah Royals FC and Washington Spirit. Kelley Oโ€™Hara is a very versatile football player, she can play in a variety of positions such as Wingback, Fullback, Winger and Centreback O'Hara was the 2009 recipient of the Hermann Trophy while playing for the Stanford Cardinal women's soccer team. She competed in the 2011, 2015, and 2019 FIFA Women's World Cups, and was one of three players for the U.S. that played every minute in the 2012 Olympics women's football tournament where the team won gold. O'Hara hosts a podcast for Just Women's Sports. Early life O'Hara was born in Fayetteville, Georgia, near Atlanta to parents Dan and Karen O'Hara. She has a brother named Jerry and a sister named Erin. O'Hara has Irish heritage. O'Hara grew up in Peachtree City, Georgia and graduated from Starr's Mill High School in Fayette County where she played four years on the varsity soccer team and captained the team during her junior and senior years. O'Hara helped lead the Panthers to the 5A state title in 2006 with 20 goals and 16 assists. The team finished second in the state championships during her sophomore year. O'Hara was named Parade All-American as a junior and a senior and All-League, All-County and All-State all four years. In 2006, she was named the 2006 Atlanta Journal-Constitution (AJC) Player of the Year and Gatorade Georgia State Player of the Year. She was also named NSCAA All-American. O'Hara played for club teams, the Peachtree City Lazers and AFC Lightning before playing for the U.S. U-16s in 2004 and then joining the U-17 youth women's national team of that same year. She played on the Concorde Fire South '88 Elite that went on to win the 2007 GA U19G State Cup and advance to the Semi Finals of Regionals. Stanford Cardinal (2006โ€“2009) A two-time Parade All-American coming into her freshman year at Stanford University, O'Hara led the Cardinal in scoring in 2006 with nine goals. She repeated that feat during her sophomore year, helping the Cardinal to the third round of the NCAA Tournament. During O'Hara's junior year, Stanford advanced to the College Cup for the first time since 1993, defeating 2005 national champion Portland, 1โ€“0. The Cardinal would fall in the semi-final, 0โ€“1, to Notre Dame. As a senior, she had one of the best seasons in Division I history, scoring 26 goals with 13 assists. O'Hara's senior year ended in the 2009 College Cup, where the Cardinal lost to North Carolina. O'Hara received two yellow cards in the second half, ejecting her from the game, forcing the Cardinal to finish the game a woman down. The game ended with a score of 1โ€“0, thus marking North Carolina's twentieth National Championship. She finished her college career at Stanford with 57 goals and 32 assists, both school records at the time. O'Hara was awarded the 2009 Hermann Trophy as collegiate soccer's top player. She had been on the MAC Hermann Trophy watch list for three consecutive seasons. O'Hara was also a member of the Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority during her time at Stanford. Club career Prior to graduating from Stanford, O'Hara played for the Pali Blues of the USL W-League (semi-pro) in the summer of 2009, scoring four goals during her tenure with the club. WPS: FC Gold Pride, Boston Breakers (2010โ€“2011) O'Hara was drafted third overall by FC Gold Pride at the 2010 WPS Draft. In addition to the close proximity of home stadium Pioneer Stadium to O'Hara's alma mater Stanford University, O'Hara had previously worked with FC Gold Pride head coach Albertin Montoya when he served as an assistant coach at Stanford University in 2008. The team dominated the season finishing first during the regular season after defeating the Philadelphia Independence 4โ€“1 with goals from O'Hara, Christine Sinclair and Marta. As the regular season champion, the team earned a direct route to the championship playoff game where they faced the Philadelphia Independence. During the final, FC Gold Pride defeated the Independence 4โ€“0 to clinch the WPS Championship. Despite their successful season, the club ceased operations on November 16, 2010, due to not meeting the league's financial reserve requirement. After FC Gold Pride folded in November 2010, O'Hara was signed by the Boston Breakers. She scored 10 goals during her two seasons in the WPS playing primarily as an outside midfielder. On January 5, 2012, it was announced O'Hara would be going back to her hometown because she had signed with the Atlanta Beat. However, the league folded just before the 2012 season began. NWSL: Sky Blue FC, 2013โ€“2017 On January 11, 2013, O'Hara joined Sky Blue FC in the new National Women's Soccer League. Because the club's head coach, Jim Gabarra, played O'Hara as a forward, she reverted to a role she filled with success in college. Over her career at Sky Blue, O'Hara has been played in several roles including forward, winger, right-back, and central midfielder. Utah Royals FC, 2017โ€“2020 On December 29, 2017, O'Hara was traded to Utah Royals FC. Due to a hamstring injury, O'Hara only appeared in 8 games for Utah in 2018. O'Hara contributed to Utah's first-ever franchise win, scoring a goal in the team's 2โ€“0 victory over the Washington Spirit in May 2018. Utah finished the season in 5th place, just 2 points shy of making the playoffs. O'Hara underwent ankle surgery after the 2018 season. In 2019, she made only 2 starts in 4 appearances for Utah due to injuries and World Cup duties. She was still recuperating from an off-season ankle injury at the start of the NWSL season and saw limited minutes as a substitute in two late-April games. Following her World Cup win, O'Hara started in two games for Utah at the end of July, notching an assist in the team's 2โ€“2 draw against Portland. She was named to the 2019 NWSL second XI. O'Hara played only 65 minutes for the Royals in the abbreviated 2020 NWSL season. She was still recovering from an injury at the start of the Challenge Cup and did not dress for the first few games. She saw limited minutes in Utah's July 13 game against Chicago and the July 18 game against Houston. Starting in August 2020, rumors of a O'Hara trade to the Washington Spirit began to circulate and O'Hara announced in August that she would opt out of the 2020 NWSL Fall Series, set to begin in early September. Washington Spirit, 2021โ€“2022 O'Hara's trade to the Spirit was officially announced on December 2, 2020. The deal sent $75,000 in allocation money to the Utah Royals and a 2022 first round draft pick. The Spirit won their first NWSL Championship on Saturday November 20, 2021, when they defeated the Chicago Red Stars, 2โ€“1 in extra-time at Lynnn Family Stadium in Louisville, Kentucky. O'Hara scored the winning goal in the 97th minute of the game. NJ/NY Gotham FC, 2023โ€“present On January 25, 2023, O'Hara signed with NJ/NY Gotham FC. International career Youth national teams (2005โ€“2010) O'Hara represented the United States in various youth national teams from 2005 through 2010. She scored 24 goals in her 35 under-20 caps, the third-most ever for a U.S. player in the U-20 age group. She was a member of the fourth-place United States U-20 women's national soccer team that competed in the 2006 FIFA U-20 Women's World Championship in Russia. O'Hara scored two goals in the tournament: one against the Congo (for which game she was named FIFA's player of the match) and one against Germany. She was also the first player in the tournament to be ejected from a game, having picked up two yellow cards in the game against Argentina. O'Hara rejoined the U-20 national team at the 2007 Pan American Games. She scored four goals in the women's football tournament, against Paraguay, Panama, and Mexico. The United States, which only sent their U-20 women to the tournament, would fall in the final game, 0โ€“5, to a full-strength Brazilian senior team featuring Brazilian powerhouse, Marta. In February 2008, O'Hara returned to the U-20 women's national team to play in the U-20 Four Nations Tournament in Chile. Her last appearance for the U-20 team occurred in July 2008, at the 2008 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship in Puebla, Mexico. O'Hara helped the U-20 team qualify for the 2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup in Chile. She did not play in the U-20 World Cup, instead remaining with her college team in its NCAA postseason campaign. Senior national team (2008โ€“present) She was called into the senior national team's training camp in December 2009 and attended the January 2010 training camp in the lead-up to the 2010 Algarve Cup. O'Hara earned her first senior national team cap in March 2010, coming in as a substitute during a friendly match against Mexico. 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup After falling short of making the 21 player World Cup roster, O'Hara was called up to replace Lindsay Tarpley who tore her ACL in a send-off match against Japan on May 14, 2011. O'Hara earned just one cap at right midfield in the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup in the final group stage game against Sweden. The United States went on to win the silver medal in that tournament. 2012 Olympics Throughout her national U-20s, collegiate, and club career, O'Hara was one of the top young offensive players in the United States, but under head coach Pia Sundhage, O'Hara was converted to play outside back in 2012 after teammate Ali Krieger went down with an ACL injury in the 2012 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament. Against Guatemala on January 22, 2012, in the Olympic Qualifiers, she made her first start at left back and registered three assists. O'Hara made her first start at right back against Costa Rica in the match that qualified the United States for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. O'Hara played in every minute of the United States' gold medal run, one of three American players to do so. 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup In the United States' first four games of the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, O'Hara did not see any playing time. O'Hara made her first start of the tournament in the quarter-final game against China PR. She was replaced by Christen Press in the 61st minute. O'Hara scored her first career international goal in the United States' 2โ€“0 victory over Germany in the semi-final. In the final against Japan, O'Hara entered the game in the 61st minute to replace Megan Rapinoe. The United States went on to defeat Japan 5โ€“2, winning the first World Cup title since 1999 and the third overall World Cup title for the United States since the inaugural Women's World Cup in 1991. 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup Despite injuries which kept her from playing regularly for the United States in the year leading up to the World Cup, O'Hara was named to Jill Ellis' roster for the 2019 FIFA World Cup in France. She played in five of the United States' seven games and appeared in all knockout stage games. In the team's opening game against Thailand, O'Hara crossed the ball to Alex Morgan in the 12th minute who converted O'Hara's service to notch the team's first goal of the tournament. The U.S. went on to beat Thailand 13โ€“0. O'Hara made her second assist of the tournament in the semifinal against England when she delivered a cross from the right flank to Christen Press whose 10th minute goal put the U.S. in the lead. O'Hara started in the final against the Netherlands but was substituted at halftime due to a collision just before the break with the Dutch winger Lieke Martens. The U.S. won the match 2โ€“0 and O'Hara won her second World Cup. 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup On June 21, 2023, Vlatko Andonovski named O'Hara to the United States squad for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup in Australia, her fourth World Cup tournament. She made her tournament debut in the 84th minute of the group-stage opener against Vietnam. While she did not feature in the next two games against the Netherlands and Portugal, she made her next appearance during the game against Sweden, coming on in the last minute of extra time before the penalty shootout. O'Hara was the third U.S. player to miss her penalty shot, and Sweden advanced on penalties, eliminating the U.S. from the World Cup in the Round of 16. Endorsements O'Hara has appeared in multiple commercials and advertisements for Under Armour. In 2015, she appeared in television commercials and promotional materials promoting chocolate milk on behalf of the National Fluid Milk Processor Promotion Board. Podcast In July 2020, O'Hara launched a podcast with sports website Just Women's Sports. The podcast was rebranded as The Players' Pod in April 2022. Website founder Haley Rosen had asked O'Hara to join the advisory board. O'Hara said that she instead asked to host their podcast because she'd "always thought hosting a podcast would be fun." O'Hara says her goal is to generate "open, candid conversations" about the lives of athletes, particularly female athletes. Personal life O'Hara was one of many out LGBT athletes to compete in the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup in France. As of 2019, during her off-season, she resides with her partner, Kameryn Stanhouse, in Washington, D.C. She got engaged to Stanhouse on New Year's Eve 2022. Career statistics Club International Scores and results list United States's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each O'Hara goal. Honors FC Gold Pride WPS Championship: 2010 Washington Spirit NWSL Championship: 2021 United States U20 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship runner-up: 2008 United States FIFA Women's World Cup: 2015, 2019, runner-up: 2011 Olympic Gold Medal: 2012 Olympic Bronze Medal: 2020 CONCACAF Women's Championship: 2014; 2018; 2022 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament: 2012; 2016; 2020 SheBelieves Cup: 2016; 2018; 2020, 2021; 2022 Algarve Cup: 2011, 2013, 2015 Four Nations Tournament: 2011 Individual Pac-10 Conference First-Team: 2006, 2007, 2009 U.S. Soccer Young Female Athlete of the Year Finalist: 2007, 2009 Hermann Trophy Winner: 2009 NCAA All-American First-Team: 2009 ESPN Academic All-America First-Team: 2009 Georgia Sports Hall of Fame: Inducted February 22, 2020. O'Hara was the youngest person ever inducted and first soccer player to be inducted. IFFHS CONCACAF Woman Team of the Decade 2011โ€“2020 FIFPro Women's World XI: 2019 See also List of Olympic medalists in football List of Stanford University people CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship Soccer America Player of the Year Award Honda Sports Award References Match report Further reading Grainey, Timothy (2012), Beyond Bend It Like Beckham: The Global Phenomenon of Women's Soccer, University of Nebraska Press, Killion, Ann (2018), Champions of Women's Soccer, Penguin, Lisi, Clemente A. (2010), The U.S. Women's Soccer Team: An American Success Story, Scarecrow Press, Lloyd, Carli and Wayne Coffey (2016), When Nobody was Watching: My Hard-fought Journey to the Top of the Soccer World, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Murray, Caitlin (2019), The National Team: The Inside Story of the Women Who Changed Soccer, Abrams, Stevens, Dakota (2011), A Look at the Women's Professional Soccer Including the Soccer Associations, Teams, Players, Awards, and More, BiblioBazaar, External links Kelley O'Hara profile at National Women's Soccer League Kelley O'Hara profile at Washington Spirit Just Women's Sports podcast (host) 1988 births Living people American women's soccer players 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup players 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup players American people of Irish descent Boston Breakers players FC Gold Pride players FIFA Women's Century Club FIFA Women's World Cup-winning players Footballers at the 2007 Pan American Games Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics Footballers at the 2020 Summer Olympics Hermann Trophy women's winners LGBT association football players LGBT people from Georgia (U.S. state) American LGBT sportspeople Lesbian sportswomen Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics National Women's Soccer League players Olympic gold medalists for the United States in soccer Pali Blues players Pan American Games medalists in football Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States Sportspeople from Fayetteville, Georgia NJ/NY Gotham FC players Soccer players from Georgia (U.S. state) Stanford Cardinal women's soccer players United States women's international soccer players United States women's under-20 international soccer players USL W-League (1995โ€“2015) players Utah Royals FC players Women's association football forwards Women's association football midfielders Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in soccer Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics Women's Professional Soccer players Washington Spirit players 21st-century American sportswomen American LGBT soccer players
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๋ ˆ๊ณ  ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰
๋ ˆ๊ณ  ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰์€ 1977๋…„์— ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •๊ตํ•œ ๋ ˆ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” 'EXPERT BUILD'๋กœ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ํ›„์— 'TECHNIC'์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ธŒ๋ฆญ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋น” ์ถ• ๊ธฐ์–ด๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์กด๊ณผ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ ˆ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ฐจํ›„ ๊ณต์••๊ณผ ๋ชจํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋”์šฑ ์‹ค๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ์œ„์— ๋งํ•˜๋“ฏ ๋ผ์šฐ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ธŒ๋ฆญ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์š”์ฒ ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์Šคํ„ฐ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น”๊ณผ ํ•€๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•  ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ยท๊ธฐ์–ด ์ถ• : ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ์ข… ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ์˜ ํ†ฑ๋‹ˆ๋ฐ”ํ€ด(๊ธฐ์–ด)์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถ•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ยทํŒŒ์›Œ ํŽ‘์…˜ : ๊ธฐ์ฐจ, ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰, ์ „๋™ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ๋“ฑ์— ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋ชจํ„ฐ. ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌํŒฉ, ์ „์„ , ๋ชจํ„ฐ, LED, ์„ผ์„œ, ์กฐ์ข…๊ธฐ, ๋ธŒ๋ฆญ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ถ€๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ชจํ„ฐ์—๋Š” M, XL, L, ์„œ๋ณด๋ชจํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. M๋ชจํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋น ๋ฅธ ํšŒ์ „๋ ฅ, XL๋ชจํ„ฐ๋Š” ํฐ ํž˜, L๋ชจํ„ฐ๋Š” ํฐ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์„œ๋ณด๋ชจํ„ฐ๋Š” 90ยฐ์”ฉ ํšŒ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์กฐํ–ฅ๋ถ€์— ์ด์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค ยท๊ณต์•• ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ : ๋ชจํ„ฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ณผ ๋ณ„๊ฐœ๋กœ ์‹ค์ œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์€ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณต์•• ์ œํ’ˆ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ์ด๋Š” ๊ณต์•• ๋ผ์ธ, ํŽŒํ”„, ํƒฑํฌ ์•ก์ธ„์—์ดํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋…„๋„๋ณ„ ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ์ œํ’ˆ 1977~1981 [EXPERT BUILD] ยท1977~1978๋…„๋„ : ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰ ์„ธํŠธ๋กœ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์ฒซ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ์–ด๊ตฌ๋™ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์–ด์™€ ์ฐจ์ถ•, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ถ•์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ๋šซ๋ฆฐ ๋น”๊ณผ ํŒ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1~2๋…„๋™์•ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„  ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ  "EXPERT BUILDER"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ ธ๋‹ค. 850 Forklift, 851 Farm Tractor, 852 Sky Copter, 853 Auto Chassis, 854 Go Cart, 855 Mobile Crane ยท1979๋…„๋„ : ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ถˆ๋„์ €์™€ ์˜คํ† ๋ฐ”์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ด ๋‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ,๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์žฅ์„ ์—ฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ข…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ธฐ์–ด์™€ ๋น”์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ธ ์ด์ „๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์ฐจ๋ณ„๋˜๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฐ” ๋งํฌ์™€ ๋ž™์˜ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ด ํŠน์ง•, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฒด์ธ๋งํฌ ์™€ ํŠธ๋ž™ ๋งํฌ์˜ ๋„์ž…์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค 856 Bulldozer, 857 Motorcycle ยท1980๋…„๋„ : 'new' car shassis ๋ชจ๋“ ๋ฉด์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ธŒ๋ฆญ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์—”์ง„๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋งŒ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋”์šฑ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์™„ํ™”์žฅ์น˜[์‡ฝ] ์ฐจ๋“ฑ๊ธฐ์–ด ๋ฒ ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 858/8858 Engines, 8860 Auto Chassis ยท1981๋…„๋„ : ์ฒซํ•ด์ดํ›„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ธŒ๋ฆญ์˜ ๋ผ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋งˆ์ฐฐํ•€ ์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1/2ํ•€๊ณผ ์กฐํ–ฅ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŒŒ์ธ ๋“ค์˜ ๋„์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์ปดํŽ™ํŠธํ•œ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 8844 Helicopter, 8845 Dune Buggy, 8846 Tow Truck, 8848 Power Truck, 8859 Harvester 1982~~[TECHNIC] ยท1982๋…„๋„ : ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•œ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ชจํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ 'ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ„์— ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋“ฏ 4.5v ์‹ ํ˜•๋ชจํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” '๋งˆ์ฐฐํ•€'๊ณ ์ • ํ˜•์‹์ด ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8030 Universal Building Set, 8050 Motorized Universal Building Set, 8090 Universal Building Set ยท1983๋…„๋„ : ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š”์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ์—๋„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ํฐ์ƒ‰ ๋น”์ด ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ฌด๋ง์„ ๊ปด์„œ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋กœ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ํ’€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค 1924 Motorcycle, 8841 Desert Racer, 8847 Dragster ยท1984๋…„๋„ : 1์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ณต์••์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ ์ฒซ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฒ”์šฉ ์„ธํŠธ์˜ ๋„์ž…์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณต์••์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํฌํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ์ด ๋”ํฐ ํ˜ธ์‘์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. [๊ณต์••์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋Š” ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ œํ’ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ง„๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ] ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต์••์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณต์•• ์•ก์ธ„์—์ดํ„ฐ, ํŽŒํ”„, ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋ธ”๋Ÿญ, ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋“ฑ์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8020 Universal Building Set, 8040 Pneumatic Universal Building Set, 8843 Forklift, 8851 Excavator, ยท1985๋…„๋„ : ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ณต์••์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋„์ž…๋˜๋Š” ํŒŒ์ธ ๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1972 Go Cart ยท1986๋…„๋„ : ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์— 8๊ฐœ์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ 2๊ฐœ๋Š” ๋ฒ”์šฉ ์„ธํŠธ, 2๊ฐœ ํ‘œ์ค€ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰ ์„ธํŠธ, ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 4๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ๊ทน์•ก์…˜์„ธํŠธ์ด๋‹ค. [๋”ฐ๋กœ ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์งˆ์ •๋„์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ] ๊ณต์•• ์ถœ์‹œํ›„ ์ฒซ ์ •์‹ ์ œํ’ˆ ์ถœ์‹œ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถ๊ทน๊ธฐ์ง€ ํ•œ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณค ๋ชจํ„ฐ ์žฅ์ฐฉ์ด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํฐ์ƒ‰ ๋น”์ด ๋ถ๊ทน ์•ก์…˜์•  ๋‹ค๋Ÿ‰ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ ˆ๊ณ  ํ”ผ๊ทœ์–ด ๋ณด๋‹คํฐ 'ํ…Œํฌ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด' ํ”ผ๊ทœ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ธ”๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๋กœํ„ฐ, ์›œ๊ธฐ์–ด ๋“ฑ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์ด ๊ฐ™์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค 8035 Universal Building Set, 8055 Motorized Universal Building Set, 8842 Go Cart, 8849 Tractor, 8620 Snow Scooter, 8640 Polar Copter, 8660 Arctic Rescue Unit, 8680 Mountain Rescue Base ยท1987๋…„๋„ : 1985์ดํ›„ ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ๋งŒ์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์—ญ์‹œ ์ „๋…„๋„์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ œํ’ˆ๊ตฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 8852 - Robot ยท1988๋…„๋„ : ์„œ์ŠคํŽœ์…˜๊ณผ ์Šคํ‹ฐ์–ด๋ง์˜ ํ˜๋ช… ์ด๋ฒˆ์˜ ' ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ์นด ' ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• ๋”๋ธ”์œ„์‹œ๋ณธ, 3๋‹จ ํŠธ๋žœ์Šค ๋ฏธ์…˜ , ๋””ํผ๋Ÿฐ์…œ๋“ฑ ์ข€๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์—ฌ๋‹ด์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ํ”ผ์Šคํ†ค์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ํ•ด์ด๋‹ค] ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ”Œ๋ ‰์Šค ์Šคํ‹ฐ์–ด๋ง ๊ณผ ์œ„์— ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋”๋ธ”์œ„์‹œ๋ณธ ํŒŒ์ธ  ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8832 Roadster, 8853 Excavator, 8855 Prop Plane, 8865 Test Car ยท1989๋…„๋„ : 'ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰์˜ ํ•ด' [๊ณต์••์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ] ์ด๋ฒˆ๋…„์—๋Š” 7๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ถœ์‹œ ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด์ค‘ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ”์šฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์••, ๋ชจํ„ฐ,๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ๋“ฑ ์„ ๋‹ด์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ธ ๊ตด์ฐฉ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ถœ์‹œ [์กฐํ–ฅ, ์ „๋ฉด ๋ฆฌํ”„ํŒ… ๋ฐ ๋คํ•‘ ๋ฒ„ํ‚ท, ๋Ÿฌํ•‘ ๋ถ, ์ง€๋ธŒ, ๋ฒ„ํ‚ท์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ํ›„๋ฐฉ ๊ณต์•• ๊ตด์ฐฉ๊ธฐ, ์Šฌ๋ง ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜„์™ธ ์žฅ์น˜] ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณต์•• ์•ก์ธ„์—์ดํ„ฐ, ํŽŒํ”„, ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์™€ ๋ฆฌํ”„ํŠธ์•” ์„ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค 8024 Universal Building Set, 8034 Universal Building Set, 8044 Pneumatic Universal Building Set, 8054 Motorized Universal Building Set, 8835 Forklift, 8854 Power Crane, 8862 Backhoe Grader ยท1990๋…„๋„ : ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด 9V ๋ชจํ„ฐ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์— ๋ชจํ„ฐ 3๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ปจํŠธ๋กค ์„ผํ„ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์ปจํŠธ๋กค ์„ผํ„ฐ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ์ด๋Š” 4๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋ฒ”์šฉ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ„์— ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋“ฏ 9V๋ชจํ„ฐ,๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ์ปจํŠธ๋กค๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ์—”์ง„ ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๋”์—์„œ ๋‘ฅ๊ทผ ์—”์ง„ ์‹ค๋ฆฐํ„ฐ ,์ปค๋„ฅํŒ… ๋กœ๋“œ , ํ”ผ์Šคํ†ค์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋งˆ์ฐฐํ•€์˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™”, ํ„ดํ…Œ์ด๋ธ” ํŒŒ์ธ ,์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํƒ€์ด์–ด์˜ ๋„์ž…์ด์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8064 Motorized Universal Building Set, 8094 Control Center, 8825 Night Chopper, 8830 Rally 6-Wheeler, 8840 Rally Shock 'n' Roll Racer, 8850 Rally Off Roader ยท1991๋…„๋„ : ์ด๋ฒˆ๋…„๋„์—๋Š ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด 6๊ฐœ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค ์ „๋…„๋„์˜ ๋ชจํ„ฐ,๊ณต์•• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—†์ด ์ด์ „๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” ์•ก์…˜์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ข€๋” ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋œ ์˜คํ† ๋ฐ”์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ„์—์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜คํ† ๋ฐ”์ด ๋ฐ”ํ€ด,์‡ฝ ์—…์†Œ๋ฒ„ ,์™€ ๋ฐ€๊ณ ๋‹น๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ€์ด๋ธ”์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์ผ€์ด๋ธ”์€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ์ปค๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•ด ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค] 8074 Universal Building Set, 8810 Cafe Racer, 8815 Speedway Bandit, 8820 Mountain Rambler, 8838 Shock Cycle, 8856 Whirlwind Rescue ยท1992๋…„๋„ : ์ด๋ฒˆ๋…„๋„์—๋Š” ํฐ 3๊ฐœ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ 2๊ฐœ ์ž‘์€ 1๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด 6๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํฐ๋ชจ๋ธ์ค‘ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ 8868 ๊ณต์•• ์ง‘๊ฒŒ ๊ตด์ฐฉ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์••์ถ•๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ด์ค‘ ๊ณต์••์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋…„๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค์€ ์ ์  ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ์—” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต์•• ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๋”์™€ ํŽŒํ”„๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8826 ATX Sport Cycle, 8828 Front End Loader, 8836 Sky Ranger, 8837 Pneumatic Excavator, 8839 Supply Ship, 8868 Air Tech Claw Rig ยท1993๋…„๋„ : ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰์˜ ๊ณผ๋„๊ธฐ ์ด๋ฒˆ์˜ 7์„ธํŠธ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅํฐ ์„ธํŠธ๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค๋กœ ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ํฐ์ƒ‰ ๋ชจ๋ธ, ๊ณต์•• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ,๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ชจํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ปจํŠธ๋กค ์„ธํŠธ,ํฐ ์˜คํ† ๋ฐ”์ด๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฌ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰์˜ ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜คํ† ๋ฐ”์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์—๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํฐ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ž‘์€ 9V ๋ชจํ„ฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ด๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์•ˆ๊ฒจ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ณตํšŒ์ „ ๊ธฐ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8022 Technic Starter Set, 8042 Pneumatic Universal Building Set, 8082 Multi Control Set, 8818 Baja Blaster, 8824 Hovercraft, 8857 Street Chopper, 8872 Forklift Transporter ยท1994๋…„๋„ : ์Šˆํผ์นด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํ•ด์˜€๋‹ค ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์—†์ด ์ด 8๊ฐœ์˜ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”์šฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ด๋ฒˆ๋…„๋„๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ณ„์„ ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅํฐ ํ˜ธ์‘์„ ๋ฐ›์€ 8880์„ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋„˜๋ฒ„๋ง ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. [์—ฌ๋‹ด์œผ๋กœ 8880์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด๋ผ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค] ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ํƒ€์ด์–ด์™€ ์Šคํ‹ฐ์–ด๋ง ์ฐจ๋™๊ธฐ์–ด ํŒŒ์ธ ์™€ ๊ณตํšŒ์ „ ๊ธฐ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋™๊ธฐ์–ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8032 Universal Building Set, 8062 Universal Building Set, 8808 F-1 Racer, 8812 Aero Hawk II, 8816 Off-Road Rambler, 8829 Dune Blaster, 8858 Rebel Wrecker, 8880 Super Car ยท1995๋…„๋„ : ์ถœ์‹œ์ดํ›„ ๊ฐ–์•„๋งŽ์€ 9๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ์ด๋ฒˆ๋…„์—๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ , ์กฐ๋ฆฝ ๊ฐœ๋…, ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8200๋ฒˆ๋Œ€๋Š” 'ํ…Œํฌ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด' ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰ ํ”ผ๊ทœ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ž‘์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค์ด๊ณ  8400๋ฒˆ๋Œ€๋Š” 'ํ…Œํฌ ๋นŒ๋“œ' ๋”๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค [์ด๋ฒˆ๋…„๋„์˜ ์—ญ์ž‘์ธ 8485 ์ปจํŠธ๋กค ์„ผํ„ฐ 2๋Š” 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ˆ˜์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฒ”์šฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด๋ผ ์นญํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.] ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜จ๋กœ๋“œ ํƒ€์ด์–ด, ์ข€๋” ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค์น˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์–ด๋ฐ•์Šค๋“ค, ๋ž™ ๊ธฐ์–ด, ๋ฒ ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์–ด, ๋“ฑ์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8210 Nitro GTX Bike, 8225 Road Rally V, 8235 Front End Loader, 8280 Fire Engine, 8412 Nighthawk, 8422 Circuit Shock Racer, 8440 Formula Flash, 8460 Pneumatic Crane Truck, 8485 Control Center II ยท1996๋…„๋„ : 10๊ฐœ์˜ 2๋…„์—ฐ์† ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ถœ์‹œ 5๊ฐœ์˜ 'ํ…Œํฌ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด'์„ธํŠธ ์™€ 5๊ฐœ์˜ 'ํ…Œํฌ ๋นŒ๋“œ' ๋กœ ์ตœ์†Œ 82๊ฐœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1368๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋„“์—ˆ๋‹ค. 'ํ…Œํฌ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด' ์—์„  ๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์ด์ ์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ 'ํ…Œํฌ ๋นŒ๋“œ'์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต์•• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด‘์„ฌ์œ  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. [์—ฌ๋‹ด์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ด‘์„ฌ์œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ–ˆ๊ธฐ์— 1๋…„๋ฐ–์— ์ง€์†๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํฌ๊ท€์„ฑ ๋•๋ถ„์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ท€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.] ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ„์—์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ด‘์„ฌ์œ  ํŒŒ์ธ , ๋ณ€์†๊ธฐ ๋ ˆ๋ฒ„, ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8207 Dune Duster, 8223 Hydrofoil 7, 8230 Coastal Cop Buggy, 8244 Convertibles, 8286 3-in-1 Car, 8408 Desert Ranger, 8425 Black Hawk, 8443 Pneumatic Log Loader, 8456 Fiber Optic Multi Set, 8480 Space Shuttle ยท1997๋…„๋„ : ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ํ•ด 3๋…„์งธ ๊ฐ€์žฅ๋งŽ์€ 13๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ถœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 9๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์„ธํŠธ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋นŒ๋“œ ์„ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ถœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž‘์€ 8205๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๋†€์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ๋‹ค. [๊ณ ๋ฌด์ค„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋’ค๋กœ ๋‹น๊ธฐ๋ฉด ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ผ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด๋‹ค.] ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” 8479์˜ '์ฝ”๋“œ ํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฟ'์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์‹œ๋  '๋งˆ์ธ๋“œ ์Šคํ†ฐ'์˜ ๋ชจ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ„์—์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ์ฝ”๋“œ ํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฟ ํŒŒ์ธ [๋ฐ”์ฝ”๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋”๊ธฐ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด 9V ๋ชจํ„ฐ], ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด 24๊ฐœ ๊ธฐ์–ด, ํด๋Ÿฌ์น˜ ๊ธฐ์–ด, ๊ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ์ถ• ์ปค๋„ฅํ„ฐ, ๊ณต์••ํƒฑํฌ, ๊ฐ์ข… ํƒ€์ด์–ด๋“ค์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2129 Blast-Off Dragster, 8205 Bungee Blaster, 8215 Gyro Copter, 8216 Turbo 1, 8222 VTOL, 8229 Tread Trekker, 8232 Chopper Force, 8250/8299 Search Sub, 8277 Giant Model Set, 8414 Mountain Rambler, 8437 Future Car, 8459 Pneumatic Front End Loader, 8479 Barcode Multi-Set, MOTOR SET, 9 VOLT - 8735 ยท1998๋…„๋„ : 21๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ญ๋Œ€์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์š•๊ตฌ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. '๊ฒฝ์Ÿ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ปจ์…‰์€ ์„œ๋กœ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋ชจ์˜์ „ํˆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ œํ’ˆ๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ(8482) ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋” ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์งง๊ฒŒ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ธ๋“œ์Šคํ†ฐ๋„ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ธŒ ํœ , ๊ฐ์ข… ๋ฆฌํ”„ํŠธ ์•”, ํœ ํƒ€์ด์–ด๋“ค์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2544 Motorcycle, 2854 Bungee Chopper, 3054 Motorcycle, 8202 Bungee Chopper, 8203 Rover Discovery, 8204 Sky Flyer 1, 8208 Custom Cruiser, 8209 Future F1, 8213 Spy Runner, 8217 The Wasp, 8218 Trike Tourer, 8219 Racer, 8226 Mud Masher,8233/8239 Cyber Slam Spider, 8245 Robots Revenge, 8248 Forklift, 8257 Cyber Strikers, 8266/3038 Spyder Slayer, 8417 Mag Wheel Master, 8428/8432 Concept Car, 8462 Tow Truck ยท1999๋…„๋„ : 25๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ถœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 8500๋ฒˆ๋Œ€์˜ 9๊ฐœ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด์ € ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํฌํ•จํ–ˆ๊ธฐ์— ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰๋ชจ๋ธ์—๋Š” ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. [์Šฌ๋ผ์ด์ € ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒํ˜•์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ œํ’ˆ๊ตฐ์ด๋‹ค.] 8448 ์Šˆํผ์นด ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋”๋งŽ์€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” 8880๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ค„๋ƒˆ๊ณ  ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์„œ๋ธ” ์ผ€์ด๋ธ”๋“ค๋กœ ๋ฉ‹์ง„์™ธ๊ด€์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฒ ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์–ด ํ”Œ๋ ‰์‹œ๋ธ” ํŠœ๋ธŒ ,ํœ  ํƒ€์ด์–ด ๋“ฑ์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1257/3000 Tricycle, 1258/3001 Buggy, 1259/1268/3003 Motorbike, 1260/3005 Car, 8246 Hydro Racer, 8247 Road Rebel, 8251 Sonic Cycle, 8252 Beach Buster, 8253 Fire Helicopter, 8255 Rescue Bike, 8268 Scorpion Attack, 8269 Cyber Stinger, 8444 Air Enforcer, 8445 Indy Storm, 8446 Crane Truck, 8448 Super Street Sensation ยท2000๋…„๋„ : 1999๋…„๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ 25๊ฐœ์˜๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” 10๊ฐœ์˜ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด์ € ๋ชจ๋ธ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์Šคํƒ€์›Œ์ฆˆ ๋“œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ๋ชจ๋ธ, ํ…Œํฌํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณค ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰ ์ œํ’ˆ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์šฉ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค ์ด์ฏค์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์—๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ํฌ์„์‹œ์ผœ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŒŒ์›Œํ’€๋Ÿฌ๋Š” 20๊ฐœ์˜ ์—”์ง„๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์žฅํฐ ํƒ€์ด์–ด ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ์•˜๊ณ  ํ”Œ๋ž˜๊ทธ์‰ฝ'๊ฒฉ'์ธ 8458 ์‹ค๋ฒ„ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅํฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์™ธ๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์•• ์„ธํŠธ, ์™ธ๊ด€์„ธํŠธ, ๋ชจํ„ฐ์ฐจ์ฒด ํŒฉ, ์„€์‹œ ํŒฉ๋“ฑ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ• ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œํ’ˆ๋„ ๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋น”,์„œ์ŠคํŽœ์…˜ ํŒŒ์ธ , ํœ  ํƒ€์ด์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8236 Bike Burner, 8237 Formula Force, 8238 Dueling Dragsters, 8279 4WD X-Track, 8305 Duel Bikes, 8307 Stunt Race, 8457 Power Puller, 8458 Silver Champion, PNEUMATIC PACK - 5218, STYLING PACK - 5220, MOTOR BASE PACK - 5221, CHASSIS PACK - 5222 ยท2001๋…„๋„ : 10๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ธํŠธ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฌ์šด์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ์ด์ „์˜ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด์ € ๋กœ๋ณด๋ผ์ด๋”์Šค๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋‹ˆํด ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ œํ’ˆ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ธ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ณต์•• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ™œ๋„์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์Šˆํผ์นด๋ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” ์˜คํ”„๋กœ๋“œ ์นด๋„ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ„์—์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋“ฏ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„, ํŒจ๋„ , ์„œ์ŠคํŽœ์…˜ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. [ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰์ œํ’ˆ๊ตฐ์€ ๋งค๋…„ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„๊ณผ ์„œ์ŠคํŽœ์…˜ ์ชฝ์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค.] 8240 Slammer Stunt Bike, 8241 Battle Cars, 8242 Slammer Turbo, 8463 Forklift, 8464 Pneumatic Front End Loader, 8465 Extreme Off Roader, 8466 4x4 Off Roader, WIND-UP MOTOR - 5223 ยท2002๋…„๋„ : ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Šคํƒ€์›Œ์ฆˆ 4๊ฐœ์™€ ์žฌ์ถœ์‹œ๋œ ์ œํ’ˆ 3๊ฐœ 8461์€ ๋ ˆ์ด์„œ์Šค์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋‹ฌ๊ณ  ์ถœ์‹œํ–ˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์‹œํ•œ ์ œํ’ˆ์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ ํŒŒ์ธ ๋Š” ํŒจ๋„์ด์ƒ์œผ๋ก  ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8249 Helicopter, 8430 Mag Wheel Master, 8431 Pneumatic Crane Truck, 8461 Williams F1 Racer ยท2003๋…„๋„ : 5๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹ ์ œํ’ˆ๊ณผ 3๋…„์งธ ๊ณต์••ํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ์ด ์žฌ๋ฐœ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต์••์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ 3๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ์˜€๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์กด๋ธŒ๋ฆญ์˜ ๋ผ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์—†์–ด์ง„ ํ•€๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์ฃผ ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 8455 Backhoe ์ œํ’ˆ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ 10๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณต์••์‹ค๋ฆฐ๋”๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ œํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์••์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต์•• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ•€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€ ํŒŒ์ธ ,๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•œ ํ•€, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํœ  ํƒ€์ด์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8438 Pneumatic Crane Truck, 8441 Forklift Truck, 8451 Dump Truck, 8453 Front End Loader, 8454 Rescue Truck, 8455 Backhoe ยท2004๋…„๋„ : ๋ฌด๋ถ„๋ณ„ํ•œ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ๋‹จ์ผ๋ธŒ๋ฆญ๊ณผ ์‹œ์žฅํ™•์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ ˆ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅํž˜๋“  ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์˜ ๋ช‡๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ œํ’ˆ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค์ •๋„์˜€๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฒˆ๋…„๋„์—๋Š” 6๊ฐœ๋งŒ ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰์„ ํ™ฉ์šฉํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ด์„œ ๋ชจ๋ธ , ์žฌ์ถœ์‹œ๋œ ๊ณต์••๋กœ๋” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์กด๋ธŒ๋ฆญ์„ ์ข€๋”ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•€๋“ค๊ณผ ํœ ํƒ€์ด์–ด, ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ํ„ดํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”๋งŒ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8386 Ferrari F1 Racer 1:10, 8433 Cool Movers, 8434 Aircraft, 8435 4WD, 8436 Truck, 8439 Front End Loader ยท2005๋…„๋„ : ์„ ํƒ๊ณผ ์ง‘์ค‘ ์ด๋ฒˆ๋…„๋„์—๋Š” ์ž‘์€๋ธŒ๋ฆญ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋˜ 'ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด'๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ  '๋นŒ๋“œ'์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ๋˜ํ•œ ์—†์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”ํฌ๊ณ  [๋†’์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๋Œ€] ํ˜„์‹ค์ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ํฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ํ”Œ๋ž˜๊ทธ์‰ฝ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค 1900๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ 8๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ€์ด์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจํ„ฐ์™€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ•์Šค๋˜ํ•œ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„œ์ŠคํŽœ์…˜ ํŒŒ์ธ  ,ํœ  ํƒ€์ด์–ด๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์ƒˆ ์„œ์ŠคํŽธ์…˜์€ ์ดํ›„๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐํž˜๋“  ํŒŒ์ธ ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค] 8415 Dump Truck, 8416 Forklift, 8418 Mini Loader, 8419 Excavator, 8420 Street Bike, 8421 Mobile Crane, 8649 Nitro Menace, 8653 Enzo Ferrari ยท2006๋…„๋„ : ์ด 9๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ถœ์‹œ๋กœ ํšŒ๋ณต ๊ธธ์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅํฐ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ๋งŽ์€ ๋ธŒ๋ฆญ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ† ์šฐ ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค ๋ ˆ์ด์„œ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ผํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŒŒ์ธ ๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ผ์ž„๊ทธ๋ฆฐ์ƒ‰์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ROUGH TERRAIN CRANE - 8270, WHEEL LOADER - 8271, SNOW MOBILE - 8272, MINI TRACTOR - 8281, QUAD BIKE - 8282, TELEHANDLER - 8283, DUNE BUGGY - 8284, TOW TRUCK - 8285, CRAWLER CRANE - 8288, FIRE TRUCK - 8289, 8674 Ferrari F1 Racer 1:8 ยท2007๋…„๋„ : ๋™๋ ฅ ํ˜์‹  8๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด์„ธํŠธ ์ด์ค‘์— 2๊ฐœ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด์„œ ๋ผ์ธ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ• ์ ์€ ๋ชจํ„ฐ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ง„ํ™”์˜€๋‹ค 1977๋…„๋„์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—” 4.5v๋ณด์กฐ๋ชจํ„ฐ๊ฐ€์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , 1982๋…„๋„์—” ์„ธํŠธ์—ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 1997๋…„์—๋Š” 9v๋งž์ถ˜ ๋ชจํ„ฐ์˜€๋‹ค. 30๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ์ง€๊ธˆ์— ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด[ํŒŒ์›Œ ํŽ‘์…˜]๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค, ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋ชจํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฟ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ชจํ„ฐ, ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฐฐ์„ , ์Šค์œ„์น˜, ์›๊ฒฉ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ˜์‹ ์„์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจํ„ฐ๋“ค๋„ ๋™์ผ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ๋‹ค ํ”Œ๋ž˜๊ทธ์‰ฝ ์ œํ’ˆ์ธ ๋™๋ ฅ๋ถˆ๋„์ €๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํŒŒ์›ŒํŽ‘์…˜์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฌด์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋™๋˜๋Š” ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ œํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ„์— ์„ค๋ช…๋œ ํŒŒ์›ŒํŽ‘์…˜๊ณผ ๋ฌดํ•œ๊ถค๋„๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. OFF-ROAD TRUCK - 8273, COMBINE HARVESTER - 8274, MOTORIZED BULLDOZER - 8275, MINI FORKLIFT - 8290, 8145 Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorino, 8146 Nitro Muscle, 8272 Snowmobile ยท2008๋…„๋„ : 7๊ฐœ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด์ค‘ 4๊ฐœ์„ธํŠธ๋Š” ํŒŒ์›ŒํŽ‘์…˜์„ ํฌํ•จํ–ˆ๋‹ค ํ”Œ๋ž˜๊ทธ์‰ฝ์œผ๋กœ 8297์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘ํ˜•๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค๋„ ์œ ๋ณ„๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์žกํ–ˆ๋‹ค, ์ด์‹œ์ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋“ค์€ ์ ์ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง€๊ณ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ํŒŒ์›ŒํŽ‘์…˜ ํŒŒ์ธ ๋“ค(์Šค์œ„์น˜, LED), ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹ ์—‘์ธ„์—์ดํ„ฐ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฐจ๋™๊ธฐ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8290 Mini Forklift, 8291 Dirt Bike, 8292 Cherry Picker, 8294 Excavator, 8295 Telescopic Handler, 8296 Dune Buggy, 8297 Off Roader ยท2009๋…„๋„ : ์ด10๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ž˜๊ทธ์‰ฝ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ๋งŽ์€ ๋ธŒ๋ฆญ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด ํฌํž˜๋˜์–ด์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํŒจ๋„๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ข€๋” ์™ธ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ž์œ ๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์™„์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐ•์Šคํ˜• ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„,๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ํŒจ๋„์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8063 Tractor with Trailer, 8256 Go Kart, 8258 Crane Truck, 8259 Mini Bulldozer, 8260 Tractor, 8261 Rally Truck, 8262 Quad Bike, 8263 Snow Groomer, 8264 Hauler, 8265 Front End Loader ยท2010๋…„๋„ : 10๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธํŠธ ๋„˜๋ฒ„๋ง์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 8200 8400๋„˜๋ฒ„๋“ค์˜ 8000๊ฒŒ์—ด๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์™”๋‹ค ๊ณต์••์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋กœ๋” ํ•˜๋‚˜์™€ ๊ฐ€์žฅํฐ ํ˜์‹ ์ธ 8043ํฌํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ์ด ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ์œ„์ œํ’ˆ์€ ์—ญ๋Œ€๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ธฐ์–ด๋ฐ•์Šค์™€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹์•ก์ธ„์—์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๋„์ž… ํŒŒ์›ŒํŽ‘์…˜ ์™„์ „๋ฌด์„ ๊ตฌ๋™ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์ถ•๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์–ด๋“ค์€ 8043์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ด๋ฐ•์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8041 Race Truck, 8043 Motorized Excavator, 8045 Mini Telehandler, 8046 Helicopter, 8047 Compact Excavator, 8048 Buggy, 8049 Tractor with Log Loader, 8051 Motorbike, 8052 Container Truck, 8053 Mobile Crane ยท2011๋…„๋„ : ์ด 10๊ฐœ์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰ ํŒฌ๋“ค์˜ ์—ผ์›์ธ ์Šˆํผ์นด 8070์ด ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋”์šฑ์ด ์ฒ˜๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ณต์ธ ๋ผ์ด์„ผ์Šค ์ œํ’ˆ์ธ ๋ฒค์ธ ์˜ ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ชฉ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ์œ„์ œํ’ˆ์—” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํฐ ๊ณต์••๊ธฐ ,๊ฐ€์žฅ๋งŽ์€ ๋ธŒ๋ฆญ,๋“ฑ๋“ฑ ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ์ œํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆˆ๊ธธ์„ ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žก์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ ์•ก์ธ„์—์ดํ„ฐ, ์ฐจ์ถ•์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ธฐ ,๊ธฐ์–ด,์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‡ฝ ์—…์†Œ๋ฒ„ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. [๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์ˆ˜์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜ํ„ฐ๋ผ ๊ฑฑ์ •์„ ๋งŽ์ดํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ดํ›„๋ชจ๋ธ์—๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.] 8065 Mini Container Truck, 8066 Off Roader, 8067 Mini Mobile Crane, 8068 Rescue Helicopter, 8069 Backhoe Loader, 8070 Supercar, 8071 Bucket Truck, 8081 Extreme Cruiser, 8109 Flatbed Truck, 8110 Mercedes-Benz Unimog U400 ยท2012๋…„๋„ : 9๊ฐœ์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ์„์ถœ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งค๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ์กฐํ–ฅ์„ ๋„์™€์ค„ ์„œ๋ธŒ๋ชจํ„ฐ์˜ ์ถœ์‹œ์˜€๋‹ค ์ด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” 9398 ํฌ๋กค๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ข€๋” ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์™„์ „ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„˜๋ฒ„๋ง์— ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋” ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค 8000์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์— 9300์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋กœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์—๋„ ๋ชจํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋กํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒŒ์›ŒํŽ‘์…˜์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ„์—์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ์„œ๋ธŒ๋ชจํ„ฐ L๋ชจํ„ฐ, ์ž‘์€ ํ„ดํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”๋“ฑ ์ปดํŒฉํŠธํ•œ ํŒŒ์ธ ๋“ค์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 9390 Mini Tow Truck, 9391 Tracked Crane, 9392 Quad Bike, 9393 Tractor, 9394 Jet Plane, 9395 Pick-Up Tow Truck, 9396 Helicopter, 9397 Logging Truck, 9398 4x4 Crawler ยท2013๋…„๋„ : ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ 1๋…„ 2005๋…„์— ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋กœ 42009 MK II๋กœ ๋” ํฌ๊ณ  ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  7๋…„๋งŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ˜• ํฌ๋ฎฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ™œ 8043์˜ ํŒŒ์›ŒํŽ‘์…˜์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ฒ„์ ผ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ . ์ด์ค‘์— ๊ฐ€์žฅํŠน์ดํ•œ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰ ๋””์ž์ธ ์ฝ˜ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ค‘์—์„œ 41999 ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋จธ์Šฌ์นด ์ปจ์…‰์œผ๋กœ 10000๋ถ€ํ•œ์ • ์ถœํ’ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ ํ˜• ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์ด ์ ์€ ์ฐจ๋ฅœํ—ˆ๋ธŒ, ์ถ• ,ํœ  ํƒ€์ด์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 41999 4x4 Crawler Exclusive Edition, 42000 Grand Prix Racer, 42001 Mini Off Roader, 42002 Hovercraft, 42004 Mini Backhoe Loader, 42005 Monster Truck, 42006 Excavator, 42007 Moto Cross Bike, 42008 Service Truck, 42009 Mobile Crane MK II, 42010 Off Road Racer, 42011 Race Car ยท2014๋…„๋„ : 14๊ฐœ์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค ๊ธฐ์กด์—์—†๋˜ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž‘์€์ œํ’ˆ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์—๋“  ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋„ 2๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ผ์ด์„ผ์Šค ์ œํ’ˆ์ธ ๋ณผ๋ณด ํœ ๋กœ๋” ๊ฐ€์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ์ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ์™„์ „ ๋ฌด์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ชฉ์„ ๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŒจ๋„๊ณผ ์ถ•์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌด์ง€๋ง‰์ง€ํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋กœ๋” ๋ฒ„ํ‚ท์ด 42025๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. TWIN-ROTOR HELICOPTER - 42020, SNOWMOBILE - 42021, HOT ROD - 42022, CONSTRUCTION CREW - 42023, CONTAINER TRUCK - 42024, CARGO PLANE - 42025, BLACK CHAMPION RACER - 42026, DESERT RACER - 42027, BULLDOZER - 42028, CUSTOMIZED PICK UP TRUCK - 42029, REMOTE-CONTROLLED VOLVO L350F WHEEL LOAD - 42030, COMPACT TRACKED LOADER - 42032, RECORD BREAKER - 42033, QUAD BIKE - 42034 ยท2015๋…„๋„ : ์ œํ’ˆ์ด๋“  ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์ด๋“  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ•ด ์—ญ์‹œ 14๊ฐœ์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค 3๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ผ์ด์„ผ์Šค๋กœ ๋ฒค์ธ  ์•„ํฌ๋กœ์Šค๋Š” 2800๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋”๊ธด ๊ณต์••๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ€์–ด๋ž™ ์ž์ง€๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค๋„ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋‚˜์™”๋˜ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ, ํŠธ๋Ÿญ, ์˜คํ† ๋ฐ”์ด, ํฌ๋ ˆ์ธ, ์˜คํ”„๋กœ๋“œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰, ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์šฉ ์ž๋™์ฐจ, ํ’€๋ฐฑ ๋ ˆ์ด์„œ, ๊ฑด์„ค ์žฅ๋น„ ๋“ฑ ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฑธ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  4์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ณต์••๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์ธ V2 , ๊ธฐ์–ด๋ž™ ,๋ณ€์† ๊ตฌ๋™๋ง๋“ฑ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋„์ž…์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค CHERRY PICKER - 42031, MINING TRUCK - 42035, STREET MOTORCYCLE - 42036, FORMULA OFF-ROADER - 42037, ARCTIC TRUCK - 42038, 24 HOURS RACE CAR - 42039, FIRE PLANE - 42040, RACE TRUCK - 42041, CRAWLER CRANE - 42042, MERCEDES-BENZ AROCS 3245 - 42043, DISPLAY TEAM JET - 42044, HYDROPLANE RACER - 42045, GETAWAY RACER - 42046, POLICE INTERCEPTOR - 42047 ยท2016๋…„๋„ : ๋†€๋ผ์›€ 12๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ํŒŒ์›ŒํŽ‘์…˜์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ 3๊ฐœ์˜๋ชจ๋ธ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ (Volvo, CLAAS, Porsche) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด๋ ค 4000๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ž๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋†€๋ผ์›€์˜ ์—ฐ์†์ธ ํ•ด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํŒŒ์›ŒํŽ‘์…˜ ๋ชจํ„ฐ์„ธํŠธ๋„ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ฐ€์žฅํฐ ๋†€๋ผ์›€์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด 42056Porsche 911 GT3 RS์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํฌ์žฅ๊นŒ์ง€ 'ULTIMATE'์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํฌ๋ฅด์‰๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํŒจ๋„ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋“ฑ ๊ณผ ๊ณต์•• ํŽŒํ”„๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. RACE KART - 42048, MINE LOADER - 42049, DRAG RACER - 42050, HEAVY LIFT HELICOPTER - 42052, VOLVO EW160E - 42053, CLAAS XERION 5000 TRAC VC - 42054, BUCKET WHEEL EXCAVATOR - 42055, PORSCHE 911 GT3 RS - 42056, ULTRALIGHT HELICOPTER - 42057, STUNT BIKE - 42058, STUNT TRUCK - 42059, ROADWORK CREW - 42060, POWER FUNCTIONS MOTOR SET - 8293 ยท2017๋…„๋„ : ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰์˜ 40์ฃผ๋…„ 13๊ฐœ์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค 40์ฃผ๋…„์ธ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋กœ ๋ฐ•์Šค๋งˆ๋‹ค 40(1977~2017)์ด ์ ํ˜€์žˆ๋Š” 3X1๋ธŒ๋ฆญ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค 6X6 RCํŠธ๋Ÿญ ์ œํ’ˆ๋„ ์ด๋ชฉ์„๋Œ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌด์„ ์กฐ์ข…์˜ ๋†’์€๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ๋ ˆ์ด์„œ์—ญ์‹œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ BMW์˜คํ† ๋ฐ”์ด ์ œํ’ˆ๋„ ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜คํ† ๋ฐ”์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ๋งŽ์€ ๋ธŒ๋ฆญ์ˆ˜ ๋ฉ‹์ง„์™ธ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  40๋…„๋Œ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋ธ ๋˜ํ•œ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ 8860์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ํ•œ์ • ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. TELEHANDLER - 42061, CONTAINER YARD - 42062, BMW R 1200 GS ADVENTURE - 42063, OCEAN EXPLORER - 42064, RC TRACKED RACER - 42065, AIR RACE JET - 42066, AIRPORT RESCUE VEHICLE - 42068, EXTREME ADVENTURE - 42069, 6X6 ALL TERRAIN TOW TRUCK - 42070, DOZER COMPACTOR - 42071, WHACK! - 42072, BASH! - 42073, RACING YACHT - 42074, HOOK LOADER - 42084 ยท2018๋…„๋„ : ์ž‘๋…„๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ 13๊ฐœ์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํŒŒ์›ŒํŽ‘์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—†์ด ์˜ค์ง ๋งฅ(MACK)๊ณผ ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํŠธ๋Ÿญ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งŒ๋‚˜์™€์„œ ํŠน์ด์ ์ด ์—†์–ด์ง€๋งŒ [๊ฐ€์žฅ๊ธด๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ท€ํ•œ ํ•˜์–€์ƒ‰ ๋ธŒ๋ฆญ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ] ํ•˜๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ ์ถœ์‹œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ์ดˆ์„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด 2๊ฐœ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ข€๋” ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€๋‹ค์–‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค ์ด์ค‘ ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ์ค‘ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ํฌ๋ฅด์‰๋ชจ๋ธ์„์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ํฌ์žฅ๊ณผ ์„ค๋ช…์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ”์ง€๋งŒ 42083 BUGATTI CIRON์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๋ฉ‹์ง„์™ธ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žก์•˜๋‹ค. [์—ฌ๋‹ด์œผ๋กœ ๋ ˆ๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ ˆ๊ณ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์ œ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ์˜ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ํ‹ฐ์‹œ๋ก ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๊ตฌ๋™๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.] FIRST RESPONDER - 42075, HOVERCRAFT - 42076, RALLY CAR - 42077, MACK ANTHEM - 42078, HEAVY DUTY FORKLIFT - 42079, FOREST MACHINE - 42080, VOLVO CONCEPT WHEEL LOADER ZEUX - 42081, ROUGH TERRAIN CRANE - 42082, BUGATTI CHIRON - 42083, POWER BOAT - 42089, GETAWAY TRUCK - 42090, POLICE PURSUIT - 42091, RESCUE HELICOPTER - 42092 ํŠน์ด ์ œํ’ˆ๊ตฐ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด์ € : ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰๋ถ€ํ’ˆ๊ณผ ์ „์šฉํŒŒ์ธ ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ž‘์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋กœ๋ณด ๋ผ์ด๋”์Šค : ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด์ € ์ดํ›„์˜ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด์ €์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜คํ† ๋ฐ”์ด ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์ œํ’ˆ๊ตฐ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋‹ˆํด : ์œ„์— ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ๋‘ ์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์ œํ’ˆ๊ตฐ. ๋” ํฌ๊ณ  ํ™”๋ คํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค๋กœ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ธ๋“œ ์Šคํ†ฐ : ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ '์ฝ”๋“œ ํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฟ'์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ์ชฝ์„ ์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์ œํ’ˆ๊ตฐ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ผ์„œ์™€ ๊ตฌ๋™์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ๊ต์œก์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ด์„œ์Šค : ๋…๋ฆฝ ์ œํ’ˆ๊ตฐ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ํ…Œํฌ๋‹‰๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ๊นŠ๊ณ  ๋ถ„๊ฐ„์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ž˜๊ทธ์‰ฝ : ๋…„๋„๋ณ„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์›ŒํŽ‘์…˜ ๊ตฌ๋™, ๊ณต์••์‹ ๊ตฌ๋™, ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค ์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค๋“ฑ์ด ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋ ˆ๊ณ  ๊ณต์‹ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€ 2019.05.31 ๋ ˆ๊ณ  ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์„ค๋ช…์„œ 2019.05.31 blackbird's technicopedia 2019.05.31 ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ ˆ๊ณ  ๋™ํ˜ธํšŒ ๋ธŒ๋ฆญํ”ผ๋””์•„ 2019.05.31 ๋ ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ณต์‹ ์‡ผํ•‘๋ชฐ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฃน : ๋ ˆ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊ธฐ์—…. ๋ ˆ๊ณ ๋žœ๋“œ : ๋ ˆ๊ณ ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ํ…Œ๋งˆํŒŒํฌ. ๋ ˆ๊ณ  : ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ๋†€์ด ์ œํ’ˆ. ๋ ˆ๊ณ 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego%20Technic
Lego Technic
Lego Technic (stylized as LEGO Technic) is a line of Lego interconnecting plastic rods and parts. The purpose of this series is to create advanced models of working vehicles and machines, compared to the simpler brick-building properties of normal Lego. Overview The concept was introduced as the Expert Builder series and originally Technical Sets in 1977, and was renamed Technic in 1982. Technic sets are characterized by their use of special pieces, such as gears, axles, and pins, which allow the construction of working mechanisms and mechanical structures. Other special pieces include beams and plates with holes in them, through which the axles could be installed. Some sets also come with pneumatic pieces or electric motors. In recent years, Technic pieces have begun filtering down into other Lego sets as well, including the BIONICLE sets (which were once sold as part of the Technic line), as well as a great many others. The style of Lego Technic sets has been changing over time. Technic sets produced since the year 2000 use a different construction method, described as "studless construction". (Studs are the small circular knobs which appear on traditional Lego bricks.) This method utilises beams and pins rather than Technic bricks. Mindstorms, a Lego line of robotic products, also uses many Technic pieces, although it is sold as a separate line of products. The latest generation of the Mindstorms range, the Robot Inventor (released October 2020), as well as its predecessors the Mindstorms EV3 (released September 2013) and the Mindstorms NXT (released August 2006), are based on the studless construction method. In June 2023, The Lego Group built a life-size replica of the PEUGEOT 9x8 24H Le Mans Hybrid Hypercar containing 626,392 Lego pieces. Lego Technic components The Lego Technic system expands on the normal Lego bricks with a whole range of new bricks that offer new function and building styles. The most significant change from normal Lego is that single-stud wide bricks ('beams') have circular holes through their vertical face. These holes can accommodate pins, which enable two beams to be held securely together side-by-side, or hinged at an angle. The holes also act as bearings for axles, on which gears and wheels can be attached to create complex mechanisms. Studless beams (studs are the bumps traditionally associated with Lego parts), referred to as 'liftarms', were first introduced in 1989 and through the 1990s and 2000s, an increasing number of liftarm designs have been introduced over time. Gears Gears have been included within Lego Technic sets since 1977 as a way of transferring rotary power, and of gearing-up or down the speed. Gears come in several sizes: 8 tooth, 16 tooth, 24 tooth and 40 tooth spur gears; 12 tooth, 20 tooth, 28 tooth and 36 tooth double bevel gears; and 12 tooth and 20 tooth single bevel gears. The double bevel gears are cut so they can also be meshed as spur gears. There is also a 16 tooth spur clutch gear, a 20 tooth double bevel clutch gear and a 24 tooth friction gear that slips when a certain amount of torque is put on it to prevent motors from damaging any parts or burning themselves out. In addition to standard gears, some kits include a rack, a clutch and even worm gears and differential gears. The original differential from 1980 had a 28 tooth bevel gear, designed to be meshed with the 14 tooth bevel gears (replaced by the 12 tooth gears) to give 2:1 reduction. They can also be meshed with the newer double bevel gears. It was replaced in 1994 by a newer design incorporating 16-tooth and 24-tooth gears on opposite sides of the casing. The casing holds three 12 tooth bevel gears inside. In 2008, an updated version of the original differential has been released, optimised for studless construction with a 28 tooth bevel gear on the outside and three 12 tooth gears on the inside. With the release of the 'Top Gear Rally Car' (42109) in 2020, yet another differential was created with a 28 tooth double bevel gear and five 12 tooth gears on the inside so that the differential could be rotated with gears above and next to the differential. Chain links were also introduced as an additional way of connecting gears. Tension (resulting from the correct number of chain-link parts used), along with the combination of gearwheel-sizes used, is critical to reliable operation. 8-tooth gears are not recommended for this purpose. Volvo Construction Equipment used a Lego model to develop an electric wheel loader. Motors The Lego Technic system has always included a variety of different electric motors. Broadly, these divide into those powered by batteries (held in a connected battery box) or by mains electricity (via a transformer.) Battery-powered is the most common. The very earliest motors (p/n x469b) were 4.5 volt, and consisted of a modified "Electric Train Motor" (p/n x469) and along with the 4 driven bushes for wheels added an axle hole enabling axles of different lengths to be used. While these were released in kits with Technic parts they were not sold as Technic motors. The first dedicated Technic motor was a 4.5 volt rounded brick (p/n 6216m) released in 1977 as part of the Expert Builder Power Pack (960-1) and Supplementary Set (870-1), this output via a small protruding axle that would rotate when the motor was powered. The motor was not geared, resulting in high-RPM, low-torque output. Gearboxes and a square casing were available. A 12 volt motor of the same physical dimensions as the 4.5 volt motor was also available in set 880-1. The 12 volt version is visually distinguishable by being black, rather than grey. The 4.5V and 12V motors were also compatible with the battery boxes and mains transformers used within the Trains series of the 1980s The 4.5 volt motor was replaced by a similar but square 9 volt motor in 1990, as part of the new generation "Electric System" which dispensed with the pinned plugs and replaced them with regular bricks that incorporated contacts within the stud interfaces. This system gave more reliable contacts over time, as the pinned plugs had a tendency to go slack over time, or for the wires to fracture or come detached. The 8297 'Motor Set' released in 2006 was capable of extremely high speeds and relatively high torque at the time, up to 1700 rpm and 14 N.cm, and was advertised as an accessory to motorise Technic vehicles during the 9V System 'era'. Recent motors contain an axle hole enabling axles of different lengths to be used. Starting with the release of 8275 'Technic Bulldozer', Power Functions (which used infrared to remote control) was introduced as a new electric system and started introducing motors of different sizes, including the M, L, XL and steering (Servo) motor. The current electric motor systems are Powered Up and Control+, introduced with sets 42099 'X-treme Off-roader' and 42100 'Liebherr R 9800 Excavator'. As a result of the L and XL motors being able to calibrate to become steering motors, there is no dedicated servo motor, as there is no need for one. Pneumatics Lego pneumatics is a variety of Lego bricks which use air pressure and specialised components to perform various actions using the principles of pneumatics. The LEGO pneumatics components were first introduced in 1984, and have featured in a variety of LEGO Technic and LEGO Educational (DACTA) products. Technic Figures Technic Figures are figures that appeared in Technic sets, appearing sporadically but heavily featured in the CyberSlam/Competition line. They were first introduced in 1986 in the Arctic Action line, and were produced until 2001. They are much larger and have several more joints than the standard minifigure, including bendable elbow and knee-joints. Each figure comes already assembled and is not meant to come apart, but parts can be popped off by pulling too hard. They can connect to both standard Lego System bricks and on Technic parts, and Technic pegs can fit in their hands. 27 different kinds of Technic figures were created, some sets included the same figures but with different accessories and stickers. Technic Action Figures In 1999 Lego Technic Introduced Lego Slizers (known as Throwbots in the US) which were colorful action figures built with Lego Technic parts and branded under Lego Technic. The Slizer sets were released between 1999 and 2000 consisting of 10 main figures Torch, Ski, Turbo, Scuba, Jet, Amazon, Granite, and Electro, Flare, Spark, and 2 Titan figures Millennium and Blaster. Slizers was later replaced by Lego RoboRiders in 2000. RoboRiders were similar in concept to Slizers with Technic Built figures with 6 main figures Swamp, Lava, Frost, Onyx, Dust, Power 4 mini builds and The Boss (Known as Super RoboRider internationally). RoboRiders was later replaced by Bionicle in 2001 which later spun off into its own line and considered not part of Lego Technic by 2003. "Studded" (Beams) versus "Studless" (Liftarms) Although liftarms (studless beams) have been present in Technic sets since 1989, the change from primarily studded to primarily studless construction around the year 2000 represented a major paradigm shift and has been quite controversial. Initially liftarms were used primarily as styling parts, or to create smaller sub-assemblies which attached to a studded chassis. With an increasing number of liftarm designs introduced, a tipping point was reached around the year 2000 with models introduced primarily constructed from liftarms instead of traditional beams. The primary advantage of studless construction is the addition of new construction methods that were previously unavailable. Liftarms are exactly 1 unit width high, in contrast to studded beams, which are a non-integer multiple of one unit. It can be awkward to use studded beams in vertical structures because it is necessary to insert plates between the studded beams in order to get the holes to line up. Studless beams allow greater flexibility when building in multiple dimensions, while remaining compatible with "classic" studded beams. Some builders also believe that models constructed with studless beams look nicer than their studded counterparts. However, studless construction also introduces disadvantages. Studless construction is not immediately intuitive, requiring the builder to think five or six steps ahead. While studded construction follows the classic bottom-to-top building pattern, studless construction requires building inside-to-outside. Studless constructions are noted to often be more flexible than an equivalent studded construction. This is due to the amount of flex in the clip-based pins which are used to attach studdless parts together, whereas studs provide a more rigid friction fit. As of 2005, Lego has begun to re-incorporate studded bricks back into the Technic line, which can be seen in sets such as 8421 Mobile Crane. However, studded bricks are used primarily as to mount front grills in vehicles while transparent plates are used for lights. Power Functions In late 2007, a new motor system was released called Power Functions; it was included within Lego set 8275 Motorized Bulldozer. It comprised a set of motors, two IR receivers, remote control and a battery box, thus resulting in a remote-control model. With these sets it is possible to build or convert manually-operated mechanical movement to motorized using electric motors which are controlled via switches or IR remote control. Lego has already started to design and sell Lego Technic models (sets) which can be easily retrofitted with the Power Functions system or third-party alternatives. For example, models like the 8294 Excavator and 8295 Telescopic Handler are sold like classic Lego Technic models with manual motorization but are designed with free space for the Power Functions components with factory instructions on how to perform the conversion to an electrically operated model. The Power Functions line-up also includes a Linear Actuator currently not sold separately, but already used in many models like the 8294 Excavator and the 8043 Motorised Excavator. Powered Up (Control+, Power Functions v2) In 2018, Lego announced a new system for motorizing sets, to replace the Power Functions system. Early in release several names were used including Control+. and Power Functions v2; by 2020 the line was unified under the Lego Theme `Powered Up`. This new system is controlled via Bluetooth using a smartphone app rather than a physical controller and is not backwards compatible with Power Functions. Components can be bought individually or as packs to either be used with or independently of retail sets. Lego launched two flagship sets to display the new systems functionality: 42100 Liebherr R 9800 and 42099 4x4 X-Treme Off-Roader. Physically and electrically, the Powered Up system components are compatible with all other lego systems using the same 6-pin plug. This includes WeDo 2.0, Boost, Spike Prime, Mindstorms v4 as of 2020. However, software support between the various apps varies. Construction sets According to Bricklink, The Lego Group released a total of 504 Lego sets and promotional polybags as part of Lego Technic theme. Dom's Dodge Charger Dom's Dodge Charger (set number: 42111) was released on 27 April 2020 and based on Fast & Furious franchise. The set consists of 1077 pieces. Lego designer Samuel Tacchi commented, "The high-octane action of the Fast & Furious franchise has captured the hearts and imaginations of petrol-heads the world over. We want to inspire people of all ages to explore their creativity through building whatever their passion is, and we know fans of LEGOยฎ Technicโ„ข and the blockbuster franchise love cool cars and adrenaline-fuelled fun. Brought together by that same passion, we worked really closely with the Universal team to bring Domโ€™s Dodge Charger to life in the most minute detail to inspire Fast & Furious fans and LEGOยฎ Technicโ„ข builders around the world.โ€ Jeep Wrangler Jeep Wrangler (set number: 42122) was released on 1 January 2021. The set consists of 665 pieces. Lego designer Lars Thygesen commented, โ€The Jeep Wrangler is an icon in the off-road worldโ€ and continued, โ€œThe Rubicon has a lot of the iconic details loved by 4x4 fans the world over, so it was important to me to pack as many of the authentic, powerful features of the real vehicle into the LEGO Technic replica. I hope LEGO fans and vehicle lovers enjoy all aspects including the suspension, winch and open air design that we developed alongside the talented Jeep design team.โ€ McLaren Senna GTR McLaren Senna GTR (set number: 42123) was released on 1 January 2021. The set consists of 830 pieces. Robert Melville, Design Director McLaren Automotive commented, โ€œThe team responsible for the design of the McLaren Senna GTR worked incredibly closely with their design counterparts at the LEGO Group to capture the extreme looks, excitement and essence of such an incredible supercar for LEGO Technic builders. Just like the real thing, the LEGO model is packed full of incredible details from the rear spoiler to the moving pistons in the V8 engine to the dihedral doors meaning that weโ€™re as proud of the model as we are of the real car.โ€ BMW M 1000 RR BMW M 1000 RR (set number: 42130) was released on 1 January 2022. The set consists of 1920 pieces. Lego designer Samuel Tacchi commented, โ€œItโ€™s been so much fun getting underneath the skin of such a significant model for BMW Motorrad. Thereโ€™s a reason why these beautifully engineered bikes are so universally loved by the biking community, and we are confident our LEGO Technic version is a winner like its real-life namesake." and continued, โ€œThe set has a truly authentic design, features functional yet intricate working parts, provides a challenging build and is visually stunning. Itโ€™s also the largest ever LEGO Technic bike set and we know the building experience will be just as addictive as the adrenaline rush from taking the real thing out on the track.โ€ Head of Brand and Product at BMW Motorrad Ralf Rodepeter commented, โ€œWhen BMW Motorradโ€™s management announced the first-ever M-developed motorcycle, the BMW M 1000 RR, everyone knew that the result was going to be something special. In the same way, the LEGO Technic team realised it would take something never-seen-before to pay true tribute to the M RR. The result is both a motorbike and a Technic model that are state-of-the-art within their respective fields.โ€ McLaren Formula 1 Race Car McLaren Formula 1 Race Car (set number: 42141) was released on 1 March 2022. The set consists of 1432 pieces. Executive Director, Technical and McLaren Racing James Key commented, โ€œWe are excited to unveil the unique LEGO Technic model of our McLaren F1 car, a fun and engaging product that celebrates our 2021 season livery while giving fans a hands-on interpretation of the new 2022 F1 car design. This has been made possible by an agile collaboration with the LEGO Group team, who have truly embraced the spirit of our brave and bold approach to design. The final product looks fantastic, and we cannot wait to make this available to our fans.โ€ McLaren's Director of Licensing Lindsey Eckhouse discussed about the development of this set and explained, "It was really trying to bring that full-scale adult-focused LEGO Technic model to life, and doing that in a way that worked [with regards to] some of our challenges. We started working on this in August or September 2020, and we actually donโ€™t sign off the Formula 1 car until really the January of that year. So we were bringing to life the 2021 livery through LEGO Technic, but also trying to embody the spirit of the 2022 regulation changes in the sport, and ensure we had brand consistency from the sponsors that appear on the livery." and continued, "A lot of time and focus went into, โ€˜How do we actually bring all of that together?โ€™, and the timelines that ultimately work for LEGO Technic, which I think was the exciting part of the challenge and why the collaboration is so successful, because it brought all that together quite nicely." Ferrari Daytona SP3 Ferrari Daytona SP3 (set number: 42143) was released on 1 June 2022. The set consists of 3778 pieces. Chief Design Officer at Ferrari Flavio Manzoni commented, โ€œIt has been a great pleasure to collaborate with the LEGO Group on this model, a stunning replica of our limited-edition Daytona SP3 supercar. Thanks to this outstanding recreation with LEGO elements, Ferrari and LEGO fans can now build this car piece-by-piece and feel like they are participants in the assembly process, with the opportunity to display the final model in their own homes, where they will be able to appreciate its beautyโ€ Peugeot 9X8 24H Le Mans Hybrid Hypercar Peugeot 9X8 24H Le Mans Hybrid Hypercar (set number: 42156) was released on 1 May 2023. The set consists of 1775 pieces. Technical Director PEUGEOT Sport Olivier Jansonnie commented, โ€œOur technical cooperation with the LEGO Group started in January 2022, 5 months before the PEUGEOT 9X8 reveal. It took one year to fully develop the project with the technical and design teams, allowing us to directly transpose the technical details of the PEUGEOT 9X8 to the LEGO Technic model. It was very important for both brands to create a model that is as realistic as possible. PEUGEOT, Peugeot Sport and the LEGO teams had numerous meetings about the development of the suspension and hybrid systems that cannot be replicated from photos. We thank the LEGO Group for this project, we are very proud and impressed by the final result that is more than we could have imagined.โ€ NASA Mars Rover Perseverance NASA Mars Rover Perseverance (set number: 42158) was released on 1 June 2023. The set consists of 1132 pieces. Luke Cragin, Designer at the LEGO Group said, โ€œWorking on this model has been both challenging and excitingโ€ and continued, โ€œIโ€™ve always felt passionate about space, and the design process let me explore my interest as I recreated the incredible engineering developed by the pioneering team at NASA. We hope the modelโ€™s features and functions will help introduce young space lovers to the world of engineering and encourage them to reach for the stars in the future.โ€ Yamaha MT10SP Yamaha MT10SP (set number: 42159) will be released on 1 August 2023. The set consists of 1478 pieces. Theme park attractions In 2012, a Lego Technic themed land was introduced to Legoland Malaysia Resort. The Technic-themed area includes some of the fastest attractions in the park are Aquazone Wave Racers, The Great LEGO Race, LEGO Academy, LEGO Mindstorms and Technic Twister. Reception The Lego Group reported strong revenue growth for the first half of 2020, with the top performing themes being Lego Technic, Lego Star Wars, Lego Classic, Lego Disney Princess, Lego Harry Potter and Lego Speed Champions. They indicated that these themes had helped increase revenue for the first half of 2020 by 7% to DKK 15.7 billion, compared with the same period in 2019. In March 2022, The Lego Group reported that in 2021, Lego City, Lego Technic, Lego Creator Expert, Lego Harry Potter and Lego Star Wars were its top-performing themes, contributing to revenue growth of 27 percent from 2020 to DKK 55.3 billion. Consumer sales grew 22 percent over the same period, outpacing the toy industry and driving market share growth globally and in largest markets. On 28 September 2022, The Lego Group reported that Lego Star Wars, Lego Technic, Lego Icons (formerly Creator Expert), Lego City, Lego Harry Potter and Lego Friends were its top themes, contributing to revenue growth of 17 percent, for the six months ending 30 June 2022, to DKK 27.0 billion compared with the same period in 2021. Consumer sales grew 13 percent, significantly ahead of the toy industry, contributing to global market share growth. In March 2023, The Lego Group reported that for the year 2022, Lego City, Lego Technic, Lego Icons, Lego Harry Potter and Lego Star Wars were its top-performing themes, contributing to revenue growth of 17 percent to DKK 64.6 billion, and consumer sales growth of 12 percent, achieving growth in all major market groups with especially strong performance in the Americas and Western Europe. In August 2023, The Lego Group reported that the Lego Icons, Lego Star Wars, Lego Technic and Lego City themes had earned for the first six months of 2023. Revenue was DKK 27.4 billion, a growth of 1% compared with H1 2022. Consumer sales grew 3% outperforming a declining toy market and contributing to strong market share growth. Awards and nominations In 2015, Lego Technic was awarded "Toy of the Year" and also "Educational Toy of the Year" by the Toy Association. In 2019, Land Rover Defender (set number: 42110) was awarded "DreamToys" in the Trains, Planes and Automobiles category by the Toy Retailers Association. In 2020, Dom's Dodge Charger (set number: 42111) was awarded "DreamToys" in the Awesome Automobiles category by the Toy Retailers Association. In September 2022, McLaren Formula 1 Race Car (set number: 42141) was awarded "Toy of the Year" and also "Vehicle of the Year" by the Toy Association. In 2022, Formula E Porsche 99X Electric (set number: 42137) was awarded "DreamToys" and also "All Out Action" by the Toy Retailers Association. See also Bionicle Fischertechnik Lego Mindstorms Lego FORMA Lego Avatar Lego City Lego Speed Champions References External links 1970s toys 1980s toys Products introduced in 1977
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%94%BC%ED%83%9D%EC%8B%9C
์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ
์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ(epitaxy) ๋˜๋Š” ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ์–ผ ์„ฑ์žฅ(epitaxial growth)์€ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์— ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ง‰์ด ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์ž์˜ ์‘์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜ธํ™˜์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์›จ์ดํผ์ƒ์— ์–‡์€ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํŒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ธฐํŒ์€ ๊ทธ ์œ„์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ์„ฑ์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋“œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ƒˆ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ๊ธฐํŒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐํŒ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ์šฉ์œต์ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ง‰์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์›์ž๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™๊ธฐ์ƒ์ฆ์ฐฉ(chemical vapor deposition; CVD), ์šฉ์œต์•ก์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ[์•ก์ƒ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ(liquid-phase epitaxy, LPE)], ์ง„๊ณต์—์„œ์˜ ์›์ž์˜ ์ฆ์ฐฉ[๋ถ„์ž์„  ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ(molecular beam epitaxy, MBE)] ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ž ๋ฐ ๊ด‘์ „์ž์†Œ์ž์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ์–ผ ์„ฑ์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ž ์ •ํ•ฉ Si ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ์–ผ์ธต์ด Si ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์— ์„ฑ์žฅ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ฒฉ์ž์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ์ •ํ•ฉ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณ ์งˆ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ข…์ข… ๊ธฐํŒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ์–ผ์ธต์„ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ฌ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์ข…์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ(heteroepitaxy)๋ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฉ์ž์ƒ์ˆ˜ a๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฉด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์–ป์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, GaAs์™€ AlAs๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์„ฌ์•„์—ฐ๊ด‘๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฉ์ž์ƒ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์•ฝ 5.65ร…์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 3์›์†Œ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ AlGaAs๋Š” GaAs ์œ„์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์€ ๊ฒฉ์ž์ƒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ GaAs๋Š” Ge ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์— ์„ฑ์žฅ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. AlAs ๋ฐ GaAs๋Š” ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฉ์ž์ƒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฏ€๋กœ, AlGaAs๋Š” AlAs๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ GaAs์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์กฐ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฉ์ž์ƒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 3์›์†Œ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ธ AlxGa1-xAs๋Š” ์กฐ์„ฑ๋น„ x๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ์ž ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ GaAs ์›จ์ดํผ ์œ„์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ์–ผ์ธต์€ GaAs ๊ธฐํŒ๊ณผ ์ •ํ•ฉ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‹จ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ โ…ข-โ…ค์กฑ 3์›์†Œ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋Œ€์—ญ๊ฐ„๊ทน Eg๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉ์ž์ƒ์ˆ˜ a์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, InGaAs์˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด โ…ข์กฑ ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ž์ƒ์— InAs๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ GaAs๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋  ๋•Œ, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋Œ€์—ญ๊ฐ„๊ทน์€ 0.36 eV์—์„œ 1.43 eV๋กœ, ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ฒฉ์ž์ƒ์ˆ˜๋Š” InAs์˜ 6.06ร…์—์„œ GaAs์˜ 5.65ร…์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๊ฒฉ์ž์ƒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์›์†Œ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ์œ„์—๋Š” ์ด 3์›์†Œ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์กฐ์„ฑ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋‹จ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด InP ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์—๋Š” ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋น„์˜ InGaAs๋ฅผ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. InP์—์„œ InGaAs์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ง์„ ๋ถ„(๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฉ์ž์ƒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง)์€ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋น„(์ •ํ™•ํžˆ In0.53Ga0.47As)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ •ํ•ฉ๋œ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด InP ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์— ์„ฑ์žฅ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ, 3์›์†Œ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ธ InGaP๋„ Ga ๋ฐ In์ด ์•ฝ 50%์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋น„๋กœ GaAs ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์— ์ •ํ•ฉ๋œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์— ์ •ํ•ฉ๋œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋Š˜์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” InGaAs์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ 4์›์†Œ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ข‹๋‹ค. โ…ข, โ…ค์กฑ ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ž์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋Œ€์—ญ๊ฐ„๊ทน์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋™์‹œ์— GaAs๋‚˜ InP์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์ด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” 2์›์†Œ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์— ์ •ํ•ฉ๋œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. GaAsP์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ž์ƒ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์กฐ์„ฑ๋น„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ GaAs ์™€ GaP ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ ์ƒ‰ LED์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” GaAsP ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ 40%์˜ P์™€ 60%์˜ As๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ GaAs๋‚˜ GaP ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์— ์ง์ ‘ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ฑ์žฅ ์‹œ ๊ฒฉ์ž์ƒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ GaAs๋‚˜ Ge ๊ธฐํŒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ GaAs์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์กฐ์„ฑ๋น„๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์•ฝ 25ยตm ๋‘๊ป˜๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์›ํ•˜๋Š” As์™€ P์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋น„๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ P๋ฅผ ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ์–ผ์ธต(์ฆ‰, 100ยตm ๋‘๊ป˜)์€ ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์ธต(graded region) ์œ„์— ์„ฑ์žฅ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ์–ผ ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฉ์ž์ƒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ • ์œ„์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์ธต์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ž ๋ณ€์œ„์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „์œ„๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์–‘์งˆ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ LED์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ •ํ•ฉ๋œ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ์–ผ์ธต์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์šฉ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜, ๋‹ค์Œ ์ ˆ์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ์ง„๋ณด๋œ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ์–ผ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜(์•ฝ 100ร… ๋‘๊ป˜) ๋ถ€์ •ํ•ฉ๋œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์ •ํ•ฉ์ด ์ˆ˜ %์ด๊ณ  ์ธต์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์–‡์œผ๋ฉด, ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ์–ผ์ธต์€ ์‹œ๋“œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋งž์ถฐ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒฉ์ž์ƒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฅ๋œ ์ธต์€ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฉ์ž์ƒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋“œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์••์ถ•์‘๋ ฅ(compression)์ด๋‚˜ ์ธ์žฅ์‘๋ ฅ(tension)์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธต์„ ์Šˆ๋„๋ชจ๋ฅดํ”ฝ(pseudomorphic)์ด๋ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ณ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์—†์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์— ์ •ํ•ฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ์–ผ์ธต์ด ๊ฒฉ์ž์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•ฉ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์ž„๊ณ„์ธต ๋‘๊ป˜ tc๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋ณ€์œ„์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฏธ์Šคํ• ์ „์œ„(misfit dislocation)๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•ฉ๋œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ธต์„ ๊ต๋Œ€๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œ์ผœ ๋ณ€์œ„์ธต-์ดˆ๊ฒฉ์ž(strained-layer superlattice; SLS)๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ต๋Œ€๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋œ ์ธต๋“ค์ด ์ธ์žฅ์‘๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์••์ถ•์‘๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. SLS์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ž์ƒ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ธต์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ƒ์ˆ˜์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ ์ €์˜จ์—์„œ ๊ณ ์ˆœ๋„๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์ ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์ƒ(vapor phase)์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์ •์ธต์€ ์‹œ๋“œ(๋ฌผ์งˆ) ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์— ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ธฐ(vapor) ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ(vapor-phase epitaxy; VPE)๋Š” ์ „์ž์†Œ์ž์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์›์ฒœ์ด๋‹ค. GaAs์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ์ด ์ด๋“ค ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ „์ž์†Œ์ž์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ œ์ž‘์— ์žˆ์–ด ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ์ด ์ปค์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์— ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ์–ผ์ธต์ด ์„ฑ์žฅ๋  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐํŒ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธต์—์„œ์˜ ๋ถˆ์ˆœ๋ฌผ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์Œ๊ทน์„ฑ(bipolar) Si ์ง‘์ ํšŒ๋กœ ์†Œ์ž๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ์›จ์ดํผ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚จ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด์ธต์— ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ์–ผ์ธต์€ Si๋ฅผ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ Si ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์— Si ์›์ž์˜ ์ฆ์ฐฉ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•ด ์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์— ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์—ผํ™” ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜(silicon tetrachloride) ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์†Œ๊ฐ€์Šค์™€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œ์ผœ Si์™€ ๋ฌด์ˆ˜(anhydrous) ์—ผํ™” ์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. SiCl4 + 2H2 <=> Si + 4HCl ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ๊ฐ€์—ด๋œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ„์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉด ์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋œ Si ์›์ž๊ฐ€ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ์–ผ์ธต์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฆ์ฐฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. HCl์€ ์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜จ๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ฒด์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ณต์ • ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด ์œ„ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์™ผ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•”์‹œํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค(์ฆ์ฐฉ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” Si์˜ ์‹๊ฐ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹๊ฐ์€ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์›์ž ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ด์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ฐ€์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์‹ค(chamber) ๋ฐ Si ์›จ์ดํผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์—ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ™”ํ•™๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ด ๊ด€์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹ค(reaction chamber) ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋ฆฌ์•กํ„ฐ(reactor, ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ)๋ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์†Œ๊ฐ€์Šค๋Š” SiCl4๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์—ด๋˜์–ด ๊ธฐํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด์–ด์„œ ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€์Šค๋Š” ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„ํ•‘ ๋ถˆ์ˆœ๋ฌผ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์Šค๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฆฌ์•กํ„ฐ ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ธฐํŒ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์œ„๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค. Si์˜ ๋ฐ•์ ˆํŽธ(slice)์€ ํ‘์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ๋ฐ›์นจ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡(susceptor) ๋˜๋Š” RF ๊ฐ€์—ด์ฝ”์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜จ๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์—ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์œ„์— ์„ค์น˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ Si ๋ฐ•์ ˆํŽธ ์œ„์— ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ์ˆœ๋ฌผ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋œ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ์–ผ์ธต์„ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. SiCl4์˜ ์ˆ˜์†Œํ™˜์›์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜จ๋„๋Š” ์•ฝ 1150~1250ยฐC์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ, 1000~1100ยฐC์—์„œ์˜ ์‹ค๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ์—ด๋ถ„ํ•ด(pyrolysis)๋„ ์ด์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ด๋ถ„ํ•ด๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜จ๋„์—์„œ ์‹ค๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. SiH4 <=> Si + 2H2 ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜จ๋„๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐํŒ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ค‘์ธ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ์–ผ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์ˆœ๋ฌผ์ด ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‘์šฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ˆ์—ฐ๋ฌผ ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์— Si์˜ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์ธต์„ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ์–ผ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ์‚ฌํŒŒ์ด์–ด(sapphire)๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ฒด ์œ„์— ์•ฝ 1ยตm์˜ Si ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ์–ผ ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ GaAs, GaP์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ โ…ข-โ…ค์กฑ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๊ณผ 3์›์†Œ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ GaAsP์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ›„์ž์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ์ œ์ž‘์—์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํŒ์€ ํšŒ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์›จ์ดํผ ํ™€๋”(holder) ์œ„์—์„œ ์•ฝ 800ยฐC๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ธ, ๋น„์†Œ ๋ฐ ์—ผํ™”๊ฐˆ๋ฅจ(gallium chloride; GaCl) ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฅผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ์‹œ๋ฃŒ ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ด GaCl์€ ๋ฆฌ์•กํ„ฐ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์šฉ์œต๋œ Ga์™€ ๋ฌด์ˆ˜ HCl์„ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œ์ผœ์„œ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค. GaAsP ๊ฒฐ์ • ์กฐ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์€ As์™€ P ๊ฐ€์Šค์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด์„œ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์† ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด๋ฅผ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ธˆ์†-์œ ๊ธฐ ์ฆ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ[metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy(MOVPE)] ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์† ์ฆ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ [organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy(OMVPE)] ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. MOCVD์—์„œ, ์ดˆ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ€์Šค๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ์— ์ฃผ์ž…๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋„ํ•‘๋˜์–ด ๋งค์šฐ ์–‡์€ ์›์ž ์ธต์„ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์›จ์ดํผ ์ƒ์— ์ฆ์ฐฉ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™ ์›์†Œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์† ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์†Œํ™”๋ฌผ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์„ฑ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์ด๋“ค ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด๋Š” III-V์กฑ, II-VI-IV์กฑ, IV-V-VI์กฑ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ธ๋“ ์ธํ™”๋ฌผ์€ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํŠธ๋ผ์ด๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ์ธ๋“ ((CH3)3In)๊ณผ ํฌ์Šคํ•€ phosphine(PH3)์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์—ด๋œ ๊ธฐํŒ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์—ด๋œ ์œ ๊ธฐ ์ „๊ตฌ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋œ๋‹ค(์—ด๋ถ„ํ•ด). ์—ด๋ถ„ํ•ด(pyrolysis)๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์›์ž ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์›์ž๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์›์ž๋Š” ๊ธฐํŒ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ , ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฐ์ • ์ธต์ด ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ์–ผ์ธต์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์€ ๊ธฐํŒ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด์˜ ํ™”ํ•™ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์—ด๋ถ„ํ•ด ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํƒ„์†Œ ์›์ž๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๊ธˆ์† ์›์ž์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ ฅ์€ ์•ฝํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํŒ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ƒ์˜ ์›์ž ํ™•์‚ฐ์€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ƒ์˜ ์›์ž ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ธˆ์† ์œ ๊ธฐ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์›์˜ ์ฆ๊ธฐ์••์€ MOCVD์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜์‘์—์„œ ์›๋ฃŒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋†๋„์™€ ์ฆ์ฐฉ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํŠธ๋ผ์ด๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๊ฐˆ๋ฅจ(trimethylgallium)์€ As์™€ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ GaAs์™€ ๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. (CH3)3Ga + AsH3 <=> GaAs + 3CH4 ์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์•ฝ 700ยฐC์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์ข‹์€ GaAs์ธต์˜ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ์–ผ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด๋“ค๋„ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํŠธ๋ผ์ด๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„(trimethylaluminum)์„ ์•ž์„œ ์ง€์ ํ•œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๊ฐ€์Šค์— ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ AlGaAs๋ฅผ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€์™€ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ „์ž์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๊ฐ€์Šค๋Š” ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ถ„์ž์„  ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•  ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์ธต์„ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์ž์„  ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ์–ผ์ธต์„ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž์„  ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ(molecular beam epitaxy; MBE)์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ๊ธฐํŒ์€ ๊ณ ์ง„๊ณต์‹ค์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ถ„์ž์„  ๋˜๋Š” ์›์ž์„ ์„ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์— ์ถฉ๋Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, GaAs ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์— AlGaAs ์ธต์„ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ด์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋„ํŽ€ํŠธ์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด Al, Ga ๋ฐ As ๋“ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„(์›์†Œ)์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ๋œ ์›ํ†ตํ˜•์˜ ์…€(cell)์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์—ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํŒ์„ ๊ฒจ๋ƒฅํ•œ ์ด๋“ค ๊ฐ ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ๋น”(beam)์ด ์ง„๊ณต ์†์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ถœ๋˜์–ด ๊ธฐํŒ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ„๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ์›์ž์„ ์ด ๊ธฐํŒ ํ‘œ๋ฉด๊ณผ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณต์ • ์ค‘์— ์‹œ๋ฃŒ(์ฆ‰, ๊ธฐํŒ)๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ๋‚ฎ์€ ์˜จ๋„(GaAs์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•ฝ 600ยฐC)๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋œ๋‹ค. ๋„ํ•‘ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ(์ฆ‰, AlGaAs์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” Ga์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ Al์˜ ๋น„์œจ)์„ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ฐ ๋น”์˜ ์ถœ๊ตฌ ์•ž์˜ ์…”ํ„ฐ(shutter)๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‚ฎ์€ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์†๋„(โ‰ค1ยตm/h)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ์…”ํ„ฐ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋กœ ๊ฒฉ์ž์ƒ์ˆ˜ ๋‹จ์œ„ ์ •๋„์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ง„๊ณต๊ณผ ์ •๋ฐ€์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— MBE๋Š” ๋‹ค์†Œ ์ •๊ตํ•œ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‘์šฉ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ด๋‹ค. MBE๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ๊ณ ์ฒด ์›๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์ƒํƒœ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™ ์›๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋Œ€์น˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™”ํ•™๋น” ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ(chemical beam epitaxy; CBM) ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์Šค-์†Œ์Šค MBE(gas-source MBE)๋ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ MBE์™€ VPE์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์žฅ์ ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™”ํ•™๋น” ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ(chemical beam epitaxy; CBM) ํ™”ํ•™ ๋น” ์—ํ”ผ ํƒ์‹œ (Chemical Beam Epitaxy)๋Š” 1984๋…„ W.T. Tsang์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‹œ์—ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๊ธˆ์† ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ฆ์ฐฉ (MOCVD) ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์ž ๋น” ์—ํ”ผ ํƒ์‹œ (MBE) ๋‘ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์žฅ์ ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ InP์™€ GaAs๋Š” ๊ฐ€์Šค์ƒ III ์กฑ ๋ฐ V ์กฑ ์•Œํ‚ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. III ์กฑ ์›์†Œ๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์•Œํ‚ฌ ์—ด๋ถ„ํ•ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋ž˜๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ V ์กฑ ์›์†Œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์—ด๋œ ํƒ„ํƒˆ๋ฅจ (Ta) ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ๋ด (Mo)๊ณผ 950-1200 ยฐC์—์„œ ์ ‘์ด‰์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ์•Œํ‚ฌ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์••๋ ฅ์€ MOCVD์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 102 Torr ๋‚ด์ง€ 1 atm์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ์ด๋™์€ ์ ์„ฑ ์œ ๋™์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ํ™•์‚ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ, CBE์—๋Š” 10-4Torr ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์Šค ์••๋ ฅ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ธด ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ž์œ  ๊ฒฝ๋กœ(mean-free paths)๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฐ€์Šค ์ˆ˜์†ก์ด ๋ถ„์ž ๋น”์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต์ •์€ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋น” ์ฆ์ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค. MBE๋Š” ๊ณ ์ฒด ์›์†Œ ์†Œ์Šค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ ์˜จ์—์„œ ์ฆ๋ฐœ๋˜๋Š” ์›์ž ๋น” (์˜ˆ: ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ (Al)๊ณผ ๊ฐˆ๋ฅจ (Ga))๊ณผ ๋ถ„์ž ๋น” (As4์™€ P4์™€ ๊ฐ™์€)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, CBE ์‹ค์˜จ์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ Ben G. Streetman ยท Sanjay Kumar Banerjee, ๊ณฝ๊ณ„๋‹ฌ ยท ๊น€์„ฑ์ค€ ยท ์ „๊ตญ์ง„, ใ€Ž๊ณ ์ฒด์ „์ž๊ณตํ•™ใ€, ์„ฑ์ง„๋ฏธ๋””์–ด, 2015, 34~40์ชฝ ๊น€๋™๋ช…,ใ€Ž๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด๊ณตํ•™ใ€, ํ•œ๋น›์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ, 2017 ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์†Œ์ž ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•™
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitaxy
Epitaxy
Epitaxy (prefix epi- means "on top ofโ€) refers to a type of crystal growth or material deposition in which new crystalline layers are formed with one or more well-defined orientations with respect to the crystalline seed layer. The deposited crystalline film is called an epitaxial film or epitaxial layer. The relative orientation(s) of the epitaxial layer to the seed layer is defined in terms of the orientation of the crystal lattice of each material. For most epitaxial growths, the new layer is usually crystalline and each crystallographic domain of the overlayer must have a well-defined orientation relative to the substrate crystal structure. Epitaxy can involve single-crystal structures, although grain-to-grain epitaxy has been observed in granular films. For most technological applications, single domain epitaxy, which is the growth of an overlayer crystal with one well-defined orientation with respect to the substrate crystal, is preferred. Epitaxy can also play an important role while growing superlattice structures. The term epitaxy comes from the Greek roots epi (แผฯ€ฮฏ), meaning "above", and taxis (ฯ„ฮฌฮพฮนฯ‚), meaning "an ordered manner". One of the main commercial applications of epitaxial growth is in the semiconductor industry, where semiconductor films are grown epitaxially on semiconductor substrate wafers. For the case of epitaxial growth of a planar film atop a substrate wafer, the epitaxial film's lattice will have a specific orientation relative to the substrate wafer's crystalline lattice such as the [001] Miller index of the film aligning with the [001] index of the substrate. In the simplest case, the epitaxial layer can be a continuation of the same exact semiconductor compound as the substrate; this is referred to as homoepitaxy. Otherwise, the epitaxial layer will be composed of a different compound; this is referred to as heteroepitaxy. Types Homoepitaxy is a kind of epitaxy performed with only one material, in which a crystalline film is grown on a substrate or film of the same material. This technology is often used to grow a film which is more pure than the substrate and to fabricate layers having different doping levels. In academic literature, homoepitaxy is often abbreviated to "homoepi". Homotopotaxy is a process similar to homoepitaxy except that the thin-film growth is not limited to two-dimensional growth. Here the substrate is the thin-film material. Heteroepitaxy is a kind of epitaxy performed with materials that are different from each other. In heteroepitaxy, a crystalline film grows on a crystalline substrate or film of a different material. This technology is often used to grow crystalline films of materials for which crystals cannot otherwise be obtained and to fabricate integrated crystalline layers of different materials. Examples include silicon on sapphire, gallium nitride (GaN) on sapphire, aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP) on gallium arsenide (GaAs) or diamond or iridium, and graphene on hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). Heteroepitaxy occurs when a film of different composition and/or crystalline films grown on a substrate. In this case, the amount of strain in the film is determined by the lattice mismatch ิ: Where and are the lattice constants of the film and the substrate. The film and substrate could have similar lattice spacings but also have very different thermal expansion coefficients. If a film is then grown at a high temperature, then it can experience large strains upon cooling to room temperature. In reality, is necessary for obtaining epitaxy. If is larger than that, the film experiences a volumetric strain that builds with each layer until a critical thickness. With increased thickness the elastic strain in the film is relieved by the formation of dislocations which can become scattering centers that damage the quality of the structure. Heteroepitaxy is commonly used to create so-called bandgap systems thanks to the additional energy caused by de deformation. A very popular system with a great potential for microelectronic applications is that of Siโ€“Ge. Heterotopotaxy is a process similar to heteroepitaxy except that thin-film growth is not limited to two-dimensional growth; the substrate is similar only in structure to the thin-film material. Pendeo-epitaxy is a process in which the heteroepitaxial film is growing vertically and laterally at the same time. In 2D crystal heterostructure, graphene nanoribbons embedded in hexagonal boron nitride give an example of pendeo-epitaxy. Grain-to-grain epitaxy involves epitaxial growth between the grains of a multicrystalline epitaxial and seed layer. This can usually occur when the seed layer only has an out-of-plane texture but no in-plane texture. In such a case, the seed layer consists of grains with different in-plane textures. The epitaxial overlayer then creates specific textures along each grain of the seed layer, due to lattice matching. This kind of epitaxial growth doesn't involve single-crystal films. Epitaxy is used in silicon-based manufacturing processes for bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and modern complementary metalโ€“oxideโ€“semiconductors (CMOS), but it is particularly important for compound semiconductors such as gallium arsenide. Manufacturing issues include control of the amount and uniformity of the deposition's resistivity and thickness, the cleanliness and purity of the surface and the chamber atmosphere, the prevention of the typically much more highly doped substrate wafer's diffusion of dopant to the new layers, imperfections of the growth process, and protecting the surfaces during manufacture and handling. Mechanism Heteroepitaxial growth is classified into three primary growth modes-- Volmerโ€“Weber (VW), Frankโ€“van der Merwe (FM) and Stranskiโ€“Krastanov (SK). In the VW growth regime, the epitaxial film grows out of 3D nuclei on the growth surface. In this mode, the adsorbate-adsorbate interactions are stronger than adsorbate-surface interactions, which leads to island formation by local nucleation and the epitaxial layer is formed when the islands join with each other. In the FM growth mode, adsorbate-surface and adsorbate-adsorbate interactions are balanced, which promotes 2D layer-by-layer or step-flow epitaxial growth. The SK mode is a combination of VW and FM modes. In this mechanism, the growth initiates in the FM mode, forming 2D layers, but after reaching a critical thickness, enters a VW-like 3D island growth regime. Practical epitaxial growth, however, takes place in a high supersaturation regime, away from thermodynamic equilibrium. In that case, the epitaxial growth is governed by adatom kinetics rather than thermodynamics, and 2D step-flow growth becomes dominant. Methods Vapor-phase Homoepitaxial growth of semiconductor thin films are generally done by chemical or physical vapor deposition methods that deliver the precursors to the substrate in gaseous state. For example, silicon is most commonly deposited from silicon tetrachloride (or germanium tetrachloride) and hydrogen at approximately 1200 to 1250ย ยฐC: SiCl4(g) + 2H2(g) โ†” Si(s) + 4HCl(g) where (g) and (s) represent gas and solid phases, respectively. This reaction is reversible, and the growth rate depends strongly upon the proportion of the two source gases. Growth rates above 2 micrometres per minute produce polycrystalline silicon, and negative growth rates (etching) may occur if too much hydrogen chloride byproduct is present. (In fact, hydrogen chloride may be added intentionally to etch the wafer.) An additional etching reaction competes with the deposition reaction: SiCl4(g) + Si(s) โ†” 2SiCl2(g) Silicon VPE may also use silane, dichlorosilane, and trichlorosilane source gases. For instance, the silane reaction occurs at 650ย ยฐC in this way: SiH4 โ†’ Si + 2H2 VPE is sometimes classified by the chemistry of the source gases, such as hydride VPE (HVPE) and metalorganic VPE (MOVPE or MOCVD). A common technique used in compound semiconductor growth is molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). In this method, a source material is heated to produce an evaporated beam of particles, which travel through a very high vacuum (10โˆ’8 Pa; practically free space) to the substrate and start epitaxial growth. Chemical beam epitaxy, on the other hand, is an ultra-high vacuum process that uses gas phase precursors to generate the molecular beam. Another widely used technique in microelectronics and nanotechnology is atomic layer epitaxy, in which precursor gases are alternatively pulsed into a chamber, leading to atomic monolayer growth by surface saturation and chemisorption. Liquid-phase Liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) is a method to grow semiconductor crystal layers from the melt on solid substrates. This happens at temperatures well below the melting point of the deposited semiconductor. The semiconductor is dissolved in the melt of another material. At conditions that are close to the equilibrium between dissolution and deposition, the deposition of the semiconductor crystal on the substrate is relatively fast and uniform. The most used substrate is indium phosphide (InP). Other substrates like glass or ceramic can be applied for special applications. To facilitate nucleation, and to avoid tension in the grown layer the thermal expansion coefficient of substrate and grown layer should be similar. Centrifugal liquid-phase epitaxy is used commercially to make thin layers of silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide. Centrifugally formed film growth is a process used to form thin layers of materials by using a centrifuge. The process has been used to create silicon for thin-film solar cells and far-infrared photodetectors. Temperature and centrifuge spin rate are used to control layer growth. Centrifugal LPE has the capability to create dopant concentration gradients while the solution is held at constant temperature. Solid-phase Solid-phase epitaxy (SPE) is a transition between the amorphous and crystalline phases of a material. It is usually produced by depositing a film of amorphous material on a crystalline substrate, then heating it to crystallize the film. The single-crystal substrate serves as a template for crystal growth. The annealing step used to recrystallize or heal silicon layers amorphized during ion implantation is also considered to be a type of solid phase epitaxy. The impurity segregation and redistribution at the growing crystal-amorphous layer interface during this process is used to incorporate low-solubility dopants in metals and silicon. Doping An epitaxial layer can be doped during deposition by adding impurities to the source gas, such as arsine, phosphine, or diborane. Dopants in the source gas, liberated by evaporation or wet etching of the surface, may also diffuse into the epitaxial layer and cause autodoping. The concentration of impurity in the gas phase determines its concentration in the deposited film. Doping can also achieved by a site-competition technique, where the growth precursor ratios are tuned to enhance the incorporation of vacancies, specific dopant species or vacant-dopant clusters into the lattice. Additionally, the high temperatures at which epitaxy is performed may allow dopants to diffuse into the growing layer from other layers in the wafer (out-diffusion). Minerals In mineralogy, epitaxy is the overgrowth of one mineral on another in an orderly way, such that certain crystal directions of the two minerals are aligned. This occurs when some planes in the lattices of the overgrowth and the substrate have similar spacings between atoms. If the crystals of both minerals are well formed so that the directions of the crystallographic axes are clear then the epitaxic relationship can be deduced just by a visual inspection. Sometimes many separate crystals form the overgrowth on a single substrate, and then if there is epitaxy all the overgrowth crystals will have a similar orientation. The reverse, however, is not necessarily true. If the overgrowth crystals have a similar orientation there is probably an epitaxic relationship, but it is not certain. Some authors consider that overgrowths of a second generation of the same mineral species should also be considered as epitaxy, and this is common terminology for semiconductor scientists who induce epitaxic growth of a film with a different doping level on a semiconductor substrate of the same material. For naturally produced minerals, however, the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) definition requires that the two minerals be of different species. Another man-made application of epitaxy is the making of artificial snow using silver iodide, which is possible because hexagonal silver iodide and ice have similar cell dimensions. Isomorphic minerals Minerals that have the same structure (isomorphic minerals) may have epitaxic relations. An example is albite on microcline . Both these minerals are triclinic, with space group , and with similar unit cell parameters, a = 8.16 ร…, b = 12.87 ร…, c = 7.11 ร…, ฮฑ = 93.45ยฐ, ฮฒ = 116.4ยฐ, ฮณ = 90.28ยฐ for albite and a = 8.5784 ร…, b = 12.96 ร…, c = 7.2112 ร…, ฮฑ = 90.3ยฐ, ฮฒ = 116.05ยฐ, ฮณ = 89ยฐ for microcline. Polymorphic minerals Minerals that have the same composition but different structures (polymorphic minerals) may also have epitaxic relations. Examples are pyrite and marcasite, both FeS2, and sphalerite and wurtzite, both ZnS. Rutile on hematite Some pairs of minerals that are not related structurally or compositionally may also exhibit epitaxy. A common example is rutile TiO2 on hematite Fe2O3. Rutile is tetragonal and hematite is trigonal, but there are directions of similar spacing between the atoms in the (100) plane of rutile (perpendicular to the a axis) and the (001) plane of hematite (perpendicular to the c axis). In epitaxy these directions tend to line up with each other, resulting in the axis of the rutile overgrowth being parallel to the c axis of hematite, and the c axis of rutile being parallel to one of the axes of hematite. Hematite on magnetite Another example is hematite on magnetite . The magnetite structure is based on close-packed oxygen anions stacked in an ABC-ABC sequence. In this packing the close-packed layers are parallel to (111) (a plane that symmetrically "cuts off" a corner of a cube). The hematite structure is based on close-packed oxygen anions stacked in an AB-AB sequence, which results in a crystal with hexagonal symmetry. If the cations were small enough to fit into a truly close-packed structure of oxygen anions then the spacing between the nearest neighbour oxygen sites would be the same for both species. The radius of the oxygen ion, however, is only 1.36 ร… and the Fe cations are big enough to cause some variations. The Fe radii vary from 0.49 ร… to 0.92 ร…, depending on the charge (2+ or 3+) and the coordination number (4 or 8). Nevertheless, the O spacings are similar for the two minerals hence hematite can readily grow on the (111) faces of magnetite, with hematite (001) parallel to magnetite (111). Applications Epitaxy is used in nanotechnology and in semiconductor fabrication. Indeed, epitaxy is the only affordable method of high quality crystal growth for many semiconductor materials. In surface science, epitaxy is used to create and study monolayer and multilayer films of adsorbed organic molecules on single crystalline surfaces via scanning tunnelling microscopy. See also Heterojunction Island growth Nano-RAM Quantum cascade laser Selective area epitaxy Silicon on sapphire Single event upset Thermal Laser Epitaxy Thin film Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser Wake Shield Facility Zhores Alferov References Bibliography External links epitaxy.net : a central forum for the epitaxy-communities Deposition processes CrystalXE.com: a specialized software in epitaxy Thin film deposition Semiconductor device fabrication Crystallography Methods of crystal growth
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์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š” ์ €์ŠคํŠธ ์ปค์ฆˆ ์ž‘์ „์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ ์„œ์—ด ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ง€ํœ˜๋ถ€ : ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€ ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์œก๊ตฐ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ์ œ525๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ฒฉ๋ณด์—ฌ๋‹จ ์ œ319๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ฒฉ๋ณด๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ519๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ฒฉ๋ณด๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ142์˜๋ฌด๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ324์ง€์›๋‹จ ์ œ470๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ฒฉ๋ณด์—ฌ๋‹จ ์ œ747๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ฒฉ๋ณด๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ29๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ฒฉ๋ณด๋Œ€๋Œ€ TF Bayonet ๋ณธ์ฒด : ์ œ193๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฌ๋‹จ ๋ณธ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ๋ณธ๋ถ€์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ87๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€, 5๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ508๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€, 1๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ6๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€, 4๋Œ€๋Œ€ - ๋ฃจ์ด์ง€์• ๋‚˜์ฃผ, ํฌํŠธ ํดํฌ ์ œ73๊ธฐ๊ฐ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€, 3๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ‘๋ณด๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Œ€, D์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ59๊ณต๋ณ‘์ค‘๋Œ€ 519ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Œ€ - ๋ฉ”๋ฆด๋žœ๋“œ์ฃผ, ํฌํŠธ ์กฐ์ง€ G. ๋ฏธ๋“œ ์ œ209ํ—Œ๋ณ‘์ค‘๋Œ€ - ๋ฉ”๋ฆด๋žœ๋“œ์ฃผ, ํฌํŠธ ์กฐ์ง€ G. ๋ฏธ๋“œ ์ œ555ํ—Œ๋ณ‘์ค‘๋Œ€ - ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ, ํฌํŠธ ๋ฆฌ ์ œ988ํ—Œ๋ณ‘์ค‘๋Œ€ - ์กฐ์ง€์•„์ฃผ, ํฌํŠธ ๋ฒ ๋‹ TF Atlantic ๋ณธ์ฒด : ์ œ7๋ณด๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋‹จ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ ๋ณธ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ๋ณธ๋ถ€์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ5๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ถ„๊ฒฌ๋Œ€ - ๋ฃจ์ด์ง€์• ๋‚˜์ฃผ, ํฌํŠธ ํดํฌ 7ํ—Œ๋ณ‘์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ9๊ธฐ๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€, 2์ „๋Œ€ ์ œ2์—ฌ๋‹จ ์ œ21๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€, 5๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ27๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€, 3๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ8์•ผ์ „ํฌ๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€, 6๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ62๋ฐฉ๊ณตํฌ๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€, 2๋Œ€๋Œ€, Aํฌ๋Œ€ ์ œ13๊ณต๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Œ€, B์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ7์˜๋ฌด๋Œ€๋Œ€, B์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ707์ •๋น„๋Œ€๋Œ€, B์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ7๋ณด๊ธ‰์ˆ˜์†ก๋Œ€๋Œ€, B์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ127ํ†ต์‹ ๋Œ€๋Œ€, B์ค‘๋Œ€, 2์†Œ๋Œ€ ์ œ127ํ†ต์‹ ๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ13๊ณต๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Œ€ TF Pacific ๋ณธ์ฒด : ์ œ82๊ณต์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋‹จ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ ๋ณธ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ๋ณธ๋ถ€์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ1์—ฌ๋‹จ ์ œ504๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€, 1๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ504๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€, 2๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ325๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€, 4๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ525๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€, 3๋Œ€๋Œ€, A์ค‘๋Œ€ 319์•ผ์ „ํฌ๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€, 3๋Œ€๋Œ€, A์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ4๋ฐฉ๊ณตํฌ๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€, 3๋Œ€๋Œ€, Aํฌ๋Œ€ ์ œ73๊ธฐ๊ฐ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€, 3๋Œ€๋Œ€, C์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ307๊ณต๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Œ€, A์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ782์ •๋น„๋Œ€๋Œ€, A์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ307์˜๋ฌด๋Œ€๋Œ€,B์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ407๋ณด๊ธ‰๊ทผ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋Œ€, A์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ313๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ฒฉ๋ณด๋Œ€๋Œ€, A์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ82ํ†ต์‹ ๋Œ€๋Œ€, B์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ82ํ—Œ๋ณ‘์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ401ํ—Œ๋ณ‘์ค‘๋Œ€ - ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค์ฃผ, ํฌํŠธ ํ›„๋“œ ์ œ515ํ—Œ๋ณ‘์ค‘๋Œ€ - ๋‰ด์š•์ฃผ, ํฌํŠธ ๋“œ๋Ÿผ ์ œ7๋ณด๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋‹จ, 1์—ฌ๋‹จ - ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ, ํฌํŠธ ์˜ค๋“œ ์—ฌ๋‹จ ๋ณธ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ๋ณธ๋ถ€์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ9๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€, 1๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ9๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€, 2๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ9๋ณด๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€, 3๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ13๊ณต๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Œ€, A์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ127ํ†ต์‹ ๋Œ€๋Œ€, B์ค‘๋Œ€, 1์†Œ๋Œ€ ์ œ707์ •๋น„๋Œ€๋Œ€, A์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ7์˜๋ฌด๋Œ€๋Œ€, A์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ์ œ7๋ณด๊ธ‰๊ทผ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋Œ€, A์ค‘๋Œ€ TF Aviation ๋ณธ์ฒด : ์ œ7๋ณด๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋‹จ, ํ•ญ๊ณต์—ฌ๋‹จ ์—ฌ๋‹จ ๋ณธ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ๋ณธ๋ถ€์ค‘๋Œ€ - ํฌํŠธ ์˜ค๋“œ ์ œ228ํ•ญ๊ณต์—ฐ๋Œ€, 1๋Œ€๋Œ€ - ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์ œ195ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ตํ†ต๊ด€์ œ์†Œ๋Œ€ - ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์ œ214์˜๋ฌด๋ถ„๊ฒฌ๋Œ€ - ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์ œ123ํ•ญ๊ณต์—ฐ๋Œ€, 3๋Œ€๋Œ€, ๋ณธ๋ถ€ / TF ํ˜ธํฌ - ํฌํŠธ ์˜ค๋“œ ์ œ123ํ•ญ๊ณต์—ฐ๋Œ€, 3๋Œ€๋Œ€ - ํฌํŠธ ์˜ค๋“œ E์ค‘๋Œ€ - ํฌํŠธ ์˜ค๋“œ ์ œ82ํ•ญ๊ณต์—ฐ๋Œ€, 1๋Œ€๋Œ€, ๋ณธ๋ถ€ / TF ์šธํ”„ - ํฌํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋ž˜๊ทธ ์ œ17๊ธฐ๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€, 1์ „๋Œ€, D๋ณ‘๋Œ€ ์ œ82ํ•ญ๊ณต์—ฐ๋Œ€, 1๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ82ํ•ญ๊ณต์—ฐ๋Œ€, D์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ123ํ•ญ๊ณต์—ฐ๋Œ€, 1๋Œ€๋Œ€ ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ํ•ด๊ตฐ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ํ•ด๊ตฐ ๋ณด์•ˆ๋‹จ, ๊ฐˆ๋ ˆํƒ€ ์„ฌ ๋ถ„๊ฒฌ๋Œ€ ์ œ124๊ธฐ๋ขฐDivision ํ•ด๊ตฐ์†Œํ˜•์ฃผ์ •๊ต๊ด€๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ›ˆ๋ จํ•™๊ต () ์ œ830๊ณต๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋‹จ ์ œ1ํŠน์ˆ˜์ž‘์ „๋น„ํ–‰๋‹จ (AC-130) - ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค์ฃผ ํ—๋ฒ„ํŠธ ๋น„ํ–‰์žฅ ์ œ24ํ˜ผ์„ฑ๋น„ํ–‰๋‹จ Coronet Cove (A-7D) ์ œ114์ „์ˆ ์ „ํˆฌ๋น„ํ–‰์ „๋Œ€, ๋ถ„๊ฒฌ๋Œ€ - ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค๋‹ค์ฝ”ํƒ€ ์ œ24์ „์ˆ ํ•ญ๊ณต์ง€์›๋น„ํ–‰๋Œ€๋Œ€ (OA-37) ์ „์ˆ ํ•ญ๊ณตํ†ต์ œ๋ฐ˜ (TACP) ์ œ24์˜๋ฌด๋‹จ ์ œ1978๊ต์‹ ๋‹จ ์ œ630ํ•ญ๊ณตํ†ต์ œ๊ฒฝ๋ณด๋น„ํ–‰๋Œ€๋Œ€ OL-1 ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ตฌ์กฐํšŒ์ˆ˜๊ทผ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ์ œ6933์ „์ž๋ณด์•ˆ๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ61๊ตฐ์‚ฌํ•ญ๊ณต์ˆ˜์†ก๋น„ํ–‰์ „๋Œ€ Volant Oak (C-130) ์ œ310๊ตฐ์‚ฌํ•ญ๊ณต์ˆ˜์†ก๋น„ํ–‰๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ6๊ณตํ•ญ๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ480์ •์ฐฐ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋น„ํ–‰์ „๋Œ€, 1๋ถ„๊ฒฌ๋Œ€ Furtive Bear ์ œ4400ํ•ญ๊ณต์šฐํŽธ๋Œ€๋Œ€ ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋Œ€ ์ œ6ํ•ด๋ณ‘์›์ •๋Œ€๋‹จ / TF Semper Fi - ๋…ธ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์ฃผ, ์บ ํ”„ ๋ฅด์ฅ” ์ œ6ํ•ด๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€, 3๋Œ€๋Œ€, I์ค‘๋Œ€ - ๋…ธ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์ฃผ, ์บ ํ”„ ๋ฅด์ฅ” ์ œ6ํ•ด๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€, 3๋Œ€๋Œ€, K์ค‘๋Œ€ - ๋…ธ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์ฃผ, ์บ ํ”„ ๋ฅด์ฅ” ์ œ2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ‘๋ณด๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Œ€, D์ค‘๋Œ€ - ๋…ธ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์ฃผ, ์บ ํ”„ ๋ฅด์ฅ” ์ œ6์—ฌ๋‹จ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ง€์›๋‹จ - ๋…ธ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์ฃผ, ์บ ํ”„ ๋ฅด์ฅ” G๋ถ„๊ฒฌ๋Œ€ - ๋…ธ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์ฃผ, ์บ ํ”„ ๋ฅด์ฅ” H๋ถ„๊ฒฌ๋Œ€ - ๋…ธ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์ฃผ, ์บ ํ”„ ๋ฅด์ฅ” ํ•จ๋Œ€๋Œ€ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๊ฒฝ๋น„๋Œ€, 1์†Œ๋Œ€ - ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‚˜์•„์ฃผ, ๋…ธํฝ ํ•ด๊ตฐ๊ธฐ์ง€ ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€ ๋ณด์•ˆ๋‹จ, ์ฃผํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ด€ ๋ถ„๊ฒฌ๋Œ€ ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ๋น„์ „๋ ฅ์—ฐ๋Œ€, ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์ค‘๋Œ€ ์œก๊ตฐ ์ œ27๋ณด๋ณ‘, 2๋Œ€๋Œ€ - ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ, ํฌํŠธ ์˜ค๋“œ ์ œ320์•ผ์ „ํฌ๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋Œ€, Dํฌ๋Œ€ - ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์ œ534ํ—Œ๋ณ‘์ค‘๋Œ€ - ํฌํŠธ ํด๋ ˆ์ดํ†ค ์ œ536๊ณต๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํŠน์ˆ˜์ž‘์ „์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€ ์ œ75๋ ˆ์ธ์ €์—ฐ๋Œ€ / TF ๋ ˆ๋“œ ์ œ1๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ2๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ3๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ7ํŠน์ „๋‹จ / TF ๋ธ”๋ž™ ์ œ1๋Œ€๋Œ€, A์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ3๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ2ํ•ด๊ตฐํŠน์ˆ˜์ „๋‹จ / TF ํ™”์ดํŠธ ์ œ2์”ฐํŒ€ - ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฆฌํ‹€ํฌ๋ฆญ ์ œ4์”ฐํŒ€ - ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฆฌํ‹€ํฌ๋ฆญ ์ œ8ํ•ด๊ตฐํŠน์ˆ˜์ „๋ถ€๋Œ€ - ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์ œ26ํŠน์ˆ˜์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€๋Œ€ - ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์ œ1ํŠน์ „ ๋ธํƒ€ ํŠน์ˆ˜์ž‘์ „๋ถ„๊ฒฌ๋Œ€ / TF ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์ œ6ํŒ€ / TF ๋ธ”๋ฃจ ์ œ7ํŠน์ „๋‹จ ์ œ1๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ2๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ง€์›์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ112ํ†ต์‹ ๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ528์ง€์›๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ160ํ•ญ๊ณต๋‹จ ์ œ617ํ•ญ๊ณต๋ถ„๊ฒฌ๋Œ€ ๊ณต๊ตฐ ์ œ919ํŠน์ˆ˜์ž‘์ „๋น„ํ–‰๋‹จ ์ œ8ํŠน์ˆ˜์ž‘์ „๋น„ํ–‰๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ16ํŠน์ˆ˜์ž‘์ „๋น„ํ–‰๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ20ํŠน์ˆ˜์ž‘์ „๋น„ํ–‰๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ55ํŠน์ˆ˜์ž‘์ „๋น„ํ–‰๋Œ€๋Œ€ JTF-South ๋ณธ์ฒด : ์ œ18(XVIII)๊ณต์ˆ˜๊ตฐ๋‹จ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์œก๊ตฐ, ๋ณธ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ๋ณธ๋ถ€์ค‘๋Œ€ - ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์ œ1์ „์žฅํ˜‘์กฐ๋ถ„๊ฒฌ๋Œ€ - ๋…ธ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์ฃผ, ํฌํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋ž˜๊ทธ ์ œ49๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ถ„๊ฒฌ๋Œ€ - ๋…ธ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์ฃผ, ํฌํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋ž˜๊ทธ ์ œ470๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ฒฉ๋ณด์—ฌ๋‹จ - ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์ œ29๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ฒฉ๋ณด๋Œ€๋Œ€ - ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์ œ284์ •๋น„์ค€๊ฒฌ๋Œ€ - ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์ œ746๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ฒฉ๋ณด๋Œ€๋Œ€ - ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์ œ747๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ฒฉ๋ณด๋Œ€๋Œ€ - ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์ œ525๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ฒฉ๋ณด์—ฌ๋‹จ - ๋…ธ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์ฃผ, ํฌํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋ž˜๊ทธ ์ œ319๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ฒฉ๋ณด๋Œ€๋Œ€ - ๋…ธ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์ฃผ, ํฌํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋ž˜๊ทธ ์ œ519๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ฒฉ๋ณด๋Œ€๋Œ€ - ๋…ธ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์ฃผ, ํฌํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋ž˜๊ทธ ์ œ35ํ†ต์‹ ์—ฌ๋‹จ - ๋…ธ์Šค์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์ฃผ, ํฌํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋ž˜๊ทธ ์ œ1109ํ†ต์‹ ์‹ ์—ฌ๋‹จ - ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์ œ25ํ†ต์‹ ๋Œ€๋Œ€ - ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์ œ426ํ†ต์‹ ๋Œ€๋Œ€ - ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์ œ1๊ตฐ๋‹จ์ง€์›์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€ ์ œ58์ •๋น„์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ44์˜๋ฌด์—ฌ๋‹จ ์ œ5์ด๋™์œก๊ตฐ์™ธ๊ณผ๋ณ‘์› ์ œ32์˜๋ฌด๋ณด๊ธ‰๊ด‘ํ•™์ •๋น„๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ36์˜๋ฌด์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ57์˜๋ฌด์ค‘๋Œ€ (ํ•ญ๊ณต์•ฐ๋ธ”๋Ÿฐ์Šค) ์ œ257์˜๋ฌด์ค‘๋Œ€ (๊ฐ•๋ƒ‰์ด) ์ œ7143์˜๋ฌด๋ถ„๊ฒฌ๋Œ€ (๊ณค์ถฉํ•™) ์ œ142์˜๋ฌด๋Œ€๋Œ€ - ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์ œ216์˜๋ฌด๋ถ„๊ฒฌ๋Œ€ - ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์ œ41์ง€์›๋‹จ ์ œ93์ „๊ตฌ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€ ์ œ193์ง€์›๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ74๋ณ‘์ฐธ๋ถ„๊ฒฌ๋Œ€ ์ œ489์ˆ˜์†ก๋ถ„๊ฒฌ๋Œ€ ์ œ531๋ถ„๋ณ‘์ฐธ๊ฒฌ๋Œ€ ์ œ565๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๋ถ„๊ฒฌ๋Œ€ ์ œ1097์ˆ˜์†ก์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ24๊ณต๋ณ‘๋ถ„๊ฒฌ๋Œ€ ์ œ36๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๋ถ„๊ฒฌ๋Œ€ ์ œ123๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๋ถ„๊ฒฌ๋Œ€ - ์•จ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋งˆ์ฃผ, ํฌํŠธ ๋Ÿฌ์ปค ์ œ146๊ณต๋ณ‘๋ถ„๊ฒฌ๋Œ€ ์ œ180์žฌ๋ฌด์ง€์›๋ถ€๋Œ€ ์ œ228ํ•ญ๊ณต์—ฐ๋Œ€, E์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ533๊ณต๋ณ‘๋ถ„๊ฒฌ๋Œ€ ์ œ92์ธ์‚ฌ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ79๊ตฐ์•…๋Œ€ ์ œ46์ง€์›๋‹จ - ํฌํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋ž˜๊ทธ ์ œ159ํ•ญ๊ณต์—ฐ๋Œ€, I์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ8๋ณ‘๊ธฐ์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ406๋ณด๊ธ‰์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ546์ˆ˜์†ก์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ659์ •๋น„์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ259๊ทผ๋ฌด์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ364๋ณด๊ธ‰๊ทผ๋ฌด์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ503์ •๋น„์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ2์ง€์›์†Œ ์ œ330์ˆ˜์†ก์„ผํ„ฐ ์ œ54๋ณ‘์ฐธ์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ551์ˆ˜์†ก์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ870์ˆ˜์†ก์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ4์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ž‘์ „๋‹จ ์ œ1์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ž‘์ „๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ90์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ž‘์ „์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ94์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ž‘์ „์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ96๋ฏผ์‚ฌ๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ16ํ—Œ๋ณ‘์—ฌ๋‹จ ์ œ92ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ549ํ—Œ๋ณ‘์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ1138ํ—Œ๋ณ‘์ค‘๋Œ€, 1๋ถ„๊ฒฌ๋Œ€ ์ œ503ํ—Œ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋Œ€ ์ œ21ํ—Œ๋ณ‘์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ65ํ—Œ๋ณ‘์ค‘๋Œ€ ์ œ108ํ—Œ๋ณ‘์ค‘๋Œ€ ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”๋ผ ๊ตฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ ์ œ1๊ตฐ๊ตฌ - ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ์ฃผ ์ œ2๊ตฐ๊ตฌ - ์ฝœ๋ก ์ฃผ ์ œ10๊ตฐ๊ตฌ - Province of Panama Oste and Chorrera) ์ œ11๊ตฐ๊ตฌ - ์‚ฐ๋ฏธ๊ตฌ์—˜ํ†  ํŠน๊ตฌ ์„ธ๊ตฐ๋‹ค ๊ตฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ ์ œ9๊ตฐ๊ตฌ - ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์—”์ฃผ ์ œ12๊ตฐ๊ตฌ - ์‚ฐ๋ธ”๋ผ์Šค ํŠน๊ตฌ ํ…Œ๋ฅด์„ธ๋ผ ๊ตฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ ์ œ3๊ตฐ๊ตฌ - ๋ฒ ๋ผ๊ณผ์Šค์ฃผ ์ œ4๊ตฐ๊ตฌ - ์—๋ ˆ๋ผ์ฃผ ์ œ6๊ตฐ๊ตฌ - ์ฝ”ํด๋ ˆ์ฃผ ์ œ7๊ตฐ๊ตฌ - ๋กœ์Šค์‚ฐํ† ์Šค์ฃผ ์ฝฐ๋ฅดํƒ€(Cuarta) ๊ตฐ๊ด€๊ตฌ ์ œ5๊ตฐ๊ตฌ - ์น˜๋ฆฌํ‚ค์ฃผ ์ œ8๊ตฐ๊ตฌ - ๋ณด์นด์Šค๋ธํ† ๋กœ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์ „ํˆฌ ์„œ์—ด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20military%20units%20involved%20in%20Operation%20Just%20Cause
List of military units involved in Operation Just Cause
The U.S. Army, Air Force, Navy, Marines, and Coast Guard participated in the US invasion of Panama (1989โ€“1990, Operation Just Cause). Forces that participated include: United States Southern Command United States Army South (USARSO) XVIII Airborne Corpsย โ€“ Joint Task Force South 1st Corps Support Command (United States) (Fort Bragg) 46th Support Gp. 189th Maintenance Battalion 8th Ordnance Company (ammo) attached to SOUTHCOM to augment the 565 Ordnance Detachment (ammo) 525th Military Intelligence Brigade (Combat Electronic Warfare and Intelligence) (Airborne)(FT Bragg) 319th Military Intelligence Battalion (Operations) (Airborne) (FT Bragg) A Co. 319th MI BN (Corps Tactical Operations Support Element) B Co. 319th MI BN (Signal) 519th Military Intelligence Battalion (Tactical Exploitation) (Airborne) (FT Bragg) A Co 519th MI BN (Interrogation) B Co. 519th MI BN (Counterintelligence) C Co. 519th MI BN (SIGINT and Voice Intercept) 16th MP Brigade Fort Bragg 92nd MP Battalion Fort Clayton 549th MP Company Fort Davis 1138th MP Company, Det. 1, Missouri Army National Guard, Doniphan, Missouri 1109th Signal Brigade 35th Signal Brigade (25th Signal Battalion/50th Signal Battalion/327th Signal Battalion/426th Signal Battalion) Fort Bragg North Carolina 142nd Medical Battalion 324th Support Group 470th Military Intelligence Brigade 747th MI BN, Galeta Island 29th MI BN, Fort Davis 193rd Infantry Brigade, Task Forces Bayonet'' 1st Battalion (Airborne), 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment (United States) 5th Battalion, 87th Infantry 4th Battalion, 6th Infantry. Detach from 5th Infantry Division (Mechanized) C Company, 3rd Battalion, 73rd Armor Regiment (Airborne), Detach from 82nd ABN Div D Company, 2nd Light Armored Infantry Battalion (USMC) D Battery, 320th Field Artillery Regiment 59th Engineer Company (Sapper) 519th Military Police Battalion, Fort Meade, MD 209th Military Police Company, Fort Meade, MD 555th Military Police Company, Fort Lee, VA 988th Military Police Company, Fort Benning Georgia 401st Military Police Company, Fort Hood 7th Infantry Division (Light), Task Force Atlantic A Troop, 2nd Squadron, 9th Cavalry 2nd Brigade 2nd Battalion, 27th Infantry Regiment (DRF 2) 5th Battalion, 21st Infantry Regiment 3rd Battalion, 27th Infantry Regiment (DRF 1) 6th Battalion, 8th Field Artillery Regiment A Battery, 2-62d ADA B Company, 27th Engineer Battalion B Company, 7th Medical Battalion B Company, 707th Maintenance Battalion B Company, 7th Supply and Transportation Battalion 3rd Brigade 4th Battalion, 17th Infantry Regiment 3rd Battalion, 17th Infantry Regiment C Company, 2d Battalion, 27th Infantry Regiment 3rd Battalion, 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, Detach from 82nd ABN Div B Battery, 7th Battalion, 15th Field Artillery Regiment B Battery, 2d Battalion, 62nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment C Company, 27th Engineer Battalion C Company, 7th Medical Battalion C Company, 707th Maintenance Battalion C Company, 7th Supply & Transportation Battalion 3d Platoon, Company B, 127th Signal Battalion 127th Signal Battalion (-) 27th Engineer Battalion (-) 7th Military Police Company (-) 107th Military Intelligence Battalion (-) 5th Public Affairs Detachment 82nd Airborne Division, Task Force Pacific 1st Brigade 1st Battalion, 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment 2d Battalion, 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment 3d Battalion, 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment 4th Battalion, 325th Airborne Infantry Regiment (-) A Company, 3d Battalion, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment A Battery, 3d Battalion, 319th Airborne Field Artillery Regiment A Battery, 3d Battalion, 4th Air Defense Artillery Regiment C Company, 3d Battalion, 73d Armored Regiment (-) A Company, 307th Engineer Battalion A Company, 782d Maintenance Battalion B Company, 307th Medical Battalion A Company, 407th Supply & Services Battalion A Company, 313th Military Intelligence Battalion 1st Brigade, 7th Infantry Division 1st Battalion, 9th Infantry Regiment 2d Battalion, 9th Infantry Regiment 3d Battalion, 9th Infantry Regiment A Company, 13th Engineer Battalion A Company, 707th Maintenance Battalion A Company, 7th Medical Battalion A Company, 7th Supply and Transportation Battalion 1st Platoon, B Company, 127th Signal Battalion Company B, 82d Signal Battalion (-) 82d Military Police Company (-) 511th Military Police Company, Fort Drum Aviation Brigade, 7th Infantry Division, Task Force Aviation 1st Battalion, 228th Aviation Regiment 195th Air Traffic Control Platoon 214th Medical Detachment 3rd Battalion, 123d Aviation, Task Force Hawk (Fort Ord) E Company, 123d Aviation Regiment (-) 1st Battalion, 82d Aviation Regiment, Task Force Wolf (Fort Bragg) 1st Battalion, 82d Aviation Regiment (-) Troop D, 1st Squadron, 17th Cavalry Regiment 1st Battalion, 123d Aviation Regiment (-) Company D, 82d Aviation Regiment (-)United States Marine Corps 6th Marine Expeditionary Brigade, Task Force Semper Fi (MARFOR) I Company, 3rd Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment K Company, 3d Battalion, 6th Marines Company D, 2nd Light Armored Infantry Battalion (-) G and H Detachment, Brigade Service Support Group 6 1st Platoon, Fleet Antiterrorism Security Teams Marine Corps Security Guard Detachment (U.S. Embassy) Marine Corps Security Force Company Panama 534th Military Police Company (U.S. Army), Fort Clayton 536th Engineer Battalion (U.S. Army)United States Special Operations Command 7th Special Forces Group 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne) SEAL Team 2 SEAL Team 4 SEAL Team 6 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-DELTA 75th Ranger Regiment 96th Civil Affairs Battalion 4th Psychological Operations Group 8th Special Operations Squadron 16th Special Operations Squadron 20th Special Operations Squadron 55th Special Operations Squadron 919th Special Operations WingUnited States Air Force 24th Composite Wing, Howard AFB 317th Tactical Airlift Wing 39th Tactical Airlift Squadron 40th Tactical Airlift Squadron 41st Tactical Airlift Squadron 314th Tactical Airlift Wing 50th Tactical Airlift Squadron 146th Tactical Airlift Wing, California Air National Guard 815th Tactical Airlift Squadron Twenty-Second Air Force 60th Military Airlift Wing 62d Military Airlift Wing 63d Military Airlift Wing 437th Military Airlift Wing 433d Military Airlift Wing 32d Aeromedical Evacuation Group 34th Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron 512th Military Airlift Wing 172d Military Airlift Wing 363d Security Police Squadron 27th Security Police Squadron 3d Mobile Aerial Port Squadron (3d MAPS) 366th Tactical Fighter Wing 37th Tactical Fighter Wing 836th Security Police Squadron 63d Security Police Squadron 552d Airborne Warning And Control Wing 3d Combat Communications Group Aerospace Audiovisual Service (AAVS) 1352d Combat Camera Squadron, Norton AFB, Calif. 1361st Combat Camera Squadron, Charleston AFB, South Carolina 1369th Combat Camera Squadron, Vandenberg AFB, Calif.United States Navy''' United States Navy SEALs Naval Special Warfare Unit EIGHT Special Boat Unit TWENTY-SIX United States Naval Small Craft and Technical Training School (NAVSCIATTS) Mine Division 127 References United States invasion of Panama Operation Just Cause Operation Just Cause
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EC%9C%BC%EB%A5%B4%20%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4
์ฐจ์œผ๋ฅด ๋ฒ ์ด
์—๋ถ€ ์‰ด๋ ˆ์ด๋งŒ ์ฐจ์œผ๋ฅด ๋ฒ ์ด ๋‹ค์šฐ๋“œ ์ด๋ธ ๋ฏธ์นด์ผ ์ด๋ธ ์…€์ถ”ํฌ(, , ; 990๋…„? ~ 1059๋…„?)์€ ์…€์ฃผํฌ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ์ผ์›์œผ๋กœ, ๋™์ƒ ํˆฌ์œผ๋ฃฐ ๋ฒ ์ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 11์„ธ๊ธฐ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ์…€์ฃผํฌ ์ œ๊ตญ์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์…€์ฃผํฌ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ, ์ผ€๋ฅด๋งŒ ์…€์ฃผํฌ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ, ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์…€์ฃผํฌ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋“ค์€ ์ฐจ์œผ๋ฅด์˜ ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ์œผ๋ฅด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ํŠ€๋ฅดํฌ์–ด๋กœ โ€˜์ž‘์€ ๋งค, ์‡ ํ™ฉ์กฐ๋กฑ์ดโ€™๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์•  ์ฐจ์œผ๋ฅด ๋ฒ ์ด๋Š” 990๋…„ ๊ฒฝ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€ ๋ฏธ์นด์ผ ์ด๋ธ ์…€์ถ”ํฌ๋Š” ๋น„๋ฌด์Šฌ๋ฆผ ํŠ€๋ฅดํฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘์— ์ „์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ์—, ๋™์ƒ์ธ ํˆฌ์œผ๋ฃฐ ๋ฒ ์ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€, ์…€์ถ”ํฌ์˜ ์Šฌํ•˜์—์„œ ์–‘์œก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 10์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง์— ํ•˜์ž๋ฅด ์ œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฅด๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์•ผ ์ธ๊ทผ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•œ ์…€์ฃผํฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋งŒ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋™๋งน์œผ๋กœ ์นด๋ผํ•œ ์นธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์— ์ฐธ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ž๋ฅด ์ œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๋‹น์‹œ ์…€์ฃผํฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ด์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ์›์„ ๋ฅ์นœ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•œ ์œ ๋ชฉ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ํฌ์„ญํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ถˆ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋งŒ ์ œ๊ตญ์€ ์…€์ฃผํฌ๋ฅผ ๋™๋งน์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋งˆ๋ฅด์นธ๋“œ์™€ ์ˆ˜๋„ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ผ ์ธ๊ทผ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ดˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์…€์ฃผํฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ์‚ฌ๋งˆ๋ฅด์นธ๋“œ ์ธ๊ทผ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๊ณ , ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ผ ์ธ๊ทผ์—์„œ ๊ฒจ์šธ์„ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ดˆ์ง€์˜€๋˜ ํ™”๋ ˆ์ฆ˜ ์ธ๊ทผ๋„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ, 1030๋…„๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์นด๋ผ์นผํŒ์Šคํƒ„ ์ธ๊ทผ์˜ ์ดˆ์›์—์„œ ๊ฒจ์šธ์„ ๋‚ฌ๋˜ ์…€์ฃผํฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. 1009๋…„ ๊ฒฝ, ์…€์ฃผํฌ๊ฐ€ 107์‚ด์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋กœ ์ฃฝ์€ ๋’ค, ์…€์ฃผํฌ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ถŒ์€ ๋ง์•„๋“ค ์•„๋ฅด์Šฌ๋ž€ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์ผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅด์Šฌ๋ž€ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์ผ์€ ์นด๋ผํ•œ ์นธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ ํ…Œ๊ธด์˜ ๋™๋งน์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ฆฌ ํ…Œ๊ธด์€ 1020๋…„ ๊ฒฝ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ผ ์ธ๊ทผ์—์„œ ์ž๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์˜ํ† ๋Š” ํ˜•์ œ, ์ผ๋ ˆํฌ ์นธ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ ˆํฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ€์ฆˆ๋‚˜ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ˆ ํƒ„ ๋งˆํ๋ฌด๋“œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ผ์ธ ์ฒ˜์ง€์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆํ๋ฌด๋“œ๋Š” ์•Œ๋ฆฌ ํ…Œ๊ธด์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŠธ๋ž€์Šค์˜ฅ์‹œ์•„๋‚˜๋กœ ์ง„๊ตฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ผ ์ธ๊ทผ์˜ ์ดˆ์›์—์„œ ๋งˆํ๋ฌด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋ฅด์Šฌ๋ž€์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆํ๋ฌด๋“œ๋Š” ์ฆ‰๊ฐ ์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„๋ฅด์Šฌ๋ž€ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์ผ์„ ํฌํšํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ํํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋งˆํ๋ฌด๋“œ๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ณตํ•œ ์…€์ฃผํฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์œ ๋ชฉ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ํ›„๋ผ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋งˆํ๋ฌด๋“œ์— ํ•ญ๋ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์œ ๋ชฉ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์•„๋ฅด์Šฌ๋ž€ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถฉ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฐœ์นธ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋„์ฃผํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ, ์ฐจ์ธฐ ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋“ค ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ํ›„์ผ ์ด๋ผํ‚ค์•ผ๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„๋ผ์‚ฐ ์ •๋ณต ์•„๋ฅด์Šฌ๋ž€ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์ผ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ž, ์…€์ฃผํฌ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ ํˆฌ์Ÿ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์ผ์˜ ๋™์ƒ ๋ฌด์‚ฌ ์•ผ๋ธŒ๊ตฌ์™€ ํˆฌ์œผ๋ฃฐ, ์ฐจ์œผ๋ฅด ํ˜•์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์‚ผ๋‘ ์ •๊ถŒ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์นด๋ผํ•œ ์นธ๊ตญ์˜ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ ํ…Œ๊ธด์— ๋ณต์ข…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 1034๋…„ ๊ฒฝ, ์•Œ๋ฆฌ ํ…Œ๊ธด๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋™๋งน๊ตฐ์€ ๋ฌด์‚ฌ ์•ผ๋ธŒ๊ตฌ์™€ ํˆฌ์œผ๋ฃฐ, ์ฐจ์œผ๋ฅด ํ˜•์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š” ์…€์ฃผํฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๊ฒฉํŒŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ผ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š” ์…€์ฃผํฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ํ™”๋ ˆ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ฃผํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‹น์‹œ ํ™”๋ ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๋‹ค์Šค๋ฆฌ๋˜ ๊ฐ€์ฆˆ๋‚˜ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ํƒœ์ˆ˜ ํ•˜๋ฃฌ์€ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ํ›„๋ผ์‚ฐ์„ ์ •๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋ฃฌ์€ 1035๋…„, ๊ฐ€์ฆˆ๋‚˜ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ ˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ดํ•ด ๋‹นํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์…€์ฃผํฌ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์˜ ์นด๋ผ์ฟฐ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ํ›„๋ผ์‚ฐ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„๋ผ์‚ฐ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋‹น๋„ํ•œ ์…€์ฃผํฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ๋งˆํ๋ฌด๋“œ์˜ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž ๋งˆ์ˆ˜๋“œ 1์„ธ์—๊ฒŒ ํ›„๋ผ์‚ฐ์˜ ํ†ต์น˜๊ถŒ์„ ์–‘๋„ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ข…์ฃผ๊ถŒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค ์ œ์˜ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋งˆ์ˆ˜๋“œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์นœ์ •์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ์›์ •์€ ์žฌ์•™์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1036๋…„ 6์›”, ๋‚˜์‚ฌ ์ธ๊ทผ์—์„œ ๋งค๋ณตํ•œ ํŠ€๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋งˆ์ˆ˜๋“œ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉํŒŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ›„๋ผ์‚ฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์…€์ฃผํฌ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์†์— ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ˆ˜๋“œ๋Š” ์…€์ฃผํฌ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ, ์ฐจ์œผ๋ฅด์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋””ํžˆ์Šคํƒ„, ํˆฌ์œผ๋ฃฐ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋‚˜์‚ฌ, ๋ฌด์‚ฌ ์•ผ๋ธŒ๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ผ์™€์˜ ๋””์นธ ์ง์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ ค์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1036๋…„ 11์›”์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ผํ, ์•„๋น„์™€๋ฅด๋“œ, ๋ฉ”๋ฅด๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์…€์ฃผํฌ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ญ๋ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์…€์ฃผํฌ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ณต์ง€์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ฆˆ๋‚˜ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ํ–‰์ • ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ์…€์ฃผํฌ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋งˆ์ˆ˜๋“œ์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ์œผ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฐœํ๊นŒ์ง€ ์›์ •์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์ฆˆ๋‚˜ ๊ถ์ •์„ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์— ๋น ๋œจ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ฆˆ๋‚˜ ๊ถ์ •์€ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์…€์ฃผํฌ ์•ฝํƒˆ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ชฐ์•„๋ƒˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํŠ€๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์— ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์€ ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณง ์•ฝํƒˆ์€ ์žฌ๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡ ๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ทผ์— ์ง€์น˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ฆˆ๋‚˜ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋„์›€๋„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋œ ํ›„๋ผ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋„์‹œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ 1037๋…„์— ์…€์ฃผํฌ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ญ๋ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ฆˆ๋‚˜ ์ œ๊ตญ์€ ์‰ฝ์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ ํ›„๋ผ์‚ฐ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 1037๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ์•ฝ 2๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ€์ฆˆ๋‚˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ํ›„๋ผ์‚ฐ์— ์ง„์ž…ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ค‘๋ฌด์žฅํ•œ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ์— ์…€์ฃผํฌ์ธ๋“ค์„ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฉํŒŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…€์ฃผํฌ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฒˆ๋ฒˆํžˆ ์นด๋ผ์ฟฐ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์˜ ์ดˆ์›์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ๊ฐ€์ฆˆ๋‚˜ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜ ์ดํ›„ ํ›„๋ผ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœํ›„์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ „์€ 1040๋…„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ˆ ํƒ„ ๋งˆ์ˆ˜๋“œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ตฐ์„ ๊พธ๋ ค ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ํ›„๋ผ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๊ตฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ˆ˜๋“œ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋‹ˆ์ƒคํ‘ธ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋ฉ”๋ฅด๋ธŒ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์ฆˆ๋‚˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ ์ง€์นœ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๊ณ , ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์„ค์ƒ๊ฐ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ ํƒ„์˜ ์นœ์œ„๋Œ€์™€ ์—ฌํƒ€ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋“ค์ด ๋ฌผ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์‹ธ์›€์„ ๋ฒŒ์ผ ์ •๋„์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ์ฐจ์œผ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š” ์•ฝ 1๋งŒ 6์ฒœ ๋ช…์˜ ํŠ€๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋งˆ์ˆ˜๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ˆ˜๋“œ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ๋‹ค๋‚˜์นธ์—์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋Œ€ํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณธ ์ฐจ์œผ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ฆˆ๋‚˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ์ฐธํŒจํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋งˆ์ˆ˜๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒจ์šฐ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ๊ฑด์ ธ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. (๋‹จ๋‹ค๋‚˜์นธ ์ „ํˆฌ) ๊ฐ€์ฆˆ๋‚˜ ์ œ๊ตญ์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ถ•๊ดดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์…€์ฃผํฌ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋‹จ๋‹ค๋‚˜์นธ์˜ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์…€์ฃผํฌ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ์œผ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋งˆ์ˆ˜๋“œ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ์•„์˜ฌ๊นŒ ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ์ „ํˆฌ ํƒœ์„ธ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹จ๋‹ค๋‚˜์นธ์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ €๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํฐ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„์ฑˆ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐจ์œผ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฐœํ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ นํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํˆฌ์œผ๋ฃฐ์€ ๋‹ˆ์ƒคํ‘ธ๋ฅด๋กœ ์ž…์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์‚ฌ ์•ผ๋ธŒ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ—ค๋ผํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์…€์ฃผํฌ ์ •๊ถŒ์˜ ์„ธ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„ํ• ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์‚ฌ ์•ผ๋ธŒ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ—ค๋ผํŠธ ์ธ๊ทผ์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ฐจ์œผ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋ฅด๋ธŒ์—์„œ ๋‹ˆ์ƒคํ‘ธ๋ฅด ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํˆฌ์œผ๋ฃฐ์€ ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€, ์ •๋ณตํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋‹ค์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฌด๋ ต ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ ํˆฌ์œผ๋ฃฐ์ด ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ƒ์œ„๊ตฐ์ฃผ ๋…ธ๋ฆ‡์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฉ€์–ด๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ํŠ€๋ฅดํฌ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋™์ชฝ์ด ์„œ์ชฝ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์œผ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ฃผํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํˆฌ์œผ๋ฃฐ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™œ๊ณผ ํ™”์‚ด ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์นญํ˜ธ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„, ์ฐจ์œผ๋ฅด๋Š” ํ›„ํŠธ๋ฐ”์—์„œ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ์™•์ค‘์™•()์ด๋ผ ์ผ์ปซ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹น์‹œ ํˆฌ์œผ๋ฃฐ์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ 990๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1059๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์…€์ฃผํฌ ์ œ๊ตญ ์ˆ˜๋‹ˆํŒŒ ๋ฌด์Šฌ๋ฆผ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaghri%20Beg
Chaghri Beg
Abu Suleiman Dawud Chaghri Beg ibn Mikail, widely known simply as Chaghri Beg (989โ€“1060), Da'ud b. Mika'il b. Saljuq, also spelled Chaghri, was the co-ruler of the early Seljuk Empire. The name Chaghri is Turkic (ร‡aฤŸrฤฑ in modern Turkish) and literally means "small falcon", "merlin". Background Chaghri and his brother Tughril were the sons of Mikail and the grandsons of Seljuk. The Great Seljuk Empire was named after the latter, who was a Turkic clan leader either in Khazar or Oghuz states. In the early years of the 11th century, they left their former home and moved near the city of Jend (now a village) by the Syr Darya river, where they accepted the suzerainty of the Karakhanids in Transoxania (roughly modern Uzbekistan and southern Kazakhstan). After the defeat of the Karakhanids by Ghaznavids, they were able to gain independence. Biography Very little is known of Chaghri and Tughril's lives until 1025. Both were raised by their grandfather Seljuk until they were fifteen and fought with Ali Tigin Bughra Khan, a minor Kara Khanid noble, against Mahmud of Ghazni. The earliest records of Chaghri concern his expeditions in Eastern Anatolia. Although a Ghaznavid governor chased him from his home in Jend to Anatolia, he was able to raid the Byzantine forts in Eastern Anatolia. However, according to Claude Cahen this was highly improbable and of legend. From 1035 to 1037 Chaghri and Tughril fought against Mas'ud I of Ghazni. Chaghri captured Merv (an important historical city now in Turkmenistan). Between 1038 and 1040 Chaghri fought against the Ghaznavids, usually with hit and run maneuvers and culminating in a major clash at the Battle of Dandanaqan. Tughril was rather hesitant and preferred continuing the hit-and-run attacks, but Chaghri commanded the Seljuk army and preferred direct confrontation. At Dandanaqan, the Seljuks defeated the numerically superior Gaznavid army. A kurultai was held after the battle, by which empire was divided between the two brothers. While Tughril reigned in the west (comprising modern western Iran, Azerbaijan and Iraq), Chaghri reigned in eastern Iran, Turkmenistan, and Afghanistan, a region collectively referred to as Greater Khorasan. Chaghri later also captured Balkh (in modern North Afghanistan). In 1048, he conquered Kerman in South Iran and, in 1056, the Sistan region (south east Iran). After the Seljuks had gained more influence over the Abbasid Caliphate, Chaghri married his daughter, Khadija Arslan Khatun, to the caliph Al-Qa'im in 1056. Death Chaghri died in Sarakhs, in North-eastern Iran. The historical sources do not agree on the exact date of his death: years 1059, 1060, 1061 and 1062 were proposed. But it is purported that numismatics can be used to determine the exact death date. Coins were minted in the name of Chaghri up to 1059 and in the name of his son Kavurt after 1060, so Chaghri's death can be ascribed more probably to 1059. Daughters One of his daughters was Gawhar Khatun. She was married to Erishgi (Erisghen). She was killed on the orders of her nephew Sultan Malik-Shah I in Marchโ€“April 1075. Another daughter was married to Buyid Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun in 1047โ€“8. Another daughter was Khadija Arslan Khatun. She had been betrothed to Zahir al-Din, son of Abbasid Caliph Al-Qa'im. However, Zahir al-Din died, and Arslan married Al-Qa'im in 1056. After Al-Qa'im's death in 1075, she married the Kakuyid Ali ibn Faramurz, with whom she had a son, Garshasp II. Another daughter was Safiya Khatun. She was married to Kurd Hazarasp ibn Bankir in 1069โ€“70. After his death the same year, she married Uqaylid Sharaf al-Dawla Muslim, with whom, she had a son, Ali. After his death in 1085, she married his brother Ibrahim ibn Quraish. Legacy Unlike later Ottoman practice, in earlier Turkic tradition, brothers usually participated in government affairs.(Bumin โ€“ ฤฐstemi in the 6th century, Bilge Khan โ€“ Kultegin in the 8th century are notable examples.) Tughril and Chaghri as well as some other members of the family participated in the foundation of the empire. Although Tughril gained the title "sultan", it was Chaghriโ€™s sons who continued it afterwards. Chaghri had six sons and four daughters. Among his sons, Alp Arslan became the sultan of the Seljukid Empire in 1064. All the remaining members of the Great Seljuk Empire were from Chaghriโ€™s lineage. (Except Seljuks of Rum who were the descendants of Chaghri's cousins.). Another son, Kavurt, became the governor of Kerman (which later on became fully independent); a third son, Yaquti, became the governor of Azerbaijan. In popular culture In the 2021 Turkish TV series Alparslan: Bรผyรผk Selรงuklu, he is portrayed by actor Erdinรง Gรผlener. References Bibliography 989 births 1050s deaths Seljuk rulers Seljuk Empire 11th-century rulers
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%A7%88%ED%82%A4%20%EB%8D%B0%EB%8B%88
๋‹ค๋งˆํ‚ค ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ
๋‹ค๋งˆํ‚ค ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ(, 1959๋…„ 10์›” 13์ผ ~ )๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์ง ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ํ˜„์ง€์‚ฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์ค‘์˜์› ์˜์›(4์„ ), ์ž์œ ๋‹น ๊ฐ„์‚ฌ์žฅ ๊ฒธ ๊ตญํšŒ๋Œ€์ฑ…์œ„์›์žฅ, ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€์‹œ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์›์„ ์—ญ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•์  ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋‹ค๋งˆํ‚ค ์•ผ์Šคํžˆ๋กœ()์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ํ˜„ ์š”๋‚˜์‹œ๋กœ์ดŒ (ํ˜„ ์šฐ๋ฃจ๋งˆ์‹œ)์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ํ˜„์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ์ง€์— ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์˜€๊ณ , ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ด์—์ดŒ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ผ์‹œ์•ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ์ฃผ๋‘” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์ธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ "๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์Šค(Dennis)"๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์–ป์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๊ทธ์™€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€์— ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์†Œํ•™๊ต(์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต) 4ํ•™๋…„ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€์ •์žฌํŒ์†Œ(๋ฒ•์›)์— ์‹ ์ฒญํ•˜์—ฌ "์•ผ์Šคํžˆ๋กœ()"๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. "๋ฐ๋‹ˆ(Denny)"๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ์˜ ์• ์นญ์œผ๋กœ, ํ˜„์žฌ๋„ ๊ณต๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋งค์Šค์ปด ๋“ฑ์—์„œ๋Š” "๋‹ค๋งˆํ‚ค ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ"๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์—์„œ ์†Œํ•™๊ต(์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต)์™€ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต, ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ์น˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€ ์ „๋ฌธ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์‹ค๋‚ด ์ธํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์–ด ์‚ฌ์—…, ์Œํ–ฅ ๊ด€๋ จ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ 30๋Œ€์— ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฅ˜ํ ๋ฐฉ์†ก ๋ผ๋””์˜ค์˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ "ํ”๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ ํŒ”๋ ˆํŠธ()"๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€์‹œ FM ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์˜ "OKINAWA ๋ฎค์ง ํƒœํ”ผ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ()"์˜ ์ œ์ž‘๊ณผ ์ง„ํ–‰์—๋„ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ๋””์˜ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€์˜ ์ง€์—ญ ์–ธ์–ด์ธ ๋ฅ˜ํ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ น์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 2001๋…„ 12์›”, ์ฃผ์œ„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด 4์›” 21์ผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ •๋œ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€์‹œ์žฅ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ์ถœ๋งˆํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ถŒ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ •์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ผํ•˜๋˜ ๋ฅ˜ํ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์˜ ํ•œ ์ง์›๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋ฉฐ ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ๋“ค์€ ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋งˆํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์žฅ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ์ถœ๋งˆํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์˜คํ•ดํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ์กฐ๊ฐ„์— "๋‹ค๋งˆํ‚ค ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ, ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ ์‹œ์žฅ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ถœ๋งˆ"๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์„ธ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ด์Šˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ ๋งŒ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์›”์š”์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธˆ์š”์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•„์นจ 8์‹œ 30๋ถ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 11์‹œ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋˜๋˜ "๋‹ค๋งˆํ‚ค ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์Šค๋งˆ์ผ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค()"๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์งํ›„ ํ•ด๋‹น ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ํ•˜์ฐจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ž์ œํ•˜๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” 2002๋…„ 5์›”, ๊ณ ์‹ฌ ๋์— ๋™๋…„ 9์›”์— ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€์‹œ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ถœ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ๋‹ค ๋“ํ‘œ๋กœ ๋‹น์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์˜์› ์˜์› 2005๋…„ 8์›”, ์ค‘์˜์› ์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ์ž…ํ›„๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž„๊ธฐ ๋„์ค‘์— ์‹œ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์›์ง์„ ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋™๋…„ 9์›” 11์ผ์— ์‹ค์‹œ๋œ ์ œ44ํšŒ ์ค‘์˜์› ์˜์› ์ด์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ํ˜„ ์ œ3๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ๊ณต์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ๋งˆํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚™์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 2009๋…„ 8์›” 30์ผ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ œ45ํšŒ ์ค‘์˜์› ์˜์› ์ด์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ ์ œ3๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ๊ณต์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž…ํ›„๋ณดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์˜ ๊ฐ€์นด์ฆˆ ์ง€์ผ„์„ ๊บพ๊ณ  ๋‹น์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ํ˜„ ์ œ3๊ตฌ ์ด์ง€๋ถ€์žฅ, ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ํ˜„ ์ด์ง€๋ถ€์—ฐํ•ฉํšŒ ๋ถ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„์—๋Š” ๋…ธ๋‹ค ๋‚ด๊ฐ์˜ ์†Œ๋น„์„ธ ์ธ์ƒ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ฐ์˜(๊ตญ๋ฌดํšŒ์˜) ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ํ•ญ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹น ํ™๋ณด์œ„์›ํšŒ ๋ถ€์œ„์›์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ๋‹น ์ž„์›ํšŒ์—์„œ ์‚ฌํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ 6์›” 26์ผ, ์ค‘์˜์› ๋ณธํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์†Œ๋น„์„ธ ์ธ์ƒ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์˜ ํ‘œ๊ฒฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹น์˜ ์ฐฌ์„ฑ ๋‹น๋ก ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋˜์กŒ๋‹ค. 7์›” 2์ผ์—๋Š” ์•ผ๋งˆ์˜ค์นด ๊ฒ์ง€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ๋ถ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๋“ฑ ์ค‘์˜์› ์˜์› 40๋ช…, ์ฐธ์˜์› ์˜์› 12๋ช…๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํƒˆ๋‹น๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ œ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์€ 7์›” 3์ผ, ํƒˆ๋‹น๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ „์› ์ œ๋ช… ์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ๋ฐฉ์นจ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , 7์›” 9์ผ์˜ ์ƒ์ž„๊ฐ„์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒˆ๋‹น์„ ์„ ์–ธํ•œ ์˜์›๋“ค์˜ ๋‹น์›๊ถŒ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํƒˆ๋‹น ์„ ์–ธ์„ ๋ฒˆ๋ณตํ•œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์˜์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋‹น์›๊ถŒ ์ •์ง€ 2๋…„ (์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์˜์› ์ค‘ ํ•œ๋ช…์ธ ํ•˜ํ† ์•ผ๋งˆ ์œ ํ‚ค์˜ค ์ „ ์ด๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋‹น์›๊ถŒ ์ •์ง€ 3๊ฐœ์›”), ํ‘œ๊ฒฐ์— ๋ถˆ์ฐธํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๊ถŒํ•œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์˜์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” "์—„์ค‘ ์ฃผ์˜"๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ์„ฑ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์ด ๋‚ด๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋™๋…„ 7์›” 11์ผ, ํƒˆ๋‹นํ•œ ์˜์›๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ "๊ตญ๋ฏผ ์ƒํ™œ์ด ์ œ์ผ"์ด ์ฐฝ๋‹น๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋งˆํ‚ค๋„ ์ด์— ๋™์ฐธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ•ด 12์›” 16์ผ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ œ46ํšŒ ์ค‘์˜์› ์˜์› ์ด์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‹ค ์œ ํ‚ค์ฝ” ์‹œ๊ฐ€ํ˜„์ง€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ธ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋‹น์˜ ๊ณต์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ํ˜„ ์ œ3๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ž…ํ›„๋ณดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์—ญ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚™์„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์„ํŒจ์œจ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ™œ ๋‹น์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋™๋…„ 12์›” 27์ผ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋‹น์ด ๋ถ„๋‹น๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ๋‹น ์ฐฝ๋‹น์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 2014๋…„ ์ œ47ํšŒ ์ค‘์˜์› ์˜์› ์ด์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ๋„ ๋‹น์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ ์ œ48ํšŒ ์ค‘์˜์› ์˜์› ์ด์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ํฌ๋ง์˜ ๋‹น์ด ์ฐฝ๋‹น๋˜์ž ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ๋‹น์—์„œ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฐ”๊พผ ์ž์œ ๋‹น์˜ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ํ›„๋ณด์ž๋Š” ํฌ๋ง์˜ ๋‹น ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋งˆํ‚ค๋Š” "ํฌ๋ง์˜ ๋‹น์˜ ๋…ธ์„ ๊ณผ ๋‚˜์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ๋งˆํ•ด ํ›„ํ…๋งˆ ๋น„ํ–‰์žฅ ์ด์ „ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๊ณต์•ฝ์„ ๊ด€์ฒ ํ•œ๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ ์ž์œ ๋‹น ๋‹น์ ์€ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ ์ฑ„ ๋ฌด์†Œ์† ์ž๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ๋งˆํ•˜์—ฌ 4์„ ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 2017๋…„ 11์›” 1์ผ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์ด๋ฆฌ ์ง€๋ช… ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—๋‹ค๋…ธ ์œ ํ‚ค์˜ค์—๊ฒŒ ํˆฌํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ํ˜„์ง€์‚ฌ 2018๋…„ 8์›” 17์ผ, ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ํ˜„์ง€์‚ฌ ์žฌ์ž„ ๋„์ค‘ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ์˜ค๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์ผ€์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ „์— ๋‹ค๋งˆํ‚ค ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์™€ ๊ธˆ์ˆ˜๊ทธ๋ฃน ํšŒ์žฅ์ธ ๊ณ ์•ผ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž๋กœ ์ง€๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ž, ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž ๋‘๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜„์ง€์‚ฌ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ถœ๋งˆ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์Ÿ์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. 8์›” 18์ผ ๊ณ ์•ผ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถœ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์‚ฌํ•˜์ž, 8์›” 19์ผ ์˜ค๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์ผ€์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋˜ ์ •์น˜ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋งˆํ‚ค๋ฅผ ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ์˜น๋ฆฝํ•  ๋ฐฉ์นจ์„ ์„ธ์šด๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋‹ค๋งˆํ‚ค๋Š” ์ž…ํ—Œ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์˜ ์—๋‹ค๋…ธ ์œ ํ‚ค์˜ค ๋Œ€ํ‘œ, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์˜ ์˜ค์“ฐ์นด ๊ณ ํ—ค์ด ๊ณต๋™๋Œ€ํ‘œ, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น์˜ ์‹œ์ด ๊ฐ€์ฆˆ์˜ค ์œ„์›์žฅ, ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์˜ ๋งˆํƒ€์ด์น˜ ์„ธ์ด์ง€ ๋‹น์ˆ˜, "๋ฌด์†Œ์†ํšŒ"(์ค‘์˜์›์˜ ํšŒํŒŒ)์˜ ์˜ค์นด๋‹ค ๊ฐ€์“ฐ์•ผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์˜์›๊ณผ ํšŒ๋‹ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋งˆํ‚ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์›์„ ํ™•์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 8์›” 29์ผ, ๋‹ค๋งˆํ‚ค๋Š” ์˜ค๋‚˜๊ฐ€์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ํ˜„์ง€์‚ฌ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ถœ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์‹ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 9์›” 13์ผ, ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ํ˜„์ง€์‚ฌ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ณต์‹œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ถœ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์‹ ๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋™์‹œ์— ์ค‘์˜์› ์˜์›์ง์„ ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 9์›” 30์ผ์˜ ํˆฌ๊ฐœํ‘œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น๊ณผ ๊ณต๋ช…๋‹น์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌํ‚ค๋งˆ ์•„์“ฐ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์•ฝ 8๋งŒํ‘œ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ๋”ฐ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์„ ๋๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 10์›” 4์ผ, ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ ํ˜„์ฒญ์—์„œ ๋‹น์„  ์ฆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ํ˜„์ง€์‚ฌ์— ์ทจ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ 9์›” 11์ผ, 2022๋…„ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ํ˜„์ง€์‚ฌ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ 4๋…„์ „์— ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น๊ณผ ๊ณต๋ช…๋‹น์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌํ‚ค๋งˆ ์•„์“ฐ์‹œ ํ›„๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊บพ๊ณ  ์žฌ์„ ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค,. ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ฃผ 1959๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ํ˜„์ง€์‚ฌ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€ํ˜„์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ ์ค‘์˜์› ์˜์› ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณ„ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny%20Tamaki
Denny Tamaki
is a Japanese politician and the current Governor of Okinawa Prefecture since August 2018. Tamaki was a member of the Okinawa Prefectural Assembly for Okinawa City from 2002 to 2005 and became the first Amerasian member of the Japanese House of Representatives as the representative for Okinawa Prefecture's 3rd district from 2009 to 2012 and 2014 to 2018. Tamaki was elected governor as an independent in the 2018 Okinawa gubernatorial election following the untimely death of Governor Takeshi Onaga. He was re-elected again in 2022. Early life was born on 13 October 1959 in Yonashiro (now part of Uruma), Okinawa under American civil administration to an Okinawan mother and an American father who was a member of the U.S. Marine Corps and left Okinawa before he was born. Tamaki changed his legal name to at 10 years of age, with Denny (ใƒ‡ใƒ‹ใƒผ, Denฤซ) being a nickname kept since childhood. Tamaki has never met his father, and his mother remained single throughout his youth and destroyed most materials related to his father. Tamaki searched for his father, but was unsuccessful in locating him. Although Tamaki rarely discusses his American background, he describes himself as embodying Okinawa's predicament as a host for United States military personnel. Tamaki left Okinawa to attend a trade school in Tokyo and returned afterward, working as a radio disk jockey for several years. Political career Tamaki was an Okinawa City Council member from 2002 to 2005 until running in the 2005 general election for the Okinawa 3rd district in the House of Representatives, but lost to incumbent Chiken Kakazu. Tamaki ran again in the 2009 general election and defeated Kakazu for the 3rd district seat. After his election to the Diet, Tamaki became a member of the Lower House Standing Committee on National Security and director of the Special Committee on Okinawa and Northern Territories Affairs. Tamaki joined Ichirล Ozawa in opposing the consumption tax hike proposed by Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda in 2012, and was removed from the Democratic Party of Japan. Tamaki lost the Okinawa 3rd district seat to Natsumi Higa in the 2012 general election, but retained a seat in the Kyushu proportional representation block with the Tomorrow Party, which collapsed and became the People's Life Party following the election. Tamaki recontested the seat in the 2014 election and regained the seat from Higa with a comfortable 20-point majority. Shortly before his death in August 2018, Takeshi Onaga, the Governor of Okinawa Prefecture, named Tamaki and businessman Morimasa Goya as possible candidates to succeed him. Tamaki won the 2018 Okinawa gubernatorial election with 55% of the vote. Tamaki defeated Atsushi Sakima, a candidate supported by the Liberal Democratic Party. The election drew the attention of the national LDP, with national political figures such as Yoshihide Suga, Toshihiro Nikai and Shinjiro Koizumi traveling to Okinawa to campaign for Sakima. On September 11, 2022, Tamaki was re-elected to serve another four-year term as governor, defeating Sakima a second time. Positions Tamaki has long been opposed to the U.S. military presence on Okinawa. In 2009, Tamaki called for a sharp reduction in American troop strength on Okinawa, stating that "it's about time the Japanese government let Okinawa go back to its original self" and "we need to wean our economy from its dependence on the bases." This position was the major focus of his 2018 gubernatorial campaign, in which he argued against the relocation of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma to another location on Okinawa, a position consistent with his late predecessor Onaga. The base relocation was the most important issue for voters in the 2018 election, according to an Asahi Shimbun exit poll. In June 2019, Tamaki stated that Chinese patrols near the disputed Senkaku islands (administered by Japan as part of Okinawa Prefecture) should not be bothered, which critics questioned if Tamaki thought they were not Japanese territory. Tamaki responded by taking back his statement and expressed that he was misunderstood. Following a COVID-19 outbreak in the prefecture's US bases in 2020, Tamaki criticized the American military, expressing deep regret and doubt concerning the bases' ability to stop the spread of the virus, which at the time had already infected over 61 personnel. He cited possible sources of the outbreak, including off-base military parties on July 4, which had high risks of community spread. Personal life Tamaki is married with two sons and two daughters. He is a singer and guitarist, and has written lyrics for Rinken Band. References External links Message from the Governor:Okinawa Prefectural Government Washington DC Office Official website Living people 1959 births Japanese people of American descent Governors of Okinawa Prefecture Democratic Party of Japan politicians People's Life Party politicians Members of the House of Representatives (Japan) Members of the Okinawa Prefectural Assembly 21st-century Japanese politicians Ryukyuan people Japanese politicians of Ryukyuan descent Politicians from Okinawa Prefecture
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%91%EC%84%9C%EC%A7%80
์—‘์„œ์ง€
์—‘์„œ์ง€(exergy, ฮฆ)๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์œ„์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ผ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ ์žฅ์น˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šฉ ์ผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, , ์ฃผ์œ„๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ผ์€ ๊ฐ€์—ญ ์ผ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ1์˜ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ž. ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ์ €์žฅ์กฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ธ ์—ด ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ผ์€ ๊ฐ€์—ญ ์—ด๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ฃผ์œ„์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ผ์ • ์˜จ๋„ ์ธ ์ฃผ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ €์žฅ์กฐ์˜ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ด๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ์‚ฌ์ดํด๋กœ ์šด์ „๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ผ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์—๋„ˆ์ง€: ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ: ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1 ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์› ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋งŒ์ด ์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์˜ ์—‘์„œ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์น˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ์‚ฌ์ดํดํšจ์œจ์— ๋ฅผ ๊ณฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ2์˜ T-s์„ ๋„์— ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ์˜ ๋ฉด์  ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์—ด ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ด ์ค‘ ์˜จ๋„ ์•„๋žซ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์—ด๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง€๋Š”, ์˜ ๋น„๊ฐ€์šฉ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ3๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์—ด๊ตํ™˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์••๋ ฅ์˜ ์—ด์›์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ด ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์ „๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์•ž์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ์‚ฌ์ดํด์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋Œ€์˜ ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ์‚ฌ์ดํด ์—ด๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ3-(b)์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ์€ ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ ๋ถ„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ1 ๋ฒ•์น™์— ๋Œ€์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2 ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3 ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์› ์œ„ ์‹์˜ ฮ”S์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ์˜ ์•ฝ์†์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ฮ”S๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ3์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Ÿ‰์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ Q ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์šฉ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์‹(1)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ผ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ3์—์„œ T0 ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๋ฉด์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ด์›์—์„œ ์—ด์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์—ด๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์‚ฌ์ดํด์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฒด์ ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ4 ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฒด์  ๊ทธ๋ฆผ4์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฒด์ ์— ์ €์žฅํ•ญ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉด ์ด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฒด์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ์† ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‹, ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ์‹์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์‹ค์ œ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ฐ€์—ญ ๊ณผ์ •๋งŒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฒด์ ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฒด์ ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฒด์ ์€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฒด์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ €์žฅํ•ญ(๊ฐ ์‹์˜ ์ขŒ๋ณ€ํ•ญ)์ด ๊ฐ™๊ณ , ์˜จ๋„ Tj์—์„œ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ Qj๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ™์•„์„œ ์‹ (b)์™€ (c)์—์„œ ์•ž์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ ํ•ญ์ด ๊ฐ™์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์‹ (c)์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ญ์€ ์–‘์ˆ˜์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ (๊ฐ€์—ญ) ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ์ƒ์„ฑ ํ•ญ์€ 0์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ(๋“ฑํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด) ์‹ (c)์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํ•ญ์„ ์–‘์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ญ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ฐ€์—ญ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์œ ์ž… ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์˜จ๋„ T0์˜ ์ฃผ์œ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ Q0rev์ด์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฒด์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‹์—๋„ ์ด ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ Q0rev์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ์ผ์„ ๋”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์—ญ ์ผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ (b), (c)์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฒด์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ญ๋“ค์„ ์ด์ƒ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฒด์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ญ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฒด์  ํ•ญ ย ย ย ย ย ย  ์ด์ƒ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฒด์  ํ•ญ ์‹ (d)์—์„œ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ญ๊ณผ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๊ณ , ์‹ (e)๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€์—ญ์ผ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฒด์ ์ด ๋‹จ์—ด์ผ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ์ด์ƒ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฒด์ ์—๋Š” ์ฃผ์œ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฒด์ ์ด ๊ฐ€์—ญ์ผ ๋•Œ๋งŒ ์ด ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์ด 0์ด๊ณ  ๋‘ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฒด์ ์€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์—ญ์ผ์„ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฒด์ ์˜ ์œ ๋™๊ณผ ํ”Œ๋Ÿญ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ (c )๋ฅผ ํ’€์–ด์„œ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฅ ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹ (f)์— ๋Œ€์ž…ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹ (g)์— ์ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ค์ œ์ผ์„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‹ (b)์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ (f)์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ฐ€์—ญ์ผ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์œ ์‚ฌ ํ•ญ์„ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์—ญ์ผ์€ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์˜ ์—ด์ด ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ์—ด๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์˜จ๋„ T0 ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ผ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์œ ๋™์€ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ญ ์ผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ €์žฅํ•ญ์€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋Œ€๊ด„ํ˜ธ ์•ˆ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฒด์ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฅ ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ•œ ๊ทนํ•œ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ์‹ค์ œ ์ผ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฒด์ ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ€์—ญ ์ผ๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ์ผ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์„ฑ(irreversibiliI ๋ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ฐ’์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์†์‹ค์ผ(lost work)์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†์‹ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ๋ณด์กด๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ์†์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ (f), (g)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์„ฑ์€ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋Ÿ‰์— ์ง์ ‘ ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์˜จ๋„ T0์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์—ญ์ผ์ด ์‹ค์ œ์ผ๋ณด๋‹ค ์–‘(1)์˜ ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์„ฑ๋งŒํผ ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ„ฐ๋นˆ ๋˜๋Š” ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์ผ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์—”์ง„์˜ ํ”ผ์Šคํ†ค-์‹ค๋ฆฐ๋”์ผ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ์ผ์€ ์–‘์ˆ˜์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์—ญ์ผ์€ ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ์„ ๊ฐ€์—ญ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํŽŒํ”„๋‚˜ ์••์ถ•๊ธฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ผ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ์ผ์€ ์Œ์ˆ˜์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์—ญ์ผ์€ 0์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ํฐ ๊ฐ’์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ€์—ญ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์€ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ผ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ5์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์–‘์˜ ์‹ค์ œ์ผ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 1๋กœ, ์Œ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ์ผ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 2๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5 ์‹ค์ œ ์ผ๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์—ญ ์ผ๋ฅ  ์ฐธ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ Fundamentals Of Thermodynamics โ€“Claus Borgnakke/Richard E.Sonntag ์ƒํƒœ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergy
Exergy
Exergy, often referred to as "available energy" or "useful work potential," is a fundamental concept in the field of thermodynamics and engineering. It plays a crucial role in understanding and quantifying the quality of energy within a system and its potential to perform useful work. Exergy analysis has widespread applications in various fields, including energy engineering, environmental science, and industrial processes. From a scientific and engineering perspective, second-law based exergy analysis is valuable because it provides a number of benefits over energy analysis alone. These benefits include the basis for determining energy quality (or exergy content), enhancing the understanding of fundamental physical phenomena, and improving design, performance evaluation and optimization efforts. In thermodynamics, the exergy of a system is the maximum useful work that can be produced as the system is brought into equilibrium with its environment by an ideal process. The specification of an 'ideal process' allows the determination of 'maximum work' production. From a conceptual perspective, exergy is the 'ideal' potential of a system to do work or cause a change as it achieves equilibrium with its environment. Exergy is also known as 'availability'. Exergy is non-zero when there is dis-equilibrium between the system and its environment, and exergy is zero when equilibrium is established (the state of maximum entropy for the system plus its environment). Determining exergy was one of the original goals of thermodynamics. The term "exergy" was coined in 1956 by Zoran Rant (1904โ€“1972) by using the Greek ex and ergon meaning "from work", but the concept had been earlier developed by J Willard Gibbs (the namesake of Gibbs free energy) in 1873. Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but is simply converted from one form to another (see First Law of Thermodynamics). In contrast to energy, exergy is always destroyed when a process is non-ideal or irreversible (see Second Law of Thermodynamics). To illustrate, when someone states that "I used a lot of energy running up that hill", the statement contradicts the first law. Although the energy is not consumed, intuitively we perceive that something is. The key point is that energy has quality or measures of usefulness, and this energy quality (or exergy content) is what is consumed or destroyed. This occurs because everything, all real processes, produce entropy and the destruction of exergy or the rate of 'Irreversibility' is proportional to this entropy production (Gouy-Stodola theorem). Where entropy production may be calculated as the net increase in entropy of the system together with its surroundings. Entropy production is due to things such as friction, heat transfer across a finite temperature difference and mixing. Whereas, in distinction from 'exergy destruction', 'exergy loss' is the transfer of exergy across the boundaries of a system, such as with mass or heat loss, where the exergy flow or transfer is potentially recoverable. Although the energy quality or exergy content of these mass and energy losses are low in many situations or applications. Where exergy content is defined as the ratio of exergy-to-energy on a percentage basis. For example, while the exergy content of electrical work produced by a thermal power plant is 100%, the exergy content of low grade heat rejected by the power plant, at say, 41 degrees Celsius, relative to an environment temperature of 25 degrees Celsius, is only 5%. Definitions Exergy is a combination property of a system and its environment because it depends on the state of both, and is a consequence of dis-equilibrium between them. Exergy is neither a thermodynamic property of matter nor a thermodynamic potential of a system. Exergy and energy always have the same units, and the joule (symbol: J) is the unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI). The internal energy of a system is always measured from a fixed reference state and is therefore always a state function. Some authors define the exergy of the system to be changed when the environment changes, in which case it is not a state function. Other writers prefer a slightly alternate definition of the available energy or exergy of a system where the environment is firmly defined, as an unchangeable absolute reference state, and in this alternate definition, exergy becomes a property of the state of the system alone. However, from a theoretical point of view, exergy may be defined without reference to any environment. If the intensive properties of different finitely extended elements of a system differ, there is always the possibility to extract mechanical work from the system. Yet, with such an approach one has to abandon the requirement that the environment is large enough relative to the 'system' such that its intensive properties, such as temperature, are unchanged due to its interaction with the system. So that exergy is defined in an absolute sense, it will be assumed in this article that, unless otherwise stated, that the environment's intensive properties are unchanged by its interaction with the system. For a heat engine, the exergy can be simply defined in an absolute sense, as the energy input times the Carnot efficiency, assuming the low temperature heat reservoir is at the temperature of the environment. Since many systems can be modeled as a heat engine, this definition can be useful for many applications. Terminology The term exergy is also used, by analogy with its physical definition, in information theory related to reversible computing. Exergy is also synonymous with: available energy, exergic energy, essergy (considered archaic), utilizable energy, available useful work, maximum (or minimum) work, maximum (or minimum) work content, reversible work, ideal work, availability or available work. Implications The exergy destruction of a cycle is the sum of the exergy destruction of the processes that compose that cycle. The exergy destruction of a cycle can also be determined without tracing the individual processes by considering the entire cycle as a single process and using one of the exergy destruction equations. Examples For two thermal reservoirs at temperatures TH and TC<TH, as considered by Carnot, the exergy is the work W that can be done by a reversible engine. Specifically, with QH the heat provided by the hot reservoir, Carnot's analysis gives W/QH=(TH-TC)/TH. Although, exergy or maximum work is determined by conceptually utilizing an ideal process, it is the property of a system in a given environment. Exergy analysis is not merely for reversible cycles, but for all cycles (including non-cyclic or non-ideal), and indeed for all thermodynamic processes. As an example, consider the non-cyclic process of expansion of an ideal gas. For free expansion in an isolated system, the energy and temperature do not change, so by energy conservation no work is done. On the other hand, for expansion done against a moveable wall that always matched the (varying) pressure of the expanding gas (so the wall develops negligible kinetic energy), with no heat transfer (adiabatic wall), then the maximum work would be done. This corresponds to the exergy. Thus, in terms of exergy, Carnot considered the exergy for a two thermal reservoir (fixed temperatures) cyclic process. Just as the work done depends on the process, so the exergy depends on the process, reducing to Carnot's result for Carnot's case. W. Thomson (from 1892, Lord Kelvin), as early as 1849 was exercised by what he called โ€œlost energyโ€, which appears to be the same as โ€œdestroyed energyโ€ and what has been called โ€œanergyโ€. In 1874 he wrote that โ€œlost energyโ€ is the same as the energy dissipated by, e.g., friction, electrical conduction (electric field-driven charge diffusion), heat conduction (temperature-driven thermal diffusion), viscous processes (transverse momentum diffusion) and particle diffusion (ink in water). On the other hand, Kelvin did not indicate how to compute the โ€œlost energyโ€. This awaited the 1931 and 1932 works of Onsager on irreversible processes. Mathematical description An application of the second law of thermodynamics Exergy uses system boundaries in a way that is unfamiliar to many. We imagine the presence of a Carnot engine between the system and its reference environment even though this engine does not exist in the real world. Its only purpose is to measure the results of a "what-if" scenario to represent the most efficient work interaction possible between the system and its surroundings. If a real-world reference environment is chosen that behaves like an unlimited reservoir that remains unaltered by the system, then Carnot's speculation about the consequences of a system heading towards equilibrium with time is addressed by two equivalent mathematical statements. Let B, the exergy or available work, decrease with time, and Stotal, the entropy of the system and its reference environment enclosed together in a larger isolated system, increase with time: For macroscopic systems (above the thermodynamic limit), these statements are both expressions of the second law of thermodynamics if the following expression is used for exergy: where the extensive quantities for the system are: U = Internal energy, V = Volume, and Ni = Moles of component i The intensive quantities for the surroundings are: PR = Pressure, TR = temperature, ฮผi, R = Chemical potential of component i Individual terms also often have names attached to them: is called "available PV work", is called "entropic loss" or "heat loss" and the final term is called "available chemical energy." Other thermodynamic potentials may be used to replace internal energy so long as proper care is taken in recognizing which natural variables correspond to which potential. For the recommended nomenclature of these potentials, see (Alberty, 2001). Equation () is useful for processes where system volume, entropy, and the number of moles of various components change because internal energy is also a function of these variables and no others. An alternative definition of internal energy does not separate available chemical potential from U. This expression is useful (when substituted into equation ()) for processes where system volume and entropy change, but no chemical reaction occurs: In this case, a given set of chemicals at a given entropy and volume will have a single numerical value for this thermodynamic potential. A multi-state system may complicate or simplify the problem because the Gibbs phase rule predicts that intensive quantities will no longer be completely independent from each other. A historical and cultural tangent In 1848, William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, asked (and immediately answered) the question Is there any principle on which an absolute thermometric scale can be founded? It appears to me that Carnot's theory of the motive power of heat enables us to give an affirmative answer. With the benefit of the hindsight contained in equation (), we are able to understand the historical impact of Kelvin's idea on physics. Kelvin suggested that the best temperature scale would describe a constant ability for a unit of temperature in the surroundings to alter the available work from Carnot's engine. From equation (): Rudolf Clausius recognized the presence of a proportionality constant in Kelvin's analysis and gave it the name entropy in 1865 from the Greek for "transformation" because it describes the quantity of energy lost during the transformation from heat to work. The available work from a Carnot engine is at its maximum when the surroundings are at a temperature of absolute zero. Physicists then, as now, often look at a property with the word "available" or "utilizable" in its name with a certain unease. The idea of what is available raises the question of "available to what?" and raises a concern about whether such a property is anthropocentric. Laws derived using such a property may not describe the universe but instead, describe what people wish to see. The field of statistical mechanics (beginning with the work of Ludwig Boltzmann in developing the Boltzmann equation) relieved many physicists of this concern. From this discipline, we now know that macroscopic properties may all be determined from properties on a microscopic scale where entropy is more "real" than temperature itself (see Thermodynamic temperature). Microscopic kinetic fluctuations among particles cause entropic loss, and this energy is unavailable for work because these fluctuations occur randomly in all directions. The anthropocentric act is taken, in the eyes of some physicists and engineers today, when someone draws a hypothetical boundary, in fact, he says: "This is my system. What occurs beyond it is surroundings." In this context, exergy is sometimes described as an anthropocentric property, both by some who use it and by some who don't. However, exergy is based on the dis-equilibrium between a system and its environment, so its very real and necessary to define the system distinctly from its environment. It can be agreed that entropy is generally viewed as a more fundamental property of matter than exergy. A potential for every thermodynamic situation In addition to and the other thermodynamic potentials are frequently used to determine exergy. For a given set of chemicals at a given entropy and pressure, enthalpy H is used in the expression: For a given set of chemicals at a given temperature and volume, Helmholtz free energy A is used in the expression: For a given set of chemicals at a given temperature and pressure, Gibbs free energy G is used in the expression: where is evaluated at the isothermal system temperature (), and is defined with respect to the isothermal temperature of the system's environment (). The exergy is the energy reduced by the product of the entropy times the environment temperature , which is the slope or partial derivative of the internal energy with respect to entropy in the environment. That is, higher entropy reduces the exergy or free energy available relative to the energy level . Work can be produced from this energy, such as in an isothermal process, but any entropy generation during the process will cause the destruction of exergy (irreversibility) and the reduction of these thermodynamic potentials. Further, exergy losses can occur if mass and energy is transferred out of the system at non-ambient or elevated temperature, pressure or chemical potential. Exergy losses are potentially recoverable though because the exergy has not been destroyed, such as what occurs in waste heat recovery systems (although the energy quality or exergy content is typically low). As a special case, an isothermal process operating at ambient temperature will have no thermally related exergy losses. Exergy Analysis involving Radiative Heat Transfer All matter emits radiation continuously as a result of its non-zero (absolute) temperature. This emitted energy flow is proportional to the materialโ€™s temperature raised to the fourth power. As a result, any radiation conversion device that seeks to absorb and convert radiation (while reflecting a fraction of the incoming source radiation) inherently emits its own radiation. Also, given that reflected and emitted radiation can occupy the same direction or solid angle, the entropy flows, and as a result, the exergy flows, are generally not independent. The entropy and exergy balance equations for a control volume (CV), re-stated to correctly apply to situations involving radiative transfer, are expressed as, where or denotes entropy production within the control volume, and, This rate equation for the exergy within an open system X () takes into account the exergy transfer rates across the system boundary by heat transfer ( for conduction & convection, and by radiative fluxes), by mechanical or electrical work transfer (), and by mass transfer (), as well as taking into account the exergy destruction () that occurs within the system due to irreversibilityโ€™s or non-ideal processes. Note that chemical exergy, kinetic energy, and gravitational potential energy have been excluded for simplicity. The exergy irradiance or flux M, and the exergy radiance N (where M = ฯ€N for isotropic radiation), depend on the spectral and directional distribution of the radiation (for example, see the next section on โ€˜Exergy Flux of Radiation with an Arbitrary Spectrumโ€™). Sunlight can be crudely approximated as blackbody, or more accurately, as graybody radiation. Noting that, although a graybody spectrum looks similar to a blackbody spectrum, the entropy and exergy are very different. Petela determined that the exergy of isotropic blackbody radiation was given by the expression, where the exergy within the enclosed system is X (), c is the speed of light, V is the volume occupied by the enclosed radiation system or void, T is the material emission temperature, To is the environmental temperature, and x is the dimensionless temperature ratio To/T. However, for decades this result was contested in terms of its relevance to the conversion of radiation fluxes, and in particular, solar radiation. For example, Bejan stated that โ€œPetelaโ€™s efficiency is no more than a convenient, albeit artificial way, of non-dimensionalizing the calculated work outputโ€ and that Petelaโ€™s efficiency โ€œis not a โ€˜conversion efficiency.โ€™ โ€ However, it has been shown that Petelaโ€™s result represents the exergy of blackbody radiation. This was done by resolving a number of issues, including that of inherent irreversibility, defining the environment in terms of radiation, the effect of inherent emission by the conversion device and the effect of concentrating source radiation. Exergy Flux of Radiation with an Arbitrary Spectrum (including Sunlight) In general, terrestrial solar radiation has an arbitrary non-blackbody spectrum. Ground level spectrums can vary greatly due to reflection, scattering and absorption in the atmosphere. While the emission spectrums of thermal radiation in engineering systems can vary widely as well. In determining the exergy of radiation with an arbitrary spectrum, it must be considered whether reversible or ideal conversion (zero entropy production) is possible. It has been shown that reversible conversion of blackbody radiation fluxes across an infinitesimal temperature difference is theoretically possible ]. However, this reversible conversion can only be theoretically achieved because equilibrium can exist between blackbody radiation and matter. However, non-blackbody radiation cannot even exist in equilibrium with itself, nor with its own emitting material. Unlike blackbody radiation, non-blackbody radiation cannot exist in equilibrium with matter, so it appears likely that the interaction of non-blackbody radiation with matter is always an inherently irreversible process. For example, an enclosed non-blackbody radiation system (such as a void inside a solid mass) is unstable and will spontaneously equilibriate to blackbody radiation unless the enclosure is perfectly reflecting (i.e., unless there is no thermal interaction of the radiation with its enclosure โ€“ which is not possible in actual, or real, non-ideal systems). Consequently, a cavity initially devoid of thermal radiation inside a non-blackbody material will spontaneously and rapidly (due to the high velocity of the radiation), through a series of absorption and emission interactions, become filled with blackbody radiation rather than non-blackbody radiation. The approaches by Petela and Karlsson both assume that reversible conversion of non-blackbody radiation is theoretically possible, that is, without addressing or considering the issue. Exergy is not a property of the system alone, itโ€™s a property of both the system and its environment. Thus, it is of key importance non-blackbody radiation cannot exist in equilibrium with matter, indicating that the interaction of non-blackbody radiation with matter is an inherently irreversible process. The flux (irradiance) of radiation with an arbitrary spectrum, based on the inherent irreversibility of non-blackbody radiation conversion, is given by the expression, The exergy flux is expressed as a function of only the energy flux or irradiance and the environment temperature . For graybody radiation, the exergy flux is given by the expression, As one would expect, the exergy flux of non-blackbody radiation reduces to the result for blackbody radiation when emissivity is equal to one. Note that the exergy flux of graybody radiation can be a small fraction of the energy flux. For example, the ratio of exergy flux to energy flux for graybody radiation with emissivity is equal to 40.0%, for and . That is, a maximum of only 40% of the graybody energy flux can be converted to work in this case (already only 50% of that of the blackbody energy flux with the same emission temperature). Graybody radiation has a spectrum that looks similar to the blackbody spectrum, but the entropy and exergy flux cannot be accurately approximated as that of blackbody radiation with the same emission temperature. However, it can be reasonably approximated by the entropy flux of blackbody radiation with the same energy flux (lower emission temperature). Blackbody radiation has the highest entropy-to-energy ratio of all radiation with the same energy flux, but the lowest entropy-to-energy ratio, and the highest exergy content, of all radiation with the same emission temperature. For example, the exergy content of graybody radiation is lower than that of blackbody radiation with the same emission temperature and decreases as emissivity decreases. For the example above with the exergy flux of the blackbody radiation source flux is 52.5% of the energy flux compared to 40.0% for graybody radiation with , or compared to 15.5% for graybody radiation with . The Exergy Flux of Sunlight In addition to the production of power directly from sunlight, solar radiation provides most of the exergy for processes on Earth, including processes that sustain living systems directly, as well as all fuels and energy sources that are used for transportation and electric power production (directly or indirectly). This is primarily with the exception of nuclear fission power plants and geothermal energy (due to natural fission decay). Solar energy is, for the most part, thermal radiation from the Sun with an emission temperature near 5762 Kelvin, but it also includes small amounts of higher energy radiation from the fusion reaction or higher thermal emission temperatures within the Sun. The source of most energy on Earth is nuclear in origin. The figure below depicts typical solar radiation spectrums under clear sky conditions for AM0 (extraterrestrial solar radiation), AM1 (terrestrial solar radiation with solar zenith angle of 0 degrees) and AM4 (terrestrial solar radiation with solar zenith angle of 75.5 degrees). The solar spectrum at sea level (terrestrial solar spectrum) depends on a number of factors including the position of the Sun in the sky, atmospheric turbidity, the level of local atmospheric pollution, and the amount and type of cloud cover. These spectrums are for relatively clear air (ฮฑ = 1.3, ฮฒ = 0.04) assuming a U.S. standard atmosphere with 20 mm of precipitable water vapor and 3.4 mm of ozone. The Figure shows the spectral energy irradiance (W/m2ฮผm) which does not provide information regarding the directional distribution of the solar radiation. The exergy content of the solar radiation, assuming that it is subtended by the solid angle of the ball of the Sun (no circumsolar), is 93.1%, 92.3% and 90.8%, respectively, for the AM0, AM1 and the AM4 spectrums. The exergy content of terrestrial solar radiation is also reduced because of the diffuse component caused by the complex interaction of solar radiation, originally in a very small solid angle beam, with material in the Earthโ€™s atmosphere. The characteristics and magnitude of diffuse terrestrial solar radiation depends on a number of factors, as mentioned, including the position of the Sun in the sky, atmospheric turbidity, the level of local atmospheric pollution, and the amount and type of cloud cover. Solar radiation under clear sky conditions exhibits a maximum intensity towards the Sun (circumsolar radiation) but also exhibits an increase in intensity towards the horizon (horizon brightening). In contrast for opaque overcast skies the solar radiation can be completely diffuse with a maximum intensity in the direction of the zenith and monotonically decreasing towards the horizon. The magnitude of the diffuse component generally varies with frequency, being highest in the ultraviolet region. The dependence of the exergy content on directional distribution can be illustrated by considering, for example, the AM1 and AM4 terrestrial spectrums depicted in the figure, with the following simplified cases of directional distribution: โ€ข For AM1: 80% of the solar radiation is contained in the solid angle subtended by the Sun, 10% is contained and isotropic in a solid angle 0.008 sr (this field of view includes circumsolar radiation), while the remaining 10% of the solar radiation is diffuse and isotropic in the solid angle 2ฯ€ sr. โ€ข For AM4: 65% of the solar radiation is contained in the solid angle subtended by the Sun, 20% of the solar radiation is contained and isotropic in a solid angle 0.008 sr, while the remaining 15% of the solar radiation is diffuse and isotropic in the solid angle 2ฯ€ sr. Note that when the Sun is low in the sky the diffuse component can be the dominant part of the incident solar radiation. For these cases of directional distribution, the exergy content of the terrestrial solar radiation for the AM1 and AM4 spectrum depicted are 80.8% and 74.0%, respectively. From these sample calculations it is evideฮฝnt that the exergy content of terrestrial solar radiation is strongly dependent on the directional distribution of the radiation. This result is interesting because one might expect that the performance of a conversion device would depend on the incoming rate of photons and their spectral distribution but not on the directional distribution of the incoming photons. However, for a given incoming flux of photons with a certain spectral distribution, the entropy (level of disorder) is higher the more diffuse the directional distribution. From the second law of thermodynamics, the incoming entropy of the solar radiation cannot be destroyed and consequently reduces the maximum work output that can be obtained by a conversion device. Chemical exergy Similar to thermomechanical exergy, chemical exergy depends on the temperature and pressure of a system as well as on the composition. The key difference in evaluating chemical exergy versus thermomechanical exergy is that thermomechanical exergy does not take into account the difference in a system and the environment's chemical composition. If the temperature, pressure or composition of a system differs from the environment's state, then the overall system will have exergy. The definition of chemical exergy resembles the standard definition of thermomechanical exergy, but with a few differences. Chemical exergy is defined as the maximum work that can be obtained when the considered system is brought into reaction with reference substances present in the environment. Defining the exergy reference environment is one of the most vital parts of analyzing chemical exergy. In general, the environment is defined as the composition of air at 25ย ยฐC and 1 atm of pressure. At these properties air consists of N2=75.67%, O2=20.35%, H2O(g)=3.12%, CO2=0.03% and other gases=0.83%. These molar fractions will become of use when applying Equation 8 below. CaHbOc is the substance that is entering a system that one wants to find the maximum theoretical work of. By using the following equations, one can calculate the chemical exergy of the substance in a given system. Below, Equation 8 uses the Gibbs function of the applicable element or compound to calculate the chemical exergy. Equation 9 is similar but uses standard molar chemical exergy, which scientists have determined based on several criteria, including the ambient temperature and pressure that a system is being analyzed and the concentration of the most common components. These values can be found in thermodynamic books or in online tables. Important equations where: is the Gibbs function of the specific substance in the system at . ( refers to the substance that is entering the system) is the Universal gas constant (8.314462 J/molโ€ขK) is the temperature that the system is being evaluated at in absolute temperature is the molar fraction of the given substance in the environment, i.e. air where is the standard molar chemical exergy taken from a table for the specific conditions that the system is being evaluated. Equation 9 is more commonly used due to the simplicity of only having to look up the standard chemical exergy for given substances. Using a standard table works well for most cases, even if the environmental conditions vary slightly, the difference is most likely negligible. Total exergy After finding the chemical exergy in a given system, one can find the total exergy by adding it to the thermomechanical exergy. Depending on the situation, the amount of chemical exergy added can be very small. If the system being evaluated involves combustion, the amount of chemical exergy is very large and necessary to find the total exergy of the system. Irreversibility Irreversibility accounts for the amount of exergy destroyed in a closed system, or in other words, the wasted work potential. This is also called dissipated energy. For highly efficient systems, the value of , is low, and vice versa. The equation to calculate the irreversibility of a closed system, as it relates to the exergy of that system, is as follows: where , also denoted by , is the entropy generated by processes within the system. If then there are irreversibilities present in the system. If then there are no irreversibilities present in the system. The value of , the irreversibility, can not be negative, as this implies entropy destruction, a direct violation of the second law of thermodynamics. Exergy analysis also relates the actual work of a work producing device to the maximal work, that could be obtained in the reversible or ideal process: That is, the irreversibility is the ideal maximum work output minus the actual work production. Whereas, for a work consuming device such as refrigeration or heat pump, irreversibility is the actual work input minus the ideal minimum work input. The first term at the right part is related to the difference in exergy at inlet and outlet of the system: where is also denoted by . For an isolated system there are no heat or work interactions or transfers of exergy between the system and its surroundings. The exergy of an isolated system can therefore only decrease, by a magnitude equal to the irreversibility of that system or process, Applications Applying equation () to a subsystem yields: This expression applies equally well for theoretical ideals in a wide variety of applications: electrolysis (decrease in G), galvanic cells and fuel cells (increase in G), explosives (increase in A), heating and refrigeration (exchange of H), motors (decrease in U) and generators (increase in U). Utilization of the exergy concept often requires careful consideration of the choice of reference environment because, as Carnot knew, unlimited reservoirs do not exist in the real world. A system may be maintained at a constant temperature to simulate an unlimited reservoir in the lab or in a factory, but those systems cannot then be isolated from a larger surrounding environment. However, with a proper choice of system boundaries, a reasonable constant reservoir can be imagined. A process sometimes must be compared to "the most realistic impossibility," and this invariably involves a certain amount of guesswork. Engineering applications One goal of energy and exergy methods in engineering is to compute what comes into and out of several possible designs before a design is built. Energy input and output will always balance according to the First Law of Thermodynamics or the energy conservation principle. Exergy output will not equal the exergy input for real processes since a part of the exergy input is always destroyed according to the Second Law of Thermodynamics for real processes. After the input and output are calculated, an engineer will often want to select the most efficient process. An energy efficiency or first law efficiency will determine the most efficient process based on wasting as little energy as possible relative to energy inputs. An exergy efficiency or second-law efficiency will determine the most efficient process based on wasting and destroying as little available work as possible from a given input of available work, per unit of whatever the desired output is. Exergy has been applied in a number of design applications in order to optimize systems or identify components or subsystems with the greatest potential for improvement. For instance, an exergy analysis of environmental control systems on the international space station revealed the oxygen generation assembly as the subsystem which destroyed the most exergy. Exergy is particularly useful for broad engineering analyses with many systems of varied nature, since it can account for mechanical, electrical, nuclear, chemical, or thermal systems. For this reason, Exergy analysis has also been used to optimize the performance of rocket vehicles. Exergy analysis affords additional insight, relative to energy analysis alone, because it incorporates the second law, and considers both the system and its relationship with its environment. For example, exergy analysis has been used to compare possible power generation and storage systems on the moon, since exergy analysis is conducted in reference to the unique environmental operating conditions of a specific application, such as on the surface of the moon. Application of exergy to unit operations in chemical plants was partially responsible for the huge growth of the chemical industry during the 20th century. As a simple example of exergy, air at atmospheric conditions of temperature, pressure, and composition contains energy but no exergy when it is chosen as the thermodynamic reference state known as ambient. Individual processes on Earth such as combustion in a power plant often eventually result in products that are incorporated into the atmosphere, so defining this reference state for exergy is useful even though the atmosphere itself is not at equilibrium and is full of long and short term variations. If standard ambient conditions are used for calculations during chemical plant operation when the actual weather is very cold or hot, then certain parts of a chemical plant might seem to have an exergy efficiency of greater than 100%. Without taking into account the non-standard atmospheric temperature variation, these calculations can give an impression of being a perpetual motion machine. Using actual conditions will give actual values, but standard ambient conditions are useful for initial design calculations. Applications in natural resource utilization In recent decades, utilization of exergy has spread outside of physics and engineering to the fields of industrial ecology, ecological economics, systems ecology, and energetics. Defining where one field ends and the next begins is a matter of semantics, but applications of exergy can be placed into rigid categories. After the milestone work of Jan Szargut who emphasized the relation between exergy and availability, it is necessary to remember "Exergy Ecology and Democracy". by Goran Wall, a short essay, which evidences the strict relation that relates exergy disruption with environmental and social disruption. From this activity it has derived a fundamental research activity in ecological economics and environmental accounting perform exergy-cost analyses in order to evaluate the impact of human activity on the current and future natural environment. As with ambient air, this often requires the unrealistic substitution of properties from a natural environment in place of the reference state environment of Carnot. For example, ecologists and others have developed reference conditions for the ocean and for the Earth's crust. Exergy values for human activity using this information can be useful for comparing policy alternatives based on the efficiency of utilizing natural resources to perform work. Typical questions that may be answered are: Does the human production of one unit of an economic good by method A utilize more of a resource's exergy than by method B? Does the human production of economic good A utilize more of a resource's exergy than the production of good B? Does the human production of economic good A utilize a resource's exergy more efficiently than the production of good B? There has been some progress in standardizing and applying these methods. Measuring exergy requires the evaluation of a system's reference state environment. With respect to the applications of exergy on natural resource utilization, the process of quantifying a system requires the assignment of value (both utilized and potential) to resources that are not always easily dissected into typical cost-benefit terms. However, to fully realize the potential of a system to do work, it is becoming increasingly imperative to understand exergetic potential of natural resources, and how human interference alters this potential. Referencing the inherent qualities of a system in place of a reference state environment is the most direct way that ecologists determine the exergy of a natural resource. Specifically, it is easiest to examine the thermodynamic properties of a system, and the reference substances that are acceptable within the reference environment. This determination allows for the assumption of qualities in a natural state: deviation from these levels may indicate a change in the environment caused by outside sources. There are three kinds of reference substances that are acceptable, due to their proliferation on the planet: gases within the atmosphere, solids within the Earth's crust, and molecules or ions in seawater. By understanding these basic models, it's possible to determine the exergy of multiple earth systems interacting, like the effects of solar radiation on plant life. These basic categories are utilized as the main components of a reference environment when examining how exergy can be defined through natural resources. Other qualities within a reference state environment include temperature, pressure, and any number of combinations of substances within a defined area. Again, the exergy of a system is determined by the potential of that system to do work, so it is necessary to determine the baseline qualities of a system before it is possible to understand the potential of that system. The thermodynamic value of a resource can be found by multiplying the exergy of the resource by the cost of obtaining the resource and processing it. Today, it is becoming increasingly popular to analyze the environmental impacts of natural resource utilization, especially for energy usage. To understand the ramifications of these practices, exergy is utilized as a tool for determining the impact potential of emissions, fuels, and other sources of energy. Combustion of fossil fuels, for example, is examined with respect to assessing the environmental impacts of burning coal, oil, and natural gas. The current methods for analyzing the emissions from these three products can be compared to the process of determining the exergy of the systems affected; specifically, it is useful to examine these with regard to the reference state environment of gases within the atmosphere. In this way, it is easier to determine how human action is affecting the natural environment. Applications in sustainability In systems ecology, researchers sometimes consider the exergy of the current formation of natural resources from a small number of exergy inputs (usually solar radiation, tidal forces, and geothermal heat). This application not only requires assumptions about reference states, but it also requires assumptions about the real environments of the past that might have been close to those reference states. Can we decide which is the most "realistic impossibility" over such a long period of time when we are only speculating about the reality? For instance, comparing oil exergy to coal exergy using a common reference state would require geothermal exergy inputs to describe the transition from biological material to fossil fuels during millions of years in the Earth's crust, and solar radiation exergy inputs to describe the material's history before then when it was part of the biosphere. This would need to be carried out mathematically backwards through time, to a presumed era when the oil and coal could be assumed to be receiving the same exergy inputs from these sources. A speculation about a past environment is different from assigning a reference state with respect to known environments today. Reasonable guesses about real ancient environments may be made, but they are untestable guesses, and so some regard this application as pseudoscience or pseudo-engineering. The field describes this accumulated exergy in a natural resource over time as embodied energy with units of the "embodied joule" or "emjoule". The important application of this research is to address sustainability issues in a quantitative fashion through a sustainability measurement: Does the human production of an economic good deplete the exergy of Earth's natural resources more quickly than those resources are able to receive exergy? If so, how does this compare to the depletion caused by producing the same good (or a different one) using a different set of natural resources? Exergy and environmental policy Today environmental policies does not consider exergy as an instrument for a more equitable and effective environmental policy. Recently, exergy analysis allowed to obtain an important fault in today governmental GHGs emission balances, which often do not consider international transport related emissions, therefore the impacts of import/export are not accounted, Therefore, some preliminary cases of the impacts of import export transportation and of technology had provided evidencing the opportunity of introducing an effective exergy based taxation which can reduce the fiscal impact on citizens. In addition Exergy can be a precious instrument for an effective estimation of the path toward UN sustainable development goals (SDG). Assigning one thermodynamically obtained value to an economic good A technique proposed by systems ecologists is to consolidate the three exergy inputs described in the last section into the single exergy input of solar radiation, and to express the total input of exergy into an economic good as a solar embodied joule or sej. (See Emergy) Exergy inputs from solar, tidal, and geothermal forces all at one time had their origins at the beginning of the solar system under conditions which could be chosen as an initial reference state, and other speculative reference states could in theory be traced back to that time. With this tool we would be able to answer: What fraction of the total human depletion of the Earth's exergy is caused by the production of a particular economic good? What fraction of the total human and non-human depletion of the Earth's exergy is caused by the production of a particular economic good? No additional thermodynamic laws are required for this idea, and the principles of energetics may confuse many issues for those outside the field. The combination of untestable hypotheses, unfamiliar jargon that contradicts accepted jargon, intense advocacy among its supporters, and some degree of isolation from other disciplines have contributed to this protoscience being regarded by many as a pseudoscience. However, its basic tenets are only a further utilization of the exergy concept. Implications in the development of complex physical systems A common hypothesis in systems ecology is that the design engineer's observation that a greater capital investment is needed to create a process with increased exergy efficiency is actually the economic result of a fundamental law of nature. By this view, exergy is the analogue of economic currency in the natural world. The analogy to capital investment is the accumulation of exergy into a system over long periods of time resulting in embodied energy. The analogy of capital investment resulting in a factory with high exergy efficiency is an increase in natural organizational structures with high exergy efficiency. (See Maximum power). Researchers in these fields describe biological evolution in terms of increases in organism complexity due to the requirement for increased exergy efficiency because of competition for limited sources of exergy. Some biologists have a similar hypothesis. A biological system (or a chemical plant) with a number of intermediate compartments and intermediate reactions is more efficient because the process is divided up into many small substeps, and this is closer to the reversible ideal of an infinite number of infinitesimal substeps. Of course, an excessively large number of intermediate compartments comes at a capital cost that may be too high. Testing this idea in living organisms or ecosystems is impossible for all practical purposes because of the large time scales and small exergy inputs involved for changes to take place. However, if this idea is correct, it would not be a new fundamental law of nature. It would simply be living systems and ecosystems maximizing their exergy efficiency by utilizing laws of thermodynamics developed in the 19th century. Philosophical and cosmological implications Some proponents of utilizing exergy concepts describe them as a biocentric or ecocentric alternative for terms like quality and value. The "deep ecology" movement views economic usage of these terms as an anthropocentric philosophy which should be discarded. A possible universal thermodynamic concept of value or utility appeals to those with an interest in monism. For some, the result of this line of thinking about tracking exergy into the deep past is a restatement of the cosmological argument that the universe was once at equilibrium and an input of exergy from some First Cause created a universe full of available work. Current science is unable to describe the first 10โˆ’43 seconds of the universe (See Timeline of the Big Bang). An external reference state is not able to be defined for such an event, and (regardless of its merits), such an argument may be better expressed in terms of entropy. Quality of energy types The ratio of exergy to energy in a substance can be considered a measure of energy quality. Forms of energy such as macroscopic kinetic energy, electrical energy, and chemical Gibbs free energy are 100% recoverable as work, and therefore have exergy equal to their energy. However, forms of energy such as radiation and thermal energy can not be converted completely to work, and have exergy content less than their energy content. The exact proportion of exergy in a substance depends on the amount of entropy relative to the surrounding environment as determined by the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Exergy is useful when measuring the efficiency of an energy conversion process. The exergetic, or 2ndย Law, efficiency is a ratio of the exergy output divided by the exergy input. This formulation takes into account the quality of the energy, often offering a more accurate and useful analysis than efficiency estimates only using the First Law of Thermodynamics. Work can be extracted also from bodies colder than the surroundings. When the flow of energy is coming into the body, work is performed by this energy obtained from the large reservoir, the surrounding. A quantitative treatment of the notion of energy quality rests on the definition of energy. According to the standard definition, Energy is a measure of the ability to do work. Work can involve the movement of a mass by a force that results from a transformation of energy. If there is an energy transformation, the second principle of energy flow transformations says that this process must involve the dissipation of some energy as heat. Measuring the amount of heat released is one way of quantifying the energy, or ability to do work and apply a force over a distance. Exergy of heat available at a temperature Maximal possible conversion of heat to work, or exergy content of heat, depends on the temperature at which heat is available and the temperature level at which the reject heat can be disposed, that is the temperature of the surrounding. The upper limit for conversion is known as Carnot efficiency and was discovered by Nicolas Lรฉonard Sadi Carnot in 1824. See also Carnot heat engine. Carnot efficiency is where TH is the higher temperature and TC is the lower temperature, both as absolute temperature. From Equation 15 it is clear that in order to maximize efficiency one should maximize TH and minimize TC. Exergy exchanged is then: where Tsource is the temperature of the heat source, and To is the temperature of the surrounding. Connection with economic value Exergy in a sense can be understood as a measure of the value of energy. Since high-exergy energy carriers can be used for more versatile purposes, due to their ability to do more work, they can be postulated to hold more economic value. This can be seen in the prices of energy carriers, i.e. high-exergy energy carriers such as electricity tend to be more valuable than low-exergy ones such as various fuels or heat. This has led to the substitution of more valuable high-exergy energy carriers with low-exergy energy carriers, when possible. An example is heating systems, where higher investment to heating systems allows using low-exergy energy sources. Thus high-exergy content is being substituted with capital investments. Exergy based Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Exergy of a system is the maximum useful work possible during a process that brings the system into equilibrium with a heat reservoir. Wall clearly states the relation between exergy analysis and resource accounting. This intuition confirmed by Dewulf Sciubba lead to exergo-economic accounting and to methods specifically dedicated to LCA such as exergetic material input per unit of service (EMIPS). The concept of material input per unit of service (MIPS) is quantified in terms of the second law of thermodynamics, allowing the calculation of both resource input and service output in exergy terms. This exergetic material input per unit of service (EMIPS) has been elaborated for transport technology. The service not only takes into account the total mass to be transported and the total distance, but also the mass per single transport and the delivery time. The applicability of the EMIPS methodology relates specifically to the transport system and allows an effective coupling with life cycle assessment. The exergy analysis according to EMIPS allowed the definition of a precise strategy for reducing environmental impacts of transport toward more sustainable transport. Such a strategy requires the reduction of the weight of vehicles, sustainable styles of driving, reducing the friction of tires, encouraging electric and hybrid vehicles, improving the walking and cycling environment in cities, and by enhancing the role of public transport, especially electric rail. History Carnot In 1824, Sadi Carnot studied the improvements developed for steam engines by James Watt and others. Carnot utilized a purely theoretical perspective for these engines and developed new ideas. He wrote: The question has often been raised whether the motive power of heat is unbounded, whether the possible improvements in steam engines have an assignable limitโ€”a limit by which the nature of things will not allow to be passed by any means whatever... In order to consider in the most general way the principle of the production of motion by heat, it must be considered independently of any mechanism or any particular agent. It is necessary to establish principles applicable not only to steam-engines but to all imaginable heat-engines... The production of motion in steam-engines is always accompanied by a circumstance on which we should fix our attention. This circumstance is the re-establishing of equilibrium... Imagine two bodies A and B, kept each at a constant temperature, that of A being higher than that of B. These two bodies, to which we can give or from which we can remove the heat without causing their temperatures to vary, exercise the functions of two unlimited reservoirs... Carnot next described what is now called the Carnot engine, and proved by a thought experiment that any heat engine performing better than this engine would be a perpetual motion machine. Even in the 1820s, there was a long history of science forbidding such devices. According to Carnot, "Such a creation is entirely contrary to ideas now accepted, to the laws of mechanics and of sound physics. It is inadmissible." This description of an upper bound to the work that may be done by an engine was the earliest modern formulation of the second law of thermodynamics. Because it involves no mathematics, it still often serves as the entry point for a modern understanding of both the second law and entropy. Carnot's focus on heat engines, equilibrium, and heat reservoirs is also the best entry point for understanding the closely related concept of exergy. Carnot believed in the incorrect caloric theory of heat that was popular during his time, but his thought experiment nevertheless described a fundamental limit of nature. As kinetic theory replaced caloric theory through the early and mid-19th century (see Timeline of thermodynamics), several scientists added mathematical precision to the first and second laws of thermodynamics and developed the concept of entropy. Carnot's focus on processes at the human scale (above the thermodynamic limit) led to the most universally applicable concepts in physics. Entropy and the second-law are applied today in fields ranging from quantum mechanics to physical cosmology. Gibbs In the 1870s, Josiah Willard Gibbs unified a large quantity of 19th century thermochemistry into one compact theory. Gibbs's theory incorporated the new concept of a chemical potential to cause change when distant from a chemical equilibrium into the older work begun by Carnot in describing thermal and mechanical equilibrium and their potentials for change. Gibbs's unifying theory resulted in the thermodynamic potential state functions describing differences from thermodynamic equilibrium. In 1873, Gibbs derived the mathematics of "available energy of the body and medium" into the form it has today. (See the equations above). The physics describing exergy has changed little since that time. Helmholtz In the 1880s, German scientist Herman Von Helmholtz derived the equation for the maximum work which can be reversibly obtained from a closed system. Rant In 1956, Yugoslav scholar Zoran Rant proposed the concept of Exergy, extending Gibbs and Helmholtz' work. Since then, continuous development in exergy analysis has seen many applications in thermodynamics, and exergy has been accepted as the maximum theoretical useful work which can be obtained from a system with respect to its environment. See also Thermodynamic free energy Entropy production Energy: world resources and consumption Emergy Notes References Further reading Stephen Jay Kline (1999). The Low-Down on Entropy and Interpretive Thermodynamics, La Caรฑada, CA: DCW Industries. . External links Energy, Incorporating Exergy, An International Journal An Annotated Bibliography of Exergy/Availability Exergy โ€“ a useful concept by Gรถran Wall Exergetics textbook for self-study by Gรถran Wall Exergy by Isidoro Martinez Exergy calculator by The Exergoecology Portal Global Exergy Resource Chart Guidebook to IEA ECBCS Annex 37, Low Exergy Systems for Heating and Cooling of Buildings Introduction to the Concept of Exergy Thermodynamic free energy State functions Ecological economics
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์ด์‹œ๋‹ค ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ„
์ด์‹œ๋‹ค ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ„(็Ÿณ็”ฐๆข…ๅฒฉ, 1685๋…„ 10์›” 12์ผ ~ 1744๋…„ 10์›” 29์ผ)์€ ์—๋„ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€, ์œค๋ฆฌํ•™์ž์ด๋‹ค. ์„๋ฌธ์‹ฌํ•™์„ ์—ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜๊ฐ€(่ˆˆ้•ท), ํ†ต์นญ ๊ฐ„ํŽ˜์ด(ๅ‹˜ๅนณ). ๊ฐœ์š” ๋‹จ๋ฐ”๊ตญ ๊ตฌ์™€๋‹ค๊ตฐ(์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ๊ตํ† ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์˜ค์นด์‹œ)์—์„œ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฐจ๋‚จ์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1695๋…„ 11์„ธ ๋•Œ ๊ตํ† ์˜ ํฌ๋ชฉ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋„์ œ ์ƒํ™œ(ไธ็จš)์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋Œ€์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 4-5๋…„ ์ผํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฌด๋ ต ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ์•„์™”๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋„์™€ ๋†์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง“๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 1707๋…„ 23์„ธ๋•Œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํฌ๋ชฉ์  ์ฟ ๋กœ์•ผ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋„์ œ๋กœ ์ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1727๋…„์— ๋งŒ๋‚œ ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์ž ์˜ค๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ฃŒ์šด(ๅฐๆ —ไบ†้›ฒ)์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด 45์„ธ์—” ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋„, ์„ฑ๋ณ„๋„ ๋ฌป์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๊ฐ•์ขŒ๋ฅผ ์ง‘์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์„คํ–ˆ๋‹ค ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์„๋ฌธ์‹ฌํ•™(็Ÿณ้–€ๅฟƒๅญฆ)์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ•์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ "ํ•™๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์„ ์•ˆ๋‹ค"ใ€Œๅญฆๅ•ใจใฏๅฟƒใ‚’ๅฐฝใใ—ๆ€งใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ใ€๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋งˆ์Œ๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ์ด ์ผ์ฒด๋˜๋Š” ์งˆ์„œ์™€ ์ด์น˜๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๋Š” ํ•™๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์‹œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์œ ํ•™์ž๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ €๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ํ•™๋ฌธ์„ ์„ฑ(๋ฆฌ)ํ•™์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ณดํ†ต์€ ์‹ฌํ•™์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 60์„ธ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์ €์„œ๋กœ ๋„๋น„๋ฌธ๋‹ตใ€Ž้ƒฝ้„™ๅ•็ญ”ใ€ ๊ฒ€์•ฝ์ œ๊ฐ€๋ก ใ€Žๅ€น็ด„ๆ–‰ๅฎถ่ซ–ใ€์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํ›„ ์ œ์ž๋“ค์ด ์—ฎ์€ ์ด์‹œ๋‹ค ์„ ์ƒ ์–ด๋ก็Ÿณ็”ฐๅ…ˆ็”Ÿ่ชž้Œฒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์˜ค์นด์‹œ์— ์ด์‹œ๋‹ค ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ•์Šต์†Œ(ๆข…ๅฒฉๅกพ)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์นด์ด๊ตฌ์˜ ่…ๅŽŸ็ฅž็คพ์— ์ด์‹œ๋‹ค์˜ ์ขŒ์ƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์˜ค์นด์—ญ์—๋„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ขŒ์ƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์˜ค์นด์‹œ์˜ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต(ไบ€ๅฒกๅธ‚็ซ‹ๆฑๅˆฅ้™ขๅฐๅญฆๆ ก)์—๋Š” ํ‰์ƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ ์ด์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ํ˜•์ƒํ™”ํ•œ ๋งˆ์Šค์ฝ”ํŠธ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ ์‹ฌํ•™๊ตฐใ€Œใ—ใ‚“ใŒใใ‚“ใ€์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์„๋ฌธ์‹ฌํ•™์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์ด์‹œ๋‹ค ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ๊ทผ์ €์—๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋†“์ธ ์ฒœ๋ช…๋ก ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์‹œ๋‹ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€ ้ˆดๆœจๆญฃไธ‰์˜ ์ง๋ถ„์„ค(่ทๅˆ†่ชฌ)์ด ์‚ฌ๋†๊ณต์ƒ์˜ ์ง์—…๊ด€์†์—์„œ ์ƒ์—…์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ด์‹œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ผํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒ์—…์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ƒ์—…์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์€ ๊ตํ™˜/์ค‘๊ฐœ์—…์ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง์—…๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๋–จ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.ใ€Œๅ•†ๆฅญใฎๆœฌ่ณชใฏไบคๆ›ใฎไปฒไป‹ๆฅญใงใ‚ใ‚Šใ€ใใฎ้‡่ฆๆ€งใฏไป–ใฎ่ทๅˆ†ใซไฝ•ใ‚‰ๅŠฃใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใ€๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์„ฑ๊ธฐ์—” ์ œ์ž๊ฐ€ 400๋ช…๊นŒ์ง€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ํ…Œ์ง€๋งˆ ๋„์•ˆ(ๆ‰‹ๅณถๅ ตๅบต)๏ผˆ1718ๅนด๏ฝž1786ๅนด๏ผ‰: ์ขŒ๋‹ด์ˆ˜ํ•„์˜ ์ €์ž ๋‚˜์นด์ž์™€ ๋„๋‹ˆ(ไธญๆฒข้“ไบŒ) : ๋งˆ์“ฐ๋‹ค์ด๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋…ธ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์‹ฌํ•™์— ์ž…๋ฌธ์‹œํ‚ด ํ›„์„ธ ์‡ผ์˜ค(ๅธƒๆ–ฝๆพ็ฟ)๏ผˆ1725ๅนด๏ฝž1784ๅนด๏ผ‰: ใ€Œๆพ็ฟ้“่ฉฑใ€์˜ ์ €์ž ์‹œ๋ฐ”ํƒ€ ๊ทœ์˜ค(ๆŸด็”ฐ้ณฉ็ฟ)๏ผˆ1783ๅนด๏ฝž1839ๅนด๏ผ‰: ์‹ฌํ•™๊ฐ•์˜์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋ด‰์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š”ใ€Œ้ณฉ็ฟ้“่ฉฑใ€์˜ ์ €์ž ์‚ฌ์ดํ†  ์  ๋ชฌ(ๆ–Ž่—คๅ…จ้–€), ์˜ค์‹œ๋งˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฐ(ๅคงๅณถๆœ‰้šฃ), ์˜ค์ฟ ๋‹ค ๋ผ์ด์กฐ(ๅฅฅ็”ฐ้ ผๆ–) ๋“ฑ ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ์‹ฌํ•™์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ค‘์—์„  ๋…ธ๋งˆ ์„ธ์ด์ง€(้‡Ž้–“ๆธ…ๆฒป)๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€์•ฝ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์˜ ์ถ•์ ์„ ์ฒœ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ๋ฒจ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ณธํŒ ์นผ๋ฑ…์ฃผ์˜ ์ƒ์—…๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ํฌ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…์„ ์ด๋ˆ ์ฃผ์š” ์œค๋ฆฌ๊ด€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1970๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฑ…์ž„(CSR, Corporate Social Responsibility)์ด ์„œ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์‹œ๋‹ค ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ„์€ ์ด์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋“์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ฌ์ฝคํ•œ ๋…์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ์•„๊ฐ„๋‹คใ€ŒไบŒ้‡ใฎๅˆฉใ‚’ๅ–ใ‚Šใ€็”˜ใๆฏ’ใ‚’ๅ–ฐใฒใ€่‡ชๆญปใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚„ใ†ใชใ“ใจๅคšใ‹ใ‚‹ในใ—ใ€๋ผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง„์งœ ์ƒ์ธ์€ ํƒ€์ธ์„ ๋จผ์ € ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ๋„ ๋˜‘๋ฐ”๋กœ ์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹คใ€ŒๅฎŸใฎๅ•†ไบบใฏใ€ๅ…ˆใ‚‚็ซ‹ใ€ๆˆ‘ใ‚‚็ซ‹ใคใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ€ใ†ใชใ‚Šใ€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‰ฌ์šด ๋ง๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์‹œ๋‹ค ์‚ฌ์ƒ์€ ์˜ค์šฐ๋ฏธ ์ƒ์ธ่ฟ‘ๆฑŸๅ•†ไบบ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ผ๋ฉด์ด ์ข‹๋‹คใ€Œไธ‰ๆ–นใ‚ˆใ—ใ€์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผ์ฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ์ƒ์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์˜๋ฆฌํ™œ๋™์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—…๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋‹คํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€๋‚˜ ์›์กฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณธ์—… ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณตํ—Œ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฑ…์ž„๋ก ๊ณผ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์“ฐ์‹œํƒ€ ๊ณ ๋…ธ์Šค์ผ€๊ฐ€ ์ด์‹œ๋‹ค ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ„์— ์‹ฌ์ทจํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์†์„ค์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ด€๋ จ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋งˆ์“ฐ์‹œํƒ€๊ฐ€ ์ด์‹œ๋‹ค ๋ฐ”์ด๊ฐ„์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•„์˜ˆ ๋ชฐ๋ž์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์—…์ธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋Š” ์Šค๋ฏธํ† ๋ชจ์˜ ์˜ค๊ตฌ๋ผ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์ธ ๋„ค(ๅฐๅ€‰ๆญฃๆ’)๊ฐ€ ์„๋ฌธ์‹ฌํ•™ํšŒ ํšŒ์žฅ์„ ๋งก์€ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ฌผ, ๋ฐœ์–ธ ์›Œ๋‚™ ๋„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์›๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜์ž์—ฌ์„œ ์–ด๋ฆด๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ์›€๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋ฐ˜๊ณจ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค . ๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆด๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋”ฐ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ด์„œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ง€๋งŒ 14-5์„ธ๋•Œ ๋ฌธ๋“ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ณ  ์ด๋ž˜์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ์•ผ ํ•™์ž์ธ ์ด์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šด๊ฒŒ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฌธ์ž์“ด๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ†ต๋ ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ์ ˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถฉํšจ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ณ  ์„ฑ์ธ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹จ ๋ง์ธ๊ฐ€. ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ํ•™๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€์—ฝ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ใ€Œๆ–‡ๅญ—ใŒใชใ‹ใฃใŸๆ˜”ใซใ€ๅฟ ๅญใฏใชใใ€่–ไบบใฏใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใจใงใ‚‚ใ„ใ†ใฎใ‹ใ€‚่–ไบบใฎๅญฆๅ•ใฏ่กŒใ„ใ‚’ๆœฌใจใ—ใ€ๆ–‡ๅญ—ใฏๆž่‘‰ใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ในใ—ใ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋•์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ธธ์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์ž์— ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ฌธ์ž๊ธฐ์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ๋„ ์ข‹๊ฒ ๋‹คใ€Œๆ–‡ๅญ—่Šธ่€…ใจใ„ใ†่€…ใชใ‚Šใ€๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋‹Œ์˜ ์œ ํฅ๋ฌธํ™”์—๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์ ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๊ต๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์˜ˆ๋Š” ์ธ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. . ์‚ฌ๋ฌด๋ผ์ด๋ฅผ ๋†๊ณต์ƒ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ด‰๊ฑด์  ์‹ ๋ถ„์ œ๋‚˜ ์ง์—…๊ด€์„ ์ธ์ •ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ž€๊ฑด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋งˆ๋ จ์ด๋‹คใ€Œไธ‹ใ€…ใซ็”Ÿใพใ‚‹ใ‚Œใฐใจใฆไบบใซๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ในใใ‚„ใ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„œ๋ฏผ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ„์•„๋ž˜ ์—†์ด ๋Œ€๋“ฑํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ์˜ ์ง์—…์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋ฌด๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒ์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋“ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ็Ÿณๅท่ฌ™ใ€Ž็Ÿณ้–€ๅฟƒๅญฆๅฒใฎ็ ”็ฉถใ€ๅฒฉๆณขๆ›ธๅบ—ใ€1942ๅนด ็Ÿณ็”ฐๆข…ๅฒฉใ€Ž้ƒฝ้„™ๅ•็ญ”ใ€ๅฒฉๆณขๆ–‡ๅบซใ€1935ๅนด ISBN 978-4-00-330111-1 ็Ÿณๅท่ฌ™ใ€Ž็Ÿณ็”ฐๆข…ๅฒฉใจใ€Œ้ƒฝ้„™ๅ•็ญ”ใ€ใ€ๅฒฉๆณขๆ–ฐๆ›ธใ€1968ๅนด ๅŠ ่—คๅ‘จไธ€็ทจใ€Žๆ—ฅๆœฌใฎๅ่‘—18 ๅฏŒๆฐธไปฒๅŸบ ็Ÿณ็”ฐๆข…ๅฒฉใ€ไธญๅคฎๅ…ฌ่ซ–็คพใ€1972ๅนด ๆŸด็”ฐๅฏฆ็›ฃไฟฎใƒปๆฃฎ็”ฐ่Šณ้›„่‘—ใ€Žๅ€น็ด„ๆ–‰ๅฎถ่ซ–ใฎใ™ใ™ใ‚ใ€ ๆฒณๅ‡บๆ›ธๆˆฟๆ–ฐ็คพใ€1991ๅนด ISBN 978-4-309-24120-3 ๆŸด็”ฐๅฏฆ็ทจใ€Ž็Ÿณ็”ฐๆข…ๅฒฉๅ…จ้›†ใ€ๅ…จ2ๅทป ๆธ…ๆ–‡ๅ ‚ๅ‡บ็‰ˆใ€1994ๅนด ISBN 978-4-7924-0401-7 ๅฏบ็”ฐไธ€ๆธ…ใ€Ž็Ÿณ็”ฐๆข…ๅฒฉใซๅญฆใถใ€œๆ—ฅๅธธๅ‡กไบ‹ใซๅฟƒใ‚’ๅฐฝใใ™ใ€่‡ด็Ÿฅๅ‡บ็‰ˆ็คพใ€1998ๅนด ISBN 978-4-88474-546-2 ๅนณ็”ฐ้›…ๅฝฆใ€Žไผๆฅญๅ€ซ็†ใจใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ€œ็Ÿณ็”ฐๆข…ๅฒฉใซๅญฆใถCSRใฎ็ฒพ็ฅžใ€PHPๆ–ฐๆ›ธใ€2005ๅนด ISBN 978-4-569-64214-7 ๅฑฑๆœฌไธƒๅนณใ€Žๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ณ‡ๆœฌไธป็พฉใฎ็ฒพ็ฅžใ€๏ผˆใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒใ‚น็คพ๏ผ‰ISBN 4-8284-1266-2 ๆฃฎ็”ฐๅฅๅธใ€Ž็Ÿณ้–€ๅฟƒๅญฆใจ่ฟ‘ไปฃโ€•ๆ€ๆƒณๅฒๅญฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎ่ฟ‘ๆŽฅโ€•ใ€ๅ…ซๅƒไปฃๅ‡บ็‰ˆใ€2012ๅนด ISBN 978-4-8429-1576-0 ๆฃฎ็”ฐๅฅๅธใ€Ž็Ÿณ็”ฐๆข…ๅฒฉใ€€ๅณปๅŽณใชใ‚‹็”บไบบ้“ๅพณๅฎถใฎๅญคๅฝฑใ€ใ‹ใ‚‚ใŒใ‚ๅ‡บ็‰ˆใ€2015ๅนด ISBN 978-4-7803-0768-9 ๆฃฎ็”ฐๅฅๅธใ€Žใชใœๅ็ตŒๅ–ถ่€…ใฏ็Ÿณ็”ฐๆข…ๅฒฉใซๅญฆใถใฎใ‹?ใ€ใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใ‚นใ‚ซใƒดใ‚กใƒผใƒปใƒˆใ‚ฅใ‚จใƒณใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒฏใƒณใ€2015ๅนด ISBN 978-4-7993-1777-8 ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋งˆ์“ฐ์˜ค์นด ์„ธ์ด๊ณ  : ๋„๋น„๋ฌธ๋‹ต 1685๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1744๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์—๋„ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์œ ํ•™์ž 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ•™์ž ๋‹จ๋ฐ”๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฉ”์˜ค์นด์‹œ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์„๋ฌธ์‹ฌํ•™
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishida%20Baigan
Ishida Baigan
Ishida Baigan (; October 12, 1685 - October 29, 1744) was a Japanese lecturer and philosopher, born in Tanba Province, who founded the Shingaku movement (heart learning) based on Neo-Confucianism, the study of the doctrines of Zhu Xi, incorporating Shinto, Buddhism and so on, which advocated all education include teachings in ethics and morality. His life work has been summarized with the Confucian idea that a man that cannot control his home cannot control his nation. This idea helped motivate many Japanese reformists fighting for Japanese feminists, human, and people's rights. References 18th-century Japanese philosophers Japanese Confucianists 1685 births 1744 deaths Japanese Xinxueists Shingaku people
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%94%EB%93%9C%20%EC%98%A4%EB%B8%8C%20%EC%9B%8C%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B8
์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ
ใ€Š์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธใ€‹ (์˜์–ด : World of Warplanes)๋Š” Persha Studia๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์›Œ๊ฒŒ์ด๋ฐ์ด ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์‹ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ถ€๋ถ„์œ ๋ฃŒํ™” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ณต์ค‘ ์ „ํˆฌ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 11์›” ๋…๋ฆฝ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—ฐํ•ฉ, ๋ถ๋ฏธ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์— ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2017๋…„ 10์›”์— ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ 2.0์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ถœ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค 1.0 ์‹œ์ ˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๋”์šฑ ๋‚˜๋น ์ง„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋กœ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋น„๋‚œ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ์—๋Š” ๋…์ผ, ์†Œ๋ จ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ, ์˜๊ตญ, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค, ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ 100๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ์œ ๋ช… ๊ตฐ์šฉ๊ธฐ์™€ ์‹œํ—˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋Š” 5์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ณ‘๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์—„ ๊ตฐ์šฉ๊ธฐ๋„ ์šด์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ํ…ŒํฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, 1930๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ณต์—ฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” 1๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1940๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง์˜ ์ œํŠธ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋น„ํ–‰ํŽธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตฐํ•ญ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ, ์—”์ง„, ์ถ”๊ฐ€์žฅ๋น„, ์†Œ๋ชจํ’ˆ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ตฐํ•ญ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 4635์ข…์˜ ์„ธํŒ…๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์˜ต์…˜์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋…ํŠนํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐํ•ฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์œ„์žฅ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋„ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ(์†๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋“ฑ)์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๊ตฐํ•ญ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ์—๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์ง€ํ˜•์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋…ํŠนํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „์žฅ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™์ผ ์žฅ๋ฅด์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ์—๋Š” ํƒ„์•ฝ ์ œํ•œ์ด ์—†์œผ๋‚˜, ์ผ์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒ ์ง€์† ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด์‹ ์ด ๊ณผ์—ด๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ์†๋„์™€ ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํญํƒ„์ด๋‚˜ ๋กœ์ผ“์„ ์ผ์ •์‹œ๊ฐ„๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค์‹œ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋ณ‘์ข…์˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์†ํ•œ ๊ตฐํ•ญ๊ธฐ๋ผ ํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ํ™”๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ๋น„ํ–‰ํŠน์„ฑ์— ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์†Œ๋ จ ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋…์ผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ˆ˜ํ‰ ๊ธฐ๋™๋ ฅ์ด ๋” ์ข‹์œผ๋‚˜, ์ˆ˜์ง ๊ธฐ๋™๋ ฅ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์–ด๋ ฅ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ์€ ํƒ€ ๊ตฐํ•ญ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง๊ด€์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฐํ•ญ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์กฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์‹ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์˜ ๋น„ํ–‰ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ํŠน์ • ๋น„ํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ์ด ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด๊ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ„ํ†ต๋„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ทธ์— ์†ํ•œ ๊ตฐํ•ญ๊ธฐ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ„ํ†ต๋„ ์ถœ์‹œ ์ดํ›„์— ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ๋„์ž… ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋ชจ๋“œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์  ๊ฒŒ์ž„๋ชจ๋“œ์ธ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋ชจ๋“œ์™€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ „ํˆฌ์—๋Š” PvP์™€ PvE ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ชจ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋ชจ๋“œ์—๋Š” ์‹ ๊ทœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ํŒ€์ด ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ „์ˆ , ์‹ ๊ทœ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ, ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ์ˆ ์„ ์—ฐ๋งˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ํฌ๋ ˆ๋”ง์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ „ํˆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋‚ด ์ปจํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํฌ๋ ˆ๋”ง๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์น˜๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ณณ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ ์ง€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฌผ์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฒฉ์ถ”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ๊ณต๊ถŒ์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฒฉ์ถ”ํ•ด์•ผ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 10์›” 1.9.0 ์ถœ์‹œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ „ํˆฌ์— ๋ด‡์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋Œ€์ „ ์ƒ๋Œ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์Šค์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๋˜ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›Œ๊ฒŒ์ด๋ฐ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด ๋Œ€ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด ๋Œ€์ „์ด ๊ฐ•์š”๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋ด‡๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹ธ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2.0 ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ์— ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›Œ๊ฒŒ์ด๋ฐ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋ชจ๋“œ๋Š” ๋‘ํŒ€์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ นํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ถ•์ ํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” '์ ๋ น์ „'์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ๋ น์ง€๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ง€์ƒ ํ˜น์€ ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉํŒŒํ•ด์„œ ์ ๋ นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, 'Airfield'์™€ 'Military Base' ์ง€์—ญ์€ ํŒ€ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 'Airfield'๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ์ž‘ ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด์˜ ์ด๋™์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹จ์ถ•์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 'Military Base'๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€ ์ ๋ น์ง€๋ฅผ ์ผ์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ ๋ น์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŒ€์ด ์ผ์ • ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ•˜๋ฉด, 'Squall Line'์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ผ์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒฉ์ถ”๋˜์–ด๋„ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฐ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„์— ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, 'Squall Line'์ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋œํ›„ ์‚ฌ๋Œ€ํŽธ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฒฉ์ถ”์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „ํˆฌ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ํ›„ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—…์  ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘์ข…์— ๋งž๋Š” ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ธฐ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ทผ์ ‘์ „์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํญ๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ง€์ƒ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฒฉํŒŒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ํฌ๋ ˆ๋”ง๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์น˜๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํˆฌ ์ค‘ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ผ์ • ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉ์ถ”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋“ฑ, ํŠน์ • ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋Š” ํ›ˆ์žฅ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ›ˆ์žฅ์„ ํš๋“ํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ชจํ’ˆ์ด ์ง€๊ธ‰๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํš๋“ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋‚ด ํ›ˆ์žฅ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ก์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ํƒฑํฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›Œ๊ฒŒ์ด๋ฐ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—๋Š” 4์ข…์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์žฌํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค - ํฌ๋ ˆ๋”ง, ๊ฒฝํ—˜์น˜, ํ† ํฐ (1.9.4๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ์žฅ), ๊ณจ๋“œ(๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ† ํฐ์€ ๋ฒ ํƒ€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณจ๋“œ ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ์ž ์‹œ๋™์•ˆ ์ž„์‹œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.) ์ด๋ ฅ ์›Œ๊ฒŒ์ด๋ฐ์€ ๊ณต์ค‘์ „์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์•ก์…˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ํƒฑํฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๋ถ๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ํƒฑํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์‹œ๋œ ์ง€ 2๋‹ฌ๋„ ์•ˆ๋œ ์‹œ์ ์ธ 2011๋…„ E3์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ํ‚ค์—ํ”„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์›Œ๊ฒŒ์ด๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์„ผํ„ฐ์ธ Persha Studia์—์„œ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ปจ์…‰์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‘ ๋‹ฌ๋ฐ–์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์•ŒํŒŒ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” 2011๋…„ 8์›”์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์›Œ๊ฒŒ์ด๋ฐ์€ ์›”๋“œ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ฒซ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋ฅผ 2011๋…„ 8์›” ๊ฒŒ์ž„์Šค์ปด์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์›Œ๊ฒŒ์ด๋ฐ์˜ ์•ŒํŒŒ ๋ฒ„์ „ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋น„๊ณต๊ฐœ ์‹œ์—ฐ์€ 2011๋…„ 10์›” IgroMir์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ž ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตฐ์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ ์•ŒํŒŒ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” 2012๋…„ 2์›” 23์ผ ์•ŒํŒŒ ํ…Œ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ ๋ฒ ํƒ€ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” 2012๋…„ 5์›” 30์ผ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ์ฒซ 3๋‹ฌ ๋งŒ์— 2๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์ง€์›์ž๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์ฒญ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ์€ 2012๋…„ European Games Awards์—์„œ "์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„"์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 4์›” 4์ผ, ๋ฒ ํƒ€ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž์—๊ฒŒ NDA ์ œํ•œ์ด ํ’€๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ, ๋ฒ ํƒ€ ํ…Œ์Šคํ„ฐ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ, ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ์ƒท, ์˜์ƒ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ์— ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—๋Š” 6์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ „์žฅ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋ จ, ๋…์ผ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ 80์ข… ๊ตฐํ•ญ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ์˜คํ”ˆ ๋ฒ ํƒ€ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” 2013๋…„ 7์›” 2์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 10์›” 10์ผ, "์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ 2.0 ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋ชจ๋“œ"๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์˜ ๋น„๋””์˜ค๊ฐ€ ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ ๊ณต์‹ ์ฑ„๋„์—์„œ ์†ก๊ฐœ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ, ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์žฌ์ž‘์—…๊ณผ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋‰ด์–ผ ๋ฒ„์ „, ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ 2.0 ์ถœ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ 2.0 ์ถœ์‹œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์‹ฑ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ํŒ€๋„ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ ๋ฉ”ํƒˆ๋ก ๋ฐด๋“œ์ธ Iron Maiden์™€ ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์‹ฑ์–ด Bruce Dickinson๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์ž‘์—…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ์€ Sanctuary Records๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ "Ace High"์˜ ์Œ์•… ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ถŒ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์›Œ๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ์€ ํŽธ๊ณกํ•œ Ace High์„ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ์—”์ง„์— ์ž…ํžŒ ์˜์ƒ์„ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ๊ณผ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์ฑ„๋„์— ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจ์…˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ์€ Iron Maiden Spitfire ํŠน์ง‘๋ฒ„์ „์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ Legacy of the Beast ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ํˆฌ์–ด์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด์„œ 2018๋…„ 6์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 8์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋ฐฐํฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ Iron Maiden์„ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœํ•œ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฉ๋‚ฉ๊ณ ์™€ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋„ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Bruce Dickinson์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์‹ฑ์–ด๋ฉด์„œ Aeroplane์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ณผ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ฝœ๋ผ๋ณด๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ•œ ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ, Ed Force One์˜ ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๋งก๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ ํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฟ ์ถœ์‹ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ์Šค๋Š” ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ํ™๋ณด ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ง์„ ๋งก์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ Hendon RAF Museaum ์˜์ƒ๋ฌผ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋Ÿฐ์น˜ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2014๋…„ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ํฌ๋ฆฌํ‹ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ…จ 100์  ์ค‘ 69์ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 3์›”, ์›Œ๊ฒŒ์ด๋ฐ CEO ๋น…ํ‹ฐ ํ‚ค์Šฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” "...์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค."๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋กœ ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํŒ€์— ์‹ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ 2.0๋ฒ„์ „์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ 2.0์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒŒ์ž„๋ฆฌ์—‘ํ„ฐ์˜ Marco Vrolijk์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ด์‹(์ด์ „ ๋ฒ„์ „์—๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์Œ), '์ •๋ณต์ž' ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋ชจ๋“œ ๋„์ž…, ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ข‹์€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ 8์ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ Vrolijik์€ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. military.com์˜ James Barber๋Š” ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ 2.0์€ "๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ, ๋” ํฐ ํญ๋ฐœํšจ๊ณผ"๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  "ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์žฌ๋ฐŒ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค" ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. Inside-Indie๋Š” 88%์˜ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์›Œ๊ฒŒ์ด๋ฐ ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ํƒฑํฌ ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ์›Œ์‰ฝ ์›”๋“œ ์˜ค๋ธŒ ํƒฑํฌ ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์ธ  ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ (์•„์‹œ์•„) 2013๋…„ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„ MacOS ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์œ ๋ฃŒํ™” ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20of%20Warplanes
World of Warplanes
World of Warplanes (WoWp) is a free-to-play aerial combat massively multiplayer online (MMO) game developed by Persha Studia and published by Wargaming.net. The game was originally released in November 2013 in CIS countries, North America and Europe. It was relaunched as World of Warplanes 2.0 in October 2017 in the same countries, achieving significantly better reception. Gameplay World of Warplanes (or "WoWp" for short) features over 300 aircraft, namely military and experimental aircraft from Germany, the Soviet Union, the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, France, and China. It allows players to choose from 5 main warplane classes: fighters, multirole fighters, heavy fighters, ground attack planes, and bombers. In addition to this, Premium aircraft are also available. Each nation's tech tree introduces squadrons of planes ranging from Tier I entry-level 1930s biplanes all the way up to Tier X late 1940s jet-powered aircraft. All warplanes can be unlocked and upgraded through a continued gameplay progression. It is possible to upgrade your aircraft with various weapons, engines, equipment, and consumables. The game features 4635 possible aircraft configurations, which along with customisation options, such as camouflage, allows the player to create planes that are uniquely configured with specific needs in mind, such as increased speed or ruggedness. Battles in World of Warplanes unfold at dozens of unique maps, most of which are based on real-world landscapes. Unlike similar games in the genre, World of Warplanes does not feature limited ammunition in-game, instead implementing a system where bombs and rockets have cool-downs before they can be reused, and overuse of guns results in overheating, limiting the rate of fire and accuracy of overheated guns. Aircraft of each class in the same tier vary in flight characteristics and firepower across nations. For example, a Soviet or a Japanese fighter of the same tier will be more horizontally maneuverable than its German or American counterpart but would have limited vertical manoeuvrability and would be more fragile. WoWp features an aircraft comparison system to assist players in understanding the differences in capabilities between different aircraft. The official website has a History of Aviation section, where one can find additional information on specific planes. Available tech trees expand as development continues on WoWp. New nations and additional aircraft for each nationโ€™s tech tree have been gradually introduced post-launch. Game modes The basic game features mixed PvP/PvE combat sessions in two basic scenarios: Conquest and training battles. Training Mode is a sandbox environment for new players and teams, helping them test tactics, new planes, and practice shooting at static and flying targets. No experience or credits are earned in training mode. In Conquest, the objective is to capture sectors via "capture points", which are earned through destroying enemy aircraft and bot defense aircraft and ground targets. As of Update 2.0, respawning has been added into WoWp, thus further differentiating WoWp from other Wargaming titles, which often do not feature respawning. The primary game mode has been changed to 'Conquest', in which two teams of opposing players accumulate points by capturing territories on the game map, which can be accomplished by destroying enemy aircraft or ground fortifications within capture zones. Different capture zones have different effects on gameplay. For example, the 'Airfield' and the 'Military Base' zones both help to accumulate points towards a team's score, but differ in function. 'Airfield' zones provide an extra spawn point for players, reducing travel times for players occupying 'Airfield' zones. 'Military Base' zones also routinely bombard enemy zones with rockets, enabling faster capture of enemy zones. When a team has earned a noticeable point advantage, players would be warned of the 'squall line' event, wherein players can no longer respawn upon being shot down. The victor of the game is the team that has accumulated more points in the time limit of the game, or when all enemy players are permanently killed after the arrival of the 'squall line' gameplay event. Players are graded on their performance in battle via a personal score, which increases when players carry out activities specific to their aircraft type in battle. For example, fighters earn more personal points more effectively when engaging in maneuvering combat with other fighters and bombers earn personal points more effectively by destroying ground targets. A higher personal score generally reflects a greater skill on the part of the player, and higher-scoring players earn more in-game credits than their poorer-scoring teammates. Medals and awards are also provided to players who accomplish specific tasks in battle, such as shooting down a certain number of enemy aircraft in a sortie. Tokens are awarded to players who earn medals, and an in-game tracker maintains a record of the medals that a player has earned in-game. Earning medals determines the amount of experience earned. Economic system The economic system in World of Warplanes is similar to World of Tanks and other Wargaming titles. The game features four primary types of in-game currency: credits, experience, tokens (since version 1.9.4), and gold (other kind of tokens were a temporary in-game currency used instead of gold during open beta testing stage). History Wargaming's plan to develop a flight combat MMO action game was first conceived during the early stages of World of Tanks development. World of Warplanes was announced at E3 in 2011, less than two months after the World of Tanks release in Europe and North America. Development was assigned to Persha Studia, the development center of Wargaming based in Kyiv, Ukraine. The game went from concept to a playable prototype in only two months. Early alpha testing began August 2011. Wargaming showcased the first public World of Warplanes trailer at Gamescom in August 2011. Wargaming first showed a closed demonstration of the alpha version to journalists at the IgroMir in October 2011. American aircraft were the first planes to be added to the World of Warplanes tech tree. World of Warplanes alpha test started recruiting test players on February 23, 2012. World of Warplanes closed beta test began May 30, 2012. The game received over two million applications within the first three months of testing. World of Warplanes was selected as Europeโ€™s "Most Wanted Online Game" at the European Games Awards in 2012. On April 4, 2013, the non-disclosure agreement was lifted for the beta test players, allowing beta testers to share their thoughts, screenshots, and in-game videos. At that time, the game offered six battle arenas and over 80 aircraft models from USSR, the USA, Germany, and Japan. World of Warplanesโ€™ open beta testing started on July 2, 2013. On October 10, 2017, a video titled "World of Warplanes 2.0. New Game Mode" was released on World of Warplanes official YouTube channel, signalling the release of World of Warplanes 2.0. It features an updated and revamped version of the game, including a reworked gameplay system and an upgrade to the game's graphics. With the World of Warplanes 2.0 release came a new publishing and marketing team. In 2018, they began working with British metal band Iron Maiden and their lead singer Bruce Dickinson. WoWp obtained a music license from Sanctuary Records for the iconic track "Aces High". WoWp remade the Aces High music video using the game's graphics engine and shared and promoted it on WoWp websites, Facebook groups and YouTube channels. WoWp also made an exclusive Iron Maiden Spitfire plane which was available for free in game through Jun-Aug 2018 to synch with the band's Legacy of the Beast European tour. There was an Iron Maiden themed hangar and special events during the same time period. As well as being the singer for Iron Maiden, Bruce Dickinson is a pilot and military aviation history buff who regularly captains Iron Maiden's converted charter aeroplane, Ed Force One, during their world tours, and still runs an aircraft maintenance and pilot training company. Bruce agreed to be an ambassador for WoWp and made himself available to film a series of WoWp video diaries at Hendon RAF Museum. Reception The original World of Warplanes received mixed to negative reviews and held a Metacritic score of 69 out of 100. In March 2016, Wargaming CEO Viktor Kislyi acknowledged in an interview that World of Warplanes had failed to meet expectations saying, "...we can't call that a success." It was with this in mind that significant changes were made in the development team and the new 2.0 version made. The release of World of Warplanes 2.0 received generally positive reviews, and received a score of 8 in a review on Gamereactor from Marco Vrolijk, with the implementation of the respawn mechanic (which had been absent in previous versions of World of Warplanes), the introduction of the 'Conquest' gamemode and the upgraded graphics being praised the most. However, Vrolijk noted that the game was not suited for simulator enthusiasts. James Barber from military.com commented that WoWP 2.0 had โ€œbetter graphics, bigger explosions" and was "a lot more fun to play". Inside-Indie scored it at 88%. References External links (America) (Europe) (Russia) Official wiki 2013 video games Free-to-play video games Massively multiplayer online games Video games developed in Ukraine Windows games Wargaming.net games World War II flight simulation video games
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%94%94%20%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%BC%EB%9F%AC
์กฐ๋”” ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ
์กฐ๋”” ๋ฆฌ ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ(, 1986๋…„ 5์›” 17์ผ ~ )๋Š” ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ํฌ์ง€์…˜์€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜์ด๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹œ์• ํ‹€ ๋ ˆ์ธ FC์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 2002๋…„ 2์›”์— ํŠธ๋žœ๋ฏธ์–ด ๋กœ๋ฒ„์Šค์— ์ž…๋‹จํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠธ๋žœ๋ฏธ์–ด ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋˜ ๋™์•ˆ์—๋Š” 38๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ 29๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2004๋…„์— ํŠธ๋žœ๋ฏธ์–ด ๋กœ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์œ„ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ๋œ ์ดํ›„์— 4๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์œ ํ•™ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ฆฌ๊ฑด ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์‚ฐํ•˜ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ๊ฑด ์Šคํ…Œ์ดํŠธ ๋น„๋ฒ„์Šค ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‹จ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2006๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2009๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค USL W๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์— ์†Œ์†๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํด๋Ÿฝ์ธ ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด ๋ ˆ๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ์ด์ฆˆ, ์˜คํƒ€์™€ ํ“จ๋ฆฌ ์œ„๋ฏผ, ํŒฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์Šค์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๊ณ  2010๋…„์—๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ W๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์†Œ์† ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํด๋Ÿฝ์ธ ๋ฉœ๋ฒ„๋ฅธ ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2011๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฒ„๋ฐ์—„ ์‹œํ‹ฐ์— ์ž…๋‹จํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ๋ณต๊ท€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ ๋ง์ปจ ๋ ˆ์ด๋””์Šค(ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋…ธ์ธ  ์นด์šดํ‹ฐ ๋ ˆ์ด๋””์Šค)๋กœ ์ž„๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์ด ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋œ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋ฉœ๋ฒ„๋ฅธ ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๊ณ  2012๋…„์— ๋ฒ„๋ฐ์—„ ์‹œํ‹ฐ๋กœ ๋ณต๊ท€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2011-12 ์‹œ์ฆŒ FA ์—ฌ์ž์ปต์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒ„๋ฐ์—„ ์‹œํ‹ฐ์˜ ์šฐ์Šน์„ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 1์›”์—๋Š” ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๋‹ค๋ง์Šค๋ฒค์Šค์นธ ์†Œ์† ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํด๋Ÿฝ์ธ ์ฝ”ํŒŒ๋ฅด๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ/์˜ˆํ…Œ๋ณด๋ฆฌ FC๋กœ ์ž„๋Œ€๋˜์–ด 10๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ 10๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 2013๋…„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋กœ ๋ฒ„๋ฐ์—„ ์‹œํ‹ฐ๋กœ ๋ณต๊ท€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013-14 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ W๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์†Œ์† ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํด๋Ÿฝ์ธ ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ FC๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ •๊ทœ ์‹œ์ฆŒ 11๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 10๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ตœ๋‹ค ๋“์ ์ž์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ์˜์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์•˜๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 12์›”์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์†Œ์† ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํด๋Ÿฝ์ธ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฟ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  2015๋…„ 1์›”์—๋Š” ํฌํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ์†์Šค๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 10์›”์—๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ W๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์†Œ์† ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํด๋Ÿฝ์ธ ์บ”๋ฒ„๋ผ ์œ ๋‚˜์ดํ‹ฐ๋“œ๋กœ ์ž„๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ ๋ถ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ธฐ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.> 2016๋…„ 3์›”์—๋Š” ์•„์Šค๋„๋กœ ์ด์ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ๋ณต๊ท€ํ–ˆ๊ณ  2017๋…„ 11์›”์—๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ W๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์†Œ์† ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํด๋Ÿฝ์ธ ๋ฉœ๋ฒ„๋ฅธ ์‹œํ‹ฐ๋กœ ์ด์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์†Œ์† ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํด๋Ÿฝ์ธ ์‹œ์• ํ‹€ ๋ ˆ์ธ FC์™€์˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์กฐ๋”” ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” 2014๋…„ 1์›”์— ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ๋ฌด๋ฅด์‹œ์•„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ์˜ ์ „์ง€ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ์ง‘๋œ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 30๋ช…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ช…๋‹จ์— ๋“ฑ๋ก๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํด๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ผ์ •์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถˆ์ฐธํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ด์ง€ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค์ฒœ์Šจ์ด ์กฐ๋”” ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ 8์›” 3์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์Šค์›จ๋ด๊ณผ์˜ ์นœ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์— 4-0 ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋”” ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” 2015๋…„ 3์›” 6์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์ฒซ ํ•ดํŠธํŠธ๋ฆญ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ 3-0 ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ 2015๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต์—์„œ๋Š” ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์™€์˜ 8๊ฐ•์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์— 2-1 ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์— ์ง„์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” 2015๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต์—์„œ 3์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋”” ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2017์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ์™€์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ดํŠธํŠธ๋ฆญ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ 6-0 ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ฉ”์ด์ € ๋Œ€ํšŒ ๋ณธ์„ ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ํ•ดํŠธํŠธ๋ฆญ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ(์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์— 2-0 ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•จ)์—์„œ 1๊ณจ, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์™€์˜ 8๊ฐ•์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ(์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์— 1-0 ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•จ)์—์„œ 1๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „ ์ง„์ถœ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋”” ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2017์—์„œ 5๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํ•ด๋‹น ๋Œ€ํšŒ์˜ ๊ณจ๋“  ๋ถ€์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์•˜๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋”” ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋œ 2019๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜์™€์˜ ์กฐ๋ณ„ ์˜ˆ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์Šน๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ 1-0 ์Šน๋ฆฌ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ ์กฐ๋”” ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ธ ์—๋งˆ ํ‚คํŠธ(Emma Kete)์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ 2015๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต 3์œ„ 2019๋…„ ์‹œ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์Šค์ปต ์šฐ์Šน ๊ฐœ์ธ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2017 ๊ณจ๋“  ๋ถ€ํŠธ ์ˆ˜์ƒ 2017๋…„ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํ˜‘ํšŒ ์„ ์ • ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์กฐ๋”” ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ํ”„๋กœํ•„ - ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ํ˜‘ํšŒ ์กฐ๋”” ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ํ”„๋กœํ•„ - ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1986๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜ 2015๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ UEFA ์—ฌ์ž ์œ ๋กœ 2017 ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2019๋…„ FIFA ์—ฌ์ž ์›”๋“œ์ปต ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์ธ๋ฌผ ๋ ˆ์ฆˆ๋น„์–ธ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์ธ ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์‹œ์•„๋“œ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์‹œ์•„๋“œ ๋™๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์„ ์ˆ˜ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ์‚ฌ๋žŒ FA ์—ฌ์ž ์Šˆํผ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์œ„๋ฏผ์Šค ์‚ฌ์ปค ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์ธ ๋ฒ„๋ฐ์—„ ์‹œํ‹ฐ WFC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์•„์Šค๋„ WFC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฟ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ OL ๋ ˆ์ธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์˜ฌ๋žœ๋„ ํ”„๋ผ์ด๋“œ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์บ”๋ฒ„๋ผ ์œ ๋‚˜์ดํ‹ฐ๋“œ FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์—ฌ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋‹ค๋ง์Šค๋ฒค์Šค์นธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2009๋…„ ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์‹œ์•„๋“œ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodie%20Taylor
Jodie Taylor
Jodie Lee Taylor (born 17 May 1986) is an English former professional footballer who last played as a striker for Arsenal of WSL. She began her club career with local team Tranmere Rovers and had brief spells in her home country with Birmingham City and Lincoln Ladies. A well-traveled player, she has also played abroad in the United States, Canada, Australia, Sweden and France. Taylor represented England at youth level before making her senior international debut in 2014. She scored the opening goal in the 2โ€“1 quarter-final win over hosts Canada at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. England went on to win the bronze medal at the tournament. Taylor won the Golden Boot as top goalscorer at Euro 2017, scoring five goals in four appearances. Early life Born in Birkenhead, United Kingdom, Taylor made her first team debut for Tranmere Rovers in February 2002, at the age of 15, during a prolific season in youth football. That term, she scored 109 goals across 125 games for Oldershaw School, Merseyside Underโ€“16s and Tranmere's reserve team. She then scored on her first team debut in Tranmere's 5โ€“1 win over Wolves in the FA Women's Cup fifth round. When Tranmere were relegated in 2004, Taylor accepted a four-year scholarship to Oregon State University. She had scored 29 goals in 38 first team appearances for Tranmere, despite missing six months of action with a broken leg. Club career Taylor played for various teams in the North American USL W-League and in Australia for Melbourne Victory. She returned to England in 2011, signing for Birmingham City, but moving to Lincoln Ladies on loan. After she scored two goals in six games, Lincoln wanted to keep Taylor for the 2012 FA WSL season. But she returned to her parent club Birmingham City following another off-season stint in Australia with Melbourne Victory. At the 2012 FA Women's Cup Final, Taylor scored in Birmingham's penalty shootout win over Chelsea. In January 2013, Taylor left Birmingham City for a oneโ€“year loan to Damallsvenskan team Kopparbergs/Gรถteborg FC. She scored ten goals in ten games for Gรถteborg but left during the summer break, returning to England for personal reasons. In December 2013, she signed with the Washington Spirit for the 2014 National Women's Soccer League season. On 16 January 2015 the Portland Thorns FC acquired Taylor in a trade with the Washington Spirit in exchange for a 2015 second-round pick (No. 13 overall) and two-second-round picks in 2016. On 8 October 2015, defending W-League champions Canberra United announced that they had signed Taylor on loan, only for a recurrence of a knee injury to force her to pull out of the deal. On 24 March 2016, Arsenal announced the signing of Taylor. Taylor did not make her debut in the FA WSL until the club's final home game of the 2016 season, scoring twice in a 2โ€“0 win over relegated Doncaster Belles, having previously spent a large part of the campaign out injured. Less than two years later, Taylor left Arsenal on 21 November 2017, having played seventeen matches for the club, scoring ten goals. She signed for Melbourne City FC in Australia on a short-term contract. On the same day, Reign FC announced that Taylor will join the club before the 2018 National Women's Soccer League season. By returning to the Pacific Northwest, she joins a select group of players who have played for both sides of the Cascadia rivalry with Seattle and the Portland Thorns FC: Michelle Betos, Amber Brooks, Danielle Foxhoven, Kaylyn Kyle, Allie Long and Jessica McDonald. She signed a new one-year contract, with an option for a further year, with Reign FC on 22 January 2020. In December 2020, while Taylor was still in France, OL Reign traded her NWSL playing rights along with Taylor Smith to North Carolina Courage in exchange for Ally Watt. In February 2021, Taylor's NWSL rights were once again traded, this time to Orlando Pride in exchange for Carson Pickett. On 4 August 2020, Taylor joined French and European champions Lyon on a short-term deal until 31 December. On 30 August, she appeared as an 87th minute substitute for Dzsenifer Marozsรกn as Lyon beat Wolfsburg 3โ€“1 in the 2020 UEFA Women's Champions League Final. In January 2021 it was announced her contract had been extended until the end of the season. Having acquired her NWSL rights in February, Taylor signed with Orlando Pride through the end of the 2021 season on 8 July 2021. On 1 December 2021, Taylor was traded from Orlando to San Diego Wave FC, a new NWSL expansion team managed by her former England teammate Casey Stoney. On 17 March 2023, it was announced that Taylor would rejoin Arsenal for the remainder of the 2022โ€“23 season. In Arsenal's home match against Leicester City W.F.C., she got an assist to a Frida Leonhardsen Maanum goal which helped to earn Arsenal a Champion's League place for the following season.She announced her retirement from competitive football on 28 September 2023 International career Newly appointed England coach Mark Sampson included Taylor in a 30-player squad for the annual training camp in La Manga Club, which included a match against Norway on 17 January 2014. She withdrew from the squad due to club commitments and was replaced by Isobel Christiansen. In August 2014 Taylor made her debut in England's 4โ€“0 friendly win over Sweden at Victoria Park in Hartlepool. She scored what would have been her first international goal in a friendly against the United States on 14 February 2015, only for it to be wrongly ruled out for offside. On 6 March 2015, at the 2015 Cyprus Cup, Taylor scored a hat trick for England in their 3โ€“0 group win against Australia. The win gave them a place in the finals. On her tenth appearance for England, at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, Taylor capitalised on a mistake by Lauren Sesselmann of host nation Canada to put England 1โ€“0 up in their quarter-final game. England went on to win 2โ€“1 to secure their first ever semi-final appearance. Taylor was selected as part of England's squad for UEFA Women's Euro 2017 and was given the number 9 shirt for the tournament. She scored a hat-trick in the team's 6โ€“0 opening group match victory against Scotland, becoming the first Englishwoman to do so in a major tournament. She scored again in the next game as England beat Spain 2โ€“0 and the only goal in a 1โ€“0 quarter-final win over France as England reached the semi-finals. With five goals, Taylor won the tournament's golden boot, one ahead of Vivianne Miedema. In May 2019, Phil Neville selected Jodie Taylor for England's 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup squad. She made three appearances and scored once in a group stage win over Argentina. Taylor was allotted 187 when the FA announced their legacy numbers scheme to honour the 50th anniversary of Englandโ€™s inaugural international. Personal life Jodie was married to fellow footballer and New Zealand national team player Emma Kete. Career statistics Scores and results list England's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Taylor goal. Honours Birmingham City FA Cup: 2012 Gรถteborg Svenska Supercupen: 2013 Melbourne City W-League Championship: 2018 Lyon UEFA Women's Champions League: 2019โ€“20 England FIFA Women's World Cup third place: 2015 SheBelieves Cup: 2019 Individual UEFA Women's Championship Golden Boot: 2017 Vauxhall England Player of the Year: 2017 See also List of England national football team hat-tricks List of foreign NWSL players List of foreign Damallsvenskan players List of foreign Division 1 Fรฉminine players List of foreign W-League (Australia) players List of Melbourne Victory Women players W-League (Australia) all-time records List of UEFA Women's Championship records References External links Profile at The Football Association 1986 births Living people English women's footballers Pali Blues players Portland Thorns FC players Melbourne Victory FC (A-League Women) players Arsenal W.F.C. players Birmingham City W.F.C. players Tranmere Rovers L.F.C. players BK Hรคcken FF players Sydney FC (A-League Women) players Washington Spirit players Canberra United FC players Melbourne City FC (A-League Women) players Orlando Pride players Women's Super League players FA Women's National League players A-League Women players USL W-League (1995โ€“2015) players English expatriate women's footballers English expatriate sportspeople in Australia English expatriate sportspeople in Canada English expatriate sportspeople in Sweden English expatriate sportspeople in the United States Expatriate women's soccer players in the United States University of Oregon alumni Expatriate women's footballers in Sweden England women's under-23 international footballers National Women's Soccer League players Oregon State Beavers women's soccer players England women's international footballers 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players Footballers from Birkenhead Expatriate women's soccer players in Australia Expatriate women's soccer players in Canada OL Reign players San Diego Wave FC players Women's association football forwards Universiade bronze medalists for Great Britain Universiade medalists in football 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players British LGBT footballers English LGBT sportspeople Damallsvenskan players Lesbian sportswomen Medalists at the 2009 Summer Universiade UEFA Women's Euro 2017 players Ottawa Fury (women) players Boston Renegades players Wives and girlfriends of association football players
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EC%9D%BC%EA%B0%81
์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ
์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ(ๅคฉไธ€้–ฃ)์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์žฅ์„œ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ €์žฅ์„ฑ(ๆต™ๆฑŸ็œ) ๋‹๋ณด์‹œ(ๅฎๆณขๅธ‚) ์›”ํ˜ธ(ๆœˆๆน–) ์„œ์ชฝ์˜ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ(ๅคฉไธ€่ก—)์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช…(ๆ˜Ž) ๊ฐ€์ •(ๅ˜‰้–) 40๋…„(1561๋…„) ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ณ‘๋ถ€์šฐ์‹œ๋ž‘(ๅ…ต้ƒจๅณไพ้ƒŽ)์„ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ฒ”ํ (่Œƒๆฌฝ)์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ง€์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ง„๊ท€ํ•œ ๋„์„œ ์ „์ ์„ ์†Œ์žฅํ•œ ๋„์„œ๊ด€์ผ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ›„๋Œ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์žฅ์„œ๊ฐ์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฉด์  25,000์ œ๊ณฑ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ํ•œ๋•Œ ๋ชจ๋‘ 7๋งŒ์—ฌ ๊ถŒ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์„œ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ทผ๋Œ€์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ€ํŒจ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ฑ…์ด ๋„๋‘‘๋งž๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด ํŒŒ์†๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ, ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์ฑ…์€ 1.3๋งŒ์—ฌ ๊ถŒ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ ์ดํ›„ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™์ˆ  ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋„์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ 30๋งŒ ๊ถŒ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋‹ค. 1982๋…„ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์€ ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฌด์› ๊ณตํฌ๋กœ 2๊ธ‰ ์ „๊ตญ์ค‘์ ๋ฌธ๋ฌผ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋‹จ์œ„(ๅ…จๅ›ฝ้‡็‚นๆ–‡็‰ฉไฟๆŠคๅ•ไฝ)์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ž์„œ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์ด ์†Œ์žฌํ•œ ๋‹๋ณด ์‹œ์— ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์ด ์„ธ์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ง€๋ช…๋„์—์„œ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์€ ๋‹๋ณด ์‹œ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋งค๊น€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 15์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ๋œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ฒด์„ธ๋‚˜์˜ ๋ง๋ผํ…Œ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•„๋‚˜ ๋„์„œ๊ด€๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฉ”๋””์น˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ ๋„์„œ๊ด€๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ 3๋Œ€ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์žฅ์„œ๊ณ ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๊ผฝํžŒ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ฐฝ๊ฑด ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์€ ๋ช… ๊ฐ€์ • 40๋…„(1561๋…„)์—์„œ 45๋…„(1566๋…„)์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ถ€์šฐ์‹œ๋ž‘ ๋ฒ”ํ ์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์žฅ์„œ๋ฃจ๋กœ์จ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋™๋ช…์ดˆ๋‹น(ๆฑๆ˜Ž่‰ๅ ‚)์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ›„ํ•œ์˜ ์ •ํ˜„์ด ์“ด ใ€Š์—ญ๊ฒฝ์ฃผใ€‹(ๆ˜“็ปๆณจ)์˜ "์ฒœ์ผ์ƒ์ˆ˜"(ๅคฉไธ€็”Ÿๆฐด)๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์—์„œ ๋”ฐ์„œ ํ™”์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฑด์ถ• ๊ตฌ๋„ ์—ญ์‹œ ์—ญ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋”ฐ ์™”๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”ํ ์€ ๋…์„œ์™€ ์žฅ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ด€์ง ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๋Š๋ผ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ท€ํ•œ ๋„์„œ๋“ค์„ ๋‘๋ฃจ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์†Œ์žฅ๋œ ๊ฐ์ข… ๋„์„œ์˜ ์ „์ ์ด 7๋งŒ ๊ถŒ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์†Œ์žฅ ๋„์„œ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ง€, ์ •์น˜ ์„œ์ , ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ธ‰์ œ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋“ฑ๋ก(๋ช…๋‹จ), ์‹œ๋ฌธ์ง‘์ด ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠน์ƒ‰์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”ํ  ์ž์‹ ์ด ํ•œ๋•Œ ๋ณ‘๋ถ€์šฐ์‹œ๋ž‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์ง€์œ„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ด์œ ๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์žฅ์„œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณต์„œ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์žฅ์„œ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์–ป๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”ํ ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์„œ์˜ˆ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋†’๋˜ ํ’๋ฐฉ(่ฑŠๅŠ)์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฒ”ํ ์˜ ์กฐ์นด์ธ ๋ฒ”๋Œ€์ฒ (่Œƒๅคงๆพˆ, 1524-1610)๋„ ์žฅ์„œ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ’๋ฐฉ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ์ฒœ์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ด์ •์ ์ธ ํ•™์ž์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋˜ ๋ฒ”๋Œ€์ฒ ์€ ์ˆ™๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ด๋“ฑ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์Šน๋ถ€๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์ณค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์žฅ์„œ๋ฅผ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€ํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€์ง์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ๋’ค ๋ฒ”ํ ์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ํ‰์ƒ ๋ชจ์€ ์žฅ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์„ ์ง€์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฑ…์— ์ข€์ด ๋จน๊ณ  ์ฅ๊ฐ€ ์ ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋™์›ํ•ด ์ฑ…์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ  ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ณ  ์ถœ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฑ…์„ ์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ ์œ ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—„๊ธˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”ํ ์€ ๋งŒ๋ ฅ(่ฌๆ›†) 13๋…„(1585๋…„) ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ „์กฐ๋ง(ๅ…จ็ฅ–ๆœ›, 1705.1.29 ~ 1755.8.9)์ด ์“ด ใ€Š์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์žฅ์„œ๊ธฐใ€‹(ๅคฉไธ€้–ฃ่—ๆ›ธ่จ˜)์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ ์žฅ์„œ์™€ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์žฌ์‚ฐ(์€ 1๋งŒ ๋ƒฅ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ž๋…€๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ๋†“๊ณ  ์€ 1๋งŒ ๋ƒฅ์„ ํƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์žฅ์„œ๋ฅผ ํƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”ํ ์˜ ๋ง์•„๋“ค ๋ฒ”๋Œ€์ค‘(่Œƒๅคงๅ†ฒ)์€ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ƒ์†์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์žฅํ–ˆ๋˜ 7๋งŒ์—ฌ ๊ถŒ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์˜ ์žฅ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ "๋Œ€๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฑ…์„ ํฉ์–ด ๋†“์ง€ ๋ง ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ฑ…์„ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์ถœ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ง ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ"(ไปฃไธๅˆ†ๆ›ธ๏ผŒๆ›ธไธๅ‡บ้–ฃ)๋ผ๋Š” ์กฐํ›ˆ(็ฅ–่จ“)์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”๋Œ€์ค‘์€ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ ์žฅ์„œ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ์ด๋ฅผ ์ž์†๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋„˜๊ฒจ์ค„ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์„œ๊ณ ์˜ ์—ด์‡ ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ† ๋ก ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๊ณ ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ซํžŒ ๋ฌธ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ด‰์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์„œ ๋„๋‘‘์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์„ธ์› ๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ž๋Š” ์ง‘์•ˆ์˜ ์ œ์‚ฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธˆ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”๋Œ€์ค‘์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋ฒ”์”จ ์ผ๊ฐ€์˜ ํ›„์†๋“ค ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์ธ ๋ฒ”ํ ์ด ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ '์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ ํƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์„œ๋ฅผ ํƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€'์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”๋Œ€์ค‘์ด ์ •ํ•œ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ทœ์น™์€ 1949๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๋ณด์™„์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒญ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ ๋ช… ์™•์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉธ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒญ ์™•์กฐ ๊ฐ•ํฌ 4๋…„(1665๋…„) ๋ฒ”ํ ์˜ ์ฆ์†์ž์ธ ๋ฒ”๋ฌธ๊ด‘(่Œƒๆ–‡ๅ…‰)์ด ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ ์•ž์— ์ •์›์„ ์ง“๊ณ  '๊ตฌ์‚ฌ์ผ์ƒ'(ไน็…ไธ€่ฑก) ์ฆ‰ ์•„ํ™‰ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ž์™€ ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถฐ๋†“๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์˜ ์žฅ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‹น์‹œ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์˜ ์žฅ์„œ๋Š” 5์ฒœ์—ฌ ๋ถ€ 7๋งŒ์—ฌ ๊ถŒ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ 1949๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•ํฌ 15๋…„(1676๋…„) ๋ฒ”ํ ์˜ ํ›„์†์ธ ๋ฒ”๊ด‘์„ญ(่Œƒๅ…‰็‡ฎ)์€ ์ด๋ก€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ•ด ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์— ์†Œ์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์„œ์  ๋ฐฑ ์ข…์„ ์ „ํ•ด์„œ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ”ํ ์˜ ํ›„์†์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์— ์ž…์„ฑํ•ด ๊ทธ ์žฅ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์„ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น๋Œ€์˜ ํ•™์ž ํ™ฉ์ข…ํฌ(้ป„ๅฎ—็พฒ)์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์— ์†Œ์žฅ๋œ ์ฑ…์˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ใ€Š์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์žฅ์„œ๊ธฐใ€‹๋ฅผ ์จ์„œ "๋ฒ”์”จ๊ฐ€ ๋Šฅํžˆ ๊ทธ ์ง‘์•ˆ์„ ์ด์œผ๋‹ˆ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ”์”จ์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋ชจ์ชผ๋ก ์ด๊ณณ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ด๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋งˆ๋ƒฅ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ผ. ์„ธ์„ธํ† ๋ก ์ž์†๋“ค์ด ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋œจ๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š๋‹ˆ๋ผ"(่Œƒๆฐ่ƒฝไธ–ๅ…ถๅฎถ๏ผŒ็ฆฎไธๅœจ่ŒƒๆฐไนŽ? ๅนธๅ‹ฟ็ญ‰ไน‹ไบ‘็ƒŸ่ฟ‡็œผ๏ผŒไธ–ไธ–ๅญๅญซๅฆ‚ๆŠค็›ฎ็›)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฒ”์”จ ์ง‘์•ˆ์„ ์นญ์†กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์€ ์ฐจ์ธฐ ํ์‡„๋œ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์„œ๊ณ ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์ €๋ช…ํ•œ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ–‰์šด์„ ์–ป์€ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฑด๋ฅญ(ไนพ้š†) 38๋…„(1773๋…„) ๊ฑด๋ฅญ์ œ(ไนพ้š†ๅธ)๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ใ€Š์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „์„œใ€‹๋ฅผ ํŽธ์ฐฌํ•  ๋•Œ, ๋ฒ”ํ ์˜ 8์„ธ ์†์ธ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ(ๆ‡‹ๆŸฑ)๋„ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์˜ ์ง„๋ณธ 641์ข…์„ ๋ฐ”์ณค๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ์ค‘๊ตญ 2์œ„์—๋‹ค ์งˆ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€๋„ ์ผ๋ฅ˜๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆด ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์ง„๋ณธ(็ๆœฌ)๊ณผ ์„ ๋ณธ(ๅ–„ๆœฌ)์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐ”์ณ์กŒ๋˜ ์ฑ… ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ 5/7์ด ใ€Š์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „์„œ์ด๋ชฉใ€‹์— ์ˆ˜๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 1/6์€ ์ „๋ณธ์ด ์ดˆ๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋•Œ ๋ถ๊ฒฝ์— ๋ฐ”์ณ์กŒ๋˜ ์žฅ์„œ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ฒญ์˜ ํ™ฉ์‹ค ๋„์„œ๊ด€์— ์ˆ˜์žฅ๋˜์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ ค ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์˜ ์žฅ์„œ๋Š” 4819๋ถ€๋กœ ์ค„์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‹  ์ฒญ ์กฐ์ •์€ ๊ฑด๋ฅญ 39๋…„(1774๋…„) 6์›”์— ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ค์„œ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์˜ ์žฅ์„œ ์ œ๊ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ใ€Š๊ณ ๊ธˆ๋„์„œ์ง‘์„ฑใ€‹ 1๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ธ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ญ์ฃผ์ง์กฐ(ๆญๅทž็ป‡้€ ) ์ธ์ €(ๅฏ…่‘—)๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ• ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์—ฐ๊ฐ(ๆ–‡ๆธŠ้–ฃ)ใ†๋ฌธ์›๊ฐ(ๆ–‡ๆบ้–ฃ)ใ†๋ฌธ์ง„๊ฐ(ๆ–‡ๆดฅ้–ฃ)ใ†๋ฌธ์†Œ๊ฐ(ๆ–‡ๆบฏ้–ฃ) ๋“ฑ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” '๋‚ด์ •์‚ฌ๊ฐ'(ๅ†…ๅปทๅ››้˜)์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™ฉ์‹ค๋„์„œ๊ด€์„ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ดํ•˜ ๋“ฑ ํ™ฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋จธ๋ฌด๋Š” ๊ณณ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ง€์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ• ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒญ ์™•์กฐ ์ด์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ์„œ์ ์„ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•ด์™”๋˜ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ใ€Š์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „์„œใ€‹๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋„์„œ๊ด€ ์—ญ์‹œ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๋ณด์กด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์›ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑด๋ฅญ 44๋…„(1779๋…„) 6์›”์—๋Š” ๋ฒ”์”จ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์— ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ํšŒ ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ ์ฃผ์„ธํŽ˜ ์นด์Šคํ‹ธ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋„ค(์ค‘๊ตญ๋ช… ๋‚ญ์„ธ๋…•)์ด ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ใ€Šํ‰์ •ํšŒ๋ถ€๋“์Šน๋„ใ€‹(ๅนณๅฎšๅ›ž้ƒจๅพ—ๅ‹ๅœ–) 16ํญ์„ ํ•˜์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 52๋…„(1787๋…„) 2์›”์—๋„ ใ€Šํ‰์ •์–‘๊ธˆ์ฒœ์ „๋„ใ€‹(ๅนณๅฎšไธค้‡‘ๅทๆˆ˜ๅ›พ) 12ํญ์„ ํ•˜์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ„๊ธฐ ๋„๊ด‘(้“ๅ…‰) 20๋…„(1840๋…„) ์•„ํŽธ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋ฐœ๋ฐœ, ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด์ธ 1841๋…„ ๋‹๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ตญ๊ตฐ์— ํ•จ๋ฝ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ๋„ ์•ฝํƒˆ๋‹นํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๊ณณ์— ์†Œ์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ ใ€Š๋Œ€๋ช…์ผํ†ต์ง€ใ€‹(ๅคงๆ˜Žไธ€็ปŸ) ๋“ฑ์˜ ์žฅ์„œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ์ข…์ด ์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ ์œ ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„๊ด‘ 27๋…„(1847๋…„)๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์—๋Š” 2,223๋ถ€์˜ ๋„์„œ๋งŒ์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•จํ’(ๅ’ธ่ฑŠ) 11๋…„(1861๋…„)์—๋Š” ํƒœํ‰์ฒœ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚œ์œผ๋กœ ํƒœํ‰์ฒœ๊ตญ๊ตฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๋ฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ˜ผ๋ž€์˜ ์™€์ค‘์— ๋„์ ๋“ค์ด ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์˜ ์žฅ์„œ๋ฅผ ํ›”์ณ ํŒ”๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค(์ผ๋ถ€ ์„œ์ ์€ ๋ฒ”ํ ์˜ 10์„ธ ์†์ธ ๋ฒ”๋ฐฉ์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์•„์™”๋‹ค). ์ค‘ํ™”๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์‘ค์–ดํ‘ธ์ฒญ(่–›็ฆๆˆ)์ด ํŽธ์ฐฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ใ€Š์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐํ˜„์กด์„œ๋ชฉใ€‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ด‘์„œ(ๅ…‰็ท–) 10๋…„(1884๋…„)๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ์†Œ์žฅํ•˜๋˜ ์žฅ์„œ 2,152๋ถ€ ์ด 17,382๊ถŒ์— ใ€Š๊ณ ๊ธˆ๋„์„œ์ง‘์„ฑใ€‹ 8462๊ถŒ์ด ๋ณด๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ค‘ํ™”๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ฐฝ๊ฑด ํ›„์ธ 1914๋…„ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋Œ€๋„๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋˜ ์‘ค์–ด์ง€์›จ์ด(่–›็ปงๆธญ)๊ฐ€ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์— ์ž ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋ฐ– ๋„๋‘‘๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์„ธํ•ด ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ ์†Œ์žฅ ์„œ์ ์„ ํ›”์ณ๋‚ด์–ด ์ƒํ•˜์ด๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์ถœํ•ด ์„œ์ ์— ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ํŒ”์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์„œ์ ๋“ค์€ ํ›„์— ์ƒ๋ฌด์ธ์„œ๊ด€(ๅ•†ๅŠกๅฐไนฆ้ฆ†)์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ ์žฅ์œ ์•ˆ์ง€(ๅผ ๅ…ƒๆตŽ)๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ์„œ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํšŒ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ด๋•Œ์˜ ๋„๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์˜ ์žฅ์„œ 1์ฒœ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1933๋…„ 9์›” 18์ผ, ํƒœํ’์œผ๋กœ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์ด ํŒŒ์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ ํ˜„(้„žๅŽฟ)์˜ ํ˜„์žฅ ์ฒœ๋ฐ”์˜ค๋ฆฐ(้™ˆๅฎ้บŸ)์˜ ์ง€์›์œผ๋กœ ํŽ‘๋ฐ์ฃผ์•ˆ(ๅ†ฏๅญŸ้ข›), ๋Ÿ‰์ฃผํŒ…(ๆจ่Šๅบญ) ๋“ฑ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์”จ ํ›„์†๋“ค์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„ธ์šด ์ค‘์ˆ˜์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์œ„์›ํšŒ(้‡ไฟฎๅคฉไธ€้˜ๅง”ๅ‘˜ไผš)๊ฐ€ ๋‹๋ณด๋ถ€ ๋ถ€๋ฆฝํ•™๊ต ๋‚ด์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์กด๊ฒฝ๊ฐ์„ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ณ , ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ 80์—ฌ ํŽธ์˜ ๋น„๊ฐ์„ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ ํ›„์›์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์„œ ๋ฐ์ €์šฐ ๋น„๋ฆผ(ๆ˜Žๅทž็ข‘ๆž—)์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์กด๊ฒฝ๊ฐ ์„œ์ชฝ์— ์ฒœ์ง„์žฌ(ๅƒๆ™‹้ฝŽ)๋ฅผ ์„ธ์›Œ์„œ ๋‹๋ณด์˜ ํ•™์ž ๋ฐ”๋žธ(้ฉฌๅป‰)์ด ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๋ฒฝ๋Œ๊ณผ ํ—ˆ๋ฌผ์–ด์ง„ ๋‹๋ณด ์„ฑ๋ฒฝ์˜ ์˜› ์„ฑ๋Œ์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ์ง„์—ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1937๋…„ ์ค‘์ผ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์˜ ์žฅ์„œ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ณด์กด์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์ด ์„ธ์›Œ์ง„ ์ง€ 370๋…„ ๋งŒ์˜ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ์„ธ ์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ฑ…๋“ค์ด 1937๋…„ 8์›” 17์ผ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ 1939๋…„ 1์›” 5์ผ์— 2์ฐจ๋กœ ๋ช…๋Œ€ ์ด์ „์˜ ํŒ๊ฐ๋ณธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ์ƒ์ž๋„ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๊ณจ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์กŒ๊ณ , 1939๋…„ 4์›” 12์ผ์— ์•ž์„œ ๋ฐ˜์ถœ๋œ ์žฅ์„œ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜, ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์— ๊ทธ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋˜ ์žฅ์„œ 28์ƒ์ž 9080์ฑ…์„ ํ˜„์ฒญ์ด ๋ด‰์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฃฝ์ทจ์•ˆ ํ˜„(้พ™ๆณ‰ๅŽฟ) ํ›„๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์ถœ, ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ–ฅ(่ทถ็Ÿณไนก)์— ์ž ์‹œ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•ด ๋‘์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ €์žฅ ์„ฑ ๋„์„œ๊ด€์˜ ์žฅ์„œ๋„ ์ด๊ณณ์— ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณด๊ด€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋๋‚œ ๋’ค ํ•ญ์ €์šฐ(ๆญๅทž)๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 1946๋…„ 12์›” 16์ผ์—์•ผ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด 3์›” 1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 3์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ ์ด๋ž˜ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ „์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ์ €์šฐ์–ธ๋ผ์ด(ๅ‘จๆฉๆฅ)๋Š” ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ง€์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹๋ณด ์ ๋ น ํ›„ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ตฐํŒŒ๋Š” ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ๋ฌธํ™”๋Œ€ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ๊ด‘ํ’๋„ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1949๋…„ 6์›” 9์ผ ๋‹๋ณด๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๊ด€์ œ์œ„์›ํšŒ(ๅฎๆณขๅ†›ไบ‹็ฎกๅˆถๅง”ๅ‘˜ไผš)๊ฐ€ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์„ ์ ‘์ˆ˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์ด๊ณณ์„ ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ •ํ•ด ๋ฒ”ํ ์˜ ํ›„์†์ธ ํŒ์ธ์‹ฑ(่Œƒ็›ˆๆ€ง)ใ€ํŒ๋ฃจ๊ตฌ์ด(่Œƒ้นฟๅ…ถ)๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹๋ณด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์žฅ์„œ๊ฐ€๋“ค๋„ ๋‚˜์„œ์„œ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์žฅ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์— ๊ธฐ์ฆํ•ด ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์˜ ์žฅ์„œ๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ํ’์„ฑํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 1982๋…„์—๋Š” ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์ด 2๊ธ‰ ์ „๊ตญ ์ค‘์ ๋ฌธํ™”์žฌ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ 30๋งŒ ๊ถŒ์˜ ์žฅ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ณ ์„œ์  ๋ณต๊ตฌ ์ „๋‹ด ๋ถ€์„œ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ ๋ง, ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ ๊ณ ์„œ์  ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™” ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ด ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜์–ด, ๋ณด์กด ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์€ ํŒ๋ณธ ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์„œ์  3๋งŒ ๊ถŒ์ด ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™”๋˜์–ด ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์˜ ์žฅ์„œ๋ฅผ ์—ด๋žŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์„œ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์— ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์„œ์˜ ์„ ๋ณธ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ช…๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฐ๋ณธ์ด๋‚˜ ์ดˆ๋ณธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ต๋“ค์–ด ์ด๊ณณ์—๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ณธ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์žฅํ’ˆ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๊ท€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ช…๋Œ€์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ง€์™€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ก์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 271์ข…๊ณผ 370์ข…์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ์ง„์‚ฌยทํšŒ์‹œ์™€ ํ–ฅ์‹œ์˜ ์„ธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์†Œ์žฅ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋ณด์กด ๋ฌธํ—Œ์˜ 8ํ•  ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ช… ํ™๋ฌด 4๋…„(1371๋…„)์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ณผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งŒ๋ ฅ 11๋…„(1583๋…„)๊นŒ์ง€ 512๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜จ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์กด๋œ ใ€Š์ง„์‚ฌ๋“ฑ๊ณผ๋กใ€‹(่ฟ›ๅฃซ็™ป็ง‘ๅฝ•)์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์— ์†Œ์žฅ๋œ ๊ณ ์„œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ์„œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ์น˜์œค์˜ ใ€Šํ•ด๋™์—ญ์‚ฌใ€‹์—๋Š” ใ€Š์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „์„œ์ด๋ชฉใ€‹์„ ์ธ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์†ก๋Œ€ ์„œ๊ธ์˜ ใ€Š๊ณ ๋ ค๋„๊ฒฝใ€‹์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์ดˆ๋กํ•œ ใ€Š๋ด‰์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ธฐใ€‹(ๅฅ‰ไฝฟ้ซ˜้บ—่จ˜), ๋ช…๋Œ€ ๋™์›”(่‘ฃ่ถŠ)์˜ ใ€Š์กฐ์„ ๋ถ€ใ€‹(ๆœ้ฎฎ่ณฆ)๊ฐ€ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ช…๋Œ€ ๊ตฐ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ด๊ด„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ตฐ๋ฌธ ํ˜•๊ฐœ(้‚ข็Ž )๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋ ฅ 25๋…„(1597๋…„)๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 28๋…„(1600๋…„)๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „๋ž€๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฐ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์€ ์ฃผ๋ณธ์„ ๋ช… ์กฐ์ •์— ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ ใ€Š๊ฒฝ๋žต์–ด์™œ์ฃผ์˜ใ€‹(็ถ“็•ฅๅพกๅ€ญๅฅ่ญฐ)๋Š” ๋ช… ์กฐ์ •์ด ๊ทธ ์ฃผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ์ข… ํ™ฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ณ , ํ˜•๊ฐœ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์ •์œ ์žฌ๋ž€(1597๋…„)์—๋„ ์ฐธ์ „ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ •์œ ์žฌ๋ž€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ช… ๊ตฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ตฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์šด์†ก ๋ฃจํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•ด ๋†“์•„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ใ€Š๊ฒฝ๋žต์–ด์™œ์ฃผ์˜ใ€‹๋Š” ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ ์œ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์›๋ž˜ 10๊ถŒ๋ณธ์ด๋‚˜ 5๊ถŒ(๊ถŒ2, 4, 6, 9, 10)๋งŒ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1999๋…„์—๋Š” ์ƒํ•˜์ด์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™(ไธŠๆตทๅธซ็ฏ„ๅคงๅญฆ) ๊ต์ˆ˜ ๋‹ค์ด์ง€์•ˆ๊ตฌ์˜ค(ๆˆดๅปบๅ›ฝ)๊ฐ€ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ ์†Œ์žฅ ๋ช…๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋ณธ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋ถ์†ก ์ธ์ข… ๋•Œ์— ์ œ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ดํ›„ ์‚ฐ์ผ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋˜ ์ฒœ์„ฑ๋ น(ๅคฉ่–ไปค)์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€(10๊ถŒ)์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ณธ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•™๊ณ„์— ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์ „์„ค ์ฒญ๋Œ€์˜ ํฌ๊ณก์ž‘๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๊ณค(่ฐขๅ ƒ)์˜ ใ€Š์ถ˜์ดˆ๋‹น์ง‘ใ€‹(ๆ˜ฅ่‰ๅ ‚้›†)์—๋Š” ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์• ์ •๋น„๊ทน์„ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฐ€์ • ์—ฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋‹๋ณด์˜ ์ง€๋ถ€(็Ÿฅๅบœ)๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒ ๊ฒฝ(ไธ˜้“ๅฟ)์˜ ๋‚ด์งˆ๋…€์ธ ์ „์ˆ˜์šด(้’ฑ็ปฃ่Šธ)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์ฑ…์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์— ์†Œ์žฅ๋œ ์ฑ…์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ฑ…์„ ์—ด๋žŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์„œ ๋ฒ”์”จ ์ผ๋ฌธ์— ์‹œ์ง‘๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์ค‘๋งค๋ฅผ ์„œ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ถ€ํƒํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฒ”ํ ์˜ ํ›„์†์ธ ๋ฒ”๋ฐฉ์ฃผ(่Œƒ้‚ฆๆŸฑ)์™€ ํ˜ผ์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฒ”๋ฐฉ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„์น˜์— ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๋ฐ๋‹ค ์ผ์กฑ์˜ ๊ทœ์น™์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋…€์ž์˜ ๋“ฑ์ •์„ ๊ธˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ „์ˆ˜์šด์€ ์ฃฝ์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์˜ ์ฑ…์„ ์—ด๋žŒํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ฑ„ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ž„์ข… ์ง์ „์— ์ „์ˆ˜์šด์€ ๋‚จํŽธ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด์„œ ์ž์‹ ์€ ์ฃฝ์–ด์„œ ์šด์ดˆ(่Šธ่‰)๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜ ์ฑ…๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค(๋‹น์‹œ ์šด์ดˆ๋Š” ์ฑ… ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ผ์šฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฑ…์ƒ์ž์— ์ฑ…๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋„ฃ์–ด๋‘์–ด์„œ ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค). ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€(์ค‘๊ตญ์–ด) ์ค‘ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ฆฝ๋„์„œ๊ด€ ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ์˜ ์˜ํŒŒ(์ค‘๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฐพ์•„:19) ์ฒœ์ผ๊ฐ, ๋‚จ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ถ์‹œํ‹ฐ ์ €์žฅ์„ฑ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianyi%20Ge
Tianyi Ge
The Tianyi Ge (), translated as Tianyi Pavilion or Tianyi Chamber, is a library and garden located in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China. Founded in 1561 by Fan Qin during the Ming dynasty, it is the oldest existing private library in China. At its peak, it boasted a collection of 70,000 volume of antique books. The name Tian Yi refers to the concept of cosmic unity first described in a Han dynasty commentary to the Book of Changes. In Chinese alchemy Tianyi is linked to the element of water, thus it was believed by providing a watery name would protect the library against fire damage. The Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty visited Tianyi Ge, and ordered officials to draw schematics of Tianyi Ge's building plan and book cases as prototype to build several imperial libraries including Wenyuan Ge in the Forbidden City, and Wenjin Ge in the Chengde Mountain Resort to house the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries encyclopedia. After the Second Opium War, the British took many books from the libraries collection of geography and history texts. These losses were followed by further thefts by local thieves. By 1940, the collection dwindled to less than 20,000 volumes. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, due to governmental effort and donations by private collectors, the collection recovered somewhat to about 30,000 volumes, mostly rare antique Ming dynasty printed and hand copied volumes. In 1982, Tianyi Ge was established by the Chinese authorities as a National Heritage Site. The Qin Family Drama Stage is also located in the complex. The walls were specially constructed to prevent fire. Background Technical improvements in paper production Cheap bamboo papermaking. The bamboo paper is made from pulpy bamboo shoots (Phyllostachys aurea), a widely planted plant in China that has been a major source of papermaking fibers since the 8th century. Paper is traditionally made using natural materials, hand tools, utensils and naturally occurring reagents. This technology had further improved in the Ming Dynasty. Song Yingxing (1587โ€“1666 AD) documented the work rolled up by the gradual process of this manufacture in his book,โ€œTian Gung Kai Wu (The Exploitation of the Works of Nature)โ€ Woodblock printing (wood engraving) Since the typography invention of movable type printing in the Song Dynasty of China, printing technology had continued to develop. In the late Yuan Dynasty, Wang Zhen invented wooden printing. Compared with muddy characters, the resistance of wood type to external forces was better. By the Ming dynasty, printing technology reached another peak. Chinese printers were able to produce illustrations of various colors, displaying various shades of colors and contrasting colors, imitating the hands of Chinese masters of calligraphy and painting. At the time, the artists' printers discovered and developed this technology, adding a strong color to their books Cultural expansion and social transformation in the 15th century The development of urbanization that began gradually in the Song Dynasty has begun to take shape in the Ming Dynasty, and commercialization and the sprouting of capitalism also appeared in the Ming Dynasty. At the same time, the literacy rate and educational development have also been further improved during the Ming dynasty. The increasing availability and low cost of books had promoted the popularity of literacy. The examination exam had been canceled since the Yuan Dynasty (1271โ€“1368 AD) and had ushered in a new climax in the Ming Dynasty. The examination scale was increasing. Publishers responded to the growing number of examination candidates to print brochures. Successful model exams were popular and widely available. A wide variety of books, ranging from cheap versions of popular novels to expensive reprints of classics have a wealth of content. The novels of the Ming and Qing dynasties represented the pinnacle of Chinese classical novels. Three of the four famous novels in China were completed and widely circulated in the Ming Dynasty. From another perspective, it also illustrated the importance and prosperity of culture and books received in the Ming Dynasty. The possession of books increasingly tended to define social status. Collection books had also gained a powerful boost from publishing. As the books became cheaper, the number and scale of private libraries grew during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. A collection of several thousand juan (bound chapters or volumes) were considered worthy of respect, and 10,000 juan (equivalent to one thousand titles) were significant. Libraries with about 30,000 juan were not uncommon. On Fan Qin's death (1585 AD), Tianyi Pavilion contained over 70 thousand juan, with several thousand titles. Introduction Position and the spatial distribution Tianyi Pavilion Historic District is located in the middle and western part of the historical street of Yuehu West Street in the old city of Ningbo. In the cultural undertakings of the feudal Chinese in the Ming Dynasty, Wen Yuan's "Tiangong Parterre" has been incorporated into Tianyi Pavilion and transformed into "East Garden" as part of the garden. Tianyi Pavilion is part of the residential area of the Fan Family and the entire area of the traditional structure of the street and the alley has disappeared. It consists of three parts: West Park, South Park and East Park. Since 1989, the ancestral halls along the roads such as Qinjiatang, Wen's family temple, Chen family museum, and some factory buildings have been incorporated into Tianyi Pavilion and have become a showcase of traditional culture. The area of Tianyi Pavilion has reached the peak including the main body of the museum (library), the garden and the traditional architecture. Fire prevention Non-combustible materials were introduced into some key building components. For instance, using clay to wrap wood structures. Non-combustible masonry could be used to create partitions between two adjacent buildings and set fire doors in certain key locations. In addition, the pool in the library could serve as a fire tank for fire protection. Inheritance and development In 1676, Fan Qin's descendants passed out more than one hundred kinds of books to scholars for reading. He approved the famous scholar Huang Zongxi to go upstairs to read the Tianyige library books. Huang Zongxi became the first foreigner to enter Tianyi Pavilion. Huang Zongxi prepared a bibliography for Tianyi Pavilion and writes "Records of the collection in Tianyi Pavilion". Documented in the book of Huang Zongxi that: Fan Qin divided his family property into two parts prior, the collection of books and other family production. The eldest son volunteered to abandon the inheritance rights of other family property, and inherited more than 70,000 volumes of books collected by his father. While the Fan's descendants maintained and supplemented the Tianyige collection, they also established ethnic rules that maintain the Tianyige collection, which stipulates that the books are shared by children and grandchildren. Tianyi Pavilion thus increased its visibility among scholars. Since then, Tianyi Pavilion had gradually ended its external closure and is open to famous scholars, although there were not many scholars who had obtained this opportunity. Update and preservation 1933โ€“1934: Tianyi Pavilion was restored and refurbished, and the front and back yards of the library were added. 1982: Newly built a room for stacking cargo. Tianyi Pavilion experienced a new period of expansion. It is considered as a cultural heritage site that has been under national protection. Gallery See also List of Chinese gardens References Libraries in Ningbo Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Zhejiang 1561 establishments in China Ming dynasty architecture Libraries established in 1561
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%83%84%EB%8B%B9%20%EC%9D%B8%EC%82%B0%20%EA%B2%BD%EB%A1%9C
์˜คํƒ„๋‹น ์ธ์‚ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ
์˜คํƒ„๋‹น ์ธ์‚ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ(ไบ”็‚ญ็ณ–็‡้…ธ็ถ“่ทฏ, ) ๋˜๋Š” ํฌ์Šคํฌ๊ธ€๋ฃจ์ฝ˜์‚ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ() ๋˜๋Š” ์œกํƒ„๋‹น ์ผ์ธ์‚ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ(ๅ…ญ็‚ญ็ณ–ไธ€็‡้…ธ็ถ“่ทฏ, )๋Š” ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ์„ ์˜คํƒ„๋‹น ์ธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜คํƒ„๋‹จ ์ธ์‚ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” NADPH์™€ ์˜คํƒ„๋‹น ์œ ๋„์ฒด์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์Šค 5-์ธ์‚ฐ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์Šค 5-์ธ์‚ฐ์€ ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๊ตฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„๋‹น์˜ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์˜คํƒ„๋‹น ์ธ์‚ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ์—ญํ• ์€ ์ดํ™”์ž‘์šฉ์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋™ํ™”์ž‘์šฉ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํƒ„๋‹น ์ธ์‚ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์˜คํƒ„๋‹น ์ธ์‚ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜คํƒ„๋‹น ์ธ์‚ฐ๊ณผ NADPH๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฐํ™”์  ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ด๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜คํƒ„๋‹น ์ธ์‚ฐ์„ ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์‚ฐํ™”์  ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์˜คํƒ„๋‹น ์ธ์‚ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์งˆ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋“ค์€ ์ƒ‰์†Œ์ฒด์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ์˜คํƒ„๋‹น ์ธ์‚ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ง„ํ™”์  ๊ธฐ์›์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์˜คํƒ„๋‹น ์ธ์‚ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ˜„์ƒ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ํšจ์†Œ ์ด‰๋งค์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹œ์ƒ๋ˆ„๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋น„ํšจ์†Œ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธˆ์† ์ด์˜จ ํŠนํžˆ ์ฒ  ์ด์˜จ(Fe(II))์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด‰๋งค๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜คํƒ„๋‹น ์ธ์‚ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์ด ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ด์ „์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์˜คํƒ„๋‹น ์ธ์‚ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํ™˜์›์„ฑ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐ˜์‘(์˜ˆ: ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ)์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” NADPH ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํ™˜์› ๋‹น๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ. ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ด๋“œ ๋ฐ ํ•ต์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์Šค 5-์ธ์‚ฐ(R5P)์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ. ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์—๋ฆฌํŠธ๋กœ์Šค 4-์ธ์‚ฐ(E4P)์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ. ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์€ ๋ชฉ์žฌ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋‹Œ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋“ค์˜ ์ „๊ตฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ต์‚ฐ์˜ ์†Œํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•œ ์‹์ด์„ฑ ์˜คํƒ„๋‹น์€ ์˜คํƒ„๋‹น ์ธ์‚ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹์ด์„ฑ ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์€ ํ•ด๋‹น๊ณผ์ •/ํฌ๋„๋‹น์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ์˜คํƒ„๋‹น ์ธ์‚ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์งˆ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ฐ„, ์ –์ƒ˜, ๋ถ€์‹ ๊ฒ‰์งˆ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์˜คํƒ„๋‹น ์ธ์‚ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ์ธ์ฒด์—์„œ NADPH ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ์•ฝ 60%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ™˜์›๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ NADPH๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ฐํ™”์  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. NADPH๋Š” ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€ํ‹ฐ์˜จ ํ™˜์›ํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€ํ‹ฐ์˜จ์„ ํ™˜์›์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ™˜์›๋œ ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€ํ‹ฐ์˜จ๊ณผ ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€ํ‹ฐ์˜จ ํผ์˜ฅ์‹œ๋ฐ์ด์Šค๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™” ์ˆ˜์†Œ(H2O2)๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ(H2O)๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ NADPH๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•๋˜๋ฉด, H2O2๋Š” ํŽœํ†ค ํ™”ํ•™์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹ค ์ž์œ  ๋ผ๋””์นผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€ํ‹ฐ์˜จ์˜ ํ™˜์›์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜คํƒ„๋‹น ์ธ์‚ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ NADPH๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™” ์ˆ˜์†Œ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ํ˜ธํก ํญ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‹์„ธํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์‚ฐํ™”์  ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์‚ฐํ™”์  ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ, ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ถˆ๋กœ์Šค 5-์ธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ NADP+๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ NADPH๋กœ ํ™˜์›๋œ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์š”์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •๋“ค์˜ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ + 2 NADP+ + H2O โ†’ ๋ฆฌ๋ถˆ๋กœ์Šค 5-์ธ์‚ฐ + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + CO2 ๋น„์‚ฐํ™”์  ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ˆœ๋ฐ˜์‘: 3 ๋ฆฌ๋ถˆ๋กœ์Šค 5-์ธ์‚ฐ โ†’ 1 ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์Šค 5-์ธ์‚ฐ + 2 ์ž์ผ๋ฃฐ๋กœ์Šค 5-์ธ์‚ฐ โ†’ 2 ๊ณผ๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ + ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋ฅด์•Œ๋ฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ 3-์ธ์‚ฐ ์กฐ์ ˆ ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ๋Š” ์˜คํƒ„๋‹น ์ธ์‚ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜ ์†๋„ ๊ฒฐ์ • ํšจ์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ๋Š” NADP+์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ž…์ฒด์„ฑ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋กœ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๊ณ , NADPH์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ต์ œ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ์˜ ์„ธํฌ์งˆ์—์„œ NADPH : NADP+์˜ ๋น„์œจ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 100 : 1์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ธํฌ์งˆ์„ ๋งค์šฐ ํ™˜์›์ ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. NADPH๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” NADP+๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ, NADP+๋Š” ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ NADPH๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ์•„์„ธํ‹ธ-CoA์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์–ต์ œ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์€ ์„ธํฌ์งˆ์˜ ํƒˆ์•„์„ธํ‹ธํ™”ํšจ์†Œ์ธ ์‹œ๋ฅดํˆฌ์ธ 2์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ํ›„ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฅดํˆฌ์ธ 2-๋งค๊ฐœ ํƒˆ์•„์„ธํ‹ธํ™”์™€ ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์งˆ์˜ NADPH๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜คํƒ„๋‹น ์ธ์‚ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜ ์‚ฐํ™”์  ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐํ™”์  ์†์ƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง€์งˆ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€(๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์•„๋‹˜)์˜ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์€ ์ง€์ค‘ํ•ด ๋ฐ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์ถœ์‹ ์ž๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์›์ถฉ์ธ Plasmodium falciparum์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์›์ถฉ์˜ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋„๋ก ์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰(์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์›์ถฉ์˜ ์ˆ™์ฃผ ์„ธํฌ์ด๋‹ค)์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ ๊ฒฐํ•์ฆ: ์˜คํƒ„๋‹น ์ธ์‚ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์— ์ด์ƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ „๋ณ‘ RNA ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ณ‘ ํ•ด๋‹น๊ณผ์ • ์นผ๋นˆ ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ The chemical logic behind the pentose phosphate pathway Pentose phosphate pathway Map โ€“ Homo sapiens ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์ธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentose%20phosphate%20pathway
Pentose phosphate pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway (also called the phosphogluconate pathway and the hexose monophosphate shunt and the HMP Shunt) is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis. It generates NADPH and pentoses (5-carbon sugars) as well as ribose 5-phosphate, a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides. While the pentose phosphate pathway does involve oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic. The pathway is especially important in red blood cells (erythrocytes). The reactions of the pathway were elucidated in the early 1950s by Bernard Horecker and co-workers. There are two distinct phases in the pathway. The first is the oxidative phase, in which NADPH is generated, and the second is the non-oxidative synthesis of 5-carbon sugars. For most organisms, the pentose phosphate pathway takes place in the cytosol; in plants, most steps take place in plastids. Like glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway appears to have a very ancient evolutionary origin. The reactions of this pathway are mostly enzyme-catalyzed in modern cells, however, they also occur non-enzymatically under conditions that replicate those of the Archean ocean, and are catalyzed by metal ions, particularly ferrous ions (Fe(II)). This suggests that the origins of the pathway could date back to the prebiotic world. Outcome The primary results of the pathway are: The generation of reducing equivalents, in the form of NADPH, used in reductive biosynthesis reactions within cells (e.g. fatty acid synthesis). Production of ribose 5-phosphate (R5P), used in the synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids. Production of erythrose 4-phosphate (E4P) used in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids. Aromatic amino acids, in turn, are precursors for many biosynthetic pathways, including the lignin in wood. Dietary pentose sugars derived from the digestion of nucleic acids may be metabolized through the pentose phosphate pathway, and the carbon skeletons of dietary carbohydrates may be converted into glycolytic/gluconeogenic intermediates. In mammals, the PPP occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm. In humans, it is found to be most active in the liver, mammary glands, and adrenal cortex. The PPP is one of the three main ways the body creates molecules with reducing power, accounting for approximately 60% of NADPH production in humans. One of the uses of NADPH in the cell is to prevent oxidative stress. It reduces glutathione via glutathione reductase, which converts reactive H2O2 into H2O by glutathione peroxidase. If absent, the H2O2 would be converted to hydroxyl free radicals by Fenton chemistry, which can attack the cell. Erythrocytes, for example, generate a large amount of NADPH through the pentose phosphate pathway to use in the reduction of glutathione. Hydrogen peroxide is also generated for phagocytes in a process often referred to as a respiratory burst. Phases Oxidative phase In this phase, two molecules of NADP+ are reduced to NADPH, utilizing the energy from the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate into ribulose 5-phosphate. The entire set of reactions can be summarized as follows: The overall reaction for this process is: Glucose 6-phosphate + 2 NADP+ + H2O โ†’ ribulose 5-phosphate + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + CO2 Non-oxidative phase Net reaction: 3 ribulose-5-phosphate โ†’ 1 ribose-5-phosphate + 2 xylulose-5-phosphate โ†’ 2 fructose-6-phosphate + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Regulation Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is the rate-controlling enzyme of this pathway. It is allosterically stimulated by NADP+ and strongly inhibited by NADPH. The ratio of NADPH:NADP+ is the primary mode of regulation for the enzyme and is normally about 100:1 in liver cytosol. This makes the cytosol a highly-reducing environment. An NADPH-utilizing pathway forms NADP+, which stimulates Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase to produce more NADPH. This step is also inhibited by acetyl CoA. G6PD activity is also post-translationally regulated by cytoplasmic deacetylase SIRT2. SIRT2-mediated deacetylation and activation of G6PD stimulates oxidative branch of PPP to supply cytosolic NADPH to counteract oxidative damage or support de novo lipogenesis. Erythrocytes Several deficiencies in the level of activity (not function) of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase have been observed to be associated with resistance to the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum among individuals of Mediterranean and African descent. The basis for this resistance may be a weakening of the red cell membrane (the erythrocyte is the host cell for the parasite) such that it cannot sustain the parasitic life cycle long enough for productive growth. See also G6PD deficiency โ€“ A hereditary disease that disrupts the pentose phosphate pathway RNA Thiamine deficiency Frank Dickens FRS References External links The chemical logic behind the pentose phosphate pathway Pentose phosphate pathway Map โ€“ Homo sapiens Metabolic pathways Phosphorus
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C%20%EA%B5%90%EC%9D%98%ED%95%99
๊ตํšŒ ๊ต์˜ํ•™
๊ตํšŒ ๊ต์˜ํ•™(Church Dogmatics )๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์Šค ๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต ์‹ ํ•™์ž ์นผ ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํŠธ (Karl Barth )๊ฐ€ ์“ด 4๊ฐœ ๋ณผ๋ฅจ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ž‘์ด๋‹ค. 1932๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1967๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 12 ๊ถŒ (13 ๊ถŒ)์œผ๋กœ ์ถœํŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Church Dogmatics (CD)์˜ ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฑ…์€ ๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ์ข… ํŒŒํŠธ ๋ณผ๋ฅจ์˜ ๋‹จํŽธ ๋งŒ ์ถœํŒ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๊ฐ•์˜ ๋…ธํŠธ๋Š” ์‚ฌํ›„์— ์ถœํŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„ํšํ•œ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฑ…์€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ ๊ตํšŒ ๊ต๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธ๋‹ต ์€ "ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ๋ง์”€์˜ ๊ต๋ฆฌ"(CD I), "ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ๊ต๋ฆฌ"(CD II), "์ฐฝ์กฐ์˜ ๊ต๋ฆฌ"(CD III), ๋ฏธ์™„์„ฑ ๋œ " ํ™”ํ•ด "(CD IV)์™€ ์”Œ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€"๊ตฌ์†์˜ ๊ต๋ฆฌ "(CD V)๋ฅผ ์ฝ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ตํšŒ ๊ต์กฐ ์„ฑ์„œ 5 ๊ถŒ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์ถœํŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํŠธ๋Š” ใ€Ž๊ตํšŒ๊ต์˜ํ•™ใ€์„ ์ด5๋ถ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1๋ถ€๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ๋ง์”€๊ณผ ๊ณ„์‹œ(โ… ), 2๋ถ€๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์˜(โ…ก), 3๋ถ€๋Š” ์ฐฝ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์˜(โ…ข), 4๋ถ€๋Š” ํ™”ํ•ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ต์˜(โ…ฃ), 5๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ตฌ์†์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ต์˜(โ…ค)์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํŠธ๋Š” ํ™”ํ•ด์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋ ค ํ•œ โ…ฃ/4๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฏธ์™„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ธด ์ฑ„ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ 1๋ถ€(โ… )๋Š” ๊ต์˜ํ•™์˜ ์„œ๋ก , ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ๋ง์”€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ต์˜, ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋ก ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ต์˜ํ•™์ด๋ž€ ๊ตํšŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•™๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์‹ ํ•™์ด๋ž€ ๊ตํšŒ์—์„œ ์„ ํฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณต์Œ๊ณผ ๊ตํšŒ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋น„ํŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ  ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ๊ต์˜ํ•™์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ๋ง์”€์— ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ โ€œ์‚ผ์ค‘ ํ˜•์‹โ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์‚ผ์ค‘ ํ˜•์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณ„์‹œ, ์„ฑ์„œ, ๊ตํšŒ์˜ ์„ ํฌ์— ๋‹ด๊ธด ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžŒ๋‹ค. 2๋ถ€(โ…ก)๋Š” ์‹ ๋ก ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. โ…ก/1์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜ ์ธ์‹ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์‹ ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฌป๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์ด ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๋งŒํผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์€ ์ •ํ˜•ํ™”๋œ ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ธ์‹์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ด์‹œ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํŠธ๋Š” โ€˜์ž์œ โ€™์™€ โ€˜์‚ฌ๋ž‘โ€™ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. โ…ก/2 ์„ ํƒ๋ก ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต์˜ ์ด์ค‘์˜ˆ์ •๋ก ์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆ™๋ช…๋ก ์— ๋น ์งˆ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ์€์ด์„ ์นจํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด์ค‘์˜ˆ์ •๋ก  ๋Œ€์‹  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์€์ด์˜ ์„ ํƒ๋ก ์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์˜ˆ์ •๋ก ์„ ์„ ํƒ๊ณผ ์œ ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๋ฅผ โ€˜์„ ํƒํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜โ€™๊ณผ โ€˜์„ ํƒ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„โ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์ค‘์  ์กด์žฌ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๋ฅผ โ€˜์„ ํƒโ€™ํ•˜์‹œ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜์‹œ๊ณ , ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์‹ ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ตฌ์›ํ•˜์‹œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๋ฅผ โ€˜๋ฒ„๋ฆผ๋ฐ›์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„โ€™์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋‘์‹ ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋‚œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ตฌ์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ โ€˜์ž์œ ๋กœ์šดโ€™ ๊ฒฐ๋‹จ๊ณผ โ€˜์‚ฌ๋ž‘โ€™์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์‹  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์„ ํƒ๋ก ์€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์€์ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ด๋‹ค. 3๋ถ€(โ…ข)๋Š” ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ก ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. โ…ข/1 ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ก ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ–‰์œ„ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ํ‹€๋กœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„์˜ ํ™”ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์—ญ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด ์„ฑ์ทจ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „์ œ๋กœ์„œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. โ…ข/2๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„๋ก ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ฑ…์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํŠธ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ด๋‚˜ ์ฒ ํ•™ ๋“ฑ ์„ธ์† ํ•™๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์„ฑ์„œ์˜ โ€˜์ฐธ ์ธ๊ฐ„โ€™ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ทผ์›, ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์˜ ์‹ ํ•™์  ์˜๋ฏธ, ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ, ์˜ํ˜ผ๊ณผ ์œก์ฒด, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ โ€˜์ฐธ ์ธ๊ฐ„โ€™ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ณต์ƒ์• ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์—ญ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํŠธ๋Š” โ€˜์ฐธ ์ธ๊ฐ„โ€™์ธ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜๊ณผ์˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์ด๋ฉฐ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ์•ผ ํ•  ์ฐธ๋œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค. โ…ข/3์€ ์ฐฝ์กฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ์„ญ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ์„ญ๋ฆฌ, ๋งŒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋กœ์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ํ†ต์น˜ํ•˜์‹œ๊ณ  ๋ณด์‚ดํ”ผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹, ์•…์˜ ๊ธฐ์›๊ณผ ๋ฌด, ํ•˜๋Š˜๋‚˜๋ผ, ์ฒœ์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์ฑ„๋กœ์šด ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. โ…ข/4๋Š” ํ”ผ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ธ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์ด ์ง€์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์ด ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์ฐจ์›์€ ์ˆ˜์ง์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ˆ˜์ง์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์€ ์•ˆ์‹์ผ, ์‹ ์•™๊ณ ๋ฐฑ, ๊ธฐ๋„๋กœ, ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์€ ๋‚จ๋…€ ,๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ์ž๋…€, ์ด์›ƒ๊ณผ ์ด์›ƒ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ์— ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. 4๋ถ€(โ…ฃ) ํ™”ํ•ด๋ก ์€ ใ€Ž๊ตํšŒ๊ต์˜ํ•™ใ€์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํŠธ๋Š” ๊ณ„์‹œ, ์‚ผ์œ„์ผ์ฒด๋ก , ์„ ํƒ๋ก , ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ก ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ฑ์ทจ๋œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™”ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ™”ํ•ด๋ก ์€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„์˜ ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์—ญ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € โ…ฃ/1์€ โ€˜ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ์•„๋“คโ€™์ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ์•„๋“ค์ธ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์„ ์‹ญ์ž๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™”ํ•ด์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ โ€˜๊ต๋งŒโ€™์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„์˜ ์ˆœ์ข…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด โ€˜์นญ์˜โ€™๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์‹ ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ น์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„์ธ์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ์‹œ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ™”ํ•ด์˜ ์ผ๊พผ์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ์ด๋„์‹ ๋‹ค. โ…ฃ/2๋Š” โ€˜์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์•„๋“คโ€™์ธ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์ฃฝ์œผ์‹œ๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํ™œํ•˜์…”์„œ ํ•˜๋Š˜๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์‹  โ€˜์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์•„๋“คโ€™์ธ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜, ์ฆ‰ ์ฃฝ์Œ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜๊ณผ ํ™”ํ•ดํ•œ ์ฒซ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋˜์‹ ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ โ€˜๋‚˜ํƒœ์™€ ๋น„์ฐธโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃ„์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ํญ๋กœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ โ€˜์„ฑํ™”โ€™๋กœ ์ด๋„์‹ ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„์ธ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ น์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์›ƒ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด๋„๋ก ๋•๋Š”๋‹ค. โ…ฃ/3์—์„œ๋Š” โ€˜์ค‘๋ณด์žโ€™์ธ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘”๋‹ค. ์˜จ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜๊ณผ์˜ ํ™”ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์„ ํฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ ํฌ์ž๋กœ์„œ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ โ€˜๊ฑฐ์ง“โ€™์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ โ€˜๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„์ธโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹ค์กด์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ น์ด ์ฃผ์‹œ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ง์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์ง„๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ์ž์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋œ ์ด๋…์„ ๋ชฐ์•„๋‚ด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Amazon.com ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ 1948๋…„ ์ฑ… ์นด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ฅดํŠธ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ์ฑ… ์กฐ์ง์‹ ํ•™ 1948๋…„ ๋…ผํ”ฝ์…˜ ์ฑ…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20Dogmatics
Church Dogmatics
Church Dogmatics () is the four-volume theological summa and magnum opus of Swiss Protestant theologian Karl Barth and was published in thirteen books from 1932 to 1967. The fourth volume of the Church Dogmatics (CD) is unfinished, and only a fragment of the final part-volume was published, and the remaining lecture notes were published posthumously. The planned fifth volume was never written. Academic significance Widely regarded as one of the most important theological works of the century, it represents the pinnacle of Barth's achievement as a theologian. Barth published the Church Dogmatics I/1 (the first part-volume of the Dogmatics) in 1932 and continued working on it until his death in 1968, by which time it was 6 million words long in twelve part-volumes. The material published as the Church Dogmatics was originally delivered in lecture format to students at Bonn (1932) and then Basel (1935โ€“1962), with his final incomplete volume (IV.4) produced in 1967 outside the realm of academia. Content The Church Dogmatics is divided into five volumes: the "Doctrine of the Word of God" (CD I), the "Doctrine of God" (CD II), the "Doctrine of Creation" (CD III), the unfinished "Doctrine of Reconciliation" (CD IV) and the unwritten "Doctrine of Redemption" (CD V). The five volumes of the Church Dogmatics were published as the following part-volumes: CD I/1: The Doctrine of the Word of God, Part 1: Barth lays down the foundations of undertaking such a task. In this volume he discusses the purpose and goal of the series, and the form, nature, and know-ability of the revelation. He then embarks on a thorough yet foundational exploration of the Trinity's role in the revelation of God to humanity. CD I/2: The Doctrine of the Word of God, Part 2: Barth discusses the incarnation of the Word, the Spirit's particular (yet general) role therein, the nature and role of Scripture with respect to the Word, and the eager response of the Church. CD II/1: The Doctrine of God, Part 1: Barth begins by presenting a foundation for the knowledge of God, followed by the reality (Being and Nature) of God. CD II/2: The Doctrine of God, Part 2: In One of Barth's more notable volumes, he discusses two major topics, the Election of God and the Command of God. Inside, Barth discusses predestination, its human response, and the ontological foundations thereof. CD III/1: The Doctrine of Creation, Part 1: In one of his shorter volumes, Barth discusses the relationship between Covenant and Creation as well as the purpose of Creation as God relates to humankind. CD III/2: The Doctrine of Creation, Part 2: Here, Barth discusses the God-human relationship from the human point of view. He discusses such things as humanity as the covenant-partner of God, the semi-autonomous being, and the still-dependent being. CD III/3: The Doctrine of Creation, Part 3: This volume dives into such issues as divine providence, God as Father and Lord, and the relationship between God and "nothingness". The volume closes by exploring the Kingdom of Heaven and its constituents. CD III/4: The Doctrine of Creation, Part 4: In this volume Barth focuses much of his energy on ethical reactions to creation, exploring these inside four realms of certain human liberties: freedom before God, freedom in fellowship, freedom for life, and freedom in limitation. This volume most directly explores the actions of human beings in response to the Word of God. CD IV/1: The Doctrine of Reconciliation, Part 1: One of the lengthiest of the Church Dogmatics is also considered by Barth to be the most important: "I have been very conscious of the very special responsibility laid on the theologian at this center of all Christian knowledge. To fail here is to fail everywhere." This volume sets out to discuss certain aspects of Jesus Christ's role as the servant of God. It explores Christ's obedience to God's command, the pride and fall of humankind, the justification of humankind, and the Holy Spirit's action in the ensuing Christian community. CD IV/2: The Doctrine of Reconciliation, Part 2: This volume centers on the actions of Jesus Christ as servant of God and Lord of humanity. It includes such discourses as the exaltation of Christ, the sloth of humankind, the sanctification of humankind, and the Christian life in community under the Spirit. The volume ends with a deep reflection on the interaction of the Spirit with Love inside the Christian community. CD IV/3: The Doctrine of Reconciliation, Part 3: This volume was printed as a two-book set commonly known as CD IV/3.1 and CD IV/3.2 respectively. CD IV/3.1 centers its efforts on Jesus Christ being the true Witness of God, and with the glory of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) and the condemnation of humanity. CD IV/3.2 continues the theme of Jesus Christ as true Witness of God. Here he discusses the particular vocation of human beings, its goal, and the Holy Spirit's part in the sending of the Christian community, and discusses Christian hope. CD IV/4: The Doctrine of Reconciliation, Part 4: Also known as The Christian Life, Barth's final section consists of Christ's command for the Christian response (to salvation via Jesus Christ) as an ethical response, founded with zeal and striving for righteousness. Scope Barth's original plan for the Church Dogmatics was as follows: "There would be [in addition to volume I.1] a second half-volume of pretty much the same size, completing the Prolegomena, the doctrine of Revelation. The second volume would contain the doctrine of God, the third the doctrine of Creation, the fourth the doctrine of Reconciliation, the fifth the doctrine of Redemption." Barth died before writing any of the fifth volume. A complete outline of the Church Dogmatics can be found in the Barth installment of the Making of Modern Theology series. The series was originally written in German and was later translated into English under the editorial leadership of T. F. Torrance and G. W. Bromiley and many others. References 1948 non-fiction books Christian theology books Calvinist texts Karl Barth Unfinished books
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%AC%B4%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%B0%EA%B3%B0
์•„๋ฌด๋ฅดํฐ๊ณฐ
์•„๋ฌด๋ฅดํฐ๊ณฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋ฅด๋ถˆ๊ณฐ, ์šฐ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํฐ๊ณฐ, ์šฐ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ, ์—์กฐํฐ๊ณฐ, ์—์กฐ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ€์€ํšŒ์ƒ‰๊ณฐ์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๊ทน๋™, ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ถ๋™๋ถ€, ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ณธ ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ๋“ฑ์— ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ์˜ ์•„์ข… ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ๋ผ์‹œ์•„ํฐ๊ณฐ์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ณฐ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ ํฐ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฅดํฐ๊ณฐ์€ ์ฝ”๋””์•…๊ณฐ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋งž๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค. ํŠน์ง• ์บ„์ฐจ์นดํฐ๊ณฐ๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ๋ฐ ์บ„์ฐจ์นดํฐ๊ณฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์ด ๋” ๊ฐ€๋Š˜๊ณ  ๊ธด ๋Œ€์‹  ์ด๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๋†’๊ณ  ์ฝ”๋ผˆ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋” ๊ธธ๋ฉฐ ๊ด‘๋Œ€๋ผˆ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ‰๊น”์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋” ์–ด๋‘์šฐ๋ฉฐ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋Š” ํ˜น์‹œ ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋‹ฌ๊ฐ€์Šด๊ณฐ์˜ ํ˜ผํ˜ˆ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”์ธก์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฐ•๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์ฒด ์ˆ˜์ปท์˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” 38.7cm(15.2์ธ์น˜)์ด๊ณ  ํญ์€ 23.5cm(9.3์ธ์น˜)์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋” ์บ„์ฐจ์นดํฐ๊ณฐ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์€ 1931๋…„์— ์„ธ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ์ด ์˜ค๊ทธ๋‰ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ข…์ธ ์ฝ”๋””์•…๊ณฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•„์ฃผ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ž‘์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ–‰๋™๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ํ™œ๋™ ์‹œ๋ ˆํ† ์ฝ”๋ฐ˜๋„์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์•ผ(Banya)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์—” ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์•”์ปท ๊ณฐ๋“ค์ด ์ข…์ข… ์–ด๋ถ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ํ–‰๋™๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋ฐ˜์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ „์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ž๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก๋œ ๋ฐ” ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์ฒด ์ˆ˜์ปท๊ณผ์˜ ์กฐ์šฐ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•”์ปท์ด ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋ถ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ธก๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹์Šต๊ด€ ๋น„๋ก ์•„๋ฌด๋ฅดํฐ๊ณฐ์˜ ์‹์„ฑ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์‹์ผ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊ฐ์ด๋“ ์ง€ ์ฃฝ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ํฌ์‹์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์‹œํ˜ธํ…Œ์•Œ๋ฆฐ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์˜ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฅดํฐ๊ณฐ๋“ค ๊ตด์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์–ธ๋• ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ณ  ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ๊ตด์ด ์•”์„ ๋…ธ์ถœ์ง€์— ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋•…์— ๋ณด๊ธˆ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ๋“ค์€ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ์šฐ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํ‘๊ณฐ๊ณผ ์กฐ์šฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค ๊ตด์€ ์šฐ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํ‘๊ณฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์€ ๊ณ ๋„์— ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€ํŒŒ๋ฅด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋น„ํƒˆ์ง„ ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ์นœ์ฒ™๋“ค์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ ์ค‘๋ถ€์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ๋“ค์€ ๋ด„์— ์ž‘๋…„์˜ ๋ถ‰์€ ์›”๊ทค๋‚˜๋ฌด ์—ด๋งค์™€ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ, ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜๋ฌผ์„ ๋จน๊ณ  ๊ณ„์ ˆ์ด ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํฐ ํ’€์˜ ์‹น๊ณผ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ์ค„๊ธฐ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ ์„ฌ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ‘œ๋ฅ˜๋ฌผ์„ ๋จน๊ณ  ๋”ํ•ด ๊ณค์ถฉ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹จํ’๋‚˜๋ฌด ์ž”๊ฐ€์ง€๋„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค. ์‹œํ˜ธํ…Œ์•Œ๋ฆฐ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ๋“ค์€ ๋ด„์ฒ ์— ๋„ํ† ๋ฆฌ, ๊ฐ€๋ž˜๋‚˜๋ฌด ์—ด๋งค๋“ค๊ณผ ์žฃ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์”จ์•—์„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค. ์›”๊ทค๋‚˜๋ฌด ์—ด๋งค์™€ ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ๋ฅ˜๋“ค์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ด์งˆ ๋•Œ์—” ๋ชฉ์ดˆ์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์™€ ์œ ์ถฉ, ๋ฐฑํ•ฉ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ดˆ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์—” ์ „๋‚˜๋ฌด ๊ป์งˆ์„ ๋ฒ—๊ฒจ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ธต๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์•ก์„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธ๋™, ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋‚˜๋ฌด, ์™•๋จธ๋ฃจ์™€ ๊ฐˆ๋งค๋‚˜๋ฌด ์—ด๋งค๋„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ ๋‚จ๋ถ€์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ๋“ค์˜ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ฒ  ์‹์Šต๊ด€์€ ๊ฑดํฌ๋„์™€ ์•„๋กœ๋‹ˆ์•„์†์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ฌ ์ค‘๋ถ€์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ๋“ค์˜ 8์›”์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค ์‹์ƒํ™œ์˜ 28%๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ๋“ค์˜ ์‹์ƒํ™œ์—” ํฌ๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜, ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ, ์ƒˆ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณค์ถฉ๋“ค์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์—” ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ฒด์ค‘์ด 400kg ๋˜๋Š” 450kg๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด 550kg์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ์„ญ์ทจํ•œ ํ›„ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฅดํฐ๊ณฐ์€ ๊ฐ€๋” ์‹œ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์žก์•„๋จนํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด ๋จน์ด์˜ ๋Œ€๋žต 1%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค.(๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งค์šฐ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋‹ฌ๊ฐ€์Šด๊ณฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 18.5%๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„๋‹ค.) ์‹œ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฅดํฐ๊ณฐ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•  ๋•Œ ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๊ณฐ์„ ๊ฒจ๋ƒฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ฑ์ฒด ์•”์ปท ์•„๋ฌด๋ฅดํฐ๊ณฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ๋ ค๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒจ์šธ์— ๊ณฐ์˜ ๋™๋ฉด์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํฐ๊ณฐ์˜ ์Šต์„ฑ์ด ๋” ๊ฐœํ™œํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ํƒ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํฐ๊ณฐ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ์ž‘์€ ๋ฐ˜๋‹ฌ๊ฐ€์Šด๊ณฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ž์ฃผ ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ณฐ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•  ๋•Œ ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด๋“ค์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐ”์œ„๋‚˜ ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ ๊ทธ๋Š˜ ์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ๊ณฐ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ธธ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๊ณฐ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด๋Š” ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ์ž์„ธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํŠ€์–ด์˜ฌ๋ผ ์•ž๋ฐœ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋บจ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณฐ์„ ๋ถ™์žก๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ชฉ์„ ์žก๋Š”๋‹ค. ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณฐ์€ ์ฒ™์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ๋ ค์„œ ๊ทธ ๋•Œ ์ฃฝ์ž„์„ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ณฐ์„ ์ฃฝ์ธ ํ›„ ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด๋Š” ๊ณฐ์˜ ๋“ฑ, ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์™€ ์‚ฌํƒ€๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ด ์ถ•์ ๋œ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š”๋ฐ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด๋Š” ์œ ์ œ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ณฐ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1944~1959๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทน๋™ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ณฐ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ 32๊ฑด ์ด์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ์ด ์•”์ปท๊ณผ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด๋“ค์„ ์ฃฝ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ 4๊ฑด์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์–‘ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์€ ์‹์„ฑ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„  ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒํ”ˆํ„ฐ(Gepnter) ๋“ฑ์€ 1972๋…„์— ๊ณฐ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด์˜ ๋ฐœ์ž๊ตญ๊ณผ ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ๋งˆ์ฃผ์นœ ํ›„์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ง„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พผ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1970~1973๋…„ ๊ฒจ์šธ์— ์œ ๋‹ค์ฝ”ํ”„(Yudakov)์™€ ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ์˜ˆํ”„(Nikolaev)๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ์ด ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” 1๊ฑด์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์™€ ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ์ด ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ต์ฐจํ•ด์„œ ์ง„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํฐ ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ์€ ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ณฐ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ์˜ ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œํ˜ธํ…Œ์•Œ๋ฆฐ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ์›๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™์•ˆ ๋‘ ํฌ์‹์ž๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์ด ์ด 44๊ฑด์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ณฐ์ด ํฌ์ƒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 22๊ฑด์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ƒ๋œ ๊ฑด 12๊ฑด์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง€์œ„ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฅดํฐ๊ณฐ์€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์šฐ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ์ง€๋ฐฉ, ์‚ฌํ• ๋ฆฐ, ์•„๋ฌด๋ฅด์ฃผ, ์ƒจํƒ€๋ฅด์Šคํ‚ค์˜ˆ ์ œ๋„, ์ดํˆฌ๋ฃจํ”„์„ฌ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ถ๋™๋ถ€, ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„, ์ผ๋ณธ ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„์™€ ์ฟ ๋‚˜์‹œ๋ฅด์„ฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 13์„ธ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ผํŽ˜๋ฃจ์ฆˆ ํ•ดํ˜‘์„ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋ ˆ๋ถ„์„ฌ๊ณผ ๋ฆฌ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์„ฌ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•ด ์„œ์‹ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋น™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ์€ ํ˜ผ์Šˆ์—์„œ๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋ฐ˜๋‹ฌ๊ฐ€์Šด๊ณฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์—์„œ ๋ฐ€๋ ค๋‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์„œ์‹์ง€ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฉธ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋‹ฌ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ตœ์†Œ 300๋งŒ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ์ ์— ํ˜ผ์Šˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณฐ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ 2์ข…๋ฅ˜๋กœ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋‹ฌ๊ฐ€์Šด๊ณฐ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ '๊ณฐ'์ด๋ผ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ›„์ž๋Š” 'ํฐ๊ณฐ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋‹ฌ๊ฐ€์Šด๊ณฐ์€ ๊ณ ๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฑ๋‘๋Œ€๊ฐ„์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฆฌ์‚ฐ, ์„ค์•…์‚ฐ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ํ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„œ์‹ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ข…์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ์€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ๋“ฑ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•˜๋˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์—์„œ ์„œ์‹ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ด ์ข…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฅด๋ถˆ๊ณฐ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ณฐ๋“ค์€ ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒœ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋…๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์—์„œ ํฐ๊ณฐ์ด ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ณณ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ 2๊ณณ์ธ๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž๊ฐ•๋„, ๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ•๋„ ์ผ๋Œ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋งˆ๊ณ ์›์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•จ๊ฒฝ๋ถ๋„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ํ•จ๊ฒฝ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋งˆ๊ณ ์›์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ํฐ๊ณฐ์€ ์ž๊ฐ•๋„ ๋ฃก๋ฆผ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์„œ ๋ฃก๋ฆผํฐ๊ณฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๋ถํ•œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒœ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋…๋ฌผ 124ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ง€์ •ํ•ด ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•จ๊ฒฝ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ํฐ๊ณฐ์€ ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์— ๋”ธ๋ฆฐ ๋ด‰์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ๊ด€๋ชจ๋ด‰์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์„œ ๊ด€๋ชจ๋ด‰ํฐ๊ณฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๋ถํ•œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒœ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋…๋ฌผ 330ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ง€์ •ํ•ด ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์˜ ๋ด‰์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ธ์žฌ๋ฐฑ์‚ฐ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๋ฃก๋ฆผํฐ๊ณฐ์€ 150~250kg ์ •๋„์˜€๊ณ  ์ธ์žฌ๋ฐฑ์‚ฐ ๋ถ์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋Š” ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ 500~600kg ์ •๋„์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ—ค์ด๋ฃฝ์žฅ์„ฑ์— 500~1,500๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์ •๋„์˜ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฅดํฐ๊ณฐ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์†Œ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด ๋ถ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊ณผ ํฌํš์ด ๊ณฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์š”์ธ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋ฅดํฐ๊ณฐ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋™๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์œ ๋ผ์‹œ์•ˆ ํฐ๊ณฐ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์‹œ์นด๋ฆฌ์‹œ ์„œ๋ถ€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์ง€์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์ข…์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋ฉธ์ข… ์œ„๊ธฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ๋ฉธ์ข… ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋ถ€ ์ด์‹œ์นด๋ฆฌ ์ง€์—ญ์— 90~152๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ์ด ์„œ์‹ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ 84~135๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ…Œ์‹œ์˜ค-๋งˆ์‹œ์ผ€ ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์— ์„œ์‹ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™œ๋™ ํŠนํžˆ ์‚ผ๋ฆผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๋„๋กœ ๊ฑด์„ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์•ฝ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ™• ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ฝํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋œ ์›์ธ์ด๋‹ค. 2015๋…„์— ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ 10,600๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ถ”์‚ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ์ผ๋ณธ ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„์—์„  20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ์— 57๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณฐ์˜ ์Šต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด 141๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๊ณ  300๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1915๋…„ 12์›”์— ์‚ฐ์ผ€๋ฒ ์ธ  ๊ตฌ ์‚ฐ์ผ€์ด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ์‚ฐ์ผ€๋ฒ ์ธ  ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด(ไธ‰ๆฏ›ๅˆฅ็พ†ไบ‹ไปถ)์€ ์ผ๋ณธ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ๊ณฐ ์Šต๊ฒฉ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด 7๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๊ณ  3๋ช…์ด ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋˜ ๊ฑด ํ‚ค 2.7m, ์ฒด์ค‘ 380kg๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ณฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋งˆ๋งˆ์—์ •์„ 2์ฐจ๋ก€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ด์ „์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์ž๋“ค ์žฅ๋ก€์‹์ด ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์— ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ฐค์— ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ณฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ž์ฃผ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณฐ์€ ์‹์ธ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์‹ ํƒ“์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏฟ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1962~2008๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™‹์นด์ด๋„์—์„  ๊ณฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ด 86๊ฑด, ์‚ฌ๋ง ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด 33๊ฑด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๊ณฐ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜ ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ussuri%20brown%20bear
Ussuri brown bear
The Ussuri brown bear (Ursus arctos lasiotus), also known as the Ezo brown bear, Russian grizzly bear, or the black grizzly bear, is a subspecies of the brown bear or a population of the Eurasian brown bear (U. a. arctos). One of the largest brown bears, a very large Ussuri brown bear may approach the Kodiak bear in size. It is not to be confused with the North American grizzly bear. Appearance It is very similar to the Kamchatka brown bear, though it has a more-elongated skull, a less-elevated forehead, somewhat-longer nasal bones and less-separated zygomatic arches, and is somewhat darker in color, with some individuals being completely black, which once led to the now-refuted speculation that black individuals were hybrids of brown bears and Asian black bears. Adult males have skulls measuring on average long and wide. They can occasionally reach greater sizes than their Kamchatkan counterparts; the largest skull measured by Sergej Ognew (1931) was only slightly smaller than that of the largest Kodiak bear (the largest subspecies of brown bears) on record at the time. Behaviour and biology Dietary habits Although the diet of an Ussuri brown bear is mainly vegetarian, being a large predator it is able to kill any prey in its habitat. In Sikhote Alin, Ussuri brown bears den mostly in burrows excavated into hillsides, though they, on rare occasions, den in rock outcroppings or build ground nests. These brown bears rarely encounter Ussuri black bears, as they den at higher elevations and on steeper slopes than the latter species. They may, on rare occasions, attack their smaller black relatives. In middle Sakhalin in spring, brown bears feed on the previous year's red bilberry, ants, and flotsam, and at the end of the season, they concentrate on the shoots and rhizomes of tall grasses. On the southern part of the island, they feed primarily on flotsam, as well as insects and maple twigs. In springtime in Sikhote Alin, they feed on acorns, Manchurian walnuts, and Korean nut pine seeds. In times of scarcity, in addition to bilberries and nuts, they feed on larvae, wood-boring ants, and lily roots. In early summer, they strip bark from white-barked fir trees and feed on the cambium and sap. They also eat berries from honeysuckle, yew, Amur grape, and buckthorn. In southern Sakhalin, their summer diet consists of currants and chokeberries. In August on the middle part of the island, fish comprise 28% of their diet. In Hokkaido, the brown bears' diet includes small and large mammals, fish, birds, and insects such as ants. Recent increases in size and weight, reaching , or possibly up to to , are largely caused by feeding on crops. Interspecific competitions Adult bears are generally immune to predatory attacks except from Siberian (Amur) tigers and other bears. Following a decrease of ungulate populations from 1944 to 1959, 32 cases of Siberian tigers attacking both Ussuri brown (Ursus arctos lasiotus) and Ussuri black bears (U. thibetanus ussuricus) were recorded in the Russian Far East, and hair of bears were found in several tiger scat samples. Tigers attack black bears less often than brown bears, as the latter live in more open habitats and are not able to climb trees. In the same time period, four cases of brown bears killing female tigers and young cubs were reported, both in disputes over prey and in self-defense. Tigers mainly feed on the bear's fat deposits, such as the back, hams and groin. When Amur tigers prey on brown bears, they usually target young and sub-adult bears, besides small female adults taken outside their dens, generally when lethargic from hibernation. Predation by tigers on denned brown bears was not detected during a study carried between 1993 and 2002. Ussuri brown bears, along with the smaller black bears constitute 2.1% of the Siberian tiger's annual diet, of which 1.4% are brown bears. The effect the presence of tigers has on brown bear behavior seems to vary. In the winters of 1970โ€“1973, Yudakov and Nikolaev recorded two cases of bears showing no fear of tigers and another case of a brown bear changing path upon crossing tiger tracks. Other researchers have observed bears following tiger tracks to scavenge tiger kills and to potentially prey on tigers. Despite the threat of predation, some brown bears actually benefit from the presence of tigers by appropriating tiger kills that the bears may not be able to successfully hunt themselves. Brown bears generally prefer to contest the much smaller female tigers. During telemetry research in the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve, 44 direct confrontations between bears and tigers were observed, in which bears (not just brown bears) in general were killed in 22 cases, and tigers in 12 cases. There are reports of brown bears specifically targeting Amur leopards and tigers to abstract their prey. In the Sikhote-Alin reserve, 35% of tiger kills were stolen by bears, with tigers either departing entirely or leaving part of the kill for the bear. Some studies show that bears frequently track down tigers to usurp their kills, with occasional fatal outcomes for the tiger. A report from 1973 describes twelve known cases of brown bears killing tigers, including adult males; in all cases the tigers were subsequently eaten by the bears. Interactions with humans In Hokkaido during the first 57 years of the 20th century, 141 people died from bear attacks, and another 300 were injured. The , which occurred in December 1915 at Sankei in the Sankebetsu district, was the worst bear attack in Japanese history, and resulted in the deaths of seven people and the injuring of three others. The perpetrator was a and 2.7-m-tall brown bear, which twice attacked the village of Tomamae, returning to the area the night after its first attack during the prefuneral vigil for the earlier victims. The incident is frequently referred to in modern Japanese bear incidents, and is believed to be responsible for the Japanese perception of bears as man-eaters. From 1962 to 2008, 86 attacks and 33 deaths occurred from bears in Hokkaido. On Shiretoko Peninsula, especially in the area called "Banya", many females with cubs often approach fishermen and spend time near people. This unique behavior was first noted more than a half century ago, with no casualties or accidents ever recorded. The females are thought to take cubs to approach fishermen to avoid encountering aggressive adult males. Range and status The Ussuri brown bear is found in the Ussuri Krai, Sakhalin, the Amur Oblast, the Shantar Islands, Iturup Island, and Kunashir Island in Siberia, northeastern China, the Korean Peninsula, and Hokkaidล in Japan. Until the 13th century, bears inhabited the islands of Rebun and Rishiri, having crossed the La Pรฉrouse Strait to reach them. They were also present on Honshu during the last glacial period, but were possibly driven to extinction either by competing with Asian black bears or by habitat loss due to climate change. There have been several hypotheses regarding the crossing of Blakiston's Line by brown bears; there could be three genetic groups, distinct for at least 3 million years which reached to Hokkaido via Honshu at different times, or brown bears from Hokkaido reached to Honshu. About 500โ€“1,500 Ussuri brown bears are present in Heilongjiang, and are classed as a vulnerable population. Illegal hunting and capture have become very serious contributing factors to the decline in bear numbers, as their body parts are of high economic value. Five regional subpopulations of Ussuri brown bears are now recognized in Hokkaido. Of these, the small size and isolation of the western Ishikari subpopulation has warranted its listing as an endangered species in Japan's Red Data Book. About 90 to 152 brown bears are thought to dwell in the West Ishikari Region and from 84 to 135 in the Teshio-Mashike mountains. Their habitat has been severely limited by human activities, especially forestry practices and road construction. Excessive harvesting is also a major factor in limiting their population. In 2015, the Biodiversity Division of the Hokkaido government estimated the population as being as high as 10,600. In Russia, the Ussuri brown bear is considered a game animal, though it is not as extensively hunted as the Eurasian brown bear. In Korea, a few of these bears still exist only in the North, where this bear is officially recognized as a natural monument by its government. Traditionally called ku'n gom (big bear), whereas black bears are called gom (bear), the Ussuri brown bear became extinct many years ago in South Korea largely due to poaching. In North Korea, the two major areas of brown bear population include Ja Gang Province and the Ham Kyo'ng Mountains. The ones from JaGang are called "RyongLim ku'n gom" (RyongLim big bear) and they are listed as Natural Monument No.124 of North Korea. The others from Hamkyo'ng Mountains are called GwanMoBong Ku'n Gom (GwanMo Peak big bear) and they are listed as Natural Monument No.330 of North Korea. All big bears (Ussuri brown bears) in North Korea are mostly found around the peak areas of mountains. Their average size varies from 150ย kg to 250ย kg for Ryonglim bears found in the area south of Injeba'k Mountain, up to 600ย kg for the ones found in the area north of Injeba'k Mountain. Cultural associations The Ainu people worship the Ussuri brown bear, eating its flesh and drinking its blood as part of a religious festival known as Iomante. References External links Eurasian brown bears Carnivorans of Asia Mammals of Asia Mammals of Japan Mammals of Russia Fauna of Siberia Mammals of Korea
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EC%95%BC%EB%A3%A8%ED%81%AC
๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ
๋คผํฐ์—ฃ๋”˜ ์—๋ทœ๋ฌด์žํŽ˜๋ฅด ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ ์ด๋ธ ๋ฉœ๋ฆฌํฌ์ƒค(, , , ; ~ )๋Š” ์…€์ฃผํฌ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ˆ ํƒ„()์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ๋Š” ๋ฉœ๋ฆฌํฌ์ƒค์˜ ๋ง์•„๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ฉœ๋ฆฌํฌ์ƒค๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์„ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ณ ์ž‘ 11์‚ด์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ์˜ ์น˜์„ธ๋Š” ์ด๋ž€๊ณผ ๋น„์˜ฅํ•œ ์ดˆ์Šน๋‹ฌ ์ง€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์Šค๋ ธ๋˜ ์…€์ฃผํฌ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ชฐ๋ฝ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ()๋ž€ ํŠ€๋ฅดํฌ์–ด๋กœ โ€œ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•œ ๋น›โ€์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ๋Š” ์— ์ด์ŠคํŒŒํ•œ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์ˆ ํƒ„ ๋ฉœ๋ฆฌํฌ์ƒค์˜€๊ณ , ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์…€์ฃผํฌ์˜ ํ›„์˜ˆ, ์•„๋ฏธ๋ฅด ์•ผ์ฟ ํ‹ฐ์˜ ๋”ธ ์ฅ๋ฒ ์ด๋ฐ ํ•˜ํˆฐ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ๋ฉœ๋ฆฌํฌ์ƒค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์นด๋ผํ•œ ์นธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณต์ฃผ, ํ…Œ๋ฅด์ผ„ ํ•˜ํˆฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ๋‘ ์•„๋“ค, ๋‹ค์šฐ๋“œ์™€ ์•„๋ถ€ ์Šˆ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฉœ๋ฆฌํฌ์ƒค์— ์•ž์„œ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œ๋ฅด์ผ„ ํ•˜ํˆฐ์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•„๋“ค, ๋งˆํ๋ฌด๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋‹ˆ์ž  ์•Œ๋ฌผํฌ๋Š” ๋งˆํ๋ฌด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์€ ๋‹ˆ์ž  ์•Œ๋ฌผํฌ๊ฐ€ ์— ์•”์‚ด๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ํ…Œ๋ฅด์ผ„ ํ•˜ํˆฐ์˜ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋์ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋“ฏ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธํ•ด 11์›” ์ค‘์ˆœ, ๋ฉœ๋ฆฌํฌ์ƒค ์—ญ์‹œ ์—ด๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ…Œ๋ฅด์ผ„ ํ•˜ํˆฐ๊ณผ ํƒ€์ฆˆ ์•Œ๋ฌผํฌ ์•„๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋‚˜์ž„์€ ๋งˆํ๋ฌด๋“œ 1์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ด์ŠคํŒŒํ•œ์—์„œ ์ˆ ํƒ„์œผ๋กœ ์˜น๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ๋งˆํ๋ฌด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ž‘ 4์‚ด์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ํ€ด๋ฅด๋ณด์•„๋Š” ์ด์ŠคํŒŒํ•œ์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๋˜ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ผ์ด๋กœ ๋„์ฃผ, ๋‹ˆ์ž ํŒŒ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ผ์ด์—์„œ ์ˆ ํƒ„์œผ๋กœ ์˜น๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. , ํ…Œ๋ฅด์ผ„ ํ•˜ํˆฐ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์™€ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ผ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ„์˜ ๋ณด๋ฃจ์ œ๋ฅด๋“œ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๊ฒฉ๋Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ…Œ๋ฅด์ผ„ ํ•˜ํˆฐ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ํŒจํ‡ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ณง์žฅ ํ•˜๋งˆ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์กฐ์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์–ด, ๋งˆํ๋ฌด๋“œ๋Š” ์ด์ŠคํŒŒํ•œ๊ณผ ํŒŒ๋ฅด์Šค๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์„œ์ชฝ์„, ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋™์ชฝ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ†ต์น˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ…Œ๋ฅด์ผ„ ํ•˜ํˆฐ์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ์˜ ์™ธ์‚ผ์ดŒ์ด์ž ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์…€์ฃผํฌ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ์™•์ž, ์•„์ œ๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ด์ž”์˜ ์™• ์ด์Šค๋งˆ์ผ ์ด๋ธ ์•ผ์ฟ ํ‹ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ œ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์Šค๋งˆ์ผ์€ ์ด ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ, ์•„์ œ๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ด์ž”๊ณผ ์•„๋ž€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ํŠ€๋ฅดํฌ๋ฉ˜์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์ง„๊ตฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ์™€ ์ด์Šค๋งˆ์ผ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ํ•˜๋งˆ๋‹จ๊ณผ ์ด์ŠคํŒŒํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์นด๋ผ์ง€ ํ‰์›์—์„œ ๊ฒฉ๋Œํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ์˜ ์•„ํƒ€๋ฒ ๊ทธ์˜€๋˜ ๊ท€๋ฌด์‰ฌ ํ…Œ๊ธด์€ ์ด์Šค๋งˆ์ผ์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌํ˜•์„ ์„ ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œ๋ฅด์ผ„ ํ•˜ํˆฐ์€ ์ด์ œ ํˆฌํˆฌ์‰ฌ์™€ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, 1094๋…„์— ๊ธ‰์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ ๋’ค์— ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์•„๋“ค, ๋งˆํ๋ฌด๋“œ๋„ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ž๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ทธ๋‹ค๋“œ๋กœ ์ง„๊ตฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์นผ๋ฆฌํ”„ ์•Œ๋ฌดํฌํƒ€๋””๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋คผํฐ์—ฃ๋”˜(, )์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์กด์นญ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ ํƒ„์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ…๋ด‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. , ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ํ›„ํŠธ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ๋Š” ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ ํƒ„, ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ์‹ ์•™์˜ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ, ์•Œ๋ฌด์žํŒŒ๋ฅด์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€, ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ, ์‹ ๋„๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅธํŒ”()์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์€ ๋์ด ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์•„์ง ๊ทธ์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์™•์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์™•, ํƒ€์ฆˆ์—ฃ๋ฐ๋ธ”๋ ˆ ํˆฌํˆฌ์‰ฌ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฉœ๋ฆฌํฌ์ƒค๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์€ ์งํ›„ ํˆฌํˆฌ์‰ฌ๋Š” ์ œ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชจ์ˆ , ๋ˆ„์‚ฌ์ด๋นˆ, ์•ˆํƒ€ํ‚ค์•ผ, ์•Œ๋ ˆํฌ, ํ•˜๋ž€, ๋ผ์นด ๋“ฑ์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์นผ๋ฆฌํ”„์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์…€์ฃผํฌ ์ œ๊ตญ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์ˆ ํƒ„์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ…๋ด‰ํ•ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ ˆํฌ์˜ ํƒœ์ˆ˜ ์•„ํฌ์ˆœ์ฟ ๋ฅด ์•Œํ•˜์ง€๋ธŒ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฅดํŒŒ์˜ ํƒœ์ˆ˜ ๋ณด์ž” ๋“ฑ์€ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ ์ง€์ง€์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํˆฌํˆฌ์‰ฌ์˜ ์†์— ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…Œ๋ฅด์ผ„ ํ•˜ํˆฐ์ด ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ํˆฌํˆฌ์‰ฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ž€ ๊ณ ์›์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์ง„๊ตฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ์™€ ํˆฌํˆฌ์‰ฌ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ผ์ด ์ธ๊ทผ์—์„œ ๊ฒฉ๋Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค (). ๋ฉœ๋ฆฌํฌ์ƒค์˜ ๊นƒ๋ฐœ์„ ๋ณธ ํˆฌํˆฌ์‰ฌ์˜ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ญ๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํˆฌํˆฌ์‰ฌ๋Š” ์ „ํˆฌ์˜ ์™€์ค‘์— ์ˆญ๊ตฌ๋ฅด์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์•„๋ฏธ๋ฅด์˜ ์นผ์— ์ „์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ๋Š” ์ „ํˆฌ์— ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ ์งํ›„ ํˆฌํˆฌ์‰ฌ์˜ ์ธก๊ทผ๋“ค์„ ์šฉ์„œํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํˆฌํˆฌ์‰ฌ์˜ ์˜์ง€๋Š” ํˆฌํˆฌ์‰ฌ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„ํ• ํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋Š”, ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ์ด๋ž€๊ณผ ์ด๋ผํฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ„ํ˜‘์€ ํ›„๋ผ์‚ฐ์„ ๋ถ„๋ด‰๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ผ์ดŒ, ์•„๋ฅด์Šฌ๋ž€ ์•„๋ฅด๊ตฐ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅด์Šฌ๋ž€ ์•„๋ฅด๊ตฐ์€ ํ›„๋ผ์‚ฐ์˜ ์™•์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ…๋ด‰๋˜์–ด, ์ด์ „์˜ ์ฐจ์œผ๋ฅด ๋ฒ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€์œ„์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ๋Š” ๋™์ƒ, ์•„ํ๋งˆ๋“œ ์‚ฐ์ž๋ฅด๋ฅผ ๋ช…๋ชฉ์ƒ์˜ ์ง€ํœ˜๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๊ตฐ์„ ํ›„๋ผ์‚ฐ์— ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅด์Šฌ๋ž€ ์•„๋ฅด๊ตฐ์€ ํœ˜ํ•˜์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ์˜ ์†์— ์‚ดํ•ด๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค (1097๋…„). ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์ž๋ฅด๋ฅผ ํ›„๋ผ์‚ฐ์˜ ์™•์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์•„ํ๋งˆ๋“œ ์‚ฐ์ž๋ฅด๋Š” ์•ฝ 60๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ›„๋ผ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ž๋กœ ๊ตฐ๋ฆผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅด์Šฌ๋ž€ ์•„๋ฅด๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์„ ์ง„์••ํ•œ ์งํ›„์—์•ผ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ๋Š” ์ œ๊ตญ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„์ž์™€ ํ›„๋ผ์‚ฐ์˜ ์™•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋™์ƒ์ธ ๋ฌดํ•จ๋ฉ”๋“œ ํƒ€ํŒŒ๋ฅด์™€ ์•„ํ๋งˆ๋“œ ์„ผ์ œ๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ ˆํฌ์˜ ์™•๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋งˆ์Šค์ฟ ์Šค์˜ ์™•์€ ํˆฌํˆฌ์‰ฌ์˜ ๋‘ ์•„๋“ค, ๋ฅด๋“œ์™„๊ณผ ๋‘์นดํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์•„๋‚˜ํ†จ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ํด๋ฅด์ธ  ์•„๋ฅด์Šฌ๋ž€ 1์„ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งก๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค๋ฅด๋งŒ์˜ ์™•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํˆฌ๋ž€ ์ƒค๊ฐ€ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ํ‰ํ™”๋Š” ์˜ค๋ž˜๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ด‰์งํ•˜๋˜ ๋‹ˆ์ž  ์•Œ๋ฌผํฌ์˜ ์•„๋“ค ๋ฌด์•„์ด๋“œ ์•Œ๋ฌผํฌ๋Š”, ๊ทธ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฌดํ•จ๋ฉ”๋“œ ํƒ€ํŒŒ๋ฅด์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์•„์ด๋“œ ์•Œ๋ฌผํฌ๋Š” ๋ฌดํ•จ๋ฉ”๋“œ ํƒ€ํŒŒ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฌดํ•จ๋ฉ”๋“œ ํƒ€ํŒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” 17์‚ด์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฌด์•„์ด๋“œ๋Š” ํƒ€ํŒŒ๋ฅด์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ๋” ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ํƒ€ํŒŒ๋ฅด์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ณง์žฅ ๋ผ์ด๋ฅผ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๊ทธ๋‹ค๋“œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„๊ตฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณง ์นผ๋ฆฌํ”„, ์•Œ๋ฌด์Šคํƒ€์ง€๋ฅด์˜ ๊ฒ๋ฐ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ ํƒ„์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค (). ์ดํ›„ ํƒ€ํŒŒ๋ฅด์™€ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” 5๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์–ด๋Š์ชฝ๋„ ์Šน์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, 1104๋…„์— ์–‘์ž๋Š” ์ œ๊ตญ์„ ๋ถ„ํ• ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ๋Š” ์ˆ ํƒ„์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๋ฌดํ•จ๋ฉ”๋“œ ํƒ€ํŒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ์™•์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…๋ชฉ์ƒ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ์˜ ์ข…์ฃผ๊ถŒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ€ํŒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ด๋ผํฌ ๋‚จ๋ถ€, ์ด๋ž€ ๋ถ๋ถ€, ๋””์•ผ๋ฅด ๋ฐ”ํฌ๋ฅด, ๋ชจ์ˆ  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ทธ๋‹ค๋“œ์™€ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ด๋ž€ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋‹ค์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–ด์ฐŒ๋˜๋“  ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ๋Š” ๋ช…๋ชฉ์ƒ์ด๋‚˜๋งˆ ์ œ๊ตญ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์ˆ ํƒ„์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด์ŠคํŒŒํ•œ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๊ทธ๋‹ค๋“œ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธธ์— ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™”์Œ์„ ์ง๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ๋Š” ํœ˜ํ•˜์˜ ์•„๋ฏธ๋ฅด๋“ค์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ๋ชจ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 5์‚ด๋‚œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„๋“ค, ๋ฉœ๋ฆฌํฌ์ƒค์„ ํ›„๊ณ„์ž๋กœ ์ง€๋ชฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์•„์•ผ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์•„ํƒ€๋ฒ ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์•„๋ฏธ๋ฅด๋“ค๊ณผ ์•„๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”๊ทธ๋‹ค๋“œ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋Š” ์ด์ŠคํŒŒํ•œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ท€ํ™˜์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, , ๋ณด๋ฃจ์ œ๋ฅด๋“œ ์ธ๊ทผ์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์œ ํ•ด๋Š” ์ด์ŠคํŒŒํ•œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ ธ ์…€์ฃผํฌ ์™•๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌด๋ค์— ์•ˆ์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„ํƒ€๋ฒ ๊ทธ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐ”๊ทธ๋‹ค๋“œ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ง„ ๋ฉœ๋ฆฌํฌ์ƒค๋Š” ์นผ๋ฆฌํ”„ ์•Œ๋ฌด์Šคํƒ€์ง€๋ฅด์—๊ฒŒ ์ ค๋ž„์œ—๋ฐ๋ธ”๋ ˆ()๋ผ๋Š” ์กด์นญ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ˆ ํƒ„์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ…๋ด‰๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค (). ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ์•ผ๋ฃจํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์†Œ์‹ค์„ ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌดํ•จ๋ฉ”๋“œ ํƒ€ํŒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ฆ‰๊ฐ ๋ฐ”๊ทธ๋‹ค๋“œ๋กœ ์ง„๊ตฐ, , ๋„์‹œ์— ์ž…์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๊ทธ๋‹ค๋“œ์˜ ์„œ์ชฝ์€ ๋ฌดํ•จ๋ฉ”๋“œ ํƒ€ํŒŒ๋ฅด์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ํ›„ํŠธ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋™์ชฝ์€ ๋ฉœ๋ฆฌํฌ์ƒค์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ํ›„ํŠธ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ฐจ์ธฐ ๋ฌดํ•จ๋ฉ”๋“œ ํƒ€ํŒŒ๋ฅด์—๊ฒŒ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ž, ์•„์•ผ์ฆˆ์™€ ๋ฉœ๋ฆฌํฌ์ƒค๋Š” ์ˆ ํƒ„์œ„ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌดํ•จ๋ฉ”๋“œ ํƒ€ํŒŒ๋ฅด๋Š” , ์ˆ ํƒ„์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ…๋ด‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 1081๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1104๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์…€์ฃผํฌ ์™•์กฐ ์ˆ˜๋‹ˆํŒŒ ๋ฌด์Šฌ๋ฆผ ์ˆ ํƒ„
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkyaruq
Berkyaruq
Rukn al-Din Abu'l-Muzaffar Berkyaruq ibn Malikshah (; 1079/80 โ€“ 1105), better known as Berkyaruq (), was the fifth sultan of the Seljuk Empire from 1094 to 1105. The son and successor of Malik-Shah I (), he reigned during the opening stages of the decline and fragmentation of the empire, which marked the rise of Turkoman atabegates and principalities, which would eventually stretch from Kirman to Anatolia and Syria. His reign was marked by internal strife, mainly against other Seljuk princes. By his death in 1105, his authority had largely vanished. His infant son Malik-Shah II briefly succeeded him, until he was killed by Berkyaruq's half-brother and rival Muhammad I Tapar (). Name Berkyaruq is a Turkic word meaning "firm, unwavering light". Contrary to their Ghaznavid predecessorsโ€”who had largely abandoned their Turkic heritage in favour of Persianโ€”the Seljuks (albeit likewise Persianized) maintained and took pride in their origins, carrying Turkic names such as Berkyaruq, Arslan Arghu or Sanjar. Background Born in 1079 or 1080 in the Seljuk capital of Isfahan, Berkyaruq was the oldest son of Malik-Shah I () and the latter's cousin, the Seljuk princess Zubayda Khatun. Berkyaruq was only thirteen at the time of his father's death in November 1092, meaning that there were no princes of age to inherit the vast Seljuk empire. Berkyaruq's half-brother Muhammad Tapar was eleven, while another half-brother named Mahmud was four. A brother of Malik-Shah titled Tutush I, who ruled Syria on his brother's behalf, claimed the throne as the only adult, but gained little support from the Turkic elite. Malik-Shah's death thus marks the start of the decline and fragmentation of the empire, with amirs and palace elites trying each to gain power by supporting one of his young sons as sultan. This would ultimately mark the start of Turkoman atabegates and principalities, which would later stretch from Kirman to Anatolia and Syria. One of Malik-Shah's wives, Terken Khatun, in cooperation with the Seljuk vizier Taj al-Mulk, installed her four-year-old son Mahmud on the throne at Baghdad. She convinced the Abbasid caliph al-Mustazhir () to have the khutba (friday sermon) read in Mahmud's name, and sent an army under the amir Qiwam al-Dawla Kirbuqa to take Isfahan and capture Berkyaruq. Meanwhile, the family and supporters of the deceased Seljuk vizier Nizam al-Mulk (known as the "Nizamiyya"), led by the Turkic slave-soldier (ghulam) Er-Ghush, supported Berkyaruq. They had Berkyaruq smuggled out of Isfahan and sent to his atabeg (guardian) Gumushtigin in Saveh and Aveh, who had him crowned at Ray. Reign Initial challenges and consolidation of power Although Berkyaruq was generally supported by the Nizamiyya, the modern historian Clifford Edmund Bosworth states that "this does not necessarily imply that the Nizamiyya had a collective policy, for none of the sons of Nizam al-Mulk was his father's equal in ability, and opportunism and personal factors seem often to have swayed them". The Nizamiyya were most importantly looking to seek vengeance against Taj al-Mulk, who was believed to have been behind the death of his rival Nizam al-Mulk (which according to modern historian Andrew Peacock, was probably partly true). A battle took place between the two factions in January 1093, resulting in the defeat of Mahmud's supporters and the capture of Taj al-Mulk. Berkyaruq, aware of Taj al-Mulk's bureaucratic prowess, was willing to make him his vizier. Taj al-Mulk had even managed to appease a section of the Nizamiyya through bribery. Still, this was not enough: the Nizamiyya, thirsty for revenge, secured his execution on 12 February. Terken Khatun soon summoned the Seljuk prince Ismail ibn Yaquti to attack Berkyaruq. Although the former had raised an army of Turkoman from Azerbaijan and Arran, he was defeated and executed by Berkyaruq's atabeg Gumush-Tegin. Terken Khatun then tried to reach out to Tutush, but suddenly died in 1094, with her sickly son Mahmud dying a month later. Berkyaruq also had to deal with his uncle Tutush, who invaded the Jazira and western Iran, seizing the city of Ray. He was, however, killed by Berkyaruq's forces near the same city on 25 February 1095. Berkyaruq thus managed to consolidate his authority in western Iran and Iraq, and was also acknowledged as the sultan by al-Mustazhir. During the chaos that ensued, Malik-Shah's brother Arghun Arslan conquered most of Khurasan (except the city of Nishapur), attempting to establish his own principality in the province. Berkyaruq first sent an army under his uncle Bori-Bars ibn Alp-Arslan in 1095 to conquer Khurasan, but the latter was captured and killed. He sent a second army under his half-brother Ahmad Sanjar in 1097, but before anything occurred Arghun Arslan was killed by one of his own ghulams, due to his brutal treatment of his subjects. Berkyaruq appointed Sanjar as the vassal ruler (malik) of Khurasan, giving him his own atabeg (Amir Qumaj) and vizier (al-Tughrai). Berkyaruq then led an expedition as far east as Tirmidh, where he confirmed the Qarakhanids Sulayman-tegin and Mahmud-tegin as the vassal rulers of Transoxiana. He also appointed Qutb al-Din Muhammad as the new governor of the Central Asian region of Khwarazm, thus marking the start of the Khwarazmian dynasty. He spent seven months in the city of Balkh, and then returned to the west. However, after leaving his eastern possessions, the area was plunged into a series of revolts, including one by the Seljuk prince Dawlatshah. The name of Berkyaruq started to get excluded from the coins struck at Nishapur, which testifies to the slow disintegration of his rule in Khurasan. Preoccupied by continuous internal issues, Berkyaruq was unavailable to respond to the advent of the First Crusade in Syria in 1097. The crusaders besieged Antioch and sacked Ma'arrat al-Nu'man. Furthermore, Berkyaruq had little reason to help the Seljuks of Syria, who fought amongst themselves, dividing the country. The northern part was ruled by Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan, and the southern part by Shams al-Muluk Duqaq. When the Crusaders entered Syria, Ridwan shifted his allegiance from Berkyaruq to the Fatimid Caliphate. Conflict with Muhammad I Tapar The most difficult challenge that Berkyaruq faced was the rebellion of his half-brother Muhammad in 1098 or 1099. The rebellion had been encouraged by Nizam al-Mulk's son Mu'ayyid al-Mulk, who had formerly served Berkyaruq and played a key-role in the defeat of Tutush. After his dismissal by Berkyaruq, he entered into the service of Muhammad, who appointed him as his vizier. Mu'ayyid al-Mulk made use of his newfound position to exact vengeance on his rivals, which was made easier because Muhammad had yet to reach adulthood (approximately 17 years old at the time). The Nizamiyya and the prominent families of Isfahan also joined Muhammad, stopping Berkyaruq from entering the city. The rebellion was launched from Muhammad's base at the city of Ganja in Arran, which had been given to him as an iqta' (land grant) by Berkyaruq back in 1093. Muhammad's capture of Ray exposed the vulnerability of Berkyaruq's realm. Sa'd al-Dawla Gawhara'in, the shihna (military administrator) of Baghdad, soon joined Muhammad, which implies that the city was also added to his domain. Nevertheless, the five-year war continued to be indecisive, with Baghdad repeatedly changing hands. Even with the support of Sanjar (who despised Berkyaruq), Muhammad was unable to defeat his rival. Berkyaruq's authority continued to weaken, and by 1104, with his treasury exhausted, he was forced to sue for peace. A treaty was subsequently made, which acknowledged Muhammad as the ruler of southern Iraq, northern Iran, the Diyar Bakr, Mosul and Syria, while Berkyaruq was acknowledged as the ruler of the rest of Iran (including Isfahan) and Baghdad. The treaty, however, did most likely not display the true circumstances of the situation. The following year (1105), there were no coin mints citing the name of Berkyaruq in the central Islamic lands. En route to Isfahan, he died of tuberculosis at the age of 25 near the town of Borujerd, and was succeeded by his infant son Malik-Shah II. Baghdad was subsequently captured by Muhammad, who had Malik-Shah II killed. Notes References Sources Further reading Seljuk rulers 1105 deaths Year of birth unknown 11th-century rulers 12th-century rulers People of the Nizariโ€“Seljuk wars People from Isfahan Tuberculosis deaths in Iran 12th-century deaths from tuberculosis
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%20%EC%97%B0%EA%B2%B0%EB%A7%9D%20%EB%B6%84%EC%84%9D
์‚ฌํšŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ๋ถ„์„
์‚ฌํšŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ๋ถ„์„(Social Network Analysis)์ด๋ž€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ , ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŠน์ • ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ(๋…ธ๋“œ)๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€๊ณ„๋“ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ทธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ™”, ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ™”, ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๋“ฑ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง, ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์†์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ๋ถ„์„์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•™๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ๋“ฑ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ์žฅ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„, ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋“ค์„ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ธด ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ์ง€์†ํ•˜๋ฉฐ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ๋ถ„์„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 21์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ Flickr, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์†Œ์…œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค(Social Network Service)์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ๋ถ„์„์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์—ญํ• ์ด ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•œ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ๋ถ„์„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ์†Œ์…œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค(Social Network Service)๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•ด์ง„ 2010๋…„ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ๋ถ„์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ๋ถ„์„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” '๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ'๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ง‘์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. Flickr, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, ๋“ฑ์˜ ์†Œ์…œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” '์›น ํฌ๋กค๋Ÿฌ' ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง์ ‘ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, NodeXL ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ํž˜์ด ๋ง‰๊ฐ•ํ•จ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ Facebook์„ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์†Œ์…œ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ 'API'๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๋Œ€ํญ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐ–์—๋„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ, ์„ค๋ฌธ์„œ, ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง์ ‘ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋˜ํ•œ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” R, Python ๋“ฑ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‚˜, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ๋ถ„์„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 'UCINET'๊ณผ 'NetMiner'๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•ด์™ธ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 'NodeXL'๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๋ถ„์„์„ ๋งˆ์นœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์•ˆ์— ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๋‚ด์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ตœ์ข… ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ์š”์†Œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๋„(degree) ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๋„๋Š” ๋…ธ๋“œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋…ธ๋“œ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์˜ ์ •๋„์ด๋‹ค. ํฌ๊ด„์„ฑ(inclusiveness) ํฌ๊ด„์„ฑ์€ ํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋…ธ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋“ค์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚จ์€ ๋…ธ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ€๋„(density) ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋…ธ๋“œ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๋„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ๋‚ด ์ „์ฒด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์— ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์‹ค์ œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๋„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ(degree centrality) ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๋„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋ž€ ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋“ค์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด๋‹น ๋…ธ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •๋ณด ํš๋“์— ์šฉ์ดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์— ํ•ต์‹ฌ๋…ธ๋“œ์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ๊ทผ์ ‘ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ(closeness centrality) ๊ทผ์ ‘ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฐ ๋…ธ๋“œ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๋„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์ง์ ‘ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋…ธ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋งŒ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทผ์ ‘ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋…ธ๋“œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง์ ‘ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋“œ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊นŒ์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๋„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋„“์€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋…ธ๋“œ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ด๋‹น ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋…ธ๋“œ์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ๋งค๊ฐœ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ(Betweenness centrality) ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์–ด๋””์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋…ธ๋“œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ์˜ ์ค‘์žฌ์ž(broker) ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ์•„์ด๊ฒ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ(Eigenvector centrality) ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์— ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋“œ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•กํ„ฐ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋“ค์ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„์ด๊ฒ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์ ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋†’์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๋„๋Š” ๋†’์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ด๊ฒ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์˜ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ๋ถ„์„์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์†Œ์…œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋˜๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™๋ณด ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ๋„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํŠน์ • ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ง์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ํ™œ์šฉ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ๋Š” '์—”๋ก  ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ ๋ถ„์„'์„ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—”๋ก ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€, ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋กœ 2001๋…„ ๋ง ๋ถ„์‹ํšŒ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ํŒŒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ '์—”๋ก  ์‚ฌํƒœ'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ง์›๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—”๋ก  ์‚ฌํƒœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ˆ˜๊ฐœ์›” ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—”๋ก  ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ฐ ์ง์›(๋…ธ๋“œ)๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๋„๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ๋…ธ๋“œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๋„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์™ธ๋ถ€์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๋„๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์™ธ๋ถ€์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์—”๋ก  ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•œ ์ž„์ง์›๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ์งํ™œ๋™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ์ผ๋ถ€ ์—”๋ก  ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ ์™ธ๋ถ€์ธ๋“ค์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋‚ด ์ง์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ํ›„ ๋ถ„์„์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹น์‹œ์— ์‚ฌํšŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์˜ˆ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋“ฑ์—๋„ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ๋ถ„์„์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ์ฆ๋Œ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์†Œ์…œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ์ด๋ก  ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ์ž๊ธฐ์กฐ์งํ™” ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ๊ฑด์„ค ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ •๋ณด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๋ฌธํ™”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20network%20analysis
Social network analysis
Social network analysis (SNA) is the process of investigating social structures through the use of networks and graph theory. It characterizes networked structures in terms of nodes (individual actors, people, or things within the network) and the ties, edges, or links (relationships or interactions) that connect them. Examples of social structures commonly visualized through social network analysis include social media networks, meme spread, information circulation, friendship and acquaintance networks, peer learner networks, business networks, knowledge networks, difficult working relationships, collaboration graphs, kinship, disease transmission, and sexual relationships. These networks are often visualized through sociograms in which nodes are represented as points and ties are represented as lines. These visualizations provide a means of qualitatively assessing networks by varying the visual representation of their nodes and edges to reflect attributes of interest. Social network analysis has emerged as a key technique in modern sociology. It has also gained significant popularity in the following - anthropology, biology, demography, communication studies, economics, geography, history, information science, organizational studies, political science, public health, social psychology, development studies, sociolinguistics, and computer science, education and distance education research, and is now commonly available as a consumer tool (see the list of SNA software). The advantages of SNA are twofold. Firstly, it can process a large amount of relational data and describe the overall relational network structure. tem and parameter selection to confirm the influential nodes in the network, such as in-degree and out-degree centrality. SNA context and choose which parameters to define the โ€œcenterโ€ according to the characteristics of the network. Through analyzing nodes, clusters and relations, the communication structure and position of individuals can be clearly described. History Social network analysis has its theoretical roots in the work of early sociologists such as Georg Simmel and ร‰mile Durkheim, who wrote about the importance of studying patterns of relationships that connect social actors. Social scientists have used the concept of "social networks" since early in the 20th century to connote complex sets of relationships between members of social systems at all scales, from interpersonal to international. In the 1930s Jacob Moreno and Helen Jennings introduced basic analytical methods. In 1954, John Arundel Barnes started using the term systematically to denote patterns of ties, encompassing concepts traditionally used by the public and those used by social scientists: bounded groups (e.g., tribes, families) and social categories (e.g., gender, ethnicity). Starting in the 1970's, scholars such as Ronald Burt, Kathleen Carley, Mark Granovetter, David Krackhardt, Edward Laumann, Anatol Rapoport, Barry Wellman, Douglas R. White, and Harrison White expanded the use of systematic social network analysis. Beginning in the late 1990s, social network analysis experienced a further resurgence with work by sociologists, political scientists, economists, computer scientists, and physicists such as Duncan J. Watts, Albert-Lรกszlรณ Barabรกsi, Peter Bearman, Nicholas A. Christakis, James H. Fowler, Mark Newman, Matthew Jackson, Jon Kleinberg, and others, developing and applying new models and methods, prompted in part by the emergence of new data available about online social networks as well as "digital traces" regarding face-to-face networks. Computational SNA has been extensively used in research on study-abroad second language acquisition. Even in the study of literature, network analysis has been applied by Anheier, Gerhards and Romo, Wouter De Nooy, and Burgert Senekal. Indeed, social network analysis has found applications in various academic disciplines as well as practical contexts such as countering money laundering and terrorism. Metrics Size: The number of network members in a given network. Connections Homophily: The extent to which actors form ties with similar versus dissimilar others. Similarity can be defined by gender, race, age, occupation, educational achievement, status, values or any other salient characteristic. Homophily is also referred to as assortativity. Multiplexity: The number of content-forms contained in a tie. For example, two people who are friends and also work together would have a multiplexity of 2. Multiplexity has been associated with relationship strength and can also comprise overlap of positive and negative network ties. Mutuality/Reciprocity: The extent to which two actors reciprocate each other's friendship or other interaction. Network Closure: A measure of the completeness of relational triads. An individual's assumption of network closure (i.e. that their friends are also friends) is called transitivity. Transitivity is an outcome of the individual or situational trait of Need for Cognitive Closure. Propinquity: The tendency for actors to have more ties with geographically close others. Distributions Bridge: An individual whose weak ties fill a structural hole, providing the only link between two individuals or clusters. It also includes the shortest route when a longer one is unfeasible due to a high risk of message distortion or delivery failure. Centrality: Centrality refers to a group of metrics that aim to quantify the "importance" or "influence" (in a variety of senses) of a particular node (or group) within a network. Examples of common methods of measuring "centrality" include betweenness centrality, closeness centrality, eigenvector centrality, alpha centrality, and degree centrality. Density: The proportion of direct ties in a network relative to the total number possible. Distance: The minimum number of ties required to connect two particular actors, as popularized by Stanley Milgram's small world experiment and the idea of 'six degrees of separation'. Structural holes: The absence of ties between two parts of a network. Finding and exploiting a structural hole can give an entrepreneur a competitive advantage. This concept was developed by sociologist Ronald Burt, and is sometimes referred to as an alternate conception of social capital. Tie Strength: Defined by the linear combination of time, emotional intensity, intimacy and reciprocity (i.e. mutuality). Strong ties are associated with homophily, propinquity and transitivity, while weak ties are associated with bridges. Segmentation Groups are identified as 'cliques' if every individual is directly tied to every other individual, 'social circles' if there is less stringency of direct contact, which is imprecise, or as structurally cohesive blocks if precision is wanted. Clustering coefficient: A measure of the likelihood that two associates of a node are associates. A higher clustering coefficient indicates a greater 'cliquishness'. Cohesion: The degree to which actors are connected directly to each other by cohesive bonds. Structural cohesion refers to the minimum number of members who, if removed from a group, would disconnect the group. Modelling and visualization of networks Visual representation of social networks is important to understand the network data and convey the result of the analysis. Numerous methods of visualization for data produced by social network analysis have been presented. Many of the analytic software have modules for network visualization. Exploration of the data is done through displaying nodes and ties in various layouts, and attributing colors, size and other advanced properties to nodes. Visual representations of networks may be a powerful method for conveying complex information, but care should be taken in interpreting node and graph properties from visual displays alone, as they may misrepresent structural properties better captured through quantitative analyses. Signed graphs can be used to illustrate good and bad relationships between humans. A positive edge between two nodes denotes a positive relationship (friendship, alliance, dating) and a negative edge between two nodes denotes a negative relationship (hatred, anger). Signed social network graphs can be used to predict the future evolution of the graph. In signed social networks, there is the concept of "balanced" and "unbalanced" cycles. A balanced cycle is defined as a cycle where the product of all the signs are positive. According to balance theory, balanced graphs represent a group of people who are unlikely to change their opinions of the other people in the group. Unbalanced graphs represent a group of people who are very likely to change their opinions of the people in their group. For example, a group of 3 people (A, B, and C) where A and B have a positive relationship, B and C have a positive relationship, but C and A have a negative relationship is an unbalanced cycle. This group is very likely to morph into a balanced cycle, such as one where B only has a good relationship with A, and both A and B have a negative relationship with C. By using the concept of balanced and unbalanced cycles, the evolution of signed social network graphs can be predicted. Especially when using social network analysis as a tool for facilitating change, different approaches of participatory network mapping have proven useful. Here participants / interviewers provide network data by actually mapping out the network (with pen and paper or digitally) during the data collection session. An example of a pen-and-paper network mapping approach, which also includes the collection of some actor attributes (perceived influence and goals of actors) is the * Net-map toolbox. One benefit of this approach is that it allows researchers to collect qualitative data and ask clarifying questions while the network data is collected. Social networking potential Social Networking Potential (SNP) is a numeric coefficient, derived through algorithms to represent both the size of an individual's social network and their ability to influence that network. SNP coefficients were first defined and used by Bob Gerstley in 2002. A closely related term is Alpha User, defined as a person with a high SNP. SNP coefficients have two primary functions: The classification of individuals based on their social networking potential, and The weighting of respondents in quantitative marketing research studies. By calculating the SNP of respondents and by targeting High SNP respondents, the strength and relevance of quantitative marketing research used to drive viral marketing strategies is enhanced. Variables used to calculate an individual's SNP include but are not limited to: participation in Social Networking activities, group memberships, leadership roles, recognition, publication/editing/contributing to non-electronic media, publication/editing/contributing to electronic media (websites, blogs), and frequency of past distribution of information within their network. The acronym "SNP" and some of the first algorithms developed to quantify an individual's social networking potential were described in the white paper "Advertising Research is Changing" (Gerstley, 2003) See Viral Marketing. The first book to discuss the commercial use of Alpha Users among mobile telecoms audiences was 3G Marketing by Ahonen, Kasper and Melkko in 2004. The first book to discuss Alpha Users more generally in the context of social marketing intelligence was Communities Dominate Brands by Ahonen & Moore in 2005. In 2012, Nicola Greco (UCL) presents at TEDx the Social Networking Potential as a parallelism to the potential energy that users generate and companies should use, stating that "SNP is the new asset that every company should aim to have". Practical applications Social network analysis is used extensively in a wide range of applications and disciplines. Some common network analysis applications include data aggregation and mining, network propagation modeling, network modeling and sampling, user attribute and behavior analysis, community-maintained resource support, location-based interaction analysis, social sharing and filtering, recommender systems development, and link prediction and entity resolution. In the private sector, businesses use social network analysis to support activities such as customer interaction and analysis, information system development analysis, marketing, and business intelligence needs (see social media analytics). Some public sector uses include development of leader engagement strategies, analysis of individual and group engagement and media use, and community-based problem solving. Longitudinal Social Network Analysis in Schools Large numbers of researchers worldwide examine the social networks of children and adolescents. In questionnaires, they list all classmates, students in the same grade, or schoolmates, asking: โ€œwho are your best friends?โ€. Students may sometimes nominate as many peers as they wish; other times, the number of nominations is limited. Social network researchers have investigated similarities in friendship networks. The similarity between friends was established as far back as classical antiquity. Resemblance is an important basis for the survival of friendships. Similarity in characteristics, attitudes, or behaviors means that friends understand each other more quickly, have common interests to talk about, know better where they stand with each other, and have more trust in each other. As a result, such relationships are more stable and valuable. Moreover, looking more alike makes young people more confident and strengthens them in developing their identity. Similarity in behavior can result from two processes: selection (birds of a feather flock together) and influence (one rotten apple spoils the barrel). These two processes can be distinguished using longitudinal social network analysis in the R package SIENA (Simulation Investigation for Empirical Network Analyses), developed by Tom Snijders and colleagues. Longitudinal social network analysis became mainstream after the publication of a special issue of the Journal of Research on Adolescence in 2013, edited by Renรฉ Veenstra and containing 15 empirical papers. Security applications Social network analysis is also used in intelligence, counter-intelligence and law enforcement activities. This technique allows the analysts to map covert organizations such as an espionage ring, an organized crime family or a street gang. The National Security Agency (NSA) uses its electronic surveillance programs to generate the data needed to perform this type of analysis on terrorist cells and other networks deemed relevant to national security. The NSA looks up to three nodes deep during this network analysis. After the initial mapping of the social network is complete, analysis is performed to determine the structure of the network and determine, for example, the leaders within the network. This allows military or law enforcement assets to launch capture-or-kill decapitation attacks on the high-value targets in leadership positions to disrupt the functioning of the network. The NSA has been performing social network analysis on call detail records (CDRs), also known as metadata, since shortly after the September 11 attacks. Textual analysis applications Large textual corpora can be turned into networks and then analysed with the method of social network analysis. In these networks, the nodes are Social Actors, and the links are Actions. The extraction of these networks can be automated by using parsers. The resulting networks, which can contain thousands of nodes, are then analysed by using tools from network theory to identify the key actors, the key communities or parties, and general properties such as robustness or structural stability of the overall network, or centrality of certain nodes. This automates the approach introduced by Quantitative Narrative Analysis, whereby subject-verb-object triplets are identified with pairs of actors linked by an action, or pairs formed by actor-object. In other approaches, textual analysis is carried out considering the network of words co-occurring in a text. In these networks, nodes are words and links among them are weighted based on their frequency of co-occurrence (within a specific maximum range). Internet applications Social network analysis has also been applied to understanding online behavior by individuals, organizations, and between websites. Hyperlink analysis can be used to analyze the connections between websites or webpages to examine how information flows as individuals navigate the web. The connections between organizations has been analyzed via hyperlink analysis to examine which organizations within an issue community. Netocracy Another concept that has emerged from this connection between social network theory and the Internet is the concept of netocracy, where several authors have emerged studying the correlation between the extended use of online social networks, and changes in social power dynamics. Social media internet applications Social network analysis has been applied to social media as a tool to understand behavior between individuals or organizations through their linkages on social media websites such as Twitter and Facebook. In computer-supported collaborative learning One of the most current methods of the application of SNA is to the study of computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL). When applied to CSCL, SNA is used to help understand how learners collaborate in terms of amount, frequency, and length, as well as the quality, topic, and strategies of communication. Additionally, SNA can focus on specific aspects of the network connection, or the entire network as a whole. It uses graphical representations, written representations, and data representations to help examine the connections within a CSCL network. When applying SNA to a CSCL environment the interactions of the participants are treated as a social network. The focus of the analysis is on the "connections" made among the participants โ€“ how they interact and communicate โ€“ as opposed to how each participant behaved on his or her own. Key terms There are several key terms associated with social network analysis research in computer-supported collaborative learning such as: density, centrality, indegree, outdegree, and sociogram. Density refers to the "connections" between participants. Density is defined as the number of connections a participant has, divided by the total possible connections a participant could have. For example, if there are 20 people participating, each person could potentially connect to 19 other people. A density of 100% (19/19) is the greatest density in the system. A density of 5% indicates there is only 1 of 19 possible connections. Centrality focuses on the behavior of individual participants within a network. It measures the extent to which an individual interacts with other individuals in the network. The more an individual connects to others in a network, the greater their centrality in the network. In-degree and out-degree variables are related to centrality. In-degree centrality concentrates on a specific individual as the point of focus; centrality of all other individuals is based on their relation to the focal point of the "in-degree" individual. Out-degree is a measure of centrality that still focuses on a single individual, but the analytic is concerned with the out-going interactions of the individual; the measure of out-degree centrality is how many times the focus point individual interacts with others. A sociogram is a visualization with defined boundaries of connections in the network. For example, a sociogram which shows out-degree centrality points for Participant A would illustrate all outgoing connections Participant A made in the studied network. Unique capabilities Researchers employ social network analysis in the study of computer-supported collaborative learning in part due to the unique capabilities it offers. This particular method allows the study of interaction patterns within a networked learning community and can help illustrate the extent of the participants' interactions with the other members of the group. The graphics created using SNA tools provide visualizations of the connections among participants and the strategies used to communicate within the group. Some authors also suggest that SNA provides a method of easily analyzing changes in participatory patterns of members over time. A number of research studies have applied SNA to CSCL across a variety of contexts. The findings include the correlation between a network's density and the teacher's presence, a greater regard for the recommendations of "central" participants, infrequency of cross-gender interaction in a network, and the relatively small role played by an instructor in an asynchronous learning network. Other methods used alongside SNA Although many studies have demonstrated the value of social network analysis within the computer-supported collaborative learning field, researchers have suggested that SNA by itself is not enough for achieving a full understanding of CSCL. The complexity of the interaction processes and the myriad sources of data make it difficult for SNA to provide an in-depth analysis of CSCL. Researchers indicate that SNA needs to be complemented with other methods of analysis to form a more accurate picture of collaborative learning experiences. A number of research studies have combined other types of analysis with SNA in the study of CSCL. This can be referred to as a multi-method approach or data triangulation, which will lead to an increase of evaluation reliability in CSCL studies. Qualitative method โ€“ The principles of qualitative case study research constitute a solid framework for the integration of SNA methods in the study of CSCL experiences. Ethnographic data such as student questionnaires and interviews and classroom non-participant observations Case studies: comprehensively study particular CSCL situations and relate findings to general schemes Content analysis: offers information about the content of the communication among members Quantitative method โ€“ This includes simple descriptive statistical analyses on occurrences to identify particular attitudes of group members who have not been able to be tracked via SNA in order to detect general tendencies. Computer log files: provide automatic data on how collaborative tools are used by learners Multidimensional scaling (MDS): charts similarities among actors, so that more similar input data is closer together Software tools: QUEST, SAMSA (System for Adjacency Matrix and Sociogram-based Analysis), and Nud*IST See also Actor-network theory Attention inequality Blockmodeling Community structure Complex network Digital humanities Dynamic network analysis Friendship paradox Individual mobility Influence-for-hire Mathematical sociology Metcalfe's law Netocracy Network-based diffusion analysis Network science Organizational patterns Small world phenomenon Social media analytics Social media intelligence Social media mining Social network Social network analysis software Social networking service Social software Social web Sociomapping Virtual collective consciousness References Further reading Introduction to Stochastic Actor-Based Models for Network Dynamics โ€“ Snijders et al. Center for Computational Analysis of Social and Organizational Systems (CASOS) at Carnegie Mellon NetLab at the University of Toronto, studies the intersection of social, communication, information and computing networks Program on Networked Governance, Harvard University Historical Dynamics in a time of Crisis: Late Byzantium, 1204โ€“1453 (a discussion of social network analysis from the point of view of historical studies) Social Network Analysis: A Systematic Approach for Investigating Networks, Crowds, and Markets (2010) by D. Easley & J. Kleinberg Introduction to Social Networks Methods (2005) by R. Hanneman & M. Riddle Social Network Analysis with Applications (2013) by I. McCulloh, H. Armstrong & A. Johnson External links International Network for Social Network Analysis Awesome Network Analysis โ€“ 200+ links to books, conferences, courses, journals, research groups, software, tutorials and more Netwiki โ€“ wiki page devoted to social networks; maintained at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Social networks Value (ethics) Systems theory Social systems Self-organization Community building Cultural economics Social information processing Mass media monitoring Surveillance Types of analytics Methods in sociology Internet culture
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๋‚˜๋ž๋ง์‹ธ๋ฏธ
ใ€Š๋‚˜๋ž๋ง์‹ธ๋ฏธใ€‹๋Š” 2019๋…„ 7์›” 24์ผ์— ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ทน ์˜ํ™”์ด๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„  ์„ธ์ข… ๋ง๊ธฐ, ์„ธ์ข…๋Œ€์™•๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ฏธ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ธ€ ์ฐฝ์ œ์— ์–ฝํžŒ ๋น„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ฒ ํ˜„ ๊ฐ๋…์ด ์—ฐ์ถœํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์†ก๊ฐ•ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ข… ์—ญ, ๋ฐ•ํ•ด์ผ์ด ์‹ ๋ฏธ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์—ญ์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ์— ์ „๋ฏธ์„ , ์ตœ๋•๋ฌธ, ๋‚จ๋ฌธ์ฒ , ๊น€์ค€ํ•œ, ์ฐจ๋ž˜ํ˜• ๋“ฑ์ด ์ถœ์—ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์บ์ŠคํŒ… ์†ก๊ฐ•ํ˜ธ : ์„ธ์ข…๋Œ€์™• ์—ญ (์•„์—ญ : ๋ฐฑ์ˆ˜๋ฏผ) ๋ฐ•ํ•ด์ผ : ์‹ ๋ฏธ ์Šค๋‹˜ ์—ญ ์ „๋ฏธ์„  : ์†Œํ—Œ์™•ํ›„ ์—ญ ์ตœ๋•๋ฌธ : ์ •์ธ์ง€ ์—ญ ๋‚จ๋ฌธ์ฒ  : ์ตœ๋งŒ๋ฆฌ ์—ญ ์ •ํ•ด๊ท  : ๊ณ ์•ฝํ•ด ์—ญ ์ •์ธ๊ฒธ : ๊น€๋ฌธ ์—ญ ๊น€์ค€ํ•œ : ๋ฌธ์ข… ์—ญ ์ฐจ๋ž˜ํ˜• : ์ˆ˜์–‘ ์—ญ ์œค์ •์ผ : ์•ˆํ‰ ์—ญ ํƒ•์ค€์ƒ : ํ•™์กฐ ์—ญ ๊ธˆ์ƒˆ๋ก : ์ด์ง„์•„ ์—ญ ์ž„์„ฑ์žฌ : ํ•™์—ด ์—ญ ์˜คํ˜„๊ฒฝ : ๋…ธ์Šน ์—ญ ๋ฐ•๋™ํ˜ : ์ •์ฐฝ์† ์—ญ ์†ก์ƒ์€ : ํ‰๋…€ ์—ญ ๊น€๊ฒฝ์› : ๊ฐ์ฐฐ์ƒ๊ถ ์—ญ ์–ด์ฃผ์„  : ์ „์˜ ์—ญ ๊น€์ง„ํ˜ : ์ Š์€ ์ „์˜ ์—ญ ์•ผ๋งˆ๋…ธ์šฐ์น˜ ํƒ€์Šค์ฟ  : ๊ทœ์ง€ ์—ญ ํ•œ๊ฑดํƒœ : ๋ฒ”๋ น ์—ญ ์ด๊ทผํ›„ : ์Šค๋‹˜ 1 ์—ญ ๊น€์ •ํ•œ : ์Šค๋‹˜ 2 ์—ญ ๊ณ ์ฒญํœ˜ : ์Šค๋‹˜ 3 ์—ญ ์œ ๋™๊ท  : ์Šค๋‹˜ 4 ์—ญ ์ •์ง€์šฐ : ๊ถ๋…€ 1 ์—ญ ํ•˜์‹œ์—ฐ : ๊ถ๋…€ 2 ์—ญ ์ •์ˆ˜์ง€ : ๊ถ๋…€ 3 ์—ญ ์†ก์ฐฝ๊ณค : ์ œ๊ด€ ์—ญ ์ •์ฐฌํ›ˆ : ๋„๋ผ ์‹ ํ•˜ ์—ญ ๊น€ํƒœํ›ˆ : ์œ ๊ต์„ ๋น„ 1 ์—ญ ์ด๋‘์„ : ์œ ๊ต์„ ๋น„ 2 ์—ญ ์šฐ์ง€ํ˜„ : ์œ ๊ต์„ ๋น„ 3 ์—ญ ๊น€์€๋ฏธ : ์ดˆ๊ฐ€์ง‘ ๋ฉฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ ์—ญ ์ž„ํƒœ๋ฆฐ : ์ดˆ๊ฐ€์ง‘ ์—ฌ์ž์•„์ด ์—ญ ์ด์„ ์šฐ : ์ดˆ๊ฐ€์ง‘ ๊ฐ“๋‚œ์•„์ด ์—ญ ๊น€๊ด€์ˆ˜ : ๋‹ด๋ฒผ๋ฝ ์‚ฌ๋‚ด ์—ญ ์ด์šฐ์ฃผ : 10์‚ด ์„ธ์† ์—ญ ์ •์‹œ์œจ : 5์‚ด ์„ธ์† ์—ญ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์˜ : ์™•์ž 1 ์—ญ ๊น€์žฌํ›ˆ : ์™•์ž 2 ์—ญ ์œค์Šนํ›ˆ : ์™•์ž 3 ์—ญ ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ : ์ผ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ์‹ ๋‹จ ์—ญ ๊น€์˜๊ฑด : ์ผ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ์‹ ๋‹จ ์—ญ ๊น€์˜์› : ์ผ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ์‹ ๋‹จ ์—ญ ๊น€์‡ผ์šฐ : ์ผ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ์‹ ๋‹จ ์—ญ ๊น€์—ฐ : ์ผ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ์‹ ๋‹จ ์—ญ ๊น€์ค€์„ : ์ผ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ์‹ ๋‹จ ์—ญ ๋‚จ์—ด : ์ผ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ์‹ ๋‹จ ์—ญ ์œคํƒ์Šน : ์ผ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ์‹ ๋‹จ ์—ญ ์ง€์›…๋ฐฐ : ์ผ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ์‹ ๋‹จ ์—ญ ์ตœ๋ฏผ์„ฑ : ์ผ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ์‹ ๋‹จ ์—ญ ์ด์ƒ๊ทœ : ๋‚ด๋ถˆ๋‹น ์Šค๋‹˜๋“ค ์—ญ ์ด์žฌ์ง„ : ๋‚ด๋ถˆ๋‹น ์Šค๋‹˜๋“ค ์—ญ ์ „ํ˜„์ˆ˜ : ๋‚ด๋ถˆ๋‹น ์Šค๋‹˜๋“ค ์—ญ ์ตœ๋ฌธ์ฒ  : ๋‚ด๋ถˆ๋‹น ์Šค๋‹˜๋“ค ์—ญ ํ•œ์šฉํœ˜ : ๋‚ด๋ถˆ๋‹น ์Šค๋‹˜๋“ค ์—ญ ์œค์‚ฌ๋น„๋‚˜ : ๋„‹์ „์ถค ์—ญ ์–ด์œค์„ : ๊ฐ€์•ผ๊ธˆ / ์žฅ๊ตฌ ์—ญ ๊น€์ค€ํ•˜ : ๊ฑฐ๋ฌธ๊ณ  ์—ญ ํ™ํ˜„์ˆ˜ : ๋…ธ๋ž˜ ์—ญ ์œ ์šฉ์žฌ : ๋Œ€๊ธˆ ์—ญ ๋ฐฐ์ฃผํœ˜ : ๋Œ€๊ธˆ ์—ญ ์ •์ธ๊ต : ๋Œ€๊ธˆ ์—ญ ๊น€์ง„์ด : ์†Œ๊ธˆ ์—ญ ๋…ธ์„ฑ๋• : ํ•ด๊ธˆ ์—ญ ๋ฐ•์„ฑ์šฑ : ํ•ด๊ธˆ ์—ญ ๊น€๊ทœ์› : ํ•ด๊ธˆ ์—ญ ๊น€์Šฌ๊ธฐ : ํ•ด๊ธˆ ์—ญ ๊น€๋Œ€์‹ : ์•„์Ÿ ์—ญ ์กฐ์šฐ๋ฆฌ : ์•„์Ÿ ์—ญ ์„ฑํ•œ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ : ์•„์Ÿ ์—ญ ๊ถŒ๊ธฐํ™ : ํƒ€์•… ์—ญ ์ •์ค€๊ทœ : ํƒ€์•… ์—ญ ์ตœ์žฌ์˜ : ํƒ€์•… ์—ญ ์ง€๋ช…๊ด€ : ํ”ผ๋ฆฌ ์—ญ ์ด์ฐฌ์šฐ : ํ”ผ๋ฆฌ ์—ญ ๊น€์ƒ์› : ํ”ผ๋ฆฌ ์—ญ ๋…ผ๋ž€ ํ˜„๋Œ€๊ณผํ•™์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ทœ๋ช…์ด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ›ˆ๋ฏผ์ •์Œ์˜ ์ฐฝ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ์„ธ์ข…๋Œ€์™• ๋‹จ๋…์ฐฝ์ œ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์‹ ๋ฏธ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋ง ์กฐ์„ ์ดˆ์˜ ๊ฒฉ๋™์˜ ํ˜ผ๋ž€๊ธฐ์— ๋ถˆ๊ต๊ณ„์˜ ์ถ•์ ๋œ ์–ธ์–ด๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์šธ์–ด์ง„ ๋ถˆ๊ต์˜ ์œ„์ƒ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ต ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์˜ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์›์˜ ํŒŒ์ŠคํŒŒ๋ฌธ์ž์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์ด ๋œ ํ‹ฐ๋ฒณ/์‚ฐ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๋ฌธ์ž์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ„์Šน์ด๋ž€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋„ ์›๊ณผ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ํ•™์ˆ ์  ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋ง ๋ถˆ๊ต๊ณ„์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์ด๋˜๊ณ  ๋ช…์˜ ์ฃผ์›์žฅ์ด ํ™๋ฌด์ •์šด์˜ ์ œ์ •๊ณผ ๋ชฝ๊ณจ๋ฌธํ™” ํ”์  ์ง€์šฐ๊ธฐ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•œ ์‹œ๋ จ๋„ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ก์˜ ์™œ๊ณก์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ๋นŒ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ์ •์„ค์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ค๋ก์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹จํŽธ์  ๊ธฐ๋ก์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ๋‚œํžˆ ํ›ˆ๋ฏผ์ •์Œ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ์ถ”์–ด์ง„ ์ง„์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์„ ์ž๊ทนํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์ผ ์„ธ์ข…๋Œ€์™•์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ? ํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ๊ฐ€? ๋”ฐ์ ธ ๋ณผ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ถ๊ธˆ์ฆ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋‚ด๋†“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ•ํ•ด์ง„ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์กฐ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์›์ž‘ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ํ˜‘์˜์ค‘ ์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ์™€ ์˜ํ™”์ œ์ž‘์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ถˆํ™”๋กœ ์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ ๋ช…์˜์˜ ์›์ž‘ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์˜ํ™”์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์ด๊ณ  2019๋…„ 6์›” 27์ผ, ์‹ ๋ฏธ ํ‰์ „์ธ ใ€Šํ›ˆ๋ฏผ์ •์Œ์˜ ๊ธธใ€‹(2014, ๋‚˜๋…น)์˜ ์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ "์›์ž‘์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™์˜ ์—†์ด ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ ์ œ์ž‘์‚ฌ์™€ ์กฐ์ฒ ํ˜„ ๊ฐ๋… ๋“ฑ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์„œ์šธ์ค‘์•™์ง€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์›์— ์ƒ์˜๊ธˆ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ์‹ ์ฒญ์„ ์ œ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 7์›” 23์ผ, ์„œ์šธ์ค‘์•™์ง€๋ฒ• ์žฌํŒ๋ถ€๋Š” ์‹ ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ํ›ˆ๋ฏผ์ •์Œ์— ์ฐฝ์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ํ‰์ „ ์ด์ „์—๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ์‹ ์ฒญ์„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ›ˆ๋ฏผ์ •์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์  ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๋ชป์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ์„ธ์ข…๋Œ€์™•์˜ ๋‹จ๋… ์ฐฝ์ œ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ•™๊ณ„ ์ž…์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ต์œก์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ€์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„๋‚œ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™œ๊ณก ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. โ€˜๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ›ˆ๋ฏผ์ •์Œ ์ฐฝ์ œ์„ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์˜ํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹คโ€™๋ผ๋Š” ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์˜ํ™”์˜ ๋งจ ์•ž์— ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์˜ํ™”์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์„ธ์ข…์ด ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ํ›ˆ๋ฏผ์ •์Œ์„ ์ฐฝ์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ •์„ค์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ›ˆ๋ฏผ์ •์Œ์„ ์ฐฝ์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์กฐ์ฒ ํ˜„ ๊ฐ๋…์ด 7์›” 15์ผ ๊ธฐ์ž๊ฐ„๋‹ดํšŒ์—์„œ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ž๋ง‰์„ โ€œ์ €๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ๋„ฃ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ž๋ง‰์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹คโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํžŒ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์–ด, ๊ฐ๋…์˜ ์™œ๊ณก๋œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์˜์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์˜ํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์ด ์ผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ์ •์„ค์ด ์„ธ์ข…๋Œ€์™• ๋‹จ๋… ์ฐฝ์ œ์„ค์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•  ํ•„์š”๋„ ์—†์„๋งŒํผ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ๋‹ค๋“ฌ์–ด์ง„ ํ›ˆ๋ฏผ์ •์Œ ์–ธ์–ด ํ‘œ์ค€๊ณผ ์ •๊ตํ•œ ์–ธ๋ฌธ 28์ž์˜ ์˜ˆ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‹จ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์  ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ด ์•ˆ๋œ ์™•์ž์™€ ์„ธ์ข…๋Œ€์™•์ด ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ํญ๋„“์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํฌ์šฉ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ธด์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ์ž˜ ์ •์ œ๋œ ๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ์„ฑ์‚ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์„œ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ฐฌํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด 1ํš1์ž๋„ ์†๋ณผ๊ฒŒ ์—†์ด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ˜„์žฌ๋„ ๊ทธ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ•จ์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ํ•™์„ค์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ทน์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ถ๊ธˆ์ฆ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋น—๋Œ€์–ด ๋ฐ•์ง„๊ฐ ๋„˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ํ’€์–ด๋ณธ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ™”์˜ ์žฌ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฌธ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ 2019๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ํ™” ๋ชฉ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 2019๋…„ ์˜ํ™” ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ์˜ํ™” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์˜ํ™” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์˜ํ™” ๋ถˆ๊ต๋ฅผ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์กฐ์„ ์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์กฐ์„  ์„ธ์ข…์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20King%27s%20Letters
The King's Letters
The King's Letters (Korean: ๋‚˜๋ž๋ง์‹ธ๋ฏธ, RR: Naranmalssami; Middle Korean: ๋‚˜๋ž๋งแ„Šแ†ž๋ฏธ, Yale: Nalasmalssomi; Language of the Country) is a Korean historical drama film released on 24 July 2019. Set in the early Joseon Dynasty, it depicts Sejong the Great and Shinmi as main characters in creating Hangul. The film was directed by Jo Chul-hyun, and stars Song Kang-ho, Park Hae-il, Jeon Mi-seon, Choi Deok-moon, and Jung Hae-kyun. It grossed worldwide. Plot In the mid-15th century C.E., the king of Korea, Sejong the Great wants to create a simple writing system so the general population can obtain literacy. Up to this point, the Joseon dynastic kingdom has been using Chinese characters. Sejong calls upon a Buddhist monk, Shinmi, and his fellow monks to develop a new alphabet. The monks have unique insights due to their knowledge of Sanskrit and other languages that use phonetic writing systems. Sejong promises to build a Buddhist temple if the monks accomplish the task. Queen Soheon is secretly a Buddhist and welcomes the monks to the palace. Due to the tensions between Buddhists and the dominant Confucians, the servants are sworn to secrecy and the monks are disguised as court eunuchs. The difficult project worsens Sejong's fragile health, as he suffers from diabetes. He loses sight in his right eye and is urged by his doctors to avoid stress. The king relocates to a health spa in the mountains. In the remote location, he simultaneously receives eye treatments and the monks continue to work in total secrecy. They soon complete the writing system, now known as the Hangul or Chosลn'gลญl. The king returns to the palace and contends with the power struggle between Buddhists and Confucians. Both groups want credit for the writing system's creation within a published manual. The Buddhists expect Sejong to hold up his end of their deal. The Confucians are desperate to keep their power and remain on good terms with China. The king gives in to the Confucians and sends the Buddhist monks away. In order to reunite the Sejong and Shinmi, the queen starves herself to death. Sejong is grief-stricken and decides to fulfill his wife's final wishes. Shinmi is recalled to the royal palace and there is a reconciliation. The king builds the promised Buddhist temple and Shinmi leads a funeral for the late Queen Soheon. King Sejong notes he has been king for thirty years and will leave only one book as his legacy. Shinmi replies with an allegory that suggests Sejong's one book will have an incalculable effect upon Korean society. Cast Song Kang-ho as King Sejong the Great Park Hae-il as Buddhist monk Shinmi Jeon Mi-seon as Queen Soheon Choi Deok-moon as Jung In-ji Nam Moon-chul as Choe Man-ri Jung Hae-kyun as Go Yak-hae Jung In-kyum as Kim Moon Kim Joon-hak as King Munjong Cha Rae-hyung as Grand Prince Suyang Yoon Jung-il as Grand Prince Anpyeong Tang Jun-sang as Hak-jo Keum Sae-rok as Lee Jin-ah Im Sung-jae as Hak-yul Oh Hyun-kyung as Noh-seung Park Dong-hyuk as Jung Chang-son Song Sang-eun as Pyung-nyu See also Forbidden Dream Hunminjeongeum References External links 2019 films 2010s historical films 2010s Korean-language films South Korean historical drama films Films set in the Joseon dynasty Films about language 2010s South Korean films
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4%20%EB%8F%84%EC%8A%A8
์ฐฐ์Šค ๋„์Šจ
์ฐฐ์Šค ๋„์Šจ(, 1864๋…„ 7์›” 11์ผ~1916๋…„ 8์›” 10์ผ)์€ 1912๋…„์— ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ํ•„ํŠธ๋‹ค์šด์ธ(Eoanthropus dawsoni)์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ทธ ํ›„์— ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ž์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธ ์•„๋“ค ์ค‘์˜ ์žฅ๋‚จ์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ๋„์Šจ์€ ๋žญ์ปค์…”์ฃผ ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šคํ„ด์—์„œ ์„œ์‹์Šค ํ—ค์ด์ŠคํŒ…์Šค๋กœ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ผํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ™”์„์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ทจ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฑด์˜ ํ™”์„์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ข…์ „์— ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜ ์ข…์˜ ์น˜์•„ ํ™”์„์œผ๋กœ ํ›„์— ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•˜์—ฌ 'ํ”Œ๋ผ๊ธฐ์•„์šฐ๋ฝ์Šค ๋„์†Œ๋‹ˆ( Plagiaulax dawsoni)'๋กœ ๋ช…๋ช…๋œ ํ™”์„, '์ด๊ตฌ์•„๋…ธ๋ˆ ๋„์†Œ๋‹ˆ(Iguanodon dawsoni )'๋กœ ๋ช…๋ช…๋œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ข…์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” 3 ์ข…์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณต๋ฃก ํ™”์„; ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  '์‚ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋„ฌ๋ผ ๋„์†Œ๋‹ˆ(Salaginella dawsoni )'๋กœ ๋ช…๋ช…๋œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์‹๋ฌผ ํ™”์„์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์˜๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ช…์˜ˆ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ฐ€ (Honorary Collector)๋ผ๋Š” ์นญํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง€์งˆ ํ•™ํšŒ (Geological Society)์˜ ํŽ ๋กœ๋กœ ์„ ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ช‡๋…„ ๋’ค์ธ 1895๋…„์—๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™”์„์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ๊ณจ๋™ํ’ˆ ํ•™ํšŒ (Antiquaries of Society)์— ์„ ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์Šจ์€ 1916๋…„ ์„œ์„น์Šค์ฃผ ๋ฃจ์ด์Šค์—์„œ ํŒจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋ฌผ 1889๋…„, ๋„์Šจ์€ ์˜๊ตญ์— ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ๋œ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ ๋™ํ˜ธํšŒ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ํ—ค์ด์ŠคํŒ…์ฆˆ ์•ค๋“œ ์„ธ์ธํŠธ ๋ ˆ๋„ˆ์ฆˆ ๋ฎค์ง€์—„ ํ˜‘ํšŒ(Hastings and St Leonards Museum Association)๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋™ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„์Šจ์€ ์œ ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์œ„์›ํšŒ ์œ„์›์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ปค์กŒ๊ณ  ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ดํ•œ ๋น„๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ์„น์Šค ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฆฌ ๋‰ด์Šค์ง€(Sussex Daily News) ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ "์„œ์„น์Šค์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์‚ฌ (Wizard of Sussex)"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €๋‹ค. 1893๋…„ ๋„์Šจ์€ ์น˜์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ๋ผ๋ฐ˜ํŠธ(Lavant) ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์„ ์‚ฌ ์‹œ๋Œ€, ๋กœ๋งˆ ๋ฐ ์ค‘์„ธ ๊ณต์˜ˆํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐฌ ๊ธฐ์ดํ•œ ๋ถ€์‹ฏ๋Œ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ—ค์ด์ŠคํŒ…์Šค ์„ฑ(Hastings Castle) ์•„๋ž˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ„ฐ๋„ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ทฐํฌํŠธ ํŒŒํฌ์—์„œ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์กฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์— ์ œ์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์‹ ์„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์„์กฐ ๋„๋ผ์™€ ๋ณด์กด ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์–‘ํ˜ธํ•œ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋ชฉ์žฌ ๋ณดํŠธ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ฑ„์„์žฅ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ”์ด์™ธ ํƒœํ”ผ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ(Bayeux Tapestry)๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1909๋…„์—๋Š” ํ—ค์ด์ŠคํŒ…์Šค ์„ฑ์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์„œ์„น์Šค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ฒค์‹œ ์„ฑ(Pevensey Castle)์—์„œ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์ ๋ น์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„์กฐ๋œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์—ฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋„์Šจ์€ ๋ถ€์‹ฏ๋Œ ๊ฒฐ์ ˆ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์„ํ™”๋œ ๋‘๊บผ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜๊ตญ ์„œ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋…์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณด๋„ ๋œ ์ด์ŠคํŠธ ์—์„น์Šค์˜ ํžˆ์Šคํ•„๋“œ(Heathfield)์—์„œ ์ฒœ์—ฐ ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…์˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธˆ๋ถ•์–ด์™€ ์ž‰์–ด์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดํ•œ ์žก์ข…๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์—์„œ์˜ ์ฒดํŽ ๋ฆฐ ๋น„ํ–‰์„ ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ต์ง€๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ด‘์„ฑ ํƒ„ํ™˜์„ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์Šจ์€ 1895๋…„ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ๊ณจ๋™ํ’ˆ ํ•™ํšŒ์˜ ํŽ ๋กœ๋กœ ์„ ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 31์„ธ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฒŒ์จ ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋„์Šจ, FGS, FSA๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 1912๋…„์— ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ์ธ์› ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ "๋ˆ„๋ฝ ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ"๋กœ ์ฃผ์žฅ๋œ ํ•„ํŠธ๋‹ค์šด ์ธ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ์˜ ์œ ์ธ์› ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋„์Šจ์€ ํ•„ํŠธ๋‹ค์šด ์ธ์˜ "๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ"๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์ž‘์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์™•๋ฆฝ ํ•™ํšŒ์—๋„ ์„ ์ถœ ๋œ ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1916๋…„ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ ์ดํ›„ ํ•„ํŠธ๋‹ค์šด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ํ•„ํŠธ๋‹ค์šด์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ์€ ์•„์„œ ์ผ€์ด์Šค(Arthur Keith)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๊ณ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์™€ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์ž๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•„ํŠธ๋‹ค์šด ํ™”์„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜นํ˜ธ๋Š” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์ž์—ฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ (Natural History Museum)์˜ ์•„์„œ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค ์šฐ๋“œ์›Œ๋“œ(Arthur Smith Woodward)์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€ ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์š•์„ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•„ํŠธ๋‹ค์šด ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„์ „์€ 1920๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ผ์–ด ๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถ€์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํ›„ ๋ถ„์„ 1949๋…„, ํ•„ํŠธ๋‹ค์šด ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ง„์œ„์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๋”์šฑ ๋งŽ์€ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์–ด, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•„ํŠธ๋‹ค์šด ์ธ์€ 1953๋…„, ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ ๋„์Šจ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋“ค๋„ ์œ„์กฐ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•ด ๋‘์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 2003๋…„ ๋ณธ๋จธ์Šค ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ ๋ฐ€์Šค ๋Ÿฌ์…€(Miles Russell)์€ ๋„์Šจ์˜ ๊ณจ๋™ํ’ˆ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์–ด๋„ 38๊ฐœ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์งœ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์…€์€ ๋„์Šจ์˜ ํ•™์ˆ  ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ "์†์ž„์ˆ˜, ์†์žฌ์ฃผ, ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ด๋“์€ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ์ธ์ •"์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2016๋…„, ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์€ DNA ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•„ํŠธ๋‹ค์šด ์ธ(Piltdown Man)์˜ ์ถœ์ฒ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋„์Šจ์˜ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์ด์—ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๊ณ , ๋ฒ”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ์†ํ•œ ์ž๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ ํ—ˆํ’์„ ๋ถ€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™ ์ง€์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ Spencer, Frank (2004). "Dawson, Charles (1864โ€“1916)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ "ํ•„ํŠธ๋‹ค์šด ์œ„์กฐ์ž ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋„์Šจ" BBC ๋‰ด์Šค ๋ณธ๋จธ์Šค ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ํ•„ํŠธ ๋‹ค์šด ํด๋ผํฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ํ•„ํŠธ๋‹ค์šด ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธ์„œ ๋ณด๊ด€์†Œ TH Turrittin ์ €, ํ•„ํŠธ๋‹ค์šด ์ธ ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์„๋ถ€๊ธฐ ์„œ์ง€ - ํŠนํžˆ ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋„์Šจ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ 15 ์ ˆ ์ฐธ์กฐ ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋„์Šจ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ›„์— ๋กœ๋งˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ ๋กœ๋งˆ ์ฒ ๊ธฐ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌํ‰๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ตญ ์ง€์งˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ตญ ์ฃผ์ตœ ํ•„ํŠธ๋‹ค์šด ์ธ ์œ„์กฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์›น ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์™€ ํƒ€์ž„ ๋ผ์ธ "ํ•„ํŠธ๋‹ค์šด์˜ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ„์กฐ์ธ ๋„์Šจ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€๋‹ค" BBC ๋‰ด์Šค 1864๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 1916๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์œ„์กฐ๋ฒ” ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์  ๋‚ ์กฐ ํŒจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ž
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Dawson
Charles Dawson
Charles Dawson (11 July 1864 โ€“ 10 August 1916) was a British amateur archaeologist who claimed to have made a number of archaeological and palaeontological discoveries that were later exposed as frauds. These forgeries included the Piltdown Man (Eoanthropus dawsoni), a unique set of bones that he claimed to have found in 1912 in Sussex. Many technological methods such as fluorine testing indicate that this discovery was a hoax, and Dawson, the only one with the skill and knowledge to generate this forgery, was a major suspect. The eldest of three sons, Dawson moved with his family from Preston, Lancashire, to Hastings, Sussex, when he was still very young. Charles initially studied as a lawyer following his father and then pursued a hobby of collecting and studying fossils. He made a number of seemingly important fossil finds. Amongst these were teeth from a previously unknown species of mammal, later named Plagiaulax dawsoni in his honour; three new species of dinosaur, one later named Iguanodon dawsoni; and a new form of fossil plant, Salaginella dawsoni. The British Museum awarded him the title of 'Honorary Collector.' He was then elected fellow of the Geological Society for his discoveries and a few years later, he joined the Society of Antiquaries of London. Dawson died prematurely from pernicious anaemia in 1916 at Lewes, Sussex. Alleged discoveries In 1889, Dawson was a co-founder of the Hastings and St Leonards Museum Association, one of the first voluntary museum friends' groups organized in Britain. Dawson worked on a voluntary basis as a member of the Museum Committee, in charge of the acquisition of artifacts and historical documents. His interest in archaeology developed and he had an uncanny knack for making spectacular discoveries, leading The Sussex Daily News to name him the "Wizard of Sussex". In 1893, Dawson investigated a curious flint mine full of prehistoric, Roman and medieval artifacts in the Lavant Caves, near Chichester, and probed two tunnels beneath Hastings Castle. In the same year, he presented the British Museum with a Roman statuette from Beauport Park that was made, uniquely for the period, of cast iron. Other discoveries followed, including a strange form of hafted Neolithic stone axe and a well-preserved ancient timber boat. He analyzed ancient quarries, re-examined the Bayeux Tapestry, and produced the first conclusive study of Hastings Castle. He later found fake evidence for the final phases of Roman occupation in Britain at Pevensey Castle in Sussex. Investigating unusual elements of the natural world, Dawson presented a petrified toad inside a flint nodule, discovered a large supply of natural gas at Heathfield in East Sussex, reported on a sea-serpent in the English Channel, observed a new species of human, and found a strange goldfish/carp hybrid. It was even reported that he was experimenting with phosphorescent bullets as a hindrance to Zeppelin attacks on London during the First World War. In appreciation for the donation of fossils Dawson provided to the British Museum, he was given the title of 'Honorary Collector' and in 1885, he was elected a fellow of the Geological Society as a result of his numerous discoveries. He was then elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1895. He was now Charles Dawson F.G.S., F.S.A at the age of 31, without a university degree to his name. Dawson died without receiving a knighthood. His most famous 'find' was the 1912 discovery of the Piltdown Man which was billed as the "missing link" between humans and other great apes. Following his death in 1916, no further 'discoveries' were made at Piltdown. Questions about the Piltdown find were raised from the beginning, first by Arthur Keith, but also by palaeontologists and anatomists from the United States and Europe. Defence of the fossils was led by Arthur Smith Woodward at the Natural History Museum in London. The debate was rancorous at times and the response to those disputing the finds often became personally abusive. Challenges to Piltdown Man arose again in the 1920s, but were again dismissed. Posthumous analysis In 1949, further questions were raised about the Piltdown Man and its authenticity, which led to the conclusive demonstration that Piltdown was a hoax in 1953. Since then, a number of Dawson's other finds have also been shown to be forged or planted. In 2003, Miles Russell of Bournemouth University published the results of his investigation into Dawson's antiquarian collection and concluded that at least 38 specimens were clear fakes. Russell has noted that Dawson's whole academic career appears to have been "one built upon deceit, sleight of hand, fraud and deception, the ultimate gain being international recognition." Among these were the teeth of a reptile/mammal hybrid, Plagiaulax dawsoni, "found" in 1891 (and whose teeth had been filed down in the same way that the teeth of Piltdown Man were to be some 20 years later); the so-called "shadow figures" on the walls of Hastings Castle; a unique hafted stone axe; the Bexhill boat (a hybrid seafaring vessel); the Pevensey bricks (allegedly the latest datable "finds" from Roman Britain); the contents of the Lavant Caves (a fraudulent "flint mine"); the Beauport Park "Roman" statuette (a hybrid iron object); the Bulverhythe Hammer (shaped with an iron knife in the same way as the Piltdown elephant bone implement would later be); a fraudulent "Chinese" bronze vase; the Brighton "Toad in the Hole" (a toad entombed within a flint nodule); the English Channel sea serpent; the Uckfield Horseshoe (another hybrid iron object) and the Lewes Prick Spur. Of his antiquarian publications, most demonstrate evidence of plagiarism or at least naive referencing as Russell wrote: "Piltdown was not a 'one-off' hoax, more the culmination of a life's work." Piltdown Man Dawson claimed to have discovered a collection of fossils that have been dug up in Piltdown, Sussex, including an ape-like jawbone and a human-like skull. However, after his death, it was proven that the remains were evidently forged. For years, the creator of these remains was unknown, though it was then determined, through a meticulous inspection of his finds and collections, that Charles Dawson was most likely responsible for this forgery. Unmasking the hoax As more human fossils were discovered, it appeared that they had little similarities with the Piltdown Man. The Piltdown Man was then re-examined through new, rigorous technological methods which ultimately uncovered the hoax. Fluoride-based tests, chemical tests that date fossils by the amount of fluorine buried bones absorb from the soil, were used to date the Piltdown remains. This test, validated by a nitrogen-based test, dated the skull to not more than 50,000 years old, far more recent than Dawson proposed, and dated the jawbone to decades old. This meant that the Piltdown Man could not have been an ancestor of modern humans. Furthermore, chemical tests displayed that the fossils had been artificially stained by iron and chromium to appear medieval. Also, CT scans used to analyzed the inside of the bones indicated that many bones were loaded with gravel and were then sealed with putty. Even more so, X-rays indicate that the teeth have been flattened by filing or grinding to appear like human teeth. Lastly, in 2016, a team of British researchers used DNA studies to provide added evidence for the provenance of Piltdown Man. It was determined that the Piltdown I jawbone and the Piltdown II molar tooth came from a single orangutan and the cranial bones came from primitive humans. Despite the consistency of the findings, analyses of the material exhibit the forger's lack of professional training, as the materials had fractured bones, putty that set too fast, and cracked teeth. Revealing the forger Most agree that the Piltdown Man was forged by a single individual, and that this was most probably Charles Dawson. Dawson was the suspected perpetrator in this hoax for many reasons. First, Dawson had previous history of deception: he was responsible for about 38 forgeries, plagiarized a historical account of Hastings Castle, and had pretended to act on behalf of the Sussex Archeological Society. However, most people were unaware of this. Second, he was majorly involved in the Piltdown findings. He initiated the story of the Piltdown finds and was the one who contacted Woodward about them. He was the sole person to have seen the Piltdown II site and never disclosed the facts about this site; the fact that the techniques used to create both Piltdown I and Piltdown II were so similar suggests a single forger. Also, he was the only person present at every discovery; nothing was ever discovered at the site when he was not physically present and no other fossils were found after he died. Third, not only did he have access to the museum and antiquarian shops that carried these objects, he was also a popular collector, an amazing networker, and knew what the British scientific community expected in a missing link between apes and humans. It has been suggested that Dawson's motive for this forgery had been his strong desire for scientific recognition and to join the archeological Royal Society. Between 1883 and 1909, Dawson wrote 50 publications though none were important enough to elevate his career. In 1909, he wrote a letter to Smith Woodward, with an unhappy heart, saying that he wanted to uncover a significant discovery though he never seemed to come across one. Just six weeks later, Dawson's wife wrote a letter to the Home Secretary, pleading on behalf of Dawson's expertise. Sorrowful that he never unearthed a major discovery, he created the Piltdown Man which resulted in his election to the Royal Society. Although there is not a substantial amount of evidence, many believe that he received aid from other experts such as Teilhard de Chardin, who worked with Dawson on early excavations, and Sir Arthur Smith Woodward, Keeper of the Department at the Natural History Museum, friend of Dawson, and co-author of the announcement of Piltdown II. References Sources De Groote, Isabelle, et al (2016). "New genetic and morphological evidence suggests a single hoaxer created 'Piltdown man'." Royal Society. Donovan, Stephen K (2016). "The triumph of the Dawsonian method." Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Langdon, J.H. (2016). "Case Study 4. Self-Correcting Science: The Piltdown Forgery." In: The Science of Human Evolution. Springer, Cham. Oakley, Kenneth P., and J. S. Weiner (1995). โ€œPiltdown Man.โ€ Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society. Ormrod, Tess (2012). "New fossils from a classic area: the Builth Inlier." Hastings & District Geological Society Journal. Russell, Miles (2003). "Charles Dawson: 'The Piltdown faker'." BBC News. Russell, Miles (2003). Piltdown Man: The Secret Life of Charles Dawson. Stroud: Tempus Thomson, Keith Stewart (1991). โ€œMarginalia: Piltdown Man: The Great English Mystery Story.โ€ Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society. Further reading External links Project Piltdown at Bournemouth University Archive of Piltdown-related papers at Clark University Annotated bibliography of Piltdown Man materials by T. H. Turrittin โ€“ See especially section 15 related to Charles Dawson Reevaluation of a supposedly Roman iron figure found by Charles Dawson, but later determined not to be Roman Web pages and timeline about the Piltdown forgery hosted by the British Geological Survey "Piltdown review points decisive finger at forger Dawson" BBC News 1864 births 1916 deaths Amateur archaeologists Deaths from sepsis Pseudoarchaeologists Archaeological forgery Forgers Hoaxers Writers from Preston, Lancashire
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์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์Šค ๊ณ„ํš
์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์Šค ๊ณ„ํš(Artemis Program)์€ 2017๋…„ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ NASA, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ตญ, JAXA, ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ๋ถ€, ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค, ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„, ๋ฃฉ์…ˆ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ, ์˜๊ตญ, ์•„๋ž์—๋ฏธ๋ฆฌํŠธ, ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜, ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ ๋“ฑ์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ธ ์šฐ์ฃผ ํƒ์‚ฌ ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ 2024๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ธ์„ ๋‹ฌ์— ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ , 4์ฐจ์ธ 2026๋…„ ์ดํ›„ 5์ฐจ์—์„œ 8์ฐจ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์— ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์œ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณ„ํš์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ NASA๋Š” SLS๋กœ์ผ“๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์˜จ์„ ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ , ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฃจ๋‚˜ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ด ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‹ฌ ํƒ์‚ฌ์„ ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์— ์œ„ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฏธ์…˜์— SLS๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ NASA์˜ 2020๋…„ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์•ˆ์— SLS ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ด ๋ฐ˜์˜์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ 2024๋…„์˜ ์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์Šค 3ํ˜ธ ์ด์ „์˜ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŒฐ์ปจ ํ—ค๋น„, ๋‰ด ๊ธ€๋ Œํ˜ธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋กœ์ผ“์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜, ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์˜จ์—๋Š” ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง„์˜ NHLS(national human landing system), ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์ŠคX์˜ ์Šคํƒ€์‰ฝ, ๋‹ค์ด๋„คํ‹ฑ์Šค์˜ DHLS(Dynetics Human Landing System)์„ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์•„ํด๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš์— ๋งž์ถฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์‹ ํ™”์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์•„ํด๋กœ์˜ ์Œ๋‘ฅ์ด ๋ˆ„์ด์ด์ž ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์—ฌ์‹ ์ธ ์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์Šค์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์—์„œ ๋”ฐ์™”๋‹ค. ์šฐ์ฃผ๋น„ํ–‰์‚ฌ ์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์Šค ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ 13๋ช…์ด ์„ ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 6๋ช…์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ, 7๋ช…์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋‹ˆ ํ‚ด์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณ„ ๋‚จ์ž ์˜์‚ฌ๋กœ, ๋„ค์ด๋น„์‹ค ์žฅ๊ต๋กœ ๋ณต๋ฌดํ•ด ์ค‘๋™์—์„œ 100ํšŒ ์ „ํˆฌ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์€์„ฑํ›ˆ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ „์Ÿ์˜์›…์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ์˜๋Œ€ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๋‹ค. 2024๋…„ 10์›”, ์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์Šค 3ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋˜์–ด, 1972๋…„ ์•„ํด๋กœ 17ํ˜ธ ์ดํ›„ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‹ฌ์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 2๋ช…์ด ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ธ๋ฐ, ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋น„ํ–‰์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„ํš ์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์Šค 1ํ˜ธ: ํ•œ๊ตญ์‹œ๊ฐ„ 2022๋…„ 11์›” 15์ผ ์˜คํ›„ 3์‹œ 48๋ถ„์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค์ฃผ ์ผ€์ดํ”„ ์ปค๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋Ÿด ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ตฐ๊ธฐ์ง€์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์˜จ (์šฐ์ฃผ์„ )๊ณผ SLS ๋กœ์ผ“์„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ž„์‹œ ๋ฌด์ธ ๋‹ฌ ๊ถค๋„์„ ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์˜จ ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์€ 10์ผ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋น„ํ–‰์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์„œ ์ง€์ƒ 60,000 km ๊ถค๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„์ž…ํ•œ ๋’ค, ์ง€๊ตฌ๋กœ ๊ท€ํ™˜ํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. 1ํ˜ธ ๊ณ„ํš์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•ด ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ณต์„ ์ž…์€ ๋งˆ๋„คํ‚น 2๊ฐœ์™€ ํ๋ธŒ์œ„์„ฑ์ด ํƒ‘์žฌ๋œ๋‹ค. SLS ๋กœ์ผ“์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ถ”๋ ฅ์€ 133ํ†ค, 1ํ†ค๊ธ‰ ํŠธ๋Ÿญ์˜ 133๋ฐฐ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฐํ™”์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ค‘์ธ ์•ก์ฒด์ˆ˜์†Œํƒฑํฌ์—์„œ ๋ˆ„์ถœ์ด ์ˆ˜์ฐจ๋ก€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ณ ์žˆ์–ด ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์Šค 2ํ˜ธ: 2024๋…„ 5์œŒ ์ดํ›„์— ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ์˜ˆ์ •์ธ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์œ ์ธ ์‹œํ—˜ ๋น„ํ–‰. ์šฐ์ฃผ๋น„ํ–‰์‚ฌ 4์ธ์ด ํƒ‘์Šนํ•ด ์ง€๊ตฌ ๊ถค๋„์—์„œ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ค ๋‹ฌ ์ฃผ์œ„ ์ž๋™ ๊ท€ํ™˜ ๊ถค๋„๋กœ ์ง„์ž…ํ•œ ๋’ค ์ง€๊ตฌ๋กœ ๊ท€ํ™˜ํ•ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜(splashdown) ์˜ˆ์ •. ์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์Šค 3ํ˜ธ: 2025๋…„์— ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ์˜ˆ์ •์ธ ์•„ํด๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš ์ดํ›„ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์œ ์ธ ๋‹ฌ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ ์ž„๋ฌด. ์šฐ์ฃผ ๋น„ํ–‰์‚ฌ 4์ธ์— ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์œ ์ƒ‰ ์ธ์ข…์„ ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์˜ˆ์ •. ์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์Šค 4ํ˜ธ: 2027๋…„์— ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ์˜ˆ์ •์ธ ์œ ์ธ ์šฐ์ฃผ์„  ๊ณ„ํš(crewed mission)์œผ๋กœ ๋ฃจ๋‚˜ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ์ •๊ฑฐ์žฅ ๊ฑด์„ค์ด ์ฃผ์š” ์ž„๋ฌด. NRHO์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฃจ๋‚˜ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด์— ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ์›จ์ด ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ์‹ค์–ด ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ •. ์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์Šค 5ํ˜ธ~8ํ˜ธ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ์ž„๋ฌด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰. ์ƒ์—…์  ๋‹ฌ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ƒ์—…์  ๋‹ฌ ํ™”๋ฌผ ์„œ๋น„์Šค(Commercial Lunar Payload Services; CLPS)๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์—… ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ฌ์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™์„ ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์—…์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•ญ๊ณต์šฐ์ฃผ๊ตญ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์ด๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 11์›” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์—… 9๊ณณ์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , 2019๋…„ 6์›”์—๋Š” ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™์„ ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ผ '์•„์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋ณดํ‹ฑ ํ…Œํฌ๋†€๋กœ์ง€', '์ธํŠœ์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋จธ์‹ ์Šค', '์˜ค๋น— ๋น„์š˜๋“œ' 3๊ณณ์„ ์„ ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ๊ธฐ์—…์€ 2020๋…„์—์„œ 2021๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋‹ฌ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™์„ ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ 2021๋…„ 5์›” 21์ผ, ๋ฌธ์žฌ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฏธํ•ด์„œ, ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ณผ ์ฒซ ์ •์ƒํšŒ๋‹ด์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋ฏธ ์ •์ƒํšŒ๋‹ด์—์„œ ์–‘๊ตญ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์Šค ์•ฝ์ • ์„œ๋ช…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 5์›” 27์ผ, ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฏธ ํ•ญ๊ณต์šฐ์ฃผ์ฒญ(NASA)๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์Šค ์•ฝ์ • ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„œ๋ช…์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์•„ํด๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ์ดํ›„ 50์—ฌ ๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ๋‹ฌ์— ์šฐ์ฃผ์ธ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ ์ธ ๋‹ฌ ํƒ์‚ฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ โ€˜์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์Šค ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจโ€™์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œํ˜‘๋ ฅ ์›์น™์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์Šค ์•ฝ์ •์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์˜๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ, ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค, ๋ฃฉ์…ˆ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ, ์•„๋ž์—๋ฏธ๋ฆฌํŠธ์—ฐํ•ฉ(UAE), ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์— ์ด์–ด 10๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ตญ์ด ๋๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ๋œ ๋‹ค๋ˆ„๋ฆฌํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์Šค ๋‹ฌํƒ์‚ฌ์„ ์˜ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™์ง€์ ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฏธ ํ•ญ๊ณต์šฐ์ฃผ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‰๋„์šฐ์บ ์„ ํƒ‘์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.์‰๋„์šฐ์บ ์€ ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์˜๊ตฌ์Œ์˜์ง€์—ญ ๋ฐ ๋…น์ง€์•Š์€ ๋‹ฌ์˜ ๊ทน์ง€๋ฐฉ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ผ์Œ์ง€์—ญ, ์›”๋ฉด์ฐจ์˜ ์ˆ˜์›”ํ•œ ์ด๋™์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ์˜ ํ‰์ง€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ํŽธ๊ด‘์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋กœ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์Šค ํƒ์‚ฌ์„ ์˜ ๋‹ฌ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™์ง€์ ์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์›”๋ฉด์ฐจ 2021๋…„ 5์›” 26์ผ, ๋กํžˆ๋“œ๋งˆํ‹ด๊ณผ ์ œ๋„ˆ๋Ÿด๋ชจํ„ฐ์Šค(GM)๊ฐ€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•ญ๊ณต์šฐ์ฃผ๊ตญ(NASA)์˜ '์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์Šค'(Artemis) ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ์“ฐ์ผ ์‹ ํ˜• ๋‹ฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํƒ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ž๋™์ฐจ, ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ์›”๋ฉด์ฐจ(LRV)๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์Šค ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” 1972๋…„ ์•„ํด๋กœ 17ํ˜ธ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‹ฌ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฐ˜์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋งŒ์— ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‹ฌ์— ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค. ๋„๋„๋“œ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€ ์‹œ์ ˆ ์ž…์•ˆ๋œ ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” 2024๋…„ 10์›”์— ๋‚จ๋…€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ธ 1์Œ์„ ๋‹ฌ์— ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šคํƒ€์‰ฝ HLS 2021๋…„ 4์›” 16์ผ, ๋‚˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™์„  HLS(Human Landing System) ์‚ฌ์—… ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋กœ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์ŠคX์˜ ์Šคํƒ€์‰ฝ HLS๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์Šค ๊ณ„ํš์˜ HLS๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์ŠคX์˜ ์Šคํƒ€์‹ญ HLS, ๋‹ค์ด๋„คํ‹ฑ์Šค์˜ ALPACA HLS, ๋ธ”๋ฃจ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง„/๋กํžˆ๋“œ ๋งˆํ‹ด/๋…ธ์Šค๋กญ์˜ ILV์ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์„ ์ •๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ƒ์„ ๊นจ๊ณ , ์Šคํƒ€์‰ฝ HLS์ด ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 29์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์‚ฌ์—…์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ 1320ํ†ค ์Šคํƒ€์‰ฝ HLS๋Š” 200ํ†ค์˜ ํ™”๋ฌผ์„ ๋‹ฌ์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ 500ํ†ค ์Šคํƒ€์‹ญ (๋กœ์ผ“)์„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋‹ค. ์•„ํด๋กœ 11ํ˜ธ๋Š” 50ํ†ค์˜ ํ™”๋ฌผ์„ ๋‹ฌ์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 4๋ฐฐ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 9์›”, ์ผ๋ก  ๋จธ์Šคํฌ๋Š” ์Šคํƒ€์‰ฝ HLS๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ ๊ธฐ์ง€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŠธ์œ—ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฃจ๋‚˜ ์•„์›ƒํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฃจ๋‚˜ ์•„์›ƒํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ ๋‚จ๊ทน์— ๊ฑด์„คํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ฒด๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜ํšŒ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ ์ „์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด "๋‹ A. ์•”์ŠคํŠธ๋กฑ ๋ฃจ๋‚˜ ์•„์›ƒํฌ์ŠคํŠธ"๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์œ ์ธ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ณ„ํš ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•ญ๊ณต ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณ„ํš ๋‹ฌ ํƒ์‚ฌ์„  ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์˜จ (์šฐ์ฃผ์„ )
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis%20program
Artemis program
The Artemis program is a robotic and human Moon exploration program led by the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) along with six major partner agenciesโ€” the European Space Agency (ESA), the German Aerospace Center (DLR), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the Israel Space Agency (ISA), and the Italian Space Agency (ASI). The Artemis program is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the Apollo 17 mission in 1972. The main parts of the program are the Space Launch System (SLS), the Orion spacecraft, the Lunar Gateway space station, and the commercial Human Landing Systems. The program's long-term goal is to establish a permanent base on the Moon to facilitate the feasibility of human missions to Mars. The Artemis program is a collaboration of government space agencies and private spaceflight companies, bound together by the Artemis Accords and supporting contracts. As of September 2023, twenty-nine countries and one territory had signed the accords, including traditional U.S. space partners (such as the European Space Agency and agencies from India, Canada, Japan, and the United Kingdom) and emerging space powers (such as Brazil, South Korea, Mexico, and the United Arab Emirates). The Artemis program was formally established in 2017, during the Trump administration. Many of its parts, such as the Orion spacecraft, were developed during the previous Constellation program (2005โ€“2010), during the presidency of George W. Bush, and after its cancellation, during the Obama administration. Orion's first launch, and the first use of the Space Launch System, was originally set in 2016, but was rescheduled and launched on 16 November 2022 as the Artemis 1 mission, with robots and mannequins aboard. According to plan, the crewed Artemis 2 launch will take place in 2024, the Artemis 3 crewed lunar landing in 2025, the Artemis 4 docking with the Lunar Gateway in 2028, and future yearly landings on the Moon thereafter. However, some observers note that the program's cost and timeline are likely to be overrun and delayed. Overview The Artemis program is organized around a series of Space Launch System (SLS) missions. These space missions will increase in complexity and are scheduled to occur at intervals of a year or more. NASA and its partners have planned Artemis 1 through Artemis 5 missions; later Artemis missions have also been proposed. Each SLS mission centers on the launch of an SLS launch vehicle carrying an Orion spacecraft. Missions after Artemis 2 will depend on support missions launched by other organizations and spacecraft for support functions. SLS missions Artemis 1 (2022) was the successful uncrewed test of the SLS and Orion, and was the first test flight for both craft. The Artemis 1 mission placed Orion into a lunar orbit and then returned to Earth. The SLS Block 1 design uses the ICPS second stage, which performs the trans-lunar injection burn to send Orion to lunar space. For Artemis 1, Orion braked into a polar distant retrograde lunar orbit and remained for about six days before boosting back toward Earth. The Orion capsule separated from its service module, re-entered the atmosphere for aerobraking, and splashed down under parachutes. Artemis 2 (2024) is planned to be the first crewed test flight of SLS and the Orion spacecraft. The four crew members will perform extensive testing in Earth orbit, and Orion will then be boosted into a free-return trajectory around the Moon, which will return Orion back to Earth for re-entry and splashdown. Launch is scheduled no earlier than (NET) late November 2024. Artemis 3 (2025) is planned to be the first crewed lunar landing. The mission depends on a support mission to place a Starship Human Landing System (HLS) in place in a near-rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO) of the Moon prior to the launch of SLS/Orion. After Starship HLS reaches NRHO, SLS/Orion will send the Orion spacecraft with a crew of four, which is intended to include the first woman and the first person of color to land on the Moon, to rendezvous and dock with HLS. Two astronauts will transfer to HLS, which will descend to the lunar surface and spend about 6.5 days on the surface. The astronauts will perform at least two EVAs on the surface before the HLS ascends to return them to a rendezvous with Orion. Orion will return the four astronauts to Earth. Launch is scheduled no earlier than December 2025. Artemis 4 (2028) is planned to be the second crewed lunar landing mission. Orion and an upgraded Starship HLS will dock with the Lunar Gateway station in NRHO prior to the landing. A prior support mission will deliver the first two gateway modules to NRHO. The extra power of this mission's SLS Block 1B will allow it to deliver the I-HAB gateway module for connection to the Gateway. Launch is scheduled no earlier than September 2028. Artemis 5 (2029) is planned to be the third crewed lunar landing, which will deliver four astronauts to the Gateway Space Station. The mission will deliver the European Space Agency's ESPRIT refuelling and communications module and a Canadarm2 for the Gateway. Also delivered will be NASA's Lunar Terrain Vehicle. Launch is scheduled no earlier than September 2029. The mission will also be the first to use Blue Origin's Blue Moon lander to bring astronauts down to the Moon's surface. Support missions Support missions include robotic landers, delivery of Gateway modules, Gateway logistics, delivery of the HLS, and delivery of elements of the Moon base. Most of these missions are executed under NASA contracts to commercial providers. Under the Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program, several robotic landers will deliver scientific instruments and robotic rovers to the lunar surface after Artemis 1. Additional CLPS missions are planned throughout the Artemis program to deliver payloads to the Moon base. These include habitat modules and rovers in support of crewed missions. A Human Landing System (HLS) is a spacecraft that can convey crew members from NRHO to the lunar surface, support them on the surface, and return them to NRHO. Each crewed landing needs one HLS, although some or all of the spacecraft may be reusable. Each HLS must be launched from Earth and delivered to NRHO in one or more launches. The initial commercial contract was awarded to SpaceX for two Starship HLS missions, one uncrewed and one crewed as part of Artemis 3. These two missions each require one HLS launch and multiple fuelling launches, all on SpaceX Starship launchers. , NASA has also exercised an option under the initial contract to commission an upgraded Starship HLS for Artemis 4 and a separate contract to Blue Origin to develop a third crewed lunar lander, which will make its first crewed flight as part of the Artemis 5 mission. The first two Gateway modules (PPE and HALO) will be delivered to NRHO in a single launch using a Falcon Heavy launcher. Originally planned to be available prior to Artemis 3, as of 2021 it is planned for availability before Artemis 4. The Gateway will be resupplied and supported by launches of Dragon XL spacecraft launched by Falcon Heavy. Each Dragon XL will remain attached to Gateway for up to six months. the Dragon XLs will not return to Earth, but will be disposed of, probably by deliberate crashes on the lunar surface. History Early history The Artemis program incorporates several major components of previously cancelled NASA programs and missions, including the Constellation program and the Asteroid Redirect Mission. Originally legislated by the NASA Authorization Act of 2005, Constellation included the development of Ares I, Ares V, and the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle. The program ran from the early 2000s until 2010. In May 2009, President Barack Obama established the Augustine Committee to take into account several objectives including support for the International Space Station, development of missions beyond low Earth orbit (including the Moon, Mars, and near-Earth objects), and utilization of the commercial space industry within defined budget limits. The committee concluded that the Constellation program was massively underfunded and that a 2020 Moon landing was impossible. Constellation was subsequently put on hold. On 15 April 2010, President Obama spoke at the Kennedy Space Center, announcing the administration's plans for NASA and cancelling the non-Orion elements of Constellation on the premise that the program had become nonviable. He instead proposed US$6 billion in additional funding and called for development of a new heavy-lift rocket program to be ready for construction by 2015 with crewed missions to Mars orbit by the mid-2030s. On 11 October 2010, President Obama signed into law the NASA Authorization Act of 2010, which included requirements for the immediate development of the Space Launch System as a follow-on launch vehicle to the Space Shuttle, and continued development of a Crew Exploration Vehicle to be capable of supporting missions beyond low Earth orbit starting in 2016, while making use of the workforce, assets, and capabilities of the Space Shuttle program, Constellation program, and other NASA programs. The law also invested in space technologies and robotics capabilities tied to the overall space exploration framework, ensured continued support for Commercial Orbital Transportation Services, Commercial Resupply Services, and expanded the Commercial Crew Development program. On 30 June 2017, President Donald Trump signed an executive order to re-establish the National Space Council, chaired by Vice-President Mike Pence. The Trump administration's first budget request kept Obama-era human spaceflight programs in place: Commercial Resupply Services, Commercial Crew Development, the Space Launch System, and the Orion spacecraft for deep space missions, while reducing Earth science research and calling for the elimination of NASA's education office. Redefinition and naming as Artemis On 11 December 2017, President Trump signed Space Policy Directive 1, a change in national space policy that provides for a U.S.-led, integrated program with private sector partners for a human return to the Moon, followed by missions to Mars and beyond. The policy calls for the NASA administrator to "lead an innovative and sustainable program of exploration with commercial and international partners to enable human expansion across the Solar System and to bring back to Earth new knowledge and opportunities". The effort intends to more effectively organize government, private industry, and international efforts toward returning humans to the Moon and laying the foundation of eventual human exploration of Mars. Space Policy Directive 1 authorized the lunar-focused campaign. The campaign (later named Artemis) draws upon legacy US spacecraft programs, including the Orion space capsule, the Lunar Gateway space station, and Commercial Lunar Payload Services, and creates entirely new programs such as the Human Landing System. The in-development Space Launch System is expected to serve as the primary launch vehicle for Orion, while commercial launch vehicles will launch various other elements of the program. On 26 March 2019, Vice President Mike Pence announced that NASA's Moon landing goal would be accelerated by four years with a planned landing in 2024. On 14 May 2019, NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine announced that the new program would be named Artemis, after the goddess of the Moon in Greek mythology who is the twin sister of Apollo. Despite the immediate new goals, Mars missions by the 2030s were still intended . In mid-2019, NASA requested US$1.6 billion in additional funding for Artemis for fiscal year 2020, while the Senate Appropriations Committee requested from NASA a five-year budget profile which is needed for evaluation and approval by Congress. In February 2020, the White House requested a funding increase of 12% to cover the Artemis program as part of its fiscal year 2021 budget. The total budget would have been US$25.2 billion per year with US$3.7 billion dedicated toward a Human Landing System. NASA Chief Financial Officer Jeff DeWit said he thought the agency has "a very good shot" to get this budget through Congress despite Democratic concerns around the program. However, in July 2020 the House Appropriations Committee rejected the White House's requested funding increase. The bill proposed in the House dedicated only US$700 million toward the Human Landing System, 81% (US$3 billion) short of the requested amount. In April 2020, NASA awarded funding to Blue Origin, Dynetics, and SpaceX for competing 10-month-long preliminary design studies for the HLS. Throughout February 2021, Acting Administrator of NASA Steve Jurczyk reiterated those budget concerns when asked about the project's schedule, clarifying that "The 2024 lunar landing goal may no longer be a realistic target [...]". On 4 February 2021, the Biden Administration endorsed the Artemis program. More specifically, White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki expressed the Biden administration's "support [for] this effort and endeavor". On 16 April 2021, NASA contracted SpaceX to develop, manufacture, and fly two lunar landing flights with the Starship HLS lunar lander. Blue Origin and Dynetics protested the award to the GAO on 26 April. After the GAO rejected the protests, Blue Origin sued NASA over the award, and NASA agreed to stop work on the contract until 1 November 2021 as the lawsuit proceeded. The judge dismissed the suit on 4 November 2021 and NASA resumed work with SpaceX. On 25 September 2021, NASA released its first digital, interactive graphic novel in celebration of National Comic Book Day. "First Woman: NASA's Promise for Humanity" is the fictional story of Callie Rodriguez, the first woman to explore the Moon. On 15 November 2021, an audit of NASA's Office of Inspector General estimated the true cost of the Artemis program at about $93 billion until 2025. In addition to the initial SpaceX contract, NASA awarded two rounds of separate contracts in May 2019 and September 2021, on aspects of the HLS to encourage alternative designs, separately from the initial HLS development effort. It announced in March 2022 that it was developing new sustainability rules and pursuing both a Starship HLS upgrade (an option under the initial SpaceX contract) and new competing alternative designs. These came after criticism from members of Congress over lack of redundancy and competition, and led NASA to ask for additional support. Launch Artemis 1 was originally scheduled for late 2016, and as delays accrued, eventually for late 2021, but the launch date was pushed back to 29 August 2022. Engine sensor problems caused a delay on that date; the next launch window was September 3. A fuel supply line leak in a quick disconnect arm on a ground tail service mast caused a further delay to a period between 23 September and 4 October. While the leak was partially repaired to a satisfactory condition, weather delays due to Hurricane Ian forced NASA managers to begin preparing for the stack's rollback to the Vehicle Assembly Building and call off the Septemberโ€“early October launch window. In October 2022, NASA launch managers decided on a new launch date of 14 November, with backup options for 16 November and 19 November. In early November, NASA launch managers ruled out the 14 November option and made preparations to secure the SLS at the pad for Hurricane Nicole, after which launch was planned for 16 November. On 16 November 2022, at 01:47:44 EST (06:47:44 UTC), Artemis 1 successfully launched from the Kennedy Space Center. Artemis 1 was completed at 09:40 PST (17:40 UTC) on 11 December 2022, when the Orion spacecraft splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, west of Baja California, after a record-breaking mission, which saw Artemis travel more than 1.4 million miles on a path around the Moon before returning safely to Earth. The splashdown occurred 50 years to the day since NASA's Apollo 17 Moon landing; the last astronaut mission to touch down on the lunar surface. Supporting programs Implementation of the Artemis program will require additional programs, projects, and commercial launchers to support the construction of the Gateway, launch resupply missions to the station, and deploy numerous robotic spacecraft and instruments to the lunar surface. Several precursor robotic missions are being coordinated through the Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program, which is dedicated to scouting and characterization of lunar resources as well as testing principles for in-situ resource utilization. Commercial Lunar Payload Services In March 2018, NASA established the Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program with the aim of sending small robotic landers and rovers mostly to the lunar south pole region as a precursor to and in support of crewed missions. The main goals include scouting of lunar resources, in situ resource utilization (ISRU) feasibility testing, and lunar science. NASA is awarding commercial providers indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity contracts to develop and fly lunar landers with scientific payloads. The first phase considered proposals capable of delivering at least of payload by the end of 2021. Proposals for mid-sized landers capable of delivering between and of cargo were planned to also be considered for launch beyond 2021. In November 2018, NASA announced the first nine companies that were qualified to bid on the CLPS transportation service contracts (see list below). On 31 May 2019, three of those were awarded lander contracts: Astrobotic Technology, Intuitive Machines, and OrbitBeyond. On 29 July 2019, NASA announced that it had granted OrbitBeyond's request to be released from obligations under the contract citing "internal corporate challenges". The first twelve payloads and experiments from NASA centers were announced on 21 February 2019. On 1 July 2019, NASA announced the selection of twelve additional payloads, provided by universities and industry. Seven of these are scientific investigations while five are technology demonstrations. The Lunar Surface Instrument and Technology Payloads (LSITP) program was soliciting payloads in 2019 that do not require significant additional development. They will include technology demonstrators to advance lunar science or the commercial development of the Moon. In November 2019, NASA added five contractors to the group of companies who are eligible to bid to send large payloads to the surface of the Moon under the CLPS program: Blue Origin, Ceres Robotics, Sierra Nevada Corporation, SpaceX, and Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems. In April 2020, NASA selected Masten Space Systems for a follow-on CLPS delivery of cargo to the Moon in 2022. On 23 June 2021, Masten Space Systems announced it was delayed until November 2023. Dave Masten, the founder and chief technology officer, blamed the delay on the COVID pandemic and industry-wide supply chain issues. In February 2021, NASA selected Firefly Aerospace for a CLPS launch to Mare Crisium in mid-2023. VIPER The VIPER (Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover) is a lunar rover by NASA planned to be delivered to the surface of the Moon in November 2024. The rover will be tasked with prospecting for lunar resources in permanently shadowed areas in the lunar south pole region, especially by mapping the distribution and concentration of water ice. The mission builds on a previous NASA rover concept called Resource Prospector, which was cancelled in 2018. The VIPER rover is part of the Lunar Discovery and Exploration Program managed by the Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters, and it is meant to support the crewed Artemis program. NASA's Ames Research Center is managing the rover project. The hardware for the rover is being designed by the Johnson Space Center, while the instruments are provided by Ames Research Center, Kennedy Space Center, and Honeybee Robotics. , the estimated cost of the mission is US$433.5 million. The VIPER rover will operate near the lunar south pole at Nobile Crater. VIPER is planned to travel several kilometers, collecting data on different kinds of soil environments affected by light and temperature โ€” those in complete darkness, occasional light, and in constant sunlight. Once it enters a permanently shadowed location, it will operate on battery power alone and will not be able to recharge them until it drives to a sunlit area. Its total operation time will be approximately 100 Earth days. Both the launcher and the lander to be used will be competitively provided through the Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) contractors, with Astrobotic delivering the Griffin lander and SpaceX providing the Falcon Heavy launch vehicle. International contractors Artemis Accords On 5 May 2020, Reuters reported that the Trump administration was drafting a new international agreement outlining the laws for mining on the Moon. NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine officially announced the Artemis Accords on 15 May 2020. It consists of a series of bilateral agreements between the governments of participating nations in the Artemis program "grounded in the Outer Space Treaty of 1967". The Artemis Accords have been criticized by some American researchers as "a concerted, strategic effort to redirect international space cooperation in favor of short-term U.S. commercial interests". The Accords were signed by the United States, Australia, Canada, Japan, Luxembourg, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United Arab Emirates on 13 October 2020, and later signed by Ukraine. In May 2021, South Korea joined as the 10th signatory state of the Artemis Accords, with New Zealand following later the same month. Brazil became the 12th signatory country in June 2021. Poland became the 13th signatory country in October 2021. Mexico signed in December 2021. Israel signed in January 2022, Romania and Singapore in March 2022, Colombia signed in May 2022, France signed in June 2022, followed by Saudi Arabia in July 2022. In June 2023, India signed the Accords. Argentina signed in July 2023. Exploration Ground Systems (EGS) The Exploration Ground Systems (EGS) Program is one of three NASA programs based at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. EGS was established to develop and operate the systems and facilities necessary to process and launch rockets and spacecraft during assembly, transport, and launch. EGS is preparing the infrastructure to support NASA's Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and its payloads, such as the Orion spacecraft for Artemis 1. Gateway Logistics Services The Lunar Gateway is a station set to be constructed in lunar orbit, and the Gateway Logistics Services program will provide cargo and other supplies to the station, even when crews are not present. , only SpaceX's supply vehicle, known as Dragon XL, is planned to supply the Gateway. Dragon XL is a version of the Dragon spacecraft, to be launched by the Falcon Heavy. Unlike Dragon 2 and its predecessor, it is intended to be an expendable spacecraft. Supporting Earth-launch vehicles As of the early mission concepts outlined by NASA in May 2020 and refined by the HLS contract award in July 2021, the primary Earth-launch vehicles planned to support the Artemis program will include the NASA Space Launch System for the Orion vehicle, the Falcon Heavy for various components of the Lunar Gateway, and the Starship HLS configuration for the eventual delivery of the HLS vehicle. Other standard SpaceX Starships may also possibly be used later on to meet other later and yet to be determined crew/ cargo handling mission needs. Additional launch vehicles will also be employed later on for the various CLPS cargo services. The European Ariane 6 has also been proposed to be part of the program in July 2019. The Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) module and the Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO) of the Gateway, which were previously planned for the SLS Block 1B, will now fly together on a Falcon Heavy in November 2024. The Gateway will be supported and resupplied by approximately 28 commercial cargo missions launched by undetermined commercial launch vehicles. The Gateway Logistics Services (GLS) will be in charge of the resupply missions. GLS has also contracted for the construction of a resupply vehicle, Dragon XL, capable of remaining docked to the Gateway for one year of operations, providing and generating its own power while docked, and capable of autonomous disposal at the end of its mission. In May 2019, the plan was for components of a crewed lunar lander to be deployed to the Gateway on commercial launchers before the arrival of the first crewed mission, Artemis 3. An alternative approach where the HLS and Orion dock together directly was discussed. As late as mid-2019, NASA considered use of Delta IV Heavy and Falcon Heavy to launch a crewed Orion mission given SLS delays. Given the complexity of conversion to a different vehicle, the agency ultimately decided to use only the SLS to launch astronauts. Space Launch System The Space Launch System (SLS) is a United States super heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle, which has been under development since its announcement in 2011. The SLS is the main Earth-launch vehicle of the Artemis lunar program, . NASA is required by the U.S. Congress to utilize SLS Block 1, which will be powerful enough to lift a payload of to low Earth orbit (LEO), and will launch Artemis 1, 2, and 3. Starting in 2028, Block 1B is intended to debut the Exploration Upper Stage (EUS) and launch the notional Artemis 4-7. Starting in 2029, Block 2 is planned to replace the initial Shuttle-derived boosters with advanced boosters and would have a LEO capability of more than , again as required by Congress. Block 2 is intended to enable crewed launches to Mars. The SLS will launch the Orion spacecraft and use the ground operations capabilities and launch facilities at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. In March 2019, the Trump Administration released its Fiscal Year 2020 Budget Request for NASA. This budget did not initially include any money for the Block 1B and Block 2 variants of SLS, but later a request for a budget increase of $1.6 billion towards SLS, Orion, and crewed landers was made. Block 1B is currently intended to debut on Artemis 4 and will be used mainly for co-manifested crew transfers and logistics rather than constructing the Gateway as initially planned. An uncrewed Block 1B was planned to launch the Lunar Surface Asset in 2028, the first lunar outpost of the Artemis program, but now that launch has been moved to a commercial launcher. Block 2 development will most likely start in the late 2020s after NASA is regularly visiting the lunar surface and shifts focus towards Mars. In October 2019, NASA authorized Boeing to purchase materials in bulk for more SLS rockets ahead of the announcement of a new contract. The contract was expected to support up to ten core stages and eight Exploration Upper Stages for the SLS 1B to transfer heavy payloads of up to 40 metric tons on a lunar trajectory. SpaceX Starship The SpaceX Starship system is a fully-reusable super heavy-lift Earth-launch system which is under development. It consists of a first-stage booster named Super-Heavy and a second-stage space vehicle which is generally named Starship and which will have several variants. A Starship HLS mission will use three variants: a tanker, a propellant depot, and the Starship HLS itself which will be designed only for lunar landings and takeoffs, and not for Earth landings. Some variants will be able to return to Earth for reuse. The second-stage Starships are fully self-contained spacecraft, complete with their own propulsion systems. The combined Starship system using standard Starship variants for its second-stage is planned to launch crews and cargo, which may then be used to support the various developmental needs of the Artemis program, and also to support the needs of other NASA and SpaceX programs. The SpaceX Starship is also qualified to be bid for Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) launches, and in 2021 was the winning NASA bid for a crewed lunar landing. Falcon Heavy The SpaceX Falcon Heavy is a partially reusable heavy-lift launcher. It will be used to launch the first two Gateway modules into NRHO. It will also be used to launch the Dragon XL spacecraft on supply missions to Gateway, and it is qualified to be bid for other launches under the CLPS program. It was selected under CLPS to launch the VIPER mission. CLPS launchers Under the CLPS (Commercial Lunar Payload Service) program, qualified CLPS vendors can use any launcher that meets their mission requirements. Space vehicles Orion Orion is a class of partially reusable spacecraft to be used in the Artemis program. The spacecraft consists of a Crew Module (CM) space capsule designed by Lockheed Martin and the European Service Module (ESM) manufactured by Airbus Defence and Space. Capable of supporting a crew of six beyond low Earth orbit, Orion is equipped with solar panels, an automated docking system, and glass cockpit interfaces modeled after those used in the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. It has a single AJ10 engine for primary propulsion, and others including reaction control system engines. Although designed to be compatible with other launch vehicles, Orion is primarily intended to launch atop a Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, with a tower launch escape system. Orion was originally conceived by Lockheed Martin as a proposal for the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) to be used in NASA's Constellation program. Lockheed Martin's proposal defeated a competing proposal by Northrop Grumman, and was selected by NASA in 2006 to be the CEV. Originally designed with a service module featuring a new "Orion Main Engine" and a pair of circular solar panels, the spacecraft was to be launched atop the Ares I rocket. Following the cancellation of the Constellation program in 2010, Orion was heavily redesigned for use in NASA's Journey to Mars initiative; later named Moon to Mars. The SLS replaced the Ares I as Orion's primary launch vehicle, and the service module was replaced with a design based on the European Space Agency's Automated Transfer Vehicle. A development version of Orion's CM was launched in 2014 during Exploration Flight Test-1, while at least four test articles were produced. By 2022, three flight-worthy Orion crew modules have been built, with an additional one ordered, for use in the Artemis program; the first of these was due to be launched on 30 November 2020, however Artemis 1 did not launch until 16 November 2022. It was reported that NASA and Lockheed Martin had found a failure with a component in one of the Orion spacecraft's power data units but NASA later clarified that it did not expect the issue to affect the Artemis 1 launch date. Dragon XL Human Landing System (HLS) The Human Landing System (HLS) is a critical component of the Artemis mission. This system transports crew from lunar orbit (the Gateway or an Orion spacecraft) to the lunar surface, acts as a lunar habitat, and then transports the crew back to lunar orbit. In 2021 SpaceX's Starship HLS program was awarded the winning NASA bid for the production of a crewed lunar landing vehicle. In May 2023, Blue Origin was selected as the second provider for lunar lander services. Early developmental history of the HLS vehicle Bidding for NASA's HLS lunar landing vehicle began in 2019. At that time, NASA elected to have the HLS designed and developed by commercial vendors. Eleven competing contracts were initially awarded in May 2019. In April 2020, NASA awarded three competing design contracts, and in April 2021, NASA selected the Starship HLS to proceed to development and production. Separate from its early design and development program for its first HLS spacecraft, NASA retains multiple smaller contracts to study various elements of alternative HLS designs. Starship HLS The Starship Human Landing System (Starship HLS) was the winner selected by NASA for potential use for long-duration crewed lunar landings as part of NASA's Artemis program. Starship HLS is a variant of SpaceX's Starship spacecraft optimized to operate on and around the Moon. In contrast to the Starship spacecraft from which it derives, Starship HLS will never re-enter an atmosphere, so it does not have a heat shield or flight control surfaces. In contrast to other proposed HLS designs that used multiple stages, the entire spacecraft will land on the Moon and will then launch from the Moon. Like other Starship variants, Starship HLS has Raptor engines mounted at the tail as its primary propulsion system. However, when it is within "tens of meters" of the lunar surface during descent and ascent, it will use high-thrust meth/ox RCS thrusters located mid-body instead of the Raptors to avoid raising dust via plume impingement. A solar array located on the nose below the docking port provides electrical power. Elon Musk stated that Starship HLS would be able to deliver "potentially up to 200 tons" to the lunar surface. Starship HLS would be launched to Earth orbit using the SpaceX Super Heavy booster, and would use a series of tanker spacecraft to refuel the Starship HLS vehicle in Earth orbit for lunar transit and lunar landing operations. Starship HLS would then boost itself to lunar orbit for rendezvous with Orion. In the mission concept, a NASA Orion spacecraft would carry a NASA crew to the lander, where they would depart and descend to the surface of the Moon. After lunar surface operations, Starship HLS would lift off from the lunar surface acting as a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) vehicle and return the crew to Orion. Blue Origin HLS On May 19, 2023, NASA announced an additional contract to Blue Origin to develop a second crewed lunar lander, which will make its first crewed flight as part of the Artemis 5 mission. Blue Moon is smaller than the SpaceX HLS lander, having only 20 tons of payload capacity. The lander is fueled with a combination of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen propellants. Lunar Gateway NASA's Gateway is an in-development mini-space station in lunar orbit intended to serve as a solar-powered communication hub, science laboratory, short-term habitation module, and holding area for rovers and other robots. While the project is led by NASA, the Gateway is meant to be developed, serviced, and utilized in collaboration with commercial and international partners: Canada (Canadian Space Agency) (CSA), Europe (European Space Agency) (ESA), and Japan (JAXA). The Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) started development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory during the now canceled Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM). The original concept was a robotic, high performance solar electric spacecraft that would retrieve a multi-ton boulder from an asteroid and bring it to lunar orbit for study. When ARM was canceled, the solar electric propulsion was repurposed for the Gateway. The PPE will allow access to the entire lunar surface and act as a space tug for visiting craft. It will also serve as the command and communications center of the Gateway. The PPE is intended to have a mass of 8-9 tonnes and the capability to generate 50ย kW of solar electric power for its ion thrusters, which can be supplemented by chemical propulsion. The Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO), also called the Minimal Habitation Module (MHM) and formerly known as the Utilization Module, will be built by Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems (NGIS). A single Falcon Heavy equipped with an extended fairing will launch the PPE together with the HALO in November 2024. The HALO is based on a Cygnus Cargo resupply module to the outside of which radial docking ports, body mounted radiators (BMRs), batteries and communications antennae will be added. The HALO will be a scaled-down habitation module, yet, it will feature a functional pressurized volume providing sufficient command, control, and data handling capabilities, energy storage and power distribution, thermal control, communications and tracking capabilities, two axial and up to two radial docking ports, stowage volume, environmental control and life support systems to augment the Orion spacecraft and support a crew of four for at least 30 days. In March 2020, Doug Loverro, NASA's associate administrator for human exploration and operations at that time, removed the Gateway construction from the 2024 critical path to clear up funding for the HLS. He stated that the PPE could face delays and that moving it back to 2026 would allow for a more refined vehicle. It is also worth noting that the international partners on the Gateway would not have their modules ready until 2026. It was made a requirement that all Human Landing System proposals would be capable of free flight without the Gateway. On 30 April 2020, a key to NASA's vision for a "sustainable" crew presence on or near the Moon, the Gateway station, was announced to be optional, rather than required, in mission planning. NASA officials originally hoped the Gateway would be in position near the Moon in time for the Artemis 3 mission in 2024, allowing elements of the lunar lander to be assembled, or aggregated, at the Gateway before the arrival of astronauts on an Orion crew capsule. Jim Bridenstine told Spaceflight Now, the Artemis 3 mission will no longer go through the Gateway, but NASA is not backing away from the program. In late October 2020, NASA and European Space Agency (ESA) finalized their agreement to collaborate in the Gateway program. ESA will provide a habitat module in partnership with JAXA (I-HAB) and a refueling module (ESPRIT). In return, Europe will have three flight opportunities to launch crew aboard the Orion crew capsule, which they will provide the service module for. Astronauts On 10 January 2020, NASA's 22nd astronaut group, nicknamed the "Turtles", graduated and were assigned to the Artemis program. The group includes two Canadian Space Agency (CSA) astronauts. The group earned their nickname from the prior astronaut group, "The 8-Balls", as is a tradition dating back to "The Mercury Seven" in 1962 which subsequently provided the "Next Nine" with their nickname. They were given this name, for the most part, because of Hurricane Harvey. Some of the astronauts will fly on the Artemis missions to the Moon and may be part of the first crew to fly to Mars. Artemis team On 9 December 2020, then-Vice President Mike Pence announced the first group of 18 astronauts (all American, including 9 male and 9 female from different backgrounds), the 1st Artemis team, who could be selected as astronauts of early missions of the Artemis program: Joe Acaba Kayla Barron Raja Chari Matthew Dominick Victor Glover Warren Hoburg Jonny Kim Christina Koch Kjell Lindgren Nicole Mann Anne McClain Jessica Meir Jasmin Moghbeli Kathleen Rubins Frank Rubio Scott Tingle Jessica Watkins Stephanie Wilson Chief Astronaut Reid Wiseman said in August 2022, however, that all 42 active members of the NASA Astronaut Corps, and the ten more training as NASA Astronaut Group 23, are eligible for Artemis 2 and later flights. Artemis 2 Crew On 3 April 2023, NASA announced the astronauts who will be the crew of the Artemis 2 mission. Planned surface operations Artemis Base Camp The Artemis Base Camp is the proposed lunar base to be established at the end of the 2020s. The Base camp is to be located in the south pole region near the two adjacent Shackleton and de-Gerlache craters, due to this area's wide variety of lunar geography and also due to the abundance of water ice that is believed to exist in the lunar soils of the crater floors. The environs of these craters fall under the guidelines of the Outer Space Treaty. Most probably it will be a site that has already been visited by prior robotic missions. It will consist of three main modules: The Surface Habitat (SH) module, which is the initial dwelling structure and home base for the residents of the Base. The Lunar Terrain Vehicle (LTV), which is an unpressurized rover cart for transporting suited astronauts around in the vicinity of the Base. The Pressurized Rover (PR), a pressurized vehicle complete with longer range habitation facilities, thus enabling multi-day and longer-range explorations tens of kilometers away from the Base. The Artemis Base Camp will support missions of up to two months and will be used to study technologies to use on Mars. The Base may be used regularly for decades to come through both Government and commercial programs. Surface Habitat (SH) module Most of the information about the Surface Habitat (SH) comes from studies and launch manifests which manifests include a reference to its launch. It will be commercially built and commercially launched in 2028 along with the Pressurized Vehicle (PV). The SH was formerly referred to as the Artemis Surface Asset. Current launch plans show that landing it on the surface would be similar to the HLS. The Surface Habitat would be sent to the Gateway where it would then be attached to a descent stage and subsequently transported down to the lunar surface with a commercial launcher. It would utilize the same lunar transfer stage as used for the HLS. Other designs from 2019 see it being launched from an SLS Block 1B as a single unit and landing directly on the surface. It would then be hooked up to a surface power system launched by a CLPS mission and tested by the Artemis 6 crew. Lunar Terrain Vehicle (LTV) NASA has specified its need for an LTV that has a cargo capacity of 800ย kg, traversal distances of up to 20ย km without battery recharging, continuous operations for 8 hours within a 24-hour period, the ability to survive the lunar night, and the ability to traverse grades as steep as +/- 20 degrees. Pressurized Rover (PR) The Pressurized Rover (PR) is a large pressurized rover used to transport crews across large distances. NASA had developed multiple pressurized rovers including what was formerly called the Space Exploration Vehicle (SEV). This rover was built for the Constellation program and was fabricated and then tested. In the 2020 flight manifest it was later referred to as the "Mobile Habitat" suggesting it could fill a similar role to the ILREC Lunar Bus. It would be ready for the crew to use on the surface but could also be autonomously controlled from the Gateway or other locations. Mark Kirasich, who is the acting director of NASA's Advanced Exploration Systems, has stated that the current plan is to partner with JAXA and Toyota to develop a closed cabin rover to support crews for up to 14 days (currently known as Lunar Cruiser). "It's very important to our leadership at the moment to involve JAXA in a major surface element", he said. "...ย The Japanese, and their auto industry, have a very strong interest in rover-type things. So there was an idea to โ€” even though we have done a lot of work โ€” to let the Japanese lead development of a pressurized rover. So right now, that's the direction we're heading in". In regards to the PR, senior-lunar-scientist Clive Neal said "Under Constellation NASA had a sophisticated rover put together. It's pretty sad if it's never going to get to the Moon". However Neal also said that he understands the different mission objectives of the Constellation Program vs: those of the Artemis Program and the need of the Artemis Program to focus more on international collaboration. Resource prospecting and research programs As of February 2020, a lunar stay during a Phase 1 Artemis mission will be about seven days and will have five extravehicular activities (EVA). A notional concept of operations (i.e., a hypothetical but possible plan) would include the following: On Day 1 of the stay, astronauts touchdown on the Moon but do not conduct an EVA. Instead, they prepare for the EVA scheduled for the next day in what is referred to as "The Road to EVA". On Day 2, the astronauts open the hatch on the Human Landing System and embark on EVA 1, which will be six hours long. It will include collecting a contingency sample, conducting public affairs activities, deploying the experiment package, and acquiring samples. The astronauts will stay close to the landing site on this first EVA. EVA 2 begins on day 3. The astronauts characterize and collect samples from permanently shadowed regions. Unlike the previous EVA, the astronauts will go farther from the landing site, up to , and up and down slopes of 20ยฐ. Day 4 will not include an EVA but Day 5 will. EVA 3 may include activities such as collecting samples from an ejecta blanket. Day 6 will have the two astronauts deploy a geotechnical instrument alongside an environmental monitoring station for in-situ resource utilization (ISRU). Day 7 will have the final and shortest EVA; this EVA will only last one hour rather than the others' six hours in duration from egress to ingress and mostly comprises preparations for the lunar ascent, including jettisoning hardware. Once the final EVA is concluded, the astronauts will return to the Human Landing System and the vehicle will launch from the surface and join up with Orion/Gateway. Specialized lunar equipment development Moon rover Lunar light vehicle development In February 2020, NASA released two requests for information regarding both a crewed and uncrewed unpressurized surface rover. The LTV would be propositioned by a CLPS vehicle before the Artemis 3 mission. It would be used to transport crews around the exploration site and serve a similar function to the Apollo Lunar Rover. In July 2020, NASA will move to formally establish a program office for the rover at the Johnson Space Center in Houston. Artemis space suits The Artemis program will make use of two types of space suit revealed in October 2019: the Exploration Extravehicular Mobility Unit (xEMU), and the Orion Crew Survival System (OCSS). On 10 August 2021, a NASA Office of Inspector General audit reported a conclusion that the spacesuits would not be ready until April 2025 at the earliest, likely delaying the mission from the planned late 2024. In response to the IG report, SpaceX indicated that they could provide the suits. Commercial spacesuits NASA published a draft RFP to procure commercially-produced spacesuits in order to meet the 2024 schedule. On 2 June 2022, NASA announced that commercially produced spacesuits would be developed by Axiom Space and Collins Aerospace. Artemis flights Orion testing A prototype version of the Orion Crew Module was launched on Exploration Flight Test-1 on 5 December 2014 atop a Delta IV Heavy rocket. Its reaction control system and other components were tested during two medium Earth orbits, reaching an apogee of and crossing the Van Allen radiation belts before making a high-energy re-entry at . The Ascent Abort-2 test on 2 July 2019 tested the final iteration of the launch abort system on a Orion boilerplate at maximum aerodynamic load, using a custom Minotaur IV-derived launch vehicle built by Orbital ATK. Early Missions , all crewed Artemis missions will launch on the Space Launch System from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B. Current plans call for some supporting hardware to be launched on other vehicles and from other launch pads. Proposed missions In November 2021, plans to return humans to the Moon in 2024 were cancelled, and the Artemis 3 mission was delayed until at least 2025. However, , plans remain in place for crewed Artemis 4 through 9 missions to launch yearly starting from 2028, testing in situ resource utilization and nuclear power on the lunar surface with a partially reusable lander. Artemis 7 would deliver in 2031 a crew of four astronauts to a Surface lunar outpost known as the Foundation Habitat along with the Mobile Habitat. The Foundation Habitat would be launched back to back with the Mobile Habitat by an undetermined super heavy launcher and would be used for extended crewed lunar surface missions. Prior to each crewed Artemis mission, various payloads to the Gateway, such as refueling depots and expendable elements of the lunar lander, would be deployed by commercial launch vehicles. The most updated manifest includes missions suggested in NASA's timelines that have not been designed or funded from Artemis 4-9. Support missions Artemis support missions are robotic missions flown through the CLPS program and Gateway program, and HLS demo and delivery missions. Criticism The Artemis program has received criticisms from several space professionals. Mark Whittington, who is a contributor to The Hill and an author of several space exploration studies, stated in an article that the "lunar orbit project doesn't help us get back to the Moon". Aerospace engineer, author, and Mars Society founder Robert Zubrin has voiced his distaste for the Gateway which is part of the Artemis program as of 2027. He presented an alternative approach to a 2024 crewed lunar landing called "Moon Direct", a successor to his proposed Mars Direct. His vision phases out the SLS and Orion, replacing them with the SpaceX launch vehicles and SpaceX Dragon 2. It also proposes using a heavy ferry/lander that would be refuelled on the lunar surface via in situ resource utilization and transfer the crew from LEO to the lunar surface. The concept bears a heavy resemblance to NASA's own Space Transportation System proposal from the 1970s. Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin disagrees with NASA's current goals and priorities, including their plans for a lunar outpost. He also questioned the benefit of the idea to "send a crew to an intermediate point in space, pick up a lander there and go down". However, Aldrin expressed support for Robert Zubrin's "Moon Direct" concept which involves lunar landers traveling from Earth orbit to the lunar surface and back. House Authorization Bill of 2020 The leadership of the House Science Committee introduced a bipartisan NASA authorization bill on 24 January 2020 that would significantly alter NASA's current plans to return humans to the Moon and rather would focus on a Mars orbital mission in 2033. Bill H.R. 5666 would change the lunar landing date from 2024 to 2028 and put the program as a whole underneath a larger space exploration plan. The bill became stuck in the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, and there were no committee votes or further action for the remainder of the congressional term. Major proposed changes included: Creation of a new Moon to Mars program office with a goal of landing humans on Mars "in a sustainable manner as soon as practicable" A 2028 target date for a lunar landing to allow the technology to mature A NASA-developed expendable Human Landing System (HLS), something along the lines of the Advanced Exploration Lander or the expendable Altair design Launching both the Orion and HLS on SLS 1B rockets rather than splitting them between SLS and a commercial vehicle The requirement of one uncrewed and one crewed test flight of the HLS before a lunar landing is attempted, something not currently required Once operational, the system would perform two lunar landings a year rather than one No base would be set up on the lunar surface rather, the missions would follow the "flag and footsteps" approach of Apollo Development of the Gateway as a separate program to test Mars transportation technologies and not be required for lunar operations ISRU technologies would be managed under a program separate from the Moon to Mars campaign and not be required for either mission International Space Station funding would be extended to 2030 Many of these changes, such as uncrewed HLS test flights and the development of the Gateway as no longer essential to Artemis, were implemented into the current timeline. Gallery See also Chinese Lunar Exploration Program โ€“ Chinese crewed lunar program with international partners e.g. Russia. List of Artemis Astronauts First Lunar Outpost โ€“ Crewed lunar program proposal from the SEI NASA Astronaut Group 23 Notes References Sources External links Moon to Mars portal at NASA Artemis program at NASA Monthly report by the Exploration Systems Development (ESD) 2010s in the United States 2020s in the United States 2020s in spaceflight Orion (spacecraft) Commercial Lunar Payload Services Exploration of the Moon Human spaceflight programs NASA programs Projects established in 2017
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๊ฐ€ํ†  ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค
๊ฐ€ํ†  ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค(ๅŠ ่—คๅผ˜ไน‹, 1836๋…„ 8์›” 5์ผ ~ 1916๋…„ 2์›” 9์ผ)๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ •์น˜ํ•™์ž, ๊ต์œก์ž์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ ๋ง‰์‹ ์ด๊ณ  ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฒˆ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์œ„๊ณ„ (์ผ๋ณธ) ํ›ˆ๋“ฑ์€ ์ •2์œ„ ํ›ˆ1๋“ฑ ์šฑ์ผ๋™ํ™”๋Œ€์ˆ˜์žฅ, ์ž‘์œ„๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž‘์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์ž๋งˆ ๋‹ค์ด๋ฌ˜์ธ ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฒˆ์‚ฌ์˜ ์•„๋“ค๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜ ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฒˆ์˜ ํ•™๊ต์ธ ํ™๋„๊ด€(ๅผ˜้“้คจ)์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•œ ๋’ค ์ œ๋ฏธ๊ด€(ๆธˆ็พŽ้คจ)์ด๋‚˜ ์น˜์›๊ด€(่‡ด้ ้คจ) ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜ ๊ท€๋„ ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฒ ํฌ(Verbeck)์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋‹ค. ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ง‰๋ถ€์˜ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์œ ์‹  ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์‹ ์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ ์ƒค ํšŒ์›์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์™ธ๋ฌด๋Œ€์‹ , ์›๋กœ์›์˜์›, ์น™์„ ๊ท€์กฑ์› (์ผ๋ณธ)์˜์› ๋“ฑ์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. ๋…์ผํ•™ํ˜‘ํšŒํ•™๊ต ๊ต์žฅ, ๊ตฌ ๋„์ฟ„ ์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ด์žฅ์„ ์ง€๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ ์ œ๊ตญ ํ•™์‚ฌ์›์›์žฅ, ์ถ”๋ฐ€์› (์ผ๋ณธ) ๋ฌธ๊ด€์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ฝ๋ ฅ 1836๋…„ ๋‹ค์ง€๋งˆ๊ตญ ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฒˆ(๋„์š”์˜ค์นด์‹œ)์˜ ๋ฒˆ์‚ฌ์˜ ์žฅ๋‚จ์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋กœ (๊ด€์ง)์˜€๋˜ ๅŠ ่—คๆญฃ็…ง์˜€๋‹ค. ์–ด๋ฆด๋•Œ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ํ† ์š”์‹œ(ๅœŸไปฃๅฃซ)์˜€๋‹ค. 1852๋…„์— ์—๋„๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์™€ ์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋งˆ ์‡ผ์ž”์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์„œ์–‘์‹ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌํ•™์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋‹ค. 1854๋…„์—๋Š” ๅคงๆœจไปฒ็›Š์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋‚œํ•™์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋‹ค. 1860๋…„์—” ๋ฐ˜์‡ผ์‹œ๋ผ๋ฒ ์‡ผ์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…์ผ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1861๋…„ ์ฒซ ์ €์ž‘ ํ† ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ(ใ€Ž้„ฐ่‰ใ€, 1889๋…„ ๊ฐ„ํ–‰)๋ฅผ ์จ์„œ ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ž…ํ—Œ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1864๋…„ ํ•˜ํƒ€๋ชจํ† ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์นด์ด์„ธ์ด์‡ผ์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1868๋…„์—” ๋ฉ”์ธ ์ผ€(็›ฎไป˜)๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1869๋…„ ์‹ ์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์™ธ๋ฌด์„ฑ์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฆˆ์Œ ๊ณต์˜์†Œ์— ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์ ์€ ใ€Ž้žไบบ็ฉขๅคšๅพกๅปƒๆญขไน‹ๅ„€ใ€๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•ด ์ œ์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1870๋…„ ์ง„์ •๋Œ€์˜ใ€Ž็œŸๆ”ฟๅคงๆ„ใ€๋ฅผ ์จ์„œ ์ฒœ๋ถ€์ธ๊ถŒ๋ก ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1872๋…„ ์š”ํ•œ ๋ธ”๋ฃฌ์น ๋ฆฌ(Johann Kaspar Bluntschli)์˜ ์ €์„œ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ•™ใ€Žๅ›ฝๅฎถๅญฆใ€์„ ๊ฐ•์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ›„์— ๊ตญ๋ฒ•๋ฒ”๋ก ใ€Žๅ›ฝๆณ•ๆฑŽ่ซ–ใ€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์ถœ๊ฐ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 73๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ ์ƒค์—์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏผ์„ ์˜์› ์„ค๋ฆฝ์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ƒ์กฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 74๋…„์— ๊ตญ์ฒด์‹ ๋ก ใ€Žๅ›ฝไฝ“ๆ–ฐ่ซ–ใ€์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 77๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ด์„ธ์ด ํ•™๊ต ์ด์žฅ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 81๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ต์œก์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœํ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ ๋„์ฟ„๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ ์ด์žฅ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1882๋…„ ์ธ๊ถŒ์‹ ์„คใ€Žไบบๆจฉๆ–ฐ่ชฌใ€์„ ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€ํ† ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์˜นํ˜ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค.86๋…„์—๋Š” ์›๋กœ์› ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 90๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ตฌ ๋™๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ํ•™์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ฉด์„œ ๋™๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ตญ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ 2๋Œ€ ์ด์žฅ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ท€์กฑ์› (์ผ๋ณธ) ์˜์›์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ž„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1893๋…„ ๊ฐ•์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿใ€Žๅผท่€…ใฎๆจฉๅˆฉใฎ็ซถไบ‰ใ€์„ ๋‚ด์–ด ๊ฐ•๊ถŒ์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฑ…์€ ๋…์ผ์–ดํŒ๋„ ์ถœ๊ฐ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 95๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ถ์ค‘ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ๊ด€์ด 98๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๊ต์œกํšŒ์˜ ์˜์žฅ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1900๋…„์—๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž‘์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ํ™”์กฑ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1906๋…„ ์ผ๋ณธ ํ•™์‚ฌ์›์žฅ ์ถ”๋ฐ€์› (์ผ๋ณธ) ๊ณ ๋ฌธ๊ด€. 1916๋…„ 79์„ธ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์–ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์žฅ๋ก€์‹์€ ํŠน์ • ์ข…๊ต๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€ํ†  ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์ค‘์—” ์œ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—” ์ฒœ๋ถ€์ธ๊ถŒ์„ค์„ ์‹ ๋ด‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ฃผ์˜์ž์˜€๋‹ค. 1873๋…„ ํ›„์ฟ ์ž์™€ ์œ ํ‚ค์น˜, ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ, ๋‹ˆ์‹œ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ค ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ ์ƒค๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๊ณ„๋ชฝํ™œ๋™์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€๋Š” ์ • ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์— ์„œ๊ฒŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ‰์ƒ ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๋น„ํŒ์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ ๋Œ€์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€ํ† ๋Š” 1879๋…„ ๊ฐ•์—ฐใ€Œๅคฉ่ณฆไบบๆจฉ่ชฌใƒŠใ‚ญใƒŽ่ชฌๅนถๅ–„ๆ‚ชใƒŽๅˆฅๅคฉ็„ถใƒ‹ใ‚ขใƒฉใ‚ถใƒซใƒŽ่ชฌใ€์—์„œ ์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒœ๋ถ€์ธ๊ถŒ์„ค์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 1881๋…„ ๆตทๆฑŸ็”ฐไฟก็พฉ์—๊ฒŒ ๋น„ํŒ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€ํ† ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ถ€๋Œ€์‹ ์ธ ็ฆๅฒกๅญๅผŸ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์ฒœ๋ถ€์ธ๊ถŒ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋˜ ์ฑ… ์ง„์ •๋Œ€์˜์™€ ๊ตญ์ฒด์‹ ๋ก ์˜ ์ ˆํŒ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์„ ์–ธํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €์„œ ๋ชฉ๋ก 1868 ์ž…ํ—Œ์ •์ฒด๋žต ใ€Ž็ซ‹ๆ†ฒๆ”ฟไฝ“็•ฅใ€ 1869 ๊ต์—ญ๋ฌธ๋‹ต ใ€Žไบคๆ˜“ๅ•็ญ”ใ€ 1870 ์ง„์ •๋Œ€์˜ ใ€Ž็œŸๆ”ฟๅคงๆ„ใ€ 1872 ๊ตญ๋ฒ•๋ฒ”๋ก  ใ€Žๅœ‹ๆณ•ๆฑŽ่ซ–ใ€ 1874 ๊ตญ์ฒด์‹ ๋ก  ใ€Žๅ›ฝไฝ“ๆ–ฐ่ซ–ใ€ 1882 ์ธ๊ถŒ์‹ ์„ค ใ€Žไบบๆจฉๆ–ฐ่ชฌใ€ 1887 ๋•๊ต๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์•ˆ ใ€Žๅพณ่‚ฒๆ–นๆณ•ๆกˆใ€ 1893 ์žก๊ฑฐ์ƒ์กฐใ€Ž้›‘ๅฑ…ๅฐšๆ—ฉใ€ 1893 ๊ฐ•์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿใ€Žๅผท่€…ใฎๆจฉๅˆฉใฎ็ซถไบ‰ใ€ 1894 ๋„๋•๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์˜ ์ง„๋ณด ใ€Ž้“ๅพณๆณ•ๅพ‹ไน‹้€ฒๆญฉใ€ 1894 200๋…„ ํ›„์˜ ๋‚˜ ใ€ŽไบŒ็™พๅนดๅพŒใฎๅพไบบใ€ 1894 ์ดˆ๋“ฑ๊ต์œก ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰๋ก  ใ€Žๅฐๅญฆๆ•™่‚ฒๆ”น่‰ฏ่ซ–ใ€ 1894 ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ 10๋Œ€ ์Šน์‚ฐ ใ€Žๆ—ฅๆœฌไน‹ๅๅคงๅ‹็ฎ—ใ€ 1898 ํ™˜๋ ฅ์ถ•ํ•˜์‹œ๋ง ใ€Ž้‚„ๆšฆ็ฅ่ณ€ๅง‹ๆœซใ€ 1899 ์ฒœ์ธก๋ฐฑํ™” ใ€Žๅคฉๅ‰‡็™พ่ฉฑใ€ 1900 ๋„๋•๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์ด์น˜ ใ€Ž้“ๅพณๆณ•ๅพ‹้€ฒๅŒ–ใฎ็†ใ€ 1902 ๋ถˆ๊ต๊ฐœํ˜๋‹ด ใ€Žไปๆ•™ๆ”น้ฉ่ซ‡ใ€ 1903 ํ•™๋ฌธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ใ€Žๅญฆ่Šธๅข่ซ‡ ๅญฆๅ•ใฎ่ฉฑใ€ 1904 ์ง„ํ™”๋ก  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„, ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์šด๋ช… ใ€Ž้€ฒๅŒ–ๅญฆใ‚ˆใ‚Š่ฆณๅฏŸใ—ใŸใ‚‹ๆ—ฅ้œฒใฎ้‹ๅ‘ฝใ€ 1906 ์ž์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์˜ ์ง„ํ™” ใ€Ž่‡ช็„ถ็•Œใฎ็Ÿ›็›พใจ้€ฒๅŒ–ใ€ 1908 ์‹ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์˜ ใ€Žๆ–ฐๆ–‡ๆ˜ŽใฎๅˆฉๅผŠใ€ 1911 ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์˜ ํ•ด์•… ใ€ŽๅŸบ็ฃๆ•™ใฎๅฎณๆฏ’ใ€(ใ€Žๅพๅ›ฝไฝ“ใจๅŸบ็ฃๆ•™ใ€/ ใ€Ž่ฟทๆƒณ็š„ๅฎ‡ๅฎ™่ฆณใ€/ ใ€ŽๅŸบ็ฃๆ•™ๅพ’็ชฎใ™ใ€) ใ€Žๅญฆ่ชฌไนžไธ่ข‹ใ€ ๅผ˜้“้คจใ€1911ๅนด10ๆœˆ 1912 ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ์œค๋ฆฌ ใ€Ž่‡ช็„ถใจๅ€ซ็†ใ€ 1913 ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ํ†ต์น˜๊ถŒ ใ€Žๅ›ฝๅฎถใฎ็ตฑๆฒปๆจฉใ€ 1914 ์‹  ์ƒ์‹๋ก  ใ€Žๆ–ฐๅธธ่ญ˜่ซ–ใ€ 1905 ์ฑ…์ž„๋ก  ใ€Ž่ฒฌไปป่ซ–ใ€ 1915 ์ž์„œ์ „ ใ€ŽๅŠ ่—คๅผ˜ไน‹่‡ชๅ™ไผ ้™„้‡‘ๅฉšๅผ่จ˜ไบ‹ๆฆ‚็•ฅ ่ฟฝ้ ็ข‘ๅปบ่จญๅง‹ๆœซใ€ 1915 ์ธ์„ฑ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ „๋„ ใ€Žไบบๆ€งใฎ่‡ช็„ถใจๅพ้‚ฆใฎๅ‰้€”ใ€ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ " ๊ฐ€ํ†  ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค ใ€๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ณต๋ฌธ์„œ ๊ด€ ์†Œ์žฅ" ์ถ”๋ฐ€์› ๋ฌธ์„œ - ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์„ผํ„ฐ Ref. A06051172700 "๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ณต๋ฌธ์„œ ๊ด€ ์†Œ์žฅ ์ถ”๋ฐ€์›้ซ˜็ญ‰ๅฎ˜๊ธฐ๋ก ์ œ 3 ๊ถŒใ€ ๋„์ฟ„ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ถœํŒํšŒ, 1996๋…„ 12์›”, ISBN 4-13-098713-5 ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๊ณ ์ „์  ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค - ์™€์„ธ๋‹ค ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋„์„œ๊ด€ . ์˜ค์ฟ ๋งˆ ์‹œ๊ฒŒ๋…ธ๋ถ€ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ์นดํ†  ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค ์„œํ•œ์ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์ฟ„ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๋„์„œ๊ด€ ์†Œ์žฅ ๊ฐ€ํ†  ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค ์ƒ - 1915๋…„ ์•„์‚ฌ์ฟ ๋ผ ํ›„๋ฏธ์˜ค ์ž‘ ์ œ๊ตญ ์˜ํšŒ ํšŒ์˜๋ก ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ - ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ตญํšŒ ๋„์„œ๊ด€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ดˆ์ƒ ์นดํ†  ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค - ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ตญํšŒ ๋„์„œ๊ด€ ๊ฐ€ํ†  ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค : ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ๋ณ„ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก - ์•„์˜ค ์กฐ๋ผ ๋ฌธ๊ณ  ์„ ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์นดํ†  ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค - ํƒ€์ง€์˜ ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ „ 1916๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง 1836๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ๊ฐ€ํ†  ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํšจ๊ณ ํ˜„ ์ถœ์‹  ํ›ˆ1๋“ฑ ์šฑ์ผ๋™ํ™”๋Œ€์ˆ˜์žฅ ์ˆ˜ํ›ˆ์ž ํ›ˆ1๋“ฑ ์šฑ์ผ๋Œ€์ˆ˜์žฅ ์ˆ˜ํ›ˆ์ž ํ›ˆ1๋“ฑ ์„œ๋ณด์žฅ ์ˆ˜ํ›ˆ์ž ํ›ˆ2๋“ฑ ์šฑ์ผ์ค‘๊ด‘์žฅ ์ˆ˜ํ›ˆ์ž ํ›ˆ3๋“ฑ ์šฑ์ผ์ค‘์ˆ˜์žฅ ์ˆ˜ํ›ˆ์ž ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž‘ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ณ ๋“ฑ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋ฌด์‹ ๋ก ์ž ๋ง‰๋ง์˜ ํ•˜ํƒ€๋ชจํ†  ์—๋„ ๋ง‰๋ถ€ ๋ชฉ๋ถ€ ๋„์ฟ„ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ด์žฅ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ถ”๋ฐ€๊ณ ๋ฌธ๊ด€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ•™์ž ๋‚œํ•™์ž ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ •์น˜ํ•™์ž
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat%C5%8D%20Hiroyuki
Katล Hiroyuki
Baron was an academic and politician of the Meiji period Japan. Biography Katล was born on August 5, 1836, to a samurai family in Izushi domain, Tajima Province (present day Hyลgo Prefecture), and studied military science under Sakuma Shลzan and rangaku under Oki Nakamasu in Edo. As an instructor at the Tokugawa bakufu's Bansho Shirabesho institute for researching Western science and technology from 1860 to 1868, he was one of the first Japanese to study German language and German philosophy. After the Meiji Restoration, Katล wrote numerous theses recommending Japanese adoption of Western forms of government, especially that of a constitutional monarchy with a national assembly based on representative democracy. He joined the Rikken Seiyลซkai political party, and was also a founding member of the Meirokusha intellectual society organized by Mori Arinori. A strong believer in social Darwinism, he drew parallels a democratic government and the natural order. As a member of the Genroin, he strongly supported Statism, a much more authoritarian version of government against the views propounded by the Freedom and People's Rights Movement. Katล gave lectures to the emperor each week on constitutional and international law, using translations from western texts to explain the concept of separation of powers between executive, legislative and judiciary branches of government, the history of constitutions in Europe, and various forms of local administration. Katล served as superintendent of the Departments of Law, Science, and Literature of Tokyo Imperial University 1877โ€“1886, and again as president 1890โ€“1893, and was head of the Imperial Academy 1905โ€“1909. He was also a special adviser to the Imperial Household Agency. Katล was appointed a member of the House of Peers in 1890, and was ennobled with the title of danshaku (baron) under the kazoku peerage system in 1900. In addition, he became a Privy Councilor. He died on February 9, 1916. Honours From the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia Baron - 1900 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure - December 1905. Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun - April 1906. Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers - February 1916 (posthumous) Notes References Davis, Winston. (1996). The Moral and Political Naturalism of Baron Kato Hiroyuki. Institute for East Asian Studies. . Jansen, Marius B. (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 44090600 Keene, Donald. (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852-1912. New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 46731178 Nussbaum, Louis-Frรฉdรฉric and Kรคthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 58053128 External links National Diet Library Photo & Bio 1836 births 1916 deaths People of Meiji-period Japan Military personnel from Hyลgo Prefecture Kazoku Rikken Seiyลซkai politicians 20th-century Japanese politicians Members of the House of Peers (Japan) Presidents of the University of Tokyo
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%84%EA%B3%B5%EB%B0%B1%EC%97%AD
์ง€์ง„๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ
์ง€์ง„๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ(ๅœฐ้œ‡็ฉบ็™ฝๅŸŸ, Seismic gap)์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์ง€์ง„ ํ™œ๋™์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์ง„ ํ™œ๋™์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‹น๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ์ง€์ง„ ํ™œ๋™์ด ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง„๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ, ์ง€์ง„ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ณณ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„ ์ง€์ง„๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด ํŠน์ • ๋‹จ์ธต ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ์˜ ๋ณ€์œ„๋Š” ๋‹จ์ธต ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ณ€์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค ํ˜น์€ ์ด๋ก ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŠน์ • ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ง€์ง„๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ์€ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ง€์ง„์„ ๊ฒช์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•„ ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์˜ ์ „์กฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ '์ง€์ง„ ์ „์กฐ'๋ผ๋Š” ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ง„๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ์€ ์ œ1์ข… ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ๊ณผ ์ œ2์ข… ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ 2๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•™์ž๋Š” ์ œ3์ข… ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ์„ ์ฃผ์ฐฝํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€์ง„๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ์„ ์ด 2-3๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์žฌ๋„ ์ง€์ง„๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ง€์ง„๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ์ •์„ค์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ์†Œ์ง€์ง„์˜ ๊ด€์ธก ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์Œ“์ด๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒ๊ธด ์ง€์ง„ ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋น„๋จธ์™€ ๋ฐ”์Šค(1994๋…„)๋Š” ์ง€์ง„ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”ํ•œ Z๊ฐ’์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์‹œ๊ณ„์—ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋‚˜ ๊ณต๋ฐฑํ™” ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1994๋…„ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ์ œ1์ข… ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ ์ œ1์ข… ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ์€ ๋  ๋ชจ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š˜๊ณ  ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜์–ด์ง„ ํ•ด๊ตฌํ˜•์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์ง„์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ "๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์˜ ๊ฐญ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์€ ํŒ์— ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ธ์žฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฑธ๋Ÿฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋ผ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ด ํž˜์ด ํ•œ๊บผ๋ฒˆ์— ํ•ด์†Œ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ2์ข… ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ (์ง€์ง„ ํ™œ๋™ ์†Œ๋ฉธ ์˜์—ญ) ์ œ2์ข… ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ์€ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ž์ฃผ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ๋šซ๋ฆฐ ๋“ฏ์ด ์ง€์ง„์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‰์†Œ์—๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋Š ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์ง„ ํ™œ๋™์ด ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์–ด์ € ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ๋งˆ์น˜ "์ง€์ง„ ํ™œ๋™์ด ์ ์€ ์ง€์—ญ"์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— "์ง€์ง„์ด ์ ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „์ง€๋Œ€"๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜คํ•ด๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ3์ข… ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€์ง„ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ œ3์ข… ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ •์˜์™€ ๊ทธ ๋งค์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์€ ํ†ต์ผ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ œ3์ข… ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ์ค‘์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋˜ ๋‹จ์ธต์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹จ์ธต๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ1์ข… ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ๊ณผ ์ œ2์ข… ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์‹œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋กœ๋งˆํ”„๋ฆฌํƒ€ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ 1989๋…„ ๋กœ๋งˆํ”„๋ฆฌํƒ€ ์ง€์ง„(๊ทœ๋ชจ M6.9)์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ด์ „ ์ƒŒ์•ค๋“œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด์Šค ๋‹จ์ธต์˜ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋‹จ์ธต ์„ธ๊ทธ๋จผํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ง€์ง„ ํ™œ๋™์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1989๋…„ ์ง€์ง„์˜ ๋ณธ์ง„๊ณผ ์—ฌ์ง„์€ ์ด์ „์˜ ์ง€์ง„๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ฟ ๋ฆด์—ด๋„ ์ค‘๋ถ€ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ 2004๋…„ ์ธ๋„์–‘ ์ง€์ง„ํ•ด์ผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ดํ›„ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ง€์ง„๋Œ€์˜ ์ง€์ง„๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ฟ ๋ฆด-์บ„์ฐจ์นด ํ•ด๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฟ ๋ฆด ์—ด๋„ ์ค‘๋ถ€ ํ•ด์—ญ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 500 km ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ์ด ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ์€ 1780๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ์˜ ๋‚จ๋ถ์€ 100๋…„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ธต์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์€ 2006๋…„ 11์›” 15์ผ ๊ทœ๋ชจ M8.3์˜ 2006๋…„ ์ฟ ๋ฆด ์—ด๋„ ์ง€์ง„๊ณผ 2007๋…„ 1์›” 13์ผ ๊ทœ๋ชจ M8.2์˜ 2007๋…„ ์ฟ ๋ฆด ์—ด๋„ ์ง€์ง„์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํžˆ๋ง๋ผ์•ผ ์ค‘๋ถ€ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ 1905๋…„์—๋Š” ๋‰ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ทผ ์„œ์ชฝ์—์„œ, 1934๋…„์—๋Š” ๋™์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ 600 km ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ์ค‘์•™ํžˆ๋ง๋ผ์•ผ ์ง€์—ญ์€ 1505๋…„ ๋กœ๋ฌด์Šคํƒ• ์ง€์ง„ ์ดํ›„ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋„ ๋‹จ์ธต ํŒŒ์—ด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์€ 2015๋…„ 4์›” ๊ทœ๋ชจ M7.8์˜ ๋Œ€์ง€์ง„์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์บ์Šค์ผ€์ด๋””์•„ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์—ญ 1700๋…„ ์บ์Šค์ผ€์ด๋””์•„ ์ง€์ง„ ์ดํ›„ ์บ์Šค์ผ€์ด๋””์•„ ์„ญ์ž…๋Œ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ง€์ง„์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์„œ ๋‚œ ์ง€์ง„์€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ M7.5์˜ 1946๋…„ ๋ฐด์ฟ ๋ฒ„ ์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ๊ทœ๋ชจ M6.8์˜ 2001๋…„ ๋‹ˆ์Šคํ€„๋ฆฌ ์ง€์ง„๋งŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ง€์ง„ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๅœฐ้œ‡ใซใคใ„ใฆ๏ผˆๅœฐ้œ‡ใฎ็ฉบ็™ฝๅŸŸใจใฏใชใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ๏ผ‰ - ๆฐ—่ฑกๅบ ๆธฌๅœฐๅญฆๅฏฉ่ญฐไผš ็”จ่ชž่งฃ่ชฌ - ๆ–‡้ƒจ็ง‘ๅญฆ็œ ้˜ฒ็ฝ็ง‘ๅญฆๆŠ€่ก“็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€ ๅผท้œ‡ใƒใƒƒใƒˆใƒฏใƒผใ‚ฏ (K-net) ๅผท้œ‡ๅ‹•ใฎๅŸบ็คŽ 2.4.1 3็จฎ้กžใฎๅœฐ้œ‡็ฉบ็™ฝๅŸŸ 2.4.2 ๅคงๅœฐ้œ‡ใฎใ‚ฎใƒฃใƒƒใƒ— 2.4.3 ๅœฐ้œ‡ๆดปๅ‹•ใฎ้™็ฉๅŒ– 2007ๅนด9ๆœˆ12ๆ—ฅใ‚นใƒžใƒˆใƒฉๅณถๆฒ–ใง็™บ็”Ÿใ—ใŸๅทจๅคงๅœฐ้œ‡ - ใƒ‘ใƒ€ใƒณๆฒ–ใฎๅœฐ้œ‡็ฉบ็™ฝๅŸŸ ใ‚นใƒžใƒˆใƒฉๅœฐ้œ‡็ณปๅˆ—ใซๅ…ˆ่กŒใ™ใ‚‹ๅœฐ้œ‡ๆดปๅ‹•ๅค‰ๅŒ– - ้˜ฒ็ฝ็ง‘ๅญฆๆŠ€่ก“็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€ ๅ‰็”ฐๆ˜Žๅคซ, ไผŠ่—ค็ง€็พŽ, ็ดฐ้‡Ž่€•ๅธใ€ใ€Œ้™ธๅœฐ้œ‡็™บ็”Ÿใฎ็›ดๅ‰ใซๅœฐ่ณชๆง‹้€ ๅธฏใซๆฒฟใฃใฆ็พใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๅœฐ้œ‡ๆดปๅ‹•ใฎๅ‰ๅ…†็š„้™็ฉๅŒ–ใ€ ใ€Žๅœฐๅญธ้›œ่ชŒใ€ 1996ๅนด 105ๅทป 1ๅท p.77-87, ์ง€์ง„ํ•™ ์ง€์ง„
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic%20gap
Seismic gap
A seismic gap is a segment of an active fault known to produce significant earthquakes that has not slipped in an unusually long time, compared with other segments along the same structure. There is a hypothesis or theory that states that over long periods, the displacement on any segment must be equal to that experienced by all the other parts of the fault. Any large and longstanding gap is, therefore, considered to be the fault segment most likely to suffer future earthquakes. The applicability of this approach has been criticised by some seismologists, although earthquakes sometimes have occurred in previously-identified seismic gaps. Examples Loma Prieta Seismic Gap, California Prior to the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake( = 6.9), that segment of the San Andreas fault system recorded much less seismic activity than other parts of the fault. The main shock and aftershocks of the 1989 event occurred within the previous seismic gap. Central Kuril gap, Russia Immediately following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, a seismic gap analysis of the seismic zones around the Pacific Ocean identified the Central Kuril segment of the Kurilโ€“Kamchatka Trench subduction zone as the most likely to give rise to a major earthquake. This zone, 500ย km in length, at that time had experienced no major earthquake since 1780, but was bounded to north and south by segments that had moved within the last 100 years. The Mw = 8.3 earthquake of 15 November 2006 and the = 8.2 earthquake of 13 January 2007 occurred within the defined gap. Central Himalayan Gap, India Although there had been earthquakes to the west (near Delhi) in 1905, and to the east (Nepalโ€“Bihar earthquake) in 1934, there was a 600-kilometer-long region of the central Himalayan that had not ruptured since 1505. In April 2015, the 7.8 April 2015 Nepal earthquake occurred near the center of this region. Cascadia, United Statesโ€“Canada The only known damaging earthquakes to have occurred in the Cascadia subduction zone since the 1700 Cascadia earthquake are the 1946 Vancouver Island earthquake and 2001 Nisqually earthquake. References External links USGS glossary entry Seismology
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%EB%AA%A9%EB%A9%B4%EC%86%8D
์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด์†
์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด์†(ๆด‹ๆœจ็ถฟๅฑฌ, ํ•™๋ช…: )์€ ์•„์šฑ๊ณผ(Malvaceae)์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ์†(ๅฑฌ, genus)์ด๋‹ค. ์ž์ƒ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์™€ ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ ์ œ๋„์—์„œ ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์—ด๋Œ€ ๋ฐ ์•„์—ด๋Œ€ ์ง€์—ญ, ์—ด๋Œ€ ์„œ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ข…์€ 70m(230ํ”ผํŠธ) ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ž๋ž€๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ธฐ๋Š” ํฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—†์ด ๊ณง๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ๋‚˜๋ญ‡์žŽ๋“ค์€ ๋„“๊ฒŒ ํผ์ง€๋Š” ์ง€๋ถ• ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŒ๊ทผ(ๆฟๆ น, buttress root)์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์ธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธธ๋‹ค. ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด์† ์‹๋ฌผ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข…์€ ์นดํญ(Kapok), ํ•™๋ช…์€ Ceiba pentandra๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด์ด๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” 'kapok'์„ ์Œ์ฐจํ•˜์—ฌ '๊ธธํŒจ(ๅ‰่ฒ)'๋ผ๊ณ  ์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด์ข…์€ ์ธ์‹œ๋ชฉ(Lepidoptera) ์ข…์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋น„๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋ฐฉ์˜ ์œ ์ถฉ๋“ค์˜ ๋จน์ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ํŠนํžˆ 'leaf-miner'๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์žŽ๋‚˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ(Bucculatrix ceibae)๋Š” ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด์† ์‹๋ฌผ๋งŒ์„ ๋จน์ด๋กœ ๋จน๊ณ  ์‚ฐ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์‹๋ฌผํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” 'Chorisia'์† ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด์†์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด์†์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์•„์šฑ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์— ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋ฒ„์Šค(C. Columbus) ์‹ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ๋„์ฐฉ ์ด์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ค‘์•™์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์‹ ํ™”์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํŽ˜๋ฃจ(Peru) ๋™๋ถ€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์•„๋งˆ์กด(Amazon) ๋ถ€์กฑ์€ ์ •๊ธ€ ์ „์—ญ์˜ ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋ฌด์— ์‹ ์ด ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด์€ ๋ชจํŒ ๋งˆ์•ผ์–ด(Mopan Mayan language)๋กœ '์•ผ ์•…์Šค์ฒด(yaโ€™axchรฉ)'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋งˆ์•ผ๋ฌธ๋ช…์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์ƒ์„ธ๊ณ„, ๋ช…๋ถ€(ๅ†ฅๅบœ) '์‹œ๋ฐœ๋ฐ”(Xibalba)', ํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ์ด์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์ถ•(axis mundi)์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์•™์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ˆ˜(Mesoamerican world tree)๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด ์ค„๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ธฐ ์œ„์— ๋ญ‰์ณ ์ž๋ผ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‘๊ป๊ณ  ์›์ถ”ํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๋“ค์€ ์›ํ†ตํ˜•์˜ ๋„๊ธฐ ๋งค์žฅ์šฉ ํ•ญ์•„๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ํ–ฅ์„ ๋‹ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡์—์„œ ๊ณ ์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ(Classicl Period) ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์ €์ง€๋Œ€ ๋งˆ์•ผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์žฌํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋งˆ์•ผ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ์‚ผ๋ฆผ ์ˆ˜๋ชฉ์„ ์ฑ„๋ฒŒํ•  ๋•Œ ์กด๊ฒฝ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‘”๋‹ค. ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ์‹ญ์ž๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ƒ์ง•๋˜๊ณ  ํŒ”๋ Œ์ผ€(Palenque)์—์„œ ์‹ญ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋”๋ฏธ ์‚ฌ์›(Temple of the Cross Complex)์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ•ํ•™์  ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋ฌด ๊ณต์›(Parque de la Ceiba)๋Š” ํ‘ธ์—๋ฅดํ†  ๋ฆฌ์ฝ” ํฐ์„ธ(Ponce) ์‚ฐ ์•ˆํ†ค(San Antรณn)์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์•™์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ 500๋…„ ์ˆ˜๋ น์˜ ์„ธ์ด๋ฐ” ๋ฐ ํฐ์„ธ(Ceiba de Ponce)๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ด๋ฐ” ๋ฐ ํฐ์„ธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ํ›„์— ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์— ํƒ€์ด๋…ธ(Taino) ์ธ๋””์–ธ๋“ค์ด ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘” ๋„์ž๊ธฐ, ์กฐ๊ฐœ๊ป๋ฐ๊ธฐ, ๋Œ์กฐ๊ฐ์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1525๋…„, ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์ •๋ณต์ž(Conquistador) ์—๋ฅด๋‚œ ์ฝ”๋ฅดํ…Œ์Šค(Hernรกn Cortรฉs)๋Š” ์•„์ฆˆํ…(Aztec) ์ œ๊ตญ์„ ์ ๋ นํ•œ ํ›„์— ํ™ฉ์ œ ์ฟ ์•„์šฐํ…Œ๋ชฉ(Cuauhtemoc)์„ ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋ฌด์— ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์„ค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์น˜์•„ํŒŒ์Šค(Chiapas) ์น˜์•„ํŒŒ ๋ฐ ์ฝ”๋ฅด์†Œ(Chiapa de Corzo)๋ผ๋Š” ๋งˆ์„์€ 1528๋…„ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋ฌด์ธ ๋ผํฌ์ดˆํƒ€(La Pochota) ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ๊ฑด๋ฆฝํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1838๋…„ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝํ•œ ํ‘ธ์—๋ฅดํ†  ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์˜ ์„ธ์ด๋ฐ”(Ceiba)๋ผ๋Š” ๋งˆ์„ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฌด์—์„œ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์œ ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1877๋…„ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ๋œ ์˜จ๋‘๋ผ์Šค(Honduras)์˜ ๋„์‹œ ๋ผ ์„ธ์ด๋ฐ”(La Ceiba)๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„๋„ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๋ถ€๋‘ ์˜†์—์„œ ์•„๋ž˜๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋ฌด์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1898๋…„, ์ฟ ๋ฐ”(Cuba)์— ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•œ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ์‚ฐํ‹ฐ์•„๊ณ  ๋ฐ ์ฟ ๋ฐ”(Santiago de Cuba) ์™ธ๊ณฝ์˜ ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ญ๋ณตํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์‚ฐํ‹ฐ์•„๊ณ  ํ•ญ๋ณต ๋‚˜๋ฌด(Santiago Surrender Tree)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณผํ…Œ๋ง๋ผ(Guatemala)์˜ ๊ตญ๋ชฉ(ๅœ‹ๆœจ)์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ…Œ๋ง๋ผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ น 400๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ '๋ผ ์„ธ์ด๋ฐ” ๋ฐ ํŒ”๋ฆฐ ์—์Šค์ฟ ์ธํ‹€๋ผ(La Ceiba de Palรญn Escuintla)'์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋„ค์ˆ˜์—˜๋ผ(Venezuela) ์นด๋ผ์นด์Šค(Caracas)์—๋Š” '๋ผ ์„ธ์ด๋ฐ” ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ ํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ”(La Ceiba de San Fancisco)'๋ผ๋Š” ํ”„๋ž€์Šค์‹œ์ฝ”ํšŒ ๊ตํšŒ(San Francisco Church) ์•ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ น 100๋…„์˜ ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์นด๋ผ์นด์Šค ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฝ”์Šคํƒ€๋ฆฌ์นด ์‚ฌ๋ฐœ๋ฆฌํ† (Sabalito) ๋งˆ์„ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์šฐ๋š ์†Ÿ์€ ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ '๋ผ ์„ธ์ด๋ฐ”(la ceiba)'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž”์กด์ƒ๋ฌผ(relict)๋กœ์„œ, ์—ด๋Œ€ ์‚ผ๋ฆผ ์ฑ„๋ฒŒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌผํ’ˆ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์€ ์‹๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ณ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ฌ์œ ๋Š” '์นดํญ(kapok)'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์Šค, ๋ฒ ๊ฐœ, ํƒœํ”ผ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ, ์ธํ˜•์„ ์ฑ„์›Œ ๋„ฃ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์นดํญ์€ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ฌ์œ ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์”จ์•—์€ ๋น„๋ˆ„์™€ ๋น„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„ ์ถ”์ถœ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ์•„์‹œ์•„, ํŠนํžˆ ์ž๋ฐ”(Java), ๋ง๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ์•„(Malaysia), ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„(Indonesia), ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€(Philippines)์—์„œ ์ƒ์—…ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ๋ฆฐ ์ฒด๋ฆฌ(Lynne Cherry)์˜ ์ฑ… '์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋ฌด(The Great Kapok Tree)'์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์†Œ์žฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ€์ด๋ฐ”๋ฌผ๋ณ‘๋‚˜๋ฌด(Ceiba insignis)์™€ ๋ฏธ์ธ์ˆ˜(Ceiba speciosa)๋Š” ์•„์•ผํ™”์Šค์นด(Ayahuasca)๋ผ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฐ์Œ๋ฃŒ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ˆํ‚ค๋ผ๊ณผ(Nicaragua) ์‹œ์ธ ํŒŒ๋ธ”๋กœ ์•ˆํ† ๋‹ˆ์˜ค ์ฝฐ๋“œ๋ผ(Pablo Antonio Cuadra)๋Š” ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋ฌด์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ ์žฅ(็ซ )์„ ์ผ๋‹ค. ์ฝฐ๋“œ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹ˆ์นด๋ผ๊ณผ ์กฐ์ƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ง•์ด์ž ๋‹ˆ์นด๋ผ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์š”๋žŒ, ์œ ๋ฐฐ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์œ„ ์ข… ์–‘๋ชฉ๋ฉด(C. pentandra (L.) Gaertn.) C. acuminata (S.Watson) Rose C. aesculifolia (Kunth) Britten & Baker f. C. a. subsp. parvifolia (Rose) P.E.Gibbs & Semir C. boliviana Britten & Baker f. C. chodatii (Hassl.) Ravenna C. crispiflora (Kunth) Ravenna C. erianthos (Cav.) K.Schum. C. glaziovii (Kuntze) K.Schum. C. insignis (Kunth) P.E.Gibbs & Semir C. jasminodora (A.St.-Hil.) K.Schum. C. lupuna P.E.Gibbs & Semir C. pubiflora (A.St.-Hil.) K.Schum. C. rubriflora Carv.-Sobr. & L.P.Queiroz C. salmonea (Ulbr.) Bakh. C. samauma (Mart.) K.Schum. C. schottii Britten & Baker f. C. soluta (Donn.Sm.) Ravenna C. speciosa (A.St.-Hil., A.Juss. & Cambess.) Ravenna C. trischistandra (A.Gray) Bakh. C. ventricosa (Nees & Mart.) Ravenna ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋ชฉ๋ฉด์•„๊ณผ ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ์† 1754๋…„ ๊ธฐ์žฌ๋œ ์‹๋ฌผ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceiba
Ceiba
Ceiba is a genus of trees in the family Malvaceae, native to tropical and subtropical areas of the Americas (from Mexico and the Caribbean to northern Argentina) and tropical West Africa. Some species can grow to tall or more, with a straight, largely branchless trunk that culminates in a huge, spreading canopy, and buttress roots that can be taller than a grown person. The best-known, and most widely cultivated, species is Kapok, Ceiba pentandra, one of several trees known as kapok. Ceiba is a word from the Taรญno language meaning "boat" because Taรญnos use the wood to build their dugout canoes. Ceiba species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species, including the leaf-miner Bucculatrix ceibae, which feeds exclusively on the genus. Recent botanical opinion incorporates Chorisia within Ceiba and puts the genus as a whole within the family Malvaceae. Culture and history The tree plays an important part in the mythologies of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures. In addition, several Amazonian tribes of eastern Peru believe deities live in Ceiba tree species throughout the jungle. The Ceiba, or yaโ€™axchรฉ (in the Mopan Mayan language), symbolised to the Maya civilization an axis mundi which connects the planes of the Underworld (Xibalba) and the sky with that of the terrestrial realm. This concept of a central world tree is often depicted as a Ceiba trunk. The unmistakable thick conical thorns in clusters on the trunk were reproduced by the southern lowland Maya of the Classical Period on cylindrical ceramic burial urns or incense holders. Modern Maya still often respectfully leave the tree standing when harvesting forest timber. The Ceiba tree is represented by a cross and serves as an important architectural motif in the Temple of the Cross Complex at Palenque. Ceiba Tree Park is located in San Antรณn, in Ponce, Puerto Rico. Its centerpiece is the historic Ceiba de Ponce, a 500-year-old Ceiba pentandra tree associated with the founding of the city. In the surroundings of the legendary Ceiba de Ponce, broken pieces of indigenous pottery, shells, and stones were found to confirm the presence of Taino Indians long before the Spaniards that later settled in the area. In 1525, Spanish Conquistador Hernรกn Cortรฉs ordered the hanging of Aztec emperor Cuauhtemoc from a Ceiba tree after overtaking his empire. The town of Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico was founded in 1528 by the Spanish around La Pochota, Ceiba pentandra, according to tradition. Founded in 1838, the Puerto Rican town of Ceiba is also named after this tree. The Honduran city of La Ceiba founded in 1877 was named after a particular Ceiba tree that grew down by the old docks. In 1898, the Spanish Army in Cuba surrendered to the United States under a Ceiba, which was named the Santiago Surrender Tree, outside of Santiago de Cuba. Ceiba is also the national tree of Guatemala. The most important Ceiba in Guatemala is known as La Ceiba de Palรญn Escuintla which is over 400 years old. In Caracas, Venezuela there is a 100-year-old ceiba tree in front of the San Francisco Church known as La Ceiba de San Francisco and is an important element in the history of the city. The towering specimen near the town of Sabalito, Costa Rica, is a relict tree called "la ceiba" by residents and a survivor of one of the highest terrestrial rates of tropical deforestation. Ceiba pentandra produces a light and strong fiber (kapok) used throughout history to fill mattresses, pillows, tapestries, and dolls. Kapok has recently been replaced in commercial use by synthetic fibers. The Ceiba tree seed is used to extract oils used to make soap and fertilizers. The Ceiba continues to be commercialized in Asia, especially in Java, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. Ceiba pentandra is the central theme in the book titled, The Great Kapok Tree by Lynne Cherry. Ceiba insignis and Ceiba speciosa are added to some versions of the hallucinogenic drink Ayahuasca. Pablo Antonio Cuadra, a Nicaraguan poet, wrote a chapter about the Ceiba tree. He used it as a symbol of the Nicaraguan ancestral roots, a cradle for the nation, and source during the people's exile. Species There are 20 accepted species: Ceiba acuminata (S.Watson) Rose Mexico and Honduras Ceiba aesculifolia (Kunth) Britten & Baker f. Mexico to Costa Rica Ceiba boliviana Britten & Baker f. southern Peru to Bolivia Ceiba chodatii (Hassl.) Ravenna southeastern Bolivia to Paraguay and northern Argentina Ceiba crispiflora (Kunth) Ravenna Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais states in southeastern Brazil Ceiba erianthos (Cav.) K. Schum. eastern Brazil Ceiba glaziovii (Kuntze) K. Schum. northeastern Brazil Ceiba insignis (Kunth) P. E. Gibbs & Semir southern Ecuador and northern Peru Ceiba jasminodora (A. St.-Hil.) K. Schum. Serra do Espinhaรงo in southeastern Brazil Ceiba lupuna P. E. Gibbs & Semir northwestern Brazil and Peru Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Mexico, Central America, Caribbean, and northern South America Ceiba pubiflora (A. St.-Hil.) K. Schum. northeastern Brazil to Argentina's Misiones province Ceiba rubriflora Carv.-Sobr. & L.P.Queiroz eastern Brazil Ceiba salmonea (Ulbr.) Bakh. Peru Ceiba samauma (Mart.) K. Schum. Amazonia to Paraguay Ceiba schottii Britten & Baker f. southeastern Mexico and Guatemala Ceiba soluta (Donn. Sm.) Ravenna Guatemala Ceiba speciosa (A. St.-Hil.) Ravenna Amazonia to Paraguay Ceiba trischistandra (A. Gray) Bakh. western Ecuador and northwestern Peru Ceiba ventricosa (Nees & Mart.) Ravenna eastern Brazil Gallery References External links Malvaceae genera Natural history of Mesoamerica Taxa named by Philip Miller
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M-86
CP/M-86
CP/M-86์€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฆฌ์„œ์น˜(Digital Research, Inc.)์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“  ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์ธ CP/M ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ…” 8086 ๋ฐ ์ธํ…” 8088 CPU๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ช…๋ น์€ CP/M-80๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค. ์‹คํ–‰ ํŒŒ์ผ์€ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ .CMD ํŒŒ์ผ ํ˜•์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฆฌ์„œ์น˜์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” CP/M-86, MP/M-86๊ณผ ํ˜ธํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ ํƒœ์Šคํ‚น ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ๋„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ›„์— ์ปจ์ปค๋ŸฐํŠธ(Concurrent) CP/M-86์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. PC DOS ํ˜ธํ™˜์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์ปจ์ปค๋ŸฐํŠธ DOS๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ์œ ์ € DOS ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ REAL/32๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์‹  ๋ฒ„์ „์ด๋‹ค. DOS Plus, FlexOS ๋ฐ DR DOS ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ ์ œํ’ˆ๊ตฐ์€ ์ปจ์ปค๋ŸฐํŠธ DOS์˜ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. IBM PC IBM์‚ฌ์—์„œ IBM PC ์šฉ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ์—ฐ๋ฝํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ CP/M์ด ๋‹น์‹œ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์‘์šฉ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•„์ง ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ CP/M-86์ด ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ›„๋ณด์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฆฌ์„œ์น˜์‚ฌ์™€ IBM์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํ˜‘์ƒ์€ IBM์˜ ๋น„๊ณต๊ฐœ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ณผ DRI์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋กœ์—ดํ‹ฐ ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ผํšŒ์„ฑ ๋น„์šฉ ์ง€๋ถˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์žฅ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•…ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. IBM์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ˜‘์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์• ํ‹€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๋•์ธ ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์ž… ํ•œ ์šด์˜์ฒด์ œ๋กœ CP/M๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์ธ 86-DOS (QDOS)๋ฅผ MS-DOS์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ PC ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ IBM์— ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ , IBM์—์„œ๋Š” PC DOS๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋งคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋””์ง€ํƒˆ ๋ฆฌ์„œ์น˜์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์ž์ธ ๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌ ํ‚ฌ๋‹ฌ (Gary Kildall)์€ IBM์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ DRI์˜ ์ง€์ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์„ ์นจํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ IBM์„ ๊ณ ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , IBM์€ CP/M-86์„ PC ์šด์˜์ฒด์ œ์˜ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. IBM PC๋Š” 1981๋…„ 8์›” 12์ผ์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ PC๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 10์›”์— ์˜ˆ์ •๋ณด๋‹ค ์ผ์ฐ ์ถœํ•˜๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. CP/M-86์€ PC-DOS ๋ฐ UCSD p-์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด IBM์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฆฌ์„œ์น˜์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ IBM PC๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ CP/M-86์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์€ 1982๋…„ ๋ด„, PC-DOS ์ดํ›„ 6 ๊ฐœ์›” ๋’ค์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , CP/M-80์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‘์šฉํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ๋กœ ์ด์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋น„์Šคํ•œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฆฌ์„œ์น˜๋Š” IBM์‚ฌ์˜ ๋…์ ์ ์ธ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ผ์ดํ„ฐ(Displaywriter)๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ CP/M-86 ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, DEC Rainbow ๋ฐ Zenith Z-100๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ MS-DOS ํ˜ธํ™˜ 16 ๋น„ํŠธ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” CP/M-86์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ CP/M ์‘์šฉํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. PC ํ˜ธํ™˜์ œํ’ˆ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์ž MS๋Š” MS-DOS๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋‘ ์šด์˜์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ธํ™˜๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, CP/M-86์ด ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์†๋„๋Š” DOS๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. '๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ(BYTE)'์ง€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ ํƒœ์Šคํ‚น์„ ์ œ๋‹‰์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์ปจ์ปค๋ŸฐํŠธ CP/M-86์—๊ฒŒ ํฐ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. IBM PC์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, IBM ๋ฒ„์ „์šฉ CP/M-86์€ ๊ฐœ๋‹น 240๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ, ๊ฐœ๋‹น 40๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ DOS์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒ๋งค๊ฐ€ ์ €์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์–ด๋–ค ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด IBM PC ์ค‘ 96.3 %๋Š” DOS๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ CP/M-86 ๋ฐ ์ปจ์ปค๋ŸฐํŠธ CP/M-86์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 3.4 %์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1982๋…„ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜ CP/M ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์—…์ฒด ์ธ Lifeboat Associates์‚ฌ๋Š” IBM PC์—์„œ CP/M-86์„ ํ†ตํ•œ DOS ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ์ง€์—์„œ๋Š” IBM, Microsoft ๋ฐ Lifeboat์˜ DOS ์ง€์›์ด CP/M-86์— ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ Jerry Pournelle์€ "๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฆฌ์„œ์น˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์—์„œ ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ €์ง€๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1983๋…„ ์ดˆ DRI๋Š” CP/M-86 1.1์„ ์ตœ์ข… ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ 60 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด‘๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š” CP/M-86์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, "์ƒ์šฉ ๋ฐ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋œ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์‘์šฉํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ปฌ๋ ‰์…˜์— ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค"ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด "๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ํƒ์›”"ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋”๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์ข…์ „์— 75๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๋˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํ™•์žฅ (GSX)๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1983๋…„ 5์›”์— ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ์œ ํ‹ธ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์˜ DOS ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ์ œ๊ณต ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ "ํ™•์‹คํžˆ PC DOS๋Š” IBM PC์— ํฐ ์‹œ์žฅ ์นจํˆฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, "CP/M-86 ์ด DRI์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋˜๋งŒํผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณผ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1984๋…„ ์ดˆ์— DRI๋Š” 2๊ฐœ์˜ CP/M-86 ์‘์šฉ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ Concurrent CP/M-86์˜ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ์‚ฌ๋ณธ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ด‘๊ณ ์—์„œ ์‘์šฉ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ CP/M-86์„ ๋จผ์ € ๋กœ๋“œํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ(booter)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1984๋…„ 1์›”, DRI์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์“ฐ๋น„์‹œ ์ „๊ธฐ, ์‚ฐ์š” ์ „๊ธฐ (์ฃผ), Sord ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ (์ฃผ) ๋“ฑ์˜ 9๊ฐœ์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ CP/M-86์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด ๋ฒ„์ „์ธ Kanji CP/M-86์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ›„์ง€์“ฐ(Fujitsu)์‚ฌ๋Š” 1984๋…„ 12์›” Kanji CP/M-86์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ FM-16 ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. CP/M-86๊ณผ DOS๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๋น„์Šทํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ํŒŒ์ผ ํ˜•์‹์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ธํ™˜์„ฑ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋™์ผํ•œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘ ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช…๋ น ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋Š” ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, CP/M-86 (๋ฐ CP/M)์—์„œ๋Š” PIP TARGET=SOURCE ๋ช…๋ น์œผ๋กœ SOURCE ํŒŒ์ผ์„ TARGET์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์ œํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ DOS์—์„œ๋Š” COPY SOURCE TARGET์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด, ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ(syntax)์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์ƒ์ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” MS-DOS ๋ฐ CP/M-86์ด ์• ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฝ”ํŠธ(Apricot)์™€ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค(Sirius)์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ IBM PC์™€ ์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ํ˜ธํ™˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์—์„œ๋„ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ์šด์šฉ์ฒด์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋œ ์šด์šฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํ˜ธ์ถœ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์ž‘์„ฑ์ž๋Š” ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ง์ ‘ IBM PC ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์— ์•ก์„ธ์Šคํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ MS-DOS ๋ฐ CP/M-86 ๋ฒ„์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ IBM PC ์ „์šฉ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ, ์šด์˜์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ํ˜ธ์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ์ข…์† ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์ง์ ‘ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์— ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์  ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์• ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฝ”ํŠธ, ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ PC ๋น„ํ˜ธํ™˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ณง PC์™€ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. IBM PC์˜ ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 640 ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์›๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ MS-DOS ๋ฐ CP/M-86์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ œํ•œ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ 1 ๋ฉ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ์˜ RAM์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘ PC ๋งค๊ฑฐ์ง„(PC Magazine) ์žก์ง€์—์„œ๋Š” CP/M-86์ด "์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉด์—์„œ DOS๋ณด๋‹ค PC์— ๋” ์ž˜ ๋งž๋Š”" ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์–ด์…ˆ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” 6๋ฐฐ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, "CP/M์ด ๋งค๋ ฅ์ด ์ ์€ ๊ตฌ๋งค๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ CP/M-86์€ DOS๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋น„๋ก ์‘์šฉํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ CP/M-86์˜ ๋Ÿฐํƒ€์ž„ ๋ฒ„์ „์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ฝ์ ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์šด์šฉ์ฒด์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‘์šฉํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ง€์› ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„์ „ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ CP/M-86์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ„์ „ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘์‹œ์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” BDOS ์ปค๋„ ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฒ„์ „์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ์ธ์šฉ CP/M-86 ๋ฒ„์ „์—๋Š” CP/M-86 ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด, CP/M-86 ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์•”์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…์ „์˜ ๋™๊ตฌ๊ถŒ(East-bloc)์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ 16๋น„ํŠธ CP/M-86์˜ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด SCP1700 ( Single User Control Program), CP/K, ๋ฐ K8918-OS์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋™๋…์˜ VEB Robotron Dresden๊ณผ Energiekombinat Berlin์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์‚ฐ ์นผ๋ฐ๋ผ(Caldera)์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 1997๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํŒ€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆ„์Šคํ…Œ๋“œ(Tim Olmstead)์˜ "The Unofficial CP/M ์›น ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ"๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด CP/M ํŒจ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์†Œ์Šค ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์›๋ณธ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํŒŒ์ผ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํฌ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ •์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2001๋…„ 9์›” 12์ผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆ„์Šคํ…Œ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ง ํ•œ ํ›„, ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ์œ ํ†ต ๋ผ์ด์„ผ์Šค๋Š” 2001๋…„ 10์›” 19์ผ์— Digital Research ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ์†Œ์œ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๋ฆฌ๋„ค์˜ค(Lineo)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ •, ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ (1960๋…„๋Œ€) DOS ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฃผํ•ด ์ถœ์ „ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋น„๊ณต์‹ CP/M ์›น ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ . ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ ์†Œ์œ ์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์›๋ณธ Digital Research ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐํฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ผ์ด์„ผ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. comp.os.cpm FAQ CP/M Video๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” Intel iPDS-100 CP/M X86 ์šด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ ์ž์œ  ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์šด์˜์ฒด์ œ IBM PC ํ˜ธํ™˜๊ธฐ์ข…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M-86
CP/M-86
CP/M-86 is a discontinued version of the CP/M operating system that Digital Research (DR) made for the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088. The system commands are the same as in CP/M-80. Executable files used the relocatable .CMD file format. Digital Research also produced a multi-user multitasking operating system compatible with CP/M-86, MP/M-86, which later evolved into Concurrent CP/M-86. When an emulator was added to provide PCย DOS compatibility, the system was renamed Concurrent DOS, which later became Multiuser DOS, of which REAL/32 is the latest incarnation. The FlexOS, DOS Plus, and DRย DOS families of operating systems started as derivations of Concurrent DOS as well. History Digital Research's CP/M-86 was originally announced to be released in November 1979, but was delayed repeatedly. When IBM contacted other companies to obtain components for the IBM PC, the as-yet unreleased CP/M-86 was its first choice for an operating system because CP/M had the most applications at the time. Negotiations between Digital Research and IBM quickly deteriorated over IBM's non-disclosure agreement and its insistence on a one-time fee rather than DRI's usual royalty licensing plan. After discussions with Microsoft, IBM decided to use 86-DOS (QDOS), a CP/M-like operating system that Microsoft bought from Seattle Computer Products renaming it MS-DOS. Microsoft adapted it for PC, and licensed it to IBM. It was sold by IBM under the name of PCย DOS. After learning about the deal, Digital Research founder Gary Kildall threatened to sue IBM for infringing DRI's intellectual property, and IBM agreed to offer CP/M-86 as an alternative operating system on the PC to settle the claim. Most of the BIOS drivers for CP/M-86 for the IBM PC were written by Andy Johnson-Laird. The IBM PC was announced on 12 August 1981, and the first machines began shipping in October the same year, ahead of schedule. CP/M-86 was one of three operating systems available from IBM, with PCย DOS and UCSD p-System. Digital Research's adaptation of CP/M-86 for the IBM PC was released six months after PCย DOS in spring 1982, and porting applications from CP/M-80 to either operating system was about equally difficult. In November 1981, Digital Research also released a version for the proprietary IBM Displaywriter. On some dual-processor 8-bit/16-bit computers special versions of CP/M-86 could natively run CP/M-86 and CP/M-80 applications. A version for the DEC Rainbow was named CP/M-86/80, whereas the version for the was named CP/Mย 8-16 (see also: MP/Mย 8-16). The version of CP/M-86 for the 8085/8088-based Zenith Z-100 supported running programs for both processors as well. When PC clones came about, Microsoft licensed MS-DOS to other companies as well. Experts found that the two operating systems were technically comparable, with CP/M-86 having better memory management but DOS being faster. BYTE speculated that Microsoft reserving multitasking for Xenix "appears to leave a big opening" for Concurrent CP/M-86. On the IBM PC, however, at per copy for IBM's version, CP/M-86 sold poorly compared to the PCย DOS; one survey found that 96.3% of IBM PCs were ordered with DOS, compared to 3.4% with CP/M-86 or Concurrent CP/M-86. In mid-1982 Lifeboat Associates, perhaps the largest CP/M software vendor, announced its support for DOS over CP/M-86 on the IBM PC. BYTE warned that IBM, Microsoft, and Lifeboat's support for DOS "poses a serious threat to" CP/M-86, and Jerry Pournelle stated in the magazine that "it is clear that Digital Research made some terrible mistakes in the marketing". By early 1983 DRI began selling CP/M-86ย 1.1 to end users for . Advertisements called CP/M-86 a "terrific value", with "instant access to the largest collection of applications software in existence โ€ฆ hundreds of proven, professional software programs for every business and education need"; it also included Graphics System Extension (GSX), formerly . In May 1983 the company announced that it would offer DOS versions of all of its languages and utilities. It stated that "obviously, PCย DOS has made great market penetration on the IBM PC; we have to admit that", but claimed that "the fact that CP/M-86 has not done as well as DRI had hoped has nothing to do with our decision". By early 1984 DRI gave free copies of Concurrent CP/M-86 to those who purchased two CP/M-86 applications as a limited time offer, and advertisements stated that the applications were booters, which did not require loading CP/M-86 first. In January 1984, DRI also announced Kanji CP/M-86, a Japanese version of CP/M-86, for nine Japanese companies including Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Sanyo Electric Co. Ltd., Sord Computer Corp. In December 1984 Fujitsu announced a number of FM-16-based machines using Kanji CP/M-86. CP/M-86 and DOS had very similar functionality, but were not compatible because the system calls for the same functions and program file formats were different, so two versions of the same software had to be produced and marketed to run under both operating systems. The command interface again had similar functionality but different syntax; where CP/M-86 (and CP/M) copied file SOURCE to TARGET with the command PIP TARGET=SOURCE, DOS used COPY SOURCE TARGET. Initially MS-DOS and CP/M-86 also ran on computers not necessarily hardware-compatible with the IBM PC such as the Apricot and Sirius, the intention being that software would be independent of hardware by making standardised operating system calls to a version of the operating system custom tailored to the particular hardware. However, writers of software which required fast performance accessed the IBM PC hardware directly instead of going through the operating system, resulting in PC-specific software which performed better than other MS-DOS and CP/M-86 versions; for example, games would display fast by writing to video memory directly instead of suffering the delay of making a call to the operating system, which would then write to a hardware-dependent memory location. Non-PC-compatible computers were soon replaced by models with hardware which behaved identically to the PC's. A consequence of the universal adoption of detailed PC architecture was that no more than 640 kilobytes of memory were supported; early machines running MS-DOS and CP/M-86 did not suffer from this restriction, and some could make use of nearly one megabyte of RAM. Reception PC Magazine wrote that CP/M-86 "in several ways seems better fitted to the PC" than DOS; however, for those who did not plan to program in assembly language, because it cost six times more "CP/M seems a less compelling purchase". It stated that CP/M-86 was strong in areas where DOS was weak, and vice versa, and that the level of application support for each operating system would be most important, although CP/M-86's lack of a run-time version for applications was a weakness. Versions A given version of CP/M-86 has two version numbers. One applies to the whole system and is usually displayed at startup; the other applies to the BDOS kernel. Versions known to exist include: All known Personal CP/M-86 versions contain references to CP/M-86ย Plus, suggesting that they are derived from the CP/M-86ย Plus codebase. A number of 16-bit CP/M-86 derivatives existed in the former East-bloc under the names SCP1700 (), CP/K, and K8918-OS. They were produced by the East-German VEB Robotron Dresden and Berlin. Legacy Caldera permitted the redistribution and modification of all original Digital Research files, including source code, related to the CP/M family through Tim Olmstead's "The Unofficial CP/M Web site" since 1997. After Olmstead's death on 12 September 2001, the free distribution license was refreshed and expanded by Lineo, who had meanwhile become the owner of those Digital Research assets, on 19 October 2001. See also History of computing hardware (1960s-present) SpeedStart CP/M-86 DOS Plus Notes References Further reading External links The Unofficial CP/M Website, which has a licence from the copyright holder to distribute original Digital Research software. The comp.os.cpm FAQ Intel iPDS-100 Using CP/M-Video CP/M variants IBM PC compatibles Microcomputer software Digital Research operating systems Discontinued operating systems Floppy disk-based operating systems Free software operating systems X86 operating systems 1981 software
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B0%94%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94%EC%83%A4%20%EC%A0%84%EA%B5%AC
๋…ธ๋ฐ”์Šค์ฝ”์ƒค ์ „๊ตฌ
๋…ธ๋ฐ”์Šค์ฝ”์ƒค ์ „๊ตฌ()๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์ „์Ÿ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์Šค์ฝ”์ƒค์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ „ํˆฌ๋“ค์„ ์ด์นญํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์ด๋‹ค. 1776๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…๋ฆฝ ํ˜๋ช…์€ ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์Šค์ฝ”์ƒค์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์Šค์ฝ”์ƒค๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์— ๋งž์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์— ์ฐธ์ „ํ•  ์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ 14๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ํฌ์„ ์ด ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์Šค์ฝ”์ƒค์˜ ๋งˆ์„๋“ค์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์Šค์ฝ”์ƒค์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์˜๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์˜๊ตญ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฃผ๋‘”๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์Šค์ฝ”์ƒค ์ด๋…๋“ค์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ธฐ์†Œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ์•จ๋Ÿฐ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ๋•๋ถ„์— ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์Šค์ฝ”์ƒค๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…๋ฆฝ ํ˜๋ช…์ด ๋ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์Šค์ฝ”์ƒค์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋‰ด์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ ์ถœ์‹ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ˜๋ช…์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋™์ •์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€์ง€๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ํฌ์„ ๋“ค์ด ๋‰ด์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์— ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์™•๋‹นํŒŒ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๋ฌด์—ญ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์Šค์ฝ”์ƒค ๋งˆ์„๊ณผ ์„ ๋ฐ•์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ํฌ์„ ์€ ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์Šค์ฝ”์ƒค์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์Šค์ฝ”์ƒค๋กœ ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” 225์ฒ™์˜ ์„ ๋ฐ•์„ ๋‚˜ํฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1775๋…„ 6์›”, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์ด ๋งˆ์น˜์•„์Šค ํ•ด์ „์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•ด ์˜๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์€ 1775๋…„ 7์›” 2์ฒ™์˜ ๋ฌด์žฅ ์Šฌ๋ฃจํ”„์„ ์„ ๋งˆ์น˜์•„์Šค์— ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1775๋…„ 7์›” 12์ผ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ํฌ์„ ์ž์ธ ์กฐ์…‰ ์˜ค๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธ์ด 2์ฒ™์˜ ์˜๊ตญ ์„ ๋ฐ•์„ ํŽ€๋””๋งŒ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ํฌ์„ ์€ ์„ธ์ธํŠธ์กด ๊ธฐ์Šต์—์„œ ๋Œ€์Šน์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์น˜์•„์Šค์™€ ์„ธ์ธํŠธ์กด์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์ž ์˜๊ตญ์€ 1775๋…„ 10์›” ํŒ”๋จธ์Šค ๋ฐฉํ™”๋กœ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณด๋ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1775๋…„ 11์›”, ์ด ๋ฐฉํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋ณต์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์€ ์ƒฌ๋Ÿฟํƒ€์šด ๊ธฐ์Šต์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1775๋…„ ์•ผ๋ฅด๋ฌด์Šค ๊ธฐ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์Šค์ฝ”์ƒค์—์„œ์˜ ์ „์—ญ์€ ๋์ด ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ 1775๋…„ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์Šค์ฝ”์ƒค ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์กฐ์ง์ด ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ๊ทธ ์ด๋…์€ ์ƒ๋งคํŠœ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตํšŒ์˜ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ž์ธ ์กด ํ•„๋ฆฌ์Šค์™€ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋…์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ธ์Šค ํ•˜๋”ฉ ์žฌํŒ๊ด€์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•˜๋”ฉ์€ 1775๋…„ 10์›” ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์Šค์ฝ”์ƒค๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ๋Š” ๋Œ์•„์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์นดํž์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค ์žฌํŒ๊ด€์ด๋‚˜ ํ”„๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ ํŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ•ด์ž„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ์–ต์••๊ณผ ํญ์••์ •์น˜๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ ˆ๊ทธ ์ด๋…์€ 1776๋…„ 1์›”, ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์œผ๋กœ ์†Œํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌด๋ ต ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์Šค์ฝ”์ƒค์ธ๋“ค์ด ์˜๊ตญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•ด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๊ตฐ์— ๋ณต๋ฌดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚จ๋ถ€๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ ์ดํ›„ ์ด๋“ค์€ ์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค์˜ ํ”ผ๋‚œ๋ฏผ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1776๋…„ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ, ๋งˆ๊ฒŒ๋นŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์žฅ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋‚˜๋‹จ ์—๋””๋„ ํฌํŠธ์ปด๋ฒŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ์˜๊ตญ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์› ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™์ž ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ ์นดํž์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€๋“ค์€ ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์Šค์ฝ”์ƒค ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ "๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ˜๋ช…์— ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ํญ๋™ ์žฌํŒ์„ ์—ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์กด ์„ธ์ฝค๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ‹ฐ๋ชจ์‹œ ํœดํŠผ์€ ํญ๋™์ฃ„๋กœ ์ˆ˜๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งฌ๋Ÿฌ์น˜ ์ƒํ„ฐ๋Š” 1777๋…„ ํญ๋™์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 1776๋…„ ๋ง์—๋Š” ์กด ํด ์กด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์นธ์†Œ ๊ธฐ์Šต์„ ๊ฐํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1777๋…„ 3์›” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์•ผ๋ฅด๋ฌด์Šค ํ•ด์ „์—์„œ ์˜๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ต์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ํฌ์„ ๋“ค์€ ์ง€์—ญ ๋งˆ์„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฉํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋„๋ง์ณค๋‹ค. ์Šน์กฐ์›๋“ค์€ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•ผ๋ฅด๋ฌด์Šค์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚˜ํฌ์„ ๋“ค์ด ๋‰ด์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ๋กœ ๋„๋ง์น  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚˜ํฌ์„ ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1777๋…„ 5์›” 2์ผ์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋‚˜์Šค๊ฐ• ์œ ์—ญ์—์„œ ์ฝœ๋ ˆํŠธ ๋Œ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ํฌ์„  ์Šค์ฟ ๋„ˆ ์‹œ๋•์„ ๋‚˜ํฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ช…๋ นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์œˆ์ €์— ํ•ด๋‹น ๋‚˜ํฌ์„ ์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 6์›” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ˜๋ช…์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์€ ์„ธ์ธํŠธ์กด๊ฐ• ์›์ •์„ ๊ฐํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  6์›” ๋ง, ์˜๊ตญ๊ตฐ์€ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ˜๋ช…์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์„ ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์Šค์ฝ”์ƒค์—์„œ ์ถ•์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1777๋…„ 8์›” ์ œ2์ฐจ ๋งˆ์น˜์•„์Šค ํ•ด์ „์—์„œ ์˜๊ตญ๊ตฐ์€ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์Šต์„ ๋‹จํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1778๋…„ 3์›” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ํฌ์„ ์€ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ํ’€์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 8์›” 9์ผ, ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ํฌ์„ ๋“ค์€ ์ผ„ํŠธ๋นŒ์—์„œ ์ฝ˜์›”๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์˜๊ตญ๊ตฐ์€ ํœด ์š”์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์ง“๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 1778๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ ์Šค์ฟ ๋„ˆ ํ˜ธํ”„๊ฐ€ ์นธ์†Œ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ํฌ์„ ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 7๋ช…์˜ ํ˜๋ช…์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์ด ๋„์ฃผํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ดํ›„ ํ•ผ๋ฆฌํŒฉ์Šค์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ถ™์žกํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๊ฐ์ž๋“ค์€ 1778๋…„ 9์›” ์Šค์œ„ํ”„ํŠธํ˜ธ์˜ ์˜๊ตญ์ธ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ตํ™˜๋˜์–ด ํ•ผ๋ฆฌํŒฉ์Šค์—์„œ ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค. The Cartel Silver Eel took prisoners to Boston in October 1778. 1779๋…„, ๋งˆ๊ฒŒ๋นŒ์ด ์กด ์•จ๋Ÿฐ ์ค‘๋ น์˜ ์ง€์‹œ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ธฐ์Šต๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ์Šต์—์„œ 1์ฒ™์˜ ์„ ๋ฐ•์ด ๋‚˜ํฌ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์˜ฅ 2์ฑ„์—์„œ 3์ฑ„๊ฐ€ ์ „์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•ด์„œ ๋‰ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฐ์ฆˆ์œ…์˜ ์˜ค๋กœ๋ชฉํ† ๊ฐ• ์ž…๊ตฌ์— ํœด ์š”์ƒˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ์š”์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1779๋…„ ์œˆ์ €์˜ ์˜๊ตญ๊ตฐ์€ 12์ฒ™์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ํฌ์„ ์„ ํŽ€๋”” ๋งŒ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1779๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ํฌ์„ ์ž๋“ค์€ ์นธ์†Œ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€ ์–ด์—…์žฅ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘ํ›„๋ฐ˜ 1779๋…„ ํ•ผ๋ฆฌํŒฉ์Šค์˜ ์˜๊ตญ๊ตฐ์€ ํŽ˜๋†‰์Šค์บ‡๋งŒ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉ”์ธ๊ฐ•์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฑฐ์ ๋“ค์„ ์ ๋ นํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ „๋žต์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•ด ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋‰ด์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ๋Š” ์™•๋‹นํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ๊ฒธ ์˜๊ตญ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌํ™œ๋™์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณธ๋ถ€๋กœ ์“ฐ์ผ ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1779๋…„ 7์›”, ํ”„๋žœ์Šค์‹œ์Šค ๋งฅ๋ฆฐ์€ ํ•ผ๋ฆฌํŒฉ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜ ์นด์Šคํ‹ด ํ•ญ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ์œก๊ตฐ์„ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์นด์Šคํ‹ด ํ•ญ์— ์ƒ๋ฅ™ํ•ด ๋งˆ์„์„ ์ ๋ นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋„์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ง€์ ์— ํฌํŠธ์กฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„คํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์นจ์ž…์— ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ์‹ฌ์„ ๋Š๊ปด์„œ ๋งค์‚ฌ์ถ”์„ธ์ธ  ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์˜ํšŒ๋Š” ํŽ˜๋†‰์Šค์ฝง ์›์ •๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌํ•ด ์š”์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ นํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ํƒˆํ™˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ์œ„์ „์€ 7์›” 25์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด ์˜๊ตญ๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€์ธ ์กฐ์ง€ ์ฝœ๋ฆฌ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋„์ฐฉํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ 3์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋„์ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ์›์ •๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ฒฉ๋ฉธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1779๋…„ ๋ง ํ•ผ๋ฆฌํŒฉ์Šค์— ์ฃผ๋‘”ํ•œ ์˜๊ตญ๊ตฐ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์†์‹ค์„ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค. 12์›”์—๋Š” ์Šค์ฟ ๋„ˆ ํ˜ธํ”„๊ฐ€ ์‚ผ๋ธŒ๋กœ์„ฌ ๋“ฑ๋Œ€ ์ธ๊ทผ์—์„œ ์นจ๋ชฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ๋ณผ๋”˜์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ 7๋ช…์˜ ์Šน์กฐ์›์ด ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ํ›„ 170๋ช…์˜ ์˜๊ตญ ํ•ญํ•ด์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋…ธ์Šคํ•จ๊ณผ ์„ธ์ธํŠธํ—ฌ๋ ˆ๋‚˜ํ•จ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ํ•ผ๋ฆฌํŒฉ์Šค ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์— ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜๋˜ ์ค‘ ํญํ’์— ํœฉ์“ธ๋ ค ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1780๋…„ 10์›” 7์ผ ํ•ผ๋ฆฌํŒฉ์Šค ํ•ด์ „์—์„œ ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ๋กœ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ํฌ์„  "๋ฆฌ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜"ํ•จ์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ํฌ์„  "๋ฐ”์ดํผ"ํ•จ๊ณผ ๋งž๋ถ™์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ•ด์ „์€ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ํฌ์„ ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์น˜์—ดํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ „ํˆฌ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๊ผฝํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ „ํˆฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์˜๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ํฌ์„ ์ด ํ•ญ๋ณตํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋„ 33๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1781๋…„ 5์›”, ์ง€์—ญ ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์Šค์ฝ”์ƒค ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ํฌ์„ ์„ ์Šคํ•„ํŠธ๊ณถ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ ๊ฒฉํ‡ด์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ฌ ์˜๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ๊ณผ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํ•ด๊ตฐ์ด ๋ธŒ๋ ˆํŠผ๊ณถ ํ•ด์ „์—์„œ ์ถฉ๋Œํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๊ตฐ์ด ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚˜ํฌ์„ ์€ ์•„๋‚˜ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋กœ์—ด ๊ธฐ์Šต์„ ๊ฐํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์Šค์ฝ”์ƒค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ํฌ์„ ์€ ํ•ผ๋ฆฌํŒฉ์Šค ํ•ด์ „์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๊ณ  ๋คผ๋„จ๋ฒ„๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์Šต์„ ๊ฐํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ฃผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์ „์Ÿ ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์Šค์ฝ”์ƒค์ฃผ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova%20Scotia%20in%20the%20American%20Revolution
Nova Scotia in the American Revolution
The Province of Nova Scotia was heavily involved in the American Revolutionary War (1776โ€“1783). At that time, Nova Scotia also included present-day New Brunswick until that colony was created in 1784. The Revolution had a significant impact on shaping Nova Scotia, "almost the 14th American Colony". At the beginning, there was ambivalence in Nova Scotia over whether the colony should join the Americans in the war against Britain. Largely as a result of American privateer raids on Nova Scotia villages, as the war continued, the population of Nova Scotia solidified their support for the British. Nova Scotians were also influenced to remain loyal to Britain by the presence of British military units, judicial prosecution by the Nova Scotia Governors and the efforts of Reverend Henry Alline. Context In Nova Scotia a number of former New England residents objected to the Stamp Act 1765, but recent British immigrants and London-oriented business interests based in Halifax, the provincial capital, were more influential in keeping the colony loyal to the crown. The only major public protest was the hanging in effigy of the stamp distributor and Lord Bute. The act was implemented in both provinces, but Nova Scotia's stamp distributor resigned in January 1766, beset by ungrounded fears for his safety. Authorities there were ordered to allow ships bearing unstamped papers to enter its ports, and business continued unabated after the distributors ran out of stamps. 1775โ€“1778 At the outbreak of the American Revolution, many Nova Scotians were New England-born and were sympathetic to the American Patriots. This support slowly eroded over the first two years of the war as American privateers attacked Nova Scotian villages and shipping to try to interrupt Nova Scotian trade with the American Loyalists still in New England. During the war, American privateers captured 225 vessels either leaving or arriving at Nova Scotia ports. In June 1775, the Americans had their first naval victory over the British in the Battle of Machias. In response to this defeat, in July 1775, the British sent from Halifax two armed sloops to Machias, Province of Massachusetts Bay to capture the rebels. American privateer Joseph O'Brien captured these two British vessels on 12 July 1775 in the Bay of Fundy. The following month American privateers from Machias executed their third consecutive victory in the region by raiding St John. In retaliation for the American victories at Machias and St. John, the British executed the Burning of Falmouth (present-day Portland, Maine) in October 1775. The following month, in November 1775, the American Patriots retaliated by ships Hancock and from Marblehead conducting the Raid on Charlottetown (1775) and Canso, Nova Scotia where they took five prizes. (In the raid on Charlottetown, the privateers also sought revenge against Nathaniel Coffin, the Loyalist who cut down the Liberty Tree in Boston.) The first year of the war ended with the American privateer Raid on Yarmouth, Nova Scotia. In 1775, rebellion began to ferment within Nova Scotia. Governor Legge began to target prominent Protestant dissenters of the St. Matthew's Church: John Fillis and judge William Smith and John Frost (minister). The Governor also targeted judge Seth Harding from the Liverpool Township and he left on October 1775 and did not return. According to Cahill, as a result of "instances of non-legal repression and petty tyranny, such as the summary dismissals of Judge Smith and Justice Frost, had ended with the recall of Governor Legge [to London] in January 1776." A small number of Nova Scotians went south to serve with the Continental Army against the British; upon the completion of the war these rebels were granted land in the Refugee Tract in Ohio. In 1776, there was also armed rebellion such as the Maugerville Rebellion (1776). The other attack was by land and led by Jonathan Eddy who led the Battle of Fort Cumberland. According to historian Barry Cahill, this rebellion led the Nova Scotia government to "use the formal law in sedition trials for an essential aspect of the official response to the American Revolution." The government arraigned dissenters John Seccombe and jailed Timothy Houghton for sedition (incitement to rebellion). Malachy Salter was convicted of sedition in 1777. At the end of 1776, there were two significant American attacks on Nova Scotia. One of these assaults was by sea and led by John Paul Jones in the Raid on Canso (1776). In 1776, John Allan led the Maliseet to challenge the loyalists on Indian Island, New Brunswick to join the rebel cause. In 1776, two American privateers took four vessels at Cape Forchu, Nova Scotia and took the people of the hamlet prisoners. In March 1777, in the first American Navy encounter with the British, the British ran the American vessel aground in the Battle off Yarmouth (1777) and the privateers escaped to find protection among the local village. The crew found support and the inhabitants of Yarmouth sheltered the American privateers from the British navy until they made their escape back to New England. The engagement between the American privateers and local militia was one of several in the region. On 2 May 1777, in the Minas Basin Captain Collet ordered the capture the American privateer schooner Sea Duck, under the command of John Bohannan. He had the vessel taken to Windsor. In June, the American Patriots launched the St. John River expedition. In July 1777, HMS Amazon captured the privateer Active off of Cape Sable Island. In August 1777, the British raided Machias. The following year, in April 1778 the American privateers again attacked Liverpool. On 9 August, Privateers attacked Cornwallis at present-day Kentville, which resulted in the British building Fort Hughes in the area. The fort could hold 56 soldiers. In 1778, the British schooner Hope also destroyed a privateer ship at Canso. Seven Patriots escaped but were later captured near Halifax. Prisoners were returned from Halifax to Boston on the Swift in September 1778. The Cartel Silver Eel took prisoners to Boston in October 1778. In 1779 Maugerville was raided again by Maliseets working with John Allan in Machias, Maine. A vessel was captured and two or three residents' homes were plundered. In response, a blockhouse was built at the mouth of Oromocto River also named Fort Hughes (New Brunswick) (named after the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, Sir Richard Hughes). In June 1779, the British troops at Windsor captured 12 American privateers in the Bay of Fundy, where they cruised in a large boat, armed, plundering the vessels and the inhabitants. In 1779, American privateers returned to Canso and destroyed the fisheries, which were worth ยฃ50,000 a year to Britain. 1779โ€“1782 In 1779 the British from Halifax adopted a strategy to seize parts of Maine, especially around Penobscot Bay, and make it a new colony to be called New Ireland. It was intended to be a permanent colony for Loyalists and a base for military action during the war. In early July 1779, Francis McLean left Halifax and led a British naval and military force into Castine's commodious harbor, landed troops, and took control of the village. He began erecting Fort George on one of the highest points of the peninsula. Alarmed by this incursion, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts sent the Penobscot Expedition to lay side to the fort and reclaim the territory. The siege started on July 25 and lasted three weeks until the arrival of British commander George Collier who crushed the American expedition. (The British held New Ireland, the planned loyalist homeland, until the end of the war. Instead, the British divided Nova Scotia and named the new Loyalist homeland New Brunswick.) At the end of 1779, the British at Halifax experienced some significant losses. In December 1779 the schooner Hope wrecked near the Sambro Island Light on the Three Sisters Rocks. Captain Henry Baldwin and six other crew were killed. Weeks later, 170 British sailors were lost when two vessels โ€“ North and St Helena โ€“ were wrecked in a storm when entering Halifax harbour. On 10 July 1780, in the Battle off Halifax, the British privateer brig Resolution (16 guns) under the command of Thomas Ross engaged the American privateer Viper (22 guns and 130 men) off Halifax at Sambro Light. In what one observer described as "one of the bloodiest battles in the history of privateering", the two privateers began a "severe engagement" during which both pounded each other with cannon fire for about 90 minutes. The engagement resulted in the surrender of the British ship and the death of up to 18 British and 33 American sailors. In May 1781, the local Nova Scotia militia defeated American privateers in the Battle off Cape Split. The British and French also clashed in the Naval battle off Cape Breton. Finally, the privateers returned in the Raid on Annapolis Royal (1781). In the final year of attacks on Nova Scotia, the American privateers fought in the Naval battle off Halifax and the Raid on Lunenburg (1782). Defence regiments To guard against American privateer attacks, the 84th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland Emigrants) (2nd battalion) was garrisoned at forts around Atlantic Canada. Fort Edward (Nova Scotia) in Windsor, Nova Scotia was the Regiment's headquarters to prevent a possible American land assault on Halifax from the Bay of Fundy. Also raised in Nova Scotia were the Royal Fencible American Regiment and the Royal Nova Scotia Volunteer Regiment. The King's Orange Rangers defended Liverpool, the second largest settlement in the colony. The Hessians also served in Nova Scotia for five years (1778โ€“1783). They protected the colony from American privateers, such as when they responded to the Raid on Lunenburg (1782). They were led by Baron Oberst Franz Carl Erdmann von Seitz. There were 5000 British troops in Nova Scotia by 1778. Naval defence In terms of naval force, along with issuing letters of marque for different privateering vessels, in 1776 the Government also retained the armed schooner Loyal Nova Scotian (8 guns, 28 men). On Nov. 26, 1776, under the command of John Alexander, the Loyal Nova Scotian re-captured the privateer Friendship. In 1778, the vessel was ordered to Lunenburg and then retired. By 1779, Nova Scotia's naval defence had four vessels: a frigate (32 guns), sloop of war (18 guns), armed schooner (14 guns) and another armed schooner (10 guns). These ships were named Revenge (18 guns, 50 men, Captain Jones Fawson; Captain James Gandy), Buckram (8 guns, 20 men, Captain Archibald Allardice) and the armed schooner Insulter (Captain John Sheppard), all acting under government orders. There were numerous other privateers supported by local villages: Enterprise (Liverpool), Hero (100 men, 16 guns, Captain Bailey, Chester), Arbuthnot, The David, Mowatt, Lady Hammond, The Fly, Sir George Hammond, Lancaster, Dreadnought (Captain Dean of Liverpool), The Success, The Lively, the sloop Howe, and the ship Jack. In 1778, Nova Scotians ships had taken at least 48 prizes and four recaptures. Between 1779 and 1781, they captured 42. Treaty of Watertown In 1776, the Mi'kmaq signed the Treaty of Watertown, agreeing to support the American Patriots against the American Loyalists. Three years later, on 7 June 1779, the Mi'kmaq "delivered up" the Watertown treaty to Nova Scotia Governor Michael Francklin and re-established Mi'kmaw loyalty to the British. After the British resounding victory over the American Penobscot Expedition, according to Mi'kmaw historian Daniel Paul, Mi'kmaq in present-day New Brunswick renounced the Watertown treaty and signed a treaty of alliance with the British on 24 September 1779. American Revolution gallery St. John's Island and Newfoundland The population of St. John's Island (present-day Prince Edward Island), small compared to Nova Scotia, was only about 1215 in 1774. Nova Scotia has been described as a 'shield' to the other two colonies, stopping much unrest from the American colonies from reaching them. St. John's Island during the time has been described as "a model colony". At the outbreak of the American Revolution, Phillips Callback was in charge of St. Johns Island. Thomas Gage began recruiting men to help defend Quebec against American attack; however, his efforts were hindered by a group of American revolutionaries living in Pictou, Nova Scotia. A group of about 150 American soldiers set out to attack ships bringing arms to the British. Though they failed in their attempt, they arrived in Pictou, and from the Americans living there learned about recruiting efforts, and attacked Charlottetown. They threatened to set fire to the town but Callback convinced them to spare the town. Callback and Thomas Wright (the surveyor of the island) were taken prisoner. The two hostages were eventually released, and made it back to the island on May 1, 1776. After the attack, an armed brig was sent to guard St. John's Island, and a militia was raised. The brig left when arrived in September 1776. A fort was planned to better defend the town than Fort Amherst could. After Eddy's raid, the militia (which had only existed as 20 men previously) was raised to 80, and named The Loyal Island of St. John Volunteers. In 1778, five companies under Timothy Hierlihy were sent to better garrison the island. At the troops' arrival, Callback was ordered to disband the "superfluous and expensive" militia. He ignored the orders. The feasibility of attacking St. John's was considered by the French navy. The Island, despite perceived danger, served mainly as a stopping point for British troops on their way out from Quebec, and British troops bringing captured privateers back. A group of 200 Hessians en route to Quebec spent a year on the Island. Work on the fort continued until Patterson (the governor) arrived in 1780. He saw the five companies and 8,000 pounds which had been spent on fortifications as a colossal waste of money. Work was halted and the companies returned. Throughout the war, the island was highly loyal, and endured few attacks. In 1765, Newfoundland's population was around 15,000, consisting largely of Irish immigrants. As it was not technically a colony, Newfoundland did not pay the Stamp Act 1765 or Townshend Acts taxes. Despite having minor problems with the British government, the island "preserved a tone of exemplary loyalty." The island maintained nearly no defences, and as such, Esek Hopkins was sent to attack Newfoundland. In September 1776, a group of several privateers took three or four ships, and plundered about ten others. In 1777, was captured, and several months later retaken. The following year many other ships were attacked, particularly by . Upon the arrival of Richard Edwards, many privateers were defeated, and by 1779, very few were left. Edwards ordered cannon distributed to allow towns to defend themselves against attack. In early 1780, at Mortier, a privateer was repulsed by the town. That same year, a fleet, led by Edwards, of nine ships, captured six privateers. Fourteen were captured the next year. Several companies were raised, and several hundred soldiers left to fight with British troops. Both islands had minor food shortages, particularly after a fire on St. Johns burnt 35 houses, and many stores of food. The fishing industries in both were reduced to "low and miserable state[s]," and the general population of both decreased as well. An outbreak of robberies occurred as people needed various resources. A riot occurred in 1779 on St. John's, in which one person was killed. Loyalist settlements About 20,000 Loyalists fled to Nova Scotia during and after the American Revolution. Most came from the state of New York. The three largest settlements being Saint John River Valley, Digby, Nova Scotia and Shelburne, Nova Scotia. Cape Breton was a separate colony as received 3150 Loyalists. Ile St. Jean received 300 Loyalist refugees. The British returned New Ireland to the Americans and the territory in Maine entered the control of the newly independent American state of Massachusetts. Those from New Ireland settled St. Andrews, New Brunswick. With the Loyalist homeland gone, Nova Scotia was divided to accommodate the Loyalists: both New Brunswick and Cape Breton were created as separate colonies for the Loyalists (Cape Breton returned to Nova Scotia in 1820). There are many Loyalists who settled in Halifax and were buried in the Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia), including a number of Black Loyalists who have unmarked graves. Numerous British soldiers became Loyalists and their regiments settled in various communities across Nova Scotia. The Royal Fencible American Regiment settled in Wallace, Nova Scotia. The Second Battalion of the 84th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland Emigrants) settled in Municipality of East Hants, particularly at Kennetcook, Nova Scotia. There were three Regiments that settled Digby, Nova Scotia: New Jersey Volunteers, the Royal Garrison Battalion and the Loyal American Regiment. Black Pioneers settled in Brindley Town, (now Acaciaville, Nova Scotia). The Black Pioneers settled at Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia. The Hessians also settled Annapolis Royal and other places in Nova Scotia. At Guysborough, Nova Scotia there were six regiments that settled: Jamaica Rangers, Jamaica Volunteers, Negro Horse, Royal North Carolina Regiment, Duke of Cumberland's Regiment and the North Carolina Highlanders. East Country Harbour, Nova Scotia was settled by three regiments: the Royal North Carolina Regiment, the King's Carolina Rangers (see Joseph Marshall) and the South Carolina Royalists. The Royal Nova Scotia Volunteer Regiment settled Ship Harbour, Nova Scotia and Antigonish, Nova Scotia. The King's Orange Rangers settled in Middleton, Nova Scotia. Communities named after Loyalist Leaders Parrsboro, Nova Scotia, John Parr Guysborough, Nova Scotia (Guy's borough), Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester) Carleton Corner Carleton Village, Nova Scotia Birchtown, Nova Scotia, Brigadier-General Samuel Birch, compiler of the Book of Negroes Rawdon, Nova Scotia, Francis Rawdon-Hastings Digby, Nova Scotia, Admiral Robert Digby (Royal Navy officer) Abercrombie, Nova Scotia, General James Abercrombie Tiddville, Nova Scotia, Samuel Tidd, a private for Col. Beverley Robinson Gilbert Cove, Nova Scotia, Lt. Thomas Gilbert Barton, Nova Scotia, Lt. Col. Joseph Barton (military officer) Russell Lake, Nova Scotia, Nathaniel Russell Wentworth, Nova Scotia, Sir John Wentworth, 1st Baronet Wentworth Valley, Nova Scotia Wentworth Station, Nova Scotia Douglas, Nova Scotia, Sir Charles Douglas, 1st Baronet Seccombes Island, Nova Scotia, Rev. John Seccombe Allendale, Nova Scotia, James Allen Ballantynes Cove, Antigonish, (David Ballentine, 82nd Regiment) Balls Creek, Nova Scotia, (Ingram Ball, 33rd Regiment) See also Military history of Nova Scotia Notes References Bibliography Records of the Vice Admiralty Court - American Revolution and War of 1812 Neil MacKinnon. This Unfriendly Soil: The Loyalist Experience in Nova Scotia, 1783โ€“1791. McGill-Queen's Press. 1986. Nova Scotia on the road to the Revolution Loyalists - New Hampshire to Annapolis. 1916. Weld, Allen. Massachusetts Privateers in the American Revolution. 1911 Marines in the Revolution :a history of the Continental Marines in the American Revolution, 1775-1783 Adam Short - Nova Scotia and the American Revolution. 1914. American Privateers off Nova Scotia, Naval Documents of the American Revolution, p. 1204 Military operations in eastern Maine and Nova Scotia during ... Kidder, Frederic, 1804-1885. Naval Documents and the American Revolution. Vol. 1-9. Naval History and Heritage Command History of Nova Scotia Military history of Nova Scotia Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War
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์†ก์˜์˜
์†ก์˜์˜(ๅฎ‹ไน‰ๅ‹‡, 1993๋…„ 11์›” 8์ผ ~ )์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณ„ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 1์˜ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์„ธ๋ฐ”์•ผ ์ˆ˜๋ผ๋ฐ”์•ผ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋“œํ•„๋”๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2021๋…„ 8์›” 27์ผ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด๋กœ ๊ท€ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ ์ž…๋‹จ ์ด์ „ ์ •์™•์ค‘ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ์ค‘3 ๋•Œ๋Š” ํŒ€์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋งก๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์—ฌ์˜๋„๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์— ์ง„ํ•™ํ•œ ๋’ค์—๋„ ๋‘๊ฐ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•œ ๋•Œ K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1์˜ ์ˆ˜์› ์‚ผ์„ฑ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ์œ™์ฆˆ์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ์‹œํ‹ฐ ์„ธ์ผ๋Ÿฌ์Šค 2011๋…„ ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ์‹œํ‹ฐ ์„ธ์ผ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์ž…๋‹จ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ”„๋กœ ์ปค๋ฆฌ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž…๋‹จ ์งํ›„์—๋Š” 2๊ตฐํŒ€์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 2012 ์‹œ์ฆŒ ํŒ€์˜ 1๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์Šน๊ฒฉ๋œ ๋’ค 2012๋…„ 7์›” 12์ผ์— ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ์›Œ๋ฆฌ์–ด์Šค FC์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ”„๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ท”์ „์„ ์น˜๋ €๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 2022 ์‹œ์ฆŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณต์‹์ „ 221๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 79๊ณจ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน ๋ฐ 3ํšŒ ์ค€์šฐ์Šน, ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด์ปต 1ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน ๋ฐ 2ํšŒ ์—ฐ์† ์ค€์šฐ์Šน, ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ์‹ค๋“œ 2ํšŒ ์šฐ์Šน, 2022๋…„ AFC ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ณธ์„  ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ง„์ถœ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ 11์‹œ์ฆŒ๋™์•ˆ ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ์‹œํ‹ฐ ์„ธ์ผ๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋ฏธ๋“œํ•„๋”๋กœ ๋งนํ™œ์•ฝํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ 2022๋…„ AFC ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ F์กฐ ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ FC๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ๋งŒ 2๊ณจ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ 2์ฐจ์ „์—์„œ๋Š” 3-0 ์™„์Šน์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ž€์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ์Œ์—๋„ ์ตœ์ข…์ „์—์„œ๋Š” 1-2๋กœ ์•„์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์„ํŒจํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์—์„œ ํƒˆ๋ฝํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ AFC ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ๋ณธ์„  ์ตœ๋‹ค ์Šน์  ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฒฝ์‹ ์— ์•ž์žฅ์„ฐ๋‹ค. ๋†๋ถ€์•„ ํ•์ฐจ์•ผ 2022-23 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๋˜ 2023๋…„ 1์›” 15์ผ ํƒœ๊ตญ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1 ์†Œ์†ํŒ€์ด์ž 2๋ฒˆ์˜ ํƒœ๊ตญ FA์ปต์—์„œ 8๊ฐ• ์ง„์ถœ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ๋†๋ถ€์•„ ํ•์ฐจ์•ผ๋กœ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋˜์–ด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 8๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ 1๊ณจ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๊ณ  ํŒ€์€ 5์Šน 6๋ฌด 19ํŒจยท๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 15์œ„์— ๊ทธ์น˜๋ฉฐ 2๋ถ€ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋“ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋ฅด์„ธ๋ฐ”์•ผ ์ˆ˜๋ผ๋ฐ”์•ผ 2022-23 ์‹œ์ฆŒ์ด ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋œ์ง€ 1๊ฐœ์›”์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 6์›” 21์ผ ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 1์˜ ํŽ˜๋ฅด์„ธ๋ฐ”์•ผ ์ˆ˜๋ผ๋ฐ”์•ผ๋กœ ์ด์ ์„ ํ™•์ •์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด A๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ 2021๋…„ 8์›” 27์ผ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด๋กœ ๊ท€ํ™”ํ•œ ๋’ค ๋™๋…„ 11์›” 11์ผ 2019๋…„ AFC ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ์ปต 16๊ฐ• ์ง„์ถœํŒ€์ธ ํ‚ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ์Šค์Šคํƒ„๊ณผ์˜ ์นœ์„  ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ A๋งค์น˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฐ๋ท”์ „์„ ์น˜๋ €๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ ํ™ˆ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ 2020๋…„ AFF ์Šค์ฆˆํ‚ค์ปต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์†Œ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ฒซ ๊ตญ์ œ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์กฐ๋ณ„๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 4๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ 3๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์‹ ํƒœ์šฉ ๊ฐ๋…์ด ์ด๋„๋Š” ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„์™€์˜ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน 2์ฐจ์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” A๋งค์น˜ ๋ฐ๋ท”๊ณจ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ ธ์œผ๋‚˜ ํŒ€์˜ 1ยท2์ฐจ์ „ ํ•ฉ๊ณ„ 3-5 ํŒจ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€์—์„œ์˜ 2๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ตญ์ œ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์ธ 2023๋…„ AFC ์•„์‹œ์•ˆ์ปต 3์ฐจ ์˜ˆ์„ ์—๋„ ์ถœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™ˆํŒ€ ํ‚ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ์Šค์Šคํƒ„๊ณผ์˜ F์กฐ ์ฒซ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์„ ์ œ๊ณจ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ ธ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒ€์€ ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 1-2๋กœ ์—ญ์ „ํŒจํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ํŒ€์ธ ๋ฏธ์–€๋งˆ์™€์˜ ์ตœ์ข…์ „์—์„œ๋Š” 2๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋งŒ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋“์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒ€์˜ 6-2 ๋Œ€์Šน์— ์ผ์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋‹ด K๋ฆฌ๊ทธ1 ๊ด‘์ฃผ FC์˜ ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ™œ์•ฝ ์ค‘์ธ ์ด๋ฏผ๊ธฐ์™€๋Š” ์—ฌ์˜๋„๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋™๊ธฐ์ด๋ฉฐ 2022๋…„ FIFA ์›”๋“œ์ปต 16๊ฐ•์˜ ์ฃผ์—ญ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์†์ค€ํ˜ธ์™€๋Š” ์ธ์ฒœ๋‚จ๋™์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์„ ยทํ›„๋ฐฐ์ง€๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ํ‰์–‘์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ 4.25์ฒด์œก๋‹จ๊ณผ์˜ 2018๋…„ AFC์ปต ์ง€์—ญ๊ฐ„ ์ค€๊ฒฐ์Šน 2์ฐจ์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ๋ถํ•œ ์ž…๊ตญ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ณธ์ธ๋งŒ ๊ตญ์ ์ด ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•„์ฃผ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์šด ์ž…๊ตญ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐŸ์•˜๊ณ  ๋ถํ•œ ์ฒด๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ๋ถํ•œ ๊ตฐ์ธ์ด ๋ณด๋””๊ฐ€๋“œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ณ„์† ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋‹ค๋…”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ตญ์ ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋‹น์‹œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ํ™€๋กœ ๋ถ€์–‘ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ƒ๊ณ„๊ณค๋ž€์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ‘์—ญ๋ฉด์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ 10๋…„๊ฐ„ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•œ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ด๋ฏธ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ์˜์ฃผ๊ถŒ์€ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์•ž์„  2๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ท€ํ™” ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์…จ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 3๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ท€ํ™” ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 2021๋…„ 8์›” 27์ผ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ๊ตญ์  ์ทจ๋“์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ํด๋Ÿฝ ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ์‹œํ‹ฐ ์„ธ์ผ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ : ์šฐ์Šน (2021), ์ค€์šฐ์Šน (2013, 2018, 2022) ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด์ปต : ์šฐ์Šน (2013), ์ค€์šฐ์Šน (2014, 2015) ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ์‹ค๋“œ : ์šฐ์Šน (2019, 2022) ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ ๋Œ€ํšŒ : 4๊ฐ• (2020) ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1993๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ˜• ๋ฏธ๋“œํ•„๋” ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ์‹œํ‹ฐ ์„ธ์ผ๋Ÿฌ์Šค FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋†๋ถ€์•„ ํ”ผ์น˜์•ผ FC์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ์ง„์ถœ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ๋‚จ์ž ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ธ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด๋กœ ๊ท€ํ™”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ •์™•์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ ์—ฌ์˜๋„๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 1 (์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„)์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ํƒ€์ด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ 1์˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song%20Ui-young
Song Ui-young
Song Ui-young (; born 8 November 1993) is a South Korean-born Singaporean professional footballer who plays as a central-midfielder, attacking-midfielder or a winger for Liga 1 club Persebaya Surabaya. Born in South Korea, he represents the Singapore national team. Arguably one of the most accomplished midfielders in the Singapore Premier League, he is known for his high work rate and superb technical abilities. He moved to Singapore in 2011 to join Home United โ€“ now known as the Lion City Sailors. He has established himself as one of the best attacking-midfielders in Southeast Asia. Early life Song was born in Incheon, South Korea and spent most of his childhood between school and football. Song was known as a quiet child during his schooling days, but stood out for his footballing skills and passion for the sport. He was scouted in his final year of elementary school to join Cheong Wang Middle School, a school renowned for its footballing programme. Song also moved to the dormitory as the school premises were situated in the Gyeonggi-do province, away from Incheon where he lived. Youth career At the age of 13, Song began training with the school team of Cheong Wang Middle School. In the final year of middle school, Song was made the team captain and his head coach also put in a recommendation during his graduation for him to attend his high school education at Yeouido High School, which was known for its affiliations with K League Classic club Suwon Samsung Bluewings. Club career Home United Having excelled at youth level for his academy, by the recommendation of his coach from Yeouido High School, Song left South Korea at the age of 18 to pursue footballing opportunities in Singapore. Song's move to Singapore was eased by the presence of Home United's coach, Lee Lim-saeng in which Song said that his academyโ€™s coach knew him. Lee used to work as an assistant coach in Suwon Samsung and the academy was under Suwon Samsung so both coaches knew each other. He also work under assistant coach Baek Jong-seok, whom he shared an apartment with. Song subsequently joined Home United's youth team, which participates in the Prime League, before being promoted to join the first team which competed in the S.League. On 12 July 2012, Song made his debut appearance for the Protectors in the uniformed derby against Warriors. He played a total of 46 minutes in his first competitive match for the club, which subsequently ended in a 0โ€“3 loss for his side. Former Home United coach Philippe Aw who managed the Singapore Selection side for the 2016 Sultan of Selangor Cup, selected Song in the 18-man squad for the cup tie that took place at the Shah Alam Stadium on 7 May 2016. He came on as a substitute in the 56th minute, and played the remainder of the match which eventually ended 1-1 (3-4 on penalties) in a win for the Singapore Selection team. Song often spearhead the attacking players in the false nine position. Alongside Shahril Ishak, he enjoyed a prolific start to the 2018 Singapore Premier League campaign before encountering an injury that ruled him out for the latter half of the season. Song also played a pivotal role in helping the club to a second-place finish, scoring a total of 20 goals over the entire season, securing Home United with a play-off slot for the AFC Champions League as well as its highest ever AFC Cup finish in the quarter-finals. On 1 November 2018, it was reported that Song had rejected interest from Indonesian giants Persija Jakarta. Despite being offered a deal worth US$20,000 per month from the Indonesian club, Song chose to remain with Home United, stating his hopes of representing Singapore internationally in the future. He also signed a two-year contract extension with the Singapore-based club. Lion City Sailors On 14 February 2020, Home United was purchased, privatised and officially renamed as Lion City Sailors by Singaporean billionaire, Forrest Li. Song remained with the rebranded side, representing the club for the 2020 Singapore Premier League season. During the 2021 season, Song was quick to express his delight at the influx of fresh talent, which he explained helped boost the quality and intensity of training sessions. However, the arrival of Lopes also meant he had to give up his number 10 shirt. Under new manager Kim Do-hoon, Song was part of the Lion City Sailors side that won the 2021 Singapore Premier League which qualified them for next season AFC Champions League group stage. He ended the season scoring 7 goals in 15 appearances. In Song's first game of the 2022 season, he helped his side to win the 2022 Singapore Community Shield. He went on to score six goals and provided five assists in 31 appearances for the club. During the 2022 AFC Champions League group stage matches, Song scored a header from Maxime Lestienne's cross which resulted the Sailors to a 3โ€“0 victory against K League 1 club Daegu FC. Against the Chinese club, Shandong Taishan, he scored a goal and provided a assist and was named 'Man of the Match'. In the reverse fixture against Daegu, Song scored a goal again but the Sailors eventually lost the match. In May, it was reported that Daegu and Suwon FC is interested in signing Song and had made an offer. Song has scored 78 goals and provided 23 assists in 226 appearances across 12 seasons, leaving the Sailors as their all-time top goalscorer with 32 goals in all competitions. Nongbua Pitchaya On 15 January 2023, it was announced that Song had left Lion City Sailors to move out of his โ€œcomfort zoneโ€ to pursue new challenges with Thai League 1 side Nongbua Pitchaya. On 21 January 2023, Song scored his first goal in his debut game for the club against Bangkok United. Persebaya Surabaya On 2 June 2023, Song signed on with Indonesia's Liga 1 club Persebaya Surabaya. On 18 August 2023, Song scored a rocket shot from outside the box scoring the only goal in the game against Liga 1 champions, PSM Makassar. His goal was voted as the 'Best Goal of the Week' for game week 9. International career After receiving Singaporean citizenship, Song was called up to the Singapore national team on 27 August 2021. On 11 November 2021, Song made his international debut in a friendly match against Kyrgyzstan. On 5 December 2021, Song made his competitive debut at the 2020 AFF Championship with a 3โ€“0 victory against Myanmar. Song scored his first goal for Singapore in the second leg of the 2020 AFF Championship semi-final match against Indonesia. He scored his second goal and third goals in the Asian Cup third-round qualifiers. Song had given the Lions the lead against the Kyrgyz Republic in the first game of the qualifiers before two goals in three minutes sent Singapore to a narrow defeat. His third goal for the Lions came in a 6โ€“2 win over Myanmar in the final match of their qualifiers. Song was called up for the 2022 AFF Championship. On 12 September 2023, Song scored a goal against Chinese Taipei in his return to the national team. Style of play Initially deployed as a defensive midfielder by former Home United head coach Lee Lim-saeng, Song was placed in more offensive roles under Aidil Sharin Sahak, playing in a variety of positions as a box-to-box or attacking midfielder, winger, second striker and even as a poacher. Career statistics Club International As of match played 3 January 2023. Appearances and goals by national team and year International goals Scores and results list Singapore's goal tally first. Personal life During an interview in 2016, Song shared his eagerness of representing Singapore internationally, which included having to naturalise as a Singaporean citizen in the process and renouncing his South Korean citizenship. Song had also been applying to be a Singaporean citizen on his own merit, independent of the possibility of the Football Association of Singapore reviving the Foreign Sports Talent Scheme which was established in the 2000s. Furthermore, he had met FIFA eligibility rules for foreign players planning to represent other national teams, as he has never represented South Korea internationally. In 2020, after three unsuccessful attempts, Song successfully attained permanent residency in Singapore. A year later on 20 August 2021, Song formally became a Singaporean citizen, therefore making him eligible to represent Singapore. Honours Club Lion City Sailors Singapore Premier League: 2021; runner-up: 2013, 2018, Singapore Premier League: 2022 Singapore Cup: 2013; runner-up: 2014, 2015 Singapore Community Shield: 2019, 2022 Individual Singapore Premier League Team of the Year: 2018, 2020 References External links Living people 1993 births Footballers from Incheon Singaporean men's footballers Singapore men's international footballers South Korean men's footballers South Korean emigrants to Singapore Singapore Premier League players Expatriate men's footballers in Singapore South Korean expatriate men's footballers Men's association football midfielders Lion City Sailors FC players Song Ui-young Persebaya Surabaya players Song Ui-young Liga 1 (Indonesia) players Naturalised citizens of Singapore Singaporean people of Korean descent Expatriate men's footballers in Thailand South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Thailand Singaporean expatriate sportspeople in Thailand Expatriate men's footballers in Indonesia South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Indonesia Singaporean expatriate sportspeople in Indonesia
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%B9%EC%8A%A4%EB%A7%A8%3A%20%ED%8D%BC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%20%EC%97%90%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%84%ED%8A%B8
ํ‚น์Šค๋งจ: ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ
ใ€Šํ‚น์Šค๋งจ: ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ์—์ด์ „ํŠธใ€‹()๋Š” 2021๋…„ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ฉ์ž‘ ์•ก์…˜ ์ฒฉ๋ณด ์˜ํ™”์ด๋‹ค. ํ‚น์Šค๋งจ ์˜ํ™” ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์˜ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์ด์ž ํ”„๋ฆฌํ€„ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณธํŽธ์˜ ๋งค์Šˆ ๋ณธ ๊ฐ๋…์ด ์ด์–ด์„œ ์—ฐ์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ดํ”„ ํŒŒ์ธ์Šค, ์ œ๋งˆ ์•„ํ„ฐํ„ด, ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ด๋ฐ˜์Šค, ๋งค์Šˆ ๊ตฌ๋“œ, ํ†ฐ ํ™€๋žœ๋”, ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋””ํ‚จ์Šจ, ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์—˜ ๋ธŒ๋ฅ„, ์ž์ด๋จผ ์šด์ˆ˜, ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋Œ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์—ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด 2020๋…„ 9์›” 18์ผ์— ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฒ”์œ ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ด‰์ด 2021๋…„ 12์›” 22์ผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 1902๋…„ ์˜๊ตญ ๊ท€์กฑ ์˜ฌ๋žœ๋„, ์˜ฅ์Šคํผ๋“œ ๊ณต์ž‘, ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด ์—๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ, ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„๋“ค ์ฝ˜๋ž˜๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ตญ ์ ์‹ญ์ž์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋˜ ์ค‘ ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์ œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์บ ํ”„์—์„œ ๋ณด์–ด ์ €๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ช…์ƒ์„ ์ž…๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋žœ๋„์—๊ฒŒ ์•„๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•ฝ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. 12๋…„ ํ›„, ์˜ฌ๋žœ๋„๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ณ ์œ„ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ํ•˜์ธ(๊ทธ์˜ ํ•˜์ธ์ธ ์ˆ„๋ผ์™€ ํด๋ฆฌ ํฌํ•จ)์˜ ์‚ฌ์„ค ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์˜์ œ๊ตญ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฝ˜๋ž˜๋“œ๋Š” ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ฌ๋žœ๋„๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ตญ๊ตฐ์— ์ž…๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œก๊ตฐ์žฅ๊ด€ ํ‚ค์น˜๋„ˆ ๊ฒฝ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋“ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค์น˜๋„ˆ์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฝ˜๋ž˜๋“œ์™€ ์˜ฌ๋žœ๋„๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋žœ๋„์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ธ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ํ”„๋ž€์ธ  ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋””๋‚œํŠธ ๋Œ€๊ณต๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด ํ˜ธํ—จ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ ๊ณต์ž‘ ๋ถ€์ธ ์†Œํ”ผ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์˜ˆ๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฝ˜๋ž˜๋“œ๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋ ค๋Š” ์„ธ๋ฅด๋น„์•„ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์ธ ๊ฐ€๋ธŒ๋ฆด๋กœ ํ”„๋ฆฐ์น˜ํ”„์ด ๋˜์ง„ ํญํƒ„์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋Œ€๊ณต์„ ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ฆฐ์น˜ํ”„๋Š” ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ๋Œ€๊ณต(Archduke)์˜ ์ธก๊ทผ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋žœ๋„๋Š” ์•”์‚ด์ด ๋” ํ”Œ๋ก("The Flock")์— ์˜ํ•ด ์กฐ์ง๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋” ํ”Œ๋ก์€ ๋…์ผ, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„, ์˜๊ตญ ์ œ๊ตญ์„ ์„œ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์Œ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊พธ๋ฏธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด๋‹ค. ๋” ํ”Œ๋ก์˜ ๋ณธ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ ๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ธ ์‹ ๋น„ํ•œ "์…ฐํผ๋“œ"(Shepherd)๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์š”์›์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์ฐจ๋ฅด ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ์Šค์˜ ์‹ ์ž„ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์ธ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์‹ ๋น„์ฃผ์˜์ž ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ๋ผ์Šคํ‘ธํ‹ด์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์Šคํ‘ธํ‹ด์€ ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ์Šค์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„๋“ค ์•Œ๋ ‰์„ธ์ด๋ฅผ ๋…์‚ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฝ˜๋ž˜๋“œ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ดŒ ํŽ ๋ฆญ์Šค ์œ ์Šคํฌํ”„ ์™•์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ผ์Šคํ‘ธํ‹ด์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ๋๋‚ด๋ฉด ์„œ๋ถ€ ์ „์„ ์ด ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์ฝ˜๋ž˜๋“œ๋Š” ์ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ํ‚ค์น˜๋„ˆ์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ณด์ขŒ๊ด€ ๋งฅ์Šค ๋ชจํ„ด ์†Œ๋ น์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐฐ HMS ํ–„ํ”„์…”๋Š” ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•จ์˜ ์–ด๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์นจ๋ชฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค์น˜๋„ˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์†Œ์‹์ด ์˜ฌ๋žœ๋„์— ์ „ํ•ด์ง€์ž ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ˆ„๋ผ, ํด๋ฆฌ, ์ฝ˜๋ž˜๋“œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ผ์Šคํ‘ธํ‹ด์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋– ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ํ˜น๋…ํ•œ ์‹ธ์›€ ๋์— ์˜ฌ๋žœ๋„, ์ˆ„๋ผ, ์ฝ˜๋ž˜๋“œ, ํด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŽ ๋ฆญ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ตœํ•˜๋Š” ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ์Šค ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์—์„œ ๋ผ์Šคํ‘ธํ‹ด์„ ์ฃฝ์ธ๋‹ค. ์ฝ˜๋ž˜๋“œ๋Š” 19๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ƒ์ผ์„ ์ถ•ํ•˜ํ•œ ํ›„ ์ž…๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌ์„ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์˜ฌ๋žœ๋„๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹นํ™ฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ฐธ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์นด์ด์ € ๋นŒํ—ฌ๋ฆ„ 2์„ธ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์ธ ์—๋ฆญ ์–€ ํ•˜๋ˆ„์„ผ์€ ์ง๋จธ๋งŒ ์ „๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ์นจ๊ณตํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋…๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ ์ •๋ณด๊ตญ์ด ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ฑ„์ง€๋งŒ ํด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋…ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋“œ๋กœ ์œŒ์Šจ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ฐธ์ „์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…ฐํผ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ผ๋””๋ฏธ๋ฅด ๋ ˆ๋‹Œ์„ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐจ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ์ „๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๋ฅผ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋กœ๋งˆ๋…ธํ”„ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ์ฒ˜ํ˜•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•”์‚ด์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ฝ˜๋ž˜๋“œ๋Š” ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒ™ํƒ„๋ณ‘ ๊ฒฝ๋น„๋Œ€(Grenadier Guards)์— ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚น ์กฐ์ง€ 5์„ธ๋Š” ์ฝ˜๋ž˜๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ๋ฐฐ์ •ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ค€๋น„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ์— ์ฐธ์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ•œ ์ฝ˜๋ž˜๋“œ๋Š” ์•„ํ‚ค ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋ผ๋Š” ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ๊ตฐ์ธ๊ณผ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด "๋žœ์Šฌ๋กฏ"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋ช…์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ž™ ์›Œ์น˜์˜ ์ผ์›์ธ ์•„ํ‚ค๋กœ ๋ณ€์žฅํ•œ ์ฝ˜๋ž˜๋“œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์˜๊ตญ ์š”์›์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํšŒ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™ฉ๋ฌด์ง€๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ž„๋ฌด์— ์ž์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ํ›„ ์•„ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์•„๋Š” ๋™๋ฃŒ ๊ตฐ์ธ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋…์ผ ์ŠคํŒŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์˜์•„ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ์˜ฌ๋žœ๋„๋ฅผ ํ™ฉํํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํšŒ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์ง๋จธ๋งŒ ํ…”๋ ˆ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ง„์œ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฝ˜๋ž˜๋“œ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์œŒ์Šจ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฐธ์ „์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ž ์˜ฌ๋žœ๋„๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์…ฐํผ๋“œ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์ธ ๋งˆํƒ€ ํ•˜๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ํ˜น์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์˜์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜‘๋ฐ•์„ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์›๋ž˜์˜ ๋„ค๊ฑฐํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ด€์—์„œ ๋งˆํƒ€ ํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์นœ ์˜ฌ๋žœ๋„๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์บ์‹œ๋ฏธ์–ด ์Šค์นดํ”„๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ํฌ๊ท€ ํ’ˆ์ข…์˜ ์–‘๋ชจ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋žœ๋„, ์ˆ„๋ผ, ํด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋žœ๋„๋Š” ๋ชจํŠผ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ์…ฐํผ๋“œ์˜ ์‚ฐ๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์„ฑ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚™ํ•˜์‚ฐ์„ ํƒ”๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ชจํ„ด์€ ํ‚ค์น˜๋„ˆ์˜ ์•”์‚ด์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์†์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋žœ๋„๋Š” ์ˆ„๋ผ์˜ ๋„์›€์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจํ„ด๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์ฃฝ์ธ๋‹ค. ํด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œŒ์Šจ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ํ•„๋ฆ„์„ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œŒ์Šจ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ถˆํƒœ์šฐ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ์ „์Ÿ์— ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ธ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋๋‚œ ์ง€ 1๋…„ ํ›„, ์˜ฌ๋žœ๋„๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ‚น์Šค๋งจ ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ์ˆ(Kingsman Tailor Shop)์„ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋žœ๋„, ์ˆ„๋ผ, ํด๋ฆฌ, ํ‚น ์กฐ์ง€, ์•„ํ‚ค ๋ฐ ์˜๊ตญ ์ฃผ์žฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ฝ˜๋ž˜๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•„์„œ์™• ์ „์„ค์˜ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ช…์„ ํ• ๋‹น๋ฐ›์€ ์›๋ž˜ ํ‚น์Šค๋งจ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ํฌ๋ ˆ๋”ง ์žฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์…ฐํผ๋“œ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์ง€ํœ˜๋ฅผ ๋งก์€ ํ•˜๋ˆ„์„ผ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์šฐ์ต์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ์ฒญ๋…„ ์ธ ์•„๋Œํ”„ ํžˆํ‹€๋Ÿฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ ˆ๋‹Œ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ถœ์—ฐ ๋ ˆ์ดํ”„ ํŒŒ์ธ์Šค - ์˜ฌ๋žœ๋„ ์˜ฅ์Šคํผ๋“œ ๊ณต์ž‘ ์—ญ ์ œ๋งˆ ์•„ํ„ฐํ„ด - ํด๋ฆฌ์•ผ๋‚˜ "ํด๋ฆฌ" ์œŒํ‚จ์Šค ์—ญ ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ด๋ฐ˜์Šค - ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ๋ผ์Šคํ‘ธํ‹ด ์—ญ ๋งค์Šˆ ๊ตฌ๋“œ - ๋ชจํ„ด ์—ญ ํ†ฐ ํ™€๋žœ๋” - ์กฐ์ง€ 5์„ธ, ๋นŒํ—ฌ๋ฆ„ 2์„ธ, ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ์ด 2์„ธ ์—ญ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋””ํ‚จ์Šจ - ์ฝ˜๋ž˜๋“œ ์˜ฅ์Šคํผ๋“œ ์—ญ ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋” ์‡ผ - ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์ฝ˜๋ž˜๋“œ ์—ญ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์—˜ ๋ธŒ๋ฅ„ - ์—๋ฆฌํฌ ์–€ ํ•˜๋ˆ„์„ผ ์—ญ ์ž์ด๋จผ ์šด์ˆ˜ - ์ˆ„๋ผ ์—ญ ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋Œ„์Šค - ํ—ˆ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ํ‚ค์น˜๋„ˆ ์—ญ ์—๋Ÿฐ ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ์กด์Šจ - ์•„์น˜ ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์—ญ ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋“œ๋ผ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ผ๋ผ - ์—๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ ์˜ฅ์Šคํผ๋“œ ์—ญ ์š”์—˜ ๋ฐ”์Šค๋งŒ - ๊ฐ€๋ธŒ๋ฆด๋กœ ํ”„๋ฆฐ์น˜ํ”„ ์—ญ ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ฆฌ ํŒŒํ๋„ˆ - ๋งˆํƒ€ ํ•˜๋ฆฌ ์—ญ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋น„์— ๋ฆฌํžˆํ…Œ๋ฅด์Šค - ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ํŒ์žฃ์ง‘ ๊ฒฝ๋น„์› ์—ญ ํ† ๋“œ ๋ณด์ด์Šค - ์•จํ”„๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋“€ํฐํŠธ ์—ญ ์—๋Ÿฐ ๋ณด๋„๋ณด์Šค - ํŽ ๋ฆญ์Šค ์œ ์ˆ˜ํฌํ”„ ์—ญ ๋ก  ์ฟก - ํ”„๋ž€์ธ  ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋””๋‚œํŠธ ๋Œ€๊ณต ์—ญ ๋ธŒ๋ž€์นด ์นดํ‹ฐ์น˜ - ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋“œ๋ผ ํ™ฉํ›„ ์—ญ ์•จ๋ฆฌ์Šจ ์Šคํ…Œ๋“œ๋จผ - ๋ฆฌํƒ€ ์—ญ ์•„์šฐ๊ตฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋”œ - ๋ธ”๋ผ๋””๋ฏธ๋ฅด ๋ ˆ๋‹Œ ์—ญ ์ด์–ธ ์ผˆ๋ฆฌ - ์šฐ๋“œ๋กœ ์œŒ์Šจ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์—ญ ์Šคํƒ ๋ฆฌ ํˆฌ์น˜ - ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์—ญ ๋‹ค๋น„๋“œ ํฌ๋กœ์Šค - ์•„๋Œํ”„ ํžˆํ‹€๋Ÿฌ ์—ญ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 2021๋…„ ์˜ํ™” ์˜์–ด ์˜ํ™” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ํ‚น์Šค๋งจ ๋งค์Šˆ ๋ณธ ๊ฐ๋… ์˜ํ™” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ์˜ํ™” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฒฉ๋ณด ์˜ํ™” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์•ก์…˜ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ์˜ํ™” ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ์˜ํ™” ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์ฒฉ๋ณด ์˜ํ™” ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์•ก์…˜ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ์˜ํ™” ํ”„๋ฆฌํ€„ ์˜ํ™” ์„œ๋ถ€ ์ „์„  (์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „) ์˜ํ™” ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ์˜ํ™” ๋งˆ๋ธ” ์ฝ”๋ฏน์Šค์˜ ์˜ํ™” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋งŒํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์‹ค์‚ฌ์˜ํ™” ๋งˆํฌ ๋ฐ€๋Ÿฌ ์›์ž‘์˜ ์˜ํ™” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ๊ท€์กฑ์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์™•์กฑ์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์ •๋ณด๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์‚ฌ๋ผ์˜ˆ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” 1902๋…„์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” 1914๋…„์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” 1910๋…„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ํ† ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ์—์„œ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค ์˜ํ™” ์›”ํŠธ ๋””์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ ํ”ฝ์ฒ˜์Šค ์˜ํ™” ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฒ”์œ ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋œ ์˜ํ™” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„-ํ—๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์ œ2์ฐจ ๋ณด์–ด ์ „์Ÿ ์˜ํ™” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ๋ผ์Šคํ‘ธํ‹ด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20King%27s%20Man
The King's Man
The King's Man is a 2021 spy action film directed by Matthew Vaughn from his story and a screenplay he wrote with Karl Gajdusek. The third installment in the British Kingsman film series, which is based on the comic book The Secret Service (later retitled to Kingsman) by Mark Millar and Dave Gibbons, it is a prequel to Kingsman: The Secret Service (2014) and Kingsman: The Golden Circle (2017). Its ensemble cast includes Ralph Fiennes (also one of its executive producers), Gemma Arterton, Rhys Ifans, Matthew Goode, Tom Hollander, Harris Dickinson, Daniel Brรผhl, Djimon Hounsou, and Charles Dance. It focuses on several events during World War I and the birth of the Kingsman organisation. It was released in the United States on 22 December 2021, and in the United Kingdom on 26 December 2021 by 20th Century Studios, delayed several times from an original November 2019 release date, partially due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It received mixed reviews from critics, grossing $126 million against nearly a $100 million budget making it a box-office bomb. The film became successful on Disney+, with a sequel, The King's Man: The Traitor King, announced to be in development in October 2023. Plot Nearing the end of the Second Boer War in 1902, British aristocrat Orlando, Duke of Oxford, his wife Emily, and their young son Conrad visit a refugee camp in South Africa while working for the British Red Cross. Emily is mortally wounded during a Boer sniper attack on the camp. Before dying, she makes Orlando promise never to let their son see war again. Twelve years later, Orlando has formed a private spy network of domestic servants (including his servants, Shola and Polly) employed by the world's most powerful dignitaries. The network's primary goal is to protect the United Kingdom and the British Empire. Conrad is eager to fight, but Orlando forbids him to join the British Army and persuades Lord Kitchener, Secretary of State for War, not to let him do so. At Kitchener's request, Conrad and Orlando ride with Orlando's friends, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, through Sarajevo. Conrad saves the Archduke from a bomb thrown by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian terrorist intent on sparking a war. Princip later reencounters the Archduke's entourage by chance and fatally shoots him and his wife. Orlando learns that the assassination was orchestrated by "The Flock": a group plotting to pit the German, Russian, and British empires against each other. The Flock's headquarters is on an isolated clifftop, led by the mysterious "Shepherd", whose ultimate goal is Scottish independence; his operatives include Russian mystic Grigori Rasputin, trusted adviser to Tsar Nicholas of Russia. Rasputin poisons Nicholas's young son Alexei, only to cure him when Nicholas promises to pull out of the war. Conrad is notified of Rasputin's manipulation by his cousin, Prince Felix Yusupov. Knowing the Western Front will be left vulnerable if Russia exits the war, Conrad delivers this information to Kitchener and his aide-de-camp Major Max Morton, who set sail for Russia. Their ship, , is torpedoed by a submarine and sunk. Word of Kitchener's death reaches Orlando, spurring him to travel to Russia with Shola, Polly, and Conrad to kill Rasputin. After a grueling fight, Orlando, Shola, Conrad, and Polly kill Rasputin at a Christmas party hosted by Felix. After celebrating his 19th birthday, Conrad expresses his determination to join the army, much to Orlando's dismay. To keep the United States from entering the war, Erik Jan Hanussen, an adviser to Kaiser Wilhelm II, sends the Zimmermann Telegram, encouraging Mexico to invade the United States. Although British Intelligence intercepts the message, Polly deciphers it, but American President Woodrow Wilson refuses to join the war, citing a lack of concrete proof. The Shepherd recruits Vladimir Lenin to overthrow the Tsar and remove Russia from the war, sending an assassin to execute the Romanov family. Conrad is commissioned into the Grenadier Guards against his father's wishes. King George V arranges to have Conrad assigned to London. Determined to fight in the war, Conrad swaps places with a Scottish soldier named Archie Reid, giving him the nickname "Lancelot" to send his father a message. Disguised as Archie, a member of the Black Watch, Conrad volunteers for a mission into no man's land to retrieve information from a British agent wounded there. Upon his return, a fellow soldier who knows Archie accuses him of being a German spy and shoots him dead, devastating Orlando. The information he recovered verifies the authenticity of the Zimmermann Telegram. After Wilson again refuses to enter the war despite Conrad's proof, Orlando learns that the President is being blackmailed with footage of being seduced by the Shepherd's agent, Mata Hari, and resolves to recover the original negatives. Upon defeating Mata Hari at the American embassy, Orlando has her cashmere scarf identified as being made of wool from a rare breed only found in a small region. Orlando, Shola, and Polly head there. Orlando parachutes onto the mountaintop sanctuary of the Shepherd, who is revealed to be Morton. Morton had arranged Kitchener's assassination and faked his own death. Orlando fights and kills Morton, with the help of Shola. Polly recovers the film, which is delivered to Wilson. Wilson burns it and brings the United States into the war. A year after the end of the war, Orlando purchases the Kingsman Tailor Shop as a front for his organization. Orlando, Shola, Polly, King George V, Archie, and the U.S. Ambassador to the U.K. form the original Kingsmen, each being assigned a codename from the King Arthur legend to honour Conrad. In a mid-credit scene, Hanussen, having assumed command of the Shepherd's organization, introduces Lenin to the young man he believes will eventually gain them control of the right: Adolf Hitler. Cast In addition, Aaron Taylor-Johnson portrays Archie Reid, a soldier and founding Kingsman Lancelot, while Stanley Tucci appears as the U.S. Ambassador to the U.K. and founding Kingsman Bedivere. Production Development In June 2018, Matthew Vaughn announced that a prequel film titled Kingsman: The Great Game was in active development, stating that the plot would take place during the early 1900s and would depict the formation of the spy agency and that the project would film back-to-back with "the third regular Kingsman film" which was scheduled to be released in 2021. Vaughn was inspired to write the script for the prequel film after watching The Man Who Would Be King. Casting In September 2018, it was announced that Ralph Fiennes and Harris Dickinson would star in the prequel with the former also serving as one of the executive producers of the film. In November 2018, it was revealed that Daniel Brรผhl, Charles Dance, Rhys Ifans and Matthew Goode would co-star in the film. In February 2019, it was reported that Aaron Taylor-Johnson, Gemma Arterton, Tom Hollander, Djimon Hounsou, Alison Steadman, Stanley Tucci, Robert Aramayo and Neil Jackson had joined the cast. In April 2019, it was announced Alexandra Maria Lara had joined the cast of the film. Later in May, Joel Basman joined the cast. That same month, as filming concluded, Vaughn denied reports that Liam Neeson had joined the cast. Vaughn also said The Great Game was a working title and the film would not have that name. Filming Principal photography began 22 January 2019 in the United Kingdom. In April 2019, some scenes were shot in Piedmont, Italy: Turin, Po river's street, street of city and in two palaces close to it; Venaria Reale: the Palace of Venaria and royal gardens; Nichelino, Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi and surroundings; Racconigi (Cuneo), Castle of Racconigi. The film's initial cinematographer Ben Davis had to depart the project during reshoots due to his commitments to Eternals. Vaughn admitted some scenes had to be cut from the film because they were "way too Kingsman-y.", and that this film needed to find a balance between the fun tone of the other Kingsman movies and respect for historical accuracy and the characters. He revealed that he had originally written three scenes featuring Rasputin that would have been so explicit that they likely would have received an NC-17 rating. Release The King's Man had its world premiere in London, United Kingdom on 5 December 2021 and was theatrically released on 22 December 2021, its eighth proposed release date and more than two years after it was originally due to come out. It was originally scheduled to be released on 8 November 2019, but was pushed back first to 15 November 2019, then to 14 February 2020, and then to 18 September 2020. The release date was again pushed back by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures to 26 February 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Following the delay of Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Four films, The King's Man was moved up two weeks to 12 February 2021, before being moved again to 12 March 2021. In January 2021, the release date was delayed again to 20 August 2021. In March 2021, it was further delayed to the December 2021 date. The film played in cinemas for 45 days before heading to digital platforms. Home media The film started streaming on Disney+ through Star in the UK, Ireland, Japan, and South Korea on 9 February 2022 and much later that February for Australia and New Zealand and Canada. It streamed on HBO Max and Hulu on 18 February and on Star+ on 2 March. The film streamed on Disney+ Hotstar on 23 February 2022 in Southeast Asia. The film was released on Blu-ray, DVD, and 4K Ultra HD by 20th Century Studios Home Entertainment on 22 February. Soundtrack Matthew Margeson, who worked with Henry Jackman in the previous Kingsman films, composed the film score with Dominic Lewis. Hollywood Records released the soundtrack digitally on 22 December 2021. The ending theme is "Measure of a Man" by FKA Twigs featuring Central Cee. Reception Audience viewership According to Samba TV, 2.2 million US households watched The King's Man during its first four days streaming. According to Whip Media, The King's Man was the most watched film across all platforms in the United States during the week of February 20, 2022. According to the streaming aggregator JustWatch, The King's Man was the top-streamed movie across all platforms during the week of February 21, 2022. Box office The King's Man grossed $37.2million in the US and Canada, and $88.8million in other territories, for a worldwide total $126million. In the US and Canada, The King's Man was released alongside Sing 2 and The Matrix Resurrections. It was originally projected to gross $15โ€“20 million from 3,175 screens over its first five days of release. It went on to under-perform, grossing $5.9 million in its opening weekend and an estimated $10 million over the five days, finishing fifth at the box office, with contributing factors such as the reluctance to go to cinemas during the pandemic, the rise of the Omicron variant of COVID and being released during the second weekend of Spider-Man: No Way Home. Men made up 65% of the audience during its opening, with those in the age range of 18โ€“34 comprising 54% of ticket sales and those above 35 comprising 40%. The film earned $4.6 million in its second weekend, $3.2 million in its third, $2.2 million in its fourth, $1.8 million in its fifth, $1.66 million in its sixth, $1.2 million in its seventh, and $426,262 in its eighth. Outside the US and Canada, the film earned $6.9 million in its opening weekend, including $3.5 million in South Korea, $2.1 million in Japan, and $600,000 in Indonesia. In its second weekend, the film made $14.1 million from 22 markets. In Taiwan, the film opened with $2.8 million, making it the fourth-best opening of 2021 in the country. In its third weekend, the film earned $13.4 million, including $1.6 million from Germany, where it debuted in second place at the box office. The film made $10.2 million in its fourth weekend, $6.2 million in its fifth, $4.2 million in its sixth, and $2.7 million in its seventh. Critical response The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critical consensus reads, "Ralph Fiennes' solid central performance in The King's Man is done dirty by this tonally confused prequel's descent into action thriller tedium." On Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, the film has a score of 44 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported 77% of audience members gave it a positive score, with 60% saying they would definitely recommend it. Sequel In December 2021, Matthew Vaughn stated that if a sequel were to be developed, he would like to see the story about the first decade of the Kingsman agency with all of the characters that the audience sees at the end. In October 2023, Vaughn announced a direct sequel, The King's Man: The Traitor King, to be in active development, following the fictionalised rise of Adolf Hitler (portrayed by David Kross) across the franchise's alternate history setting, with Ralph Fiennes, Aaron Taylor-Johnson, Gemma Arterton, and Djimon Hounsou intended to reprise their roles. References External links 2021 films 2021 action films 2020s American films 2020s British films 2020s spy films 20th Century Studios films American historical action films American prequel films American spy action films American World War I films British prequel films British spy action films British historical action films British World War I films Cultural depictions of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Cultural depictions of George V Cultural depictions of Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener Cultural depictions of Vladimir Lenin Cultural depictions of Mata Hari Cultural depictions of Nicholas II of Russia Cultural depictions of Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia Cultural depictions of Gavrilo Princip Cultural depictions of Wilhelm II Cultural depictions of Woodrow Wilson Cultural depictions of Adolf Hitler 2020s English-language films Fictional intelligence agencies Film spin-offs Films about Grigori Rasputin Films about intelligence agencies Films about nobility Films about royalty Films about the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Films directed by Matthew Vaughn Films produced by Matthew Vaughn Films scored by Matthew Margeson Films scored by Dominic Lewis Films set in 20th-century Russian Empire Films set in Austria-Hungary Films set in London Films set in Sarajevo Films set in South Africa Films set in the British Empire Films set in the German Empire Films set in the White House Films set in 1902 Films set in 1914 Films set in the 1910s Films shot in Turin Films shot in London Films shot in Surrey Films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic Kingsman (franchise) films Obscenity controversies in film Prequel films Rating controversies in film Second Boer War films TSG Entertainment films Western Front (World War I) films World War I spy films Secret histories
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์˜๋ฃŒ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด
์˜๋ฃŒ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด (Medical Software)๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜ํ•™์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ํ•ญ๋ชฉ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋‹ค : ์ง„๋‹จ ๋˜๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด(SaMD=Software as Medical Device); ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚ด์žฅ ๋œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด (์ข…์ข… "์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•จ; SiMD=Software in Medical Device); ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด (PC software); ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ€์†ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด(firmware, FPGA); ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„, ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ์‹œํ—˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด; ๋˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋Š” ์ ์–ด๋„ 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ์ด๋ž˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋‹น์‹œ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์› ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ „์‚ฐํ™”๋œ ์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋กํžˆ๋“œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊ณผ 1980๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ปดํ“จํŒ…์ด ๋”์šฑ ๋„๋ฆฌ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋˜๊ณ  ์œ ์šฉํ•ด์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์˜์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ์šด์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ "์˜๋ฃŒ์šฉ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด"๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๋” ๋„๋ฆฌ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋Š” 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ต์˜ํ•™, ์‹ฌ์žฅํ•™, ์˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋”์šฑ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ Therac-25 ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์žฅ์น˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์Šค์บ”๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด‰๋ฐœ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์ž…๋ฒ• ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์˜ "์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ" ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1993๋…„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์ง€์นจ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ISO 9000-3 ํ‘œ์ค€์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์™€ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์˜ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์กฐํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, , 2006๋…„ IEC 62304๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹œํ—˜๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹ํ’ˆ์˜์•ฝ๊ตญ (FDA)์€ ํŠนํžˆ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚ด์žฅ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ์จ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์นจ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋„์  ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์˜ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ฃผ๊ธฐ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ IEC 62304 ํ‘œ์ค€์—์„œ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋Š” "๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ค‘์ธ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์— ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž์ฒด ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ FDA๋Š” "[์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ]์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ "์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋‹ค"๋Š” ํ•ด์„์€ 2007๋…„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด "์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ / ๋˜๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ"ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ , ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์ง€์นจ (European Medical Devices Directive)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ ์šฉ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋„“๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ํŠน์„ฑ(์žฅ์น˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ ์‹คํ–‰ ํ˜•์— ํฌํ•จ)์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์•ˆ์ „ ์ˆ˜์ค€ (๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‚ฌ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•ˆ์ „ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€)์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ (์น˜๋ฃŒ, ๊ต์œก, ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ / ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ)์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด(SaMD; Software as Medical Device) 21 ์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ํฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ฐ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์•ฑ์ด ์ถœํ˜„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋งŽ์€ ์•ฑ๋“ค์€ ๊ทœ์ œ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„  ์˜์—ญ์— ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚ด์žฅ๋œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ IMDRF ( International Medical Device Regulators Forum )์—์„œ "์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด"๋˜๋Š” "SaMD"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์™€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ทœ์ œ ๊ท ์—ด์„ ๋šซ๊ณ  ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ FDA๊ฐ€ 2011๋…„ 7์›” "๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์‘์šฉ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ"์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์นจ ์ดˆ์•ˆ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, Keith Barritt์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฒ•์กฐ๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์€ "๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์ด ๊ทœ์ œ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ '์˜๋ฃŒ' ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์ธ์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ทœ์ œ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋ชจ๋“  ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์— ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ" ์ฝ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถ”์ธกํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ง€์นจ์— ํฌํ•จ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์•ฑ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ค์น˜๋œ ๋งฅ๋ฐ• ์กฐ์ •๊ธฐ(ํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๋ฉ”์ด์ปค๋ฅผ ๊ทœ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์•” ๋ณ‘๋ณ€, X- ๋ ˆ์ด ๋ฐ MRI์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜, EEG ํŒŒํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์นจ๋Œ€ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ, ์†Œ๋ณ€ ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ, ํ˜ˆ๋‹น ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ, ์ฒญ์ง„๊ธฐ, ํํ™œ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„, BMI ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ธฐ, ์‹ฌ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ์ฒด์ง€๋ฐฉ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ธฐ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 2013๋…„ ๋ง์— ์ตœ์ข… ์ง€์นจ์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋  ์ฆˆ์Œ์—, ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์›์€ ์ง€์นจ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€, ํŠนํžˆ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋„์ž…๋œ SOFTWARE Act ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ผ๋ คํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€์‹œ๊ธฐ์— IMDRF๋Š” 2013๋…„ 12์›”์— ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ •์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ "๊ทœ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด SaMD์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๊ทœ์ œ ์ฒด์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ํ‹€์„ ๋งˆ๋ จ"ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ˜ SaMD์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. IMDRF๋Š” "ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋„๋œ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์™ธ์—๋„ SaMD๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋™ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์ง€๋งŒ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค(SaMD๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์˜๋„๋œ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค)๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ 2015๋…„์— SaMD์˜ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์›์น™์„ ๋”์šฑ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ ํ‘œ์ค€ IEC 62304๋Š” EU ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์ด๋“  ์•„๋‹ˆ๋“ ๊ฐ„์— ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฒค์น˜ ๋งˆํฌ ํ‘œ์ค€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์„ ๋„์ ์ธ ์‚ฐ์—… ํ˜์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฃผ์š” ์—…๊ณ„ ๋ฆฌ๋” ๋ฐ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ทœ์ œ ๋‹น๊ตญ์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• ์˜๋ฃŒ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ์ถœํ˜„์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์ง€์นจ (European Medical Devices Directive) ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ (๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ FDA ์ง€์นจ ๋ฌธ์„œ )์˜ ๊ทœ์ • ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์— ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ FDA์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ทœ์ •๊ณผ ISO 13485 : 2003์—๋„ ์„ค๋ช…๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์˜์—ญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์˜๋ฌดํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์˜๋ฌด์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ISO 13485:2003๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตญ์ œ ํ‘œ์ค€์— ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋œ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์š”๊ฑด์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ†ต์ง€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€(NB)์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ธ์ฆ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. IEC 62304 ์ด ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์˜ ์˜๋ฌธ๋ช…์€ Amendment 1 - Medical device software - Software life cycle processes์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด - ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ฃผ๊ธฐ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ดˆํŒ์€ 2006๋…„์— ๋‚˜์™”๊ณ  2015๋…„์— 1.1ํŒ์ด ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ 2.0ํŒ์„ 2020๋…„์— ๋‚ด๋†“๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž‘์—…์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ํ‘œ์ค€์€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ—˜์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ Class A, B, C๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ  (ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ง๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด Class C, ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋Š” Class A), ๋”ฐ์ ธ๋ด์•ผํ•  ์ผ(task)์„ 2006๋…„ ๋ฒ„์ „์—์„  92๊ฐœ๋กœ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ Class A๋Š” 40๊ฐœ, Class B๋Š” 86๊ฐœ, Class C๋Š” 92๊ฐœ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์ง€์ผœ๋ผ๋ผ๊ณ  ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. (2015๋…„ ๋ฒ„์ „์—์„  91๊ฐœ, 2020๋…„ ๋ฒ„์ „์—” 90๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์Œ) ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•  ๋•Œ IEC 60601-1 3.0ํŒ์—์„  IEC 62304๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์„ค๊ณ„์‹œ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ IEC 60601-1 3.1ํŒ์—์„  IEC 62304์˜ 4.3ํ•ญ, 5/7/8/9์ ˆ์„ ์ง€์ผœ๋ผ๋ผ๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 62304:2006์˜ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ผ(task)์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1์žฅ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 2์žฅ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 3์žฅ ์šฉ์–ด ์ •์˜ 4์žฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ 5์žฅ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค (53 ๊ฐœ) 6์žฅ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์œ ์ง€ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค (10 ๊ฐœ) 7์žฅ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์œ„ํ—˜๊ด€๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค (13 ๊ฐœ) 8์žฅ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ํ˜•์ƒ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค (8 ๊ฐœ) 9์žฅ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค (8 ๊ฐœ) IMDRF์˜ SaMD 1993๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค, ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๊ทœ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ํ”ผ๊ทœ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ด€(GE, Siemens, Philips, ...)์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ ๋งŒ๋“  ํ˜‘์˜์ฒด๊ฐ€ GHTF(Global Harmonization Task Force)์ธ๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ทœ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ† ์˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ์š”๊ทœ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์ด ์กฐํ™”๋œ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2011๋…„์— ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์ธํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ์กฐํ™” ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋ ด์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ ํƒ„์ƒํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด IMDRF(International Medical Device Regulation Forum; ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๊ทœ์ œ ํฌ๋Ÿผ)์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ, ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค, ์ค‘๊ตญ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ, ์ผ๋ณธ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„, ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด 9๊ฐœ ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ž…๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์€ 2017.12์›”์— 10๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด(SaMD) โ€“ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ •์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด(SaMD) โ€“ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„ MDSAP ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ธ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ์ ˆ์ฐจ IVD ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ถœ์‹œ ์ธ์ • ๋‚ด์šฉ ์—ด๋žŒ ๋น„ IVD ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ถœ์‹œ ์ธ์ • ๋‚ด์šฉ ์—ด๋žŒ ๊ทœ์ œ ๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ ์ธ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ์กฐ์ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ์กฐ์ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ๊ต์œก ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์ธ์ • ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํ›„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ ๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๊ทœ์ œ๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ž ์ž๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ๊ต์œก ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๊ณ ์œ ์‹๋ณ„์ฝ”๋“œ(UDI) ๋ณด์•ˆ(Security) ์˜๋ฃŒ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์—์„œ ๋ณด์•ˆ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์€ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์•ˆ์ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜๋ฉด ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์น˜๊ณ , ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„์ถœ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์ •์˜๋Š” IEC 62304์— ๋‚˜์™€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ถŒํ•œ ์—†๋Š”์ž ๋˜๋Š” ๊ถŒํ•œ ์—†๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ •๋ณด ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ถŒํ•œ ์žˆ๋Š”์ž ๋˜๋Š” ๊ถŒํ•œ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ •๋ณด ๋ฐ ๋”์ดํ„ฐ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ 2019๋…„ ํ˜„์žฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณด์•ˆ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋„๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. (IEC 60601-1 3.1ํŒ ๊ธฐ์ค€) IEC 60601-1:2012(3.1ํŒ) 14.6.1์—์„œ PEMS์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ด€๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋น„๋ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ณด์•ˆ์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ถ€๋‹น๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ, ๊ธฐํƒ€์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ์œ„ํ•ด์š”์ธ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๊ฒƒ IEC 60601-1:2012(3.1ํŒ) 14.13 IT-network ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์˜ PEMS์—์„œ ๋ณด์•ˆ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด, PEMS์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์‚ฌ์–‘์„ ๋ฌธ์„œ์— ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ๊ฒƒ IEC 62304:2006์—์„  60601-1:2012์™€ ๊ฐ™๊ฒŒ (5.2.2ํ•ญ) ๋ณด์•ˆ ๊ด€๋ จ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ , (9.1ํ•ญ) ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ๋ณด์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์ˆ˜์ถœํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ FDA์—์„  ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๋ณด์•ˆ(cyber security)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œํŒ์ „ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ, ์‹œํŒํ›„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ‘œ์ค€์›(NIST)์—์„œ ๊ณต์ง€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๋ณด์•ˆ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ์˜ 5๋‹จ๊ณ„(์‹๋ณ„/๋ณดํ˜ธ/ํƒ์ง€/๋Œ€์‘/๋ณต๊ตฌ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์—์„  2017.11์›”์— ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๋ณด์•ˆ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์˜ ์•ˆ์„ ๊ณต์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ NIST์˜ 5 ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผํ•  ๋ณด์•ˆ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์€์ž๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ž๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์ž‘๋™์ด ์•ˆ๋˜๋„๋ก) ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์€์ž๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€(์˜ˆ HDD)์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜์ž์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ ์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์‹œ๊ฑด์žฅ์น˜ ํ•„์š”) ๊ถŒํ•œ ์žˆ๋Š”์ž ๋˜๋Š” ๊ถŒํ•œ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ •๋ณด ๋ฐ ๋”์ดํ„ฐ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. (id, password) ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์นจํˆฌํ•œ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (๋ณดํ˜ธ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ) ํ•ด์ปค ๋“ฑ์ด ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์— ์นจํˆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›๊ฒฉ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์€์ž๋Š” ์›๊ฒฉ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๊ธˆ์ง€) ํ•ด์ปค ๋“ฑ์ด ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์— ์นจํˆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ํ™˜์ž์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ ์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (์•”ํ˜ธํ™” ํ•„์š”) ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฃŒ Babelotzky, W; Bohrt, C .; Choudhuri, J .; Handorn, B .; Heidenreich, G .; Neuder, K .; Neumann, G .; Prinz, T .; Rรถsch, A .; Spyra, G .; Stephan, S .; Wenner, H .; Wufka, M. (2018) ์˜๋ฃŒ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ : ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ณตํ•™์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ . VDE ์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ GMBH. pp. 1-207. ์ฐธ์กฐ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ •๋ณดํ•™ ์˜๊ณตํ•™ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20software
Medical software
Medical software is any software item or system used within a medical context, such as:reducing the paperwork, tracking patient activity standalone software used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes; software embedded in a medical device (often referred to as "medical device software"); software that drives a medical device or determines how it is used; software that acts as an accessory to a medical device; software used in the design, production, and testing of a medical device; or software that provides quality control management of a medical device. History Medical software has been in use since at least since the 1960s, a time when the first computerized information-handling system in the hospital sphere was being considered by Lockheed. As computing became more widespread and useful in the late 1970s and into the 1980s, the concept of "medical software" as a data and operations management tool in the medical industry โ€” including in the physician's office โ€” became more prevalent. Medical software became more prominent in medical devices in fields such as nuclear medicine, cardiology, and medical robotics by the early 1990s, prompting additional scrutiny of the "safety-critical" nature of medical software in the research and legislative communities, in part fueled by the Therac-25 radiation therapy device scandal. The development of the ISO 9000-3 standard as well as the European Medical Devices Directive in 1993 helped bring some harmonization of existing laws with medical devices and their associated software, and the addition of IEC 62304 in 2006 further cemented how medical device software should be developed and tested. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has also offered guidance and driven regulation on medical software, particularly embedded in and used as medical devices. There was an expansion of medical software innovation with the adoption of electronic health records and availability of electronic clinical data. In the United States, substantial resources were allocated starting with the HITECH Act of 2009. Medical device software The global IEC 62304 standard on the software life cycle processes of medical device software states it's a "software system that has been developed for the purpose of being incorporated into the medical device being developed or that is intended for use as a medical device in its own right." In the U.S., the FDA states that "any software that meets the legal definition of a [medical] device" is considered medical device software. A similar "software can be a medical device" interpretation was also made by the European Union in 2007 with an update to its European Medical Devices Directive, when "used specifically for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes." Due to the broad scope covered by these terms, manifold classifications can be proposed for various medical software, based for instance on their technical nature (embedded in a device or standalone), on their level of safety (from the most trivial to the most safety-critical ones), or on their primarily function (treatment, education, diagnostics, and/or data management). Software as a medical device The dramatic increase in smartphone usage in the twenty-first century triggered the emergence of thousands of stand-alone health- and medical-related software apps, many falling into a gray or borderline area in terms of regulation. While software embedded into a medical device was being addressed, medical software separate from medical hardware โ€” referred to by the International Medical Device Regulators Forum (IMDRF) as "software as a medical device" or "SaMD" โ€” was falling through existing regulatory cracks. In the U.S., the FDA eventually released new draft guidance in July 2011 on "mobile medical applications," with members of the legal community such as Keith Barritt speculating it should be read to imply "as applicable to all software ... since the test for determining whether a mobile application is a regulated mobile 'medical' application is the same test one would use to determine if any software is regulated." Examples of mobile apps potentially covered by the guidance included those that regulate an installed pacemaker or those that analyze images for cancerous lesions, X-rays and MRI, graphic data such as EEG waveforms as well as bedside monitors, urine analyzers, glucometer, stethoscopes, spirometers, BMI calculators, heart rate monitors and body fat calculators. By the time its final guidance was released in late 2013, however, members of Congress began to be concerned about how the guidance would be used in the future, in particular with what it would mean to the SOFTWARE Act legislation that had recently been introduced. Around the same time, the IMDRF were working on a more global perspective of SaMD with the release of its Key Definitions in December 2013, focused on "[establishing] a common framework for regulators to incorporate converged controls into their regulatory approaches for SaMD." Aside from "not [being] necessary for a hardware medical device to achieve its intended medical purpose," the IMDRF also found that SaMD also couldn't drive a medical device, though it could be used as a module of or interfaced with one. The group further developed quality management system principles for SaMD in 2015. International standards IEC 62304 has become the benchmark standard for the development of medical device software, whether standalone software or otherwise, in both the E.U. and the U.S. Leading industry innovation in software technologies has led key industry leaders and government regulators to recognize the emergence of numerous standalone medical software products that operate as medical devices. This has been reflected in regulatory changes in the E.U. (European Medical Devices Directive) and the U.S. (various FDA guidance documents). Additionally, quality management system requirements for manufacturing a software medical device, as is the case with any medical device, are described in the U.S. Quality Systems Regulation of the FDA and also in ISO 13485:2003. Software technology manufacturers that operate within the software medical device space conduct mandatory development of their products in accordance with those requirements. Furthermore, though not mandatory, they may elect to obtain certification from a notified body, having implemented such quality system requirements as described within international standards such as ISO 13485:2003. Further reading Babelotzky, W; Bohrt, C.; Choudhuri, J.; Handorn, B.; Heidenreich, G.; Neuder, K.; Neumann, G.; Prinz, T.; Rรถsch, A.; Spyra, G.; Stephan, S.; Wenner, H.; Wufka, M. (2018) Development and Production of Medical Software : Standards in Medical Engineering. VDE VERLAG GMBH. pp. 1-207. . See also Health informatics Health information technology :Category:Medical software External links References
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeWork
WeWork
WeWork(์œ„์›Œํฌ)๋Š” 2010๋…„์— ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด๋‹ค. WeWork๋Š” 2016๋…„ 8์›”์— ํ•œ๊ตญ์‹œ์žฅ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. WeWork๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•์‹œ์— ๋ณธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๊ณต์œ  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ณต๋™ ์ž‘์—… ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ œ๊ณต์—…์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ 12์›” 31์ผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ 1,830๋งŒ ํ‰๋ฐฉํ”ผํŠธ(1,700,000m2)๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ 39๊ฐœ๊ตญ 779๊ฐœ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ 4,390๋งŒ ํ‰๋ฐฉํ”ผํŠธ(4,080,000m2)์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 547,000๋ช…์˜ ํšŒ์›์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ค‘ ํ‰๊ท  ์•ฝ์ • ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 19๊ฐœ์›”์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” 2019๋…„ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ชจํšŒ์‚ฌ์ธ ๋” ์œ„ ์ปดํผ๋‹ˆ(The We Compan)y์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณต๊ฐœ(IPO) ์‹คํŒจ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ ์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์›”์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์ €๋„์€ 2019๋…„ 8์›” ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํˆฌ์ž์„ค๋ช…์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ "์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ, ์ˆ˜์ต ์ฐฝ์ถœ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์— ํœฉ์‹ธ์˜€๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ์œ„ ์ปดํผ๋‹ˆ๋Š” 2019๋…„ 8์›” IPO๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด S-1 ์–‘์‹์„ ์ œ์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ฌ S-1 ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑฐ์„ผ ์••๋ ฅ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๊ณต๋™ ์ฐฝ์—…์ž์ธ ์•„๋‹ด ๋…ธ์ด๋งŒ(Adam Neumann)์€ CEO์ง์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณผ๋ฐ˜์ˆ˜ ์ง€๋ถ„์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์—… ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๊ฐ€์น˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€, ์‚ฌ์—… ์ „๋ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์˜ ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ, ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ S-1 ์‹ ์ฒญ์„ ์ฒ ํšŒํ•˜๊ณ  IPO ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํ‰๊ฐ€์•ก์€ ์•ฝ 100์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” 1์›”์— ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•œ 470์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ๊ณ  2010๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ๋ชจ๊ธˆํ•œ 128์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2023๋…„ 8์›” ๊ธฐ์ค€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ด์•ก์€ 3์–ต 2600๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ด๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 10์›”, ๋…ธ์ด๋งŒ์€ WeWork ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋Š์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ฑ…ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ฝ 17์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ด‰ 4,600๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ปจ์„คํ„ดํŠธ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์š•ํƒ€์ž„์Šค๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ƒ์žฅ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ์‹คํŒจ์™€ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ์†์ •์˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ฑ…ํฌ๋Š” "์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—… ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์œ ๋ก€์—†๋Š” ํŒŒ์—ด"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2023๋…„ 8์›” WeWork๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด '์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์˜์‹ฌ'์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 11์žฅ ํŒŒ์‚ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์‹ ์ฒญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ 2008~2015 2008๋…„ 5์›”, ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ํƒœ์ƒ์˜ ์•„๋‹ด ๋…ธ์ด๋งŒ(Adam Neumann)๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํƒœ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตฌ์—˜ ๋งฅ์ผˆ๋น„(Miguel McKelvey)๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋ฃจํด๋ฆฐ์— '์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณต์œ  ์ž‘์—… ๊ณต๊ฐ„'์ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ฐ์Šคํฌ(GreenDesk)๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ Neumann๊ณผ McKelvey๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ๋งค๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  WeWork๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ 2011๋…„ 4์›” ๊ฐœ์žฅํ•œ ๋งจํ•ดํŠผ ์†Œํ˜ธ์— ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ง€์ ์„ ์ž„๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งจํ•ดํŠผ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž์ธ Joel Schreiber๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ง€๋ถ„ 33%๋ฅผ 1,500๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋งค์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ PepsiCo๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ WeWork ํšŒ์›์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž๋ฌธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๋ช…์˜ ์ง์›์„ ์ด๊ณณ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๊ณณ์„ ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—… ์ธํ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ WeWork ๊ณ ๊ฐ์—๋Š” Fitocracy ๋ฐ HackHands์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ 350๊ฐœ์˜ ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—…์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2014๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ WeWork๋Š” "๋‰ด์š•์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž„์ฐจ์ธ"์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ "๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž„์ฐจ์ธ[์ž„๋Œ€์ธ]"์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ถค๋„์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ ํ˜„์žฌ WeWork ํˆฌ์ž์ž์—๋Š” J.P. Morgan Chase & Co, T. Rowe Price, Wellington Management, Goldman Sachs, Harvard Corporation, Benchmark ๋ฐ Boston Properties์˜ ์ „ CEO์ธ Mortimer Zuckerman์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 2์›”, WeWork๋Š” Fast Company์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ 50๊ฐœ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 6์›” 1์ผ, Time Warner Cable์˜ ์ „ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์žฌ๋ฌด ์ฑ…์ž„์ž(CFO)์ธ Artie Minson์ด ์‚ฌ์žฅ ๊ฒธ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์šด์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์ž(COO)๋กœ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 8์›”์—๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ธ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ๊ฑด์„ค ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ธฐ์—…์ธ CASE๋ฅผ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ์ž์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ CASE์˜ ์กฐ์ง ๋ฌธํ™”์— ์†์ƒ์„ ์ž…ํ˜”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2016 2016๋…„ 3์›” WeWork๋Š” Legend Holdings์™€ Hony Capital๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 4์–ต 3์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ 160์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 6์›” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ง์› 7%๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž„์‹œ ๊ณ ์šฉ ๋™๊ฒฐ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 7์›”, WeWork๋Š” WeWork๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๋ฌด ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ธ๋ก ์— ์œ ์ถœํ•œ ์ง์›์ธ Joanna Strange๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 10์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์ž๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ 17์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 10์›”, WeWork๋Š” ์ผ€์ž„๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์„ผํŠธ๋Ÿด ์Šคํ€˜์–ด์— 550๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฑ…์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ง€์ ์„ ์—ด ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. WeWork๋Š” 2014๋…„ ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด์˜ Leather District์™€ Fort Point์— ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์„ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด์ฃผ ๋ฒจ๋ทฐ์˜ ๋ง์ปจ ์Šคํ€˜์–ด์—๋„ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์„ ์—ด ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„์— WeWork๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•์‹œ์™€ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ์ˆ˜๋„๊ถŒ์˜ ๋กœ๋„๋“œ ๋ ˆ์ด๊ฑด ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„์ฃผ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒˆ ์‹œํ‹ฐ์—์„œ WeLive๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๊ณต๋™ ์ƒํ™œ ๋ฒค์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์• ํ‹€์˜ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ WeLive ์ง€์ ์€ 2020๋…„์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด Third and Lenora ๋นŒ๋”ฉ์— ๊ณ„ํš๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ž„๋Œ€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์€ 2019๋…„ 10์›”์— ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. WeWork๋Š” 2021๋…„ 7์›”์— ์ด ์‚ฌ์—… ๋ผ์ธ์„ ์ข…๋ฃŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017 2017๋…„ 4์›”, WeWork๋Š” ํšŒ์›๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์™€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์Šคํ† ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ถœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 5์›”, WeWork๋Š” ๋งจํ•ดํŠผ ๋ธŒ๋กœ๋“œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ์— ๋Ÿญ์…”๋ฆฌ ํ—ฌ์Šคํด๋Ÿฝ์„ ์˜คํ”ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์šด๋™ ์žฅ๋น„์™€ ๋ณต์‹ฑ ๊ณต๊ฐ„, ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์šด๋™ ๊ณต๊ฐ„, ์ŠคํŒŒ, ํ”ผํŠธ๋‹ˆ์Šค ๊ฐ•์Šต์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์š”๊ฐ€ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 6์›”, Embassy Group ์†Œ์œ ์ฃผ์ธ Jitu Virwani์˜ ์•„๋“ค์ด์ž ๋‹น์‹œ 25์„ธ์˜€๋˜ Karan Virwani๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š” WeWork India๋Š” Embassy Group๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๋„ ๋ฐฉ๊ฐˆ๋กœ๋ฅด์— WeWork Galaxy๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ์ฒซ ๋งค์žฅ์„ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋งค์žฅ์€ 2,200๋ช…์˜ ํšŒ์›์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. . 2017๋…„ 7์›”, ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ G ํŒŒ์ด๋‚ธ์‹ฑ ๋ผ์šด๋“œ์—์„œ 7์–ต 6์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ 200์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2017๋…„ 7์›”, WeWork๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ฑ…ํฌ์™€ Hony Capital์ด 5์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ง„์ถœ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 8์›” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ฑ…ํฌ ๋น„์ „ ํŽ€๋“œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ฝ 200์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋กœ 44์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 9์›” WeWork๋Š” ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด์— ๋ณธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘” SpaceMob์„ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ™•์žฅํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 5์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํ• ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 10์›” ๋ง, WeWork๋Š” Hudson's Bay Company๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งจํ•ดํŠผ 5๋ฒˆ๊ฐ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” Lord & Taylor ๋นŒ๋”ฉ์„ 8์–ต 5์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ๋…์ผ, ๋‰ด์š•, ํ† ๋ก ํ† , ๋ฐด์ฟ ๋ฒ„์˜ ํŠน์ • HBC ์†Œ์œ  ๋ฐฑํ™”์  ์ธต์„ WeWork์˜ ๊ณต์œ  ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค ์ž‘์—… ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋Š” 2019๋…„ 2์›”์— ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 10์›” WeWork๋Š” ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ํ•™๊ต์ธ Flatiron School์„ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 6์›”์— ๋งค๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 11์›” ์œ„์›Œํฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฝ”์›Œํ‚น ์ŠคํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๋” ์œ™(The Wing)์— ํˆฌ์žํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 1์›”์— ์ง€๋ถ„์„ ๋งค๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2017๋…„ 11์›”์— WeWork๋Š” ์•ฝ 1์–ต 5,600๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— Meetup์„ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ ์ ์ž ๋งค๊ฐ๋๋‹ค. ๋˜ 2017๋…„ 11์›” ์œ„์›Œํฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณตํŒŒ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์›จ์ด๋ธŒ๊ฐ€๋“ (Wavegarden)์— ํˆฌ์žํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2017๋…„ 11์›”, WeWork๋Š” 2018๋…„ ๊ฐ€์„์— 3์„ธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 4ํ•™๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ํ•™์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฝ ํ•™๊ต์ธ WeGrow๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜๊ตฌ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” WeWork์˜ ๋‰ด์š• ๋ณธ์‚ฌ์˜€๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 9์›”, ๋ฅด๋ฒ ์นด ๋…ธ์ด๋งŒ(Rebekah Neumann)์€ WeGrow์˜ CEO์ง์„ ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. WeGrow ํ•™๊ต๋Š” 2019ํ•™๋…„๋„ ๋ง์— ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์•˜๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 12์›”, ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด์— ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ง€์ ์„ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2018 2018๋…„ 1์›”, 2U์—์„œ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ WeWork ๊ณต์šฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํšŒ์˜์‹ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 12์›”, WeWork๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋ฆด๋žœ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ํŒŒํฌ ์บ ํผ์Šค์— ์ฒซ ๋งค์žฅ์„ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 3์›”, WeWork๋Š” ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํŽ€๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋ชจํŽ€๋“œ Rhรดne Group๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 4์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด์ƒ์„ ๋ชจ๊ธˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2018๋…„ 3์›”์—๋Š” WeWork๊ฐ€ Conductor๋ฅผ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํœ˜์ž ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„์€ 2019๋…„ 12์›” WeWork์—์„œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 4์›” WeWork๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณต์œ  ์ž‘์—… ์šด์˜์—…์ฒด์ธ Naked Hub๋ฅผ 4์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 5์›”, WeWork๋Š” ์ž์นญ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋Œ€์•ˆ ๊ธฐ์—…์ธ MissionU๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์‹ 400๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. MissionU๋Š” ๊ทธ ์งํ›„ ํ์‡„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์—…๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ˜„๊ธˆ์€ MissionU์—์„œ ํˆฌ์ž์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. MissionU์˜ CEO๋Š” ์ดํ›„ WeWork์˜ ์œ ์น˜์› ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ WeGrow์˜ COO๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 7์›”, ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง์›๋“ค์ด ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ ๊ธฐ, ๊ฐ€๊ธˆ๋ฅ˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ‰์€ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์‹์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ™˜๊ธ‰์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œํ•œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์— ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์…€ํ”„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ‚ค์˜ค์Šคํฌ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 7์›” WeWork๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ์‚ฌ์—… ํ™•์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 5์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๊ธˆํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ์žํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ 50์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 8์›”, WeWork์˜ Flatiron School์€ ์˜๋ฆฌ ๋””์ž์ธ ํ•™๊ต์ธ Designation์„ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 9์›” WeWork๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ธ Teem์„ 1์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„์— iOffice์— ๋งค๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 11์›” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ฑ…ํฌ๋Š” 2019๋…„ 9์›” ๋ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 30์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ƒ๋‹น์˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ฃผ์‹์„ 420์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์•ก์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์ž…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜์žฅ์„ ์ทจ๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„์—๋Š” CEO ์•„๋‹ด ๋…ธ์ด๋งŒ์˜ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์ง€์ถœ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑธํ”„์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆผ(Gulfstream) G650 ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์ œํŠธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ 6์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์— ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. WeWork๋Š” 2018๋…„์— 20์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์†์‹ค์„ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019 2019๋…„ 1์›” WeWork๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ฑ…ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€์•ก 470์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ 20์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ฑ…ํฌ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ 160์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ธˆ์œต์‹œ์žฅ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ณผ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ถ•์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ํˆฌ์ž๋กœ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ฑ…ํฌ๊ฐ€ WeWork์— ํˆฌ์žํ•œ ์ด ์ž๊ธˆ์€ 100์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 1์›” ๋ง, WeWork๋Š” ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ์ฃผ ํƒฌํŒŒ๋กœ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ 2020๋…„์— Tampa Heights์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฌผ 2์ธต์— ์ง€์ ์„ ์—ด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 4์›”, WeWork๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค ์ž„์ฐจ์ธ์ด ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ œ๊ณต์—…์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ธ Managed by Q๋ฅผ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 3์›” ์†์‹ค์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ๋งค๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 4์›” 29์ผ WeWork๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ณต๊ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋“ฑ๋ก ๋ช…์„ธ์„œ ์ดˆ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 7์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์•„๋‹ด ๋…ธ์ด๋งŒ์€ WeWork ์ฃผ์‹ ์ค‘ 7์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒญ์‚ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 8์›” 14์ผ์— ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” S-1 ์–‘์‹์„ ์ œ์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋ฅ˜์—๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์†์‹ค, ๊ฐ’๋น„์‹ผ ์ž„๋Œ€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ, ์„ค๋ฆฝ์ž ์•„๋‹ด ๋…ธ์ด๋งŒ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์˜๋ฌด๋Š” 470์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ฝ์ •์€ 40์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” "๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค, ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ต ์ฐฝ์ถœ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์— ํœฉ์‹ธ์˜€๋‹ค." ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” WeWork์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ์ด๋ฆ„์„ We Company๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2019๋…„ 8์›” Form S-1 ์ œ์ถœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ๋ผ์ด์„ผ์Šค ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ ์•„๋‹ด ๋…ธ์ด๋งŒ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ WeWork ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ์ž๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์ธ์— 590๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ถˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 9์›” ์ดˆ, ๋…ธ์ด๋งŒ์€ ์ƒํ‘œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 590๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ  "We" ์ œํ’ˆ๊ตฐ ์ƒํ‘œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒํ‘œ๊ถŒ์„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๋ถ€์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 8์›” 27์ผ, WeWork๋Š” ๋‚ฎ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ ˆ์Šคํ† ๋ž‘์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ž„๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ›„ ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์›๊ฒฉ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ž„๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ธ Spacious๋ฅผ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. Spacious๋Š” 4๊ฐœ์›” ํ›„์ธ 2019๋…„ 12์›”์— ํ์‡„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 9์›” 4์ผ, WeWork๋Š” ์ฒซ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ด์‚ฌ์ธ Harvard Business School ๊ต์ˆ˜์ธ Frances Frei๋ฅผ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 9์›” 13์ผ, ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด CEO๋ฅผ ์„ ์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  CEO ์•„๋‹ด ๋…ธ์ด๋งŒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—… ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์ด๋งŒ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ด์ต์„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ์–‘๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋™์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 9์›” 17์ผ, ๊ธฐ์—… ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๊ฐ€์น˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€, ์‚ฌ์—… ์ „๋ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์˜ ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ WeWork๋Š” S-1 ์‹ ์ฒญ์„ ๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ ํšŒํ•˜๊ณ  IPO๋ฅผ 2019๋…„ ๋ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ์•ฝ 100์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ 1์›”์— ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•œ 470์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2010๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ๋ชจ๊ธˆํ•œ 128์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ๋Š”๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 9์›” ์ค‘์ˆœ, ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง€์—ฐ๋œ ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ณต๊ฐœ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—†์ด Wendy Silverstein์€ ์œ„์›Œํฌ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐํˆฌ์žํŽ€๋“œ ARK ๊ณต๋™๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ฑ…ํฌ๋Š” 2019๋…„ 9์›” 23์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ Neumann์ด CEO์—์„œ ํ•ด์ž„๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 9์›” 24์ผ, ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์ด ์ปค์ง€์ž ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๊ณต๋™ ์ฐฝ์—…์ž์ธ ์•„๋‹ด ๋…ธ์ด๋งŒ์€ CEO์ง์„ ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ•˜๊ณ  WeWork์˜ ๊ณผ๋ฐ˜์ˆ˜ ์˜๊ฒฐ๊ถŒ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. Artie Minson๊ณผ Sebastian Gunningham์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณต๋™ CEO๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 9์›” 24์ผ, WeWork๋Š” Gulfstream G650 ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํŒ๋งคํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ "ํšŒ์‚ฌ IPO๋ฅผ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ์œ„ํ—˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ"๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•ฝ์†๋œ ๋ณด๋„ˆ์Šค๋‚˜ ์ž„๊ธˆ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ง์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 10์›” ๋…ธ์ด๋งŒ์€ WeWork ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์ž„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšŒ์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋‹จ์ ˆํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ฑ…ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ฝ 17์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 17์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์—๋Š” ๋‚จ์€ ์ฃผ์‹ 9์–ต 7์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ, ์ปจ์„คํŒ… ๋น„์šฉ 1์–ต 8,500๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ, J.P. Morgan Chase์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ถœ๊ธˆ ์ƒํ™˜์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํฌ๋ ˆ๋”ง 5์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ด‰ 4,600๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ปจ์„คํ„ดํŠธ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 10์›”, WeWork๋Š” ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด์™€ ๋งˆ๋‹๋ผ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฝ”์›Œํ‚น ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค ์˜คํ”ˆ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2019๋…„ 10์›”, WeWork๋Š” ํ”ผ์ธ ๋ฒ„๊ทธ ์‹œ๋‚ด์˜ U.S. Steel Tower์— ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์„ ๊ฐœ์„คํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์— ์ตœ๋Œ€ 105,000ํ‰๋ฐฉํ”ผํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ง€์„ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 10์›” 14์ผ, WeWork๋Š” ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ฝ 1,600๊ฐœ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค ์ „ํ™” ๋ถ€์Šค๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋ฆ„์•Œ๋ฐํžˆ๋“œ๋กœ ์˜ค์—ผ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ณ ๊ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์กฐ์น˜๋กœ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 700๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „ํ™” ๋ถ€์Šค๋ฅผ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํšŒ์›๋“ค์ด ๋ˆˆ์˜ ์ž๊ทน๊ณผ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•œ ํ›„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 11์›” 6์ผ, ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ฑ…ํฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ WeWork์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 92์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์†์‹ค์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธˆ์•ก์€ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ฑ…ํฌ๊ฐ€ WeWork์— ํˆฌ์žํ•œ 103์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์•ฝ 90%์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 11์›” 21์ผ, WeWork๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ง์›์˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 20%์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” 2,400๋ช…์˜ ์ง์›์„ ํ•ด๊ณ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2020 2020๋…„ 1์›”, WeWork๋Š” ๋ถ๋ฏธ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณต์œ  ์˜คํ”ผ์Šค์—์„œ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ๋งฅ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ์„ ๋Šฆ์ถ”๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 2์›” 1์ผ, WeWork๋Š” GGP Inc. ๋ฐ Brookfield Property Partners์˜ ์ „์ง ๊ณ ์œ„ ์ž„์›์ด์—ˆ๋˜ Sandeep Mathrani๊ฐ€ 2020๋…„ 2์›” 18์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ CEO๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 2์›” 3์ผ WeWork๋Š” WeWork x Hub 71์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์ค‘๋™ ์ง€์—ญ ์•„๋ถ€๋‹ค๋น„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋‹จ์ง€ Hub 71์— ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 2์›” 10์ผ, WeWork๋Š” ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ํŒฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋‚ด 100๊ฐœ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ์ž„์‹œ ํ์‡„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 3์›” ๋ง, WeWork๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ ์ ˆ๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง์› 250๋ช…์„ ํ•ด๊ณ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , 2020๋…„ 4์›” ๋ง์— ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง์› ํ•ด๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 6์›” 5์ผ, McKelvey๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ง์— WeWork๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์›”. 2020๋…„์— ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” 66๊ฐœ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋น„์› ๊ณ  150๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ž„๋Œ€๋ฃŒ, ์—ฐ๊ธฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ž„๋Œ€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์„ ์žฌํ˜‘์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2021 2021๋…„ 3์›”, ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์•ก 90์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ๋ชฉ์  ์ธ์ˆ˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  BowX Acquisition Corp.๊ณผ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ ํ›„์—๋„ Mathrani๋Š” ๊ณ„์† CEO๋กœ ๋‚จ์ง€๋งŒ BowX์˜ Vivek Ranadivรฉ์™€ Deven Parekh๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋œ๋‹ค. Insight Partners๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์€ 2021๋…„ 10์›”์— ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ WeWork์˜ ์ฃผ์‹์€ ๋‰ด์š• ์ฆ๊ถŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 8์›”, WeWork๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์— ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋ฌด์ฒญ(General Services Administration)์—์„œ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ 5๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณต์œ  ์ž‘์—… ์ œ๊ณต์—…์ฒด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 10์›”, WeWork๋Š” WeWork์— 1์–ต 5์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ Cushman & Wakefield์™€์˜ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2022 2022๋…„ 1์›” WeWork๋Š” Common Desk ์ธ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์นจ๊ณต ๋‹น์‹œ WeWork๋Š” 2022๋…„ 3์›” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์„ ํ์‡„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์— ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” Yardi Systems์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ WeWork Workplace๋ผ๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2022๋…„ 5์›”, WeWork๋Š” Andre Fernandez๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด CFO๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ 18๊ฐœ์›” ๋งŒ์— ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚œ Benjamin Dunham์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2023 2023๋…„ 4์›”, WeWork์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ 1๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๋‰ด์š• ์ฆ๊ถŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ์—์„œ ์ƒ์žฅ ํ์ง€ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ณด๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” 2019๋…„ 470์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ 3์–ต 6,090๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2023๋…„ 8์›” 8์ผ, WeWork๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ '์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์˜์‹ฌ'์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  11์žฅ ํŒŒ์‚ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์‹ ์ฒญํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. WeWork๋Š” ์ง‘์ฃผ์ธ๊ณผ ์ž„๋Œ€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์žฌํ˜‘์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„์šฉ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž„๋Œ€๋ฃŒ์™€ ์ž„์ฐจ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ž‘์—… ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ž์‚ฐ์„ ๋งค๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” 2023๋…„ 4์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 6์›”๊นŒ์ง€ 3์–ต 9700๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ(3์–ต 1100๋งŒ ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ)์˜ ์ˆœ์†์‹ค์„ ๋ƒˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Š” 1๋…„ ์ „ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋น„ํ•ด 2์–ต 3800๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ด๋‹ค. 2023๋…„ 8์›” 24์ผ, WeWork์— ํ˜„๊ธˆ์„ ๋นŒ๋ ค์ค€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ Chapter 11 ํŒŒ์‚ฐ ๊ฐœํŽธ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—๋Š” BlackRock, King Street Capital Management ๋ฐ Brigade Capital์˜ ์„ธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœํ‘œ ํ›„ WeWork์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์˜คํ›„ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์—์„œ 13์„ผํŠธ๋กœ ์•ฝ 12% ์ƒ์Šนํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•์  ๋ฌธ์ œ 2018๋…„ 9์›”, ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‰ด์š• ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€์˜ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๋น„๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์กฐํ•ญ์„ ์‚ญ์ œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 10์›”, ์ „ WeWork ๋ฌธํ™” ์ด์‚ฌ ๋ฃจ๋น„ ์•„๋‚˜์•ผ(Ruby Anaya)๋Š” 2018๋…„ 1์›” ํšŒ์‚ฌ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์—์„œ ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž ์ง์›์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ํ‚ค์Šค๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , 2017๋…„ 8์›”์—๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง์›์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์•„๋‚˜์•ผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์žก์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„ฑํฌ๋กฑ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. "์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹"์œผ๋กœ ๋’ค์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ "๋‚จํ•™์ƒ ๋ฌธํ™”"๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ ์†Œ์†ก์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต๋™ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝ์ž ๋…ธ์ด๋งŒ(Neumann)์ด "ํšŒ์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ์ค‘์— [๊ทธ๋…€]์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํ‚ฌ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์…จ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ ์งํ›„ WeWork๋Š” ์ง์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์ œํ•œ ๋งฅ์ฃผ ์ œ๊ณต์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‰ด์š• ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์—์„œ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— ๋งฅ์ฃผ 4์ž”๋งŒ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 6์›”, WeWork๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ์Šคํ†ก ์˜ต์…˜ ๋ถ€์—ฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ „ ๋ณด์ƒ ์ฑ…์ž„์ž์ธ ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€์Šค(Lisa Bridges)๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ ์†Œ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ ํ›„ ํ•ด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2019๋…„ 6์›”, ์—ฐ๋ด‰ 30๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ„๋Š” ์ „ WeWork ์ž„์›์ธ ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ๋งˆ์ผˆ(Richard Markel)์€ ์ Š์€ ์ง์›์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ฒด๋œ ํ›„ ์—ฐ๋ น ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ผˆ์€ 2019๋…„ 8์›” ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๋‹น ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 10์›”, Douglas Wigdor๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ์•„๋‹ด ๋…ธ์ด๋งŒ์˜ ์ „ ๋น„์„œ์‹ค์žฅ์ธ ๋ฉ”๋””๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”๋””(Medina Bardhi)๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ์ž„๊ธˆ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ, ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ž„์›์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌํ™”๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ, ์ž„์‹  ์ฐจ๋ณ„ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜์˜๋กœ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 2์›”, ์ „ ์ง์› ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ฑ…์ž„์ž์ธ ์•„์˜ˆ์ƒค ์™€์ดํŠธ(Ayesha Whyte)๋Š” "์ž๊ฒฉ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์Šน์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์‹คํ˜„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์€ ์ง์—…์„ ์•ฝ์†๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ธ์ข… ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ ์ด์œ ๋กœ WeWork๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 6์›” ์†Œ์†ก์€ ๊ฐ•์ œ ์ค‘์žฌ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 4์›”, ๋‹น์‹œ WeWork์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜€๋˜ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ฑ…ํฌ๋Š” WeWork์˜ ํŠน์ • ๊ทœ์ œ ์Šน์ธ ํš๋“ ์‹คํŒจ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌ, ์ •๋ถ€ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ด์œ ๋กœ WeWork์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋Œ€์ฃผ์ฃผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง์ ‘ ์ฃผ์‹์„ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” 30์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ์ทจ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ์ฒ ํšŒํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ํŒฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. WeWork๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ฑ…ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 5์›” 4์ผ, ์ „ CEO์ธ ์•„๋‹ด ๋…ธ์ด๋งŒ์€ 30์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ์ฒ ํšŒํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ฑ…ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ๊ณ ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์†ก์€ 2021๋…„ 2์›”์— ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ 7์›” 8์ผ, ์ „ WeWork ์ฃผ์‹ ๊ณ„ํš ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž์ธ ๋‹ค์ด์•ค ์•Œ๋ Œ(Diane Allen)๊ณผ ์ „ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํฌ์šฉ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ์ฑ…์ž„์ž์ธ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํผ ํด๋Ÿฌ๋ชฌํŠธ(Christopher Clermont)๊ฐ€ WeWork์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์ธ์ข… ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•Œ๋ Œ์€ ์„ฑ ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ณผ ์„ฑํฌ๋กฑ ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ๋„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. WeWork๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž„๋Œ€๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋งค์žฅ์„ ํ์‡„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณ„์•ฝ ์œ„๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง‘์ฃผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋ช…ํ•œ ์ง€์  1600 Seventh Avenue 330 North Wabash Bentall Centre Bush Tower Constellation Place Five Penn Center Holyoke Building Hรดtel de Langeac Hotel Europejski Madison Belmont Building Manhattan Center One Nashville Place Salesforce Tower Totzeret HaAretz Towers ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์„œ์šธ ์„œ์šธ์—ญ์ : ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ์ค‘๊ตฌ ํ•œ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๋กœ 416 ์†Œ์žฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์ข…๋กœํƒ€์›Œ์ : ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ์ข…๋กœ๊ตฌ ์ข…๋กœ 51 ์†Œ์žฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ผ์—ญ์ : ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ๊ตฌ ํ…Œํ—ค๋ž€๋กœ 142 ์†Œ์žฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ผ์—ญ 2ํ˜ธ์ : ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ๊ตฌ ํ…Œํ—ค๋ž€๋กœ 26๊ธธ 14 ์†Œ์žฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ด‘ํ™”๋ฌธ์ : ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ์ข…๋กœ๊ตฌ ์ข…๋กœ 1๊ธธ 50 ์†Œ์žฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์˜๋„์—ญ์ : ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ์˜๋“ฑํฌ๊ตฌ ์˜์‚ฌ๋‹น๋Œ€๋กœ 83 ์†Œ์žฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์„์ง€๋กœ์ : ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ์ค‘๊ตฌ ์‚ผ์ผ๋Œ€๋กœ 343 ์†Œ์žฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ผ์„ฑ์—ญ์ : ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ๊ตฌ ํ…Œํ—ค๋ž€๋กœ 507 ์†Œ์žฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๋‚จ์—ญ์ : ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ์„œ์ดˆ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ๋Œ€๋กœ 373 ์†Œ์žฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ ๋ฆ‰์—ญ์ : ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ๊ตฌ ํ…Œํ—ค๋ž€๋กœ 302 ์†Œ์žฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์‚ฐ ์„œ๋ฉด์ : ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ์ง„๊ตฌ ์„œ์ „๋กœ 8 ์†Œ์žฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ๋‰ด์š•์˜ ๊ธฐ์—… 2010๋…„ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋‰ด์š• ์ฆ๊ถŒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ ์ƒ์žฅ ๊ธฐ์—…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeWork
WeWork
WeWork Inc. is a provider of coworking spaces, including physical and virtual shared spaces, headquartered in New York City. , the company operated of space, including in the United States and Canada, in 779 locations in 39 countries, and had 547,000 members, with a weighted average commitment term of 19 months. In 2019 the initial public offering (IPO) of its then-parent company, The We Company failed. The Wall Street Journal noted that, on the release of its public prospectus in August 2019, the company was "besieged with criticism over its governance, business model, and ability to turn a profit". The We Company filed its Form S-1 for the IPO in August 2019. The following month, facing mounting pressure from investors based on disclosures in the S-1, company co-founder Adam Neumann resigned from his position as CEO and gave up majority voting control. Amid growing investor concerns over its corporate governance, valuation, and outlook for the business, the company formally withdrew its S-1 filing and announced the postponing of its IPO. At that time, the reported public valuation of the company was around US$10 billion, a reduction from the $47 billion valuation it had achieved in January and less than the $12.8 billion it had raised since 2010. , the company had a market capitalization of $326 million. In October 2019, Neumann received close to US$1.7 billion from stakeholder SoftBank for stepping down from WeWork's board and severing most of his ties to the company. He was retained as a consultant with an annual salary of $46 million. The New York Times described the company's failed effort to go public, and its related turmoil, as "an implosion unlike any other in the history of start-ups", which it attributed to Neumann's questionable tenure and the easy money previously provided to him by SoftBank, led by Masayoshi Son. In August 2023 WeWork warned that it had 'substantial doubt' that it could stay in business, and might file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. On October 31st 2023, reports circulated that WeWork would be filing for bankruptcy "imminently", which resulted in a 37% dip in share value. History 2008โ€“2015 In May 2008, Israeli-born Adam Neumann and United States-born Miguel McKelvey established GreenDesk, an "eco-friendly coworking space" in Brooklyn. In 2010, Neumann and McKelvey sold the business and founded WeWork, renting its first location in SoHo, Manhattan, which opened in April 2011. Manhattan real estate developer Joel Schreiber purchased a 33% interest in the company for $15 million. In 2011, PepsiCo placed a few employees in the location, who acted as advisors to smaller WeWork member companies, making the location a startup incubator. By 2013, WeWork customers included 350 startups such as Fitocracy and HackHands. By 2014, WeWork was considered "the fastest-growing lessee of new office space in New York" and was on track to become "the fastest-growing lessee [lessor] of new space in America." WeWork investors as of 2014 included J.P. Morgan Chase & Co, T. Rowe Price, Wellington Management, Goldman Sachs, the Harvard Corporation, Benchmark, and Mortimer Zuckerman, former CEO of Boston Properties. In February 2015, WeWork was named to Fast Companyโ€™s 50 Most Innovative Companies list. On June 1, 2015, Artie Minson, former chief financial officer of Time Warner Cable, joined the company as president and chief operating officer. In August 2015, the company acquired CASE, a real estate and construction technology company, in its first acquisition. According to its founder, the speed of the transaction damaged the organizational culture of CASE. 2016 In March 2016, WeWork raised $430 million in financing from Legend Holdings and Hony Capital, valuing the company at $16 billion. In June 2016, the company announced layoffs of 7% of its staff and implemented a temporary hiring freeze. In July 2016, WeWork fired and sued Joanna Strange, an employee who leaked information to the press that showed that WeWork would miss its financial goals. By October 2016, the company had raised $1.7 billion in private capital. In October 2016, WeWork announced plans to open a fourth location in Central Square, Cambridge, with space for 550 desks. WeWork opened offices in Boston's Leather District and Fort Point in 2014. It also announced plans to open a location in Lincoln Square in Bellevue, Washington. In 2016, WeWork launched a separate but related co-living venture called WeLive in New York City and in Crystal City, Virginia, near the Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport in the Washington metropolitan area. A third WeLive location in Seattle was planned in the new Third and Lenora building in 2020, but the lease was terminated in October 2019. In July 2021, WeWork terminated this business line. 2017 In April 2017, WeWork launched an online store for services and software for its members. In May 2017, WeWork opened a luxury health club at its Broad Street, Manhattan location. The space includes exercise equipment and a boxing area, general workout area, spa, and a yoga studio with fitness classes. In June 2017, in partnership with Embassy Group, WeWork India, led by then 25-year old Karan Virwani, son of the Embassy Group owner Jitu Virwani, opened its first space in Bangalore, India, named WeWork Galaxy, with capacity for 2,200 members. In July 2017, the company raised $760 million in a Series G financing round valuing the company at $20 billion. Also in July 2017, WeWork announced expansion plans into China, with US$500 million invested by SoftBank and Hony Capital. In August 2017, the company raised $4.4 billion from the SoftBank Vision Fund at a valuation of approximately $20 billion. In September 2017, WeWork expanded into Southeast Asia via the acquisition of Singapore-based SpaceMob, and it allocated $500 million to grow in Southeast Asia. In late October 2017, WeWork signed a contract to acquire the Lord & Taylor Building on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan from the Hudson's Bay Company for $850 million. The deal also included the use of floors of certain HBC owned department stores in Germany, New York, Toronto, and Vancouver as WeWork's shared office workspaces. The transaction closed in February 2019. In October 2017, WeWork acquired Flatiron School, a coding school. It was sold in June 2020. In November 2017, WeWork invested in The Wing, a co-working space for women. It sold the stake in January 2020. Also in November 2017, WeWork acquired Meetup for approximately $156 million. It was sold at a loss in 2020. In the same month, WeWork invested in Wavegarden, which designs and manufactures artificial wave devices. In addition, during November 2017, WeWork announced that in the fall of 2018 it would launch WeGrow, a private school for children aged 3 through students in grade 4. The first permanent location was in WeWork's New York headquarters. In September 2019, Rebekah Neumann resigned as CEO of WeGrow. The WeGrow school closed at the end of the 2019 academic year. In December 2017, the company opened its first location in Singapore. 2018 In January 2018, students taking online university courses from 2U were given access to WeWork common spaces and meeting rooms. In December 2018, WeWork opened its first location on a college campus at the University of Maryland, College Park. In March 2018, WeWork raised over $400 million alongside Rhรดne Group, a private equity firm to start a fund to purchase properties directly. Also in March 2018, WeWork acquired Conductor. Conductor executives bought back the company from WeWork in December 2019. In April 2018, WeWork acquired Chinese coworking operator Naked Hub for $400 million. In May 2018, WeWork acquired MissionU, a self-styled college alternative, for $4 million in stock. MissionU was wound-down shortly afterwards and students were not charged tuition. Cash was returned from MissionU to its investors. MissionU's CEO went on to become COO of WeWork's kindergarten program, WeGrow. In July 2018, the company restricted employees globally from being reimbursed by the company for meals that contained pork, poultry, or red meat. The firm also announced that it would not provide meat for events at its locations nor allow meat at self-serve food kiosks in its locations. In July 2018, WeWork raised $500 million to expand its business in China, valuing its Chinese subsidiary at $5 billion. In August 2018, WeWork's Flatiron School acquired Designation, a for-profit design school. In September 2018, WeWork acquired Teem, an office management software company, for $100 million. It was sold to iOffice in 2020. In November 2018, SoftBank acquired a warrant to buy up to $3 billion worth of shares in the company by the end of September 2019 at a $42 billion valuation. In 2018, the company purchased a Gulfstream G650 business jet for more than $60 million, cited as an example of CEO Adam Neumann's excessive spending. WeWork lost over $2 billion in 2018. 2019 In January 2019, WeWork raised an additional $2 billion from SoftBank at a $47 billion valuation. SoftBank considered investing as much as $16 billion but downsized plans due to turbulence in financial markets and opposition from investors. The investment brought SoftBank's total funding in WeWork to over $10 billion. In late January 2019, WeWork announced that it would open a location on two floors of a building in Tampa Heights in 2020 as part of its expansion into Tampa, Florida. In April 2019, WeWork acquired Managed by Q, a platform that office tenants can use to hire service providers. It was sold at a loss in March 2020. On April 29, 2019, WeWork filed a draft registration statement for a proposed initial public offering. By July 2019, Adam Neumann had liquidated $700 million of his WeWork stock. On August 14, 2019, the company filed Form S-1. The filing revealed significant losses, expensive lease agreements, and a complex relationship with founder Adam Neumann. It also disclosed $47 billion of future lease obligations and only $4 billion of future lease commitments. The company was then "besieged with criticism over its governance, business model, and ability to turn a profit." The company changed the legal name of WeWork to We Company and, according to the August 2019 Form S-1 filing, the firm paid $5.9 million to an entity owned by Adam Neumann and other WeWork founders for brand licensing the name. In early September 2019, Neumann returned the $5.9 million to the company for the use of the trademark and gave the company all of the trademark rights for the "We" family trademarks. On August 27, 2019, WeWork acquired Spacious, a company that leases unused space from restaurants during daytime hours and then rents this space to remote workers. Spacious was shut down 4 months later, in December 2019. On September 4, 2019, WeWork added its first female director, Harvard Business School professor Frances Frei, to the company's board of directors. On September 13, 2019, the company announced changes to its corporate governance to include the ability for the board of directors to pick a new CEO and not having CEO Adam Neumann's family members on the board. Neumann also agreed to transfer to the company any profits from his real estate deals with the company. On September 17, 2019, amid growing investor concerns over its corporate governance, valuation, and outlook for the business, WeWork formally withdrew its S-1 filing and announced the postponing of its IPO until late 2019. At that time, the reported public valuation of the company was around $10 billion, a reduction from the $47 billion valuation it achieved in January and less than the $12.8 billion it had raised since 2010. In mid-September 2019, unrelated to the company's delayed initial public offering, Wendy Silverstein, the co-head of WeWork's real estate investment fund ARK, departed the company. By September 23, 2019, SoftBank wanted Neumann removed as chief executive. The following day, amid mounting pressure from investors, company co-founder Adam Neumann resigned as CEO and gave up majority voting control in WeWork. Artie Minson and Sebastian Gunningham were named co-CEOs of the company. That same day, WeWork put its Gulfstream G650 aircraft up for sale. Critics said the plane had become a "red flag in the leadup to the company's IPO" and had created problems with employees who didn't receive promised bonuses or raises. In October 2019, Neumann received close to $1.7 billion from SoftBank for resigning from WeWork's board of directors and severing most of his ties to the company. The $1.7 billion included $970 million for his remaining shares, a $185 million consulting fee, and a $500 million credit to assist him to repay his loans to J.P. Morgan Chase. He was retained as a consultant with an annual salary of $46 million. In October 2019, WeWork announced the opening of new co-working locations in Singapore and Manila. Also in October 2019, WeWork abandoned plans to open an office in the U.S. Steel Tower in downtown Pittsburgh. The company had planned to build out as much as 105,000 square feet in the building. On October 14, 2019, WeWork warned clients that approximately 1,600 office phone booths at some of its offices in Canada and the United States were tainted with formaldehyde. The company said another 700 phone booths would possibly be taken out of service as a precautionary measure. This situation came to the attention of the company after some members reported eye irritation and a strong odor. On November 6, 2019, SoftBank Group reported $9.2 billion in write-downs on its investments in WeWork. This amount was approximately 90% of the $10.3 billion SoftBank invested in WeWork over the previous few years. On November 21, 2019, WeWork announced layoffs of 2,400 employees, almost 20% of its workforce globally. 2020 In January 2020, WeWork began phasing out free beer at all North American co-working locations and announced plans for a slower growth rate. On February 1, 2020, WeWork announced that Sandeep Mathrani, a former senior executive at GGP Inc. and Brookfield Property Partners, would become CEO of the company, effective February 18, 2020. On February 3, 2020, WeWork opened its first location in the Middle East outside of Israel in Abu-Dhabi's technology park Hub 71 under the name WeWork x Hub 71. On February 10, 2020, WeWork announced the temporary closure of 100 buildings in China due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In late March 2020, WeWork laid off 250 employees in an effort to lower expenses, followed by another round of employee layoffs at the end of April 2020. On June 5, 2020, McKelvey announced that he would be leaving WeWork at the end of the month. In 2020, the company vacated 66 locations and re-negotiated lower rent, deferrals, or other lease changes at more than 150 others. 2021 In March 2021, the company reached a deal to become a public company via a special-purpose acquisition company with a $9 billion valuation and merge with BowX Acquisition Corp. Post merger, Mathrani would continue to remain CEO but Vivek Ranadivรฉ from BowX and Deven Parekh from Insight Partners would join the new board. The merger was consummated in October 2021 and shares of WeWork began trading on the New York Stock Exchange. In August 2021, WeWork was one of five co-working providers selected by the General Services Administration to provide services for the Federal government of the United States. In October 2021, WeWork announced a partnership with Cushman & Wakefield that included a $150 million investment in WeWork. 2022 In January 2022, WeWork announced the acquisition of Common Desk. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, in March 2022, WeWork closed its offices in Russia. Later in 2022, the company announced that it was developing a software product with Yardi Systems called WeWork Workplace. In May of 2022, WeWork named Andre Fernandez as its new CFO. He replaced Benjamin Dunham, who departed after 18 months at the company. 2023 In April 2023, WeWork faced delisting on the New York Stock Exchange as its stock price had fallen below a $1.00 threshold. The company was valued at $360.9 million, down from its $47 billion valuation in 2019. On August 8, 2023, WeWork warned that it has 'substantial doubt' that it can stay in business for any longer, and announced that it may have to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. WeWork said it would be trying to control its expenses, as well as reduce its rent and tenancy costs by restructuring and renegotiating leases with landlords. The company also said it would attempt to retain current occupants of its workspaces and try to raise money by selling some assets. The company made a net loss of $397 million (ยฃ311 million) between April and June of 2023, though this was an improvement of $238 million compared with the same period a year earlier. On August 24, 2023, a group of investment management companies which lent cash to WeWork announced that they were exploring options to save the company, including a potential Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization. The group includes three companies, BlackRock, King Street Capital Management, and Brigade Capital. After the announcement, WeWork's stock rose approximately 12% at 13 cents in an afternoon trade. In October 2023, Bloomberg reported that investors and creditors including SoftBank, King Street Capital Management, and others were negotiating to gain control of WeWork. Legal issues In September 2018, the company eliminated broad-based non-compete clauses to settle a lawsuit from the Attorney General of New York. In October 2018, former WeWork director of culture Ruby Anaya filed a sexual harassment lawsuit claiming that at a company event in January 2018, a male employee grabbed her by the waist and forcibly kissed her and that in August 2017, a different employee grabbed Anaya from behind in a "sexual manner". The suit highlighting the company's "frat-boy culture" also alleged that co-founder Neumann "plied [her] with tequila shots during her interview with the company." Shortly after this claim was made, WeWork put an end to its unlimited beer for employees and implemented a policy of only four beers per day in the New York office. In June 2019, WeWork was sued by the former head of compensation, Lisa Bridges, for gender-based pay discrimination, particularly in granting stock options. She alleged that she was fired after discussing the issue. Also, in June 2019, Richard Markel, a former WeWork executive making $300,000 per year, sued the company for age discrimination after allegedly being replaced with a younger worker. Markel voluntarily dismissed the case in August 2019. In October 2019, Medina Bardhi, the former chief of staff for Adam Neumann, represented by Douglas Wigdor, sued the company over various allegations including a gender pay gap, marijuana use by company executives, and pregnancy discrimination. In February 2020, Ayesha Whyte, former director of employee relations, sued WeWork for gender and race discrimination, "saying she was promised a well-paying job that never materialized, all while less-qualified white people were promoted." In June 2020, the lawsuit was forced into arbitration. In April 2020, SoftBank, then the largest shareholder of WeWork, cancelled its $3 billion tender offer to buy shares directly from some of WeWork's major stockholders, citing failure by WeWork to obtain certain regulatory approvals, new criminal and civil investigations, and government actions due to the COVID-19 pandemic as reasons for withdrawing the offer. WeWork then sued SoftBank. On May 4, 2020, former CEO Adam Neumann separately sued SoftBank for withdrawing the $3 billion tender offer. The lawsuits were settled in February 2021. On July 8, 2020, former WeWork stock plan administrator Diane Allen, and former head of diversity & inclusion Christopher Clermont, filed separate complaints against WeWork. Both alleged race discrimination, while Allen also alleged gender discrimination and lack of action over a sexual harassment claim. WeWork was also sued by several landlords for breach of contract when it failed to pay rent or for closing locations. Notable locations Notable WeWork locations include: 1600 Seventh Avenue 330 North Wabash Bentall Centre Bush Tower Constellation Place Five Penn Center Holyoke Building Hรดtel de Langeac Hotel Europejski Madison Belmont Building Manhattan Center One Nashville Place Salesforce Tower Totzeret HaAretz Towers Further viewing In January 2021, Apple TV+ announced a new show called WeCrashed that follows the launching and fall of WeWork. Jared Leto plays Adam Neumann and Anne Hathaway plays Rebekah Neumann. In March 2021, Hulu unveiled a documentary titled WeWork: Or the Making and Breaking of a $47 Billion Unicorn, released April 2, 2021. Further reading References External links 2010 establishments in New York City American companies established in 2010 Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Publicly traded companies based in New York City Real estate companies established in 2010 Softbank portfolio companies Special-purpose acquisition companies
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%8B%A0%EC%8B%A0%EC%95%99
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๊ฐ€์‹  ์‹ ์•™์ด๋ž€ ๊ฐ€ํƒ ์ž์ฒด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€ํƒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์‹ ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์„ ๋ณด์‚ดํŽด ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ์‹ ์•™์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์‹ ์•™์˜ ํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์‹ ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ง‘ ์•ˆ์— ๋ชจ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋Š ๊ณณ์ด๋‚˜ ์กด์žฌํ•  ๋งŒํผ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค.๊ฐ€์‹ ์„ ์œ„๋กœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง‘์•ˆ์˜ ์•ˆ๋…•์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ ์•ˆํƒ(ๅฎ‰ๅฎ…)๊ณผ ๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฉ์–ด ๊ฐ€์‹ ์„ ์„ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‹ ์•™์„ ๊ฐ€์‹ ์‹ ์•™ยท๊ฐ€์กฑ์‹ ์•™ยท๊ฐ€์ •์‹ ์•™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ผ์ปฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์‹ ์˜ ๋ช…์นญ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊น€ํƒœ๊ณค๊ณผ ํ˜„์šฉ์ค€์€ โ€˜๊ฐ€์‹ ์‹ ์•™โ€™, ์žฅ์ฃผ๊ทผ๊ณผ ๋ฐ•๊ณ„ํ™์€ โ€˜๊ฐ€์ •์‹ ์•™โ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฌธ์›…๊ณผ ๊น€์„ ํ’์€ โ€˜๊ฐ€์กฑ์‹ ์•™โ€™๊ณผ โ€˜๊ฐ€์‹ ์‹ ์•™โ€™์„ ๋ณ‘๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์ž์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ€์‹ ์‹ ์•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” โ€˜๊ฐ€์‹ ์‹ ์•™โ€™ยทโ€˜๊ฐ€์ •์‹ ์•™โ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์ง‘ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ๋“ค์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊น€๊ด‘์–ธ์€ ๊ฐ€์‹ ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ง์ธ โ€˜์ง‘์ง€ํ‚ด์ดโ€™๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ผ์ œ๊ฐ•์ ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏผ์†์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธ€์„ ๋‚จ๊ธด ์ด๋Šฅํ™”๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‹ ์„ โ€˜๊ฐ€ํƒ์‹ (ๅฎถๅฎ…็ฅž)โ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ€์‹ ์‹ ์•™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏผ์†์ข…๊ต์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์–ธ์ œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ , ์˜ค๋žœ ์„ธ์›”์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์ „์Šน๋˜์–ด ์™”์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์˜ํ–ฅ ํƒ์ผ(ๆ“‡ๆ—ฅ) : ์ง‘์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ง€์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•œ ์ง‘์— ์œผ๋œธ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์ฃผ์‹ ์„ ๋ชจ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ง‘์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„๋ฌด๋•Œ๋‚˜ ์„ฑ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์‹œ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ฃผ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ 27ใ†37ใ†47ใ†57ใ†67 ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด 7์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Š” ํ•ด 10์›”์— ํƒ์ผํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฃผ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ 23ใ†27ใ†33ใ†37ใ†43ใ†47๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด 3๊ณผ 7์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด 10์›”์— ํƒ์ผํ•ด ์„ฑ์ฃผ๋ฐ›์ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ „๊ตญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฃผ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ 7์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ•ด์— ์„ฑ์ฃผ๋ฐ›์ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ๊ต : ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์กฐ์ƒ์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ช…์นญ๋„ ์—ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ช…์นญ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” โ€˜์กฐ์ƒ๋‹จ์ง€โ€™ยทโ€˜์‹ ์ฃผ๋‹จ์ง€โ€™ยทโ€˜์กฐ์ƒํ• ๋งคโ€™ยทโ€˜์„ธ์กดโ€™ยทโ€˜์ œ์„โ€™ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์กฐ์ƒ์‹ ์€ ํ’์š”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ๊ต์™€ ์œ ๊ต์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ์ž˜ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์† : ํ˜ธ๋‚จ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์‹ ๋…„๋งž์ด ์˜๋ก€์ธ '์•ˆํƒ๊ตฟ'์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์ œ๋ณต์„ ๊ธฐ์›ํ•˜๋Š” '์žฌ์ˆ˜๊ตฟ' ๋“ฑ์€ ๊ฐ€์ •์‹ ์•™์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ์ œ์˜์  ์–‘์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์‹ํ™”๋˜๊ณ , ์‹ ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”๋˜๊ณ , ์ฒญ๋ฐฐ์™€ ์ถ•์›์˜ ๋ฌด์†์  ์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ ์—ฐํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์˜์‹์ด๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์›๋ฆฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ถ€๋…€์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ๊ณ ๋‹ฌํ”ˆ ์ƒํ™œ์†์—์„œ๋„ ๋Š˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ๊ณผ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ ˆ์‹คํ•œ ์—ผ์›๊ณผ ์ •์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด์•„์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ชจ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ ์กฐ์„  ์œ ๊ต์ •์น˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ต์œก์„ ๋“ฑํ•œ์‹œํ•œ ๋ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ต๊ฑด ๋ฌด์†์ด๊ฑด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ ๊ธˆ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ์ผ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ๊ต์ œ๋ก€์—์„œ๋„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์ œ๋ฌผ์ค€๋น„์™€ ์†๋‹˜ ์น˜๋ฅด๊ธฐ์—๋งŒ ๊ธ‰๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ œ์‚ฌ์—๋Š” ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊นŒ๋‹ญ์— ๋ฐ”๊นฅ ์ผ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์ฃผ๋„ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ง‘์•ˆ์˜ ์ผ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ถŒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด ์ „๊ถŒ์„ ์ฃผ๋ถ€์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋…์„ฑ, ํ˜•์‹์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฐจ๋ณ„๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‹ ์‹ ์•™์„ ์„œ๋ฏผ ๋ถ€๋…€์ธต์˜ ์‹ ์•™์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ฐฉ์‹œ์ผœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฐ€์‹ ์‹ ์•™์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์‹ ์•™์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฌด๊ฒฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ œ๋ก€๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋น„์‹ธ๋ฉฐ ๋†์–ด์ดŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ํฌ์†Œํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ€์‹ ์‹ ์•™์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ฃผ๋ถ€๋“ค์˜ ์ „๋‹ดํ–‰์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์‹ ์‹ ์•™์˜ ์ œ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ถ€๋…€์ž๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ •๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์—ด์„ฑ์  ์‹ ์•™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ œ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹ ๋‹ค๋ น๊ต์  ์‹ ๊ด€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์‹ ์•™์˜ ์‹ ๊ด€(็ฅž่ง€)์€ ํ”ํžˆ ๋‹ค์‹ ๋‹ค๋ น๊ต์ (ๅคš็ฅžๅคš้ˆๆ•Ž็š„)์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€์‹ ์‹ ์•™๊ณผ ๋ฌด์†์‹ ์•™, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋™์ œ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋งˆ์„์‹ ์•™์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์ง‘์•ˆ์—๋Š” ์„ฑ์ฃผ, ์กฐ์™•, ์น ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€ํƒ์‹ (ๅฎถๅฎ…็ฅž )๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ๋•๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ฒด(็ฅž้ซ”) ์‹ ์ฒด(็ฅž้ซ”)๋Š” ์‹ (็ฅž)์„ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ์„ฑํ•œ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์‹ ์•™์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์†Œ๋ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์ฃผ๋‹จ์ง€, ์กฐ์™•์ค‘๋ฐœ, ์‹ ์ค๋‹จ์ง€ ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์‹œ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ฒด(็ฅž้ซ”)๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€ํƒ์‹ (ๅฎถๅฎ…็ฅž)๋“ค์ด ๋ถ„๋…ธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํž˜์„ ์žƒ๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งค์šฐ ์†Œ์ค‘ํžˆ ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ด์‚ฌ, ์ฃฝ์Œ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํฐ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด(็ฅž้ซ”)๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฑด๊ถ โ€˜๊ฑด๊ถํ„ฐ์ฃผโ€™ยทโ€˜๊ฑด๊ถ์กฐ์™•โ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ€์‹ ์‹ ์•™์—๋Š”โ€˜๊ฑด๊ถโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์‹ ์„ ์‹ ์ฒด(็ฅž้ซ”)์—†์ด ๊ด€๋…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์–‘์ฃผ์˜ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์ง‘์— ๋ถˆ์ด ๋‚˜์„œ ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” '๊ฑด๊ถ ์„ฑ์ฃผ'์ด๋‹ค. ์ข…๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๊ฐ€์‹ ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋Šฅํ™”(ๆŽ่ƒฝๅ’Œ)๋Š” ์„ฑ์ฃผ(ๅŸŽไธป)ยทํ„ฐ์ฃผยท์ œ์„(ๅธ้‡‹)ยท์—…(ๆฅญ)ยท์กฐ์™•ยท๋ฌธ์‹ (้–€็ฅž) ๋“ฑ 6์ข…์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ , ์•„ํ‚ค๋ฐ”(็ง‹่‘‰้š†)๋Š” ์„ฑ์ฃผยท์ œ์„ยท๋Œ€๊ฐ(ๅคง็›ฃ)ยท์ง€์‹ (ๅœฐ็ฅž)ยทํ„ฐ์ฃผยท์กฐ์™•ยท๊ฑธ๋ฆฝ(ไนž็ฒ’)ยท์ˆ˜๋ฌธ์žฅยท์ธก์‹ (ๅŽ ็ฅž) ๋“ฑ 9์ข…์„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž„๋™๊ถŒ(ไปปๆฑๆฌŠ)์€ ์„ฑ์ฃผยทํ„ฐ์ฃผยท์ œ์„ยท์‚ฌ์ฐฝ์‹ (ๅธๅ€‰็ฅž)ยท์กฐ์™•ยท์ˆ˜๋ฌธ์‹ ยท์ธก์‹  ๋“ฑ 8์ข…์„ ๋“  ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์ฃผ์‹  ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์•ˆ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‹  ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ตœ๊ณ ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์œผ๋กœ โ€˜์„ฑ์ฃผ(ๅŸŽไธป)โ€™, โ€˜์„ฑ์กฐ(ๆˆ้€ )โ€™, โ€˜์„ฑ์ฃผ์‹ โ€™ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฝƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ ‘์–ด์„œ, ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ๊ตฟ์ƒ์— ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋˜ ์‹ ์žฅ์Œ€์„ ์„ธ ์ˆ˜์ € ๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋„ฃ์–ด์„œ ๋ด‰์•ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘์–ด์„œ ์Œ€์„ ๋„ฃ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธโ€˜์„ฑ์ฃผ๋ฐ”ํƒฑ์ด[์„ฑ์ฃผ๋‹จ์ง€]โ€™๋กœ ๋ชจ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ผ์‹  ์•„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๊ณผ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์™€ ์‹ ์ƒ์•„๋ฅผ ๋งก์•„๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” (์„ธ) ์‹ ๋ น์ด๋‹ค. '์‚ผ์‹ ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ', '์‚ฐ์‹ ', '์ง€์–‘ํ• ๋งค', '์ง€์•™' ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ„ฐ์ฃผ์‹  ์ง‘ ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์ฃผ์‹ ์„ ๋„์™€ ์ง‘์•ˆ์˜ ์•ก์šด์„ ์ซ“์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์ง‘์•ˆ์„ ํŽธ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ์ด๋‹ค. '์ง€์‹ ', 'ํ† ์ฃผ๋Œ€์ฃผ', 'ํ›„ํ† ์ฃผ์ž„' ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ„ฐ์ฃผ์‹ ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์ด๋Šฅํ™”๋Š” โ€œ์Œ€๊ณผ ๋ฒผ๋ฅผ ๋ณ์งš ๋งํƒœ์— ๋„ฃ์–ด ๋ถ€์—Œ ๋’ท๋ฒฝ์— ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด ๋†“๊ณ  ๋น„๋‹จ์„ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ† ๋์„ ๊ฐˆ๋ผ ๋ณ์งš์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ์‚ญ์— ์ฃผ๋ ์ฃผ๋  ๋‹ฌ์•„๋งค์–ด ๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ตญ์ˆ˜์ง‘์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง€(็ตฒ็ด™)๋ชจ์–‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค.โ€๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ„ฐ์ฃผ๋Œ€๊ฐ์ด ์ขŒ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์€ ์ง‘ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋’ท์ผ ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์งš์œผ๋กœ ๋…์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๋ฆผ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์š”์ฆ˜์˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ƒ์‹  ์ง‘์•ˆ์˜ ์–ด๋ฅธ์ด ์ฃฝ์–ด์„œ ๋œ ๊ฐ€ํƒ์‹ (ๅฎถๅฎ…็ฅž)์œผ๋กœ 4๋Œ€์กฐ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์„ ์˜์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ง๋กœ๋„ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. '์กฐ์ƒ๋Œ€๊ฐ' ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์™•์‹  ๋ถ€์—Œ์„ ๊ด€์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™”์‹ (็ซ็ฅž), ์žฌ๋ฌผ์‹ (่ฒก็‰ฉ็ฅž)์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ธ์‹๋œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์™•์‹ ์„ ๋ชจ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถ€๋šœ๋ง‰ ์ค‘์•™ ์ •๋ฉด ๋ฒฝ์— ํ™์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งŒ ๋‹จ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ค‘๋ฐœ์„ ๋†“๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ๋ฌผ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๊ณ  ๋šœ๊ป‘์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ช…์นญ๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ใ€Œ์กฐ์™•๋ฌผ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡ใ€, ใ€Œ์กฐ์™•๋ณด์„ธ๊ธฐใ€, ใ€Œ์กฐ์™•์ค‘๋ฐœใ€ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์ธก์‹  ๋’ท๊ฐ„์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋œ๋‹ค. '๋ณ€์†Œ๊ท€์‹ , ๊ฐ์‹œ๊ท€์‹ , ์ •๋‚ญ๊ฐ์‹œ' ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง‘์ง€ํ‚ด์ด์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ท€์‹ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ˆญ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ์  ์กด์žฌ๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์žก์‹  ๋˜๋Š” ์žก๊ท€๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋„๋‹ค. ๋’ท๊ฐ„์€ ์ง‘ ๋ฐ–์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ, ์ง‘์•ˆ์˜ ์•ˆํƒ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์‚ฌ ๋•Œ ๋–ก๊ณผ ์ˆ ์„ ๋ถ€์–ด ๋†“๋Š” ์ •๋„์ด๋ฉฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์–‘์ž ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋’ท๊ฐ„์‹ ์˜ ์‹ ์•™์˜๋ก€๋Š” ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ฒ ๋ฅญ์‹  ๊ฒ€์€ ํƒˆ์„ ์ผ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์žฅ๋…๊ฐ„์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋’ค๊ผ๊ฐ์‹œ, ์ฒœ๋ฃก์‹ , ์ฒ ๋ฅญ์ง€์‹  ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—…์‹  ๊ฐ€์ •์˜ ์šด์„ธ์™€ ์žฌ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ด€์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€ํƒ์‹ (ๅฎถๅฎ…็ฅž) ์ค‘ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹ค๋ฌผ์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘ ๊ตฌ๋ ์ด์™€ ๋‘๊บผ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์—…์‹ ์˜ ํ˜„ํ˜„์ด๋ผ ๋ฏฟ์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์™ธ์—๋„ ์กฑ์ œ๋น„๋‚˜ ์†Œ, ๊ฐœ๋„ ์—…์‹ ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์ธ์—…์ด๋ผ ํ•˜์—ฌ โ€˜์—…๋™์ดโ€™, โ€˜์—…๋ฉฐ๋Š๋ฆฌโ€™๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์žฌ๋ฌผ์šด์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค์ฃผ๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์‹  ๋Œ€๋ฌธ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ์•ก์šด๊ณผ ์žก๊ท€๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์น˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ฌธ์‹ , ๋ฌธ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์‹ , ๋ฌธ์™•์‹  ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์‹ ์€ ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ถ™์ž„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ชจ์…”์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜›๋‚  ์‹ ๋ผ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ฒ˜์šฉ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ฒฝ์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถ™์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์‹ ์„ ๋ชจ์…จ๊ณ  ใ€Ž๋ฉด์•”์ง‘(ๅ‹‰ๅบต้›†)ใ€์—๋Š” ์ œ์„๋‚  ๋Œ€๋ฌธ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋Œ€์‹ ์— โ€˜์‹ ๋„์šธ๋ฃจ(็ฅž่ผ้ฌฑๅฃ˜)โ€™์˜ 4์ž(ๅญ—)๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์จ์„œ ๋Œ€๋ฌธ์— ๋ถ™์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.๊ถ์ค‘์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ ๋„(็ฅž่ผ), ์šธ๋ฃจ(้ฌฑๅฃ˜), ์œ„์ง€(ๅฐ‰้ฒ)์™€ ์ง„์ˆ™๋ณด(็งฆๅ”ๅฏถ) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐˆ(่‘›), ์ฃผ(ๅ‘จ) ์žฅ๊ตฐ์„ ๋ฌธ์‹ (้–€็ฅž)์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ธํ™”(ๆญฒ็•ต)๋กœ ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ๋…€(ๅฃฝๆ˜Ÿไป™ๅฅณ), ์ง์ผ์žฅ๊ตฐ(็›ดๆ—ฅๅฐ‡่ป), ์ข…๊ทœ(้˜้ฆ—), ๊ท€๋‘(้ฌผ้ ญ) ๋“ฑ์„ ๋Œ€๋ฌธ์— ๋ถ™์˜€์Œ์„ ์ ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋งˆ์‹  ๋†์ดŒ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์†Œ, ๋ง ๋“ฑ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ€์ถ•์˜ ์•ˆ๋…•์„ ๊ด€์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ถ€์‹ , ์‡ ๊ตฌ์˜์‹ , ๋งˆ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ตฐ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฉ์™• ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ๋ฌด๋ณ‘์žฅ์ˆ˜, ํ’์–ด, ํ’๋…„๊ณผ ์ง‘์•ˆ์˜ ์šฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ด€์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฌผ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์น ์„ฑ์‹  ๋ถ์ชฝ ํ•˜๋Š˜์˜ ๋ถ๋‘์น ์„ฑ์„ ์‹ ๊ฒฉํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์‹ ์–‘๋ช…, ๋ฌด์‚ฌํƒœํ‰, ์ˆ˜๋ช…์žฅ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋นŒ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ก€ ์•ˆํƒ๊ณ ์‚ฌ ์•ˆํƒ์€ ๋งค๋…„ ๋˜๋Š” 3๋…„ ๋“ค์ด๋กœ ์Œ๋ ฅ 10์›” ๋˜๋Š” ์ •์›”์— ์ฃผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ •์˜ ํ‰์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋†์‚ฌ์˜ ํ’๋…„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์› ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ์˜๋ก€์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ œ์˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ํ‰์•ˆ๊ณผ ํ–‰์šด, ์žฌ๋ณต์„ ๊ธฐ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ณดํ†ต์€ ๋ฌด๋‹น์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹น๊ณจ๋„ค๋“ค์ด ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜์–ด ์ œ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€๋“์ด ๋ฌด๋‹น์ด ์—†์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฃผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์‹  ์ œ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์‹๊ตฌ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์ง€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด ์•ˆํƒ์ด ์ ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์—…์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์–ด์ดŒ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์—์„œ ๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์‚ฌ์˜ ํ‰์•ˆ์„ ๊ธฐ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์•ˆํƒ๊ณ ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ Tutelary Deities of Korean Traditional Houses_์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ์‹ , ์ง‘์ง€ํ‚ด์ด์‹  ๊ฐ์ฃผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ฃผ ์ถœ์ฒ˜์ฃผ ๊ฐ€์ •์‹ ์•™ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฏผ์† ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ข…๊ต ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์‹ ์•™ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasin%20faith
Gasin faith
In Korean shamanism, Gasin () are a branch of deities believed to protect the various objects and rooms of the house, such as jangdok or the kitchen. The Gasin faith is the faith based on worshipping these deities. The worshipping of the Gasin form a central and integral part of the traditional Korean folk religion. Joryeong faith The faith of Joryeong is the deification of one's ancestors. The earliest mentions of the faith is in the Samguk Sagi, a Medieval Korean history book, which mentions the 'golden chest' of Kim Alji, the first member of the Gyeongju Kim clan. This bears resemblance to modern ancestor worship. In the modern Honam region in southwest Korea, Koreans keep a large pot in the house, filled with rice. This is called the Jeseok Ogari, and holds rice. The Jeseok Ogari is accompanied with Mom Ogari, which are smaller potteries. The name of the ancestor or rice is put in the Mom Ogari. In the Yeongnam region, Jeseok Ogari and Mom Ogari is called Sejon Danji and Josang Dangsegi. In festivals and birthdays, the family holds a jesa to the Jeseok Ogari and Mom Ogaris. In the jesa, the family prays for good harvests and prosperity. Curiously, the Joryeong faith seems to be based on a matriarchic entity called 'Josang Halmae', or 'Grandmother Ancestor'. Samsin faith Samsin is the goddess of childbirth. Her entity was believed to be bound to the Samsin Danji, a pot kept in the inner wing of the house. The pot was filled with rice, then covered in paper and sealed with a knot tied counterclockwise. However, some households perform Geongung Samsin, or the act of honoring Samsin only in the mind. The Samsin was given Jesas every festival or birthday, and also seven and thirty-seven days after delivery. When someone is pregnant or has given delivery, the room holding the Samsin Danji was sealed with ropes. The faith of Samsin is strongest in Jeju Island. Seongju faith Seongju is literally the 'Owner of the Castle'. As the deity of the actual house, he is one of the most common and most famous Gasin. In Jeollanamdo, the Seongjudok, or the pottery in which Seongju was considered to dwell, was filled with barley every spring and rice every autumn. However, in Jeollabukdo, the people practiced Tteunseongju, or worshipping Seongju only in thoughts. In other regions, Seongju was mostly believed to embody a piece of paper, which was attached to the central pillar. Every birthday or festival, a Jesa was done for Seongju, where housewives prayed for abundance and peace. Seongju was worshipped with other Gasin; however, when a new family was formed, or when a family moved to another residence, Seongju was for a time the only Gasin worshipped. Seongju is generally considered to be the greatest of the Gasin. The gut dedicated to him is one of the most famous, and he is believed to guard the eldest male member of the family. Jowang faith Jowangshin () is the goddess of fire and the hearth in Korean shamanism. As the goddess of the hearth, the rituals dedicated to her were generally kept alive by housewives. She is no longer the subject of worship, but still remains one of the most famous Korean deities. Teoju and Cheolyung faith Teojushin () is the patron of the ground on which the house is built in the Gashin cult of Korea. She is also known as Jishin (), or 'earth goddess'. Eopjanggun faith Eopsin () is the goddess of the storage and wealth in Korean mythology and shamanism. She is one of the Gasin, or deities that protect the house. However, unlike other Gasin, who were believed to embody pots, paper, and other inanimate objects, Eopsin is special in that she appears in an animal form. This is because Koreans considered snakes and weasels, who ate mice and rats, holy. Munsin faith Munshin (), known in the southernly Jeju Island as Munjeon () is the god of the door in Korean shamanism. The worship of Munshin is strongest in Jeju Island, where Munshin (known as Munjeon) is one of the most-worshipped deities; however, the worship of Munshin also exists in the mainland. Cheuksin faith Cheuksin () is the toilet goddess of Korean mythology. Unlike better-known household deities such as Jowangshin, god of the hearth, her worship forms a minor part of the Gasin cult. She is believed to reside in the outhouse. Other deities Nulgupjisin, god of grain Ulgupjisin, god of fences Yongsin, god of wells Mabuwang, god of the barn Sosamsin, god of cowbirth References Domestic and hearth deities Religion in South Korea
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%8C%EC%83%88%20%28%EC%98%81%ED%99%94%29
๋ฒŒ์ƒˆ (์˜ํ™”)
ใ€Š๋ฒŒ์ƒˆใ€‹๋Š” 2018๋…„ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์˜ํ™”์ด๋‹ค. ๊น€๋ณด๋ผ์˜ ์žฅํŽธ ๊ฐ๋… ๋ฐ๋ท”์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฐ๋ณธ์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์ œ์ž‘๊ณผ ํŽธ์ง‘์—๋„ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018 ๋ถ€์‚ฐ ๊ตญ์ œ ์˜ํ™”์ œ์—์„œ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ™”์ง„ํฅ์œ„์›ํšŒ, ์„œ์šธ์˜์ƒ์œ„์›ํšŒ ์ œ์ž‘์ง€์›๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ IFP ๋‚ด๋Ÿฌํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋žฉ, ์„ ๋Œ„์Šค์˜ํ™”์ œ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์ž‘์—…์ง€์›๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ๊ด‘์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 8์›” 29์ผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ทน์žฅ์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์–ด ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ 55์ผ์ฐจ์ธ 10์›” 22์ผ์— 13๋งŒ ๊ด€๊ฐ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 9์›” 29์ผ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด ๊ฐœ๋ด‰์„ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค, ๋Œ€๋งŒ, ์ผ๋ณธ, ์Šค์›จ๋ด, ํ„ฐํ‚ค๊นŒ์ง€ 7๊ฐœ๊ตญ ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ํ™•์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 1994๋…„ ์„œ์šธ ๋Œ€์น˜๋™. ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต 2ํ•™๋…„ ์€ํฌ๋Š” ๋–ก์ง‘์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๊ณผ ์–ธ๋‹ˆ, ์˜ค๋น ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํˆญํ•˜๋ฉด ์€ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋น ์™€, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์˜ค๋น ์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜, ๋‚จ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ์—ฐ์• ์—๋งŒ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ง‘์•ˆ์˜ ๋ง‰๋‚ด์ธ ์€ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณ„ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์€ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ธ ์ง€์ˆ™๊ณผ ๋‚จ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ์ธ ์ง€์™„๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ™œ๋ ฅ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์–ด๋Š ๋‚  ์€ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ํ•œ๋ฌธํ•™์›์— ๊น€์˜์ง€ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ž„ํ•ด ์˜จ๋‹ค. ์˜์ง€ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์€ํฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฌด๋ ต ์€ํฌ๋„ค ์™ธ์‚ผ์ดŒ์ด ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ณ , ์‹ฌ๋ž€ํ•œ ์€ํฌ๋Š” ์žฅ๋ก€์‹์žฅ์—์„œ ์ง€์™„์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๋ฝ์„ ํ•ด๋ณด์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ฟ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฉฐ์น  ๋’ค ์ง€์™„์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฌ์ž์•„์ด์™€ ๋…ธ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์€ํฌ๋Š” ์ดํ›„ ์ง€์ˆ™๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ '๋‚ ๋ผ๋ฆฌ'์˜ ๋ช…์†Œ ์•„๋ฒ ํฌ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๋†€๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ํ•™๊ต ํ›„๋ฐฐ์ธ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์€ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋™๊ฒฝํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ์œ ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์€ํฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฝƒ ํ•œ ์†ก์ด๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ๋‚  ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์€ ๋ฐค์ค‘์— ๋‚จ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ์–ธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ถ€์‹ธ์›€์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์—„๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋น ์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋˜์ ธ ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ํ˜๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์€ํฌ์™€ ์ง€์ˆ™์€ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ํ›”์ณค๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋‚ด์—๊ฒŒ ์ ๋ฐœ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‚ฌ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์€ํฌ๋„ค ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜ ์ง์žฅ์„ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด์ž ์ง€์ˆ™์ด ๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋Œ์˜ ๋”ธ์ด ๋„๋‘‘์งˆ์„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ง์— ์ „ํ™” ์† ์•„๋น ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์‹œํฐ๋‘ฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ์–ด์ฉ” ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ด ์€ํฌ์™€ ์ง€์ˆ™์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ฃผ๊ณ , ์€ํฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์ง€์ˆ™์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‘˜์€ ์‚ฌ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์™ธํ†จ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋œ ์€ํฌ๋Š” ์œ ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฐฉ์„ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ์นœํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์€ํฌ์˜ ๊ท€ ๋ฐ‘์— ์ž‘์€ ํ˜น์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ณ , ์—„๋งˆ๋Š” ์™ธ์‚ผ์ดŒ์ด ๋‹ค๋…”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋ณ‘์›์œผ๋กœ ์€ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡ ๋ฒˆ์„ ์˜ค๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ๋Š” ์›์ธ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ํฐ ๋ณ‘์›์— ๊ฐ€์„œ์•ผ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋น ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋ ˆ ์šธ์Œ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ž…์›์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ ๋’ค ์€ํฌ๋Š” ์ง€์ˆ™๊ณผ ํ™”ํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์™„๋„ ๋ฏธ์•ˆํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด์„œ ์€ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„์˜จ๋‹ค. ์ž…์› ์ง์ „ ์€ํฌ๋Š” ์˜์ง€ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์„ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ฑ…์„ ์„ ๋ฌผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž…์›ํ•œ ์€ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฑ์ •์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์–ผ๊ตด๋กœ ์ฐพ์•„์˜จ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์€ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‘˜์€ ์ž…์„ ๋งž์ถ˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฌด๋ ต ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „์—์„œ ๊น€์ผ์„ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์†Œ์‹์ด ์ „ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ํ‡ด์›ํ•œ ์€ํฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๋ฌธํ•™์›์— ๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์˜์ง€ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์†Œ์‹์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์›์žฅ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด ์˜์ง€ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ์ง์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Ÿฌ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋‚ ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ๋‚  ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์˜์ง€ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฐ€๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ํ›„์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ž˜๋ชป ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€ ์›์žฅ์ด ์˜์ง€ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์˜ ํ—˜๋‹ด์„ ํ•˜์ž ์€ํฌ๋Š” ํฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•™์›์„ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘ฌ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์€ ์€ํฌ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๋‹จ์น˜๊ณ  ์€ํฌ๋Š” ํฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋‚œ๋™์„ ํ”ผ์šฐ๊ณ , ์˜ค๋น ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๋“ค์–ด ์€ํฌ์˜ ๊ท“๋ฐฉ๋ง์ด๋ฅผ ํ›„๋ ค์นœ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์€ํฌ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ง‰์ด ํ„ฐ์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ƒˆ ํ•™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๋“ฑ๊ตํ•œ ์€ํฌ๋Š” ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ‘๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์€ํฌ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋ƒ๋Š” ์€ํฌ์˜ ๋ง์— ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ ํ•™๊ธฐ ์ผ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•œ๋‹ค. 10์›” 21์ผ ์„ฑ์ˆ˜๋Œ€๊ต ๋ถ•๊ดด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ํ„ฐ์ง„๋‹ค. ์€ํฌ๋Š” ์„ฑ์ˆ˜๋Œ€๊ต๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์–ธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹คํ–‰์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์–ธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋‚  ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ํƒ„ ๋•๋ถ„์— ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ๊ฑด์ง„๋‹ค. ์€ํฌ๋Š” ์˜์ง€ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์†Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ์˜์ง€ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์€ ์ฑ…์„ ๋Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋ฉด์„œ ์€ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์Šค์ผ€์น˜๋ถ์„ ์„ ๋ฌผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์€ํฌ๋Š” ์†Œํฌ์— ์“ฐ์ธ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜์ง€ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์€ ์„ฑ์ˆ˜๋Œ€๊ต ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ์žƒ์€ ๋’ค์˜€๋‹ค. ์–ด๋Š ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ ์€ํฌ๋Š” ์–ธ๋‹ˆ์™€ ์–ธ๋‹ˆ ๋‚จ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋ชฐ๋ž˜ ์ง‘์„ ๋‚˜์„ ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ฐ•๋ณ€์— ์„œ์„œ ๋Š์–ด์ง„ ์„ฑ์ˆ˜๋Œ€๊ต๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์€ํฌ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋์ด ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์บ์ŠคํŒ… ๋ฐ•์ง€ํ›„ : ๊น€์€ํฌ ์—ญ ๊น€์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ : ๊น€์˜์ง€ ์—ญ ์ •์ธ๊ธฐ : ์€ํฌ์•„๋น  ์—ญ ์ด์Šน์—ฐ : ์€ํฌ์—„๋งˆ ์—ญ ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜์—ฐ : ๊น€์ˆ˜ํฌ ์—ญ ์†์ƒ์—ฐ : ๊น€๋Œ€ํ›ˆ ์—ญ ๋ฐ•์„œ์œค : ์ „์ง€์ˆ™ ์—ญ ์ •์œค์„œ : ๊น€์ง€์™„ ์—ญ ์„คํ˜œ์ธ : ๋ฐฐ์œ ๋ฆฌ ์—ญ ํ˜•์˜์„  : ์™ธ์‚ผ์ดŒ ์—ญ ๊ธธํ•ด์—ฐ : ์˜์ง€์—„๋งˆ ์—ญ ๋ฐ•์œคํฌ : ๋‹ด์ž„ ์—ญ ์†์šฉ๋ฒ” : ์ค€ํƒœ ์—ญ ์•ˆ์ง„ํ˜„ : ๋ฏผ์ง€ ์—ญ ๊น€์ข…๊ตฌ : ์ƒˆ์„œ์šธ์˜์› ์˜์‚ฌ ์—ญ ๊น€๋ฏธํ–ฅ : ํ•œ๋ฌธํ•™์› ์›์žฅ ์—ญ ์ด์ข…์œค : ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์  ์ฃผ์ธ ์—ญ ์ด์„ ์ฃผ : ์ง€์™„ ์—„๋งˆ ์—ญ ์ •๊ฒฝ์„ญ : ์‚ผ์„ฑ์˜๋ฃŒ์› ์˜์‚ฌ ์—ญ ๋ฐฑ์†Œํฌ : ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์—ญ ๊ถŒ๊ท€๋นˆ : ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์—ญ ๊น€์ฑ„์œค : ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์—ญ ๊น€์ƒํ˜ธ : ์žฅ๋ก€์‹ ์กฐ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ์—ญ ์ดํ˜„์ฃผ : ์žฅ๋ก€์‹ ์กฐ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ์—ญ ๊น€์ •ํ—Œ : ์žฅ๋ก€์‹ ์กฐ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ์—ญ ์•ˆ๋ฏผ์˜ : ๋ณ‘์› ํ™˜์ž ์—ญ ์œคํƒœํฌ : ๋ณ‘์› ํ™˜์ž ์—ญ ์†ก๊ฒฝ์•„ : ๋ณ‘์› ํ™˜์ž ์—ญ ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ์˜ฅ : ๋ณ‘์› ํ™˜์ž ์—ญ ์—„๊ฒฝํฌ : ๋ณ‘์› ํ™˜์ž ์—ญ ์ •์›์ž : ๋ณ‘์› ํ™˜์ž ์—ญ ๋ฐ•์ฐฌ์š” : ๊ณ ๋Œ์ด ์—ญ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ๋””์ž์ธ: ํ•œ๋ช…ํ™˜ ๋ฏธ์ˆ : ๊น€๊ทผ์•„ ์ œ์ž‘ 2017๋…„ 9์›” 11์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2017๋…„ 10์›” 22์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ 42์ผ๊ฐ„ 32ํšŒ์ฐจ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ดฌ์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์€ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ง‘์€ ๋Œ€์น˜๋™ ์€๋งˆ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ธํŠธ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์‹œ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ 2018๋…„ 10์›” 6์ผ ์ œ23ํšŒ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๊ตญ์ œ์˜ํ™”์ œ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 8์›” 29์ผ, ์—ฃ๋‚˜์ธํ•„๋ฆ„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ 145๊ฐœ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 9์›” 14์ผ์—๋Š” ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝยท์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์˜ํ™” ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰์‚ฌ์ธ ์•ˆํ‹ฐ์‹œํŽ˜์ดํŠธ ํ”ฝ์ฒ˜์Šค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œํ•œ์  ์ƒ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ•์Šค์˜คํ”ผ์Šค 2019๋…„ 11์›” 30์ผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 141,310๋ช…์˜ ๊ด€๊ฐ๊ณผ 1,149,065,345์›์˜ ๋งค์ถœ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ ์ฒซ ์ฃผ์—๋Š” 19,378๋ช…์„ ๋™์›ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ•์Šค์˜คํ”ผ์Šค 12์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2์ฃผ์ฐจ์—๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ ์ฃผ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ 23,926๋ช…์„ ๋™์›ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ•์Šค์˜คํ”ผ์Šค 12์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋…๋ฆฝยท์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์˜ํ™” ๋ถ€๋ฌธ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ 13์ผ์ฐจ์ธ 9์›” 10์ผ์—๋Š” ๋ˆ„์ ๊ด€๊ฐ์ˆ˜ 50,497๋ช…์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ 5๋งŒ ๊ด€๊ฐ์„ ๋ŒํŒŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3์ฃผ์ฐจ์—๋Š” 28,337๋ช…์„ ๋™์›ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ•์Šค์˜คํ”ผ์Šค 11์œ„, ๋ˆ„์ ๊ด€๊ฐ์ˆ˜ 73,205๋ช…์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 4์ฃผ์ฐจ์—๋Š” 20,162๋ช…์„ ๋™์›ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ•์Šค์˜คํ”ผ์Šค 10์œ„, ๋ˆ„์ ๊ด€๊ฐ์ˆ˜ 93,366๋ช…์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‰๋ก ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋กœํŠผ ํ† ๋งˆํ† ์—์„œ๋Š” 11๊ฐœ ๋น„ํ‰์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ 100%์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๋‚ด์—ญ 2018๋…„ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๊ตญ์ œ์˜ํ™”์ œ์—์„œ ์ฒซ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ์ดํ›„ 2020๋…„ 6์›”๊นŒ์ง€ 51๊ฐœ ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋ จ ๋„์„œ ์˜ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ํŽธ์ง‘๋œ 40์—ฌ ๋ถ„๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‹ด๊ธด ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์™€ ์•จ๋ฆฌ์Šจ ๋ฒก๋ธ๊ณผ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์€ ๋™๋ช…์˜ ๋„์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ถœ๊ฐ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Š๋ฒŒ์ƒˆใ€‹ (์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ(arte)) 2019๋…„ 8์›” ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ 2019๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ํ™” ๋ชฉ๋ก ์„ฑ์ˆ˜๋Œ€๊ต ๋ถ•๊ดด ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œํŠธ๋ž™ - ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ 2018๋…„ ์˜ํ™” ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ์˜ํ™” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์˜ํ™” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์˜ํ™” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์˜ํ™” ์‹ญ๋Œ€ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ์˜ํ™” ๊ฐ๋… ๋ฐ๋ท” ์˜ํ™” 1994๋…„์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™” ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ํ™”์ œ์ž‘๊ฐ€ํ˜‘ํšŒ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž‘ ๋ถ€์ผ์˜ํ™”์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž‘ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์˜ํ™”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Hummingbird
House of Hummingbird
House of Hummingbird () is a 2018 South Korean drama film written and directed by Kim Bora. The film debuted in competition at the Busan International Film Festival's New Currents section in October 2018, where it won the NETPAC Award and the KNN Audience Award. The film has collected 59 awards including the Grand Prix of the Generation 14plus International Jury for the Best Film at the 69th Berlin International Film Festival and the Best International Narrative Feature Award at the 2019 Tribeca Film Festival. Plot In Seoul in 1994, Eun-hee is a quiet 14-year-old from a working-class background preparing to enter high school. She loves drawing and hanging out with her best friend, Ji-suk, with whom she attends cram school. She is in love with her boyfriend, Ji-wan, who she is secretly dating. Her parents, especially her father, tend to ignore her needs and life in favor of helping her older brother, who abuses her physically and verbally. Her older sister is similarly ignored and abused. At her cram school, Eun-hee meets her new, free-spirited Chinese teacher, Ms. Kim, who she quickly forms a bond with. While dancing at a club with Ji-suk, she also meets Yu-ri, another schoolgirl who clearly has a crush on her, and the two become friends. Eun-hee's life quickly unravels. She discovers a lump behind her ear, which doctors later determine requires surgery to remove. When caught shoplifting with Ji-suk, her father is called after Ji-suk reveals her identity in fear, leading to severe punishment for Eun-hee; when she confronts Ji-suk later, she refuses to apologize for the betrayal. Ji-wan is forced to break up with her after his wealthy mother discovers her identity and lower social class. Despite all the tribulations, Ms. Kim encourages Eun-hee to keep her spirit and continue to move forward. Eun-hee is deeply moved by her advice and grows attached to her teacher. Eun-hee prepares to undergo surgery, and her father unexpectedly breaks down in sobs over his fear for her, revealing that he does truly care for her. The surgery is successful; Eun-hee makes up with Ji-suk, who apologizes and admits she betrayed her because she was frightened. Ms. Kim and Yu-ri also visit her in the hospital. Ms. Kim reveals that she is quitting the cram school, but promises to keep in contact. Yu-ri reveals that she has a crush on Eun-hee, who seems to reciprocate and kisses her cheek. Eun-hee attempts to visit Ms. Kim to say goodbye before she leaves the school, but an error on the part of another teacher causes her to be too late to see her, leaving her devastated. Distraught, she argues with her parents that night about her behavior and insults her brother for his poor grades despite his special attention. Enraged, he strikes her so hard he tears her eardrum, but when the doctor she visits suggests she presses charges, she declines. When the new semester begins, Eun-hee spots Yu-ri and attempts to speak with her, but Yu-ri rebuffs her. She later reveals to a confused Eun-hee that she no longer has a crush on her and has moved on. When she attempts to tell Ji-suk, Ji-suk reveals that she is dealing with her parents' divorce and that Eun-hee only thinks of herself sometimes. While at school one day, the Seongsu Bridge collapses. Since Eun-hee's sister takes the route to school and her bus was involved in the accident, she becomes frightened, but learns that her sister survived due to being late. Eun-hee's brother breaks down in tears with relief, revealing (much like his father had with Eun-hee) that he cares for his siblings despite his abuse, though his sisters seem unimpressed. The next day, Ji-wan attempts to talk with Eun-hee, but she rebuffs him, telling him that she never liked him. She receives a package from Ms. Kim containing a letter and sketchbook, and tries to hand-deliver a thank-you note to Ms. Kim's return address. However, she discovers during her journey that Ms. Kim was killed in the bridge collapse the day before Eun-hee received the package. Heartbroken, Eun-hee returns home and speaks with her mother about her uncle, who died at the start of the film. Her mother tells her frankly that she misses her brother, and that it is difficult to comprehend that he is no longer around. Early one morning, Eun-hee and her siblings drive to view the collapsed bridge, where she is overcome by tears as she accepts her grief and comes to terms with her loss. The next morning, the family eats breakfast together in harmonyโ€”with all the siblings treated equally and paid attention toโ€”before Eun-hee departs for school. She re-reads the final letter Ms. Kim sent her, in which she apologizes for quitting and promises that there are always good experiences to follow bad ones. Despite standing alone in the schoolyard, Eun-hee appears mature and at peace. Cast Park Ji-hu as Eun-hee Kim Sae-byuk as Young-ji Jung In-gi as Eun-hee's father Lee Seung-yeon as Eun-hee's mother Park Soo-yeon as Soo-hee Son Sang-yeon as Dae-hoon Park Seo-yoon as Ji-sook Jung Yoon-seo as Ji-wan Seol Hye-in as Yoo-ri Hyung Young-seon as Eun-hee's uncle Gil Hae-yeon as Young-ji's mother Park Yoon-hee as Homeroom teacher Son Yong-beom as Joon-tae Ahn Jin-hyun as Min-ji Production Writing Kim Bora, who also wrote the script as well as directing draws from her own childhood as inspiration for this coming of age film, focusing on a pivotal moment in her life, the collapse of the Seongsu bridge in 1994. Her intended outcome as stated in an interview by Marina D. Ritcher was to create a, "fictional film based on very personal experiences." She wanted to highlight to rapid modernization of Korea and the consequences that came with trying to change too much too quickly. Ji Hyuck Moon in his article "Cracks Everywhere: How the Seongsu Bridge collapse Changed Seouls Urban Personality" talks about the phrase, "Bbali, bbali" that was used to describe this rapid-modernization that Kim portrays in her film. Casting As for casting the main role of Eun-hee, it took director Kim Bora three years to find her perfect Eun-hee, Park Ji-hu. They first met in the audition room where Park Ji-hu was asked to read a scene with her onscreen mentor Yeong-ji, Bora states Park Ji-hu was "everything I was hoping for." Filming Cinematographer Kang Kuk-hyun's goal was to remain as true to the time period as possible and make the film as realistic looking as possible. Throughout the film Kang Kuk-hyun and Kim Bora worked to use the camera to bring out Eun-hee's emotions, every move of the camera was intentional to bring out the maximum emotional impact. Kim's goal on the other hand as director, was not to portray any one character negatively, saying that by giving a more nuanced portrayal of the characters she shows how "no one can win in a patriarchal system." Soundtrack Matija Strniลกa, who wrote the music for House of Hummingbird, won the best original score for his work at the Valencia International Film Festival. The music was made to be electronic and also represent the time period, described as "classical inspired electronic music." Critical response House of Hummingbird received a generally positive critical response. It holds a on Rotten Tomatoes, with a total of critical reviews. The site's critical consensus reads, "A striking debut for writer-director Kim Bora, House of Hummingbird delicately captures a turning point in one young woman's life." On Metacritic, the film has an overall score of 82 out of 100 out of a total out of 10 positive reviews. Tomris Laffly from Variety describes the film as capturing the "soft-hued timeless look" of a time period that remains somewhat "hazy." Her review praises the no intrusive way Bora Kim explores Eun-hee's sexuality, never giving it a strict label and allowing the viewer join watch Eun-hee in her journey of self discovery. While she does admit the movie may have been too long for its premise, overall she states it "fleeting reality of female adolescence with sympathy" and entwines the "workings of both family and society." Elizabeth Kerr from The Hollywood Reporter chose to focus more on the femininity of film. Overall she describes, "Sensitive, keenly observed and unflinchingly honest," and claims that it deserves success in its upcoming run. She praised the relationship that forms between Eun-hee and Yeong-ji, saying when the two are on screen together they are allowed to fully be free in a way of quotidian struggles. Andrew Bundy from The Playlist talks about how the film explores the fine line of "harsh and heartfelt communication" which Yeong-ji helps Eun-hee discover it difference all comes down to personal understanding. While a little long, Bundy praises the film on exploring the path to show the importance of empathy and understanding. In 2020, the film was ranked by The Guardian number 18 among the classics of modern South Korean cinema. Box office Domestically, in South Korea House of Hummingbird grossed $997,953. It opened in 140 theaters and in its opening weekend it made $103,027. Awards and nominations References External links 2018 films 2010s Korean-language films 2010s coming-of-age drama films South Korean LGBT-related films South Korean coming-of-age drama films 2018 drama films 2010s South Korean films
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%88%98%EC%95%84%EC%A6%88%20%EC%A7%80%EB%A3%A8
ํ”„๋ž‘์ˆ˜์•„์ฆˆ ์ง€๋ฃจ
ํ”„๋ž‘์ˆ˜์•„์ฆˆ ์ง€๋ฃจ(Franรงoise Giroud, 1916๋…„ 9์›”, ์Šค์œ„์Šค ๋กœ์ž” - 2003๋…„ 1์›” 19์ผ, ๋‡Œ์ด์‰ฌ๋ฅด์„ผ)๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ, ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์ž‘๊ฐ€, ์ •์น˜์ธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์•  ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ ์ง€๋ฃจ๋Š” ์„ธํŒŒ๋ฅด๋”• ํ„ฐํ‚ค๊ณ„ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ๋ถ€๋ชจ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์ œ๋„ค๋ฐ”์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์  ์Šค ํ…”๋ ˆ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผํฌ ์˜คํ† ๋ฉ”์ธ์˜ ์ด์‚ฌ์ธ ์‚ด๋ฆฌํ ๊ตฌ๋ฅด๋“œ์ง€์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์„ธ ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ์—๋ฅด์™€ ๋“œ ๊ทธ๋กœ์Šฌ๋ ˆ์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์กธ์—…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„๋“ค ํ•˜๋‚˜์™€ ๋”ธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ƒ์•  ์ง€๋ฃจ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์€ 1932๋…„ํŒ ๋งˆ๋ฅด์…€ ํŒŒ๋‡ฐ์˜ ํŒจ๋‹ˆ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋ณธ ์†Œ๋…€๋กœ ๋งˆํฌ ์•Œ๋ ˆ๊ทธ๋ ˆ ๊ฐ๋…์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1936๋…„์— ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ใ€Š์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™˜์ƒใ€‹์„ธํŠธ์žฅ์—์„œ ์žฅ ๋ฅด๋ˆ„์•„๋ฅด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๊ฐ๋ณธ์„ ์ผ๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 30๊ถŒ์˜ ์žฅํŽธ(์†Œ์„ค๊ณผ ๋น„์†Œ์„ค ๋ชจ๋‘)์„ ์™„์„ฑํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ ๋ฌธ ์นผ๋Ÿผ์„ ์ผ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” 1946๋…„(์ฐฝ๊ฐ„ ์งํ›„)๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1953๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์—˜๋ฅด ์žก์ง€์˜ ํŽธ์ง‘์ž์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋…€์™€ ์žฅ ์žํฌ ์„œ๋ฐ˜ ์Šˆ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋‰ด์Šค๋งค๊ฑฐ์ง„ ๋ ‰์Šคํ”„๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ๊ฐ„ํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” 1971๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ ‰์Šคํ”„๋ ›๋ฅผ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , 1974๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ถ€์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ์š”์ฒญ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ๋…์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค. 1984๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1988๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€๋ฃจ๋Š” Action Internationale contre la Faim์˜ ์‚ฌ์žฅ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1989๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1991๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์˜ํ™” ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ถŒ ํŒ๋งค ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ํšŒ์žฅ์„ ์—ญ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” Le Journal du Dimanch์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ•™ ํ‰๋ก ๊ฐ€์˜€๊ณ , 1983๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฅด ๋ˆ„๋ฒจ ์˜ต์„ธ๋ฅด๋ฐ”ํ‡ด๋ฅด์— ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์นผ๋Ÿผ์„ ๊ธฐ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ถ”๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฐ›๋˜ ์ค‘ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 1974๋…„์— ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ฆฌ ์ง€์Šค์นด๋ฅด ๋ฐ์Šคํƒฑ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์„ธํฌ๋ ˆํƒ€์•„๋ฅด ๋ฐํƒ€ํŠธ ์•„ ๋ผ ์ปจ๋””์…˜ ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋„ค(Secrรฉtaire d'tat ร  la Condition fรฉminine)์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์ง€๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ์ž„๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” 1974๋…„ 7์›” 16์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1976๋…„ 8์›” 27์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋ฌธํ™”๋ถ€ ์žฅ๊ด€์— ์ž„๋ช…๋๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” 1977๋…„ 3์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด 32๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋‚จ์•„ ์žํฌ ์‹œ๋ผํฌ์™€ ๋ ˆ๋ชฝ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด์˜ ์ •๊ถŒ์—์„œ๋„ ํ™œ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ธ‰์ง„๋‹น์˜ ์†Œ์†์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๋ฌธ์„œ์— ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง์—…์„ "๊ธฐ์ž"(๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด์˜ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ)๋กœ ๊ธฐ์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์™ธ ํ™œ๋™ ์ง€๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ง€์˜น ๋„๋‡Œ๋ฅด ํ›ˆ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” 1984๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1988๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์ž์„  ๋‹จ์ฒด์ธ ACF๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๋ฅผ "ํƒ€๋ฝ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ" ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค; ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ‹€์— ๋ฐ•ํžŒ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์ด ๋๋‚œ ์งํ›„ ๋‰ด์š•์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ "๋‚™๊ด€์˜ ์ •๋„, ํ†ต์พŒํ•จ"์— ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. "๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๊ณผ์†Œํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ•์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค." 80๋Œ€์—, ์ง€๋ฃจ๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „์—, 100์‚ด๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ '100 ์•ค์Šค'์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ดฌ์˜์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „ ๊ฐ€์„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ผ๊ตด๊ณผ ์†์— ๋ถ•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์€ ์ฑ„ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์žฅ์ˆ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹๋‹จ์„ ์ถ”์ฒœํ•ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์š”์ฒญ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” "์ ˆ์ž„ ์Šคํ…Œ์ดํฌ์™€ ์ƒ๋Ÿฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋จน์—ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ถ•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์€ ์†์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๊ณผ ๊ป์งˆ์„ ๋ฒ—๊ธฐ๋ ค๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ž ์›ƒ์Œ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์นญ์ฐฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‹ ๋ฌธ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ง์ด๋Š” ์œ ๋จธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ‰์Šคํ”„๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ํŠน์ง‘ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฃจ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค: ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณณ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฃจ ์–‘์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋งค์šฐ ์ง€์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹จํ˜ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €์„œ Franรงoise Giroud vous prรฉsente le Tout-Paris (1953) Nouveaux portraits (1954) La Nouvelle vague: portraits de la jeunesse (1958) I give you my word (1973) La comรฉdie du pouvoir (1977) Ce que je crois (1978) Le Bon Plaisir (1983) Une Femme honorable (1981) (published in English as Marie Curie: A Life (1986)) Le Bon Plaisir (screenplay) (1984) Dior (1987) Alma Mahler, ou l'art d'รชtre aimรฉe (1988) Leรงons particuliรจres (, 1990) Marie Curie, une Femme honorable (television series)(1991) Jenny Marx ou le femme du diable (1992) Les Hommes et les femmes (with Bernard-Henri Lรฉvy, 1993). Journal d'une Parisienne (1994) La rumeur du monde: journal, 1997 et 1998 (1999) On ne peut pas รชtre heureux tout le temps: rรฉcit (2000) C'est arrivรฉ hier: journal 1999 (2000) Profession journaliste: conversations avec Martine de Rabaudy (2001) Demain, dรฉjร : journal, 2000-2003 (2003) ๊ฐ์ฃผ 1916๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ 2003๋…„ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋กœ์ž” ์ถœ์‹  ์œ ๋Œ€๊ณ„ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์ธ ์œ ๋Œ€๊ณ„ ํŠ€๋ฅดํ‚ค์˜ˆ์ธ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์–ธ๋ก ์ธ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์˜ํ™” ๊ฐ๋ณธ๊ฐ€
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise%20Giroud
Franรงoise Giroud
Franรงoise Giroud, born Lea France Gourdji (21 September 1916 in Lausanne, Switzerland and not in Geneva as often written โ€“ 19 January 2003 in Neuilly-sur-Seine) was a French journalist, screenwriter, writer, and politician. Biography Giroud was born to immigrant Sephardi Turkish Jewish parents; her father was Salih Gourdji Al Baghdadi, Director of the Agence Tรฉlรฉgraphique Ottomane in Geneva. She was educated at the Lycรฉe Moliรจre and the Collรจge de Groslay. She did not graduate from university. She married and had two children, a son (who died before her) and a daughter. Career Giroud's work in cinema began with director Marc Allรฉgret as a script-girl on his 1932 version of Marcel Pagnol's Fanny. In 1936 she worked with Jean Renoir on the set of La Grande Illusion. She later wrote screenplays, eventually completed 30 full-length books (both fiction and non-fiction), and wrote newspaper columns. She was the editor of Elle magazine from 1946 (shortly after it was founded) until 1953, when she and Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber founded the French newsmagazine . She edited until 1971, then was its director until 1974, when she was asked to participate in the French national government. From 1984 to 1988 Giroud was president of Action Internationale contre la Faim. From 1989 to 1991 she was president of a commission to improve cinema-ticket sales. She was a literary critic on Le Journal du Dimanche, and she contributed a weekly column to Le Nouvel Observateur from 1983 until her death. She died at the American Hospital of Paris while being treated for a head wound incurred in a fall. Political career In 1974, French President Valรฉry Giscard d'Estaing nominated Giroud to the position of Secrรฉtaire d'ร‰tat ร  la Condition fรฉminine, which she held from 16 July 1974 until 27 August 1976, when she was appointed to the position of Minister of Culture. She remained in that position until March 1977, for a total service of 32 months, serving in the cabinets of Jacques Chirac and Raymond Barre. She was a member of the Radical Party, and on the election documents she listed her profession as "journaliste" (or journalist in English). Other activities Giroud received the Lรฉgion d'honneur. She managed ACF, a Nobel-winning charity, from 1984 to 1988. Giroud often voiced her goal: to get France "out of its rut". She said that Americans had the right idea; they didn't get into a rut. On her first visit to New York City soon after World War II ended, she had been struck by "the degree of optimism, the exhilaration" she had found there. That view stayed with her: "There is a strength in the United States that we in Europe constantly tend to underestimate." Well into her 80s, Giroud appeared on French television, in the program 100 Ans (which explores the possibility of living to be a hundred). She appeared with face and hands bandaged from a fall just before the filming began. She was asked to recommend the diet that would provide for longevity; she replied "chopped steak and salads". She tried (and failed) to peel an apple with her bandaged hands; when she was unable, she burst out laughing. Several laudatory newspaper articles about her death mentioned her sparkling sense of humor. A special issue of covered Giroud's death. It stated: Women everywhere have lost something. Ms. Giroud defended them so intelligently and so strongly. Ms. Giroud gave the commencement address at The University of Michigan on May 1, 1976 Published works Franรงoise Giroud vous prรฉsente le Tout-Paris (1953) Nouveaux portraits (1954) La Nouvelle vague: portraits de la jeunesse (1958) I give you my word (1973) La comรฉdie du pouvoir (1977) Ce que je crois (1978) Le Bon Plaisir (1983) Une Femme honorable (1981) (published in English as Marie Curie: A Life (1986)) Le Bon Plaisir (screenplay) (1984) Dior (1987) Alma Mahler, ou l'art d'รชtre aimรฉe (1988) Leรงons particuliรจres (, 1990) Marie Curie, une Femme honorable (television series)(1991) Jenny Marx ou le femme du diable (1992) Les Hommes et les femmes (with Bernard-Henri Lรฉvy, 1993). Journal d'une Parisienne (1994) La rumeur du monde: journal, 1997 et 1998 (1999) On ne peut pas รชtre heureux tout le temps: rรฉcit (2000) C'est arrivรฉ hier: journal 1999 (2000) Profession journaliste: conversations avec Martine de Rabaudy (2001) Demain, dรฉjร : journal, 2000-2003 (2003) Filmography Fantรดmas (1946) Last Love (1949) Love, Madame (1952) See also L'Amour, Madame (1952, film) Julietta (1953, film) References Citations Bibliography Franรงoise Giroud, une ambition franรงaise, an authorized biography by Christine Ockrent (2003) 1916 births 2003 deaths Accidental deaths from falls Writers from Lausanne Politicians from Lausanne 20th-century French Sephardi Jews Radical Party (France) politicians Union for French Democracy politicians French women journalists French magazine founders French Ministers of Culture Analysands of Jacques Lacan French women company founders French women screenwriters French screenwriters 20th-century French women writers Elle (magazine) writers Women government ministers of France Jewish women writers 20th-century French screenwriters French people of Turkish-Jewish descent Jewish women politicians
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84%20%EC%82%B0%EB%91%90
๋งˆ์ด์•„ ์‚ฐ๋‘
๋งˆ์ด์•„ ์‚ฐ๋‘(, 1972๋…„ 5์›” 24์ผ~)๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ์œผ๋กœ, 2020๋…„ 12์›” 24์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ7๋Œ€ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” 2019๋…„ 6์›” 8์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2019๋…„ 11์›” 14์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋‹น(PAS)์˜ ์ „ ์ง€๋„์ž์ด์ž ์ „ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ์ด๋ฆฌ์˜€๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 11์›” 12์ผ, ์‚ฐ๋‘ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์˜์› 101๋ช… ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ 63๋ช…(๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜๋‹น๊ณผ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์†Œ์† ์˜์›)์ด ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜๋‹น์ด ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์•ˆ์— ํˆฌํ‘œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์ž„์•ˆ์ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฐ๋œ ํ›„ ์‚ฌํ‡ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” 2012๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2015๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ต์œก๋ถ€ ์žฅ๊ด€, 2014๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2015๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์›์„ ์ง€๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2019๋…„์— ์žฌ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์นœ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์„ฑํ–ฅ ์ •๋‹น ์กด์—„๊ณผ ์ง„์‹ค ๊ฐ•๋ น๋‹น (PPDA) ์™€ ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋‹น (PAS)์˜ ๊ณต๋™ ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ์„ ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ›„์† ๊ฒฐ์„  ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ 48%๋ฅผ ์–ป์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ 52%๋ฅผ ์–ป์€ ์นœ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์„ฑํ–ฅ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜๋‹น ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ํ›„๋ณด ์ด๊ณ ๋ฅด ๋„๋ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ ์ด์„ ์—์„œ ๋„๋ˆ๊ณผ ์žฌ๋Œ€๊ฒฐํ•œ ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์„ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ 58%๋ฅผ ์–ป์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ 42%์— ๊ทธ์นœ ๋„๋ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฒซ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ Š์€ ์‹œ์ ˆ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฌธ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” 1972๋…„ 5์›” 24์ผ, ์†Œ๋ จ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ํŽ„๋ ˆ ์Šˆํ‹ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฆฌ์‹œํŽ˜๋‹ˆ (Risipeni)์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ฝ”๋ฎŒ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ๋”ธ๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 1989๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1994๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ(ASEM)์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™์„ ์ „๊ณตํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ‚ค์‹œ๋„ˆ์šฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ–‰์ • ์•„์นด๋ฐ๋ฏธ์—์„œ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ•™์„ ์ „๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„, ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ์ผ€๋„ค๋”” ์Šค์ฟจ์„ ์กธ์—…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2012๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด D.C.์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์€ํ–‰์—์„œ ์ค‘์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด์ธ ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„์–ด ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์–ด, ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด, ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” 2012๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2015๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ๊ต์œก๋ถ€ ์žฅ๊ด€์„ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 7์›” 23์ผ, ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์€ ์‚ฐ๋‘๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋งŒ๊ณผ ํ‚ค๋ฆด ๊ฐ€๋ถ€๋ฆฌ์น˜์˜ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์„ ์ฐจ๊ธฐ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ์ด๋ฆฌ ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ฆฌ์šฐ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ๋ ˆ์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ง€๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2015๋…„, ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ •์น˜ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์€ ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋‹น์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ •๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” 2016๋…„์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์นœ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ง„์˜ ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ๋‚˜์„ฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ์„ ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•œ ๋‘ ํ›„๋ณด ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„์— ์‹ค์‹œ๋œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์—ฌ๋ก  ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”์—์„œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ์ •์น˜์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋ก  ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ์ตœ์‹  ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ 24%๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ 26%๋ฅผ ์–ป์€ ์ด๊ณ ๋ฅด ๋„๋ˆ์— ์ด์–ด ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์น˜์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์—ฌ๋ก  ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ 6์œ„์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ €๋‹ค. ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ์ด๋ฆฌ 2019๋…„ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ์ด์„ ์—์„œ ์‚ฐ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š” ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋‹น์€ ์•ˆ๋“œ๋ ˆ์ด ๋„ˆ์Šคํƒ€์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š” ๋™๋งน ์กด์—„๊ณผ ์ง„์‹ค ๊ฐ•๋ น๋‹น๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์—ฐํ•ฉ (ACUM Electoral Bloc)์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์˜ํšŒ์—์„œ 101์„ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ 26์„์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 6์›” 8์ผ, ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜๋‹น๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ฆฝ ์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ์ด๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์„ ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚  ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ์žฌํŒ์†Œ๋Š” 2019๋…„ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด‰๋ฐœ์‹œํ‚จ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ž„๋ช…๊ณผ ์‚ฐ๋‘์˜ ์ด๋ฆฌ ์ง€๋ช…์ด ์œ„ํ—Œ์ž„์„ ์„ ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 2019๋…„ 6์›” 15์ผ, ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์žฌํŒ์†Œ๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋‘ ๋‚ด๊ฐ์ด ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ข…์ „์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ์ง€์—ญ ์ง‘ํšŒ์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต์งˆ์„œ ํšŒ๋ณต์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 6์›”, ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” 2017๋…„ 3์›”์— ํ•„๋ฆฌํ”„ ์ „ ์ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๊ณต์‹ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๊ตญ ์–ธ๋ก ๊ณผ ์น˜๋ฅธ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์žฌ๋ฌด๋ถ€์— ๋ธ”๋ผ๋“œ ํ”Œ๋ผํ˜ธํŠธ๋‹ˆ์šฐํฌ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋‹ˆ์ธ ํ‚ค ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์š”์ฒญํ•  ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. 8์›”, ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ์ด๋ฆฌ์‹ค์— 8์›” 23์ผ์„ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋‚  ๋Œ€์‹  ์Šคํƒˆ๋ฆฐ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๋‚˜์น˜์ฆ˜์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๋ชจ์˜ ๋‚ ๋กœ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ น ์ดˆ์•ˆ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฒ•๋ น์€ ์—ฐ์ • ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์ธ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜๋‹น์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์„ ์ƒ€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด์ž ์ „ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜๋‹น ์ง€๋„์ž์ธ ์ด๊ณ ๋ฅด ๋„๋ˆ์€ ์‚ฐ๋‘์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ตฌ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋‚ ์งœ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์นœ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ธ ์‚ฐ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฆฌ์— ์ทจ์ž„ํ•œ ์ดํ›„, ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์นœ๋ฐ€ํ•ด์ง€๋ ค๋Š” ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 11์›” 12์ผ, ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๋ถˆ์‹ ์ž„ ๊ฒฐ์˜๋กœ ์ด๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ถ•์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ƒˆ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ด€์ € ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๋กœ ๋‚จ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, 2020๋…„ 12์›” 24์ผ, ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ์นœ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ์ง„์˜๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํŒจ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์˜ ์žฌ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ์นœ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์„ฑํ–ฅ ์ด๊ณ ๋ฅด ๋„๋ˆ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์••๋„์ ์ธ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๋ฉด์„œ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์— ์ทจ์ž„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์‚ฐ๋‘ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์ „์ง„์„ ์žฌ๊ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ„์น˜์— ์„œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2020๋…„ ๋Œ€์„  ํ™๋ณด ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” 2020๋…„ 7์›” 18์ผ, 2020๋…„ ๋Œ€์„  ์ถœ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 2์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ ์นœ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ํ›„๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์—†๊ธฐ์— ์นœ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์„ฑํ–ฅ ๊ณต๋™ ํ›„๋ณด๋Š” ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” 2020๋…„ 10์›” 2์ผ, ๊ณต์‹์œผ๋กœ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์šด๋™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„์–ด์™€ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์–ด๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋˜ 2ํšŒ ์—ฐ์„ค์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํŒจ, ๋นˆ๊ณค ํ‡ด์น˜, ํ˜•์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋„๋ˆ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์ž์‹ ์„ ๊ณ ์˜๋กœ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„  ๊ณผ๋ฐ˜ ๋“ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ํ›„๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , 11์›” 15์ผ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์‚ฐ๋‘์™€ ๋„๋ˆ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฐ์„ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„  ์‚ฐ๋‘๊ฐ€ 57.75%์˜ ๋“ํ‘œ์œจ๋กœ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ„ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์˜ ๋ณผ๋กœ๋””๋ฏธ๋ฅด ์ ค๋ Œ์Šคํ‚ค ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น, ์นด์žํ์Šคํƒ„์˜ ์นด์‹ฌ์กฐ๋งˆ๋ฅดํŠธ ํ† ์นด์˜ˆํ”„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น, ์ผํ•จ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ˆํ”„ ์•„์ œ๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ด์ž” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ํด๋ผ์šฐ์Šค ์š”ํ•˜๋‹ˆ์Šค ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌ ์ถ•ํ•˜ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๋„๋ˆ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ธ”๋ผ๋””๋ฏธ๋ฅด ํ‘ธํ‹ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ์ถ•ํ•˜ ์ธ์‚ฌ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ž ํšŒ๊ฒฌ์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ด๋„๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๊ต ์ •์ฑ…์—์„œ ์‹ค์งˆ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”์˜ ๊ตญ์ต์„ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„, ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋“ฑ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ์‹ค์šฉ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์ž„๊ธฐ (2020๋…„~ํ˜„์žฌ) ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” 2020๋…„ 12์›” 24์ผ, ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ๊ถ์ „์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์ทจ์ž„ ์„ ์„œ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ์ทจ์ž„ ์—ฐ์„ค ๋ง๋ฏธ์— ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์–ด, ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์–ด, ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์šฐ์ฆˆ์–ด, ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์•„์–ด๋กœ ์—ฐ์„คํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์„ ํ˜ธ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋‘๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋ช…์˜ ์ง€์ง€์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ถ์ „ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ "๋งˆ์ด์•„ ์‚ฐ๋‘์™€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค!", "๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!" ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์™ธ์น˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ฐ๋‘๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์ทจ์ž„์‹์ด ๋๋‚œ ํ›„ ์ด๊ณ ๋ฅด ๋„๋ˆ์ด ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์ด์–‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐŸ๊ณ ์ž ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ถ์—์„œ ๋„๋ˆ๊ณผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‚  ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ์ž„์‹œ๋กœ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งก์€ ์ด์˜จ ํ‚ค์ฟ ๋„ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ •์ฑ… ์˜ํšŒ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ฐ์—ผ์ฆ-19 ์š”ํ•˜๋‹ˆ์Šค ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„๊ฐ€ ํ™”์ด์ž-๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์—”ํ…์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณต ๋ฐ›์€ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜-19 ๋ฐฑ์‹  20๋งŒ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”์— ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1์›” 16์ผ, ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ๋‹น๊ตญ์ด ํŠธ๋ž€์Šค๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์Šคํ‘ธํŠธ๋‹ˆํฌ V ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ COVID-19 ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ ‘์ข…์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•  ๋ฐฉ์นจ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ์†ํ•œ ์˜ฅ์Šคํผ๋“œ-์•„์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์ œ๋„ค์นด ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ฒซ 21,600๊ฐœ๋Š” 2์›” 28์ผ, ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”์— ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ ‘์ข…์€ 3์›” 2์ผ์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”๋Š” ์ฝ”๋ฐฑ์Šค ํผ์‹ค๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ฒซ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3์›” ์ดˆ์— ๋ฐฐ์†ก๋œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„ ์ ์€ ์˜ฅ์Šคํผ๋“œ-์•„์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์ œ๋„ค์นด ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฐฑ์‹  14,000๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์„ ์‹ฃ๊ณ  ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ ‘์ข…ํ•  ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์˜ ๋ณด์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํ™•์‹คํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋งŒ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ ‘์ข…์„ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”์— ๊ธฐ์ฆํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  5์›” 7์ผ, ์˜ฅ์Šคํผ๋“œ-์•„์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์ œ๋„ค์นด ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ ‘์ข…์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ณ ์•ˆ์ „๋ณด์žฅ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ 2021๋…„ 1์›” ์ค‘์ˆœ, ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์•ˆ์ „๋ณด์žฅ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žฌํŽธ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 1์›” 21์ผ, ์ธ๊ถŒ ์šด๋™๊ฐ€์ธ ์•„๋‚˜ ๋ ˆ๋ฒค์ฝ”๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ  ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ด์žฅ๊ณผ ์‚ฐ๋‘์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋ณด ๋ถ„์•ผ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ๋ฒค์ฝ”์˜ ์ „์ž„์ž์ธ ๋น…ํ† ๋ฅด ๊ฐ€์ด์น˜์šฐํฌ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์žฅ๊ด€์€ ์•ˆ์ „๋ณด์žฅ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ž„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 1์›” 25์ผ, ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฐฑ์‹ ๋œ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ ๋ณด์žฅ ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ น์— ์„œ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐฑ์‹ ๋œ ์•ˆ์ „๋ณด์žฅ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ์—๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ฐ์ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์ฒด๋ธŒ์Šค์น˜ (Fadei Nagacevschi) ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€, ์ด๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๋ธ”๋ผํ (Irina Vlah) ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์šฐ์ฆˆ ์ž์น˜์ฃผ ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ, ๋ฃจ์Šฌ๋ž€ ํ”Œ๋กœ์ฐจ (Ruslan Flocha) ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฐฉ์ง€์„ผํ„ฐ ์†Œ์žฅ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๊ณ ๋ฅด ๋„๋ˆ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์ตœ๊ณ ์•ˆ์ „๋ณด์žฅ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋ณด์— ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ ์–ธํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋„๋ˆ์˜ ์ •์ ์ธ ์ „ ์ด๋ฆฌ์ด์ž ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ํŒŒ๋ฒจ ํ•„๋ฆฌํ”„๋Š” "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ค‘ ์žฃ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค"๋ฉฐ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๊ต ์ •์ฑ… ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์„œ๋ฐฉ ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ํ†ตํ•ฉ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ฐ€์ž…, ๊ตญ์ œํ†ตํ™”๊ธฐ๊ธˆ๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ์žฌ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ "๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์€ ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ๋„์›€์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋  ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 1์›”, ๋ธŒ๋คผ์…€์—์„œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ ๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์— ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 4์›” 19์ผ. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์Šค๋ถ€๋ฅด์—์„œ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ํ‰์˜ํšŒ ์‹คํ–‰ ๊ณ„ํš 2021๋…„~2024๋…„์— ์„œ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹คํ–‰ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ , ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœํ˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜, ์ธ๊ถŒ, ๋ฒ•์น˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ํ‰์˜ํšŒ์˜ ์‹คํ–‰ ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„ ํด๋ผ์šฐ์Šค ์š”ํ•˜๋‹ˆ์Šค ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ 2020๋…„ 12์›” 29์ผ. ์‚ฐ๋‘ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ์ฒซ ์™ธ๊ตญ ์ง€๋„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์š”ํ•˜๋‹ˆ์Šค๋Š” ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ฐ์—ผ์ฆ-19 ๋ฒ”์œ ํ–‰ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”-๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”์— ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ, ์˜๋ฃŒ, ์œ„์ƒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์žฅ๋น„, ๋ฐฑ์‹  200,000๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ถ€์ฟ ๋ ˆ์Šˆํ‹ฐ์— ๋“ค๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ด๋ฆฌ ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฐ ํฌ์ถ”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„์™€ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”์˜ ํ†ต์ผ์„ ๋ฌป๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฏผํˆฌํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ฆด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํˆฌํ‘œํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฌป๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— "์ฐฌ์„ฑ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฏธํŠธ๋กœ ์ฟจ๋ ˆ๋ฐ” ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์™ธ๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€๊ณผ ์น˜๋ฅธ ํšŒ๋‹ด์—์„œ 2021๋…„ 1์›” ํ‚ค์˜ˆํ”„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ด ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์— ์ทจ์ž„ํ•œ ์ดํ›„ ์ฒซ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ˆœ๋ฐฉ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 1์›” 12์ผ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ ๋‹น์‹œ, ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๋ณผ๋กœ๋””๋ฏธ๋ฅด ์ ค๋ Œ์Šคํ‚ค ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ์–‘๊ตญ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์‹œ๋ฏธํ• ๊ณผ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜ํšŒ ์˜์žฅ ๋“œ๋ฏธํŠธ๋กœ ๋ผ์คŒ์ฝ”์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌด๋ช… ์šฉ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฌด๋ค๊ณผ ํ™€๋กœ๋„๋ชจ๋ฅด ๋Œ€ํ•™์‚ด ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์—์„œ ์šฐํฌ๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜๋ น๋“ค์˜ ๋„‹์„ ๊ธฐ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” TV-8 ์ฑ„๋„๊ณผ ํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ "๋ฌด์—ญ, ์ˆ˜์ถœ, ํŠธ๋ž€์Šค๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ " ๋“ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ "๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์— ๊ฐˆ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋๋‹ค"๊ณ  ์„ ์–ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šคํฌ๋ฐ”์— ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์ „์— ํ‚ค์˜ˆํ”„์™€ ๋ธŒ๋คผ์…€์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์นœ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. On 11 August 2021, 2021๋…„ 8์›” 11์ผ,์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋“œ๋ฏธํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์ฝ”์žํฌ ํฌ๋ ˜๋ฆฐ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€์‹ค์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ์–‘๊ตญ ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํŠธ๋ž€์Šค๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ํƒ„์•ฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋ž€์Šค๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ตฐ ์ž‘์ „ ์ง‘๋‹จ(OGRF)์ด ํŠธ๋ž€์Šค๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ดํƒˆ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ ์–ธํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ์ฑ„๋„ RBK์— ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„๊ตฐ ์ž‘์ „ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ํƒ„์•ฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ "OGRF์™€ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ณ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–‘์ž ๊ฐ„ ํ•ฉ์˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ "ํ•ด๋‹น ์ž„๋ฌด๊ฐ€ OSCE ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์˜ต์„œ๋ฒ„ ์ž„๋ฌด๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค"๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ 9์›”, ์ง€์—ญ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” 1992๋…„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ํŠธ๋ž€์Šค๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ „์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์š”์ฒญ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ํŠธ๋ž€์Šค๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ์ €์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ธ์œ„์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์†Œ๋น„์—ํŠธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ํŠธ๋ž€์Šค๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์—์„œ ํ‰ํ™”๋กœ์šด ์™ธ๊ต ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๋…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆผ๋Œ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํŠธ๋ž€์Šค๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋…ผ๋ž€ ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” 2018๋…„, ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ „ ์ง€๋„์ž ์ด์˜จ ์•ˆํ† ๋„ค์Šค์ฟ ๋ฅผ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์•ˆํ† ๋„ค์Šค์ฟ ๊ฐ€ "์ข‹๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋‚˜์˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ธ๋ฌผ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋‘์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐœ์–ธ์— ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด (CERM)๋Š” ๋‚ ์นด๋กœ์šด ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์„œํ•œ์„ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. "๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ” ์ž…๋ฒ•์—์„œ ํŒŒ์‹œ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ํ™€๋กœ์ฝ”์ŠคํŠธ ๋ถ€์ • ๋ฐ ๋ฏธํ™”๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์ œ์žฌ ๋ถ€์žฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์˜คํ”ผ๋‹ˆ์–ธ ๋ฆฌ๋”๋“ค๊ณผ ์ •์น˜ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์™œ๊ณก ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ธ์ข…๊ณผ ์ข…๊ต ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ณผ ์ฆ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ถ”๊น€์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค." ์‚ฐ๋‘๋Š” ์ดํ›„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ์ด ๋น„ํŒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด "๋‚˜๋Š” ๋…์žฌ์ž ์ด์˜จ ์•ˆํ† ๋„ค์Šค์ฟ ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•œ ๋‚ด ๋ฐœ์–ธ์ด ํ•ด์„์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ ๊ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ์•—์•„๊ฐ„ ๋‚˜์น˜๋‚˜ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ์ •๊ถŒ์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ๋‚ด ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์˜จ ์•ˆํ† ๋„ค์Šค์ฟ ๋Š” ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ๊ณผ ๋กฌ์ธ์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ •๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„๋‚œ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ „๋ฒ”์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค."๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 1972๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”์˜ ์—ฌ์ž ์ •์น˜์ธ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”์˜ ์ด๋ฆฌ ์—ฌ์ž ์ด๋ฆฌ ๋ชฐ๋„๋ฐ”์˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์—ฌ์ž ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maia%20Sandu
Maia Sandu
Maia Sandu (; born 24 May 1972) is a Moldovan politician who has been the President of Moldova since 24 December 2020. She is the founder and former leader of the Party of Action and Solidarity (PAS) and former Prime Minister of Moldova from 8 June 2019 until 14 November 2019, when the government collapsed after a vote of no-confidence. Sandu was Minister of Education from 2012 to 2015 and member of the Parliament of Moldova from 2014 to 2015, and again in 2019. Sandu was elected President of Moldova in a landslide victory during the 2020 Moldovan presidential election. The first female president of Moldova, Sandu is a strong supporter of the accession of Moldova to the European Union, overseeing Moldova's granting of candidate status, and is considered 'pro-Western'. She has criticised and opposed Russia's invasion of Ukraine and supported subsequent steps to reduce Moldova's economic dependence on Russia, frequently expressing sympathy and support for Ukraine in the conflict. Sandu has made anti-corruption, economic reform and liberalisation a central part of her political platform, as well as closer integration with Europe. In February 2023, she accused Russia of seeking to stage a coup of the Moldovan government and has continued to seek to reduce Russia's influence over the country. Early life and professional career Sandu was born on 24 May 1972 in the commune of Risipeni, located in the Fฤƒleศ™ti District in the Moldavian SSR of what was then the USSR. Her parents were Grigorie and Emilia Sandu, a veterinarian and a teacher, respectively. From 1989 to 1994, she majored in management at the Academy of Economic Studies of Moldavia/Moldova (ASEM). From 1995 to 1998, she majored in international relations at the (AAP) in Chiศ™inฤƒu. In 2010, she graduated from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. From 2010 to 2012, Sandu worked as an Adviser to the Executive Director at the World Bank in Washington, D.C.. Sandu speaks English, Spanish and Russian in addition to her native Romanian. Political career From 2012 to 2015, she served as Minister of Education of Moldova. She was considered on 23 July 2015 by the Liberal Democratic Party as a nominee to be the next Prime Minister of Moldova, succeeding Natalia Gherman and Chiril Gaburici. A day after being proposed by a renewed pro-European coalition, Sandu set the departure of the Head of the National Bank of Moldova, Dorin Drฤƒguศ›anu and the State Prosecutor Corneliu Gurin as conditions for her acceptance of the office. Ultimately, Valeriu Streleศ› was nominated over Sandu by the President of Moldova. On 23 December 2015 she launched a platform "รŽn /pas/ cu Maia Sandu" ("In step with Maia Sandu") that later became a political party called "Partidul Acศ›iune ศ™i Solidaritate" ("Party of Action and Solidarity"). In 2016, Sandu was the pro-European candidate in the Moldovan presidential election. She was selected as the joint candidate of the pro-European PPDA and PAS parties for president of Moldova in the 2016 election. Running on a pro-EU action platform, she was one of the two candidates that reached the runoff of the election. Sandu faced open discrimination during the race for being a single woman, and was openly attacked by former Moldovan president Vladimir Voronin who accused her of betraying "family values" and calling her the "laughingstock, the sin and the national disgrace of Moldova" in remarks widely regarded as profoundly misogynistic. She rejected the insults in an interview, replying that "I never thought being a single woman is a shame. Maybe it is a sin even to be a woman?" Sandu was defeated in the subsequent runoff by the pro-Russian PSRM candidate, Igor Dodon, losing the popular vote by a margin of 48% to 52%. According to some polls from 2019, Sandu ranks among the three most trusted politicians in Moldova. As of December 2022, she ranks as the most trusted politician in Moldova at 26%, with Igor Dodon following behind at 19%. A poll conducted in 2019, conducted by Public Opinion Fund, shows that Sandu is the second most trusted political personality, polling at 24%, closely following Igor Dodon, who polls at 26%. Other older polls, however, place her lower, in sixth place. Controversies In September 2016, Sandu instituted proceedings against the State Chancellery, asking to see the minutes of the Cabinet meeting at which the state guarantees for the three bankrupt banks (the Bank of Savings (), Unibank and the Banca Socialฤƒ) had been approved. Prime Minister Pavel Filip published on his Facebook page, the minutes of the last Cabinet meeting, when the decision on granting the emergency credit for the Banca de Economii was adopted. The minutes included the speeches of former NBM governor Dorin Drฤƒguศ›anu, former Prime Minister Chiril Gaburici, and Sandu's own speeches from the time as minister of education. It is mentioned that at the end the decision was voted unanimously. The minutes were not signed. Regarding former leader of Romania Ion Antonescu, Sandu said in 2018 that he was "a historical figure about whom we may say both good and bad things". Her statements were sharply criticized by the Jewish Community of Moldova (CERM), who issued an open letter stating: "The lack of sanctions for [...] Holocaust denial and glorification of fascism in Moldovan legislation allows some opinion leaders and political leaders to not be held accountable for such acts, and lets them create their public image by distorting and revising historical facts and fueling inter-ethnic and inter-religious discrimination and hate." Sandu replied to this accusation in later interviews by stating: "I regret that my words about the dictator Ion Antonescu were made an object of interpretation. [...] My attitude towards any criminal regime of the 20th century, whether Nazi or communist, which have millions of lives on their consciences, is well known and unequivocally negative. Ion Antonescu was a war criminal, rightly condemned by the international community for war crimes against Jewish and Roma people." On 21 February 2019, Sandu and the candidates of the ACUM electoral bloc, both of the national and uninominal constituency, signed a public commitment according to which after the Parliamentary elections of 24 February 2019 they would not make any coalition with the Party of Socialists, Democratic Party and Shor Party, and if this commitment were violated they would resign as MPs. She violated this self-imposed commitment after agreeing to form a coalition government along with the Party of Socialists in early June 2019 as the only way forward to create a legitimate and democratic government. As Prime Minister In the 2019 parliamentary election, Sandu's PAS, together with its ally, PPDA, led by Andrei Nฤƒstase, formed the ACUM Electoral Bloc and secured 26 of the 101 seats in the Parliament of Moldova. On 8 June 2019, Sandu was elected Prime Minister of Moldova in a coalition government with PSRM. On the same day, the Constitutional Court of Moldova declared unconstitutional her designation for this position as well as the appointment of the Government of the Republic of Moldova, which sparked the 2019 constitutional crisis. However, on 15 June 2019, the Constitutional Court revised and repealed its previous decisions, declaring the Sandu Cabinet to have been constitutionally created. The next day, she called for the restoration of public order, discouraging citizens from attending local rallies. In June 2019, she lifted a March 2017 ban by former Prime Minister Filip of official visits by government officials to Russia. In one of her first interviews to foreign media, she announced her intention to request that the United States Treasury add Vlad Plahotniuc to the Magnitsky List. In August, Sandu asked the State Chancellery to prepare a draft decree declaring 23 August to be the European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism instead of the regular Liberation Day. The decree was opposed by her coalition partner, the PSRM, with Moldova's president and ex-PSRM leader Igor Dodon announcing that he would celebrate the date in the old style, rejecting Sandu's proposal. Under Sandu, Moldova began taking steps towards the European Union as Sandu herself is pro-E.U. Sandu was ousted as prime minister on 12 November 2019, following a vote of no confidence. She remained as a caretaker of the office until the formation of a new government. However, on 24 December 2020 Sandu took office as state president, after winning a landslide election against the Pro-Russian Igor Dodon, and again on a pro-E.U. and anti-corruption platform. Under Sandu's leadership, Moldova is once more in a position to resume moving forward towards European integration. 2020 presidential campaign Sandu announced her candidacy for the 2020 presidential election on 18 July, declaring that a joint pro-European candidate would not be needed as there was no risk of there being no pro-European candidates in the second round. Sandu officially launched her campaign on 2 October 2020, holding two speeches in Romanian and Russian both promising to fight corruption and poverty, and to reform the criminal justice system, while accusing President Dodon of deliberately hindering the latter. Because no candidate received a majority of votes in the first round, a run-off between Sandu and Dodon was held on 15 November, in which Sandu won with 57.75% of the popular vote. She was congratulated on her win by senior leaders of the European Union, as well as Presidents Volodymyr Zelenskyy of Ukraine, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev of Kazakhstan, Ilham Aliyev of Azerbaijan, and Klaus Iohannis of Romania. Sandu was also congratulated by President of Russia Vladimir Putin, who had initially endorsed Dodon. In her press conference, she declared that Moldova under her leadership "will secure real balance in the foreign policy, being guided by Moldova's national interests, we will have a pragmatic dialogue with all the countries, including Romania, Ukraine, European nations, Russia and the US". Presidency (2020โ€“present) Sandu was sworn in on 24 December 2020 in the Palace of the Republic. During the ceremony, she appealed for national unity, speaking in Russian, Ukrainian, Gagauz and Bulgarian towards the end of her remarks. Thousands of her supporters greeted her outside the palace chanting slogans like "Maia Sandu and the people!" and "The people love you!" After the ceremony, she met Dodon at the Presidential Palace, for a ceremony in which Dodon officially transferred power to her. That day, she met with acting Prime Minister Ion Chicu. Domestic policy Parliament On 28 December, she met the parliamentary factions for consultations. On 31 December Sandu named Foreign Minister Aureliu Ciocoi acting prime minister after Chicu refused to stay on in an acting capacity. The ex-president of the country, leader of the Party of Communists Vladimir Voronin and the Leader of Our Party Renato Usatii proposed their candidacies for the post of prime minister. At a briefing following her visit to Ukraine, Sandu also touched upon the appointment of the prime minister, stating that "Neither Voronin nor Usatii are suitable for the role of prime minister. We need a serious government, created following early elections." On 27 January 2021, she nominated Natalia Gavriliศ›a as a candidate for the position of Prime Minister, saying that she has the "task of creating the government team and preparing a government program focused on economic development and cleaning up the institutions of the state of corruption". The very next day, Sandu asked MPs to reject her proposed Prime Minister in order to speed up the process of its dissolution and early elections. Sandu re-nominated Gavriliศ›a on 11 February. The Constitutional Court of Moldova declared the decree unconstitutional, reasoning that Sandu should have accepted a proposal from 54 MPs (primarily from PSRM) to instead nominate Mariana Durleศ™teanu, a former Moldovan ambassador to the United Kingdom. Sandu refused the proposal of the Constitutional Court and Parliament, saying, "I have said repeatedly that the only way for Moldova to move forward is to organise new parliamentary elections." Before the Gavriliศ›a Government could be voted on, some PSRM deputies presented a list signed by PSRM, Pentru Moldova (including the ศ˜or Party) and another 3 unaffiliated MPs for supporting the candidature of Mariana Durleศ™teanu. Sandu declared afterwards that she would not continue consultations, but would not nominate another candidate for Prime Minister. Two options remained: snap elections or a referendum for Sandu's impeachment. On 16 March, she again met with parties in the Parliament for consultations. The PSRM delegation was led by Igor Dodon, the president of the party, but not deputy in the Parliament. In the same time, without Dodon's knowledge, Durleศ™teanu announced that she was retiring her candidature. After the consultations, Sandu announced that there was no parliamentary majority, and in order to end the political crisis, she named Igor Grosu as Prime Minister. More political figures, such as Pavel Filip and Andrian Candu claimed that Sandu had reached an agreement with Igor Dodon in order to hold early parliamentary elections. Some political analysts stated that the withdrawal of Durleศ™teanu was planned in order to get closer to snap elections. On 25 March, Parliament did not vote for Grosu, and the majority of the deputies left the building. Sandu had consultations with all parliamentary forces on 26 and 29 March. After the Constitutional Court declared the state of emergency unconstitutional, she dissolved the Parliament and called for an early snap parliamentary election on 11 July. The 2021 Moldovan parliamentary elections ended in a landslide victory for Sandu's Party of Action and Solidarity, returning 63 seats and winning 52.8% of the overall vote, the first time a Moldovan political party had been able to command an overall majority in parliament since 2009. The Constitutional Court of Moldova recognized the election results on 23 July. COVID-19 During the visit of President of Romania Klaus Iohannis, he promised Romania would donate 200,000 doses of the Pfizerโ€“BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine to Moldova. On 16 January, Sandu said that Moldovan authorities would allow residents of Transnistria to be vaccinated with the Russian Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine. The first 21,600 doses of the Oxfordโ€“AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine promised by Romania arrived in Moldova on 28 February, with the first administrations on 2 March. Romania subsequently made more donations on 27 March 2021 with 50,400 vaccine units; on 17 April 2021 with 132,000 vaccine doses, fulfilling its promise to Moldova; and on 7 May 2021 with 100,800 vaccine units even though this surpassed the promised 200,000 vaccine doses. Moldova became the first country in Europe that received vaccines from the COVAX platform. The first shipment delivered in early March arrived with more than 14,000 doses of Oxfordโ€“AstraZeneca vaccine. Sandu received her vaccination on 7 May with the Oxfordโ€“AstraZeneca vaccine after Romania stated its intention to donate thousands of vaccines to Moldova. Sandu had previously stated she would only receive vaccination when it was certain Moldova would have enough vaccines to vaccinate its entire population. According to the World Health Organization, between 3 January 2020 and 28 June 2023, there have been 620,717 confirmed cases of COVID-19 with 12,124 deaths. As of 11 June 2023, a total of 2,288,948 vaccine doses have been administered. Moldova is among the first countries in the WHO European Region to conduct a COVID-19 intra-action review (IAR) upon the request of Moldova's Ministry of Health, Labour and Social Protection. Supreme Security Council In mid-January 2021, Sandu announced that the Supreme Security Council would be reorganized. On 21 January 2021, human rights activist Ana Revenco was appointed Secretary of the Supreme Security Council and concurrently adviser to Sandu in the field of defense and national security. Revenco's predecessor in these posts, Defense Minister Victor Gaiciuc, remained a member of the Security Council. The renewed Security Council did not include the Minister of Justice Fadei Nagacevschi, the Governor of Gagauzia Irina Vlah, or the director of the National Centre for Combating Corruption Ruslan Flocha. Nagacevschi, commenting on this situation, said: "I am glad that I was inconvenient". Former President Dodon declared the Supreme Security Council to be a threat to national security. His political opponent, former Prime Minister and leader of the Democratic Party Pavel Filip, was in solidarity with the ex-president, saying that "we are seeing double standards". Anti-corruption Implementing anti-corruption measures was one of the central policies of Sandu's presidential election campaign and of her Party of Action and Solidarity. Since 2020, Moldova's CPI (Corruption Perceptions Index) has improved from 32 points to 39, ranking 91/180 among Eastern European and Central Asian countries. Transparency International cautioned in 2022 that "despite some progress in improving technical compliance with recommendations from the Group of States against Corruption and other bodies, much remains to be done to overcome the legacy of state capture still visible in many organs of state." They nevertheless praised efforts made under Sandu's presidency, and concluded that "the election of PAS, which ran above all on an anti-corruption platform, can be interpretated as a positive sign for this change as there is a widespread consensus among the population that corruption needs to be curbed." Reporters Without Borders improved Moldova's Press Freedom Index ranking from 89th in 2020 to 40th in 2022, while cautioning that "Moldovaโ€™s media are diverse but extremely polarised, like the country itself, which is marked by political instability and excessive influence by oligarchs." In 2022 the European Union's anti-money laundering body MONEYVAL upgraded Moldova from 'partially compliant' to 'largely compliant' due to significant improvements in the country's legal measures to prevent money laundering and terrorist financing. On 8 June 2021, Sandu signed off on the creation of an extra-governmental corruption monitoring body after declaring the state's own institutions "too slow". The six-member panel of the 'Anticorruption Independent Consultative Committee' will be co-chaired by United States diplomat James Wasserstrom, includes economists, jurists and journalists and is partially funded by the European Union and United States. On 5 October 2021, the Moldovan government suspended the Prosecutor General Alexandru Stoianoglo in relation to charges of corruption, passive corruption, illicit enrichment, and abuse of office in favour of criminal groups. On 2 May 2022, former Moldovan Prime Minister Iurie Leanca was charged with abuse of power over a concession that gave control of the country's main airport to a businessman now in exile. The 2013 concession handed control of ChiลŸinฤƒu International Airport for a 49-year term to a company associated with politician and businessman Ilan Shor, who fled Moldova in 2019 after the election of pro-Western President Maia Sandu. An appeals court ruled in November 2021 that control of the airport should return to the state. "Veronica Dragalin, head of Moldova's anti-corruption prosecution office, said a former economy minister and six other former officials also faced similar charges in a criminal case which she said had been referred to court." On 24 May 2022, former president Igor Dodon was arrested by the Moldovan authorities on charges of corruption for the receipt of bribes, illegal financing of his political party, and high treason against Moldova through links to fugitive Moldovan politician Vlad Plahotniuc. He was placed under house arrest on 26 May in order to allow prosecutors to investigate the allegations further. The United States Department of the Treasury has also accused Dodon of corruption and conspiring with Russia. He was released from house arrest on 18 November 2022 pending a court trial on all charges. On 21 March 2023, President Maia Sandu announced the creation of a new Anti-Corruption Court which will be set up to try major corruption cases, as well as cases of crime within Moldova's judicial system, as part of a broader move to tackle endemic corruption in the country. As of 15 June, Sandu has continued to hold consultations and discussions with representatives on the text of the court's concept paper. Sandu has also expressed her support for the establishment of an international anti-corruption court. Analysts argue that Russia's influence over Moldova's economy, as well as the power of Moldovan oligarchs with links to the Russian government, is a key source of the country's endemic problem of corruption and state capture. Since Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Moldova has been "flooded" with Russian propaganda and disinformation. The United States has accused Russia of "deliberately stirring unrest" within Moldova, stating that intelligence showed "that actors, some connected with Russian intelligence, are seeking to stage and use protests in Moldova as a basis to foment an insurrection against Moldovaโ€™s new pro-Western government." White House National Security Minister John Kirby stated that "As Moldova continues to integrate with Europe, we believe Russia is pursuing options to weaken the Moldovan government probably with the eventual goal of seeing a more Russian- friendly administration in the capital". In 2023, Sandu announced the creation of an anti-propaganda centre to counter this disinformation and to improve the country's hybrid threat response capabilities. On 19 June 2023 the pro-Russian ศ˜or Party was banned by the Constitutional Court of Moldova after months of pro-Russian protests seeking to destabilise the Moldovan government. The court declared the party unconstitutional, with court chairman Nicolae Roศ™ca citing "an article in the constitution stating that parties must through their activities uphold political pluralism, the rule of law and the territorial integrity of Moldova." The party was led by Ilan Shor, a fugitive businessman who fled to Israel in 2019 after being convicted of fraud and money-laundering and sentenced to 15 years in prison in absentia. President Sandu welcomed the court's decision. Climate change Moldova is highly vulnerable to climate change and related disasters, with an average annual economic loss of 2.13% GDP. The countryโ€™s unique biodiversity is currently threatened by climate change, habitat fragmentation and over-exploitation. Moldova is the European nation most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. "In Moldova, 60 per cent of the population doesnโ€™t have access to safe drinking water and droughts are becoming more and more frequent. According to the UN, the country suffered eleven droughts between 1990 and 2015, which had a significant impact on harvests. In 2012, the resulting losses amounted to โ‚ฌ1 billion." On 25 November 2022, Maia Sandu addressed the 76th Session of the United Nations General Assembly on the challenge of climate change. She announced that with assistance from United Nations Development Programme, they would be developing and setting out the commencement of a National Climate Change Adaptation Programme, with a focus on the specific risks and vulnerabilities induced by climate change, and the opportunities to respond to them. She highlighted that "For the Republic of Moldova, climate change means severe droughts every few years, floods, ruined crops and livelihoods of people." The UNDP, Green Climate Fund, and Embassy of Sweden in Chisinau are assisting in developing a transition plan towards low-emission, green and climate-resilient development. She is quoted as saying, "climate change does not ask whether we are ready for it, whether we have the resources to respond to it, or whether it has come at the right time. Adapting to these changes will be hard. Building resilience will be difficult. Especially for us, because we have fewer resources, we are less prepared, and we have weaker institutions. But we have no choice, we must adapt. To resist. For our future and that of our children, here in Moldova." According to the UNDP, "A special focus is placed on exploring the mitigation potential through promotion of renewable energy solutions, which currently is standing at 25,06% in the total energy mix, energy efficiency measures and resource efficiency production and consumption. At the same time, support to the reform and modernization of environmental management systems conducive to green development and EU standards are being provided." Foreign policy European Union and the West Sandu is a supporter of Moldova's European integration, the country's entry into the European Union, and the resumption of cooperation with the International Monetary Fund. When she received the president of Romania, she declared that "the Republic will integrate into the European space with the help of Romania". Maia Sandu met EU and Belgian political figures in Brussels in January 2021. On 19 April 2021 in Strasbourg, France, she signed the Council of Europe Action Plan for the Republic of Moldova 2021โ€“2024, an action plan of the Council of Europe with the aim of reforming Moldova's legislation and state institutions and introducing improvements on the country's democracy, human rights, and rule of law. After the outbreak of the 2022 Russian invasion in Ukraine, Sandu signed the application for EU membership on 3 March 2022, together with Igor Grosu, the president of the Moldovan parliament, and Natalia Gavriliศ›a, the country's prime minister. This came on the same day (and for the same reasons) that the country of Georgia also formally began its journey to join the EU when Prime Minister of Georgia Irakli Garibashvili signed Georgia's application for EU membership. On 21 May 2023, Sandu held the public rally European Moldova National Assembly in the capital city, Chiศ™inฤƒu, in which thousands of Moldovan citizens showed support for Moldova's accession to the European Union. On 31 May 2023, Sandu confirmed in an interview with Bloomberg that despite destabilisation attempts by Russia, she hopes for Moldova and Transnistria to join the European Union by 2030, and that the conflict with Transnistria will be solved through economic reform and anti-corruption measures. She also confirmed she will be running for a third presidential term in the 2024 Moldovan presidential election. On 26 October 2022, the United States imposed sanctions on nine individuals and 12 entities including two Moldovan oligarchs, Vladimir Plahotniuc (who had fled Moldova in 2019) and Ilan Shor, who in 2017 was convicted for $1bn in fraud and currently resides in Israel. Sandu publicly endorsed the sanctions and thanked the United States. Further sanctions were applied on seven other Moldovan oligarchs by the European Union on 31 May 2023, which Sandu also supported. Romania Romanian President Klaus Iohannis became the first foreign leader to visit Sandu in Moldova, arriving on 29 December. As part of the Moldovanโ€“Romanian collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic, Iohannis promised that Romania would aid Moldova with medicines, medical and sanitary protection equipment and 200,000 vaccine units. When going to Paris, in a stopover in Bucharest, she met with the Prime Minister of Romania, Florin Cรฎศ›u. Furthermore, when asked about how she would vote in case there was a referendum on the unification of Romania and Moldova, Sandu replied that she would personally vote "yes". Ukraine In a meeting with Ukrainian Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba, she confirmed that a visit to Kyiv in January 2021 would become the first foreign trip she will take as president. During her visit on 12 January, she met with President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy, where they agreed to create a Presidential Council to address issues of bilateral relations. She also met with Prime Minister Denys Shmyhal and parliament speaker Dmytro Razumkov. She paid tribute to fallen Ukrainians at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and the National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide. On 24 February 2022, Moldova announced it was closing its airspace because of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Shortly after President Sandu condemned the act of war by Russia against Ukraine, saying, "a blatant breach of international law and of Ukrainian sovereignty and territorial integrity." She added that Moldova was ready to accept tens of thousands of people fleeing Ukraine after the Russian attack and vowed to keep the borders open to help, saying, "we will help people who need our help and support." As of 6 March over 100,000 Ukrainian citizens had crossed the border into Moldova. On 1 June 2023, Moldova hosted an international summit for the second meeting of the European Political Community in order to discuss their response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine as well as the accession of Moldova to the European Union and the possibility of Moldova and Ukraine joining NATO. Attendees included Volodymyr Zelenskyy, Olaf Scholz, Emmanuel Macron, Rishi Sunak, and Ursula von der Leyen. Maia Sandu described the summit as "a testament to growing unity on the [European] continent" and a "resolute reaffirmation of our unwavering dedication to peace, a strong condemnation of Russiaโ€™s invasion [and of Moldova's] continued solidarity with Ukraine". Russia In an interview on TV8, Sandu declared that she is "ready to go to Russia" to discuss issues "concerning trade, exports, settlement of the Transnistria conflict" and others. She also noted that she intends to visit Kyiv and Brussels before going to Moscow, highlighting her more pro-EU stance. On 11 August 2021, Sandu, alongside other officials, met with Dmitry Kozak, the Deputy Kremlin Chief of Staff, where they agreed to lift all economic barriers between the two nations and look into the removal of ammunition depots from Transnistria. In February 2023, Sandu stated that Moscow had sought to overthrow her country's government, echoing accusations made by Ukraine's president Volodymyr Zelenskyy. Sandu alleged details of Russia's plan of trying to orchestrate violent attacks in Moldova to overthrow the government and institute a government that would be more friendly to Russia and derail the plans to join the European Union. The pro-Russian ศ˜or Party was dissolved and banned by Moldova's Constitutional Court in June 2023. A commission was subsequently set up by the Ministry of Justice to oversee "the liquidation and deletion of this party from the state register of legal entities." On 5 May 2023, Maia Sandu claimed that Russia "would like to remake the Soviet Union. They want to bring back the old times. And we donโ€™t want this. Moldova has been part of the buffer zone for 30 years and for us this meant poverty, corruption, bad governance, emigration. We want to be part of the democratic world." Transnistria Sandu has expressed her view that Operational Group of Russian Forces (OGRF) should withdraw from the breakaway region of Transnistria, saying to RBK TV that, although they guard ammunition depots, "there are no bilateral agreements on the OGRF and on the weapons depots". She also stated that its her position that the "mission should be transformed into an OSCE civilian observer mission". In September 2021, during an interview at a local television station, Sandu was asked to describe the events that took place in 1992 and lead to the Transnistria War, to which she replied: She further explained that the Transnistria conflict was an artificial problem created in order to stop Moldova from gaining its independence and that other former Soviet countries experienced the same thing. Sandu also stated that Moldova is looking exclusively for a peaceful and diplomatic solution in the Transnistria conflict. Asked about her position on opinions which suggest that Moldova should recognise the independence of Transnistria due to the conflict's role in delaying Moldova's EU integration, Sandu replied that she totally disagrees with such opinions. Electoral results Parliamentary Presidential Honours and awards Honors : Order of Work Glory (23 July 2014) : First Class of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (23 August 2021) : First Class of the Order of Vytautas the Great (6 July 2022) Awards 2020 Award of the Group for Social Dialogue (Romania, 27 January 2021) References External links Maia Sandu on Twitter รŽn /pas/ cu Maia Sandu 1972 births Living people 21st-century Moldovan women politicians Female heads of state Harvard Kennedy School alumni Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova politicians Moldovan economists Moldovan Ministers of Education Moldovan people of Romanian descent Moldovan MPs 2014โ€“2018 Moldovan MPs 2019โ€“2023 People from Fฤƒleศ™ti District Presidents of Moldova Moldovan anti-communists Prime Ministers of Moldova Women government ministers of Moldova Women presidents in Europe Women prime ministers in Europe Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class First women presidents
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%99%EB%9D%BC%EC%A0%9C
์•™๋ผ์ œ
์•™๋ผ์ œ()๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํ˜๋ช… ์‹œ๊ธฐ, ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ƒํ€ผ๋กœํŠธ์™€ ๋†์ดŒ์˜ ๋นˆ๋†์˜ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผ๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ˜์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ทน์ขŒ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์˜ ์ •ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ปซ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์•™๋ผ์ œ๋Š” ์นœ์ƒํ€ผ๋กœํŠธ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ˜๋ช…์  ๊ณตํ™”์ฃผ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ˜‘ํšŒ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•™๋ผ์ œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ์กฐ์ง์ ์ธ ์œ ๋Œ€๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ด๋“ค์€ ํ˜๋ช… ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ง„ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์—ญ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด๋˜ ๊ทธ๋ผ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ์—๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ฐ”ํ‹ฐ๋‡ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด์ž, ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ€ผ๋กœํŠธ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์šด๋™์˜ ์„ ๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์กฐ์ง์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•™๋ผ์ œ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์•…ํŒŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ทน์ขŒ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋กœ๋ฒ ์Šคํ”ผ์—๋ฅด, ๋‹นํ†ต, ๋งˆ๋ผ, ์—๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŒŒ์™€๋„ ๋‹คํˆฌ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ผ์ฟ ์Šค ๋ฐ”๋ตˆํ”„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ •, ๋ฐœ์ „๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ํ˜๋ช… ์‹œ๊ธฐ 1793๋…„ 2์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 10์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•™๋ผ์ œ์˜ ๋œป โ€œEnragรฉsโ€๋Š” โ€˜๋ถ„๋…ธํ•œ ์ž๋“คโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ด๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์•™๋ผ์ œ ์šด๋™์€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ˜๋ช…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ์„ ์ œ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์ฃผ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์šด๋™์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€์ด์ž ํ˜๋ช… ์‚ฌ์ œ์ธ ์žํฌ ๋ฃจ(Jacques Roux)๋Š” 1792๋…„์— ํ˜๋ช… ์„ ์–ธ ์ดˆ์•ˆ์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด 47๊ฐœ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์— ๋ฐฐํฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์‚ฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์•™๋ผ์ œ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ผ์น˜์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋ฃจ๋Š” ํ˜๋ช…์ด ๋ฐ˜๋™์ ์ธ ๊ท€์กฑ์„ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ™”ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ํž˜์„ ํƒ์š•์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋Œ€์ƒ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž์ฝ”๋ฑ…์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ํ”ผํ•ด๋Š” ๊ณ ์Šค๋ž€ํžˆ ์ƒํ€ผ๋กœํŠธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ˜๋ช…์—์„œ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ํš๋“ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ ํŒŒ๋ฒŒ์˜ ์ด์ƒ์ด ใ€ˆํ—›๋œ ๋ง๋ นใ€‰์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•™๋ผ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ •ํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ๋‹จ์ผํ•œ ์ •ํŒŒ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•™๋ผ์ œ๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ํŠน์ถœ๋‚œ ํ˜๋ช… ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋„๋œ ๊ทน์ขŒ ์šด๋™์˜ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ณตํšŒ์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ํ™œ๋™ ๋ฐฉ์ ์„ ์ฐ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ '1793๋…„ 5์›” 31์ผ โ€“ 6์›” 2์ผ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ํญ๋™'์—์„œ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž์ฝ”๋ฑ… ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ง€๋กฑ๋“œํŒŒ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ์•ž์žฅ์„ฐ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ณตํšŒ์—์„œ ์ •์น˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ๋นˆ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ง€์ง€๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํˆฌ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ง€๋กฑ๋“œํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋™ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ˆ™์ฒญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ชฝํƒ€๋‰ดํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์••๋„์ ์ธ ์ฃผ๋„๊ถŒ์„ ์žก๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žํฌ ๋ฃจ ๋ฐ ์•™๋ผ์ œ ์ฃผ์š” ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์ด ๋กœ๋ฒ ์Šคํ”ผ์—๋ฅด์˜ ๋ฏธ์ง„ํ•จ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜์ž, ๋กœ๋ฒ ์Šคํ”ผ์—๋ฅด๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ๋ชจํ—˜์  ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์„ ๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ๋ž€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ํ•ด์™ธ ๋ฐ˜๋™ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฒฉ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํƒ„์••์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1793๋…„ 8์›”์— ์‚ฌ์ƒ์  ์ง€๋„์ž์ธ ์žํฌ ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ์ฒดํฌยท๊ตฌ๊ธˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์•ˆ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•™๋ผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํƒ„์••ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด, ์•™๋ผ์ œ๋Š” ์ž์ฝ”๋ฑ…์—์„œ ํƒˆํ‡ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๊ณ„ํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‹ค. 1794๋…„ 2์›” 10์ผ ์žํฌ ๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์—์„œ ์ž์‚ด์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์‚ฌ์ƒ์  ์ง€๋„์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ์•™๋ผ์ œ๋Š” ํƒ„์••์ด ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์ดํ•ฉ์ง‘์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์•™๋ผ์ œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์€ ๊ณตํ™”์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์šด๋™์ด ํ‘œ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ƒ์€ ์ž์ฝ”๋ฑ…์˜ ๊ธ‰์ง„ํŒŒ์ธ ๋ชฝํƒ€๋‰ดํŒŒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชฝํƒ€๋‰ดํŒŒ์—์„œ ๊ธ‰์ง„ํŒŒ์ธ ์—๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŒŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๊ณผ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฝํƒ€๋‰ดํŒŒ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ง€๋กฑ๋“œํŒŒ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ” ์—†๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์˜์›๋„ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์•™๋ผ์ œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ์ „์›์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ์ง€์—ฝ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ถ•์— ์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์•™๋ผ์ œ๋Š” ๊ณต์ , ์ •์น˜์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํžˆ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์†Œ๋น„์„ธ ํ™•๋ฆฝ์„ ์ œ์ฐฝํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์‹œ์„ธ ์ฐจ์ต์„ ์–ป์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋งค๊ธฐ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณก๋ฌผ์„ ์ง•๋ฐœํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ์ฐฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ ์™ธ์—๋„ ์ „์ฒด ์ธ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฐธ์ •๊ถŒ ๋ถ€์—ฌ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ (๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ํ™œ๋™ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€์ œยท๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ํ†ต์ œยท๋ถ€์œ ์ธต์˜ ํ† ์ง€ ๋งค๋งค ๊ธˆ์ง€ ๋“ฑ), ์ƒํ•„ํ’ˆ์˜ ๋ฌด์ƒ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ, ํˆฌ๊ธฐ๊พผ ์‚ฌํ˜•์ œ, ๋ถ€์œ ์ธต์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ ๋ชฐ์ˆ˜ ํ›„ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ, ๊ท€์กฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋™ ์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ์˜นํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ˆ™์ฒญ, ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ฃผ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ ๊ฑฐํ•œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ๋„์‹œ ๋นˆ๋ฏผ์œ„์›ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ํƒˆ์ทจ, ๋ฐ˜๋™ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ €์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒ์‹œ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜ํ˜๋ช… ํƒ€๊ฒฉ๋Œ€ ์กฐ์ง ๋“ฑ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ๋Š” ใ€ˆ์‚ฌ์œ  ์žฌ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ „๋ฉด์ ์ธ ์ฒ ํใ€‰๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์ง„ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ฃผ์•„์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ  ์žฌ์‚ฐ ์ถ•์ ์— ์‹ฌ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œํ•œ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”๊ตฌ์˜€๊ธฐ์— ๋‹น์‹œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ณผ๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์•™๋ผ์ œ๋Š” ๋น„๋ก ๋กœ๋ฒ ์Šคํ”ผ์—๋ฅด ์ฃผ๋„ ๊ณต์•ˆ์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ํƒ„์••์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์ดํ›„ ํ”„๋ž‘์ˆ˜์•„๋…ธ์—˜ ๋ฐ”๋ตˆํ”„, ํ•„๋ฆฝ ๋ถ€์˜ค๋‚˜๋กœํ‹ฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ์šด๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์•™๋ผ์ œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ๊ณ„์Šนํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์šด๋™ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฐธ์ •๊ถŒ ๋ถ€์—ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธฐํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ชฝํƒ€๋‰ดํŒŒ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์•™๋ผ์ œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ถŒ์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋™์ผํ•ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ์™ธ์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฟ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด์„ฑ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ •์„ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋ ฅ์—๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•™๋ผ์ œ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์šด๋™๊ฐ€์ธ ํด๋ ˆ๋ฅด ๋ผ์ฝฉ๋ธŒ(Claire Lacombe)๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ๋ชจ์ˆœ, ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํƒ€๋ฝํ•œ ์˜์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ •์‹ ์  ์••๋ฐ•, ํ˜๋ช… ์ดํ›„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ƒํ™œ๊ณ ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘์ ์ธ ๊ณ ํ†ต์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ฝฉ๋ธŒ๋Š” ใ€ˆํ˜๋ช…์  ๊ณตํ™”์ฃผ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ˜‘ํšŒใ€‰(Sociรฉtรฉ des rรฉpublicaines rรฉvolutionnaires)๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ•˜์—ฌ ๋นˆ๊ณค์ธต ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ํญ๋ ฅ์  ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์šด๋™์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ฝฉ๋ธŒ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋™์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์  ๊ตฌ์Šต๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฒช๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ํƒ€๋ฝ์„ ๋ฐœ๋ณธ์ƒ‰์›ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒ ์ €ํžˆ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ง€๋กฑ๋“œํŒŒ์— ์†ํ•œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์šด๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋„ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์šด๋™ ๋…ธ์„ ๊ณผ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋…ธ์„ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ง€๋กฑ๋“œํŒŒ๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๊ตญ์ต์„ ์œ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์• ๊ตญ์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ๊ถŒ ์Ÿ์ทจ์˜ ์„ ๊ฒฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์• ๊ตญ์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์•™๋ผ์ œ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์šด๋™์€ ์ง€๋กฑ๋“œํŒŒ์˜ โ€˜์• ๊ตญ์‹ฌโ€™์ด ํƒ€๋ฝํ•œ ์ง€๋ฐฐ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ” ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์• ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กด์†ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๊ฒฌ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์นด๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ €์„œ ใ€Š์‹ ์„ฑ ๊ฐ€์กฑใ€‹์—์„œ ์•™๋ผ์ œ์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž์ธ ์žํฌ ๋ฃจ, ํ…Œ์˜คํ•„๋ ˆ ํด๋ ˆ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์ดํ›„ ์ด์–ด์ง„ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์šด๋™์˜ ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋ชฝํƒ€๋‰ดํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ฃผ์•„์  ๋™์š”๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด, ์•™๋ผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™, ๋†์ดŒ์˜ ๋นˆ๋† ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์„ ์ •์น˜์  ์„ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋†’์€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘œํŠธ๋ฅด ํฌ๋กœํฟํ‚จ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ €์„œ ใ€Šํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋Œ€ํ˜๋ช…ใ€‹์—์„œ ์•™๋ผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ˆ ์šด๋™์ด ํ›„๋Œ€์˜ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์•„๋‚˜ํ‚ค์ฆ˜์˜ ์›๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์‚ฐ์•…ํŒŒ์™€ ์•™๋ผ์ œ ์šด๋™์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒํ˜ธ ์šด๋™ ์ง€๋„์—์„œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋Œ€ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ํ†ต์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ดค๋‹ค. ๋™๋…์˜ ์‚ฌํ•™์ž์ธ ๋ฐœํ„ฐ ๋งˆ๋ฅด์ฝฅ(Walter Markov)์€ 1967๋…„ ์žํฌ ๋ฃจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 4๋ถ€์ž‘์ธ ใ€ŠDie Freiheiten des Priesters Rouxใ€‹์—์„œ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์šด๋™์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์•™๋ผ์ œ์˜ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๋ฃจ์˜ ํ˜๋ช… ํ™œ๋™์„ ์กฐ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์žํฌ ๋ฃจ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์œ  ์žฌ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ „๋ฉด์ ์ธ ํ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ ์›์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ํ† ๋Œ€ ์†์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ •์น˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๊ธฐ์— ํ˜„๋Œ€์  ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์•™๋ผ์ œ์™€ ๋ฃจ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์€ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์šด๋™์˜ ์˜ˆ๋น„์  ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์›์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ 1792๋…„ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ์ •๋‹น ๊ทน์ขŒ ์ •์น˜ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์ •ํŒŒ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜ 1794๋…„ ํ•ด์‚ฐ๋œ ์ •๋‹น ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๊ทน์ขŒ ์ •์น˜
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s
Enragรฉs
The Enragรฉs (; ), commonly known as the Ultra-radicals (), were a small number of firebrands known for defending the lower class and expressing the demands of the radical sans-culottes during the French Revolution. They played an active role in the 31 May โ€“ 2 June 1793 Paris uprisings that forced the expulsion of the Girondins from the National Convention, allowing the Montagnards to assume full control. The Enragรฉs gained their name for their angry rhetoric appealing to the National Convention to take more measures that would benefit the poor. Jacques Roux, Jean-Franรงois Varlet, Jean Thรฉophile Victor Leclerc and Claire Lacombe, the primary leaders of the Enragรฉs, were strident critics of the National Convention for failing to carry out the promises of the French Revolution. The Enragรฉs were not a unified party, but rather a set of individuals who worked for their own objectives, and evidence of cooperation between them is inconclusive. As individual political personalities, the Enragรฉs had anarchist-like leanings, being suspicious of most political organizations and individuals and resisting ties to others. The leaders did not view themselves as part of a cohesive movement, with Roux even calling for Varlet's arrest at one point. The notion of the Enragรฉs as a cohesive group was perpetuated by the Jacobins, as they lumped their critics Leclerc and Roux into one group. Primary demands In 1793, Jacques Roux delivered a speech at the National Convention known as the Manifesto of the Enragรฉs that represented the essential demands of the group. He asserted that freedom and equality had thus far been "vain phantoms", because the rich had profited from the French Revolution at the expense of the poor. To remedy this, he proposed measures for price controls, arguing, "Those goods necessary to all should be delivered at a price accessible to all". He also called for strict punishments against actors engaged in speculation and monopoly. He demanded the National Convention take severe action to repress counterrevolutionary activity, promising to "show them [enemies] those immortal pikes that overthrew the Bastille". Lastly, he accused the National Convention of ruining the finances of the state and encouraged the exclusive use of the assignat to stabilize finances. Formation The Enragรฉs formed in response to the Jacobins's reluctance to restrain the capitalist bourgeois. Many Parisians feared that the National Convention protected merchants and shopkeepers at the expense of the sans-culottes, the lower-class working peoples. The Enragรฉs, though not a cohesive body, offered these working poor a platform to express their dissent. Their dissent was often conveyed through riots, public demonstrations and passionate oratory. Jacques Roux and Jean-Francois Varlet emboldened the Parisian working poor to approach the Jacobin Club on 22 February 1793 and persuade them to place price controls on necessary goods. The Enragรฉs appointed two women to represent the movement and their agenda to the National Convention. However, the Convention refused to grant them an audience. This provoked outrage and criticism throughout Paris, and some went as far as to accuse the National Convention of protecting the merchant elite's interests at the expense of the sans-culottes. Further attempts of the Enragรฉs to communicate their position were denied by the National Convention. Determined to be heard, they responded with revolt. They plundered the homes and businesses of the merchant elite, employing direct action to meet their needs. The Enragรฉs were noted for using both legal and extralegal means to achieve their ends. The Enragรฉs were composed of members within the National Convention and the sans-culottes. They illuminated the internal and external war waged by the sans-culottes. They complained that the National Convention ordered men to fight on the battlefield without providing for the widows and orphans remaining in France. They emphasized the unavailability of basic necessities, particularly bread. In his Manifesto of the Enragรฉs, Jacques Roux colorfully expressed this sentiment to the National Convention, asking, They accused the merchant aristocracy of withholding access to goods and supplies to intentionally drive up prices. Roux demanded that the National Convention impose capital punishment upon unethical merchants who used speculation, monopolies and hoarding to increase their personal profits at the expense of the poor. The Enragรฉs labeled price gouging as counter-revolutionary and treasonous. This sentiment also extended to those who sympathized with the recently executed King Louis XVI. They felt that those who sympathized with the monarchy would also sympathize with those who hoarded goods. It is not surprising that many within the Enragรฉs actively worked against the Girondin faction of the Convention and, indeed, contributed to the demise of the moderate Girondins, who were widely seen as having fought to spare the king. Those who adhered to the ideologies presented in the Manifesto of the Enragรฉs wished to emphasize to the National Convention that tyranny was not just the product of monarchy, and that injustice and oppression did not end with the execution of the king. In their view, oppression existed whenever one stratum of society sought to monopolize the majority of resources while simultaneously preventing others from gaining access to those same resources. In their view, the pursuit of resources was acceptable, but the act of limiting access to resources was punishable by death. The Enragรฉs called on the National Convention to restrict commerce, so that it might not "consist of ruining, rendering hopeless, or starving citizens". While the Enragรฉs occasionally worked within political structures, their primary objective was achieving social and economic reform. They were a direct action group, attempting to meet the immediate needs of the working poor. Women in the Enragรฉs Jean-Franรงois Varlet, though a man, understood the enormous influence women possessed, particularly within the French Revolution. Varlet formed the Enragรฉs by provoking and motivating working poor women and organizing them into a semi-cohesive mobile unit. The Enragรฉs often appointed women as speakers to represent the movement in the National Convention. Revolutionary proto-feminists held vital positions within the Enragรฉs, including Claire Lacombe and Pauline Lรฉon. The proto-feminists of the French Revolution are now credited with inspiring feminist movements in the 19th century. Key leaders Jacques Roux Jacques Roux, a Roman Catholic priest, was a leader of the Enragรฉs. Roux supported the common people (i.e., the sans-culottes) and republicanism. He participated in peasant movements and endorsed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, to which he swore an oath on 16 January 1791. Roux famously claimed, Roux saw violence as a key to the French Revolutionโ€™s success. In fact, when King Louis XVI was executed in January 1793, it was Roux who led him to the scaffold. Jean Varlet Jean Varlet, another leader of the Enragรฉs, played a leading role in the fall of the monarchy. When King Louis XVI attempted to flee Paris, Varlet circulated petitions in the National Assembly and spoke against the king. On 10 August 1792, the Legislative Assembly suspended the king and called for the election of a National Convention. Varlet was elected as a deputy in the new Convention. Even as a member of this representative government, though, Varlet mistrusted representation and favored direct universal suffrage which could bind representatives and recall elected legislators. He sought to prevent the wealthy from expanding their profits at the expense of the poor and called for the nationalization of all profits obtained through monopoly and hoarding. Thรฉophile Leclerc In 1790, Thรฉophile Leclerc joined the first battalion of Morbihan volunteers, remaining a member until February 1792. He gained recognition in Paris through a speech to the Jacobins attacking Louis XVI. After moving to Lyon, he joined the Central Club and married Pauline Lรฉon, a revolutionary woman. He approved of radical violence like the other Enragรฉs, calling for the execution of expelled Girondins after the 2 June insurrection. Claire Lacombe In 1793, the actress Claire Lacombe, another individual associated with the Enragรฉs, founded the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women. This group was outraged by high costs of living, lack of necessities and awful living conditions. Lacombe was known for violent rhetoric and action. On 26 May 1793, Lacombe nearly beat to death a Girondin woman, Thรฉroigne de Mรฉricourt, with a whip on the benches of the Convention. She may have killed her if Jean-Paul Marat had not intervened. Other groups To the left of the Montagnards and Hรฉbertists, the Enragรฉs were undermined by Montagnard leader Maximilien Robespierre and Hรฉbertist leader Jacques Hรฉbert, both of whom implemented some of their proposals in order to appeal to the same sans-culottes the Enragรฉs sought to win over. Their ideas were taken up and developed by Gracchus Babeuf and his associates. Another group styling itself as Enragรฉs emerged in France in 1968 among students at Nanterre University. Inspired by, and closely allied with, the Situationists, these Enragรฉs emerged as one of the leading groups in the May 1968 French protests. References Further reading Hanson, Paul R. (2007). The A to Z of the French Revolution. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, Inc. Giles, David (2003). "Reprรฉsentation et souverainetรฉ chez les Enragรฉs (1792-1794)". In Le concept de Reprรฉsentation dans la pensรฉe politique. Presses universitaires d'Aix-Marseille. Guรฉrin, Daniel (1977). Class Struggle in the First French Republic. Translated by Ian Patterson. London: Pluto Press. Leclerc, Thรฉophile (2001). L'Ami du Peuple (1793). No. II. ed. Marc Allan Goldstein. New York: Lang. Mathiez, Albert (January 1977). "Les Enragรฉs Et La Lutte Pour Le Maximum". Annales Rรฉvolutionnaires 9. pp.ย 456โ€“483. Morris, Brian (1990). "The Sans-Culottes and the Enragรฉs - Liberation Movements within the French Revolution". In The Anarchist Papers 3. Black Rose Books Ltd. pp.ย 132โ€“152. Popkin, Jeremy D. (2015). A Short History of the French Revolution. Hoboken, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Richet, Denis (1989). "Enragรฉs". In Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution. ed. Franรงois Furet and Mona Ozouf. Harvard University Press. Rose, R. B. (1965). The Enragรฉs: Socialists of the French Revolution?. Sydney: Sydney University Press. Roux, Jacques (1793). "Manifesto of the Enragรฉs". Translation by Mitchell Abidor. Marxist Internet Archive. Slavin, Morris (1961). "Left of the Mountain: The Enragรฉs and the French Revolution". Ph.D. diss. ProQuest. UMI Dissertations Publishing. Varlet, Jean-Franรงois (1793). "Declaration of the Rights of Man in the Social State". Translation by Mitchell Abidor. Marxist Internet Archive. Jean, Juares (2015). "The Enragรฉs Against the High Cost of Living". In A Socialist History of the French Revolution. Pluto Press. JSTOR j.ctt183p2pt.15. 1789 establishments in France 1794 disestablishments in France Anarchism Far-left politics in France French socialists Groups of the French Revolution Left-wing populism in France Political parties established in 1789 Political parties disestablished in 1794 Radical parties in France Socialism Socialist parties in France
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EB%8B%9D%20%EA%B3%A0%EC%86%8D%EC%B2%A0%EB%8F%84
ํ›„๋‹ ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„
{{์ฒ ๋„ ๋…ธ์„  ์ •๋ณด |๋…ธ์„ ๋ช… = ํ›„๋‹ ๊ณ ์†์„  |๋…ธ์„ ๋ช…2 = ๆฒชๅฎ้ซ˜้€Ÿ็บฟ |๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ƒ‰ = #0000FF |๊ทธ๋ฆผ = 201611 CRH2C in Nanxiang.jpg |๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ค๋ช… = ํ›„๋‹๊ณ ์†์„ ์—์„œ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” CRH2Cํ˜• ์ „๋™์ฐจ |์ข…๋ฅ˜ = ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„ ์šดํ–‰ ๊ณ„ํ†ต |๋‚˜๋ผ = |์†Œ์žฌ์ง€ = ์ƒํ•˜์ด์‹œ-์žฅ์‘ค์„ฑ ๋‚œ์ง•์‹œ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ |์ฒด๊ณ„ = ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„ |์ƒํƒœ = ์˜์—… ์ค‘ |๋…ธ์„  = ํ›„๋‹ ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„ |๊ธฐ์  = ๋ฒ ์ด์ง• ์„œ์—ญ(๋ฒ ์ด์ง• ์‹œ ํŽ‘ํƒ€์ด ๊ตฌ ๋ก„ํ™”์ธ ๋‘ฅ๋ฃจ) |์ข…์  = ์ƒํ•˜์ด ํ›™์ฐจ์˜ค์—ญ(์ƒํ•˜์ด์‹œ ๋ฏผํ•ญ ๊ตฌ ์„ ๊ตฌ์ด๋กœ) |์—ญ์ˆ˜ = 31๊ฐœ (22๊ฐœ ์šด์˜) |์ด์šฉ์ž = |๊ฐœํ†ต์ผ = 2010๋…„ 7์›” 1์ผ |ํ์ง€์ผ = |์†Œ์œ ์ž = ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์ฒ ๋„๋ถ€ |์šด์˜์ž = ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์ฒ ๋„๋ถ€/์ƒํ•˜์ด ์ฒ ๋กœ๊ตญ |์˜์—…๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ = 301 km |์‹ค๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ = |์‹œ์„ค์—ฐ์žฅ = |๊ถค๊ฐ„ = (ํ‘œ์ค€๊ถค) |๊ถค๋„ = |์„ ๋กœ = 2(๋ณต์„ ) |์ „์ฒ ํ™” = ์ „ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ์ „์ฐจ์„  ๊ต๋ฅ˜ 25,000V |์‹ ํ˜ธ = |์˜์—…์ตœ๊ณ ์†๋„ = 300km/h |์„ค๊ณ„์ตœ๊ณ ์†๋„ = |๋…ธ์„ ๋„ = {{routemap |inline=1 |map= CONTg\~~์ง•ํ›„ ์ฒ ๋กœ, ๋‹์น˜ ์ฒ ๋กœ, ๋‹ํ—ˆ ์ฒ ๋กœ ๋ฆฐ์ฐฝ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด KDSTaq\KRZu+r\STR+r\~~๋‚œ์ง• ๋™์ฐจ์šด์šฉ์†Œ CONTgq\ABZg+r\STR\~~๋‹Œํ‰ ์ฒ ๋กœ ๋‚œ์ง• ์„œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด BHF-L\BHF-R~~๋‚œ์ง• eABZgl\eABZg+r \STRl\KRZo\tSTR+r \CONTgq\ABZg+r\tSTR~~์ƒจ๋‹ ์ฒ ๋กœ, ๋‚œ์ง• ๋‚จ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ \\HST\tSTR~~์…ด๋ฆฐ \\HST\tSTR~~๋ฐ”์˜คํ™”์‚ฐ \\BHF-L\BHF-R~~์ „์žฅ \CONTg\STR\tSTR~~์ง•ํ›„ ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„ ์ „์žฅ ๋‚จ, ๋‚œ์ง• ๋‚จ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด \\hSTRl\KRZh\KRZh\CONTfq~~์ง•ํ›„ ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„ ๋‹จ์–‘ ๋ถ, ์ƒํ•˜์ด ํ›™์ฐจ์˜ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด \\\eABZgl+l\eKRZu\exCONTfq~~๋ก„์ „ ์ฒ ๋กœ ๋‘ฅ์ง€ ์—ญ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด \\HST\tSTR~~๋‹จํˆฌ \STR+l\KRZo\STRr HST-L\HST-R~~๋‹จ์–‘ BHF-L\BHF-R~~์ฐฝ์ €์šฐHST-L\HST-R~~์น˜์ˆ˜์˜Œ tSTR\HST~~ํ›„์ด์‚ฐ BHF-L\BHF-R~~์šฐ์‹œtSTR\HST~~์šฐ์‹œ์‹ ๊ตฌ tSTR\HST~~์‘ค์ €์šฐ์‹ ๊ตฌ BHF-L\BHF-R~~์‘ค์ €์šฐtSTR\HST~~์‘ค์ €์šฐ ์›๊ตฌ \\tSTR\STR\tSTR+l\CONTfq~~์ง•ํ›„ ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„์‘ค์ €์šฐ ๋ถ, ๋‚œ์ง• ๋‚จ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด \tSTR\HST\tSTR~~์–‘์ฒญํ›„ \\STRl\KRZo\KRZo\tSTR+r \\\HST-L\HST-R\tSTR~~์ฟค์‚ฐ ๋‚จ \\\hHST\tSTR\tSTR~~ํ™”์ฐจ์˜ค \STR+l\STRq\hKRZ\KRZo\tSTRr tSTR\\hHST\tSTR~~์•ˆํŒ… ๋ถ tSTR\\BST\tSTR~~์•ˆํŒ… ๋ถ ์„ ๋กœ์†Œ tSTR\CONTgq\ABZgr\STR~~ํ›™์•ˆ ์—ฐ๋ฝ์„  ์ƒํ•˜์ด ํ›™์ฐจ์˜ค ์—ญ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด tSTR\CONTgq\KRZu+l\STRr~~์ง•ํ›„ ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„ ์ƒํ•˜์ด ํ›™์ฐจ์˜ค ์—ญ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด tSTR\\HST\~~๋‚œ์ƒน ๋ถ STRl\STRq\ABZg+r\~~์ง•ํ›„ ์ฒ ๋กœ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง• ์—ญ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด \HST~~ ์žฅ์ฐจ์˜ค์ „ CONTgq\ABZg+r~~ํ›„์ฟค ์ฒ ๋กœ ๋‚œ์ƒน ๋™์ฐจ์šด์šฉ์†Œ, ํŽ‘๋ฐฉ ์—ญ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด \HST~~์ƒํ•˜์ด ์„œ \BHF~~์ƒํ•˜์ด\CONTf~~์ƒํ•˜์ด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์‚ฌ์—…์†Œ ํ–‰ }} |๋…ธ์„ ๋„ํ‘œ์‹œ = collapsed |์ฃผ์„ = }}ํ›„๋‹ ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„'''(, ๋˜๋Š” )๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ƒํ•˜์ด์‹œ์™€ ์žฅ์‘ค์„ฑ ๋‚œ์ง•์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„ ๋…ธ์„ ์ด๋‹ค. 2008๋…„ 7์›” ์ฐฉ๊ณต ๋‹น์‹œ ํ›„๋‹ ์„ฑ์ œ์ฒ ๋กœ(ๆฒชๅฎๅŸŽ้™…้“่ทฏ)๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, 2010๋…„ 7์›” 1์ผ ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•œ ๋’ค ๊ฐœ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„๋‹ ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„๋Š” ์ง•ํ›„ ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„์˜ ํ›„๋‹ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„, ํ›„๋‹ ์ฒ ๋กœ์™€ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฌ๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์š” ์ง€์—ญ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ง•ํ›„ ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ์„ ๋กœ ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ ํ›„๋‹ ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„๋Š” ์žฅ๊ฐ• ์‚ผ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ถค๋„๊ตํ†ต๋ง ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ, 2005๋…„ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฌด์›์˜ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ›„๋‹ ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„๋Š” ํ›„ํ•ญ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์ „์šฉ์„ (ๆฒชๆญๅฎข่ฟไธ“็บฟ), ๋‹ํ•ญ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์ „์šฉ์„ (ๅฎๆญๅฎข่ฟไธ“็บฟ) ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ›„๋‹ํ•ญ ๊ณ ์†๊ตํ†ต๊ถŒ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.ํ›„๋‹ ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„๋Š” 2008๋…„ 6์›” 28์ผ ์ž…์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 7์›” 1์ผ ๊ธฐ๊ณต์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” 2009๋…„ 12์›” ์™„๊ณต์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.๊ณต์‚ฌ ํˆฌ์ž ์ด์•ก์€ 394์–ต 5000๋งŒ ์œ„์•ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒํ•˜์ด์‹œ 32km, ์žฅ์‘ค์„ฑ 268km ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ์•ฝ 300km์˜ ๊ณ ์†์ฒ  ๋…ธ์„ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง•ํ›„์„ ์˜ ๋‚œ์ง•-์ƒํ•˜์ด ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ๋ฐฐ์„ ๋˜์–ด, 31๊ฐœ ์—ญ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ 10๊ฐœ ์—ญ์ด ์˜ˆ๋น„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” 250km/h๋กœ, ๋Œ€ํ˜•์—ญ ์งํ†ต(250km/h, 80๋ถ„)๊ณผ ์ „์—ญ์ •์ฐจ(160km/h, 171๋ถ„) ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์šดํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ 3๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋ณดํ˜•์˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์ด๊ณ , ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์ž๊ฐˆ๋„์ƒ ๊ถค๋„์—์„œ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๋„์ƒ ๊ถค๋„๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” 2008๋…„ 11์›” 11์ผ์— ๋ณธ์„  ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์ด 4.6m์—์„œ 4.8m๋กœ ์กฐ์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์„ค๊ณ„ ์†๋„๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์šดํ–‰ 300km/h์—์„œ, ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 350km/h๊นŒ์ง€ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์˜€๋‹ค.2010๋…„ 3์›” 10์ผ, ๋‚œ์ง•๊ณผ ์ƒํ•˜์ด ๊ฐ„์˜ 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ†ต๋‹ฌ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ›„๋‹ ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์†๋„๋ฅผ 300km/h์—์„œ 350km/h๋กœ ๋†’์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒ ๋„๊ฒฝ์˜ํšŒ๋Š” โ€œํ›„๋‹ ์„ฑ์ œ์ฒ ๋กœ ์ฃผ์‹ํšŒ์‚ฌโ€์— ๋งก๊ธฐ๊ณ , ์ฒ ๋„๋ถ€ ์ƒํ•˜์ด์ฒ ๋„๊ตญ, ์žฅ์‘ค์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ƒํ•˜์ด์‹œ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ•˜์ด ์ฒ ๋กœ๊ตญ์€ 2010๋…„ 6์›” 24์ผ์—, 7์›” 1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šด์˜์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํ›„๋‹ ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„ ์šดํ–‰๋„ ๋ฐ ์šด์ž„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ›„๋‹ ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„ ์Šน์ฐจ๊ถŒ์€ 2010๋…„ 6์›” 25์ผ ์˜ค์ „ 8์‹œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ •์‹ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ™•์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ ๋„์—ญ ์ด 34๊ฐœ ์—ญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ์ค‘ 21๊ฐœ ์—ญ์ด ๋จผ์ € ๊ฑด์„ค๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , 10๊ฐœ ์—ญ(3๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณผ์„ (่ทจ็บฟ)์—ญ)์ด ์˜ˆ๋น„๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋™์ชฝ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ ์—ญ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.: ๋‚œ์ง• ๋‚จ(๊ณผ์„ ), ๋‚œ์ง•, ์ฏ”์ง„์‚ฐ ๋™(๊ณผ์„ , ๋ฌด๊ธฐํ•œ ์˜์—…์ค‘๋‹จ), ์ƒจ๋ฆฐ, ์น˜์ƒค(์˜ˆ๋น„), ๋ฐ”์˜คํ™”์‚ฐ, ์ƒค์ˆ˜(์˜ˆ๋น„), ๊ฐ€์˜ค์ฏ” ๋‚จ(์˜ˆ๋น„), ์ „์žฅ, ๋‹จํˆฌ, ๋‹จ์–‘, ๋ง์ปค์šฐ(์˜ˆ๋น„), ๋คผ์ฒญ(์˜ˆ๋น„), ๋ฒˆ๋‰ด ๋™(์˜ˆ๋น„), ์‹ ์ž ๋™(์˜ˆ๋น„), ์ฐฝ์ €์šฐ, ์น˜์ˆ˜์˜Œ, ํ—๋ฆฐ(์˜ˆ๋น„), ํ›„์ด์‚ฐ, ์šฐ์‹œ, ์šฐ์‹œ์‹ ๊ตฌ, ์™•ํŒ… ๋™(์˜ˆ๋น„), ์‘ค์ €์šฐ์‹ ๊ตฌ, ์‘ค์ €์šฐ, ์‘ค์ €์šฐ ์›๊ตฌ, ์›จ์ดํŒ… ์„œ(์˜ˆ๋น„), ์–‘์ฒญํ›„, ์ฟค์‚ฐ ๋‚จ, ํ™”์ฐจ์˜ค, ์•ˆํŒ… ๋ถ, ๋‚œ์ƒน ๋ถ, ์ƒํ•˜์ด ํ›™์ฐจ์˜ค(๊ณผ์„ ), ์ƒํ•˜์ด ์„œ, ์ƒํ•˜์ด. 31๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ญ ์ค‘ 12๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฌด๋ฐฐ์„  ์—ญ(ๆ— ้…็บฟ่ฝฆ็ซ™, ์Šน๊ฐ•์žฅ์ด ์ƒํ•˜ํ–‰ ๋ณธ์„ ์—๋งŒ ์˜์กดํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋…ธ์„  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋‹ค.)์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šด์˜ 2011๋…„ ํ›„๋‹ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์˜์—…์ด์ต์€ 35์–ต6500๋งŒ ์œ„์•ˆ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ด์ต 5์–ต900๋งŒ ์œ„์•ˆ, ์„ธํ›„์ˆœ์ด์ต 3์–ต8000๋งŒ ์œ„์•ˆ, ์Šน๊ฐ์ˆ˜ ์•ฝ 6000๋งŒ ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ํ‰๊ท  ์•ฝ 18๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์Šน๊ฐ์ด ์ด์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ์ด ์ข‹์•„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ธ๊ธฐ ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ์—ญ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ์ „ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋งคํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ขŒ์„์ด ์—†์–ด๋„ ๋งค์ง„๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ํ›„๋‹ ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ด์ „์— ๋ณด๋„๋œ ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ„ C๋ฌธ์ž ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ, ๊ณ ์† G๋ฌธ์ž ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ 2๋“ฑ์„ ์š”๊ธˆ์€ ๋™์ผํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณ ์†์—ด์ฐจ 1๋“ฑ์„ ์š”๊ธˆ์€ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋†’๊ณ , ํŠน๋“ฑ์„ ์š”๊ธˆ์˜ ๊ณ ์†์—ด์ฐจ๋„ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ด์ฐจ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋†’๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ • 2010๋…„ 7์›” 5์ผ, ์ƒํ•˜์ด ์ฒ ๋กœ๊ตญ์€ 7์›” 11์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ„์„  ์šดํ–‰๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ 73/75๋ถ„ ๊ฐ„ ์งํ†ต์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ˜„์žฌ 2์Œ์—์„œ 15์Œ(์ด ์ค‘ 3์Œ์€ ํ˜ผ์žก์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€)์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ค‘ 8์‹œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 19์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋งค ํ™€์ˆ˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ •๊ฐ์— 73๋ถ„ ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ•˜์ด ํ›™์ฐจ์˜ค์—ญยท๋‚œ์ง•์—ญ ์งํ†ต์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€, ๋งค ์ง์ˆ˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ •๊ฐ์— 75๋ถ„ ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ•˜์ด์—ญยท๋‚œ์ง•์—ญ ๊ฐ„ ์งํ†ต์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ถœํ‡ด๊ทผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ธ 9:30, 13:30, 15:30์— 73๋ถ„ ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ•˜์ด ํ›™์ฐจ์˜ค์—ญยท๋‚œ์ง•์—ญ๊ฐ„ ์งํ†ต์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ด์ฐจ๋“ค๋„ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •๋„์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์กฐ์ •์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 7์›” 12์ผ, ๋‚œ์ง•ยท์ƒํ•˜์ด ๊ฐ„ ์งํ†ต์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(ํ˜„์žฌ ํ›„๋‹๊ณ ์†์ฒ ์ด ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐจํŽธ์ค‘ ๋‚œ์ง•ยท์ƒํ•˜์ด ์งํ†ต์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค). 2010๋…„ 8์›” 12์ผ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์งํ†ต์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ•˜์ด ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ›™์ฐจ์˜ค ์—ญ์—๋Š” ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์—ด์ฐจ๋งŒ ๋‚จ์•˜๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ, ์ง•ํ›„ ์นจ๋Œ€ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ›™์ฐจ์˜ค์—ญ ์‹œ๋ฐœ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ , ์ง•ํ•ญ ์นจ๋Œ€ ์—ด์ฐจ D309/310์ฐจ๋Š” ์›๋ž˜์˜ ํ›„๋‹์„ , ํŽ‘ํ™ฉ ์—ฐ๋ฝ์„ , ํ›„์ฟค์„  ์šดํ–‰์—์„œ ํ›„๋‹๊ณ ์†์„ , ํ›™์น˜์„ , ํ›„์ฟค์„  ์šดํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๊ตญ์ฒ ๋„์—์„œ ์šดํ–‰๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ์—ด์ฐจ ์ •์ฐจ์—ญ๊ณผ ์ฐจํŽธ์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ณ  2018๋…„ 5์›” 23์ผ ์˜คํ›„ 1์‹œ ํ›„๋‹ ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„ ํ›„์ด์‚ฐ~์šฐ์‹œ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฑ„์†Œ ์˜จ์‹ค์˜ ๊ทธ๋Š˜์ฒœ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๋‚ ๋ ค ์„ ๋กœ ์ ‘์ด‰๋ง์— ํœ˜๊ฐ๊ฒจ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ์„ ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ „๋˜๊ณ  ์—ด์ฐจ ์šดํ–‰์ด ์ง€์—ฐ๋๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์งํ›„ ์šฐ์‹œ ์—ญ์€ ๋น„์ƒ ๋งค๋‰ด์–ผ์„ ๊ฐ€๋™ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ›„ 3์‹œ 20๋ถ„๊ฒฝ ์ ‘์ด‰๋ง ์ด๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜ ์„ ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ง„์ฒฉ ๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ด์ฐจ ์—ฐํ˜ 1996๋…„ 4์›” 1์ผ, ์ƒํ•˜์ด์™€ ๋‚œ์ง•์„ ์™•๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” โ€œ์„ ํ–‰ํ˜ธ(ๅ…ˆ่กŒๅท)โ€ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์šดํ–‰์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์†Œ์š”์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด 2์‹œ๊ฐ„ 48๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ, ๋‹น์‹œ ํ›„๋‹์„ ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋˜ ์œ 1, ์œ 2์ฐจ ํŠน๊ธ‰์—ด์ฐจ๋ณด๋‹ค 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ 11๋ถ„ ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1999๋…„ 10์›”, ์‹ ์„œ๊ด‘ํ˜ธ(ๆ–ฐๆ›™ๅ…‰ๅท)๊ฐ€ ํ›„๋‹์„ ์—์„œ ์˜์—… ์šดํ–‰์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2002๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ›„๋‹ ์ฒ ๋„๋Š” โ€œ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ด์ฐจ(ๅŸŽ้™…ๅˆ—่ฝฆ)โ€ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋‚ด์„ธ์›Œ, ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‚œ์ง•-ํ•ญ์ €์šฐ ์™•๋ณต T701/6, ๋‚œ์ง•-๋‹๋ณด ์™•๋ณต T711/4, ์ƒํ•˜์ด-ํ‰๋ง ์™•๋ณต T708/5, T706/7, ์ƒํ•˜์ด์™€ ๋‚œ์ง•์„ ์™•๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2003๋…„ 6์›” ์ดํ›„, ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ณ ์†์„  ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ๋ด„๋ฐ”๋””์–ด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2004๋…„ ๊ณ ์†ํ™” ํ›„, ์‹ ์„œ๊ด‘ํ˜ธ(ๆ–ฐๆ›™ๅ…‰ๅท)๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์šดํ–‰์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚œ์ง•-์ƒํ•˜์ด์˜ ์šดํ–‰์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ 2์‹œ๊ฐ„ 40๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์˜€๊ณ , ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ํ›„๋‹์„  ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ๋ด„๋ฐ”๋””์–ด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์–‘์ €์šฐ-์ƒํ•˜์ด๋ฅผ ์™•๋ณต ์šดํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ ๊ณ ์†ํ™” ํ›„, ํ›„๋‹์„  ์ „๋™์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋™ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์šดํ–‰ ํŒ€์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋™ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„ ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์šดํ–‰์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2010๋…„ 7์›” 1์ผ, ํ›„๋‹ ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœํ†ต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ ํ›„๋‹ ๊ณ ์†์„ ์˜ ์˜์—… ์ด์ต์€ 35์–ต 6500๋งŒ ์œ„์•ˆ, ์ด์ด์ต์€ 5์–ต900๋งŒ ์œ„์•ˆ, ์ˆœ์ด์ต 3์–ต8000๋งŒ ์œ„์•ˆ, ์Šน๊ฐ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์•ฝ 6000๋งŒ ๋ช…, ์ผ์ผ ํ‰๊ท  ์Šน๊ฐ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์•ฝ 18๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ์ด ์ข‹์•„, ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์—ญ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋งคํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ขŒ์„์ด ์—†์–ด๋„ ๋งค์ง„๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ํ›„๋‹ ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„ ๋…ธ์„ ๋„ โ€” ์˜คํ”ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ๋งต ์ค‘ํ™”์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณ ์†์ฒ ๋„ ์žฅ์‘ค์„ฑ์˜ ๊ตํ†ต ์ƒํ•˜์ด์‹œ์˜ ๊ตํ†ต 2010๋…„ ๊ฐœํ†ตํ•œ ์ฒ ๋„ ๋…ธ์„ 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Nanjing%20intercity%20railway
Shanghaiโ€“Nanjing intercity railway
The Shanghaiโ€“Nanjing intercity railway or Huning intercity railway () is a -long high-speed rail line between Shanghai and Nanjing, the capital of Jiangsu province. and are shorthand Chinese names for Shanghai and Nanjing, respectively. The Huning intercity high-speed railway largely follows the route of the preexisting Nanjing-Shanghai section of the conventional Beijingโ€“Shanghai railway and the Beijingโ€“Shanghai high-speed railway. Construction of this high-speed railway began in July 2008. The line went into test operations in early April 2010, and opened for full service on July 1, 2010. The line has a design speed of . The journey time between the two cities has been shortened from 120 minutes to 73 minutes on nonstop trains. According to the arrangements of related departments, 120 pairs of trains are operating on the line, and the time interval between services is 5 minutes at the shortest. The railway links major cities in the Yangtze River Delta, including Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, and Zhenjiang, effectively making the southern Jiangsu city-belt operate like a single metropolitan region. The Shanghaiโ€“Nanjing intercity high-speed railway is also used by the majority of high-speed trains leaving Shanghai's terminals for Wuhan, Yichang, Chongqing, and Chengdu thus making it de facto a part of the Shanghaiโ€“Wuhanโ€“Chengdu passenger-dedicated railway. Route Stations The Shanghaiโ€“Nanjing high-speed railway has 21 stations altogether along its route. In both Shanghai and Nanjing, this railway's trains may use either one of two different terminals (Shanghai railway station or Shanghai Hongqiao railway station in Shanghai, and Nanjing railway station or Nanjing South railway station in Nanjing). Due to the alignment of the rail line, some stations along it are shared with the conventional Beijingโ€“Shanghai Railway (Shanghai, Suzhou, Zhejiang, Nanjing), while three others are shared with the new Beijingโ€“Shanghai high-speed railway (Shanghai Hongqiao, Kunshan South, Nanjing South). Due to comparatively frequent spacing of stations on the Shanghaiโ€“Nanjing high-speed railway, quite a few of them are situated at locations not served by either of the two other railways. List of stations: Jiangsu Province Nanjing City Nanjing Xianlin Zhenjiang City Baohuashan (closed 10 April 2020) Zhenjiang (bus connection available to Yangzhou) Dantu Danyang Changzhou City Changzhou Qishuyan Wuxi City Huishan Wuxi Wuxi New District Suzhou City Suzhou New District Suzhou Suzhou Industrial Park Yangcheng Lake Kunshan South Huaqiao Shanghai Municipality Anting North Shanghai Hongqiao Nanxiang North Shanghai West Shanghai At Shanghai Hongqiao, some trains arriving from Nanjing continue to the Shanghaiโ€“Hangzhou High-Speed Railway, providing a one-seat service along the entire Nanjingโ€“Shanghaiโ€“Hangzhou line. References External links Route on OpenStreetMap Rail transport in Shanghai Rail transport in Jiangsu High-speed railway lines in China Railway lines opened in 2010 2010 establishments in China
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%93%9C%EB%8B%88%20%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%A4
์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ์Šค
์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ์Šค(Sydney Trains)๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‰ด์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์›จ์ผ์Šค์ฃผ ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ์—์„œ ์šดํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ต์™ธ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์ฒ ๋„์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋Š” 815 km ์ด์ƒ, 8๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋…ธ์„ ๊ณผ 178๊ฐœ ์—ญ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ์ง€์ƒ-์ง€ํ•˜ ๊ฒธ์šฉ ๊ต์™ธ ํ†ต๊ทผํ˜• ์ฒ ๋„๋ง์ด๋‹ค. ๋„์‹ฌ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ๋งค 3๋ถ„ ์ด์ƒ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” 5-10๋ถ„, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์—ญ์—๋Š” 15๋ถ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ง ์šดํ–‰ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฐ์ฐจ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์ด 10๋ถ„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ, ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์—ญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 30๋ถ„ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ด์ฐจ ์šดํ–‰ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋Š” ๋‰ด์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์›จ์ผ์Šค ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋‰ด์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์›จ์ผ์Šค ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ(Transport for NSW)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ์–ด๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹น๊ตญ์˜ ์˜คํŒ” ํ‹ฐ์ผ“ํŒ… ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ(Opal ticketing system)์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋‹ค. 2017~18๋…„์—๋Š” 3์–ต 5920๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ 2012๋…„ 5์›” ๊ตํ†ต๋ถ€ ์žฅ๊ด€์€ ๋‰ด์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์›จ์ผ์Šค ์ „์—ญ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋„์‹œ์ฒ ๋„๋ง์„ ์†Œ์œ  ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์Šน๊ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ ๋ ˆ์ผ์ฝ”ํ”„(RailCorp)์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ •์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 7์›” 1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์šด์˜์„ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์กฐ์ง์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ์Šค๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ผ์ฝ”ํ”„์˜ ์‹œํ‹ฐ๋ ˆ์ผ ์‚ฌ์—…๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฒ ๋ผ์šฐ๋ผ, ์—๋ฎค ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ธ์Šค, ๋งฅ์•„๋”, ์›Œํ„ฐํด ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌถ์ธ ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ๊ด‘์—ญ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ต์™ธ ์ฒ ๋„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „์— ์‹œํ‹ฐ๋ ˆ์ผ์—์„œ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋˜ ๊ต์™ธ ์ฒ ๋„ ๋ฐ ํ—Œํ„ฐ ๋ผ์ธ(Hunter Line) ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” NSW ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ์Šค(NSW ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ๋งํฌ(NSW TrainLink)๋ผ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ)์— ์ธ์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ผ์ฝ”ํ”„๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์˜ ์†Œ์œ ์ž๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ผ์ฝ”ํ”„์˜ ์žํšŒ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ, ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ์Šค์™€ NSW ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ์Šค๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ผ์ฝ”ํ”„์˜ ํ†ต์ œ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ NSW ๊ตํ†ต๊ตญ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ†ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ 7์›” ๋ ˆ์ผ์ฝ”ํ”„์˜ ์žํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด 2017๋…„ 7์›” ๋…๋ฆฝ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ „ํ™˜ [ { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "page", "title": "Sydney Trains network (2015-18).map" }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "page", "title": "Epping to Chatswood line conversion to metro - shaded.map" }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "page", "title": "Bankstown line conversion to metro - shaded.map" }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "page", "title": "Carlingford line conversion to light rail - shaded.map" }, { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "page", "title": "Carlingford line closed - shaded.map" } ] ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ์Šค ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ๊ต์™ธ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์ฒซ ์—ฐ์žฅ์€ 2015๋…„ ๊ธ€๋ Œํ•„๋“œ์™€ ๋ ˆํ•‘ํŠผ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์›จ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ ˆ์ผ ๋งํฌ์˜ ๊ฐœํ†ต๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ์‹œ๋‚ด ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ ๋ฐ ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ๋ ˆ์ผ ๋…ธ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ „๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฑ„์Šค์šฐ๋“œ์™€ ์—ํ•‘ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ ๋…ธ์Šค์›จ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ์ด์ „๋˜๋ฉฐ, 2018๋…„ 9์›”์— ๊ฐœํ†ต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ์‡„๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋“œ๋„˜๊ณผ ๋ฑ…์Šคํƒ€์šด ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ ์‹œํ‹ฐ & ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์›จ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ์ด์ „๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์€ 2024๋…„์— ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์นด๋ฉœ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ์นผ๋งํฌ๋“œ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋งคํƒ€ ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ๋ ˆ์ผ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ์ด์ „๋œ๋‹ค. ๋กœ์ฆˆํž ์—ญ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํด๋ผ์ด๋“œ - ์นด๋ฉœ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ธ์ ‘ ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ์ผ์‹œ ํ์‡„๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ๋ ˆ์ผ์€ 2023๋…„์— ๊ฐœํ†ต๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฑด์„ค์ค‘์ธ ์›จ์Šคํ„ด ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ๊ณตํ•ญ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์ฒ ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ์„ธ์ธํŠธ ๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์Šค ์—ญ์˜ ์›จ์Šคํ„ด ์„ ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ•„๋“œ ์—ญ๊ณผ ๋งฅ์•„๋” ์—ญ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ "๋…ธ์Šค-์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค ๋งํฌ(North-South Link)" 1์ฐจ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ๋„์‹œ ์ฒ ๋„ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ „์ฒ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ ˆ์ผ ๋งํฌ(South West Rail Link)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ์žฅ ์ œ์•ˆ์€ ๋ ˆํ•‘ํŠผ์„ ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์˜ Badgerys Creek Aerotropolis interchange์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šด์˜ 2013๋…„ 7์›” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์ „ ์ตœ๊ณ ์šด์˜์ฑ…์ž„์ž(COO)์˜€๋˜ ํ•˜์›Œ๋“œ ์ฝœ๋ฆฐ์Šค(Howard Collins)๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ์Šค ์ตœ๊ณ ์šด์˜์ฑ…์ž„์ž๋กœ ์ž„๋ช…๋๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ์Šค๋Š” ๊ต์™ธ ์—ด์ฐจ ์šดํ–‰ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋‰ด์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์›จ์ผ์Šค ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœํด๋ฆฌํƒ„ ์ฒ ๋„ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ ๋‚ด ์†Œ์ˆ˜ ์šดํ–‰ ์ฒ ๋„์—ญ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ์ „์—ญ์„ ์ •๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "page", "title": "Sydney Trains network.map" } ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ์Šค๋Š” ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœํด๋ฆฌํƒ„ ์ „์—ญ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ 8๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ต์™ธ์˜ ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 10์›” 20์ผ์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ผ์ •ํ‘œ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ์Šค๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋…ธ์„ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ ๋ถ€์—ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœํŽธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ํ•ฉ์ณ ์—ดํ•œ๊ฐœ ๋…ธ์„ ์—์„œ ์ผ๊ณฑ๊ฐœ ๋…ธ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์˜€๋‹ค. 8๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋…ธ์„ ์€ 2017๋…„ 11์›” 26์ผ T2ํ˜ธ์„ ์„ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณ„๋„ ๋…ธ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ• ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. T5ํ˜ธ์„  ์—ญ์‹œ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์บ ๋ฒจํƒ€์šด์„ ์˜ค๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ ˆํ•‘ํŠผ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ข…์ฐฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ์Šค์˜ ์ฃผ์š”์—ญ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋…ธ์„ ์ด ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์„ผํŠธ๋Ÿด ์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ผํŠธ๋Ÿด ์—ญ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ NSW ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ๋งํฌ ๋…ธ์„ ์˜ ์ข…์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ผํŠธ๋Ÿด์—ญ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ํ›„, T2 ์ด๋„ˆ ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ & ๋ ˆํ•‘ํŠผ ์„ , T3 ๋ฑ…์Šคํƒ€์šด ์„ , T8 ๊ณตํ•ญ & ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค ์„ ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ๋“ค์€ ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์—…๋ฌด ์ง€๊ตฌ ์•„๋ž˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ์ธ ์‹œํ‹ฐ ์„œํด(City Circle)์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œํ‹ฐ ์„œํด์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•œ ํ›„, ์ด๋“ค ์—ด์ฐจ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„ผํŠธ๋Ÿด์„ ์ง€๋‚˜ ๊ต์™ธ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ„๋‹ค. T1 ๋…ธ์Šค์‡ผ์–ดยท๋…ธ๋˜ & ์›จ์Šคํ„ด ์„ , T4 ์ด์Šคํ„ฐ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ธŒ์Šค & ์ผ๋ผ์™€๋ผ ์„ ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์—…๋ฌด ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•ด, ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. T5 ์ปด๋ฒ„๋žœ๋“œ ์„ ์€ ์„œ๋ถ€ ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋žœ๋นŒ์—์„œ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒ€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋„ ๋„์‹ฌ ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ์˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋งคํƒ€ ์ฃผ์š” ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. T6 ์นผ๋งํฌ๋“œ ์„ ๊ณผ T7 ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ํŒŒํฌ ์„ ์€ ๊ต์™ธ ์…”ํ‹€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ๋ผ์ด๋“œ 1989๋…„์— ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ๋ผ์ด๋“œ(NightRide) ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ์ž์ •์—์„œ ์˜ค์ „ 4์‹œ 30๋ถ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ •๋น„ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ๋น„์›Œ๋‘˜๋•Œ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค ๋…ธ์„ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฒ„์Šค ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์—ญ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์ •์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค.(์ผ๋ถ€ ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ์ฃผ๋ง์— ๋” ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์šดํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค.) ๋งŽ์€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋“ค์ด ํƒ€์šด ํ™€ ์—ญ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ •๋ฅ˜์žฅ์—์„œ ๋„์‹œ ์™ธ๊ณฝ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šดํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•ผ๊ฐ„ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฒ„์Šค ์‚ฌ์—…์ž์™€ ๊ณ„์•ฝํ•˜๊ณ  "N"์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ์„  ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋ณ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒ ๋„ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ์Šค๋Š” 2์ธต ์ „๊ธฐ ๋™๋ ฅ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์‹ ์—ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ด์ฐจ ํŽธ์„ฑ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ NSW ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ๋งํฌ์—์„œ ์šด์˜ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ผ๋ถ€ Hํ˜• ๊ต์™ธ ์šดํ–‰์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ์Šค๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ Aํ˜•๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ 24๋Œ€์˜ 8๋Ÿ‰ 2์ฐจ๋ถ„ Waratah ์—ด์ฐจ๋„ ์šดํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ NSW ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ๋งํฌ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ด์ฐจ๋„ ์œ ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์š”๊ธˆ์ œ ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ์Šค๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ 2014๋…„ 4์›”์— ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์— ๋„์ž…๋œ ์˜คํŒ” ์นด๋“œ ๋ฐœ๊ถŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์š”๊ธˆ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” NSW ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ๋งํฌ ์ธํ„ฐ์‹œํ‹ฐ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์™€ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต์™ธ ๋ฐ ๋„์‹œ ๊ฐ„ ๋…ธ์„  ํฌํ•จ ์ด์šฉ์€ ๋‹จ์ผ ์š”๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํ™˜์Šน ์š”๊ธˆ์€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์˜คํŒ”์€ ๋ฒ„์Šค, ํŽ˜๋ฆฌ, ๊ฒฝ์ „์ฒ ์—๋„ ์œ ํšจํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณ„๋„ ์š”๊ธˆ์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ํ‘œ์—๋Š” 2018๋…„ 7์›” 2์ผ ํ˜„์žฌ ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ์นด๋“œ ๋ฐ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ด์šฉ ํ‹ฐ์ผ“์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜คํŒ” ์š”๊ธˆ์ด ๋‚˜์™€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ^ = $2.50๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ น์ž / ์—ฐ๊ธˆ ์นด๋“œ ์†Œ์ง€์ž ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ๊ณตํ•ญ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ„๋„ ์šด์˜์—ญ 2๊ณณ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ธˆ์ด ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋œ๋‹ค.: ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์ •๊ธฐ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์˜คํŒ” ์นด๋“œ์—๋Š” ์ •๊ธฐ ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒํ•œ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „ ๋ฐœ๊ถŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ 1992๋…„์— ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋„คํ‹ฑ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ 2016๋…„ 8์›” 1์ผ์— ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ถŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ์—ด์ฐจ๊ถŒ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ, 2003๋…„ 12์›”๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํ‘œ์ค€์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 2012๋…„ 10์›” ํ”„๋ผ์ด์Šค์›Œํ„ฐํ•˜์šฐ์Šค์ฟ ํผ์Šค(PricewaterhouseCoopers)๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ ํ•œ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 27๊ฐœ ์ฃผ์š” ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ฒ ๋„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋กœ์Šค์•ค์ ค๋ ˆ์Šค, ์ƒํŒŒ์šธ๋ฃจ, ์š”ํ•˜๋„ค์Šค๋ฒ„๊ทธ์—์„œ ์šด์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ ์šฉ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ์ œ์น˜๊ณ  4์œ„์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต ์—ด์ฐจ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ์š” ๋„์‹œ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๊ตํ†ต ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น„์‹ผ ์ฐจํŽธ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํŒ” ์นด๋“œ ์ถœ์‹œ ์ดํ›„ 2014๋…„์— ๊ฐ™์€ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ ๋„์‹œ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋น„์‹ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ NSW ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ๋งํฌ ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ฒ ๋„ ๊ตํ†ต ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ๋ ˆ์ผ ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ๋…ธ๋ฉด์ „์ฐจ ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Sydney Trains website Sydney Trains on transportnsw.info website ์‹œ๋“œ๋‹ˆ์˜ ๊ตํ†ต ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์ฒ ๋„ ๊ตํ†ต
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney%20Trains
Sydney Trains
Sydney Trains is the operator and brand name of the commuter rail network serving the city of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The network is a commuter rail system with a central underground core that covers of route length over of track, with 170 stations on eight lines. It has metro-equivalent train frequencies of every three minutes or better in the underground core, 5โ€“10 minutes off-peak at most inner-city and major stations and 15 minutes off-peak at most minor stations. During the weekday peak, train services are more frequent. The network is managed by Transport for NSW and is part of its Opal ticketing system. In 2018โ€“19, 377.1 million passenger journeys were made on the network, making it the most-used rail network in Australia. History In May 2012, the Minister for Transport announced a restructure of RailCorp, the organisation that owned and managed the metropolitan rail network and operated passenger services throughout New South Wales. Two new organisations were created to take over the operation of the services from 1 July 2013. Sydney Trains acquired all suburban services in the Sydney metropolitan area bounded by Berowra, Emu Plains, Macarthur and Waterfall from RailCorp's CityRail division. Intercity and Hunter Line services previously operated by CityRail were taken over by NSW Trains (branded as NSW TrainLink). RailCorp remained the owner of the network infrastructure. When first created as subsidiaries of RailCorp, Sydney Trains and NSW Trains were not controlled entities of RailCorp, but were instead controlled by Transport for NSW. In July, they ceased to be subsidiaries of RailCorp and became independent standalone agencies in July 2017. On 21 August 2023 it was announced that the majority of NSW TrainLink's intercity operations would be transferred to Sydney Trains, including rolling stock, maintenance, operations, stations, and staff. This would also include the modifications, testing, and introduction of the New Intercity Fleet (NIF). Network changes The first expansion of the Sydney suburban network after the restructuring of CityRail into Sydney Trains occurred in 2015 when the South West Rail Link opened between Glenfield and Leppington. In 2018, some sections of the network began to be transferred to the city's metro and light rail networks. The Epping to Chatswood Rail Link between Chatswood and Epping was closed for conversion in September 2018 to form part of the Sydney Metro Northwest, which opened in May 2019. The section of the Carlingford Line between Camellia and Carlingford closed in January 2020 and will form part of the Parramatta Light Rail network. The adjacent section of track between Clyde and Camellia, including Rosehill railway station, also became disused. The light rail is expected to open in May 2024. The section of the Bankstown Line between Sydenham and Bankstown will form part of Sydney Metro City & Southwest, which is due to open in 2024. Operations In July 2013, Howard Collins, the former Chief Operating Officer of London Underground, was appointed as Chief Executive of Sydney Trains. Stewart Mills was appointed Acting Chief Executive in February 2020, succeeded by Suzanne Holden as Acting Chief Executive in June 2020. In June 2021, Matt Longland was appointed as Chief Executive. In addition to operating suburban train services, Sydney Trains maintains the New South Wales Metropolitan Rail Area and maintains all but a handful of operational railway stations in the state. Network Sydney Trains operates electric suburban lines across metropolitan Sydney. In conjunction with a new timetable released on 20 October 2013, the Sydney Trains network was reorganised with a new numbering system. The number of lines was reduced from eleven to seven by merging several lines. An eighth line was created on 26 November 2017 by splitting the T2 line into two separate lines. T5 services were also modified to no longer travel to and from Campbelltown, instead starting and terminating at Leppington. From 28 April 2019, the T1 line from Gordon to Hornsby via Strathfield was renumbered T9, whilst the portion from Berowra to Richmond & Emu Plains via Chatswood and Parramatta remained T1. T9 is red. The T6 Carlingford Line, which operated between Clyde and Carlingford, ceased operations on 5 January 2020. The Bankstown line will be extended and it will be driverless. The main hub of the Sydney Trains system is Central Station, which most lines pass through. Central is also the terminus of most NSW TrainLink lines. After leaving Central, trains coming from the T2 Inner West & Leppington Line, T3 Bankstown Line and T8 Airport & South Line then travel through the City Circle โ€“ a ring line beneath the Sydney central business district. After completing the City Circle, these trains pass through Central for a second time and return to the suburbs. The T1 North Shore & Western, T4 Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra and T9 Northern lines pass through the central business district and continue to other areas of Sydney. The T5 Cumberland Line serves Western Sydney and provides access to the major centre of Parramatta from the southwest of the city without requiring a change of trains at Granville. The T7 Olympic Park Line is a suburban shuttle service. NightRide NightRide bus services established in 1989, replace trains between midnight and 4:30 am, leaving the tracks clear of trains for maintenance work. Such bus services mainly stop near stations operating typically at hourly intervals (some routes depart more frequently on weekends). Many services depart the city from bus stops near Town Hall station. NightRide services are contracted to external bus operators and are identified by route numbers beginning with "N". Rolling stock Sydney Trains operates a fleet of double-deck electric multiple units. The trainsets are divided into the following classes: Though primarily operated by NSW TrainLink, some H sets are also used on suburban services, and with the delivery of the D sets for operations on regional NSW TrainLink lines in 2020, most of the sets will be transferred to suburban services. All A, B and M sets are maintained by Downer Rail. Their contract for the M sets was extended by 10 years from June 2017. All other types of trains including the V and H sets are maintained by UGL Unipart. The contract with UGL Unipart was extended for two years from 1 July 2019. The Sydney Trains network is divided into three sectors, based around three maintenance depots. Trainsets are identified by target plates, which are exhibited on the front lower nearside of driving carriages. Each target plate includes the letter of the class the set belongs to and the number of the individual set. Waratahs do not have a target plate, but instead, have the information written directly on the front of the train. The composition and formations of train sets and the target designations are subject to alteration. M sets and H sets carry green target plates. Patronage The following table lists patronage figures for the network during the corresponding financial year. Australia's financial years start on 1 July and end on 30 June. Major events that affected the number of journeys made or how patronage is measured are included as notes. Ticketing and costs Sydney Trains currently uses the Opal card ticketing system which was introduced to the network in April 2014. The fare system is fully integrated with the Sydney Metro network and the NSW TrainLink Intercity network โ€“ trips involving suburban, metro and intercity services are calculated as a single fare and there is no interchange penalty. Students who use the Sydney Trains network to get to and from schools can apply for a free school Opal card. Opal is also valid on bus, ferry, and light rail services but separate fares apply for these modes. The following table lists Opal fares for reusable smartcards and single-trip tickets: ^ = $2.50 for Senior/Pensioner cardholders A surcharge is levied when using the two privately operated stations serving Sydney Airport: As there are no return or periodical options available, reusable Opal cards include several caps to reduce the cost for frequent travellers: The previous ticketing system was introduced in 1992 and was based on magnetic stripe technology. It was shut down on 1 August 2016. See also Commuter rail in Australia NSW TrainLink Railways in Sydney List of Sydney Trains railway stations Proposed railways in Sydney Sydney Metro References External links Sydney Trains website Sydney Trains on transportnsw.info website Government railway authorities of Australia Transport Railway companies of New South Wales Passenger railway companies of Australia Railway companies established in 2013 Railway infrastructure companies of Australia Rail transport in Sydney Australian companies established in 2013 1500 V DC railway electrification
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%9C%A0%20%EB%A6%AC%EB%8D%94%EC%8B%AD
๊ณต์œ  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ
๊ณต์œ  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฐœํœ˜๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์œ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์‹œ ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต์œ ๋ฅผ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชฐ์ž…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์Šคํ‚ฌ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ํŒ€์˜ ๊ธ์ •์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์€ ๋…๋‹จ์  1์ธ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค๊ฐ„ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ ์ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํœ˜๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Hiller et al., 2006). ๊ณต์œ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ์—ญํ•  ๋นˆ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์š”์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ˆ˜์ง์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ธ ์ง€์‹œ์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ, ์ž„ํŒŒ์›Œ๋ง ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ, ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ, ๋ณ€ํ˜์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์„ ํŒ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒ€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ ๋ฐœํœ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค(Avolio, Jang, Murry and Sivasubramaniam, 1996). ๋‘˜์งธ, ํŒ€ ๋‚ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ „์ œํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒ€ ์ „์ฒด ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋œ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค๊ฐ„ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋ฐ€๋„์™€ ์ง‘์ค‘๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์œ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋‹ค(์ •๋ฌธ์ฃผ, 2014; Carson, Telsluk & Marrone, 2007). ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์กฐ์งํ™” ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์กฐ์งํ™”๋ž€ ํŒ€์˜ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์™„์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ฐ ํŒ€์›๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•„์š”์ž์›์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค(์ •ํฌ์›, 2016). ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์กฐ์งํ™”๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •, ๋ชฉํ‘œ์„ค์ •๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ์ ์ž์›์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์‹œ์ผœ ์„ค์ •๋œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋“ค์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค(์‹ ์ •ํ˜„, 2014). ๊ณต์œ ๋œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ํŒ€์˜ ์—…๋ฌด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชฐ์ž…๊ณผ ๊ถŒํ•œ์œ„์ž„, ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํŒ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์ด ํŒ€์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒ€์›๋“ค์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ทจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋‹จ๋“œ(์ด์ง„๊ฒฝ, 2016). ํŒ€์˜ ๊ณต์œ  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํŒ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์ด ํŒ€ ์กด์žฌ์œ ๋ฌด์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ์—…๋ฌด ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ ์ด์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ๊ฐ„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์กฐ์ง์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค(์ตœ๋ฏผ๊ฒฝ, 2016). ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ด๋ž€ ์—…๋ฌด์™€๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‹น๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ํŒ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ์€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ™œ๋™์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค(์ •ํฌ์›, 2016). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์ด ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ์žฅ์• ์š”์ธ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ์žฅ์• ์š”์ธ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ์žฅ์• ์š”์ธ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋ชฉ์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์ด๋‹ค(์ •ํƒœ์˜, 2011). ์ด๋•Œ ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ž์›์ด ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•จ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€์›๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ๋ ค ์ง€์›๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ๋ ค๋ž€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋„์™€์ฃผ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋งˆ์Œ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธ๋‚ด์‹ฌ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์‘์ง‘๋ ฅ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒ€ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ํŒ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ์˜๊ฒฌ์— ๊ท€ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฒฉ๋ คํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค(์ •ํฌ์›, 2016). ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๊ฐ„ ์ง€์›๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ๋ ค๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ ์˜์กด์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ , ๊ฐ์ •์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์• ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ํŒ€์— ์†ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค๊ฐ„ ์„ฑ๊ณต๊ณผ ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹ ๋ขฐ ๋ฐ ์œ ๋Œ€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๊ฐ„ ์„œ๋กœ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค(์ตœ๋ฏผ๊ฒฝ, 2016). ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์›์€ ์ •์„œ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ ์ธ ํž˜์„ ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํŒ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด๋ผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํŒ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์€ ํŒ€ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์ทจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฒฉ๋ ค์™€ ์ธ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€์›์€ ํŒ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์„ ๋” ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ํŒ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค(์ด์ง„๊ฒฝ, 2016). ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๋ฉ˜ํ† ๋ง ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๋ฉ˜ํ† ๋ง(mentoring)์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์–ธ ๋ฐ ๊ตํ™˜, ํŒ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋ณด์™„์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™๋ฃŒ ๊ฐ„ ์—…๋ฌด ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๋ฉ˜ํ† ๋ง ํ™œ๋™์€ ํŒ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์ด ํŒ€ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผํ–ฅ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค(์ •ํฌ์›, 2016). ์กฐ์ง ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด ๋ฉ˜ํ† (montor)์™€ ๋ฉ˜ํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๋งค์นญํ•œ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฉ˜ํ† ๋ง ํ™œ๋™์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฉ˜ํ† ๋ง์€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด์™„์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํŒ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฉ˜ํ† ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณต์œ ๋œ ์ •์„œ๋‚˜ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(๊น€์ง„์šฑ, 2013). ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—…๋ฌด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์žฅ์ ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์˜ ์•ฝ์ ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํŒ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต๊ณผ ์‹คํŒจ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํŒ€ ๋‚ด ์‹ ๋ขฐ ๋ฐ ์œ ๋Œ€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ง€์›์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋œ๋‹ค(์ด์ง„๊ฒฝ, 2016). ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํŒ€ ๋‚ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์ด ์ƒํ˜ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๋…ธํ•˜์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์ˆ˜ํ•ด ์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฐœ์ธ์€ ํŒ€๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(์ •ํฌ์›, 2016). ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ ์กฐ์ง์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์‚ฌ์—… ์šฉ์–ด ์กฐ์ง ๋ฌธํ™”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared%20leadership
Shared leadership
Shared leadership is a leadership style that broadly distributes leadership responsibility, such that people within a team and organization lead each other. It has frequently been compared to horizontal leadership, distributed leadership, and collective leadership and is most contrasted with more traditional "vertical" or "hierarchical" leadership that resides predominantly with an individual instead of a group. Definitions Shared leadership can be defined in a number of ways, but all definitions describe a similar phenomenon: team leadership by more than just an appointed leader. Below are examples from researchers in this field: Yukl (1989): "Individual members of a team engaging in activities that influence the team and other team members." Pearce and Sims (2001): "Leadership that emanates from members of teams, and not simply from the appointed leader." Pearce and Conger (2003): "A dynamic, interactive influence process among individuals and groups for which the objective is to lead one another to the achievement of group or organizational goals or both." They also added that "this influence process often involves peer, or lateral, influence and at other times involves upward or downward hierarchical influence". Carson, Tesluck, and Marrone (2007): "An emergent team property that results from the distribution of leadership influence across multiple team members." Bergman, Rentsch, Small, Davenport, and Bergman (2012): "Shared leadership occurs when two or more members engage in the leadership of the team in an effort to influence and direct fellow members to maximize team effectiveness." Hoch, J. E. (2013): "Reflects a situation where multiple team members engage in leadership and is characterized by collaborative decision-making and shared responsibility for outcomes." Shared leadership is also commonly thought of as the "serial emergence" of multiple leaders over the life of a team, stemming from interactions among team members in which at least one team member tries to influence other members or the team in general. While the definition clearly has several variants, they all make the fundamental distinction between shared leadership and more traditional notions of hierarchical leadership. As Pearce, Manz and Sims (2009) summarize, all definitions of shared leadership consistently include a "process of influence" that is "built upon more than just downward influence on subordinates or followers by an appointed or elected leader." Nearly all concepts of shared leadership entail the practice of "broadly sharing power and influence among a set of individuals rather than centralizing it in the hands of a single individual who acts in the clear role of a dominant superior." Therefore, shared leadership is an emergent team property of mutual influence and shared responsibility among team members, whereby they lead each other toward goal achievement. It differs from team leadership, team processes and team work in that shared leadership describes a set of cooperatively oriented cognitions, attitudes, and actions through which team members convert member inputs to team outputs. Background Though a relatively new phenomenon in the literature, the concept of shared leadership can actually be traced back several centuries. In a 2002 paper, David Sally noted that shared leadership was present even in the early days of Republican Rome. Indeed, during those ancient times, Rome "had a successful system of co-leadership that lasted for over four centuries. This structure of co-leadership was so effective that it extended from the lower levels of the Roman magistracy to the very top position, that of consul." (Sally, 2002) Despite such early iterations of the practice, however, most of the scholarly work on leadership has still been predominantly focused on the study of leadership in its hierarchical form. Leadership is conceived around a single individual โ€“ the leader โ€“ and how that person inspires, entices, commands, cajoles and controls followers. Research on shared leadership instead departs from the notion that leadership may well be studied as a collective phenomenon, as activities involving several individuals beyond the formally appointed manager. There are some earlier conceptualizations of shared leadership. In 1924, Mary Parker Follet wrote that "one should not only look to the designated leader, but one should let logic dictate to whom one should look for guidance" (as cited by Crainer, 2002, p.ย 72). Along similar lines, Gibb, in 1954, wrote that, "Leadership is probably best conceived as a group quality, as a set of functions which must be carried out by the group." Despite these early nods toward group leadership, the formalized construct of shared leadership did not become more developed and experimentally explored until recently. Current research suggest that shared leadership forms may imply significant advantages at individual-, team-, organizational- and societal levels. The shift in this scholarly paradigm might partly be explained by looking at the rise of studies on teamwork. Teamwork is becoming increasingly important in the workplace literature as many organizations recognize the benefits that teamwork can bring. Thus, organizations consider it important to investigate team effectiveness and the elements that increase this. Leaders have been pointed to as critical factors in team performance and effectiveness; some have even gone as far as to say they the most important ingredient for team effectiveness. Additionally, problems associated with team leaders are often cited as the primary reason for failures of work involving teams. With the complexity and ambiguity of tasks that teams often experience, it is becoming more apparent that a single leader is unlikely to have all of the skills and traits to effectively perform the necessary leadership functions. Shared leadership has been identified as the optimal model of leadership when the knowledge characteristics of interdependence, creativity, and complexity are encountered. Thus, shared leadership is becoming increasingly popular in teams, as multiple team members emerge as leaders, especially when they have the skills/knowledge/expertise that the team needs. Measuring There are two main ways that most researchers measure the existence and extent of shared leadership in a team: Ratings of the team's collective leadership behavior and Social Network Analysis. A less common technique of measuring shared leadership is with the use of behaviorally anchored rating scales. Ratings of team's collective leadership behavior Many studies measure shared leadership as team member perceptions of leader behavior exhibited by respective team leaders and team members. Often this is done by distributing leader behavior questionnaires (surveys aimed at measuring the existence and frequency of different leader behaviors) to all members of a team. Team members are instructed to fill these out once for the appointed leader and then again for all other team members. Although this allows leadership quantity to be assessed, it does not pinpoint how many other team members are engaging in leadership behaviors or how many members are looking to the same people for leadership. Social network analysis Social network analysis (SNA) addresses some of the flaws of collective leader behavior ratings by assessing the patterns of connections that emerge in a team and providing a method for modeling both vertical and shared leadership within a team. SNA examines the relationships that form between individuals and uses these relationships as the units of analysis. In the leadership domain, a relationship, or "tie" as it is referred to in SNA literature, occurs when one team member perceives another as exerting leadership influence on the team. The proportion of actual ties that exist in a team to all potential ties that could have emerged in a team is called network density and can be used as a measure of shared leadership. Some researchers go further into SNA and analyze a network's centralization, which helps assess the distribution of leadership, as well as the quantity. Network centralization is measured using centrality values that are calculated for each individual. A centrality value for an individual represents the number of connections that individual has with others. The sum of the differences between the maximum individual centrality value and every other individual centrality value, divided by the maximum possible sum of differences, produces a measure of network centralization between 0 and 1, which describes the extent to which connections are concentrated around one individual, or if multiple individuals are central to the leadership network. A shared leadership network can be further separated into distributed-coordinated or distributed-fragmented by SNA. This distinction depends on whether the formal and emergent leaders in a network recognize each other as leaders and are able to coordinate and lead together efficiently. Behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) Some studies have sought to measure shared leadership through observations of actual leadership behaviors. Behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) are commonly used to assess and rate performances, and can be developed to assess different leadership behaviors. Bergman et al. (2012), for example, developed such a scale and had trained raters watch videotapes of team interactions and rate each team member's behavior in terms of the dimensions on the BARS. They then operationalized shared leadership as the number of members who performed leadership behaviors, as well as the amount of leadership behavior exhibited by the team (calculated by aggregating the leadership ratings for each team member to the team level). There are advantages and disadvantages to each measurement technique. Although all are attempting to measure the same phenomenon and all have been used in published studies, the particular measure that a researcher uses can impact his or her results. Antecedents: internal and external conditions A host of scholars who have studied shared leadership found that in order for the dynamic to properly emerge, two preconditions must be met. First, team members must actually be willing to extend their feedback to the team in a way that aims to influence and motivate the direction of the group. Second, the team must overall be disposed to accept and rely on such feedback by other team members. The preconditions specified by Katz and Kahn (1978) tend to be met by leadership sharing in teams by the development of interpersonal alliances (measured by LMX-TEAM) between and among participants as several meta-analyses reported. Carson et al. (2007) expanded these two requirements by describing them in a larger, two-part framework that includes the degree to which a strong internal team environment exists and the extent to which positive external team coaching occurs. Internal team environment Carson et al. (2007) propose first that shared leadership is facilitated by an overall team environment that consists of three dimensions: shared purpose, social support, and voice. The three concepts are also drawn from a wide body of literature: Shared purpose prevails when team members have similar understandings of their team's main objectives and take steps to ensure a focus on collective goals. Social support is the extent to which team members actively provide emotional and psychological strength to one another. This may occur through overt acts of encouragement or expressed recognition of other team members' contributions and accomplishments. Voice is the degree to which a team's members have input into how the team carries out its purpose. The three dimensions are interrelated and mutually reinforcing, thereby "representing a high order construct." Carson et al. summarize the interconnectivity of these three concepts in a concise narrative: When team members are able to speak up and get involved (voice), the likelihood that many of them will exercise leadership increases greatly. The opportunity for voice also facilitates shared leadership by strengthening both a common sense of direction and the potential for positive interpersonal support in a team. When teams are focused on collective goals (shared purpose), there is a greater sense of meaning and increased motivation for team members to both speak up and invest themselves in providing leadership to the team and to respond to the leadership of others. The motivation to participate and provide input toward achieving common goals and a common purpose can also be reinforced by an encouraging and supportive climate. When team members feel recognized and supported within their team (social support) they are more willing to share responsibility, cooperate, and commit to the team's collective goals. Thus, these three dimensions work together to create an internal team environment that is characterized by a shared understanding about purpose and goals, a sense of recognition and importance, and high levels of involvement, challenge, and cooperation. External team coaching Scholars have also described the important role that external team leaders and support can have in the development of shared leadership. When framing this dynamic or antecedent, scholars have stressed the importance of external coaching behaviors. One scholar defines these coaching behaviors as: "direct interaction with a team intended to help team members make coordinated and task-appropriate use of their collective resources in accomplishing the team's task." Researchers have identified two types of team coachingโ€”distinguishing between those that reinforce shared leadership (supportive coaching) and those that focus on identifying team problems through task interventions (functional approach). Through supportive coaching, external team managers can reinforce the development of shared leadership in a variety of ways. Through active encouragement and positive reinforcement of team members who demonstrate leadership, coaching can foster independence and a sense of self-competence nurtures among team members. Coaching can also nurture collective commitment to the team and its objectives, a shared promise that can reduce free riding and increase the possibility that team members will demonstrate personal initiative. A second, more indirect, way that external coaching may positively encourage shared leadership is based on a functional approach. Within this approach, the role of an external team leader is to do whatever is not being adequately managed by the team itself, to "intervene on behalf of an incomplete task." This functional coaching can be redundant when teams have highly supportive internal environments and therefore are less critical to the overall development of shared leadership. When interventions are necessary, however, such as when teams lack a strong shared purpose, the functional approach asserts that this kind of external influence may be particularly important. In this sense, the functional approach can be understood as providing "motivational and consultative functions that enable shared leadership but have not been adequately developed by the team internally." Effects Though there is an ongoing debate about the existence and importance of shared leadership, many studies have shown that shared leadership is a significant predictor for various team processes. Team effectiveness/performance A commonly explored consequence of shared leadership is team effectiveness or team performance, which can be measured either by self-reports of team members or by outsider ratings, such as supervisor or client ratings. Performance is also sometimes measured more objectively, by using a commonly agreed-upon scale or rubric to rate the execution of a task. Many studies have found a positive relationship between shared leadership and team effectiveness and performance. Similarly, other studies have explored the extent to which shared leadership can predict a team's effectiveness or performance, and have found that it is a significant predictorโ€”often a better predictor than vertical leadership. A meta-analysis by Nicolaides and colleagues (2014) found that one reason why shared leadership relates to performance is through increasing team confidence. The researchers also found that shared leadership contributed to performance, over and above the effects of vertical leadership. The causes for this positive effect on team effectiveness lie in feeling empowered through the perceived responsibility and self-control in the context of shared leadership. This results in more engagement of the team members, more team cohesion, trust, a higher level of consensus and satisfaction. As discussed in the measurement section of this article, the technique used to measure shared leadership can influence the results that are found. For example, Mehra et al. (2006) first compared teams with a distributed (shared) leadership structure to teams with a more traditional (vertical) leadership structure. In contrast to other studies, they did not find that teams with shared leadership outperformed the traditional teams. However, when they separated the distributed teams into distributed-coordinated and distributed-fragmented (see measures section), they found that distributed-coordinated team structures were associated with higher performance than both traditional leader-centered teams and distributed-fragmented leadership networks. Thus, they theorized, having more leaders is not the only factor that matters to team performance; rather, leaders must recognize other leaders as such in order for them to contribute positively to team effectiveness. Number and types of leadership Not surprisingly, shared leadership has been shown to increase the number and types of leadership (for example, transformational leadership; transactional leadership; and consideration and initiating structure).ยท Shared leadership enables team members to express their different abilities, thus letting members of a team exhibit different leadership behaviors. Bergman et al. (2012) found that teams did, in fact, experience more types of leadership behaviors when multiple members of the team participated in the team's leadership. Additionally, they found that each leader only effectively engaged in one type of leadership, indicating that shared leadership lets more leadership behaviors be expressed than vertical leadership. In schools The effect of shared leadership at school is contingent on the key players involved and how they view their missions. Conflicting thoughts on how shared leadership influences student engagement result in a variety of interpretations by researchers. Sharing leadership also impacts how teachers interact with one another, whether they possess relationships where they reinforce one another or feel distant from the organization. One view is that sharing leadership among more people does not necessarily bring positive student outcomes. Some researchers have called the influence of shared leadership into question, suggesting that the influence of shared leadership is statistically non-significant (Leithwood & Jantzi, 1999), and indicating that shared leadership is "not a significant factor for students' participation in or engagement with school" (Silins et al., 2002). Timperley (2005, p.ย 417) also underlines the significance of promoting the quality of shared leadership activities, emphasizing that shared leadership has risks associated with "greater distribution of incompetence." Conversely, it has been argued that shared leadership is positively related to students' achievement. In addition, shared leadership enables teachers to employ certain methodologies or instructional content. Leithwood and Mascall(2008) conclude that shared leadership eventually influences students' math achievement indirectly by effecting teacher motivation. Similarly, a study by Heck and Hallinger(2009) shows that the development of school shared leadership has an indirect impact on students' academic growth in math, mutually reinforcing academic capacity of teachers and students over time. Researchers and writers, such as Camburn and Han(2009), have also remarked that widespread leadership promotes teachers exposure to plentiful instructional resources and the likelihood that they will employ these instruction practices. Camburn and Han's study (2009), however, does not present empirical evidence that shared leadership is associated with students' outcomes. Other research focused on the impact of shared leadership notes the teacher perceptions. Work by Hulpia and Devos (2010) reveals that leadership practices such as the sharing of leadership roles, social interaction, cooperation of the leadership team, and inclusive decision-making, positively reinforce teachers' commitment to the organization. It has been underscored that teachers' academic optimism, which refer to trust, teacher efficacy, and organizational citizenship behavior as well, are heavily and positively associated with planned approaches to leadership distribution (Mascall et al.,2008) Moderators Shared Leadership and Team Effectiveness Type of leadership There are three different types of contents of shared leadership, namely shared traditional leadership, shared new-genre leadership and cumulative, overall leadership, which Wang, Waldman and Zhang (2014) included in a meta-analysis of 42 independent samples to test how these types of shared leadership moderate the relationship of shared leadership and team effectiveness. Shared traditional leadership refers to a task-oriented, transactional form of leadership, which emphasizes maintaining the status quo. Shared new-genre leadership however focuses on transformational leadership and therefore a more inspirational, visionary, growth and change-oriented kind of leadership. Lastly, cumulative, overall leadership was assessed based on individual membersโ€™ ratings of leadership influence for each of his/her peers. The studies showed that both shared new-genre leadership and cumulative, overall shared leadership show a stronger relationship with team effectiveness than shared traditional leadership. Work complexity Work complexity (also known as job complexity) acts as a moderator of the shared leadership-team effectiveness relationship, namely that the relationship is stronger when work is more complex compared with when it is less complex. This can be explained by the higher interdependence, coordination and information sharing that is necessary when work complexity is high. Implications and further research directions Scholars have pointed to 4 main areas in shared leadership that need more research: Events that generate shared leadership Facilitation factors Most conducive influence approaches Stages and life cycles in shared leadership settings (Carson et al., 2007; Pearce and Conger, 2002). Additionally, more scholarship must be done on outcomes of shared leadership. The spike of recent scholarship in this field does indicate that scholars increasingly understand the significance of shared leadership as organizations in the field are also increasingly capitalizing on the many benefits a shared leadership approach can offer. See also Collaborative leadership Group development Group dynamics Human resources Leadership development Leadership studies Organizational development Team building Team composition Three levels of leadership model Trait leadership References Further reading Bass, B. M., & Bass, R. (2008). The Bass Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research and Managerial Applications. London: Free Press. Crainer, S. (2000). The Management Century. New York: Jossey-Bass. Gibb, C. A., Gilbert, D. T., & Lindzey, G. (1954). Leadership. New York: John Wiley & Sons ASIN B001JKIIF4 Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1978). The Social Psychology of Organizations, 2nd Ed. London: Wiley McShane, S., & Von Glinow, M. (2009). Organizational Behavior, 5th Ed. London: McGraw-Hill/Irwin Mohammed, M & Thomas, K (2014) "Enabling Community and Trust: Shared Leadership for Collective Creativity," The Foundation Review Vol. 6: Iss. 4, Article 10. Nielsen, J. S. (2004). The myth of leadership: Creating leaderless organizations. New York: Davies-Black Publishing Northouse, P. G. (2009). Leadership: Theory and practice, 5th Ed. London: Sage Publications Yukl, G.A. (2002) Leadership in Organizations. New York: Prentice Hall Leadership Leadership studies Industrial and organizational psychology Business terms Organizational culture
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%97%B0%EB%90%9C%20%EC%B4%88%EA%B8%B0%ED%99%94
์ง€์—ฐ๋œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ™”
์ง€์—ฐ๋œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ™”, ๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฅธ ์ดˆ๊ธฐํ™”(lazy initialization)์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ์ฒด ์ƒ์„ฑ, ๊ฐ’ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ, ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ์ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์—ฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์‹œ ์•ก์…˜์Šคํฌ๋ฆฝํŠธ 3 package examples.lazyinstantiation { public class Fruit { private var _typeName:String; private static var instancesByTypeName:Dictionary = new Dictionary(); public function Fruit(typeName:String):void { this._typeName = typeName; } public function get typeName():String { return _typeName; } public static function getFruitByTypeName(typeName:String):Fruit { return instancesByTypeName[typeName] ||= new Fruit(typeName); } public static function printCurrentTypes():void { for each (var fruit:Fruit in instancesByTypeName) { // iterates through each value trace(fruit.typeName); } } } } ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•: package { import examples.lazyinstantiation; public class Main { public function Main():void { Fruit.getFruitByTypeName("Banana"); Fruit.printCurrentTypes(); Fruit.getFruitByTypeName("Apple"); Fruit.printCurrentTypes(); Fruit.getFruitByTypeName("Banana"); Fruit.printCurrentTypes(); } } } C ํ•จ์ˆ˜์—์„œ: #include <string.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <stddef.h> #include <stdio.h> struct fruit { char *name; struct fruit *next; int number; /* Other members */ }; struct fruit *get_fruit(char *name) { static struct fruit *fruit_list; static int seq; struct fruit *f; for (f = fruit_list; f; f = f->next) if (0 == strcmp(name, f->name)) return f; if (!(f = malloc(sizeof(struct fruit)))) return NULL; if (!(f->name = strdup(name))) { free(f); return NULL; } f->number = ++seq; f->next = fruit_list; fruit_list = f; return f; } /* Example code */ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int i; struct fruit *f; if (argc < 2) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: fruits fruit-name [...]\n"); exit(1); } for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) { if ((f = get_fruit(argv[i]))) { printf("Fruit %s: number %d\n", argv[i], f->number); } } return 0; } fruit.h: #ifndef _FRUIT_INCLUDED_ #define _FRUIT_INCLUDED_ struct fruit { char *name; struct fruit *next; int number; /* Other members */ }; struct fruit *get_fruit(char *name); void print_fruit_list(FILE *file); #endif /* _FRUIT_INCLUDED_ */ fruit.c: #include <string.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <stddef.h> #include <stdio.h> #include "fruit.h" static struct fruit *fruit_list; static int seq; struct fruit *get_fruit(char *name) { struct fruit *f; for (f = fruit_list; f; f = f->next) if (0 == strcmp(name, f->name)) return f; if (!(f = malloc(sizeof(struct fruit)))) return NULL; if (!(f->name = strdup(name))) { free(f); return NULL; } f->number = ++seq; f->next = fruit_list; fruit_list = f; return f; } void print_fruit_list(FILE *file) { struct fruit *f; for (f = fruit_list; f; f = f->next) fprintf(file, "%4d %s\n", f->number, f->name); } main.c: #include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> #include "fruit.h" int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int i; struct fruit *f; if (argc < 2) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: fruits fruit-name [...]\n"); exit(1); } for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) { if ((f = get_fruit(argv[i]))) { printf("Fruit %s: number %d\n", argv[i], f->number); } } printf("The following fruits have been generated:\n"); print_fruit_list(stdout); return 0; } Haxe Haxe์˜ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค:class Fruit { private static var _instances = new Map<String, Fruit>(); public var name(default, null):String; public function new(name:String) { this.name = name; } public static function getFruitByName(name:String):Fruit { if (!_instances.exists(name)) { _instances.set(name, new Fruit(name)); } return _instances.get(name); } public static function printAllTypes() { trace([for(key in _instances.keys()) key]); } }์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•class Test { public static function main () { var banana = Fruit.getFruitByName("Banana"); var apple = Fruit.getFruitByName("Apple"); var banana2 = Fruit.getFruitByName("Banana"); trace(banana == banana2); // true. same banana Fruit.printAllTypes(); // ["Banana","Apple"] } } ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๋””์ž์ธ ํŒจํ„ด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy%20initialization
Lazy initialization
In computer programming, lazy initialization is the tactic of delaying the creation of an object, the calculation of a value, or some other expensive process until the first time it is needed. It is a kind of lazy evaluation that refers specifically to the instantiation of objects or other resources. This is typically accomplished by augmenting an accessor method (or property getter) to check whether a private member, acting as a cache, has already been initialized. If it has, it is returned straight away. If not, a new instance is created, placed into the member variable, and returned to the caller just-in-time for its first use. If objects have properties that are rarely used, this can improve startup speed. Mean average program performance may be slightly worse in terms of memory (for the condition variables) and execution cycles (to check them), but the impact of object instantiation is spread in time ("amortized") rather than concentrated in the startup phase of a system, and thus median response times can be greatly improved. In multithreaded code, access to lazy-initialized objects/state must be synchronized to guard against race conditions. The "lazy factory" In a software design pattern view, lazy initialization is often used together with a factory method pattern. This combines three ideas: Using a factory method to create instances of a class (factory method pattern) Storing the instances in a map, and returning the same instance to each request for an instance with same parameters (multiton pattern) Using lazy initialization to instantiate the object the first time it is requested (lazy initialization pattern) Examples ActionScript 3 The following is an example of a class with lazy initialization implemented in ActionScript: package examples.lazyinstantiation { public class Fruit { private var _typeName:String; private static var instancesByTypeName:Dictionary = new Dictionary(); public function Fruit(typeName:String):void { this._typeName = typeName; } public function get typeName():String { return _typeName; } public static function getFruitByTypeName(typeName:String):Fruit { return instancesByTypeName[typeName] ||= new Fruit(typeName); } public static function printCurrentTypes():void { for each (var fruit:Fruit in instancesByTypeName) { // iterates through each value trace(fruit.typeName); } } } } Basic Usage: package { import examples.lazyinstantiation; public class Main { public function Main():void { Fruit.getFruitByTypeName("Banana"); Fruit.printCurrentTypes(); Fruit.getFruitByTypeName("Apple"); Fruit.printCurrentTypes(); Fruit.getFruitByTypeName("Banana"); Fruit.printCurrentTypes(); } } } C In C, lazy evaluation would normally be implemented inside a single function, or a single source file, using static variables. In a function: #include <string.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <stddef.h> #include <stdio.h> struct fruit { char *name; struct fruit *next; int number; /* Other members */ }; struct fruit *get_fruit(char *name) { static struct fruit *fruit_list; static int seq; struct fruit *f; for (f = fruit_list; f; f = f->next) if (0 == strcmp(name, f->name)) return f; if (!(f = malloc(sizeof(struct fruit)))) return NULL; if (!(f->name = strdup(name))) { free(f); return NULL; } f->number = ++seq; f->next = fruit_list; fruit_list = f; return f; } /* Example code */ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int i; struct fruit *f; if (argc < 2) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: fruits fruit-name [...]\n"); exit(1); } for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) { if ((f = get_fruit(argv[i]))) { printf("Fruit %s: number %d\n", argv[i], f->number); } } return 0; } Using a single source file instead allows the state to be shared between multiple functions, while still hiding it from non-related functions. fruit.h: #ifndef _FRUIT_INCLUDED_ #define _FRUIT_INCLUDED_ struct fruit { char *name; struct fruit *next; int number; /* Other members */ }; struct fruit *get_fruit(char *name); void print_fruit_list(FILE *file); #endif /* _FRUIT_INCLUDED_ */ fruit.c: #include <string.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <stddef.h> #include <stdio.h> #include "fruit.h" static struct fruit *fruit_list; static int seq; struct fruit *get_fruit(char *name) { struct fruit *f; for (f = fruit_list; f; f = f->next) if (0 == strcmp(name, f->name)) return f; if (!(f = malloc(sizeof(struct fruit)))) return NULL; if (!(f->name = strdup(name))) { free(f); return NULL; } f->number = ++seq; f->next = fruit_list; fruit_list = f; return f; } void print_fruit_list(FILE *file) { struct fruit *f; for (f = fruit_list; f; f = f->next) fprintf(file, "%4d %s\n", f->number, f->name); } main.c: #include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> #include "fruit.h" int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int i; struct fruit *f; if (argc < 2) { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: fruits fruit-name [...]\n"); exit(1); } for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) { if ((f = get_fruit(argv[i]))) { printf("Fruit %s: number %d\n", argv[i], f->number); } } printf("The following fruits have been generated:\n"); print_fruit_list(stdout); return 0; } C# In .NET Framework 4.0 Microsoft has included a Lazy class that can be used to do lazy loading. Below is some dummy code that does lazy loading of Class Fruit var lazyFruit = new Lazy<Fruit>(); Fruit fruit = lazyFruit.Value; Here is a dummy example in C#. The Fruit class itself doesn't do anything here, The class variable _typesDictionary is a Dictionary/Map used to store Fruit instances by typeName. using System; using System.Collections; using System.Collections.Generic; public class Fruit { private string _typeName; private static IDictionary<string, Fruit> _typesDictionary = new Dictionary<string, Fruit>(); private Fruit(String typeName) { this._typeName = typeName; } public static Fruit GetFruitByTypeName(string type) { Fruit fruit; if (!_typesDictionary.TryGetValue(type, out fruit)) { // Lazy initialization fruit = new Fruit(type); _typesDictionary.Add(type, fruit); } return fruit; } public static void ShowAll() { if (_typesDictionary.Count > 0) { Console.WriteLine("Number of instances made = {0}", _typesDictionary.Count); foreach (KeyValuePair<string, Fruit> kvp in _typesDictionary) { Console.WriteLine(kvp.Key); } Console.WriteLine(); } } public Fruit() { // required so the sample compiles } } class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { Fruit.GetFruitByTypeName("Banana"); Fruit.ShowAll(); Fruit.GetFruitByTypeName("Apple"); Fruit.ShowAll(); // returns pre-existing instance from first // time Fruit with "Banana" was created Fruit.GetFruitByTypeName("Banana"); Fruit.ShowAll(); Console.ReadLine(); } } A fairly straightforward 'fill-in-the-blanks' example of a Lazy Initialization design pattern, except that this uses an enumeration for the type namespace DesignPatterns.LazyInitialization; public class LazyFactoryObject { //internal collection of items //IDictionary makes sure they are unique private IDictionary<LazyObjectSize, LazyObject> _LazyObjectList = new Dictionary<LazyObjectSize, LazyObject>(); //enum for passing name of size required //avoids passing strings and is part of LazyObject ahead public enum LazyObjectSize { None, Small, Big, Bigger, Huge } //standard type of object that will be constructed public struct LazyObject { public LazyObjectSize Size; public IList<int> Result; } //takes size and create 'expensive' list private IList<int> Result(LazyObjectSize size) { IList<int> result = null; switch (size) { case LazyObjectSize.Small: result = CreateSomeExpensiveList(1, 100); break; case LazyObjectSize.Big: result = CreateSomeExpensiveList(1, 1000); break; case LazyObjectSize.Bigger: result = CreateSomeExpensiveList(1, 10000); break; case LazyObjectSize.Huge: result = CreateSomeExpensiveList(1, 100000); break; case LazyObjectSize.None: result = null; break; default: result = null; break; } return result; } //not an expensive item to create, but you get the point //delays creation of some expensive object until needed private IList<int> CreateSomeExpensiveList(int start, int end) { IList<int> result = new List<int>(); for (int counter = 0; counter < (end - start); counter++) { result.Add(start + counter); } return result; } public LazyFactoryObject() { //empty constructor } public LazyObject GetLazyFactoryObject(LazyObjectSize size) { //yes, i know it is illiterate and inaccurate LazyObject noGoodSomeOne; //retrieves LazyObjectSize from list via out, else creates one and adds it to list if (!_LazyObjectList.TryGetValue(size, out noGoodSomeOne)) { noGoodSomeOne = new LazyObject(); noGoodSomeOne.Size = size; noGoodSomeOne.Result = this.Result(size); _LazyObjectList.Add(size, noGoodSomeOne); } return noGoodSomeOne; } } C++ Here is an example in C++. #include <iostream> #include <map> #include <string> class Fruit { public: static Fruit* GetFruit(const std::string& type); static void PrintCurrentTypes(); private: // Note: constructor private forcing one to use static |GetFruit|. Fruit(const std::string& type) : type_(type) {} static std::map<std::string, Fruit*> types; std::string type_; }; // static std::map<std::string, Fruit*> Fruit::types; // Lazy Factory method, gets the |Fruit| instance associated with a certain // |type|. Creates new ones as needed. Fruit* Fruit::GetFruit(const std::string& type) { auto [it, inserted] = types.emplace(type, nullptr); if (inserted) { it->second = new Fruit(type); } return it->second; } // For example purposes to see pattern in action. void Fruit::PrintCurrentTypes() { std::cout << "Number of instances made = " << types.size() << std::endl; for (const auto& [type, fruit] : types) { std::cout << type << std::endl; } std::cout << std::endl; } int main() { Fruit::GetFruit("Banana"); Fruit::PrintCurrentTypes(); Fruit::GetFruit("Apple"); Fruit::PrintCurrentTypes(); // Returns pre-existing instance from first time |Fruit| with "Banana" was // created. Fruit::GetFruit("Banana"); Fruit::PrintCurrentTypes(); } // OUTPUT: // // Number of instances made = 1 // Banana // // Number of instances made = 2 // Apple // Banana // // Number of instances made = 2 // Apple // Banana // Crystal class Fruit private getter type : String @@types = {} of String => Fruit def initialize(@type) end def self.get_fruit_by_type(type : String) @@types[type] ||= Fruit.new(type) end def self.show_all puts "Number of instances made: #{@@types.size}" @@types.each do |type, fruit| puts "#{type}" end puts end def self.size @@types.size end end Fruit.get_fruit_by_type("Banana") Fruit.show_all Fruit.get_fruit_by_type("Apple") Fruit.show_all Fruit.get_fruit_by_type("Banana") Fruit.show_all Output: Number of instances made: 1 Banana Number of instances made: 2 Banana Apple Number of instances made: 2 Banana Apple Haxe Here is an example in Haxeclass Fruit { private static var _instances = new Map<String, Fruit>(); public var name(default, null):String; public function new(name:String) { this.name = name; } public static function getFruitByName(name:String):Fruit { if (!_instances.exists(name)) { _instances.set(name, new Fruit(name)); } return _instances.get(name); } public static function printAllTypes() { trace([for(key in _instances.keys()) key]); } }Usageclass Test { public static function main () { var banana = Fruit.getFruitByName("Banana"); var apple = Fruit.getFruitByName("Apple"); var banana2 = Fruit.getFruitByName("Banana"); trace(banana == banana2); // true. same banana Fruit.printAllTypes(); // ["Banana","Apple"] } } Java Here is an example in Java. import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.Map; import java.util.Map.Entry; public class Program { /** * @param args */ public static void main(String[] args) { Fruit.getFruitByTypeName(FruitType.banana); Fruit.showAll(); Fruit.getFruitByTypeName(FruitType.apple); Fruit.showAll(); Fruit.getFruitByTypeName(FruitType.banana); Fruit.showAll(); } } enum FruitType { none, apple, banana, } class Fruit { private static Map<FruitType, Fruit> types = new HashMap<>(); /** * Using a private constructor to force the use of the factory method. * @param type */ private Fruit(FruitType type) { } /** * Lazy Factory method, gets the Fruit instance associated with a certain * type. Instantiates new ones as needed. * @param type Any allowed fruit type, e.g. APPLE * @return The Fruit instance associated with that type. */ public static Fruit getFruitByTypeName(FruitType type) { Fruit fruit; // This has concurrency issues. Here the read to types is not synchronized, // so types.put and types.containsKey might be called at the same time. // Don't be surprised if the data is corrupted. if (!types.containsKey(type)) { // Lazy initialisation fruit = new Fruit(type); types.put(type, fruit); } else { // OK, it's available currently fruit = types.get(type); } return fruit; } /** * Lazy Factory method, gets the Fruit instance associated with a certain * type. Instantiates new ones as needed. Uses double-checked locking * pattern for using in highly concurrent environments. * @param type Any allowed fruit type, e.g. APPLE * @return The Fruit instance associated with that type. */ public static Fruit getFruitByTypeNameHighConcurrentVersion(FruitType type) { if (!types.containsKey(type)) { synchronized (types) { // Check again, after having acquired the lock to make sure // the instance was not created meanwhile by another thread if (!types.containsKey(type)) { // Lazy initialisation types.put(type, new Fruit(type)); } } } return types.get(type); } /** * Displays all entered fruits. */ public static void showAll() { if (types.size() > 0) { System.out.println("Number of instances made = " + types.size()); for (Entry<FruitType, Fruit> entry : types.entrySet()) { String fruit = entry.getKey().toString(); fruit = Character.toUpperCase(fruit.charAt(0)) + fruit.substring(1); System.out.println(fruit); } System.out.println(); } } } Output Number of instances made = 1 Banana Number of instances made = 2 Banana Apple Number of instances made = 2 Banana Apple JavaScript Here is an example in JavaScript. var Fruit = (function() { var types = {}; function Fruit() {}; // count own properties in object function count(obj) { return Object.keys(obj).length; } var _static = { getFruit: function(type) { if (typeof types[type] == 'undefined') { types[type] = new Fruit; } return types[type]; }, printCurrentTypes: function () { console.log('Number of instances made: ' + count(types)); for (var type in types) { console.log(type); } } }; return _static; })(); Fruit.getFruit('Apple'); Fruit.printCurrentTypes(); Fruit.getFruit('Banana'); Fruit.printCurrentTypes(); Fruit.getFruit('Apple'); Fruit.printCurrentTypes(); Output Number of instances made: 1 Apple Number of instances made: 2 Apple Banana Number of instances made: 2 Apple Banana PHP Here is an example of lazy initialization in PHP 7.4: <?php header('Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8'); class Fruit { private string $type; private static array $types = array(); private function __construct(string $type) { $this->type = $type; } public static function getFruit(string $type) { // Lazy initialization takes place here if (!isset(self::types[$type])) { self::types[$type] = new Fruit($type); } return self::types[$type]; } public static function printCurrentTypes(): void { echo 'Number of instances made: ' . count(self::types) . "\n"; foreach (array_keys(self::types) as $key) { echo "$key\n"; } echo "\n"; } } Fruit::getFruit('Apple'); Fruit::printCurrentTypes(); Fruit::getFruit('Banana'); Fruit::printCurrentTypes(); Fruit::getFruit('Apple'); Fruit::printCurrentTypes(); /* OUTPUT: Number of instances made: 1 Apple Number of instances made: 2 Apple Banana Number of instances made: 2 Apple Banana */ Python Here is an example in Python. class Fruit: def __init__(self, item: str) -> None: self.item = item class Fruits: def __init__(self) -> None: self.items = {} def get_fruit(self, item: str) -> Fruit: if item not in self.items: self.items[item] = Fruit(item) return self.items[item] if __name__ == "__main__": fruits = Fruits() print(fruits.get_fruit("Apple")) print(fruits.get_fruit("Lime")) Ruby Here is an example in Ruby, of lazily initializing an authentication token from a remote service like Google. The way that @auth_token is cached is also an example of memoization. require 'net/http' class Blogger def auth_token @auth_token ||= (res = Net::HTTP.post_form(uri, params)) && get_token_from_http_response(res) end # get_token_from_http_response, uri and params are defined later in the class end b = Blogger.new b.instance_variable_get(:@auth_token) # returns nil b.auth_token # returns token b.instance_variable_get(:@auth_token) # returns token Scala Scala has built-in support for lazy variable initiation. scala> val x = { println("Hello"); 99 } Hello x: Int = 99 scala> lazy val y = { println("Hello!!"); 31 } y: Int = <lazy> scala> y Hello!! res2: Int = 31 scala> y res3: Int = 31 Smalltalk Here is an example in Smalltalk, of a typical accessor method to return the value of a variable using lazy initialization. height ^height ifNil: [height := 2.0]. The 'non-lazy' alternative is to use an initialization method that is run when the object is created and then use a simpler accessor method to fetch the value. initialize height := 2.0 height ^height Note that lazy initialization can also be used in non-object-oriented languages. Theoretical computer science In the field of theoretical computer science, lazy initialization (also called a lazy array) is a technique to design data structures that can work with memory that does not need to be initialized. Specifically, assume that we have access to a table T of n uninitialized memory cells (numbered from 1 to n), and want to assign m cells of this array, e.g., we want to assign T[ki] := vi for pairs (k1, v1), ..., (km, vm) with all ki being different. The lazy initialization technique allows us to do this in just O(m) operations, rather than spending O(m+n) operations to first initialize all array cells. The technique is simply to allocate a table V storing the pairs (ki, vi) in some arbitrary order, and to write for each i in the cell T[ki] the position in V where key ki is stored, leaving the other cells of T uninitialized. This can be used to handle queries in the following fashion: when we look up cell T[k] for some k, we can check if k is in the range {1, ..., m}: if it is not, then T[k] is uninitialized. Otherwise, we check V[T[k]], and verify that the first component of this pair is equal to k. If it is not, then T[k] is uninitialized (and just happened by accident to fall in the range {1, ..., m}). Otherwise, we know that T[k] is indeed one of the initialized cells, and the corresponding value is the second component of the pair. See also Double-checked locking Lazy loading Proxy pattern Singleton pattern References External links Article "Java Tip 67: Lazy instantiation - Balancing performance and resource usage" by Philip Bishop and Nigel Warren Java code examples Use Lazy Initialization to Conserve Resources Description from the Portland Pattern Repository Lazy Initialization of Application Server Services Lazy Inheritance in JavaScript Lazy Inheritance in C# Software design patterns Articles with example Java code
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๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€
๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€(ๆ˜Žๅ…ญ้›‘่ชŒ, ใ‚ใ„ใ‚ใใ–ใฃใ—)๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ ์ƒค์˜ ๋™์ธ๋“ค์ด 1874๋…„ 4์›” 2์ผ์— ์ฐฝ๊ฐ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 1875๋…„ 11์›” 14์ผ ์ •๊ฐ„์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€ 43ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„ํ•œ ์žก์ง€์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ํ•™์ˆ ์ง€๋กœ ํ•™ํšŒ์ง€์˜ ์„ ๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์žก์ง€์˜€๊ณ  ๋ฌธ๋ช…๊ฐœํ™”์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์ณค๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€ ๊ฐœ์š” ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ ์ƒค ๊ฒฐ์„ฑํ›„ ๋ช‡๊ฐœ์›” ๋’ค์— ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ถœ๊ฐ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์‡„๋œ ๋‚ ์งœ์™€ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„์ผ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ข…์ข… ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐœํ–‰๊ณผ์ •์— ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์›” 2ํšŒ ๋ฐœํ–‰์„ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—” 4ํ˜ธ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹จ์ˆจ์— ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์›” 1ํšŒ๋งŒ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ œ๋œ ๋…ผ์„ค ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋„ 2~6๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด๋ณธ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๋ชฉ๋„ ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€ ํ˜น์€ ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ ์ƒค์žก์ง€ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๊ธฐ๋„ B6์— ์ค€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ A5์— ์ค€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋“ฑ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์žก์ง€์˜ ํฐ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์—„๋ฐ€ํ•œ ํŽธ์ง‘๋ฐฉ์นจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง„ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์žก์ง€ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๋„ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ํ˜ธ์—๋„ ํ•„์ž์˜ ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฒœ์ฐจ๋งŒ๋ณ„์ด์–ด์„œ ํ†ต์ผ๋œ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์žก์ง€๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์ง€์‹์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์—ฐ์„คํšŒ์™€ ์žก์ง€๋ผ๋Š” ์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ ์ •๋ณด์ „๋‹ฌ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜๊ฒฌํ†ต์ผ์„ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ด€์ ์ด ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•™์ˆ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•™์ž์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธด ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ•์ฒฉ(๋‚จ๋…€๋™๊ถŒ๋ก ), ์ฒ ํ•™์ด๋‚˜ ์ข…๊ต์˜ ์ž์œ , ๋ฌธ์ž๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰, ์‚ฌํ˜•ํ์ง€๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ, ํ™”ํ ยท ๋ฌด์—ญ ๋“ฑ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์š”๊ดด์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํญ๋„“์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ฌธํ•™์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ œ๋œ ๋…ผ์„ค์€ ์ด 156๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ธ ๋‹ค ๋งˆ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฐ€ 29๊ฐœ, ๋‹ˆ์‹œ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ค๊ฐ€ 25๊ฐœ, ์‚ฌ์นดํƒ€๋‹ˆ ๋กœ๋กœ๊ฐ€ 20 ๊ฐœ ์Šค๊ธฐ ์ฝ”์ง€๊ฐ€ 13๊ฐœ, ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ฆฌ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ ์‹œ๊ฒŒํ‚คใ€๋‚˜์นด๋ฌด๋ผ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฐ€ 11๊ฐœ, ๊ฐ€ํ†  ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ 10๊ฐœ, ์นธ๋‹ค ํƒ€์นดํžˆ๋กœ๊ฐ€ 9๊ฐœ ๋ฏธ์ธ ์ฟ ๋ฆฌ ๋ฆฐ์‡ผ๊ฐ€ 5๊ฐœ, ์นด์‹œ์™€๋ฐ”๋ผ ํƒ€์นด์•„ํ‚ค(ๆŸๅŽŸๅญๆ˜Ž)๊ฐ€ 4๊ฐœ, ํ›„์ฟ ์ž์™€ ์œ ํ‚ค์น˜๊ฐ€ 3๊ฐœ,์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ ์šฐ์‚ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ๊ฐ€ 2๊ฐœ ๋ฏธ์ธ ์ฟ ๋ฆฌ ์Šˆํ—ค์ด์™€ ์ธ ๋‹ค ์„ผ, ์‹œ๋ฐ”ํƒ€ ๋งˆ์‚ฌํ‚ค์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ 1๊ฐœ์”ฉ ์ผ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ ์ƒค ๋™์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋…ผ์„ค๋„ ์ˆ˜๋ก๋œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ์ง€์ •๋ณด ์ œํ˜ธ : ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€ใ€Žๆ˜Žๅ…ญ้›‘่ชŒใ€ ๋ฐœํ–‰์ฒ˜ : ๅ ฑ็Ÿฅ็คพ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„ํ˜•ํƒœ : ์›” 2, 3ํšŒ ๊ฐ„ํ–‰. ์˜ˆ์•ฝ ๊ตฌ๋…๊ณผ ์„œ์  ํŒ๋งค ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ ํฌ๊ธฐ : 17cm ร— 12cm (B6์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›€) ํ˜น์€ 21cm ร— 14.5cm (A5์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›€) ๋ฉด์ˆ˜ : 12~24๋ฉด, ํ‰๊ท  20๋ฉด ์ข…์ด ์žฌ์งˆ : ์ผ๋ณธ์ง€(้›็šฎ็ด™) ํ™œ์ž ํฌ๊ธฐ : 5ํ˜ธ ํ™œ์ž๋กœ ๋ฉด๋‹น 30์ž ร— 13ํ–‰ ๋ฐœํ–‰๋ถ€์ˆ˜ : 2800~3200๊ถŒ ์ •๊ฐ€ : 3~5์ „ (๋ฉด์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ) ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€์˜ ํŠน์ง• ์ œ๋„๊ฐœํ˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ผ์„ค๋“ค์—๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ œ๋„๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฌธ๋ช…๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ผ๋ณธ์‹ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ ๋‹ค ๋งˆ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์“ด ๊ณ ๋ฌธ๋ก ใ€Œๆ‹ทๅ•่ซ–ใ€์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์šฉ์˜์ž๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋„ ์ธ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฌธ๋ช…๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ œ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์ด๋‚˜ ์›๋ง์„ ๋‚ณ์„ ๋ฟ์ธ ์•…์Šต์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์‹ฌ์˜ ์ผ์‹  ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœํ˜ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ๋„ ์„ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ˆ์‹œ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ค์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ธฐํ’๋ก ใ€Œๅ›ฝๆฐ‘ๆฐ—้ขจ่ซ–ใ€์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋“ค๋ฉด ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ์ „์ œ์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๊ทผ์„ฑใ€Œๅฅด้šทๆ นๆƒ…ใ€”ใƒžใƒžใ€•ใ€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ง‰๋ถ€๋ง๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๋•์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋”์ด์ƒ ์‡„๊ตญ์„ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์ผ๋ณธ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ฆ„์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋…ผ์„ค์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ•„์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ธ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ค์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋˜ individual / individuality ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์—๋Š” ์•„์ง ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์ฃผ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ผ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ด€์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด์— ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€์—์„  individuality์˜ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์–ด๋กœ ๋‹ˆ์‹œ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“คใ€Œไบบใ€…ใ€ใƒป๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“คใ€Œๅ€‹ใ€…ไบบใ€…ใ€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ์ธใ€Œๅ„ๅ€‹ใ€ใƒป์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ์ธใ€Œไบบๆฐ‘ๅ„ๅ€‹ใ€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์ผ๋‹ค. ํ•„์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์–ด๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฝค ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ๋งํ•ด ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๊ทผ์„ฑ์€ individuality์— ๋น„์ถฐ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ๋”์šฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„œ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„์˜ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ง€์‹์„ ์Œ“๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚ซ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ ํ˜•์  ๋ฐœ์ „์‚ฌ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ด€์˜ ์ „ํ™˜ ์—๋„ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํ•™๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์ฃผ์žํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์š•๋ง, ์ด์ต์ถ”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€์˜ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ฃผ์˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์‹ ์ด๋‚˜ ์ธ์Šต์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ •์‹ ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์š•๋ง๊ณผ ์ด์ต์ถ”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฆฌ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ด€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€์ ์€ ์ธ ๋‹ค ๋งˆ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์“ด ์ •์š•๋ก ใ€Œๆƒ…ๆฌฒ่ซ–ใ€์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ •์š•์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ์ด์ž ์ž์—ฐใ€Œๅคฉๆ€งใฎ่‡ช็„ถใ€์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ˆ์‹œ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์“ด ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณด๋ฐฐใ€Œไบบไธ–ไธ‰ๅฎ่ซ–ใ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•, ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•จ์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ์›์ฒœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€์— ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋…ผ์„ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 156๊ฐœ ์ค‘ 16๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ”„๋žœ์‹œ์Šค ๋ฒ ์ด์ปจ, ํ† ๋จธ์Šค ํ™‰์Šค, ํ—ˆ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์ŠคํŽœ์„œ, ๋ธ”๋ฃฌ์น ๋ฆฌ(Johann Kaspar Bluntschli), ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ„ํด(Henry Thomas Buckle) ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธ€์ด ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ƒ ๋…ผ์Ÿ ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€๋Š” ํ† ๋ก  ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฉด์— ๋‹ด์•„ ์„ธ์ƒ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋” ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜€์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด ๋…ผ์˜๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ฐ˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€์—์„œ ์ด‰๋ฐœ๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋‹ด์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํˆฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋‚ ์•„๋“ค์–ด ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„ ์ฃผ์š” ๋…ผ์Ÿ๋“ค์„ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•™์ž ์ง๋ถ„ ๋…ผ์Ÿ ์ด ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€ ํ›„์ฟ ์ž์™€ ์œ ํ‚ค์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€ ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฑ… ํ•™๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ ใ€Žๅญฆๅ•ใฎใ™ใ™ใ‚ใ€ 4ํŽธ์—๋Š” ํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ง์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ค์ „์—์„œ ๋›ฐ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ํŽผ์ณค๋‹ค. ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์— ์ง“๋ˆŒ๋ฆฐ ๋ฏผ์ค‘์ด ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ ฅํ•จ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตดํ•จ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ด€์ด ์ฃผ๋„ํ•ด์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฏผ์˜ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ด€์ง์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•™์ž๋ฅผ ์†๋‹˜์—๊ฒŒ ์•„์ฒจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹คใ€Œๆฐใ€”ใ‚ใŸใ‹ใ€•ใ‚‚ๅจผๅฆ“ใฎๅฎขใซๅชšใ‚‹ใŒๅฆ‚ใ—ใ€๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ€ํ†  ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค, ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ, ๋‹ˆ์‹œ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ค ๋“ฑ ๊ด€์ง์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ก ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„์ฟ ์ž์™€ ์œ ํ‚ค์น˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ๊ด€๋ฏผํ˜‘์กฐ๋ก ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์— ์„œ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฏผ์— ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ๋‘” ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ํˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์žฌ์•ผ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•œ ํ›„์ฟ ์ž์™€๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ ์ƒค์—์„œ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์กด์žฌ์˜€๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋น„ํŒ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ ์ƒค์— ์†ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€์—” ์„ธ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋…ผ์„ค๋งŒ์„ ์‹ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ ์ƒค ๋‚ด์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€/๋ฏผ ๊ด€์ ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€ ์ •๊ฐ„์‹œ์— ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์„ ์˜์› ๋…ผ์Ÿ ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€์˜ ๋ฐœํ–‰์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ์šด๋™์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฒน์นœ๋‹ค. 1874๋…„ ์ดํƒ€๊ฐ€ํ‚ค ๋‹ค์ด์Šค์ผ€๋Š” ๋ฏผ์„ ์˜์›์„ค๋ฆฝ ๊ฑด๋ฐฑ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ถ€์— ์ œ์ถœํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ ์ƒค ๋‚ด์—๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€ํ†  ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ƒ์กฐ๋ก ใ€Œๆฐ‘ๆ’ฐ่ญฐ้™ขไธๅฏ็ซ‹ใฎ่ซ–ใ€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์—๋Š” ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ง ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์˜ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋‹นํ•  ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ˆ ์„ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ ํ›„๋„์ž…์˜ ์ ์ง„๋ก ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ, ๋‹ˆ์‹œ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ค, ๋‚˜์นด๋ฌด๋ผ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์˜คใ€์‚ฌ์นดํƒ€๋‹ˆ ๋กœ๋กœใ€์นธ๋‹ค ํƒ€์นดํžˆ๋กœ ๋“ฑ๋„ ๋™์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ ์‹œ๊ฒŒํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ด ๋ฐ˜๊ฐœํ™” ์ƒํƒœ๋ผ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ƒ์กฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์€ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์˜ํšŒ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏผ์ค‘์„ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ํˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ ๋‹ค ๋งˆ๋ฏธ์น˜์™€ ํ›„์ฟ ์ž์™€ ์œ ํ‚ค์น˜๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋™์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€์˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€ ์žก์ง€๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„  ๋ฐ˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ƒ์กฐ๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜ค์˜ค์ด ์ผ„ํƒ€๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ฟ„๋‹ˆ์น˜๋‹ˆ์น˜ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐ˜๋ก ์„ ๊ฒŒ์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‚ผ๊ถŒ๋ถ„๋ฆฝ์„ ๋จผ์ € ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ๋’ค ์กฐ์Šˆ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ํŒŒ๋ฒŒ ์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ๊นจ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋ผ๋„ ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€ํ† ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๊ฐœํ™”์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ์˜ ์˜ํšŒ์„ค๋ฆฝ์€ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋…์žฌ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ตฝํžˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€ ๋‹น์‹œ์— ํ•œ์ •๋œ ์ฃผ์ œ์—ฌ์„œ ๋” ๊นŠ์€ ๋…ผ์˜๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€์ง„ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ํšŒ์„ค์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„ ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ์šด๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์ฒฉ๋ก  ๋…ผ์Ÿ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฒ˜์ฒฉ๋ก ใ€Œๅฆปๅฆพ่ซ–ใ€์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„œ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ๋ช…์— ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ๋ถ€์ผ์ฒ˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ถ•์ฒฉ์ œ, ์ฒ˜์ฒฉ๋™๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ๋ถ€์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ‰๋“ฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ ์ œ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ์•„๋‚ด์™€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์—ญํ• ๋ก ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์„คํŒŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋™๋“ฑ๋ก ์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋™๊ถŒ๋ก ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ง€์ง„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ดํ›„ ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ์šด๋™์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์—ฌ๊ถŒ์‹ ์žฅ๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€ํ†  ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค์™€ ์ธ ๋‹ค ๋งˆ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€ํ† ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋™๊ถŒ์€ ๋ ˆ์ด๋”” ํผ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ณผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‰๋‚ด๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ๊ถŒ์‹ ์žฅ์— ๋ƒ‰๋‹ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€ํ† ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฐธ์ •๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์„ฑ๋…„์ž, ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž, ๊ทน๋นˆ์ž, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ถŒ์„ ์ฃผ์–ด์„  ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์ฒ˜์ฒฉ๋ก  ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ๋‚จ๋…€ํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ณต์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ •์น˜, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์—ฌ๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทน์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ œ๋„์— ๋น„ํŒ์ ์ธ ์‹œ์„ ์„ ๋˜์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ดํ›„ ์ผ๋ณธ์‚ฌํšŒ์—๋Š” ์ ์ฐจ ์„œ๊ตฌ์  ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ๊ด€์ด ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๊ณ  1882๋…„์—๋Š” ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ•์ฒฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์–ด ๊ตญ์ž ๋…ผ์Ÿ ์ด ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€ ์ฐฝ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์— ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋™์–‘์˜ ๋’ค๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ดํƒˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๋ฌธ๋งน์ž๋ฅผ ์ค„์—ฌ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ ์ƒค ์ด์ „์— ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์€ ๋งˆ์—์ง€๋งˆ ํžˆ๋กœ์นด(ๅ‰ๅณถๅฏ†)๋Š” ํ•œ์ž๋ฅผ ํ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋‚˜์˜ ๋„์–ด์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ž๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ˆ์‹œ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ค๋Š” ์ฐฝ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์—์„œ ๋” ๊ณผ๊ฐํ•œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ํŽผ์ณค๋Š”๋ฐ ์•„์˜ˆ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋กœ๋งˆ์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•˜์ž ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๊ตฌ ์–ธ์–ด ์Šต๋“๋„ ์‰ฌ์›Œ์งˆ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์„œ๊ตฌ ์šฉ์–ด๋„ ๊ตณ์ด ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์“ฐ๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ ์‹œ๊ฒŒํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜ธ์— ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ฐจ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๊ต์œก์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐœํ™”๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์„ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฏธ์ฆˆ ์šฐ์‚ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ๋Š” ์•„์˜ˆ ํžˆ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์“ฐ์ž๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ฏผ์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ƒ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€ ์ด์ •๋„ ์„ ์—์„œ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜๋ฌธ์žํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋ก ไปฎๅๆ–‡ๅญ—่กจ่จ˜่ซ–์€ 1883๋…„ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜ํšŒใ€Œใ‹ใชใฎใใ‚ใ„๏ผˆใ‹ใชใฎไผš๏ผ‰ใ€ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์œผ๋กœ, ๋กœ๋งˆ์žํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋ก ใƒญใƒผใƒžๅญ—่กจ่จ˜่ซ–์€ 1884๋…„ ๋กœ๋งˆ์žํšŒใ€Œใƒญใƒผใƒžๅญ—ไผšใ€์„ค๋ฆฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ๋…์ž์ธต ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ ์ƒค ์„ค๋ฆฝํ›„ ์‚ฌ์žฅ์ด๋˜ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์›”ํ‰๊ท  ํŒ๋งค๋ถ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 3205๊ถŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฐ์„ค์—์„œ ๋งํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์˜์™ธ๋กœ ์ ์€ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์žก์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ์ด์ ์ธ ๋งค์ถœ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์ •๋„๋ฉด ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๋…์ž์ธต์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์–‘์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€์˜ ๋…ผ์„ค์€ ๊ฐ์ง€์˜ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌด๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 2์ฐจ ํ™•์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํˆฌ์„œ์— ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์„œ๋ช…์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ํ•™์ƒ, ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์กฑ, ๋ถ€๋†, ๊ฑฐ์ƒ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€์‹์ธ์ธต์—๊ฒŒ ์ฝํ˜”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ๋„ ๋„์ฟ„ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์™ธ์—๋„ ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นด ์™€ ํžˆ๋กœ์‹œ๋งˆ, ์•„์˜ค๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ ์ „๊ตญ ๊ฐ์ง€์—์„œ ์ฝํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์—ํ‚ค ์—๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 16์„ธ์— ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ณ  ๊ฐ๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ•ด ์ •๊ธฐ ์—ฐ์„คํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ ์ •๋„์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ ์ƒค์˜ ์—ฐ์„คํšŒ์™€ ์žก์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ์šด๋™์— ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋–ด๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๋…์ž์˜ ํ™•๋ณด, ๋…ผ์„ค์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์‹ ๋ฌธ ๊ฒŒ์žฌ, ๋…์ž์˜ ๋ฐ˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ํˆฌ๊ณ  ๋“ฑ์ด ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋ก ์žฅ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณต๋ก ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ์ง€์˜ ์ง€์‹์ธ์ธต์€ ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ ์ƒค๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ด ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ฆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์–ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์–ดํœ˜์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์ •์ฐฉ๋˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋˜์–ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ž์„œ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ individual์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์–ด๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ํ‘œํ˜„๋“ค์€ '๊ฐœ์ธ'๋งŒํผ ์ •์ฐฉ๋˜์ง„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์–ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žก์ง€์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋˜ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ํ™•์‚ฐ์‹œํ‚จ ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ž˜์—๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์–ด๋“ค์„ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ•™ ็ง‘ๅญฆใ€๋†ํ•™ ่พฒๅญฆใ€์„œ์–‘ํ•™ ๆด‹ๅญฆใ€์„œ์–‘ํ’ ๆด‹้ขจใ€๊ทœ์†Œ ็ช็ด ใ€๋น„์†Œ ็ ’็ด ใ€์ „์ž๊ธฐ ้›ป็ฃใ€๋ฉด์ฃ„ ๅ†ค็ฝชใ€๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๆคœไบ‹ใ€์˜ํšŒ ่ญฐไผšใ€์˜์‚ฌ ้ ˜ไบ‹ใ€์˜์‚ฌ๊ด€ ้ ˜ไบ‹้คจใ€์••์ • ๅœงๆ”ฟใ€ํ•™์ œ ๅญฆๅˆถใ€์›๊ฐ€ ๅŽŸไพกใ€์ž๊ธˆ ่ณ‡้‡‘, ์™ธ์ฑ„ ๅค–ๅ‚ตใ€์‚ฌ๊ต ็คพไบคใ€็คพ็”จใ€๊ด€๊ถŒ ๅฎ˜ๆจฉใ€๊ด‘๊ณ  ๅบƒๅ‘Šใ€็œผ่ญ˜ใ€็—ดๅ‘†ใ€์—ด์‹ฌ ็†ฑๅฟƒใ€๋ณด๊ฑด ไฟๅฅใ€ํ™•๋ณด ็ขบไฟใ€ํ™•๋ฆฝ ็ขบ็ซ‹ใ€๊ณผ์‹ ้Ž้ฃŸใ€์™„๊ตฌ ็Žฉๅ…ทใ€ํ˜„์ƒ ็พ่ฑกใ€๊ณต์žฅ ๅทฅๅ ดใ€์‹ ๊ณ  ็”ณๅ‘Š ์ด ๋ฐ–์— ๊ธฐ์กด๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ง์ด๋‚˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์œ ๋ž˜์˜ ๋ง์„ ์ฐจ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ „์šฉ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ฑ„ใ€Œๅ›ฝๅ‚ตใ€ใ€์ฒ ํ•™ใ€Œๅ“ฒๅญฆใ€ใ€์‚ฌํšŒใ€Œ็คพไผšใ€๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ ํ•™์€ ๋‹ˆ์‹œ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑ์ผ์‹ ๋ก ็™พไธ€ๆ–ฐ่ซ–(1874)์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด์ด๋‹ค. ์ •์ฐฉํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์–ดํœ˜ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด๋‚˜ ์กฐ์„ ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. '์‚ฌํšŒ' ๋“ฑ์€ ์›๋ž˜ ๋‚จ์†ก์˜ ์ฑ… ๊ทผ์‚ฌ๋ก์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์–ดํœ˜์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์— ์—ญ์ˆ˜์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ํ•ด๋„ ์ข‹๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ์™ธ์— ์ฃผ๋ณ€๊ตญ์—๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๊ฐ„ ์ˆœ์กฐ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ 1๋…„๋งŒ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ผ์†์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์ธ ์ฐธ๋ฐฉ๋ฅ (่ฎ’่ฌ—ๅพ‹)์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๊ณ  ์ข…์ด ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์ง€์กฐ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ์šด๋™์„ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•ดํ•˜๋˜ ๋ฒˆ๋ฒŒ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์–ธ๋ก ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๋ฌธ์ด๋‚˜ ์žก์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋‚ด๋ฌด์„ฑ์— ์‹ ๊ณ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ต๋ช… ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ํƒœ์ •๊ด€์—์„œ ๊ด€๋ณด์— ๊ณต๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์™ธ์— ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋‹ฌ์•„์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€๊ฐ€ ํŠนํžˆ ๋ˆˆ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚ฌ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋˜ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ˆ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ๊ถŒ์šด๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์„ค๋„ ์ข…์ข… ์‹ค๋ ธ๊ณ  ์—ด๊ด‘์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ด์„œ ์žก์ง€์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์€ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 30ํ˜ธ์—์„œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋…ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์›๋ž˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ์ž„์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹คใ€Œๆ™‚ใฎๆ”ฟไบ‹ใซไฟ‚ใฏใ‚Šใฆ่ซ–ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ๅฆ‚ใใฏๆœฌๆฅๅพ็คพ้–‹ไผšใฎไธปๆ„ใซ้žใ™ใ€๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋กœ์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ผํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋น„์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์žก์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ž์„ธ์— ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ํ›„์ฟ ์ž์™€ ์œ ํ‚ค์น˜๋Š” ํ•™์ž์ง๋ถ„๋ก  ์ดํ›„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€๋ฏผ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ์ธ์‹ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ ๊ฒธ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์ด ํ™œ๋™์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์žก์ง€์˜ ์กด์†์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1875๋…„ 9์›” ํ›„์ฟ ์ž์™€ ์œ ํ‚ค์น˜์™€ ๋ฏธ์ธ ์ฟ ๋ฆฌ ์Šˆํ—ค์ด๋Š” ์ •๊ฐ„ ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ˆ์‹œ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ค๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ, ์ธ ๋‹ค ๋งˆ๋ฏธ์น˜ ๋“ฑ์€ ๊ณ„์† ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ ์ƒค ๋ฉค๋ฒ„๋“ค์˜ ์ค‘๋ก ์€ ์ •๊ฐ„์ด ์šฐ์„ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ ์ƒค๋Š” ์ •๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ชจ์ž„ ์ด๋ฆ„๋„ ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ์นœ๋ชฉ ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ด๋กœ์ฟ  ์žก์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ 2๋…„ ๋‚จ์ง“ ์œ ์ง€๋œ ์žก์ง€์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์œ ์‚ฐ์€ ์ž‘์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์„ ์˜์› ์„ค๋ฆฝ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ฌธ์ œ, ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฌธ์ œ ๋“ฑ ํ›„์—๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•œ ์„ ๊ตฌ์  ๋งค์ฒด์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์„คํšŒ ๊ณต๋ก ํ™”์™€ ํ•™์ˆ ์ง€ ๋ฐœํ–‰์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ฃผ์˜ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์žฌ ๋…ผ์„ค ๋ชฉ๋ก 1874๋…„ ็ฌฌ1ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป7ๅนด3ๆœˆ๏ผˆ4ๆœˆ3ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ ่ฅฟๅ‘จ : ๆด‹ๅญ—ใ‚’ไปฅใฆๅ›ฝ่ชžใ‚’ๆ›ธใ™ใ‚‹ใฎ่ซ– / ์„œ์–‘๊ธ€์ž๋กœ ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•˜์ž (๋‹ˆ์‹œ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ค) ่ฅฟๆ‘่Œ‚ๆจน : ้–‹ๅŒ–ใฎๅบฆใซๅ› ใฆๆ”นๆ–‡ๅญ—ใ‚’็™บใ™ในใใฎ่ซ– / ๊ฐœํ™”์˜ ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค (๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ ์‹œ๊ฒŒํ‚ค) ็ฌฌ2ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป7ๅนด?ๆœˆ๏ผˆ4ๆœˆ8ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ์ œ2ํ˜ธ ๅŠ ่—คๅผ˜ไน‹ : ็ฆๆพคๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใฎ่ซ–ใซ็ญ”ใ† / ํ›„์ฟ ์ž์™€ ์„ ์ƒ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜์— ๋‹ตํ•จ (๊ฐ€ํ†  ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค) ๆฃฎๆœ‰็คผ : ๅญฆ่€…่ทๅˆ†่ซ–ใฎ่ฉ• / ํ•™์ž์ง๋ถ„๋ก ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ (๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ) ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ๅญฆ่€…่ทๅˆ†่ซ–ใฎ่ฉ• / ํ•™์ž์ง๋ถ„๋ก ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ (์ธ ๋‹ค ๋งˆ๋ฏธ์น˜) ่ฅฟๅ‘จ : ้žๅญฆ่€…่ทๅˆ†่ซ– / ๋น„ํ•™์ž์ง๋ถ„๋ก  (๋‹ˆ์‹œ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ค) ็ฌฌ3ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป7ๅนด?ๆœˆ๏ผˆ?๏ผ‰ ์ œ3ํ˜ธ ๆฃฎๆœ‰็คผ : ้–‹ๅŒ–็ฌฌไธ€่ฉฑ / ๊ฐœํ™”์ œ1ํ™” (๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ) ่ฅฟๆ‘่Œ‚ๆจน : ้™ณ่จ€ไธ€ๅ‰‡ / ์ง„์–ธ์ผ์น™ (๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ ์‹œ๊ฒŒํ‚ค) ๆฃฎๆœ‰็คผ : ๆฐ‘ๆ’ฐ่ญฐ้™ข่จญ็ซ‹ๅปบ่จ€ๆ›ธใฎ่ฉ• / ๋ฏผ์„ ์˜์›์„ค๋ฆฝ๊ฑด์–ธ์„œ์˜ ํ‰ (๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ) ๆ‰ไบซไบŒ : ๅณจๅ›ฝๅฝผๅพ—็Ž‹ใฎ้บ่จ“ / ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ํ‘œํŠธ๋ฅด ๋Œ€์ œ์˜ ์œ ํ›ˆ ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ้–‹ๅŒ–ใ‚’้€ฒใ‚‹ๆ–นๆณ•ใ‚’่ซ–ใš / ๊ฐœํ™”๋ฅผ ์ง„์ „์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋…ผํ•œ๋‹ค (์ธ ๋‹ค ๋งˆ๋ฏธ์น˜) ่ฅฟๅ‘จ : ้งๆ—ง็›ธๅ…ฌ่ญฐไธ€้กŒ / ้ง่ˆŠ็›ธๅ…ฌ่ญฐไธ€้กŒ (๋‹ˆ์‹œ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ค) ็ฌฌ4ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป7ๅนด?ๆœˆ๏ผˆ4ๆœˆ2ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ์ œ4ํ˜ธ ็ฎ•ไฝœ้บŸ็ฅฅ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ : ไบบๆฐ‘ใฎ่‡ช็”ฑใจๅœŸๅœฐใฎๆฐ—ๅ€™ใจไบ’ใซ็›ธ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใฎ่ซ–ไธ€ / ์ธ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ž์œ ์™€ ํ† ์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐํ›„๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค(1) (๋ฏธ์ธ ์ฟ ๋ฆฌ ๋ฆฐ์‡ผ) ๅŠ ่—คๅผ˜ไน‹ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ : ใƒ–ใƒซใƒณใƒใƒฅใƒชๆฐใฎๅ›ฝๆณ•ๆฑŽ่ซ–ๆ‘˜่จณๆฐ‘ๆ’ฐ่ญฐ้™ขไธๅฏ็ซ‹ใฎ่ซ– / ๋ธŒ๋ฃฌ์น ๋ฆฌ์”จ์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฒ•๋ฒ”๋ก  ์ ์—ญ(๋ฏผ์„ ์˜์›๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ฆฝ์„ ๋…ผํ•จ) (๊ฐ€ํ†  ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค) ๆ‰ไบซไบŒ : ไปไบบใ‚ทใƒฅใƒซใƒชใƒผๆฐๅ›ฝใฎ่กฐๅพฎใซ่ตดใๅพดๅ€™ใ‚’ๆŒ™ใ‚‹ๆก็›ฎ / ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ฅด๋ฆฌ์”จ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์‡ ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ง•ํ›„๋ฅผ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์กฐ๋ชฉ ่ฅฟๅ‘จ : ๆ•™้–€่ซ–ไธ€ / ๊ต๋ฌธ๋ก (1) (๋‹ˆ์‹œ์•„๋งˆ๋„ค) ่ฅฟๅ‘จ : ็…‰็ซ็Ÿณ้€ ใฎ่ชฌ / ็…‰็ซ็Ÿณ้€ ์˜ ์„ค(๋‹ˆ์‹œ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ค) ็ฌฌ5ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป7ๅนด?ๆœˆ๏ผˆ4ๆœˆ15ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ์ œ5ํ˜ธ ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ไฟ่ญท็จŽใ‚’้žใจใ™ใ‚‹่ชฌ / ๋ณดํ˜ธ์„ธ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ก  (์ธ ๋‹ค ๋งˆ๋ฏธ์น˜) ่ฅฟๅ‘จ : ๆ•™้–€่ซ–ไบŒ / ๊ต๋ฌธ๋ก (2) (๋‹ˆ์‹œ์•„๋งˆ๋„ค) ๆ‰ไบซไบŒ : ๅŒ—ไบœ็ฑณๅˆฉๅŠ ๅˆ่ก†ๅ›ฝใฎ่‡ช็ซ‹ / ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ž๋ฆฝ ็ฎ•ไฝœ้บŸ็ฅฅ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ : ไบบๆฐ‘ใฎ่‡ช็”ฑใจๅœŸๅœฐใฎๅญฃๅ€™ใจไบ’ใซ็›ธ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใฎ่ซ–ไบŒ / ์ธ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ž์œ ์™€ ํ† ์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐํ›„๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค(2) (๋ฏธ์ธ ์ฟ ๋ฆฌ ๋ฆฐ์‡ผ) ๅŠ ่—คๅผ˜ไน‹ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ : ็ฑณๅ›ฝๆ”ฟๆ•™ไธ€ / ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ •๊ต(1) (๊ฐ€ํ†  ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค) ็ฌฌ6ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป7ๅนด?ๆœˆ๏ผˆ4ๆœˆ28ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ์ œ6ํ˜ธ ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ๅ‡บ็‰ˆ่‡ช็”ฑใชใ‚‰ใ‚“ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆœ›ใ‚€่ซ– / ์ถœํŒ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ก  (์ธ ๋‹ค ๋งˆ๋ฏธ์น˜) ่ฅฟๅ‘จ : ๆ•™้–€่ซ–ไธ‰ / ๊ต๋ฌธ๋ก (3) (๋‹ˆ์‹œ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ค) ๅŠ ่—คๅผ˜ไน‹ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ : ็ฑณๅ›ฝๆ”ฟๆ•™ไบŒ / ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ •๊ต(2) (๊ฐ€ํ†  ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค) ๆฃฎๆœ‰็คผ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ : ๅฎ—ๆ•™ / ์ข…๊ต (๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ) ๆŸด็”ฐๆ˜Œๅ‰ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ : ใƒ’ใƒชใƒขใ‚ขไธ‡ๅ›ฝๅ…ฌๆณ•ใฎใ†ใกๅฎ—ๆ•™ใ‚’่ซ–ใšใ‚‹็ซ  / ํ•„๋ชจ์–ด ๋งŒ๊ตญ๊ณต๋ฒ• ์†์˜ ์ข…๊ต๋ฅผ ๋…ผํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ ็ฌฌ7ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป7ๅนด5ๆœˆ๏ผˆ5ๆœˆ17ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ์ œ7ํ˜ธ ๆฃฎๆœ‰็คผ : ็‹ฌ็ซ‹ๅ›ฝๆจฉ่ญฐ / ๋…๋ฆฝ๊ตญ๊ถŒ์˜ (๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ) ๅŠ ่—คๅผ˜ไน‹ : ๆญฆๅฎ˜ใฎๆญ้ † / ๋ฌด๊ด€์˜ ๊ณต์ˆœ (๊ฐ€ํ†  ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค) ็ฎ•ไฝœ้บŸ็ฅฅ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ : ้–‹ๅŒ–ใฎ้€ฒใ‚€ใฏๆ”ฟๅบœใซๅ› ใ‚‰ใšไบบๆฐ‘ใฎ่ก†่ซ–ใซๅ› ใ‚‹ใฎ่ชฌใƒใƒƒใ‚ฏใƒซๆฐใฎ่‹ฑๅ›ฝ้–‹ๅŒ–ๅฒใ‚ˆใ‚ŠๆŠ„่จณ / ๊ฐœํ™”๋ฅผ ์•ž๋‹น๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ธ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ค‘๋ก ์ด๋‹ค -๋ฒ„ํด์˜ใ€Ž์˜๊ตญ๊ฐœํ™”์‚ฌใ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ทŒ์—ญ(๋ฏธ์ธ ์ฟ ๋ฆฌ ๋ฆฐ์‡ผ) ๆ‰ไบซไบŒ : ๅ—ๅŒ—็ฑณๅˆฉๅ …้€ฃ้‚ฆ่ซ– / ๋‚จ๋ถ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ก  ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ๆ‹ทๅ•่ซ–ไธ€ / ๊ณ ๋ฌธ๋ก (1) (์ธ ๋‹ค ๋งˆ๋ฏธ์น˜) ๆธ…ๆฐดๅฏไธ‰้ƒŽ : ๅนณไปฎๅใฎ่ชฌ / ํžˆ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋‚˜์„ค ็ฌฌ8ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป7ๅนด5ๆœˆ๏ผˆ5ๆœˆ31ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ์ œ8ํ˜ธ ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ๆœ็ซ ่ซ– / ๋ณต์žฅ๋ก  (์ธ ๋‹ค ๋งˆ๋ฏธ์น˜) ๆฃฎๆœ‰็คผ : ๅฆปๅฆพ่ซ–ไธ€ / ์ฒ˜์ฒฉ๋ก (1) (๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ) ็ฎ•ไฝœ็ง‹ๅช : ๆ•™่‚ฒ่ซ‡ / ๊ต์œก๋‹ด (๋ฏธ์ธ ์ฟ ๋ฆฌ ์Šˆํ—ค์ด) ๆ‰ไบซไบŒ : ็ฉบๅ•†ใฎไบ‹ใ‚’่จ˜ใ™ / ๊ณต์ƒ์˜ ์ผ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•จ ่ฅฟๅ‘จ : ๆ•™้–€่ซ–ๅ›› / ๊ต๋ฌธ๋ก (4) (๋‹ˆ์‹œ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ค) ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ๆœฌใฏไธ€ใคใซใ‚ใ‚‰ใ•ใ‚‹่ซ– / ๊ทผ์›์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (์ธ ๋‹ค ๋งˆ๋ฏธ์น˜) ็ฌฌ9ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป7ๅนด6ๆœˆ๏ผˆ6ๆœˆ12ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ์ œ9ํ˜ธ ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ้‹้€่ซ– / ์šด์†ก๋ก  (์ธ ๋‹ค ๋งˆ๋ฏธ์น˜) ็ฎ•ไฝœ้บŸ็ฅฅ : ใƒชใƒœใƒซใƒใƒผใฎ่ชฌ / ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ํ‹ฐ์„ค(1) (๋ฏธ์ธ ์ฟ ๋ฆฌ ๋ฆฐ์‡ผ) ่ฅฟๅ‘จ : ๆ•™้–€่ซ–ไบ” / ๊ต๋ฌธ๋ก (5) (๋‹ˆ์‹œ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ค) ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ๆ”ฟ่ซ–ไธ€ / ์ •๋ก (1) (์ธ ๋‹ค ๋งˆ๋ฏธ์น˜) ็ฌฌ10ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป7ๅนด6ๆœˆ๏ผˆ6ๆœˆ28ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ์ œ10ํ˜ธ ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ๆ‹ทๅ•่ซ–ไบŒ / ๊ณ ๋ฌธ๋ก (2) (์ธ ๋‹ค ๋งˆ๋ฏธ์น˜) ๆ‰ไบซไบŒ : ็œŸ็‚บๆ”ฟ่€…ใฎ่ชฌ / ์ฐธ๋œ ์œ„์ •์ž์˜ ์„ค ไธญๆ‘ๆญฃ็›ด ๋ฒˆ์—ญ : ่ฅฟๅญฆไธ€ๆ–‘ / ์„œํ•™์ผ๋ฐ˜(1) (๋‚˜์นด๋ฌด๋ผ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์˜ค) ้˜ช่ฐท็ด  : ่ณช็–‘ไธ€ๅ‰‡ / ์งˆ์˜์ผ์น™(1) (์‚ฌ์นดํƒ€๋‹ˆ ์‹œ๋กœ์‹œ) ็ฌฌ11ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป7ๅนด6ๆœˆ๏ผˆ7ๆœˆ4ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ์ œ11ํ˜ธ ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ๆ”ฟ่ซ–ไบŒ / ์ •๋ก (2) (์ธ ๋‹ค ๋งˆ๋ฏธ์น˜) ๆฃฎๆœ‰็คผ : ๅฆปๅฆพ่ซ–ไบŒ / ์ฒ˜์ฒฉ๋ก (2) (๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ) ไธญๆ‘ๆญฃ็›ด ๋ฒˆ์—ญ : ่ฅฟๅญฆไธ€ๆ–‘ไบŒ / ์„œํ•™์ผ๋ฐ˜(2) (๋‚˜์นด๋ฌด๋ผ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์˜ค) ้˜ช่ฐท็ด  : ่ณช็–‘ไธ€ๅ‰‡ / ์งˆ์˜์ผ์น™(2) (์‚ฌ์นดํƒ€๋‹ˆ ์‹œ๋กœ์‹œ) ็ฌฌ12ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป7ๅนด6ๆœˆ๏ผˆ7ๆœˆ17ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ์ œ12ํ˜ธ ่ฅฟๅ‘จ : ๆ•™้–€่ซ–ๅ…ญ / ๊ต๋ฌธ๋ก (6) (๋‹ˆ์‹œ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ค) ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ๆ”ฟ่ซ–ไธ‰ / ์ •๋ก (3) (์ธ ๋‹ค ๋งˆ๋ฏธ์น˜) ไธญๆ‘ๆญฃ็›ด ๋ฒˆ์—ญ : ่ฅฟๅญฆไธ€ๆ–‘ไธ‰ / ์„œํ•™์ผ๋ฐ˜(3) (๋‚˜์นด๋ฌด๋ผ ๋งˆ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์˜ค) ็ฌฌ13ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป7ๅนด6ๆœˆ๏ผˆ?๏ผ‰ ์ œ13ํ˜ธ ๅŠ ่—คๅผ˜ไน‹ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ : ็ฑณๅ›ฝๆ”ฟๆ•™ไธ‰ / ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ •๊ต(3) (๊ฐ€ํ†  ํžˆ๋กœ์œ ํ‚ค) ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ๆƒณๅƒ่ซ– / ์ƒ์ƒ๋ก  (์ธ ๋‹ค ๋งˆ๋ฏธ์น˜) ้˜ช่ฐท็ด  : ๆฐ‘ๆ’ฐ่ญฐ้™ขใ‚’็ซ‹ใ‚‹ใซใฏๅ…ˆๆ”ฟไฝ“ใ‚’ๅฎšใ‚€ในใใฎ็–‘ๅ• / ๋ฏผ์„ ์˜์›์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์•ž์„œ ์šฐ์„  ์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค (์‚ฌ์นดํƒ€๋‹ˆ ์‹œ๋กœ์‹œ) ็ฌฌ14ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป7ๅนด7ๆœˆ๏ผˆ8ๆœˆ7ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ่ฅฟๅ‘จ : ็Ÿฅ่ชฌไธ€ ็ฎ•ไฝœ้บŸ็ฅฅ : ใƒชใƒœใƒซใƒใƒผใฎ่ชฌไบŒ ๆ‰ไบซไบŒ : ่ฒจๅนฃใฎๅŠน่ƒฝ ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ๅคฉ็‹—่ชฌ ็ฌฌ15ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป7ๅนด8ๆœˆ๏ผˆ9ๆœˆ7ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ๆฃฎๆœ‰็คผ : ๅฆปๅฆพ่ซ–ไธ‰ ไธญๆ‘ๆญฃ็›ด : ่ฅฟๅญฆไธ€ๆ–‘ๅ›› ้˜ช่ฐท็ด  : ็งŸ็จŽใฎๆจฉไธŠไธ‹ๅ…ฌๅ…ฑใ™ในใใฎ่ชฌ ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ๆ”ฟ่ซ–ๅ›› ็ฌฌ16ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป7ๅนด?ๆœˆ๏ผˆ9ๆœˆ22ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ๆ”ฟ่ซ–ไบ” ๆ‰ไบซไบŒ : ไบบ้–“ๅ…ฌๅ…ฑใฎ่ชฌไธ€ ไธญๆ‘ๆญฃ็›ด : ่ฅฟๅญฆไธ€ๆ–‘ไบ” ่ฅฟๅ‘จ : ๆ„›ๆ•ต่ซ– ็ฌฌ17ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป7ๅนด9ๆœˆ๏ผˆ9ๆœˆ30ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ็ฅž็”ฐๅญๅนณ : ่ฒกๆ”ฟๅค‰้ฉใฎ่ชฌ ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ๅœฐ้œ‡ใฎ่ชฌ ่ฅฟๅ‘จ : ็Ÿฅ่ชฌไบŒ ็ฌฌ18ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป7ๅนด10ๆœˆ๏ผˆ10ๆœˆ25ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ่ฅฟๆด‹ใฎ้–‹ๅŒ–่ฅฟ่กŒใ™ใ‚‹่ชฌ ๅŠ ่—คๅผ˜ไน‹ : ่ปฝๅ›ฝๆ”ฟๅบœ ๆ‰ไบซไบŒ : ไบบ้–“ๅ…ฌๅ…ฑใฎ่ชฌไบŒ ้˜ช่ฐท็ด  : ็ซ่‘ฌใฎ็–‘ ่ฅฟๅ‘จ : ๆƒ…ๅฎŸ่ชฌ ็ฅž็”ฐๅญๅนณ : ๅ›ฝๆฅฝใ‚’ๆŒฏ่ˆˆใ™ใธใใฎ่ชฌ ็ฌฌ19ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป7ๅนด10ๆœˆ๏ผˆ11ๆœˆ4ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ่ฅฟๅ‘จ : ็ง˜ๅฏ†่ชฌ ็ฅž็”ฐๅญๅนณ : ๆฐ‘ๆ’ฐ่ญฐ้™ขใฎๆ™‚ๆœชใŸ่‡ณใ‚‰ใ•ใ‚‹ใฎ่ซ– ้˜ช่ฐท็ด  : ๅฐŠ็•ฐ่ชฌ ๆ‰ไบซไบŒ : ไบบ้–“ๅ…ฌๅ…ฑใฎ่ชฌไธ‰ ็ฌฌ20ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป7ๅนด11ๆœˆ๏ผˆ11ๆœˆ29ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ๆ–ฐ่ž็ด™่ซ– ๆฃฎๆœ‰็คผ : ๅฆปๅฆพ่ซ–ๅ›› ้˜ช่ฐท็ด  : ็‹่ชฌใฎ็–‘ ้˜ช่ฐท็ด  : ็‹่ชฌใฎๅบƒ็พฉ ่ฅฟๅ‘จ : ็Ÿฅ่ชฌไธ‰ ็ฌฌ21ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป7ๅนด11ๆœˆ๏ผˆ12ๆœˆ14ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ็ฆๆพค่ซญๅ‰ : ๅพๅฐๅ’Œ่ญฐใฎๆผ”่ชฌ ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ไธ‰่–่ซ– ๆ‰ไบซไบŒ : ไบบ้–“ๅ…ฌๅ…ฑใฎ่ชฌๅ›› ้˜ช่ฐท็ด  : ๅฅณ้ฃพใฎ็–‘ ็ฌฌ22ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป7ๅนด12ๆœˆ๏ผˆ12ๆœˆ19ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ่ฅฟๅ‘จ : ็Ÿฅ่ชฌๅ›› ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ๅคซๅฉฆๆœ‰ๅˆฅ่ซ– ้˜ช่ฐท็ด  : ๆ”ฟๆ•™ใฎ็–‘ไธ€ ๆธ…ๆฐดๅฏไธ‰้ƒŽ : ๅŒ–ๅญฆๆ”น้ฉใฎๅคง็•ฅ ็ฅž็”ฐๅญๅนณ : ็ด™ๅนฃๅผ•ๆ›ๆ‡‡้ก˜้Œฒ่ฒจๅนฃๅ››้Œฒไธ€ ็ฌฌ23ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป7ๅนด12ๆœˆ๏ผˆ?๏ผ‰ ่ฅฟๅ‘จ : ๅ†…ๅœฐๆ—…่กŒ ็ฅž็”ฐๅญๅนณ : ๆญฃ้‡‘ๅค–ๅ‡บๅ˜†ๆฏ้Œฒ่ฒจๅนฃๅ››้ŒฒไบŒ ไธญๆ‘ๆญฃ็›ด ๋ฒˆ์—ญ : ่ฅฟๅญฆไธ€ๆ–‘ๅ…ญ ็ฌฌ24ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป7ๅนด12ๆœˆ๏ผˆ?๏ผ‰ ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ๅ†…ๅœฐๆ—…่กŒ่ซ– ๆ‰ไบซไบŒ : ่ฒฟๆ˜“ๆ”นๆญฃ่ซ– ็ฌฌ25ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป7ๅนด12ๆœˆ๏ผˆ?๏ผ‰ ่ฅฟๅ‘จ : ็Ÿฅ่ชฌไบ” ้˜ช่ฐท็ด  : ๆ”ฟๆ•™ใฎ็–‘ไบŒ ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ๆ€ช่ชฌ 1875๋…„ ็ฌฌ26ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป8ๅนด1ๆœˆ๏ผˆ?๏ผ‰ ็ฆๆพค่ซญๅ‰ : ๅ†…ๅœฐๆ—…่กŒ่ฅฟๅ…ˆ็”Ÿใฎ่ชฌใ‚’้งใ™ ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ่ฒฟๆ˜“ๆจฉ่กก่ซ– ็ฅž็”ฐๅญๅนณ : ็ด™ๅนฃๆˆ่กŒๅฆ„ๆƒณ้Œฒ่ฒจๅนฃๅ››้Œฒไธ‰ ็ฌฌ27ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป8ๅนด2ๆœˆ๏ผˆ2ๆœˆ13ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ๆฃฎๆœ‰็คผ : ๅฆปๅฆพ่ซ–ไบ” ้˜ช่ฐท็ด  : ๆฐ‘ๆ’ฐ่ญฐ้™ขๅค‰ๅ‰‡่ซ–ไธ€ ็ฌฌ28ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป8ๅนด2ๆœˆ๏ผˆ2ๆœˆ19ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ้˜ช่ฐท็ด  : ๆฐ‘ๆ’ฐ่ญฐ้™ขๅค‰ๅ‰‡่ซ–ไบŒ ่ฅฟๆ‘่Œ‚ๆจน : ๆ”ฟไฝ“ไธ‰็จฎ่ชฌไธ€ ่ฅฟๆ‘่Œ‚ๆจน : ๆ”ฟไฝ“ไธ‰็จฎ่ชฌไบŒ ็ฌฌ29ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป8ๅนด2ๆœˆ๏ผˆ2ๆœˆ26ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ่ฅฟๅ‘จ : ็ถฒ็พ…่ญฐ้™ขใฎ่ชฌ ่ฅฟๆ‘่Œ‚ๆจน : ่‡ช็”ฑไบคๆ˜“่ซ– ๆŸๅŽŸๅญ็ซ  : ๆ•™้–€่ซ–็–‘ๅ•ไธ€ ็ฌฌ30ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป8ๅนด2ๆœˆ๏ผˆ3ๆœˆ8ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ๆฃฎๆœ‰็คผ : ๆ˜Žๅ…ญ็คพ็ฌฌไธ€ๅนดๅ›žๅฝนๅ“กๆ”น้ธใซไป˜ๆผ”่ชฌ ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ไบบๆ่ซ– ๆŸๅŽŸๅญ็ซ  : ๆ•™้–€่ซ–็–‘ๅ•ไบŒ ไธญๆ‘ๆญฃ็›ด : ไบบๆฐ‘ใฎๆ€ง่ณชใ‚’ๆ”น้€ ใ™ใ‚‹่ชฌ ็ฌฌ31ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป8ๅนด3ๆœˆ๏ผˆ3ๆœˆ15ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ๅŠ ่—คๅผ˜ไน‹ : ๅคซๅฉฆๅŒๆจฉใฎๆตๅผŠ่ซ–ไธ€ ๅŠ ่—คๅผ˜ไน‹ : ๅคซๅฉฆๅŒๆจฉใฎๆตๅผŠ่ซ–ไบŒ ่ฅฟๆ‘่Œ‚ๆจน : ไฟฎ่บซๆฒปๅ›ฝ้žไบŒ้€”่ซ– ๆŸๅŽŸๅญ็ซ  : ๆ•™้–€่ซ–็–‘ๅ•ไธ‰ ็ฆๆพค่ซญๅ‰ : ็”ทๅฅณๅŒๆ•ฐ่ซ– ็ฌฌ32ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป8ๅนด3ๆœˆ๏ผˆ3ๆœˆ25ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ่ฅฟๅ‘จ : ๅ›ฝๆฐ‘ๆฐ—้ขจ่ซ– ้˜ช่ฐท็ด  : ๅฆพ่ชฌใฎ็–‘ ็ฌฌ33ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป8ๅนด3ๆœˆ๏ผˆ4ๆœˆ6ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ไธญๆ‘ๆญฃ็›ด : ๅ–„่‰ฏใชใ‚‹ๆฏใ‚’้€ ใ‚‹่ชฌ ่ฅฟๆ‘่Œ‚ๆจน : ่ณŠ่ชฌ ๆŸๅŽŸๅญ็ซ  : ๆ—ฅๆ›œๆ—ฅใฎ่ชฌ ็ฅž็”ฐๅญๅนณ : ่ฒจๅนฃ็—…ๆ น็™‚ๆฒป้Œฒ่ฒจๅนฃๅ››้Œฒๅ›› ็ฌฌ34ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป8ๅนด4ๆœˆ๏ผˆ4ๆœˆ25ๆ—ฅ?๏ผ‰ ๆ‰ไบซไบŒ : ๆƒณๅƒ้Ž–ๅ›ฝ่ชฌ ็ฅž็”ฐๅญๅนณ : ่ฒจๅนฃๅ››้Œฒ้™„่จ€ ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ๆƒ…ๆฌฒ่ซ– ็ฌฌ35ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป8ๅนด4ๆœˆ๏ผˆ5ๆœˆ14ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ไธญๆ‘ๆญฃ็›ด : ๆ”ฏ้‚ฃไธๅฏไพฎ่ซ– ้˜ช่ฐท็ด  : ๅคฉ้™่ชฌไธ€ ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ๅคซๅฉฆๅŒๆจฉๅผ ็ฌฌ36ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป8ๅนด5ๆœˆ๏ผˆ5ๆœˆ20ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ้˜ช่ฐท็ด  : ๅคฉ้™่ชฌใฎ็ถšใ ่ฅฟๆ‘่Œ‚ๆจน : ่ฅฟ่ชžๅไบŒ่งฃไธ€ ็ฌฌ37ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป8ๅนด5ๆœˆ๏ผˆ6ๆœˆ7ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ่ฅฟๆ‘่Œ‚ๆจน : ่‡ชไธป่‡ช็”ฑ่งฃ่ฅฟ่ชžๅไบŒ่งฃไบŒ ไธญๆ‘ๆญฃ็›ด : ่ณž็ฝฐๆฏ€่ช‰่ซ– ็ฅž็”ฐๅญๅนณ : ้‰„ๅฑฑใ‚’้–‹ใใธใใฎ่ญฐ ็ฌฌ38ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป8ๅนด6ๆœˆ๏ผˆ6ๆœˆ14ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ่ฅฟๅ‘จ : ไบบ็”Ÿไธ‰ๅฎ่ชฌไธ€ ้˜ช่ฐท็ด  : ่ปขๆ›่ถ้‰ธ่ชฌ ็ฌฌ39ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป8ๅนด6ๆœˆ๏ผˆ6ๆœˆ25ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ่ฅฟๅ‘จ : ไบบ็”Ÿไธ‰ๅฎ่ชฌไบŒ ่ฅฟๆ‘่Œ‚ๆจน : ๆ”ฟๅบœไธŽไบบๆฐ‘็•ฐๅˆฉๅฎณ่ซ– ไธญๆ‘ๆญฃ็›ด : ่ฅฟๅญฆไธ€ๆ–‘ไธƒ ็ฌฌ40ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป8ๅนด8ๆœˆ๏ผˆ9ๆœˆ5ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ่ฅฟๅ‘จ : ไบบ็”Ÿไธ‰ๅฎ่ชฌไธ‰ ้˜ช่ฐท็ด  : ้คŠ็ฒพ็ฅžไธ€่ชฌ ็ฌฌ41ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป8ๅนด8ๆœˆ๏ผˆ9ๆœˆ5ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ๆญปๅˆ‘่ซ– ๆดฅ็”ฐไป™ : ็ฆพ่Šฑๅช’ๅŠฉๆณ•ไน‹่ชฌ ้˜ช่ฐท็ด  : ้คŠ็ฒพ็ฅžไธ€่ชฌไบŒ ็ฌฌ42ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป8ๅนด10ๆœˆ๏ผˆ10ๆœˆ10ๆ—ฅใ€16ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ่ฅฟๆ‘่Œ‚ๆจน : ๆจฉ็†่งฃ ่ฅฟ่ชžๅไบŒ่งฃไธ‰ ่ฅฟๅ‘จ : ไบบ็”Ÿไธ‰ๅฎ่ชฌๅ›› ๆดฅ็”ฐ็œŸ้“ : ๅปƒๅจผ่ซ– ็ฌฌ43ๅท ๆ˜Žๆฒป8ๅนด11ๆœˆ๏ผˆ11ๆœˆ14ๆ—ฅ๏ผ‰ ่ฅฟๆ‘่Œ‚ๆจน : ่ปขๆ›่ชฌ ้˜ช่ฐท็ด  : ๅฐŠ็š‡ๆ”˜ๅคท่ชฌ ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ - ๆ˜ฅ้™ฝๅ ‚(1944ๅนด)ใฎ่ค‡่ฃฝใ€‚ - ใ‚’ๅŽŸๆœฌใจใ—ใŸใ‚ชใƒณใƒ‡ใƒžใƒณใƒ‰็‰ˆใ€‚ ใ€Žๆ˜Žๅ…ญ้›‘่ชŒใ€ๅ…จใฆใ‚’ๆ‰€ๅŽใ€‚1998ๅนดใซๅคง็ฉบ็คพใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅพฉๅˆปใ—ใ€ใ“ใฎ็‰ˆใซใฏใ€Žๆ˜Žๅ…ญ้›‘่ชŒ่ชžๅฝ™็ท็ดขๅผ•ใ€ใŒไป˜ใ›ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ใŸใ ใ—ๆœฌ้ …ใฎๅˆ็จฟไฝœๆˆใซใ‚ใŸใ‚Šๅคง็ฉบ็คพ็‰ˆใฏๆœชๅ‚็…งใ€‚ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ ใ€Žๆ˜Žๅ…ญ้›‘่ชŒใ€็ฌฌ1ๅท๏ผš1874๏ผˆๆ˜Žๆฒป7๏ผ‰ๅนด3ๆœˆๅˆŠ๏ผ็ฌฌ43ๅท๏ผš1875[ๆ˜Žๆฒป8]ๅนด11ๆœˆๅˆŠ๏ผˆๅ›ฝ็ซ‹ๅ›ฝ่ชž็ ”็ฉถๆ‰€ๆ‰€่”ต๏ผ‰ ใ€Žๆ˜Žๅ…ญ้›‘่ชŒใ€็ฌฌ8ๅท๏ผˆไบฌ้ƒฝๅคงๅญฆๆ‰€่”ต๏ผ‰ ใ€Ž[ ๋‹ˆ์‹œ๋ฌด๋ผ ์‹œ๊ฒŒํ‚คๅ…ˆ็”Ÿ่ซ–่ชฌ้›†ใ€€็ฌฌ1ๅทป]ใ€๏ผˆๅ›ฝ็ซ‹ๅ›ฝไผšๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจ่ฟ‘ไปฃใƒ‡ใ‚ธใ‚ฟใƒซใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–ใƒฉใƒชใƒผ่”ต๏ผ‰ ใ€Œ[ ้™ณ่จ€ไธ€ๅ‰‡]ใ€ใƒปใ€Œ[ ่‡ช็”ฑไบคๆ˜“่ซ–]ใ€ใƒปใ€Œ[ ไฟฎ่บซๆฒปๅ›ฝ้žไบŒ้€”่ซ–]ใ€ใƒปใ€Œ[ ่ณŠ่ชฌ]ใ€ใƒปใ€Œ่ฅฟ่ชž่งฃใ€๏ผˆ[ ๆ–‡ๆ˜Ž้–‹ๅŒ–ใƒŽ่งฃ]ใƒป[ ่‡ชไธป่‡ช็”ฑใƒŽ่งฃ]ใƒป[ ๆจฉ็†ใƒŽ่งฃ]๏ผ‰ใƒปใ€Œ[ ๆ”ฟๅบœไธŽไบบๆฐ‘็•ฐๅˆฉๅฎณ่ซ–]ใ€ใƒปใ€Œ[ ่ปขๆ›่ชฌ]ใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ€Ž[ ่ฅฟๅ…ˆ็”Ÿ่ซ–้›†]ใ€๏ผˆๅ›ฝ็ซ‹ๅ›ฝไผšๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจ่ฟ‘ไปฃใƒ‡ใ‚ธใ‚ฟใƒซใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–ใƒฉใƒชใƒผ่”ต๏ผ‰ ใ€Œ[ ๆ•™้–€่ซ–]ใ€ใƒปใ€Œ[ ไบบไธ–ไธ‰ๅฎ่ชฌ]ใ€ใƒปใ€Œ[ ็Ÿฅ่ชฌ]ใ€ใƒปใ€Œ[ ็ง˜ๅฏ†่ชฌ]ใ€ใƒปใ€Œ[ ๆƒ…ๅฎŸ่ชฌ]ใ€ใƒปใ€Œ[ ็…‰ๅŒ–็Ÿณ้€ ่ชฌ]ใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚ ใ€Ž[ ๆ•ฌๅฎ‡ไธญๆ‘ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿๆผ”่ชฌ้›†]ใ€๏ผˆๅ›ฝ็ซ‹ๅ›ฝไผšๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจ่ฟ‘ไปฃใƒ‡ใ‚ธใ‚ฟใƒซใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–ใƒฉใƒชใƒผ่”ต๏ผ‰ ใ€Œ[ ไบบๆฐ‘ใƒŽๆ€ง่ณชใƒฒๆ”น้€ ใ‚นใƒซ่ชฌ]ใ€ใƒปใ€Œ[ ๆ”ฏ้‚ฃไธๅฏไพฎ่ซ–]ใ€ใƒปใ€Œ[ ่ณž็ฝฐๆฏ€่ช‰่ซ–]ใ€ใƒปใ€Œ[ ๅ–„่‰ฏใƒŠใƒซๆฏใƒฒ้€ ใƒซ่ชฌ]ใ€ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๋งค์ฒด์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์‚ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€ 1874๋…„ ์ผ๋ณธ 1875๋…„ ์ผ๋ณธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiroku%20zasshi
Meiroku zasshi
Meiroku zasshi (ๆ˜Žๅ…ญ้›‘่ชŒ) was a Japanese language magazine which was in circulation between 1874 and 1875 during the Meiji period. History and profile Meiroku zasshi was launched in 1874, and the first issue was published on 2 April 1874. The founders were the members of Meirokusha, a group of Japanese intellectuals, including Fukuzawa Yukichi. The publisher was the Hochisha Company, and it was published on a B6 size or A5 size calligraphy paper. Leading contributors included Mori Arinori, future education minister of Japan, and Tsuda Mamichi. It is one of the earliest publications in Japan which covered writings on Western culture. Given that it was a publication of the Meiji period it frequently discussed education-related topics in regard to morality in the family as well as in the nation. Meiroku zasshi sold nearly 3,000 copies in 1884. It was published twice or three times per month and folded following the 43rd issue which appeared on 14 November 1875. In 1975 William Braisted published a book on the magazine entitled Meiroku Zasshi: Journal of the Japanese Enlightenment. References 1874 establishments in Japan 1875 disestablishments in Japan Biweekly magazines published in Japan Cultural magazines Defunct magazines published in Japan Magazines established in 1874 Magazines disestablished in 1875 Magazines published in Tokyo
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%A0%EB%A1%9C%20%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8
ํ• ๋กœ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ
ใ€Šํ• ๋กœ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธใ€‹()๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ํŒ€ ์ฒด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์•ก์…˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ 2D ์•ก์…˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์— ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋งต ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ ‘ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ผ๋ช… '๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ๋ฐฐ๋‹ˆ์•„' ๊ฒŒ์ž„์œผ๋กœ, 2014๋…„ 11์›” ํฌ๋ผ์šฐ๋“œํŽ€๋”ฉ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ํ‚ฅ์Šคํƒ€ํ„ฐ์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋ผ ์•ฝ 57,000 ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๊ธˆํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 2์›” 24์ผ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ๋กœ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ถœ์‹œ๋๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ 2018๋…„ ๋‹Œํ…๋„ ์Šค์œ„์น˜, ์—‘์Šค๋ฐ•์Šค ์› ๋ฐ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ 4๋กœ ์ด์‹ํŒ์ด ๋ฐœ๋งค๋๋‹ค. ใ€Šํ• ๋กœ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธใ€‹์˜ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋Š” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „ ๋ฉธ๋งํ•œ ๊ณค์ถฉ๋“ค์˜ ์™•๊ตญ ํ• ๋กœ๋„ค์ŠคํŠธ(Hallownest)๋กœ, ์ด๋ฆ„์—†๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ข…ํ•ด ์™•๊ตญ์— ์–ฝํžŒ ๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ํŒŒํ—ค์น˜๊ณ  ์žŠํ˜€์ง„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฃผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 2์›”์— ๊ธฐ์กด ํฌ๋ผ์šฐ๋“œํŽ€๋”ฉ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ธฐํš์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ํ›„์†์ž‘ ใ€Šํ• ๋กœ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ: ์‹คํฌ์†กใ€‹์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋๋‹ค. ใ€Šํ• ๋กœ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธใ€‹์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋˜ ํ˜ธ๋„ท์ด ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ, ์›๋ž˜๋Š” DLC๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ •๋์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณ„๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์š” ใ€Šํ• ๋กœ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธใ€‹์—์„œ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋ฝํ•œ ์™•๊ตญ, ์ ์  ์˜ค์—ผ๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‹ ์„ฑ๋‘ฅ์ง€์— ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด ๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ์™•๊ตญ์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์ˆ™๋ช…์„ ์™„์ˆ˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋Š” ์‹ ์„ฑ๋‘ฅ์ง€์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์„ฑ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณด์Šค๋“ค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋“ค์„ ํš๋“ํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ์ด ๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ์™•๊ตญ์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์— ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์–‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ใ€Šํ• ๋กœ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธใ€‹๋Š” 2014๋…„ 11์›” ํฌ๋ผ์šฐ๋“œํŽ€๋”ฉ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ํ‚ฅ์Šคํƒ€ํ„ฐ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋๋‹ค. 35,000 ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๊ธˆ์šด๋™์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 12์›”์— ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธˆ์•ก์„ ๋ŒํŒŒํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ 57,138 ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์œผ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 1์›” ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋˜ ์Šคํ…์‹ค ์—”์ง„์—์„œ ์œ ๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2015๋…„ 11์›”์— ํ›„์›์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ ํƒ€ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚ฅ์Šคํƒ€ํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๊ธˆ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์— ํฌํ•จ๋์œผ๋‚˜ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชป ํ–ˆ๋˜ '๋ฐ”๋ณด๋“ค์˜ ํˆฌ๊ธฐ์žฅ'๊ณผ '์‹ฌ์—ฐ' ์ง€์—ญ๋„ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์— ํฌํ•จ๋๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ํŒ€ ์ฒด๋ฆฌ๋Š” Wii U๋ฅผ PC์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐœ๋งค ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹Œํ…๋„ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ์ƒคํฌ ์ ํ”„ ์ŠคํŠœ๋””์˜ค์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ด์‹์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ 8์›” 30์ผ ์ฝ”ํƒ€๋ฌด์™€์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ํŒ€ ์ฒด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์— ์˜๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๋“ค๋กœ ใ€ŠํŒจ์žฌ๋„ˆ๋‘ใ€‹, ใ€Š๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ์ด๋“œใ€‹, ใ€Š์ ค๋‹ค์˜ ์ „์„ค 2 ๋งํฌ์˜ ๋ชจํ—˜ใ€‹๊ณผ ใ€Š๋ก๋งจ Xใ€‹๋ฅผ ๊ผฝ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๋งค ใ€Šํ• ๋กœ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธใ€‹๋Š” 2017๋…„ 2์›” 24์ผ PC ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ƒ์  ์ŠคํŒ€ ๋ฐ GOG.com๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ถœ์‹œ๋์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด 4์›” 11์ผ ๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค์™€ macOS ๋ฒ„์ „๋„ ์ถœ์‹œ๋๋‹ค. ๋‹Œํ…๋„ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ๋ฒ„์ „์€ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ PCํŒ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ช‡ ์ฐจ๋ก€์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 2018๋…„ 6์›” 12์ผ E3 2018์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ๋‹Œํ…๋„ ๋‹ค์ด๋ ‰ํŠธ์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‹Œํ…๋„ e์ˆ์— ๋ฐœ๋งค๋๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ 6์›”์— ์›”๊ฐ„ ํŒ๋งค ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ธ๋””๋ฐ•์Šค์™€ ํ˜‘์—…ํ•ด ๋ฌดDRM ๋ณธํŽธ๊ณผ ์ŠคํŒ€์šฉ ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ํ•œ์ •ํŒ์„ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ์™„์„ฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ ค ์ข‹์€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ํฌ๋ฆฌํ‹ฑ์—์„œ๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ๋ฒ„์ „์— 100์  ๋งŒ์ ์— 90์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฉ”๊ฒผ๊ณ , ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ‰๋ก ์—์„œ๋„ ๋งŒ์ ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 1ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ค ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ชจ์…˜๊ณผ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์Œ์•…, ํ”Œ๋žซํฌ๋จธ์™€ ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ๋ฒ ๋‹ˆ์•„๋ผ๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์‚ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ฑ, ๋„์ „์š•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚œ์ด๋„์™€ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ๋ณด์Šค์ „๋“ฑ์˜ ์žฅ์ ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŒ€์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ํ‰๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋„ '์••๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ์ •์ '์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์†๋œ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ์™€ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ํ™•์žฅํŒฉ๋“ค๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ ๋ณด์Šค๋“ค์ด ์ข‹์€ ํ‰์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ํŒ๋งค ใ€Šํ• ๋กœ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธใ€‹๋Š” 2017๋…„ 11์›” ํŒ๋งค๋Ÿ‰์ด 50๋งŒ ์žฅ์„ ๋ŒํŒŒํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2018๋…„ 6์›” 11์ผ์— PCํŒ ๋ˆ„์  ํŒ๋งค๋Ÿ‰์ด 1๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ์žฅ์„ ๋ŒํŒŒํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฃจ ํ›„ ์ถœ์‹œ๋œ ๋‹Œํ…๋„ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ํŒ์€ ๋ฐœ๋งค 2์ฃผ ๋งŒ์— 25๋งŒ ์žฅ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2019๋…„ 2์›” ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ „ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 280๋งŒ ์žฅ ์ด์ƒ์ด ํŒ๋งค๋๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ƒ ใ€Šํ• ๋กœ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธใ€‹๋Š” ๋””์ŠคํŠธ๋Ÿญํ† ์ด๋“œ์˜ 2017๋…„ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‹œ์ƒ์‹์—์„œ '์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ PC ๊ฒŒ์ž„' ์ข…๋ชฉ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. IGN์˜ 2017๋…„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” '์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ํ”Œ๋žซํฌ๋จธ' ์ข…๋ชฉ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. PC ๊ฒŒ์ด๋จธ์˜ 2017๋…„ ์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์‹œ์ƒ์‹์—์„œ '์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ํ”Œ๋žซํฌ๋จธ' ์ข…๋ชฉ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 2019๋…„์— ํด๋ฆฌ๊ณค์€ 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ฃผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ 2017๋…„ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์ธ๋”” ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์œˆ๋„์šฐ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์—‘์Šค๋ฐ•์Šค ์› ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค ๊ฒŒ์ž„ MacOS ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋‹Œํ…๋„ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์Šคํ…Œ์ด์…˜ 4 ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์œ ๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ๋ฐฐ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ํฌ๋ผ์šฐ๋“œํŽ€๋”ฉ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๊ฒŒ์ž„
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollow%20Knight
Hollow Knight
Hollow Knight is a 2017 Metroidvania video game developed and published by independent developer Team Cherry. In the game, the player controls the Knight, a nameless insectoid warrior, who explores Hallownest, a fallen kingdom plagued by a supernatural disease, known as the infection. The game is set in diverse subterranean locations, featuring friendly and hostile insectoid characters and numerous bosses. Players have the opportunity to unlock new abilities as they explore each location, along with pieces of lore and flavour text that are spread throughout the kingdom. The concept behind Hollow Knight was conceived in 2013 in the Ludum Dare game jam. Team Cherry wanted to create a game inspired by older platformers that replicated the explorational aspects of its influences. Inspirations for the game include Faxanadu, Metroid, Zelda II: The Adventure of Link, Angel's Egg, and Mega Man X. Development was partially funded through a Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign that raised over by the end of 2014. It was released for Windows, Linux, and macOS, in early 2017 and for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in 2018. After release, Team Cherry supported the game with four free expansions. Hollow Knight was well received by critics, with particular praise for its music, art style, worldbuilding, atmosphere, combat and level of difficulty. By February 2019, the game had sold 2.8 million copies. A sequel, Hollow Knight: Silksong, is currently in development. Gameplay Hollow Knight is a 2D side-scrolling Metroidvania game that takes place in Hallownest, a fictional underground kingdom. The player controls an insect-like, silent, nameless "Knight" while exploring the underground world. The Knight wields a type of weapon called a Nail, which is used in both combat and environmental interaction. In most areas of the game, players encounter hostile bugs and other creatures. Melee combat involves using the Nail to strike enemies from a short distance. The player can also learn spells, allowing for long-range attacks. Defeated enemies drop currency called Geo. The Knight starts with a limited number of hit points, which are represented by masks. "Mask Shards" can be collected throughout the game to increase the player's maximum number of masks. By striking enemies, the Knight gains Soul, which is stored in the Soul Vessel. If all masks are lost, the Knight dies and a Shade enemy appears where they died. The player loses all Geo and can hold a reduced amount of Soul. Players need to defeat the Shade enemy to recover the lost currency and to carry the normal amount of Soul. The game continues from the last visited bench the character sat on, which are scattered throughout the game world and act as save points and places where the player can change their charms. Initially the player can only use Soul to "Focus" and regenerate masks, but as the game progresses, players unlock and collect several offensive spells which consume Soul. Additional Soul Vessels, used to hold more Soul, can be acquired throughout the game. Many areas feature more challenging enemies and bosses which the player may need to defeat in order to progress further. Defeating some bosses grants the player access to new abilities. Later in the game, players acquire the Dream Nail, a special sword that can access the minds of Hallownest's creatures. Hitting most enemies with the Dream Nail gives the Knight extra Soul compared to hitting them with the regular Nail. It also enables the player to face more challenging versions of a few bosses and to break the seal to the final boss. If the player defeats the final boss of the game, they are given access to a mode called "Steel Soul". In this mode, dying is permanent, i.e. if the Knight loses all of their masks, the save slot will be reset. During the game, the player encounters bug-themed non-player characters (NPCs) with whom they can interact. These characters provide information about the game's plot and lore, offer aid, and sell items or services. The player can upgrade the Knight's Nail to deal more damage or find Soul Vessels to carry more Soul. During the course of the game, players acquire items that provide new movement abilities including an additional mid-air jump (Monarch Wings), adhering to and jumping off walls (Mantis Claw), a quick dash (Mothwing Cloak), and a speedy super dash (Crystal Heart). The player can learn other combat abilities, known as Nail Arts, and the aforementioned spells. To further customise the Knight, players can equip various charms, which can be found or purchased from NPCs. Some of their effects include improved combat abilities or skills, granting more masks with or without the ability to regenerate them with Soul, greater mobility, easier collecting of Geo or Soul, the ability to gain more Geo per enemy, and other transformations to the Knight. Equipping a charm takes up a certain number of limited slots, called notches. Hallownest consists of several large, inter-connected areas with unique themes. With its nonlinear gameplay "Metroidvania" design, Hollow Knight does not bind the player to one path through the game nor require them to explore the whole world; there are entire places that can be missed when finishing the game, though there are obstacles that limit the player's access to various areas. The player may need to progress in the story of the game, or acquire a specific movement ability, skill, or item to progress further. To fast travel through the game's world, the player can use Stag Stations, terminals connected to network of tunnels that are traversed via giant stag beetles; players can only travel to previously visited and unlocked stations. Other fast travel methods, such as trams, lifts, and the "Dreamgate", are encountered later in the game. As the player enters a new area, they do not have access to the map of their surroundings. They must find Cornifer, the cartographer, to buy a rough map. As the player explores an area, the map becomes more accurate and complete, although it is updated only when sitting on a bench. The player will need to buy specific items to complete maps, to see points of interest, and to place markers. The Knight's position on the map can only be seen if the player is carrying the Wayward Compass charm. Plot At the outset of the game, the Knight arrives in Dirtmouth, a quiet town that sits just above the remains of the kingdom of Hallownest and is home to Elderbug, the first NPC the Knight meets. As the Knight ventures through the ruins, they learn that Hallownest was once a flourishing kingdom which fell after becoming overrun with "The Infection", a supernatural disease that can infect anyone who has free will. The Infection gives its subjects heightened strength but at the cost of their civility, causing madness and undeath. Hallownest's ruler, The Pale King, had previously attempted to lock away the Infection in the Temple of the Black Egg. Despite the temple's magical seals, the disease managed to escape and Hallownest fell into ruin. The Knight's mission is to find and kill three bugs called the Dreamers, who act as the living seals on the temple door. Once the seals have been removed, the Knight may confront the source of the Infection. This quest brings the Knight into conflict with Hornet, a warrior who tests their combat prowess in several battles. Through dialogue with non-player characters, environmental imagery, and writings scattered throughout Hallownest, the Knight learns the origins of the Infection. In ancient times, a tribe of moths that lived in Hallownest worshipped the Radiance, a primordial being who could control the minds of other bugs. When the Pale King arrived at Hallownest from afar, he used his powers to give sapience and knowledge to the creatures of the realm. The moths soon joined the other bugs of Hallownest in worshipping the Pale King, draining the power of the Radiance as she was slowly forgotten. Beneath the notice of the Pale King, some worship of the Radiance continued, allowing her to remain alive inside the Dream Realm. Hallownest prospered until the Radiance began appearing in the dreams of its people, poisoning their minds with the Infection. In an attempt to contain the menace, the Pale King used an ancient power called Void to create the Vessels; creatures that could trap the Infection within their own bodies. Due to the Vessels being made from Void, they are considered to not have free will, thus allowing them to not be infected since they cannot dream. The Pale King chose a Vessel known as the Hollow Knight to trap the Radiance, leaving the rest locked in a pit called the Abyss. After the Hollow Knight was locked within the Temple of the Black Egg, the Radiance persisted within the Vessel, weakening the temple's seals and allowing the Infection to escape. Throughout the game, it is implied that the Knight was a Vessel who managed to escape the Abyss. They gradually defeat the Dreamers and their guardians, removing the seals on the door. Inside, they encounter and battle with the infected Hollow Knight. Depending on the player's actions, multiple endings can then be achieved. These endings include the Knight defeating the infected Hollow Knight and taking its place containing the Radiance, defeating the Hollow Knight with Hornet's assistance, or using the Void Heart item to directly fight and defeat the Radiance inside the Dream Realm. The Grimm Troupe expansion In the second expansion to Hollow Knight, a "Nightmare Lantern" was added to the Howling Cliffs. After using the Dream Nail on a masked bug, the lantern summons a mysterious group of circus performers to Dirtmouth, who identify themselves as the Grimm Troupe. Their leader, Troupe Master Grimm, gives the Knight a quest to collect magic flames throughout Hallownest in order to take part in a "twisted ritual". He gives the player the Grimmchild charm, which absorbs the flames into itself, progressing the ritual and allowing the Grimmchild to attack the Knight's enemies. Eventually, the Knight must choose to either complete the ritual by fighting Grimm and his powerful Nightmare King form, or prevent the ritual and banish the Grimm Troupe with the help of Brumm, a traitorous troupe member. Godmaster expansion More content was added to Hollow Knight with the fourth and final expansion, Godmaster, in which the Knight can battle harder versions of all of the bosses in the game through a series of challenges. The main hub of the expansion is known as Godhome, and is accessed by using the Dream Nail on a new NPC called the Godseeker found in the Junk Pit of the Royal Waterways. Within Godhome are five "pantheons", each being a "boss rush", containing a set of bosses that must all be defeated consecutively without dying. The final pantheon, the Pantheon of Hallownest, contains every boss in the game or alternate forms of original bosses. If the Knight completes the Pantheon of Hallownest, the Absolute Radiance, a more powerful version of the Radiance, appears, acting as the new final boss. Upon defeating it, two unique endings can then be achieved, each involving the destruction of Godhome by a powerful Void creature. Development The idea that prompted the creation of Hollow Knight originated in a game jam, Ludum Dare 2013, in which two of the game's developers, Ari Gibson and William Pellen, developed a game called Hungry Knight, in which the character that would later become the Knight kills bugs to stave off starvation. The game, considered "not very good", used to hold a 1/5 star rating on Newgrounds, but has since increased to 4/5. The developers decided to work on another game jam with the theme "Beneath the Surface", but missed the deadline. However, the concept gave them the idea to create a game with an underground setting, a "deep, old kingdom", and insect characters. Influences for the game include Faxanadu, Metroid, Zelda II, and Mega Man X. Team Cherry noted that Hallownest was in some ways the inverse of the world tree setting in Faxanadu. The team also noted that they wanted to replicate the sense of wonder and discovery of games from their childhood from such games, in which "[t]here could be any crazy secret or weird creature." Believing that control of the character was most important for the player's enjoyment of the game, the developers based the Knight's movement on Mega Man X. They gave the character no acceleration when moving horizontally, as well as a large amount of aerial control and the ability to interrupt one's jump with a dash. This was meant to make the player feel that any hit they took could have been avoided right up until the last second. To create the game's art, Gibson's hand-drawn sketches were scanned directly into the game engine, creating a "vivid sense of place". The developers decided to "keep it simple" in order to prevent the development time from becoming extremely protracted. The complexity of the world was based on Metroid, which allows players to become disoriented and lost, focusing on the enjoyment of finding one's way. Only basic signs are placed throughout the world to direct players to important locations. The largest design challenge for the game was creating the mapping system and finding a balance between not divulging the world's secrets while not being too player-unfriendly. Hollow Knight was revealed on Kickstarter in November 2014, seeking a "modest" sum of . The game passed this goal, raising more than from 2,158 backers, allowing its scope to be expanded and another developer to be hiredโ€”technical director David Kaziโ€”as well as composer Christopher Larkin. The game reached a beta state in September 2015 and continued to achieve numerous stretch goals to add in more content after an engine switch from Stencyl to Unity. Release Hollow Knight was officially released for Windows on 24 February 2017, with versions for Linux and macOS being released on 11 April of the same year. The Nintendo Switch version of Hollow Knight was announced in January 2017 and released on 12 June 2018. Team Cherry originally planned to make their game available on the Wii U. Development of the Wii U version began in 2016, alongside the PC version, and it eventually shifted to Switch. The creators of Hollow Knight worked with another Australian developer, Shark Jump Studios, to speed up the porting process. Initially, Team Cherry planned the Switch version to arrive "not too long after the platform's launch"; subsequently they delayed it to early 2018. A release date was not announced until the Nintendo Direct presentation at E3 2018 on 12 June 2018, when it was unveiled the game would be available later that day via Nintendo eShop. Versions for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One were released as Hollow Knight: Voidheart Edition on 25 September 2018. An official Hollow Knight Piano Collections sheet music book and album was released in 2019 by video game music label Materia Collective, arranged by David Peacock and performed by Augustine Mayuga Gonzales. Downloadable content On 3 August 2017, the Hidden Dreams DLC was released, featuring two new optional boss encounters, two new songs in the soundtrack, a new fast travel system, and a new Stag Station to discover. On 26 October 2017, the second DLC The Grimm Troupe was released, adding new major quests, new boss fights, new charms, new enemies, and other content. The update also added support for Russian, Portuguese, and Japanese languages. On 20 April 2018, the "Lifeblood" update was released, bringing various optimisations, changes to the colour palette, bug fixes, minor additions as well as a new boss fight. On 23 August 2018, the final DLC, Godmaster was released, containing new characters, boss fights, music, a new game mode as well as two new endings. It was renamed from its former title of Gods and Glory due to trademark concerns. Reception Hollow Knights PC and PlayStation 4 versions received "generally favorable" reviews and the Nintendo Switch version received "universal acclaim", according to review aggregator website Metacritic. Jed Whitaker of Destructoid praised it as a "masterpiece of gaming" and, on PC Gamer, Tom Marks called it a "new classic". IGN praised Hollow Knights visuals, sound, music, and "a million other details" in building atmosphere. Critics recognised the combat system as simple and nuanced; they praised its responsiveness, or "tightness", similarly to the movement system. On IGN, Marks stated: "The combat in Hollow Knight is relatively straightforward, but starts out tricky ... It rewards patience and skill massively". In his review on PC Gamer, Marks praised the "brilliant" charm system: "What's so impressive about these charms is that I could never find a 'right' answer when equipping them. There were no wrong choices." Adam Abou-Nasr from NintendoWorldReport stated: "Charms offer a huge variety of upgrades ... removing them felt like trading a part of myself for a better chance at an upcoming battle." The difficulty of Hollow Knight received attention from reviewers and was described as challenging; Vikki Blake of Eurogamer called the game "ruthlessly tough, even occasionally unfair". For Nintendo World Reports Adam Abou-Nasr it also seemed unfairโ€”he had so frustratingly hard that I cannot recommend this game' angrily scrawled in [his] notes"โ€”but "it eventually clicked". Whitaker "never found any of the bosses to be unfair". Destructoid and Nintendo World Report reviewers felt a sense of accomplishment after difficult fights. Critics also made comparisons to the Dark Souls series, noting the mechanic of losing currency on death and having to defeat a Shade to regain it. Destructoid praised this feature, as well as the holding down of a button to heal, because "[t]hey circumvent a couple of issues games have always had, namely appropriate punishment for failing, and a risk-reward system". Sales Hollow Knight had sold over 500,000 copies by November 2017 and surpassed 1,000,000 in sales on PC platforms on 11 June 2018, one day before releasing on Nintendo Switch, where it had sold over 250,000 copies in the two weeks after its launch. By July 2018 it had sold over 1,250,000 copies. By February 2019, Hollow Knight had sold over 2,800,000 copies. Awards The game was nominated for "Best PC Game" in Destructoids Game of the Year Awards 2017, and for "Best Platformer" in IGN'''s Best of 2017 Awards. It won the award for "Best Platformer" in PC Gamers 2017 Game of the Year Awards. Polygon later named the game among the decade's best. Sequel A sequel to Hollow Knight titled Hollow Knight: Silksong, is in development by Team Cherry as of 2019, and is set to be released on Windows, macOS, Linux, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S. The sequel will revolve around the character Hornet exploring the kingdom of Pharloom. Game demos of Hollow Knight: Silksong'' demonstrate similar combat styles to the original game, but with several gameplay differences. The player character Hornet is more mobile than the Knight, and uses tools instead of Charms. The game was announced in February 2019 but has not yet received a release date. Team Cherry had previously planned this game as a piece of downloadable content for its predecessor, but decided to market it an individual title as its content grew too large. Notes References External links 2017 video games Cancelled Wii U games Fictional knights in video games Fantasy video games Games financed by Indie Fund Indie games Kickstarter-funded video games Linux games MacOS games Metroidvania games Nintendo Switch games Platformers PlayStation 4 games Single-player video games Soulslike video games Video games about insects Video games developed in Australia Video games scored by Christopher Larkin (composer) Video games set in a fictional country Windows games Xbox Cloud Gaming games Xbox One games
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B5%9C%EC%9D%80%EC%98%81%20%28%EC%86%8C%EC%84%A4%EA%B0%80%29
์ตœ์€์˜ (์†Œ์„ค๊ฐ€)
์ตœ์€์˜(1984๋…„~)์€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์†Œ์„ค๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค. 1984๋…„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๊ด‘๋ช…์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ตญ๋ฌธ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ ์ค‘ํŽธ์†Œ์„ค ใ€Š์‡ผ์ฝ”์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œใ€‹๋กœ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์„ธ๊ณ„ ์‹ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋“ฑ๋‹จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์• ย  ์ตœ์€์˜์€ 1984๋…„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ๊ด‘๋ช…์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์€์˜์€ ์–ด๋ ค์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜ผ์ž ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๊ธฐ๋„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์†Œ์„ค ์ฝ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ข‹์•„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘๊ท€์ž, ์€ํฌ๊ฒฝ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธ€์„ ์ฝ๊ณ  ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋Š” ์š•๋ง์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋•Œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์†Œ์„ค์„ ์ผ๋‹ค. ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์†Œ์„ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋•Œ ๊ต์ง€ ํŽธ์ง‘๋ถ€์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž์‹ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธ€์„ ์ž˜ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ด์˜ค๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์€ ๊ธ€์„ ๋ชป ์“ด๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธ€ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋Š” ์š•๋ง์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค 20๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์ด ๋˜์–ด ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋Š” ์š•๋ง์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค.ย ๋ง‰์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธ€์ด ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ตญ๋ฌธ๊ณผ์— ์ง„ํ•™ํ•ด ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค ์†Œ์„ค์— ๋น ์ ธ๋“ค์–ด ์†Œ์„ค์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  2๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์‹ ์ถ˜๋ฌธ์˜ˆ๊ณต๋ชจ์ „์— ํˆฌ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ„์† ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.์ถœํ’ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ์„ค๋งˆ๋‹ค ์‹ฌ์‚ฌํ‰์— ์˜ค๋ฅด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋˜ ์‹œ์ ˆ์„ ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์—์„œ ํŽธํ˜œ์˜, ๊ฐ•์˜์ˆ™ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๊ฒจ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์—…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ™•์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ„ํ…ผ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์€์˜์€ ใ€Š์‡ผ์ฝ”์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œใ€‹๋กœ ใ€Š์ž‘๊ฐ€์„ธ๊ณ„ใ€‹ ์‹ ์ธ์ƒ์— ๋‹น์„ ๋˜์–ด ๋“ฑ๋‹จํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ œ 5ํšŒ ์ Š์€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ƒ, ์ œ 8ํšŒ ํ—ˆ๊ท ๋ฌธํ•™์ž‘๊ฐ€์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ•™๊ด€ย  ์ตœ์€์˜ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋‹จํŽธ์ง‘ ใ€Š์‡ผ์ฝ”์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œใ€‹์—์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. "์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉธ์‹œ์™€ ํ˜์˜ค์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ชฝ์—์„œ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค.๊ทธ ๊ธธ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€ ์—†์ด, ์˜จ์ „ํ•œ ๋‚˜ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ๋‹ค." ์ˆ˜์ƒ 2013๋…„ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์„ธ๊ณ„ ์‹ ์ธ์ƒ 2014๋…„ ์ œ5ํšŒ ๋ฌธํ•™๋™๋„ค ์ Š์€์ž‘๊ฐ€์ƒ 2016๋…„ ์ œ8ํšŒ ํ—ˆ๊ท ๋ฌธํ•™์ž‘๊ฐ€์ƒ 2017๋…„ ์ œ9ํšŒ ๊ตฌ์ƒ๋ฌธํ•™์ƒ ์ Š์€์ž‘๊ฐ€์ƒ 2017๋…„ ์ œ24ํšŒ ๊น€์ค€์„ฑ๋ฌธํ•™์ƒ 2017๋…„ ์ œ1ํšŒ ์ดํ•ด์กฐ์†Œ์„ค๋ฌธํ•™์ƒ 2018๋…„ ์ œ51ํšŒ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ผ๋ณด๋ฌธํ•™์ƒ 2020๋…„ ์ œ11ํšŒ ๋ฌธํ•™๋™๋„ค ์ Š์€์ž‘๊ฐ€์ƒ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋‹จํŽธ์ง‘ 2016๋…„ ใ€ˆ์‡ผ์ฝ”์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œใ€‰ (๋ฌธํ•™๋™๋„ค) ์‡ผ์ฝ”์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œ / ์”ฌ์งœ์˜ค, ์”ฌ์งœ์˜ค / ์–ธ๋‹ˆ, ๋‚˜์˜ ์ž‘์€, ์ˆœ์•  ์–ธ๋‹ˆ / ํ•œ์ง€์™€ ์˜์ฃผ / ๋จผ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์˜จ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ / ๋ฏธ์นด์—˜๋ผ / ๋น„๋ฐ€ ์‡ผ์ฝ”์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œย  ์ตœ์€์˜์˜ ์ฒซ ์†Œ์„ค์ง‘ ใ€Š์‡ผ์ฝ”์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œใ€‹๋Š” 2013๋…„ ๊ฒจ์šธ ใ€Š์ž‘๊ฐ€์„ธ๊ณ„ใ€‹ ์‹ ์ธ์ƒ์— ์ค‘ํŽธ์†Œ์„ค ใ€Š์‡ผ์ฝ”์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œใ€‹๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์„ ๋˜์–ด ๋“ฑ๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œํ•ด ๋ฌธํ•™๋™๋„ค ์ Š์€์ž‘๊ฐ€์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆํ™œ๋™์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ตœ์€์˜์ด ์จ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ„ 7ํŽธ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กํ•œ ์†Œ์„ค์ง‘์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋งค๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒ„์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ โ€˜์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌโ€™๋กœ ์ด๋„๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ์ ๊ณผ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‘ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฌธํ„ฑ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋‚ธ ํ‘œ์ œ์ž‘ ใ€Š์‡ผ์ฝ”์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œใ€‹, ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์ „์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ฃฝ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ทธ์ € ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‘์›ฌ ์•„์คŒ๋งˆ์™€ '๋‚˜'์™€ ์—„๋งˆ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ใ€Š์”ฌ์งœ์˜ค, ์”ฌ์งœ์˜คใ€‹, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋„์›์—์„œ ์ผ€๋ƒ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ์ฒญ๋…„ ํ•œ์ง€์™€ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์˜์ฃผ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์€ ใ€Šํ•œ์ง€์™€ ์˜์ฃผใ€‹ ๋“ฑ ๋ง‘๊ณ  ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ทธ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํƒ€๋ฐ•ํƒ€๋ฐ• ๋‹ด๋‹ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์†Œ์„ค๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„ 12์›”, ๊ทธํ•ด ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ์†Œ์„ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์„ค๊ฐ€ 50์ธ์ด ๋ฝ‘์€ โ€˜์˜ฌํ•ด์˜ ์†Œ์„คโ€™์— ์„ ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋ฌธ๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋…์ž ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„์˜จ ใ€Ž์‡ผ์ฝ”์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œใ€๋Š” 10๋งŒ ๋ถ€ ๋ŒํŒŒ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ด์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ ใ€ˆ๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฌดํ•ดํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒใ€‰ (๋ฌธํ•™๋™๋„ค) ๊ทธ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ / 601, 602 / ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐค / ๋ชจ๋ž˜๋กœ ์ง€์€ ์ง‘ / ๊ณ ๋ฐฑ / ์†๊ธธ / ์•„์น˜๋””์—์„œ ๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฌดํ•ดํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒย  ใ€Ž๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฌดํ•ดํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒใ€์— ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ์ผ๊ณฑ ํŽธ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ์žฌ์ƒ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์žŠ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์–ด๋–ค ํ’๊ฒฝ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•ž์— ์„ ๋ช…ํžˆ ๋น„์ถ”๋Š”, ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ์†Œ์„ค๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์— ๋น ์ง€๊ธฐ ์ „์˜ ์‚ถ์ด ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š๊ปด์งˆ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ƒ๋Œ€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ชฐ๋‘ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์š•์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์œ„์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ง€๋‚œ ์‹œ์ ˆ์„ ๋ผˆ์•„ํ”„๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๋ณด๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ฆˆ๋น„์–ธ ์ปคํ”Œ์˜ ์—ฐ์• ๋‹ด์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ, 2017 ์ Š์€์ž‘๊ฐ€์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž‘ ใ€Š๊ทธ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ใ€‹๊ณผ ์•…์ฐฉ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹ธ์šฐ๋ฉด์„œ, ๊ฐ€๋”์€ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ๋‘ ์ž๋งค์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ใ€Š์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐคใ€‹ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋™ ๋‹จํŽธ์ง‘ 2018๋…„ ใ€ˆํŒŒ์ธ ๋‹ค์ด๋‹ใ€‰ (์€ํ–‰๋‚˜๋ฌด) ์„ ํƒ_์ตœ์€์˜ / ๋งค๋“ญ_ํ™ฉ์‹œ์šด / ์Šนํ˜œ์™€ ๋ฏธ์˜ค_์œค์ดํ˜• / ์ปคํ”ผ ๋‹ค๋น„๋“œ_์ด์€์„  / ๋ฐฐ์›…_๊น€์ดํ™˜ / ๋ณ‘๋ง› ํŒŒ์Šคํƒ€_๋…ธํฌ์ค€ / ์—ํŠธ๋ฅด_์„œ์œ ๋ฏธ ํŒŒ์ธ ๋‹ค์ด๋‹ย  โ€œ์ด ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ, ์ž ์—์„œ ๊นจ์–ด ์ €๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ์˜ ๋ถ€์—Œ์€ ์–ด๋‘ก๊ณ  ์กฐ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.ํ˜•๊ด‘๋“ฑ์„ ์ผœ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ตญ์„ ๋“์ผ ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€ <ํŒŒ์ธ ๋‹ค์ด๋‹>์€ ์ Š์€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•œ ์ผ๊ณฑ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์Œ์‹ ์† ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๊ณฑ ํŽธ์˜ ์ฝ”์Šค๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Š” ์ฒซ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์ตœ์€์˜์˜ ใ€ˆ์„ ํƒใ€‰์€ ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ๋…˜ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ์—ญ๊ตญ์„ ๋“์ด๋Š” ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋…€์˜ ๋…๋ฐฑ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ˆ˜๋…€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฟˆ์„ ํ‚ค์›Œ์˜ค๋‹ค ๋น„์ •๊ทœ์ง ์—ด์ฐจ ์Šน๋ฌด์›์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ์งํ•œ โ€˜์–ธ๋‹ˆโ€™๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ธก์˜ ํšกํฌ๋กœ ๊ธด ์‹ธ์›€์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์–ธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๋จผ๋ฐœ์น˜์—์„œ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” โ€˜๋‚˜โ€™์˜ ๋‹ต๋‹ตํ•จ๊ณผ ์•ˆํƒ€๊นŒ์›€์ด ๋ฏธ์—ญ๊ตญ ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡์— ๋‹ด๊ธด๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ ใ€ˆํ˜„๋‚จ ์˜ค๋น ์—๊ฒŒใ€‰ (๋‹ค์‚ฐ์ฑ…๋ฐฉ) ์กฐ๋‚จ์ฃผ ใ€Œํ˜„๋‚จ ์˜ค๋น ์—๊ฒŒใ€ / ์ตœ์€์˜ ใ€Œ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ํ‰ํ™”ใ€ / ๊น€์ด์„ค ใ€Œ๊ฒฝ๋…„(ๆ›ดๅนด)ใ€ / ์ตœ์ •ํ™” ใ€Œ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์ž๋ฆฌ์—ใ€ / ์†๋ณด๋ฏธ ใ€Œ์ด๋ฐฉ์ธใ€ / ๊ตฌ๋ณ‘๋ชจ ใ€Œํ•˜๋ฅดํ”ผ์•„์ด์™€ ์ถ•์ œ์˜ ๋ฐคใ€ / ๊น€์„ฑ์ค‘ ใ€Œํ™”์„ฑ์˜ ์•„์ดใ€ / ๋ฐœ๋ฌธ_์ด๋ฏผ๊ฒฝ ใ€Œ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ใ€ ํ˜„๋‚จ ์˜ค๋น ์—๊ฒŒย  <ํ˜„๋‚จ ์˜ค๋น ์—๊ฒŒ>๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์ •๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋†“์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๊ณฑ ํŽธ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™” ๊ถŒ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ โ€˜ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜โ€™ ์ด์Šˆ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ์ฐฝ์ธ ํ˜„์žฌ, ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” 3-40๋Œ€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ โ€˜ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜โ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ…Œ๋งˆ ์•„๋ž˜ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ์†Œ์„ค์ง‘ ใ€Žํ˜„๋‚จ ์˜ค๋น ์—๊ฒŒใ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‚ฐ์ฑ…๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ์ถœ๊ฐ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ด ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•œ ์ด ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋ช…์‹ค๊ณตํžˆ ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ํ˜„์žฅ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์ค€ ใ€Ž82๋…„์ƒ ๊น€์ง€์˜ใ€์˜ ์กฐ๋‚จ์ฃผ ์ž‘๊ฐ€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ๋™ ์ค‘์ธ ์ตœ์€์˜, ๊น€์ด์„ค, ์ตœ์ •ํ™”, ์†๋ณด๋ฏธ, ๊ตฌ๋ณ‘๋ชจ, ๊น€์„ฑ์ค‘ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ž‘๊ฐ€ 7์ธ์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜๋ž€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋†“์—ฌ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋†“๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.โ€ -๋ฐœ๋ฌธ ์ค‘์—์„œ- โ€œ๋„ˆ๋Š” ์†์ด ๊นŠ์€ ์•„์ด์•ผ.โ€ ์ •์ˆœ์€ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋ง์€ ์ผ๊ฒฌ ๋งž์•˜๋‹ค. ์œ ์ง„์€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์†์„ ๊นŠ์ด ํŒŒ๋‚ด์–ด ๋‚จ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌป์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ.๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌํ•œํ…Œ ๋งํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ˆ.๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ๊ฒ ๋‹ˆ.์ •์ˆœ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ์—๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ์กด์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋Š๊ปด์กŒ๋˜ ๊ทธ ๋ง์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚ ์ˆ˜๋ก ์œ ์ง„์„ ์˜ฅ์ฃ„์—ˆ๋‹ค. -ใ€Œ์ตœ์€์˜, ใ€Œ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ํ‰ํ™”ใ€ใ€์ค‘์—์„œ- ใ€ŠํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์œ ํ† ํ”ผ์•„ใ€‹ (ํœด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ) 2017๋…„ 2์›” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋„ค๋ฅผ ํƒ€๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋˜ ๋ง - ์ตœ์€์˜ ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ์œ ํ† ํ”ผ์•„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ์‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ? ๋ญ‰๋šฑ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๊ฒ€์—ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋ˆˆ์น˜๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๊ธ€๋กœ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ? ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ 57์ธ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ํŽ˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ 7์ธ์ด ์ •๋ง ์‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด์„œ ํŽผ์ณ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ , ํŠธ๋žœ์Šค์  ๋”๋ฅผ ํฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ์ž ํ˜ผ์ž ๋– ๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ฌํ–‰์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€, 10๋Œ€ ์—„๋งˆ์˜ ์ผ๊ณผ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ์ง€, ์„น์Šค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€, ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋Š” ํญ๋ ฅ ์‚ฌํƒœ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์จ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ„ ๊ธ€๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ์Œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œย  <ํŒŒ์ธ ๋‹ค์ด๋‹>, ์€ํ–‰๋‚˜๋ฌด 2018 <ํ˜„๋‚จ ์˜ค๋น ์—๊ฒŒ>, ๋‹ค์‚ฐ์ฑ…๋ฐฉ 2018 ๊ฐ์ฃผ 1984๋…„ ์ถœ์ƒ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ์†Œ์„ค๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๊ด‘๋ช…์‹œ ์ถœ์‹  ํ—ˆ๊ท ๋ฌธํ•™์ž‘๊ฐ€์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ฌธ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choi%20Eun-young
Choi Eun-young
Choi Eun-young (born March 3, 1984) is a South Korean writer. She began her literary career in 2013, when her short story โ€œShokoui misoโ€ (์‡ผ์ฝ”์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œ; Shoko's Smile) was selected for the quarterly literary magazine Writer's World's New Writer's Award. With the same work, she received the 5th Munhakdongne Young Writer's Award in 2014. She was awarded the 8th Heo Gyun Writer's Award in 2016, and was awarded the 8th Munhakdongne Young Writer's award in 2017. Life Choi Eun-young was born on March 3, 1984, in Gwangmyeong, Gyeonggido. Her writing was influenced much by her relationship with her father, who was a teacher. Her father, who was a member of the Korean Teachers and Educations Workers Union, had a very critical view of social issues, but was conservative when it came to his views on gender and other related issues. Choi Eun-young fundamentally agreed with her father's views, but grew up resisting his views on gender. In 2002, she entered Korea University and studied Korean Literature. She attended university during a time when there were still lingering effects from Korea's 1997 financial crisis. During her undergraduate studies she always maintained a critical stance on various social issues, such as issues regarding temporary positions. This was also a time when Korea's liberal political faction was in power. At the time in Korea, Kim Dae-jung and Roh Moo-hyun consecutive served as presidents. Afterwards, as she lived through the years of Lee Myung-bak and Park Geun-hye, Choi Eun-young came to think that the past was a much happier time. When she was a university student, she was always interested in social issues, and she also participated in making a feminist school magazine. Having debuted in 2013, Choi Eun-young's first short story collection Shokoui miso (์‡ผ์ฝ”์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œ; Shoko's Smile) was published in August 2016. This book has been sold widely, having been printed 12 times until March 2017. It was also selected as โ€œ2016โ€™s Best Fiction Selected by 50 Writersโ€. Writing Most people who have read Choi Eun-young's works will agree that her stories are โ€˜unembellishedโ€™. It means that she tells the story in an honest manner without any special literary techniques. In the 2014 spring issue of the quarterly Munhakdongne, in the Reviews & Discussions corner, which was the first critical response to her debut work โ€œShokoui misoโ€ (์‡ผ์ฝ”์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œ; Shoko's Smile), there is a section on โ€œShokoui misoโ€ (์‡ผ์ฝ”์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œ; Shoko's Smile) with a subtitle of โ€˜A Barefaced Story of Growthโ€™. Also, a review of her collection Shokoui miso (์‡ผ์ฝ”์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œ; Shoko's Smile), which is a collection of all the short stories she had published in the 3 years since her debut, has evaluated that Choi Eun-young's works have a โ€˜narrative strength that is pure and cleanโ€™. However, just because there arenโ€™t any literary techniques on the surface, it's not that Choi Eun-young is not a writer who has honed her writing skills. The reason why Choi Eun-young's works do not show much literary finesse is that it's not that she's an unskilled writer, but that she is able to conceal her skills. โ€œBimilโ€ (๋น„๋ฐ€; The Secret) is a work that shows this well. โ€œBimilโ€ (๋น„๋ฐ€; The Secret) is a story about the death of an absent protagonist Jimin who is a temporary teacher. The story does not tell of Jimin's death, but as the story comes to its conclusion, readers become aware of this secret. And at that moment they also become aware that this is a work dedicated to the two temporary teachers that have died in the 2014 Sewol Ferry disaster. It is a story that is communicating the subject not by telling it, but via forming a sophisticated structure around it. Another characteristic of Choi Eun-young's writing is her interest in political and social issues. Other than โ€œBimilโ€ (๋น„๋ฐ€; The Secret), โ€œMichaelaโ€ (๋ฏธ์นด์—˜๋ผ) also deals with the issue of the Sewol Ferry disaster. โ€œEonni naui jakeun sunae eonniโ€ (์–ธ๋‹ˆ ๋‚˜์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์ˆœ์•  ์–ธ๋‹ˆ; Big Sister, My Small Big Sister Sunae) talks about the Inhyukdang incident, and โ€œSsinjjao ssinjjaoโ€ (์”ฌ์งœ์˜ค ์”ฌ์งœ์˜ค) talks about issues regarding South Koreaโ€™s participation in the Vietnam War. โ€œHanjiwa yeongjuโ€ (ํ•œ์ง€์™€ ์˜์ฃผ; Hanji and Yeongju), and โ€œMeongoteseo on noraeโ€ (๋จผ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์˜จ ๋…ธ๋ž˜; A Song From Far Away) are works that show the author's interests in feminism. Works Shokoui miso (์‡ผ์ฝ”์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œ; Shoko's Smile), 2016. Awards Munhakdongne Young Writer's award, 2017. Heo Gyun Writer's Award, 2016. Munhakdongne Young Writer's Award, 2014. References 1984 births South Korean women novelists Living people Korea University alumni People from Gwangmyeong
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%85%8C%EC%96%B4%20%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%81
์•Œํ…Œ์–ด ๋ฒ ์ด์ง
{{์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์ •๋ณด|name=|logo=|screenshot=Altair Basic Sign.jpg|caption=์•Œํ…Œ์–ด ๋ฒ ์ด์ง์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด์…ˆ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์–ด ์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ํƒ€์ดํ‹€ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€|author=๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ(Micro-Soft(MS))|developer=๋นŒ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ธ , ํด ์•จ๋Ÿฐ, ๋ชฌํŠธ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋„ํ”„(Monte Davidoff)|released=2.0 (4K ๋ฐ 8K ์—๋””์…˜) <ref>Computer_Notes 1975 01 05, Page 14, ALTAIR BASIC, CLAIM: Not just anybody's BASIC, FACT: Not just anybody's BASIC, BY: KEITH BRITTON ,ROBERT MULLEN, Altair BASIC version 2.0 had a serious problem in that a jump out of a FOR.... NEXT loop left garbage on the stack. . Do this too often and the stack would grow relentlessly down from high memory until it ate the program. This has been fixed in version 3.0, according to Paul Allen</ref>|discontinued=|latest release version=5.0|latest release date=|latest preview version=|latest preview date=|status=|programming language=|operating system=|platform=์•Œํ…Œ์–ด 8800|size=|language=|genre=|license=|website=|standard=}} ์•Œํ…Œ์–ด ๋ฒ ์ด์ง(Altair BASIC)์€ MITS์‚ฌ์˜ ์•Œํ…Œ์–ด 8800 ๋ฐ ํ›„์† S-100 ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ ์ด์ง ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ์–ด์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐํ”„๋ฆฌํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ข…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ(Micro-Soft, MS)์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฒซ ์ œํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ MITS์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝํ•˜์— ๋ฐฐํฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•Œํ…Œ์–ด ๋ฒ ์ด์ง์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง ์ œํ’ˆ๊ตฐ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์›๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋นŒ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ธ ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ํด ์•จ๋Ÿฐ์ด 1975๋…„ 1์›” ใ€Šํฌํ“ฐ๋Ÿฌ ์ผ๋ ‰ํŠธ๋กœ๋‹‰์Šคใ€‹ ์žก์ง€์˜ 1 ์›”ํ˜ธ์—์„œ ์•Œํ…Œ์–ด 8800 ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ณง ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ํŒ๋งค์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฝํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํšŒ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋นŒ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ธ  ํšŒ์žฅ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ธํ„ฐํ”„๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ƒˆ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์• ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋” ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ MITS์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ์ž์ธ ์—๋“œ ๋กœ๋ฒ„์ธ ์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๋ฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธํ„ฐํ”„๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ๋ฒ”์„ ๋ณด๊ธธ ์›ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณ„์˜ ์‹œํ—˜ ํ’์„ (trail balloon)์˜ ๊ด€ํ–‰์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋ฒ„์ธ ๋Š” 1975๋…„ 3์›” ์‹œ์—ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ช‡์ฃผ ๋‚ด์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋™์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ด์ธ ์™€ ์•จ๋Ÿฐ์€ ์ธํ„ฐํ”„๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•  ์•Œํ…Œ์–ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์•จ๋Ÿฐ์€ ์ด์ „์˜ ๋ฒค์ฒ˜ ์‚ฌ์—…์ธ ํŠธ๋ž˜ํฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ(Traf-O-Data) ๋ฒค์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ PDP-10 ์‹œ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์ธํ…” 8008 ์—๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•Œํ…Œ์–ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋จธ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์—๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ PDP-10์—์„œ ์ธํ„ฐํ”„๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ธฐ๋ปํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„œ๋ฉด ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ์ด์ธ ์™€ ์•จ๋Ÿฐ์€ ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด์˜ ์‹œ๋ถ„ํ•  ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—์„œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋””๋ฒ„๊น…์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ์ธ ๋ชฌํŠธ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋„ํ”„(Monte Davidoff)๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธํ„ฐํ”„๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋™์†Œ์ˆ˜์  ์‚ฐ์ˆ  ๋ฃจํ‹ด์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์—…์ฒด์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์™„์„ฑ๋œ ์ธํ„ฐํ”„๋ฆฌํ„ฐ์—๋Š” ์ž์ฒด์ ์ธ I/O ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๋ผ์ธ ํŽธ์ง‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๋‹จ์ง€ 4 ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ์˜ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•ด์„ ๋œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฌ์œ  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์•Œํ…Œ์–ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š” ํŽ€์น˜ ํ…Œ์ดํ”„์— ์™„์„ฑ ๋œ ์ธํ„ฐํ”„๋ฆฌํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ €์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ํด ์•จ๋Ÿฐ์ด ์•จ๋ฒ„์ปคํ‚ค๋กœ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณตํ•ญ์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ ํ•  ๋•Œ, ์•จ๋Ÿฐ์€ ํ…Œ์ดํ”„๋ฅผ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์— ์ฝ์–ด ๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๋ถ€ํŠธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋žฉ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•จ๋Ÿฐ์€ 8080 ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋งˆ์ณค๋‹ค. ์•Œํ…Œ์–ด์— ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋กœ๋“œํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฌป๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ์— ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ธ ์™€ ์•จ๋Ÿฐ์€ ์ธํ„ฐํ”„๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์•Œํ…Œ์–ด ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์งง์€ ๋ถ€ํŠธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋žฉ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒŒ์ด์ธ ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ„์ „ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐํฌํŒ ๋กœ๋ฒ„์ธ ๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐํ”„๋ฆฌํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋ฐฐํฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ธ ์™€ ์•จ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฒŒ์ด์ธ ๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ๋ฅผ ํœดํ•™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์›๋ž˜์˜ ๋ฒ„์ „์ธ '4K BASIC'๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์˜ '8K BASIC', 'ํ™•์žฅ BASIC', 'ํ™•์žฅ ROM BASIC' ๋ฐ '๋””์Šคํฌ BASIC'๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฒ„์ „์ธ '4K ๋ฒ ์ด์ง'์€ 4k ๋žจ(RAM) ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์•ฝ 709 ๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ๋งŒ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋นˆ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž‘์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 4K ๋ฒ„์ „์—๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์—†๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ญ์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์™€, ๋‚œ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ RND, ๋ถ€์šธ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ž, ๋ฐ PEEK ์™€ POKE ๋“ฑ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ 8K ๋ฒ ์ด์ง์—์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8K ๋ฒ„์ „์€ ๊ฐ€์ •์šฉ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋™์•ˆ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 'ํ™•์žฅ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง'์—์„œ๋Š” PRINT USING ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋””์Šคํฌ ๋ช…๋ น์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , '๋””์Šคํฌ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง'์—์„œ๋Š” ๋””์Šคํฌ ๋ช…๋ น์ด ๋”์šฑ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์›์‹œ์ ์ธ I/O๊ฐ€ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1975๋…„ 10์›”, 4K ๋ฒ ์ด์ง์€ 150 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์—, 8K ๋ฒ ์ด์ง์€ 200 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ, ํ™•์žฅ BASIC์€ 350 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ํŒ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. "8K์˜ ์•Œํ…Œ์–ด ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์•Œํ…Œ์–ด I/O ๋ณด๋“œ"๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž… ํ•œ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 60 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ, 75 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐ 150 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ํ• ์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ธ์–ด ๋ฒ„์ „์€ ์ข…์ด ํ…Œ์ดํ”„ ๋˜๋Š” ์นด์„ธํŠธ ํ…Œ์ดํ”„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•Œํ…Œ์–ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ™ˆ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํด๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์• ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค์šฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. MITS์—์„œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ ์ด์ง ์ธํ„ฐํ”„๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋กœ ์•Œํ…Œ์–ด ๋ฒ ์ด์ง๋„ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์• ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ "๊ณต์œ ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด" ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฒ ์ด์ง ์ธํ„ฐํ”„๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์• ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—†์ด ๋ณต์‚ฌํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™ˆ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ์˜ ํšŒ์›์ธ ๋Œ„ ์†Œ์ฝœ(Dan Sokol)์€ ํŠนํžˆ ์‹ฌํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ, ์ถœ์‹œ ์ „์˜ ํ…Œ์ดํ”„๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ๋“  ์–ป์€ ๋‹ค์Œ, 25๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ ํšŒ์˜ ๋ชจ์ž„์—์„œ ๋ฐฐํฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณต์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด‰๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋นŒ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ธ  ํšŒ์žฅ์€ 1976๋…„ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์–ด์กฐ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ์• ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํŽธ์ง€์—์„œ ๋ณต์ œ์ž๋“ค์„ ์ ˆ๋„๋กœ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋Š” ๋”์ด์ƒ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ ์–ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์• ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๊ณต๊ฐœํŽธ์ง€์— ์ˆ˜๋น„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๋งค ๊ณ„์•ฝ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, MITS๋Š” ์ผ์ • ๊ธˆ์•ก์˜ ๋กœ์—ดํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๋ฉด ์ธํ„ฐํ”„๋ฆฌํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ทจ๋“ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจํ† ๋กค๋ผ 6800๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ„ฐํ”„๋ฆฌํ„ฐ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด MITS๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ „์•ก์ด ์ง€๋ถˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ„์ „์—๋„ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์™€ MITS๋Š” ์ค‘์žฌ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ค‘์žฌ์ธ์€ ๋กœ๋ฒ„์ธ ๊ฐ€ ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„, MITS๊ฐ€ "์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ"์œผ๋กœ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ MS-DOS๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€, ๋ฒ ์ด์ง ์ธํ„ฐํ”„๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์‚ฌ์—…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ ์ด์ง„ ํ˜•์‹ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฃŒ Cringely, Robert X. ์–ผ๊ฐ„์ด์˜ ์Šน๋ฆฌ'' . PBS, 1996. ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋งํฌ Altair BASIC 3.2 (4K) - ์ฃผ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ ๋””์Šค์–ด์…ˆ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ Reuben Harris๊ฐ€ ์ปดํŒŒ์ผํ•˜์—ฌ archive.org์— ๋ณด๊ด€๋œ Altair BASIC ์†Œ์Šค ๋””์Šค์–ด์…ˆ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ ์•Œํ…Œ์–ด ๋ฒ ์ด์ง์˜ ์ž‘์„ฑ, ๋นŒ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ธ  ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ, ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์–ด: ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์†Œ๋‹ˆ์–ธ ํ˜‘ํšŒ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ, ์ •๋ณด ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ๋‹ด๋‹น, ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ์•จ๋ฆฌ์Šจ (DA) ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋น„๋””์˜ค: ๋นŒ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์•Œํ…Œ์–ด ๋ฒ ์ด์ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งํ•˜๋‹ค , (Lisa Feigenbaum) 2009๋…„ 6์›” 24์ผ, Visual Basic ํŒ€, MSDN ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ 1975๋…„ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ ์–ธ์–ด
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair%20BASIC
Altair BASIC
{{Infobox software | name = | title = | logo = | logo caption = | logo size = | logo alt = | screenshot = Altair Basic Sign.jpg | caption = The title page of the assembly language code that produced Altair BASIC | screenshot size = | screenshot alt = The title page of the assembly language code that produced Altair BASIC | collapsible = | author = Micro-Soft | developer = | released = 2.0 (4K and 8K editions) <ref>Computer_Notes 1975 01 05, Page 14, ALTAIR BASIC, CLAIM: Not just anybody's BASIC, FACT: Not just anybody's BASIC, BY: KEITH BRITTON ,ROBERT MULLEN, Altair BASIC version 2.0 had a serious problem in that a jump out of a FOR.... NEXT loop left garbage on the stack. . Do this too often and the stack would grow relentlessly down from high memory until it ate the program. This has been fixed in version 3.0, according to Paul Allen</ref> | discontinued = | latest release version = 5.0 | latest release date = | latest preview version = | latest preview date = | programming language = | operating system = | platform = Altair 8800 | size = | language = | language count = | language footnote = | genre = Microsoft BASIC | license = | alexa = | website = | standard = | AsOf = }} Altair BASIC is a discontinued interpreter for the BASIC programming language that ran on the MITS Altair 8800 and subsequent S-100 bus computers. It was Microsoft's first product (as Micro-Soft), distributed by MITS under a contract. Altair BASIC was the start of the Microsoft BASIC product range. Origin and development Bill Gates recalls that, when he and Paul Allen read about the Altair in the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics, they understood that the price of computers would soon drop to the point that selling software for them would be a profitable business. Gates believed that, by providing a BASIC interpreter for the new computer, they could make it more attractive to hobbyists. They contacted MITS founder Ed Roberts, told him that they were developing an interpreter, and asked whether he would like to see a demonstration. This followed the questionable engineering industry practice of a trial balloon, an announcement of a non-existent product to gauge interest. Roberts agreed to meet them for a demonstration in a few weeks, in March 1975. Gates and Allen had neither an interpreter nor even an Altair system on which to develop and test one. However, Allen had written an Intel 8008 emulator for their previous venture, Traf-O-Data, that ran on a PDP-10 time-sharing computer. Allen adapted this emulator based on the Altair programmer guide, and they developed and tested the interpreter on Harvard's PDP-10. Harvard officials were not pleased when they found out, but there was no written policy that covered the use of this computer. Gates and Allen bought computer time from a timesharing service in Boston to complete their BASIC program debugging. When fellow Harvard student Monte Davidoff stated he believed the system should use floating-point arithmetic instead of the integer arithmetic of the original versions, and claimed he could write such a system that could still fit within the memory limits, they hired Davidoff to write the package. The finished interpreter, including its own I/O system and line editor, fit in only four kilobytes of memory, leaving plenty of room for the interpreted program. In preparation for the demo, they stored the finished interpreter on a punched tape that the Altair could read, and Paul Allen flew to Albuquerque. While on final approach into the Albuquerque airport, Allen realized that they had forgotten to write a bootstrap program to read the tape into memory. Writing in 8080 machine language, Allen finished the program before the plane landed. Only when they loaded the program onto an Altair and saw a prompt asking for the system's memory size did Gates and Allen know that their interpreter worked on the Altair hardware. Later, they made a bet on who could write the shortest bootstrap program, and Gates won. Versions and distribution Roberts agreed to distribute the interpreter. He also hired Gates and Allen to maintain and improve it, causing Gates to take a leave of absence from Harvard. The original version would retroactively be known as 4K BASIC when they added upgraded versions, including 8K BASIC, Extended BASIC, Extended ROM BASIC, and Disk BASIC. The smallest version, 4K BASIC, could run within a 4K RAM machine, leaving only about free for program code. In order to fit the language into such a small space, the 4K version lacked string manipulation and a number of common mathematical functions. These were added into the 8K BASIC version, which had string variables and manipulation functions, a larger set of math functions including RND for random numbers, Boolean operators, and PEEK and POKE. The 8K version is the basis for most versions of BASIC during the home computer era. Extended BASIC added PRINT USING and basic disk commands, while Disk BASIC further extended the disk commands to allow raw I/O. In October 1975, 4K BASIC sold for , 8K BASIC for , and Extended BASIC for (, , and , respectively). The prices were discounted to , , and respectively for those who purchased "8K of Altair memory, and an Altair I/O board". The language versions were distributed on paper tape or cassette tape. As they expected, the Altair was very popular with hobbyists such as the Homebrew Computer Club. Altair BASIC, as MITS' preferred BASIC interpreter, was also popular. However, the hobbyists took a "share-alike" approach to software and thought nothing of copying the BASIC interpreter for other hobbyists. Homebrew member Dan Sokol was especially prolific; after somehow obtaining a pre-market tape of the interpreter, he made 25 copies and distributed them at the next Homebrew meeting, urging recipients to make more copies. Gates responded in 1976 with a strongly worded Open Letter to Hobbyists that accused the copiers of theft and declared that he could not continue developing computer software that people did not pay for. Many hobbyists reacted defensively to the letter. Under the terms of the purchase agreement, MITS would receive the rights to the interpreter after it had paid a certain amount in royalties. However, Microsoft had developed versions of the interpreter for other systems such as the Motorola 6800. When they decided to leave MITS, a dispute arose over whether the full amount had been paid and whether the agreement applied to the other versions. Microsoft and MITS took the dispute to an arbitrator who, much to Roberts' surprise, decided in favor of Microsoft based on MITS failure to market the software with their "best efforts". BASIC interpreters remained the core of Microsoft's business until the early 1980s, when it shifted to MS-DOS. References Further reading Cringely, Robert X. Triumph of the Nerds''. PBS, 1996. External links Altair BASIC 3.2 (4K) - Annotated Disassembly Altair BASIC 3.2 (4K) - Annotated Disassembly Altair BASIC source disassembly, compiled by Reuben Harris and archived at archive.org Writing an Altair Basic, Interview with Bill Gates, Interviewer: David Allison (DA), Division of Computers, Information, & Society, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution History of Microsoft Video: Bill Gates Talks about Altair Basic, (Lisa Feigenbaum) 24 Jun 2009, The Visual Basic Team, MSDN Blogs 1975 software Discontinued Microsoft BASICs BASIC programming language family Microsoft programming languages